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1SPuol. 2. X. 1916. ERYCINIDAE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 617
8. Family: Erycinidae.
As many other lepidopterologists have done before, we likewise comprise here all those day-butter-
flies the §3$ of which have 4 fully-developed gressorial feet, the 99 6. On the other hand we might divide the
species collected here into several families according to the habitus, veins, larval shape etc.; especially the
Libytheins might be regarded as a proper species (cf. Vol. I, p. 251). But since the families of the day-butter-
flies are, moreover, not equivalent to each other, the Nymphalidae s. s. for instance differing among each other
much more than e. g. the Pierids or Satyrids, our method of dealing with them is probably justified.
Indeed, the neoarctic Hrycinidae exhibit the very greatest difference in their shape, colours, the struc-
ture of their body, their wing-contour and so on, and only a srhall part of them can be explained as mimetic
suggestions of co-inhabitants of the same country. Beside species with entirely normal contours such as some
Emesis and Nymphidium, there occur the most peculiar distortions such as uncommonly long tails of the hind-
wings (in Zeonia Diorina) deviating in Syrmatia even to such an extent that almost the whole hindwing turns
into a stripe-like tail-appendage of the forewing; in Helicopis and Sarota there are tail-appendages at almost
all the ends of the veins of the hindwings, and in Methonella we notice in the 2 the beginnings of such appen-
dages in the shape of long teeth. Angulations and bends may be found almost at all places of the margin
of the wings: thus Symmachia exhibits a geniculate curve in the middle of the costal margin of the forewings;
Euselasia angulata such a bend below the middle of the distal margin; Husel. eugeon and Thucydides have a
point at the anal angle of the hindwings. The distal margin of the wings may describe a semi-circle, as for
instance in Zelotaea pellex, but it may be also cut straight as if with scissors, as In Huselasia lysias. Sometimes
the wing-contour of a species varies according to the season and locality to such an extent that one imagines
to see specimens of different species. Sickle-shapes may occur in the fore- and hindwings and be the peculiarity
of a genus or species, or even be individual (in its graduation). Like the wings, also the legs may be changed
by appendages, and many species of the genus Anteros, when settling down on leaves, seem to rest on stuffed
knobs, on account of the enormous growth of hair on their legs.
Almost all the Hrycinidae are rather small butterflies, mostly of the size of hycaena, many being very
small, such as some Charis and Mesene; the strongest development of the body (though not of the wings)
is noticed in the 9 of the rare Mimocastnia rothschildi where the stout body, similar as in night-butterflies, may
be due to the endeavour of nature to make it appear like a stout Castnia; really large species with an expanse
of wings of more than 6 to 7 cm do not occur among the Hrycinidae in America.
By their colouring and gloss they are superior to any other group of day-butterflies, and by their metal
gloss which in some species is unparalleled, the Hrycinidae form a parallel to the humming-bird among the
birds and the Syntomids among the night-butterflies. The mere blue lustre of some Huselasia and Mesosemia
excels that of the other blue day-butterflies with the sole exception of certain Morpho; but quite unequalled
is the gold and bronze lustre of some Huselasia. Thus, for instance, Husel. praeclara which on being looked at
in the shade or in front of the origin of the light is a moderately fine butterfly resembling the 3 of Chryso-
phanus virgaureae, changes its colour altogether if the eye is brought between the sun and if the butterfly is
_ held in its glare and is turned round the longitudinal axis of the pin. At first one sector of the forewing,
from the costa to the median, shines golden green. Then the forewing turns dark blue-violet between the
median and the inner margin, while on turning further round the forewing assumes a golden yellow tint like
polished up bronze and the veins are covered with a radiant, hemochrome reflection, hereafter the surface
of both wings turns golden, while the distal margin exhibits a verdigris gleam. On turning still further, both
wings, except the costal and proximal margins of the hindwings assume a golden-green lustre, the forewings
exhibiting a reddish-golden sector. The only analogous sight known to me in the animal kingdom, is the most
closely allied species, Huselasia opalescens. This butterfly pretty much resembles the former in its habitus and
its dull red-yellow colouring of the wings, but the metal lustre is, on the whole, brass-yellow being relieved
by a hemochrome, silvery and bronze-golden lustre when one gradually turns the butterfly round. We must
remark that this lustre of Huselasia has nothing in common with the colouring and the lustre of the Uraniids
(Chrysidia, Urania), nor with the gloss of the Morpho being merely reflecting but not changing its colour, and
that only a slight degree is found in some Nymphalidae (Hunica), changing between a dull blue and a green
metal gloss. This form of reflection must, therefore, be added to the numerous characteristics by which the
members of the family Hrycinidae are distinguished from all the other butterflies known.
An analogous characteristic feature is found in the Helicopis being nearly allied to the Huselasia, for
they exhibit metal-drops on the under surface of the hindwings. On being turned towards the light, they
appear more golden; but on bringing the eye between the origin of the light and the butterfly, they are silvery.
These metal-spots are also most peculiar by protruding plastically from the surface of the wings, therefore
in relievo, as if pressed out. The appearance of plastic markings on the wing of a butterfly (as a bas-relief)
is extremely rare, and I only remember the case of the Australian gigantic Hepialid Zelotypia stacyi (Vol. X,
Vv 78
618 ERYCINIDAE. By Dr. A. Serrz.
t. 78 a, b) in which the eye-spot of the forewing projects beyond the surface of the wing in order to be of a
more deceptive effect in the snake’s head as represented by the resting Zelotypia.
On regarding the colours we are at first struck by the number of extremely one-coloured species. Uni-
colorously hemochrome butterflies, like Mesene simplex are otherwise very rare among all butterflies known,
just like the Mesosemia croesus being on both surfaces sky-blue, are scarcely equalled by any other butterflies.
Tne chief type of colouring in the butterflies of Tropical America — glaringly coloured oblique bands on a
jet-black ground —, however, is also predominant in the Hrycinidae and particularly strongly developed in
the genera with the most numerous species, such as Huselasia, Lymnas, Siseme, Themone, Mesosemia, further-
more, in Panara, Barbicornis etc.
Apart from the Libytheinae, the neoarctic Erycinidae are composed of 2 large groups, the Hurygoninae
or Luselasiinze, and the real Hrycininae, the latter group of which, however, contains so heterogeneous genera
that a second subdivision might be possible which, however, we may leave out here. The number of forms
of the single subfamilies is proportionately about so that the palaearctic Hrycinidae which we will briefly call
Nemeobiinae contain, just like the Hurygoninae, ten times as many as the Libytheinae, but only the tenth part
of the Hrycininae. The latter are divided into a very great number of genera which has recently increased
beyond 100; of these, however, there are so many genera with but one species that many of them might prove
dispensable, if one considers that heterogeneity even of nearly allied forms is a specialty of the family of Erycinidae.
Among the markings by which this family is particularly distinguished, there is beside the mentioned
oblique bands often a central eye-spot of the forewing, as in more than one hundred Mesosemia and Hurybia.
A characteristic mark very rarely found among the day-butterflies are glaringly coloured radiary rays deno-
ting from the wing-base any kind of a sector in the fore- or hindwing, or running along the proximal or costal
margin. Huselasia sabina Cr., which is probably nothing else but the hitherto unknown ¢ of Hus. gelon, exhibits
this glaringly coloured ray of the costal margin on the hindwing, just like some Symmachia, Xenandra, Calliona
etc.; in Calliona latona, Charis ignipictus and so on it runs along the inner margin, in certain Huselasia, such
as H. hieronymi, ewphaes, sergia, violetta, right across the hindwing, sometimes in red, sometimes in blue, A
very strange under surface is to be noticed in the Anteros: small framed, metallic splashes on a sulphurous
ground, and as another peculiarity a beard at the anal angle of the hindwings. The reason why the under surface
is mostly not adapted to the surroundings, is that it is not visible when the animal is at rest. I shall revert
yet to this peculiarity.
The geographical distribution of the American Hrycinidae is almost exclusively tropical, so that but
quite isolated species advance some degrees beyond the tropics. Very few Lemonias reach the south of the
Union, and near Buenos Ayres I found but one Hrycinidae occurring oftener: Riodina lysippoides. The prin-
cipal range is the valley of the Amazon River and the neighbouring countries.
It is, however, entirely wrong to think that the habitats of Tropical America are crammed with Hry-
cinidae, as we know it to be the case with the [thomiinae being about analogously distributed. A great part
of the Hrycinidae belongs to the really rare butterflies, and although one sometimes succeeds, after the disco-
very of the mostly localized trysting-places, in capturing a large number of one or the other species, very many
are, on the other hand, of such a rare occurrence that one may collect a district for many years without getting
sight of all the species occurring there. In one of the best districts of Erycinidae — Rio de Janeiro — vy. B6n-
NINGHAUSEN collected only about 70 species within 33 years, and he got quite a number of them in only one |
specimen in spite of his innumerable excursions. I myself collected there. for a whole year with the greatest
diligence (mostly on the Corcovado) and still I found not even 20 of these 70 Rio-species, among them, however,
there were two which v. BONNINGHAUSEN had not discovered in more than 30 years, a proof how rarely and
accidentally certain species are met. I remember having collected persistently for several days in the finest
weather, visiting woods, meadows, the slopes of mountains, and gardens full of blossoms, without seeing even
but one Hrycinidae — maybe except Libythea carinenta —, and even on my last excursion in Brazil I found
on the spot where I collected most frequently, a specimen of Hchenais bolena resting on the trunk of a tree, a
species I had never come across before there.
Thus it is easily explained that even successful tropical collectors often brought home only few Hrycinidae,
and many descriptions have been given according to but one specimen or even according to a figure of it. Thus
individual differences, or such based upon subordinate races, were often considered as the marks of a species
or subspecies. In order to clear this up, very many specimens of each species had to be examined, and more
than 100 000 American butterflies of this family were compared by me, most of them in the collections at Tring,
in Hrwirson’s, GopMAN’s, ADAm’s Collections in London, as well as in a number of private collections. Of
great value were large series from certain districts, being also exactly dated, such as many specimens of the
Paris Museum, the Coll. Le-Mouvtr, Fasst ete., or being provided with the exact finding-places, as in the Coll.
EssiGER (Gotha).
The most remarkable result of these examinations was the fact that all the specimens of one species
of Hrycinidae originating from a certain habitat showed the minutest likeness to each other. In Europe one
may easily capture on a meadow of only some fathoms in extent the most various specimens of for instance
Melitaea athalia; lighter and darker brown ones, even reddish-yellow ones, then again such being begrimed
in black, with thick or fine markings, large and small ones; specimens resembling one another exactly and
psi
ERYCINIDAE. By Dr. A. Srrrz. 619
of the same finding-place can at any rate not be collected. Quite the reverse we experience in the American
Erycinidae. In almost all their species I was able to ascertain that the specimens of the same finding-place
exhibited the greatest likeness, like the coins of the same stamping. There scarcely occur aberrations in colour-
ing or marking, and even larger or pygmean specimens are rarely found at the same place. The most striking
contrast to this is offered by the observation that even in two quite neighbouring habitats the specimens nearly
always show a constant difference from which one may precisely ascertain the place where they were found.
Similar peculiarities are noticed in South America also in some other groups of butterflies, such as Heliconius,
Melinaea, Mechanitis, and in dealing with the Ithomiinae it has been carefully avoided to assign new deno-
minations to the innumerable Mechanitis polymnia varying according to their habitat, and to give names of
a subspecies to those that are nothing but subordinate races. We must consequently also in the Hrycinidae
avoid giving many new denominations, else we should have been induced to distribute more than 5000. The
Tthomiinae are very bad flyers, worse than any European day-butterflies, but still they are able to fly con-
stantly in the same direction and, therefore, to wander, whereas the greatest part of the Hrycinidae seems not
to leave its birth-place at all *). Thus the single habitats, even when they are quite neighbouring, are without
any connection to each other, whereby such constant, though insignificant differences are formed, about
similar to the isolated Parnassius on the different mountain-peaks. If we consider that about 100 names
have been assigned to the one species Parn. apollo, we may imagine to what it would lead, if we were to deal
in a similar way with the 1000, often analogous Hrycinidae; for about 50 names would have to be given to the
constant local deviations of the one Stalachtis calliope, if we were to consider every constant spot or shade,
for instance in a species of Parnassius, to be worth a denomination.
Therefore we can neither attribute the rank of a subspecies to all the numerous, already denominated
forms of Erycinidae. If they are nevertheless registered here, it is done for completeness’ sake. We shall preci-
sely determine the very numerous subordinate races being hitherto not yet ascertained by briefly indicating
the deviations of colours and markings, to which the single species or subspecies are subject. Within these
bounds most of the intermediate forms yet to be discovered may be placed, the habitat of which is at present
not yet ascertained.
As we shall see directly, this characteristic variability occurring in but quite few (exclusively American)
groups of butterflies is to be explained by certain peculiarities of the habits, and we mention as one of the
most important biological singularities of the Erycinidae, the aversion to flying we have indicated above. Many
species, such as Symmachia, some very glaringly coloured Mesene, some Mesosemia seem to fly in the day-
time, if at all, only when being chased up, but otherwise to keep hidden under the leaf, so that, for instance,
BatTES arrived at the conviction that they were able to make altogether only quite short flights. Fassn who,
next to BatsEs, has probably observed most of the Hrycinidae in nature, writes about it (i. 1.):
,,.Many species of Hrycinidae, especially also rare ones, seem to be bound to certain plants by some
reason or other, apart from these plants being the food-plant. I often found certain species at intervals of
several days in 1 specimen each at the very same spot at the end of a branch.“
Fassu also furnishes a proof of it in his ,,Tropische Reisen‘‘ where he writes about the rare Lymnas
thyatira: ,,[ captured it at quite different seasons, but at one and the same shrub in 2 specimens.‘* In the same
way Kaye found 2 specimens of Zeonia on the same bush in two different months, as he writes ,,an evident
proof of its most local occurrence‘‘. The same habit I can prove for numerous Brazilian Hrycinidae. As for
instance I found single couples of Isapis agyrtus at a spot of the road only a few metres in extent at the most
different seasons, always on the twigs of the very same tree, whereas I nowhere else came across this species
on more than 100 excursions in Tropical America. Exactly the same habit I experienced in Syrmatia, and
Mesene sagaris of which I took both sexes at most any season, but always at exactly the same spot of the road.
It stands to reason that this aversion to flying cannot be absolute; and if certain species have never
been noticed swarming spontaneously, this may be due to their preferring a special hour for swarming. It
seems that the early dawn is often chosen, and Fassu ascertained for many species the early hours of the day
in which they go out in search of food or attend to their propagation. The Mesosemia which usually sit beneath
the leaves, sometimes come up to their upper surface and search the bushes by — as Fasst says — ,,jumping
rather than flying“‘ from one leaf to another, assuming a peculiar attitude of their wings (flattened down hind-
wings and raised forewings). In other species the flights performed by them are extremely short, so that it very
rarely happens that one chances to observe them just then. Tharops pretus sometimes appears whirling on
top of a bush in the burning midday-sun, playing with its equals or small Thecla, right up into the air in order
to come down again after a few seconds and to hide itself. Quite similar is the habit of Ancyluris, the metallic
under surface of which exhibits a gistening coruscation when flying in the sunshine. After having flown but
a few seconds the animals drop down on the tip of the bush and most skillfully run round the rim of the leaf
to its under surface to which they cling like the Geometrids. The Hurybia is seen almost only when it is chased
*) As was supposed, the animals keep to the food-plants growing very sporadically.
620 ERYCINIDAE. By Dr. A. Serrz.
up from the huddled heap of leaves covering the soil of the woods. Sometimes, however, a ray of the sun piercing
the dense foliage of the woods seems to rouse them and all at once several specimens appear at a clearing in
the woods where they, not unlike our Pararge egerides, bustle about together for a short time in order to hide
themselves again immediately hereafter. Only some species seem to fly about like other day-butterflies, such
as Lasaia and Stalachtis the latter of which are even seen at all hours of the day flying unwieldily straight onward
along the skirts of the woods and roads. They also seem little imperiled thereby, for they obviously imitate
other butterflies, such as certain [thomiinae or Heliconiinae, and they complete their mimicry by not distinguish-
ing themselves from their originals by deviating habits and modes of flying:
The mimicry itself cannot be regarded as very widely distributed among the Hrycininae. Nevertheless
there are very striking cases known. As for instance Mesenopsis melanochlora has exactly the most uncommon
exterior of Josia fulva, and Fasst states that both fly at the same places. The Chamaelimnas are likewise easily
mistaken for certain night-butterflies from the Arctiid- and Cyllopodid-group; both sexes imitate here the
same species of butterflies which have partially served the 992 as models in the genus Aricoris. To discern the
red Mesene from the quite similar Hndule, even the experienced collectors must first learn, and others again,
such as Uraneis, exhibit, though not exactly the same exterior as certain patented species of other families,
still the approximate habitus of shunned genera. The preference for certain models depends rather exactly
on the degree of their being patented. The Danaids, being shunned by almost all enemies for their repulsiveness,
are most generally imitated, such as the hyaline-winged genera of the Jthomiinae, the Heliconius-like
Mechanitis; furthermore, some Arctiids secreting oil. We must neither overlook that remarkable repetitions
occur among the Hrycinidae themselves, as for instance in the Symmachia. We find a double of Symm. tricolor
in Nymphidium regulus; Symm. xypete resembles certain red Mesene; Symm. triangularis greatly resembles
a Mes. sagaris-2; Symm. probetor-3 the Eus. gelon-3 (= Hus. sabina) flying at the same place, and so on. —
The genus Barbicornis likewise entirely conforms to similarly coloured and marked Hrycinidae of the genus
Lymnas, and we find the following conformities of: he
Barbicornis aterrima with Lymnas cephise
“4
ae acroleuca ,, | acroleuca
cunetfera ,, » phereclus
ie fusus ap » epyarbas
a basilis % se (NOHO
Ns mona i 5 andania
marginata .,, » alena.
But we do not mean to say by this that one of the said species must have served as the model for the other;
that is even very improbable, since we have no hint as to the Hrycinidae being patented by repulsiveness or
poisonousness of the foodplant *), and since these species resembling each other have different patriae. It
appears much more probable that both species are imitators of a third, patented species (such as an Arctiid
or the like), so that their resemblance among each other is secondary.
In contrast with these conformities having not yet been fully cleared up and which seem to be mostly
confined to quite certain genera, we meet in hardly any other family of butterflies such an abundance of most
uncommon, entirely original schemes of colouring as just in the Hrycinidae. The glaringly, though uniformly
‘coloured specimens mentioned at the beginning of this introduction are already an example of it, being joined
by numerous others of very manifold nature. The Meneris with white dots and scarlet bands, the Zeonia with
glaring anal spots on its hyaline wing, the Baeotis with a yellow and black zebra-design, the Lyropteryx with
blue radiary rays, the Siseme with antemarginal radiate bands, many Nymphidium, such as manthus, acherois,
lamis, the Calliona, and many others are quite isolated and make the family to which they belong appear entirely
independent and uncommonly varied, exhibiting in but few genera relations to their surroundings.
The Erycinidae are still less adapted to animals than to plants or to the subsoil on which they rest.
Mostly one surface is just as conspicuous as the other, even if both do in no way resemble each other. In Ancy-
lurus the upper surface is black with scarlet, the under surface metal-blue; Anteros is above black with small
whitish spots, beneath sulphurous with golden drops; many Huselasia are above golden red or velvety brown,
beneath silvery white; the MWetacharis is above mostly brown-red, beneath steel-blue etc. We know leaf-green
Erycinidae just as little as rocky or sandy-coloured ones; and it is also quite comprehensible that neither of
the surfaces is conformed to the surroundings, for their habit of hiding also in day-time brings about that neither
of the surfaces becomes visible, so that the butterfly is not imperilled even by the most glaring colouring.
Consequently, neither the seasons have a great influence upon the Hrycinidae; seasonal dimorphism
is to be noticed at most by uncommon aridity producing somewhat smaller specimens; but the weather seems
*) Surely some larvae of Erycinidae live on poisonous plants, such as those of the bright red Mesene phareus.
ERYCINIDAE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 621
not to influence the marking and colouring. In the greatest part of Tropical America the dry and rainy periods
are on the whole not so decidedly contrasting each other as in India and Africa, and also in other American
families of butterflies, the variation explained as seasonal dimorphism will probably prove to be the effect
of other influences.
We know rather little of the particulars in the life of the Hrycinidae. We are struck by a far greater
conformity in biological respect than we ought to suppose owing to the manifold exterior of the single genera
and species of the family. We have already mentioned the lassitude in flying, as well as the habit of settling
down on the under surface of the leaves with their wings spread like the Geometrids. I was particularly struck
by the pose of the antennae being often stretched parallel forward, not laterally divergent, as for instance in
the Nymphalidae, Papilio etc.; they are mostly long, very thin and without a distinct club by what the said
pose becomes particularly conspicuous. The species pretending to be dead on being seized (as for instance
Stalachtis) press the parallel placed antennae beneath the abdomen and hold them together with the legs. The
parallel position of the antennae seems to be usual not only in flying about, but also when they are at rest
under the leaves. They then sometimes stand out beyond the rim of the leaf and seem in some way to
serve the hidden animal for finding out what is going on above the leaf. Fass has observed that the bait spread
on the upper surface of the leaf was not only noticed by the butterfly, but was also sucked: by the butterfly
sitting under the leaf, by extending its antennae and sucker round the rim of the leaf. a
Quite a number of species of Hrycinidae come to the bait; others seem chiefly to absorb water, and
numerous others go also on flowers. The Lasaia, Tharops, Stalachtis, Hmesis even most frequently visit blossoms,
and the small Charis are able to bring their predilection for the honey of blossoms very well in accord with
their lassitude in flying by remaining continually sitting on the sucked flowers. Ch. zama and theodora, as well
as. argyrodines which belong to the most common Hrycinidae, sit fast like a dark centre in large, yellow com-
positae, so that one may sometimes take them away with the poison-glass, and they seem to inhabit permanently
such large compositae, as some Cetoniids do with us. I sometimes found on roads almost all the blossoms occu-
pied by smail Charis of which, however, only one was sitting on each blossom. I was struck, however, by the
fact that those Hrycinidae visiting blossoms and swarming like the other day-butterflies from one flower to
another mostly belonged to those, not numerous groups of Hrycinidae which possess an exceptionally well
developed flying-power, such as Hmesis mandane, Tharops menander, Lasaia meris; they are also uncommonly far
distributed and inhabit the greatest part of the South American Continent without being divided into the
subordinate races distinguishable by colonies, which have been rather copiously denominated in more unwieldy
species.
While in other groups the life-history has aided us in our judgment, we are pretty much in the dark
with respect to the earlier stages of the Hrycinidae. We know the larvae of little more than a dozen of species
and we can state only the one fact from this insufficient knowledge that the Hrycininae are indeed a natural
group of butterflies, in spite of the divergent shapes of the butterflies belonging here. The reason for our igno-
rance of the larvae is that they are not only rare, but that they also seem to live hidden. As to the food-plant
the group is apparently distributed over almost the whole vegetable kingdom, and we find the larvae on fruit-
trees (sepotill-plums, America-apricots) as well as on parasitic plants (Viscum, Loranthus), on high-standing
cultivated plants (Cassia, Cocoa) and on creeping plants. Only of the monocotyledons there is no species Known
yet. It seems that the larvae of some species keep hidden in leaf-cases at least during day-time; and if this
be not the case, they surely sit, like the butterflies they produce, on the under surface of the leaves. Certainly
they are most difficult to discover.
The eggs are semiglobular, something like a cake, with distinct punctiform impressions being especially
deep in the vertical region.
The larvae are partly more cylindrical, partly more crookbacked like the wood-lice, always with fine
soft hairs which are sometimes short, but very dense; the colour is sometimes green, but sometimes also very
conspicuously miniate or bluish-green or also snow-white, in the latter case sometimes wrapped in a soft, white,
easily separable pubescence.
Of the few cases in which the larvae are known to us there are hardly any general descriptions traceable,
but in the Hurygoninae and Erycininae one finds a peculiar organ the functions of which have not yet been
cleared up and which seems to be of almost the same structure in larvae of distantly separated genera. These
are hornlike or cuneiform protuberances at the neck surrounding sometimes the head radiatiformly (Stalachtis).
sometimes standing at the sides of it in the shape of tufts (T’heope). As they are sometimes coloured in a
glaring red and also pass over to the pupa (Helicopis), it is to be supposed that they are protecting organs. In
Euselaria they stand out high at the sides of the head in the shape of spines, like the horns of a bull, while
in Nymphidium they seclude the head from the body like a fence. Beside this formation, the larvae of Hrycinidae
exhibit yet an ant-organ by which they approximate the Lycaenids and which is also at the same spot at the
back of the abdomen or in the anal region and has occassionally been the cause of strange alterations in the
shape of the anal end of the larva,
622 ERYCINIDAE; LIBYTHEA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
According to recent observations, the Erycinid larvae indeed also possess a guard of ants consisting
sometimes of larger troops of minute ants, sometimes of solitarily working large species. Guppy has ascer-
tained that the latter offer strong resistance if one wants to separate them from their protégé; they are, there-
fore, probably able to effectively defend their larvae against enemies.
The pupae offer a very great variety. Some are green, small, clinging closely to the leaf like the Lycaenids
which the Lrycininae also surely approximate *); but there are also known numerous variegated, spotted pupae,
such as of the genera Hades, Stalachtis, Lymnas. Others resemble a small piece of wood (Nymphidium molpe,
Metacharis erythromelas) and are occasionally also provided with splinter-like protuberances (Ancyluris). The
attachment is different, the Libytheinae, Stalachtis and others appearing suspended freely by the cremaster,
whereas others stand out horizontally and others again are held by a belt of spun silk. Bates had even once
tried to systematize the ways in which the pupa is hung up, but he desisted from it on finding that evidently
allied groups had different modes of suspension. We actually also know that for instance the green pupa of
Nymphidium caricae is held by a belt, while the pupa of Hmesis mandana which approximates it, is suspended
freely. Most of the pupae are probably fixed singly and well hidden; but the pupa of Hades noctula is gregarious
(on one leaf 15 specimens) which may signify the completement of a mimicry, since the doubles of Hades noctula
(Morpheis, Eucheira) likewise live in clusters of nests. Though bright colours are on the whole rare in freely
living pupae, yet they occur in the Hrycinidae, as for instance in Helicopis the pupa of which exhibits scarlet
excrescences at the anterior and posterior ends.
The butterflies seem to become transformed chiefly in the early hours of the morning, it was at least
early when I met single specimens with still soft wings on their first flight. Fassi saw several species flying
to the water and ot the bait quite early in the morning, but they did not appear anymore the whole day. We
have already mentioned the short swarming flights performed by many species in the sunshine. The Nymphi-
dium seem to wait until the evening-twilight before they come out from their hidingplace. The life of the butter-
flies seems to be short, though it is bound to a certain season only where — in Argentina and North America —
a cold season interrupts the life of the insects altogether.
The division into genera, having been founded by WEstTwoopD, was in the very beginning accompanied by
a rather good result, since this author was anyhow uncommonly skillful in systematizing insects of all classes
by the right appreciation of the rougher anatomical peculiarities and by the proper consideration of the habitus
and even of the scheme of colouring. FELDER who founded different new genera has also worked with such
an acuteness that the system created by these two systematizers can still be applied to-day with insignificant
alterations. Bates who in 1865 established, as the first specialistic work on the Erycinidae, a catalogue of this
family, after various other attempts, reverted to the veins of the wings as being the most serviceable principle
of division. Later on, SAtvry and GopMAN undertook a careful examination of the genitals in the gg of most
of the genera, of which detailed descriptions were published in the Biologia Centr.-Americana. They result,
however, in a so complicated structure and in a so sonfused formation of the single organs that they can hardly
offer any clue in certain special questions. A new list was brought by Kirpy’s Catalogue in which the number
of the known forms (630 with BaTEs) increased to more than 900. This was in 1877; then a greatly com-
pleted catalogue appeared by Levi W. Mencet editing a very much increased bibliography. He does not set
up new genera nor — what is still more appreciable — any new forms, but he recommends a reduction, remar-
king quite right that there are evidently too many genera, quite an extraordinary number of them being based
on only 1 or 2 species. Since that time parts of the family — being considered as special families — have been
catalogized in WyrTsMan’s ,,Genera Insectorum‘, such as the ,,Libytheidae“‘ by A. PAGENSTECHER and the
,fiodinidae by H. STICHEL.
A. Subfamily: Libytheinae.
We refer to what has been said in Vol. I, p. 251, Vol. IX, p. 772, and Vol. XII, p. 293, and only
remark that there are only 1 or 2 American species at most, against 4 or 5 Indo-Australian and 4 Africa
species. —
1. Genus: Libythea F.
The African Libythea belonging to the group of Dichora, the American forms belonging to the subgenus
of Hypatus Hbn. have been separated from the palaearctic and Indo-Australian forms. The Hypatus differ
from the typical Libythea by the antennae being provided with a distinctly defined club, from the Dichora
by the much longer palpi. All of the most variably coloured American forms have been regarded as belonging
to one species. Its range extends almost over the whole continent from Canada to Argentina.
*) As a transi‘ion the Indian genus Curetis is considered exhibiting not only as a butterfly anatomical resemblances
with the Brycinidae, but being comparable with this family also in the larval form, especially by the strange fan-organ at the
posterior end, which it spreads out on being disturbed and puts in a quick whirling motion.
LIBYTHEA; EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 623
L. carinenta Cr. (= carinata Burm.) (120 De). Typical specimens are above blackish brown with
a black, whitespotted apex of the forewing; in the cell a brownish yellow wedge-shaped streak, and light patches
in the median cells of the forewings as well as beyond the cell of the hindwing. The hindwings are beneath
sometimes one-coloured rocky grey, sometimes designed and coloured like a leaf. This form varies a great
deal, but is not bound to localities in its forms, and extends from Texas to Paraguay and Buenos Ayres. —
bachmani Kiril. (120 D e) is the form occurring from Texas to the north in the Union; here the yellowish-brown
discal spots are very much broader, the subapical costal spot is connected with the next one to a small whitish
band. — motya Bsd. and Lec. (120 De) has much broader wings, beneath preponderantly of a dirty greyish
yellow; from Cuba and Portorico. — terena Godt. from San Domingo aproximates the latter form, though it is
of a bright reddish tinge, thus a transition to the form of the northern continent, especially to larvata Streck.
described from Texas which has above brighter red-brown spots and an under surface covered with violet and
looking marbled in a certain exposure to light. — The grown-up larva is 3 cm long, cylindrical, dark green
with pale, yellowish-green dorsal and lateral stripes, living on Celtis occidentalis. Pupa about of the shape
of a Satyrid pupa, somewhat resembling that of Hpinephele jurtina or Pararge maera, bright green, lighter
on the sides and back. — The butterflies mostly fly about 1144 to 2 m above the ground in a not rapid clap-
ping flight, quite unlike that of the European Lib. celtis; they often gather in numbers round the food-trees
and may, just like Z. celtis, go travelling in migrations. Not rare.
B. Subfamily: Euselasiinae.
This group takes up the second place in America, if we eliminate the genus Helicopis being considered
by some to belong to the subfamily of the Nemeobiinae, and if we do not attribute any greater importance to
the insignificant deviation of the veins. Then the subfamily of the Nemeobiinae is separated as being unrepre-
sented in America and is confined to the forms dealt with in Vol. I, p. 252—5, and (as Tribus Nemeobiidi) in
Vol. IX, p. 772—9, as well as in Vol. XIII, p. 294—6 (as Lemoniinae). We, therefore, connect the Helicopis
— which, by the way, are treated by renowned specialists as genuine Hrycininae — with the Huselasiinae from
which they form a transition both to the Nemeobiinae and the Hrycininae, if the imago is taken into considera-
tion; which, however, it joins spontaneously, if one looks at the larva being provided with a well developed
organ at the neck. The Huselasiinae are easily discernible from the Hrycininae by the subcostal of the fore-
wing possessing one branch more than the latter, i. e. 4, or as many as the palaearctic Nemeobiinae. We must,
however, remark that also some American species (though evidently exceptionally) correspond with the veins
of the palaearctic genera. Apart from these few cases we, therefore, unite the Huselasiinae out of the genus
Huselasia itself, the genera Methonella and Helicopis. We moreover add to them yet the greatly deviating
genus Hales about which but little is known, but which in many ways represents a connection with the Lycae-
nids by exhibiting a distinct alliance with the genus Humaeus (cf. table 146 a).
1. Genus: Euselasia Hon.
This genus of butterflies, which in many works is denominated as Hurygona Bsd. comprises more than
120 forms extending from Arizona to the south over the whole of Tropical America. The veins are inconstant
in as much as some species have 2, others 3, and one species (aurantiaca G. and S.) even 4 subcostal branches.
The genus is recognizable by the anterior radial vein either running directly in the elongation of the subcostal,
or being connected with it by a very short anterior discocellular. The butterflies often have the appearance
of small Satyrids or J'hecla-species; as for instance Hus. eutychus resembles (particularly beneath) exactly
ELuptychia helle (147 b) flying in the same locality, or Thecla themathea (147 ¢); or Hus. clithra resembles Lup-
tychia chloris and so on. On the upper surface there is often a very bright reflection of a shining power other-
wise not found in any lepidopteron and of a truly wonderful iridescence. The larvae are (as far as they are
known) somewhat of the shape of a wood-louse, very brightly coloured, behind the head there are two points.
The pupae are covered with fine, fluffy hairs like the larvae, green, held by a belt. The imagines are partly
extraordinarily rare and belong to the few Hrycinidae that fly to a considerable height. They also clap their
wings together when being at rest like other day-butterflies, unlike most of the other Hrycinidae which spread
them out like the Geometrids. We must add that very many of the specimens lying before us and being
partly also figured do not correspond with the original descriptions and the original figures in all the details,
since they originate from other places where they were found; they belong, however, nevertheless undoubtedly
to the species referred to. ~
E. zara Hew. (121 a). Above blackish brown, 2 with a white spot on the forewing. Beneath an orange-
stripe encircles the joint, earthy brown median area. In the 3 the forewing reflects above in a dull violet as
far as close before the distal margin, the hindwing has a broad blue-reflecting distal margin. Brazil; extremely
rare.
E. uzita Hew. (121 a). Blackish brown, the ground of the wings without a reflection, but in the
basal part of the forewing in the ¢ a blue spot reflecting in the sun so very brightly that the eye cannot bear
the lustre which is by far superior to that of a Morpho cypris, without being dazzled. Hindwing in the anal
carinenta.
bachmani.
motya.
terend.
larvata.
-ara.
uzita.
eucritus.
catapoecila.
gelon.
Zend.
erythraea.
eutaea.
lindana.
euriteus.
gration.
charilis.
calligram-
ma.
eutychus.
ferrugo.
dyrrhachius.
clithra.
624 EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
part of the margin orange. The Q has instead of the blue spot a white discal.spot. Probably very widely distri-
buted like the preceding species, though very rare; from Guiana along the Amazon to Pebas.
E. eucritus. By this a number of butterflies are presumably combined varying in every habitat.
Colombian $3 have above a beautiful violet lustre covering the basal half of the forewings and the distal half
of the hindwings. On the under surface, the proximal stripe at the anal fold of the hindwing bends round once
more and runs towards the costal margin near the base, so that the hindwing receives one more transverse
stripe. The describer himself already figured as g and 9 specimens from different habitats which do not belong
together. Specimens from the Rio Negro in East Colombia exhibit next the base of the wings, instead of the
inner stripe being bent back, a large round jet-black spot and above a magnificent blue reflection; we
denominate this form catapoecila form. nov., because it has quite a strange appearance thereby, being also
larger than all the other forms. Beside the specimens from Colombia there are also such from Santarem (Ama-
zon) before us. The other forms can remain nameless.
E. gelon Stoll (¢ = sabinus Stoll, tenage Hbn.) (121 b). g of a deep blackish brown with a vermilion
wedge-shaped streak at the inner margin of the hindwing. 9 lighter with a yellowish-red anal part of the hind-
wing. Under surface greyish-brown (3) or yellow (2) with three yellow marginal stripes. Very variable; the
red stripe in the $ may be broader or narrower, it may reach the base or the distal margin or not, it is mostly
smaller than in our figured specimen (from Surinam). In ¢3 from Cayenne the red apex of the hindwing is
bordered in black. In the 9 the red spot on the upper surface of the hindwing varies greatly and may in some
places be covered with black. On the under surface the yolk-coloured spot before the middle of the distal
margin of the hindwing may be bordered by black or not, the habitats of the different forms may be situated
quite close to each other. Guiana, not common.
E. zena Hew. (121 a). 3 above with a large red spot of the forewing and a very small spot of the
hindwing. Beneath blackish-grey, before the distal margin 2 white stripes. 2 above lighter brown, the red
spot of the forewing transverse-oval, the spot of the hindwing larger and reaching the distal margin. On the
Amazon River, near Iquitos, less rare than the preceding species, though very local.
E. erythraea Hew. (Q = coccinella Bat.) (121 a). ¢ distinguishable from the ¢ of zena by the larger
hemochrome-spot on the upper surface of the hindwing, and particularly by the under surface exhibiting 3 light
(instead of 2 white) stripes before the margin. Moreover very variable, at the single habitats exactly equal.
Forewing sometimes with a broad, sometimes with a narrow, black border; the spot of the hindwing some-
times proximally indented, sometimes also, in the 3, reaching the border. @ similar to that of zena, forewing
more intensely red, nearly as much as in the g. Colombia and Amazon, Iquitos, Tunantins. Rather rare.
E. eutaea Hew. (121 b). The $ lying before me from the Paris Museum from Nouveau-Chantier
(French Guiana) resembles entirely the figured 2, but the red is more fiery and extends in the forewing as far
as to the inner margin, in the hindwing almost to the base. Under surface of both sexes nearly exactly like
in a small gelon, though the costa of the forewing is black. Certainly, like most of the allies, very widely
distributed (Guiana and Amazon), but very rare. — lindana Mschl. is surely only a @ of ewtaea from another
habitat (Surinam), in which the black costal stripe on the under surface of the forewing is absent, so that
the under surface resembles altogether that of the 9 of gelon and erythraea.
E. euriteus Cr. (= euritaeus Hew.) (121 b). Under surface alike in 3 and Q, whitish with a loam-
yellow base of the wings and 3 brown parallel stripes. Above the ¢ is black, the forewing with a blue arcuate
spot from the base to the anal angle, the hindwing with a blue distal spot. 2 brown with a yellow distal spot
in the anal part, being differently shaped at each finding-place, as well as the stripes of the under surface
in the ¢ and 2. — As gration form. nov. (121c¢c) we denominate a form from the Amazon with a broad
blue oblique band of the forewing and an orange-yellow ground-colour of the under surface; in the 2 the orange-
yellow spot of the hindwing is above considerably narrower. — In charilis Bates, likewise from the Amazon,
the latter is absent altogether, and in the 3 the blue of the upper surface is spread more across the surface
of the wings. — ealligramma Bates. Here the 3 has white-speckled fringes of the hindwing, the 2 is above
light-brown; both sexes are beneath more strongly and densely striped; one stripe runs along the costa of the
forewing and the inner margin of the hindwing. From Ega; known to me only from Batss’ description. Not rare.
E. eutychus Hew. (= orfita Cr. pt.) (121 ¢). 3 above black with a faint violet lustre of the centre of
the forewing and a marginal band of the hindwing with a bright violet reflection; 9 earthy brown with dia-
phanous stripes of the under surface and a stout dot before the middle of the border of the hindwing. Beneath
3 or 4 parallel stripes across both wings and before the middle of the border of the hindwing a large black
eye-spot with a blue reflection. Rather common and very variable, especially as regards the intensity and
position of the blue reflection, and the thickness of the stripes on the under surface. More than 100 specimens
are lying before me, 50 are in the Tring Museum. — ferrugo Bat. from Teffé (where, however, also typical
eutychus fly) exhibits the two outer transverse stripes of the under surface flown together to a very thick band;
— in dyrrhachius form. nov. (121 ¢, d) they are more divergent towards the inner margin of the hindwing. At
the same time, this form exhibits a very bright hyacinth-blue reflection in the inner-marginal region on the
under surface of the hindwing, which is likewise well developed in eutychus from Teffé, being paler and more
purple-violet in Colombians and missing altogether in Bolivians. — clithra Bates (121d) shows the brown
stripes of the hindwings narrowed cuneiformly towards the inner margin, the space between there white with
a magnificent hyacinth-blue reflection. Typical specimens are found on the Lower Amazon (Santarem, Para);
specimens from the Upper Amazon approximate dyrrhachius from Guiana, and intermediate forms originate
from Rio Jurna. Not rare.
Publ. 23. XT. 1916. EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Surrz. 625
E. rasonea Schs. Similar to eworas Hew. Wings dark brown, the distal margin of the forewings below
vein 5 and the hindwings from below the apex as far as vein 2 covered with dark metal blue. Under sur-
face light reddish brown. On the forewing a dark subterminal shade; a distal darker band, bordered by a
duller brown, obliquely from the middle of the costa as far as below vein 2. Hindwing with a darker distal
band than the forewing, running straight through from the costal margin to vein 4, then turning more
distally, being undulated towards the proximal margin, followed by reddish brown internerval streaks. These
streaks do not reach the distal margin and terminate into pointed dots being outside shaded by white; a
pointed marginal band between veins 3 and 4, shaded outside by white, inside by red-brown; above this spot
as far as to the apex the border is broad, darker. Cucuta, Venezuela. 30 mm.
E. phoedica Bsd. (— phedica Hew.) (121d). Very similar to eutychus with almost the very same under
surface; but in the g¢ the whole anal part of the hindwings is above white with a magnificent hyacinth-blue
reflection. © quite similar to that of euwtychus, but more diaphanous and the brown ground-colour on both
surfaces with a dull blue lustre. Guiana; rare. According to Hewirson also from the Amazon.
E. orfita Cr. (121d). Under surface with a purple median stripe being in front and behind shaded in
an iridescent whitish blue; before the middle of the border an oval eye-spot; the proximal margin of the hind-
wing with a purple-violet reflection. Above the 9 is earth-like brown with a faintly diaphanous marking of
the under surface, the ¢ velvety black with a bluish brilliancy in the apical part of the forewings. Guiana,
Amazon as far as Ecuador and Bolivia. In Bolivians from the Rio Songo, the apical brilliancy of the upper
surface as well as the blue silvery gloss of the under surface may be absent. — euodias Hew. (121d) has a
dull violet reflection on the black upper surface and a long-stretched anal part of the hindwings exhibiting
besides a bright purple inner margin; on the Amazon; rare. — issoria Hew. (121d) from Ecuador stands bet-
ween the two preceding forms with respect to the shape of the hindwings; the purple of the inner margin of
the hindwing is covered here with a bright silvery blue reflection. — The species is common in Guiana. It
varies wherever it is found; for instance, the red-brown median stripe of the under surface in specimens from
Nouveau-Chantier is twice as broad as in those from St. Laurent du Maroni. Near St. Jean, in October, there
fly small specimens that have hardly the size of an LH. effima; the silvery lustre is much more expanded in Cayenne-
specimens than in those from Surinam etc. We do not consider it advisable to denominate all these forms.
E. euryone. The butterflies belonging here are distributed over a very vast district. From the nor-
thern coast of South America they occur throughout the whole of Guiana, the Amazon district as far as Ecuador,
Peru and Bolivia. euryone Hew. (121d) was described according to a 2 from Ecuador; both sexes are above
dark brown, beneath with 3or 4 parallel transverse stripes through both wings; the marking of the under sur-
face resembles somewhat H. eutychus and the analogous species of Huptychia (Ocypete-group). 2 above some-
what lighter brown. Specimens from Guiana are only about half as large (probably only at certain habitats,
such as St. Jean du Maroni in French Guiana). These specimens have beneath narrower stripes. Fasst brought
a form from Bolivia (Rio Songo), the gg of which greatly approximate the typical Ecuador-specimens, the
wings of which, however, exhibit a blue reflection in the basal part. In other districts of Bolivia, however, this
reflection is missing altogether. Bolivian 29 are mostly on both surfaces more earthy grey, considerably lighter
than 99 from Ecuador. Such a specimen is figured on t. 121 e, with the erroneous subscription of ,,ewrygona-2
U“. — On the Upper Amazon flies effima Hew. (121 e) with 2° that are hardly different from the Ecuador-
form; the $3, however, have above a white anal arez of the hindwings, like many equally coloured Hesperids
flying together with them. °
E. melaphaea Hbn. (121 .e). Beneath (2 also above) somewhat similar to ewryone; but the ¢ exhibits
above a dull red cuneiform spot of the forewing and a similar brightening in the hindwings. The red may be
partly or totally very much darkened, but also very bright, more yellowish-red; the wedge of the forewing
may be shortened (Nouveau-Chantier, Guiana), narrowed (Upper Amazon), widened (Peru) or provided with
blurred edges (Bolivia); the spot of the hindwing is sometimes bright and sharply defined (Cayenne), some-
times shortened (Sosomoco, Colombia); sometimes also parts of the red area are covered by the black ground-
colour breaking through (as for instance in one specimen from Peru and one from Guiana). All these forms
are interosculant. The Q is always to be distinguished from the ewryone-9 by the dentated border of the hind-
wing; it is very much rarer than the 3 (among 160 specimens only 4 29). Distributed all over the northern
part of South America, from Guiana and Para to Bolivia and Peru, locally common.
E. ella Stgr. i. 1. (142 b) from Bolivia has almost the same under surface as melaphaea, but the parallel
shade between the median line and the border is absent and the hindwings are not dentated. But above all,
the upper surface is one-coloured blackish brown.
E. eulione, with which the series begins of those Huselasia exhibiting beneath instead of the three
transverse stripes only a median line and behind it, between this line and the border, a more or less distinct
parallel shade. — In eulione Hew. (121e) there is before the middle of the margin of the hindwings beneath a
black oval eye-spot, above and below this there are some light transverse noores. Above the ¢ is blackish
brown, like cafusa from which it is also hardly distinguished in the shape of the wings; the Q is somewhat lighter
coloured, larger and with rounder wings. The species is recognizable by the unciform median stripe near the
anal angle on the under surface of the hindwing. From the Amazon; apparently very local; obviously very
TAaSONECHo.
phoedica.
orfita.
euodias.
issoria.
euryone.
effima.
melaphaea.
ella.
eulione.
much like the following form. — hygenius Cr. which I only know from the figure, has beneath on the hindwing hygenius.
Vv 79
thusnelda.
cafusa.
inconspicua.
eustachius.
mys-
rhodon.
fervida.
aurantia.
procula.
sergia.
licinia.
athena.
mystica.
chrysippe.
placidus.
leucophr y-
na.
hieronymi.
violetta.
626 EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
in the anal part more intense black radiary rays, but it seems otherwise to be closely allied to eulione:
from Surinam.
E. thusnelda Mschir. is said to be above velvety blackish brown, beneath similar to mys, but
the second transverse stripe of the forewing distally fringed; Surinam. Does not lie before me.
E. cafusa Bat. (121 f). A transition from eulione to eustachius. The upper surface is blackish-brown
as in eulione; the under surface resembles that of eustachius, but the black eye-spot on the under surface of the
hindwing before the middle of the border is considerably larger, mostly also the ground of the wings darker,
greyer. The Q is coloured and marked like the 3, but the transverse stripes beneath are broader and brighter.
Guiana, Amazon and Ecuador, not rare. — inconspicua G. and S. from Central America is certainly only a
Q-form of a differently named 3; maybe it belongs here, unless it be the 9 of an ewryone-form.
E. eustachius. Very variable, above mostly with red, beneath marked very much like licinia (121 f).
In our figure the marking of the under surface is unfortunately missing altogether, but it is almost exactly
that of the form figured as awrantia (121 f). It varies by more or less developed submarginal spots on the under
surface of the hindwings as well as by their ground-colour appearing sometimes more yellow, sometimes brown
or grey. Unless cafusa being above entirely blackish brown be only a unicolorous form of eustachius, it has above
always red which appears, for instance, in the smaller mys H.-Schdff. lighter, almost like in awrantia. The latter
exhibits more miniate hindwings with a broad dark costal margin. — As the red occurs in almost any distri-
bution and probably varies at every finding-place, we have denominated here only the more conspicuous forms:
rhodon form nov. where it is confined to a sector in the hindwing, and fervida Btlr. where the forewings are
entirely black, the hindwings red with a dark ray from the base to the middle of the border; from Costa Rica
and Surinam. Specimens from Colombia exhibit the centres of all wings brightened by brown-red, and from them
there occur all the transitions to typical eustachius. The butterfly has a very vast range, from Central America
to Peru. — aurantia Btlr. and Drc. (121 e) from Central America is presumably only an adaptation of the upper
surface to chrysippe (121 f) flying there; — whereas procula G. and S. from Costa Rica with an almost entirely
black upper surface being only tinged in red-brown at the base of the wings, forms the transition to eulione. —
sergia G. and S. (121 e) approximates procula by the forewings being coloured almost just the same; it exhibits
however, also above on the hindwing the red sector of rhodon; likewise from Central America. — A most con-
spicuous form is licinia Godm. (121 f) flying in Guiana with phoedica and effima and exhibiting like them a
large white spot at the distal margin of the hindwing. — In athena Hew. (122 a), from Guiana to Ecuador, the
white area of the hindwing of licinia is yolk-coloured, whereby it resembles the upper surface of gelon-2, but
the under surface is quite different, like in licinia. The species is locally not rare and specimens from the same
countries may have a very different upper surface, the under surface, however, is more constant.
E. mystica Schs. (142c) resembles above an eustachius, being intensely tinged in yellowish-red, but
the postmedian line of the under surface of the hindwings does not round into a hook, but it is sharply angled.
Costa Rica.
E. chrysippe Bat. (= labiena Hew.) (121f). g above bright fiery red, 2 yolk-coloured with black
margins of the wings; at once recognizable by the unicolorous yellow under surface exhibiting only before the
margin of the hindwing a series of black dots. Central America.
E. placidus nom. nov. (= aurantia G. and S., nec Bilr. and Dre.) which has been figured on t. 121 f as
,aurantiaca*, is hardly in any way connected with the mys-group. The forewings above are quite the same
as in eustachius, but the hindwings have a broad black border. Immediately recognizable by the quite silvery,
unmarked under surface of both sexes. The 2 may be above entirely brown, but the disc of the forewing is
mostly yellowish-brown and sometimes the middle of the hindwing is also brightened by yellowish. Costa
Rica and Panama, on the Chiriqui locally not rare; it flies early in the morning. This species is peculiar for
the course of the veins; it has on the forewing only two subcostal veins both of which branch off before
the cell-end. — leucophryna Schs., likewise from Costa Rica, is beneath one-coloured silvery like placidus,
but above more diffusely and darker brownish-red, the hindwings with a very narrow dark margin.
E. hieronymi G. and S. (122h). Above blackish-brown with dark-red brightenings, beneath with
colours and markings quite similar to eulione or eustachius. In the north of the range there occur two forms
of the ¢; such with entirely blackish-brown forewings and such with a red flame in their basal part. We have
figured the former. Both exhibit on the hindwing a red ray from the base towards the anal angle. Mexico
and Central America. — From South Brazil I possess a ¢ forming an evident transition to the mys-form and
being, therefore, probably better placed to eustachius. On the upper surface of the hindwing another fiery ray
runs from the base under the apex, cutting off the costal part. — Apparently not common. The Q is always
dingy dark brown, without any red, but recognizable by the under surface resembling the 3 and not easily
distinguishable from the allied © of eulione.
E. violetta Bat. (121i). The under surface of this species and the following one exhibits, on a brightly
(mostly orange) coloured ground, the median line distinctly double, not at first straight and then bent into a
hook before the inner margin of the hindwings, but slightly curved, often finely undulated and often with a
knot in the middle of the hindwing. Before the middle of the border of the hindwing a larger eye-spot, above
EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 627
and below it there are arcuate nooses. violetta exhibits on the forewing the distal marginal part and on the
hindwing a sector in the ¢ of a wonderful steel-blue lustre; one may turn, however, the butterfly in the sun
in such a way that the whole surface of the wings shines also violet. From the Upper Amazon (Tapajoz).
E. arbas Cr. (= arbus Mengel) (121i). Beneath like the preceding species, but the median stripe in the
middle of the hindwing ends into a knot. Above there is less blue, nearly only along the distal margin of
both wings. Surinam, Amazon. A very small, above more brown form with a dull purple-violet reflection,
came recently in numbers from Bolivia; as the gg make a very deviating impression, I call the form attrita
ferm. nov. Especially the under surface is of a duller colouring, greyish brown, not reddish-yellow. — Contrary
to it is a form of enormous size captured by Fass in Colombia (Medina); above jet black, the violet gloss across
almost the whole distal half of the wings; the under surface brightly coloured and marked, the hindwings in
the anal part more pointed: proavia form. nov. — The 929 of all the forms are presumably one-coloured greyish-
brown; the cell-end of the forewings is traversed by a dark arcuate shade; behind this there is a faint brigh-
tening. — euoras Hew. (1211) lying before me from the Kouron River in French Guiana, shows in the 3 a bluish
iridescent stripe along the costa of the hindwing and beneath more earthy grey ground-colour. — fabia Godm.
(122 b) has beneath in the middle of the hindwing only a small angulation of the median stripe, no knotty ends,
and in tarinta Schaus (110 Af) from Colombia this median stripe runs through uniformly and in a straight
line. This species is beneath very bright ochreous yellowish-red and the reflection of the upper surface at the
distal margin very intense and extending almost as far as to the centre of the wings; it lies before me from
Muzo; in some places the distal marginal eye-spot of the under surface likewise exhibits a bright blue reflection
in others not. Some of these forms may be justly regarded as distinct species, but one must be very careful
in this respect in the Erycinidae. Nearly all the arbas-forms are apparently rather common at their finding-
places.
E. eurysthenes Hew. (142c). This butterfly resembles above very much #. euoras (1211) to which
the under surface is also very similar. But the ¢ is at first sight distinguishable by the blue reflection being
confined to the distal margins of the wings, and beneath between the brown median band of the forewing and
its margin, the fringe of eworas is here replaced by another, distinct band. Ecuador.
arbas.
attrila.
proavia.
euoras.
fabia.
tarinta.
eurysthenes.
E. eurymachus Hew. Probably only a form of the preceding forming the transition to eworas. Beneath eurymachus.
the bands of the forewing are duller, more shadow-like, and above in the J the blue reflection is confined to the
region before the inner angle of the forewing and the apex of the hindwing. Likewise from Ecuador.
E. regipennis Bélr. and Drc. (122b). The ¢ greatly resembles above arbas; but beneath the median
stripe forms the proximal terminus of a white transverse band, appearing in the Q also above. Costa Rica:
the specimens lying before me were taken in May near Esperanza. — eupepla G. and S. (122 ¢) from Panama
and Colombia exhibits in the male no white band beneath, so that there remains as a difference from arbas
only the straight running median line on the under surface of the hindwing. — The regipennis-forms are sup-
posed to be very closely allied to the arbas-group, and both the forms would produce a very great number of
forms, when distinguishing the extension and position of the blue reflection and the colouring of the under
surface, since especially the 92 vary almost at every finding-place being sometimes quite grey, or white banded
or also nearly quite white.
E. anica H. Schiff. (121i). This animal, not known to me in nature, is said to come from Surinam;
it is described as a 3, but still it is probably a 9. Forewings with a white small oblique band, hindwings with
a white distal dot. Under surface almost exactly as in the 9 of arbas, but the forewing has a honey-coloured
stripe at the base of the costa.
E. eubages Hew. (1211). This form of which the ¢ is unknown, probably belongs as 92 to one of the
arbas-forms some of which have very light 92 which, however, we know only from few finding-places. As its
patria the ,,Amazon~ is only mentioned.
FE. eunaeus Hew. (122 a). Beneath marked like a very small regipennis, but without the white band,
though with a very distinct marginal eye-spot. Forewing above with an orange oblique spot. From the Amazon.
Only the figured specimen, a $ without its exact habitat being stated, is lying before me.
E. dolichos Stgr. (122 h). Quite peculiarly black and white, beneath with submarginal spots and a
dark marginal eyespot before the middle of the border of the hindwing. From Pebas and Iquitos on the Upper
Amazon. 5
E. lisias Cr. (= salimba Godt.) (121 h, as ,,lysias‘‘). In the g¢ of the typical species the anal angle
of the hindwing is extended into a round point. Above the wings exhibit a magnificent blue reflection with
white fringes and a black apex of the forewing. The 2 is much rarer and its blue reflection is duller, on its
under surface a brown linear stripe runs parallel to the border. Guinea, Colombia, Amazon, to the south as
far as Bahia, locally not rare. Varies considerably even at closely adjoining finding-places. The hindwings
may end much more obtuse than in the figure (forma lycaeus Stgr., 121 h) or still more pointed; in the latter
case the small white dots of the under surface being typical for genuine lisias may be also absent: the latter
form STAUDINGER denominates lysimachus (= lysiniacus Mengel) (121 h, as ,,lisimachus‘'). Besides, the line
of the under surface of the 99 may also occur in the g and the ground-colour of the under surface may be
brown (euromus Hew., 121 ¢); the blue reflection may have a different extension; January-specimens from
Ega (fa. lycaeus) exhibit on both surfaces an orange-red proximal margin of the hindwing and so on.
regipennis.
eupepla.
anica.
eubages.
eundeus.
dolichos.
lisias.
lycaeus.
lysimachus.
euromus.
dorina.
euhemerus.
gelanor.
uria.
eubotes.
extensa.
crotopus.
ater.
crotopina.
mutator.
rhodogyne.
psammathe.
venezolana.
micaela.
eugeon.
thucydides.
eury pus.
628 KUSELASIA. By Dr. A. SErrz.
E. dorina Hew. (121i). A very raie butterfly from Teffé on the Amazon. Only the ¢ lies before
me. It is above marked like opalina, but also the hindwings have a broad black border and the colour is deep
hemochrome instead of yellow. Beneath the hindwings have sometimes a hemochrome proximal margin, and
the black punctiform spot before the middle of the border is shaded snow-white.
E. euhemerus Hew. (121 ¢). Only the 9 is known, undoubtedly belonging to one of the gg known,
maybe to dorina together with which it was taken. Above brown with an oblique-oval orange spot, beneath
similar to dorina. Amazon.
E. gelanor Cr. (121 h). Above blackish-brown, with a blue reflection, beneath ochre-yellow with a
brown transverse line and brown dots before the border. Among the 22 specimens of my collection there are
hardly 2 alike, so very great is the variability of the species. Hewirson already was forced to demonstrate
by two figures of the under surface that the transverse line on the forewing may be absent in the g. But he
is wrong in correcting CRAMER for having figured the wings too round. gelanor, however, does not only vary
in the marking and colouring, but also very much in the wing-contour, and there are such with a prolonged
and with a round hindwing, with a dentate and smooth border, with a straight and bulged-out border of the
forewing. The blue reflection is mostly placed in the distal-marginal region, but it may also be almost absent
or extend all over the wing. In some specimens it is extremely bright, of a Prussian blue, in others again dull
and violet. Greatly deviating from typical (Surinam)-specimens are those from Bolivia with a violet-brown,
almost unmarked under surface and a convex distal margin of the forewings. In Guiana common; in devia-
ting specimens distributed as far as Bolivia. — Near Pebas on the Upper Amazon there fly specimens with
very long-stretched hindwings and an under surface exhibiting in the ¢ almost the same markings as in the 9;
this is uria Hew. They have only quite a faint violet reflection at the border of the wings. — The 2° of gelanor
are on both surfaces of a dull brownish-grey colour, without a reflection, the marking is like in the ¢: dots,
a transverse stripe and the shade more dense. — eubotes Hew. (121 h) is if it is at all of a different species,
very closely allied to gelanor; the upper surface is the same, the under surface more violettish brown and the
transverse line running somewhat differently; Amazon. — extensa Bates is quite similar to eubotes, larger, the
hindwings in the g more prolonged, but not quite as pointed as in wria. Upper Amazon.
E. crotopus Cr. (= midas Godt.) (121g). Very variable; above the typical g is blackish-brown
with the disc of the forewing being quite slightly brightened. The under surface is earthy grey with a transverse
stripe running similarly as in gelanor (121 h) and dorina (121 i), and with dots before the border which are partly
outside bordered in white. Particularly the punctiform spot before the middle of the hindwing-border is intense,
often angular, and above the anal angle of the forewing there is mostly a distinct shadow-like spot. 92 dark
greyish brown with dull brightenings in, below and beyond the cell, in the forewing, sometimes also on the
hindwing. The following forms occur in the 3 being, however, connected with each other by transitions and
probably bound to certain finding-places (not countries): Above jet-black, beneath blackish-brown (ater form.
nov.) — above blackish-brown, beneath red-brown (erotopina Stgr.). — Forewing with a dull, indistinct orange-
spot, hindwing with a magnificent bluish-violet reflection: mutator. form. nov. — Hindwing with a sharply
defined oblique orange band, under surface violettish-brown: rhodogyne Godm. This form occurs more in the
northern districts (Central America, Colombia) and the © is above coloured just like the 3. — All the 4 wings
with a large orange-spot, the ground-colour of the under surface whitish-grey: psammathe form. nov. — vene-
zolana form. nov. (121 g¢) from San Esteban. Venezuela, has a red-brown ground-colour. The species is distri-
buted from Central America through the whole northern part of South America, to the south as far as Bolivia;
it occurs singly, though it is not rare. =— The larva is black with whitish stigmata and fluffy hairs; behind
the head there is a hemochrome transverse spot out of which there rise two points; the pupa is green, the back
and the sides with dark dots.
E. micaela Schs. Wings dark violettish-brown, on the forewing a large, yellowish-red spot behind
the cell from vein 2 as far as above vein 4, not reaching the distal margin; under surface light brown; a
reddish-brown median line near the costa of the forewing shaded by black, close at the inner margin of the
hindwing curved; a large subterminal shade, on the forewing luniform, on the hindwing dissolved into spots,
containing 2 black dots between the veins 3 and 4; a faint dark distal shade. 32 mm. Peru. The species is
unknown to me, and from the description it is not be seen, where it is allied to.
E. eugeon Hew. (122f). Above black, beneath very dark greyish-brown, recognizable by the anal
part of the hindwing being prolonged like a point. The transverse line of the under surface runs irregularly,
and in each of the specimens before me originating from different districts, differently, in northern specimens
(Amazon) more straight, in southern (Argentina, Bolivia) almost semicircular. 9 larger, lighter. Widely distri-
buted, though singly.
E. thucydides 7. (= nycha Hobn., arisbas Dalm. (122 ¢). Hindwing in the anal part like the prece-
ding species prolonged to a point, transverse line of the under surface also similarly running, but all the wings
above with a large orange-spot and beneath of a brownish-white ground-colour. 9 above yellowish-grey with
dark distal margins and median spots. South Brazil, where it is not rare near Petropolis; according to STau-
DINGER also on the Chiriqui in Costa Rica.
E. angulata. We distinguish 3 subspecies: eurypus Hew. (122), above entirely one-coloured deep
blackish-brown; beneath the transverse stripe is distally shaded in dark, behind it on the hindwing another
EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 629
arcuate stripe, and behind this a series of small dark submarginal spots. The hindwing exhibits at the end
ef the upper median vein an angle, a small tooth or even a stronger tooth. Guiana, Colombia and Lower Amazon
(Santarem), not common. — Tailed specimens from Muzo (Colombia) already form a transition to the very
similar, likewise one-coloured dark-brown angulata Bates (122 e) from the Upper Amazon; here the tooth of angulata.
the hindwing is protracted in the shape of a lobe and also the border of the forewing is drawn forth angularly
Rare. — clesa Hew. (122 e) is the largest form of the species; it lies before me in but one g from Rio de Janeiro clesa.
where it is apparently very rare. The hindwing is broken almost rectangularly, with a very strong canine tooth,
on the under surface the shadowy thransverse line is thinner, the one between it and the border of the hind-
wing is absent altogether, as well.as the spots before the margin.
E. modesta Bates from the Rio Tapajoz is known to me only from the description; it is above darker, modesta.
beneath lighter brown, the forewing clipped at the apex, behind the middle somewhat brighter; hindwing
rounded at the anal angle. The transverse line beneath is somewhat darker than the ground-colour. Size of
angulata.
E. amphidecta G. and S. (122b). The upper surface has large red-brown, discal, diffuse spots the amphidecta.
shape and distribution of which remind us of the yellowish-red of labdacus, but the under surface is marked
almost like in crotopus or angulata, of a yellowish colour, with a transverse stripe running parallel to the border.
The ¢ is no rarity in the southern parts of Central America (Veragua, Chiriqui) and Colombia (Muzo, Cundina-
marca). The 9 is not yet known, and it is, therefore, not unlikely that it is a g-form of the following species
flying at the same places (for instance, on the Chiriqui).
E. euploea Hew. Size and shape like amphidecta, the under surface also similar, but the upper surface euploea.
in the g of a fiery red-yellow as in labdacus (122 b); on the border of the hindwing, between the veins, there
rest the bases of black triangles the points of which show in the direction of the base. Amazon. Not before me.
E. cucuta Schs. Forewing dark brown; a large, dark red spot extending somewhat into the cell and ecucuta.
along the vein 3, but not reaching the distal margin; beneath the subcostal, at the base of the cell, a short
red streak. Hindwings dark red, costal margin and inner margin brown. Under surface brownish grey, a
reddish median line being bordered in black and curved near the inner margin of the hindwing; before the
border a narrow brownish shade. Hindwing with a light-brown distal margin; between the veins 3 and 4 a
black spot behind bordered in white; beneath the vein 2 two yellowish, black-speckled streaks ending in white,
a similar one above the anal angle; the outermost border darker, beneath vein 2 ochreous. 22 mm. Cucuta,
Venezuela.
E. cheles G. and S. (122c) (as aurantiaca). Only the 2 is known and most variable. Above yello- cheles.
wish red with blackish margins of the forewings, the ground-colour with light spots in and behind the cell.
The under surface is pale ochre-yellow, the brownish transverse stripe runs almost quite straight. Before me
from Venezuela. — aurantiaca G. and S., from Central America, with transitions from cheles, has much larger aurantiaca.
Q° the under surface of which exhibits the very same colours and markings as cheles, but which are above
more fiery red-yellow, with a blackish apex of all the wings; between this and the red-yellow basal part of the
forewing there is a dark yellow oblique band. GopmaN and Satvin include in this latter form lying before me
from the Chiriqui, ¢¢ being above miniate, beneath earthy grey and looking almost like gyda-g3 (122 c), though
they are redder and have a black apex of the hindwing. Rare.
E. leucon Schs. (142 c) from Costa Rica is somewhat smaller, the 9 above dark brown with an orange- leucon.
yellow dise of the forewing, the g with a black forewing being only at the base red-brown and a red-brown
hindwing with a black costal and distal margin. Under surface with an irregular dark median band and a
thinner, duller line traversing the distal area; before the middle of the border of the hindwing a black small
spot tinged with white.
E. julia Drc. Larger than lewcon. Above the forewings are dark brown, shaded by red-brown from julia.
the base to the middle. Hindwing dark red-brown with a brown distal margin. Under surface dull white, the
margins red-brown: Both wings are traversed by a coherent, curved, yellowish-red line which is slightly broken
near the inner margin of the hindwing. The forewing is traversed by a delicate brown submarginal line. Hind-
wings with a submarginal row of 5 black spots being very small except the one next to the costal margin. San-
tarem on the Amazon.
E. labdacus Cr. (122 b). Wings above miniate with broad blackish-brown margins of variable shapes. labdacus.
Under surface yellowish- or silvery-white with several brownish-yellow or black transverse lines, the one of
which, in the middle of the hindwing before the inner margin, forms a distinct W. Of the 2 I only possess
one very bad specimen which seems to have been sulphurous, otherwise like the ¢, but the under surface
is duller, yellowish, the transverse lines pale. Larva of a bright brick-red with broad blackish-green subcostal
stripes and white points behind the head; on Mammea americana. Pupa green, with brown markings. The
butterfly has a range from the northern coast of South America (Colombia, Guiana) to the south as far as
Bolivia; the g¢ are locally not rare.
E. argentea Hew. (1222). Above blackish-brown with a red ray from the base of the hindwing as argentea.
far as beyond the anal angle, almost exactly like in hieronymi, but beneath of quite a different appearance,
since argentea is beneath silvery with numerous transverse stripes and a yellowish-red anal angle of the hind-
wing. The Q is beneath like the g, but above blackish-brown with a large orange-yellow spot of the forewing
hahneli.
corduenna.
alemena.
urites.
eusepus.
eumenes.
eupatra.
cataleuca.
matuta.
bettina.
candaria.
phelina.
eumedia.
630 EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
a smaller spot in the middle of the hindwing, and a third one before the anal angle of the hindwing. Central
America and Colombia.
E. hahneli Stgr. (= hahneli Mengel) (122 f) from the Upper Amazon, to the south as far as Bolivia
(Coll. Fasst) and South Brazil, has beneath almost exactly the same markings as argentea, but bone-yellow
instead of silvery; above the base of the forewing and the whole hindwing of a bright red, except the costal
margin and the upper distal margin. The 9 is above more vellowish-red and at the hindwing only the costal
margin is blackish-brown. Near Rio de Janeiro rare; maybe more common in the north.
E. corduenna Hew. (122f, g). Above black, the basal part of the forewings and the anal part of the
hindwings of a magnificent blue reflection. Beneath silvery yellowish-grey with a dark border and 3 transverse
stripes the proximal one of which runs differently, according to the finding-places, sometimes in a straight
line, sometimes curved, forming a pointed or an obtuse hook on the hindwing. From Central America through
Colombia, Ecuador and Peru as far as Bolivia and Central Brazil. Not rare.
E. alemena Dre. Forewing dark brown, the palest at the apex of the forewings. Under surface light
tan-coloured, both wings in the middle traversed by a narrow orange band; between the latter and the border
a faint, brown undulate line; hindwing with a submarginal row of small black spots the fifth of which is the
largest. Smaller than the following species. Ecuador. Unknown to me in nature.
E. urites Hew. (122a). Above blackish-brown with a very faint blue gloss, beneath yellowish silvery-
grey with only one transverse line being slightly curved. There is quite a number of equally coloured Huselasia
being distinguished only by the course of this transverse line. The course of this line of the under surface has,
already since Hewirson, been considered a characteristic mark of the species, but in corduenna, eugeon, thucy-
dides etc. being quite distinct species we may notice that this line itself does not even characterize the sub-
species. The forms being above brown, beneath silvery may, therefore, belong to few species distinguished
by the shape of the wings, the shading of the silvery area etc.
E. eusepus Hew. (122 a) is like writes, but above without a blue gloss; the line of the under surface
is on the hindwing farther away from the border, and before the anal angle, one part of this line (unfortunately
missed in the figure) is pushed forward towards the border. I have specimens before me from Pozuzo (Peru),
in which this projecting part of the line is yet connected with the other links of the line, thus forming an inden-
tation being convex towards the border. This may be of a very different extent, the most in South Brazil and
Bolivia, the least in Peru where we already notice transitions to urites from the Amazon, sometimes with quite
a faint blue reflection; there the line of the under surface mostly runs continuous. ewsepus always has a silvery-
white forehead. — eumenes Hew. Here the under surface-line is not pushed forward before the anal-fold, but
in typical specimens still somewhat interrupted before the anal fold. On the whole, ewmenes has somewhat
more pointed wings; from the Amazon. — Our figure shows a very similar form, somewhat larger, the under
surface-line uninterrupted, the under surface itself of a purer silvery colour, without a yellowish tinge; nume-
rous equal specimens from Monte Tolima, captured by Fassu, and in the Paris Museum. The Q is beneath
exactly like the 3, whereas the 9 of ewsepus is beneath lustreless greyish-brown; I call the form which may
be a distinct species, eupatra subsp. nov. (122 a as ewmenes). — In cataleuca Fldr. from Mexico the postmedian
line is absent altogether and the under surface exhibits a very light silvery area without any markings.
E. matuta Schs. (142) described from Costa Rica, from where it is before me from Orosi, 1200 m.
Above the black forewings have a yellowish-red, small discal spot, the hindwings a brownish-red lustre. Under
surface silvery white with a straight dark postmedian line and some small black dots before the border of the
hindwing. -
E. bettina Hew. (122a). Above dark brown with a scarcely noticeable light-bluish lustre; beneath
yellowish grey, of a bronze gloss, before the middle of the border of the hindwing a small dark dot. From Cen-
tral America to Ecuador. Locally common.
E. candaria Dre. (142c). Like the preceding species, but beneath golden yellow, lustreless. The
small dot before the middle of the border of the hindwing is larger and some more finer ones are before the
border of the anal part. Colombia, not rare; often in the ,,Bogota‘‘-consignments.
E. phelina Dre. Larger than ewmenes. Upper surface one-coloured light brown, under surface of
a pure white. The forewing is, from the costal margin to the inner margin, traversed by 5 narrow, pale brown
bands; the distal margin is brown. Hindwing traversed by 3 brown bands not reaching as far as below the
cell; close at the distal margin, in the centre, there stands a large black spot and a small one nearer to
the anal angle; the space between the two spots is yellow. A submarginal, undulate brown band traverses the
wing from the apex to the anal angle. From Maracaibo (Venezuela).
E. eumedia Hew. (= ophias H.-Schdff.) (122d). Above quite blackish-brown, without any gloss
and reflection. Beneath the transverse line is red, as well as the border of the hindwing, in which we notice
black, white-edged dots. From Colombia to Peru, not common. Typical specimens from Colombia have a
very dentate border of the hindwing; in the much smaller Peru-specimens the latter is rounded, the costa
EUSELASIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 631
of the forewing somewhat shorter, the under surface with a less deeply dentate median line and less red at
the border, the forehead whitish, and so on. The @ like the ¢.
E. mirania Bates from Teffé entirely resembles ewmedia, somewhat smaller; the transverse line
beneath, however, is orange, shaded inside in yellow, outside in dark.
E. artos H.-Schiff. (122. a) of which I only know the ¢ which has a silvery-white forehead and a
large orange-yellow or red spot in the anal part of the hindwing; this spot sometimes (in Bolivia) extends much
farther than in our figure depicted according to an Amazon-specimen. This red spot is probably of a different
shape at every habitat, the colour being also sometimes miniate (Rio Songo, Bolivia), sometimes more orange
(Surinam) or bright red (Amazon). Under surface more grey than in ewmedia.
E. pelor Hew. (122 e). Beneath almost exactly like in ewmedia and artos, above, however, with a
bright, steel-blue gloss. Variable; the gloss may incline to violet and to green, it may cover the whole forewing
or also leave the apex black; the hindwings may be much deeper dentate, even long-stretched, in the latter
case the forewings are also more pointed. Amazon; rare.
E. euboea Hew. (122 e). On both surfaces resembling pelor; the blue gloss is brighter, leaving the border
of the forewing broad black, from which it is sharply defined. The hindwings are sometimes more dentate
(Bolivia, Amazon), sometimes more rounded. Guiana to Bolivia; common.
E. mazaca Hew. (122d as mazaea). Under surface similar to those of the preceding species, but its
colour more grey, the median line brown, not red; the white margins of the dots at the border almost coherent.
Quite different is the upper surface showing on each wing a large red area of the extent and shape of the blue
euboea. Before me only from Pebas.
E. pusilla Fidr. (122d). Above the disc of the forewing exhibits a light-red spot being in the ¢
cuneiform, in the 9 oval. In the ¢ the hindwing has another red wedge-ray similar to H. hieronymi flying at
the same place. Under surface silvery white with a regular, yellow median line. Mexico, not common.
E. authe Godm. (= emma Srgr. 7. 1.) (121 ¢,h). Above derk brown, all the wings with red-brown
or yellowish-brown patches covering sometimes only the middle of the disc, sometimes almost the whole wing.
This auburn colour is bright in both sexes; at some places there occur specimens where it is replaced by light
ochre-yellow (ab. flava ab. nov.). Easily recognizable by the under surface being greyish-brown, in the distal
half of the hindwings and beyond the transverse line of the forewings white. It is said to come from ,, Brazil‘;
I only know it from Bolivia and Peru where the species is not rare and was collected especially by Fasst (Rio
Songo) and by GaRLepe (Yungas). It may be only the southern form of the following species.
E. etibule Fldr. (= hypophaea G. and S.) (122f). Dark brown; ¢ with, @2 without red-brown
areas of the wings. Beneath marked like in authe, but without the whitish brightness behind the median line.
Typical ewbule exhibit in the disc of the forewing 3 light small spots placed in a triangle. There occurs, however,
also a form which is twice as large in Mexico and lacking these small spots. Mexico to Costa Rica; rare.
E. onorata Hew. from Kcuador has the size and marking of a large ewbule, but the upper surface has,
instead of a dull brown ground-colour, a fiery fox-coloured one passing over into light-orange before the
apical part of the forewing. Beneath the forewings are brightened in the disc and the hindwings in the whole
distal half by silvery grey, like in authe, but even stronger.
E. leucorrhoea G. and S. (= leucorrhoea Mengel) (122 b). Above exactly like the large form of eubule,
without the light dots; also beneath very similar to it, but the median line on the forewing straight, not broken
nor curved, but slightly bent at most. Costa Rica, Colombia and Bolivia. The anal half of the hindwing is
more or less brightened by a silvery hue. It differs from the very similar eucrates by the narrower, dark margin
of the wings and the somewhat brighter red of the upper surface. The under surface is duller, and the tongue-
shaped bow formed by the postmedian transverse line before the inner marginal fold, does not project so far.
E. eucrates Hew. (122f). Replaces the ewbule in Ecuador. On the upper surface sometimes brighter,
sometimes duller red, from the middle of the border of the hindwing mostly a black wedge projects with its
point to the middle of the wing. Beneath the transverse line above the anal angle is not so very sinuate, the
marginal dots of the hindwing are uniformly developed, without a distinct eye-spot betore the middle of the
border, and their row is continued also on the forewing, where they are absent altogether in leucorrhoea and
eubule.
2
E. eucerus Hew. resembles the preceding species, but the ¢ is above brighter red; the under surface
is more irregularly marked, the postdiscal transverse line dissolved into minute spots and the colouring of
the hindwings itself very much brightened. South Brazil, single but not rare.
E. gyda Hew. (g 122c, 9 122h as chionea). g above dull orange. Forewing with a black costa, a
black distal margin and a small black cell-end-stripe. Beneath silvery, sometimes 1 to 3 transverse lines are
mirania.
artos.
pelor.
euboed.
MaZaca.
pusilla.
authe.
flava.
eubule.
onorata.
leucorrhoea.
eucrates.
eucerus.
gyda.
russata.
letra.
praeclara.
opalescense
opalina.
euphaées.
utica.
subargentea.
teleclus.
cataleuce.
archelaus.
tysoni.
howlandi.
cecilia.
632 METHONELLA. By. Dr. A. Serrz.
quite faintly indicated. The 2 seems to me to be an entirely white butterfly which was figured on the table
as chionea, because SAtyin and GopMAN included a yellowish-red, broad black-bordered butterfly (russata
G. and S.) (122d as gyda-Q) as the 2 to gyda. This latter one occurring with a red-brown, yellowish-red and
pale yellow upper surface, belongs, however, according to the under surface into the group of eucrates-leucorrhoea,
it may be the legitimate 2 of one of them. gyda is a dubious species; the under surface is not figured in
Hewitson’s work and the type is lost. The upper surface varies in the tinge being sometimes brownish-red
(ab. tetra nov.), sometimes more yellowish-orange; the 2 may be faintly shaded in grey at the base and the
border of the hindwing. The butterfly seems to be distributed over the whole tropical South America, though not
common and yery local; it occurs from Central America through Colombia and the Amazon as far as Bolivia.
In the north of the range the 99 exhibit the purest white, in the south they are slightly darkened in greyish,
especially in the basal part of the wings (? = chirone Hew.).
E. praeclara Hew. (122d). g above about like gyda-3, but the wings are of a wonderful green, golden
red and purple silky lustre, as we have described it in a detailed manner on p. 617. Under surface silvery
white with some dispersed, small brown spots in the disc of the hindwing. The Upper Amazon District (Iquitos)
and Ecuador. 2 unknown. :
E. opalescens Hew. Almost like the preceding, also with a magnificent reflection in the colours of the
rainbow, but the dark margin of the forewing is absent. Seems to be widely distributed like the preceding and
following species (Amazon to South Brazil), but very rare. I don’t know the 9.
E. opalina Hew. (122d). Coloured like praeclara, only the yellowish-brown more hazy; but the lustre
is here more one-coloured brass-yellow and it mostly varies on the whole surface of the wings uniformly to
golden red or yellowish green. On the silvery white under surface the small discal spots are arranged in the
direction of the usual median transverse stripe. From Brazil, probably very widely distributed, but extremely
rare. The Q is unknown to me.
E. euphaes Hew. (122d). In the ¢ the forewings are above dark red brown, the hindwings orange
with a dark border and basal ray towards the middle of the border; the latter ray varies in distinctness and
colouring. Beneath the darker marginal part is separated from the silvery white basal part by the irregularly
indented median transverse line. It apparently flies in the whole Amazon District, since there are specimens
before me from Para and from the Rio Napo.
E. utica Hew. (122). Shape and under surface almost like in ewphaes, but the indentations of the
median transverse line are not so deep. Above, however, the forewings are also orange-red, with a broad black
costal margin and distal margin. I do not know the 9. From Brazil; very rare in the Organ Mountains. Neither
v. BONNINGHAUSEN nor myself have found it.
E. subargentea Lathy (122 c). One of the largest Huselasia, above blackish brown (Q somewhat duller),
beneath silvery grey; forehead above golden-yellow. Colombia, single.
E. teleclus Stoll (= gemellus F.) (122). Above blackish brown, forewing with a reddish-tinged
basal part and an orange-yellow discal spot (4), or an ochre-yellow oblique spot (2). Hindwing always with
an ochre-yellow spot before the apical part. In typical specimens the under surface, similarly to that of sub-
argentea (122 c), silvery grey and distally slightly shaded, but it may also be quite light silvery white (cataleuce
Hbn.) (122.c), in which case the basal half of the upper surface is mostly of a brighter red-brown colouring,
the orange spot of the forewing running in the shape of a stripe as far as to the base. The transverse line of
the under surface is yellow and almost straight. — archelaus subsp. nov. (110 Ae) is a very large form
discovered by Fasst on the Rio Songo in Bolivia, at an altitude of 750 m; here the basal part of the fore-
wings is not red-brown and the postdiscal spot of the hindwing is covered by blackish. Also in this form
the under surface may be, in its distal part, more shaded or of a purer silvery white. Guiana to Bolivia, not rare.
E. tysoni Weeks and howlandi Weeks, both from Venezuela, have remained unknown to me.
2. Genus: Metheoenella Ww.
A genus probably consisting of but one very variegated species being unmistakably characterized
already by the conspicuous colouring and the deeply indented margin of the hindwing being continued in the
2 at the ends of the veins into teeth-like small tails. On the forewing the subcostal is four-branched; the bran-
ches 1 and 2 rise before, 3 and 4 behind the cell. Hindwing without a basal vein. Palpi extremely short. The
colouring resembles that of certain Themone, Cartea, Monethe, Aricoris etc., with which conjointly patented
butterflies such as Acraeini, Ithomii, Pericopini etc. are imitated. The 29 are very stout and clumsy which
makes them still more similar to the unwieldy Actinote. They belong to the mere common Lrycinidae, but
they are local and seem not to leave their birth-place. Life-history unknown.
M. cecilia Cr. (122i). The first form published by this name is a 9, above bright orange-red with
a broad black apical part of the forewing, containing a yellow crescentiform band, and a row of yellowish
Publ. 23. XT. 1916. HELICOPIS. By Dr. A. Surrz. 633
spots in the margin of the hindwing. This form flies, almost without exhibiting any deviations, from Panama
and Guiana to Ecuador. The $ of it is an animal with a small orange-red subapical spot as is seen from our
figure (according to a Surinam-specimen). — In magnarea form. nov. (122i) the subapical spot in both sexes
is about three times as large ,and in the 9 the yellow spots in the margin of the hindwing flow together into
a band; from the Amazon (Pebas, Humayta) to Bolivia. — amithrata form. nov. (122i) has the forewings like
the typical form, but the row of spots in the margin of the hindwing is absent or only indicated; Peru. — In
chrysomela Btlr. (122 h,i) the g has above no subapical spot at all, while the Q has in the distal part of the
forewing instead of the yellow oval, a white macular band reaching down as far as the anal angle. Central
America, Colombia as far as Ecuador. — vitellia ab nov. (1221) are $¢ with yellow instead of dark orange-red
ground-colour; from Costa Rica. All these forms seem not to be bound to a certain country; at any rate,
however, the single forms, as far as they are not individual aberrations, strictly separated according to the
habitats. The butterflies are, wherever they occur, not rare and like to be near the water, like the following
genus, too.
5. Genus: Helicopis F.
Whereas the Methonella had conic teeth at the ends of the veins of the hindwings, we find in the Heli-
copis sabre-shaped tails of a length of up to a centimetre. Another characteristic for the members of this genus
are metallic drops on the under surface of the hindwings, which may be of a variable lustre, so that they appear
in a certain light golden, in another silvery. As we have already mentioned in the preface to this family,
these drop-like spots are plastic, like impressed gold-printing, convex towards the under surface, on the upper
surface distinguishable as shallow excavations. There are only few species, mostly replacing each other. The
larvae are white with a red neck-organ formed of many small cones; they are transformed into brown pupae
held with a belt, being provided with fluffy hairs like the larvae and bearing likewise the scarlet organ in the
neck. The butterflies mostly rest near the water on the under surface of leaves, are easily knocked off, fly,
however, very lazily and soon settle down again, so that they are easily taken. The children of the natives are
sometimes seen playing with them, and the Indians have given them a special name signifying as much as
_ small animals of love, a peculiar correspondence of denomination with Liyn& who named the first Helicopis
known ,,cupido“. The butterflies are local, but common at their flying-places; only in the confines, as for instance
South Brazil, they grow rare. .,
H. cupido L. (1242). Black, forewings with a large light-yellow discal spot, hindwings with a dirty
yellow basal part. In the 9 the yellow colour is preponderant, only the distal margin of the forewing is black,
that of the hindwing brown. Colombian 9° often exhibit in the apical part of the hindwing more a nut-brown
darkening; in 92 from Sao Paulo de Olivenga (UpperAmazon), the distal part of the hindwing is almost entirely
black as in the g¢. Amazon-99 (Para, Itaituba) often have an oblique stripe above the cell-end; in specimens
from there, the cell of the forewing and the basal part below it are of a bright orange-yellow, and as they
have hereby quite a different appearance, I denominate them erotica form. nov. (124 a). — trinitatis form.
nov. (124 a) are specimens from the Island of Trinidad in which the border of the forewing is only narrow and
of a dull dark tinge, but where the brown colouring is continued as far as below the cell and where a dull
oblique shade, coming from the costa, confines the cell. In $¢ from Trinidad this marking is constant, while
among the 29 there occur beside the figured butterflies also such that are nearly quite bone-white and without
markings, which were also found in other places in South America. There they may occur in superior numbers,
so that one might be inclined to denote them as a subspecies (GROTE). Nearly quite white specimens have
been denominated ab. lindeni Grt. (124 b as linderi). — divergens subsp. nov. (124 b) is a very large race which
almost entirely lacks the orange-yellow basal spot of the forewings beneath, whereas the ground of the hind-
wings is golden brown; from Humayta on the Rio Madeira. Most peculiar are specimens that are above without
markings, like lindeni, beneath, however, on the forewing black and orange spotted. The figured specimen
(in the Tring Museum without the habitat being mentioned) resembles beneath a typical cupido except the
missing dark margin of the forewing, it is above purely bone-white and has only at the base of the forewing
a slight ochreous tinge. I call the strange animal ab. stupenda ab. nov. (124 b). — The larva is white of a silky
gloss. with delicately grey shadowy stripes on the sides of the back and above the stigmata. The hairs are
also fine white, and behind the head as well as at the 12th segment there are red pads being undoubtedly
warning-organs. The pupa, being of a light yellowish-brownish or greenish-brownish ground-colour, exhibits
a white fluff and the bright scarlet at the end of the head. The range of the whole species comprises the eastern
part of South America and extends from Trinidad and the northern coast of South America as far as South
Brazil where, however, the butterfly grows extremely rare. In Espiritu Santo it is found yet now and then,
in Santos I did not capture it, nor did v. BONNINGHAUSEN near Rio.
H. endymion Cr. (= selene Fldr.) (124 b, c). Forewings bone-white, with fine black margins, in the
3 with a broad rust-brown base. Hindwings also bone-white, at the distal marginal part broad black. Beneath,
the base of the wings is orange and terminates with 2, sometimes contiguous black transverse spots, another
such a spot extends, behind the cell-end, from the costa into the wing. In the @ the basal brown above is
Vv 80
MOAGNAaTen.
amithrata.
chrysomela.
vitellia.
cupido.
erotica.
irinitatis.
lindeni.
divergens.
stupenda.
endymion.
elegans.
latmicus.
acis.
noctula.
hecamede.
634. HADES. By Dr. A. Serrz.
absent and the oblique transverse spots beneath in the forewing, and in the hindwing, as well as in many gd,
the black of the distal marginal part beneath is replaced by Galton ish-brown. — elegans Kaye originates from
Trinidad, though it also occurs in Guiana; it entirely resembles the figured latmicus form. nov. (124 ¢), but it
has in the black margin of the forewing a white line, and before the distal margin of the hindwings ae are
no black dots which appear in elegans as diaphanous effects of the golden drops of the under euriace! Guiana,
locally not rare.
H. acis F. (= gnidus F.) (124c). One of the most beautiful butterflies of the neotropical district.
In the 3 the basal part of the forewing is velvety-brown, the distal part sulphurous, with a broad black margin;
hindwing inside orange, outside black. In the 9 also the basal part of the forewing is orange. The metallic
spotting of the under surface of the hindwing is very copious. The species varies somewhat in the width of
the black margins. The butterflies are local and mostly rather rare, but widely distributed over the northern
part of South America, Guiana, the district of the Orinoco and of the Amazon. Larva white, with white hairs,
a grey dorsal stripe and a scarlet neck-tuft; pupa brown, with black markings and with bunches of red cones
at the anterior and posterior ends.
4. Genus: Hades Ww.
This genus exhibits relationships to the Lycaenid-genus Hwmaeus (cf. t. 146 a), in a mimetic respect
it resembles the Nymphalid-genus Morpheis, together with which it flies in some countries. The antennae
are quite gradually thickened, with 50 joints; 9 or 10 joints form the feeble club. The wings are large, broad,
entire, the forewings in the g with 4, in the 9 with 3 subcostal veins. The first of these branches off
before, the second at the cell-end, the median veins rise equally distant from each other. The larvae of
noctula pupate in groups on certain leaves, for which reason also the butterflies appear in crowds. This
is very curious, because also the Nymphalid Morpheis ehrenbergivi Hbn. (93 a) serving as model lives gregariously
and the original and the copy unite themselves at common flying-places. The pupa is placed horizontally across
the leaf, all the pupae of the whole group in exactly the same direction and at a considerable distance from
each other. The butterflies are local, but common.
H. noctula Ww. (= paradoxa Fidr.) (123 a). Black, hindwing beneath with a brick-red basal spot
and bone-coloured internerval stripes. Immediately distinguishable from its original (Morpheis ehrenbergii)
by the extremely short palpi. Mexico, Ceritral America as far as to the Amazon, Colombia, Venezuela.
H. hecamede Hew. (123). Above black, forewing with a large brick-red longitudinal spot, hind-
wing of the ¢ in the distal part silvery blue. According to the altitude and position of the habitat the spot
of the forewing may be lighter or darker red, larger (haematites Stich.) or smaller (avicula Stich.); in the 3
the greyish-blue of the hindwings may be increased or reduced, in the 9 the brown ground-colour more intense
or duller. Ecuador, not so common as the preceding species.
3. Subfamily: Erycininae.
This subfamily contains the immense multitude of real Hrycinidae. It differs from the other families
by the above-mentioned formation of the legs (Q 6, ¢ 4 gressorial feet), from the other neoarctic subfamilies
by the veins (constant subcostal veins etc.) which we have mentioned in the Libytheinae and EHuselasiinae.
Among each other, however, the genera differ extraordinarily. About 80 of these genera have been generally
acknowledged, their grouping, however, is up to this day still based more on superficial marks than on phylo-
genetic alliances. Apart from the wings being mostly. more secondary, we are immediately struck by the two
different types of the body: the one series of genera exhibits a structure of the body little differing from that
of the other most nearly allied families of day-butterflies (Lycaenids, Nymphalids), as for instance Hurybia,
Nymphidium, Siseme, Baeotis, Aricoris, Stalachtis etc.; the other series has a broader head strangulated by
a distinct neck, an almost globular, less oval thorax and a very short, clumsy abdomen with a thin waist at
the thorax, being often also curved downwards and of an almost fly-like structure. To this group belong very
many genera, such as Syrmatia, Diorhina, Zeonia, Lymnas ete. Let us only take in comparison how far for in-
stance the abdomen of Alesa, especially of the Gg, projects beyond the posterior angle of the hindwings, how
the head with its enormous eyes rests with a broad base on the thorax, and confront this with a Lyropteryx,
Ancyluris, Themone, the knob-like heads of which rest on a thin stylus, the apex of the abdomen, even in
the g, scarcely extending beyond the middle of the fold of the hindwing. An arrangement according to
somewhat more advanced marks of distinction *), than the one resulting from the partial consideration
of the veins of the wings, would create a very radical change within the subfamily, though it would also ne-
cessitate a circumstantial argumentation for which there is no space left here. As the butterflies belonging
*) Satvin and GODMAN have closely examined especially the male sexual organs and given circumstantial descrip-
tions of most of them: the structure of these organs, however, proved to be here so very variable, complicated and specia-
lized, that they may be used at most in questions about the qualification as a species, but not for systematizing put-
poses.
EURYBIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 635
here are mostly small, we were able to offer such a complete illustration that one will easily find one’s way,
as nearly all the chief forms have been depicted. We have already told in the preface to the family the little
we know about the early stages and the habits.
5. Genus: Kurybia Hon.
This genus contains 37 forms of butterflies partly belonging to the largest of the whole family. The
body is very slender, the head small, the thorax long, the abdomen in both sexes bilaterally compressed, thin
and pointed. The wings are entire, the hindwings with a round border, only in a somewhat deviating group
the forewings are pointed falciformly at the apex. The ground-colour is above dark brown, the border of the
hindwing often with a ruddle-red tinge. Only in one case the wing is traversed by a broad white band, i. e.
in a species flying together with just the same banded species of other genera (Mesosemia). The forewings
Mostly exhibit at the cell-end an eye-spot or ring-spot.
Head broad, forehead broad and flat, eyes of medium size, naked, slightly convex, palpi bent up in
front of the face, not projecting, but often brightly coloured; second joint more than twice as long as the first
one, the third a minute knob. Antennae very long, reaching about two thirds of the costa-length, thin, at the
ends scarcely thickened. Thorax slender, legs short, the legs on being stretched out scarcely reach the anus;
abdomen long and slim, mostly extending considerably beyond the anal angle. Wings broad, in the forewing
the subcostal is 5-branched, the submedian bifurcated at the base, the cell broad, cuneiform, of different shapes,
at the end sometimes more straightly cut off, sometimes angled laciniformly. The hindwings are sometimes
slightly angled between the upper and middle radial-ends.
The Hurybia are distributed from Mexico to South Brazil and Bolivia. They are met singly in the
woods where they dance about playing on broad roads, as I have already fully described in 1889 in the ,,Stettiner
Zeitung. Larva and food-plant are unknown. One nowheres finds more than 2 or 3 species at most of the
genus, whereas the local subraces are often very limited in space. One sometimes needs only to walk some
kilometres away from a flying-place, in order to discover already a difference in the species occurring there.
Of course one cannot speak of subspecies then, nor can one denominate all these local races without getting
beyond one’s depth.
E. carolina Godt. (123 b). This species has a pointed falciform apex of the forewings and an angled carolina.
border of the hindwings. One of the largest Hurybia; the discs of all the wings are traversed by aseries of spots
being partly vitreous, partly ochre-yellow. The size of the vitreous spots varies a great deal, but it is mostly
constant in specimens of the same finding-place. South Brazil, especially Sa. Catharina, not common, resting
beneath large leaves; its flight somewhat resembles that of Hmesis fastidiosa (136 d) flying at the same place.
E. pergaea Hbn.-G. (123 b). This is the second species with a falciform apex. Smaller, unicolorous pergaea.
grey without the macular series of the former species, only behind the upper cellular angle a white small, dot-—
like vitreous spot and sometimes another smaller one behind it. Likewise known from South Brazil, where
the species, however, is not common; but it is probably more widely spread in South America.
E. nicaeus /’. (123 b). As typical nicaeus I consider the small form from the upper Amazon, as it nicaeus.
flies quite similarly in Venezuela. The eye-spot at the cell-end is comparatively small, the hindwings are all
over suffused with ruddle-red. — salome Cr. (123 b) from Guiana is somewhat larger, the distal part of the salome.
hindwing of a brighter red, both wings on both sides with somewhat brighter spots, the eye-spot of the fore-
wing larger. — In erythinosa Stich. from Ecuador and Colombia the red is reported to cover half the hindwing. — erythinosa.
South Brazilian specimens have a dull, though most beautiful violet lustre on the hindwings. In Sa. Catharina
the species has yet the size of salome, and the dark submarginal spots of the hindwings are in broad red rings,
proximally with a broad red tinge and sometimes with black cuneiform spots (molochina Stzch.), sometimes molochina.
without them (diffusa Stich.). Still farther to the south the form is again of the size of typical nicaews and diffusa.
the violet reflection grows very intense, whereas the red of the distal half of the hindwing is darkened. But
this varies, like in other Erycinidae, almost with every geographical mile. Specimens from the Monte Corcovado
near Rio de Janeiro (= hyacinthina Stich.) (123 c) are always larger and redder than those from the forests hyacinthina.
to the south of that town (their forewings measuring not more than 24 mm, while the Corcovado-¢¢ have
exactly 26 mm), whereas all the specimens found at one place exhibit the most exact likeness in size and colour-
ing. We figure a ¢ from the Monte Corcovado and one which I took near Santos, and we can distinctly per-
ceive the difference being absolutely constant (there are series of both the habitats before me); STICHEL’s
hyacinthina is presumably based on one of these forms.
E. dardus F. (= upis Hbn.) (123). The name-type is nearly the smallest of the whole, very long dardus.
series of forms. Differing from the former by a much larger, jet-black eye-spot of the forewing, with a light
ring around it, and by the absence of the red at the border of the hindwing. Between the eye-spot and the
submarginal series of ring-spots, another distinct whitish series of dots is inserted. Guiana and the Amazon
misellivestis
jemima.
sinnaces.
franciscana.
annulata.
rubeolata.
UNL.
fassli.
sannio.
lamia.
leucolopha.
latifascia-
ta.
halimede.
stellifera.
elvina.
granulata.
violaria.
passercula.
636 EURYBIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
. District. In the south of Brazil one sometimes finds almost unmarked specimens = misellivestis Stich., in
which the eye-spot of the forewing may also be absent *). — Considerably larger is the form from Ecuador
and the western district of the Amazon; this is jemima Hew. (123 c). — In sinnaces Druce, which is besides
certainly more closely allied to lama and has a superficial likeness to leucolopha (123 e), the otherwise greyish-
yellow ring-markings are red. — franciscana Fld. is the Bahia-form with a moderately intense blue reflection
and bright yellow rings of the hindwings, the 2 having a round eye-spot like the ¢. FrLpER includes with
his franciscana-3 a 9 from the Rio Negro with a ,,differently shaped“ eye-spot of the forewing which of course
does not belong to franciscana. — SticHEL denominates the forms from the north-western part of South
America, being mostly without any reflection and with red rings of the hindwings, annulata, if the latter are
narrow, rubeolata, if they are broader and diffuse; the latter form occurs more to the south. — unxia Salv.
and Godm. (123 d) from Central America and the neighbouring Colombia has a deep blackish-brown ground-
colour, and the eye-spot of the forewing encircled by a dull brownish-red is often blurred, small, not round,
appearing four-cornered or somewhat diffuse; on the under surface we often notice 4 eye-spots, one on each
wing, which are, however, mostly distorted, while in dardus and jemima the eye-spots of the forewings are
beneath just as round as above. We cannot speak of subspecies, although the wnxia of the different finding-
places, even at quite little distances, are constant, and alone in the collection of the Tring Museum there are
large series illustrating this behaviour. In Peru and Bolivia wnaia grows very large; we figure a Peru-specimen
from the under surface, in which we distinctly notice the 4 distorted eye-spots. — Fassn discovered, on the
East Colombian mountains at an elevation of about 2000 m, a very small alpine form attaining scarcely half:
the size of a typical wnxia and having been denominated in our figure (123 d) fassli. — sannio Stich. from the
Rio Pachitea in East Peru I cannot separate from fassli. — All the dardus-forms are rather common in their
range and, like in most of the Hrycinidae, the specimens from the same finding-place resemble each other exactly.
E. lamia Cr. (= dardus Ww. nec F.) (123d). About a dozen of very constant local races are
distributed over the whole northern part of South America and over Central America. The typical form resem-
bles pretty much jemima (123 c), though it is smaller and the marginal rings are smaller and more separated,
being also generally farther away from the border. The typical lamia comes from Guiana. The model for our
figure originates from Peru and belongs already to a larger subrace. — Still larger are Central Americans which
wherever they fly together with lycisca of a very bright blue reflection, have likewise very bright hindwings
of a metallic cyan-blue reflection. But in certain localities the reflection is absent altogether, while in others
it is faint, sometimes hardly noticeable according to the locality. Where it is so intense that they might be-
mistaken for lycisca, both are easily distinguishable by the blue lamza-form having behind the cell-end 2 small
white vitreous dots being always absent in lycisca. According to the intensity of the blue gloss, the forms have
been denominated, as for instance lauta Stich. (without), coerulescens Dre. (123 d) (with a faint), fulgens Stich.
(with an intense blue lustre). Proceeding thus, we should be forced to give innumerable names, since besides
the blue varies in extent and is sometimes distinct only in the disc of the hindwing, sometimes covering the
whole hindwing and in certain places even extending over the forewing. The size also varies constantly almost
at every habitat, being characteristic for the lccality, but not for the season.
E. leucolopha Thieme (123 e). Nearly allied to the large forms of the two preceding species, but more
constant, not varying so much according to the locality and at any rate less distributed. The ¢ is deep
blackish-brown, with fiery red eye-spot rings and marginal rings, easily recognizable by a bright silvery-white
point of the antenna; the 9 is larger, of darker and duller colours. A great number of specimens before me,
from Ecuador, Peru (Pebas), and Bolivia. Apparently very common in its range.
E. latifasciata Hew. (123 c). Of the same size and structure as the preceding, but of a aifferent appea-
rance owing to a broad white band traversing both the wings, and therefore not recognized as Hurybia hitherto.
From Peru and, in a form with a narrower band, also from Colombia (Villavicencio). Apparently rather rare.
3 specimens in the Tring Museum; also in Hewrrson’s Collection in London. The 9 exactly like the 3, beneath
like above, only the eye-spot of the forewing less intense.
E. halimede Hbn. (123 e). Recognizable by a row of white dots extending in front of the submarginal
row of rings, and by the nearly entire absence of the eye-spot of the forewing, being sometimes only indicated.
The most distinct it is in North Brazilians; they also exhibit the row of white dots the most distinctly and
completely. In about 100 specimens lying before me, beside the variation of the ground-colour varying from
a dull earthy grey to a dark chocolate-brown and almost black, also the row of white dots is variable; speci-
mens from Peru and Bolivia, for instance, always lack the two dots directly behind the cell-end (between
the radial-veins) of the forewing, and those on the hindwing are quite faint; this is stellifera Stich. In speci-
mens from certain localities of the northern part of South America the lowest dots of the row turn inward,
so in elvina Stich., and in granulata Stich. (123 e) from Ecuador, in either of which the same case takes place.
Sometimes we notice, like in nearly all the Hurybia-species, the traces of a violet reflection (= violaria Stzch.). —
passercula Stich. with a faint indication of central shades of the forewings forms a transition to elvina. —
*) Such a specimen, with an absolutely extinct marking, is in the Tring Museum.
MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 637
emidiata Stich. has a slight reflection (thus forming a fransition to violaria) and in the hindwing larger marginal
eye-spots. Teffé. — tephrias Stich. shows all the spots of the wings above reduced in size; Matto Grosso. —
From Central America to the south as far as Central Brazil and Bolivia. In most of the districts common.
E. lycisea Ww. (123). This magnificent species is hitherto known only from Central America, Co-
lombia, and Peru, but locally not rare. Forewings without any white vitreous dots at all, but with a large,
sometimes metal-pupilled median eye-spot; hindwings with a bright blue lustre.
E. patrona Weym. Size and forewings almost exactly as in lycisca, but the hindwings not with a blue
lustre, but with a reddish-yellow marginal marking; the eye-spot of the forewing with a bright metallic pupil,
the point of the antenna whitish, but not so silvery white as in leucolopha. From Colombia and Ecuador. —
persona Stgr. (123 f) is probably only a large form of it from Central America. — premota Stich. (123 f) seem
to be specimens originating from Teffé on the Amazon River. They are somewhat smaller, darker, more uni-
colorous, and the eye-spot of the forewing is somewhat smaller.
E. cyclopia Stich. (123f, g). I figure for this a species which I received from Chuchurras in Peru
and to which SticHEt’s description fits the best of all to the Hurybia lying before me. As there does not exist
a figure of this insufficiently described species, we reproduce both the sexes and both the surfaces. Charac-
teristic is the fiery-red marking on a deep dark-brown ground, and the 2 small white punctiform spots on the
forewing. I remark, however, that I have not seen the type being in a private collection.
E. juturna Fidr. (123 ¢). Our figure has been compared with Fntpur’s type lying before me and corres-
sponds exactly with it. The typical juturna originates from Surinam and has a light flesh-coloured distal part
of the hindwing, in which there are black spots and from where rosy-red bows extend into the brown basal
area. — hari Weeks is scarcely different, but in some places it occurs much larger; Bolivia and Peru. — turna
Dogn. (123 g) is likewise larger and has more unicolorous forewings; from Loja in Ecuador. The red of the
hindwings is extended almost as far as to the middle cell, but at its proximal margin it encloses 3 or 4 black
wedge-shaped spots. In Colombian specimens the latter are absent, so that a resemblance is effected with
the Colombian donna with which StauprncER confounded the species, from which, however, it is immediately
distinguishable by the large eye-spot of the forewing, which is absent in donna above. St1cHEL describes this
insignificant form of turna as a distinct species and denominates it helias.
E. donna Fldr. nec Stgr. (123g). Immediately recognizable by the unicolorous brown wings with
a broad deep red border of the hindwing, in which there are 1 to 5, exceptionally also no black punctiform spots.
Colombia, where it was taken at altitudes of up to 500 m (Muzo).
6. Genus: Wiesosemia Hbn.
This genus rather closely approximates the preceding genus, though it is by no means so uniform.
Also here there is in most of the species almost exactly above the middle of the forewing a large eye-spot which
often exhibits 2 or 3 white pupils, and where it is absent, one mostly finds yet its traces in the shape of a
small central shade or minute cloud. The Mesosemia differ from the Eurybia by their smaller heads, the shorter
antennae, the borders of the forewings being generally slightly curved, the short abdomen mostly not reaching
as far as the anal angle, the longer hindwings being often geniculate in the middle of the distal margin, or angu-
larly protended. The row of distal marginal spots of the hindwing is always absent, the hindwings, however,
show in the disk more or less parallel transverse stripes. The sexual dimorphism which is not noticed in Lurybia
is here the rule and mostly very much pronounced. The Mesosemia are distributed over the whole of tropical
South America and over Central America including Mexico, but they do not cross the frontier of the United
States. The butterflies are often met with on blossoms, still oftener on leaves, but they seem to rest much
on their under surface in order to come forth only for a short time for the sake of copulation and feeding. Then
they perform jerky movements on the leaves, stretching the antennae straight forward, placing the hindwings
flat on the leaf and slightly raising the forewings. In this manner they hasten from one leaf to another, from
one branch to another, more jumping than flying, as Fassu expresses himself. The butterflies are partly extre-
mely local and some of them are very rare.
I. Group. (acuta-Group).
AUD els Olin b Mem Omelwd no eetemid ed in toa) s hia pilot.
M. acuta Hew. (124c). This rare butterfly is known to me only from the Organ Mountains from
where also the figured specimen originates. Neither v. BONNINGHAUSEN nor myself have observed it, however
much we have been collecting there. A 3 in the Coll. v. BONNINGHAUSEN is said to originate from Sa. Catharina.
Above, the 3 is velvety blackish-brown with a lighter margin of the wings. Characteristic is the sickle-shaped
point of the forewings and the 4 slit eyes in the cells of the under surface,
emidiata.
tephrias.
lycisca.
patrona.
persona.
promota.
cyclopia.
julurna.
hari.
turna.
helias.
donna.
acuta,
nesti.
steli.
gigantea.
putli.
macella.
eumene.
furia.
attalus.
erinnyd.
eurythmia.
ulrica.
messala.
mycene.
messeis.
atroculis.
tosca.
amonda.
junta.
638 MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
“is Group. (ewmene-Group).
Distal half of the wings with 3 parallel transverse stripes.
_M. nesti Hew. Differing from acuta by the characteristic mark of the group and the forewing being
in the ¢ only slightly stretched forward, but not ending into a curved point. Beneath exactly as in the follow-
ing species, but in this the point of the wing is not anymore bent forward. Guiana. — steli (124d). The
central eye-spot is above distinct only on the forewing, oblong-triangular with 2 or 3 white pupils. Amazon
and Orinoco. StTiIcHEL calls large Amazonas-specimens of steli gigantea. Rare.
M. putli sp. nov. (124d). Border of the forewing round, the shadowy stripes parallel to the border
are, therefore, in the distal part of the wings also curved, not straight like in steli and nesti; eye-spot of the
forewing round, otherwise like the latter. From Huancabamba; type in the Tring Museum.
M. macella Hew. (= marcella Meng.) (124d). Very similar to putli, smaller, more distinctly striped,
the 4 stripes at equal distances from each other, not unequal as in putli. The round eye-spot of the forewing
is more distinctly prominent. From Teffé (Ega) on the Amazon; before me also from Guiana.
M. eumene Cr. (= hiphia Hbn.) (124d, e). 3 above blackish, 2 greyish-brown, with a three-dotted
central eye-spot, in the distal half of the wings 3 transverse bands the one of which at the border is mostly split
in two by an enclosed light line. Beneath there is mostly under the central eye-spot on each wing another
eye-spot showing sometimes through above as a shade. From Guiana the range extends over the Amazon
District as far as Heuador, Peru, and Bolivia, at some places not rare, often flying together with similar Lup-
tychia (coelestis-, herse-group). In typical ewmene (from Guiana) the very intense, steel-blue reflection of the
forewing extends as far as the median vein; in furia Stich. (124 e) from the Amazon it extends behind the cell
of the forewing almost as far as up to the costal margin, in attalus form. nov. flying in the same countries as
the preceding, but at other places (Guiana: Nouveau Chantier; Amazon etc.), the blue reflection does not
reach the median. — erinnya Stich. (124 e) from Peru and Bolivia is larger, paler, the distal bands more remote;
the reflection like in the preceding; — in eurythmia Stich. it is absent nearly altogether, so that the g of it
looks above like steli; Amazon. The form attalus was denominated here only because also the other devia-
tions in the extent of the blue reflection have been denominated, what we would otherwise have had to cancel.
III. Group. (ulriciformes, mevaniiformes Stich.).
g above blue, 2 brown or blue, the latter always white-banded; beneath
always brown.
M. ulrica Cr. (= renatus F., ulricella Hbst., ultio Hbn., tisis Godt. rosina Cr. [3], lamprosa Stich.,
loruhama Stgr. [2]) (124e). gd above black, with a blue reflection and a central eye-spot hardly noticeable
in the dark ground. 9 brown with a distinct eye-spot of the forewing and a white median band. The ¢ varies
in size and blue lustre (in specimens from Villavicencio more steel-blue, in those from Cayenne more ultra-
marine), furthermore, the transverse stripes of the greyish-brown under surface may be closer together or
farther away from each other, they may be more faded or more distinct. In the form messala Hew. (124 e)
a whitish oblique band appears, being above sometimes more distinct, almost like in loruhama, sometimes
scarcely in marks of whitish dispersed small scales, beneath, however, always distinct. In the 9 the white
band may be only half as broad as in the figured specimen (as for instance, in Cayenne), sometimes still broader
(lamprosa Stich.). The butterfly inhabits the whole northern part of South America from Guiana and Colombia
to Peru and Bolivia, but it occurs only sparsely and very locally.
M. asa Hew. (124 e,f). gd black, above with a blue reflection, but the distal margin of the wings and
the apical part of the forewings broad black. The 9 (= frequens Btlr.) has only on the forewings a white oblique
band. Nicaragua as far as Colombia. — mycene Hew. (124f) is hardly separable from asa; according to its
author, it is more greenish-blue and the eye-spot of the forewing stands more in the blue part of the wing,
while in typical asa in the black part. On our figure, however, it is just the greenish-blue animal (from Cachabé
in Colombia) which has the position of the eye-spot of asa, while the violettish-blue one has that of mycene
which ought to be ,,green* according to Hewitson. The differentiation is, therefore, untenable. STICHEL inserts
yet between the two forms another one, asopis, from Panama, with a more copious black colour of the forewing,
the hindwing with a discal transverse streak; Q larger, lighter than asa-2. The butterflies fly in the dense
forest and are in some districts common.
M. messeis Hew. (124f). To the figured 9 belongs a ¢ looking almost like atroculis of which we figure
the ¢ (124 f): but here also the distal stripe of the forewing extends with a short part into the hindwing, like
in the much larger tosca. — atroculis Btlr. is of course only an insignificant deviation, while tosea Stgr. (124 f)
exhibiting besides stronger black markings, may quite well be specially denominated. Typical messeis originate
from the Amazon, tosca from the Upper Amazon (Pebas and Sao Paulo do Ollivenga). — amona Hew. has in
the g not the black dot below the eye-spot of the forewing, as tosca has, and amona comes from Bolivia, not
from Pebas, — junta Stich. (124 g) forms the transition to the following species which might very well fit into
MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 639
the species of messers. In junta-g the hindwing is not traversed by a stripe, but there is only the beginning
of a transverse stripe at the apex of the hindwing; the 9 has a blue basal part of the wings and a broad white
band. — lapilla Sch. exhibits also in the ¢ a faint white band on the upper surface of the forewings. — battis
Stich. has the transverse stripe of the hindwing like tosca and atroculis, but on the forewing the exterior one
of the two black transverse stripes is indistinct between the central eye-spot and the distal margin. The 29
of all these forms are broad-banded. The whole range of these very closely allied forms extends from the Ama-
zon to Keuador, Bolivia and Peru, and the butterflies are not rare, wherever they occur.
M. loruhama Hew. (124g) greatly approximates the former species, but it differs in the ¢ by a white
oblique band on the under surface of the forewing, occurring also above, though much narrower; the 2 has
only on the forewing a white band overlapping in typical specimens on the apex of the hindwing at most
with a very small tip; only in the more strongly banded form candara Drc. it winds gradually disappearing,
through the greater part of the hindwing (aesthetica Stich.), while in the forewing it exhibits double the width,
as in our figure of loruhama-Q. If the g lacks the white oblique band of the upper surface (= syntrepha Stich.),
candara is nevertheless distinguishable from the white- banded ¢¢ of junta and their allies by the absence
of a transverse shade between the central eye-spot ring and the marginal band ,so that its appearance approxi-
mates adelphina Stich. (124 g) in which the ¢ has an entirely bluish-green upper surface without white or black
transverse stripes; only the central eye-spot, an arcuate line around this, and the borders of the wings are black;
Ecuador and Peru. Moreover, all the denominations of these sideforms are of no account, because there occur
all the transitions from one form to another. From the same district (from the Pozuzo) there are quite blue
66 before me, furthermore such where only few, hardly perceptible, white small scales indicate the oblique
band in the forewing, and such possessing the latter in different widths (only as a streak or as a real band).
Of a similar variability are the 92; but even those with little or without any blue in the disc are always distin-
guishable from the white-banded species of the thymetus-, ama- or marsidia-group by the absence of a number
of dark parallel lines before the white band of the hindwing. The habitat of the species is Peru, particularly
the river-basins of the Ucayali and of the Huallaga, and Ecuador; the butterfly is locally common.
M. mevania Hew. (= meletia Fldr.) (124h) is, to a certain degree, an enlarged edition of loruhama,
in which, however, the apex of the forewing and the distal margin are broader black. Like there, the white
oblique band may be only a light shading (typical $3, from Colombia), or a white streak (forma munda Stich.,
124h), a curved band blackened towards the proximal margin (fa. mimallonis Stich. [124 h] from Ecuador),
or a broad white band (fa. magnesia Stich. [124 h], from South Peru). — In mamilia Hew. (124 h) it has turned
an oblique oval spot in the 9, in the place of which the g exhibits a narrow, curved, blue stripe (STICHEL);
this form replaces mevania in some places of Ecuador and it is hardly to be considered a separate species, but
only a subspecies, as there occur transitions to all the differences in the marking. — Probably also maneia
Hew. (125 a) is nothing but a strongly deviating form of mevania from the Chimborasso. Here the band has
turned a large white spot reaching even the eye-spot which it even sometimes distorts or flattens out. The
width of the band increases also in the other mevania-forms with the altitude of the habitat, and the original
of our mancia-figure was captured at an altitude of more than 3000 m at the bank of the Chimbo River. mevania
are generally common in their range; they fly in the dark forest where the sun passes through open spaces
(FAasst).
IV. Group. (Teratophthalma Stich.).
Central eye-spot large, encircled by a red ring, often cornered; shape of
y 8 g;
wings similar to the preceding group, 6 not blue.
M. axilla Dre. (125 a, as albiflua). Blackish-brown with a broad white band and a large, somewhat
cornered eye-spot of the forewing with a yellowish-red ring around it. Beneath there is always an interrupted
row of small white spots before the border, which may also appear above (= vegeta Strch.). Beneath there are
also in the cell reddish-yellow markings, which may likewise as often show through above, as not. The band
varies considerably in width, but it always traverses the middle in a bow. Bolivia and Peru; common.
M. marsidia Hew. replaces axilla in Ecuador and is easily distinguishable by the band of the forewing
being narrow and stretched (as an oblique macular band) and the band of the hindwing traversing the wing
as a narrow or entirely indistinct band (as a small blind band). — In lactifusa Stich. the band of the hindwing
is absent beneath, while it is present above. — In marigemina Stich. it is only yet preserved above in the costal
part, while it is extinct at the back. Ecuador. — Of all the marsidia-specimens before me there are not two
that are quite alike, and none resembles exactly one of the two (likewise differing) figures of HEwrrson.
M. maenades Hew. (125 a) is also very nearly allied to the preceding; here the band of the forewing is
placed more obliquely and more distinctly divided into oviform spots by the veins, mostly also more hyaline;
lapilla.
battis.
loruhama.
candara.
adelphina.
mevania.
munda.
mimallonis.
magnesia.
mamilia.
mancia.
axilla.
marsidia.
lactifusa.
marigemi-
na.
maenades.
from Colombia. — bacche subsp. nov. I call a gigantic form of this species, with broader wings, a very bright bacche.
monochro-
ma.
coronata.
Marsena.
polyplusia.
phelina.
analoga.
minima.
gaudiolum.
grandis.
sibyllina.
telegone.
tetrica.
amiana.
paramba.
amanda.
carissima.
640 MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
reddish yellow- and white-marked under surface and a band of the forewing being entirely dissolved into spots
in an anal direction. Fassu discovered it in the valley of the Rio Aguaca (Western Cordilleras of Colombia.
The hindwings are here without bands on both surfaces. — monochroma Stich. (125 a) from Peru has the ground-
colour, size and shape of wings of bacche, but the white band of the forewing is absent altogether and beneath
the white marking is reduced. — coronata Stich. has the macular band of the forewings more curved and also
on the hindwing a macular band. Ecuador. — The large forms are rare.
M. marsena Hew. Size, shape and exterior like in semivitrea form. nov. (125 a), except that the hyaline
brightening covers also the whole disc of the forewing and the hindwing as far as to the base. The typical mar-
sena comes from Ecuador, but it is not common; semivitrea originates from Huanaco in Peru. — polyplusia
Stich. is an intermediate form in which only a chain of obsolete hyaline spots passes behind the central eye-
spot; from South Hast Peru.
M. phelina Fidr. (125 a) has entirely the marking and colouring of the preceding and varies also
equally, but the forewings are more stretched, the border more uniformly round, the hindwings in the middle
of the border neither cornered nor protracted. In and behind the cell of the forewing, and between the veins
of the hindwing, there are bright white patches, so that the type of an Ithomiid from the same region (Leuco-
thyris tagilla) is produced. Except in the shape of the wings, there is a chief difference in the much smaller
eye-spot of the forewing, as well as in the band of the forewing being less hyaline than white-scaled. Also of
this species there exists a form exhibiting the marking of polyplusia, but being immediately distinguishable
as a phelina-form by the small eye-spot, the hindwings being not angular and the white-coloured spots of the
forewing; Fassx took it on the Upper Rio Negro (Colombia) at an altitude of 800 m; I denominate it analoga
subsp. nov. — minima subsp. nov. is an only half as large form from Villavicencio, likewise dicovered by Fassu.
It is so small that it might be taken for a Compsoteria or Ithomiola; above almost exactly coloured like analoga,
but beneath all the light places are more densely scaled in white.
V. Group. (gaudiolt- and telegoniformes Stich.).
6 with a pointed forewing and an angular hindwing, above with blue mar-
kings or ametal-blue band.
M. gaudiolum Bat. (125 b). g above black, forewing with a broad blue oblique band, hindwing with
an equal distal band. 99° on both sides similarly marked as the ¢ beneath; with a double transverse streak
in the middle of the wings, a distinct central eye-spot and a dull transverse shade; above the distal part of
the wings has a more or less bluish tinge. Mexico to Costa Rica. Rare.
M. grandis Dre. (125 b) is very similar, larger, beneath there is another eye-spot below the middle;
the ¢ has, besides, more sharply angled hindwings, and the blue band of the forewing is steeper. None of the
0° examined exhibits a white band. The butterflies inhabit the southern part of Central America and are rare.
M. sibyllina Stgr. (125 b) probably scarcely belongs here. It lies before me in but one 2 from Cachabé.
It somewhat differs from STauDINGER’s figure, since the enclosures of the eye-spot in the cell and the eye-spot
below the cell, which are noticeable only beneath in StauDINGER’s figure, are here distinctly seen also above.
Undoubtedly rare; maybe the 9 of a ¢ known long ago. The ¢ is said to be blue above, according to STICHEL.
M. telegone Bsd. (= lamachus Hew.) (125f). Shape like gaudiolus, but the forewing with a central
eye-spot and light bands. Hindwings violettish-blue. Honduras to Costa Rica; it occurs also yet beyond the
Mexican frontier, where it is, however, soon replaced by a form with indigo-(not violettish-)blue hindwings;
this is tetrica Stich. (= methion G. and S.), which lies before me in numerous specimens from Misantla, where
it seems to be very common. Fasst sent from the Cauca Valley specimens the hindwings of which are more
uniformly covered with lilac, without the indigo-blue costal part; this is amiana Fldr. (125 f) occurring from
Venezuela to Panama, where it is replaced by the typical telegone. — paramba Drc. (125 f) from Peru has very
dark forewings without bands above. In the hindwing the bands are incomplete, too. In the g the blue of
the hindwings extends on the inner marginal part of the forewing. — By the i. ].-name of amanda (125 g) there
was in FELpDER’s collection a large form the bright, more lilac-blue colour of which covers both wings completely
in the § leaving only quite a fine costal stripe of the forewings brown. Still more deviating is the 9 which has
a very much more metallic, almost silvery-blue distal part of the hindwing. In FELpER’s specimens there was
no patria stated, but there lie before me numerous similar specimens from Muzo and Guadalite in Cundina-
marca (Colombia) so that I presume here an alpine form. Interspersed like an island, from Nicaragua to. Panama,
seems the occurrence of earissima Bates (125g). It shows rounded hindwings with a black margin, the dise
of which is of an extremely bright metallic cyanous-blue lustre and without any markings and black stripes
at all. telegone occurs very locally and always deviating according to the flying-places, in which, however, it
is rather common.
Publ. 30. XI. 1916. MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Surrz. 641
VI. Group. (odice-Group.)
Shape of the forewings asin telegone, pointed with a curved margin. Hind-
wing only slightly angled in the middle of the margin or quite round.
Without blue reflection, but with transverse lines.
M. odice Godt. (125 e,f). An insignificant, earthy brown butterfly varying uncommonly, especially
in the course of the double transverse lines, as seen from our figure. 9 only somewhat larger and with broader
wings than the §. These lines run differently at every flying-place, similar to the size and shape of the eye-
spot of the forewing. Specimens before me from Espiritu Santo and Rio de Janeiro have quite straight lines
of the hindwings; those from Rio de Janeiro and Argentina (Misiones) exhibit them serrated. Specimens from
Petropolis, where I found the animal singly, hold the balance between these two; a subspecies (cymatodis Stich.)
can, therefore, not be founded on the serrated course of these lines. — cymotaxis Stich. is unknown to me;
it is said to be from ,,Brazil and to differ also by the course of the discal lines which run together posteriorly
inclosing a reniform spot. I believe that they are only slightly varying odice, the lines of which, as mentioned
above, run differently at every habitat.
M. rhodia Godt. (125f). 3 much darker; easily recognizable by the transverse line of the hindwing
being above single, not double as in odice. The 9 is not so red as reproduced in our somewhat exaggerated
figure, but more earthy grey, almost like a telegone-2 without blue reflection. Espiritu Santo, Rio de Janeiro,
singly. — friburgensis Schs. (125 f) is somewhat smaller (specimens from Novo-Friburgo) or very much smaller
(specimens from Curityba). It stands between rhodia and odice, being lighter than the former, but darker than
odice; the hindwing has 2 lines running exactly parallel and almost quite straight. The species seems not to
be rare near Novo-Friburgo in South Brazil, from where the original of our figure is.
VII. Group. (menoetes-Group.)
M. antaerice Hew. (125d). In the marking almost exactly as friburgensis, but the spaces between
the dark transverse stripes are of a metallic dark blue gloss, though by no means so intense as in Hnwirson’s
original figure. The 9 of it appears to me to be maeotis Hew. (his fig. 50) *). It is little larger, light grey, but
with exactly the markings of the g, except the lower part of the median area of the forewing being not
entirely black, but only bordered and marked in dark. Guiana to Trinidad and the Amazon; not common. —
veneris Bilr., maybe a proper species, is considerably larger, darker, but finely and sharply marked; from South
Brazil.
M. menoetes Hew. (125d). 3 quite similar to the preceding, but the transverse stripes particularly
on the hindwing broader, more band-like; the colouring darker, so that the marking is to be seen only in a
certain light. The 2 with more grey and more sparse markings, and not such pointed wings as in our figure.
Typical menoetes fly on the Amazon, though they are not common; they have a scarcely noticeable bluish lustre,
being distinct only in very bright sunshine. Specimens from the Rio Songo in Bolivia have none at all, others
from other places of Bolivia, from Guiana etc., have a more intense violet lustre (= mennenia Stich.). The
O° are easily recognized by the upper and under surfaces being powdered with yellowish-grey.
M. meeda Hew. (125 a) the 2 of which I do not know and which is said to occur in ,,Brazil*,
is almost of just the same colour as the following carderi, but the undersurface exhibits less transverse lines.
M. carderi Drc. (142d) greatly resembles the preceding in the male. From the direction of the anal
angle, the blue marginal band of the hindwing is pierced by the beginning of a small, thin, black stripe which,
however, disappears before the middle of the wing. The under surface shows very distinct bands and its ground-
colour is quite faintly tinged in violettish-grey. From Muzo in Colombia which has supplied the greatest part
of the so-called ,,Bogota-Collections*. Not common.
M. orbona Godin: (125 c) has an under surface with still brighter bands and in the g being above
very near to the preceding, the short anal black stripe in the blue marginal band of the hindwing has been sup-
plemented to a complete arcuate stripe extending to the apex of the hindwing. Guiana and Colombia. — thyas
Stich. (142 d) which is unknown to me, was based on a couple the ¢ of which originates from Peru, the 2 from
Surinam. We reproduce the 2 according to the type; but I think it doubtful whether the ¢ exhibiting
almost the colours and markings of an epidius-3 (125 ¢) belongs here. — thera Godm. (125d) which I figure
according to a specimen from the Anna River which I have compared with the type in the Coll. Gopmay, has
a broader black median area, the blue distal stripes are narrower and the eye-spot of the forewing is more
finely encircled. All these species greatly approximate epidius, and it is most likely that they are only races
or even only subraces of it. The Q is recognizable by the great number of parallel lines in the hindwing
being eseaenly! prominent beneath.
*) M. cons: Stich. with an azure 3 seems to be quite a different species (cf. p. 643) the 2 of which is almost
just the same marked as HEWITSON’s maeotis, but which has the shape of the 3 belonging to it, thus not having pointed
wings.
Vv 1
D
odice.
cymotacis.
rhodia.
jriburgen-
sis.
antaerice.
veneris.
menoetes.
meeda.
carderi.
orbona.
thyas.
thera.
epidius.
chionodes.
hypermega-
> (kn.
bella.
mathania.
phace.
cecropia.
albipuncta.
mehida.
metuanda.
chalybea.
fassli.
glaucoma.
ama.
destituta.
zorea.
reba.
aguilata.
642 MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
M. epidius Hew. (125c). The 3 is scarcely discernible from some $¢ of the orbona-forms, except
the otherwise black median area of the forewings being interspersed with somewhat more blue. The 9 exhibits
bright and abundant markings, but there are also such where the markings, of the distal half, especially in
the hindwing, are obliterated by ochre-yellow or white clouds; on such a specimen with an intensely white
distal half of the hindwing, SticHeL’s chionodes (142 d) has been based. — hypermegala are large 99, in which
there are before the eye-spot of the forewing two transverse lines, instead of 1% as in the typical epidius. —
bella Sharpe has somewhat different bands in the ¢ beneath, in the 92 also above: the median lines are more
finely, undulate and the shadow-like band before the border stands farther apart from the posterior small
transverse band. — mathania Schs. is again based only on the @ originating from Bolivia and Peru; it is
very doubtful whether it does not belong to one of the differently denominated gg, the 99 of which
are unknown. According to the description, it differs but little from the forms known of the epidius-9.
epidius and its forms are distributed over the whole northern part of South America as far as South Brazil,
Bolivia and Peru, but they are met with only singly.
M. phace Godm. 125d) from British Guiana approximates the preceding, but here also the median
area of the wings in the ¢ is greatly interpersed with blue, so that the upper surface appears banded in blue
almost like a zebra. The 9 is unknown to me.
M. cecropia Dre. (125 b) from Central America which I figure according to a specimen from Espe-
ranza in Costa Rica, on the contrary is above quite black except some blue in the forewing and a narrow border
of the hindwing. Is the most closely allied to carderi. The largest species of the group.
M. albipuncta Schs. (142 d) of which we copy the original figure (the 92 is unknown), originates
from Esperanza in Costa Rica. Wings above blue with a broad black border. The description mentions a white
dot at the end of the cell of the forewing, being absent, however, in the figure.
M. mehida Hew. (125d). This species is immediately recognizable by the intensely sky-blue shining
upper surface, as the wings have only a black margin (being double at the distal border). Beneath the species
entirely resembles zorea, but the transverse shades and -lines are not so distinctly prominent. I do not know
the ©; at any rate it resembles pretty much the 2 of zorea; STIcHEL adds a 9 with a white band of the fore-
wing. Rare; from Ecuador, before me only from the lowlands.
M. metuana Hew. (125 ¢). The white-banded 9 is recognizable according to our figure; beneath
the white band is exactly as above; characteristic is the arcuate line encircling the eye-spot of the forewing,
running behind the eye-spot quite straight to the inner margin. The ¢ is not known to me; it probably resem-
bles the figured fassli, though with narrower and less dull blue transverse bands. — chalybea Rob. (142 d) we
reproduce in both sexes. There is a characteristic difference in the course of the arcuate line in the forewing,
bending in like a tooth towards the base, before it reaches the inner margin. The 9 has no white band of the
forewing. This form as well as typical metuana come from Colombia. — So is fassli form. nov. (125 ¢) in the gg
of which also the basal area of the forewing, being almost uniformly black in chalybea, is almost entirely blue,
with some black markings. The 2 has a just as broad white band of the forewing as metuana, though it
ends more abruptly and also runs much straighter than in metuana. — glaucoma Stich. (142e) is the
Bolivian form; like fassli with a blue (in chalybea brown) disc of the ferewing beneath; the basal third of the
hindwing being in fassli quite blue with very little black marking, is black in glaucoma. The Q of glaucoma
ereatly resembles the Q of fassli from Colombia, but by very broad and intense transverse shades, the umber-
brown ground-colour of the upper surface is reduced to narrow bands; both sexes of my specimens of glaucoma
exhibit beneath a very fine light and dark powdering which of course cannot be well reproduced in a figure,
but which occurs repeatedly in Bolivian HLrycinidae. STICHEL’s figure of the ¢ exhibits on the hindwing another
(proximal) blue stripe indicated; in any case, the original comes irom another habitat of Bolivia. — ama Hew.
(125 b) is easily discernible by the broader blue band in the distal part of the forewing of the g and by the
white band of the forewing being continued in the 9 also on the hindwing though much narrower. Ecuador.
On the whole, all the forms stated here probably belong to one species, i. e. represent one another in the different
finding-places, but replace one another already at little distances. Exactly alike are probably only specimens
from the same finding-place. To such a subrace destituta Stich. miay also belong (described according to a 9
from Rio Vitaco), with a posteriorly tapering white band of the forewing of 2,5 mm width.
M. zorea Hew. (125e). ¢ above blue with a narrow black border and the discal line running semi-
circularly round the eye-spot of the forewing end traversing the hindwing. Before the border of the wings
there is no black transverse band anymore, but the black border is said to be crossed by a blue stripe in Chan-
chamayo-specimens (= toparcha Stich.). The 2 which is unknown to me in nature, we reproduce according
to Hewrrson’s figure. Peru and Bolivia. Not common. — reba Hew. (125 e) has a small white subapical band,
also in the ¢, otherwise quite like zorea. From Ecuador, as well as the finer banded aguilata Dogn.
MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 643
M. praeculta Stich. (142 e) has above a black border of the wings; across the wing there run besides
3 black stripes the position of which is shown in the figure. There is only 1 g before me from Fasst’s collection,
having been captured on the Rio Songo in Bolivia, 750 m.
M. zikla Hew. from Ecuador exhibits the white band of the forewing, which in reba (125 e) reaches
only as far as to the centre of the wings, running from the costa as far as before the anal angle of the hind-
wings; the whole apical and distal marginal part of the forewings is black. Besides, however, the disc of
the forewing and the distal part of the hindwing are traversed by numerous transverse stripes of different
thickness. — ozora Hew. (125 d) has fewer of such transverse stripes; on the forewing those b ef or e the eye-
spot are absent altogether, on the hindwing ouly 4 (instead of 5 or 6) are complete. The 9 exhibits a very broad
white band of the forewing, beginning broad behind the middle of the costa and ending just as broad before
the end of the inner margin. Likewise from Ecuador.
M. macrina Fldr. (= yaporogosa Mengel) (125 ¢). The ¢ of this species differs from the reba-g by
another black stripe being placed about the centre between the black discal stripe and the distal margin. The
proximal discal stripe passes directly over into the small white band of the forewing; the latter appears beneath
much broader. In the 2 (= mustela-92 Stich.) the small white band extends as far as to the inner margin not
only on the forewing, but it may be also continued thinner on the hindwing. — In mustela Hew. (142 a) the
small white band is in the scarcely stronger than in macrina-d and is entirely absent in the ¢, where it is replaced
by the continuation of the black proximal discal stripe. Moreover, the black discal stripes are here otherwise
thinner and duller, especially in the hindwing. Both forms are found in Colombia.
M. myrmecias Stich. (142 a). ¢ jet-black, in the costal marginal part and near the border brightened
up by a lighter brownish-grey, the stripes and central eye-spots being indistinct, owing to the deep black. Q
brownish-grey, without the white band, the marking more distinct. In both sexes recognizable by the border
of the wings being greatly reduced below the pointed apex. Guiana, Bolivia.
M. melpia Hew. (125i). 3 above quite black so that almost only the pupils of the eye-spots of the
forewings are to be seen. Under surface lined with numerous transverse stripes; 2 dark brown, on both sur-
faces similarly marked as the g beneath. From the Amazon. ¢¢ from Teffé have above a magnificent blue
reflection in the sunshine, being entirely absent in specimens from the Rio Madeira. The very complicated
marking of the under surface seems to vary somewhat in all the habitats from which specimens are known:
the lines are sometimes a little more stretched, sometimes slightly undulated etc. Not rare.
M. vaporosa Stich. Wings above brown, forewing at the apex, all the wings in the marginal part
lighter, forewing otherwise like in coea Hbn., but without the whitish apical cloud; on the hindwing the sub-
marginal line and dot are dark brown. Under surface brownish grey, on the forewing the discal lines are double,
curved and enclosing a singly-pupilled spot. On both surfaces there is a brown third, innermost line forming
an elongate spot; the hindwings with 6 undulate brown lines, the middle ones thicker, enclosing 2 spots. Outside
a dull band, the row of submarginal dots likewise dark brown. Length of forewings 15 mm. According to a 3
from Para.
M. ibycus Hew. (126 a). One of the smallest species, on both surfaces yellowish-brown with a small
eye-spot on the forewing and dark stripes before it and behind it, as the figure shows. The eye-spot on the
forewing has only 1 white pupil — at least in the ¢ — and the middle transverse stripes run in a straight
line. The type seems to occur only on the Upper Amazon. — parishi Drc. differs hardly from it. We figure
it according to a specimen from Bartica (Brit. Guiana) in the Tring Museum. Quite equal specimens, however,
lie before us also from Cuyaba (Coll. Banc-Haas), somewhat larger ones from Peru and transitions to ibycus
from the Rio Negro in Colombia (Coll. Fasst). Jn typical parishi the eye-spot is larger, with 3 white pupils,
and the double median stripe of the hindwing is finely undulated, often also the discal lines of the forewings
are more irregular and the whole marking more inexact on account of the interspersed linear shades. Not rare.
M. cippus Hew. (125i). Considerably larger than the preceding, but coloured the same, the trans-
verse stripes more copious and regular, in the hindwing of the 9 and on the under surface almost zebra-lke. —
sylvina Bat:, described from the Lower Amazon, differs by the proximal line surrounding the eye-spot para-
bolically being with both sides convergent towards the inner margin, and by the submarginal line being very
much undulated towards the apex, but on the whole more finely marked. This line is finer also in the hindwing,
but with thicker knots before the middle of the border. — synnephis Stich. from the west of Matto Grosso seems
to be near to the species; the central eye-spot has only 1 pupil, the parabola round the eye-spot does not converge
with its sides, but they stand about vertical on the inner margin ,and the anterior (proximal) part of the line
round the eye-spot is defined at the median. Hindwing with a cellular spot. It seems, therefore, to be a slightly
deviating g of the extremely variable cippus, though I know the form only from the description not giving
any differentiation with another species. cippus is a very widely spread species of a most characteristic
appearance. From Guiana and Colombia across the Amazon District as far as Peru, Bolivia and Central Brazil,
in the most districts common and greatly varying in the marking.
praeculta.
zikla.
OzZOTa.
macrina.
mustela.
myrmecias.
melpia.
vaporosa.
ibycus.
parishi.
cippus.
sylvina.
synnephis.
calypso.
hesperina.
thetys.
cyanira.
tenuivittata.
maeotis.
nina.
ephyne.
metura.
misipsa.
polyglauca.
mesoba.
dulcis.
blandina.
eugeneda.
esperanza.
coelestis.
cachiana.
macaris.
tenella.
aetherea.
optima.
geminus.
644 MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
M. calypso Bat. from the western district of the Amazon is the southern representative of hesperina
Bilr. (142 a) from Central America. The wings of the ¢ are above azure, the forewing with 6, the hindwing
with 7 transverse stripes, if one takes the marginal stripe into account. calypso is said to have 3, hesperina 1
pupil in the central eye-spot. Near Santarem, calypso exhibits some minute deviations (as every new finding-
place offers them), such as a lighter under surface producing a more distinct marking thereby (= avicula Stich.).
— thetys G. and S. from Callens: is reported to resemble Cal, ypso, the submarginal line of the hindwing, however,
to be beneath thickened to a knot before the middle of the border, and cyanira Stich. from Ecuador has a lighter
azure upper surface. — tenuivittata Stich. is of a duller blue and the middle transverse stripes are but delicate
lines; from Rio de Janeiro. The 99 of these forms, being partly transitional, resemble somewhat small cippus-29,
but the central eye-spot in the hindwing is better developed, while in typical cippus-29° it is above mostly
only shadow-like or even not indicated at all, and the two parabola encircling the eye-spot of the forewing
are closer together in the costal region. The species is much rarer than cippus.
M. maeotis Hew. (= cippus-2 Bat.) (1251). g of a more intensely metallic blue than hesperina;
besides easily discernible from the forms of the preceding species by the basal two thirds of the hindwings being
without stripes and metallic blue. The Q is like cippus, but between the stripes more light than dark brown,
‘though in fresh specimens not so light as in the older original to our figure. Guiana; more common than calypso.
A § from Cuyaba (Coll. Banc-H4aas) is above very light blue and beneath of a duller colour, with more yellow-
ish-brown than dark-brown lines.
M. nina Hbst. (= formosa Ww.) (125i). Very much like the preceding species; but the ¢ has only
in the basal half of the forewing blue which, however, is of a very inteuse lustre, the whole distal half of the
forewing is blackish brown, with dull brighter markings: on the hindwing the antemarginal black stripe is
placed nearer to the mar ginal stripe. The 9 resembles that of maeotis, but the marginal area of the hindwings
is whitish. From Guiana to Peru; rare.
M. ephyne Cr. is another small species with the 3 being blue above. From very little differences
quite a number of forms have been denominated and described as proper species, although some seem to deviate
only by the well-known differences of the habitats. CRAMER’s ephyne seems not to have come anymore at
all; it undoubtedly originated from Surinam from where we also know nina, maeotis etc. A very closely allied
form is metura Hew., and both have been combined with misipsa Hew. (142 a), the g of which is azure above,
the Q being of a dirty greyish-blue. As regards the zebra-striation, the 2 greatly approximates idotea (125 e),
the 3, however, is less striped in the basal part of all the wings. From Guiana across the Amazon as far as
Peru. From the latter country SricHEeL described another subspecies of the ¢ with a broader stripe in the
distal part of the hindwing and beneath a yellow-encircled eye-spot of the forewing, on the whole larger and
more brightly coloured; he denominated this form polyglauca. — mesoba Hew. (142 a) from Ecuador is very
similarly marked, but coloured almost white, except a faint greyish-blue tinge at the base of the forewing and
in the disc of the hindwing. — dulcis Stich. is said to ‘originate from Matto-Grosso and perhaps from Peru;
© greyish-blue, on the inden ing 2 median eye-spots below each other; ¢ somewhat smaller than the 9, above
light blue. — blandina Stich. very similarly marked, central ey e-spot entirely black (in dulcis with a white
pupil), from Surinam. — eugenea Stich. greatly approximates nina (1251), but the blue of the upper surface
in the g§ not so glossy, in the inner marginal part of the forewing reaching as far as to the border, and the
apical part of the forewing is less deep black, so that the dark marking of it is more prominent; from
Surinam. — esperanza Schs. from Costa-Rica resembles dulcis, but above it is of a bright blue, in the hind-
wing there are only 2 black lines complete close at the distal margin, of the subterminal line there exists only
the beginning at the apical part. Of the 2 we know only one mutilated specimen.
M. coelestis G. and S. is a rare species from Costa-Rica and Colombia; it has the shape and size of
macrina (125 g), but it is above in the disc of the wings sky-blue without any markings at all; only the usual
eye-spot stands at the cell-end of the forewing, and before the border there run 2 black lines parallel to it. —
cachiana Schs., likewise from Costa Rica, is above just as bright sky-blue, but the apical part of the forewings
is broad black, as well as the distal margin. The 2 was taken to be the typical coelestis-Q.
VIII. Group. (Semomesia Ww.)
Upper surface of the hindwing in the ¢ with a costal part of silky gloss.
M. macaris Hew. (125h). ¢ very light blue, the median eye-spot is small, and the guttiform spot
being conspicuous in croesus is absent. The @ is brown with whitish transverse stripes, similar to the 2 of
maeotis (1251), but more uniform, not darker in the marginal half than in the basal half. Amazon District
as far as Peru. — Of tenella Stich. the 3 is said to be somewhat larger than typical macaris, with a more pointed
apex. — aetherea Stich. is just the same, but the friction area at the costa of the hindwing is smaller and
the velvety scent-spot is absent; Peru. — optima Stich. from the Amazon has a larger scent-spot of the 3. These
butterflies are not common. i
M. geminus Ff. (125 g,h). g above glossy sky-blue with black margins of the wings and a black
oblique band of the forewing. 92 blackish-brown with transverse stripes of a dull blue gloss edged in black.
Known only from Central Brazil, as for instance from Minas-Geraes (San Jacintho River); very loca] and rare.
MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 645
M. croesus F. (? = capaneus Cr.) (125h). 3 of a bright blue gloss, torewing with a dark (mostly
double) black border, a black central eye-spot and behind it a guttiform spot. The latter may be thicker or
more streak-shaped, more bulky or more pointed, the eye- spot may be round or oval exhibiting mostly 3 pupils.
Hindwing with transverse lines varying considerably in size and position. — splendida Sz. (125 h) are Gg of
a lighter blue and very bright reflection, the black marking being greatly reduced. — semiatra Sz. (125 h, as
gneris) are $d in which on the contrary the black, especially in ho distal part of the forewing, is so much
increased that it predominates there over the blue. Q2 greyish-brown, with lighter transverse stripes. In
typical 29 these transverse bands are before the broad dark border only brightened in a bluish-grey, not pro-
perly white. — In gneris Dbl. and Hew. the forewings exhibit in the place of the greyish-blue band a narrow
white one. — In meana Hew. this band runs also through the hindwing, though narrow. — In trilineata Bilr.
(= sylvicoleus Bélr.) (125 h) it is broader on both wings, on the hindwing sometimes parted for some distance
by a line proceeding from the anal angle. The numerous variabilities of the complicated marking have led
to many other names: maria Bilr. are large $3 with very much merked under surface; in lacrimosa Stich.
the guttiform spot fades away before the costa, the central eye-spot flows out downwards like a streak; thy-
metina Bilr. shows the white band broad and uniform; ionima Stich. is above very much marked in black,
the scent-area at the costa cf the hindwing is more extensive; gentilis Hew. are 29 in which ,,the ground of
the wings round the discal spot is brightened by a dull ochre brown“, the line next to the broad shade-like
band being ,,less undulate*, the under surface of a paler ground colour; hewitsoni Stich. and geometrica Stich.
are quite superfluous names; if they would be maintaiaed, at least 30 more denominations would be necessary.
croesus is a beautiful and widely distributed species; its patria is the whole northern part of South America,
extending from the coast of Guiana to the south as far as Peru and Central Brazil; the butterfly is local, though
not rare at its flying-places.
IX. Group. (metope-Group.)
6a dilackish-btown, posteriorly (brightened by white, mostly with bime
layers; 92 most similar to each other, nut-brown to earthy-brown, den
sely striped.
M. ahava Hew. (126 a,b). Blackish brown; the eye-spot of the forewing hidden in the blackish ground-
colour, before the border a somewhat lighter stripe. Distal half of the hindwings white. Peru. Specimens from
Bolivia being somewhat larger and exhibiting the lighter stripe of the forewing beneath as an indistinct trans-
verse band (we figure such a specimen), were called veleda Stich. Rare and varying according to the habitats;
the white of the hindwings shows a different bordering at every habitat, being sometimes posteriorly sharply
defined by an oblique itn sometimes more fading away.
M. zanoa Hew. (126 b). Above stern li the preceding species, but the distal part of the hindwings
blue. Ecuador. — orthia Stich. are specimens lying before me from Villavicencio (Colombia); the blue area of
the hindwing of zanoa is here only proximally blue, its distal half is white. Rare; the 99° are not before me.
M. metope. It is doubtful whether the forms quoted here can be separated from zanoa so as to prevent
that transitions establish a complete chain of connecting links to the sevies ot metope. The following forms
vary in such a way to each other that it appears hardly possible to separate them, especially since the 2° are
scarcely distinguishable, where the gd differ from each other, and vice versa, — metope Hew. (= pruinosa
Stich.) (126 a) is blackish-brown, the forewing with a more or less distinct bluish-grey diffuse spot before the
apex; hindwing with a white distal part being proximally shaded in blue. The diffuse spot of the forewing
may be reduced to some small scales below the costa, large and triangular, split in the lower end and drawn
down towards the anal angle in 2 tips. There are more than 50 specimens before me with all the degrees of
this variation. @ similar to that of coea, the stripes of the hindwing undulated. From Guiana to Brazil and
the Upper Amazon; not rare. — olivencia Bat. (142 a) is very near to metope, the g being without the pointed
diffuse spot of the forewing; from the Western Amazon District and Bolivia. By its under surtace (forewing
with a white transverse stripe) it forms a transition to ahava. — ungulata Stich. (142 b) is without the preapical
diffuse spot of the forewing and the blue colouring of the light area of the hindwing has disappeared except
scarcely noticeable traces; French Guiana (Nouveau Chantier, St. Laurent du Maroni); described from the
Amazon (Santarem), thus certainly of a wide range. 2 nut-brown, the marking almost exactly as in mznos
or melaene (126 a), but the border of the hindwing is only narrow, at the distal margin white. The 9° of the
different forms quoted do not offer any thorough differences.
M. philocles L. (126 b). Forewing ‘ilagitfielhe brown with a dull bluish-grey oblique diffuse spot behind
the median eye-spot; the distal half of the hindwing is white, proximally shaded in blue with 5 transverse stripes
of which, however, mostly only those at the iberela above are running through; the 3 others have only apical
beginnings. Varies extremely. The diffuse spot of the forewing may fade away before the middle of the wing
or be parted in its lower tip by a black line. The white of the hindwing may be reduced and all the
transverse lines may also above run completely through as far as to the anal margin. The blue of the forewings
may spread round the eye-spot (= egabella Bat.) (126 b) or even fill wp the whole cell of the forewing as far
as to the base (laetifica Bat.) (126 b). The form mentioned last with the transverse stripes running through
CTOESUS.
splendida.
semiatra.
gneris.
mean.
trilineata.
ahava.
zanoda.
orthia.
metope.
olivencia.
ungulaia.
philocles.
egabella.
laetifica.
patruelis.
bettina.
jeziela.
sylvia.
limbata.
thyestes.
elegans.
coed.
lato.
scotina.
lacernata.
minos.
tetrophthal-
ma.
modica,
melaene.
pinguilenta.
luperca.
mosera.
melese.
myonia.
methion.
646 MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
the whole hindwing has been denominated patruelis Stich. The 2 exactly resembles above that of metope, it
has only in the middle of the border of the hindwing a little white, but the hindwings beneath are white almost
to their whole extent (not only in the distal part). 922 with a stripe-shaped white brightening across the whole
width of the wings are bettina Stich. I do not know them and doubt whether they belong to this species.
M. jeziela Bilr. (= egabella [g] Stgr.) (126 b, misprinted in jeziella). Similar to egabella, but the
blue and white area of the forewing runs to the inner margin as a broad transverse band; the transverse stripes
of the hindwing above incomplete. Colombia to Ecuador. — In sylvia Dre. (= thyene Stich.) (142 b) from the
Rio Songo in Bolivia the light patches of the upper surface are blue, only in the middle striated white. — In
limbata Stich. the black border of the hindwing being otherwise broad only at the apex, is broad round the
whole wing, and the 3 anterior transverse lines of the hindwing traverse the whole wing. — thyestes Dre. (126 b)
from the Chanchamayo is the same, only the inner half of the band of the forewing is blue, the outer half white.
From Peru. — elegans Lathy (126) is above quite similar, but larger, the lines of the under surface finer,
duller, the forewing has no distinct second eye-spot below the central eye-spot, and the centre of the hind-
wing beneath is less sharply marked; from La Merced in Peru. Single and rare.
M. coea Hbn. (= philocles 2 Cr., nyctea Hf fgg.) (126 a, as coeca). According to SticHEL (Rivey i. 1.),
this species being scarcely comprehensible from CRAMER’s coarse figure seems to be identical with traga Hew.
It resembles in both sexes pretty exactly the 99 of the preceding species, but the margin of the hindwings
is broader white. Moreover, on Hewirson’s figure the left wings of the 9 are differently marked from the
right ones, and the figure depicted as the ¢ of it does at least not everywhere belong to the form represented
by the 9Q-figure. The lines traversing the white distal part of the hindwing are incomplete. Amazon. —
lato Stich. with more white in the hindwing is said to originate from the Rio Tonantins. — scotina Stich. and
lacernata Stich., unknown to me, come from Guiana; they are said to be very similar to coea except little differen-
ces in the marking.
M. minos Hew. (136 a) the hindwings of which, in typical specimens, do not exhibit such a pure,
but a more dirty white ground-colour than in our figure; but they vary at every habitat and show sometimes
stouter, sometimes thinner transverse lines of the hindwing, occurring on the Lower Amazon and in Central
Brazil. Here the submarginal nebulous lines exhibit in the g heneath, in the 9 also above knotty swellings
before the middle of the border of all the wings, which are absent in the following species being otherwise
similar. In order to use the names stated, we may denominate as fa. tetrophthalma Stich. specimens with
especially much, modica Stich. specimens with very little white on the upper surface of the wings; these forms,
however, are not bound to certain countries, but only to flying-places.
M. melaene Hew. (126 a). According to the author, this species differs from the allied traga (= coea)
chiefly by the course of the (10) stripes of the hindwings. A more distinct mark is a shining, leaden-grey lustre
of the darker parts of the forewings, being very well reproduced by our figure. As in minos, the ground-colour
may be in the marginal part of the hindwings of a pure or dirty white, even almost brown, which is especially
prominent between the second and third most exterior stripe of the hindwings running in contrary curves.
Sometimes also the forewings exhibit a white transverse band before the marginal third (pinguilenta Stzch.).
Guiana, Amazon. — luperca Stich. described according to a single 9 from Pachitea in Peru, is a species unknown
to me; it is said to have a light band running through both wings and a median eye-spot also on the hindwing.
M. mosera Hew. looks almost exactly like a melaene, especially the greyish-green, slightly metallic
lustre of the forewing which is lacking in the other Mesosemia except melaene, occurs here also in the g, but
the distal marginal part of the hindwing is not white, but as dark as the ground-colour, and the exterior stripes
of the hindwing are curved parallel to each other, not contrarily. By this the marking gets very much like
that of minos which, however, has distally lighter hindwings.
M. melese Hew. (126 b) resembles the preceding, though it is somewhat smaller and the Q has a
distinct central eye-spot on the hindwings, whereas the 2 of mosera exhibits only a dot. Unfortunately the
figure (according to a badly set specimen) shows the characteristic eye-spot of the hindwing partly covered
by the forewing. Para.
M. myonia Hew., being likewise near to mosera and minos, is marked like the former, but beside
the ground-colour in the distal half of the hindwings, also the ground of the ellipse enclosing the eye-spot of
the forewing is brightened by yellow. Hrwrrson himself believes that the species may be a 9-form of philocles;
it is certainly nearly allied to it. From the Amazon.
M. methion Hew. likewise approximates the minos-melaene-group, but it has a very different appearance
owing to a rather broad white transverse band beginning broad at the costa and running almost straight towards
the anal angle of the forewings. The submarginal line of the hindwings exhibits the knots before the middle
of the border of all the wings very thick and distinct, above and beneath. In typical specimens, however,
the second and third exterior stripes of the hindwing are combined to a broad dark band by the space between
being filled up by dark brown. Such specimens occur from the northern coast of South America in the east
as far as to the south of the Amazon; in Peru the space between the second and third last stripes of the
hindwing is filled up broad in white whereby the white band of the forewing seems to run also through the
hindwing. The bands, however, vary in width already in quite closely situated habitats.
MESOSEMIA. By Dr. A. Szrrz. 647
M. machaera Hew. (126c). Velvety blackish brown, the eye-spot encircled by a brownish yellow;
forewings with a curved transverse band being distally of a purely white colour, proximally dim. The distal
part of the hindwings is white, separated from the black basal part by 3 transverse lines being almost quite
straight. Teffé on the Amazon. The white band of the forewing may grow very broad, so in Peru-specimens. —
In modulata Stich., likewise from Peru, it is said to be narrower, and along the border of the hindwing there
extends a marginal shade being interrupted in the middle, as well as a submarginal line; in such forms, incomplete
lines proceeding from the anal angle may run into the white of the hindwing, whereby a resemblance is created
with zonalis, thymetus, isshia etc. Such a specimen resembling (the larger) zonalis with a dark border of the
hindwing is figured 126 ¢ by the erroneous name of thymetina. The species is widely distributed in the western
part of South America, but by no means common.
M. zonalis G. and S. (126c). The type has great resemblance with certain forms of machaera. Pro-
bably the Q figured by the authors belongs to another (smaller) race than the figured ¢. The very numerous
transverse lines of the hindwing may be quite straight, but also somewhat sinuous. Central America and Co-
lombia.
M. magete Hew. (126c). Lighter brown in the ground-colour than machaera, but the ¢ darker than
zonalis; the white distal area of the hindwing with a broad brown border in which an oval spot, above the middle
of the border, remains white. The hindwing is quite slightly angled at the border. In most of the 3g, in the
anal angle of the hindwings, there is the beginning of a line parting the white marginal area; in bersabana Stich.
this line is continued as far as to the apex; then the white marginal spot of the hindwing is also mostly (but
not always) distally finely bordered in dark. The latter form preferably flies in Guiana, where, however,
there also fly typically coloured, though smaller magete, as described from the Amazon. Seems to be very com-
mon. — A very curious specimen lies before me from Fasst’s collection, from Villavicencio; here the broad
black marginal band of the hindwing extends only as far as to the middle of the border; the white marginal
spot is, therefore, not bordered and merges into the broad white band; also the apex of the hindwing
is white so that the costal half of the hindwing, from the border to the middle of the wing, is of a quite pure
white, the posterior half of the wing however, being margined in dark.
M. gertraudis Stich. (142 b). Hereto belong specimens being similarly marked as zonalis, with a
blue instead of brown ground-colour of the upper surface. In the type figured by the author the transverse
stripes run rectilinearly and regularly, and the white and blue band of the forewing is steeper; from Peru.
We figure a deviating specimen from the Rio Negro (Colombia), in which the transverse lines are very much
undulated.
X. Group. (thymetus-Group.)
G6 and @ brown witha white transverse band.
M. sifia Bsd. This is the well-known Rio-butterfly being wide-spread in collectioas, exhibiting on
both wings a central eye-spot, in the forewing a curved white band, in the hindwing a white-intermixed distal
half which in isshia from the Amazon is very much traversed by dark and bordered in dark. Whether sifia
is specifically to be separated from its vicarious forms which are almost all marked in blackish brown with
a common white band and a very dark-ruled ground, we cannot decide for the present. About 30 more
roughly and about 60 more finely distinguishable forms are known and have mostly been denominated. But
sirice, for instance, the sifia from the south of the town of Rio (Corcovado) already deviates from the one being
met in the north on an excursion to the Organ Mountains, there would be no end, if we were to denominate
all the differences in size, the width of the bands, the course and number of the transverse lines. — thymetus
Cr. is a rather small form with a medium-broad band traversing all the wings and rather distinct transverse
lines before the band of the hindwing. It originates from Guiana; but in the museums there are mostly narrower
banded specimens from Colombia or the Amazon. StTicHEL figures one of these forms as amaranthus; it cer-
tainly is not worth being denominated, unless all the numerous deviations of the bands, characteristic for every
habitat, would be denominated. Also whether the ring round the eye-spot is eliiptic (closed) or parabolically
open, is sometimes of no account, as is proved by couples met with in copulation *). In anceps Stich., a smaller
species (from Ecuador), the latter disappear altogether, as in the battis-2 of messeis to which the latter species
is perhaps allied. Of the larger forms one with the band of the hindwing being covered with brown — tene-
bricosa Hew. (126d as hedwigi) to which anica Dre. only forms a transition with a half-covered band — has
been described before; the forms with a purely white band of the hindwing of which more than 40 lie before
me, belong to the few common Hrycinidae at their habitats. The white band may be posteriorly pointed
(dryadella Stich., nerine Stich.) or broad (judicialis Stich.), or even very broad (latissima Stich.), sometimes
the band of the hindwing is also parted by a nebulous line, only in the anal part (sirenia Stich.) or in its
*) The figure on t. 126d depicted by us as ,,amaranthus‘: is erroneous. An examination of the type of amaran-
thus Stich. having been subsequently made in the Berlin Museum proved that the specimen there is nothing but a narrow-
banded form of this species from Peru, often found in the collections as thymetus. Quite similar forms are also from Co-
lombia.
machaera.
modulata.
zonalis.
magete.
bersabana.
gertraudis.
Sijia.
isshia.
thymetus.
anceps.
tenebricosa.
oreas.
hedwigis.
philemon.
mathata.
subalbata.
polita.
nivalis.
vestalis.
iphias.
molina.
lepida.
lagora.
leucogaea.
matisca.
648 DIOPHTHALMA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
whole length (naiadella Stich.). There are also latissima-forms with the white band being parted 1/,, 14 or 24.
Of a very strange appearance are specimens in which the parting line exists in the middle of the band of the
hindwing, whilst it is extinct at both ends. — oreas Stich. greatly resembles the najadella-form, but the
ground-colour is of a deeper blackish-brown, and the band of the hindwing being traversed by an interrupted
parting line, as well as the band of the forewing, are sharply defined. — As hedwigis Stich. the author figures
a § from Peru and a 9 from La Paz in Bolivia; both are insignificant deviations approximating anceps Stich.,
which, besides, do not belong to each other and which by no means can be all denominated. Only from
Bolivia there have recently come at least ten different such forms all of which differ from each other. The
thymetus-like forms are mostly common and their scheme of markings seems to conform with other species
occurring at the same habitat; as for instance the broad-banded forms fly together with M. axilla (Bolivia),
the narrow-banded with 29 of J. asa (Colombia), and those with jet-black, bright uniform bands with wlrica-
292 on the Amazon or in Peru: the forms are mostly not bound to a certain district, but they may appear in
colonies here and there *).
7. Genus: Diophthalma 4Z.-Schiff.
To this genus, beside HeRRICH-SCHAFFER’s lagora, also other species included later on in Mesosemia
had been reckoned, of which, however, one part is better dealt with specially, according to SticHEL’s proposal.
They scarcely differ in the structure, but they have entirely different habits, according to which also the habitus
is extremely different. They always sit, like a Geometrid, with their wings spread, on the under surface of a
leaf; I never observed them on blossoms, and the stunted siphon seems to be unfit for sucking honey, whereas
the other Mesosemia often most frequently visit blossoms and fly in the sunshine in a way very conspicuous
tor Erycinidae. All the 13 forms known are very nearly allied to each other and connected by many transitions.
For the species that remained here in this genus the name of the genus provided for the eye-spotted forms is
no more altogether suitable. SricHEL proposes Leuwcochimona instead.
D. philemon Cr. (= icarus F., chionea G. and S.) (126 e) is above and beneath white, traversed by
few thick streaks; above without, beneath with marks of a median eye-spot on each wing. The butterflies
vary very little, on the whole, being distributed over Guiana and the Amazon District. — mathata Hew. (= nivea
G. and 8.) (126 e) is the South Brazilian species being rather common near Rio on the Monte Corcovado and
in Santos. It is above snow-white with quite fine transverse lines, the under surface, however, is smoky greyish-
brown, sometimes somewhat lighter between the stripes. — subalbata form. nov. (126 e) represents the species
in Bolivia; above not to be distinguished from mathata, beneath, however, white instead of brown. The under
surface already exhibits small fine dots in the submarginal band of the hindwing, which grow to be thick knots
in the Colombian polita Stich. (126 e), and which are joined by small white spots in the dark margin of the
forewings. — nivalis G. and S. from Central-America approximates again the typical philemon, but the stripes
are somewhat thicker. — vestalis G. and S. from Guatemala has less dark streaks of which the one being the
nearest to the distal margin is simply indicated by a dotted line. Of the most central stripe there is only an
oblong dot left which may already be regarded as the pupil of an eye-spot being later on the most developed
in hyphea (126 f). The species flies all the year round in the hot districts. The butterflies especially sit on the
bushes on the road side beneath leaves and are made to fly off by beating the leaves, but they never fly far.
The small bodies are very delicate, the flight resembles that of the Geometrids, being weak and tottering, ‘so
that one might take the flying animal to be a Cabera.
D. lagora. This butterfly has above no median eye-spot just like the preceding group, but before
the middle of the border of the wings a small eye-spot is inserted, sometimes complete, sometimes rudimentary.
The Central American form has neither above nor beneath a distinct median spot, but on each wing a blind
marginal eye-spot. This is the form iphias Stich. (= lepida Stgr.) (126 f) in which often the whole apical third -
of the forewing is brownish. — molina G. and S. (126 f) is quite similar, but it has on the under surface of the
forewing a distinct median eye spot, whereas the marginal eye spot of the hindwing is absent; before me from
Costa Rica. — As lepida G. and S. (126f). I consider specimens with 6 eye-spots beneath, i. e. on each wing
one eye-spot before the middle of the border and on the forewing one median eye-spot; — in lagora H.-Schaff.
the latter shows through above, though often only in outlines. Only the latter form extends to the south as
far as Colombia and Guiana, all the others are from Central America. The proximal stripe of the forewing running
towards the inner margin more proximally or more distally, seems to me to be not constant, since it runs
somewhat differently even in the few specimens before me. Common.
D. leucogaea G. and S. (126f). This form represents the contrary to the preceding: the forewing has
a median eye-spot but no marginal one; the hindwing is without any eye-spot. Costa Rica, Nicaragua.
D. matisca Hew. (126 f, as mathisca) from Peru has a superticial resemblance to the former species,
but the stripes run differently since they do not extend from the costa towards the inner margin, but form
*) As to the (exclusively Cuban) MW. ramsdeni Skinn. cf. Additions.
Publ. 31. XII. 1916. MESOPHTHALMA; PEROPHTHALMA; HYPHILARIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 649
a bow round the much larger, yellow-bordered eye-spot. The hindwings beneath, in the gg of the Amazon-
form also above, with 4 dark streaks and dark margin. Amazon, Peru and Bolivia.
D. hyphea Cr. (126f). In this form, being distributed from Cayenne to Peru, though mostly not
common, the median eye-spot of the forewing is considerably developed, like in a Mesosemia of the preceding
group, the distal half of the forewings being suffused with grey and the dark streaks widened to brown bands.
8. Genus: Mesophthalma Wvw.
Only a branch of the preceding genus, with somewhat differently formed forelegs and palpi (last joint
more knob-shaped than coniform), forming a connection of Diophthalma with the macotis-group of the genus
Mesosemia. Especially the 99 of Mesophthalma are very near to certain 99 of Mesosemia. Only 1 species.
M. idotea Ww. (= mirita H.-Schdff.) (126 e). Ground-colour of the ¢ light blue, of the 9 dirty grey,
in both sexes with a slightly reddish gloss. The transverse stripes are in the g more of the shape of lines, like
in Diophthalma, in the 2 more like stripes, like in Mesosemia. Central eye-spot of the forewings with 3
small white dots. The butterflies occur in Guiana and on the Amazon and are not rare. The figured specimens
are from Ega.
9. Genus: Perophthalma Ww.
Small, very delicate butterflies of a dirty yellowish-grey colour with an eye-spot of the forewing stan-
ding, however, not in the cell-end, but behind the cell, thus being placed more distally than in Mesosemia.
The butterflies have the same habits as the preceding, they are met with singly, though they are not rare. Only
1 species.
P. tullius #. (= tenera Ww.) (126f, as tullia). Dirty greyish-brown with yellowish and whitish
shades; before the apex an eye-spot with a yellow ring around it and several pupils. This eye-spot stands be-
hind the cell-end, almost like a Satyrid-eye-spot, unlike the more proximally situated eye-spot of Wesosemia.
The whitish shades may be developed to such an extent that the whole disc ef the wing turns white. Such
extreme forms may be denoted as tenera G. and S., nec Ww. (? = lasus Dbl.) (126 f), but from the more
than 100 specimens before me it is impossible to form a complete series of transitions (second fullia-figure)
to both forms. These transitions are also confined to habitats, but not to geographical districts, and between
habitats with entirely grey specimens there may occur habitats with very light white butterflies, as for instance
near Cachabé. Central and South America to the south as far as Ecuador and the Amazon. Not rare.
10. Genus: HMyphilaria Hon.
This genus contains half a dozen of just as delicate forms as the two preceding genera, but the animals
are generally of brighter colours. Many have, similar to the Diophthalma, wings with parallel transverse stripes.
The veins exhibit great variations, being also expressed in the shape of the wings. The margin of the fore-
wings is sometimes convex, sometimes curved and the hindwings may be round, or also angled in the middle
ot the margin. The habits are the same as in Diophthalma.
H. nicias Stoll (= nicon Godt.) (126g). 3g pale yellow, 2 more bone-white, the wings with black
margins and a black oblique band cutting off a light — in the g narrower — subapical band-spot from the
ground-colour. In Surinam-g$¢ there are often in the black distal margin all kinds of light yellow markings
which are absent in Bolivians. The scheme of coloration being somewhat conspicuous imitates that of a small
form from the Danaid genus Scada. From Cayenne to Bolivia, varying somewhat in the width of the black
margins and bands; not rare.
H. anthias Hew. (126g). Similar to the preceding, but the whole marginal third or a still greater
part of the wing black with chains of light spots, while the black oblique band is absent. Bolivia and Peru. —
orsedice Godm. (126 g) is a scarcely differing form in which the small light spots are somewhat more developed,
especially beneath; Colombia to Guiana.
H. anophthalma Fidr. (126g). Immediately recognizable by the slightly produced apex of the fore-
wing and by the margin of the hindwing being faintly bent. The bone-white disc of the wings is traversed by
a straight black stripe in the basal third, and one each in the middle of the forewing and hindwing, so that
they meet angularly at the inner margin of the forewing. Colombia and Ecuador, not rare.
H. parthenis Ww. (= cydias Dbl.) (126 g, as parthenias). 3 above dull orange-red, somewhat lighter
at the costal area. The forewing is traversed by black parallel bands which by far do not reach the inner mar-
gin in Bahia-3g, whereas in Bolivians they extend with one tip quite close to it (= tigrinella Stich.) (126 g).
in Surinam-specimens where they are besides mostly — though not always — increased, they reach it broadly;
this is the form virgatula Stich. (126g). The 29 of these 3 forms scarcely differ; their black stripes always
traverse all the wings thickly and completely.
a V c 82
[{/ , 4 ,
J | /
C1) 7 /
SJ AL gh, 6 gece, WCAC
hy phea.
idotea.
tullius.
tenera.
nicias.
anthias.
orsedice.
anophthal-
ma.
parthenis.
ligrinella.
virgatula.
candidata.
columba.
oweni.
theata.
radiata.
dentata.
salyrus.
curupira.
picus.
actoris.
meleagris.
heteroea.
calilra.
thasus.
650 HERMATHENA; VOLTINIA; EUNOGYRA; CREMNA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
11. Genus: Hermathena JZew.
This genus contains only one, unmistakable species the flight of which is about similar to one of the
numerous South American white Terias or Leucidia. Forewings uncommonly broad, with a short costal margin
and a long inner margin, hindwings almost circular. All the wings white, quite faintly tinged in yellowish,
with large dark marginal spots beneath, showing somewhat through above. Widely distributed, but rare.
H. candidata Hew. Light bone-white with dark distal marginal spots being above powdered as if
with flour. Amazon to Bolivia, local and rare. Colombian specimens (columba Stich.) (126d as candidata)
are larger and have a grey base of the forewing being absent in Bolivian specimens. Our figure shows the form
columba. — oweni Schs. has the dark spots above blacker, augmented in the forewing by discal punctiform
spots and some split up by light chequering. Costa Rica; described according to 1 ¢.
12. Genus: Voltinia Stich.
SricHEL places into this genus two species which are little allied to each other and would have better
been placed in other genera. The first greatly resembles certain Mesosemia, but the central eye-spot of the
forewing being generally found there is absent here; the second was formerly figured in the Hsthemopsis.
V. theata Stich. (126d). Recognizable by the dark blue, but very iridescent metal gloss, making
the basal part of the upper surface of the wings and some band-like stripes above the disk shine in a magni-
ficent blue. The reflection is as intense as in the well-known Indian Lycaenid Jamides bocchus. In the @ this
blue gloss is also present, though somewhat duller and only in the inner half of the wings; the 9 is further-
more distinguished by a large, snow-white, oval oblique spot behind the middle of the forewings. The under
surface is grey, with darker clouds and chains of blackish spots in the basal half; before the margin, espe-
cially on the forewing, there are fine white marginal dots. From Ecuador. SrricHEt describes only the 9 from
Colombia; according to his figure the white band of the forewing seems to vary slightly.
; V. radiata G. and S. can be compared with the preceding only in the shape; in the colouring it
is a copy of the Morpheis (93 a) and Hades (123 a) flying at the same place, black, at the distal margin small
radiary white cuneiform spots. Panama, Costa Rica. — In dentata Stich. (142 b) from Colombia these
cuneiform spots are larger. — Rare.
13. Genus: Eunogyra Wvw.
Like the preceding genus rather similar to Mesosemia, but also without the central eye-spot of the
forewing; beneath with chains of dark spots. Forewing with a rather pointed apex, very broad; margin of
hindwings round. Only 1 species being local, but not rare.
E. satyrus Ww. (124d). Above dark brown, with a dark median nebulous stripe and a chain of
dark spots, encircled by yellowish, before the margin. — In curupira Bates from Guiana and the neighbouring
Amazon District the marking is more complicated; before the chain of marginal spots there is another more
indistinct series of dark spots, the dark nebulous streak behind the middle of the wings is displaced towards
the margin and its former place is filled up by a lighter stripe. — picus form. nov. (124d) is a large form
from Peru without any marginal eye-spots of the forewings except those near the anal angle, while those of
the hindwings are reduced to narrow transverse ovals. — The species extends from the northern coast of South
America to the south as far as Brazil and Peru. The animals live in the forest, flying rather low and occurring
singly, but not rarely.
14. Genus: Cremna Di.
In this genus a group of strong, robustly built butterflies was formerly combined with some species
of an almost Geometrid-like delicate structure. STICHEL ascertained that there exists also a difference, though
very insignificant, in the veins, the costal of genuine Cremna sending a small short branch towards the first
subcostal vein, as in Hunogyra, and he, therefore, separated the species without the small connecting branch
as ,,.Napaea Hbn.**. In other respects the two groups are very closely allied to each other.
C. actoris Cr. (= ceneus F., lusia Hbn.) (126h). Above dark brown, in the g with a deep blackish-
blue tinge, both wings covered with numerous white dots and small comma-like spots. Guiana as far as Bolivia
and Brazil. — In meleagris Hffr. (126 h) the small spots of the upper surface are somewhat larger and of a
beautiful blue, and in heteroea Bat. (126 h) from the Upper Amazon they are, on the hindwing, often connected
to undulated stripes. — calitra Hew. (126 h) from Ecuador exhibits the light spots very much enlarged, behind
the middle of the forewings they are linked together to a broad macular chain, the spots being white, only
those before the margin light blue.
C. thasus Stoll (126g). Dark brown with white transverse stripes the exterior ones.of which are
interrupted. Northern part of South America. In specimens from Guiana, Trinidad etc., the under and upper
surfaces are alike; from Muzo, A. H. Fasst brought specimens the under surface of which exhibits so
very much white that the black ground-colour, especially on the hindwing, has been preserved only in fre-
quently interrupted nebulous lines. Apparently not common.
NAPAEA; ALESA. By Dr. A. Ssrrz. 651
C. alector Hbn.-G. (126i). Similar to meleagris, the wings not so broad, black with blue chain-stripes,
tough they are much more remote from each other and more coherent than in meleagris; in the apical part
none or only 2 or 3 (= pupillata Stich.) small white vitreous dots, in meleagris 6 to 8. Beneath grey with
a spotting like a guinea-hen. Guiana to South Brazil. Rare. — In Bahia there flies a form exhibiting in
the apex double dots instead of single ones (bipuncta Weym.).
15. Genus: Napaea Zobn.
In contrast with the preceding genus, Napaea contains strong butterflies with a robust body. The
margin of the forewings is not projecting so far, the apex not so very falcate, the costal of the forewing not
connected with the subcostal. There are about 7 species which, however, vary a great deal and have therefore
many denominations. The butterflies rest in bushes near the skirts of the forests, out of which they are beaten.
They are not common.
N. eucharila Bat. (= actoris Hbn. nec Cr.) (126 h). Brown, studded with numerous yellow, small
comma- or punctiform spots being partly prominent by dark shading. Hindwing with an orange-yellow striated
band before the margin. Guiana and the Amazon as far as Bolivia and Brazil. — In the smaller frustatoria
Stich. from Guiana, the comma-spots are narrower and the orange band of the hindwing is absent. — In picina
Stich. the ground-colour is darker, the orange band stunted, the dots are almost entirely absent on the hind-
wing. — Also in rufolimbata Stich. (126 h) the dark hindwing is without the light spots, though here the distal
margin is broad orange. — merula T’hieme (126 i) has entirely black hindwings and also few minute dots in
the cell and apical part of the forewing. StaupineceR has described, but not denominated most of these
forms; rufolimbata is before me only from Costa Rica (Orosi), merula from Paramba. — melampia Bat. (126 i)
may be a distinct species, or only a large form; the ¢ is without the orange stripe of the hindwing, the ©
has it thin and highly undulate. The irroration is insignificant, especially in the g, and also on the under
surface, where the other ewcharila-forms exhibit yellow grating, melampia shows only black-shaded comma-
spots. From Bahia, where it is rare, and Espiritu Santo.
N. phryxe Fidr. (1261,k). Large, more grey than dark brown, the small light spots confluent. to
4 or 5 remote arcuate lines; beneath like above. Amazon and Bahia.
N. sylva Mschlr. (126 h). Stripes similar as in Cr. thasus, but the light stripes diaphanous, as of light
bluish glass, and in the sunshine with a mother-of-pearl gloss. Beneath exactly like above. Guiana; before
me also from Peru (Galcazu), where it is, however, very rare. It approximates Cremna thasus.
N. umbra Bsd. (= cebrenia Hew.) (126i). Brown like Hunogyra, but differing from Z. satyrus by
a more curved margin of the forewing, ring- and hook-marking of the upper surface and 1 or 2 fine white
subapical dots in the forewing. Mexico and Central America. From specimens from Costa Rica and Guate-
mala those from Mexico differ by the postmedian line of the hindwing being coherent and straight there, while
here it is broken up into separate crescents. Not rare.
N. beltiana Godm. (126k). Almost like the form frustatoria of eucharila, but the submarginal rows
of dots do not run uniformly, but curved; the anal part of the hindwing is above and beneath powdered as
if with flour and exhibits a half-band, being entirely white or interspersed with quite few shades; Guiana and
North Brazil; the figured specimen form Demerara. — In malis Godm. (126k) from Muzo in Colombia the
lacteous powdering of the hindwing is rather extensive, the white of the under surface greatly increased.
The white half-band, however, is absent. — lucilia Mschlr. is an intermediate form with a narrower white band
of the hindwing, whereas in aza Dre. the white of the small spots of the forewings, in the anal part of the
hindwings and on the whole under surface is increased; luctlia comes from Surinam, aza from Bolivia. From
Guiana, however, I possess also specimens of a form having on the forewing exactly the marking of beltiana;
the hindwing, however, is without the lacteous dusting of malis as well as the white half-band of beltzana.
N. nepos F. (126k). Forewing dark brown, strewn with white, one spot beyond the centre of the
wing especially large. In the hindwing the whole anal half snow-white. From Guiana to Ecuador and Peru. —
tanos Stich. (126 k) from Bolivia is larger, the forewing more sparsely spotted. — orpheus Iw. (126 k) from
South Brazil and Paraguay is smaller than thanos, the forewings spotted like there, but the white area of the
hindwing differently shaped. Less rare than the forms of beltiana.
N. theages G. and S. (126k). From Central America and the neighbouring Colombia has the white
area of the hindwing in the anal part tinged in bluish, and also on the forewing a band consisting of 2 white
spots and being sometimes interrupted by the ground-colour (asteria Stich.). The spots of the forewings may
be larger or smaller (cribraria Stich.).
16. Genus: Alesa Dodi.
This genus is distinguished by a vast sexual dimorphism receding somewhat only in one species. The
body is slender, the head broad, slanting,with a flat forehead and closely appressed short palpi; antennae very
long, only slightly thickened at their ends. Abdomen long, in the ¢ thin, in the Q stout, but likewise stretched;
forewings long with a very oblique distal margin, hindwings round, especially inthe 2. Cells of all the wings
alector.
eucharila.
frustatoria.
picina.
rufolimba-
ia.
merula.
melampia.
phryxe.
sylva.
umbra.
beltiana.
malis.
lucilia.
aia.
nepos.
tanos.
orpheus.
theuges.
amesis.
lipara.
hemiurga.
helydrias.
telephae.
prema.
rothschildi.
coenoides.
trochois.
serena.
652 MIMOCASTNIA; NAHIDA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
closed, the upper radial originates with the 3rd subcostal vein from the same place. Colouring of the 99 earthy
brown, that of the fg varying, but with a metallic lustre. Only few species all of which are found in the eastern
part of South America.
A. amesis Cr. (= amosis auct., priolas Godt.) (127 b). 3 above black, in the apical part of the fore-
wing with yellowish grey streaks; from the distal margin of all the wings, a violettish blue reflection extends
variously far into the wing, being prominent only in certain exposure to light, so that the reflection is much .
more difficult to see than, for instance, in the quite similarly coloured Huselasia tarinda; in some specimens
the reflection seems to be absent altogether. 9 light brown with dark bands. Apex of the forewing with yellow
streaks, before the margin of the hindwing yellow, black-pupilled eye-spots the apical one of which represents
a fused double eye-spot. — lipara Bat. (127 b) has rounder hindwings, weaker streaks in the apical part,
the forewing is beneath of duller colours than amesis, on the whole with little differences; in the 9 the two pupils
of the apical eye-spot are not so closely fused, but still separated. — hemiurga Bat. has a lighter distal part
of the wings in the g and smaller dark spots in the 2. The latter two forms on the Amazon, and the
typical form in Guiana. — Of a very deviating impression are jg exhibiting instead of a violettish blue reflection
a greenish grey metal-gloss; such a specimen is in the Paris Museum. — In Guiana the animal is common; the
36 fly low on broad roads through the forests; the 92 must be beaten out of the bushes.
A. helydrias Bat. Similar to the preceding, but smaller and above all distinguished by the ¢ resem-
bling the 9, the marking of the under surface showing distinctly through above. Tapajoz. The species is not
before me.
A. telephae Bsd. (127 a). Only the @ is known; it differs from the 2 of amesis by a less marked
forewing and by the apical eyespot-pupils of the hindwings showing above a magnificent bluish-green reflection
as in the following species; this reflection, however, becomes prominent only in a certain light. Amazon.
A. prema Godt. (= smaragdifera Ww.) (127 a). g of a magnificent emerald-green, in another light
of a deep blue reflection, with black markings. 9 similar to that of the preceding species, larger, the eye-spots
of the hindwings and some spots near the base of the forewing with metallic pupils. Colombia and Amazon;
36 from Colombia (from the Rio Negro) exhibit above in the median area of both wings thicker black markings.
Rare.
17. Genus: Mimoeastnia gen. nov.
Near to the Alesa, but both sexes of a much bulkier structure, the 9 entirely different from the g. The
former resembles Alesa prema in the marking of the upper surface, the body more robust, the palpi thicker,
with a projecting terminal joint, wings shorter, more obtuse with a very round margin, the lower discocellular
of the hindwing very weak. The 2 reminds us in the habitus of a Castnia of the pelasgus-group, and the remar-
kably bulky structure of the body may serve for completing the mimetic resemblance, but this may be secon-
dary, the original for both may be an Arctiid secreting oil. Type: M. rothschildi.
M. rothschildi nom. nov. (Q = plagiaria Godm. nec Sm.) (1272). gd above with a black lattice-like
marking, with golden green spots, the marginal spots guttiform. © above black except the distal half of the
forewing in which there is a white oblique band, and the margin of the hindwing of a blue gloss. Under sur-
face of the ¢ like that of the 9, but without the white oblique band. From the Rio Demerara in Guiana, appa-
rently very rare; I know only a couple in the Tring Museum and one 9 in the Coll. GopmMaAnN in the British
Museum.
18. Genus: Nahida Ky.
This genus having been founded by HEewirson by the hackneyed name of Threnodes comprises 2 mimetic
species of a bulky structure of the body, with very round broad wings, long antennae scarcely thickened at
the ends, and the palpi being bent up before the forehead, though hardly reaching the middle of the forehead.
The forehead itself is white. Forewing with a very long cell, hindwing with an extremely short one. With
respect to the habits nothing is known to me; they evidently imitate Ithomiins and have probably therefore
an unwieldy flight.
N. coenoides Hew. Wings dull glassy with 2 broad black margin being white-spotted in the fore-
wing. It differs from the form trochois Hew. (127 b) by the absence of the rust-red anal spot of the hindwing.
From Ecuador, where the-equally coloured Napeogenes glycera (35 g) and apulia (35 f) fly, the former without,
the latter with anal red in the hindwing. The species is apparently rare, but it may be also only difficult to
recognize, since in the same countries there also fly species of Ceratinia end Pteronymia which are similar to
the Nahida.
N. serena Stich. (127d) which we figure from Cachabé, looks very much different compared to
the preceding, but perhaps only owing to the mimicry of another model: here the disc of the wings is orange,
the margin broader, the white marginal spots are increased and enlarged. The models are presumably species
of Dismenitis or Hypoleria.
ITHOMEIS; TMETOGLENE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 653
19. Genus: Ithomeis Bat.
This genus is hardly to be separated from the preceding; the differences stated (for instance in the
veins) are very slight, some are also erroneous. The third palpal joint is said to be in Sthomeis coniform, in
Nahida knob-shaped. Indeed some Jihomeis exhibit the terminal joint of the palpus just as obtuse as the Nahida.
Maybe that the forewing of the Jihomeis is not quite so round as it is in the latter. Moreover, we may con-
clude a certain alliance already from the mimicry common to both genera. There are about a dozen of forms
known, the models of which are generally Ithomiins, a fact being expressed already by the name.
I. aereila Sm. (127 b). Wings with a dull glassy disc and broad black margins filled up with red-brown.
In the forewing a white oblique band. Peru, Bolivia; not very rare.
I. astrea Fldr. (127c¢). Quite similar to aerella, but larger, in place of the white oblique band we
notice on the forewing an irregular, curved vitreous band. Before me only from Peru, but described from Vene-
zuela. — In delecta Stich. from South Brazil (Blumenau) or Venezuela the marginal band is said to be more
filled up with brown and the vitreous spots of the subapical band of the forewing are more isolated. — heliconina
Bat. (127 c) is an equally coloured species, but smaller, the vitreous areas are reduced and beneath lacteous:
from the Amazon and Peru. There are transitions to typical astrea, as heliconina varies greatly at any rate,
so that for instance the brown filling in the margin of the wings may disappear nearly altogether. The appea-
rance of the astrea-forms presumably conforms with the species of Leucothyris and Napeogenes tlying at the
same habitats. — satellites Bat. has the size of heliconina, but the subapical vitreous band of the forewings
being regular there is irregular here, being strangulated in the middle, the spots of the forewings almost white;
from the Rio Tapajoz.
I. mimica Bat. (= corinna Stgr.) (127¢). This form is likewise connected with the preceding by
transitions. It is characterized by the lacteous discal spots and the very broad orange distal band. From Co-
lombia to Ecuador. It imitates Napeogenes of the corena-group, just like the following.
I. corena Fldr. (127 ¢) from Colombia differs from the preceding by its larger size, a broader orange
spot at the inner margin of the forewing, and by the orange band of the forewing being broader than that of
the hindwing, while in mimica it is just the reverse. Beneath the vitreous spots are almost as transparent as
above, scarcely powdered with white. The species varies enormously in size and may drop from the size of
an astrea down as far as to a small heliconina. The orange band may also be lighter yellow or more brownish
red, continuous or interrupted. Where it is separated to a large subapical spot, as on the Upper Rio Negro,
a resemblance is created with Stalachtis lineata being imitated according to the same model.
I. stalachtina Bat. As the name implies, this species also resembles a Stalachtis (duvali) and is imme-
diately recognizable by this similarity. Probably from the Upper Amazon. As the orange colouring is shifted
to the hindwing, also a secondary resemblance is produced with the Pierid Dismorphia.lysinoé (30 d).
I. aurantiaca Bat. Recognizable by the greater extent of the orange colouring on all the wings, other-
wise belonging to the corena-group. Amazon District. Apparently very rare. It is besides recognizable by
its resemblance with Napeogenes ercilla and Hyposcada illinissa. The distribution of colours is about as in
Napeog. cyrianassa, but the subapical spots of the forewings are lighter and clearer.
I. eulema Hew. (127d). In this species the hindwings are red-brown with a broad black, white-dotted
distal margin. In the forewing only a broad longitudinal stripe above the inner margin is yet yellowish-brown,
the. other part being black with white dots and diffuse spots. Colombia. — imitatrix G. and S. (127 c) is the
form of the adjoining Costa Rica and Panama, in which the forewings are without red-brown, entirely black,
marked with but few white small streak-like spots. Both the forms thus approximate a colouring found in
the Pieris Charonias eurytele (21 e) in Colombia or Ch. lyceas in Panama or intermedia Schs. from Costa Rica.
The resemblance, however, is secondary, created by both having béen copied according to the same model.
This model is to be found among the numerous equally coloured Ithomiins to which belong for instance Je-
linaea menatis (33d), Napeogenes larina (35e), Ceratinia callispila (35 a), Callithomia hezia (36 b), Ithomia
plaginota or celemia (37 b, c) and many other butterflies.
20, Genus: 'Fmetoglene Fidr.
The species of this genus likewise imitate the Ithomiinae, but only hyaline species, especially those
from the genera Ithomia Hypoleria, Pteronymia etc. They resemble the patented genus of night-butterflies
Brachyglene H.-Schaff., according to which Friprer had originally denominated them, only in the shape, not
in the colour. From the species of the preceding genus they are immediately distinguishable by the short cell
of the forewing which is little longer than that of the hindwing, while in the Jthomeis it is about as long again.
The species fly little and are mostly not common; there are about 5 or 6 species known with a range exten-
ding from Mexico to South Brazil and Bolivia.
aerella.
astrea.
delecta.
heliconina.
satellites.
mimica.
corena.
stalachtina.
auraniiaca.
eulema.
imitatriz.
esthema.
dodone.
eulesca.
colaxes.
dinora.
drymo.
pais.
eutacta.
carveri.
paidion.
slorthynga.
trivittata.
poecila.
vilula.
tapajona.
trailii.
ucayala.
654 -THEMONE; CARTEA; CHAMAELIMNAS. By Dr. A. Sprtz.
T. esthema Fidr. (127 d). Ground of the wings diaphanous greyish-blue, the veins prominent as radiary
stripes with intermediats rays. Forewing with a white oblique band traversed by the veins. Sides of abdomen
beneath yellow. From Panama to Brazil and Colombia. Fresh specimens have a very bright blue gloss which,
however, disappears soon. : ;
T. dodone G. and S. resembles the preceding species, but it has longer forewings and shorter hind-
wings. From the figured eulesea Dyar (127 d) from Mexico dodone chiefly differs by the blue gloss of the upper
surface being brighter and the white longitudinal blurred spots in the subapical area flowing together to an
oblique band. In Costa Rica and Panama; on the Chiriqui it is not rare.
T. colaxes Hew. entirely resembles the following dinora (127d), but the black margins are broader,
the apical vitreous band thereby shortened in the shape of a spot; the black oblique band separating it from
the basal part of the hindwing is at the costa so broad that it encloses the small band of the cell-end. From
Keuador.
T. dinora Bat. (127d). Ground of the wings throughout hyaline, the preapical oblique band curved.
The black margins of the wings are in freshly captured specimens of a magnificent blue reflection which, however,
gradually disappears in the collection. Abdomen beneath brick-red.
T. drymo G. and S. (127d) is very near to dinora, but the subapical band of the forewing is not
curved, but forms more of an oblique longitudinal oval of a whitish gloss. South Brazil. Rare.
21. Genus: Themone Jw.
Shape and scheme of markings very similar to the preceding genus, but the colouring bright and varie-
gated, more adapted to the small coloured species of Ithomiins, yellowish brown, with black margins and a
light yellow oblique band before the black apex. The antennae are shorter, the cell of the forewing is not so
very long compared with the short cell of the hindwing. With respect to the habits, the species being distributed
from Guiana to Brazil and Peru do not differ from the other Erycinid genera.
Th. pais Hon. (= halius Dalm.) (127i). Red-yellow with a broad black margin and apical part
of the forewings; in the forewing of the ¢ an oblique, in the Q a bent yellow band. Above the cell of the hind-
wing a thick black cuneiform streak and in the margin of the hindwing of the 92 yellow dots which are
only indistinctly indicated in the G. Central and North Brazil. — In the extent of the yellow bands the species
varies greatly according to the localities; thus they are in eutacta Stich. from Guiana very broad and long,
curved and beneath pointed, whereas the spot in the cell of the hindwing is narrow and short. — carveri Weeks
(127 1) are 99 from Venezuela in which the black cellular spot in the hindwing is absent altogether. — paidion
Stich. is smaller, with a narrower subapical band being indistinctly developed in its posterior part. From Peru.
— In storthynga Stich. from Peru the black of the apical half of the forewing reaches into the basal red in
the shape of teeth, and in trivittata Lathy (127i) the basal red stands in connection with the yellow oblique
band on the veins; likewise from Peru. — The forms exhibit a conspicuous resemblance in the exterior to the
genus Methonella (122i).
Th. poecila Bates (127i). From the Amazon. Base of the wings ochre-yellow, distal half black.
Apex of all the wings with a white margin. Beyond the middle of the forewing there is an oval oblique spot,
in the hindwing a reddish ochre-yellow punctiform spot. Apparently very rare.
22. Genus: Cartea Ky.
Of this genus, being distinguished from the Themone by the very short discocellular of the hindwing,
and from the Chamaelimnas by the cell of the forewing ending before the middle of the wing, only 1 species
is known with red-yellow wings margined in broad black and a bone-yellow oblique spot in the black apical
part of the forewing. On the Upper Amazon and in the neighbouring Peru the species is locally common.
C. vitula Hew. (127h). Basal half of the forewing and dise of the hindwing with a miniate cuneiform
spot on a black ground, the apical part of the forewing in typical specimens with a very narrow brownish-yellow
spot which is broader in the form tapajona Stgr. (127 h) from the Rio Tapajoz (Humayta). — trailii Btlr. and
ucayala Thieme are also insignificant deviations regarding the shape of the variegated spots; the former flies
like the typical form on the Upper Amazon (Iquitos), though probably hardly at the same places; ucayala
comes from Peru; here the oblique spot of the forewing is still broader than in the typical form and of a pure
white.
23. Genus: Chamaelimnas Fidr.
Hereto belong 13 black and yellow forms with very long forewings, whilst the hindwings form an almost
quite uniform ellipsis, sometimes slightly tapering at the anal angle. The antennae are long, the palpi quite
short; the cell of the forewing extends beyond the middle of the wing and is very broad, that of the hindwing
short. They imitate night-butterflies from the genera Cyllopoda and Josia, sometimes in such a greatly decep-
tive way that even the connoisseur finds difficulty in distinguishing them from these night-butterflies flying
ITHOMIOLA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 655
frequently (the Cyllopoda even exclusively) in day-time. The shape of the yellow spots differs at every habitat
and is so characteristic that one can exactly see from it, whether a specimen of the genus has been captured
on the Corcovado near Rio, or in the Serra do Mar near Santos, in Espiritu Santo or in Blumenau. The appli-
cation of names has become far too numerous, as is proved by the confusion already caused. Among the 14
briola before me there are only two alike (of the same date!).
Ch. briola Bat. (= histrio Géze) (127 e). Black; forewing with a bright, light-yellow spot in the cell
and an equal oblique band before the apex; hindwing likewise yellow and black. Size and shape of the yellow
spots vary at every habitat, sometimes there is also a yellow collar, and the apex of the forewing may be
bordered in light-yellow. In typical briola the whole disc of the hindwing is yellow so that only a broad black
margin remains. — In doryphora Stich. (= briola Hew. pt.) (127f) being somewhat smaller and originating
from South Brazil, the apical spot of the forewing is narrower and the hindwing with a broader black margin. —
phoenias Hew. (127 f) has in the hindwing only the region of the hindwing-cell yellow, and a small yellow cunei-
form spot in the forewing-cell. — Distributed over the whole of tropical South America.
Ch. villagomes Hew. (127f) differs from the preceding by the cell of the forewing being without
any yellow at all. Ecuador. — There are transitions to the preceding species with a narrow but distinct spot
in the cell of the forewing (xanthotaenia Stich.), so that villagomes might be included in it. — In urbana Stich.
the yellow spot of the forewing has the shape of a band. — Distributed from Central America to Peru.
Ch. ammon Cr. (127f). In this species from Guiana the whole basal half of the forewing is yellow
except a narrow black costal margin. — cercides Hew. is distinguished only by the basal yellow of the forewing
forming a more regular triangle with less rounded angles and being separated from the oblique spot by a uni-
form, quite straight band. — In eydonia Stich. (127 f) from Colombia this separating band has disappeared
and the forewing is entirely yellow except the very broad margin; from Colombia. — From Villavicencia there
is a transition to this form before me, in which a beginning of this band (above the cell-end) is still preserved,
while its lower part is absent; the two yellow spots of the forewing, therefore, flow together at the inner margin,
while at the costa they are separated. The butterflies of this species and the preceding ones are not common
and represent each other, so that the occurrence of two different forms of this group at the same flying-place
is improbable.
Ch. joviana Schs. (127f). Black with fiery orange-red longitudinal stripes across all the wings, the
one in the forewing broken obtuse-angled at the cell-end. From Peru and Bolivia. Here too, deviations occur
in the shape and distinctness of the longitudinal stripe from the typical form figured by us, as for instance in
the form similis Schs.: The species greatly resembles the Colombian Mesenopsis melanochlora or briseis; this
resemblance, however, is secondary, as both species copy Josia fulva; the latter, according to A. H. Fassu
in such a deceptive way that they are scarcely discernible.
Ch. splendens Sm. (127g). Black, forewing with an orange-yellow oblique band. Hindwing in the
basal part of a metallic blue reflection. It flies in Bolivia; ia a specimen from the Rio Songo the orange band
sends a long tip along the median as far as to the base of the forewing. The species reminds us of a number
of quite equally coloured Heterocera, such as certain Arctiids and Syntomids (for instance Ctenucha cyaniris,
Hagnagora and so on) together with which it flies.
Ch. tireis Fldr. (127g). Black, forewing with a yellow oblique spot being smaller and darker in the
3, larger and lighter, nearly white, in the 2. — In jaeris Bsd. from the Amazon the small oblique band is darker
yellow and of about the same width. The typical form is not rare near Bahia and rests in the bushes near the
roads, together with a great number of quite similarly coloured and marked species of night-butterflies
(Getta and others).
Ch. pansa Godm. (127g). Most similar to the preceding, larger, the oblique band of the forewing
compared with its length narrower, more ochre-yellow, running somewhat more flatly. The shape and colour
of this yellow band vary extremely; on the Pachitea River it is cuneiform, in the Province of Sara distally
cut off straight, near Buenavista distally convex and so on. Common in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. It shows
a secondary resemblance to [sapis, some Lymnas etc.
24. Genus: Ithomiola Fidr.
Very near to the preceding genus, but of a quite different appearance, as not the yellow, but the hya-
line species of the Heterocera-genus Cyllopoda are here homochromous with these Hrycinidae. The chief difference
from the preceding genus consists in the apex of the forewing being rounder, which is probably to be consi-
dered also as an imitatory phase and may be connected with the flight of the [thomiinae differing entirely from
that of the yellow Dioptis and the Brachyglene. The flight of the Cyllopoda is much more powerful and continuous
(they always fly in sunshine), which is increased by the more pointed wings and the restless flapping of the
wings. On account of the longer apex of the wings in the Chamaelimnas, the last subcostal vein rises somewhat
farther before the apex than in Jthomiola, otherwise the veins do not differ; [thomiola, however, has a remar--
kably long middle joint of the palpus, the first and last being very short. The genus has very many forms,
as. there are scarcely 2specimens alike that are found not at the same place. The species, therefore, are related
to each other as vicarious species. They are mostly not rare.
briola.
doryphora.
phoenias.
villagomes.
xanthotae-
nid.
urbana.
ammon.
cercides.
cydonia.
joviana.
splendens.
lircis.
jaeris.
pansa.
floralis.
cephalena.
celtilla.
rubrolinea-
ta
cascella.
callixena.
melanchroia.
unicolor.
slrigosus.
tristis.
meridae.
leras.
alricolor.
stygialis.
incerta.
cilnia.
bicolor.
656 LEPRICORNIS; PHELES. By Dr. A. Sarrz.
I. floralis Fldr. (127h). Wings in the disc hyaline with dark margins, a cross-bar in the middle of
the cell of the forewing and one at the end; in the black apical part of the forewing a small band consisting
of 4small hyaline spots. The broad black margin of the wings is filled with red, beneath lighter and more intense
than above. — In the smaller form cephalena Hew. the red marginal filling is absent in the forewing and the
apical part of the hindwing; the apical band of the forewing is somewhat broader. Before me from Potaro
(British Guiana), whereas the typical form is not rare near Cayenne. As the name indicates, the model is Lew-
cothyris flora from Cayenne.
I. celtilla Hew. (= oeltilla Stich.) has likewise a hyaline disc of the wings, traversed by the thick black
veins, but in the apical part of the forewing there is a large lacteous oblique oval. In typical specimens from
Ecuador there are above on the black margin of the wings only traces of a red filling. — In the form rubro-
‘lineata Lathy (127 g) this filling is more distinct and extends yet to the inner margin of the forewings. Peru,
Bolivia.
I. cascella Hew. (= servilia Stich.) (127h). Here is in the apical part of the forewings an orange
band instead of the hyaline band of floralis or the lacteous band of celtilla. In the 9 there are traces of the
hyaline band in the midst of the orange band; in Colombian ¢¢ the margin of the hindwings above is without
the red filling. The model is Heterosais aureola or Napeogenes corena. According to the appearance of the corre-
sponding model is also that of cascella of which hardly two entirely equal specimens are to be found.
I. callixena Hew. (127g) is connected with Leucothyris of the sewmaculata-group and has, there-
fore, white-spotted forewings; like there, the light space next to the inner margin is tinged bluish. Ecuador.
25. Genus: Lepricornis Fldr.
Likewise mimetic, according to models from the same groups as those of the preceding genera (Jtho-
miinae, Cyllopodinae, Arctiidae). The genus is recognizable by the shape of the antennae looking as if thickened,
but being in fact only densely scaled. The forehead has rough and projecting hairs. In the forewing
the middle radial rises nearer to the anterior cellular angle, so that the middle discocellular (the upper one
is absent) gets very short. The margin of the hindwing is in the middle very slightly angled. There have
10 forms been named, many intermediate forms are not named.
L. melanchroia Fldr. (127 e). This common species from Mexico greatly resembles T'metoglene eulesca,
but it is easily recognizable by the thickened antennae and by having orange-yellow palpi; generally also the
sides of the neck are yellowish-brown. Wings black, somewhat lighter between the veins, before the apex of
the forewing a white cuneiform spot.
L. unicolor G. and S. (136 b) from Guatemala resembles the preceding, but the light spaces between,
the veins are entirely darkened and only indicated by a faint bluish lustre; there is no small white band of
the forewing, but the collar and palpi are orange.
L. strigosus Stgr. (127 e). Here the light spaces between the veins are present, but begrimed in a dark
grey colour; instead of the small subapical band there are 4 white oval spots. From the Chiriqui, rather common.
— tristis Schs., mentioned already by StaupINGER, but not denominated, has a darker colouring and the white
spots are shaded in dark; from Peru (Pebas). — meridae Dyar from Colombia and Venezuela exhibits, instead
of the white oval spots, long hyaline diffuse spots which, however, are begrimed in grey. The sides of the neck
and the palpi are more dull red-brown than orange-yellow. — The forms have been described from different
countries, they are, however, not bound to them, but to certain flying-places.
L. teras Stich. (128 c). Unknown to me in nature; is said to come from Brazil; g from Sa. Catharina,
© from the Rio Madeira. According to the author’s figure which we copy, the ¢ exhibits an oval subapical
spot traversed by light blue veins; 2 above unicolorous black, without blue, with the oblique spot like in the 3.
L. atricolor Btlr. approximates the preceding, but the upper surface of all the wings is very dark,
the small transverse band before the jet-black apex of the 2 white. From Brazil. Imitates certain Getta. —
stygialis Stich. (142 b) has a somewhat longer subapical spot being, however, orange-yellow in the 9. Peru.
L. incerta Stgr. (127 e). Almost like strigosus, but the spaces between the veins and the spots of the
subapical band of a pure hyaline. Colombia to Peru. — cilnia Stgr. (127 e) from the Rio San Juan in Colombia
has a yellow disc of the hindwing. — May already belong to the following genus.
L. bicolor G. and S. (136 b) is unknown to me in nature. Disc of the wings orange; in the apex
of the forewing there is an orange spot. According to the authors, it is said to belong here owing to the veins;
but as the veins are not very characteristic of the genus, its position remains doubtful to me. It imitates certain
Cyllopodina (Oricia) and was described from Panama.
26. Genus: Pheles 4 -Schiff.
Differing from the preceding genus by the short appressed (not projecting like a hair-tuft) hairs on
the forehead, as well as by the posterior discocellular of the forewing being also stunted beside the anterior
one. Palpi rust-yellow, bristly, as in Lepricornis; wings hyaline.
Publ. 9. III. 1917. ISAPIS; PANARA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 657
Ph. heliconides H.-Schijf. (128-a,b). Wings hyaline with black veins and margins, the forewings
with an oblique band across the cell-end. Middle of the forehead silvery white. Imitates species of Hypoleria
and Ithomia. From Guiana and the Amazon. —-- In rufula Sm. from Ecuador the hyaline patches of the distal
band before the black border of the forewing are dusted in orange, and in rufotineta Bat. from the Upper Amazon
the orange is noticed also at the posterior end of the hyaline patches in the hindwing. Not rare. :
27. Genus: Esapis Dbl.
This genus contains only 1 species which, however, is very widely distributed, although it occnrs spora-
dically. The head. is broad with very thick eyes, a flat forehead, short palpi and thick antennae ending with
long and stout, fusiform clubs. The forewings are long with a round margin and a little marked anal angle.
I. agyrtus Cr. (132 c). Black, forewing with an orange-yellow oblique spot; beneath a yellow transverse
band runs across the basal part of both wings as far as to the anal angle of the hindwing, where it is in
some 92° still to be seen round the inner margin as a-small narrow, yellow inner marginal stripe on the upper
surface. It varies at every habitat, though not according to countries, as for instance on the Amazon there
occur. specimens with a broad and a narrow band of the under surface, as well as in Surinam etc. Specimens
from Santos have a deep orange-red stripe of the forewing, turning sowewhat distally at the costal margin,
and a mederately broad band of the under surface. We have considered this form to be sestus Stich. and figured
by this name, owing to the author’s statement ,, Brazil, Bolivia**; but as the author states, his sestws corresponds
with our figure of mzthrophorus (132 c), which, however, represents a Surinam specimen. — 9° with a yellow
inner marginal border of the hindwing, as they are before me from Bolivia, StrcHEL denominates praxinus,
from ,,Venezuela‘*. — hera G. and S. (Guatemala) forms a transition to faleis Weym. (182) provided with a
band of the under surface as thin as a thread, from Colombia, the 9° of which exhibit besides a ,,less band-like
band of the forewing’. The butterflies are very local, but: not rare at their flying-places. They sit on the tips
of twigs with their wings clapped together, and are particularly fond to do so on small bare branches, on the
upper surface, the antennae stretched forward parallel in the direction of the clearing in the woods; on being
chased ap they fly only a few metres off. The range extends from Central America to Bolivia and South Brazil.
28. Genus: Panara Dodi.
This genus has 2 species being rather near to each other. They are black animals with an orange oblique
band of the forewing, as we find it also in /sapis and many other Hrycinidae, whereby resemblances are pro-
duced with the said genus, as well as with species of Mesene, Aricoris, Chamaelimnas, Lymnas etc. The animals
are rather strongly built and exceptionally good flyers and also scnietimes fly about in day-time, the flight
being somewhat like that of Heterocera, so that they are difficult to distinguish from quite a number of homo-
logically coloured species of Geometrids and Arctiids found at the same places. In the hindwing the cell is
possibly still shorter than in most of the other Hrycinidae; on the forewing the first subcostal vem branches
off just before the cell-end, the second directly behind it. Although the butterilies are not so local as the other
Erycinidae, their life-history is not known.
P. phereclus L. (132c). Only the forewings exhibit an orange band being situated sometimes more steeply,
sometimes more flatly, and varying at every habitat. It generally (in specimens from the Amazon) reaches almost
the costa and anal angle. — barsacus Iw. (132¢), with a somewhat shorter orange band, is connected with
phereclus by all transitions and ought not to have been separated. Amazon, Guiana. Some specimens, especially
2°, have in the hindwing white or chequered fringes, heing, however, quite accidenta!. — comes Stich. originates
from Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, but does not differ constantly from the typical form, neither by the fringes
nor by the size, as the species varies everywhere in this respect. — ab. lemniscata 7'hm. are specimens (before
me are only 9° from Colombia) with a white oblique band of the forewing. — episatnius Prittw. (? sicora Hew.)
(132 d) has broad and long oblique hands reaching in some 9° the distal margin at the anal angle and running
straight or curved (arctifascia Bélr.). From South and Central Brazil. All the forms may have in the ¢ an
intense ultra-marine reflection beneath, more rarely also above. Not rare.
P, thisbe F. (= iarbas Ww. nec F., perdita Hbn.) (132d). This species hes longer hindwings and on
them also an orange band forming with that of the forewing nearly a right angle. In typical specimens (generally
found in Guiana and North Brazil) both the orange bands are rather narrow. In soana Hew. (132 d) from South
Brazil the band of the forewing is especially much broader towards the costa, the band of the hindwing slightly
curved. — In thymele Stich. from South Brazil the band of the forewing lies more flatly, that of the hindwing
is placed somewhat distally; this is of course only the character oi the flying-place, as specimens from different
habitats always exhibit differences of the bands. — ovifera form. nov. (132 d) from Petropolis in South Brazil
exhibits the band of the forewing reduced to an oval; — in eclypsis form. nov. (132d) the band of the hind-
Vv 3
os)
heliconid s
rufula.
rujotincta.
agyrtus.
sestus.
praxinus.
hera.
falcis.
phereclus.
barsacus.
comes.
lemniscata.
episainius.
arctijascia.
thisbe.
soana.
thymele.
ovifera.
eclypsis.
aureizona.
ornala. »
lysippus.
lysias.
negrita.
erratica.
lysippoides.
crioeus.
lycisca.
refracta.
infirmata.
lysistralus.
luctus.
lysimachus.
658 RIODINA: LYMNAS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
wing ist’ entirely blind, i. e. simply indicated by a lighter ground-colour *); Espiritu Santo, -- In aureizona
Btlr. the band of the hindwing is altogether absent above, and in ornata Stich. (132 e) it is only indicated at
the end in the middle of the inner margin. These forms are not bound to certain countries, but they occur
everywhere in the range extending from Guiana to South Brazil. Beneath often with a blue reflection, Simgle
and local, though not very rare.
29. Genus: Riodimna Ww. (= Erycina Hbn.).
Approximating the preceding genus in the exterior, but the basal part of the costa somewhat protru-
ding; in the hindwing the middle of the border between the lower radial vein and the upper median is some-
times angled or even lobate. Easily recognizable by the colouring and by the sides of the abdomen not being
variegated, whereas in Panara they are brightly coloured in orange. Few species are known and distributed
from the northern coast of South America to Peru, Bolivia and Argentina. Like the Panara, they fly in the
sunshine and preferably settle down, with half-opened wings (about like our Chrysophanus phlaeas) on fern-
fronds and low leaves of Canna. They belong to the more common Erycinidae.
R. lysippus L. (132 e). Extremely variable regarding size, orange band and white dotting. Black;
above on both wings, from the costa to the anal angle, there runs a generally broad orange band; disc studded
with light dots. The orange band may be as thin as a thread (in some places of Venezuela) or also very
broad (= lysias Sticn. 132 e): then it is sometimes proximally shaded in white or filled up with white. —
A form, entirely black above and beneath, without an orange band and with hardly noticeable dotting flies
near Bolivar in Venezuela; it is negrita form nov. (182 e). — In Colombia flies a very small, scarcely dotted
form with conspicuously uniformly bent, narrow bands, which I denominate erratica form. nov. (132 e) and
which one might rather take to the following species at first sight. Typical tysippus chiefly oceur in Guiana
and on the Amazon; near Humayta’ on the Rio Madeira they are very intensely dotted, at the same place
where also Amarynthis meneria fa. superior (132 ¢) has the widest bands and the whitest spots.
R. lysippoides Berg (122 e, f). In shape and colouring very much like the preceding, but smaller, lighter
brown and without the light dotting. In specimens from Argentina, where I often came across this species
in the agricultural park near Palermo on the Silver River, the small band of the hindwing is confined to
the inner marginal part of the wing: in specimens from South Brazil it is better developed and also that
on the forewing broader. This form also shows already the marks of the light dotting and thus forms a tran-
sition to lysippus; I call it erioeus form. nov. (132 f).
R. lycisca Hew. (132 f). — Hewrrson figures 3 forms of this butterfly all of which occur, though not
so often, in the same district, but mostly separated according to the flying-places. StrcHEL denominates each
form, the rarest one (both wings with an orange band) as the type. The form without the band of the fore-
wing he calls refracta (132 f), the insignificant transition with an incomplete band of the hindwing infirmata.
In case these names be maintained, especially also those unbanded specimens would have to be denominated,
in which also the marginal band of the hindwing has disappeared except some scattered traces of it. Often
the two bands are simply indicated at the ends by spots. South Brazil, Sao Paulo and Ric Grande do Sul.
R. lysistratus Burm. is said to be confined to Argentina and South Brazil and constantly to differ from
the Paraguay-form luctus Berg (132). But also the latter varies, particularly with respect to the costal mar-
ginal spot of the forewing which may be yellow or white, oval or in the shape of a small band. Not rare.
As to'the form pelta Schs. cf. Additions.
R. lysimachus Stich. (142 f) has the habitus of the preceding species, but the margin of the hindwing
is very much lobated, the orange band running through the whole forewing. Neu-Freiburg (South Brazil).
30. Genus: Fuymmas Bich.
Easily recognizable by the very long forewings with a rather steep distal margin and short hindwings
with a round margin. The body is of a clumsy structure, often with scarlet or orange markings, the head
stout with projecting palpi being, however, only in single species so long that they become visible from above.
Antennae thick, quite graduallv thickened to weak clubs. The butterflies are mostly black with a red, yellow
or white oblique band of the forewing or a variegated border of the hindwing; often also the apex of the fore-
wing is yellow or white, The veins are in some species very conspicuous, projecting from the velvety-black
ground. Beneath some species exhibit a faint blue reflection (e. g. L. passiena), above not. Only few species
deviate from the general colorial type owing to mimetic influences (e. g. L. thyatira). The larva is said to
be hairy (Botspuvat), the pupa stretched similarly as an Acralin, with light colours and dark spots, small
protuberances on the back of the abdomen. The imagines drink early in the morning from wet stones and
*) By a mistake the band of the hindwing of eclypsis was depicted in yellow on our figure; the artist had probably
thought that it was discoloured by oil, and had corrected it according to another specimen; the yellow on the hindwing is in
fact entirely covered by black scales.
LYMNAS, By Dr, A. Serrz. 659
places on the roads and rest in day-time beneath leaves; sorse species are extremely rare, others very com-
mon. There are more than 50 forms known, including the hardly deviating Aculhua cinaron.
L. cinaron Fldr. (= inca Réb.) (131 a). pas sooty black, the hindwings with a straightly ¢2t-off, cinaron.
yellow distal band; beneath the wings have lighter veins. — About 190 specimens bevore me originate from
different parts of tropical South America. According to the habitat, the margin of the hindwing is some-
times more orange, sometimes more light yellow or light lemon-coloured, broader or narrower; the light veins
are distinct sometimes on all the wings, sometimes only on the hindwings. From Colombia to the south as
far as South Brazil in the east and Bolivia and Peru in the west, in Ecuador ap to a considerable altitude,
otherwise preferring the lowlands. — corvina Stich. (181 a, as serriger) lies before me in the type; it comes corvina.
from the Cauca Valley in Colombia; here the inner edge of the marginal band on the hindwing is serrate-
dentate. — crenitaenia Stich., unknown to me in nature is like corvina, but it has in typical specimens. an crenitaenia.
orange-yellow apex of the forewings; from Costa Rica. — signata Stich: has besides another orange spot before signata.
the anal angle of the forewing; Costa Rica. Other deviations are of secondary importance. Apparently in
many places not rare, but near Rio uncommon.
L. alena Hew. (131 a) resembles somewhat a large cinaron (131 a) with a yellow apex of the fore- alena.
wing, but differs greatly by its shape and size. The sides of the abdomen are oi a bright purple-red; the yellow
distal marginal band of the hindwing is just the reverse of that of crenitaenia, since on the veins continua-
tions of the yellow distal band extend towards the base. whereas in crenitaenia black continuations of the
ground-colour extend towards the margin. Rare, on the Corcovado near Rio de Janeiro and in Coiombia;
probably widely distributed, but owing to its great rareness discovered only in few places.
L. passiena Hew. (131 a). Likewise black, apex of the forewing and margin of the hindwing orange- passiena.
red, but the extremest margin and the fringes black, so that the orange-red appears somewhat removed
from the margin. Coiombia. — In auionia Hew., described from Bolivia, more than the apical third of aulonia.
the forewing is orange and the marginal band of the hindwing more than twice as broad.
L. pixe. Of this multiform group with an orange-yellow apex of the forewing and an equally coloured
margin of the hindwing one of the first branches is zoega Hew. (131 a). Size and width of the orange-yellow *°¢94-
varies at almost every place, where it is found; all the specimens, however, found at the same place, exactly
correspond with each other. zoega occurs more in the southern part of tropical South America, in South Brazil,
Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. Typical zoega originate from Ulinas Geraes, they have near the base of the fore-
wing a distinct red dot and a rather small orange apical margin.; the figured example is a large 2. — Some-
times instead of the apical spot, the whole margin of the forewing is orange-yellow in a width of 1—2 mm;
this is the form smithiae Ww. (131 b). — An intermediate form is created by the apical spot extending into smithiae.
a chain of small orange marginal spots: aurolimbata Thieme (131 a), from HKcuador and the adjoining Amazon aurolimba-
District as far as Bolivia. — The form of the group described first is pixe Bsd. (131 b) from Mexico and Central ee
America, in which the margin of the hindwing is of a purple-red instead of orange-red. This marginal band
is then generally divided into spots by black veins, and the red basal spot of the forewing varies greatly in
size. — In sexpunctata form. nov. it is coherent, but at the inner margin indented by the black ground- co- sepuncta-
lour; the basal spot of the forewing is large and there appear some more red dots at the base of the hind- i:
wing and above the anal angle of the forewing; from Guerrero; — this increase of the red may be still con-
tinued, finally leading to the form sanguinea Stich. (131.b) which we figure from Costa Rica and which. ex- sanguinea.
hibits an enormously enlarged basal spot and some more hemochrome spots before the margin of the forewing.
— Of this there is again Reethcn side-form in which the spots at the distal margin of the forewi ings are orange.
It comes irom Mexico, but it probably has another habitat as the larger seapunctata from which it differs most
conspicuously by the marginal band of the hindwing being here orange, in sexpunctata, however, scarlet. —
flammula Bates is like zoega, but it has a much more extensively orange apex of the forewing, though the flammule.
orange is not, as in smithiae or aurolimbata, continued along the distal margin; the hindwings have a mo-
derately broad orange margin and ali the wings a crimson dot near the base. Near Teffé, rare, probably hardly
to be maintained as a proper form of zoega; according to STicHEL also in Brazil and Bolivia. — gynaeceas gynaeceas.
G. and 8. has, like pixe, a yellow apex of the forewing and 4 red basal dots, but by the reduction of the
yellow margin of the hindwing it forms a transition to warifa. Central America and Mexicc.
L. xarifa Hew. (131 b). Black, the forewings with an orange-yellow. apex, the hindwings, however, .xarija.
without a yellow margin. The animal is comparatively very common,and distributed all over the northern
part of South America, but it varies at every habitat. Particularly the apical spot is sometimes very small
and narrow, sometimes larger than our figure shows. It is quite useless to denominate all these forms, because
animals living only a few miles away from each other. exhibit already constant differences, corresponding,
however, again with others that were taken at great.distances fromthem. Also with respect to the red basal dots
there exist all kinds of possibilities: in the type there is a very large dot near the base of the forewing: in
quadripunctata Stich. another dot like it appears at the base of the hindwing, in impunctata Stich. (131 b) ) Seaan Pen,
the red dots are absent altogether. impunciata.
L. vidali Dogn. approximates the forms of zoeqa belonging to the pixe-group, and is ieecent els vidali.
recognizable by the apical spot of the forewing being also of a magnificent hemochrome: from Loja in Ecuador.
— laticlavia Stich. from Colombia has a broader red marginal band of the hindwing and the apical spot is Jaticlavia.
enlarged.
pixe.
UNL.
volusia.
lycea.
erythrus.
xeniades.
depompata.
wenia.
ambryllis.
cephise.
acroleuca.
nigretta.
araguaya.
aegales.
nigrapex.
cretiplaga.
leucophleg-
ma.
660 LYMNAS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
L, unxia Hew. (131 b) has a superficial resemblance to a zarifa, but the orange spot of the fore-
wing is not placed at the apex of the wing, but removed somewhat into the wing. In South Brazil, near Rio
de Janeiro, Santos, probably very widely distributed (over the whole of South West Brazil), but everywhere
very rare, and like most cf the Hrycinidae. of a very local, insular occurrence. On hundreds: of excursions
in its proper range, I have never come across one specimen, and also v. BoENNYINGHAUSEN who collected
for 33 years near Rio de Janeiro, told me that on innumerable excursions he saw but few specimens during
all this time —— Jt flies on the Monte Corcovado near Rio de Janeiro.
L. volusia Hew. nec Boenningh. (131 c). This species already forms a transition to the numerons forms
with a white or yellow oblique band of the forewing which, however, is here simply indicated by a stripe-
shaped clearing obliquely across the disc of the forewing. The form which I know only through HeEwirson,
almost looks like a Xenandra, and v. BOENNINCHAUSEN considered it to be the g of the © figured by Hewyr-
son as agria (131 h). Described from Rio de Janeiro; extremely rare and probably not flying in the im-
mediate neighbourhood of the town, hut in the Organ Mountains.
L. lycea Hbn. (131 c). Hindwing with an orange margin, forewing with orange spots before (not in)
the apex and smaller ones along the margin. In the centre of East Brazil, near Bahia, Pernambuco. Rare.
L. erythrus Mén. (131 c). The orange marking of the forewing is reduced to an oblique band before
the apex, being continued in triangular spots as far as to the anal angle. In the marginal band of the hindwing
there appear black marginal dots. Larger than the preceding; the typical form has near the base of the fore-
wing a large red dot. — In xeniades Stich. (131.c) the red basal dots are absent and the orange is more red.
— In ab. depempata Stich. (131 c) being in some districts more common than weniades that part of the band
of the forewing which cuts off the apical part is absent. — In xenia Hew., on the contrary, this part of the orange
band is present, but the chain of spots to the anal angle is entirely or almost entirely absent, and the dot near
the base of the forewing is small and yellow instead of red. South and Central Brazil, mostly rare.
L. ambryllis Hew. (131 ¢, d). This less rare species which some time ago was introduced in great numbers
from Paraguay, has an oblique band before the apex and a band before the margin of the hindwing ofa. white
colour. It varies at every habitat. The band of the forewings is either widened, or prolonged, or narrowed
or shortened, disproportionate, divided into pieces, pointed or truncate. Beside these possibilities, the band
of the hindwing may he broad and coherent, or narrow or rudimentary. Apart from this, there may he at the
base of all the wings or only the forewings red dots varying again in their turn according to the part of the
forest where the animals were captured. Furthermore, there are also yet differences of size, since larger
specimens predominate in the west, smaller ones in the east. By the combination of these deviations we obtain
about 30 forms according to the material before me. StricHeL denominates one of them dialeuca. Just such
a specimen as STICHEL figures it, is no t contained in the abundant material before me; it is characterized
by a (as stated) broader band of the forewing and a narrower one of the hindwing. Our figure of a Para-
guay-2 approximates it, but above it has the white band of the forewing by no means broader than that
of the white Bolivian ambryllis collected in great numbers by Jos# StrinpacH. —- ambryllis is not only less
rare than most of the Lymnas, but it also flies lower and does not stay, like most of the other species of the
genus, almost exclusively on the tops of the trees.
L. cephise MWén. (131d). Black with light veins, like the preceding, but without bands, the red
dots, however, appear very prominently near the base of the wings. Mexico and Central America. In typical
cephise the fringes of the forewing are black; in acroleuca Fldr. (131d) the apex and wings are distally bor-
dered by a narrow white. Both the forms occur in the same districts. — nigretta form. nov. (131 d} has the
fringes at the apex of the forewing and at the border of the hindwing orange-yellow; from the Itaituba, pro-
bably the blackened form of another species from the wbhza-group, entirely smaller and less distinctly veined.
Not common.
L. araguaya sp. nov. (131d). Ground-colour like in cephise, the fringes dark, the veins less white;
across the cell-end runs a dull bone-white, narrow oblique stripe being continued to the upper median vein.
Goyaz.
L. aegates Hew. (131d). Similar to the preceding, but the fringes at the hindwings and the apex of the
forewing of a bright white, the oblique spot of the forewing of a purer white and more than twice as broad as
in araguaya. All the specimens before me are exactly alike and originate from Tanampaya in Bolivia, evidently
from the same locality, collected by GartEpp. — In the form-nigrapex form. nov. (131 d) from Paraguay the
apex of the forewing is without the white fringes, the oblique spot is above shortened and oviform, the red
dot near the base of the forewing enlarged beneath. — cretiplaga Stich. (131e) which I received in great
nambers from STEINBACH, from Salta and Tucuman in North West Argentina, is an intermediate form between
the two preceding, scarcely differing from aegates, only the white oblique spot shortened and narrowed beneath.
— leucophlegma Stich. is not known to me; but in the Tring Museum I find specimens from Pert. with a bone-
white band of the forewing and a broad white margin of the hindwing, apparently only differmg from it by
LYMNAS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 661
the band of the forewing extending beyond the middle median vein and the disc of the hindwing being be-
neath brightened up in the middle by bone-white. Probably they are from the same district, though from
another finding-place, as leucophlegma, the type of which is said to be in the Paris Museum. I denominate
them leucophlegmoides (131 e).
L. cratippa sp. nov. (131 e). Deeper black than the preceding, the veins somewhat lighter, the wings
more pointed, the white band of the forewing straight, of a pure white, extending as far as to the middle
median vein, the apex of the forewing only beneath distinctly whitish. Maranhao (North Brazil); Matto Grosso.
Tt is to aegaies Hew. exactly as opites Hew. is to melander Cr.
L. hillapana Rob. (= quadriplaga Thm.) (131 e) is larger thaa the preceding, the apex of the forewing
very much fringed in white, the oblique band broad and straight almost to the anal angle; Peru, Bolivia. —
In pronostriga Stich. (131 e) from Colombia and North Brazil, in addition to the band of the forewing, the
fringes at the apex are also orange-yellow. — albugo Stich. (131 e) has the band reduced to an oblong oval,
white; its aberration being sold in the trade by the name of paulina, denominated by SvrcHEL as impura,
has the reduced band ochre-yellow. The two latter forms have come in great numbers from Paraguay
during the last decades, where they are near Sapucay evidently not so rare as most cof the other species
of Lymnas. L
L. semiota Baz: is near to hillapanu, but differs by the oblique band in the forewing being yellow
instead of white. Tapajoz. It forms a transition to the melander-group.
L. melander Cr. (J, nec ©) (= melliplaga Stich.) (131 f) has the honey-yellow band of the forewing more
oblong quadrangular: the fringes of the hindwing likewise honey-yellow. Guiana. — opites Hew. resembles
melander, but it is smaller, the ground-colour deeper black, the fringes of the hindwing and the apex of the
forewing not yellow. Is to melander as cratippa Sz. is to aegates Hew. Brazil.
L. electron Godt. (? melander Stich.) (131 f) is smaller, the spot more whitish yellow and narrower,
so that a resemblance is created with iarbas F. from which it differs beside its smaller size by the fringes of
the hindwings only being yellow, not also the margin of the. wings. The yellow band of the forewing is
besides'slightly curved, not so straight, and more pale than dark golden-yellow. Northern parts of South America.
L. ubia Fidr. (131 f}. Differs from the preceding by the much broader, nearly oval oblique band of
the forewing and by the presence of small orange marginai spots separated from each other by small indenta-
tions of the black ground-colour, before the orange-yellow fringes of the hindwing at the anal marginal part of
the hindwing. Venezuela and adjoining parts of Guiana and the Amazon.
L. epijarbas Stgr. (131 f). This robust form is probably little connected with the smaller, delicate
ubia. A band-like spot, the extremest apex of the forewing and the margin of the hindwing are orange
yellow. The butterflies are very constant; among a great number of specimens before me from Itaituba there
is not one that varies. — echiana form. nov. (131 f) superficially resembles wha the small maryinal spots cf
which, however, are here united to an orange-yellow marginal band of the hiadwing; whereas the oblique spot
of the forewing is much narrower. It is also larger, more slender and with moze pointed wings than ubia, more
densely scaled and with intenser colours. From San Estaban in Venezuela.
L. iarbas ¥'. (= jarbus Stgr., electron F.) (131 g). Presumably the most common species of Lymnas,
from Venezuela to Ecuador and in the islands of Curacao and Trinidad. On a deep black ground, all the wings
exhibit a large spot similar to a small drop of blood, near the base, while the forewings show a sharply
marked orange band and the hindwings a similar margin. Although the species varies little on the whole, still
the inhabitants of certain flying-places are easily discernible, as for instance in Trinidad, from which is-
land there are about 60 specimens before me, the examples from the interior are distinctly different from those
from Port of Spain. Those from the island of Curacao have even been denominated: herellus Snel/. Above
all the spots resembling drops of blood vary, especially on the hindwing; the oblique band may be some-
what broader, narrower, more obtuse, iriegularly defined and so on; the golden-yellow marginal band of the
hindwing may be of different width and extend from the anal angle to the apex, half the length of the margin
to ¥ of the margin, it may even be absent altogether so that only the fringes are yet vellow; this is rabuseula
Stich. In the same way we may leave a name aiso to the other extreme, melantho Wén. (131 ¢), a special
form from Central America (contrary to Satvin and GopmaN who simply denominate them zarbas). These
specimens have a golden-yellow apex of the forewing, and the very broad margin of the hindwing is deep orange-
red. On the other hand, the delimitation of the more southern specimens (auriferax Stich.) with somewhat
broader wings, a wider oblique band ana an unreduced marginal band of the hindwings necessitated the deno-
mination of quite a number of side-forms. These specimens are not characteristic of any district, exhibiting
all the transitions to the type. — In southern specimens the band of the forewing may be orange-yellow, but
also white; v. BOENNINGHAUSEN reports even of examples from Rio Grande do Sul the oblique band of
which is half white, half yellow. Certainly the shape or colour of it varies at every habitat in South Brazil,
and charon Btlr. described from Rio is probably nothing else but the Corcovado-form of this widely distri-
buted species.
leucophleg-
moides.
cratippa.
hillapana.
pronostriga.
albugo.
impura.
semiola.
melander.
opites.
electron.
ubia.
epijarbas.
echidna.
iarbas. *
herellus.
rabuscula.
melantho.
cercopes.
andania.
cratia.
hodia.
phereclus.
marathon.
stenotaenia.
assimulata.
barca.
thyatira.
agria.
662 XENANDRA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
L. cercopes Hew. (131g). This peculiarly coloured butterfly is without the red subbasai dots as well
as the oblique band, so that only the orange-yellow margin or the hindwing remains extending at the apex
into the forewing, at the anal angle of which it forms a point showing towards the cell-end. Peru; all the spe-
cimens I examined, also the figured one, originated from Pozuzo. — andania Hew. (131 g) looks quite differently,
but it is connected with cercopes by a number of transitions. The yellow margin of the hindwings is often (not
always and mostly only above) smoothly cut off against the ground-colour, and the yellow ray showivg from
the anal angle of the forewing towards the costa extends as far as to the subcostal or even reaches the costa;
from Bolivia and Peru. The figured specimen originates from Salampioni in Bolivia, 800 m. Specimens from
lower districts mostly are somewhat larger.
L. cratia Hew. (131 g). Immediately recognizable by the broad purple abdominal parts leaving free
only a narrow black dorse] stripe on the 2. to 5. ring. Wings jet-black; the forewings with an orange-yeilow
oblique band, the hindwings with a narrow, incomplete golden-yeilow marginal band. Colombia and Venezuela;
not rare.
L. hodia Béilr. From Valdivia in Colombia, has zemained unknown to me. Cf. Additions.
L. pherecius Cr. (= seleukia Stich.) (131 g, h). Exteriorly somewhat similar to Panara phereclus L.
above blackisk-brown with an orange oblique band, but immediately discernible by the under surface, where
the hindwings exhibit a hemochrome basal spot and white veins, whereas in Panara they. are velvety black,
sometimes with a blue reflection. South Brazil, Guiana, Peru; in the range of Panara where it flies in the
company of other equally coioured Hrycinidae, such as the 99 of Mesene sagaris, some 9° of Aricoris ete.,
but also with numerous patented Heterocera, such as Mirradaemon ursila Stoll and others. —- Rare.
L. marathon Fldr. (= ctesiphon Fidr.) (131Lh). I figure the type from the Coll. Fetpur which Lod
Roruscuicp had the kindness to lend me. In this 2 the band of the forewing is seen slightly curved proxi-
mally. Colombia to Peru. — In stenotaemia Rob. (i131 h) from Pozuzo the band runs rather straight and. is
narrow, in assimulata Stich. (131 h), the most common form from Colombia frequently found in. the so-called
, Bogota-Coliections’, it is even somewhat proximally concave and shortened. — All the forms of marathon
have magnificent purpie sides of the abdomen, whereby they show an alliance with crava Hew.
L. barca Hew. (131 h). This peculiar species from Pernambuco shows a. first sight that is has bor-
rowed the exterior of an Actinote together with which it must consequently fly. There is only a secondary
resemblance with a Stalachtis susanna (which likewise copies Actinote). The model for Lymnas barca and Sta-
lachtis susanna is probably an Actinote ot the leptogramma- or hypsipeies-group.
L. thyatira Hew. (= phiegontis Stich.) (131i h). This butterfly is likewise subject to mimicry. I imi-
tates Hueides aliphera-and, because in mimicry only the total appearance, but not the repetition of finer de-
tails in the marking is of a biological value, it is so inconstant that I have never yet beheld two equal spe-
cimens. Only larger series of the different habitats would permit ,, Subspecies” to be established; but the butcer-
fly is so rare that for the present the collections mostly contain only single specimens from the ditferent ha-
bitats. The variation refers to the ground-colour, size, length of the black rays, width ot the margins and their
delimitation. The figured specimen originates from Cuyaba and differs just as much from that in HewiTsons.
collec:ion from the enon as from the one figured by SticHEL in WytTsmans Genera Insectorum. Brazil,
Bolivia, Colombia, Guiana; dispersed and rare.
31. Genus: Renandra Fldr.
Is closely allied to the preceding genus, i. e. to its mimetic group of barca-thyatira. All the species
belonging hereto are rare. The butterflies have still longer forewings than the Lymnas, from which they are
otherwise distinguished only by the very stout (in the 9) and quite short (in the 3) abdomen. Owing to the
narrow wings the flight of the QQ is almost whizzing, quite similar to that of the copied Heterocera (Cylle-
podinae). May be that some more species having hitherto been treated as Lymnas will prove to. be better in-
cluded in Xenandra. i z
X. agria Hew. (131h, misprinted in argia). The 3 belonging to this 2 which I only know from
Hewirson is anknown to me. The @ is surely mimetic copying some of the South Brazilian Pericopiins or
other Arctiids which partly fly in day-time or are often chased up. All the 4 wings with orange-yellow mar-
ginal spots, the forewings with a broad, golden-yellow oblique band sending below the costa a ray towards
the base, the hindwings with a yellow cell. Very rare, in South Brazil; v. BoENNINGHAUSEN captured the
animal only once in more than 30 years, near Rio de Janeiro; he presumed it to be the 2 of Lymnas volusia
which is just as incorrect as STICHELs presumption that it belongs as Q to Xen. heliodes.
BARBICORNIS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 663
X. helius Cr. (Q = limnatis Sich.) (131i). In the Guianaform (which presumably lay before CRAMER) helius.
the g shows a costal golden-red oval of the hindwings not reaching the base. cruentata Stich. with a scarlet cruentata.
spot of the hindwing seems to be the Peruvian form of it. The 9 of helius is by far larger than the 3, with
particularly long forewings exhibiting an obsolete oblique band verying in size, shape and colour. If we would
denominate all these differences of the band, we could give just as many names as there are specimens, for
among relatively numerous 2° of this species I did not find two equal ones! — hetiodes Fldr. (? dibapha heliodes.
Stich.) (1311, helioides on the table) not exactly described by SticuEL may be identical with the form occur-
ring outside of Guiana, in Venezuela and Brazil. Here the costal area of the male hindwings is miniate, and
this colour extends as far as to the base of the wing. The 9 of it is scarcely larger than the § with a bright
golden-yellow or golden-red (miniacea Stich.) and much less variable oblique band of the forewing. The spe-
cies is rare.
X. vuleanalis Stich. is unknown to me; it is said to be black above with a large, nearly oviform, vuleanalis.
bright red spot on the hindwing, the tip of which touches the base of the hindwing; from Rio San Juan
in Colombia. Length of forewings of the g 16 mm. Except the red spot of the hindwing touching the base,
there seems to be hardly any difference from the preceding.
X. nigrivenata Schs. from Costa Rica has the greyish-green shining spaces between the veins as nigrivenata.
prasinata (1311) shows them, but besides a large, orange-red costal spot of the hindwings extending from near
the base almost to the margin and to che median. From Juan Vinas.
X. prasinata Thieme (131i). 3 blackish-green, the hindwings at the border with glossy bluish-green prasinata.
radiate spots; beneath the wings are almost exactly like those of the other Xenandra, dull golden-green, with
black veins. The 2 may be coloured like the 3, but larger and with broader wings, but it may also occur with-
out distinct marginal rays and with a whitish or variegated oblique band on the forewing. These different
forms fly simultaneously at the same localities: Their affinity is easily recognized by the abdomen being be-
neath in the middle of a bright reddish-yellow or red. Rare.
X. pulcherrima H.-Schaff. (128 a) fits badly into this genus, but neither to Lymnas nor, according pulcherrima.
to STICHELS examinations, to Themone nor in any way to Eurygona (Euselasia). Hindwings as in prasinata,
but the blue radiate spots somewhat removed from the margin; forewing with a chain of white, posteriorly
blue-tinged spots. There is a most conspicuous broad yellow median band on the under surface. Surinam.
Unknown to me in nature; apparently very rare.
32. Genus: Barbieornis Latr.
Easily recognizable by the very small hindwings provided with a long apex of the tail on the lower
radial (uppermost median). Al! the species of Barbicornis correspond to homochrome forms of Lymnas, as
has already been said in the Preface (p. 620). Most of the species are rare, exhibiting characteristic differen-
ces at every habitat and having about the same habits as the Lymnas.
B. acroleuca Berg (132 a). Black with ochre-brown collar, the chief veins of the wings with pale acroleuca.
yellow markings, the apex of the forewing white. Paraguay. — tucumana Thieme (132 a) is a small stunted fucwmana.
form collected by Jos& Sternpacu in the barren district of Tucuman in Argeatina. Not common.
B. melanops Bilr. Herewith all the species ought to be combined, being above black with a yellow melanops.
oblique spot before the apex of the forewing. This oblique spot has a different appearance at every habitat.
— In specimens from Espiritu Santo it has such a cuneiform shape that the thick end of the wedge lies at
the distal margin, the tip ot it at the costa (= cuneifera ab. nov.) (132.a). — In typical melanops from South cuneifera.
Brazil and Paraguay the band is uniform, at the costa even a little broader than at the distal! margin. — In
ab. abotacta Stich. (132 a) which was taken together with typical specimens near Sapucay in Paraguay, it is abotacta.
a little shortened and light yellow. — ab. fusus ab. nov. (132a) has the oblique band orange-yellow, jusus.
like the typical form, but as a fusiform spot, on both sides sharply pointed; in barren districts, mostly also
very much smaller than Brazilian specimens. — ephippium Thieme (132 a) has the most extensive oblique ephippium.
spot; at the costa it is so widened that it occupies its whole median third; here also the veins are more
prominently light. — aterrima form. nov. (132 a) is entirely black, with indistinctly light veins; it might, aterrima.
therefore, be taken to be an acroleuca having lost the white apical margin; but the shorter, more straight
tail of the hindwing characterizes it as a melanops in which the oblique band of the forewing is absent;
from South Brazil and Paraguay.
B. basilis Godt. (132). Probably only a form of the preceding, differing by the basal part of all basilis.
the wings exhibiting another, very differently shaped orange spot. — In dibaphina Bilr. this spot is only dibaphina.
on the forewings, while the hindwings remain black whereby an immediate transition is formed to the typical
melanops. The typical dibaphina is only as large as the figured baszlis. At some habitats, however, the animals
alcyoneus.
polyplaga.
mona.
moneta.
marginata.
dorilas.
NYX.
lamia.
astraea.
aethiops.
amazon.
664 SYRMATIA; ZEONIA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
attain an enormous size, though perhaps not in every year; I denominate these large specimens alcyoneus ab.
nov. (132 b). These have again another modified form polyplaga form. nov. (132 b) in which the spots of the
forewing are enlarged, the orange of the hindwing, however, divided into 2 or 3 spots. This form is before
me from the Coll. Banc-Haas without the patria being stated; the forewing also exhibits above the anal
angle a third orange spot which is unfortunately somewhat indistinct in the figure.
B. mona Ww. (132 b). Like melanops, but also the hindwing has an orange band at the distal mar-
gin, extending from the little tail to the anal angle. In this species the orange likewise varies in extent at
every habitat. In typical specimens it does not only run from the costa of the forewing to the distal mar-
gin, but it follows it up as far as to the anal angle. The specimen I figure deviates already by the orange
band not running continuously as tar as to the anal angle, but a disjoined spot standing isolated at the
anal angle. — If this spot is also absent and another reduction of the bands takes place, we have ab.
moneta Stich. before us. A specimen from Huancabamba lacks all the orange on the forewing. I must
remark here again that all the specimens [ captured at one place, were always exactly corresponding, but
that already at the next finding-place small deviations were noticeable. — South Brazil, not rare, but very
local and apparently never leaving their flying-place.
B. marginata sp. nov. (132 b), brownish black with an orange-red collar. The apical margin of the
forewing and the whole distal margin of the hindwing, including the xiphoid, honey-yellow. Bahia. The ani-
mal is decidedly influenced in its colours by a form of the Lymnas alena-group or its model. alena itself was taken
only somewhat to the south of it, near Rio de Janeiro, but it is only necessary to look at the animals in
order to conclude that both must occur together, and were not yet taken at the same place only owing to
their great rareness.
33. Genus: Syrmatia Hon.
In this genus the hindwing is still more monstrous than in Barbicornis; the costal margin ot it is greatly
shortened, whereas the anal part of the hindwing accompanies the tail-appendage for a longer distance. All
the forms probably belong only to one species exhibiting a special character at most of the habitats; but it
may be out of the question that more than one form occurs at the same finding-place. The butterflies are wide-
spread, flying in day-time in the suashine at open spaces in the woods, with so great a resemblance with
certain Hymenoptera and Diptera that I always captured them only when I was on the special look-out for
such insects; but never when I was exclusively hunting for butterflies. They seem to be local, but by no
means rare. They mostly choose their resting-place on the tips of the highest branches of high bushes or
small trees. I have never found them on tlowers.
S. dorilas Cr. (= asteris Gray) (132 b). Forewing with a red small basal stripe and an oval white
discal spot which differs somewhat at every habitat. SrrcHeL presumes that the 2 has a white basal streak
at the forewing, which, however, does not match my Santos-99. g and © probably resemble each other,
though differing according to the locality, as is the case in nearly all the American Erycinidae. — The form
without the small red basal band was denoted as nyx Hbn. — In lamia Bates the small basal band is white
and continued across the hindwing; in astraea Stgr. (132 b) it is red on the forewing, light-yellow on the
hindwing: — aethiops Stgr. (132 b) is entirely black, also the white discal spot of the forewing being absent.
— A very peculiar form lies before me from the Coll. Fasst from Villavicencio (Colombia). The g exhibits
the basal spot of the forewing entirely black without the little band; in the disk there is a white oval, about
as in typical dorilas. The hindwing is entirely black; in the 9, however, it exhibits such a broad, entirely
white band that the whole anterior half of the wing appears white except the extreme base being narrow
black. — The range is stated to be South America from the northern coast as far as South Brazil; but
with W. Scuaus I saw a specimen from Costa Rica (forma aethiops).
34. Genus: Zeonia Swans.
By the long-stretched shape of the hindwing being even prolonged by the tail-appendage it resembles
the preceding of which it reminds us also by the restless, almost whizzing flap of its wings. The resemblance
with insects of other classes (especially Hymenoptera) already mentioned in Syrmatia is even increased in
zeonia by the hyaline wings. Body somewhat more stretched than in Syrmatia, otherwise the structure al-
ready approximates the next genus, but with considerably shorter palpi being hardly visible above and pro-
jecting in the Diorina sometimes in the shape of a nose. The butterflies occur singly and very locally, but
most of them are not very rare.
Z. amazon Sndrs. (130g). This amazon-species of which we figure a very large 9° is in itself one of
the largest of the genus. It is characterized by the whole anal half of the hindwings being black, the anal
lobe itself, however, broad vermilion; the tails are relatively short.
Publ. 30. HIT. 1917. DIORINA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 665
Z. timandra Sndrs. (180g) is somewhat smaller; the hindwings, however, are narrower, especially timandra.
in the anal part, the anal lobe itself is broad black, but above it is a small vermilion band under which
there are mostly small white dots. Central and Sonth Brazil; Rio de Janeiro, rare.
Z. licursis F. (= xanthippe Gray, morissei Blech.) (130g as lycursis) likewise from South Brazil (Rio Ticursis.
Grande do Sul). Recognizable by the red in the small anal band being broken up into two small separate appo-
site spots of a variable size.
Z. sylphina Bat. (130g). An imposing form with broad bands, the small anal band being detached sylphina.
from the inner margin of the hindwing, the !atter itself, however, as far as the base of the wing hemochrome
(= typical sylphina) or yellowish-red (ab terpsichore Stich.). Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. — In a ,,subsp.“*, gratiosa ‘erpsichore.
Stich., likewise occurring in Ecuador, but unknown to me, the red anal spots are said to be ,,,ery large“ and 97454
of a ,,violet lustre‘.
Z. heliconides Swns. (= heliconoides Sndrs.) has exactly the size, shape and black bands of sylphina: heliconides.
but the red of the small band of the hindwing which is broad and angularly broken does not continue towards
the base. SwaInson, according tho whose figure I describe the species, states ,,Brazil“’ as its patria, but no
special locality.
Z. faunus #. (octavius F., chorineus Cr.) (130g). This finely banded species is easily recognized by faunus.
the red anal lobe which is only outside delicately bordered in black being drawn out into a red apex. This does
not occur in any other species. Guiana, Amazon, Venezuela and the Isle of Trinidad. —- bogota Sndrs. is some- bogota.
what more strongly banded and margined in black, and the hindwing broader black. Colombia and Central
America. — Also in the fawnus-forms the red may turn into dark yellow, as probably in all the Zeonia; such
specimens are orchestris Stich. orchestris.
Z. batesii Sndrs. (130g). This little species is immediately recognizable by the hyaline area of the batesii.
hindwing not being once more divided by a olack band, as in all the other Zeonia. From the middle Amazon
(Itaituba, Obidos, Rio Tapajoz), rare.
35. Genus: Diorima Mor.
Very much like the preceding genus, recognizable by the greatly projecting palpi; in some 99 they
are longer than the head. The shape of the wings resembles very much the preceding genus, particularly the
long anal margin of the hindwings resembles Zeonia, as well as the sword-like tail-appendage. But the surface of
the wings is no more hyaline, but black with a bright blue reflection in the gg and some 99. Only 2 or 3
species are known, but they vary greatly. The imagines visit wet stones and places in the road in the mor-
ning, sometimes they are also seen playing round the tops of bushes in the sunshine. Their range extends
from Mexico to South Brazil and Bolivia, often being rather common at their habitats.
D. arcius L. (= butes L., licarsis F., rhetus Cr., crameri Swns.) (130 f, misprinted into ancius). This arcius.
butterfly occurs in three forms in its range extending from Mexico to South Brazil and Bolivia: a northern one,
thia Mor. (130f), being distributed all over Mexico and Central America, with very fine hyaline bands and thia.
a bright blue gloss of the upper surface. In especially dry and hot localities the bands are narrowed so
much that they almost disappear; they have changed into fine lines which make the animal appear quite dif-
ferent. This form seems to me to agree with castigatus Stzch. (130 f); it is apparently confined to small districts castigatus.
of Mexico and Panama; the figured specimen originates from the mountains to the north of Agapulco. —
The second form is the southern one, being distributed from Bolivia, Peru and Brazil to the north as far
as the Amazon: it is huanus Sndrs. (1301), recognizable by its smaller size, a duller blue reflection being huanus.
confined almost entirely to the parts of the tail, and by a somewhat undulate distal hyaline band, the proxi-
mal one being broader. — The third form is the typical arcius inhabiting the rest of the range, particularly
Guiana and the adjoining parts of North Brazil; it is still smaller, with broad bands. the 2 with very thin
and long, stronely bent tails. Srromen founds a new subspecies, amyeus, upon a g from Santa Catharina with a amycus.
shortened tail-appendage (,,almost in the shape of dyscnii‘‘).
D. dysonii Sndrs. (130 e). Above of a magnificently lustrous blue; in the 3 the bands of the wings dysonii.
are only seen shining through the blue, showing through from beneath; in typical dysonzi less, but more in those
occurring in the south of the range, Peru and Bolivia, and (according to STICcHEL) again in Panama. — psecas psecas.
Sndrs. (oldros Fruhst.) (120 e). The 92 is beneath almost exactly like the g, but of somewhat duller colours.
Above it has also the marking of the ¢, but instead of the deep blackish blue colouring of the patches between
the transverse bands we notice a dull dark grey with a very faint bluish leaden-grey lustre, the transverse bands
themselves being dirty whitish-grey. The butterflies are common at their habitats and often gather in num-
bers in the morning at drinking-places. The species is easily distinguishable from periander to which it is
not dissimilar, by the more distinct bands of the upper surface and by the more complete, continuous, small
red anal band of the hindwing.
V S4
periander.
NAevIANUS.
eleusinus.
arthurianus.
calphurnia.
delphinia.
666 RODINIA; ANCYLURIS. By Dr. A. Srrrz.
D. periander Cr. (= iphinoé Godt., laonome Sndrs.) (130d). 3 magnificently lustrous cyane-blue;
forewing with a quite faintly lighter, thin oblique stripe, which is stronger only in ab. naevianus Stich. and
joined, in Mexican specimens, by another analogous stripe of the hindwing. On the hindwing the anal area
is spotted in red, but the small macular band does not extend so far as in dysonit. In specimens from Guiana
and Peru the spotting is mostly strong, with a somewhat longer small red band, in Brazilian specimens ze-
neraily weaker, only at the inner margin. Some South Brazilians (not all of them) are said to be more exten-
sively blue and their 2° to have above no proximal band of the forewing (= eleusinus Stich.). The materiel
before me, containing about 300 specimens (in the Tring Museum alone there are several hundreds of pe-
riander, in my collection 30), shows that here a variation does not take place according to countries, but
according to finding-places (maybe altitudes ?); thus there occur specimens with a white band of the forewing
and without it in Peru, such with a tight band of the hindwing in Mexico and again in South Peru. while it
is absent in specimens from Colombia being situated between (= lacnome) and so on. The whole range is
enormously extensive. The species is distributed from Mexico all over Central and South America as far as
South Brazil to the east and Bolivia to the west. The animals are sometimes rarer, sometimes more common,
but they are especially keenly collected for their charming colours; they may be baited and are easily taken;
they come to the water and strongly scenting stuff and fly near open spaces in the woods, where some rays
of the sun may touch the ground during the day.
D. arthurianus Z.-Sh. (180 e). This butter fly is so far known only from Goyaz (from the Araguaya).
The 3 above black, almost without blve reflection, with a strong white oblique band, the hindwing with a red
spot at the inner margin and a small red band behind which there are white dots on the under surface.
The most remarkable difference is to be seen beneath, where the 3 (maybe also the 2) is entirely without the
small proximal light band.
36. Genus: Rodinia Ww. (= Euerciina Sndrs.).
The butterflies at first sight greatly resemble the 9° of the genus Diorina, from which, however, they
differ rather much from an anatomical point of view*). Whereas in Diorina the first subcostal vein of the
forewing (about as in Zeonia) rises from the anterior cellular angle and all the other subcostal branches rise
behind it, in Rodinia the three first subcostal branches rise before the cell-end. In Rodinia the discocellulars
are placed more transversely, in Diorina the cells — particularly in the hindwing — end so obliquely that
the upper cell-wall is scarcely more than half as long as the lower one. In some Diorina (periander) not
only the upper, but also the lower median vein crosses the tail-appendage, in Redinia the latter ends before
the base of the tail at the inner margin. Furthermore, the palpi of Rodinia on account of the middle joint
being shortened, are so diminished that they are scarcely visible from above, whereas in Diorina they project
like a nose. The Redinia of which only 2 forms are known must be extremely rare, for among the more than
100 000 American Hrycinidae which I was able to compare I only saw 3 or 4 specimens. They live on the
Amazon River and are said to fly very fast.
R. calphurnia Sndrs. (110 Af). Dark brown with a white median band which, however, does not reach
the base of the tail on the hindwing. Before its end begins a red diffuse spot extending as far as into the base
of the tail. Upper Amazon.
R. delphinia Stgr. (110 Af). The white median band is diffusely continued through the tail-appendage.
Lower Amazon.
37. Genus: Aneyluris Hbn.
These conspicuously coloured, neat butterflies belong to the most beautiful of their kind on the face
of the globe. We often find above scarlet cr orange bands on a deep blackish brown ground and beneath
a magnificent blue or green metallic colouring, the total appearance being still more prominent by hemo-
chrome spots of the under surface or white dots. Also the shape of the broadly stretched wings is mostly
distinguished by a graduated lobing in the anal part of the hindwing, and sometimes there is in addition
a violet-blue or cyaneous reflection of the upper surface. Morphologically, the genus proves to be so nearly
allied both to Diorina and the following Necyria that the separation is sometimes not easy. The most obvious
difference from Necyria may be the abnormously shaped hindwings, whereas the Diorina are easity discernible
by the palpi being visible from above. The head of the Ancyluris is broad with a flatly convex forehead,
the eyes very large, the palpi short and appressed, the siphon long and fine, antennae very straight and slender,
at the ends eercele noticeably thickened. Thorax strong and regular, the middle- -legs (especially the tibiae
long; abdomen in the ¢ slender and pointed, forewing with a long and pointed apical part, hindwing with an
anal part being pro ended to a lobe. The wings in the living insect are extremely delicate and soft, so that
it is most difficult to procure undamaged specimens. At one and the same flying-place one mostly meets
with but 1, hardly ever more than 2 forms, and we are induced to assume that many of the numerous
and often scarcely distinguishable species which were set up are only subraces of few species representing each
other in the different districts; this supposition is also forced upon us by a number of specimens exhibiting
to the left broader, narrower or differently coloured bands, than to the right. We, therefore, although there
*) Kirpy places them between Nymphidium and Theope, STICHEL between Dysmathia and Thisbe: MENGEL more
luckily places them near Lymnas; their resemblance to Diorina is probably merely external.
ANCYLURIS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 667
are constant differences distinctly noticeable, often combine several forms, in case they prove to be confined
to finding-places, but not to districts being definable with respect to the fauna. They are then nothing else
but sub-races picked out ad libitum or by chance, just as they were before the author, and their separation
would necessitate an almost never ending continuation of further descriptions which would also be in future
increased by every fresh exploitation of a new finding-place. Many species are rather common at their habi-
tats. They come to the water early in the morning and, in day-time, they fly round the tops of high bushes.
A. aulestes Cr. Blackish-brown with a straight and entirely uniform band of the upper surface, which
may be sometimes narrower, more scarlet, sometimes broad and very bright red. The 3 is characterized by
the small red anal band extending with its middle tip far into the anal lobe of the tail. The 2 may have
white, yellow or also red bands; it even occurs, as the figured 9 shows, with yellowish-brown bands; but
the middle bands are always straight and in the hindwing they bend round towards the middle of the inner
margin in an almost right (though not sharp) angle. Beneath, the 3 is of a deep metallic blue with dark
shades being differently distributed at every habitat; of the red bands there has remained here the end of
the band of the forewing before the inner angle and the angular part of the band of the hindwing. It is
not possible to define geographically the numerous forms of which there are before me about 10 more roughly
discernible ones; STICHEL tried to do so in 1909, but he partly gave it up again in 1910. In order to maintain
the names applied to them as much as possible, we may distinguish the very narrow-banded gg, to which
there are white-banded 99 before me, as eryxo Sndrs. (129g), broader-banded ones as lamprotaenia Stich.
(129 f), and those with very broad and bright red bands as oliveticia Sigr. 7. J. The numerous transitions
of these variations may very well remain nameless. The 92 may have whitish bands (eryao), yellow (tadema
Stgr.) to brownish bands (aulesies typica) or also red ones (aulica Stich.). glaphyra Sndrs. has, like tadema a
yellow, though much broader median band. — jocularis Stich. (129f; g) are $3 with red bands on the upper
surface as thin as a thread; at some finding-places they occur in uncommonly great numbers, especially in
Colombia, and they are usually contained in the so-called ,,Bogota-Collections‘*. — ab. vastata Stich. is the
denomination of a very common aberration which looks very much altered by the red band above being ab-
sent on one or both wings or being incomplete or interrupted. Sometimes in the 3 the band of the upper sur-
face is white instead of red (= insolita Stich.); we figure such a specimen. In spite of some 30 99 before us
we cannot discover 2 quite equal ones, since they all originate from different collections (consequently from
different finding-places). The small red anal band is mostly far remote from the median band, but it may
also touch it and be broadly confluent with is, what may occur in 29 with yellow, brown and white bands.
— pandama Sndrs. (129g, 130a) which I figure according to specimens taken in November, is a rather
large race with very uniform red bands; 2° of it I have not captured; normal specimens are said to be provided
with bright red bands; from Santos in South America. Finally there occur also gg with a light band in the
distal part of the forewing and such with a faint hue of a blue reflection between the red median band and
the distal margin. Among the more than 1000 specimens of this species before me, of which there are
alone several hundreds in the Tring Museum, the above-mentioned characters occur combined in manifcld
variations; any further denominations of these combinations would only lead to a confusion. — The aulestes
are good flyers; I only found them at an open space in the woods, but always at the same bush from the top
of which they sometimes were playfully whirling up. They were not easy to capture. — Northern parts of South
America to Peru and South Brazil.
A. meliboeus F. (129 d,e). Very much like the preceding species, but in the ¢ there is instead cf the
small undulated red band before the anal lobe of the hindwing a red crescent. Among the very numerous
forms of this species there are also such forming the transition to the preceding, so that I doubt whether
both groups can be sharply separated. Here are also forms with median bands as thin as a thread, which,
of course, can be denominated just as much (or as little) as in aulestes and which probably represent the
rubrofilum Stich. (129 e). SrauprnceERs i.-l.-denomination boliviana was for good reasons not used by STICHEL,
for rubrofilum occurs also outside of Bolivia, and in Bolivia itself there are also found such with broader bands.
— julia Sndrs. (129 e) is a form with very glaring-red markings on a jet-black ground, with more intensely
white-chequered fringes and with a broad anal crescent of the hindwing, the margin of which is deeper un-
dulated. The © (always?) exhibits a white transverse stripe between the red band and the distal margin. —
eudaemon Stich. is without the light dot near the base o1 the hindwing, which is said to occur always in typical
33 of meliboeus; the red band of the forewing also stands steeper and in the hindwing it terminates at the
inner margin nearer to the anal angle, whereby the Q is said to be recognizable. — In miniola Bat. the small
whitish basal spot of the male hindwing is present, but the shape of the wings is different; the apical part
of the forewing is broader and the anal lobe of the hindwing is more prolonged; the red median band uncom-
monly broad. — mendita Drc. has a flatter position of the band of the forewing and, in contrast with the pre-
ceding form, shorter and rounder anal lobes of the hindwings. — In melior Stich. the faint blue lustre of the
distal area of the preceding form is stronger, particularly in the anal area of the hindwing also above:
a faint bluish lustre suffuses the whole upper surface in a very oblique light, producing on the median band
a more dull crimson than scarlet colour. The names pyretus Cr., pyritus Hffag., pyrete Hbn., phonia Stich.,
silvicultriz Stich. I take to be denominations of quite insignificant transitions; etias Sndrs. (129f) is a form
aulestes.
ery xo.
lamprotae-
nia.
olivencia.
tadema.
aulica.
glaphyra.
jocularis.
vastata.
insolita.
pandama.
meliboeus.
rubrojilum.
julia.
eudaenon.
miniola.
mendita.
melior.
etias.
paetula.
gracilis.
tedea.
colubra.
ponrposa.
mira.
lriglitis.
haumasia.
huascar.
sepyrd.
Jalifasciata.
cacica.
callias.
jurgenseni.
alahualpa.
Jormosissi-
Ma.
aristodorus.
inca.
668 ANCYLURIS. By Dr. A. SEtrz.
in which the band of the forewing either becomes extinct below the subcostal or is continued (aberratively)
in irregular undulations. SaunpERs figure is inexact, the left differs from the right, the band is straight,
the fringes of the hindwings are white. — paetula Stich. has the wing-contour and upper surface similar
to etias, but the red spot at the inner margin of the forewing and near the anal angle of the hindwing smaller,
particularly the latter: Peru, unknown to me. — gracilis Stich. is said to be more slender than the type, with
a broad band, the band of the hindwing ,,not bent posteriorly, but terminating near the anal transverse stripe“.
— tedea Cr. (129g) to which the description of miniola Bat. is also very well applicable, is at once conspi-
cuous by the very pointed shape of the wings of the ¢ greatly resembling that of colubra. — The 29 are
nearly always red-banded; only tedea-22 have dull light-yellow bands, the band of the hindwing being inter-
rupted above the anal fold; the figured Q originates from Paramaribo. — From Colombia, Guiana and Para
so Peru and Bolivia.
A. colubra Sndrs. (130 a). The forewings are conspicuously pointed, with an entirely straightly deli-
mitated distal margin which, at the inner angle of the 3, even projects into a tip. The median band of the
hindwing quite straight; it runs towards the very broad anal crescent before the centre of which it ends poin-
ted, whereas in aulestes and melibceus it turns round there and runs towards the middie of the inner margin.
Venezuela, Amazon to Peru. — pomposa Stich. from the Upper Amazon, which is not before me, seems to
form a transition to the preceding species. The shape is like in cclubra, i. e. the forewings pointed, the hind-
wing without a distinctly defined anal lobe, but the red median stripe on the hindwing turns round towards
the middle of the inner margin, so that the marking greatly approximates that of melior.
A. mira Hew. (130 a) has above almost exactly the marking of colubra (130 a), but the small anal
band is broader; the forewings, however, are not so pointed as they are there; the under surface of the 3
is-much duller blue than in all the preceding species. Lying before me only from Peru, but it is said to
oceur also in Bolivia. The red mediaa band on the forewing is mostly 1 to 2, sometimes 2 to 3 mm broad.
(== triglitis Siich.*)), —- thaumasia Stich. (130 a) from Bolivia (the figured specimen from Oroya, 3000 m) has
a very broad, smal! anal band, but the red median band on the hindwing is absent. — The species is appa-
rently not rare at its habitats.
A. huasear Sndvs. (139 a, bj. Immediately recognizable by tiie smali ied anal band being absent in
the 3; instead of it there often appear, in the anal lobe of the hindwing, light punctiform spots in a blue
iridescent area. The red median band varies to such an extent that similar specimens can only be collected
at the same flying-place. Just like the band of the forewing varies in width, that of the hindwing varies
in length; it may be shortened to the shape of a spot, below pointed, bent down like a hook (= sepyra
Hew. 130 a), or continued with a darkened end etc. In case the band of the forewing be greatly expanded,
we have latifasciata Lathy before us; if it is shortened, we have cacica Fldr. (= zinna Kq.); — it is narrower
in eallias Fidr.; it may also be quite straight or slightly curved. These sub-races are not bound to certain
patriae. Specimens taken by Fasst in October near Mineiro (Colombia) differ from those from the Rio Dagua
by their small size, a lighter red and a much smaller red spot at the middle ot the inner margin of the hind-
wing beneath. huascar is not a common butterfry, but as it is conspicuous for its beauty and easy to
capture, it is nearly always contained in the Bogota-Collections probably mostly originatiag from Muzo
(Colombia). — The Q is not before me, but it presumably resembles that of jurgensent (130 b).
A. jurgenseni Sndrs. (= montezeuma Sndrs., erigone Bsd.) (130b). In the 3 a series of spots with
a magnificent blue gloss lies behind the crimson band in the distal part of the hindwing; 9 with a white common
median band being marked in red at the beginning and end. Anal lobe of the hindwing red, marked in white
and blue. From Central America to Mexico. — atahualpa Sndrs. (130 b) is quite similar and replaces the
species in Colombia; here the bluish-green spots of the upper surface are more intense, the red stripes more
bright red than crimson, the red spot in the anal lobe of the hindwing is absent altogether. The @ has only
the transverse lower end of the white band on the hindwing bright red, not also a part of the rising band
as in jurgensent. The species is local, but not rare at its habitats.
A. formesissima Hew. (= venerabilis Stich.) (130 c). It somewhat resembles the @ of the preceding
species, but the white median band is much broader, inflated in the middle, almost its whole part of the
hindwing above with a red tinge, beneath very bright red. Ecuador, Peru. In order to demonstrate that the
width of the bands is not constant in formosissima, I have purposely figured a narrow-banded specimen from
beneath and a broad-banded specimen from above. Between the two is Hewirsons type; | have at any rate
not seen two entirely equal specimens. Captured in August and September in la Merced (Peru) at an altitude
of 3000 m (Simons).
A. aristodorus Mor. (130 c). Smaller, otherwise similarly coloured as formosissima; the white median
band narrower, beneath continued in red. Amazon; the figured specimen from Teffé (Ega) was taken in
November 1907. The wanton destruction of the woods in the caoutchouc-districts at the banks of the
Amazon seems to have swept away particularly also the flying-places of this butterfly, for which reason it is
rare in collections. The © is not before me.
A. inea Sndrs. (= lais Bsd.) (130). 3 with a golden-yellow oblique band of the forewing and black
hindwings. with a blue reflection before the anal lobe.. The 2 may be like the 3, only with a broader,
more oblique band of the forewing; this, however, may vary in width, length and shape to such an extent that
there are scarcely two specimens alike and it is impossible to maintain names for these deviations of the bands.
*) The figured specimen ranks between typical mira and the (not definable) triglitis. :
CYRENIA; NECYRIA. By Dr. A. Sgrrz. 669
The band is nearly always continued also on the hindwing which then, however, exhibits frequently only a
small crange-yellow triangle in the centre of the costa. We also figure a specimen (from beneath) in which
the orange band traverses broadly the whole hindwing above and beneath, ending broadly at the inner margin.
Mexico and Central America to Colombia. — In ocolle Sndrs. (= pausias Fldr.) (130 c¢, d) the light yellow
narrow band runs through both the wings also in the g. Colombia.
A. pulchra Hew. (130d). Forewing of the $ with a red, very oblique band-like spot; hindwing with
a band-shaped blue reflection being parted by the veins. Peru, Ecuador. — In miranda Hew. (130d) from
Bolivia the spot of the forewing is vermilion instead of miniate, more upright and with an outwardly convex
distal margin. The blue iridescent spot of the hindwing is cuneiform. — sogamuxi Fass! represents miranda
in Colombia; the band or the ferewing is shaped like in miranda, but not of such a glaring colour and not
so sharply defined; the blue band of the hindwing is narrower and very brilliant. — In the form xanthozona
Stich.’ from Peru the spot of the forewing is orange. — In formosa Hew. from Ecuador the red spot of the
fore ving is narrower, the blue spot of the hindwing broader than in miranda. — Not very rare.
38. Genus: Cyrenia Ww.
Clumsy, stoutly built animals with broad wings, the forewings have not the long-extended apical part
cf the preceding grown. Metal colours are absent, but there are white central clouds and hemochrome lu-
minous spots. The colouring is otherwise insignificant. The butterflies are rather vare, being distribuied
from Panama throughout Colombia and the Amazon district to Bolivia.
C. martia Ww. (130d). Very likely all the forms of this genus, except belphegor Ww. from the Ama-
zon being unknown to me, belong to one species, as they are distinguished by the size and intensity of the
white spot of the hindwing. — pyrippe Godm. and Salv. is the smalier form from Panama; it has shorter,
rounder hindwings than marcia, their marking being hardly visible, the white discal spot obsolete. — ab.
androgyne Stich. is, according to the author’s figure, the form without the white spot of the hindwing. It
is, however, impossible to found a subspecies upon it, because specimens with entirely grey hindwings rarely
occur everywhere among the original species and there are, on the other hand, also specimens from Bolivia
possessing the white spot of the hindwing.
39. Genus: Neeyria Ww.
The forms belonging to this genus exactly agree with the preceding genus in the structure of the body;
the broad head with the vaulted forehead beyond which the bent-up palpi are hardly projecting, the short,
laterally glaringly coloured abdomen, the bright red spots of the wings which are at least beneath always
present, the antennae attaining a length of more than half the costa and being scarcely thickened at the tips.
as well as the whole habitus join the genus to the preceding Cyrenia as well as to the following Lyropterya.
From Cyrenia and Ancyluris, however, they are distinguished by the regular shape of the wings, the hind-
wings exhibiting neither angulations nor the formation of lobes or tails. It seems that the genus consists of but
very few, extremely variable species. At least the three frequently occurring species show that constant forms
are living at the single flying-places, but that specimens of the same species from two different flying-places
are hardly ever eqnal. Aiso in the habits the Necyria seem to resemble the preceding genera; they certainly
remain very much hidden like these.
N. bellona. This species is above black with a dull steei-gloss which grows more intense only in the
marginal part of the hindwings, where it forms radiate pointed wedges. Also beneath it is much duller than
in the Ancyluris and is sometimes altogether absent in the disc of the hindwing. Beneath there are hemo-
chrome band-like spots. — In whyteliana Dre. (129 b) flying in Peru and recently brought in great numbers
from Pozuzo these spots may also show through above, though the male upper surface is often without true
red bands; only below the middle of the inner margin on the hindwing a hemochrome spot faintly shows through
from beneath, in some specimens, as in the figured one, it is scarcely noticeable. SticHEL denotes such spe-
cimens without any red on the upper surface as forma obliterata. — Ia westwoodi Hpffr. (129 b) this inner mar-
ginal spot is already more distinct, and also on the forewing a small costal cell-end-band shows through above.
From Marcapata being separated from Bolivia only by a narrow range of hills. — In enyo ferm. nov. (129 b, c),
from the interior of Bolivia, the red bands do not only show through from beneath, but they are also above
glaring hemochrome running as an uninterrupted chain of spots on the hindwing-as far as to its centre. —
In the typical bellona Ww. (129c) from Bolivia, the adjoining Brazil and the southern parts of Peru they
are greatly expanded, beneath particularly on the hindwing, above on the forewing. The butterflies are local,
but not rare.
N. duellona W. (129c). The blue lustre is confined to a macular band, but of a much more luminous
metallic colour than in bellona, warming into greenish, and the red inner marginal spot of the under surface
of the hindwing is oviform. Ecuador.
N. saundersi Hew. (= hewitsonii Sndrs.) (129¢). Also the 2 has the blue, brilliant macular chain
on the upper surface of the hindwings. The forewing exhibits a light red band being in the © bright light red
and traversing the whole forewing as far as towards the anal angle, whereby the species is distinguished from
ocollo.
pulchra.
miranda.
SOYATIUTI.
xanthozona.
formosa.
martia.
belphegor.
pyrippe-
androgyne.
whyteliana.
obliterata.
westwood.
enyo.
bellona.
duellona.
saundersi.
juturna.
zaneta.
manco.
julminatria.
lindigii.
incendiaria.
beltiana.
diva.
veltulonia.
larunda.
ingaretha.
670 LYROPTERYX. By Dr. A. Serrz.
the preceding ones; from the following it differs by the red band of the forewing in the 9 not being con-
tinued on the hindwing. Colombia; lying before me from the Upper Rio Negro, 800 m, collected by Fassn.
— juturna Hew. is quite a similar form from Ecuador, the 9 of which has the red band of the forewing only
half as broad and no blue spots of the hindwing. The species seems to be rate.
N. zaneta Hew. (129c). In the ¢ of this Ecuador-form, being very closely allied to the preceding
species, the metallic macular band has been converted into a continuous stripe running in the forewing right
across the centre, in the hindwing along the margin. The abdominal sides of the 3 exhibit an extremely
fine yellow streak.
N. manco Sndrs. (129d). The ¢ has a thin red median streak across both wings and behind it
a bluish-green metallic macular band. Both the bands vary and may grow so thin and faint that they are
extinct in some parts. If they are entirely broken up into small spots, we have the form fulminatrix Fldr.
Instead of red (as they fly near Pacho, Colombia), there occur also orange-banded 29 as we have figured
according to a specimen probably originating from Muzo. The yellow Q-form is more common going by
the name of lindigii F/dr., although this name ought be used only for those specimens the orange median band
of which exhibits a pale violet reflexion. — In this species, the median band varying enormously in width
and delimitation, it is also hardly possible to find two 2° being alike, because owing to the relative rarity of
the O° it is difficult to obtain two specimens from the same flying-place. The denomination ot the side-forms,
such as butleria Dre., lindigii, aurantiaca and so on, is therefore of little value: The $3 are not very rare.
They also show deviations, for instance the red median band may disappear except a tapering small band
at the costa of the hindwing (= incendiaria Thieme) or it may be entirely absent except few small scales;
the 292 belonging to them also exhibit above deviations in the glaringly-coloured median band.
N. vetulonia. This species already forms the transition to the next genus. The blue submarginal
spots have already become radiatiformly arranged pointed wedges. In beltiana Hew. (129d) from Central
America (Costa Rica, Nicaragua) the blue wedges are traversed by a white median streak (in the 2 broader
than in the 3). — In diva Sigr. (129 c) flying in Colombia the scarlet spots at the middle of the inner margin
of both wings being visible in 4e/tiana only beneath are present also above in a luminous red. — In vetu-
lonia Hew. (129d) the radiatiform spots are broader and the red spots are increased beneath not far from
the base; from Ecuador. — larunda G. and S. originates from Guatemala: it exhibits a blue reflection on
both surfaces and the white rays are longer, beginning already in the centre of the wing. — Greatly approxi-
mating the 9° of vetulonia is
N. ingaretha Hew. (142e) which ought already to be reckoned to the following genus, since it has
entirely the structure and shape of Lyropteryx. The uncommonly broad wings, of which the forewings exhibit
apollonia.
cleadas.
a short costal margin and inner margin and a border being curved in uniform bows, are like in veétwlonia — 99
decorated with a wreath of submarginal white cuneiform rays. Beneath, however, the hindwings show a
very large red inner-marginal spot of an almost triangular shape. The species is before me from Orosi (Costa
Rica), from the Coll. Fassit; Satviy and GopMaAN mention it from Nicaragua.
40. Genus: Lyropteryx lw.
This genus is immediately recognizable by the very broad wings and the clumsy body. The costal
margin of the wings is relatively short, the distal margin, however, particularly at the forewing, very long
and bent uniformly. By including diadocis Stich. the genus does not remain confined to the species which
are closely allied to each other and uniformly shaped, with a round border of the hindwing, but it also
contains forms with a long-stretched anal part of the hindwings. Another characteristic may be the great
distance between the submedian and the lower median vein.
L. apollonia Ww. (129 a). This species is unmistakable: the inner swo thirds of the wings are above
velvety-black, the outer third is traversed by bluish-green, white-dusted rays. the hindwings near the base
with a red guttiform spot; beneath scarcely the (basal) half of the wings is velvety-black, as the rays begin
alheady in the centre of the wings; the inner part of the wings is spotted in purple. These spots may be
all or partly faded, and there are before me several unsymmetrical specimens, where they are on one side
whitish, while the corresponding spots of the other side are red; this is, therefore, only an abnormity. A
similar case may be the discoloration of the rays into lighter (canens Stich.) or darker blurred spets; nor
are the rays always cf the same length, which variation is probably due to the different catching-places
of this rather local animal. Brazil end Bolivia to the north as far as Ecuader. — From Colombia to Gua-
temala flies the form cleadas Dre. (129 a,b), the g of which has shorter rays that are confined to the outer
quaiter of the wings and beneath less red spots. — The 29 are beneath coloured like the gg, but above
they have sometimes a red margin; the latter is in the normal apollonia-2 confined to the hindwings, but
NOTHEME; MONETHE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 671
it may also be continued through the forewing (Jyra Sndrs, 129 a), what creates quite a different appearance, lyra.
particularly if the red band withdraws from the border towards the costa of the forewing (= olivia Bilr.). olivia.
L. terpsichore Ww. (= zygaena Stich.) (129 b). Beneath very similar to the preceding, but the red terpsichore.
spots partly show through above, so that the upper surface has also red guttiform spots. Moreover, the rays
are more intensely white, in Bolivians from Buenavista quite purely white. According to the abundant
material before me, side-rorms are not to be maintained. Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay; everywhere rare.
L. diadocis Stich. (142 i) of which only the specimen in STauDINGERs collection is known to me, being diadocis.
copied here, has on the forewing an orange oblique band and less intense rays which become distinct almost
only on the hindwings. From Sao Paulo da Olivenga on the Amazon River.
41, Genus: Notheme Wvw.
The species forming this genus attains scarcely half the size of Lyropteryx, but still it approximates _
the latter genus and the allied Necyria. In the veins the sole deviation consists in the cells of the wings being
not so oblique, but more straightly cut off, whereby a transition is formed to Monethe. The formation
of the antennae, the palpi, the vaulted forehead are like in Lyropteryx, but the eyes are larger, the abdomen
more slender, at the sides not glaringly coloured end the body somewhat more strongly haired. The No-
theme are easily recognized by the shape and the sinuous yellowish or whitish median band of the wings.
They are met with singly on open spaces in the woods where they bustle about in the sunshine.
N. eumeus 7’. (= ouranus Dol.) (1821). Ona blackish ground we see a bone-yellow, irregular median eumeus.
band, being on the hindwing of a rusty discoloration at the anal end; before the border of the hindwing
a very fine silvery-blue line, being sometimes only indicated by tew small scales. Specimens from Cuzco in
Peru are only half as large as typical specimens from Guiana, and the median band is more regular and
of a purer whice; for Peruvian specimens STICHEL proposes the name of diadema; but as he states its ocurrence diadema.
also in the Amazon district, Colombia and Ecuador. it seems not to be a delimitable form *). — erota Cr. erota.
(132 h) has the median band yolk-coloured. — angellus Stich. (132i) is the southern form (Paraguay, South angellus.
Brazil) with an irregular, in some places extinct band (= hemicosmeta Stich.). The median band is generally
narrowet in southern specimens than in those from the northern parts of South America. — In agathon Fldr. agathon.
(321) it is more irregular, on the hindwing spotted in rusty yellow at the costa and the anal angle; likewise
from South Brazil. Not rare and distributed over the whole of Tropical South America.
42. Genus: Monethe Ww.
The species forming this genus are closely allied to each other. They are black and pale yellow
coloured butterflies, rather small, in the structure of the body similar to the Lyrepteryx, but distinguished
by the triangular forewings being sharply angled in the anal angle and by the rather pointed, long-stretched
anal part of the hindwings, at which the fringes are prolonged to a short beard. The formation of the head,
antennae and palpi do not deviate from that of the Lyropterya; in both wings the discocellulars are some-
what longer, so that the upper median vein branches off tarther in front ot the cell-end of the forewing
than in Lyropteryx and Notheme, where it comes almost out ot the lower cell-angle. The forms of the genus
seem to replace one another, so that presumably nowheres more than one species occurs.
M. alphonsus Ff. (1321). The forewing exhibits on the basal part of the median a yellow cuneiform alphonsus.
streak being slightly thickened in the centre cf the wing. Beneath grey with distinct black veins. South
Brazil.
M. albertus Fidr. (1321) has above in the disc of the forewing a large oval yellow spot, differs, albertus.
however, particularly beneath by showing sharply defined yellow discal spots and no black veins. Colombia,
Western Amazon to Bolivia. — In leucobalia Sich. (133 a, as leucobolia) the light spots ot the upper surface leucobalia.
are white instead of yellow; it lies before me only from Bolivia. — In ab. carens form. nov. (133 a) the carens.
apical part of the forewing above is without the yellow blurred spot and benetth the yellow subapical band
is narrower; a yellow nucleiform spot being always in the anal part of the hindwing ot albertus, is entirely
absent; it is found wherever the typical form occurs, but presumably scarcely at the same flying-place.
Transitions are of frequent occurrence, since the yellow spotting varies at every habitat. — rudolphus G. rudolphus.
a. S. (= cajetanus Stgr.) (183 a) has much yellow beneath and is above all to be recognized by the under
surface of the hindwing exhibiting 5 or 6 small white spots in the brown distal margin. Colombia, especially
near Muzo and, therefore, in the so-called ,,Bogota-Collections’*. — paraplesius from French Guiana is a paraplesius.
SticHEL-form; the yellow spot of the upper surface is said to be larger and the marginal kernels of the under
surface of the hindwings to be ,,yellowish and partly hazy instead of distinctly white**. Both these indivi-
dualities, however, vary greatly. rudolphus is regarded as a species of its own; but as there are transitions
of all the Monethe-forms to each other, it is very possible that all of them are only local forms of one
total species. All the forms are rather common.
. *) According to STICHEL, the band of the forewing of diadema is somewhat variable, ,,anteriorly sometimes very
little, posteriorly, however, mostly considerably narrowed, at the proximal side almost straight. distally expanded convex
or obtuse angled‘.
molione.
cleatus.
672 PARAPHTHONITA;: COLACITICUS; HOPFFERIA: ZELOTAEA. By Dr. A. Surrz.
43. Genus: Paraphthonia Stich.
This genus is based upon a species described as Monethe, but it may, just like the following genus,
not be at its proper place here, but rather belong near Avicoris. Distinguished from all the similar genera
by far-projecting palpi. The 9° (unknown to me) probably have still longer palpi than the gg. I presume
also that the species are dimorphous in the sexes. They are rare butterflies of the Peruvian mountains.
P. molione Godm. (127h). 3 bright yolk-colovred. The distal margin is broad black, as well as
the costal margin and the apical part of the forewing; in the latter we notice a lemon-coloured oblique
diffuse spot. Pebas.
P. cteatus sp. nov. (142 e). Disc of the wings of a bright miniate colour, hindwing with black veins;
the oblique diffuse spot in the black apical part of the forewing is an obliquely-oval, dull whitish brightening.
Under surface similar to the upper one, with duller colours. Carabaya; the type (in the Tring-Museum)
-was taken near San Domingo at an altitude of 6000 ft.
johnstoni.
jordani.
banghaasi.
luculenta.
44. Genus: Colacitieus Stich.
In the veins like the preceding genus, but the cell of the forewing is shorter. The palpi are not only
far-projecting, but are besides greatly prolonged, almost like in the 22 of Aricoris. Before the border a
silvery line.
C. johnstoni Dannatt. (127h). Wings lemon-coloured with a broad black border, in which on the
hindwing (in some specimens also on the forewing) a fine silvery line runs along the distal margin. In the
forewing the apical part and the costal margin are also black, also at the cell-end a small cross-bar appearing
sometimes as a knob, but also as a hair-line streak. The species is distributed over the whole of Tropical
South America and its appearance presumably conforms with the species of Cyllopoda flying at the same
place. The butterflies most exactly resemble these yellow and black Cyllopoda so that it must be difficult
to recognize them when they are flying, which may be the reason of their being rarely found in collections.
In one specimen from ,,Brazil in the Tring Museum, the cell-end is crossed by a broad black band running
to the anal angle, and since the form shows such an entirely different appearance, I denominate it jordani
(142 e). The silvery antemarginal line is well developed on the hindwing, on the forewing distinctly deve-
loped only in the apex. — Conformably to another Cyllopoda is a form from Cuyaba in which the yellow
area is also intersected on the hindwing; I call it banghaasi (142 e). Type in the Coll. Banc-Haas. — There
certainly occur still more modifications of the marking; the denominated ones may be distinct species.
45. Genus: Hopfferia Sigr.
The only species belonging hereto entirely differs in the marking and colouring from the genus Si-
seme to which it was reckoned; it is greyish-blue with a roval yellow costal stripe of the hindwing. The
hindwings have an entirely round border without a projecting anal part. The sole species lives in Peru.
H. luculenta Hrsch. (= militaris Hpffr.) (133 e). Light slate-blue, upper surface finely veined in
black, hindwing with a broad, very bright yellow costal stripe. The latter runs beneath at the inner margin
also over to the forewing. Peru, local.
46. Genus: Zelotaea Bat.
The only species of this genus imitates pieris from the genus Leucidia. It has a conspicuous conglobate
head with a thin neck. All the wings are rounded with a very convex distal margin; the costal ends already
before the middle of the costa into the costal margin. The subcostal of the forewing sends forth the first
_and second branch before, the 3rd one far beyond the cell-end, the 4th branches off far before apex. The
phasma.
achroa.
pellex.
cell of the hindwing scarcely shorter than that of the forewing. The butterflies are pretty rarely found in
collections, the reason of which may be that they are taken for the Leucidia which are extremely common
at their habitats and, therefore, left unnoticed. Their systematic classification is uncertain. DOUBLEDAY
ranges them in Pandemos, while SticHeL ranks them beside it. According to the peculiar formation of
the body they have nothing whatever to do with this genus, but much rather belong closer to the genera
Lymnas, Themone etc. with a similar formation of the neck. Pandemos has long palpi projecting far in
the ©, differently formed legs, a short neck with the head placed flatly on it, and entirely different veins.
S. phasma Bat. More or less dull white; a stripe at the costa of the forewing, the border and a
dull transverse stripe behind the cell pale brownish. Teffé. — In achroa Bat. (128i) likewise from the
Amazon (described from the Tapajoz) the brownish-grey shading is more intense on both sides; — pellex
Publ. 17. IV. 1917. URANEIS: ESTHEMOPSIS. . By Dr. A. Surrz. 673
Sigr. (128i) is almost entizvely white, only before the border slightly yellowishly darkened and with a yel-
lowish-brown under surface. — dubia. Bat. and the hardly differing eidothea Btlr. form the intermediary dubia.
between pellex and phasma, being darker than pellex, lighter than phasma. They are forms of the eastern “444
coast of Brazil, dubia occurring in the north (near Para), :eidothea in South Brazil. The latter is white with
greyish-brown veins and a broad marginal band of the forewing, being the broadest at the costa and nar-
rowed in the second median interspace. Hindwing beneath of a dull white or pale ochreous tinge.
A?. Genus: Urameis But.
A number of forms of this genus may be divided among quite few species which have fortunately
received but few denominations. They copy black, hyaline-spotted Cyllopodinae or Pericopiinae, the latter of
which are protected by the secretion of oil out of the thorax. The consequence of this imitation is an ex-
tensive polymorphism, since the imitators have to copy now this model, then the other; but they all are
black with whitish or hyaline spots and a blue reflection. The palpi are well visible from above, projecting,
of medium length; the cell of the forewing of almost half the length of the wing, the cell of the: hindwing
only quite short. There is a remarkable difference in the shape of the hindwings. The Uraneis are not
rare, but difficult to discover from among ‘the great number of hyaline ighoniinne and Heterocera; they
come to the bait early in the morning and‘are beaten out’ of the bushes in day-time.
U. hyalina Btir. (138 e, misprinted into wealina). Recognizable by the long-stretched anal part of hyalina.
the hindwing of the $3. Black with hyaline bluish discal brightenings' and alike Gblique band before the
apex of the forewing. Amazon to Bolivia. Bolivians from Buenavista have a broader black margin of the
wings; the preapical oblique band may be broad or narrow, short or long, straight or bent. It resembles certain
Tmetoglene (e. g. esthema) which, however, have orange-yellow palpi that are never found in Uraneis.
: ‘U. zamuro Thm. (138 e). Here the disc of the wings is black, the oblique band of the forewing very zamuro.
broad oval, bluish-white; hindwings with white antemarginal cuneiform spots. Differing at every habitat.
Near Cundinamarca (Colombia) the band of the forewing is rather narrow, the wedges of the hindwings
do not reach the centre of the wing. On the Rio Negro (Colombia) the wedges of the hindwings feebly
run as far as towards the base, in the figured specimen (from Ecuador) they are very much broader. Not rare.
U. ucubis Hew. (= radiata Stgr.) (138 ¢). Blackish-blue, before the border of all the wings white ueubis.
cuneiform rays which grow especially thick and broad in the form lamprolenis Rd). (138 e). Colombia, Eeu- lamprolenis.
ador. Rarer.
48. Genus: Esthemopsis Fidr.
Very closely allied to the preceding genus; scarcely differing in the veins, nor considerably deviating
from the preceding in the habitus and partly confined to the same models with respect to the mimicry.
The red inaria being described as hymnas, but according to Stichel to be inserted here, is entirely unlike
this group, but perhaps only because it copies a model from another group than the rest of the Esthe-
mepsis which are confined to black, ‘hyaline-spottéd or fenestrated originals. We must vet be better in-
formed abouc this’ genus, as it has heen hitherto looked at’ in a differeat light by every author. Aecording
to MENGEL it contains 14, to StrcHEL 13 (many other) species. The butterflies, the habits of which I was
not able to observe myself, presumably imitate the habits of their models.
E, clonia F/dr. (128 c, as clonius) entirely resembles Uraneis zamurc Thm, and varies like it narticularly clonia.
in the shape of the band of the forewing and of the wedges of the hindwing. Blockish-blue with a broad
white, subapical band of a bluish reflection, showing half through. Immediately distinguishable from Ura-
neis zamuro by the palpi being in the latter long-projecting, black, with white stripes, in #. clonia, however,
short, bright red-yellow. From Central America to the Amazon, not very rare. — alicia Bat. described from alicia.
Guatemala, is alsmost just the same, but without the white cuneiform spots in the hindwing. — saracetta saracena.
Sm. does not show the band of the forewing broken up towards below into spots, but coherent, ending ! before
the anal angle; without distinct cuneiform spots in the hindwing. Brazil.
_ _E. macara Sm. (= acara Mengel) from Colombia.is smaller than the preceding, ‘other ise similar; macara.
the band of the forewing above narrow, band- shaped, the lower end slightly curved. inwards; above w ithout
cuneiform spots on the hindwing, but beneath are magnificently blue rays on it.
_E, poliotactis Stich. (142k), is based upon, 1 3. from Peru.. Black, on the forewings with grey. on a age
the hindwing with obsolete cuneiform spots before the border. Beneath the wedges are more COINS,
the hindwing almost white. Head and body black, ruff yellow. Length of forewings 19 mm.
E. caeruleata G. and 8. Above black with a small narrow white, oblique band, so that above the caeruleata.
appearance. of Chamaelimnas pansa, (127 g) is produced: but at once recognizable by the under surface ex-
hibiting the magnificently blue rays of the peers Species on the hindwing. Panama. Only °° known
which may belong to a differently denominated g
Vv
(oe)
on
jesse.
aeniacus.
linearis.
sericina.
lithosina.
jenella.
celina.
aeolia.
inaria,
isabellae.
inariella.
cynosema.
hyalodis.
cristella.
Lryawis.
nelanochlo-
ra.
674 XINIAS: MESENOPSIS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
E. jesse Btlr. (142g). Here the subapical band of the forewing is broken up into 5 diffuse spots
and the disc of the wings of a shining violet-blue tinge, traversed by the thick black veins. Beneath the
colouring of the wings between the veins is lighter than above. whitish-blue: northern parts of South Ame-
rica; Brazil. — aeniacus Hew. (128 c) shows the upper surface of the wings particularly below the costa and
from the direction of the border dusted with a sooty grey: from Bolivia, but there are alsmost typical jesge
before me also from Bolivia.
E. linearis G. and S. has almost exactly the size and forewings of the following sericina (128 b),
but the hindwing is without the black margin; from Colombia.
E. sericina Baz. (128 b) differs entirely from the preceding species by the hyaline places being combined
here to 2 fenestrae: an oblique band before the apex, a longitudinal stripe from the base of the forewing,
and a discal wedge in the hindwing. Thereby a general appearance is produced which is shown by many
Heterocera flying in the same dictiee: I mention Mimagyrta pampa (Vol. VI., t. 12 k), Cacostatia sapphira,
flaviventris (Vol. VI., t. 22c¢), Huagra splendida (Vol. VI., t. 23 h), Agyrta chena (Vol. VI., t. 23 k), Ag.
dux, micilia, awxo (Vol. VI., t. 24 a), to a certain degree even the large Agyrtidia uranophila (Vol. VI., t. 17a).
In this species (like in the model Huagra(splendida) not only the palpi, but also the vertex and hindhead
are red-yellow.
E. lithosina Bat. (128b). Forewing more stretched, hindwing smaller and in the anal part pointed;
colouring similar to that of the preceding species, but the hyaline brightening occupies almost the whole
dise of the wing. Hindhead reddish-yellow.. Sometimes there is some red-yellow beneath in the anal angle
of the forewing; Amazon, Pebas. It imitates small Arctiids, Lauron, Tithraustes. — fenella Sm. has clearer
vitreous spots and, above all, a broader subapical band of the forewing, otherwise similar; from Ecuador.
E. celina Bat.'(142h). Smaller than the preceding, the hyaline fenestrae not tinged in blue, but
only faintly darkened by ee okie at the margins, the small subapical band white, shaped like in lithosina.
From the Upper Amazon. This species has no orange-yellow in the forewing and a dark hindhead. — E.
aeolia Bat. from Guiana and North Brazil has the small band cut trough before the apex by black veins,
and the black veins in the hyaline disc of the wing are considerably thicker.
In addition we mention here-(according to SricHgeL) the entirely red, black-margined E. inaria Wvw.,
described as Lymnas, and which SticHEL had formerly himself placed to Xenandra. From the Amazon. —
isabellaeé H#. Sh. (128d) is a form from the Araguaya River with almost quite uniform black margins of
the wings. It differs from inaria by the latter having another black ray on the submedian of the fore-
wing. Apparently very rare.
E. inariella Strd. from Costa Rica resembles Euselasia chrysippe (121 f), but above it has 3 small
light spots before the apex and beneath a black border of the hindwing.
49. Genus: Kinias Hew.
This genus is closely allied to the hyaline Hsthemopsis, but the two last subcostal veins bifurcate
sooner before the apex of the hindwing. For the rest the species entirely resemble Esth. lithosina.
X. cynosema Hew. (142h). Wings of a faint violet lustre, hyaline; in the black apical part of the
forewing a white, oval oblique band, in the blackish inner margin an orange stripe. Bolivia. — In hyalodis
Stich. (142) from Ecuador the small preapical band of the forewing is widened to a large white oval. It
imates small Ithominae.
X. cristella Sm. from Ecuador is like cynosema, but the orange embedding in the black inner-mar-
ginal stripe is reduced, similarly as in hyalodis; but the oblique band of the forewing is not widened. The
head is yellow (by which it differs from Hsthemopsis lithosina).
50. Genus: Mesenopsis G. and 8S.
This genus belongs yet entirely to the mimetic genera of the Lymnas-group. In the shape it ap-
proximates the Xinias and Esthemopsis to which it is undeniably closely allied, but owing to the selection
of other models its outer appearance greatly deviates from the former. On the upper surface the black
and yellow colouring of the Josia-species from the large group of the Arctiidae is predominant. The fore-
wings are long, the hindwings small with a pointed anal part. The cel! of the forewing is nearly twice as
long as that of the hindwing. The butterflies are mostly rare, i. e. difficult to discover from the great number
of the Josia flying with them; according to Fassu, there is a remarkable difference between the model
and copy in the imitating Erycinidae being more timid and flying off sooner than the Josia serving as their
model.
M. bryaxis Hew. (128 a). Wings with an orange-yellow disc and broad black margins. Central Ame-
rica. In the § the orange colour is deeper, in the 92 lighter. Rare. — melanochlora G. and S.(128.a). Here
the orange is more in the shape of stripes, running from the base of the wings to the middle of the border.
Central America to Bolivia. Rare: the model in Colombia is Josia fulva (Fass), in Costa Rica Josia ligata.
—_— - Ww er
© ic tale
a
MESENE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 675
M. briseis G. and S. resembles the preceding, but the orange-yellow median stripe of the wings
is broader in the middle and not running quite through to the distal margin; from Colombia. — pulchella
Godm. (128 a) differs by the median stripe of the forewing ending in a whitish tinged knob. Amazon.
M. albivitta Lathy (128b). Only the forewings exhibit a bright orange disc; the hindwings are only
in the centre slightly lighter. The under surface of the hindwing shows a white, blazing basal ray. Model:
Josia auriflamma. South Brazil, rare.
51. Genus: Mleseme Dodi.
Except the totally unicolorously scarlet species of this genus there is probably no species among
them that does not exhibit certain peculiaritis of the marking at every flying-place. We distinguish but quite
few species and we restrict ourselves to registring the already denominated forms by stating the patria as-
certained by the author for the form referred to: but in doing so we must point out that these statements
of the locality often only refer to casual captures and there may very well other forms be found in the
same patria. The jd have triangular, pointed, brightly coloured forewings and small ellipsoidal hindwings.
Tn the veins the species exhibit great conformity, in case we except the genus Phaenochitonia having been sepa-
rated by SticHEL. For then the second subcostal vein, the upper median vein in the forewing as well
as in the hindwing rise before the cell-end, while in Phaenochitonia sagaris they proceed from thec ell-angles.
This genus having been detached; there remain in Mesene only 13 species that are rather much alike one
another. They rest so well hidden on the under surface of leaves that one gets sight of them only when
one chases them out of the bushes, whereupon they fly somewhat like Geometrids for about 10 to 20 m
always keeping in the middle of the forest-roads, in order to drop again into another bush. The larvae are
lycaenid-like, somewhat like wood-lice, fluffily haired; that of M. phareus lives on the extremely poisonous
Paullinia pinnata to the leaf of which also the small greenish-yellow pupa is spun. Mesene is connected
with the Heterocera-genus Hudule by a mimetic resemblance, but it has not been ascertained which is the
original and which the copy, or whether the resemblance of the two genera is due to connexions with a third
butterfly.
M. phareus Cr. (? = nigrocinctus Sepp) (134k). Red with a narrow black margin and cell-endspot of
the forewings. In Surinam-specimens the forewing is beneath almost entirely dusted in black except the inner
margin; Cayenne-specimens have the under surface of the forewing above the anal angle broad red, but the
base of the hindwing is below tinged in blackish. In those from Suapure in Venezuela the distal half of
the under surface of the forewing is spotted light red; such from Cuyaba have an uncommonly narrow
black border (transition to the following, = ineptus Stich.) and so on. The species varies in evety possible
way in the enormous range extending from the northern coast of South America to Bolivia and being pre-
sumably larger than the whole of Hurope.—In Colombia the species makes its appearance as colombica form.
nov. (134k) in which the whole inner-marginal half of the under surface of the forewing is of a bright
red; the form is besides considerably larger there. — On the contrary, the Central American form, rubella
Bat. (134k), is smaller; it likewise has the forewing beneath light red, but also a black basal part of the
under surface of the hindwing. — The larva is creenish, like a wood-louse, across the back darker; on Paul-
linia. The butterflies are not rare; the 92 have somewhat broader wings and an under surface similar to
the upper.
M. celetes Bat. entirely resembles phareus, but the 2 has longer wings; the forewing with a more
bulged out border, of a saffron colour, the black costal stripe somewhat indented, beneath in the border
some small, fine white spots. Para.
M. pyrippe Hew. (1341) is the South Brazilian representative of the preceding, above with a broader
black margin, beneath the forewing is red except the border and a black costal stripe. — sanguilenta Stich.
(134 k, 1) has the costal black in the basal part broader and is said to have also yet a black cell-end stripe in
the hindwing, which, however, is often rudimentary and, in the figured specimen, not even indicated; Rio
Grande do Sul. (On the table the name is misprinted into sanguinolenta.) — Near Santos rather common,
coming even quite near the town; near Rio it is rarer.
M. bomilcar Stoll (1341). Like the preceding, red, black-margined, the costal stripe much broader,
particularly towards the apex. Guiana. — pullula Stich. (1341) is a smaller form, in which the red of the
forewing is scill more displaced by the black.
M. croceella Bat. (134 k) originates from Central America; ¢ more miniate than bright red, 2 some-
times quite pale.
M. hyale Fldr. (134m). Smaller, hardly as large as pullula, the distal margin of all the wings very
broad black. Colombia.
M. hya Ww. (134 m) has a red or yellow disc of the wings and a broad black margin of the wings,
in which there stands a white spot of varying size. Amazon. — fenestrella Bat., not exactly recognizable
according to the description, seems to refer to the forms with a small white punctiform spot (as, however,
they occur in most of the red Mesene-species) and differs from typical hya besides by a narrower black
briseis.
pulchella.
albivitta.
phareus.
colombica.
rubella.
celetes.
pyrippe.
sanguilenia.
bomilcar.
pullula.
croceella.
hyale.
hya.
fenestrella.
paraeéne.
guttula.
monostig-
ma.
leucophrys.
epalia.
simplex.
philonis.
epaphus.
speculum.
albiplaga.
nola.
meulleola.
pyrrha.
eupleryx.
sertata.
nepticula.
sligmosa.
margaretta.
semiradiata.
eromena,.
sardonyx.
silaris.
leucopus.
icterias.
676 MESENE. ‘By Dr. A: SeErrz.
margin. — paraene Bat. from Para has a still narrower black margin; a white dot is no more to be seen.
— guttula Stich. seems to denote a transition from hya to monostigma, being similar to the former, though
with the red being reduced on the forewing. Paraguay. — monostigma Hr. (135 b) has the forewing blackish-
brown except a narrow inner-marginal spot, the hindwings. being more yellowish-red than vermilion, but
the colouring is not constant. — By the denomination of leucophrys Bares understands both narrow-and
broad-margined red forms, with a red or black body, exhibiting a white nucleus only in the dark. border
of the forewing; the diagnose is not applicable to a geographically definable form. — The white spot and
the black margin vary to such an extent at every habitat, that entirely equal specimens are not at all before
me; even specimens denoting the ,,Rio Songo‘ as the finding-place, that are before me, exhibit a quite
narrow and a bioader margin of the hindwing. Near Humayta on the Amazon this margin grows to be
3 mm broad. Apparently rather common.
M. epalia Godt. (135 a). Recognizable by the more stretched, one-coloured wings being quite narrowly
bordered in black. In typical epalia the 3 is vermilion, the 2 somewhat paler. — simplex Bat. has saffron-
coloured 9° and in philonis Hew. the 92 is orange-yellow. SricHEL regarded these forms as synonymous,
as he states later on, because he took the lighter specimens to be faded; but there occur such in all shades,
even in a pale ochre-yellow hue; the colouring probably depends on the red or vellow models (Hedule, etc.)
flying at the same places. South America; more to the east.
M. epaphus Stoll (134m). Above like epalia, but beneath the black apex of the forewing exhibits
a white and a red-spot. Guiana. — In speculum form. nov. appears an irregular marginal band of the hind-
wing, sometimes linguiformly radiating towards the centre of the wing, and the white preapical spot of
the forewing appears above in reddish-yellow; Cayenne. — albipiaga form. nov. shows this spot also above
glaringly white, whereby such a great resemblance is created with certain, Heterocera, that the model and
the copy cannot be distinguished at all in the open air, while in the net they are difficult to discern, as
they keep their wings quite uniformly *). — nola H.-Schiéff. (134m) is like albiplaga, but the black of the
apex of the forewing is cut off straight and the border of the hindwing more irregular. Amazon, Guiana.
— mulieola Stich. seems to pppoe ximate albiplaga, but the black Gostall stripe is narrowed, beginning from
the cell-end; the black border of the hindwing is the broadest at the anal angle. Upper. Amazon. — pyrrha
Bat. likewise approximates nola, being above abundantly orange-red, on the hindwing the middle of the distal
margin exhibits a leather-coloured spot; the apical third of the forewing is black, but its margin irregular
and:in its lower part deeply indented; Teffé. — eupteryx Bat. likewise resembles nola, but it is more miniate
than, orange-red; the black border of the hindwing is broken up into spots in the middle of the border,
but it extends at the anal angle yet for some distance up to the inner margin. The latter is also the case in
the 2 (= mydia Bot.) which, however, has an ochreous-yellow ground-colour. — in sertata Stich. (135.a)
both the white and.the red spots of the apex of the forewing appear also above and the hindwing exhibits
black marginal wedges also above lke in speculum, but without counting these a very narrow border. of
the hindwing. Western Amazon. — Of this species new modifications of the markings are. probably found
at every new habitat: it seems to. be distributed over the whole. northern part of South America, but not
common. : ;
M. nepticula Mschlr. (135). Crocus-yellow, in the. black apex of the forewing above .2, beneath 2
small spots of the ground-colour. Surinam. — stigmosa Stich. from the Amazon and Ecuador has.in the
apical part also above only 3 small spots being white. :
M. margaretta White (135 a). Similar to an epalia-©, but from the narrow: black margin oi the, wings
numerous ‘black rays run into the wing. Beneath, the spaces between these rays are in specimens fine
before me from Colombia of the ground-colour, in those from Venezuela (? = oriens Bilr.) white.. In Central
Americans the rays are above very short. — semiradiata Fldr. (135) has a black apical part of the fore-
wing, with white rays through it; Colombia and Venezuela, but ‘presumably at other flying-places than the
preceding: — In eromena Stich. (135 a) the forewings exhibit fewer white marginal rays, the hindwings of
the g none at all. We figure ¢ from Colombia, 2 from Bolivia, and it is daubitil whether. both belong
together. I am inclined to believe: that the figured 9 is s quite a different species of butterflies; the j of which
resembles the 9, but it is not before me. — sardonyx Stich. resembles margaretta, but the black marginal
rays are thicker, their intermediate rays whitish, and in the disc of the wings there are some smail black
dots; Bolivia. Lying before me from Coroico (taken at an altitude of 1200. m),, but.in. specimens ex- —
hibiting black dots only in the cell of the forewing, not also in that of the hindwing. (like. SrtcHets figure,
Gen. Insect., Riodinidae t. 261, fig. 55). — Homochromous to these forms are tiny red night- -butterflies,
such as Pseudom. coccinea. be Sate
M. silaris G. and.S (135 b). Disc of the wings chrome-yellow, margin and apical part:broadly black
(in the Q somewhat narrower). The legs are aliens Nicaragua. — leucopus.G. and S. from. Guatemala is
quite similar, but smaller, and the forelegs are white. — icterias Stich., unknown to me, is said to be with
respect to the black margining like Ayale (134m), but smaller and the ground-colour yellow instead of. red;
Venezuela, Peru. Aen :
* A secondary resemblance thereby arises also with certain Aricoris, such as A. heliodora Stgr.
ee ee en
ee .— e
PHAENOCHITONIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 677
M. capissene Hew. (135 b). Hasily recognizable by the rows of discal dots traversing the narrowly
blackish-margined red forewing before and behind the middle. South Brazil, rare. According to: SricHsn,
M. striguiata Schs. (being unknown to me) is said to be identical with it.
M. martha Schs. from Peru and Ecuador is about as large as silaris, but in typical specimens with
a narrower margin and fine black cell-end streaks and tiny spots on the under surface. — In verecunda
Stich. (142 b) from North-East Peru the black costal stripe in the basal part of the forewing is thickened,
so that the red discal area appears narrowed and turned round into a tooth projecting costalwards behind
the cell.
52. Genus: Phaenochitomia Stich.
This genus is composed of 4 groups of butterflies (cingulus-, sagaris-, bocchoris-, and phoenicura-group)
which SticHEL detaches from the red Mesene. These groups, however, greatly differ again among each
other, and the great sexual difference of Phaenochitonia mentioned by St1cHEL in separating them does not
prove correct in all their species. The differences in the veins (mentioned in Mesene), however, may very
well justify the detachment, if they are to be applied to ail the species. — I was abie to ascertain a dif-
ference in the habits, since some Phaenochitonia are animatedly swarming about in the sunshine in day-time
(sagaris, bocchoris, dukinfildia), whereas I frequently chased up the Mesene s. s., though I never saw them swar-
ming spontaneously, even at the places where they were common. This may be also the reason why the Mesene
are mostly quite red, the Phaenochitonia, however, of an inconspicuous biack ground-colour.
Ph. cingulus Stoll (= aerope Ww.) (134h). ¢ black with a vermilion basal half of. the hindwing,
Q with a red median band, resembling Crocozona (134 e). From Surinam to Bolivia. — trucidata Btir. is
presumably only a slight deviation of the 2 with a broader margin of the forewing. Amazon. — Not commen.
Ph. pyrsodes Bat. In the shape and size it approximates the preceding species, but the red of the
hindwing. in the ¢ is also continued on the forewing, the disc of which is occupied by it almost as far as
the subcostal. Teffé. The 2 is unknown to me. — eanes Godm. (134h) is probably only a somewhat smaller
form with a iighter, more brightly marked under surface; Amazon.
Ph. debilis Sat. already reminds us somewhat of sagaris (134h,1i), but it is considerably smaller
and more delicate. Both the sexes are above deep dark-brown. With an orange band running from the
centre of the forewing or aiready trom’ below the costa to the inner margin, where it continues on the hind-
wing at the base of which it is curved. The under surface is brown, ‘finely speckied in grey; near tie ‘inner
margin” of the forewings a yellow spot. From the Tapajoz.
Ph. ignicauda G. and S. differs but little from cingulus-3; recognizable by the scarlet abdomen and
by the red of the base of the hindwing extending far beyond the cell. — In
Ph. ignipicta Schs. (i34h) the basal red of the hindwing extends only to the basal part of the ceil,
but it accompanies the inner margin almost to the anal angle; Goat Rica; the figured specimen was taken
near -Guapiles.
Ph. iuiiginea Bat. Above entirely like the 3 of cingulus, also the fringes white-speckled, but the
red in the hindwing is absent; the latter is also quite velvety black. From Villa. Nova (Amazon).
Ph. sophistes Bat. (= pactolus Mschir.) (134h)..Resembles: cingulus-9, but the red median band
is narrower, especially. on the hindwing,:and the ground-colour lighter brown; traversed by parallel darker
spots and stripes. Under surface lighter and more variegated, almost like in. eanes, but the median band
of the forewing broad. Amazon.
Ph. phoenicura G. and S. (= noctis Stgr.) (134i). Ground-colour as in sophistes, lighter brown,
traversed by numerous, darker, small transverse stripes; the red median band of sophistes is absent, but
the end of the abdomen is broad red. Central America to Colombia.
Ph. mandosa Dre. Marking and coloming almost exactly as in the preceding, but. larger, the ab-
dominal end not red and the under surface with a green lustre. Rio de Janeiro. Apparently rare.
Ph. arbuscula Mschir. Similar to the preceding, above resembling a Caria, the marking above more
faded, consisting of 6 transverse bands separated by spots, the 4th and Sth ¢ of which. flow toecthee in: cellule 2.
Beneath the greenish lustre is replaced by a dull, somewhat brilliant bluish black, the wings somewhat
narrower. Descriped according to a g from Paramaribo.
Ph. dukinfildia Schs. (1341). This elegant animal from South Brazil, looks. differently .at every habitat.
Nearly always recognizable by an orange belt cutting off the apical part and by a cell-end spot of the fore-
capissene.
martha.
verecunda.
cingulus.
trucidata.
pyrsodes.
eanes.
debilis.
ignicauda.
ignipicta.
fuliginea.
sophistes.
phoenicura.
mandosa.
arbuscula.
dukinjildia.
bocchoris.
suavis.
vittata.
suapure.
crocostigma.
apoplecta.
basilissa.
sagaris.
tyriotes.
majorina.
phrygania.
iasis.
pluto.
satnius.
678 PHAENOCHITONIA. By Dr. A. Setrz.
wing and a similar transverse stripe in the hindwing. In specimens from Castro in Paranda, a small fine
transverse stripe is at the cell-end of the forewing; in specimens from Villaprudente in the State of Sao
Paulo, a thick orange wedge stands here; in specimens from Ypiranga, the small band of the hindwing is
as thin as a hair, almost obliterated etc. It is of no use to denominate all these forms. — Not rare.
Ph. bocchoris Hew. (134i). Only an orange oblique band on the forewing, which is narrow and
obsolete at both its ends, but better developed in suavis Stich. (1341). South Brazil, rarer than the preceding
species, but less local. ;
Ph. vittata Stich. Both the wings with a broad orange band running beyond the middle from the
costa as far as in front of the anal angle. Amazon. I cannot decide whether this species not lying before
me; as well as suapure Weeks (from Venezuela) being likewise unknown to me in nature, belong into this
genus indeed.
Ph. crocostigma Bat. Shape as in sagaris (134h,1), forewing speckled dark with black transverse
streaks. On the hindwing a richly orange-coloured, oblong transverse spot runs through the disc. Guiana
and Amazon.
Ph. apoplecta Bat. seems to be very similar to crocostigma; upper surface dark brown, speckled
in blackish; near the border the dark spots form a submarginal row. Fringes at the apex white, otherwise
black. From the disc of the hindwing to the inner margin runs a saffron-coloured spot; Rio Tapajoz.
Ph. basilissa Bat. Black, in the cell of the forewing begins an orange band running to the anal angle
of the hindwing: this band is indented at the cell of the forewing and at the inner side on the hindwing,
which is not the case in sagaris. The animal hardly belongs into the same genus with cingulus etc., the body
is strong and the shape of the wings already approximates that of Symmachia and Caria by the bulging
costa of the forewing and the long straight inner margin of the hindwing. Was described as Mesene. Para.
Ph. sagaris Cr. (Q = satnius) (184 h,i). The typical form is rather small. In the g an orange stripe
begins directly above the middle of the inner margin of the forewing, running obliquely across the hindwing
and also the abdomen, so that its middle is orange, the base and end, however, being black. The @ is
entirely different, it has broad wings and only on the forewing an orange-yellow oblique spot. It is undoubt-
edly altered by mimicry, in the same way as also the 2 of Panara phereclus looking quite different in the
same sex; the model to both of them are presumably certain oil-secreting Arctiidae. Typical sagaris parti-
cularly come from Guiana and the Amazon. There occur, however, also larger specimens, as I took them
almost exclusively in South Brazil: this is theform tyriotes G. and S. (134i). These generally have a narrower
band extending on the forewing upwards in a twisted point beyond the middle of the forewing; but there
are in South Brazil (probably also elsewhere) also specimens with a broader point ending more obtusely
in the forewing; these were again detached as majorina Stich. (134h) *). I remark yet that another sexual
dimorphism consists in the oblique band of the forewing appearing in the 2 also beneath, though that
of the 3 does not show through, the 3 being beneath entirely black, only with a light (unscaled) inner margin
of the forewing. — The name of matronalis Stich. seems to refer to an aberration of the 9, in which here
or there a small ochreous spot appears on the hindwing. — ab. phrygania Stich. from Sao Paulo in Brazil
has narrower bands, otherwise like satnius (majorina Stich.), but the bands of the g are still broader than
in specimens from Curityba. — The sagaris-3¢ fly in the shade of the woods, on narrow roads, where the
rays of the sun pierce the leafy roof. I took them near Santos at two places where, whenever I passed
there, I always saw one male dancing about, which whenever I had captured it, was always replaced
again on the next day by another flying at exactly the same place; I obtained the 9° only on ransacking
the bushes along the same road.
Ph. iasis Godm. (1341). Larger than sagaris and easily discernible by the orange stripe on the hindwing
not extending as far as to the posterior margin nor across the abdomen, but terminating obtusely soon
below the middle of the hindwing. Besides the wings exhibit a beautiful dark-blue reflection on both surfaces.
Of course, the same variations occur here as in sagaris; thus, for instance, the spot of the forewing in the
specimen I figured is much rounder than in the one from Gopmans collection, figured in the Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1903 t. 22 fig. 7. Whoever wants to disseminate diverse names as this has been done in sagaris,
may introduce further denominations here.
Ph. pluto Stich. (142 b). Shape and size like in the preceding; but above in the middle of the
hindwing there is a large hemochrome spot and the back of the abdomen is of a bright hemochrome behind
the middle. Colombia.
*) According to an investigation having been published in the meantime, STICHEL corrects his former explanation
of this species by stating that satnius Dalm. does not represent the 9 of typical sagaris, but that of his majorina, so that the
name of majorina Stich. would have to be replaced by satnius Dalm. tyriotes G. & S. is said to be a form of crocostigma,
without the orange band of the hindwing. — STICHEL supposes our figure of tyriotes (134 i) to be approximating satnius Dalm.
(his majorina). In fact, the original was collected only 3 hours by train from the finding-place of typical gg of satnius,
near Sao Paulo. From Curityba there is a specimen before me (Paris Museum), in which the orange band is still narrower
and, at the anal part of the hindwing, entirely obliterated: the more attempts are made to denominate all these deviations
of the habitats, the greater grows the confusion.
CRICOSOMA; PACHYTHONE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 679
53. Genus: Cricosoma Fldr.
The species of this genus are closely allied to those of the following, but they differ from the Sym-
machia by the costa of the forewing (particularly of the gg) not being bulged out. The name of Cricosoma
may by no means disappear, as long as only one species described as Cricosoma is regarded as belonging
to no otherwise denominated genus. But besides, the forms described as Cricosoma, maybe with some ex-
ceptions, form a very well distinguished group which would at least have to be maintained as a subgenus.
C. irrorata Godm. (1422). This species, unknown to me in its free state, and described from the
Carimang River in Guiana, is the smallest of the genus; the ¢ is dirty yellowish grey, at the margin lighter,
both the wings dotted in blackish. According to Sricuen, the 1. subcostal vein of the forewing touches
the costal for a short distance; this, however, is only an effect of the costa forming a crookback, the ex-
panding precostal area pressing the costal near to the subcostal veins; this is a slighter degree of the deve-
lopment as we find it in the following genera in a still greater measuie. The species seems to be rare, maybe
because the resemblance to the Charis-species (chaonitis, argyrodines etc.) occurring in crowds in the same
country makes it difficult to discover them.
C. eraste Bat. (142g). Smaller than the zrrorata, the apex of the forewing more pointed, the colour
dull red-brown, the black dots arranged more in transverse rows. According to SricuEL, the identitication
of the figure in the British Museum copied by us has taken place with Batrss’ Grice: Teffé on the Amazon.
C. batesi Stgr. (128h). Somewhat larger than the preceding, the forewings not pointed at the apex;
the dark spots in some places converge forming blackish clouds. Discovered by Dr. HanneL near Coary
on the Upper Amazon. — punctata Bélr. differs probably only by a somewhat different arrangement of the
dots on the upper surface. — Both occur in the Amazon district.
C. hippea H.-Schaff. (135 d) is an extremely variable species, the ground-colour of which is entirely
blackish-brown, but it may also be so much interspersed with brownish-red that the upper surface appears
almost red. Tt is always recognizable by the small light oblique band of the forewing which, however,
runs sometimes more steeply, sometimes more flatly. Guiana. Not rare.
C. phaedra Bat. (135 c). Bright orange-red: the black small dots do not form any clouds, but they
grow somewhat larger towards the distal margin and represent thin transverse streaks in the cell of the
forewing. In the forests of the Rio Tapajoz.
C. asclepia Hew. (128h). Very much like the preceding, but the dark dots are absent in the disc
of the upper surface of the wings. Ecuador. — In xypete Hew. (128h, 135 b), being somewhat larger, the
dots are combined to distal-marginal chains or costa! transverse streaks of the forewing, sometimes more,
sometimes less. Here the 3 is mostly darker red than the 9. Central America. Rather common.
C. leopardinum Fldr. (128 e, as leopardina). Bright ochre-yellow, the black transverse streaks in the
costal part of the forewing still more abundant and dense than in awypete, but also the other surface of the
wings densely covered with black dots. Bahia; rare. —— hilaria Hew. Here the crowds of black dots become
condensed in the apical part of the forewing to a black cloud. From the Amazon.
54. Genus: Paechythone Bat.
The Pachythone are so easily recognizable that scarcely one of them has ever been brought into
a wrong genus; in the Erycimdae this fact is rare and a proof for this genus being one of the most natural.
Though the body is small, it is of a very clumsy structure; the head and thorax are almost globular, the
abdomen relatively stout and short; the antennae shorter than in nearly all the other genera and at the
ends with a short, knob-like, small club; the palpi are also short, with a very short. relatively stout terminal
joint; the veins do not exhibit any peculiarities except the cell of the hindwing, which is otherwise short
in many Erycinidae, being here almost as long as that of the forewing. — The Pachythone are mostly
very rare butterflies, not differing in their habits, as far as is known nowadays, from the allied genera. In
the structure of the body, they somewhat resemble Mesene, but also Syrmatia and Symmachia.
P. erebia Bat. (1421) is a small, above jet-black butterfly with white fringes of the hindwing. Under
surface paler, likewise without markings. Amazon. Rare.
P. pasicles Hew. (142i). Dark brown, the margin of the forewing lighter with a series of dark dots.
Forewing above with dark transverse dots in the basal part and a curved stripe beyond the middle, hindwing
with 3 shortened stripes in the basal part, 3 transverse stripes crossing the distal part of the wings, and
a dark border. Beneath like above, the transverse stripes are absent or broken up to strigiform dots.
Espiritu Santo. Rare.
P. palades Hew. (142i). Sooty blackish-brown, darker markings than in pasicles, besides a light-yellow
oblique band of the forewing. South Brazil, rare. — philonis Hew. is quite a similar species from Colombia
ivrorala.
eraste.
batesi.
punctata.
hippea.
phaedra.
asclepia.
wy pete.
leopardi-
num.
hilaria.
erebia.
pasicles.
palades.
philonis.
mimula.
gigas.
thaumaria.
wanthe.
distigma.
ignifer.
680 SYMMACHIA. By Dr. A. Sxrrz.
and Panama, but the dark bands of the hindwings are not distinctly noticeable, and the oblique band of
the forewing is narrower, beneath more pointed and more orange than bright vellow.
P. mimula Bat. In the inner half of the dark brown forewings stands a yellow triangle, and in the
middle of the apical half a yellow longitudinal spot. The basal part of the hindwing is yellow as far as
beyond the middle of the wing, this colour bending in into the dark distal margin; thus the appearance,
so very favourite in South America, of one of the black-yellow Cyllopodina results therefrom. From San-
tarem.
P. gigas G. and S. (142k). @ similar to the preceding, larger, the yellow increased, so that the
appearance of certain Heterocera (Atyria isis, Flavinia postica etc.) is produced. g more rusty-coloured
Panama. Distinguishable from similarly coloured Aricoris-Q@ by the short palpi.
P. thaumaria Stich. As large as coccineata (1421), miniate with a black margia of the wings and a
black, white-pupilled apical part of the forewing. It resembles certain Mesene, thougn secondarily the
model for both may be small, Hndule-like Heterocera, flying in day-time and being rather common:
P.-xanthe Bai. resembles the preceding, but the colouring of the ground of the wings as well as
of the apical pupil is saffron. Border of the hindwing narrow, iregalear From the black costa of the fore-
wing 2 black triangles penetrate the cellular space. Teffé. : Bee sb
P. distigma Bat. Dark brown; in the hindwing, between the cell and border; is a rusty-brown trans-
verse spot, not reaching the imner margin. This spot is obliterated on the paler-coloured under surface,
but here we notice in front of the border a series cf dark dots in a Higa area, Size like that of the preceding
species. on resembles Phaenochitonia crocostigma. ge
P. ignifer Stich. is described according to a 3 from the Rio San Juan in Colombia. Wings above
reddish ochreous yellow. Forewings at the costal margin and border rather uniform, at the apex ‘bordered
more broadly. Here a circular patch of the ground-colour is cut off by an oblique stripe from the costal
margin to the border; the border of the hindwing is black, bending somewhat round at the © apex and inner
- margin. Under surface more light yellow.
lateritia.
coccineata.
tigrina.
virgatula.
P. lateritia Bat. (142 i). “Above brick-red, sometimes more sparsely, sometimes more bopoule covered
with al dark dots being arranged into straight rows in the basal part and in front of the border and
forming a curved chain behind the cell. Under surface (Q also above) with a dark distal margin of both wings.
Northern parts of South America. — ceccineata Kaye (142i) I figure according to a specimen from Taba-
quite (Central Trinidad). Here the disc of the forewing is above almost unspotted. Similar specimens occur
also at certain places of the continent. Guiana-specimens are often very small. :
55. Genus: Symmaehia Abn.
This genus is distinguished by a strong bulging-out of the costa of the forewing of the: g¢, this
characteristic bulge recedes in but few species, presumably owing to a mimetic transformation. This widening
of the forewing is accompanied by a peculiar flight resembling that of Thecla, which becomes very con-
spicuous in the non-mimetic species, whereas in the mimetic species it is replaced by that of the casual originals
to which reference is made in the single species, and which may more correctly be eliminated from the
genus. They are more closely allied to the Cricosoma than the non-mimetic species, but we shall here give
the precedence to the more typical forms. Many Symmachia are great rarities, and they are extremely
peculiar in the shape as well as in the colouring. Of many there exists but one specimen in collections,
for what reason our illustration of this genus is mostly composed of copies according to FELDER, Hrwrrson
etc. They fly in day-time, not continuously, and rest beneath leaves.
_ A. Non-mimetic species: Costal margin of the forewings bulging out in the basal part.
S. tigrina Hew. (128 e). Similar to Cricosoma leopardinum, like the latter yellowish-red ochreous,
the black costal transverse streaks flow: several times together ; in front of the’ border black ‘dots. The
convexity of the base of the costa being in reality great, is not prominent énough in our: Hue. — In vir-
gatula Stich. the apical transverse stripes are confluent; Rio San Juan (Colombia): sgt
suevia, S. suevia Hew. (128 e) is a species (or subspecies) similar to ‘the preceding, the blake ‘miarking Deine
arranged to marginal rays also ‘before the border.
arion. S. arion Fldr. (428 f). Considerably larger, the transverse streaks in the costal part ‘of the’ wings
rather straight, in the disc of the forewing darks shades, below the costa of the hindwing a- broad, yellow
ray. The patria of the only specimen (w hich I saw in the Tring Westenra) is not exactly ‘stated: BY.
ee uposisst S. stigmosissima Stich. seems to be allied to tigrina, but to be also similar: to Cricosoma leopardinum.
The species is said-to be dotted like the latter, but to have black triangles at the costa of the foréwing.
Publ. 1. V. 1917. SYMMACHIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 051
Under surface silky smoke-brown, dotted. The diagnose does not state whether the costa of the forewing
is sinuous, as in Symm. tigrina or uniformly round (as in Cricos. leopardinum). Not lying before me. Bolivia.
S. virgaurea Stich. (142 c). Similar to virgatula, but whereas the latter has a more red-brown ground-
colour, that of virgaurea is brighter red, so that it reminds us of our Chrysophanus virgaureae. The apical
area of the forewing broad, the border narrow black. Between the 4 coniform, costal transverse stripes a
fine striation. Larger than tigrina. Colombia.
S. praxila Ww. (128g). Bright yellow dotted on a black ground, the small spots next to the base
and border of the forewing red. The most conspicuous of it is the colouring of the hunch of the base of
the costa, which seems to represent plastically a thick, curved appendage, looking like a feathered an-
tenna laid over the costal margin of the forewing. South Brazil.
S. norina Hew. (128 g) greatly resembles the preceding, but it is smaller, the fine markings sparser
and duller yellowish instead of white. Amazon.
S. calligrapha Hew. stands in the middle between the two preceding species, with respect to the
size as well as to the copious light small spots. From the Rio Tapajoz; a somewhat duller spotted speci-
men from Guiana was regarded as the Q of the species.
S. calliste Hew. (128h, as hippea) already resembles the following species cleonyma by most of the
tiny spots of the upper surface being coloured in a bright red-brown; only above, at and below the cell-end
they are yet of a light colour. — A somewhat smaller form of another flying-place, which, however, is not
to be denominated and represents a transition to norina, we have figured 128h; it was by mistake denoted
as ,,hippea* on the table, Brazil.
S. cleonyma Hew. (128h). All the small spots of a bright red-brown; but besides the disc of the
hindwing is rather extensively brightened up by red-brown. We figure a specimen from Nicaragua; Hewirrson
supplies a rather deviating figure; we reproduce the copy of it 134g, which was by mistake denoted as
, calagutis* on the table. — leena Hew. (128 g) is somewhat smaller, but otherwise quite similar, some of the
small spots of the upper surface ring-shaped, as for instance at the base and anal angle of the forewing.
Likewise from Nicaragua *). — harmodius G. and S. from Colombia is like leena, but the forewing without
spots, the brown cloud in the hindwing, however, distinct. — multesima Stich. from Colombia is said to be
similar, but to have a whitish costal spot, and in the forewing (like leena) a red-brown area.
S. pardalis Hew. resembles praxila (128 g), but it is very much more densely and brightly coloured
in a reddish yellow, with red-yellow, small transverse bands in the costal part of the forewings. In the disc
of the wings the small spots are lighter yellow. — The last 9 forms, together with juratrix Ww. being unknown
to me in nature, are undoubtedly very closely allied to each other. Most of them are of only 0 ne very narrowly
circumscribed flying-place, and known only in I specimen, and it is not unlikely that they are modifications
of very few widely distributed, but throughout rare species.
S. menetas Drury (= tacitus F.) (128d). A great part of the forewing and the whole hindwing bright
red, the costal part of the forewing black with white spots. In the 9 (= eurina Schs.) the red runs before the
distal margin towards the apex. An extremely conspicuous butterfly already resembling in the flight certain
Lithosiids (which are also imitated by Microlepidoptera) in which, however, the proximal half of the wings is
red, the distal part being black and white, so that the resemblance disappears in the resting animal. South
Brazil. — In pilarius Stich. (128 d) the black in the wing is increased, particularly the dark border of the hind-
wing is broader. Likewise in South Brazil. — The species is very rare.
S. rubina Bat. (= irata Stgr.) (128d). The black-white part in the forewing towards the red not
straight, but irregularly defined, moreover, the base of the forewing is broadly black. -Mexico to Colombia. —
In technema Stich. (128d) from Guiana the hindwings are still broadly margined in black. — The latter
is also the case in maeonius Stgr. from the Amazon, but here the black-white part of the forewing is so much
developed that the bright red is confined to the inner-marginal part of the forewing. — Very rare.
S. titiana Hew. (128 f) is orange-yellow, with black margins of the wings and a black costal triangle
embedded with white on the forewing. Ecuador. Very rare.
S. arcuata Hew. (128 e). The red is here more miniate and confined to the inner marginal part and
the disc of the hindwing. In the black part of the forewing only sparse, small white spots. Amazon.
S. hetaerina Hew. (128 e), originating like arcuata from the Amazon, is a very closely allied species
or form, in which the inner spot of the wings is dull bone-yellow. — hesione Stich. has the median area pale
ochreous or pale reddish; Upper Amazon. — Rare.
*) GODMAN and SALVIN call our attention to a hair-pencil in the middle of the costal margin of the hindwing. by
which /eena is said to be distinguished from nearly all the other Symmachia.
Vv
ice)
[=>]
virgaured.
pracvila,
norina.
calligrapha.
calliste.
cleonyma.
leena.
harmodius.
multesima.
pardalis.
juratriz.
menelas.
pilarius.
rubina.
technema.
maeonius.
titiana.
arcuata.
hetaerina.
hesione.
threissa.
jugurtha.
aconia.
miron.
accusatria.
probetor.
astiama.
belti.
championi.
falcistriga.
triangularis.
tricolor.
hedemanni.
rita.
mantinea.
682 CARIA. By Dr. A. Seitz.
S. threissa Hew. (128e) is a larger species, the forewings without red, only in front of the cell-
end a white cuneiform spot; in the hindwing the cell is red-brown. Nicaragua. Rare.
S. jugurtha Stgr. (128 f). Forewing black with much white forming in the centre of the wing a large
costal triangle and behind it a macular band. The inner margin of the forewing and 2 thick rays in the
hindwing bright red. Colombia. Rare.
S. aconia Hew. has the red inner marginal stripe of both wings like in jugurtha, but the white in
the black forewing is reduced to some minute splashes, and the red wedge below the costa of the hindwing
is absent. Bolivia. Rare.
S. miron Sm. has the forewings quite similar to jugurtha, but the hindwing is uniformly red, only
narrowly margined in black. Ecuador.
S. accusatrix Ww. (128 f). Forewing black (Q blackish brown) in the costal part very much spotted
in white. The 92 has white and reddish dots in the disc, in the g the costal part of the hindwing is
scarlet red. Central America to the Amazon. Rare.
S. probetor Stoll (= probetrix Hbn.) (128 g). Quite black, only in the middle of the costa of the fore-
wing a small white wedge, and along the costa of the hindwing a red stripe. — In the form astiama form. nov.
(128 g) the white is absent in the forewing; from Guiana and the Amazon. — In belti G. and S. being some-
what smaller than typical probetor the 2 has reddish-yellow, instead of white, small spots in the fore-
wing. Colombia. I do not know of any authentically patented model to this species, but in the form astiama
(with quite dark forewings) the species already resembles some other Hrycinidae, such as Huselasia gelon-3'
(= sabinus Stoll, t. 121 b) and Xenandra heliodes-3 (131 i).
S. championi G. and S. greatly resembles probetor, but the forewings are more blackish-green with
a black-spotted base; the 9 is on the whole darker. Mexico and the adjoining parts of Central America. Rare.
S. falcistriga Stich. (128 g) flies on the Lower Amazon and in Guiana together with homochromous
Caria-species. It is black, above with a greenish lustre, hardly well discernible from a Caria. Thus the two
last-mentioned species form the transition to the mimetic forms. The figured specimen of this species is in
the Paris Museum and originates from the Maroni River.
B. Mimetic species. Forewing longer, more pointed, the costa bent uniformly.
S. triangularis Thm. (128h). By the oblique orange stripe on the black ground of the forewing it
reminds us of numerous smaller Arctiids with the same scheme of colouring, and of just as numerous imita-
tors of these Arctiids, several of which belong to the Hrycinidae, but apparently also Geometrids which other-
wise supply but few examples of mimicry are concerned in this imitation. Colombia.
S. tricolor Hew. (128 g). Beside the median band running across the abdomen (as described in sagaris),
we find here yet 4 small orange distal bands. Amazon and Colombia. — hedemanni Fldr. (= niciades Bsd.)
(134 i) has all the bands lighter yellow and the distal ones shortened to oval spots. Central America. — These
forms are homochromous with Heterocera as well as with Hrycinidae from the genera Baeotis, Nymphidium etc.
Rare.
S. rita Stgr. (128 g). In the exterior it resembles falcistriga above, but the costal part of the hindwing
exhibits a lustrous blue, whereby it becomes similar to certain Thecla, and, of the Hrycinidae, to certain Huse-
lasia. The tiny animals are rare, Beneath they resemble, like the somewhat similar S. falcistriga, certain species
of Charis. The figure has been done according to a specimen from Iquitos.
56. Genus: Caria Abn.
In the shape of the compact, robust body and of the costa of the forewing projecting arcuately before
the middle, in the flight and habits, a swell as in the veins of the wings, there is hardly any difference to be
noticed between this genus and the chief group of Symmachia (i. e. those species that are not deformed
by mimicry). Gopman and Sarvin, however, emphasize differences in the sexual organs of the gg, and ever
since the two genera are separated afar in the catalogues. The Caria generally have a dark upper surface which,
however, is more or less ornamented with golden scales of a magnificent green reflection; the under surface
sometimes exhibits a conspicuous red, particularly in the cell of the forewing. The 992 show a decided re-
lationship of the genus with the Hmesis which, however, deviate from them in a different direction of develop-
ment, from the previously mentioned Mesene, so that the relationship cannot be described in a continous line.
The Caria described hitherto are probably only vicarious forms of few species. The animals sit, with their
wings spread, on sandy banks and are rather timid.
C. mantinea Fldr. (135e). Beside lampeto the largest species. Above at the base of the forewing
and in the disc dusted with a metallic bluish-green, and a faintly lustrous, straight line before the distal mar-
gin. Of a brighter bluish-green lustre is an undulated submarginal cloud at the hindwing. Under surface sooty
CARIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 683
blackish-brown; cell of the forewing red, above it (in the bulged-out costa-bow) and behind it (behind the
cell-end), at the apex and between both, metallic spots. Before me from Bolivia (Province of Sara) and
from the Coll. Banc-Haas from the Pachitea; described from Ecuador. — amazonica Bat. has a more copious
metallic scaling, particularly beneath, where often the whole cell of the forewing is embedded in metallic spots,
whereas the red in the cell is somewhat reduced; from Teffé.
C. lampeto G. and S. (135 f). Above almost exactly as the form amazonica of the preceding species,
beneath, however, the metallic scaling is reduced to faint traces above the cell and maybe a small faint
spot at the apex. Central America to Bolivia. Not rare, particularly near Muzo in Colombia.
C. trochilus Hy. is smaller than the preceding, the ground-colour of the upper surface blacker, beneath
there is no red in the cell of the forewing, but in the costal part are numerous metallic spots, especially also
in the cell of the forewing itself. Guiana. — arete Fidr. (135 f) has the same under surface, but above less
gold which is more prominent almost only in the anal part of the hindwing; the submarginal metallic line
of the forewing is absent altogether; Amazon to Peru and Ecuador.
C. castalia. The most common form is marsyas Godm. (135 e) recognizable by the under surface of
the forewings, where the cell being filled out with red is interpersed with small metallic spots. Above similar
to the preceding species, but with a faint metallic line before the border. South Brazil and Paraguay. In
the typical castalia Men. (tabrenthia Schs.) from Brazil and Peru the 3 has no red at all in the cell of the
forewing beneath. — ab. philema Stich. is the name of a specimen with a red-yellow stripe beneath before
the border. — smaragdina Godm. (135e) is above very brightly scaied in green, the light metallic stripe
before the border on the forewing broad; under surface without red in the cell of the forewing. Bolivia. —
The species is not rare.
C. colubris Hbn. (= paridion Dalm., argiope Godt.) (135 f). Easily recognized by the bridge which
runs through between the green of the base and the disc on the middle of the forewing being narrow, jet-black
and filled up narrowly with brown. Before the apex mostly a bright orange spot. Beneath similar to lampeto.
— ab. fulvimargo Lathy (135e) is the denomination of a light specimen being bordered by orange-yellow
above on the hindwing, beneath also on the forewing; a colouring often occurring in the 9° of the other Caria-
species. Interior of Brazil to Peru..— In plutargus F. SricuEL presumes a Q of ,,argiope’; the figure of
this form, being supplied by Donovan, exhibits a rough dotting which presumably scarcely answers to nature.
Brazil.
C. domitianus /. (135 f) has on the upper surface of the forewing the golden green exactly in the middle
of the wing, i. e. at the place, where it is absent in mantinea, lampeto etc. Easily recognizable by the yellow-
ish-red under surface exhibiting metallic spots in the costal part of the forewing, while it is otherwise
covered all over with black spots. Guadeloupe. — ino G. and S. from Mexico deviates especially by the ab-
sence of all the golden green scales on the upper surface; — melicerta Schs. which extends still farther to the
north as far as Texas, with very few dispersed golden scales, forms a transition between the two forms; —
galbula Fidr. is, on the contrary, the southern form, described from the Province of Caracas (Venezuela), looks
above almost like a small castalia, but is immediately distinguished by the red-yellow under surface. In this
form the golden-green strewing of the upper surface is the most copious.
C. rhacotis G. and S. (135 f) exhibits in the median area of the forewing an accurately defined, irre-
gular spot of a golden green lustre; the under surface is deeper red-brown, particularly in the ¢g, with black
dots of which those along the costa of the forewing exhibit a dull leaden lustre. Honduras to Colombia. —
harmonia G. and S., described according to 1 specimen, from the Isthmus, may only be an aberration without
the leaden spots on the under surface along the costa of the forewing.
C. stillaticia Dyar (143 e, f). Upper surface almost quite blackish brown with jet-black spots: me-
tallic bluish-green scaling is noticed almost only in the anal region of the hindwings, and a metallic line
may run along in front of the border of the hindwing or also be absent altogether. Very characteristic is
the dark red-brown under surface by nearly all the black spots of the hindwing and all those of the costal
half of the forewing being brightly centred in silver. Mexico; the specimens before me originate from Guerrero.
C. melino Dyar. Dark leaden grey with tiny black spots of a greenish lustre. Forewing with a spot
in the cell, behind the latter a series of small spots and in front of the border a double row. On the hind-
wing dispersed small spots scarcely forming a row, whereas the double submarginal row is almost formed by
lines between which there is a copper-like tinge. Under surface dull red, the spots like above and more dis-
tinct, scattered across the base of both wings; above the apex of the forewing lies a broad shade and a
narrow one runs along the border of the hindwing; the inner margin of the forewing grey. 22 mm. Tehuacan
in Mexico; discovered in 1911 by Ropert MUELLER.
C. chrysame Hew. (135g). Distinguished from all the species enumerated so far by the fact that not
the median area but the whole wings are above coloured in golden green; only the marginal area is blackish
grey, bordered by bright bluish-green metallic lines, of which the outer one is as fine as a hair, sometimes
interrupted in typical specimens from Bolivia; — in Peruvian specimens — psittacus Hpffr. (= scurra Sigr.)
— it is broad and distinct, almost like in sponsa (135 g). Under surface earthy-grey with rows of dark dots
which may be numerous and distinct, but also be absent. Common.
AINUZONI Os
lampetlo.
trochilus.
aretle.
MATS YAS.
castalia.
philema.
smaragdi-
nad.
colubris.
fulvimargo.
plutargus.
domitianus.
ino.
melicerta.
galbula.
rhacolis.
harmonia.
stillaticia.
melino.
chrysame.
psiltacus.
sSponsd.
argentewm.
carnutes.
jelix.
felicissima.
citrina.
nesaed.
bacaenita.
cuprepes.
bacuenis.
elegantula.
prima.
orthotaenia.
dr yades.
creusis.
creusind.
hisbon.
zonata.
expleta.
capreolus.
684 CHIMASTRUM; BAEOTIS. By Dr. A. Srirz.
C. sponsa Sigr. (135g). Similar to the preceding, but also the distal area is golden green, except
a narrow border, a dark submarginal line and a dark large spot before the apex of the forewing. On
the Jurimaguas.
57. Genus: Chimastrum 4G. and S.
The small, delicate butterflies of this genus consisting of but 2 species exhibit an alliance to the Mesene
and Hsthemopsis, and are placed before the Symmachia by SticueL*). They differ from these two groups
by white wings of a silken gloss, from the latter genus by the gently curved, not bulged-out costa of the
forewing. The body is more delicate than in Caria and EHsthemopsis, approximating more the Baeotis.
Ch. argenteum Bat. (= hewitsonii Bsd.) (128b). Silky-white with a rusty-yellow base of the wings
and a black margin. Central America, particularly on the Chiriqui; single, though not rare.
Ch. carnutes Hew. (128 b, as carnutus). Silky white, from the black distal margin black tips extend
towards the base, two of which intersect each other in the shape of an X on the forewing. Colombia, not
common.
58. Genus: Baeotis Abn.
Tiny, black and yellow, sometimes also white and black butterflies flying about in the sunshine during
day-time, with a delicate body, a somewhat projecting apex of the forewing and an extraordinarily short cell
of the hindwing, which is not even half as large as the cell of the forewing. About a dozen of species are
known.
B. felix Hew. (134 f). White with a broad black border. the lemon-coloured base of both wings se-
parated from the white ground-colour by a black stripe (from the middle of the costa of the forewing to
the middle of the inner margin on the hindwing. Bolivia and Peru). — In felicissima Thm. (134 f) from Ecua-
dor a lustrous light-yellow line runs through the black margin. — A specimen in Fassts collection, from Co-
roico in Bolivia, has a lemon-coloured ground-colour, without any white at all; I call it ab. citrina ab. nov.
— Not rare.
B. nesaea G. and S. (134f) looks like the ab. citrina of the preceding species, but it is somewhat
smaller and has a twice as broad black margin traversed by a yellow thin stripe running between 2 metallic
lines. Costa Rica, Chiriqui. — bacaenita Schs. (134 f) exhibits the yellow median area narrowed, particularly
in its costal part of the forewing, but otherwise it is allied to nesaea. Peru and Bolivia, taken yet at
an altitude of 300 m on the Juambari. — euprepes Sat. from the Rio Tapajoz is not before me; it has
likewise 3 yellow stripes through both wings, the foremost of which, however, is more remote from the base
of the wing.
B. bacaenis Hew. (134f). Smaller than the preceding, the yellow basal stripe and the submarginal
line as thin as a thread, the median area of both wings forms a white, conjoint oval. Ecuador. — elegantula
Hpffr. (134 {) scarcely differs, the stripe at the base more ochreous-yellow as well as the line in the black
distal margin, this line being expanded towards the costa of the forewing. Peru and Bolivia. — Common.
B. prima Bat. This species, not lying before me, has likewise 3 yellow transverse stripes; the first
runs along the inner margin of the hindwing, the middle stripe being oblique, the subapical one fine. On the
under surface one yellow stripe in addition and the outer one in the anal part of the hindwing forked. One
of the largest species. The forewings have a complete metallic line before the border. From the Rio Ta-
pajoz. — This species is perhaps approximated by orthotaenia spec. nov. (134 f) from Bolivia, in which, how-
ever, the median stripe in the forewing stands straight, while the hindwings have a metallic line before the
border, the forewings, however, only indications of such a line before the apex. — dryades Dogn. is presu-
mably also allied to this species, but it is smaller, the median stripe reaches neither the costa of the forc-
wing nor the inner margin of the hindwing, it is strangulated in the middle, while the distal stripe is inte1-
sected in such a way that it is broken up on each wing into 2 spots (near the costal margin and the inner
margin).
B. creusis Hew. (134e). Very easily recognizable by the common median stripe being white, above
and below tapering and slightly bent like an 8. Bolivia. — In creusina Stich. (134 e) lying before me from
Cuzco (Peru) the submarginal stripe is as fine as a hair and often even obsolete for some distance. — Not
rare.
B. hisbon Cr. (= hisboena Hbn.) (134g). Much smaller than creusis; the median stripe slightly curved
like an 8, as in creusis, but on all the wings the distal stripe is greatly shortened, above and below. South
Brazil, rather rare. — In zonata Fldr. (= simbla Bsd., libna Btlr.) (134g) all the yellow stripes are con-
siderably widened, particularly in the 2, and behind the (shortened) outermost stripe of the forewing, which
is mostly fusiform, we notice. another small yellow spot in the anal angle of the forewing. Mexico to Co-
lombia. Common. — expleta Stich., on the contrary, denotes specimens in which the yellow spots in the distal
part of the wings have disappeared altogether or to some traces of them. Described from Honduras.
B. capreolus Stich. (134 ¢) approximates the preceding species, but the fusiform distal spots are co-
herent with the yellow median band by means of a broad pedicle. Colombia.
*) Genera Insectorum, Riodinidae p. 227.
ARGYROGRAMMA. By Dr. A. Srirz. ; ; 685
B. melanis Hbn. (134g). In typical specimens the median band is still narrower than on our figure;
instead of it, howeyer, also the hindwing exhibits yet a shortened and often darkened piece of the distal
stripe, as for instance in specimens from Rio de Janeiro. The figured specimen originates from Petropolis;
here only faint shades of the distal stripe are still noticeable. In specimens from Sao Paulo the distal stripe
has entirely disappeared above, and the basal stripe is in no case visible above; beneath, however, all the
stripes are to be seen, though they are often narrow.
B. johannae H. Sh. (134g). I cannot tell for sure whether this species is justified to be placed into
this genus; the wing-contour and the structure of the body deviate from the other Baeotis. We see here
only yet a pale-yellow median band running broadly through the dull blackish wing. North Brazil. — In
a 9 from Ceara the median band is extremely narrow, but there are traces of a submarginal stripe to be
seen; I denominate this form cearaica form. nov. (134g). — We must remark yet that the width of the
median band, as well as its shape vary greatly according to the district. In the form truncata Stich. from
Minos Geraes it is even obsolete for some distances. — Not common.
B. barce Hew., which is not before me, seems to me to be only an aberrative form of a Baeotis
approximating johannae. Here the yellow median band is present only on the hindwings, whereas on the
forewings it is obsolete except a tiny median spot and a faint beginning at the inner margin. It was described
from Mexico, but I did not find anything similar in the copious collections from Mexico, which I examined.
B. barissus Hew. which has been placed here, but which probably is more correctly taken to the
following genus, is a small dark-brown butterfly with 6 parallel, yellow transverse stripes; it pretty exactly
resembles the 2 of Argyrogramma trochilia, as we figure it t 135d, but the light dots in the dark distal margin
are absent. Ecuador is stated as its patria. The species is considerably smaller than A. trochilia.
59. Genus: Argyrogramma Stich.
This genus already approximates the Charis-group to which its species had formerly been placed.
They all are small, extremely delicate butterflies, the structure of which is allied to that of the Caria, and
of the Phaenochitonia which are likewise mostly dealt with as Charis. At the palpi the first joint is conspicuous
for its great length being uncommon in Erycinidae. In the veins we have to mention the relatively long
cell of the hindwing, being only little shorter than that of the forewing. From the subsequent Anteros it
deviates by the shape of the hindwings. SticueL places 12 distinct species here, which are allied to the
genera dealt with last in the habitus and the colouring.
A. trochilia Ww. (135d). The ¢ is of a brilliant sky-blue with black transverse stripes and a dark
distal margin being finely filled up by orange. The 9 has 5 yellow stripes on a dark ground and a metallic
line often reduced to tiny spots before the border. Under surface of both sexes striped like a zebra. On
the Lower Amazon the species is not very rare. — leptographia Stich. of which only the ¢ is before me, is
of a very bright sky-blue sapphire-lustre, with a broader orange filling in the border and a blackishly dotted
instead of striped under surface; taken by Fasst near Muzo in Colombia.
A. saphirina Stgr. (135 d) is considerably larger; the g reminds us of Voltinia theata-3 (126 d), but it
has a lighter blue lustre, and an under surface resembling exactly the upper surface of its 9; in the latter
both surfaces are almost alike, blackish brown with broad yellow stripes and a metallic line before the border
of the forewing. Before me only from Colombia, but it is also mentioned from Peru and Bolivia. — In subota
Hew. from Ecuador the distal bands being interrupted in saphirina are complete.
A. glaucopis Bat. (142 ¢). From Teffé on the Amazon. Here the ¢ has behind the middle of the fore-
wing a broad smalt-like transverse stripe, similar spots in the cell, and one in the distal part of the forewing;
at the base of the forewing and at the inner margin of the hindwing dark red oblique spots. Before the border
a blue metallic line. The under surface with numerous black chequered spots and an interrupted metallic line
before the border. The 2 which is not yet described and which we figure, resembles somewhat a small saphirina- 9;
the transverse stripes of the forewing are complete, those of the hindwing interrupted; the yellow is darker,
more ochreous, at the border of the hindwing even bright orange. Under surface with black spots which, how-
ever, are arranged to stripes.
A. barine Stgr. (135, as barsine). The g¢ has behind the middle of the forewing a smalt-like spot
placed on the inner margin, and dark small spots in the disc of both wings; the @ is lighter, yellowish-grey,
with darker macular bands and a blackish distal marginal part of the forewing with a blue spot before the
middle of the border. From the Rio San Juan in West Colombia.
A. amalfreda Stgr. (135). Here the whole hindwing, except the border, and the proximal half of
the forewing are red with small fine black spots. In the black distal half of the forewing is a smalt-like
spot; before the border a metallic line. Pebas. The 9 is unknown to me. — nurtia Stich. (142 g) entirely
resembles the preceding, but it is larger; above the blue spot of the forewing is yet another blue, small spot:
the border of the hindwing broader black; Bolivia, Peru. — In physis Stich. (137 f, as rhesa), on the contrary,
melanis.
johannac.
cearaicd.
truncata.
barce.
barissus.
trochilia.
leplogra-
phia.
saphirina.
subola.
glaucopis.
barine.
amalfreda.
nurtia.
physis.
phyton.
occidentalis.
placibilis.
venilia.
‘crocea.
stilbe.
holosticta.
sulphurea.
macularia.
chrysopras-
tus.
roratus.
allectus.
cumulatus.
otho.
formosus.
micon.
lectabilis.
cruentatus.
acheus.
686 ANTEROS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
the blue spot is much smaller than in amalfreda; Colombia. — physis exactly reproduces the appearance of
Lemonias rhesa Hew., but the latter has a broader black apical part of the forewing and, before the border,
a silvery line. — In phyton Stich. from the Amazon the blue spot is oblong, larger than in physis, smaller
than in nurtia, and the antemarginal lines of the hindwings are broken up to small streaks.
A. occidentalis G. and S. (= juanita Stgr.) (135c). As large as amalfreda, but the inner part of the
wings more miniate than vermilion, more dotted in black, and in the distal part no blue spot. According
to StrcHEL, the 2 resembles A. venilia Bates. Colombia. — placibilis Stich. from Peru has a less intensely
darkened distal part of the wings, so that here the black markings are more distinctly prominent.
A. venilia Bat., from the Lower Amazon, is somewhat lighter yellow, otherwise similar to crocea
G. and S. (135 c) from Central America, but just as densely and coarsely spotted. Both the forms are larger
than occidentalis, with broader wings, and the darkened margin is narrower. Not common.
A. stilbe Godt. (= perone Ww.) (135c). Here the distal part of the wings is no more darkened at
all; the dull ochreous-yellow upper surface exhibiting dark panther-like markings. Brazil.
A. holosticta G. and 8. (135), from Central America to Peru, is almost exactly like stilbe, but light
lemon-coloured. Mexican specimens have smaller and more sparse dots.
A. sulphurea Fidr. from Mexico is just as bright light yellow, but the dark spots are larger, parti-
cularly at the margins of the wings. — macularia Bsd. (= ochreas G. and S.) (135 c¢) from Central America
and Colombia has the spots thicker also on the disc of the wings. Not rare.
60. Genus: Anteros Hon.
The species of this genus are immediately recognizable by the under surface in which small, brown
or black-bordered spots with metallic centres stand on the light yellow ground. The upper surface is mostly
black with a yellowish central spot. Morphologically, the species are distinguished by two characteristics:
by a beard consisting of long cilia at the anal angle of the hindwing and by dense, brightly coloured flocks
of hair at the legs. Most of the species are not common; they mostly rest on the under surface of leaves with
their wings spread out, but sometimes they clap their wings together above the back. The flight is some-
what Lycaenid-like. Of renaidus forming already a transition to the Ourocnemis I saw the §g sometimes on
open spaces in the woods, playing with each other and dashing wp and down in enormous oscillations so ra-
pidly that it was quite impossible to recognize them during their flight; it is the same peculiar habit I also
noticed in some Indian butterflies of other families, in the Lycaenid Bindahara phocides and the Hesperid
Tagiades atticus.
A. chrysoprastus Hew. (133 f). Under surface very pale yellow, the small spots dispersed and tiny,
without a true brown halo. Upper surface blackish brown, the hindwings margined in bone-yellow. From
Guatemala to Bolivia. The ¢¢ of the southern habitats mostly have in the forewing a tiny light median
spot, specimens from Panama, the Chiriqui and Paramba are above without any small white spots at all,
= roratus G. and 8S. (133f); specimens from Bolivia (Rio Songo) form the intermediary, i. e. there is a
faint trace of the median spot of the upper surface. Not rare.
A. allectus Ww. (133 f) entirely resembles the preceding and may be of the same species; the median
spot on the upper surface of the forewing more distinct; beneath a dark beam above the cell-end of the fore-
wing, and in the © intense, dark spots with metallic centres above the anal angle of the forewing which are
smaller or absent in ab. cumulatus Stich. (133 f). Chiefly at home in Colombia, where it is rather common;
rarer in Central America and Ecuador.
A. otho Ww. (133 f). Forewing above with a very large yellow spot occupying in the 2 the whole
centre of the wing; beneath, both wings with a very large dark median cloud. Lower Amazon. Maybe
only a collateral-form of the preceding species.
A. formosus Cr. (= croesus F., valens F.) (133 f). Somewhat larger than the preceding, but the under
surface densely covered with spots of a red-brown margin and a golden-centre. — The form micon Stich. (133 f,
g) has beneath less, lectabilis Stich. (133 g) more brown spots; the former occurs more in the north, the
latter in the south of the range. From the northern coast of South America to South Brazil and Peru, mostly
not rare, but very local. stramentarius Stich. from la Paz in Bolivia, maculosus Stich. from Panama and
theleia Stich. are transitions or insignificant deviations. — eruentatus Stich., according to a damaged and, as it
seems, much flown specimen, is not before me and seems to me to be only a more sparsely spotted’ example
of this species; from Colombia.
A. acheus Stoll (= ampyx Drc., troas Stich.) (133 g). Considerably larger than the preceding; under
surface variable, but on the whole rather densely spotted, the spots arranged similarly as in formosus., In
OUROCNEMIS; SAROTA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 687
typical specimens the forewing has a tiny central spot; in kupris Hew. (133 g) being mostly still larger a large
rhombic spot stands in the centre of the forewing, above, behind or below which may be yet accessory
small spots. awreocultus Stich. is the name for Bolivians being beneath very much spotted. From the nor-
thern coast of South America to Bolivia and South Brazil; not very rare.
A. bracteata Hew. (133 ¢). Under surface like that of the preceding species, but the upper surface
unspotted, black, of a blue lustre. Amazon to Bolivia; apparently rare.
A. carausius Ww..(—= medusa Dre.) (133 h). In this species the dark marking of the under surface
has increased so much that it has removed the light yellow colour except some traces before the apex. Upper
surface dark brown with 2 vitreous spots. Mexico and Central America. — In the smaller form principalis
Hpffr. (= carus Godm.) (133 h) lying before me only from Bolivia, the under surface of the hindwings is
marked more indefinitely and the forewings exhibit yet a third, very tiny spot. — In Fetpers collection in
Tring there is a transition without the patria being stated. Apparently rather rare.
A. renaldus Stoll (133 h). Tiny vitreous spots, mostly only 1, comma-shaped, at the cell-end. Wings
above deep dark blue except at the black apical part. Under surface earthy-brown with faintly lighter and
darker shades. The name indigator Stich. denotes specimens in which the blue of the upper surface is narrowed.
Central America to South Brazil. — notius Séich. (133 h) are South Brazilians with a more indefinitely mar-
ked under surface. — The butterflies are not rare, but very local and difficult to capture, as they fly rapidly.
61. Genus: Ouroenemis Bak.
Approximating the preceding genus, but immediately recognizable by the shape of the wings. The
forewing more pointed, with a strongly bent costa, a more pointed apex and a slightly curved border. The
hindwing projects not only in the anal part, but also in a faint tooth at the places where the lower median
veins terminate. The palpi are long, with thick, club-shaped, projecting ends, the legs less long haired. The
species are apparently extremely rare.
O. boulleti Je Cerf (133 h). Under surface rather similar to that of A. carausius; upper surface blackish,
the wings in the disc with a dull blue gloss, without vitreous spots, hindwings at the anal part of the distal
margin faintly tinged in a rusty colour. The type I figure and which the Paris Museum had lent me, is denoted
by ,,Matto-Grosso”; Fassi sent another specimen from the Rio Songo.
0. axiochus Hew. (133 h). The type has a dark, less variegated under surface, the booth at the end
of the lower median vein is more obtuse, the blue lustre of the upper surface duller, more diffuse, the
border of the hindwing not rusty red in its anal part. ,,Brazil‘‘; before me from Cuyaba (Coll. Banc-Haas).
62. Genus: Sarota Ww.
Differing from the preceding genera by the less hairy legs (which, in Anteros, look like hairy tassels)
and by the hindwings of some species terminating, like in Helicopis, into a series of divergent tail-points.
The butterflies are brown, above without metallic colours, beneath, however, with a variegated marking de-
corated with metallic fillets, which somewhat reminds us of that of the Indian Hypochrysops. In contrast
with the preceding genus the species of which number among the greatest rarities, the Sarota are not rare
where they occur.
S. chrysus Cr. (133 h, i.). Blackish brown, hindwings lighter; Q above lighter with many large spots
of the forewing, ¢ darker with less and small spots of the upper surface. Typical chrysus have light diffuse
spots in the variegated marking of the under surface, of which the one before the middle of the distal margin
is particularly large, rectangular, transverse. — In ab. dematria Ww. (1331) the spots of the under surface
are reduced, particularly the large, light, transverse spot is not prominent. — ab. polypoecila Stich. are very
light 22 with remarkably many light spots. — ab. neglecta Stich., on the contrary, has none or scarcely
any light spots of the upper surface. — From Mexico, where the species flies near Misantla in very large dark
specimens, through Central America and Colombia to the Amazon; in many districts common.
S. acanthoides H.-Schaff. Recognizable by sabre-shaped, feathered small tails being placed at all the
terminations of veins at the border of the hindwing. Typical specimens from Guiana and the Lower Amazon
have shorter tails, those from the Upper Amazon (Pebas) longer tails (= spicata Stgr. 133i). The latter have
also a darker under surface and more distinct black spots between the metallic stripes of it. — Rare.
S. acantus Cr. (= acanthus F.) (133 i). This species greatly resembles gyas; both are above blackish-
brown, beneath with varyingly red and smalty-lustrous transverse stripes. acantus, however, differs from gyas
by having black forelegs, while gyas has reddish-yellow ones. Guiana to Bolivia; not rare.
kupris.
bracteata.
carausius.
principalis.
renaldus.
notius.
boulleti.
axiochus.
chrysus.
demairia.
polypoecila.
neglecta.
acanthoides.
spicata.
acantus.
qyds.
lasciva.
myrtea.
gamelia.
psaros.
psaronius.
anius.
calagutis.
cleonus.
caryatis.
gynea.
zama.
candiope.
argyred.
aerigera.
Jessa.
hermodora.
theodora.
688 CHARIS. By Dr. A. Setrz.
S. gyas Cr. (1331). Mostly smaller than the preceding species; besides recognizable by the yellowish-
red forelegs which are black in acantus. The marking beneath similar as in acantus; some 99, however, have
above a yellow border of the hindwing (= lasciva Stich.). Central America to Brazil.
S. myrtea G. and S. replaces gyas to the north of Nicaragua, as far as Mexico, but differs by the black
forelegs. Beneath the second submarginal metallic band, which in acantus runs almost as far as the costa,
ends already at the median. Rarer.
S. gamelia G. and S. (133 i) has like gyas yellowish-red forelegs, but the forewings have here beneath
oblong submarginal spots which are absent in gyas and myrtea. Otherwise the species greatly resembles the
latter, but myrtea has black forelegs like acantus. Common, Central America.
S. psaros G. and S. Similar to the preceding, at the border of the hindwing there are small tips
at the ends of the veins. The under surface is lighter, particularly in the disc of the wings, where it is almost
whitish, the markings and spottings of the allied species are here scarcely indicated. This species was based
upon a single 9 from Guatemala. — psaronius Stich., based upon 2 South Brazilian 99, is beneath almost
white, in some places dusted in grey, and it has a red border of the wings, being also larger than psaros
from Guatemala.
63. Genus: Charis Hodn.
This genus comprises a great number of tiny butterflies, all of which exhibit metallic lines before
the border of the wings, which is pointed at the apex, the distal line running closely in front of the border
of the wings, the second line 1 to 2 mm before it. The upper surface is rather unicolorously black or dark
brown. The bodies are mostly very delicate. The butterflies, in contrast with most of the Hrycinidae, are
nearly all very common, sitting with their wings extended or spread out high (as if pinned) on umbels or
compositae, mostly in their centres, which they do not like to leave. They then rise in a somewhat buzzing
flight, usually only to the next blossom where they settle down again. Like many Hrycinidae, they seem
not to fly.much spontaneously.
Ch. anius Cr. (= auius, avius auct., eleodora Godt.) (1384a). The many hundreds of specimens lying
before me of this common species vary scarcely; they are recognizable by the under surface of the gg with
a magnificent deep blue reflection. The 9 has not so distinctly white fringes of the hindwings and somewhat
more pointed forewings than our figure which was depicted according to a very much flown specimen and
retouched by a mistake in an exaggerated way by the artist. Also the speckling of the fringes of the fore-
wings is always present, but often scarcely noticeable. From Central America to Brazil, Ecuador and Bo-
livia. — We may add here calagutis Hew. without the patria being exactly stated, exhibiting above only 1
silvery line, the under surface being dull dark grey instead of metallic blackish blue.
Ch. cleonus Stoll (= timaea Dbl.) (134 a). Similar to anius, but recognizable by the white fringes
of the hindwing and by the under surface of the ¢ being about like the upper surface, black with 2 parallel,
blue-metallic lines in front of the border and white fringes of the hindwing. The 9 has on both surfaces between
the silvery lines a red-brown, dotted marginal band. Guiana to Brazil and Bolivia. Common. — caryatis
Hew. (= cleonus Godt. nec Stoll) has a black under surface, with but 1 silvery line, being on the forewing
widened like a band; from the Amazon.
Ch. gynea Godt. Similar to the preceding, but much narrower fringes being mostly speckled on both
wings, and differing by the ¢ being coloured like the Q, i. e. dusted with red-brown. The metallic lines are
above before the border quite thin, often only the distal line is preserved here, and quite faintly. South
Brazil, preferably sitting on yellow compositae so persistently that one may take it away with the poison-
glass, if done cautiously. — zama Bat. (134 a) from the Amazon is above more rusty brown, the leaden lines more
intense, the spaces between the veins parted by dark; the under surface reddish-fawn-coloured. — candiope
Dre. is above more greyish-brown, beneath red-brown, on the whole larger; from Colombia. — Common.
Ch. argyrea Bat. resembles the preceding, but above it is still darker than candiope, with indistinct
dark dots above. The fringes are not white-speckled, there are on those of the forewings at most few white
dots; the space between the silvery lines is not red-brown, but dark brown. From Teffé; perhaps only a
form of zama. — aerigera Stich. seems to approximate this form, but it is beneath dull yellowish-grey and
the proximal silvery line is cut through by the veins. South Brazil. Unknown to me.
Ch. jessa Bsd. is a species which is said to originate from ,,Brazil*, unknown to me; there does not
exist any description of it; SricHEL places it near hermodora; according to the figure it might belong to
one of the species already quoted.
Ch. hermodora Fidr. (134b) is a small species from Colombia, Venezuela and Panama. It greatly
approximates anius, but the under surface is here not of a lustrous blue, but like the upper surface, except
that there is beneath only 1 silvery line. Not rare.
Ch. thedora Fidr. (134d). Above similar as aniws, but the proximal metallic line on the hindwing
is expanded to a band being broader in northern specimens, narrow in southern ones. Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
Publ. 13. V. 1917. CHARIS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 689
— stilbos Stich. (134d) is the representative of the species from Colombia, in which the proximal metallic
line is broader also on the forewing and, on the hindwing, so broad that it is partly confluent with the distal
one. — On compositae common.
Ch. panurga Stich. has an under surface similar to that of anius, but it is considerably larger and
has only 1 silvery line and whité fringes; the upper surface is blackish-grey with a blue lustre, similar to
hermodora. 1 do not find the patria being stated.
Ch. lypera Bat., from the Upper Amazon, has already the size of the following form and also its
dark brown upper surface; the black discal spots are partly confluent to a median line, the reddish distal
marginal band is defined by a silvery line, traversed by a row of dots. Upper Amazon; very closely allied
to chaonitis (134 d), )
Ch. chaonitis Hew. (134d). Very similar to the preceding species, but instead of the black line formed
of fine streaks, a sinuous nebulous band runs through the centre of the wings. From Guiana to Bolivia.
Ch. chelonis Hew. stands in the middle between chaonitis and epijessa. The distal silvery line is ab-
sent altogether or it is exhibited only in single, small silvery scales, the proximal line being also duller.
Also the colouring forms the intermediary between that of chaonitis and epijessa, being in specimens from
the lowlands (Rio de Janeiro) yet rather violettish-brown, in those from the highlands more dark brown.
Apparently very rare; specimens like those figured by Hmwitson are not known to me at all, but only such
forming transitions to
Ch. epijessa Prittw. (= calicene Hew., calinice Stich.) (134 b, as chelonis) from the summit of the
Corcovado and from the Organ Mountains; here, however, the ground-colour turns entirely fox-coloured,
the silvery lines are entirely extinct beneath, while above they are so only here and there, the black dots
in the marginal band are finer, but owing to the lighter ground-colour more prominent than in typical che-
lonis. Moreover both forms, exhibiting probably differences of the habitats (? elevation), are very closely
allied to each other, but the ¢ of chelonis has broader forewings. — As a smaller, darker form from the south
(Espiritu Santo) charis Hew. may be considered, in which the proximal silvery line is sometimes fairly well
preserved, but sometimes also hardly recognizable. This is probably also the place where azora Godt. belongs,
which is unknown to me, although I collected numerous Charis to be inserted here in its patria South Brazil;
it may be only a subrace of Charis charis.
Ch. velutina G. and S. (134 c) has the shape of chelonis, but a darker, almost black colouring which,
in the g, shows beneath a bluish tinge. Recognizable by the proximal metallic line being irregular, several
times interrupted. Central America, to Colombia. — iris Stgr. belongs hereto, according to the description,
though nothing is mentioned regarding the course of the proxmial silvery line; it is denoted to be ,,the
most closely allied to cleonus or zama‘. iris is unknown to me; from the Chiriqui.
Ch. cadytis Hew. (134 c, as cadytes). Easily recognizable by the proximal silvery line being shaded
orange-yellow above at the costa. South Brazil, Paraguay. — acroxantha Stich. (134 d), likewise from South
Brazil, is said to have ,,transformed the red submarginal stripe of the forewing to an ochreous-yellow, oblong
subapical spot‘‘; but as the author declares not to be able himself to tell whether our figure represents one
or the other form, the name is probably better to be abolished.
The following species, mostly from North America, deviate from those enumerated so far in several details (genus
Calephelis Gr. and Rob.}; they have somewhat more obtuse forewings, but nearly always distinctly the silvery lines of the
Charis-species.
Ch. borealis Gr. and Rob. (134). Above dark brown with very indistinct silvery lines, the proximal
one being irregular and often interrupted. Under surface reddish-yellow, the discal, dark dots arranged in
3 or 4 arcuate rows. United States, more to the east and rare.
Ch. nemesis Hdw. is presumably only the western representative of the preceding, from more arid
districts of Arizona and South California, considerably smaller (only as large as caenews); across the middle
of the wings above runs a dark, angular shade, more distinct than in borealis.
Ch. australis Hdw. (— guadeloupe Streck.) (134 b) is likewise very closely allied to the preceding, but
it has darker markings than nemesis; the brown median band is more prominent, the wings are without the
white dots of the fringes exhibited in nemesis. Mexico, Texas. — costaricola Stgr. exactly corresponds with
australis, as it flies in some places of Mexico (Misantla). — fulmen Stich., like the preceding from Costa Rica,
is unknown to me; it is said to have the form of iris, but a black band across the middle of the wings
and speckled fringes. Under surface light rusty brown.
Ch. caeneus L. (— pumila Bsd., virginiensis Gray) (134 ¢). The name is assigned to a somewhat du-
bious species of Linn&, as which, however, the butterfly belonging here was generally considered, although
the name was several times misspelled as caenius, cenea, ceneus, cerea etc. Fresh specimens exhibit the brown,
black-spotted upper surface finely strewn with isolated blue, somewhat metallic, small silvery scales being
V 87
stilbos.
panurga.
ly pera.
chaonitis.
chelonis.
epijessa.
charis.
azora.
velutina.
iris.
cadyltis.
acroxantha.
borealis.
nemesis.
australis.
julmen.
caeneus.
argyrodines.
laverna.
nilus.
wanthosa.
aphanis.
ocellata.
caecias.
arcuata.
pheretima.
jasciala.
areuta.
690 * CROCOZONA; ASTRAEODES. By Dr. A. Szrrz.
united to groups at some of the small black spots and forming beneath (sometimes also above) two lines
parallel to the border. The small silvery scales are much too fine to be reproduced on a figure. Not rare
in Florida; to the north as far as Virginia, to the south as far as Texas. — argyrodines Bat. (134b) is
the South American form, darker, sometimes above almost black, the °° also larger; the upper surface dotted
more distinctly, the silvery lines of the under surface more prominent, the proximal one running also somewhat
differently. Between the ranges of the two forms there occur intermediate forms, as. for instance laverna
G. and S. from Mexico and Central America, with a somewhat more pointed apex of the forewing, and nilus
Fidr., from Venezuela, with a more deeply coloured upper surface, a grey macular marking and dull-lustrous
leaden lines. — The forms can neither be strictly separated from each other nor be arranged according to
patriae. The animals rest spread out, as if pinned, on yellow compositae resembling our Leontodon, close at
the soil, and can be taken off with the poison-glass. On being chased away, they fly beneath the nearest
leaves of the bush and soon return to their flower again. Very common. — Regarding a species unknown
to me and not recognizable according to the description, azora Godt., which is said to originate from South
Brazil, though I did not discover it, I doubt whether it is allied hereto as the southernmost form,
or — as STICHEL wants — to the South Brazilian epijessa, resp. calicene, where we have mentioned it. —
xanthosa Stich. (142 g) is certainly allied hereto, a bright red-yellow form, the silvery scales are presumably
extinct; type from the Coll. ScHENCK von SCHWEINSBERG at Darmstadt, now in the Berlin Museum, pre-
sumably from South Brazil.
Ch. aphanis Stich. (142 g) from Uruguay is larger and of a grey ground-colour.
Ch. ocellata Hew. (134 b). I was not able to find the type in Hnwitsons collection. It seems to be
an aberration of a Charis, in which the silvery lines are absent and the red-brown, black-dotted band lying
otherwise between them has turned a chain of eye-spots in which single eye-spots are especially distinctly
prominent. It is scarcely a Symmachia, as Hewitson supposed; much rather an unfringed Ch. zama. From
Venezuela.
64. Genus: Croeozona Fidr.
The structure of the body, the very delicate, outside broad wings with a long-stretched apex and
a very much rounded border, the metallic lines or small scales ally this genus immediately to the chaonitis-group
of the preceding genus. The inner margin of the forewings is almost as long as the costal margin, the
hindwings are very broad. The colouring is black with scarlet or orange-red bands which are partly bordered
in metallic lines. Only 3 or 4 species are known occurring in the northern part of South America, where they
are not rare; Fasst found them early in the morning drinking from the dew on the leaves.
C. caecias Hew. (134d, e). Both the wings are traversed by a scarlet transverse stripe running rather
parallel to the border. Beneath it is in the 3 greatly widened and tapering at both ends. Bolivia, Peru and
on the Amazon; near Pozuzo (Huanuco) and on the Chanchamayo at an elevation of up to 1000 m not rare.
— arcuata Godm. (134 e) deviates by the red stripe of the forewing running more inwardly towards the costa.
Colombia, not rare. The red stripe varies, moreover, according to the finding-places not inconsiderably in
width, particularly beneath.
C. pheretima Fidr. (= caciparis Hew.) (134 e). The red stripe of the forewing lies obliquely, that of
the hindwing is absent. On the under surface the whole disc of the forewing is red as far as to the base. In
Colombia, in some parts not rare; taken by Fasst in December in the Canon del Gallo, at. an elevation of
1600 m, and near Muzo (1500 m).
C. fasciata Hp/ffr. (= clusia Hew.) (134e). Larger than the preceding; the spot of the forewing is
shortened to a more transverse oblique spot. Peru and Bolivia; La Merced in August and September.
65. Genus: Astraeodes Schatz.
A comparatively large butterfly deviating entirely from all the other Hrycinidae in its exterior, but
distributed over a great part of South America, forms this genus. The veins do not differ essentially from
those of Baeotis and the other allied groups. The body is delicately and gracefully built, the wings are very
broad, with a metallic line in front of the border. Nothing has become known to me with respect to its habits.
A. areuta Ww. (1281). Orange-yellow, with 3 dark transverse stripes, a golden line before the border
and a row of dots in front of this. From East Brazil through the Amazon Valley to Peru and Bolivia. The
variation of the different finding-places refers to the more lemon-coloured or pale ground-colour, to single
dark spots before the border of the hindwing beneath, and the thickness of the transverse stripes. Every-
where rare.
AMBLYGONIA; AMARYNTHIS; EXOPLISIA; NELONE. By Dr. A. Szirz. 691
66. Genus: Amblygonia Fidr.
After eliminating the species placed here by FeLpErR, the name of the genus remains for the following
species. A tiny, square-built butterfly with a robust body and broad wings traversed by a yellow band.
Silvery lines are absent; remarkable are 4 larger spots of the wings occurring in the 9 — a form of the sexual
dimorphism being otherwise not common.
A. amarynthina Fldr. (= monogramma Bat., barzanes Hew., 9 = quatrinotata Btlr.) (132 h). A small
species. Blackish brown with a small orange-yellow, above often darkened median band, the much rarer ©
with one light yellowish-white dot in front of the middle of the distal margin on each wing. The 3g are
not rare in almost the whole of South America, from Argentina to Colombia. The band varies considerably
in width and intensity of colouring, but it is in the J beneath always broader and brighter than above.
67. Genus: Amarynthis Hon.
This genus has likewise only one, very singularly coloured species. Larger than the preceding species,
less robustly built, the wings very delicate; the veins deviate from those of the Amblygonia only by the
3rd subcostal vein not rising immediately before the cell-end, but immediately behind it. The species forming
this: genus is very widely distributed.
A. meneria Cr. (132f). Black with a narrow red transverse band and sparse light, small dots:
in the cell of the forewing a red cuneiform streak, behind it a small red spot. — In superior form. nov. (132 g)
flying near Humayta and lying.before me in great numbers, the red band, particularly beneath, is more than
twice as broad and the dots are of a bright white, larger and increased; the form itself is very large. — In
contrast with it, ab. maecenas /’. (132 g) is without any small white dots. A form being especially in the fe-
male sex extremely broad-banded and rather small originates from Nouveau-Chantier in French Guianais
coccitincta form. nov. (132 g), but already in Cayenne there occur again narrow-banded specimens. This charac-
ter is local, but not temporal, for I possess homogeneous specimens from April, October, December and Fe-
bruary. — stenogramma Stich. (132g) contrasts with coccitincta by the red band being here as thin as a
thread, even extinct in some places; from Ecuador, where, however, there occur also specimens hardly
distinguishable from Peruvians. — micalia Cr. (132 f) is the common form living in almost the whole northern
part of South America, with a distinct, unabridged, but moderately broad band, in which there is in the cell-
end a small red spot isolated from the basal streak, which is confluent with the latter in ab. conflata Stich.
meneria ist not so common as we might be induced to believe according to the numerous specimens in the
collections (before me are about 300); but it is one of the most conspicuous butterflies, being equally keenly
collected by European and native collectors. — I call the reader’s attention to a strange coincidence: at
the same place ((Humayta on the Amazon), where A. meneria exhibits a broad, coloured band and a conspi-
cuously copious white dotting, the same symptom occurs also in another, but very distantly allied Hrycinidae
(Riodina lysippus L.) *).
68. Genus: Exoplisia @. and S.
This genus was formerly united with the preceding to which it is very closely allied, but its members
have somewhat shorter palpi. Certainly the total appearance greatly deviates from that of the Amarynthis
by the entirely different colouring, but the anatomical structure makes it doubtful whether Hxoplisia is to
be separated from Amarynthis. From the following Nelone, Exoplisia is separated by the finer clubs of the
antennae, the appressed palpi, the shape of the wings, particularly the stretched costa of the forewing, the
fringes at the anal part of the hindwing being prolonged to a regular beard. Only one species.
E. hypochalybe Fidr. (= praxithea Bsd.) (132 g). Above dark brown, beneath of a lustrous light blue,
with black veins; on both surfaces numerous straight black transverse stripes. Reported from Central America
to Peru. — muscolor Weeks (132 h) differs scarcely above, beneath, however, the distal transverse stripe run-
ning parallel to the border of the forewing is absent."! Bolivia.* Not rare.
69. Genus: Nelome Bsd.
Distinguished from the Hxoplisia by the projecting palpi, the more strongly clubbed antennae, the
quite different shape of the forewings exhibiting an arched distal margin, a curved border, a rounded anal
angle and a longer proximal margin, and by the absence of a regular beard at the border of the hindwing,
where only longer fringes are formed; the marking is quite different, the veins exhibit metallic rays before
their termination, the fringes are speckled. As the species are not congeneric with hypochalybe, this being,
*) This symptom which has presumably nothing to do with mimicry, is denoted in the zoology as a local character
of variation.
amaryn-
thind.
meneria.
superior.
maecenas.
coccitincta.
slenogram-
ma.
micalia.
conjlata.
hypocha-
lybe.
muscolor.
cadmeis.
incoides.
hypochloris.
cleadas.
meris.
arsis.
sula.
agesilas.
arses.
sessilis.
moeros,
kennethi.
692 CALLISTIUM; LASATA.. By Dr. A. Serrz.
however, the type of Nelone to which they are transferred in STICHELS catalogue, a new name for the genus
would be necessary, if Nelone would give way to the (dispensable) Hxoplisia.
N. cadmeis Hew. (132 h). Above sooty brownish-grey, more darkly clouded, beneath of a steel-blue
reflection, on both surfaces with black transverse stripes, with a row of dots in front of the border and, on
the forewings, speckled, on the hindwings, white fringes. A series of comma-lke streaks in front of the distal
margin are distinct particularly on the hindwing. Panama to Peru and South Brazil. Rare.
N. incoides Schs. (= myrtis Drc.) (132 h). Scarcely half as large as cadmeis; above similar, but the
fringes of the hindwing likewise speckled, the streaks in front of the border shorter and noticeable only in
a certain exposure to light. Beneath like above, not steel-blue. North Argentina, the adjoining Bolivia and
Peru; the figured specimen from Tucuman (North Argentina).
N. hypochloris Bat. has the size of cadmeis, white fringes being scarcely speckled on the forewings;
also the upper surface of it is dark steel-blue, with black markings; beneath like cadmeis, without the small
black transverse streaks of the latter, but the whole surface of the wings darkened except the distal marginal
part being of an intense blue lustre. i
70. Genus: Callistiuma Stich.
In the structure of the body it approximates Amarynthis, but the shape of the wings is quite diffe-
rent. Undoubtedly allied to Lasaia from which it forms the transition to Charis as which the only species
was originally described. Head uncommonly stout with protruding, furry eyes. The veins do not exhibit any
deviations. In its exterior similar to the preceding genus. Only 1 species.
C. cleadas Hew. (135i) resembles NV. cadmeis so much that STAUDINGER took it to be the © of it;
but the ¢ is beneath not blue, but shows the same colouring and marking as above. The transverse streaks
are thicker than in N. cadmeis and differently arranged. On the figure (according to a specimen from Onoribo)
we see very distinct white costal spots which, however, are absent in specimens from other districts. Guiana,
Amazon. Rare.
71. Genus: Laasaia Bat.
Of the shape of N. cadmeis, but the lustrous blue colouring is exhibited here on the upper surface,
while the under surface is marbled brown and grey; 2 above greyish-brown. Head and thorax are robust,
the abdomen short and small, the antennae long, scarcely thickened at the ends, the wings slightly dentate,
particularly the hindwings. Costa of the forewing somewhat curved. The butterflies fly in day-time on flow-
ers, where they sit with their wings spread out horizontally, and they come to wet places on the road; the
blue colour glistens brightly in the sun, just like the Tharops in the company of which the Lasaia are often
found. Like the Charis, they belong to the more common species. As they sit very tightly on the flowers,
they are easy to capture as soon as they are drinking.
L. meris Cr. (135g). Recognizable by a white spot at the middle of the costa on the upper surface
of the 9 hindwing, in which there is mostly (not always) a small black dot. The typical, smaller, darker form
being brightly coloured beneath inhabits the district from Mexico to the Amazon; the larger form being beneath
more unicolorous, arsis Stgr. (135g), goes from there to the south as far as Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru.
The 2° are above smoky-grey with a slight greenish tinge. — Not very common.
L. sula Stgr. Almost exactly like the preceding, though more sparsely marked in black; the costal
area of the hindwings above dull honey-yellow. Mexico to Colombia. The Q is not before me.
L. agesilas Latr. (135 ¢, h). Above not so very black as the preceding, the small black transverse
streaks more united to chains, the costa of the hindwing without a white spot, blackish. The 9° are uni-
colorously dark grey, on both surfaces very similar to Call. cleadas (1531). South Brazil and Paraguay. —
narses Stgr. (135 h), from the Amazon to the north as far as Central America, has a more blue than green ground-
colour of the fg and a black half-band behind the cell. — Common; nor are the 99 drinking from blossoms
like the gg rare. The butterfly figured by us t. 1351 as ,,sessilis‘‘, differing from narses only by a greater
regularity of the half-band behind the cell of the forewing and a clearer, less black striated discal part of
the upper surface of the g, is not that species, but merely the Mexican form of narses which needs scarcely
be denominated specially. Whereas
L. sessilis Schs. (142 f) which can probably scarcely be separated from sula, is smaller, above more
obtuse and more violettish-blue, the small black transverse streaks being very regularly arranged. It has a
characteristic under surface being dirty fawn-coloured in the g, both the wings are traversed by a faintly
iridescent, mother-of-pearl white band. Mexico, near Misantla and Guerrero common.
L. moeros Sigr. (= rosamonda Weeks) (135 h, as pura). The species is larger and of a brighter bluish-
green reflection than the preceding, the black streaks finer, regularly united to rows, the under surface purer
and more one-coloured, the distal part without any black speckles. Peru, — kennethi Weeks (1351) from
AMPHISELENIS; CALYDNA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 693
Bolivia to South Peru has the wings above traversed by regular lines, particularly the hindwing is very much
marked. — merita Godm. (135 i) has no more black markings on the hindwing, except a row of dots in front
of the border; the under surface is tinged reddish; from Coroico (Bolivia).
L. oileus Godm. (135 h). Only half as large as most of the other species. Above dirty dark-brown,
clouded irregularly, speckled in black, before the apical part of the costa 2 very small whitish vitreous spots.
Beneath in the costal part of the forewing blackish, otherwise dull bluish-white, with dark speckles. In the
(larger) 2 the ground-colour shows a yellowish-brown hue. Widely distributed, probably at home in the
whole tropical South America, but rather rare.
72. Genus: Amplaiselenis Rob.
An isolated species which is sufficiently characterized by the shape of the wings. The apex is pro-
longed in the shape of a sickle, and the middle of the border exhibits an obtuse, lobular tooth. In the
exterior the animal greatly resembles certain Achlyodes with which it corresponds also in the colouring.
A. chama Stgr. (128h). Dark-brown, the forewings with indentations at the apex, the inner angle,
before and behind the middle of the border; the hindwing with an obtuse tooth; both wings are crossed by
dark nebulous lines, the distal one of the ¢ beneath being faintly metallic. The 2 is above more brownish
yellow, beneath yellowish, almost entirely without metallic lines; in the Cauca Valley in Colombia and in
Venezuela; but not common.
73. Genus: Calydma Do/.
The essential difference of this genus from most of the other genera of the Hrycinidae consists in
the constancy of its forms, resulting in the specimens of one species, even from very remote habitats, not
exhibiting any differences. I consider this persevering adherence to the typical form to be an effect of the
great power of flight and a reduced adherence to localities. The Calydna are robust animals with strong wings
and a power of flight and diffusibility comparable with that of the Hesperids of which the Calydna remind
us also in their habits. They have, moreover, the habits of the other Hrycinidae, coming to wet places and
blossoms, they have an almost buzzing motion of the wings and a compact shape. The antennae are of medium
length with a feeble club, the head is broad with a flat forehead beyond which the palpi do not project,
the thorax is in many species, such as caieta, stout almost like in night-butterflies and decorated with varie-
gated markings. The wings are often densely dotted and marked with transparent spots, the legs are rather
short; in the forewings only the first subcostal vein branches off before the cell-end out of which the 2nd
and 3rd rise. — In the hindwing the veins do not exhibit any deviations; frequently, however, the anal part
of the hindwing is slightly lobate and the apex of the forewing produced. Mencex includes 29, STicHEL 24
species in this genus.
C. thersander Stol/ (135i, k). One of the largest species, blackish-brown, marbled in slate-blue, spotted
darker, the forewings with small white vitreous dots, the hindwings in the g with a sky-blue, in the 2 with
a Slate-blue distal-marginal part. Guiana and Brazil. Not common.
C. charila Hew. (1351). The 3 resembles the thersander-9, but the small vitreous spots in the forewing
are somewhat larger, and the blue united to festoon-like arcuate lines, particularly in front of the border.
The 9° is quite different, similar to the 2 of cazeta (1351), but in place of the uniform yellow spots of the
latter there appear small fenestrae bordered by red-brown and alternating with opaque red-brown spots, bet-
ween which blue-metallic intermediate spots are embedded. Upper Amazon, as far as into Peru (Pachitea);
rare.
C. eaieta Hew. (135 1). The wings are densely covered with whitish-yellow (g) or honey-yellow (9) spots;
beneath like above, the spots slightly larger. Reported from the Upper Amazon; before me are typical spe-
cimens of both sexes only from Venezuela (Rio Caura, Suapure). Rare.
C. chaseba Hew. (136 a). On the upper surface the reddish iron-grey ground-colour is crowded with
white vitreous dots which turn to streaks in the cell of the forewing. Beneath the hindwings are dusted
with a mealy, white colour. The ¢ is almost exactly like the figured 9, but the small spots are a little finer
and the forewings somewhat more pointed. Before me are typical specimens only from South Brazil (Rio
de Janeiro, Espiritu Santo), but it is described from the Amazon. Rare.
C. punctata Fidr. (136 a, as punctula) resembles the preceding species, but it is smaller, the g above
jet-black, the 2 yellowish-brown, the small dots fine like the stings of a needle, the under surface not powdered
in white. Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. The finding-place ,,Santa Catharina” is probably due to a confusion with
the preceding species. Less rare. It reminds us of Cremna actoris.
C. calamisa Hew. (1351). 3 black with bands and spots of a magnificently deep-blue lustre, between
them white vitreous dots. Under surface dark brown, finely striated and chased, the small vitreous spots
here of a mother-of-pearl lustre. 9 entirely different, on both surfaces like the g beneath, copiously striated;
the small vitreous spots are somewhat larger. The 3 somewhat reminds us of Cremna meleagris, just like
Calydna caieta of Cremna eucharila. On the Amazon, from Santarem to Peru.
merila.
oileus.
chamia.
thersander.
charila.
caieta.
chaseba.
punctata.
calamisa.
lusca.
venusta.
euthria.
micra.
sturnula.
hegyas.
sinuala.
calyce.
cabira.
cephissa.
maculosa.
caprina.
catiena.
carneia.
catana.
hiria.
cea.
694 CALYDNA. By Dr. A. Srrrz.
C. lusca Hbn. (135k). J similar to charilla-3, smaller, the forewings with some larger vitreous spots
at the costa, the hindwings angular in the middle of the border. © similar to that of calamisa, but the small
vitreous spots scarcer and in some places larger, the ground-colour intermixed with red-brown. Colombia
to Peru. — venusta G. and S. is the northern form going as far as Mexico; here the ¢ is more brightly marked,
the fenestrae larger, the black ground-colour more intermixed with lighter bows. 2 brown, otherwise like
the g. Rare.
C. euthria Ww. (135k). Quite similar to the preceding, but scarcely more than half as large, much
more unsteadily marked, on each wing only 1 larger vitreous spot. Amazon; some more finding-places are
doubtful.
C. micra Bat. approximates the preceding, is velvety brown, irregularly speckled in brown and spotted
in black, before the border a number of black, brown-tinged spots are arranged to a band. Numerous vitreous
dots, those in cells of the wings larger, as well as some near the apex. Amazon; rare.
C. sturnula Hbn.-G. (135k). Similar to the preceding, larger, the dark-brown ground-colour exhibits
numerous red-brown embeddings, the forewing behind the cell with a larger vitreous spot and several dots
as fine as the stings of a needle. Guiana to North Brazil. — hegyas Fidr. from Central America and Mexico
chiefly differs by the small white spots being not so distinctly prominent. — Rare.
C. sinuata Fidr. This species described from Actajac in Mexico is said to be like hegyas, but smaller
by one third, with a somewhat sickle-shaped apex of the forewing and a dentate border; the hindwings more
gnawed out, the colouring above more dark ashy grey, the fringes speckled in a dirty white.
C. calyce Hew. (135k). Differing from the preceding by the basal and distal parts of the hindwings
being brownish-yellow in the 3, more honey-yellow in the 9°, the centre being dark, though decorated with
several small vitreous spots. The under surface similar to the upper surface. Amazon; we figure it from
Santarem.
C. cabira Hew. (185k). ¢ black, 9 brown, both recognizable by the two white vitreous spots behind
the cell-end being jomed to an oblique band. Amazon. Not common.
C. cephissa Hew. This species from the Upper Amazon has on a blackish-brown ground honey-yellow
spots in, behind and below the cell-end as well as before the anal angle of the forewing and behind the cell-end
of the hindwing. — Before the distal margin a series of fine vitreous dots, as small as the sting of a needle.
The under surface somewhat resembles that of Apodemia erostratus (141 a) or of certain Phyciodes, but it
has no brownish-yellow at the base of the wings. From the Upper Amazon.
C. maculosa Bat. Unknown to me; is said to have the shape of cabira (135k), but a less produced
apex of the forewing and a less angled border of the hindwing. Above fawn-coloured with many dark square
spots in a yellowish-brown corona and many small whitish spots, one of which is in each cell of the wings,
below the rising of the first median vein, and a series of 7 or 8 behind the cell. Fringes darker and with
lighter brown speckles. Likewise from the Upper Amazon.
C. caprina Hew. (136 a). Larger than the preceding, but blackish-brown with a white oblique oval
of the forewings, beneath fawn-coloured, with a darker tinge, at the costa of the forewing and the inner
margin of the hindwing lighter and striated in black. North Brazil.
C. catiena Hew. Similar to the preceding, but the upper surface unicolorously dark brown, except
the white. oblique oval of the forewing. Beneath dark fawn-coloured, striated dark and with some scattered
black dots. Apex of the forewing pointed, border not gnawed out. Brazil.
C. carneia Hew. (136 b). Very near to cabira, but the white transparent band formed by the double-
spot behind the cell-end is angled, as the lower spot extends towards the border. Larger than cabira. Be-
neath at the base of the forewing a reddish-yellow spot. Amazon. Rare.
C. catana Hew. (136 b). In the gf the two white fenestrae of the forewing are moved apart, so that
the black ground-colour passes through between them. On the hindwing appears a small white subbasal band.
In the (brown) 2 the two spots of the forewing as well as the spot near the base of the hindwing are con-
siderably smaller. Venezuela and the adjoining district of the Amazon (Humayta).
C. hiria Godt. (= calitas Hew.) (136a). The forewings exhibit only yet a white square spot and
above it, below the costa, another dot, the hindwings near the base a bottle-shaped spot. In the 9 all the spots
are smaller and stand on a yellowish-brown speckled ground. Widely distributed. Specimens from Peru (Pa-
chitea) are considerably larger than those from the Amazon or from farther to the north. Rare.
C. cea Hew. (= ? zea Schs.) (136b). Forewings like in the preceding species; but the hindwings
have no white basal band, but in the ga sky-blue distal margin. Before me are only gg from Bolivia.
EMESIS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 695
74. Genus: Emesis F.
Whereas the preceding genus was composed of almost unexceptionally rare butterflies, the Hmesis consist
of almost universally common species. In the Erycinidae, rarity and commonness may very well be connected
with their habits, whether they fly in day-time or not. In single Hmesis there prevails the habit of hiding
beneath leaves during day-time, and I have, for instance, often beaten out Hmesis fastidiosa. E. mandane,
however, is always found on blossoms and swarms in the hot sun of the forenoon. #. fatima mostly rests be-
neath leaves, but it often comes forth to visit flowers. When, at one occasion, a fatima ventured to come
out of its hiding-place within sight of me, it was immediately pursued by a Colaenis julia-j dashing upon
it and so unmercifully belaboured with its feet and wings, that its delicate wings were broken and the
poor animal at last lay in the dust incapable of flying. On the whole, we may say that the stout Hmesis
(such as mandane) are good flyers, the slender ones (such as fastidiosa) are bad flyers. The colour of the
Emesis is mostly brown, with a dark undulate marking, the antennae are long and stretched straight
forward by the living animal. The moderately long palpi are so closely appressed to the forehead, that their
tips are not to be seen from above. The legs are strong, but not very hairy, the wings entire, with a frequently
produced or sickle-shaped apex, in the veins there is no difference from the general type of the Hrycinidae.
About 50 forms have been distinguished.
E. lucinda. The typical species is the largest of the genus and at the same time one of the largest
Erycinidae altogether. — The most common form in the European collections is the South Brazilian
fastidiosa Mén. (136d). Above dark-brown, undulated in black; the ¢ has a rusty-yellow apex and a red-
yellow under surface, the 2 a white-spotted apex and a pale-yellow under surface; this under surface is in
both sexes richly decorated with brown transverse streaks and chains of bows. — aurimna Bsd. (136d, e)
from Central America to Colombia, is above more deeply black with a faint steel-blue lustre. — ab. albida
ab. nov. (136 e) has in the female a drab upper surface which is almost as vividly marked as the under sur-
face; from Central Brazil (Bahia). — opaca Stich. (136d) exhibits in both sexes the wings very dark and
without a distinct brightening at the apex; from the Upper Amazon (Iquitos, Pebas). — lucinda Cr. (= dyn-
dima Cr., lassus F’.) (136 b, c) exhibits above a blue reflection in the gg being beneath rusty-red, while the
2 is brown with an oval white subapical spot; from Guiana and Venezuela. — spreta Bat. from Teffé on the
Amazon is in both sexes slate-grey, at the apex of the forewing is an indistinctly defined red-brown spot which
in the 9 replaces the otherwise mostly white subapical spot. — saturata G. and S., described according to 1
specimen from South Mexico, is above bright and intensely brown, in the basal part are some indistinct trans-
verse lines, in front of the border a broad, lighter line; beneath rusty-red, ruled with black lines, with a si-
milar submarginal band. The palpi are rusty-red. They are recognizable by the colour of the upper surface.
— liodes G. and S. is smaller, the g above quite unicolorously dark brown with a scarcely noticeable trans-
verse marking, the 2 with a dull bone-yellow subapical spot of quite the same shape as in the Q of lucinda
(136 c). — eurydice Godm. (136 ¢) is a form from Ecuador the ¢ of which is above preponderantly bluish-grey,.
beneath claret-coloured, on both surfaces with very dark markings; the 9 is above dull brown, beneath yolk-
coloured. — castigata Stich. from Peru and Bolivia does not differ considerably in the female above from spe-
cimens of lucinda, but it is darker and beneath more reddish; ¢ usually larger than the typical subspecies
(lucinda), with the apex of the forewing being produced somewhat more pointedly. — lucinda and its forms
are rather common, at open spaces in the woods, where they sit beneath leaves.
E. tenedia Fidr. (136 g). 3 of the shape of the preceding species, but the upper surface mostly brown:
the 2 may be quite ochreous brown, but it may also exhibit on the forewing a whitish or yellow, band-like
brightening which is differently shaped, mostly also differently coloured at every habitat (= Q-form of fas-
ciata Strd.). Beneath both sexes exhibit, instead of the coherent transverse lines of the preceding species, more
scattered comma-streaks. From Mexico across Central America and the eastern parts. of South America
as far as South Brazil and Paraguay. Mexicans as well as quite southern animals are often much smaller
than the figured ones. The species varies greatly. — melancholica Stich. is said to be larger than the typical
form, above unicolorously intensely smoke-brown, the undulated transverse lines not very conspicuous, the
median area scarcely darker, under surface lighter rusty brown, the transverse lines more distinct. South
Brazil. Unknown to me. — lupina G. and S., described from Central America, though not bound to a certain
district, shows a more grey upper surface, Mexicans from Misantla are of a bright red, the specimen figured
by us forms the intermediary between the two. — ravidula Stich. is denoted by ifs author as a ,,faintly dif-
ferentiated subspecies“, ,,on an average lighter, dull greyish-yellow to pale smoky-brown, with a somewhat
rounder contour of the hindwing‘’. In the south of the range. — cilix Hew. described from Ecuador is smaller
than tenedia, with more pointed, almost sickle-shaped forewings, a uniformly sooty-brown upper surface and
a reddish-yellow under surface; the dark transverse stripes on both surfaces scarcer than in tenedia. —
sinuatus Hew. with still more curved borders of the wings, likewise from Ecuador, may belong hereto.
E. angularis Hew. (136g, as angulata). Recognizable by the wing-contour; the forewing somewhat
concayvely indented below the pointed apex, and the middle of the border on both wings projects geniculatedly.
Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
jastidiosa.
aurimna.
albida.
opaca.
lucinda.
spreta.
saturata.
liodes.
eurydice.
castigaia.
tenedia.
melancho-
lica.
lupina.
ravidula.
cilix.
sinuatus.
angularis.
vulpina.
mandana.
diogenia.
tegula.
russula.
fatima.
ocypore.
aethalia.
zelotes.
ovidius.
neemias.
poeas.
brimo.
progne.
emesia.
696 EMESIS. By Dr. A. Srrrz. i
E. vulpina G. and S. is based upon 3 gg from Presidio in Mexico that are said to resemble tenedia,
but to be of a brighter, red colour, almost like fatima (136 f). The wings above are scarcely noticeably ruled,
the marking beneath is likewise obsolete.
E. mandana Cr. (= polymenus F., arminius F., ops. Latr.) (136 e). Entire with regularly shaped wings,
above dark red-brown, beneath brownish-yellow with dark transverse streaks being united above to trans-
verse lines. Specimens before me from Mexico (Guerrero) and those which I captured near Santos in South
Brazil exhibit but quite faint differences (Mexicans are marked somewhat more distinctly). 99 from Muzo
and the adjoining Central America sometimes have a slightly geniculated border of the hindwing and more
pointed forewings (angulariformis Sird.). — furor Btlr. and Dre. and aurelia Bat. from Maranbam likewise
do not exhibit any difference worth mentioning. — diogenia Prittw. (136 e) from South Brazil are said to
be smaller and lighter specimens, but it is just South Brazil where there occur especially large and dark spe-
cimens, and large and small ones are sometimes found resting on the same bush. — mandana is a common
butterfly visiting particularly the flower-buds of blossoming bushes and flying all the year round in warm di-
stricts; from Mexico to South Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. — The 99 are often considerably larger than the 3g.
Beside typical mandana and furor there occur some more forms approximating mandana in Mexico; as for
instance tegula G. and S. (136f) which is about the most closely allied to diogenia.
E. russula Stich. (136f). Smaller than normal mandana, above duller and often darker, between
the transverse lines ,,a grey, almost bluish-grey tinge‘‘. Under surface light ochreous-yellow, the marking
reddish-brown, finer than in mandana, the nebulous band before the border is absent, sometimes replaced by
obsolete dots. The types originate from la Paz in Bolivia and from Sao Leopoldo in Brazil. — The marks
are partly those of typical mandana, partly they are found in mandana from the most different countries;
it is presumably scarcely a distinct species.
E. fatima Cr. (= fatimella Ww.) (136 f). Much more slimly built than mandana, with more delicate
wings and of a burning brown-red (3) or brown-yellow (Q) colouring. From Colombia to Brazil. Not rare.
E. ocypore Hbn.-G. (136 2). Size and the shape of the wings of a small mandana, but the body much
more delicate and the colouring on both surfaces dark nut-brown. Marking almost exactly as in mandana;
Amazon, Peru. — aethalia Bat. from Central America and Colombia has a produced apex of the forewing
and a similar anal angle of the hindwing and is beneath of a lighter colour than above; on the whole but
little deviating. — zelotes Hew. originating from South Brazil and Paraguay has a red-brown ground-colour,
similar as mandana; the 2 entirely resembles a ©° of tenedius, but it is more red-brown than dark yellowish
brown, and the band in front of the distal-marginal part is not so very light. Whether zelotes is a subspecies
of ocypore as which it has been dealt with, is doubtful.
E. ovidius F. (= fatima Cr. p. p., cerea Hbn., caeneus Stich.) (136 h as caeneus). We choose this
name of Fabricius being still vacant in the Erycinidae, because a yellowish-red Hmesis has been undoubt-
edly figured by CRAMER as fatima and the name of caeneus was conferred on a small Charis, and therefore
certainly a confusion would be inevitable. ovidiws has, on a dark-brown ground, numerous silvery arcuate
streaks which are united to a bossy chain. At the costa, before the apex of the forewing mostly a honey-
yellow, light patch. From Guiana and Venezuela to Peru. Not rare.
E. neemias Hew. (137 a). Like the preceding species with silvery-blue arcuate streaks above, but
dark blackish-brown, and easily distinguishable by the under surface being without any silver, whereas in
ovidius also beneath the dark transverse streaks are silvery. Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru; not common.
E. poeas G. and S. (136 f as psoeas). Recognizable by red-brown bands alternating with bluish-grey
ones above. On regaiding fresh specimens in the sun, we find that the upper surface is covered with single
sparkling silvery scales. In specimens, where the long fringes are preserved, these also exhibit a faint lustre
and are speckled, what is not to be seen on our figure. Beneath red-brown. Mexico; in the Tring Museum also
from Zamora (Ecuador).
E. brimo G. and S. (137 a). Size of the preceding: forewing with a somewhat more pointed apex; upper
surface dark brown. In the cell and the distal marginal part some lighter, faintly yellowish-brown patches,
the disc of the g with a cloud of a slight violet reflection. Very fine and sparse single, small silvery scales
are scattered across the surface of the wings. Under surface rusty yellow, covered with dark punctiform
streaks, except the distal marginal part. Colombia, and on the Chiriqui; often contained in the ,,Bogota‘‘-
parcels. — progne Godm. (137 a) is somewhat smaller, the cloud with the violet reflection in the disc more
lustrous, lighter, the distal margin of the under surface dark brown. Peru, Bolivia. Not rare.
E. emesia Hew. (= yucatanensis G. and S.) is not much larger than progne, has a strongly produced
basal part of the costa, like a Symmachia, but almost exactly the colouring and marking of a tenedius-9, ex-
cept that the cell-end is traversed by a small bone-white band consisting of 3 adjoining spots. Mexico and
the adjoining Central America; not common.
we
Publ. 16. VI. 1917. 5 SISEME. By Dr. A. Serrz. 697
E. peruviana Lathy (137a). Size of the preceding, but the upper surface of the wings greyish-
brown; beneath the colouring of the forewings is rusty-red in the apical and costal parts, otherwise greyish-
brown. The black transverse streaks and dots mostly arranged in rows. Peru.
E. temesa Hew. (137 a) is still somewhat smaller, the upper surface darker, so that the dark trans-
verse streaks are less distinct. Distinguishable from the preceding by the bright brown-red under surface
which is coloured almost like in progne, but darkened at the distal margin. From Ecuador. — emesine Stgr.
are specimens from Pebas (Peru) with a red-brownish apex of the forewing above.
E. zela Bilr. (136 h). This common Mexican species being reported also from Colombia and Venezuela
and, therefore, probably also occurring in Central America, has very pointed forewings and also a pointed
anal part of the hindwing. Recognizable by the postmedian band above being brightened up in the forewing
by a light greyish-brown, in the hindwing of a rusty-yellow colour. Under surface yellowish-red, similar as
in mandana.
E. ares H. Hdw. (136h). Forewing dark brown with numerous small dark transverse bows; in the
hindwing the whole costal half is of a burning red-yellow colour. North Mexico, Arizona. — cleis W. H. Edw.
(136 h), also from Mexico and the adjoining Arizona, is lighter and more sparsely striated, but hardly different.
— Hereto may also belong toltee Reak., unknown to me, in which the costal-marginal part of the hindwing is
no more rusty red, but similarly coloured as the rest of the wing. Likewise from Mexico; common.
E. eypria Fldr. (136i) has the shape of tenedia (136 g), the forewing, however, exhibits a honey-
yellow oblique band ending in the ¢ taperingly, in the 2 broadly in the anal angle. North-western parts
of South America; common. — paphia Fidr. is the northern form from Central America and Mexico, the
oblique band brownish, broader, always regularly defined. In the 9 the dark transverse markings above, at
least those near the base, are less distinct and the oblique band is duller ochreous. — ab. capnodis Stich.
(137 a) is a not rare aberration with a dull brownish oblique band of the forewing; in some places, as for
instance near Onaca (Sa. Martha, Colombia), it flies together with typical cypria.
E. lacrines Hew. Here the oblique band of the forewing is bright yolk-coloured, a small oblong-
ovate band extends from the costa to the upper median vein; the shape and size is that of mandana. Under
surface bright brownish-yellow, towards the base greyer; 9 similar to the g, duller, the oblique band more
ochreous than orange-yellow. From Chontales (Nicaragua).
E. guppyi Kaye (142a) has somewhat the exterior of a small cypria, but the oblique band of the
forewing is here not orange-coloured, but dark brown, only quite faintly lighter than the ground-colour.
On the under surface, however, the oblique band is distinctly orange-yellow on a red-brown ground. The
black transverse dots only insignificant. Colombia, Venezuela; described from the Isle of Trinidad.
E. heterochroa Hpffr. (136i). As large as cypria or larger, easily discernible by the yellow band
of the forewing being broadened as far as near the distal margin, but being lengthways intersected by a
dark nebulous band. Peru, Bolivia; not particularly rare.
75. Genus: Siseme Ww.
This genus contains extremely variable species. S. alectryo which is before me in about 200 specimens
varies at every habitat in constant deviations, so that dozens of new forms might be described among the
material before me consisting of far more than 1000 Siseme from the most various habitats. The Siseme
are all small, elegantly marked, but mostly dark-grey coloured butterflies with a median band through both
the wings. The head is broad, the forehead flatly arched, the eyes large, the palpi long but closely
appressed to the head, so that they are not distinctly projecting on being seen from above. Antennae of
more than half the length of the costa, gradually thickened at the ends to a feeble spindle. The Siseme are
lively animals fond of flying in the sun on the slopes of mountains, where they come to the water in the
morning and are easily taken there.
A. Border of the hindwing convex bulging out.
S. peculiaris Dre. (133 a) blackish greyish-brown; the forewings with small white oblique bands, the
hindwing with a white longitudinal oval showing a different shape at every habitat. Peru, particularly on
the Pozuzo not rare at altitudes of 800 to 1000 m. The white spot of the hindwing mostly extends beneath
to the base.
S. alectryo Ww. (133b). Blackish bluish-grey, in the centre of both wings a joint white fusiform
band; between it and the apex. of the forewing a small white oblique band being often indistinctly defined,
between it and the border of the hindwing a similar, small, band-like spot; in the anal part of the hind-
wing 2 red, often confluent maculae. Colombia and North Brazil, as far as Bahia. — tantilla Thm. (133 b)
has instead of the white distal spots only light grey, more linear brightenings traversing the whole hindwing
as blurred lines; it also flies in Colombia, but different habitats from those of typical alectryo, as for instance
Vv 88
peruviand.
temesda.
emesine.
zela.
ares.
cleis.
toltec.
cypria.
paphia.
capnodis.
lacrines.
guppy.
heterochrea.
peculiaris.
alectryo.
tantilla.
698 DREPANULA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
near Villavicencio. Here the small oblique band of the forewing is still fairly preserved; in a specimen cap-
tured by Fasst on the Rio Negro (Kast Colombia) also the white oblique band on the forewing is trans-
megala. formed into a grey line, the small fusiform band being very narrow. — megala form. nov. (133 b) is a form
of almost double the size of tantilla, with a very distinct marking, deep colouring, and a broad median band;
spectanda. Monte Tolima and the Aguaca Valley. — In spectanda Stich. (133 b) the median band has turned a broad
oval, the small oblique band of the forewing, however, to a small narrow stripe, the white distal spot of the
transiens. hindwing only beneath distinct. Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador. — transiens form. nov. (133 b,¢), a mountain-form
from Bolivia, is smaller, with a still broader median spot, the small white oblique band of the forewing,
which in spectanda is yet distinct and oval on the under surface, being here also nearly vanished. — It
lucilius. forms the transition to lucilius Hpffr. in which the median band occupies almost the whole disc of the wing
as a broad, below rounded oval, whereas the small white distal bands are absent altogether; this form is
likewise found in Peru and Bolivia. — Not rare.
aristoteles. S. aristoteles Latr. (133d). The two dark wings are traversed in the distal part by a band of short
light rays which are particularly beneath distinctly prominent, in front of it a yolk-coloured median band
ochrotaenia. being above and below pointed. Colombia (Monte Tolima). — In ochrotaenia form. nov. (133d) from Loja
minerva. in Ecuador this yellow band is broad and terminates broadly at the costa; — in minerva Fidr. (133 e)
from the Rio Negro (Colombia) it is preserved as thin as a thread on the forewing, on the hindwing it has
leucodesma. almost disappeared; — in leucodesma form. nov. (133 e) from the Rio Dagua (type in the Tring Museum)
sprucei. it is snow-white instead of yellow, in sprucei Bat. (= nigrescens Mengel) (133 e) it is shaded by grey. West
saturata. Colombia. In Colombian sprucei the basal part of both wings is beneath light silvery blue; in saturata
Thm. (133 e) from Keuador, scarcely differing above, the whole under surface is dusted with dark (on our
figure the two under surfaces of sprucei and saturata have been mixed up). Rather common.
B. Border of the hindwing between the apex and anal part drawn in or ser-
rated.
S. pallas. This species resembles in different local forms almost all the forms of the preceding group
of Siseme, so that on the whole the typical pallas corresponds with lucilius or spectanda, pomona with spru-
cei, xanthogramma with ochrotaenia, albescens with leucodesma etc. All the pallas-forms, however, are at
pallas. once distinguished by the border of the hindwing being distally not round, but rather drawn in. — pallas
Latr. (= aristoteles Stgr.) (1383 .c¢) is the form with a fusiform, in the middle broadly white median band;
angustior. from Venezuela and North Colombia. — In angustior form. nov. (133 ¢), from considerable altitudes (Monte
Tolima etc.) in Colombia, the median band is narrowed almost to one half, sometimes to one third. —
pomona. In pomona G. and S. (133 c) lying before me from the Rio Negro (Colombia) the band is shaded with grey.
Be na In xanthogramma Bat. (133d) the median band is yolk-coloured, from the Rio-Negro in Colombia. —
atrytone. atrytone Thm. (133 d) exhibits half the median band yellow (Bolivia) or ochreous with a whitish brightening
albescens. in the middle (Pozuzo, Peru), sometimes also nearly all white (albescens Stich.) from Kcuador and the neigh-
bouring districts. — With respect to the width and pointedness of the fusiform median band, the species
at every habitat exhibits certain, quite constant peculiarities. The butterflies are common.
neurodes. S. neurodes Fldr. (133 c). Very similar to the preceding species; smaller, recognizable by the broader
red anal band and by the much more intense and longer white rays in the distal part of the under surface
of the hindwings. I know this form only from Peru. — From Bolivia and Colombia, as well as from the
Pozuzo (Peru) a more dark slate-blue form is known with the anal part of the hindwing being more ex-
caudalis. tended and ending into a sharp tooth; to this form, caudalis Bat. (133 c), however, there are transitions
found. — Common.
pedias. S. pedias G. (133 d) does not entirely belong to this genus and might form a connection with the An-
cyluris-group. The total appearance reminds us of pallas, but the light patches, particularly beneath, show
a bright hyacinth-blue reflection; the small red anal band of the hindwing varies in shape and width. Before
me only from Bolivia; mostly from the Rio Songo. Apparently rare.
pseudopal- S. pseudopallas Weym..(= hellotis Thm.) (133b). Greatly resembles pallas, but the median band
las: of the forewing is more bone-yellow, above not pointed, but broadly reaching the costa. Beneath in the
hyperion. distal part of the forewing instead of the band formed of rays a white transverse line. Peru. — In hyperion
form. nov. (133 a) being only half as large, from Huayabamba, the median band is anteriorly greatly narrowed
and terminates behind in the middle of the hindwing. Not rare.
Note. A. Siseme from Argentina has not become known to me. Regarding S. hothurus Bg. cf. Additions.
76. Genus: Drepanula Rob.
The genus is not closely allied to any other. The species described first was dealt with as Lemonias, but
R6BER combined its characteristics deviating from the Lemonias, already in 1892. From Ematurgina to which
STICHEL allies the genus the subcostal system deviates essentially, the neuration corresponds rather with
Siseme which, however, shows again a greater variability of the veins, altough it undoubtedly represents
DINOPLOTIS; PARNES; ZABUELLA; EMATURGINA. By Dr. A..Serrz. 699
a well defined genus. Drepanula resembles Baeotis particularly by the shape of the wings, the structure of the
body and the habits, though there is no close connection between the two genera.
D. calvus Sigr. (133 e) from Peru has a very falciform apex of the forewing and a unicolorously slate- calvus.
grey upper surface; the distal margin, a median blurred spot at the costa and a costal triangle before the
apex darker; in front of the border a series of white dots. Under surface marked very white, in the median
area shaded in grey. Peru.
D. gerres Thm. (133 f) entirely resembles the preceding, above the dark clouds are more defined, the gerres.
hindwings somewhat brighter. Quite different is the under surface, being unicolorously bluish-white with
numerous small black dots. Colombia, before me from Muzo and Cananche.
D. lencates Hew. is smaller and the forewings are above quite sooty black except a small light longi- lencates.
tudinal spot at the middle of the inner margin; the hindwings are in the middle entirely white only the base
and the distal-marginal third are black. Unknown to me; may not belong into this genus; described without
the patria being mentioned.
77. Genus: Dinoplotis Stich.
The genus is established for a small species unknown to me, having about the shape of the preceding
genus, ,,but somewhat more circular hindwings. One species from StTavpINGERs collection described from
the Amazonas. In the veins of the forewings there is a conspicuous anastomosis between the costal and
the second subcostal vein, in which may be seen the stunted remainders of the first subcostal vein.
D. orphana Stich. Size of D. gerres; upper surface quite unicolorously drab, only in the apical part orphana.
of the forewing deeper blackish. Beneath the forewings exhibit small white spots at the border below the
falciform apex and at the cell-end; the hindwings are beneath yellowish-grey, with a light median band
shaded in black. From Massauary.
78. Genus: Parnes Ww.
The two small brownish-grey species belonging hereto are very much alike each other; they are above
blackish-brown, beneath in the apex of each wing is a black eye-spot provided with 2 white pupils. The
costal of the forewing runs for some distance together with the first subcostal vein. The animals are not
common; nothing is known to me about their habits.
P. nycteis Ww. (138f). This is the smailer species; fresh specimens have an entirely unicolorously nycéeis.
black upper surface; only in much flown specimens the colouring of the under surface shows faintly through,
as in our figure. This colouring is dark brownish-grey, finely striated in yellow, before the apex in the fore-
wing and hindwing small, white-pupilled eye-spots. Panama to the Amazon.
P. philotes Ww. (138f). Larger, above sooty black, beneath dark grey, with 1 large eye-spot with 2 philotes.
white pupils near the apex of all the 4 wings; some more small dotted eye-spots at the distal margin of
the hindwing. Guiana, Amazon.
79. Genus: Zabuella Stich.
This genus is based upon a rather unicolorously grey animal which was described as Lemonias, but
has evident connections with Hmaturgina. The most conspicuous mark in the animal is a very thick knob
of the antenna, which is hollow in the shape of a spoon, like in an Argynnis. Otherwise the shape is like
that of the following genus, and both these genera belong to the southern part of the neotropical region.
Z. tenelia Burm. (138k). Dirty greyish-brown with a series of dull dotted eye-spots in front of the ‘enella.
border and an irregularly curved median shade across both wings. Under surface dirty grey with black-
pupilled, small eye-spots near the base and the border, and a chain of dark spots across the centre. Argentina,
local, but numerous at the flying-places, as for instance near la Soledad in the Missiones and at other places.
80. Genus: Kmaturgina fob.
Three species, one of them greatly deviating, form this genus. They have long, projecting palpi.
feebly thickened, not very long antennae, remarkably broad wings, the forewing with a stretched costa and
four-branched subcostal, the two last branches of which form a fork with a long stalk. The compact abdomen
reaches the anal angle of the hindwings, though it does not project beyond it. The butterflies are not common.
E. bifasciata Meng. (= mabildei Rob.) (140 e). Blackish-brown, with 2 parallel, ochreous oblique bijasciata.
bands, being several times interrupted, through both wings, and with small ochreous spots before the border.
Beneath like above. South Brazil and Paraguay. — In echrophlegma Stich. the yellow markings are ex- ochrophileg-
panded; Argentina. Our 9-figure, according to a specimen from Goyaz, forms a transition to it. LK
avenus.
leucotopus.
emphatica.
nais.
mormo.
virgulli.
cythera.
druryi.
maxima.
mejicanus.
palmervi.
hypoglauca.
hepburni.
walkert.
multiplaga.
carteri.
700 APODEMIA. By Dr. A. Szrrz.
E. axenus Hew. (140e). Very similar to the preceding species, the bands above broader, in the
2 also lighter yellow. The under surface, however, not like above, but the costa of the forewing and -the
base are also yet yellow, so that this colour outweighs the dark one. South Brazil.
E. leucotopus Stich. This species inserted here by its author has a white discal and pabeedi a spot
of the greyish-brown forewings and white hindwings bordered in grey. The under surface has more white.
We figure a 9 from Buenavista (Bolivia), which has a small white spot in the anal angle of the forewing
and a light patch in the border of the hindwing (= subsp. emphatica Stich.) (140 e). Typical specimens as
they lie before me from Tarapoto (Coll. Banc-Haas) have this light patch somewhat duller, and the white
spots of the forewings are smaller.
81. Genus: Apodemia Fidr.
This genus consists of about a dozen species showing a remarkable, though only superficial resem-
blance with Melitaea. A likeness with the genus Stalachtis seems to be due to mimicry, though it is distinct
enough to deceive even eminent experts, so that one species was described as Stalachtis. The genus is absent
in the supertropical forest-district, occurring only from Mexico to the north and again far to the south.
The veins do not exhibit any deviation from the general type of the American Hrycinidae.
A. nais Hdw. (141 g). Reminds us of a Melitaea of the didyma-group, also beneath; a distant resem-
blance with our Nemeobius may be only secondary. Bright reddish-brown, spotted in black, behind the middle
below the costa, in the 2 mostly also above the proximal margin, small whitish spots. — The green, turban-
shaped egg with an hexagonally netted upper surface yields the larva which, being full-grown, is drab, across
the dorsum with whitish-yellow spots and fluffy hairs, the shape being something like that of a wood-louse,
flat and posteriorly pointed. It feeds on wild plums. Pupa dark brown, fastened by the cremaster and held
loosely by a belt. Mexico and the southern states adjoining to the north of it. Not rare; fond of the open
country.
A. mormo Fldr. (= dumeti Behr, mormonia Bsd.) (141d). Somewhat smaller, with copious white
dots on a blackish-brown ground, the disc of the forewing reddish-brown. Beneath the hindwi ings are almost
white, with blackish markings. California to New Mexico; not rare. — virgulti Behr (¢ sonorensis Fldr.)
(141 e) has above in the hindwing a reddish-yellow band and on the under surface of the hindwings in-
tensely blackish-brown shades; South California and Mexico. — eythera Edw. (141 e) has almost the whole
ground of the hindwing tinged with reddish-yellow; the white spots are enlarged and assume, particularly
on the under surface of the hindwing, an oblong, more radiatiform shape. Arizona and Mexico. — druryi
H. Edw. (= druryi Edw.) (141d) is above lighter yellowish-red, the black and white spots are reduced.
New Mexico. — maxima Weeks (141 e) which may perhaps deviate little or not at all from mejicanus Behr
being unknown to me, is not only larger than the other forms of mormo, but also than the nais resembling
it. Here the whole ground of the wings is yellowish-red, the white spots not radiatiform, but like in druryz
bordered intensely in black, the black being united to irregular bands. North California. — Local, mostly
not common.
A. palmerii H. Hdw. (141 e,f). Much smaller than the preceding, about comparable with the Eu-
ropean Melitaea asterie. Blackish-grey, finely spotted in white, between there are small red-brown spots
on the hindwing. Under surface marked like the upper, but of a dull ochreous-grey, white-powdered ground-
colour. — hypoglauca G. and 8S. (14le) not lying before me in nature, is reported to belong hereto *);
it has above an iron-grey ground-colour, without white spotting; beneath yellowish-white, with rows of dark
spots and lines. — The larva looks almost like a small nais-larva: on Beleperone californica. Western parts
of the southern states and Mexico. — Local, but not rare.
A. hepburni G. and S. (141 f). The smallest species of the genus; forewi ings reddish iron-grey, sparsely
spotted in white, the under surface almost ochreous-yellow with w aNiig spots being faintly bordered in dark;
differing from palmerii by the lighter, more reddish upper surface, a sparser white spotting and a paler under
curiucee Mexico, the figured ¢ © from Sonora.
A. walkeri G. and Si (41 f). Above grey, the bands and spots somewhat lighter, but not white;
under surface with quite a faintly pale ochreous tinge. Mexico, local, but in some places very common. Speci-
mens from Oaxaca are beneath more intensely marked in black; in those from Tehuacan the pale-yellow tinge
is nearly altogether absent.
A. multiplaga Schs. (14le). Much larger than the preceding, the spots of the upper surface of a
pure white, the anal angle of the hindwing forms in the.3 -¢ an apex provided with a fringy beard. Basal half
of the hindwings beneath almost white. New Mexico. Rare.
A. carteri Holl. (141 a) from the Bahama Islands deviates somewhat from the other Apodemia, like
the following species. Our figure most exactly reproduces the original. Under surface more dark greyish-
brown with small blackish transverse spots in the forewing and small transverse streaks in the hindwing. In
the anal angle of all the 4 wings a large, round, black spot.
* It probably belongs rather to walkeri.
a
Oe oe ee ee
HAMEARIS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 701]
A. stalachtioides Btlr. (141 f, misprinted into stalachtoides). Forewing somewhat less pointed, other-
wise of the shape of the preceding, but above the black wings exhibit white spots, with a brown base of
the wings and a brown antemarginal stripe. Ground-colour of the under surface preponderantly red-brown,
much more copiously and densely spotted in white than the upper surface. Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro. —
-canidia Dre. is the smaller, more northern form (Central Brazil) with a preponderantly black ground-colour.
. — The species is always recognizable by the abdomen being above of a silky lustrous white beginning at
the third ring. It imitates Stalachtis susanna from the same habitat. Rare.
A. castanea Pritiw. (141 f) somewhat resembles above Calydna punctata (136 a) and Cremna actoris
(126 h) with which it flies together, but the light dots are transparent like glass, not so brightly white, as
they appear in our figure. Beneath something like Zab. tenella (138k) of which it has also the same faint
median shade of the upper surface noticeable in a certain exposure to light. South Brazil; rare.
82. Genus: Hamearis Hon.
Butterflies with an exterior like small Phyciodes and certain Hesperids flying in their patria. The
genus is only with difficulty separable from Apodemia with which it is combined by some. The body is
robust in the larger species, the abdomen of the 99 stout and long. In the gg the upper surface is mostly
yellowish-brown with dark spots; the under surface of the hindwings is adapted to bark or stones. The
palpi are long with a long, thin, styloid terminal joint projecting anteriorly beyond the head; the veins
of the wings not deviating from those of Apodemia. They inhabit the Pampas in the south and the Llanos
in the north, being mostly local and varying greatly already at short distances, but not rare at their flying-
places.
H. epulus Cr. (141 b). This is perhaps nothing else but the zachaeus F. Above blackish, with few
small white spots in the disc of the forewing and a dull red-yellow macular series in front of the border.
Guiana. In specimens from Para also the ¢g exhibit much more red-brown, so that this sometimes occupies
the greatest part of the disc of the hindwing. — campestris Bat. (= propitia Stich.) (141 b as propitia) has
somewhat larger discal spots of the upper surface, which are also increased and all brown-red. From Itaituba
and Sao Paulo di Olivenga. — Bolivian specimens have the spots above bright light orange-coloured, almost
like erostratus; also the under surface of the hindwings, forming in campestris on a violettish-brown ground
in the middle a faint cloud out of tiny yellowish, mostly round spots, is in Bolivians more variegated, but
more confused. — In signata Stich. (141 b) the small spots above are increased, but nearly all, also those
in front of the border, are whitish instead of reddish-yellow; South Brazil, North Argentina (Salta). —
Still more white-spotted, and with another under surface (hindwings beneath whitish, finely shaded by grey
and brown) are the very small minuscula Giac. (142 h) from la Rioja, in West Argentina, of which there
is before me a form being somewhat more variegated beneath, from San Ignacio (Missiones, East Argentina).
In the open grass-districts, not rare.
H. notialis Stich. is known to me from Strcuets figure; above like erostratus (141 a) duller brown-
red, of the yellowish-red band in the apical part only dull marks are noticeable, the hindwings beneath yellowish-
grey, in the middle a whitish, black-tinged, tooth-like spot. Argentina.
H. erostratus Ww. (141 a,b). Above yellowish-red, with a blackish-brown distal part in which a
yellowish-red oblique band extends in front of the apex and behind it in front of the border a yellowish-red
macular chain. The under surface of the hindwings exhibits on a brown ground 2 yellowish-white transverse
bands converging at the proximal margin. Venezuela (on the Orinoco), Colombia, Panama, on grass-plots,
very common. — Near Merida in Venezuela occurs a form of double the size, in which the light transverse
bands of the under surface of the hindwings begin to be divided into large whitish spots; it is antaeus form.
nov. (141 b), presumably only an alpine form of the preceding. Type in the Tring Museum.
H. chilensis Fldr. (141 b). Light yellowish-red, the whole apical part of the forewings black with nar-
row, adjacent, small bands of the ground-colour; the under surface white, with confused grey and brown
embeddings. The Andes of Chile and Argentina.
H. cisandina sp. nov. (141d) is larger, in both sexes resembling the preceding above, but beneath
much. darker, so that the yellowish-red on the forewings beneath and the white on the hindwings beneath
appears only inserted in smaller spots. Argentina (Chaco de Santiago del Estero, on the Rio Salado).
H. middletoni #.-Sh. (141 a). Above more or less dull brownish-red, with blackish spots, the distal
margin likewise black. Immediately recognizable by the under surface of the hindwings, in which numerous
bone-white, partly black-pupilled, small oval spots are arranged to 2 or 3 regular arcuate rows. South Brazil
and Paraguay.
H. dovina Schs. (141 c¢). One of the largest species, above red-brown, forewing in the disc spotted
dark, hindwing with a dark base, both wings have in the broadly blackish marginal area a chain of black-
pupilled eye-spots of the ground-colour. The under surface reminds us of that of middletoni, but the white
spots and markings are larger and not so numerous. Argentina and Bolivia.
stalachtioi-
des.
canidia.
castanea.
epulus.
campestris.
signata.
minuscula.
notialis.
erostratus.
antaeus.
chilensis.
cisandina.
middletoni.
dovina.
domina.
aurinia.
incana.
gauchoana.
colchis.
albinus.
ochracea.
theodora.
albofasciata.
cinericia.
guttata.
nigrella.
cuparina.
victrix.
702 METACHARIS. By Dr. A. Surrz.
H. domina Bat. is just as large a species, above the ¢ likewise red-brown and similarly spotted; the
2 before the apical part with a whitish-yellow macular band. Under surface marked somewhat differently;
the species has hitherto only been known from Central America.
H. aurinia Hew. (141 a) resembles the preceding species, being also about the same size, but blackish
above; the forewings white and with rusty-red spots, recognizable by the brown, not white-spotted under
surface of the hindwings. Brazil. — ineana Sich. from Peru is larger, the hindwing above lighter ochreous,
beneath we see instead of insignificant black transverse markings in the brown, in the Q light-clouded disc,
distinct black, oval rings. — gauchoana Stich. from Uruguay is not before me; it is said to be smaller, on
both surfaces lighter, with a red-yellow ground-colour of the forewings, the hindwings with smaller sub-
marginal spots, otherwise nearly one-coloured, only in the basal and costal areas somewhat darker. Transitions
of it also in Rio Grande do Sul.
H. colchis #/dr. (140 h). This species is on both surfaces considerably darker than aurinia; the spots
in the g 3 are above sparse, also the under surface of the forewings very sparsely spotted at the apex
and distal margin; the hindwings beneath dark brown with smaller eye-spot markings. Brazil.
H. albinus Fldr. (140h, 141a). Very variable, deviating at every habitat, particularly Panama-
specimens (our figure of the under surface) differ entirely from those from Sa. Marta (141 a, upper surface)
which are by far larger and beneath marked rusty-yellow instead of dark brown. Recognizable by the almost
white upper surface of the disc of the wings. Not rare at its habitats; Panama to Venezuela.
H. ochracea Mengei (141d). Our figure exhibits specimens from Sapucay. Beneath the wings are
cancellated in black almost like Melitaea; a median macular band of the hindwings is bone-white in the g,
in the 2 rusty-yellow. Paraguay; the butterfly seems not to be common; it flies in the company of certain
Stalachtis (sontella) which it apparently imitates.
H. theodora Godm. (1422), described as a probable Riodina, is inserted here by SticHeL. The
6 differs from the figured 2 by an oblique stripe being above yolk-coloured, beneath bone-white and running
from the middle of the costa of the hindwing to its proximal margin. From Chapada in Brazil.
H. albofasciata Godm. (142 g) resembles the preceding, but the spots of the forewings ane white also
in the g, the discal ones placed more medianly, the oblique streak on the hindwing above distinct only in
the costal part, beneath, however, running broadly to the middle of the inner-margin. Smaller than the
preceding species. Corrientes and Cordoba in Argentina; Paraguay.
H. cinericia Stich. Described according to a single 9 from Argentina, is neither figured nor compared
with a noted form. ,,Shape like that of the preceding“ (notialis and albinus); the size seems to approximate
that of epulus. Upper surface dark ashy-grey, forewing with 3 small black spots in and behind the cell,
between the distal ones the ground-colour is brightened up by whitish; distally from the cell a strongly angled
row of whitish spots. Hindwings almost one-coloured, only at the border somewhat lighter and with a row
of indistinct black dots. Beneath grey, forewings partly somewhat dull ochreous-yellow, the spots as above,
more distinct. Hindwings with indistinct dark transverse lines, median area lighter, distal area costally
somewhat grey, otherwise greyish-brown, gradually shaded lighter with a fine black marginal line and in-
distinct submarginal dots. — Unknown to me.
H. guttata Stich. according to a single 9 from Mendoza in Argentina. Seems somewhat to resemble
the Q-of epulus, but is said to have conspicuously short paipi. Scheme of markings similar to that of epulus.
— Unknown to me.
83. Genus > Metacharis.
Like in Ematurgina, also in Metacharis the anterior radial vein most peculiarly branches off only
from the 3rd subcostal vein, instead of from the anterior cell-end, its basal part being grown together for
some distance with that of this subcostal vein. Remarkable is the very long costal margin of the forewing;
also that of the much smaller hindwing is relatively long. The ends of the veins are in nearly all the forms
marked with greasy-lustrous pencil-streaks. The species mostly are common: in day-time they sit on the under
surface of leaves with their wings spread out and the palpi stretched straight forward; on being chased
away by beating they only fly for some paces following the forest-road, and are thus easily taken. 10 species
are known.
M. nigrella Bat. (= sylves Hew.) (137¢). Above blackish olive-coloured (¢) or dark olive-grey (9)
with small black transverse streaks and marginal dots. The dot in the apex of the forewing is the thickest
and often (in the 2) on a rusty-red cloud. Venezuela, Colombia to Peru. Not rare.
M. cuparina Bat. (137 c) is smaller, above deep red-brown, beneath in the § uniformly lustrous blue.
Colombia to Peru. — victrix G. and S. (137) are gg from Central America, the almost black upper surface
LEMONIAS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 703
of which exhibits a wonderful ultra-marine blue lustre and often also orange-red, small distal spots. — xan-
thocraspedum Stich. (1387 ¢) which we figure from Cachabé, are 99 with a faintly olive-brown tinge on the
upper surface and a broadly yellowish-brown distal band of the hindwing. — Not rare.
M. regalis Btlr. (Q = auria Drc.) (137 b) has the upper surface similarly coloured as victrix; but the
6 is beneath similarly coloured as the 2 on both surfaces, i. e. red-brown, with black spots, whereas the
3 of victrix looks blackish-blue beneath. Venezuela (Suapure), Colombia (Villavicencio) to Bolivia and Peru.
Colombian specimens are beneath lighter red-brown than Peruvians. — indissimilis Weeks (137d) is a form
being above olive-brown, from Colombia, with a rusty-yellow (rabutana Stich.) or ochreous-yellow diffuse
spot in front of the apex of the forewing.
M. ptolomaeus #. (= agrius Dalm., sylvestra Mén.) (137, misprinted in ptolemaeus). Here both
sexes are above red-brown, the under surface, however, in the ¢ black, with a blue reflection, the basal
part of the wings powdered with a whitish blue. ptolomaeus-3 is coloured contrarily to the preceding species,
since the upper surface of ptolomaeus resembles the under surface of regalis, and the under surface of ptolo-
maeus-3 the upper surface of regalis-2. From the Amazon to South Brazil. Common.
M. lucius F. (= nicaste H.-Schdff., batesi Bilr.) (137b). Above coloured and marked almost like
nigrella, but much smaller, the forewings posteriorly broader and the border of the hindwing almost straight.
“3 beneath grey-blue, with a lilac reflection, 2 beneath rusty-yellow, similar to that of ptolomaeus, but the
base of the wings not powdered with white as there. Guiana to Brazil. Common.
M. chia Hbn. Smaller than Jucius, the pencil-streaks of the veins thicker and shorter, the upper
surface deep dark-brown, but at the lower distal end of the disc of the forewing is a small orange spot.
The under surface is light yellowish-brown, the wings dotted in black and broadly margined in dark. 1
only known HurEpners figure which was inserted here by reason of the pencil streaks, but which otherwise
resembles a Crocoxona. Guiana.
M. exigua Bat. is said not to be the 2 of the preceding species, but closely allied to it. Above
brown with small, cornered darker brown spots, and with less numerous, small orange spots between them:
in front of the border a series of darker orange-brown bordered spots. Beneath brownish-yellow, spotted
like above. Size of luctus; described according to 1 2 from the Tapajoz; unknown to me.
M. erotylus Stich. (187k). Blackish, hindwings in the basal part covered with red-brown; recognizable
by the orange spot of the forewing, the base of which occupies the whole inner margin, and which then extends
anteriorly, twists inwardly and grows narrower, in order to end taperingly at the middle of the costa. On
the under surface the forewing is similar as above, but the hindwings are dusted greyish-brown and covered
with dark commastreaks. The pencil-streaks on. the ends of the veins are in the ¢ distinct only on the
hindwings above; in the dark-brown, yellow-spotted 9 they are on both wings. Peru, Bolivia.
M. erythromelas Sepp (137d). The 9 already greatly resembles some 99 of the next genus (e. g. Le-
monias emylius). Dark, with an ochreous-yellow, irregular oblique band of the forewing. Behind this oblique
band there are 3 to 5 small white diffuse spots, which occur also in the ¢, though only beneath. The ¢ is
above black, only the basal half of the forewing (except the costa) and a slight flush at the base and inner
margin of the hindwing are miniate, at least I myself consider such butterflies from Guiana to be the typical
3S of erythromelas. — In the form erythraea Stich. from Hspiritu Santo, unknown to me, the red is more
extensive, and the description mentions a yellow ring-spot near the apex.
M. poeciloptera G. and 8. (137d) has in the ¢ somewhat more red than the preceding species, so
that the proximal half of the wings may be called red, the distal one black. — melusina Stgr. (137d) differs
scarcely from it. The 3 has the greatest part of the hindwing black. — Larva white, fluffily haired in white,
on Viscum verticellatum; the pupa brown, fluffily haired in white (Sepp).
84. Genus: Lemonias Ww.
This adopted name is to be preferred to the Polystichtis, as no other genus of animals is called so,
and it can by rights not pass as such. Neither the veins, nor the legs nor antennae call for a division into
further genera; nor does the formation of the palpi give sufficient reason for a separation; according te
STICHEL an examination of the copulation-organs resulted in ,,insufficient conclusions. There remain, there-
fore, merely exterior differences of the habitus to which we attach little importance. Thus the genus remains
on the whole in the limits assigned by Westwoop and the older authors, such as Bares and Kirpy. — Hereto
belong graceful, mostly brightly coloured, rather small butterflies with a long, slender body, mostly rather
glaring colours of the upper surface and a one-coloured, often white under surface decorated with tiny
dots and streaks. The 99 mostly greatly deviate from the gg, frequently with an oblique band of the fore-
wing. The under surface and still more the shape and colouring of some 99° exhibit a close alliance to Echenais;
sometimes to such an extent that one might be inclined to regard the separation of the two genera to be
not quite natural.
canthocras-
peduin.
regalis.
indissimi-
lis.
ptolomaeus.
lucius.
chia.
exigua.
erolylus.
erythrome-
las.
erythraea.
poecilopie-
ra.
melusina.
rhodope.
bubo.
amphis.
cerealis.
zeanger.
rhesa.
pirene.
gyges-
parthaon.
pelarge.
jlorus.
lasthenes.
zeurippa.
martia.
sudias.
apotheta.
miaeon.
maeonides.
idmon.
arachne.
704 LEMONIAS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
L. rhodope Hew. (137 e) resembles Metach. melusina above, but the under surface is marked very
similarly to that of emylius, though it is duller violettish-green. The 2 is unknown to me; the specimen
figured as ancile by Hnwirson may perhaps belong as 9 to rhodope; the forewings are similar, more orange-
coloured, but the hindwings are unicolorously blackish-brown and the under surface is marked differently.
I was not able to obtain two equal 3g; the boundary between the black and red of the upper surface varies _
at every habitat. Amazon. — bubo Bélr. has near the anal angle before the black distal margin a small
white spot, while the 2 (according to BuTLtER) has a kind of a light spot in the middle of the dark-brown
hindwing. — amphis Hew. (137 d) are specimens with a greatly narrowed margin of the hindwing.
L. cerealis Hew. (§ = cuprea Bilr.) (137g). 3 brick-red in the cell and before the border, some
specimens also in the disc with black markings. Before the apex little spots of a blue lustre. 9 dull yel-
lowish-red, with a panther-like, copious marking. Under surface of the ¢ similar to that of emyliws, more
one-coloured leaden-grey. Extremely inconstant, differently marked at every habitat, also the 2 in which
the spotting in the disc of the forewing may disappear nearly altogether (= caecina Fldr.). From the Amazon,
rather rare. ;
L. zeanger Stoll (137.g). Presumably scarcely specifically different from the preceding species which
it replaces in Guiana. Typical zeanger resemble cerealis, but the bluish-lustrous apical spots of the 3 are in-
creased. Surinam. — rhesa Hew. has the blue spot larger, more metallic, more remote from the apex, whereby
a certain exterior resemblance is created with Argyrogramma amalfreda physis Stich., so that the figure of the
latter was denoted by mistake as rhesa, although the blue-silvery line in front of the border of the forewing
shows that it must be a physis with which also the marking at the border of the hindwing corresponds. —
pirene Godm. (137 g) from the Upper Amazon has the black apical part of the g forewing increased and tra-
versed by a broad blue band, and in gyges Stich. (137 g) from Humayta (Amazon) and Peru the blue spot
is still larger, so that it occupies nearly the whole distal half of the forewing, and the dots in front of the
border of the hindwing are partly confluent. Varying at every habitat and representing an almost uninter-
rupted series of transitions. Not common.
L. parthaon Dolm. (= thermodoé Hbn.-G., rhesa Btlr. p. p., 2 = ancile Hew. p. p.) (137 .e, as por-
thaon). Here the red on the forewings has disappeared except a minute spot before the anal angle; the ¢
has blue, the 2 white spots before the apex of the forewing; described from Guiana. — pelarge G. and SV.
(137 e) scarcely differs from parthaon; the blue spot of the forewing is said to be smaller, but it varies in
both forms; as a chief difference the black colouring of the abdomen in pelarge (from Mexico and Central
America) is mentioned, which, however, occurs also in Amazon-specimens. — Rare.
L. florus Stgr. (137k). Approximating the preceding species, but the red of the hindwing shaped
into an oval disc before the distal margin. The forewing brown, with a diffuse, bluish-violet lustre, above
the basal inner-marginal part with a reddish gloss. The 2 with a pale yellow oblique band of the forewing.
Ecuador to Venezuela.
L. lasthenes Hew. (1371, k) greatly approximates the preceding, but in the ¢ the orange-yellow band
of the hindwing, in the 2 the bone-yellow band of the forewing is shaped differently. Central America. Rare.
— zeurippa Bsd. greatly resembles martia; on the forewing the violet reflection of the apical part does not
extend proximally beyond the centre of the wing; the orange-brown anal spot of the hindwing is shorter,
broader, rounder, the animal as large as lasthenes; the 9 like in lasthenes, but the band of the forewing with
a slight ochreous tinge and curved. Mexico and Honduras.
L. martia Godm. (137 k) is allied to the preceding, larger; the g with a more intense reddish tinge,
the apical part of the forewing of a bright violet lustre. The 9 is unknown to me. Described according
to a single ¢ from Colombia (Rio San Juan).
L. sudias Hew. nec Stgr. (137k). In the ¢ the disc of the forewing is entirely suffused by blue, the
border of the hindwing broadly orange-yellow. The 92 resembles those of florws and lasthenes, but the obli-
que band of the forewing is white and does not reach the anal angle, quite similarly as in the Q of argenissa
(1371). Mexico and Central America. Rare.
L. apotheta Bat. From ,,Brazil*, without the habitat being more explicitly mentioned, unknown
to me. Upper surface dark ochreous-brown, the wings traversed by few short, fine, darker streaks, the mar-
ginal part with a reddish tinge, in front of the border a regular row of dark, light-encircled dots. — maeon
Godm. (137 h) from Guiana has a darker apical part of the forewing and a greyish-white under surface; —
in maeonides Godm. from Colombia (137 h) almost the whole forewing, except the narrow inner-marginal
part, has a dark tinge, and the under surface is light slate-grey, without a very dark border. — idmon G.
and S. from Panama and the adjoining Colombia entirely resembles maeon (137 h), but the darkening does
not cover the costal and apical parts, but it extends also above along the distal margin and is not intense.
The © is larger, more dirty greyish-brown, uniformly coloured, with distinct black markings. Beneath like
maeon, but the margins are developed more distinctly. Rare.
L. arachne Stich. I do not know; it is said to be like idmon, the wings above rusty-brown with 3
rows of black streaks; forewings with dark brown spots and obsolete whitish submarginal lunae, hindwings with
Publ. 5. VII. 1917. LEMONIAS. By Dr. A: Serrz. 705
white posterior half and black marginal dots. Beneath marked just the same with a brownish-grey ground-
colour in some parts mixed with white. Amazon.
L. argenissa Stoll (= petronius F’., sudias Stgr., staudingeri Godm.) (1371). In the 3 the whole upper
surface is suffused with violettish-blue, narrowly marked with black; 2 greyish-brown with a white oblique
band of the forewing ending broadly before the anal angle. Colombia, Panama.
L. fannia Godm. (1371) is known to me only from Gopmans figure of the g. Above dark brown, the
distal part of the hindwings violettish-blue; under surface with small blackish streaks in the disc, a dull band
before the border and dark-pupilled eye-spots before the border of the hindwing. Guiana.
L. laobatas Hew. (= labotas G.d& 8. p. p.) (187 h). 2 blackish-brown, in the apical part of the fore-
wing and before the border of the hindwing sparsely spotted in white, in the disc of both wings small black
dashes. 3 very similar to the figured andraemon Stich. (137i), but the upper surface of the g more reddish-
than blackish-brown (= trétschi G. &. S.), the under surface more shaded and streaked in dark. Colombia
and Panama. — simpiaris Stich. from the Amazon is smaller than laobatas and has no white intermixture in
the forewing; in the hindwing the white is increased, but the blue is absent.
L. caligata Stich. Shape of the wings like in idmon, the anal angle of the hindwings somewhat more
rounded. ,,Upper surface greyish-green, under surface light-blue, on both surfaces black spots, the position
of which corresponds with the general scheme of markings of the genus.“ In the hindwing besides 2 more spots
near the costal margin on a grey ground. Near the margin of both wings a scarcely appreciable silvery line.
Beneath all the spots are smaller. Rio San Juan (Colombia).
L. antanitis Hew. probably does not belong into this genus (rather to Pandemos), in case Huwitsons
figure really represents a 9. Snow-white, forewing with a broad black marginal band ending broadly in front
of the anal angle. A black wedge runs from the base of the forewing to the cell-end along the costa. Hindwing
quite snow-white. Under surface with a brownish median shade being broad at the costa of the forewing. and
an undulate brown line in front of the marginal part. It resembles on the whole a white Dynamine (101 A a).
Bolivia.
L. byzeres Hew. (142d). Above brown with fewer darker dots and streaks corresponding about with
those beneath. Brazil.
L. luceres Hew. (142d). I doubt whether it belongs hereto. The under surface like the upper one,
but orange-red and the white subapical spot of the forewing larger. Ecuador. Somewhat homochromous with
certain Geometrids from that region (Devarodes).
L. pione Bat. (137h). Deep blackish-blue, above with numerous, small dark spots and dashes. It
faintly reminds us of an Emesis ocypore (136 g), but it is smaller and more lustrous. Para.
L. pulchra Laihy (137 h). Similar to the preceding in the shape, but much lighter blue, the wings at
the base above dirty brownish grey, the disc almost without small black spots. 9° unknown. Ecuador and
Peru. Rare.
L. thara Hew. (Q = melia Bat.) (137g, h). g blue, with rows of black spots, the base of the wings and
the inner marginal part of the hindwing dirty yellowish-brown. @ quite different, whitish-yellaow with black
macular bands, the disc of the forewing like a band bone-white. GopMAN separates the Guiana-form as nomia
from the (typical )Amazon-form. But 2 3g of my collection from Surinam deviate from each other more than
from a Humayta-specimen. The 99 from the Amazon are somewhat yeilower than the figured 2 from Cayenne.
which belongs perhaps to GopMAN’s nomia; martialis Fidr. is presumably only a 9-form from Surinam.
L. emylius Cr. (¢ = crispus Cr.) (137f). g vermilion with a black apical part and costal-marginal
part cf the wings, under surface silvery bluish-white; disc of the wings with blackish dots. The 9 quite different,
above dark-brown with an ochreous yellow oblique band of the forewing; before the apex and border small
white spots. Guiana, Amazon. —emyliana Stich. (= emylius Stgr.) from Peru, Ecuador and the Amazon which
I do not know is said to be larger and to have in the male increased and deeper red. Of my Peruvian specimens
all the gg exhibit a lighter red which is more interspersed with black, the QQ have a more irregular oblique
band on a lighter ground-colour: = crispinella Stich. (137 f as crispinellus).
L. cilissa Hew. (137 f). gd quite similar to the preceding, but the light vermilicn is replaced by orange red.
The 22 are quite wax-coloured with a broad dark brown margin of the forewing and a narrower dark margin
of the hindwing. From Nicaragua to Colombia. Typical 992 cnly have a border as fine as a line, the fringes
of the hindwing being brown. In specimens from Costa Rica, as we figure them, the border of the hindwing
is broadly brown.
L. asteria Stich., unknown to me, is placed between cilissa and emylius; 3 above red-brown, the costa,
the apical part as far as the cell-end, and the border broadly biackish-brown. In front of the apex 4 or 5 white
V 8
co
Orgenissa.
fannia.
laobatas.
andraemon.
trétschi.
simplaris.
caligata.
antanilis.
byzeres.
luceres.
pione.
pulchra.
thara.
martialis.
emylius.
emyliana.
crispinella.
cilissa.
asteria.
luciana.
pseudocris-
pus.
concinna.
nepioides.
telephus.
lyncestes.
bolena.
linea.
706 ECHENAIS. By Dr. A. Srirz.
dots, the second being the largest. In the cell 2 or 3 sometimes indistinct transverse streaks, behind the cell 4
black strigiform spots. Hindwing with a white costal area, below it 3 rows of black strigiform spots, each of
the two proximal ones with 2, the distal one with 6 or 7 spots, the latter row curved like an S. Colombia.
L. luciana F. (= nepia Ww.) (137 e). Copper-brown; costa, apical part of the forewing and distal
margin of all the wings darker brown; under surface bluish-white with a dark shade in the apical area of the
forewing. All the wings above and beneath finely dotted in black. 2 has broader wings and is somewhat darker
than the g. Panama, Venezuela. — pseudocrispus Ww. (= crispus Cr.) (137 e) has the apical part of the fore-
wing shaded somewhat darker and more distinctly defined towards the copper-red; hardly deserves a deno-
mination. Guiana to Bolivia; we figure a specimen from Para, in order to show the slight difference. Not rare
near Bahia. — concinna Stich. from the Rio San Juan in Colombia is said to be distinguished by a broader
dark border of the hindwing in the 3g and quite dark hindwings of the 2°. — nepioides Bélr. (= luciana Hon.,
melanogyra Bat.) (137 e), may be a distinct species, or may be only a district-form, from South Guiana and
the Amazon, has the copper-red more fiery and the darkened parts of the wirgs distinctly defined towards
this colour. Common.
L. telephus Cr. (= alphaea Hbn., timandra Ww.) (138f). 3 forewings black with some dispersed
white vitrecus dots, hindwings orange-yellow with a broad black border. Under surface blackish, the hind-
wings speckled bluish-grey. The 2 has the vitreous dots and the under surface like the 3, but it is above yellowish-
brown, with a dark apical part of the forewing and a black-dotted disc. The species varies with every habitat.
The couple figured by me originates from Paramba. Surinam-929 are of a much brighter bean-vellow colour
and have smaller vitreous dots than the figured one, while the ¢¢ from there have a darker yellow of the hind-
wings. There is a very interesting ¢ with quite black hindwings being only in the centre narrowly red-yellow,
but with black spots in the orange part, like in the 9, in the Paris Museum. Near St. Jean du Maroni (French
Guiana) the ¢ exhibits yet a narrow orange band parting the black distal marginal band of the hindwing from
the direction of the proximal margin. In Colombian 99, being above very light ochre-yellow, only the apical
part is distinctly defined black; in a Q the patria of which is not stated, in Fassus collection, the distal margin
of both wings is also broadly black, the proximal half of the wings, however, fox-coloured. As there are often
different forms flying near each other, they are not to be regarded as subspecies. — A genus of its own (Hla-
phrotis Stich.) has been established for the species itself: but the habitus and particularly the under surface
exhibit its alliance to the emylius-group of Lemonias. We must remaik yet that the abdomen is always yellow,
not brown as on the figure.
L. lyneestes Hew. Size and under surface almost exactly like in the preceding, but the upper surface
quite dark-brown with black dashes, only the border is broadly red-brown, containing a series of white, proxi-
mally black dots. Guiana, Brazil; according to Hzwitsons figure the black marginal dots exhibit a white
exterior which is absent in specimens J captured in South Brazil. Rarer than the preceding species.
L. bolena Bélr. (= xanthobrunnea Warr.) (188 k). Of a bright yellow, the base of the wings, a broad
apical band cf the forewing, the apex and anal angle of the hindwing resembling the colour of the trunk of a
tree. Beneath dark-yellow on light-yellow, marked with dashes like the preceding species. South Brazil and
Paraguay. Forms a transition to the genus Echenais which is not distinctly separable from Lemonias. The
shape of the broad apical spot seems to be different at every habitat. Jn ypecimens from Sao Paulo it is the
narrowest, similarly in Paraguay-specimens, in specimens from Espiritu Santo it is the broadest, in those from
Rio Grande do Sul its lower part does not project so arcuately towards the base. Single and not common;
flies in day-time and likes to rest on the trunks of trees.
85. Genus: Eehenais Hon.
Most of the species of this genus, the characteristics of which are still somewhat cbscure and whose
species vary in every district, have in the male sex the anal part of the hindwing white which gives a peculiar
appearance to the butterfly particularly on the wing, as if it was hurt cr wiped off behind. They rest in a Geo-
metrid-like attitude on the under surface of leaves, but they come forth at some hours of the day in order
to perform their gambols on the trunks of trees. g and Q then sit on the trunk with their wings half open
and execute short, skipping flights by ascending or descending the trunks in curves. Echenais is as little separable
from the preceding genus as from the following, and might better be regarded as a group of the Lemonias; thus
it happens that most of the species are sometimes quoted as Echenais, sometimes as Lemonias. The head is
small, the abdomen long, that of the g very slender and pointed, the forewings behind very broad; the hind-
wings rounded. The very long and capillary antennae are carried parallel and stretched straightly forward
as the Hrycinidae are used to do. The upper surface of the wings nearly always exhibits the dots and transverse
streaks af the Lemonias, but mostly bordered light. Most of the Echenais, compared with other Erycinid-genera,
are common butterflies.
E. tinea Bat. (142 ¢). The smallest species; by the speckled fringes it reminds us of a small Calydna
as which it was also described. Dark brownish-grey; the black punctiform streaks of a dull lighter shade. Guiana
and East Brazil, to the south as far as Matto Grosso; not rare.
ae
ECHENAIS. By Dr. A. Snitz. 707
E. eudocia G. & S. from Mexico resembles tinea, but it is often-still somewhat smaller and darker,
quite unicolorous, with black markings, the light spotted margins scarcely appreciable, the dark fringes of
the forewings at 3 places intefrupted by white.
E. lampros Sat. is a little larger than the preceding, recognizable by the more violettish-brown
colour ot the forewings and the entirely violettish-blue hindwings of the g. From Teffé on the Amazon.
E. leucophaea Hbn. (138i) dirty dark yellowish-brown, the upper surface copiously decorated with
punctiform streaks, in front of the border of the forewing rows of black spots; there are mostly 2 of them, but
the submarginal spots may also be single; such a 2 was likewise figured, but erroneously termed tinea. Brazil,
in some districts common; it approximates the following species.
E. aristus Stoll (138 f). Cramemrs figure is not distinct, but it seems to represent the most common
species in Surinam, which we figure. Forewings almost like in tinea, dark, indistinctly marked in black, in
front of the border a lighter line being particularly distinct in the 2. Hindwings posteriorly white; this white
colour may be narrower than on our figure (= aristus-9 H. Sh., cretata Stich.).
E. hiibneri Stir. (188 f), according to SticHEn unlike the preceding, has blue-marked (ringed) fore-
wings and the ¢ exhibits the greater half of the hindwing white; Amazon. — In sordida Biélr. the otherwise
bluish marking is darkened. Amazon, Guiana. — pauxilla Stich. from Peru is said to be smailer and of intense
colours.
E. alector Btlr. (= viclacea Btlr.) (138 g, as violacens}. Entirely like the figured form mollis Beir.
(138 g) except that in the 3 the dise of the forewing above is traversed yet by a transverse macular band; in
the ° of alecior only the small white band of the forewing is somewhat darker and narrower than in the figured ©
of mollis. — glaucebithris Stich. is said to be a ,,transition® of the twa, ,,but without the white hinder-marginal
diffuse spot of the forewing**. The species, moreover, greatly varies, particularly in the intensity and extent
of the violettish-blue colour of the g upper surface and in the shape of the small white band of the forewing
in the &. From the Amazon to Bolivia, mostly common; in asemna Stich. the violet is almost entirely absent
on the upper surface.
E. leucocyana Hin.-G. This common species from Guiana and the Amazon forms the intermediary
between the two preceding species: in the g the lower half of the hindwing is white, in the 9 not. This form
differs from alector-3 by its smaller size, more brownish forewings 2nd by scarcely half of the hindwing being
white, not as in alector the greatest part; the 2 resembles a leucophaea-2, but it is lighter brown.
E. hemileuca Bat.. Like the preceding, but with narrower wings, lighter greyish-brown, and only the
lower part of the hindwing of the g white. The transition-area from brown to the white colour is tinged bluish.
It is said to occur beside leucocyana in Guiana; it is presumably only a local deviation from the preceding. —
SticHEL denominates another side-form from the Amazon epixanthe the hindwings of which are brown, like
the forewings marked in violet.
E. aminias Hew. (138 f, as alector). Immediately recognizable by the forewing and hindwing being
of the same design. A violet median band runs broadly through both the wings, being finely dotted and streaked
in black. We figure the species from Venezuela, in which the violet is somewhat clearer, the black spotting
of the median band somewhat scarcer than in the type from the Amazon. — From this, on the other hand,
the form figured as ,,catenifera* (138h) differs; it isdarker than the figure of aminias with Hewrrson, the violet
colour very dim, the animal itself larger. The comparison with the type, however, resulted in these differences
being insignificant, for which reason the name chosen in the table (catenifera) is better not introduced, but
replaced by aminias.
E. balista Hew. (142f). Dark-brown with black, sparse punctiform streaks and a lighter, black-dotted
margin. Beneath greyish-brown, the dotting in the disc more copious, the dots in front of the border with hghter
rings around them. Upper Amazon, Ecuador.
E. argiella Bat. is known to me only from the author’s description; apparently exactly like the
preceding, also of the same size, but also above more copiously spotted ; instead of the light, black-dotted marginal
band, a series of light, dark-centred rings stands in front of the border. South Brazil.
E. sejuncta Stich. Unknown to me; it is said to originate from Neu-Freyburg and Rio, allied to 2iibneri,
smaller, forewings relatively shorter. 3 above greyish-brown, faintly tinged in a rusty red, towards the margin
lighter and redder, spotted like the allied species. Forewings beneath greyish-brown, the spots surrounded
by a light tinge, the median row only distally shaded in white; hindwings similarly spotted, the spots in the
median area placed together to a zigzag-line. 2° above somewhat lighter greyish-brown, the marking as in the
3. forewings beneath very much powdered with white. Fringes greyish-brown.
E. malea Schs. is similar, but it differs by the hindwings of the g being white in the lower half, and
by spots above, in the middle of the forewing, forming a dark nebulous band. Panama to Rio de Janeiro.
eudocia.
lampros.
leucophaea.
aristus.
hiibneri.
sordida.
pauvilla.
alector.
mollis.
glaucobi-
thris.
asemna.
leucocyana.
hemileuca.
epixanthe.
anvinias.
balista.
argiella.
sejvuncta.
male.
densemacu-
lata.
zeTna.
lileonaevia.
glauca.
curulis.
laius.
pulcherrima.
comparata.
lilina.
icterica.
penthea.
penthides.
nitelina.
echion.
nilios.
annulifera.
micator.
galena.
senta.
708 ECHENAIS. By Dr. A. Surrz.
E. densemaculata Hew. (= debilis G. &. S.) (188k). Above dark yellowish-brown, speckled ochreous;
with brown spots encircled by ochreous ones which are connected with the distal margin. Beneath like above
but paler, 2 like the g. Apparently rare, but wide-spread; from Central America to Ecuador.
E. zerna Hew. (142h). The figured specimen originates from Santos. Recognizable by the upper
surface being marked greyish-green. Under surface bluish-white with black dots, forewing in the apical part
with grey nebulous spots. Very local, but not very rare at its habitats. Brazil, Bolivia; from the latter country
also the form Juteonaevia Stzch., with more white markings, hindwing with an ochreous-yellow marginal zone.
E. glauca G. & S. (138 k) from Costa Rica is much more brightly marked in light blue, only the apical
part of the forewing and 3 rows of small dashes arranged to transverse bands are black. Rare.
E. curulis Hew. (142h). Very pointed wings, at once recognizable by the upper surface of a bright
metallic sky-blue lustre, the colour of which almost comes near the splendour of Mesosemia croesus. STICHEL
doubts whether Z. melitta Thm., with a darker apical part of the forewing, is to be placed here. Bolivia (Ecuador).
The figured ¢ from the Rio Songo.
E. laius G. d& S. resembles on the whole a small ¢ of Nymphidium ethelinda, the head, thorax, fore-
wing and the costal part of the hindwing are chestnut-brown, the rest of the hindwings is yellowish-white. Size
of the pulcherrima. I only know the 3 in the Coll. Gopman. Guatemala.
E. pulcherrima Btlr. (140 c). Rather similar to penthea in both sexes, but in the 4 the white of the
hindwing passes over into the proximal margin of the forewing, in the 2 the whitish oblique band of the fore-
wing does not terminate before the proximal margin, but turns angularly round on the lower median vein and
is irregularly continued on the hindwing. Amazon. — comparata Stich. from Peru is more dark brown than
red-brown, and the white spot at the proximal margin of the forewing is larger. East Peru. Common.
E. lilina Btlr. (140c). Forewing blue, with black spots, a large spot behind the middie of the costa
and the proximal-marginal area white. Hindwings, except the dark-grey base, quite snow-white. Mexico to
Panama. Our figure according to a g from Costa Rica.
E. ieterica G. & S. (149d). Forewings yellowish-brown, some spots round the proximal margin
yellowish-white. Hindwings dull yellowish-white with a brown base. Panama. Rare.
E. penthea Cr. (138h). 3g red-brown, with blackish spots, the lower half of the hindwing white with
small blackish spots at the apex and anal angle. 2 dark-brown with a whitish, irregular oblique band of the
forewing and a submarginal row cf eye-spots of the hindwing. — Typical penthea come from Guiana and the
's. eastern’ coast of Brazil, they are rather small, the 2° above with traces at most of yellowish-red. — auseris
Hew., from the Middle Amazon, are larger, the 2° more brightly coloured, in front of the row of eye-spots
on the hindwing a distinct red colouring. — penthides Stich. (= penthea Stgr.) (138 h, i) is still larger, the band
of the forewing of the © is broad at the costa, the wings with bright red markings; from the western parts of
South America. — nitelina Stich., according to 1 9 from the Yurimaguas, with a triangularly shaped band-spot
of the forewing. — Of echion Stich., like the type from Guiana, the 3 is darker brown, and a series of spots runs
through the centre of the hindwing. In the 9 the white band of the forewing is losing itself fram the margin
in a downward line. — nilios Stich. (138 i) which I figure according to specimens from the Itaituba (Amazon)
shows in the ¢ the lower, otherwise white part of the hindwings almost entirely covered with brown arcuate
bands, and in the 2 the whitish band of the forewing is greatly narrowed. — At same places very common.
E. annulifera Godm. (138h). The 3 has about the ground-colour of the 2 of the preceding species,
more dark grevish-brown than red-brown. In the hindwing the marginal part is broad white. The basal halves
of the wings with thick, mostly round, light-ringed eye-spots. Only the ¢ is before me, from the Rio Mapiri;
reported also from Guiana.
E. micator Sch. (138h). Like the preceding allied to alector; twice as large as annulifera, the basal
halves of the wings spotted like in the latter, but the forewing witha broader curved white median band, the
hindwings entirely white, with the exception perhaps of the basal third. Under surface like the upper, duller,
in front of the border cf the hindwing grey nebulous spots. From the Rio Pachitea in Peru. The @ is not
before me.
E. galena Bat. (138k). Above red-brown, the basal half with scarce dashes and bounded off from
the purely red-brown distal part of the wings by a chain of such dashes. Beneath the black dots are more
numerous and the whole proximal part of the wings is covered with small white scales, as if with powder. (The
2nd figure in the row t. 138k is taken from beneath). Guiana and Western Amazon (Itaituba); local, but
not rare.
E. senta Hew. (138i). On the red-brown wings there are alternating darker and lighter irregular
bands. Before the apex of the forewing are two small whitish spots above each other, at the costa of the hind-
wing 2 next to each other. Beneath the boundaries between the lighter and darker bands are marked black.
The figured specimen collected by BatEs contains only the statement: ,,Amazon™.
CALLIONA; CORACHIA; NYMPHIDIUM. By Dr. A. Szrrz. 709
E. borsippa Hew. from the Amazon is bright orange-red, almost miniate; the g has a blackish-brown
apical part of the forewing and from the costa of the hindwing there extend the begianings of black bands ending,
however, incompletely in the centre of the wing. The under surface exhibits bluish-grey bands alternating
with reddish-grey ones.
E. charessa Stich. is established according to a g from the Rio Jurua. Small (12 mm); shape of the
preceding, forewings red-brown, with black spots, similar to penthea; in front of the border a series of black,
oblong, small spots being proximally bordered in light. Inner marginal area grey as far as the submedian.
Hindwings white, costal area and apex greyish-brown, at the border a fine black line, and in front of it small
black spots. Unknown to me.
E. borsippina Bélr. A small species; only the 2 known. On a dark-brown ground the forewings exhibit
3 incomplete red-yellow macular bands before, in and behind the centre and a complete stripe before the border.
Hindwings light yellow, costal part and apex brown, in front of the border some small blak spots. From the
Rio Tapajoz. Is not before me.
E. elpinice Godm. (gf 142f, 2 138 ¢). As the ¢ which was hitherto unknown and which I therefore
likewise figure, shows, a real Hchenais. Under surface quite similar to that of alector-g. 2 with obtuser wings.
the ring-marking not so distinct. Bolivia, Colombia; the figured g from the Rio Songo (Coll. Fass).
E. aemulius F. (= geris Dbdl., hemixanthe Fldr.) (138g). Similar to the preceding species, larger,
and recognizable by the broad orange distal band of the hindwings passing over to the anal angle of the fore-
wing. South Brazil. In Rio temporally common, but local (e. g. near Botafogo). — adelina Béir. (138 g) from
Costa Rica to Ecuador has the hindwings, except the base, pale yellow which colour extends far on to the
forewing.
86. Genus: Callioma Bat.
This genus is as little separable from Lemonias as the preceding. Its resemblance with Aricoris accepted
by ButLaR only refers to the exterior. The ¢¢ do not resemble much the Lemonias owing to the large white
discal spots on both wings, but anatomically there is hardly any difference. The Calliona are of a still more
slender structure than most of the Lemonias, the palpi project greatly also in the 3, the antennae are scarcely
thickened at the ends; the $9 with white discal orbs, the 99, as far as is known, with a yellow oblique band
of the forewing. The butterflies are apparently very rare.
C. irene Ww. (138 a). On each of the 4 black wings of the g a white, roundish disc, the basal part
of the hindwings scarlet. Under surface greyish-brown with 4 white dises as above; in the basal part of the wings
dark transverse bands. The @ looks entirely different, resembling somewhat Mesene sagaris-Q (134i), but
the ground-colour is lighter brown and makes the same transverse streaks the gj also has appear in a dull shade
Lower Amazon: Para, Humayta.
C. siaka Hew. (138 a). 3 similar to irene, larger, hindwings along the costa red, along the border blue.
Beneath in the basal part of the hindwings scarce dark small spots. I do not know the 9. From Maipures on
the Orinoco and Amazon.
€. latona Hew. (138 a). The 3 has the forewings similar to the preceding, but it is smaller and its
hindwings have not a white, but a scarlet inner-marginal stripe. From the Amazon. — In delia Stich. the white
discal spot of the forewing is much smaller, the whole hindwing, except narrow margins, red and beneath there
are no dark transverse streaks. Known to me only from StrcHEL’s figure and description; from Venezuela.
87. Genus: Coraelhhia Schs.
This genus was based on a single 2 which greatly approximates some 99 of Lemonias. It has, however,
a more strongly curved margin of the forewings and short, knobbed antennae. The upper median vein rises
close at the lower cell-angle, the lower radial comes out of this, the cell-end vein is proximally convex, some-
what oblique. The hindwings are long, almost as long as the forewings, whereby nearly the exterior of an
Indian Gerydus (Allotinus) is created.
C. leucoplaga Schs. (= tablazonis Strd.). 2 quite similar to the 2 of Lemonias argenissa (137 i), but
the white band of the forewing is broader with bulging margins and traverses the wing transversely, not obli-
quely. In the ¢ this band of the forewing is replaced by a faded, grey, costally parted discus-spot. Costa Rica,
certainly rare.
88. Genus: Nymphidium /.
The uniformity of the veins argues against the branching-off of further genera such as Peplia Hbn..
Nymula Bsd., etc. which have recently been again based upon differences in the palpi and the male exterior
genitals. If the well done figures in the ,,Genera Insectorum“ are correct, I cannot find any essential difference
between the palpi of Peplia and Nymula, and the clasping-organs vary also considerably in different undoubted
Nymphidium. In the veins there is no differene. Some Nymphidium are obviously secondarily transformed
borsippa.
charessa.
borsippina.
elpinice.
aemulius.
adelina.
irene.
siaka.
latona.
delia.
leucoplaga.
litia.
arctos.
ariadne.
orestes.
arche.
candace.
soranda.
abaris.
phylleus.
apame.
praeclara.
licinias.
dorilis.
nymphidio-
ides.
ethelinda.
nyctleus.
710 NYMPHIDIUM. By Dr. A. Serrz.
by mimicry, otherwise the almost exclusive colours are brown and white either of which being now and then
preponderant. The wings have a normal shape without indentations, tail-appendages, lobing or coiling. The
larva is known of but 1 species, shaped like a wood-louse, hunched, green with a yellow lateral streak, the neck-
organ out of a transverse row of green spikes or bristles. It has a guard of ants. Papa green, fastened by a
belt-like thread. The butterflies rest on the under surface of leaves and are chased up by beating the bushes,
whereupon they fly like Geometrids for some paces, in order to hide themselves again. The swarming-time
seems to be dawn, or the early morning, but I came across the 99 yet in the sunshine of the morning on blos-
soms. They are easily taken and fly low.
N. titia Cr. (= tytia F., gnosis Bsd., eroe Hew., lytia Kaye) (140 b). 3g dark purple-brown with a
small white spot below the costa of the forewing and a light-brown, blurred distal band of the hindwing. 9 dark
sepia-brown with 3 white spots of the forewing (in the disc, below the costa and before the anal angle), the
hindwing with a white distal band. Under surface of both sexes similarly marked, but in the ¢ at the margin
slightly brightened up, in the 2 very much white-speckled. Guiana, near Cayenne not rare. — arctos Hew.
(140 a, b) is larger, the ¢ with a very faint brightening before the border of the hindwing; the 9° also lighter
before the boider of the hindwing, but without a real white band. Amazon. — °° from Teffé form the inter-
mediary between the two forms; taey have a very narrow white band. — 3g from Ecuador and Peru are quite
dark brown, without the brightening before the border of the hindwings, the small, white subcostal spot of
the forewing being larger (= ariadne Sich.)
N. orestes Cr. (140 c). The butterfly occurs in 2 forms which, however, are not definable according
to patriae. The typical form has above quite. unicolorously dark red-brown 33 being faintly dark-speckled,
looking almost like the 34 of arctos in which the brightenings below the costa and before the border of the hind-
wing are absent; the 9 has an ochreous-yellow band of the forewing. — The second form, arche Hew. (140 b)
has above an irregular transverse band being in the ¢ only slightly indicated, in the 9 composed of large white
spots. Guiana and the Amazon, common, also the 29; according to SticHEL, also in Ecuador.
N. candace Drc. Unknown to me in nature, mentioned from Rio de Janeiro. Size of the preceding,
but the hindwings larger, rounder, the border not bevelled as in the preceding species. Above of a red-brown
colouring without markings, beneath only faint traces of the numerous ring-marking of the proximal half. —
Unless the patria be confounded, it must be very rare. F
N. sorana Stoll approximates orestes and originates from Guiana; above dark red-brown, the oblique
band of the forewing yolk-coloured, uniform.
N. abaris Cr. (= tenes Ddl., sperthias Fidr.) (140 c). g above velvety brown, at the border, some-
times also across the centre, copper-red. Below the costa a small light spot may stand as in our figure, but it
may also be absent altogether. The dark-brewn ©, however, always has this spot, and besides the anal angle
of the forewing and the border of the hindwing is bone-yellow or marked thus. Guiana and Amazon, very
common; in Trinidad apparently rare. ;
N. phylleus Cr. (= phyleus Mschl., phylacis Godt.) (140 a az phyleus). g with a red-brown forewing
with fox-coloured bands and rings, and a fox-coloured hindwing exhibiting black antemarginal dots, a dark-
brown base and a similar median band. Belcw the casta a bone-coloured spot. The @ is dark-brown, with
a, broad bone-white band of the forewing and disc of the hindwing and a similar stripe ia front of the border.
The @ varies extremely; the white bands are of a different shape at every habitat; we figure an aberration
in which ali the whitish bands are darkened by a brown scaling (artificial production ?). — apame Hew. (= magni-
fica Stich.) scarcely differs in the male from typical phylleus except the red bands being narrower; in the 9,
however, the white is greatly narrowed on beth wings; from the Amazon. — praeclara Bat. (140 a), on the
contrary, has the bone-yellow colour increased at the cost of the dark-brown ground-colour; from Guiana.
The species is not common.
N. licinias Stgr. (142 f). Dark-brown, in the marginal area red, in the basal area with black markings;
both the wings are traversed by a joint band bent proximally towards the costa of the forewing, being in the
3 of a bright golden yellow, in the Q lighter, more brownish-yellow. From the Rio San Juan in Colombia.
STauDINGERs figure of a ¢ which we copy corresponds well with a specimen in GopMans collection. Apparently
very rare.
N. @orilis Bat. resembles licinias to which it belongs according to SticHEL; but the red-yellow median
area has here the shape of the white band of calyce (139 e).
N. nymphidioides Bilr. (= labdacus G. & S.) (141 c). Size of phylleus; 3 with light small median ~
spots in the disc of the red-brown forewing. Q white, the forewings with a brown border and a brown basal
part, in the latter white, dark-pupilled rings. Central America, rare.
N. ethelinda Hew. (139i). 3 chestnut-brown, forewings almost without any markings; hindwing
except the basal third and the apex yellowish-white. 2 similar to that of the preceding species, but at the
costa of the forewing a broad, at the border of the hindwing an interrupted, brown stripe. Central and
South Brazil. Rare.
N. nycteus G. & S. (141 c). 3 similar to that of the preceding, but the hindwing, except the brown
apex, Snow-white, and this colour also passes over to the forewing before its anal angle. 2 white, through the
whole forewing runs a broad; brown, black-marked longitudinal band from the base to the border above the
anal angle. Central America.
NYMPHIDIUM. By Dr. A. Se:rz. 711
N. grande G. & S. (139i). The largest species of the genus. A broad oval white or yeilow band
begins behind the cell of the forewing and ends round before the inner margin of the hindwing. In front of
the border a double row of small white spots, before it a red stripe. Beneath like above, somewhat duller,
the small marginal spots larger. There occur 9° with yellow as well as white bands. Colombia. Rare.
N. victrix Rebel (139 h). Conspicuous for the hindwings of the 3 being pointed in the anal part and
provided with a straightly cut off border. Dark-brown with a white, rather narrow, jcint median band of the
wings; behind it a small, curved, red-yellow band, behind this, before the border, an irregular white stripe.
Rio "als 4 Janeiro, but presumably scarcely near the town, but farther in the mountains and rare. Is said to occur
also in the Amazon district (?). The species seems to be transformed by mimicry.
N. phliasus Cr. (= bewitsoni Rebel) (139 h). Likewise subiect to mimicry, reproducing an Adclpha
from its surroundings (4. phliassa). The orange spot behind the cell of the forewing projecting ia a tooth towards
the border passes over into the white median band without any separation. The width and shape of the band
varies somewhat according to the habitat. Guixna. Rare.
N. maravalica sp. nov. (139h,1i). Only in the 9 the Adelpha-resembiance is distinctly visible by a
separated orange spot standing before the white, though orange-ending median band at the ccsta of the fcre-
wing; it imitates the Adelpha-form duceleia Fruhst. The 3 has the shape of the bands of phillone, but the upper
tip of the band is faintly tinged orange. Isle of Trinidad, presumably also opposite in Venezuela.
N. enlimanga sp. nov. (139 g as paulistina). Withcut the orange spot before the apex of the forewing:
the white median band is here so much broader that it covers the whole disc of the forewing and the whole
hindwing except the border and base. The under surface is all white except a spotted costal stripe of the fore-
wings and the moderately broad brown distal margin of both wings. Paraguay; the species is apparently not
common *).
N. phillone Godt. (= phliasus Rebel) (139 2, h, as paulistina). At once discernible from the prece-
ding group by the round border of the hindwing and a rusty-red tinge of the collar and sheaths (what is unfor-
tunately not marked in the figure of the 9. The white band of medium width varies at every habitat. In speci-
mens before me from Neu-Freyburg the band ends cbtusely in front (our Q-figure), in the neighbouring
Rio de Janeiro pointed (g-figure). In specimens from Theresopolis (or San Pedro ?) it is said to be narrower
(= pedronia Stich.) and in specimens from Sao Paulo (= paulistina Stich. 142 g, not 139 g, h, as philone) still
narrower, as narrow asin victriz. (The animal denoted as paulistina on t. 139 g is another species — enimanga —
and does not belong to phillone Godt., but it is allied to victrix, phliiasus and maravalica). — Not rare.
N. velabrum G. & S. (139i). Above the upper end of the white band, being common to both wings,
we notice an orange-yellow preapical spot. This creates the impression of an Adelpha iphicleola from Ceatral
America. Panama.
N. calyce Fldr. (139d, e, as calice). Both sexes brown with black, light-bordered spots before the
margin. The moderately broad median band ends in the g above taperingly, in the 2 broad; the latter exhibits
in typical specimens before the border a red-brown band being on both sides shaded with dark-brown. — In
the form mesoleucum Bates described from Baranquilla in Colombia this red-brown band is absent, but the
forewings exhibit a white submarginal stripe instead. — From the northern coast of South America, inclusive
of Trinidad, to the south as far as South Brazil nearly everywhere common. The butterfly, being an Erycinid,
is an uncommonly good flyer which, however, must nevertheless in day-time be invariably beaten cut cf the
bushes skirting the forest-roads. It varies but little in its immense range; in the figured couple (frcm Rio)
the bordering cf the white band is almost smooth, in specimens from Cuyaba the inner (proximal) border of
the band is somewhat more dentate etc. From Peru there are specimens of both sexes before me, with a pale
yellow median band; in a specimen taken in Peru at 2000 m, however, the band is purely white. — brennus
Stich. I cannot distinguish from typical calyce neither regarding the description nor according to the 3 before
me having been denoted with this i. ].-name by StauprncHR; of manius Stich. the Q is said to resemble more
that of mycone.
N. mycone Hew. (139 e) is, according to STICHEL, only a deviating form of the preceding species.
The border of the forewing is more rounded, the hindwing of the g somewhat more educed in the anal part.
g above quite red-brown, without the white median band; the 9 exhibits the latter and, therefore, greatly
resembles that of calyce, but the band of the forewing is not so round above, but more obliquely cut off. Mexico
and Central America as far as Colombia, where also calyce occurs.
N. gela Hew. (139f). Very closely allied to calyce in the shape and marking, but the band pale yellow.
Typical specimens originate from the hower Amazon (Santarem); they are represented by our ©O-figure, exhi-
biting a red-brown base of the wings and a red-brown transverse stripe between the white band and the border
of the wings. Specimens from French Guiana have a more blackish-brown base of the wings and, according
to the habitat, they are large with a broad median band (opposite the Devil’s Island) or small and with narr ow
bands C ayenne). Common.
Za) aarti: to STICHEL, the figure of our phillone 139 g, h represents his paudislina. Before me, however, are the
types of STICHEL’s paulislina (from the Coll. ROBER) which I ticure (142 g). By SricHELs quotation .,Hew. 4, fig. 29° in the
typical phillone Godt. we recognize in paulistina Stich. a very slightly narrower white-banded deviation which cannot be com-
bined with the quite differently shaped victria Rebel.
grande.
viclriz.
phliasus.
moaravalica.
enimanga.
phillone.
paulistina.
velabrum.
calyce.
brennus.
manius.
mycone.
gela.
pelops.
agle.
menalcidas.
chaonia.
ochra.
sicyon.
regulus.
lamis.
azan.
completa.
molpe.
caucanda.
upsea.
azanoides.
lisimon.
platea.
chimborazi-
Urn.
hespericum.
712 NYMPHIDIUM By Dr. A. Srirz.
N. pelops Ff. (= pittheus Hffgg.) (139 g). Spelled ,,pelope’’ by Htpner; it has a much broader
median band covering the whole hindwing except the brown border; recognizable by a trapeziform projection
of the brown costal band of the forewing. In specimens from Venezuela (Suapure) this projection is broad
and has bevelled sides (= cavifascia Bilr.), in specimens from Fonte Boa (Amazon) the corners of it are blunted
off (Q-figure); Para-specimens exhibit it shortened and almost unspotted, copper-red margins of the wings;
in those from Medina (Colombia) the margin of the wings is blackish-brown, nearly without any red ete. —
Not rare.
N. agle Hew. (139g). Very closely allied to the preceding, but the dark border of the forewing with
a red filling, not with red rings. Instead of the trapezoid projection of pefops we notice a smail comma-spot
at the cell-end, projecting into the white of the disc. Range as in pelops, Guiana and North Brazil. The distal
band may be broader or narrower (= furva Stich.) and with more intense (= quinoni Weeks) or less intense
(= dirca Stich.) markings. — Common. — menalcidas form. nov. (139 f, as menalcus) is larger, darker yellow,
the margin above black, the marking above extinct, the dark marginal spots beneath smaller, more distinct;
from the Kouron River, opposite the Devil’s Island.
N. chaonia Hew. (140 a, misprinted into chionea) is larger, yellowish-white and has a white crescent
in the dark apex of the forewing, a white line embedded in the marginal band of the hindwing. Amazon to
Bolivia; on the Rio Songo the subapical white spot is greatly reduced.
N. ochra Bat. (139f) from Bolivia and the Upper Amazon entirely resembles agle, but the margin
of the wing is black, not redbrown and is traversed on the forewing by a single, on the hindwing by a double,
pale-yellow line connected by rungs. — In sicyon G. & S. from Central America the yellow line is absent in the
margin of the forewing, but in the hindwing it appears treble, not double, and without the connecting rungs. —
Rarer.
N. regulus F. (= ebusa Dol.) (140 e). The yellow median band is bevelled at its anterior end and
does not appreciably expand towards the inner margin of the hindwing. Behind it the forewing exhibits 2 oval
spots, the hindwing a stripe parallel to it. Brazil. — Specimens from the Upper Amazon and Bolivia usually
have a broader median band (? = sylvarum Bat.), but the form varies according to the habitats. Thus both
regulus and sylvarum are reported from Para, but they are still said to be ,,subspecies** of one species.
N. lamis Stoll (139 c,d). Very similar to calyce, but larger, the 9 with broader bands, the band of
the forewing is mostly also more irregularly defined. Easily discernible by the longer and slender palpi of the
3 (whereas in calyce only the Q has long palpi) and by the abdomen which in calcye appears only white-pruinous
at the sides and beneath, being also above white in lamis. Mexico to the Amazon, varying greatly. — azan
Hew. (= eustralis Fldr.) (139 d) is the southern form from South Brazil to the north as far as Bahia, common
in Santos where I collected the 22 on blossoming bushes. From those of typical lamis they differ by the white
band being nearly twice as broad. Among these 29 there flew uncommonly large 33 of calyce one of which
is by mistake figured as azan-¢ (t. 139d, 2 nd fig.), as I had taken it together with azan-Q9 and, therefore,
regarded as the 3 belonging thereto. The 29 do not only vary regarding the boundary-line of the white band;
some have the brown margin of the hindwings filled with red, some not; these, however, are no geographical
differences of subspecies. — completa Lathy (139 d) are 29° from Peru with a single, medium-broad, regularly
bent band. — molpe Hbn. (139 b, c) is presumably nothing but a small form of lamis occurring from Mexico
as far as the Amazon, being mostly very common and living more in the open country than in densely wooded
forests. — caucana Stich. has only the size of molpe, but an especially broad white band. Described from Colom-
bia. — ipsea @. & S. are molpe from Nicaragua in which the median area is yellowish instead of white and rounded
at its upper end. There exist, however, all the transitions to it, so that ipsea is hardly maintainable as a distinct
subspecies.
N. azanoides Bilr. (139 c). The 3 entirely resembles that of lamis, but it is blackish-brown, the white
band above pointed, smoothly defined, in the anal part of the hindwing a yellowish-red band being sometimes
stunted to mere traces. The 2, however, is quite different from that of lamis or azan, the white median band
not broader than in the 3, the red band in front of the border of the hindwing mostly broad and bright, che
under surface variegated. Central America (Costa Rica), Colombia tc Bolivia and Peru. In specimens from
the two latter countries the bossy spots at the border are larger, higher, and the yellowish-red of the hindwing
is reduced in the 9, in the ¢ it has entirely disappeared above. Not rare.
N. lisimon Stol/ (139 b). Sometimes spelled lysimon, or lisimaena or lisimond, resembles azanoides,
but it is scarcely of half its size, but the marking and colouring above is almost exactly the same as there, which
is the case in both sexes. Guiana. — platea Ww. (139 b) is a larger form with a broad, not so taperingly termina-
ting white band and a lighter red, occurring on the Upper Amazon and in Peru, where, however, it seems to be
rare, while lisimon is common in Guiana. — chimborazium Bat., discovered by Sprucsg at 3000 ft. on the Chim-
borasso, is an alpine form in which the hindwings exhibit red-yellow traces only yet in the anal angle; — in
hesperium Stich., on the contrary, the red stripe is prolonged towards the apex; from Peiu. — erythroicum
erythroicum. Stich. are specimens with more intensely red markings, particularly such that have several small red spots
Publ. 16. VII. 1917. NYMPHIDIUM. By Dr. A. Sgrrz. 713
also in the cell of the forewing, otherwise they resemble platea; — the same small spots occur also in plintho-
baphis Séich.; but there the red band of the hindwing is also expanded almost to the border; Peru.
N. olinda Bat. (139 b). Quite similar to simon, but above there is no red at all, and the white oblique
stripe beginning narrowly from the inner margin of the hindwing, grows more and more narrow and dim, so
that it is obliterated near the centre of the hindwing. The 2 which has already the long wings of mantus (140 e),
exhibits a broader and above less darkened oblique band. Central America, rare. — The Colombian farm,
fulminans Bat. (139 b), with a considerably broader median band; is much more common.
N. nealces Hew. (140d). A very rare butterfly of which I have seen but few specimens. The forewings
similar to those of baeotia (140 d), in the hindwings, however, the whole inner- marginal part is orange. Beneath
forewings likewise greatly resemble those of bacotia, the hindwings, however, are in the 3 quite light-yellow
with 5 brown marginal spots in front of which a narrow, small, curved brown. hand winds from the apex towards
the anal angle which, however, it does not reach. 2 with a broad, pale-yellow median band. Known to me
only from Cayenne, from where also the figured specimen.
N. baeotia Hew. (140d as baeotica) looks almost like a small olinda. The light median band is some-
times darkened by grey, varies somewhat in width and its upper end is obtuse in the 2. The 2 mostly has also
whitish fringes of the hindwings. Guiana, Amazon. — minuta Dre. (142 h) is a form with a much breader and
brightly white median band, a broad white border of the hindwing in the’ Q and an almost snow-white, scarcely
black-spotted under surface of it. Before me from Matto Grosso, but also from the Chiriqui. At some places
very common.
N. mantus Cr. (140 e). Larger than daeotia, similarly marked, but: with a reflecting light-blue costal
area of the forewing and a similar distal half of the wings; the surroundings of the white band black. — ab.
thryptica Stich. (140 e) has a small rusty-yellow semi-band proceeding from the inner margin of the hindwing.
From Guiana and Venezuela to Brazil. Not common. f
N. omois Hew. (139 e). A small butterfly from the Amazon, forewing dark brown with a white, large
triangle placed on the inner margin; hindwing white with a black-spotted marginal band. In fr ont of the marginal
spots runs a distinctly though irregularly defined, golden-yellow band. Rare.
N. caricae L. (139 a). Dark brown, with a broad white band beginning taperingly behind the cell
of the forewing and ee broadly at the inner margin of the hindwing. Costal part of the forewing with
orange-red spots, in front of the border of both wings an orange-yellow band, behind it, in the brown shade
of the border, whitish bows. Abdomen white. According to the habitat and even to the season, the distribution
of the red-yellow and black varies considerably, as well as the size which varies between 20 and 36 mm in my
specimens from Cayenne and Colombia. ab. carmentis Stich. has the white increased, being continued lacini-
formly at the upper end of the median band; — in carissima Stich. the marginal band of the hindwing is without
the whitish bow-streaks. Guiana and Colombia. Here and there very common.
N. acherois Bsd. (139 a, only the g). Costal and distal parts of the hindwings blackish-brown, with
broad orange-red fillings. Behind the upper end of the white median band a white subapical spot. — South
Brazilian specimens exhibit a narrower golden-yellow border of the hindwing; the small white subapical spot
may be stunted to traces, but also sa enlarged that it is confluent with the median band. These forms ought
not to’ be denominated, but the South Brazilians were separated as erymanthus JM én. (139 a, also the figure
denoted as acherois-2). Guiana to South Brazil; common.
N. balbinus Sigr. (139 a). Typical balbinus differ from our specimen originating from Chuchurras
(Rio Polacaza) by a still broader red band of the hindwing, which, however, has no black dots and neither passes
over to the forewing. The typical balbinus come from Rio San Juan in Colombia; only the gg are known.
N. haematostictum G. d& S. (= haemostaticum Stich.) (139 a) from Panama and the adjoining part
of Colombia resembles a 92 of acherois, but it has more white which is slightly darkened by yellowish, and only
in the marginal band of the hindwing there is yet an orange-yellow filling. Rarer.
N. onaeum Hew. (= blakei Weeks) (139b). White with a dark-brown marginal band; cellular part
of the costal stripe with red-yellow spots, before the marginai brown in the anal part of both wings there is
likewise red-yellow. Central America from Honduras to Panama, Colombia and Venezuela; apparently not
common.
N. chione Bat. (= stilopteris Bélr.) (139 f). Snow-white, with black margins, without any red-yellow,
the white discal part irregularly defined. In the black marginal band white arcuate lines. Amazon to South
Brazil.
N. menalcus. Of this species there exist 8 forms. In order to preserve the denominations, we might
make the following differentiations: cachrus /’. (= damon Hbn.) is a large form with a pale-yellow ground-colour,
a copiously marked, proximally irregularly defined, jet-black marginal band. This form being especially common
in Colombia, but occurring also in the Amazon District and Guiana, is represented by our 3-figure; the 2 of
it is figured 142 h. — The animal figured 139f as cachrus-2 already forms a transition to the typical form of
menalcus (= onoba Hew.) a couple of which is figured 142 h, being distinguished by a proximally smoothly
Vv 90
plinthoba-
phis.
olinda.
fulminans.
nealces.
baeotia.
minuta. = baeoky
tnivea Talk
mantus.
thryptica.
omois.
caricae.
carmentis.
carissima.
acherois.
erymanthus.
balbinus.
haematostic-
tum.
onaeum.
chione.
cachrus.
menaleus.
heliotis.
leucidiodes.
ascolia.
ascolides.
augea.
eutrapela..
ninias.
medusa.
galactina.
undimargo.
leucosia.
kadenii.
cyneds.
mycea.
aenetus.
leucophry-
ne.
glaucosmia.
lerpna.
714 IMELDA. By Dr. A. Serrz.
defined marginal band and a paler ground-colour, as well as a narrower dark margin; commen in French Guiana.
— heliotis Bat. differs considerably by the ground-colour being a pale ochreous-yellow with a brownish tinge. —
leucidiodes form. nov. (1421) is a pygmean form of which a series is before me from different places of Guiana
and which may be the inhabitant of particularly dry habitats. — ascolia Hew. (142k) is a Jarge form, closely
allied especially to cachrus and menalcus, recognizable by the very broad margins and a small red band in the
anal part of the hindwings. — ascolides Bsd. exhibits an entirely black abdomen which in cachrus is whitish
at the sides and beneath, partly also above; otherwise not differing from ascolia worth mentioning; from Central
America. — augea Dre. (142 k) differs from ascolia only by a greater extent of the red band of the hindwing
reaching in the ¢ almost to the apex, in the 9 even beyond it to the forewing. Most of these forms are con-
nected with each other by transitions and may scarcely be assumed to be subspecies. Common.
N. eutrapela Bat. may also be only a form of the preceding species. Forewing with a dark-brown costal
streak, a dark-brown base and a broad brown marginal band. From the costal stripe small transverse stripes
extend into the white of the wing, which projects with 2 continuations into the brown marginal band; in the
latter we notice the white arcuate streaks, being also distinct in menalcus, in front of the marginal band at the
anal angle sometimes a little red-yellow. Recognizable by the abdomen being all white on both surfaces. Lower
Amazon.
N. ninias Hew, (140d, as minias). White, without the dark costal stripe, the apical part of the
forewing broadly violettish-brown, with white markings and anteriorly shaded with an ochreous yellow; hind-
wing with a similar marginal band. Upper Amazon. — medusa Drc. (140 d) which we figure from Humayta,
but which flies quite similarly also in Peru, exhibits the marginal band of the hindwing reduced to few small
dark marginal spots; — and in galactina Stich. there is no marginal marking whatever on the hindwings; from
Cuyaba in Matto Grosso and on the Amazon. — Beside such specimens with purely white hindwings, however,
there are near Cuyaba also such with a complete black, proximally undulately defined marginal band of both
wings; they also have the dark basal spot along the costa of the forewing further expanded and they would
then also have to be denominated: undimargo form. nov. (1421). — Not rare.
N. leucosia Hbn. (140d). Pale yellow, at the apex and above the anal angle of the forewing as well
a3 at 3 places of the margin of the hindwing violettish-brown, white-marked spots. The base of the wings is
likewise brown. Lower Amazon: Obidos, Santarem, Para. Rarer.
N. Kadenii F/dr. (140d). This species unknown to me in nature resembles an acherois in which the
white is increased, the dark marginal band reduced and the orange stunted to a small subcostal spot. In front
of the border, the marginal band is traversed by a metallic line. Venezuela. — Sticuen thinks it probable
that the species belongs to the following genus.
N. cyneas Hew. (139 e). Yellow with a black, unmarked margin. A mimetic copy of a homochromous
Cyllopodina together with which the animal flies in Peru and Bolivia. The figured specimen originates from
the Chanchamayo and has a broader margin than Bolivians. Beneath exactly like above. — The Nymphidium
are not mimetic and it is, therefore, not likely that this species belongs here. The compact structure and the
exterior borrowed from other butterflies much rather assign the species into the following genus, and the latter
is again probably rather closely allied to Esthemopsis, Ithomiola or another of the mimetic genera than to the
Nymphidium, being similar merely in the exterior.
89. Genus: Emelda Hew.
Only 2 or 3 distinct species are reckoned hereto, but presumably also the last species enumerated among
the Nymphidium belongs to this genus, since it certainly does not represent a genuine Nymphidium. Kirsy
inserts the genus between Nymphidium and Lucilla, MENGEL adds it to Zelotaea, STICHEL places it between the
(newly established) genus Elaphrotis (telephus Cr.) and Astraeodes. The species have an uncommonly small
head with a narrow forehead, a globular thorax and an abdomen that does not reach the anal angle of the hind-
wings. The wings, of a normal shape, exhibit the cell of the hindwing comparatively very long for an Hrycinidae;
the upper median vein of the forewing branches off far before the lower cell-angle.
I. mycea Hew. (= glaucosmia 2° Thm.). g whitish-yellow, 2 mostly paler; in the black margin at the
apex 3 small white spots and in front of the border a yellow, lustrous line. Colombia. — aenetus Hew. (= oenetus
Mengel) (1281) has the small apical spots smaller and the metallic line in the marginal band of the hindwing
bluish-grey; Bolivia and Peru. — As leucophryne Stich. (128i) I figure a specimen from Marcapata (Peru,
4500 ft), beside a Bolivian specimen, in order to show on what slight differences this form is based. — Not
very rare.
I. glaucosmia Hew. (128i). Dark blue, of a metallic lustre, parallel to the border 2 or 3 black lines;
recognizable by the small white subapical band of the forewing. Ecuador. — In a specimen before me from
Colombia (Pacho, 2200 m, captured by Fass) the proximal lines are straighter, the small white band traversed
by strong veins, and in front of the small band there is yet a tiny costal spot. I consider this to be only a
local aberration; StrcHEL denominates such Colombian specimens terpna. — glaucosmia shows a homochromism
with Mesosemia, the preceding species with certain Terias.
Ot
LUCILLA; THISBE; ANATOLE. By Dr. A. Szrrz. 71
90..Genus: Lueilia Hew.
This genus is placed by Krrsy between Imelda and Thisbe, whereas SvicuHEL justly adds it to Lymnas.
The shape of the body and wings resembles the preceding genus. As to the neuration, the genus differs from
Imelda particularly in the system of the subcostal veins of the forewings, and the cell of the hindwing in Lucilla
does not reach the centre of the wing, as in /melda. Only 4 forms, being closely allied to each other, are known.
All the Lucilla are rare.
L. camissa Hew. (128 c¢). A true copy of a Catagramma of the brome- and denina-group with a large
orange spot of the forewing and a blue lustrous spot of the hindwing. Ecuador.
L. asterra Sm. From Colombia. Differs from the figured pomposa Stich. (128 c¢) by a narrower red
band of the forewing and by the rays of the hindwings which are more distinct and more sky-blue, particularly
towards the margin. pomposa, not lying before me, is described from Peru.
L. suberra Hew. Black, in the disc of the forewing a large, miniate disc, similar to certain Heterocera
from the Nelo splendens- and veliterna-group, together with which the species flies in Ecuador. Very likely
this homochromy, however, is only secondary, and the model of both, the Lucilla as well as Nelo, are Actinote
from the callianthe-grcup, with which they swarm on the sands of the river-banks.
91. Genus: Wihisbe Hodn.
The genus is so very much altered by mimicry that it is difficult to find out its real alliance. STicHEL
places it between Rodinia and Lemonias; it has nothing in common with these two. SricHeL, however, has
justly abolished the insertion of a T'hisbe-species in the Nymphidiwm, which had proceeded from a mimetic
mystification. The body is uncommonly strong, the head Nymphalid-like, the palpi projecting, the antennae
very long, in the 3 to % of the length of the costa. The hindwings pointed at the anal angle, in lycorias
even produced in a broad tooth. The butterflies are less rare than is the case in most of the other mimetic
species.
Th. lycorias Hew. (140f). Dark brown with a white oblique band, above and behind which there
are white spots. Round the white median band are above red-yellow spots, beneath there are such only in the
anal areas of both wings. Mexico and Central America. The typical form originates from Honduras and has
in front of the margin of the hindwing another broad white stripe, as it is also found in all the Mexican speci-
mens. — ab. adelphina G. & S. (1401) shows this distal stripe obliterated. — germanus G. & S. (140 f) distri-
buted from Colombia to Hceuador has the red spots much smaller, they are mostly also not so numerous in the
cell of the forewing. — inearum form. nov. (1401) from Peru, from a very dry habitat, deviates the most from
the typical form; it has a lighter ground-colour, a very narrow median band, the orange spots are pale and
dim, particularly the one above the anal apex of the hindwing. — lycorias is in some places common.
Th. irenea Stoll (= belise Stoll [3], belides Stich., atlantis Stich.) (140 f, 2). g black with a white
median band embedded in blue, above the upper end of which we see a small whitish oblique band. The 9 is
quite different, without any blue above at all and with a broader median bend and another, second cblique
spot behind the small subapical oblique band. From Guiana there generally come 22 with narrower bands
than from Colombia (helides Stich.), but these forms are not to be arranged according to patriae. We figure
a narrow-banded 9 from above, a broad-banded one from beneath. Both are from Venezuela. We can just
as little assert that the Isle of Trinidad possesses a subspecies of its own (atlantis Stich.); the latter is said to
have more blue in the distal area of the g-hindwing. Such specimens, however, are before me also from Sua-
pure. Much rather Costa-Rica-specimens would have to be denominated, in which the median band of the
33 exhibits only quite a narrow blue bordering. In a g irom ,,Bolivia‘‘ the white subapical stripe is as long
and broad asin 29 from Surinam etc. Central America and Guiana to the Amazon and Bolivia, local but mostly
common. Like the Dynaminc (being imitated by the 9), the butterfly mostly flies about at a hardly accessible
altitude on the tops of young trees.
Th. moiela Hew. (140g). In the g the blue median band of the forewing is not white-pupilled, but
it has only at its upper end a tiny white spot. In the hindwing the white band of zrenea is replaced by a dull,
strigiform brightening which is often scarcely perceptible and grows distinct in some specimens (as the figured
¢ from the Amazon) only at the inner margin (ab. palilis Stich.). The 2 resembles above that of zrenea, but
the under surface is marked quite differently, as the figures show. Not rare in Venezuela (Suapure). Guiana,
Para and so on.
92. Genus: Amatole Hon.
The genus consisted only of i species to which 3 more were recently added as being congenerous. They
are robust animals, of the structure of the Nymphidiwm, with a considerable sexual dimorphism. The veins
do not exhibit any peculiarities; the 3rd subcostal vein rises with the Ist radial from the upper, the 3rd radial
with the Ist median from the lower angle of the cell of the forewing. The species are common at their habitats.
COMISSU.
asterra.
pomposa.
suberra.
lycorias.
adelphina.
germanus.
incarum.
irenea.
molela.
glaphyra.
campicola.
modesta.
zygia.
chea.
caliginea.
egaensis.
agave.
leucogonia.
hebrus.
ergines.
ion.
gemma.
cicuta.
716 THAROPS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
A. glaphyra Ww. (140 h) greatly approximates the Thisbe, also in the shape of the wings (preanal
tooth of the hindwing) and in the shape and marking of the 9, so that it might better be added to Zh. molela.
4 similar to the Q, the lattev like molela, but the wings from the white band to the base of the wings bluish-
grey. Under surface white, with golden-brown markings. South Brazil and Paraguay. — campicola form.
nov. (140 h) from Corrientes differs by a bright yellowish-brown marginal band of both wings and by a con-
siderable size. — modesta Meng. is smaller, the shades in the proximal half of the wings are duller and scarcer,
and the white spots before the border of the hindwing are smaller; Paraguay and the adjoining part of Brazil. —
Not rare.
A. zygia Hbn. (= caletor Dalm.) (140g). Dark brown, with white and yellow dots, hindwing of the
¢ with a white colouring of the anal part, being continued upwards by golden-yellow; in the 9 an irregularly
shaped band runs from the centre of the forewing to the proximal margin of the hindwing. Guiana and Vene-
zuela to the Amazon. Guiana-g¢ differ from the (figured) Amezon-form by the yellow not being defined from
the white of the anal part of the hindwing. The ° varies still more; in the form chea Hew. (140 g as epione)
the band of the hindwing is narrow and that of the forewing continued to the costa by a small oblique band;
Bolivia, Amazon, inhabiting with typical 99 the same district, but other flying-places. — caliginea Biélr. is
a Mexican butterfly known to me only from the figure; it exhibits above only yet traces of the white, i. e.
small chains of postdiscal spots on the forewing and an obliterated median diffuse spot on the hindwing; its
position is not quite certain, since the figure and description are not very exact. — Q-form egaensis Btlr.
(= amasis Hew.), occurring not only on the Amazon, but also beside the other forms in Guiana, has a dull
brown ground-colour and a uniformly curved, uninterrupted white band from the middle of the costa of the
forewing reaching close to the front of the inner margin of the hindwing. epione Godt. refers to South Brazilian
specimens that do not differ more from those from the Amezon than the latter differ among each other; of
16 specimens before me from Itaituba there are not 2 entirely alike; some belong to the form baroptenosa Stich.
(more yellow dots of the forewing than white ones, 2 like a chea but the band of the forewing without the
strangulation in the middle); peristera Stich.: in the forewing more white dotting, only the discal area slightly
dotted in yellowish, without the blackish-brown spot in the anal angle of the hindwing; from Bolivia. — Many
such forms could be established from the copious material at hand.
A. agave G. & S. (1421). Likewise very variable; greyish red-brown, with dark spots; the distal
part of the hindwing mixed with rusty-red. Forewing with 2 white spots, the costal one being small, the discal
one larger; hindwing with a broad white band not reaching as far as the inner margin. Costa Rica to Colombia,
the figured specimen from the Chiriqui in the Coll. Banc-Haas. The ¢ differs from the figured 2 by the costal
of the forewing being very small and the anal part of the otherwise brown hindwing snow-white. There are,
however, also 99 that resemble these $3, but are larger and somewhat more greyish-brown than red-brown.
Rare; in thinly wooded savannas.
A. leucogonia Stich. Unknown to me; is not compared with any of the species known. The description
runs thus: 1 g from the Rio San Juan in Colombia; wings above brown, basal half darker, proximal dots,
an angled discal transverse line, a row of dark small submarginal dots, hindwing with an oblong white anal
spot. Under surface whitish, forewing with grey scales; proximal dot, row of discal dots and submarginal
spots dark.
93. Genus: Wharops don.
The butterflies of this genus are characterized by the very robust structure, the broad thorax, the
uncommonly compact shape, the relatively short costal margin of the thick and hard wings. Only in the Gen.
diurn. Lep. some are placed to Lemonias, otherwise they have always been dealt with separately owing to their
deviating habitus. They have a somewhat whizzing, Hesperid-like flight and, in day-time in the sunshine,
they visit blossoms on which they sit with their wings spread horizontally. Most of them exhibit, at least in
the male, bright metallic colours with a very glaring lustre in the sun; in contrast with most of the other Hry-
cinidae, some Tharops are common butterflies.
Th. hebrus Cr. (= pelidna Hbn.) (138d). In the ¢ the forewings are above spotted in a metallic
blue; the hindwings entirely blue except the black-marked costal margin and apex. In the anal region a white
brightening which, however, is covered so much with lustrous scales that it also shines blue in the sun. The
Q is sepia-brown, with a red-shining apical area of the forewings; before this a blackish cloud behind which,
at the costa, there often stands a small light spot. Guiana and the Amazon District. In Colombian ¢¢ the
white of the hindwing is increased; in Bolivian specimens the white does not only cover half the hindwing,
but it is also purer and rectilinearly cut off towards the metallic-spotted basal and apical parts; this is ergines
form. nov. — On the contrary, ion Ww. (138d) from Para exhibits the white of the male hindwing confined
to the anal fold, the black apex of the forewing being unspotted. — gemma form. nov. (138 d) is the extreme
form; the forewings have an entirely black costal half and of the white of the hindwing nothing whatever is
noticeable. This form differs also entirely beneath from the typical form being blackish-dotted on a whitish-
grey ground; its under surface is bestrewn with rusty-brown squares. In very dry districts, such as near Cara-
baya. — cicuta Hew. is presumably also only e form of hebrus. The 3 is above of a lustrous light-blue, sparsely
dotted in black, the apex of both wings and the bese of the hindwings thickly black; 9 dark brown, like that
~I
DYSMATHIA. By Dr. A. Serrz. 71
of zon, but without the rusty red in the apex and the cloud below the costa, but dotted in black and with a
black submarginal band. Amazon. — The species is not rare.
Th. clotho Stich. (138 b). This species not lying before me is based on a single 2; the black upper
surface is interspersed with diverse light markings some of which are of a blue reflection. We figure the type
in the Berlin Museum, from Peru. Under surface greyish-yellow, dotted in brown; in front of the border lighter
with a series of dark longitudinal spots.
Th. felsina Hew. (138 a, as felina). Sepia-brown, the distal part of the hindwing dull white. Under
surface quite whitish, only the apex of the forewing darkened. Above darker markings, beneath dotted in
blackish-brown. In the ¢ the white of the hindwing has a very faint bluish lustre. South Brazil. This species
is rarer.
Th. pretus Cr. (138c). Above black with golden-green undulate and dentate markings. Under sur-
face dirty greyish-brown, with whitish and dark red-brown markings. East Brazil. — Colombian specimens
exhibit duller green markings and have a yellow under surface being only in the 2 more copiously marked
in dark. — picta G. d& S. (138 d) has a much more brightly lustrous, but more bluish-green marking of the upper
surface, the under surface being more copiously decorated with whitish squares. Central America; Bolivia.
The 9 is above like the 3, also of the same lustre, but it is larger. The butterflies are like all the Tharops fond
of the open country, not of the woods. :
Th. menander Cr. (= petronius Godt.) (138 b). Above very difficult to distinguish from the follow-
ing species, but easily recognizable by the grey under surface exhibiting across the centre of the wings a
somewhat dentate, brown shade projecting under the cell-end towards the base. Northern part of South
America.
Th. nitida Bélr. (138 c) is the name of greenish-blue specimens with few dark spots above. According
to SticHEL they originate from South Brazil, though the specimens from there mostly have a violet and not
green reflection. — thallus Stich. is also said to have ,,often‘‘ a greenish-blue ground-colour; moreover, the
black in the apical part of the wings being reduced, it exhibits more distinctly the dark marking of it. As
its patria the western part of the northern districts of South America is stated, though the forms are presumably
difficult to separate geographically.
Th. coruscans Btlr. (143 e). Above very similar to the preceding and like there it is sometimes smooth
and bright as a mirror, sometimes very much black-spotted, with a blue, green or purple glossy upper surface.
Easily distinguishable by the under surface being grey, at the border darker and the disc of both wings being
rather uniformly covered with greyish-brown dots and comma-stripes. Of the small marginal spots those below
the apex and in the anal part of the hindwing often are particularly bright. Amazon, Bolivia. Common.
Th. purpurataG. & S. (138 c). Above blue, less spotted, in the anal part of the hindwing 3 dark macular
bands above each other. Under surface yellowish-brown with whitish dusting and chestnut-brown marking.
Central America.
Th. glaucoma Hon. G. (138 b). Somewhat like the preceding species, but the hindwings in the ¢ almost
without any markings, except the broad dark margin; most characteristic is the under surface exhibiting on the
forewing large, on the hindwing small ringed eye-spots in front of the border. Brazil, rarer.
Th. splendida Btlr. Larger, the 3 with a very pointed apex of the forewing and a long-stretched anal
part of the hindwing. The black spots are arranged in 3 or 4 rows on the metallic bluish-green upper surface.
The 9 has on the forewing, above the blackish-brown disc, dispersed metallic bluish-green patches; in the hind-
wing particularly the costal part is of a bright light-blue. Para. — superba Bat. (143 c) from the Amazon is
presesumably scarcely a different species; the $ has more rounded hindwings, above of a bright metallic green,
in the dise of the forewing and the costal part of the hindwing of a pure cyan-blue; beneath the ground-colour
is a rusty yellow. The 92 has no more blue at all on the forewing; on the hindwing this is confined to
the costal part. Apparently very rare.
94. Genus: Dysmathia Bat.
Mostly attached to the preceding genus, but of a considerably punier structure, the wings more delicate,
the forewings very broad, the antennae shorter. Only 3 or 4 species are known from the Amazon and Guiana.
The butterflies seem to be rare.
D. portia Bat. (138 a). The very broad wings above dark-brown with copious black spots arranged
in rows; the inner-marginal part of the forewing and the whole hindwings are above of a delicate violettish-blue
lustre, though not reflecting as in the Tharops. Under surface dark yellowish-brown, the marking similar to
that of above, the dark spots smaller. Guiana and Lower Amazon. — glaucogonia Stich. is somewhat smaller,
the small dark spots above partly covered up by small blackish clouds, the marginal area of the wings lighter
blue; Guiana.
D. cindra Stgr. (138 a). Above quite pale sky-blue with irregular black streak-markings. Under sur-
face still lighter, with a dark-shaded anal part of the hindwing. Twice as large as the preceding species. Lower
Amazon.
clotho.
felsina.
pretus.
picta.
menander.
nitida.
thallus.
coruscans.
purpurata.
glaucoma.
splendida.
superba.
portia.
glaucogonia.
cindra.
costalis.
godmannit.
pasiphaé.
palaeste.
salvator.
phlegia.
phlegetonia.
irion.
718 PANDEMOS; STALACHTIS. By Dr. A. Szrrz.
D. costalis Bat. Above greyish-brown, the forewings with 3 dark streaks in the cell and some irregular
blackish markings; towards the border the colouring turns reddish. Hindwing with 6 dark lines, the 4th of
which is bent and interrupted. Under surface bluish-grey, the marking similar to that above. Teffé.
95. Genus: Pandemos.
This genus, the 3 hitherto known species of which must yet be regarded as not fully ascertained with
respect to their homogeneousness, comprises only large and rare animals. One species, godmannii, is presumably
— anatomically it is not known — well attachable to the Tharops dealt with last; but Ido not know the 2 which
may look quite difierently and may approximate an Hurybia. The two other species are entirely unlike this
species as well as among each other. Head stout with large eyes and a medium-broad, flat forehead, palpi pro-
jecting but not very long, with a thin terminal stylus, wings differently shaped in each species, in the 3 of one
species with black scent-spots.
P. godmannii Dew. (128 k as godmani). Forewings similar to those of the 2 of the preceding species,
but the white costal diffuse spot extends as a small curved band almost to the anal angle and the ground-colour
is more red-brown than dark brown. The blue of the hindwing, which in Tharops superba is mostly covered
by black in the distal part, covers here the whole wing except the yellowish-brown inner-marginal stripe. Un-
doubtedly very rare. The figure according to the specimen in Gopman’s collection. Mexico.
P. pasiphae Cr. (= arcos Cr., ormenus Hbn., perigone Godt.) (128k). g with a less falciform, but still
pointed apex. Here also the forewing is dusted with a dull violettish blue except the blackish apical part. Where
the forewing and hindwing cover each other, there stands a black scent-spot. 2 dull white with a broad dark
margin of the forewing, of the exterior of a Pieris orseis (18 f). $g¢ from Guiana have a blacker upper surface,
those from the Rio Madeira a very bright blue one, and in 29 from Colombia (Villavicencio) the border of the
forewing has but quite a faint dark shade. Guiana to Colombia, Amazon and Peru.
P. palaeste Hew. (128k). ¢ above blackish-brown, the distal part of the hindwings with bluish-grey,
sometimes greenish-lustrous longitudinal spots. Colombia. — In the form from Costa Rica, salvator Stich.,
the bluish-grey radiate spots extend towards the base as far as beyond the centre of the hindwing, and before
the anal angle of the forewing is a red semi-band. The @ is not described.
96. Genus: Stalachtis Hon.
The Stalachtis are distributed from Central America to Paraguay and are almost all common animals.
They are butterflies of more than medium size varying little in the shape, of a massive, in the 99 clumsy struc-
ture. Head long, but not very broad; eyes large, palpi long, especially in the 2, the end distinctly bent down.
Antennae. thick, filiform, at the end a scarcely noticeable thickened club. Thorax and abdomen strong, in the
2 clumsy and so heavy that a flight like that of Heterocera or Danaidi is produced thereby. Legs stout and
strong. Wings broad with a rounded border, shaped like the wings of Actinote or Ithomiint. In the veins the
uncommonly long cell of the forewing is worth mentioning; the cell seems to some degree still more prolonged
by the posterior discocellular reaching the 3 rd radial only far beyond the rising of the upper median vein,
which is also the case on the hindwing. The construction of the veins thereby makes a somewhat tugged impres-
sion, as if the wing had been stretched into a shape dissimilar to its original one, by secondary influences. This
influence might be explainable by the effect of models (Acraeini, Ithomiini) which have influenced all the
Stalachtis known without any exception. The larvae are very differently represented; the actual shape is presu-
mably that of a compact, cylindrical body with small fine spines across the dorsum and at the sides; the pupa is
fastened to the cremaster similarly to that of Hades noctula, of an oblong shape slightly strangulated behind
the thorax, yellowish — or bluish — white with longitudinal rows of black spots (St. calliope). The butterflies
are common; they fly in day-time in the sunshine, in a slow flight similar to that of their models, and drink
from flowers; in this occupation they are so daring that they may be taken away by the hand if care is used.
On being touched, they feign to be dead by folding up their wings above the back, bending the antennae under
the body and folding their legs together; in this state they may be cautiously placed on the ground, like a
captured Gonepteryx rhamni, without fear of their flying off immediately.. Otherwise the animals rest beneath
leaves with their wings kept flatly roof-shaped, the abdomen hanging down cuived like a sabre.
S. phlegia Cr. (143 c). Black, body and wings covered with white dots, the base of the wings of a
bright red-brown. Guiana, to the south as far as Para. — phlegetonia Perty (= phlegia Hbn.) (143 c) is the
southern form flying in Central Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia; here there is yet a red-brown, irregular band
between the basal brown and the border, as it is only sometimes indicated beneath in typical phlegia. — irion
¥*
ARICORIS. By Dr. A. Surrz. 719
form. nov. (148 c) is a very small pygmean form flying in May in (the town of) Goyaz. — nocticoelum form. nocticoelum.
nov. (143 ¢) is a form from Obidos, quite black with white dots, the brown at the base of the wings having
disappeared except some traces of it. — sontella Schs. (143d) finally is the form from Parana; here there are
only quite few white dots, on the upper surface of the body none at all; the shape of the body and wings, moreover.
deviates considerably from the other phlegia-forms, so that I doubt whether it belongs to Stalachtis; the shape
much rather resembles A podemia stalachtoides from which, however, it differs by the silvery white (in the latter)
abdomen which is red-brown in sontella. — In venezolana form. nov. (143 c) the brown-red colouring is replaced
by a light orange, so that it resembles the following species. In some places rather common.
S. susanna F’. (143d). Similar to phlegia, but recognizable by the shape of the distal orange band
which stands only in the apical part on the forewing. Besides there are never white or black dots on the orange
parts of the wings. Near Rio de Janeiro the distal orange band on the fore- and hindwing is broad and indented
in the middle of its proximal border; in Espiritu Santo these bands are already narrowed and in specimens
from Sao-Paulo they are interrupted. South Brazil.
S. euterpe Z. Black, only the orange bands in the distal aes of the wings are present, no orange
at the base. The black part of the wings covered with white dots and small longitudinal spots. — latefasciata
Stgr. (143 b) which we figure from the ‘Ttaituba, has broader orange bands than typical euterpe from Guiana;
and adelpha Stgr. (143 d) from Obidos, Para and other places on the Lower Amazon has the orange band only
in the forewing, in the hindwing it is above absent altogether and beneath only faintly noticeable. Common.
S. magdalenae Hw. (143). This and the following species imitate Mechanitis resp. Melinaea, whereas
the models of the preceding species were Actinote. The apical part of the forewing contains 2 white macular
rows, whereas in the whole proximal part of the forewing the orange colour is predominant. Black are some
discal spots of the forewing, its inner margin, and the margin as well as a longitudinal stripe of the hindwing.
Colombia, where also, though at other habitats (Rio San Juan), the form cieove Sigr. occurs exhibiting only
one white macular row in the apical part of the forewing. Raver.
8. calliope. Above orange-red with black stripes and spots, and a black, white-spotted apex of the
forewing. As the typical calliope L. (143 b) the form in Lryn&s collection ought to be looked upon as correct.
From Surinam; the spots of the middle stripe of the hindwing are separated by the red-orange veins, under
surface almost exactly like above. — In terpsichore form. nov. (143 c) from French Guiana the black is consi-
derably increased, the middle stripe of the hindwing no more broken up into spots, the apex of the forewing
broader black etc. — eugenia Cr. (= calliope auct.) (143 b) has the hindwing entirely black except a red longi-
tudinal stripe; Surinam, but at different habitats from those of the typical form. — erecota Sich. (= calliope
Clerck) has distally vellowish-tinged forewings; this yellow discoloration occurs in all the modes of marking
and is not bound to any place. — veltumna Stich. has the same light-yellow discoloration as crocota, but beneath,
except a costal stripe, quite black hindwings, It is mentioned from HKcuador; but the Ecuador-specimens before
me exhibit the black under surface of the hindwings, but above they are orange-red, without any yellow. —
bicolor Sigr. has the, apex of the forewing likewise orange-red, not broad black, but only quite narrowly bordered
in black, with 4 o? 5 black punctiform spots. — Common.
S. phaedusa Hbn. (143d). Wings hyaline, with black veins and margins, marginal area broad orange
In Guiana-specimens also the inner-marginal part of the forewing is hyaline; those from the Amazon (Obidos)
exhibit the latter’dusted with violet. — In exul form. nov. (143 d) from the Kouron River opposite the Devil’s
Island the orange in the marginal band has disappeared except some faint traces. — In phaloe Sitgr. (143 e)
from the Upper Amazon the orange is greatly increased and the disc of the forewing scaled in violet. — In
duvalii Perty only the hindwings have a broad orange marginal band faintly passing over only to the anal
angle of the forewing: the hindwings, however, are like the forewings violet except small strigiform spots in
and behind the cell. — Common.
S.. zephyritis Dalm. (= margarita Bat.) fram Guiana greatly approximates the preceding species,
but it is recognizable by the white-powdered under surface of the hindwings; on the forewings the inner-marginal
part is violet, on the hindwings the costal part is black, the other rest of the wings hyaline, with black veins. —
evelina Bélr. (143 d) from the Amazon are zephyritis in which also cellules 1 b and 2 in the forewing are dusted
with a bluish grey. re.
S. lineata Guér. (143d). Wings black, between the veins narrow hyaline streaks, before the apex of
the forewing an orange crescentiform spot. Lower Amazon. In specimens from the Rio Madeira the orange
spot grows twice as large and has an oval shape. At other places in the Amazon District it grows, on the con-
trary, smaller and may disappear except faint traces; this is trailii Bilr. (143 e). Raver.
97. Genus: Avricoris Ww.
This genus differs from the preceding by the mimicry being confined to the female sex which it has
altered to the greatest extent. The only species not being sexually “dimorphous resembles a Satyrid, but still
it cannot be properly regarded as mimetic, since it has a somewhat different flight from that of the equally
large Euptychia which might have served as models. This species, moreover, deviates from the other Aricoris,
sontella.
venezolana.
susanna.
euter pe.
latefasciata.
adelpha.
magdalenae.
cleove.
calliope.
terpsichore.
eugenia.
crocota.
voltumna.
bicolor.
. phaedusa.
exul.
phaloé.
duvalii.
zephyritis.
evelina.
lineata.
trailii.
epitus.
cephisa.
paroemia.
disparilis.
gelasine.
myrtis.
butleri.
epilecta.
velutina.
buckleyi.
phaedon.
laqus.
720 ARICORIS. By Dr. A. Serrz.
so that StrcHEL left it solely in the genus as being not congenerous, whereby it would become necessary to
eliminate all the other Aricoris without exception from the genus. It probably suffices to distinguish 2 groups.
As in the preceding genus, the palpi are somewhat projecting in the 3, in the 9 long, thin, lowered at the ends.
The body of the ¢ is slim, in the 9, however, uncommonly stout for a day-butterfly. The antennae are in the
° filiform, at the ends unnoticeably thickened, in the 3 with small clubs being noticeable above. In the shape
of the wings and in the veins both sexes of Ariccris differ from one another much more than the genus itself
deviates from most of the other Erycinid-genera; only from the preceding genus they deviate by the subcostal
and the upper radial of the hindwing branching off before the cell-end, instead of far behind it as in Stalachtis.
The few forms I observed flew in the open country, most of them presumably occur in the forest. They are
mostly rare and so incompletely known, that of many only one sex is known and one hardly knows how the
sexes belong together.
A. epitus Cr. (= cepha F., epiphanis Stich., § = bias F., jaera Hbn., cataleuca H.-Schaff.) (141 h).
The 3 is above quite black with a dull blue reflection, beneath blackish-brown with a whitish-powdered border,
resembling a homochromous Huselasia, sometimes of this species, sometimes of that species, according to the
(great) variability of its size. The 92 has an orange basal part of the wings and in the distal part of the fore-
wing a large, bone-yellow oval which is broadly confluent with the basal yellow in the ¢-form cephisa Stich.
(141 h). — In paroemia Stich. it runs band-shaped through the distal part of the forewing and extends in a
thin costal stripe as far as the base of the wing whereby the appearance of a Methonella-9 is feigned. On the
whole, the marking is variable; the bone-white and orange-yellow parts vary in size at every habitat, being
in Guiana-specimens sometimes large, sometimes small, sometimes also discoloured to whitish. This species
seems to be by far the most common Aricoris.
A. disparilis Bat. 3 very much like that of lagus (141 k), but without the white on the upper surface
of the hindwings (which, moreover, seems to be absent also in all the continental Jagus) and beneath with an
irregular orange spot at the base of the hindwing. The 2 has about the scheme of markings of epitus-2 (141 h),
but the white oblique band of the forewing is narrower, and the basal area cf both wings yellow instead of red.
From the Rio Tapajoz.
A. gelasine Bat. (141i). 3 above black with a bright blue reflection and an irregular white discal spot.
° similar to that of disparilis, but the oblique band of the forewing likewise lemon-coloured. Beneath the dark
margin of the hindwing is dotted in white. Colombia and Amazon; often in the so-called Bogota-collections,
probably from Muzo or Cundinamarca.
A. myrtis Ww. g scarcely differing from the preceding; 99 that seem to me to belong to myrtis, have
more yellow than gelasine, so that the yellow oblique spot of the forewing touches the yellow basal part of the
forewing; hindwing with a narrower black margin. Amazon, Colombia. — SvrcHEL considers myrtis and. gelasine
to be subforms of one species which is not unlikely, if the variability of most of the Aricoris is taken into con-
sideration. .
A. butleri Bat. (141i). The g resembles that of salvini (141k), but above the white spot of the fore-
wing is smaller, the blue duller, beneath there is no honey-yellow basal spot of the hindwing. The 2 resembles
that of gelasine, but the forewing has no yellow in the basal part, but only the small yellow oblique band. Tapajoz.
STAUDINGER believes that it belongs to lagus as a special form of it.
A. epilecta Stich. Unknown to me. ¢ like velutina (141k), black with a velvety blue reflection, the
forewings more obtuse, the hindwings more oval. Beneath the cell of the forewing is filled with ochreous yellow,
the hindwing with a reddish ochreous-brown costal area. 2 with an ochreous-yellow band-shaped spot which
is tinged reddish towards its proximal margin. Hindwings orange-red with a dark margin. Peru.
A. velutina Bilr. (141k). g above velvety black with a bright blue reflection, beneath dark brown,
at the border broadly brightened up, but not whitish as in epitus. The QQ are entirely black and have only
on the forewing a pale orange oblique band running from the middle of the costa to the anal angle.
A. buckleyi Sm. The 3 is beneath immediately distinguishable from the similar velutina by white,
often triangular, small spots standing before the border and by long yellowish-brown rays extending from the
base of both wings as far as beyond the centre of the wings. The 9 is above blackish-brown with a large orange
oblique spot of the forewing, beginning broadly at the costa, then growing narrower and terminating in front
of the anal angle rounded off sasciformly. Ecuador.
A. phaedon Godm. Above the 3 resembles velutina (141k), blackish-brown, with a violet reflection.
Under surface lustrous dark-brown, between the veins ochreous. 92 black, with a similar broad, but more ochreous
and more regular band-spot of the forewing. Beneath the border of the hindwing is marked in white. Ecuador.
A. lagus Cr. (= persephatte Godt., 2 = petavia Fidr., inquinata Btlr.) (141k). g with tiny, dark discal
spots on a black ground of a blue reflection. Characteristic is the under surface being whitish-grey traversed
by brown veins. In the hindwing a brown nebulous stripe extends from the proximal margin to the distal margin.
The @ is blackish-brown with an orange-yellow, but sometimes also bone-white oblique band of the forewing.
Publ. 28. X. 1920. ARICORIS. By Dr. A. Serrz. 721
Beneath, the hindwings exhibit lighter veins and mostly (not always) small white triangles in front of the border.
Guiana, Amazon. The species is beside epitus the most common Aricoris. — pythioides Bilr. seems to be a
western form of lagus; from the quite similar salvini (141 k) the 3 differs by the light discal spot in the forewing
being small and often darkened, and by the entire absence of the light-blue cellular spot at the base of the fore-
wing above. — striata is a denomination by Drucs for 99 from Ecuador with a white oblique band, in which
the anal part of the hindwing above exhibits blue striate spots. The 3 issaid to be beneath entirely like typical
lagus, exhibiting above a somewhat larger discal spot and, in the inner-marginal area a blurred blue dusting.
A. serica Ww. undoubtedly approximatse the preceding, particularly velutina. The 3 has apparently
no white discal spot, but the metallic lustre extends almost over the whole forewing, so that only a broad costal
stripe and the apical part remain black. In the hindwing the reflection is chiefly confined to the part between
the lower cell-wall and the anal fold. Amazon.
A. amethystina Bétlr. 3 above black, with a violettish-blue reflection and a shortened white oblique
band; beneath like pythza, but it has a more stretched costal margin of the hindwing than the latter and was,
therefore, looked at as another species. The 9 ist not described. From Santarem on the Lower Amazon.
A. pythia Hew. entirely resembles salvini (141 k), but it is smaller, the white spot of the forewing in
proportion to the forewing larger, the hindwing blue only in the anal part. Q blackish-brown with a white
oblique band having the shape of the yellow band in Jagus (141 k). — salvini Stgr. (141 k) has above a white
oblique spot of the forewing of the g which is sacciformly expanded in the 9; the g has an almost entirely
light-blue, dark-veined hindwing, exhibiting beneath a yellow basal spot; the 9 has beneath, at the hindwing,
triangular, white marginal spots. Upper Amazon and (somewhat less blue ¢3) also in Colombia and Bolivia.
A. cyanea Bilr. 3 above black, with a blue reflection and an indistinct white discal spot; 2 with
an orange oblique band and a blue-reflecting disc of the wings. Upper Amazon, Ecuador. In the collections
there is mostly the Central American form jansoni Btlr. (143 a). The 3 has a large white discal spot, the ©
a more flatly drawn out orange band. Both forms, moreover, occur beside each other, and the shape and position
of the oblique band varies to such an extent that entirely alike specimens come only from the same flying-
place. Near Orosi (Costa Rica) the band is very broad, near Chontales (Nicaragua) uniformly band-shaped,
narrower and lighter yellow, near Burica in Colombia behind the cell somewhat strangulated etc. Beneath
the 3 shaded in a sepia-brown, except an oblique band in the forewing and white, towards the margin thickened
rays in the hindwing.
A. alemaeon Hew. (142k). g above and beneath dark-brown; above there is a violettish-blue stripe
above the inner margin of the forewing, and the hindwing is entirely violet, the veins black. Under surface
without markings. Ecuador; we figure a specimen from Paramba. — maja Godm. (141 k) has above quite black
forewings and the hindwings have only at the border a brighter blue colouring; but the under surface also exhibits
submarginal blurred spots. The Q, in contrast with the preceding species, is more similar to the g, but in front
of the distal margin it has white-blue wedge-shaped spots. Colombia.
A. rhodinosa Stich. ,,2 of the shape of an epitus-2 but a little smaller; above black, the forewing with
a broad, oblique pink band, the hindwing with long blue rays between the median veins; under surface paler
with few whitish basal streaks, the hindwing with rusty-yellow veins and white submarginal spots.“* The type
is a g, but it is not described *). From Sarayacu (Ecuador).
A. megalia Stich. Certainly a form of the preceding, a little larger (24 against 22 mm). Differing by
a broader pink band of the forewing and more distinct blue rays of the hindwing. Peru.
. fassli sp. (7) nov. (143 a). Considerably larger than the preceding (length of forewings 29 mm). Disc
of all wings, except a costal stripe, of a bright metallic cyanic-blue. In front of the marginal part of both wings
a light-red band of a magnificent purple-violet reflection, being on the forewing nearly twice as broad as on
the hindwing. Under surface brown, the bands dull pink. Rio Songo, at an altitude of 750 m. Type a 2 in
Fasst’s collection. — I am of opinion that all the 3 species described last are forms of one species.
A. tapaja Sndrs. (143 a). g blackish-brown, forewing with a hemochrome, rather straight median
band. Under surface brown with a submarginal row of white dots. The 3 varies at every habitat; sometimes
the bands are hemochrome and on both wings (typical specimens, if the bands are absent beneath), sometimes
the band of the forewing, or that of the hindwing appears also beneath; then again the band of the hindwing
may be absent altogether (hewitsoni Ky.) and the band of the forewing may appear beneath instead; sometimes
again the band of the forewing is above broader and bent round like a hook, the colour more crimson than
hemochrome etc. As the 9, StaupinceER figures a butterfly with orange-yellow, distally black forewings and
*) I first took it to be a misprint that a 9 is described of a species the only type of which is a g, but E. STRAND con-
firms once more in another work idepidonteral Niepeltiana, p. 51) that the type is a ¢.
Vv 91
pythioides.
striata.
serica.
amethysti-
na.
pythia.
salvini.
cyanea.
jansoni.
alemaeon.
maja.
rhodinosa.
megalia.
fassli.
tapaja.
jlammula.
cruentata.
heliodora.
terias.
lutana.
monotona.
cleomedes.
aurigera.
hippocrate.
pieridoides.
eudocia.
~I
ho
hoe
THEOPE. By Dr. A. Serrz.
blackish-brown hindwings; in front of the apex of the forewing a yellow band, before the border white dots.
The Q will presumably vary just as much as the g; sometimes the forewings are carmine instead of yellow. Rare.
A. flammuia Bat. (143 b). 3 blackish-brown, before the apex a white oblique band and at the inner
margin as well as on the hindwing hemochrome colouring. The rare butterfly of which not many specimens
are known, presumably varies just as much as the preceding species. I figure a g from Surinam; Amazon-3¢
have more red in the forewing, the hindwings are not so very lobate, and on the under surface of the hindwing
(where our specimen has only a moderately broad light ray) the whole disc is white. Guiana, Amazon. The
2 resembles about a Methonella-2 (1221).
A. cruentata Bilr. (142 h). § glaringly light-red with a narrow black border; under surface yolk-coloured,
the margin more greyish-black, bab, somew hat broader than above. It varies at every habitat; the dark border
may grow considerably broader and enclose white pupils also in the 3g, so that the exterior approximates more
the following form. The 9 has a broadly dark distal part of the forewing and in it a white, band-shaped spot.
— heliodora Stgr. (Q = cruentata Stgr., helice Godm.) is a form not before me in nature, but certainly allied
to the preceding. Here the white subapical spot is band-shaped and stands in the broadly black apical part;
in the Q it is confluent with the basal red. The species has the attire of certain Mesene, of Lemonias luceres
and so an; but certainly only secondarily, since both imitate certain night-butterflies (Arctiidae and Geometridae)
which are very often met with in the tropical parts of South America.
A. terias Godm. (142 h). This butterfly, which is not very rare in summer in Paraguay (e. g. Sapucay),
is, in spite of its deviating colouring, a genuine Aricoris, as is seen by the antennae being not thickened at the
ends, but only somewhat bent, and by the long palpi being lowered in the Q, as well as the whole structure.
Dull yellowish-white with a black border, similar to one of the Terias frequently flying there. Beneath, the
forewings are yellow, the hindwings brown with white rays.
A. lutana Godt. (= tisiphone Dbl. and Ww., bahiana Fldr.) (141 ¢) exhibits a somewhat deviating
structure and, above all, not sexual dimorphism being otherwise characteristic of the Avicoris and appearing
also in terias only faintly developed. These species are, therefore; better placed into another group from the
other species. twtana is on both surfaces unicolorously dark brown; in the form of Casa Branca in Brazil (= mono-
tona Stich., 141 g) almost without markings, in typical tutana, as they occur near Bahia and as I captured them
myself in the gardens of the town, with a slightly marked under surface. Single, but not rare.
A. cleomedes Hew. certainly does not belong here; it resembles Lepricornis bicolor (136 b) and is perhaps
better placed near that genus. — Nor can aurigera Weeks, which is likewise not before me, be an Aricoris, if it
has the structure of the palpi deviating from this genus, stated by Sticuen (Berl. Ent. Ztschr. 55, p. 71). The
same is the case with hippocrate Godm. which almost looks like a small, somewhat narrowly and light-banded
lagus-2 (which, by the way, has incorrect antennae in our figure 141 k), but which may also represent a some-
what aberrative 2 of the greatly varying A. jansoni.
98. Genus: Theope Ddi.
The forms of this genus, of which more than 50 were described, may be reduced to quite a moderate
number of species. Nearly 70 percent of them occur in the Amazon Valley. Some forms that are very much
alike each other and come from the same district, make the impression as if they were only so-called deviations
of the flying-place, so that they may be valued only as subraces. If we were to describe as new forms all those
specimens that are not in every detail adaptable to the diagnoses mostly set up by Bares, their number would
increase considerably. Whereas the 7’heope resemble in their exterior somewhat the Lycaenidae which, however,
is more due to their colour than to their structure, they are still to be considered genuine EHrycinidae by their
neuration, the palpi and antennae, the eyes, though not circular, are never bean-shaped, and have the well-
developed forefeet of the 29 ete.; besides the only larva having become known hitherto (of Theope eudocia)
most conspicuously exhibits the neck-organ so characteristic of Erytinidae. The Theope mostly are very rare;
in contrast with most of the other Lrycinidae, they frequently sit on the upper surface of the leaves with raised
wings and are mostly found only at quite circumscribed localities; a great number of forms has never been
Hiccemercd again except by their authors.
Th. pieridoides Fidr. (143 f). White, above with a blackish apex of the forewing. In the 92 the wings
are not so pointed and the apical black is narrower. The butterfly is very rare in Bahia, from where itis descri-
bed and from where also the figured specimen (a 3) originates. As the most common butterflies in Bahia are
entirely white Hesperiidae (Leucochitonea), it is probably also very difficult to recognize.
Th. eudocia Ww. (143f). Above orange-red with a broad black costal and apical part of the male
forewings. In front of their apex a large diffuse spot of a violettish-grey lustre. Under surface brass-coloured,
without the dark margin. — Colombian specimens exhibit less black and no diffuse spot in the dark apical
part; we figure them from East Colombia (from the Coll. Fass). SticHeL denominates them acosma (143 f)
THEOPE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 723
stating, however, their patria to be the Western Amazon; — Central American specimens in which the whole |
cell of the forewing is yellow, with a narrower blue spot, are denominated pulechralis Stich., their patria is also pulchralis.
stated yet to be ,,Colombia‘*. Thus presumably two forms occur there, according to the situation of the fin-
ding-place. The typical euwdocia flies in Guiana and Venezuela. — Larva green with a black, white-marked
head, surrounded by fine fluffy hair. At the neck it exhibits lateral clusters of small brown cones and at the
anal end a glandular organ which is licked off by ants. The larva lives in a rolled-up leaf of the cocoa-plant
in the surroundings of which the ants of tne guard build their paper-nests; on trying to separate them from
their larva, they appear very excited (Guppy). Pupa green, held by the cremaster and a filiform belt. The
butterflies are not common.
Th. pedias H.-Schdff. (Q = helpusa Hew.) (143f). Above violettish-blue with a black costal- and
distal margin of the forewing, beneath one-coloured and unmarked golden-yellow. In the Q also the distal
half of the inner-marginal part of the forewing above is black. From Guiana and Colombia to South Brazil
and Bolivia. — isia G. & S. are specimens from Mexico and Central America, exhibiting a greyish-yellow dull
under surface. — hypoxanthe Bat. from Para has a brass-coloured, lustreless under surface. — Less rare.
Th. sericea Bat. (143 f). Similar to pedias, but larger; the apical part of the forewing broad, the margin,
however, only narrower black; the rest of the wings violettish-blue, as pedias. Under surface of a magnificent
golden red in the g, more yellow in the 9. Amazon. Rare.
Th. lampropteryx Bat. Of the shape of pedias, but the forewings only at the base blue. Under sur-
face ochreovs-yellow, only faintly lustrous. Lower Amazon.
Th. caenina G. d& S. Similar to barea (143g); in the § the forewings are dark brown, the cell to
its end, the inner margin of the forewing and the whole hindwing are violettish-blue. Under surface almost
light yellow. From the Chiriqui (Panama).
Th. barea G. & S. (143g). Like the preceding, but below more brass-coloured than pale yellow.
Upper surface light-blue, lustrous, Behind the cell of the ga spot of a silky gloss, Panama to the Amazon,
Not common.
Th. excelsa Bat. (143f). The largest species of the group; more than twice as large as the preceding.
Beneath abundantly brass-coloured with a faint lustre. Wings with a dark violettish-blue lustre, forewings
with broad dark costal- and apical parts, and with a broad dark marginal band; hindwings only at the costal
margin black. Amazon; if I have identified the species correctly by the short description by Bares, it also
occurs in Guiana.
pedias.
isia.
hypoxanthe.
sericea.
lampropte-
TYZ.
caenina.
bared.
excelsa.
Th. aureonitens Bat. Very similar to the preceding, but much smaller, the blue of the hindwing reaches aureonitens.
the costal area; in the disc of the g-forewing a dull brown spot. Under surface of a golden-yellow (¢) or straw-
coloured (@) lustre. Teffé on the Amazon.
Th. simplicia Bat. As large as eudocia (143 f). Forewings unmarked blue, hindwings violettish-
blue; under surface dull whitish. The 9 has a dark base of the hindwing. Para. Not rare.
Th. hypoleuca Bat. Similar to the preceding, somewhat larger, recognizable by the almost purely
white, unmarked under surface; above both sexes are of a more brightly lustrous blue (about like Lycaena
icarus), costa narrow and the distal margin of the forewings broadly black. Lower Amazon.
Th. azurea Bat. resembles the preceding, but it differs by the shape; the g has more triangular
forewings with straight margins, whereas hypoleuca exhibits a somewhat bulging costal margin and a convex
border, Upper surface of a bright blue lustre, costa narrow, apex and horder of the forewing broadly black,
Under surface quite light brownish, unmarked. Amazon.
Th. herta G. & S. (143 ¢) is a rather small species the g of which is above almost blackish-brown,
in the basal area there are hardly any blue radiating patches. The under surface is light earthy-grey, mostly
almost without any marking at all, sometimes in the centre of the wings slightly darker. The species does not
seem to be more closely allied to any other and to be very rare in its patria, Central America.
Th. lycaenina Bat. Size of azurea; deviating from the preceding species by the almost white under
surface being faintly tinged brownish-grey. Upper surface black and, as in herta, only the inner part of the
wings with an indistinctly defined blue (and only dull) lustre. Beneath the hindwings exhibit a series of dark
dots being distinct only in the anal region. East Brazil, Para, Espiritu Santo.
Th. foliorum Bat. has the size of sericea (143). Forewing black except a blue triangle above the
inner margin covering about one third of the wing. The hindwings are above all light-blue, with a dark margin.
In front of the border is a series of black, white-shaded dots. Under surface brownish-white, with few black
dots before the border. 2 with obtuser wings. Lower Amazon. — punctipennis Bat. is like foliorwm., but smaller
and the submarginal dots of the hindwings are more numerous and some appear also on the forewings beneath.
Amazon and Venezuela. — atima Bat. likewise entirely resembles foliorwm, but beneath it is darker and dis-
tinguished by the forewings being all black except a very narrow blue stripe in and below the cell. Tetfé.
simplic
ia.
nypoleuca.
azureda.
herta.
lycaenina.
foliorum.
punctipen-
atima.
nis.
Th. leucanthe Bat. (143 ¢). If I identify lewcanthe correctly in the figured small animal looking almost leucanthe.
like a Lycaenidae, according to Barss’ short description, it is above blackish, only in the basal part and on
phineus.
methemona.
theritas.
diores.
virgilius.
eupolis.
polimela.
caerulea,
nobilis.
archimedes.
speciosa.
publius.
comosa.
talna.
cratylus.
thootes.
zostlera.
724 THEOPKE.. By Dr. A. Serrz.
the hindwing blue, in front of the border are fine blackish dots in a light halo. The under surface is unicolor-
ously whitish-grey with very fine dark dots on the hindwing and in the anal part of the forewing. Amazon.
Th. phineus Schs. Described from Limon in Costa Rica. Forewings dark brown; cell posteriorly as
well as the space below it as far as behind the middle of the wing bright blue, also the space between veins
3 and 5 up to close to the border. Hindwing likewise blue, only the costal margin and apex narrowly black.
Under surface light brownish-grey, hindwings with black marginal dots the largest of which at the anal angle
and below vein 3.
Th. methemona Bat. is considerably larger than the preceding, the forewings form a more regular
triangle; the disc and base of both wings are blue, sharply delimited against the broad black margin; under
surface light-brown. Forewing and hindwing with thick submarginal dots. Lower Amazon.
Th. theritas Hew. (143 ¢ as thersitas) is larger and has a bright blue ground-colour with an intense
lustre on the inner part of the forewing and on the whole hindwing. The under surface is light ochreous-brown
with 2 black submarginal dots in the anal part of the hindwing. Amazon.
Th. diores G. & S. (143h). Differing from the preceding species chiefly by the costa of the forewing
being more stretched and the black in the forewing being more extensive. Under surface very much like that
of the preceding; in the anal part mostly only 1 dot. Mexico; mostly rare.
Th. virgilius F. (143h). One of the largest species varying exceedingly. Typical specimens come
from Central America; the g has more than half of the forewing black, but no blue pupil in the black apical
part. The under surface is uniformly tinged in a pinkish brown. — eupolis Schs. (143 g) has the blue of the forewing
in the ¢ confined to the basal part of the inner-marginal area; in the 9 it is more violet, more extensive, and
in the black apical part is an indistinct blurred spot. The under surface is more flesh-coloured than brown
and has only 1 tiny eye-spot in the hindwing. Mexico; near Guerrero not very rare; before me also from Jalapa,
and in a remarkably small, more lilac-blue 2 from Honduras. — polimela G. & S. has the upper surface of
typical virgilius, but without distal-marginal dots of the hindwings; the black of the apical part in the
forewing somewhat reduced; the under surface of the hindwing without an eye-spot in the anal part. Colombia.
— caerulea Bat., finally, is the South Brazilian form, is said to be more cyanic-blue than violettish-blue and
the hindwing has darker veins and between them small, dark submarginal streaks. — nobilis Bat. is the Amazon-
form; it is particularly large and has a more yellow than brown or pinkish-grey under surface with several
small spots before the border. In some places common. — It may be that also archimedes /., unknown to me,
belongs into this group; it is said to be marked similarly above and to have a greyish-brown under surface.
The patria of this latter form not being known, it is undoubtedly difficult to ascertain.
Th. speciosa G. & S. (== fasciata Lathy). Beneath just as monotonously coloured as the preceding,
entirely earthy-grey with faint dark anal dots of the hindwing in a light halo. Above, however, also the ¢ exhibits
in the black apical part a lustrous blue spot of a violet reflection, being by far larger than in the 9° of the
preceding species. Colombia.
Th. publius Fidr. (143 h). This butterfly, like the 9° of virgilius, has a bright blue spot in the black
apical part of the forewing, but also in the g, where virgilius is without it. But besides the under surface is
entirely different, chestnut-brown with a more deeply brown median shade of all the wings. Widely distributed
and not very rare. From Panama to the Amazon.
Th. comosa Stich. Also here the 3 has in the apical black of the forewing a blue pupil, like in publius
(143 h) to which the upper surface is said to be similar. (But according to the figure in the ,,Genera Insectorum™,
this blue spot is at a different place, from that of publius, at the cell-end, whereas there it is nearer to the
apex.) The under surface, besides, is monotonously yellowish-grey, unmarked. Described according to a 3
from. Pebas (Peru).
Th. talIna G. & S. (148h). From Honduras. Resembles virgilius (which, however, likewise flies in
one form in Honduras); the blurred spot in the black apical part of the forewing is present, but otherwise the
blue of the upper surface almost entirely confined to the base of the wings; the under surface exhibits a whole
chain of anal dots of the hindwing.
Th. cratylus G. & S. (143 e). This species, one of the largest of this genus, which we figure from the
Chiriqui, neither in the ¢ nor in the 9 has the black apical part of the forewing blue-pupilled. It is imme-
diately recognizable by the somewhat irregular delimitation of the blue in the forewing, where it projects towards
the apex, and by the dark border of the hindwing. Panama.
Th, thootes Hew. (143i). Much smaller than the preceding, at once distinguishable by the blue of
the forewing projecting behind the cell in a tip towards the margin and advancing a second time between the
lower median vein and the submedian, but here as far as to the distal margin. Undersurface unicolorously
greyish-brown, unmarked. Central America to the Amazon.
Th. zostera Bat. Above similar to the preceding, but the blue more extensive, so that only a black
marginal band remains being deeply indented in the middle. Under surface entirely different; the here brownish-
yellow wings are crossed by a brown belt. From the Upper Amazon.
THEOPE. By Dr. A. Serrz. 725
Th. apheles Bat. Likewise from the Amazon; very similar to thootes (1431), but smaller and lighter
blue. Beneath light brown. — sobrina Bat. presumably likewise approximates thootes; described according
to a Q; like thootes, but more violettish-blue instead of cyanic blue, and the under surface of a lustrous golden
brown. From the Tapajoz.
Th. terambus Godt. (= lytaea Hbn.-G.) (143 h, i). The 3 has a similar upper surface like virgilivs,
but a bright blue gloss and a very pointed apical part of the hindwing. The 9 has no blue pupil in the apical
black of the forewing. Immediately recognizable by the under surface, where the wings, on a brown, in the
Q yellowish-tinged ground, exhibit a dark-brown stripe extending from in front of the apex of the forewing
to the middle of the inner margin of the hindwing. South Brazil. Not common.
Th. tetrastigma Bat. This much smaller species is above unicolorously brown, without markings.
The under surface is dark brown too, but here are short light streaks at the end of both wings and, in front
of the border black dots in a light halo. From the Tapajoz.
Th. thentis G. & S. This form, in the distribution of the blue, so greatly resembles thootes (143 i)
that it was sometimes confounded with it. Like there, the black distal band of the 3-forewing projects lingui-
formly as far as below the cell-end. But the forewings are much more pointed, the apex still more produced,
the costal margin behind the base more bulging-out. Moreover, the under surface in ¢hootes is entirely unicolorous,
whereas here it is marked with dark shades. Central America.
Th. bacenis Schs. Larger, forewings black, proximal margin at the base broadly blue, hindwings
blue with a black costal margin. Under surface brown with an intensely brown, joint band running from the
apex of the forewing, similarly as in the following species, to the middle of the proximal margin of the hindwing.
Forewing at the base yellowish. Mexico. Unknown to me.
Th. phaeo Prittw. This is probably nothing else but the South Brazilian form of folia G. & S.
(143 i) living in the northern parts of South America and in Central America. This species has altogether the
distorted shape of thentis, very pointed forewings and a pointed anal part of the hindwing, but the colouring
is that of virgilius (apical half of the forewing blackish, otherwise blue) which it approximates also in the size.
Beneath dirty pinkish-grey; the centre of the wings is traversed by a dark nebulous belt. Rare.
Th. basilea Bat. (1431). One of the largest species, above similarly coloured to terambus (143 h, i),
but both sexes with a dark border of the hindwing, which decreases in width from the apex towards the anal
angle. Under surface brown, with a dark stripe from the apex of the forewing to the proximal margin of the
hindwing, like in terambus, but the dark ground of the wings is, in the disc, usually still more or less
distinctly spotted. Central America. Not common.
Th. eleutho G. & S. The largest species; greatly approximating the preceding, but easily discernible
by the much broader black distal margin of the hindwing and by the under surface exhibiting also the belt-like
stripe as basilea, but a lighter, more marked ground of the wings in which, above all, a chain of marginal eye-
spots of the hindwing is conspicuous. Panama.
Th. mania G. & S. from Mexico is of a similar size and colouring, but easily distinguishable by
the unicolorously loam-yellow under surface being traversed only by the median stripe, as well as by the hind-
wing of the ¢ exhibiting no dark margin. Rare.
Th. syngenes Bat. Beneath rather similar to mania, but the hindwings always exhibit a distinct
dark anal spot, and at the apex of the forewing, at the beginning of the dark stripe, we notice a mostly
somewhat square spot. Above the blue on the hindwing is more confined; the veins are distinctly brown; in
the 2 the black apical part of the forewing often shows a blue spot. Santarem.
Th. thebais Hew. This species has a deep dark-blue of a magnificent lustre, as it is exhibited by
different Thecla and, of the Indian Lycaenidae, particularly by the Arhopala. Especially the form matuta
G. & S. (1431, misprinted into matula) exhibits this deep blue, and still more extensively than typical thebais,
but in this respect the matuta from the different districts vary considerably. The fore- and hindwings are very
broadly margined in black; particularly in typical thebais from the Amazon, where the blue covers scarcely
yet ¥% of the upper surface of the wings. Beneath thebais shows a broad brown median band and a submarginal
nebulous stripe; in matuta the under surface is more regularly brown, the veins distinctly darker, the transverse
bands duller; it occurs in Central America and in particularly large specimens (gloriosa B.-H. i. 1.) in Colombia.
Th. janus Btir. In this species from the Lower Amazon the proximal half of the wings shows beneath
a yellow colouring which does not occur in any other allied Theope. Only decorata shows yet a basal yellow
on the wings beneath, but only in the cell of the forewing; the latter, however, has also blue in the distal part
of the forewing beneath and is smaller than janus.
Th. drepana Bat. A small species; the costa behind the base bulged and, in the g, the apex of the
forewing greatly drawn forward. The forewings being above blue exhibit a dark margin and 2 very irregular
lines formed by small streaks. Beneath are numerous, small red-yellow stripes on a lighter. ground, being partly
united to a belt-like stripe through the centre. Teffé.
apheles.
sobrina.
terambus.
tetrastigma.
thentis.
bacenis.
phaeo.
folia.
basilea.
eleutho.
mania.
syngenes.
thebais.
matuta.
janus.
drepana.
thestias.
discus.
decorata.
eurygonina.
columbiana.
sisemina.
fulvescens.
ocalea.
tysont.
howlandi.
~I
ho
ror]
Additions and Corrections.
Th. thestias. A very small form; it is immediately recognizable by the under surface. Here, helow
the costa of the forewing, we see a brimstone-coloured, oblong basal spot filling up the part of the wings between
the costa-base and the subcostal, and extending yet narrowly into. the cell of the forewing. The rest of the
under surface is lilac-grey, with a broad brown median shade. Above typical thestias have entirely blue
hindwings. — Those of the form discus Bat. have only the basal part of the hindwing blue. The species is easily
distinguishable by a concave indenture at the anal part of the hindwing, effected by the receding anal fold. The
species, varying according to the finding-places, not with respect to the countries, is apparently distributed
over the greatest part of Central and South America; it was found from Costa Rica and Guiana to Rio Grande
do Sul and Bolivia. — decorata G. & S. is the northernmost form; it shows blue patches embedded in the
distal part of the forewings beneath. Apparently rather rare.
Th. eurygonina Bat. Recognizable by the shape being more that of an Huselasia than that of a
Thecpe; the forewings are triangular with almost straight margins, and the hindwings have a rather long anal
part. In the typical form from Santarem on the Amazon, the part of the forewing above the middle of the
inner margin, the hindwing, however, entirely violettish-blue except broad dark marginal triangles of the 9.
Under surface brown, marked with rusty-brown transverse bands. — Colombian specimens, columbiana Sigr.
(110 Ae), are figured by their author with a light-brown, light-striped under surface and entirely blue hind-
wings, from the Rio San Juan; a specimen captured by A. H. Fasst on the Tolima at 1700 m has the whole
distal half of the hindwings blackish, only the basal part being blue; the under surface shows very light grey
bands. — From the Rio Dagua (Colombia) there is a most peculiar specimen before me, likewise taken by A. H.
Fassu, which is similarly marked like the Tolima-specimen, but of a snow-white colour in the centre of the
wings on both surfaces. It is not impossible that it is a different species, as also the marking beneath in the
centre of the wings deviates somewhat from eurygonina. But as I have only 1 specimen before me, I include
it here and call it sisemina form. nov. (110 Ae). — This species connects the genus with the preceding.
Additions and Corrections.
P. 623. — Libythea fulvescens Lathy (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904 p. 451) scarcely differs from the
form terena; it has only above more black and the yellow spots are more homochromous, From Dominica.
P. 624, line 12 from above, insert: typical ewcritus Hew. (121 a) originate from the Central Amazon.
G2 Genes tir iT a After eustachius insert: J. d&:} Hbst. (121 e).
uO 265 cece aoe n. A for 121f read: 12le.
LOS as ,, After rhodon insert: (121 f).
125. GAG, 35) NIG, » tor (110A f) read: (1224, b).
IPS GO PA » after wria insert: (121 h).
» 27. ,, below, after form. nov., for Hindwing read: Forewing.
PAF Ooleeeen. 26 0 after #. authe insert:
E. ocalea Drc. greatly approximates quthe, but the yellowish-red on the forewing is more extensive
and covers the whole hindwing except narrow margins. Beneath the whole distal half of the hindwing and a
band distal from the (interrupted) postmedian line are white. La Paz (Bolivia). Above almost like eucerus,
but beneath quite different.
P. 632, line 12 from below, add:
E. tysoni Weeks from Suapure (Venezuela) has an expanse of 2414 mm. Hindwing very dentate;
upper surface mouse-coloured with an obliterated yellow spot at the end of the submedian of the hindwing.
Under surface yellowish-brown with a dark central transverse line, the anal region of the forewing whitish.
At the border of the wings a white filiform line exhibiting in the hindwing white, black-bordered longitudinal
spots; the median line of the hindwing bent round towards the proximal margin.
E. howlandi Weeks is 27 mm, mouse-coloured, the forewings in the proximal third lighter; the
hindwings also somewhat lighter in the middle of the upper surface. Under surface quite light-grey, with brown
lines from the costa through the centre and also nearer to the apex of the forewing. Border of the hindwing
dentate; antennae white. From Suapure (Venezuela).
P. 638, line 19 from above, to attalus add: (124 e).
125 GRA esc) TR 55 for lapillus read: lapilla.
» 27 ,, below, for magnesia read: magnessa.
PG. 20M oe Re for menoetes from Bolivia and Peru SrTicHEL establishes another name:
paetula.
P. 642, line 12 from above. M. mathania Schs. which was wrongly placed to the epidius-group by
SticuEn, belongs to the odice-group, according to the 2 having in the meantime become known, and approxi-
mates cymotazxis Stichel.
Additions and Corrections.
P. 643. — Hereto we must remark that the two first figures of the row e of table 142 are exchanged
by mistake.
P. 648, line 13 from above and Note: M. ramsdeni Skinn. Blackish-brown, forewing with 2 whitish
costal spots and a similar transverse band shaded inside in dark; at the distal angle a black spot ‘of about 2 mm,
near the base 4 small dark crescents. The hindwings at the anal angle have a black eye-spot narrowly
bordered in orange, at the base 2 black bands, at the distal margin 3 obliterated dark spots. gj has an expanse
of 30 mm. Unknown to me.
P. 651, line 25 from above, add: Napaea agroeca Stich. Forewing more pointed, border less convex.
Wings above greyish-brown, outside darker. Espiritu Santo.
P. 652, line 17 from above, for helydrias read thelydrias.
TRG Soe allatn . To T'metoglene apparently belongs an Hrycinidae which I call trichroma
sp. nov. (110 D f) and which was brought by A. H. Fassn from his last excursion to Colombia. Like Tm. dodone,
but the basal half of the wings orange-red.
P. 655, line 19 from below, behind jaeris place Bat. instead of Bsd.
P. 658, ,, 5 ,, above, Panara trabealis Stich. (1916) is above blackish-brown, hindwing in the
anal region powdered in white; oblique band across both wings 3 to 4 mm broad, pale reddish ochreous- yellow,
the costal end diffuse towards the base. Length of forewings 19 mm. Sao Paulo (South Brazil).
P. 658, line 17 from below. Riodina pelta Schs. Upper surface dark violettish black, between the
veins greenish-brown streaks, the orange band in the forewing from the middle of the costa to the anal angle.
Under surface black, internerval streaks lighter. Costal margin of the forewing at the base orange, oblique
band paler; hindwing with a yellow dot at the base and a small orange dot near the anal angle.
P. 662, line 14 from above. Lymnas hodia Bilr. is allied to jarbas (melantho): upper surface jet-
black, the orange band of the forewing narrow; under surface lighter, more dark-brown with whitish veins,
the oblique band paler. Forewing above with a deep-red dot near the base, sides of the body with a scarlet
stripe. Venezuela. Type in the Coll. Drucn.
P. 665, line 7 from below, for ,,oldros‘‘ read ,,oluros*.
P. 666, ,, 2 ,, above, behind naevianus Stich. place: (130 e).
Pe BOD, » for ,,Euerciina‘: read ,,Euerycina“.
P. 671, ,, 1 ,,. below, add: Monethe albertus with an ochreously darkened spot of the forewing
are nesotypus Stich. — paulus Stgr. is synonymous with albertus.
P. 675, line 3 from below, add to hya, as well as to fenestrella: (110 Ae). As presumably all the
forms quoted as hya replace each other in the different districts, there may transitions be found, we therefore
better figure these 2 forms once more.
P. 676, line 1 from above, for ,,paraene’ read ,,paraena‘.
125 O70; py ae » for (142 ¢) read (135d and 142g).
BGs eee 1b et — SricHet describes (Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 81) as Symmachia
histrica, according to a single © of his collection a butterfly which is said to resemble S. calligrapha in the shape
of the hindwing, in the forewing, however, a Mesene. Blackish-brown, forewing with 4 ochreous-yellow trans-
verse lines the 3 rd of which bifurcates towards the costal. In front of the border blackish, coherent spots.
Hindwing with similar markings. From Panama.
P. 686, line 9 from below, behind micon read Dre. for Stich.
PGS gen iy.2 tee Sy behind awiochus Hew. place: (= archytos Stoll).
PAR 693 scene pliant = insert: Z. candace Hew. (1351) 3 similar to the following, but only at
the costal margin and base of the wings with scarce dots as small as the prick of a needle. 2 loam-yellow,
clouded in a dirty brown, with a chain of antemarginal eyespot-rings. From the Amazon.
P. 694, line 15 from above, for hegyas read hegias.
P. 695, ,, 3 ,, below, before #. angularis place: E. samius sp. nov. (136 g) from the Pachitea
(Peru) has all the wings unicolorously nut-brown marked with somewhat irregular darker transverse bands.
3 quite slightly darker than the 2, but the wings more pointed. Beneath almost like above, the transverse
line more distinct, ending into dark comma-spots. ¢Q in the Coll. Bang-Haas.
P. 696, line 1 from below. Behind ,,not common‘ add: Colouring of the upper surface suffused
by an intense yellow with very dull silvery markings, similar to poeas.
P. 697, line 7 from above, to Hmesis temesa add: E. satema Schs. being unknown to me. Wings
above quite dark brown, with still darker markings. The markings are traversed by the veins. At the border
dark dots, in front of the border a shade. The distal line below the cell bent in, irregular. On the discocellular
streaks; one basal line and 2 proximal lines lighter, 24 mm. Is said to originate from Petropolis in the Organ
Mountains.
ramsdeni.
agroeca.
trichroma.
trabealis.
pella.
hodia.
candace.
samius.
satema.
drucei.
lenocinium.
728 Additions and Corrections.
P. 698, line 6 from below. Siseme hothurus Berg differing from the other Siseme by exhibiting in the
marginal area not the radiary striation, as newrodes, pallas etc., is said to originate from Argentina; it is not
before me.
P. 700. line 28 from below, for ,,Apodemia druryi Hdw. read ,.duryi™.
P. 701, ,, 10 ,, below. Insert here: H. drucei Giacom. Standing between cisandina and chi-
lensis.
12, Ons 21 ,, above, for ,,glaucobithris’ read ,,glaucobrithis’.
P. 708, line 14 from below. The animal described here as Hchenais micator and figured by this name
t. 138 h has proved to be a 9-form of Ech. alector Bilr. (p. 707), at a minute examination. It deviates especially
much from the g-form and seems, in the figured form, to be confined to Peru.
P. 712, line 2 from below, for hesperium read hespericum, and for erythroicum read erythraicum.
P. 713. Insert here: Nymph. lenocinium Schs. 22 mm. Described according to 1 3 from La Florida
in Costa Rica. Wings white, forewing with a broad brown costal margin. At the transverse vein a fine dark
streak and a fine postmedial line on vein 5; the traces of a small, blue-bordered spot in the cell and outwards
at the costa; the inner edge of the dark marginal band dentate; a fine blue submarginal line, a similar one at
the border itself. Hindwing at the base narrowly black, distal margin blackish-brown, the subterminal line
like in the forewing; border and fringes white. — The diagnose does not mention to which species this butterfly
is allied.
P. 717, line 5 from below, for glaucogonia read: glaucoconia.
P. 718, ,, 12 ,, above, for ,,9 of the preceding species‘ read: ,,Tharops swperba- 2°.
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
~I
to
oO
Alphabetical List
with reference to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Erycinidae.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place cited.
abaris Nymph. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 146. *
acanthoides Sar. H. Schdff. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55. *
acantus Sar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 179. *
accusatrix Symm. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 445.
acherois Nymph. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, p. 5 (Tbl). *
acheus Ant. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 121. *
achroa Zel. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.
acis Helic. F’. Spec. Ins. 2, App. p. 504.
aconia Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
acosma The. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 86.
acroleuca Barb. Berg, Ann. Mus. Buen. Air. 5, p. 1. *
acroleuca Lymn. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19, p. 467.
acroxantha Char. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 20.
actoris Cremn. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 146. *
acuta Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
adelina Ech. Btlr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 79.
adelpha Stal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 265. *
adelphina Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909. p. 24.
adelphina Thisbe G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 368.
aegates Lymn. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 19.
aemulius Ech. F. Entom. Syst. 3, (1), p. 322.
aenetus Im. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 14.
aeniacus Esthemopsis Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
aeolia Esthemopsis Bat. Journ. Linn Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.433.
aerella Ithomeis Sm. Rhop. Exot. 3. *
aerigera Char. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 168. *
aethalia Emes. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soe. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 385.
aetherea Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 34.
aethiops Syrm. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 250.
agathon Noth. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 308. *
agave. Anat. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 462. *
agesilas Las. Latr. Humb.-Bonpl. Rec. Zoolog. 1, p. 396. *
agle Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
agria Xen. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
agroeca Nap. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 93.
aguilata Mesos. Dogn. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1893, p. 156.
agyrtus Isap. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
ahava Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 41.
albertus Mon. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 73.
albescens Sis. Slich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 278.
albida Emes Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 695.
albinus Ham. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p.
albiplaga Mesene Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 676.
albipuncta Mesos. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913. *
albivitta Mesenops. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 465.*
albofasciata Ham. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. 535.
albugo Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 203.
alcioneus Barb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 664. *
alemena Eus. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 1878, p. 101.
alemaeon Aric. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
aleetor Ech. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 214. *
alector Cremn. Hbn.-G. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 5, p. 43.
alectryo Sis. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 463.
alena Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
alicia Esthemopsis Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 203.
allectus Ant. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 428.
alphonsus Mon. Ff’. Entom. Syst. 3 (1) p. 308.
ama Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 39.
amalfreda Argyrogr. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 256. *
amanda Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 640. *
amarynthina Ambl. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 309.
amazon Zeon. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (I1) 5, p. 96. *
amazonica Car. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 393.
ambryllis Lymn. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliy. p. 19.
amesis Tles. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
amethystina Aric. Btlr. Journ.Linn.Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.220.*
amiana Mesos. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 100.
aminias Ech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
amithrata Meth. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 633. *
ammon Cham. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
amona Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
amphidecta Eus. G. &. S. Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 360.
amphis Lem. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 52.
Vv
382.
<)
101.
*
* *
amyeus Dior. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 35.
analoga Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 640.
anceps Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 687. *
andania Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
andraemon Lem. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 77.
androgyne Cyr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 99. *
angellus Noth. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 58.
angularis KEmes. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 162.
angulata Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 376.
angustior Sis. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 698. *
anica Hus. H.-Schaff. Exot. Schmett. Fig. 31/..
anius Char. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 114. *
annulata Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 68.
annulifera Ech. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1908, p. 542. *
anophthalma Hyphil Fldr. Novara, Lep. 2 (2) p. 298. *
antaerice Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
antaeus Ham. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 701. *
antanitis Lem. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 15.
anthias Hyphil. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 14.
apame Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
aphanis Char. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 19.
apheles The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 405.
apollonia Lyr. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 433. *
apoplecta Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lend. (Zool.) 9, p. 38.
apotacta Barb. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 48.
apotheta Lem. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 399.
arachne Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 324.
araguaya Lymn. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 660. *
arbas Eus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
arbuscula Phaen. Mschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1883,
p. 314.
arche Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
archelaus Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 632. *
archimedes The. F. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 320.
areius Dior. L. Amoen, Acad. 6, 409.
arctifascia Pan. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 482.
aretos Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
arcuata Croc. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 539. *
arcuata Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
areuta Astr. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. Tb. 70. *
ares Emes. H. Hdw. Papilio, 2, p. 137.
arete Car. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 98.
argenissa Lem. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 130. *
argentea Eus. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p.
argenteum Chim. Bat. Ent. Mon. Mag. 3, p. 154.
argiella Ech. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 3
argyrea Char. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 3
argyrodines Char. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 154.
ariadne Nymph. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 370.
arion Symm. Fldr. Novara, Lep. 2 (2) p. 294. *
aristodorus Anc. Mor. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 6, p. 420.
aristoteles Sis. Latr. Humb. u. Bonpl. Rec. Zoolog. 1, p. ¢
aristus Ech. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 170. *
arsis Las. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 257. *
arthurianus Dior. #.-Sh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890. p. :
artos Eus. H.-Schdff. Exot. Schmett. Fig. 33/4.
asa Mesos. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 35.
aselepia Cric. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 51.
ascolia Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
ascolides Nymph. Bsd. Lép. Guatemala p. 21.
asemna Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 31.
assimulata Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, pf. 207.
asteria Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 321.
aSterra Luc. Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2, p.
astiama Symm. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 682. *
astraea Syrm. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 250.
astrea Ithomeis Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 412.
atahualpa Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (11) 5, p. $6. *
ater Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 628.
aterrima Barb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 663. *
athena Eus. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 46.
atima The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.
atricolor Lepr. Bilr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 8, p.
92
9, p. 407.
284.
730 Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
atroculis Mesos. Bitlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 429. | eabira Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
atrytone Sis. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 10. * eachiana Mesos. Schs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 11, p. 298.
attalus Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 638. * eachrus Nymph. /’. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 78.
attrita Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 627. eacica Anc. I’ldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 290.
augea Nymph. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 488. * | cadmeis Nel. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
aulestes Anc. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 47. * eadytis Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
aulica Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 98. eaecias Croc. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
aulonia Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * eaeneus Char. L. Syst. Nat. (X//), p. 796.
aurantia Eus. Bllr. & aoe Cistul. Entom. 1, p. ene caenina The G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 369.
aurantiaca Eus. G. & S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 2, p. 149. | caerulea The Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 408.
aurantiaca IthoMeis Bal. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, : 541. | caeruleata Esthemopsis G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878,
aureizona Pan. Billr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 431. p. 361.
aureonitens The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 405. | cafusa Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 422
aurigera Aric. Weeks Proc. New-Engl. Zool. Cl. 1903, p. III. | eaieta Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
aurimna Emes. Bsd. Lép. Guatémal. p. 24. ealagutis Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
aurinia Ham. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. * calamisa Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
aurolimbata Lymn. Thieme, Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 5. | ealigata Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 325.
auseris Ech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. * caliginea Anat. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 226.*
australis Char. Mdw. Field & For. 3, p. 87. caliginea Apod. Bilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 226.
authe Eus. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 532. * | ¢Calitra Cremn. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 45.
axenus Emat. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * Callias Anc. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 71.
axilla Mesos. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 483. * ; Calligramma Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 375.
axiochus Our. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. * calligrapha Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
aza Napaea Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 485. * calliope Stal. LZ. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 406.
azan Nymph. Hew. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. p. 448. * | Calliste Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
azanoides Nymph. Btlr. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 221. eallixena Ithomiola Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 162.
azora Char. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 572. ¢alphurnia Rod. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 216.
azurea The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 406. | eCalyus Drep. Sigr. gew. Tagf. 1, p. 259. *
Calyce Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
bacaenis Baeot. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * | Calyee Nymph. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 72.
bacaenita Baeot. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nation. Mus. 24, p. 402. Calypso Mesos. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 374.
bacche Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 639. Camissa Luc. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 55.
bacenis The Schs. Entom. Amer. 6, p. 19. e¢ampestris Ham. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 397.
bachmani Lib. Kirtl. Amer. Journ. Sci. (II) 13, p. 33. * | Campicola Anat. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 716. *
baeotia Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. * candace Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
balbinus Nymph. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 261. * Candace Nymph. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 487.
balista Ech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. * Candara Mesos. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 484. *
banghaasi Col. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 672. * Candaria Kus. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 481.
barea Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. * candidata Hermath. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 16.
barce Baeot. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * eandiope Char. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 406. *
barea The. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. ennai 1878, p. 369. canidia Apod. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 488. *
barine Argyrogr. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 256. * capissene Mesene Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
barissus Baeot. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * capnodis Emes. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 273.
barsacus Pan. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 443. * | capreolus Baeot. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 181. *
basilea The. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 155. eaprina Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
basilis Barb. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 706. carausius Ant. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 428.
basilissa Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 388. | earderi Mesos. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 485.
batesi Cric. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 254. * earens Mon. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 671. *
batesii Zeon. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5. p. 99. | earieae Nymph. L. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 484.
battis Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 687. * | carinenta Lib. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 18. *
bella Mesos. Sharpe Proc. Zool. Sec. Lond. 1890, p. 569. * | earissima Mesos. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 153.
bellona Nec. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 432. * | earissima Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 62.
belphegor Cyr. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn Lep. 5, p. 430. * | earmentis Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 62
belti Symm. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Americ. Rhop. 1, p. 417. | earneia Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
beltiana Napaea Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 541. | carnutes Chim. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
beltiana Nec. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 1870, p. 3. carolina Euryb. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 459,
bersabana Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 48. earteri Apod. Holl. Ann. Carn. Mus. 1, p. 486.
bettina Eus. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 46. earveri Them. Weeks, Entomol. News, 1909, 20.
bettina Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 8. earyatis Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
bicolor Lepr. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 405. eascella Ithomiola Hew. Equat. Lepid. p. 57.
bicolor Stal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 265. * castalia Car. Mén. Lep. Acad. Pet. 2, p. 89. *
bifasciata Emat. Meng. Entomol. News 13, p. 117. castanea Apod. /rittw. Stett. Zg. 26, p. 312.
blandina Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 41. eastigata Emes. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 37.
boechoris Phaen. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * eastigatus Dior. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 35.
bogota Zeon. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 96. | cataleuca Eus. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1869, p. 467.
bolena Lem. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 215. * | cataleuce Eus. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 3. *
bomilear Mesene Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 170. * catana Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
borealis Char. Gr. & Rob. Ann. New-Y. Lyc. Hist. 8, p. 351. | catapoecila Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 624.
borsippa Ech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. * eatiena Calyd. Hew. Exot. But. 5. *
borsippina Ech. Béilr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 219.* | eaucana Nymph. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 367. *
boulleti Our. le Cerf. Bull. d’Hist. Nat. Paris 1911, No. 6,.| eaudalis Sis. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.-384.
15 il, * cea Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
bracteata Ant. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. * cearaica Baeot. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 685. *
brennus Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 66. cecilia Meth. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
brimo Emes. G. & S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p. 357. | cecropia Mesos. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 1874, p. 37.
‘
briola Cham. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 431. | celetes Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 387.
briseis Mesenops. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 414. | celina Esthemopsis Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
bryaxis Mesenops. Hew. Ent. Month, Mag. 1870, ins 227. p. 379.
bubo Lem. Biélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 217. * | celtilla Ithomiola Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 162.
buckleyi Aric. Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2, p. oo cephalena Ithomiola Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
butleri Aric. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 456. | cephisa Aric. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 68.
byzeres Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. * cephise Lymn. JZén. Lep. Acad. ee 15 ios als
cephissa Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. *
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
cercides Cham. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
eereopes Lymn. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 18.
eerealis Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
chalybea Mesos. R6b. Stett. Zg. 1909, p. 19.
chama Amphis. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 257. *
championi Symm. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 417.
chaonia Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
chaonitis Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
eharessa Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 34.
charila Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eharilis Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 375.
eharis Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
chaseba Calyd. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
ehea Anat. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
cheles Eus. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. 2, p. 699. *
chelonis Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
chia Metach. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2, p. 28. *
chilensis Ham. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2) p. 301. *
chimborazium Nymph. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9.
p. 400.
echione Nymph. Bat. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 545.
chionodes Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 15.
ehrysame Car. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliy. p. 16.
chrysippe Eus. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1866, p. 154.
ehrysomela Meth. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 78.
chrysoprastus Ant. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
chrysus Sar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 178. *
cicuta Thar. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
Cilissa Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
eilix Emes. Hew. Equat. Lép. p. 50.
cilnia Lepr. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 250. *
cinaron Lymn. [’ldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 101.
cindra Dysm. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 251. *
cinericia Ham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 46.
ecingulus Phaen. Stoll. Cr. Pap. Exot. Supp]. p. 61. *
cippus Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
cisandina Ham. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 701. *
citrina Baeot. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 684.
eleadas Callist. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. * LO
cleadas Lyr Dre. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 366. AI\
cleis Emes. W. H. Edw. Papilio, 2, p. 137.
cleomedes Aric. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 7, p. 4.
cleonus Char. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 179. *
cleonyma Symm. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 1870, p. 4.
Cleove Stal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 265. *
Clesa Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
clithra Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 377.
elonia Esthemopsis Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 306. *
clotho Thar. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 306. *
coccineata Pach. Kaye Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 185. *
coccitineta Amar. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 691. *
coea Mesos. Hbn. Verz. bek. Schmett.. p. 21.
coelestis Mesos. G. & S. Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. 1, p. 382. *
eoenoides Nah. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 58.
colaxes Tmet. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 54.
colchis Ham. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2) p. 300. *
colombica Mesene Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 675.
colubra Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 96. *
colubris Car. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2, p. 14. *
columba Hermath. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 74. *
columbiana The. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 263.
comes Pan. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 266.
comosa The Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 356. *
comparata Ech. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 377.
completa Nymph. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 467.*
concinna Lem. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 75.
conflata Amar. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 55, p. 10.
corduenna Eus. Hew. Boliv. Butt. p. 13.
corena Ithomeis Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 412.
coronata Mesos. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 694. *
coruscans Thar. Bllr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 222.*
corvina Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 206.
costalis Dysm. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 383.
cratia Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
cratippa Lymn. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 661. *
cratylus The. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 484. *
crenitenia Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 206.
cretiplaga Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 204.
creusis Baeot. Hew. Boliv. Butt. p. 17.
creusina Baeot. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 182.
crioeus Riod. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 658. *
crispinella Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 321.
cristella Xin. Sm. Rhopal. Exot. 3. *
731
critheis Baeot. Dbl. List. Lep. Brit. Mus. 2, p. 12.
erocea Argyroger. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 364.
croceella Mesene Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 204.
crocostigma Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc.Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.38.
crocota Stal. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 389.
croesus Mesos. #. Gen. Insect. p. 259.
crotopus Hus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
eruentata Aric. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 221.*
eruentata Xen. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 264.
eruentatus Ant. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 254. *
cteatus Paraphth. Seilz, Macrolep. 5, p. 672. *
cucuta Eus. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 397.
cumulatus Ant. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 48.
cuneifera Barb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 663. *
cuparina Metach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 396.
eupido Helic. LZ. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 482.
eurulis Ech. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 14.
curupira Eunog. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 416.
cyanea Aric. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 221. *
eyanira Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 4.
eyelopia Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 67.
eydonia Cham. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 157.*
eymotaxis Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 52.
eyneas Nymph. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 14.
cynosema Xin. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 18.
cypria Emes. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 99.
eythera Apod. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 6, p. 37.
dardus Euryb. fF. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 30.
debilis Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p- 388.
decorata The. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 369.
delecta Ithomeis Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 122.
delia Callion. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 327. *
delphinia Rod. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 248. *
dematria Sar. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 424. *
densemaculata Ech. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 53.
dentata Volt. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 73. *
depompata Lymn. Stich. Gen Insect 112, p 205
destituta Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 20.
diadema Noth. Stich. Zschr. wiss. Insect. Biol. 1915.
diadocis Lyr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 94. *
dibaphina Barb. Stir. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 170.
diffusa Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 67.
dinora Tmet. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3. p. 155.
diogenia Emes. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 26, p. 314.
diores The. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897. p.
discus The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 409.
disparilis Aric. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 403.
distigma Pach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p- 390.
diva Nec. Sigr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 247. *
divergens Helic. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 633. *
dodone Tmet. G. &. S. Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. 1, p- 404. *
dolichos Eus. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 240. *
domina Ham. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 204.
domitianus Car. F. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p- 315.
donna Euryb. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 410.
dorilas Syrm. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 75. *
dorilis Nymph. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 156.
dorina Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
doryphora Cham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 24.
dovina Ham. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nation. Mus. 24, p. 404-
drepana The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p- +09:
dryades Baeot. Dogn. le Natural. 12, p. 125.
drymo Tmet. G. & S. Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. 1, p- 404-
dubia Zel. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9. p. 382.
duellona Nec. Ww. Dbl. & Hew.e Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. p- 482:
dukinfildia. Phaen. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24. p. 401.
dulcis Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112. p. 41. *
duryi Apod. H. Edw. Papilio, 2 p. 47.
duvalii Stal. Perly Delect. anim. art. Bras. p. 153.
dyrrhachius Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 624. *
dysonii Dior. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 216. *
246.
*
eanes Phaen. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 540. *
echidna Lymn. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 661. *
echion Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 36.
eclypsis Pan. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 657. *
effima-Eus. Hew. Equator. Lep. p. 46.
egabella Mesos. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 418.
egaensis Anat. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 225. *
eidothea Zel. Btlr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 171.
electron Lymn. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 590.
elegans Helic. Kaye Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 182. *
732
elegans Mesos. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 463. * |
elegantula Baeot. Hpffr. Stett. E. Zg. 35, p. 365.
eleusinus Dior. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 113. *
eleutho The. G..& S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 247. |
ella Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 625. *
elpinice Ech. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 542. *
elvina Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112. p. 71. *
emesia Emes. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4.
emesine Emes. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 253.
emidiata Euryb. Slich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 691. *
emphatica Emat. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 283. *
emyliana Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 321.
emylius Lem. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 104. *
endymion Helic. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3. *
enimanga Nymph. Seitz. Macrolep. 5, p. 711. *
enyo Nec. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 669. * |
epalia Mesene Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 588.
epaphus Mesene Sfoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 41. *
ephippium Barb. Thieme Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 7. *
ephyne Mesos. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. *
epidius Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. * |
epijarbas Lymn. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 245.
epijessa Char. Prittw. Stett. E. Zg. 26, p. 315.
epilecta Aric. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 71.
episatnius Pan. Prittw. Stett. E..Ze. 1865, p. 313.
epitus Aric. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3. *
epixanthe Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 30.
epulus Ham. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 79. *
eraste Cric. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 385. |
erebia Pach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 390.
ergines Thar. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 716.
erinnya Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 62.
eromena Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 216.
erostratus Ham. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep.2, p.458.*
erota Noth. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 152. *
erotica Helic. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 6383. *
erotylus Metach. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p.
erratica Riod. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 658. *
erymanthus Nymph. MWén. Lep. Acad. Pét. 2, p. 90. *
erythinosa Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 67.
erythraea Kus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 375. |
erythraea Metach. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 54.
erythrleum Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910. p.
erythromelas Metach. Sepp. Surin. Vlind. 1, p. 65. *
erythrus Lymn. MZeén. Lep. Acad. St. Pét. 1, p. 53.
eryx9 Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 97. *
esperanza Mesos. Schs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 8 (11), p. 2
esthema Tmet. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 73.
ethelinda Nymph. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 7, p. 6.
etias Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 96.
eubages Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
euboea Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eubotes Eus. Hew. Pap. Exot. 3. *
eubule Eus. I’ldr. Verh. Zocl.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1869, p.
eucerus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
eucharila Napaea Bat. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. {
eucrates Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
eucritus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eudaemon Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 97.
eudocia Ech. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 244.
eudocia The. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 439.
eugenea Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112. p. 41. *
eugenia Stal. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. *
eugeon Hus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
euhemerus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eulema Ithomeis Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
eulesca Tmet. Dyar Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash. 2, p. 19.
eulione Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eumedia Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eumene Mesos. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. *
eumenes Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eumeus Noth. F. Spec. Ins. 2, p. 63.
eunaeus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
euodias Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
euroas Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eupatra Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 630. *
eupepla Eus. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop. 1, p. 369. *
euphaes Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
euploea Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eupolis The. Schs. Entom. Amer. 6, p. 19.
euprepes Baeot. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. ( i
eupteryx Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.
euriteus Eus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
55.
63.
58.
SN
°
o
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
euromus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1.*
eurydice Emes. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 536. *
eurygonina The, Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 410.
eurymachus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
euryone Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eurypus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eurysthenes Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
eurythmia Mesos. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 689. *
eusepus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
eustachius Eus. /Ibst. & Jabl. Naturs. Schmett. 8. p. 77. *
eutacta Them. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 130.
eutaea Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
euterpe Stal. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X), p. 466.
euthria Calyd. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 436. *
eutrapela Nymph. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
p. 401.
eutychus Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
evelina Stal. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 5, p. 365.
excelsa The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 406.
exigua Metach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 396.
expleta Bacot. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 181.
extensa Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 377.
exul Stal. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 719.
fabia Eus. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 533. *
faleis Isap. Weym. Stiibels Reise p. 13. *
faleistriga Symm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 81.
fannia Lem. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 545. *
fasciata Croc. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 364.
fassli Aric. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 721. *
fassli Euryb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 636. *
fassli Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 642. *
fastidiosa Emes. Mén. Lep. Acad. Pét. 1, p. 90. *
fatima Emes. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3. *
faunus Zeon. F’. Syst. Entom. p. 532.
felicissima Baeot. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 14.
felix Baeot. Hew. Boliv. Butt. p. 17.
felsina Thar. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
fenella Esthemopsis Sm. Rhop. Exot. 3. *
fenestrella Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9.
p. 387.
ferrugo Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 376.
fervida Eus. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 481.
flammula Aric. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 404.
flammula Lymn. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 380.
flava Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 631.
floralis Ithomiola Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 311.
florus Lem. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 258. *
folia The. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 483. *
foliorum The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 407.
formosa Anc. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 49.
formosissima Anc. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 49.
formosus Ant. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 33. *
franciscana Euryb. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 70.
friburgensis Mesos. Schs. Proc. U. St. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 399.
frustatoria Napaea Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 84.
fuliginea Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 356.
fulmen Char. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 103.
fulminans Nymph. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
p. 400.
fulminatrix Nec. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 101.
fulvimargo Car. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 466. *
furia Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 62.
fusus Barb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 669. *
galactina Nymph. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 383.
galbula Car. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 99.
galena Ech. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 398.
gamelia Sar. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 486.
gauchoana Ham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 46.
gaudiolum Mesos. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 202.
gela Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
gelanor Eus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
gelasine Aric. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 403.
gelon Eus. Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
geminus Mesos. Ff’. Ent. Syst. 3. p. 322.
gemma Thar. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 716. *
germanus Thisbe G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 478.
gerres Drep. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 10. *
gertraudis Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 49. *
gigantea Mesos. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 689.
gigas Pach. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 364.
glaphyra Anat. Ww. Dbl. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 458. *
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae. 733
glaphyra Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 5, p. 222. *
glauca Ech. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 460. *
glaucobrithis Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 31.
glaucoconia Dysm. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 312. *
glaucoma Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 18.
glaueoma Thar. Hbn.-G. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 5. *
glaucopis Argyrogr. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
p. 393.
glaucosmia Im. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 56.
gneris Mesos. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 454.
godmannii Pand. Dew. Mitteil. Minch. Ent. Ver. 1, p. 90. *
gracilis Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 97.
grande Nymph. G. & 8. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 546. *
grandis Mesos. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 159.
granulata Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 71.
gration Hus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 624. *
gratiosa Zeon. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 117.
guppyi Emes. Aaye Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 187. *
guttata Ham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 46.
guttula Mesene Stich. Zschr. fiir wiss. Ins.-Biol. 1916.
gyas Sar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 45. *
gyda Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
gyges Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 323.
gynaea Char. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 573.
gynaeceas Lymn. G. & S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p. 346.
haematostictum Nymph. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878,
p. 367.
hahneli Eus. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 240. *
_ halimede Euryb. Hbn. Exot. Schmett. 1. *
hari Euryb. Weeks Canad. Entom. 33, p. 268.
harmodius Syinm. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 418.
harmonia Car. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 449. *
hebrus Thar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 79. *
hecamede Had. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
hedemanni Symm. Fidr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19, p. 468.
hedwigis Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 50.
hegias Calyd. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19, p. 468.
helias Euryb. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 53, p. 258.
heliconides Pheles H.-Schdff. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55. *
heliconides Zeon. Swns. Zool. Ill. Ins. (11) Tb. 3. *
heliconina Ithomeis Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 503.
heliodes Xen. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 304. *
heliodora Aric. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 264. *
heliotis Nymph. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 402.
helius Xen. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 10. *
hemileuca Ech. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 399.
hemiurga Ales Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 372.
hepburni Apod. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 468. *
hera Isap. G. &. S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 486.
herellus Lymn. Snell. Tijdschr. v. Entom. 30, p. 22.
hermodora Char. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 99.
herta The. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 483. *
hesione Symm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 79.
hesperina Mesos. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 430.
hesperinum Nymph. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 381.
hetaerina Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
heterochroa Emes. Hpfjr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 364.
heteroea Cremn. Bat. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 542.
hieronymi Eus. G. & S‘ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 2, p. 149.
hilaria Cric. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
hillapana Lymn. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 19, p. 106.
hippea Cric. H. Schdff. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55. *
hippoecrate Aric. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 547. *
hiria Calyd. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. Zool. 9, p. 584.
hisbon Baeot. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 130. *
histrica Symm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zsch. 1910, p. 81.
hodia Lymn. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 32.
holosticta Argyrogr. G. & S. Proc.Zoo1..Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 364.
howlandi Eus. Weeks, Canad. Entomol. 38, p. 79.
huanus Dior. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 96.
huasear Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 96. *
hiibneri Ech. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 204. *
hya Mesene Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 442. *
hyacinthina Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 67.
hyale Mesene Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 292.
hyalina Ur. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 225.
hyalodis Xin. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 223. *
hygenius Eus. Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
hyperion Sis. Seilz, Macrolep. 5, p. 698. *
hypermegala Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr.
hyphea Diophth. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. *
hypochalybe Exopl. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 98.
1909, p. 15.
hypochloris Nel. Bot. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 385.
hypoglauca Apod. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 367.
hypoleuca The. Bet. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.
hypoxanthe The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 405.
iarbas Lymn. /’. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 83.
iasis Phaen. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 5
ibyeus Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
icterias Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 214.
icterica Ech. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 367.
idmon Lem. G. & S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p. 3
idotea Mesophth. Ww. Dbl. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1,
ignicauda Phaen. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872
ignifer Pach. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 281.
ignipicta Phaen. Schs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 11, p. 300.
imitatrix Ithomeis G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 362.
impunctata Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 200.
impura Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 203.
inaria Esthemopsis Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2,
p. 460. *
inariella Esthemopsis Sird. Lepidoptera Niepeltiana 2, p. 20.*
inea Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 5, p. 227. *
incana Ham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 45.
incarum Thisbe Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 715. *
incendiaria Nec. Thieme Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 3. *
incerta Lepr. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 249. * —
incoides Nel. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nation. Mus. 24, p. 401.
inconspicua Eus. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 360.
indissimilis Metach. Weeks Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 27, p. 358.
infirmata Riod. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 195. —
ingaretha Nec. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
ino Car. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 449. *
ion Thar. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 458.
iphias Diophth. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 274.
ipsea Nymph. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 476. *
irene Callion. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 459.
irenea Thisbe Stoll, Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 77. *
irion Stal. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 718. *
iris Char. Stgr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 25, p. 110.
irrorata Cric. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 540. *
isabellae Esthemopsis H#. Sh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890,
p. 172. '
isia The. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 368.
isshia Mesos. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. p. 11.
issoria Eus. Hew. Equator. Lep. p. 47.
~
jaeris Cham. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 431.
jansoni Aric. Bllr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 31.
janus The. Bllr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 546.
jemima Euryb. Hew. Kquat. Lep. p. 45.
jessa Char. Bsd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. 1 (Thb.) p. 3. *
jesse Esthemopsis Bllr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 5, p. :
jeziela Mesos. Bllr. Cistul. Entom. 2, p. 11.
jocularis Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 39.
johannae Baeot. &. Sh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 18€0, p. 573. *
johnstoni Col. Dannalt, Entomologist, 1904, p. 174.
jordani Col. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 672. *
joviana Cham. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 401.
jugurtha Symm. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 254. *
julia Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 225. *
julia Eus. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 1878, p. 102.
junta Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 60.
juratrix Symm. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. p. 445.
jurgenseni Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5. p. 220. *
juturna Euryb. Fldr. Novara, Lep. 2 (2), p. 288.
juturna Nec. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 48.
Kadenii Nymph. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 101.
kennethi Las. Weeks Proc. New-Engl. Zool. Cl. 2. p. 71.
kupris Ant. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
labdacus Eus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
lacernata Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 6.
lacrines Emes. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 7, p. 5.
lactifica Mesos. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 418.
lactifusa Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 78.
lagora Diophth. H.-Schdff. Exot. Schmett. Fig. 434.
lagus Aric. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 31. *
laius Ech. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p.
lamia Euryb. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
lamia Syrm. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.
lamis Nymph. Sloll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
lampeto Car. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1. p. 448. *
ERE +
3195+
734
lamprolenis Ur. R6b. Stett. Zg. 1903, p. 344. [
lampropteryx The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc.Lond.(Zool.) 9, p. 404.
lampros Ech. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 399. |
lamprotaenia Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 39. |
laobatas Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
lapillus Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 60. |
larunda Nec. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 397. * |
larvata Lib. Streck. Lepidoptera, p. 130.
lasciva Sar. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 250.
lasthenes Lem. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 7, p. 5.
latefasciata Stal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 265.
lateritia Pach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 390.
laticlavia Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 201.
latifasciata Anc. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 464. * |
latifasciata Euryb. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 40.
latmicus Helic. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 634. *
lato Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 44.
latona Callion. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
laverna Char. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 430.
lectabilis Ant. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 46.
leena Symm. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 1870, p. 226.
lemniscata Pan. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 6.
leneates Drep. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
leopardinum Cric. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 293. *
lepida Diophth. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 386. *
leptographia Argyrogr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 247. *
leucanthe The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 408.
leucidiodes Nymph. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 714. *
leucobalia Mon. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 136.
leucocyana Ech. Hbn.-G. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 5, p. 29. *
leucodesma Sis. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 698. *
leucogaea Diophth. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 385.
leucogonia Anat. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 332.
leucolopha Euryb. Thieme Berl. Ent. Zschr. 52, p. 2.
leueon Eus. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, Tb. 51. *
leucophaea Ech. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2. *
leucophlegma Lymn. Stich. Ger. Insect. 112, p. 204.
leucophlegmoides Lymn. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 661. *
leucophryna Eus. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, Tb. 51. *
leucophryne Im. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 297. *
leucophrys Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc.Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 387.
leucoplaga Cor. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, Th. 51. *
leucopus Mesene G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 423.
leucorrhoa Eus. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 360.
leucosia Nymph. Hbn. Wiedem. Mag., 1817, p. 99.
leucotopus Emat. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 283.
licinia Eus. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903. p. 531. *
licinias Nymph. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 261. *
licursis Zeon. /’. Syst. Entom. p. 532.
lilina Ech. Bélr. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 252. *
limbata Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 676. *
lindana Eus. MWschl. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 32, p. 313. *
lindeni Helic. Grt. Butt. Buffalo Soc. 2, p. 108. *
lindigii Nec. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 41].
linearis Esthemopsis G. & S. Trans. Ent.Soc.Lond. 1880, p. 132.
lineata Stal. Guér. Icon. Régn. Anim. Cuvier 7, p. 473.
liodes Emes. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1. p. 447. *
lipara Ales. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 371.
lisias Eus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
lisimon Nymph. Stoll, Ce. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 169. *
lithosina Esthemopsis Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
p. 380.
loruhama Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 43.
luceres Lem. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 53.
luciana Lem. F. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 313.
lucilia Napaea Mschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges.
Desolenes
lucilius Sis. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 363.
lucinda Emes. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, p. 3. * |
lucius Metach. #. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 320.
luctus Riod. Berg An. Mus. Buen.-Air. 15, p. 2. *
luculenta Hopff. Ersch. Trud. Russka. Ent. Petersb. 8, p. 3. *
luperea Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 44.
lupina Emes. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 444. * |
lusea Calyd. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 3, p. 31. * |
luteonaevia Ech. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 338.
lyeaeas Eus. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 241. *
lycaenina The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 406. |
lycea Lymn. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2, p. 18, *
lycisca Euryb. Ww. Dbl. & Hew., Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 417.
lycisea Riod. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
lycorias Thisbe Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
lyneestes Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
Wien 1882,
’ le
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
lypera Char. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
lyra Lyr. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 9
lysias Riod. Stich. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 238.
lysimachus Eus. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 241. *
lysimachus Riod. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 196.
lysippoides Riod. Berg An. Soc. Cient. Arg. 1882, p. 6.
lysippus Riod. ZL. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 484.
lysistratus Riod. Burm. Descr. Rep. Argent. 5 (1), p. 221. *
p. 392.
fie
macara Esthemopsis Sm. Rhop. Exot. 3. *
macaris Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
macella Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
machaera Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
macrina Mesos. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 296.
macularia Argyrogr. Bsd. Lep. Guatémala p. 22.
maculosa Calyd. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 394.
maecenas Amar. /’. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 306.
maenades Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
maeon Lem. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 542. *
maeonides Lem. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 542. *
maeonius Symm. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 255.
maeotis Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
magdalenae Stal. Ww. Dbl. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 467. *
magete Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
magnarea Meth. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 633. *
magresa Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 23. 2
maja Aric. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 547. *
majorina Phaen. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 52.
malea Ech. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nation. Mus. 24, p. 405.
malis Napaea Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 530. *
mamilia Mesos. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 160.
mancia Mesos. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869, p. 159.
manco Nec. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 107. *
mandana Emes. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 142. *
mandosa Phaen. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 486. * a
mania The. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 247.
manius Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 66-
mantinea Car. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 99.
mantus Nymph. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 74. *
marathon Lymn. Fidr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 305. *
marayalica Nymph. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 711. *
margaretta Mesene White Zoolog. 1, p. 28.
marginata Barb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 664.
marigemina Mesos. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 694.
marsena Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 38.
marsidia Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 38.
marsyas Car. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 538. *
martha Mesene Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 402.
martia Cyr. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 454. *
martia Lem. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. .1903, p. 5438. *
martialis Lem. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p- 301.
mathania Mesos. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 398.
mathata Diophth. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
matisea Diophth. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
matuta Eus. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, Tb. 51. *
matuta The. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 246.
maxima Apod. Weeks Entomol. News 9, p. 104.
mazaca Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
*
meana Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
medusa Nymph. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 487.
meeda Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
‘megala Sis. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 698. *
megalia Aric. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 348.
mehida Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 42.
mejicanus Apoa. Behr. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3, p. 179.
melaene Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
melampia Navaea Bat. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (3) 5, p. 5
melancholiea Emes. Stich. Zschr. wiss. Ins. Biol. 1916.
melanehroia Lepr. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 307. *
melander Lymn. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
melanis Bacot. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 3, p. 12. *
melanochlora Mesenop. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878,
Dp. 362.
iananops Barb. Bllr. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 246.
melantho Lymn. Mén. Lép. Acad. Pét. 1, p. 53.
melaphaea Eus. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 1. *
meleagris Cremn. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 362.
melese Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
meliboeus Anc. fF. Gen. Insect. p. 271.
melicerta Car. Schs. Entom. Amer. 6, p. 18.
melino Car. Dyar Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42, p. 41.
melior Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 97.
melpia Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae. 735
melusina Metach. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. Zl,
menaleidas Nymph. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 712
menaleus Nymph. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. “Si *
menander Thar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 86. *
mendita Anc. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 485.
meneria Amar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 147.
menetas Symm. Drury Ul. Nat. LEV Ss
menoetes Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
meridae Lepr. Dyar Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 2, p. 19.
meris Las. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 146. *
merita Las. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 541.
merula Napaea Thieme Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 3.
mesoba Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
*
*
oa
messala Mesos. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 160.
messeis Mesos: Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
methemona The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 408.
methion Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
metope Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
metuana Mesos. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2) p. 397.
metura Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
mevania Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
micaela Eus. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 397.
miealia Amar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 147. *
mieator Ech. Sch. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, Tb. 51.
micon Ant. Dre. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p. 360.
*
micra Calyd. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 395.
middletoni Ham. #.-Sh. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890,
mimallonis Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 23.
mimica Ithomeis Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p.
p. 574. *
542.
mimula Pach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 591.
minerva Sis. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 308. *
minima Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 640.
miniola Anc. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.
minos Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
minuscula Ham. Giac. Ann. Soc. Argent. 72, p.
minuta Nymph. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 487.
mira Anc. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 12.
miranda Anc. Hew. Descr. Butt. Boliv. p. 18.
)9
23.
> p. 384.
*
mirania Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 376.
miron Symm. Sm. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 2, p. 71.
misellivestis Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 68.
misipsa Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
modesta Anat. Meng. Entomol. News 13, p. 176. *
modesta Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Sor. Lond. (Zool.
modica Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 45.
modulata Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 47.
moeros Las. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 257.
molela Thisbe Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
Wee)
p. 376.
molina Diophth. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 386.
molione Paraphth. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 539. *
mollis Ech. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 133.
molochina Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 67.
molpe Nymph. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 1. *
mona Barb. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 425.
moneta Barb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 151. *
*
monochroma Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 78
monostigma Mesene Hr. Schomburgks Reisen 3, p. 601.
monotona Aric. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 13.
mormo Apold. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 3, p. 271.
mosera Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *.
motya Lib. Bsd. & Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept. 1. *
mulleola Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 216.
multesima Symm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 79.
p. 404.
multiplaga Apod. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
munda Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p.
24,
23.
muscolor Exopl. Weeks Canad. Entom. 33, p. 267.
mustela Mesos. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870,
mutator Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 628.
mycea Im. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3.
mycene Mesos. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870,
mycone Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
myonia Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
myrmecias Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 49.
p. 436.
myrtis Aric. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 450.
myrtea Sar. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1,
mys Eus. H. Schdff. Exot. Schmett. Fig. 37, 38.
mystica Eus. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, Tb. 51.
naevianus Dior. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 113.
nais Apod. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5, p.
narses Las. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 257.
nealees Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
neemias Emes. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
*
291.
*
*
*
p- 160.
p. 160.
*
neglecta Sar. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 27.
negrita Riod. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 658. *
nemesis Char. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 2
nepioides Lem, Bélr. Joun. ee Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.
nepos Napaea I’. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 340.
nepticula Mesene Mschlr. Verh: Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 1877,
poo +
nesaea Baecot. G. & S. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 3, p. 356.
nesotopus Noth. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 136.
nesti Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
neurodes Sis. Flidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 98.
nicaeus Euryb. /’. Syst. Entom. p. 482.
nicias Hyphil. Stoll Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 60.
nigrapex Lymn. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 660. *
nigrella Metach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 396.
nigretta Lymn. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 660. *
nigrivenata Xen. Schs. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 11, p. 300.
nilios Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 36.
nilus Char. Pldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 100.
nina Mesos. Hbst. Naturs. Insect. Schmett. 9, p. 30. *
ninias Nymph. Hew. Exot. Butt. 3.
1
2.
547.7
nitelina Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 35.
nitida Thar. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool. 9 5sps 2235
nivalis Diophth. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, ce a -
nobilis The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 410.
nocticoelum Stal. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. aoe a
noctula Had. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 435.
nola Mesene H.-Schdff. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55. *
norina Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
notialis Ham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 45.
notius Ant. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 256.
nurtia Argyrogr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 246.
nycteis Parnes Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. p. 464. *
nyeteus Nymph. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 476. *
nymphidioides Nymph. Btlr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 79.
nyx Syrm. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 1. *
obliterata Nec. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1916, p. 6.
occidentalis Argyrogr. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 431.
ocellata Char. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
ochra Nymph. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 399.
ochracea Ham. Mengel Entomol. News. 13, p. 176. *
ochrophlegma Emat. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 283. *
ochrotaenia Sis. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 698. *
ocollo Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (IT), Oba
ocypore Emes. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Seimetts sD dae
odice Mesos. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 583.
oileus Las. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 541. *
olinda Nymph. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 204.
olivencia Anc. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 667.
olivencia Mesos. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool. ) 9, p. 418.
olivia Lyr. Bitlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 5, p. 364.
omois Nymph Hew. Exot. Butt. 3. *
onaeum Nymph. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1869. p. 35. *
onorata Kus. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 47.
opaca Emes. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 37.
opalescens Hus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
opalina Eus. Hew. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 439.
opites Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
optima Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 664.
orbona Mesos. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 530.
orchestris Zeon. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 116. *
oreas Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 678. *
orestes Nymph. Cr. Pap. Exot. 8, p. 159. *
orfita Eus. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
ornata Pan. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 267.
orphana Dinovl. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 293.
orpheus Napaea Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2. p. 456. *
orsedice Hyphil. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1908, p. 531.
orthia Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 674.
orthotaenia Baeot. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 684. *
otho Ant. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 428.
ovidius Emes. /’. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 320.
ovifera Pan. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 657. *
oweni Hermath. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 19138, p. 350. *
ozora Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 43.
* %
k
paetula Anc. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1916, p. 7.
paidion Them. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 180.
pais Them. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 2. *
palades Pach. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
palaeste Pand. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
pallas Sis. Latr: Humb. & Bonpl. Rec. Zoolog. 1, p. 389. *
palmerii Apod. H. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3
736
pandama Anc. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 97.
pansa Cham. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 19038, p. 534.
panurga Char. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 15.
paphia Emes. Fldr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 19, p. 467.
paraena Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 387.
paramba Mesos. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 483. *
paraplesius Mon. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 137. *
pardalis Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
parishi Mesos. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 485. *
paroemia Aric. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 68.
parthaon Lem. Dalm. Anal. Entom. p. 46.
parthenis Hyphil. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 451.
pasicles Pach. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
pasiphae Pand. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 127. *
passercula Euryb. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 691. *
passiena Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
patrona Euryb. Weym. Stett. Zg. 36, p. 368. *
patruelis Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 675. *
paulistina Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 66.
pauxilla Ech. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 335.
peculiaris Sis. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 486.
pedias Sis. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 534. *
pedias The. H.-Schdjf. AuBereur. Schmett. p. 55.
pelarge Lem. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878. p. 366.
pellex Zel. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 251. *
pelops Nymph. /#’. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 78.
pelor Kus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
penthea Ech. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
penthides Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 35.
pergaea Euryb. Hbn.-G. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 4, p. 34. * |
periander Dior. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
persona Euryb. Stgr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 25, p. 109.
peruviana Emes. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 466. *
phace Mesos. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 529. *
phaedon Avic. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 19038, p. 547.
phaedra Cric. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 385.
phaedusa Stal. Hbn. Zutr. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 1, p. 9. *
phaeo The. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 26, p. 312.
phaloé Stal. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 265.
phareus Mesene Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
phasma Zel. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 382.
phelina Eus. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 1878, p. 101.
phelina Mesos. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 411.
phereelus Lymn. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2 (Tb. 178). *
phereclus Pan. L. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 484. H
pheretima Croc. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2) p. 296. *
philema Car. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 26.
philemon Diophth. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. *
phillone Nymph. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9,
philocles Mesos. L. Syst. Nat. (X) p. 321.
philonis Mesene Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
philonis Pach. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
philotes Parnes Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 464.
phlegetonia Stal. Perty Delect. Anim. art. Bras. p. 153. *
phlegia Stal. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, p. 9. *
phliasus Nymph. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 145. *
phoedica Eus. Bsd. Spec. Gen. 1. *
phoenias Cham. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 54.
phoenicura Phaen. G. & S. Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. 1, p. 421.
phrygania Phaen. Stich. Zschr. wiss. Ins. Biol. 1916.
phryxe Napaea Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 399. *
phylleus Nymph. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 98. *
physis Argyrogr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 246.
phyton Argyrogr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 246.
picina Napaea Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 84.
p. 574.
picta Thar. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 457
picus Eunog. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 650. *
pieridoides The. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 292. *
pilarius Symm. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 230.
pinguilenta Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1905, p. 6
pione Lem. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 398. *
pirene Lem. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. :
pixe Lymn. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, (Tab.). *
placibilis Argyrogr. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr.
placidus Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 626. *
platea Nymph. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 448.
1910, p.
plinthobaphis Nymph. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 63.
plutargus Car. F. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 329.
pluto Phaen. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 241.
poeas Emes. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 704. *
poecila Them. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 378.
poeciloptera Metach. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 187
p. 365.
5
5
’
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
polimela The. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 247.
poliotactis Esthemopsis Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 225.
polita Diophth. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 29.
polyglauca Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 40.
polyplaga Barb. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 664. *
polyplusia Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p.
polypoecila Sar. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 251. *
pomona Sis. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1880, p. 132. *
pomposa Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 100.
pomposa Luc. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 209.
portia Dysm. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 383.
praeclara Eus. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 48.
praeclara Nymph. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 156.
praeculta Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 56.
prasinata Xen. Thieme Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 8.
praxila Symm. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 445. *
praxinus Isap. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 270.
Prema Ales. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. (Zool.) 9, p. 569.
pretus Thar. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 131. *
prima Baeot. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 444.
principalis Ant. Hpjffr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 363.
Pproayia Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 627.
Probetor Symm. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. *
Procula Eus. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep, 1, p. 365. *
Pprogne Emes. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 537. *
Promota Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 70.
Pronostriga Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 202.
Psammathe Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 628.
Psaronius Sar. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 250.
Psaros Sar. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 437.
Pseeas Dior. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 216. *
Pseudocrispus Lem. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen.Diurn.Lep.2, p. 459.
Pseudopallas Sis. Weym. Stiibels Reise, Lep. p. 121. *
Psittacus Car. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 367.
Ptolomaeus Metach. /’. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 319.
Publius The. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 98.
Pulchella Mesenops. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc.Lond.1903, p.533.*
Puleherrima Ech. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 226.
Pulcherrima Xen. H.-Schdff. Au®ereur. Schmett. p. 55. *
Pulehra Anc. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 49.
Pulchra Lem. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 467. *
Pulehralis The. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 86.
Pullula Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 212.
Punctata Calyd. Fldr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 98. :
Punctata Cric. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 180.
Punctipennis The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 407.
Purpurata Thar. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 356.
pusilla Eus. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 467.
Putli Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, 638. *
Pyrippe Cyr. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1578, p. 362.
Pyrippe Mesene Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
Pyrrha Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 389.
Pyrsodes Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 386.
Pythia Aric. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
Pythioides Aric. Bilr. Journ.Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 220.*
quadripunetata Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 200.
rabuseula Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 202.
radiata Volt. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 486. *
rasonea Eus. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 318.
ravidula Emes. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 41.
reba Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 44.
refracta Riod. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 195.
regalis Metach. Btlr. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 175.
regipennis Eus. Bilr. & Dre. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 103.
regulus Nymph. F. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 318.
renaldus Ant. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 59. *
rhacotis Car. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 263.
rhesa Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
rhodia Mesos. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 583.
rhodinosa Aric. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 348.
rhodogyne Eus. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 532. *
rhodon Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 626. *
rhodope Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
rita Symm. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 254. *
roratus Ant. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Ame~. Lep. 1, p. 439.
rothschildi Mim. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 652. *
rubeolata Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 69. -
rubella Mesene Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1, p. 204.
rubina Symm. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 3, p. 155.
rubrofilum Anc. Stich. Berl. Entom. Zschr. 1910, p. 37.
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
rubrolineata Ithomiola ZLathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904,
465.
rudolphus Mon. G. & Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p.
rufolimbata Napaea Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 84.
rufotineta Pheles Bat. Journ. Linn.Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 430.
398.
rufula Pheles Sm. Rhop. Hxot. 3. *
russata Eus. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 361.
russula Emes. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 40.
sagaris Phaen. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 130. *
salome Euryb. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1. *
salvator Pand. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 310.
salvini Aric. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 264. *
sanguilenta Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 215.
sanguinea Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 201.
Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1916, p. 5.
*
sannio Euryb. Stich.
saphirina Argyrogr. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 256.
saracena Esthemopsis Sm. Rhop. Exot. 3. *
sardonyx Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p.
satellites Ithomeis Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.
saturata Emes. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1,
saturata Sis- Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 11.
satyrus Eunog. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 463. *
saundersi Nec. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 2, p. 245. *
seotina Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 3.
sejuneta Ech. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 32.
semiatra Mesos. Seitz, Entom. Rundsch. 1916, Nr. 8.
semiota Lymn. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 386.
Palo fee te
23, p. 503.
p- 447.
semiradiata Mesene Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 292.*
semivitrea Mesos. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 640. *
senta Ech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
sepyra Anc. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 94.
serena Nah. Stich. Gen. Insect. J12, p. 119.
sergia Eus. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. I, p. 367. *
serica Aric. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 450. *
sericea The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lona. (Zool.) 9, p. 404.
sericina Esthemopsis Bat. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1867,
p-. 544.
sertata Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 213.
sessilis Las. Schs. Entom. Amer. 9, p. 19.
sestus Isap. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 271.
sexpunctata Lymn. Seitz, oes 5, p. 659.
siaka Callion. Hew. Exot. Butt.
sibyllina Mesos. Stgr. Exot. Tagt. il p. 244. *
sicyon Nymph. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Leite 1878, p. 368.
sifia Mesos. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, Pp. *
signata Ham. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. iB) 'p. 43.
signata Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 206. *
silaris Mesene G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 363.
simplaris Lem. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 325.
simplex Mesene Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 387.
simplicia The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 406.
sinnaces Euryb. Druce. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 482. *
sinuata Calyd. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19, p. 468.
sinuatus Emes. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 95.
sisemina The. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 726. *
soana Pan. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
sobrina The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 504.
sogamuxi Anc. Fassl, Entomol. Rundsch. 32, p. 44. 5
sontella Stal. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nation. Mus. 24, p. 406.
sophistes Phaen. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 386.
sorana Nymph. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. p. 121. i
sordida Ech. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 138.
speciosa The. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897, p. 245
spectanda Sis. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 41.
speculum Mesene Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 676.
spicata Sar. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 252. *
splendens Cham. Sm. Rhop. Exot. 3. *.
splendida Mesos. Seitz, Entom. Rundsch. 1916 No. &.
splendida Thar. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. ¢
sponsa Car. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 254. *
spreta Emes. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) os p. 385.
sprucei Sis. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool. \eONeps 384.
smaragdina Car. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. BEiso
smithiae Lymn. Ww. Dhl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 460.
stalachtina Ithomeis Bat. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23, p. 541.
stalachtioides Apod. Btlr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool. ) 9,
p. 228. *
steli Mesos. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
stellifera Euryb. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 71.
stenogramma Amar. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 10.
stenotaenia Lymn. Réb. Societ. Entomol. 19, p. 106.
stigmosa Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 217.
4
~!
eo
=~]
stigmosissima Symn. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 79.
stilbe Argyrogr. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 574.
stilbos Char. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 217.
stillaticia Car. Dyar. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 42, p. 41.
storthynga Them. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 130. *
striata Aric. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 488. *
strigosus Lepr. Stgr. Verh. Zool. eae Ges. Wien 25, p. 110.
stupenda Helic. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 633. *
sturnula Calyd. Hbn. Zutr. Sterile eeor Schmett. 5, p. 45.*
Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 147.
suapure Phaen. Weeks Entomol. News, 17, p.
suavis Phaen. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 242.
subalbata Diophth. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 648. *
subargentea Hus. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 463.*
suberra Luc. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 94.
subota Argyrogr. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 95.
sudias Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
suevia Symm. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 95.
sula Las. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 257. _
sulphurea Argyrogr. Fidr.Verb.Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 13, p. 469.
superba Thar. Bat. Journ. Linn. Bae Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 397.
superior Amar. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 691. *
susanna Stal. /’. Mant. Ins. 2, et 16.
sylphina Zeon. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 9, p. 353.
sylva Napaea Mschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 26, p. 304.*
sylvia Mesos. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 1875, p. 101.
sylvina Mesos. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 372.
syngenes The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 409.
synnephis Mesos. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 4.
stygialis Lepr.
199.
tadema Anc. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 108.
tana The. G. & S. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1897,
tanos Napaea Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 85.
tantilla Sis. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 10. *
tapaja Aric. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 5, p. 108. *
tapajona Cart. Stgr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 432.
tarinta Hus. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 389.
technema Symn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 231. *
tedea Anc. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
tegula Emes. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 444:
teleclus Eus. Stoll Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
telegone Mesos. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, p. 5. *
telephae Ales. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Lép. p. 5. (Taf. Eckl.) *
telephus Lem. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, p. 103. *
temesa Emes. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 52.
tenebricosa Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 5.
tenedia Emes. Fidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 5, p. 99.
tenella Mesos Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 34.
tenella Zab. Burm. Deser. Rep. Argent. 5 (1) Lep. p. 225. *
tenera Perophth. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 451.
tenuivittata Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 42.
tephiras Euryb. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 691.
terambus The. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 676.
teras Lepr. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 147. *
terena Lib. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 170.
terias Aric. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 548. *
terpna Sm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 91.
terpsichore Lyr. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 2, p. 433.
terpsichore Stal. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 719. *
terpsichore Zeon. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 117.
tetra Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 632.
terastigma The Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p.408.
tetrica Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 57.
tetrophthalma Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 671.*
thallus Thar. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 304.
thara Lem. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
thasus Cremn. Stoll Pap. Exot. 4. *
thaumaria Pach. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 282
thaumasia Anc. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 106.
theages Napaea G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. ;
theata Volt. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 73. *
thebais The. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
thelydrias Ales. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 371.
theodora Char. Pidr. Wien. Ent. Mon. 6, p. 72
p. 246.
theodora Ham. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 535. *
thera Mesos. Godm. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1903, p. 530. *
theritas The. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
thersander Calyd. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, p. 87.
thestias The. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
thetys Mesos. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 381.
theutis The. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 483. *
thia Dior. Mor. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 6, p. 419. *
thisbe Pan. I’. Spec. Ins. 2, p. 130.
93
738
thootes The. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
threissa Symm. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 6, p. 227.
thryptica Nymph. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 384.
thucydides Eus. F. Entom. Syst. 3 (1), p. 323.
thusnelda Eus. Mschir. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 32, p. 313.*
thyas Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 53.
thyatira Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
thvestes Mesos. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 1878, p. 101.
thymele Pan. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 268.
thymetus Mesos. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
tigrina Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
tigrinella Hyphil. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 44.
timandra Zeon. Sndrs. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. (II) 5, p. 228. *
tinea Ech. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 394.
tireis Cham. Fidr. Novara, Lep. (2) 2, p. 304. *
titia Nymph. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, p. 37. *
tiliana Symm. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 51.
toltee Emes. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 248.
tosea Mesos. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. 1, p. 243. *
trailii Cart. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 129.
trailii Stal. Bilr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 36. *
transiens Sis. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 698. *
triangularis Symm. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 6. *
tricolor Symm. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
triglitis Anc. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 106.
trilineata Mesos. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 429.
trinitatis Helic. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 633. *
tristis Lepr. Schs. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 405.
trivittata Them. Lathy Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 465. *
trochilia Argyrogr. Ww. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep.2, p.451.
trochilus Car. Hr. Schomburgks Reisen 3, p. 601.
trochois Nah. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 96.
trétschi Lem. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 707. *
trucidata Phaen. Bitlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 131.
truncata Baeot. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 181. |
tucumana Barb. Thieme Berl. Ent. Zscnr. 1907, p. 7. *
tullius Perophth. F’. Mant. Ins. 2, p. 34.
turna Euryb. Dogn. Le Natural. 12, p. 125.
tutana Aric. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 577.
tyriotes Phaen. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 363. |
tysoni Kus. Weeks Entomol. News 17, p. 199.
ubia Lymn. Fldr. Novara Lep. 2 (2), p. 303.
ucayala Cart. Thieme Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 6. *
ucubis Ur. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
ulrica Mesos. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2. *
umbra Napaea Bsd. Lep. Guatemal. p. 23.
undimargo Nymph. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 714. *
ungulata Mesos. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 672.
unicolor Lepr. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 48
unxia Euryb. Salv. & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer. 1, p. 37
unxia Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
urbana Cham. Stich. Deutsch. Ent. Zschr. 1916, p. 10.
uria Eus. Hew. Pap. Exot. 1. *
urites Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
utica Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
uzita Eus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
*
a.
7.
Vaporosa Mesos. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 45.
vastata Anc. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 39.
velabrum Nymph. G.& S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 368. |
velutina Aric. Bélr. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 229.* |
velutina Char. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 364. |
Alphabetical List of the American Erycinidae.
veneris Mesos. Bélr. Lepid. Exot. p. 83. *
venezolana Eus. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 628.
venezolana Stal. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 719. *
yenilia Argyrogr. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc.Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 393.
venusta Calyd. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 433. *
verecunda Mesene Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 215.
vestalis Diophth. Bat. Ent. Month. Mag. 1865, p. 203.
yetulonia Nec. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
victrix Metach. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 454.
vietrix Nymph. Rebel Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1901, p. 300. *
vidali Lymn. Dogn. le Natural. 1891, p. 125.
villagomes Cham. Hew. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 163.
violaria Euryb. Stich. Deutsche Ent. Zschr. 1915, p. 690. *
violetta Eus. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 378.
yirgatula Hyphil. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1909, p. 44.
virgatula Symm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 80.
virgaurea Symm. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 80.
virgilius The. F. Ent. Syst. 2 (1) p. 3238.
virgulti Apod. Behr, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci. 3, p. 178.
vitellia Meth. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 633. *
vittata. Phaen. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1910, p. 53.
vitula Cart. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. * :
voltumna Stal. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 389. *
volusia Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
vuleanalis Xen. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 221.
vulpina Emes. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 444.
walkeri Apod. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 468. *
westwoodi Nec. Hpffr. Stett. Zg. 35, p. 362.
whyteliana Nec. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1874, p. 159.
xanthe Pach. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 391.
xanthocraspedum Metach. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 142. *
xanthogramma Sis. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9,
p. 384.
xanthosa Char. Stich. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1916, p. 20.
xanthotaenia Cham. Stich. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 406. *
xanthozona Anc. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 108.
xarifa Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
xenia Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 1. *
xeniades Lymn. Stich. Gen. Insect. 112, p. 205.
xypete Cric. Hew. Entom. Month. Mag. 1870, p. 227.
zama Char. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 392.
zamuro Ur. Thm. Berl. Ent. Zschr. 1907, p. 9. *
zaneta Nec. Hew. Exot. Butt. 4. *
zanoa Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 41.
zara Eus. Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. 1, p. 438. *
zeanger Lem. Stoll Cr. Pap. Exot. Suppl. p. 165. *
zela Emes. Btlr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 5, p. 364.
zelotes Emes Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
zena Kus. Hew. Exot. Butt. 2. *
zephyritis Stal. Dalm. Anal. Entom. p. 47.
zerna Ech. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
zeurippa Lem. Bsd. Spec. Gén. Lép. 1, p. 5 (Tb.) *
| zikla Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 42.
zoega Lymn. Hew. Exot. Butt. 5. *
zonalis Mesos. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p. 384. *
zonata Bacot. Fldr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 19, p. 469.
zorea Mesos. Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 40.
zostera The. Bat. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 9, p. 405.
zygia Anat. Hbn. Smlg. Exot. Schmett. 1. *
LYCAENIDAE, General Topics by Dr. A. SeErrz. 739
9. Family: Lycaenidae.
The delimitation of this family is not difficult for the American forms either, if the characteristic of
the Lycaenidae which are devoid of any real cleaning-paws is to be decisive. Thereby a contrast is effected
with the Danaomorphinae, Nymphalidae and Satyromorphinae, in which both sexes, and with the Hrycinidae,
in which the ¢¢ exhibit the forefeet transformed into cleaning-paws *). The Lycaenidae are separated from
the Papilionidae by such conspicuous differences of the habitus that not one word need to be said about them.
In a similar manner the Pieris exhibit besides the remarkable peculiarity in the subcostal neuration of the fore-
wings, arise of the 3rd, 4th and 5th branches from a joint pedicle, whereas the Lycaenidae exhibit only a two-
pronged bifurcation of the veins in the apex of the forewing, if not all the subcostal branches rise separately
from one another. Another characteristic mark of the Lycaenidae are the bean-shaped outlines of the eyes being
circular or slightly oval in the other day-butterflies.
So far about 900 to 1000 Lycaenidae have been described from America, less, therefore, than from
the palearctic district in which many more names were distributed. But as the names of most of the American
forms were allotted to well distinguished species, while those of most of the European forms were given
to insignificant sub-forms or aberrative discolorations, the number of the American species is probably
twice or thrice as large as that of the whole palearctic district. It has never occurred that an American species
has been denominated by more than 20 different names as for instance the palearctic Chrysophanus virgaureae,
phlaeas or Lycaena icarus. America, however, is inferior to the Indo-Australian fauna, regarding both the
number of species and especially the variety of the genera of which there are more than 120 in the east; in
America, however, but quite few. The Ethiopian region, however, is excelled by the American Lycaenidae
as to the number of species. From Africa to the south of the Sahara, and from the islands belonging to it,
we know about 6 to 700 Lycaenidae, one third of which belong to groups that have no allies in the American
district, i. e. the Lipteninae. Such Lycaenid-groups, being to some degree isolated and characteristic of the
special district like this subfamily or perhaps the Liphyrinz, are not found in the American region; on the con-
trary, all the American species belong to such genera that are represented also in the Old World, with the sole
exception of few species of the genus Huwmaeus to which we shall revert later on.
In America itself the distribution is similar to that of the palearctic Lycaenidae; in the tropics there
are considerably more species, though by no means in such great numbers as for instance the [thomiini (the
so-called Neotropids) in the equatorial districts, which disappear abruptly on reaching the northern or southern
tropics. Not even in one of the Lycaenid-genera containing many more species, the tropics form the delimitation;
except that the insignificant forms of the northern part of North America and the southern part of South
America, being allied to the European forms, are replaced in tropical America by brightly coloured and varie-
gated, often also very large Lycaenidae.
The geographical distribution of the Lycaenidae, which exhibits many striking peculiarities, is full of
problems also in respect of American species. Some of them have analoga on the eastern hemisphere, just
like in New Zealand and Australia there occur forms that have their nearest allies not in the interjacent India,
but quite in the north (Chrysophanus salustius, boldenarum, the Hrebia-like Satyrids Argyrphenga etc.); thus
also the Lycaenidae, particularly the Thecla, grow, towards the southern point of South America, more and
more similar, instead of dissimilar, to the North Americans. These resemblances are undoubtedly due to
convergent symptoms, in which similar groups of animals react in asimilar way upon the climate which naturally
approximates in the extremest south to that of the northernmost region. By this, however, we cannot explain
other symptoms, such as the occurrence of otherwise African genera on the high ridges of the Andes (genus
Cyclyrius Btlr.). Such cases must involuntarily rouse the suspicion that these genera are no natural ones, since
their homogeneousness was established upon criteria that are not to be understood as the symptom of alliance,
but as fortuitous or also as convergencies.
Of certain palearctic habitats we know that sometimes an enormous number of specimens of Lycaenidae
gather there, sometimes entirely of one species, often composed of different species. We have already called
the readers’ attention to the small water-courses of the Alps, where the alpine Zycaena sometimes gather in
*) In the 33 of the Lycaenidae the forelegs are at any rate smaller than in the 99 and they have a plain ter-
minal member. Cf. Vol. I, p. 257.
740 LYCAENIDAE. General Topics by Dr. A. Serrz.
such crowds that whole clouds of them fly up in front of the perambulator. I have recorded the immense number
of Polyommatus baeticus in India and of the very small Zizera of which the air sometimes seems to glisten. I have
never been able to observe an analogous occurrence of crowds of Lycaenidae in America. Even in Brazil aboun-
ding so greatly in butterflies I almost everywhere met Lycaenidae only quite sporadically; in some daily captures
not one single Lycaenid is represented by more than 1 specimen, only sometimes a greater number of specimens
met at wet places on the road.
Except the fact, also applicable to other faunae, that.the large and brightly metallic species are exclusively
tropical also in America, the north of the western hemisphere exhibits a distinct preponderance of the groups
which are spread also over Europe and North Asia, viz. the genuine Lycaena, the Chrysophanus and those
Thecla that approximate their European allies in shape and colour. These species, resembling our palearctic
species, disappear in Mexico and do not occur anymore to the south of the Central Mexican deserts. Only on
the ridges of the Cordilleras small alpine forms resembling exteriorly our Zizera, Everes and the north-oriental
Chilades extend over the whole continent, joined in the extremest south again by Lycaena-like blue butter-
flies and Zepyrus-like Thecla in the same degree as the variegated, large, often also long-tailed Thecla of the
American tropical zone disappear.
The uniformity of the Lycaenidae is much greater in America than it is in India or Africa. In the pale-
arctic region 34 genera have been distinguished the existence of all of which may be distinctly asserted, although
they have not been universally acknowledged. The Ethiopian district has 48 genera, while in the Indo-Austra-
lian there are even more than 100 genera. Chiefly for the sake of perspicuity, an attempt has been made also
to separate the many hundreds of American Thecla in a great number of genera, but these attempts have proved
to be impracticable. In these attempts the same principles have not been pursued as in systematizing the
palearctic species, else the ascertainment would have been made that among the American Thecla distinct
resemblances of some species are to be found to Zephyrus, Callophrys, Tajuria or similar genera, that even
in Thecla-forms, such as cypria, nobilis, marsyas, locurina much greater extravagances in the shape and colouring
are exhibited than sometimes in palearctics of different genera. But we have nevertheless not yet succeeded
m accomplishing a disintegration of the American genus T'hecla, which would have been conclusive, so that
this genus, with about 800 forms, remains one of the most difficult to survey.
The more the Thecla are preponderant in America, the more the Lycaena recede; but their colour,
the intensive blue of the upper surface, seems there to have passed on to the Thecla. The upper surface being
throughout dark-brown in European T'hecla, in the palearctic Zephyrus sometimes even orange-yellow, is
exhibited in America to be preponderantly a radiant metallic blue or golden-green, so that the exterior habitus
shows counterparts of the palearctic Arhopala (Th. hemon), of the Tajuria (Th. halesus), of the Lampides (Th.
phydela), of the Horaga (Th. zaria), of the Cyaniris (Th. sito), of the Callophrys (Th. dumetorum), of the Satsuma
(Th. henrici) etc.
On the under surface the American Lycaenidae, in the north of the range, exhibit yet resemblances
with the characteristic dotted eyespot-marking of most of our Lycaena which was looked at as an approximate
reproduction of the stamina on the receptacles of blossoms abounding in honey. It may be connected with
the habit of passing the night on the blossoms. Mostly, however, it is only a dull silhouette of the adornment
with eye-spots, which we find in the Americans; only in Lyc. acmon, daedalus, glaucon and some others it grows
more distinct; in America it scarcely attains the degree being usual in our more beautiful species, such as Lyc.
argus, warus, arion, adonis, corydon etc.
In spite of their great variability of the marking beneath, nearly all the Thecla exhibit the typical
Thecla-marking consisting of a postmedian stripe and often also an antemedian stripe with an interjacent,
small cell-end stripe. The anal eye-spot of the hindwing beneath being nearly always distinct in Indian Theclini
and often even adorned with a metallic lustre, is of a much inferior importance in American species and, in
many cases, it is not prominent at all. The real Thecla, as a rule, are not used to sleep on blossoms, but on
the ground, on trunks or (mostly) in the bushes. Their under surface is accordingly often green like a leaf
or adapted to a dry, withered or folded leaf.
Much more conspicuous than in the colouring, the extravagance of the American Lycaenidae is in the
shape. This, however, always only refers to the wings; the body in all the species shows a conformity being .
found in scarcely any other family and, in the Lycaenidae themselves, also in no other fauna. In the Vympha-
lidae we have found sometimes long, thread-like antennae, sometimes short clubs; the palpi were sometimes
inflated, sometimes prolonged like a nose or also short and pointed; the abdomen was in some cases long and
thin as in a dragon-fly (as for instance in some Heliconius), then again it represented (in the Anaea) only a
conic appendix to the excessively broad thorax, etc. In the Lycaenidae, however, a difference in size (usually
not too great) is the only mark we can find in American species, whereas the Liphyra and Allotinus in India,
the Curetis in Asia, the Liptena in Africa show that a certain variety in the structure of the body is not entirely
LYCAENIDAE. General Topics by Dr. A. Serrz. 741
foreign to the Lycaenidae in other parts of the world. Solely the Humaeus which we shall have to mention later
on also in a biological respect, deviate in manifold respects also in the structure of the body.
The most conspicuous part of the wings are the hindwings, in which the formation of delicate, small
tails in the anal region has sometimes degenerated into long, thin, soft filiform appendages. Particularly the
Thecla of the imperialis-group exhibit these formations which appear even more loosely arranged than those
of numerous Indian forms, such as the Stthon and their allies. The long, sword-like or sabre-shaped tails, as are
found in so many Indians (e. g. Lowura), do not occur in a similar development in America. But the longer
appendages to the hindwings of some species are so delicate and soft that they dangle to and fro at the least
puff of the wind. It is strange that these fine formations do not suffer more from the flight which is impetuously
swift in some of these long- and thinly-tailed species. Nor do these tails, on capturing the animals in the net,
break off as easily as one might fancy, considering their fineness, and I repeatedly captured much-flown and
otherwise damaged specimens of T'hecla imperialis in which the delicate appendages were well preserved.
Another peculiarity in the shape of the hindwings of the American Thecla are the small anal lobes
which, being situated proximally to the filiform tails, may be of a lJaciniform or bossy shape. Like in many
palearctic species, they are often so long that, in the resting butterfly, they reach down as far as below the
anal end of the abdomen and would thereby be inconvenient, for which reason they are bent down rectangu-
larly to the surface of the wings.
The proximal margin of the hindwings is mostly slightly bent in, but it may also be distorted to a deep
indentation or notching. Exactly where, in the sitting butterfly, the apex of the abdomen rests on the support,
there is in some species, such as Thecla latraillei, a strange indenture in the margin of the wing as if to render
the sexual organs accessible to the copulation which organs, in encasing the abdomen, would otherwise be
covered by the inner-marginal fold of the hindwings. The clasping-organs of the male, as much as is evident
from the very scarce material examined so far, seem to be still more conformably built than in the Hrycinidae;
up to now the examinations of the clasping-organs have not yet yielded any surprising systematic results.
On the other hand, very many American Lycaenidae exhibit the scent-spots and male scales, which
have already been profoundly studied in the European species. The former organs, serving according to one
hypothesis for producing the scent, are found in very many Theclini, where they almost invariably are placed
near the end of the forewing-cell and are exhibited as oval, more rarely circular, scale-pads of a red-yellow,
brown or black colour, which are particularly bright and prominent in those species the upper surface of which
exhibits a blue or golden-green metallic lustre which is absent in those scent-pads.
These pads exclusively occur in male specimens and are immediately noticeable for instance in Thecla
gemma, sista, aurora (t. 151 a) and other Thecla, as well as in European Theclini (Callophrys rubi etc.). They
consist, however, of scales showing no essential structural differences from the normal wing-scales, nor has
there been, according to CouRvoIsiER, a proof produced of their function of producing the scent, though one
cannot fail to recognize that a function of the male sexual activity is due to them.
We must distinguish from these the modified male-scales considered as real androconia and distributed
over the upper surface of the wings, the structure of which was exhaustively investigated by KGHLER 20 years
ago and recently by Courvorster. They are sometimes apparently irregularly scattered across the surface
of the wings, but mostly arranged to zones, stripes and bands which sometimes show a certain relationship
to the shape and marking of the wings. They were sometimes found to be of the shape of a tennis-racket
(Watson), or sometimes utricular or vesicular (ANTHONY), and Iniic discovered at the bare of their footstalk
glandular cells which he presumes to discharge their secretions over the scale thus representing in a certain
manner a bowl for the evaporation and production of the scent. This agrees well with what CouRVOISIER ascer-
tained later on viz. that the shape of these scales is not that of a balloon, but more of a spoon.
On this occasion, the latter investigator also discovered the systematic applicability of these androconia.
He evidenced for quite a number of species a characteristic formation adherent to the species. He was able
to follow up the same forms of scales through a great number of aberrations, local forms and geographical races.
In most cases all the forms belonging to one total species showed the same structure of the male scales, and
numerous changes in the homogeneousness of subspecies and local races were proposed by reason of these
investigations. The finer structure exhibited a steady number of the separate species of longitudinal ribs exten-
ding over a finely reticular surface. The transverse meshes, at the junctions show verrucous knots forming
again characteristic figures, so that CouRVOISIER comes to the conclusion that these scales are at least just
as fit for specific differentiations as the clasping-organs.
Opinions differ greatly as to the intrinsic properties of these scales. They have been looked at as mal-
formations of normal scales, or also as air-bellows in order to assist the flying-activity. Kennet thinks that
originally both sexes had been provided with such scales, but that these had then been lost by the females.
742 LYCAENIDAE. General Topics by Dr. A. SeEtrz.
Against their function as scent-generators it was assigned that the frictional movements which were to generate
the scent, were performed also by the females and by species in which both sexes were without the scent-pads
as well as male scales, so that one must consider these frictional movements to be more the expression of comfort
than that of sexual activity. But the strange fact that the Lycaenini in which the male scales are particularly
well developed, are devoid of the scent-pads, and that, on the other hand, the Thecla, with distinct scent-spots,
are apparently entirely without the androconia scattered over the surface of the wings, makes us anyhow
think that both the formations replace each other. The striking fact remains that in several Chrysophanini
that were examined neither pads nor male scales were found.
Most peculiar is a gibbous distortion exhibited by the forewing of some species at its costal margin.
Shortly before the cell-end the costa grows into a linguiform continuation mostly matching well the scheme of
markings beneath, as for instance in 7h. gibberosa, tomlinsoni and some other species. There the under surface
shows dark transverse bands on a white ground, and as if they would have to be prolonged beyond the surface
of the wings, a lobate appendage extends beyond the margin of the wings, at their discharging-place at the
costa. The purpose of this quaint formation is not to be ascertained, unless the biology of the different species
be exactly known; the obvious presumption that room had to be made here for a greatly expanded scent-spot
is not conclusive, since this appendage is not less developed in females than it is in males.
As to the variation, the American Lycaenidae are generally speaking most constant in their formation.
Certainly in some forms, being to-day dealt with as separate species, it may turn out on getting knowledge
of their biology and which as yet has been ascertained in but very few tropical species, that they are seasonal-
or local-dimorphous forms of a species. Some species seem to be most peculiarly variable, since they are able
to transform themselves from red into blue, in a similar way as e. g. in the palearctic Chrysophanus alciphron
northern specimens are covered with a bright bluish violet, southern ones, however, of a glaring yellowish-red
colour. It is a striking fact, however, that, while in the Chrysophanus the heat of the south takes away the
violettish-blue cover, so that the fiery red shines forth unsubdued, in the American Thecla loxurina, according
to A. H. Fasst’s observations, the alpine climate of the Cordilleras favours the pure red, and the hot-house-
heat of the lower districts changes the red into blue.
In many cases of the American Lycaenidae we may speak of a general adaptation of a brown under
surface in species resting on the ground, of a green under surface in those resting in the dense foliage; but we
do not notice an extremely minute copy of stones on the road, of tree-blossoms or of accurately ribbed leaves
as we find it so much in Nymphalidae, Satyridae, and also in very many night-butterflies. The American
Lycaenidae mostly rest hidden, often beneath the leaves or at the leaf-stalk, often they creep very far into
the interior of the bushes, so that the enemies Lying in wait in open spaces do not get much sight of them. Their
tactic of escaping them consists in an intense concealment or slipping away (so-called ,,slippers‘‘), during the
swarming-time, however, in a very well developed flying-power to which I shall revert later on. A disguising
by borrowed attires does not occur at all in the real American Lycaenidae; only one genus — Humaeus being
somewhat problematic in its position — shows a resemblance with patented butterflies of its range. The most
remarkable resemblance of Humaeus atala or minyas with the homochromous Actinote neleus is the more amazing,
as beside the black, metallic-reflecting wings also the vermilion abdomen serves to complete the mimicry. From
innumerable examples of other groups we know that just the mimetic adaptation of glaringly red places of the
body cannot be so plain as spots or markings on the surface of the wings, because otherwise very well hit-off
copies (e. g. the 9 of Papilio rhetenor) are not able to imitate the red on the body of their model (Papilio sem-
pert) and are thereby forced to transfer it on the wings in the shape of a red stripe being placed close to the
body (which is of course not to be noticed in the living animal, since rhetenor is used to cover the red stripes of
the wings partly over the body). It is therefore most amazing that in the family of the Lycaenidae exhibiting
otherwise, except Africa, no mimicry and a very little developed adaptation, this high degree of mimicry is
found in this one genus.
Another very striking mark in this genus just mentioned are the relations to the Erycinid-genus Hades
with which it exhibits an extensive biological correspondance. Its gregarious occurrence at certain, mostly
damp localities, its habitus, colour, size and way of flying, the same patria (Central America and the northern-
most parts of South America) and the joint swarming-places with the likewise gregariously occurring Morpheis
ehrenbergii are too evident to be regarded as a mere accidental coincidence. In the Hades and Morpheis the
abdomen is certainly not red itself, but like in the mimicry-case already mentioned of Papilio (s. 8.) rhetenor
and Papilio (Pharmacophagus) semperi from the Philippines the red is attached directly next to the body on
the under surface of the hindwings, somewhat proximally to the place where also the West-Indian Humaeus
atala Poey exhibits a red spot.
LYCAENIDAE. General Topics by Dr. A. Serrz. 743
Also in the anatomy the Humaeus differ considerably from all the other Lycaenidae. The transverse
vein of the hindwing, being in the Thecla mostly quite faint, sometimes vanished to scarcely noticeable traces,
is so strong that it forms a distinct termination of the discocellular. The first subcostal vein rises separately
from the upper radial vein, whereas on the forewing the 3rd and 4 th subcostal veins have a long joint footstalk.
Finally, also the female forefeet are better developed than in most of the Thecla, and we may, therefore, see
in the Humaeus a similar transitionary joint to the Hrycinidae, as in the Indian Curetis which also deviate in
many ways from the Lycaenid tribe. Like in many Hrycinidae, we have also in the larvae of Curetis an organ
being unexplained in its closer functions, which is not placed at the neck as in the American Erycinidae, but
consists of rotatory whirling threads serving perhaps for the same purposes as the neck-organ of the Erycinid
larvae, 1. e. for protection.
The eggs of the Lycaenidae are cake- or turban-shaped, varying greatly in height and size, but are
mostly conformable in shape. The surface is usually distinctly grained, less divided into areas or cells, the
micropyle often drawn in.
We as yet know extremely little of the American — particularly South American — Lycaenid larvae.
The species belonging here and being for the greatest part of the genus T'hecla have presumably mostly tree-
larvae, and it is, therefore, not astonishing that hardly anything is known of the early stages which are even
at the habitat itself difficult to ascertain. The most we know of the North Americans of many of which already
Boisduval and Leconte supplied the life-history (1833). Later on, in the sixties of the last century, particularly
Morris and Saunders have acquainted us with many American Lycaenid-larvae. Still later on, W. H. Epwarps,
ScupDER, PackaRD, FLETCHER, Miss MippLeToN and others, published (mostly in the ,,Canadian Entomolo-
gist**) the life-histories of many species; but it is certainly not even the twentieth part of the American Lycae-
nidae with whose early stages we are familiar. On the whole it follows therefrom that, although the shape of
American Lycaenidae seems not to deviate essentially from that of their palearctic representatives, still the
habits, particularly the nutrition, are remarkable in different respects. Some T'hecla-larvae feed from plants
of families that are otherwise not known as the nourishment of Lycaenidae, such as the cotton plant (Gossypium)
and the sarsaparilla (Smilax) belonging to the monocotyledons; Thecla niphon lives on conifers on which we
do not meet with any Lycaenid-larvae in the Old World.
Most peculiar, however, is the life-history of Feniseca tarquinius being common in some parts of North
America, the larvae of which live on plant-lice. But if Henry Epwarps says that this species is the only species
among all the North American butterflies that has a carnivorous larva, he is only correct in as much as the
other larvae of day-butterflies known from North America are under normal circumstances phytophagans.
We know from Caruos Bere that the larva of Pyrameis carye living likewise in North America becomes carni-
vorous and even cannibal in Patagonia, ‘at the frontier of the region governed by phanerogamia. By its nutri-
tion from plant-lice, the American genus Feniseca forms to a certain degree a parallel with the Indian Gerydinz
(cf. Vol. IX, p. 804) which have likewise entirely given up being phytophagans.
The large and brightly metallic-coloured Lycaenidae of America are real children of the sun. As soon
as a cloud covers the sun, they disappear, i. e. they slip into the midst of the densest bushes, whereas in the
intense sunshine, they cheerfully play round the twig-ends of large trees and the tops of bushes in the very
same way as their European allies are used to do. The males then post themselves at the end of a twig projec-
ting beyond the skirts of the woods, their heads always turned away from the woods and towards the open
space, lying in wait for the females wandering restlessly along the skirts of the woods, until a male accompanies
them. At their favourite haunts, being particularly the ends of forest-corners, the turnings of roads or also
solitary bushes, we may see, almost invariably in South America, during summer in North America, some
Thecla bustling about. On settling down the wings are always tightly closed, only some smaller species some-
times open them half, similar to our Lycaena, as for instance the species allied to Th. elongata flying more in
the grass than on the bushes.
Most of the American Lycaenidae do not love flowers, except some blossoms abounding in honey, parti-
cularly umbels and tree-blossoms which are often visited by them. Nor do the American Lycaenidae frequently
come to the bait, which is the more remarkable since some Thecla, such as Th. ellida and their allies nearly
always fly near the trunks of trees the dripping sap of which, as soon as they exhibit luxuriant saccharomyces,
exerts a great attraction upon most of the species of butterflies which we know as favourite visitors of the
bait, such as Catocalinae, Agrotis etc. It seems, however, as if the 7’hecla were hunting on the trees more for
certain lichens or algae than for the dripping sap, or as if they were swarming in order to discover the other
sex; certainly the baiting for Lycaenidae, at least with the means having been used hitherto, is not successful.
744 LYCAENIDAE. General Topics by Dr. A. Serrz. — EUMAEUS by Dr. M. Dravpr.
On the other hand, the American Lycaenidae often and preferably come frequently to the water. The
large, magnificent species, such as Thecla regalis and imperialis I saw, as soon as the morning-sun began to
send down its hot rays into the open spaces in the woods, drinking the dew-drops from the leaves of the bushes.
I never observed these large, magnificent forms coming down to the ground, in order to drink on the road;
they seem persistently to remain in an altitude of about 2 or 3 m, so that I concluded that their larvae exclu-
sively live on trees. I have already mentioned the gathering of Lycaenidae round watercourses being well-nigh
typical for some mountain-slopes of the paleartic region, but I was not able to find a parallel case in America,
although the Humaeus are said to swarm in big crowds above the flooded surface of swampy fir-pine-woods, but
to my knowledge nobody has ever reported from America a similar occurrence as for instance at the southern
end of India proper, where the Zizera-species are whirling along above the ground in such crowds that the air
seems to sparkle with them.
A most peculiar symptom is the habit of many Thecla of descending to the ground, at certain hours
of the day, and of resting in the midst of the dust of the roads and highways. Wherever the desolate grassy
plains of the pampas or prairies are interrupted by bushes or little woods, there are from time to time Thecla
to be found resting on the sunny road, with their wings closed and without drinking. These are
species that are extremely rarely met with at other occasions, and whoever has the chance of passing such
places on the road at such an hour, may sometimes capture in a few hours dozens of Lycaenidae that are other-
wise hardly obtainable. The same symptom I have observed in Germany in J'hecla w-album being otherwise
not common there, which I but once met with in great numbers, but which I otherwise discovered quite singly,
some years not at all. The butterflies quite suddenly, from the tops of the trees, flew down to the highroad
in the high dust of which they settled down. As their feet were not able to gain a footing in the fine dust, they
sometimes tumbled down and remained lying on the side or made only faint attempts to raise themselves again.
The enemies of the American Lycaenidae presumably mostly consist in amphibia for the Lycaena,
in reptiles for the Thecla. From the former they are probably protected by an ant-guard, from the latter not.
The Indian Lycaenidae are known to be strictly guarded and fetched by the ants into their nests for the sake
of their pupation; in doing so, the larvae were in due form escorted by the ants. The groups to which these
palearctic species belong, have no representatives in America; some species approximating the species known
from the Old World as the friends of ants, such as Lycaena glaucon etc. may have their larvae (not yet explored
in their habits) living in symbiosis also in America. These relations, however, are very difficult to ascertain,
and, for instance, we even do not know of some species which we have before us in Europe every summer, such
as Lyc. arion, whether they pass their last larval weeks in the nests of ants or not. Ants that are agood hand
in taking care of larvae, have also become known from Tropical America; it is, therefore, very likely that sym-
biosis with Lycaenid-larvae occurs there, too.
The flight of the American Lycaenidae is mostly nimble and easy, vivid, irregular, but only rarely as
rapid as it is seen in some palearctic genera (e. g. Polyommatus baeticus). The larger butterflies of Thecla mostly
only fly for a short distance, often only from one leaf to another. But on the other hand, there are groups,
such as that of the 7h. leucogyna and phaea, which are scarcely ever seen at rest, but always flying restlessly
in the sun along the broad roads in the woods.
The pupae of the American Lycaenidae do not deviate considerably in the habitus from their palearctic
allies. They resemble minute fruits, being of the shape of beans or buds and mostly fixed with the ventral
surface on a petiole or twig. Their colour is mostly a subdued greenish or brown, some show a face-like figure
on their dorsal surface, which is said to resemble a monkey’s head in the genus Feniseca, something like in the
palearctic genus Spalgis.
I. Group: Theclini.
1. Genus: Eumaeus don.
This genus forming the transition to several Hrycinidae, according to many examinations, is a real
Lycaenid genus. The tarsi of the male forelegs are annexed to a cylindrical joint densely set with spines. The
anterior tibiae, in their distal half, are likewise spinous and exhibit 2 longer spines at the tarsal end. At the
proximal end of the median tibiae and at the distal end of the femur there are hair-spots. In the female all
the 5 tarsal joints, inclusive of the distal end of the tibiae, exhibit strong spines, the terminal joint being as
long as the 3rd and 4th together. The vigorous palpi are long and slender, the terminal joint in the 92 longer
than in the g. At the antennae we notice spines interspersed between the scaled cover. The eyes are almost
naked, exhibiting only quite few, thinly scattered hairs. On the forewing the cell is narrow, before the cell-end
there rise 2 subcostal veins, the upper discocellular is absent. On the hindwing the costal half of the cell is much
shorter than the median half; the lower discocellular forms an acute angle with the median.
Further particulars referring to this genus containing 3 large, imposing species are to be found in the
General Topics.
Publ. 24. XT. 1919. THEOREMA; TRICHONIS; THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupt. 745
E. debora Hbn. (146 a) is the largest representative of the genus, above deep velvety-black with
green, metallic, submarginal cuneiform spots, which are on the forewings longer, on the hindwings shorter
and more triangular; metallic-blue stripes are found yet subcostally, in the cell and along the submedian. Beneath
unmistakable by the numerous greenish-golden spots, which are silvery-blue in fresh specimens as in the figured 3.
— The carmine, black-belted larva lives gregariously on an Amaryllis standing in the water. The butterfly
flies in Mexico and Guatemala.
E. minyas Hbn. (= toxea Godt.) (146 a, b) is smaller, the forewing with a blue, black-veined disc being
of a very variable extent, the hindwing with golden-green, small cuneiform spots in front of the margin. Abdomen
beneath orange-red. Widely distributed and common from the south-western part of Texas to Brazil. — We
introduce the very imposing and extensively lustrous-blue Costa Rica-form by the name of: costaricensis form.
nov. (146 b). — On the contrary, the more southern specimens from the Amazon etc. have particularly the
2 above almost without any green at all; they may be named brasiliensis form. nov.
E. atala Poey (= toxea Gray nec Godt.) (146 b; ¢ as towed) is smaller and duller, the hindwings nearly
entirely black with smaller, more blue marginal spots. Beneath the silvery-green macular bands of the hind-
wings are developed more proximally, costally more bent, the red inner-marginal spot mostly larger. The
extension of the blue above also varies here greatly in the different specimens. From Florida and Cuba.
2. Genus: Wheorema Hew.
Neuration almost like in debora, but the cell of the forewing is somewhat broader, the Ist subcostal
vein placed nearer to the base. The hindwing exhibits a small tail at the lower median-vein. In the 3 the forelegs
are not so very spinous.
Th. eumenia Hew. (Q = titania Strecker) (146 b,c) is a magnificent species, the j above of a
radiant peacock-blue, warming into green towards the margin, with a broadly black costal area of the hind-
wing; the 9 is black, on the forewing with a bluish-green submarginal band and a white apex, cn the hindwing
with greenish-golden marginal spots. Beneath the dull-black hindwings exhibit 4 greenish-silvery macular
rows in front of the border, the 3 an opalescent blue stripe in the cell of the forewing and between the median
veins. Known from Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, but so far everywhere ex-
tremely rare.
Th. dysmenia spec. nov. (153.a) resembles above somewhat the H. debora; velvety-black, towards
the margin with an indigo-blue lustre, on all the wings with submarginal, greenish-blue silvery spots receding
somewhat at the apex of the forewing. Beneath dull-black with darker veins and a narrow, greyish-white distal
margin growing broader towards the apex on the forewing. The ¢ is not yet known and is presumably above
more extensively blue. Described according to a 2 from the Upper Rio Negro (Colombia) from the Coll. Fasst.
3. Genus: Mrichonis Hew.
Robustly built, head large, eyes naked. Costal margin of the forewings at the base strongly convex,
distal margin uniformly rounded, proximal margin of the forewings in both sexes very convex, covering a polished
spot of the costal half of the hindwing. On the forewing the subcostal is 2-branched. Hindwings round, with
a short cell and a very convex costal margin.
T. theanus Cr. (146 b) is above and beneath light greenish-blue, above with a black distal margin;
the polished spot is reddish-brown, so is the inner-marginal part of the forewing beneath, as far as it is covered
by the hindwing. This quite uncommonly rare species seems to be known only from Guiana.
4. Genus: Wheela F.
A multiform genus of very small to medium-sized butterflies, the chief mark by which they are disting-
uished from the other genera being the more or less produced, often indented, pointed or rourded anal angle
of the hindwing. Another characteristic is the development of the tails found in most of the species. In case
there is only one tail, it is situated at the lower median vein and appears only in very rare cases as a direct
prolongation of this vein, but is much rather placed mostly nearly rectangularly to it in the direction of the
anterior angle, being, however, sloping upwards close behind its rise, so that it nevertheless retains the
direction of the vein. If there is a second tail, its place is at the upper median vein and it is smaller.
The main characteristics regarding the general exterior, the habits and so on has already been told
in the Preface (p. 740 ff.). According to our present knowledge it is not yet possible to classify the genus com-
prising more than 800 described species and being certainly not to be delimited uniformly, according to definite
principles. Whether the method of the secondary sexual characteristic marks already proposed by others
and continued by CourvotsreR, will attain its object, seems still to be doubtful to us. The scent organs,
being a somewhat relatively recent discovery, are easily influenced and variable and are often present
Vv 94
debora.
Minyas.
costaricen-
sis.
brasiliensis.
atala.
eumenia.
dysmenia.
theanus.
imperialis.
ducalis.
cypria.
paphia.
tuneta.
splendor.
coronata.
ganymedes.
746 THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupr.
-or absent in one and the same species (e. g. Th. trus); they are, therefore, in our opinion unable to comply with
the development of the race which we would consider to be obviously the most correct method of division. This
is proved, for instance, by very remote and certainly not in the least allied groups exhibiting entirely convergently
developed scent-spots; on the other hand, closely allied groups would undoubtedly be inserted in remote groups.
Best to make use of the affinities of the tribe and the most steady and oldest character is by all means
the principle of the marking of the under surface which repeats itself again and again in long series. In order
to arrange somehow the chaos of species, we therefore thought it to be the most correct way and, at the same
time, the most facilitating for the searching diagnoser, to undertake, according to this plan, a division into
120 groups corresponding substantially to the groups assumed by GopMAN and Satvrn in their Biologia. Cer-
tainly the division must be somewhat altered by including North and South America, whereby a great number
of new elements are added.
Many attempts have already been made to divide the Thecla into genera according to the most various
principles, as for instance by HUBNER, ScupDDER, Kay® according to the shape of the wings, the influencing
of the veins by the scent-organs, the number of the tails etc., but neither of them is entirely satisfactory. Many
of these denominations of subgenera coincide with certain names of our groups and may then be applied so;
conformably to this we have made notes to them in the respective groups. Other names, however, must be
split into various groups, as for instance the genus Hupsyche Scudder containing the species m-album, telea,
martialis, hugon and jada, species which we were forced to place in just as many different groups and which,
in a philogenetic respect, have certainly very little in common with each other.
One of the greatest difficulties was offered by the fact that many small and insignificant, but also some
remarkable species are partly extremely rare and were often described according to single specimens some
of which have never been discovered anymore since; many of the types cannot be found, so that several species
are no more to be identified. We have mostly placed such cases at the end of groups to which they are pre-
sumably allied. ,
1. Imperialis-Group (Theritas Hbn.).
Th. imperialis Cr. (= venus F., ? actaeon F.) (146 c) is above of a dazzling metallic greenish-blue,
on the forewings with a broad black apex and in the g with a blackish-brown scent-spot at the cell-end and
behind it, which is parted by the transverse vein and : more red-brown in the posterior half. The 2 is some-
what duller blue. Under surface golden-green, on the hindwings with a fine black transverse striation, without
any distinct transverse lines, only at the anal angle short beginnings are noticeable. — In the form ducalis
Dol. (2 = oakesu Butl.) (146 c) the disc of the hindwing is of a metallic carmine colour. The species is widely
distributed from Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Guiana, Brazil to South Peru.
Th. cypria Hbn. (146 d) is above more green than the preceding, beneath with a broad, black, proxi-
mally whitebordered transverse-stripe on the hindwing, bending outwards below the cell. — The name of
paphia Fldr. may, according to the figure, be maintained for the specimens with a fiery copper-red to carmine
disc of the hindwing. From Mexico through the whole of Central America to Colombia.
Th. tuneta Hew. (146d) has broader, shorter wings than the preceding and the transverse stripe
of the hindwing forms a regular, outwards concave bow shortly before the anal angle, bending then round almost
rectangularly to the proximal margin. The scent-spot of the g is small and les behind the cell. Colombia,
Brazil. — splendor Dre. (146 d) is probably only a form of this species with a submarginal dark transverse band
on the forewing beneath, being also indicated on the hindwing. Described according to 1 specimen from Colombia.
2. Gabriela-Group.
Th. coronata Hew. (146 d, e) rather forms a group for itself by the forehead being in the § crowned
with a golden-lustrous cone. Above metallic-blue, the 3 without any red anal spots which are very large and
double in the 9. On the golden-green under surface the black transverse band is proximally bordered by a
light grey and touches the red band on the hindwing. From Guatemala to Colombia and Ecuador.
Th. ganymedes Cr. (= teresina Hew.) (146 e,f as teresina) is above blue with a narrow black distal
margin, being faded towards the surface of the wings, in the g without the scent-spot; beneath golden-green,
in the proximal half of the forewing blue; the inner broad black, distally white-bordered transverse stripe of
the forewing extends from the costal margin to the upper median vein; on the hindwings the black and the
red bands are about of the same width, the latter, however, grows somewhat broader beneath the subcostal
vein and strangulates here somewhat the black one; in an anal direction the red band usually exhibits no AES
spots. W. rdleike distributed from Mexico to Colombia.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupt. 747
Th. gabriela Cr. (= gabrielis Godt.) (146 f) is very similar; on the under surface of the forewing the
proximal transverse stripe extends down as far as below the lower median vein, on the hindwing the broad
black transverse band forms an oval and, beneath the subcostal vein, it is broad and not strangulated, forming
a W at the proximal angle; the red band is very broad on both surfaces, but not sharply defined by white.
Colombia, Amazon.
Th. sponsa Mschir. differs from gabriela above by a larger, carmine anal-angle-spot of the hindwing,
beneath by the red spot reaching from the proximal margin only to the upper median vein, in which there are
2 black spots. Surinam.
Th. batesii Hew. (146 f) likewise greatly resembles gabriela, though it is easily distinguishable by the
under surface of the hindwings, exhibiting only a rather uniformly broad, red-brown band divided by a white
line, and forms only a V, not a W, at the proximal angle. Brazil.
Th. sumptuosa Dre. (= gabriela Godt.) (146 f) is above separable by the large, silky-grey scent-spot
of the forewing, being situated below and behind the cell. On the under surface of the hindwing there is only
an oval, red-brown band being distally bordered by a white line and behind it by a black line. Brazil (Espiritu
Santo, Sao Paulo).
Th. candidus Drc. (147 a) is very similar and perhaps only a form of the preceding species with a
scent-spot being taperingly prolonged towards the base below the cell. Beneath of a magnificent bluish-green
with very distinct markings, the black being increased on the forewings, and like in sponsa, there is only some
red with black spots therein towards the anal angle on the hindwing. From Colombia (Muzo).
Th. ornatrix Dre. (146 f) has beside the scent-spot of the preceding yet a second one above the
median in the cell; beneath likewise very similar to sponsa. Described from Brit. Guiana.
Th. regalis Cr. (= endymion F.) (146 e) differs greatly from the preceding and approximates coronata
the most, from which it differs beneath by the transverse lines being not distally but proximally bordered by
whitish-grey; the one on the hindwing does not quite touch the red transverse band, but it is separated from
it by the green ground-colour. Above the blue grows somewhat more greenish and there are red anal spots
in both sexes. The black margin of the wings is comparatively broad and proximally not faded, but sharply
defined. Occurs most widely distributed from Mexico to the Amazon.
3. Tagyra-Group.
Th. tagyra Hew. (147 b) is a very strange animal, above blue with a silky-grey sexual-spot of
varying size, beneath likewise blue with black, distinct transverse bands. — floralia Drc. (147 b) has been raised
to a species, but the only difference is the prolonged g-spot; the latter, however, varies (as in some other
species) sometimes from one specimen to another, so that it cannot be a specific mark of distinction. Described
from the Amazon district, also before me in a couple being beneath of a somewhat lighter turquoise-blue with
narrower black bands, from the Rio Songo (Fassz).
4. Episcopalis-Group.
Th. episcopalis Fass! (153 a). Very different from all the other species known. Above of a radiant
golden-green with narrow black margins and a broader apex, beneath on the forewings metallic-blue, towards
the margin warming into a golden-green; hindwings green with 3 black transverse bands being convergent
towards the proximal angle and in an oblique light gleaming in a magnificent peacock-blue. Discovered by
A. H. Fasst in the West Colombian Andes at an altitude of 2000 m (Rio Aguaca Valley), where the species
was flying round the tops of trees in the morning-sun.
5. Nobilis-Group.
Th. nobilis H.-Schaff. (= bimaculata Mschlr.) (147a 9, 153a 3). This group, strictly speaking,
likewise contains only one representative, if one does not want to place the species in the gabriela-group. The
3 is greatly distinguished by the fact that, beside the roundish grey cell-stigma, there is another oblong black
spot at the end of the submedian, which, however, does not contain any scent-scales. Beneath similar to the
gabriela-group with a very broad red band of the hindwing. From Guatemala to Colombia and Guiana.
Th. telemus Cr. (= antinous Fidr.) (147 a, b) we include here for the sake of exterior resemblances.
3 above lustrous sky-blue with an extremely fine black border; the tails are also blue. Stigma greyish-brown,
behind the cell-end; 9 of a more subdued blue, with broad, blackish-brown margins. Under surface green with
an extremely variable marking and colouring, so that there is no distinct delimitation to antinous Fldr. (147 b).
The g is sometimes without any red at all, particularly in southern specimens, so that there is a broad, sky-
gabriela.
sponsda.
batesii.
sumptuosa.
candidus.
ornatriz.
regalis.
tagyra.
floralia.
episcopalis.
nobilis.
telemus.
antinous.
venulius.
satyroides.
temathea.
latreillei.
assula.
MATSYAS.
cybele.
damo.
dorcas.
theocritus.
748 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravupt.
blue marginal band, sometimes there is a large red spot which mostly grows very extensive in the 9. Very
common and widely distributed from Central America to Colombia, Guiana and the Amazon.
6. Venulius-Group (Paiwarria Kaye).
Th. venulius Cr. (153 a). Above lustreless greyish-blue, beneath likewise light-blue with 3 submarginal
blackish bands, the proximal one mostly red-brown; between the median veins of the hindwings there is in
the middle band a black spot being above bordered by orange. Widely distributed, but apparently very rare
from Guiana to Bolivia (Rio Songo).
7. Satyroides-Group (Macusia Kaye).
Th. satyroides Hew. (147). In the species of this group the broad costal space of the forewings
is covered with long hairy scales directed downward. ¢ above dull violettish-blue, 2 brown, hindwing with
an orange-brown anal eye spot, beneath very similar to venulius, j more greyish-blue, 2 brown. Amazon,
Rio, Sta. Catharina.
Th. temathea Hew. (147c) is above the same, beneath, however, the hindwing exhibits another
transverse band nearer to the base. Amazon,
Th. latreillei Hew. (147 c) we include here, because the costal margin of the forewings exhibits
the same hairy covering and also beneath the scheme of markings is similar The shape of the wings is very
characteristic by the stunted apex of the forewing and the deep indenture at the proximal margin of the hind-
wing above the anal lobe. The tails are much broader than in the preceding Above metallic dark blue, beneath
brown with more intensely red-brown transverse bands and rows of lunular spots. Brazil (Sao Paulo, Sta.
Catharina, Pt. Alegre) to Paraguay.
8. Assula-Group.
Th. assula spec. nov. (153 a) is a very peculiar animal without any closer relations to other groups.
By the deep indenture above the very well developed anal lobe and the slightly stunted apex of the forewing
its shape resembles latreiller, but the hindwings exhibit only a broad, almost spoon-shaped tail. Above unicolor-
ously deep purple-brown, the anal lobe and an indistinct marginal line on the forewings towards the hinder-
angle deep chestnut-red; the base of the fringes particularly at the anal lobe and some scales in the centre of
the apex of the tail bluish-white. Beneath the forewings are brown, towards the apex dusted in white with
a lighter line beyond the centre as far as the lower aati vein. Hindwing of a deeper blackish-brown; from
the centre of the costal margin proceeds a lighter stripe ending directly i in the tail with a distally concave bend
and being distally strewn with single w hite | scales and being united in front of the border with one row each
of lighter lunular spots coming from both sides; in the anal lobe and in the cell-spaces between the median
veins there are carmine spots standing behind; at the proximal margin some more, irregular, white-scaled
markings. The base of the fringes white, more distinct than above. Described according to 2 29 from Colombia,
a fresh one from Bogota, a much-flown one without tails from the Monte Socorro, from the Coll. Fasst.
9. Marsyas-Group.
Th. marsyas LZ. (147d) is a well-known, large species with an almost falciform apex of the forewing
which, however, varies in its development, above beautifully sky-blue with a broad, jet-black apex of the
forewing. Beneath lilac-grey, on the hindwings towards the proximal angle white strewn with mildew-green
seales, with black spots and linear markings which are well reproduced by our figure. — cybele Godm. & Salv.
is an insignificant side-form with distally deeper blue wings. From Panama to South Brazil.
Th. damo Drc. (147d) is a species hardly separable from the former. It is above lighter and more
silvery-blue than marsyas and is without the broad black apex of the forewing. In its size and the development
of the falciform apex of the forewing it is just as variable as the preceding. — dorcas Dre. is a Peruvian form
with distally deeper blue forewings, and in the 9 the margins of the wings are narrower blackish-brown. The
species extends in the north as far as Mexico, to the south as far as Ecuador; it very often flies at the skirts
of the woods, but it is difficult to capture, as it flies very high.
10. Theocritus-Group (Mithras Hbn.).
Th. theocritus F. (= nepia Godm. & Salv.) (147 e as nepia) is a very unique species, above almost
silvery, the distal half of the forewing blackish-brown ; the 2 is somewhat bluer. Under surface blackish-brown
with rows of metallic-green spots. Distributed from Mexico to Colombia (Muzo).
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 749
Th, augustula Ay. (= augustinus Bétlr. & Dre.) (147 e) is very similar beneath, but the proximal margin
of the forewings is brown, in theocritus silvery blue. The ground-colour above is a deep blue, with metallic
green spots near the anal angle. From Mexico to Panama.
Th. monica Hew. (147g) is above somewhat more greenish than the preceding with a less extensively
black apex of the forewi_g; beneath duller greyish-brown with a light, partly white-chequered apical part and
smaller indistinct greenish spots which are arranged almost like in lisws (148 a). The g-hindwings exhibit beneath
yellowish-white scent-scales hidden in a hairy fold below the median. Venezuela, Colombia.
Th. gispa Hew. (147) probably also belongs into this group. It is larger, above metallic-blue with
only narrow black margins, in the § with a discal spot at the cell-end. Beneath dark-brown, the inner-marginal
half of the forewing of a brilliant silvery-blue, the hindwing in the distal half green, clouded in brown, traversed
by a brown band, veins broadly brown. Apparently very rare. Amazon.
Th. hamila Jones (147f) is much smaller than the preceding, otherwise very closely allied to it
with a large scent-spot. Beneath very easily recognizable by the sooty-black colour covering the whole wings,
which is, however, much too little expressed in the figure. Castro (Parana), Rio Grande do Sul, Sa. Catharina.
Th. crines Dre. (147 e, f) is very similar, the wings a little broader, above with a more intense metallic
lustre, beneath the blackish-brown ground-colour in the basal third of both wings densely strewn with emerald-
green scales and in front of the distal margin of the hindwing there stand 3 or 4 more or less complete rows of
magnificently metallic-green lunular spots. The 9 is of a much duller blue, above with very broad brown margins.
So far it seems only to have been found in Colombia.
11. Hemon-Group.
Th. lisus Stoll (= hisbon Godm. & Salv.) (148 a, 147f) is above metallic ultramarine-blue without
a scent-spot with narrow black margins a1.d a darkened apex, in the 9 move greenish-blue with very broad
brown margins. The under surface is very variable, brown to black with 3 whitish to green, undulated lines
in front of the distal margin of the hindwing and an angularly broken row of small, bluish-white or green spots
in the disc, the uppermost of which is black-pupilled outside at the costal margin. The differences mentioned
by GopmaN as to his Aisbon are merely individual. Wide-spread and everywhere common from Guatemala
to Colombia and Bolivia.
Th. viresco Dre. (153 b) differs by a more compact structure, a greener upper surface with somewhat
broader margins and the opalescent green disc of the forewing beneath. From Brazil and Colombia (Rio Negro).
— photeinos Drc. (147 f), differing only above and beneath by a lustrous-blue colour is probably scarcely a
different species. From Brit. Guiana.
Th. orsina Hew. (148 a) I do not know; it is presumably scarcely specifically separable from lisus;
it is said to differ by longer hindwings and a lighter greyish-brown under surface. Bolivia.
Th. phegeus Hew. (147f,g). The figure is entirely unable to give an idea of the splendour of the
colouring; the forewings are above brilliantly sky-blue with a milky-white prominent sexual-spot. Beneath
marked as lisus, but of a dark-green ground-colour, at the proximal margin of the forewing blue. Bahia,
Amazon.
Th. laudonia Hew. (148 a) forms the transition to the following species which it almost entirely resembles
beneath, except the dark-green ground-colour as in phegeus. Above the wings are of a deep peacock-blue with
a small, equally coloured scent-spot being visible only at an exposure to an oblique light. Amazon, Colombia.
Th. hemon Cr. (= acmon Cr.) (147 g) is larger than the preceding, above equally coloured, but with
a very much larger scent-spot; beneath blackish-brown with a blue proximal half of the forewing. The Q is
above dull brown, also beneath, here like the J with metallic-green transverse lines and a white, black-pupilled
eye-spot in the middle of the costal margin. The species flies the most frequently in Brazil in the Amazon
district, in Guiana and Colombia, more rarely in Central America from Guatemala to Panama.
Th. arogeus Cr. is a species that has apparently not been identified hitherto, but presumably
belonging here. Above like the preceding, beneath green, the darkest at the base of the hindwings, towards
the margin light-blue with black transverse lines, the innermost of which in the centre forms 2 very large bows
like the number 3. Described from Surinam.
12. Deniva-Group.
Th. deniva Hew. (147, d) approximates the preceding group by the split anal part of the hindwing;
the marking beneath likewise shows a resemblance in the scheme; the apex of the forewing is clipped. Above
the g is metallic-blue, the 2 dull violettish-blue, beneath brown. Brazil.
augustula.
monica.
gispa.
hamila.
crines.
lisus.
viresco.
photeinos.
orsina.
phegeus.
laudonia.
hemon.
arogeus.
deniva.
Zava.
anna.
mavors.
triquetra.
ella.
paupera.
harietta.
inachus.
carpophora.
carpasia.
polybe.
halesus.
juanita.
~I
ot
i=)
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
Th. zava Hew. (153 b) which I know only from the author’s description and figure, is ranged here.
Above blue with broad dark-brown margins and a dark-brown discal spot. Beneath brown, darker undulated
with 3 transverse bands and whitish-watered spots of the costal margin of the forewing before the centre and
at the apex. No habitat mentioned.
13. Anna-Group.
Th. anna Dre. (147d) is an entirely isolated animal. Above metallic-blue, with broad blackish-
brown margins. Beneath the forewings are brownish-grey, towards the margin strewn with whitish, in the
disc opalescent blue; the hindwings are brown, densely strewn with whitish and darker scales and marked
with black spots the arrangement of which approximates the most the marsyas-group; they exhibit 2 rather
long and broad tails. Described according to 1 example from Colombia.
14. Mavors-Group.
Th. mavors Hbn. (148 b as triquetra). The 3 is above bluish-green with a large brown scent-spot, also
beneath green with fine black transverse lines, at the anal angle of the hindwing no distinct W. The @ is above
and beneath plainly coloured in brown. The hindwings bear 2 tails. From Mexico through the whole of Central
America to Colombia, Guiana and the Amazon; everywhere very common, but apparently not going up higher
than 3 to 4000 ft.
Th. triquetra Hew. (152 b) differs by having only one tail and a somewhat duller bluish-green colour
above; beneath also in the 3 the ground-colour is discoloured brown, only sparsely sprinkled with silvery-
green scales, and the lines run somewhat differently. Panama, Surinam, Brazil.
Th. ella Stgr. i. 1. (148 b, as mavors) is easily discernible from the two preceding by the absence
of the scent-spot, the under surface being quite brown also in the § and the distinct W at the anal angle of
the hindwing. The hindwing bears 2 tails. Colombia, Ecuador.
Th. paupera Fidr. (148 b) from Bogota seems hitherto to be extremely rare. It resembles ella above,
but it is of a more lustrous dark-green, beneath brown, marked like triquetra, without a distinct W. — harietta
Weeks from Bolivia is probably only a variety of colours, above lustrous blue, towards the base warming into
greenish,
15. Polybe-Group (Athdes Hbn.).
Th. inachus Cr. (= baeton Sepp) (148 f). A well-known species, above in the 3 metallic indigo-blue
with a moderately broad blackish-brown margin; the large, long, greyish-brown scent-spot is parted in two
by the transverse vein. Hindwing at the anal angle with whitish-grey hair and variegated with silvery-green
scales. The Q is in the basal half dull greenish bluish-grey, distally blackish-brown. Beneath brown, in the
basal half of the forewing and the inner-marginal half of the hindwing green, in the basal area of the hindwing
carmine with a large black eye-spot being narrowly bordered by silvery-green; abdomen beneath orange-yellow.
From Panama to East Peru, Guiana and the Amazon. — carpophora Hew. (148 f) is the northern form and
but little different; beneath, on the whole, darker brownish-black with less green and red, the black eye-spot
mostly smaller and, instead, more broadly bordered with silvery-green. Mexico and Guatemala.
Th. carpasia Hew. (148 d) is above similar, but with decidedly black veins; the proximal brown part
of the scent-spot is twice as long as the distal black part. Beneath the brown wings are black-veined, without
any transverse lines, only before the anal angle of the hindwing several silvery-green macular bands; in the
red basal part there are 3 black spots with silvery-green pupils. Abdomen beneath orange-red. Mexico, Guate-
mala,
Th. polybe LZ. (= atys 2 Cr., scamander Hbn.) (148 c¢). dg above turquoise-green, Q duller, more
bluish-grey, with black veins running radiatingly into the broad blackish-brown border. Scent-spot double,
the proximal half mostly lighter brown than the distal black half, the transverse vein separating both is likewise
covered with modified scales of a greyish-blue colour. The under surface is olive in the g, in the 2 more
yellowish-brown, with black veins, the disc of the forewing in the g opalescent blue. From Mexico to South
Brazil and Argentina, but everywhere rare.
Th. halesus Cr. (= dolichos Hbn.) (148 c) is above metallic greenish-blue with a moderately broad
black distal margin and a very broad black anterior angle of the hindwing. Scent-spot triple: between the
smaller proximal brown part and the irregular larger distal part there is, on the transverse vein, a brown oval
surrounded by single blue scales. Beneath brown; below the median of the forewing and along the proximal
margin of the hindwing opalescent-blue stripes; at the base of the forewing 1, at the base of the hindwing 2 red
spots, at the anal angle some golden and silvery-blue spots. Abdomen beneath orange. Widely distributed
from the Southern States (Florida-California) to Mexico and Costa Rica. — Northern specimens, juanita Scudder,
exhibit chestnut-red spots between the anal-angle-spots.
oe aes
eA At ia
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravupv. 751
Th. gaumeri Godm. & Salv. (148d) is smaller, with only 1 greyish-brown scent-spot, black veins
and, at the apex of the forewing, white fringes. Beneath the blue of the forewing is much more extensive and
fills up the whole cell; the anal-angle-spots at the hindwing are much broader and quite green. The @ is uni-
colorously greyish-brownish. Only from Mexico.
Th. cynara Godm. & Salv. (148 c). Likewise resembling halesus, but beneath without the discal blue,
and the anal-angle-spots form a coherent, broad red-golden band. The margin of the forewings above much
broader black. Mexico.
Th. atys Cr. (148 e). Larger than halesus, above more green, g-scent-spot something like that of
polybe, but the bordering of the proximal half, inclusive of the transverse vein, is leaden-grey. The 2 is more
silvery-green, the margins much broader dull blackish-brown. Under surface brownish, with broad darker
veins and a dark band at the cell-end; at the base of the hindwing there are red spots, behind them silvery-
green ones, 2 green macular rows in the black anal angle. Abdomen beneath orange-red. From Panama to
Colombia.
Th. melidor Dre. (148d, e) is above bluer than the preceding; beneath the dark cell-end-band is
absent, along the costa of the hindwing and of the proximal margin there are long red stripes. Abdomen beneath
vermilion. Captured in Peru in August.
Th. cosa Hew. (148 e). Smaller than atys, above deep metallic blue with somewhat broader blackish-
brown margins; beneath lighter brown, the basal half of the forewing darker with a dark, distally light-bordered
transverse band behind the cell, projecting far outwards below the lower radial vein; in front of the margin
on both wings dark transverse lines, a similar one at the cell-end of the hindwing. Brazil.
Th. bacis Godm. & Salv. (148d). Above likewise similar to atys, but of a more magnificent peacock-
blue; the scent-spot triple as in halesus, the middle part more yellowish-brown. Beneath similar to melidor,
but of a blacker fundamental tone; behind the cell of the forewing there is a series of green, small metallic spots,
interrupted on the lower radial vein; the red stripes of the hindwings are of a magnificent carmine colour, between
them there are opalescent silvery-green stripes. Panama. — StTauDINGER described as vulnerata specimens
that are of a purer blue above, without a green reflection, with a narrower black margin; they are presumably
searcely to be separated.
Th. torfrida Hew. (148 e) differs from all the preceding species by the absence of a scent-spot on
the forewings, but instead there is a hair-tuft near the proximal margin of the hindwing beneath. Above dull
indigo-blue with a very broad, blackish-brown apex. In the black anal part of the hindwing there are 3 silvery-
green spots. Beneath almost like atys, but the light costal-marginal part of the forewing exhibits behind the
cell a dark-brown triangular spot; of the same colour is the apex and the space between the lower median vein
and the lower radial vein. Amazon.
Th. coccineifrons Godm. &: Salv. (148 e) is very much alike, but immediately separable by the glaring
carmine forehead in both sexes and the almost black under surface of the hindwings, from which the metallic
silvery-blue anal spots shine forth. From Mexico to Colombia.
Th. carthaea Hew. (148 g) approximates halesus, but it has no scent-spot; above magnificently deep
peacock-blue with an extremely narrow black margin, only the apex of the forewing somewhat broader black:
in the black anal part of the hindwings are small, lustrous, metallic green spots. The under surface is almost
black, at the bases of the wings are carmine and green spots, at the costal margin of the forewing behind the
middle 3 green spots, in the anal part of the hindwing 2 short macular rows, the distal one green, the proximal
one more golden. Apparently found hitherto only in Mexico.
Th. caranus Cr. (= ceranus Godt., pelops Cr., petus F., getus Ww.) (148 g) is larger, otherwise above
like the preceding, perhaps of a somewhat purer ultramarine blue. Beneath the bases of the wings are much
more extensively deep carmine with numerous black, bluish-white-pupilled spots; the inner-marginal half
of the forewing is in the ¢ violettish-blue, the ground-colour of the hindwings of a slight green lustre. From
Panama, Colombia, Guiana and the Amazon.
Th. silumena Hew. (148g) has a rounder shape of the wings, above lighter greenish-blue, very
brilliant, with a broader black apex and costal margin of the wings; beneath the ground-colour is lighter, reddish-
brown, the marking almost the same as in caranus. The forehead is read, in caranus almost black with silvery-
blue margins round the eyes. Colombia.
Th. didymaon Cr. (148 g) is much smaller than the preceding with a considerably broader black apex
of the forewing, above deep ultramarine-blue; beneath dark brown with 3 very conspicuous white spots of
the costal margin; the basal red is reduced. Brazil (Amazon, Sao Paulo).
Th. neora Godm. & Salv. (148h) is still smaller, the blue more intense, still more reduced by the
extensive black, beneath the colouring and marking is just the same, but the small white spots are smaller
and narrower; forehead and the hairs on the thorax are rusty-red, in didymaon black. Mexico, Guatemala,
Colombia.
gaumert.
cynara.
atys.
melidor.
cosa.
bacis.
vulnerata.
torfrida.
coccinei-
frons.
carthaea.
caranus.
silumena.
didymaon.
neora.
phaleros.
battus.
aufidena.
viridicans.
barajo.
laothoé.
oceia.
theia.
erybathis.
gibberosa.
tomlinsoni.
phydela.
dealbata.
numen.
52 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
16. Phaleros-Group.
Th. phaleros Z. (= silenus Cr., agis Drury, silenissa Hbst., chiton F. (?) (150 a,b). Above extremely
lustrous ultramarine-blue. The proximal half of the double scent-spot is round, jet-black, with grey rings,
the distal half almost four-cornered, brownish-grey. The 2 is above dull greyish-blue, with broad blackish-
brown margins and the under surface-marking shining through. Beneath the 3 is reddish-white, the 2 more
yellowish-white with 3 black transverse bands converging towards the proximal margin; distal margin with
an orange tinge. Very common from Mexico to South Brazil.
Th. battus Cr. (= bathis F., bathildis Fldr.) (150 a) has exactly the same scent-spot as the prece-
ding, but it is smaller with narrower black margins and an orange-red anal spot of the hindwing. The ° is above
almost white, of a pale violettish-blue lustre with the marking shining through from beneath, being well repro-
duced in our figure. The forehead is red. — The name of aufidena Hew. (= jalan Reak.) may be perhaps
applied for the specimens originating mostly from the northern habitats, with a brilliant, deep violettish-blue,
the typical battus being lighter blue. Very widely distributed from Mexico to Colombia.
17. Viridicans-Group.
Th. viridicans Fldr. (149 f) is above lustrous green with very broad black margins, beneath almost
exactly marked and coloured as barajo (149 e), only the white line close before the border is absent. Colombia.
Th. barajo Reak. (= desdemona Hew.) (149 e) is above lustrous sky-blue and very much distinguished
by the polished spot in the costal half of the hindwing above; the 9 is duller and more greenish-blue with the
marking shining through from beneath. The under surface is brown, each wing traversed by 4 white transverse
lines converging towards the proximal angle; fringes white. From Mexico to Panama, everywhere very common.
Th. laothoé Godm. & Salv. (149 g) greatly resembles the preceding, though it has broader dark
distal margins and dark fringes, as well as a somewhat more greenish tinge of the upper surface, the polished
spot of the hindwings being absent besides. Beneath there is little difference, at the anal angle of the hindwing
more black at most. The scales of the forehead are turned upwards, in barajo downwards. Costa Rica, Guatemala.
Th. oceia Godm. & Salv. (149 g) resembles laothoé so much that the authors themselves thought a
specific separation to be doubtful. It is above greener, the margins much narrower, the fringes white; beneath
the white bands of the hindwings are narrower. Costa Rica and Panama.
Th. theia Hew. (= aethesa Hew. pro p.) (150 c¢, d) we join here, though it deviates greatly. g above
lustrous green; 2 somewhat bluer and duller with broad black margins. Under surface grey with black transverse
lines being similarly arranged as in the preceding. In front of the border of the hindwing 3 orange-yellow spots.
Apparently very rare, but it has been found from Panama to Bolivia.
Th. erybathis Hew. (150 a) presumably also belongs to this group. Above almost like barajo (149 e),
but without the polished spot and with broader margins of the wings; the tails are much broader, the whole
animal very delicate, in the Q the marking beneath shines through above, the under surface being exactly like
that of battus (150 a) except the anal lobe being white, not orange. Not rare in Mexico, nor in Honduras.
18. Gibberosa-Group.
Th. gibberosa Hew. (149g 3, not 2). Very conspicuous by the hunch-shaped projection of the costal
margin of the forewing in the g, which is absent in the 2. The wings are white, with a lustrous bluish-green
tinge in the basal half of the forewing and the basal half of the costa of the hindwing, the marking beneath
shines through above. The Q is entirely white with broad black margins. Colombia, Bolivia. — f. tomlinsoni
Dre. (149 f, g, 3, not 2) has been described from Peru, the whole wing being above covered by an opalescent
bluish-green.
Th. phydela Hew. (149f). Gg above sky-blue, the hindwings distally white, the margins of the forewing
rather broadly black, the 9 all white; in both sexes the black transverse bands beneath shine through above. —
In dealbata form. nov. (149 g) the whole hindwing is blue. Both the forms fly in Brazil.
Th. numen Drc. (149 e, f) is, according to the description; a good species, since the lower median
vein of the forewing beneath is vesicularly inflated in its proximal half, like in gibberosa, which is not the case
in phydela which it otherwise resembles very much. It is much larger, the forewings and the basal halves of
the hindwings opalescent bluish-green, in the 9 entirely white, also beneath nearly the same markings. Roraima
(Brit. Guiana).
tl
Publ. 6. XII. 1919. THECLA. By Dr. M. Drauvpr.
“I
Or
es)
19. Ematheon-Group.
Th. ematheon Cr. (149d, e) is an extremely rare species of which only 2 specimens have become ematheon.
known hitherto, and most peculiarly from Surinam and Peru, so that it is certainly a very widely distributed
animal. Above deep-blue, on the forewing in the disc a purple-violet reflection with a very large black discal
spot; distal margin narrowly black. Beneath, the black ground exhibits white and brown irroration.
Th. busa Godm. & Salv. (149d) is above somewhat similar, deep-blue, in the disc a purple reflection, busa.
in which the large black cell-spot is situated; the margin is somewhat broader black. Beneath dark brown
with silvery-grey transverse speckles being united to broad areas behind the middle. From Mexico to Costa
Rica.
Th. perpenna Godm. & Salv. (149 e) from Panama is much smaller and of lighter colours with a perpenna.
broad black apex of the forewing and a smaller discal spot without the spot at the cell-end.
Th. undulata Hew. (149 e). Above lustrous green like viridicans (149 f), without the scent-spot, beneath undulata.
marked almost just like busa, but lighter brown. The 9 is above a little duller and bluer with broader blackish-
brown margins. Lying before me from Colombia and Brazil (Itaituba).
20. Tolmides-Group.
Th. tolmides F/dr. (149 a) is allied to the.preceding group and forms the transition to the aegides- tolmides.
group. Above lustrous blue with moderately broad black distal margins. In the black anal part of the hindwing
we notice the beginnings of a blue marginal line. Beneath greyish-brown with very similar linear markings
like those of the following group, in the basal part darker. The nomenclatural type occurs more to the south
than the form hyas Godm. & Salv. (149 b) from Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama. Tne ¢ of it has hyas.
above much narrower black margins and is beneath more chestnut-brown, the linear markings are less distinctly
prominent.
Th. danaus Fidr. (149 b) likewise closely approaches to this type, though it might also better form danaus.
a group for itself. Above more greenish-blue. Beneath blackish-grey with-bluish-white linear markings: on the
forewings only one oblique, bent line behind the cell, the margin somewhat darker; the proximal line of the
hindwing is removed inwards in the broad subcostal area, the distal one gets jaggy towards the anal part, the
space between it and the somewhat darkened margin is slightly dusted in whitish. The anal lobe is split off
like in the lisws-group. Colombia, Bolivia, Peru.
Th. tityrus Fldr. (149b) is above radiantly greenish-blue, the broad black margin sharply defined. tityrus.
Beneath brown; on the forewing 2 white postdiscal lines, disappearing in the whitish proximal margin, the
proximal one forms proximally an acute angle in the submedian area, the distal one is a little broader. Hindwing
before and in the centre with 2 white lines, the latter forms at the proximal angle a distinct W.then the costal
margin up to the lower median vein is followed by a coherent band of a magnificent deep carmine colour, on
both sides bordered by white, next to it between the median veins a black spot; in front of the border yet
a fine white line. Lying before me from Colombia, from the Rio Negro.
Th. appula Hew. (149) which we include here is apparently very rare; it is compared with danaus appula.
by Hewrrson, but it differs greatly from all those known, exhibiting also resemblances to phoenissa (152 e)
or havila (148 b). Before me is also a 2 which is above duller blue than the g which exhibits a small black
scent-spot in the upper cell-corner, with broader black margins. Beneath light brown, the space between the
two proximal white lines somewhat darkened, behind it extensively dusted in whitish. Colombia, Venezuela
and Bolivia.
21. Aegides-Group.
Th. aegides Fidr. (148h) is above blue with rather broad black margins without a sexual spot; caegides.
in front of the border of the hindwing is, particularly distinct in an anal direction, a bluish-white line; fringes
orange-brown; the 2 is of somewhat duller colours. The under surface is cinnamon-red with 3 fine bluish-white
transverse lines proceeding on the forewing from somewhat thicker and more purely white costal spots: on the
hindwing, close before the border, there is a fourth, similar line; anal lobe black interspersed with cinnamon-
brown scales; above it the proximal margin is somewhat sinuous and here there is a thicker white spot. Vene-
zuela, Colombia. — form. amplitudo Drc. (149 b) has only half as broad black margins and a violet tinge in amplitudo.
the blue; it is the form flying in Ecuador. — On the contrary, the form flying more to the north in Central
America (Mexico and Guatemala), furina Godm. & Salv. (148 h), has much broader distal margins and a darker, furina.
more blackish-brown under surface.
Th. cyda Godm. & Salv. (148h) resembles barba (149a) above by the very broad black distal cyda.
margins and the lustrous blue colour; beneath it scarcely differs from aegides; both sexes are equally coloured.
Costa Rica.
Vv 95
dignota.
comde.
ion.
extrema.
barba.
auda.
chlamydem.
sala.
maraches.
salaeides.
peonida.
754 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
Th. dignota sp. nov. (153 b) differs from aegides (148h) by a rather large, round, greyish-brown
scent-spot at the cell-end, a very sharp apex of the forewing, below which the distal margin looks almost concave,
red-brown fringes and tail; the anal lobe is likewise quite red-brown, in its centre pupilled with some greenish-
silvery scales, the fringes at it partly white; the bluish-white line in front of the border is absent altogether.
Beneath, on the cinnamon-brown ground-colour, are the same transverse lines, but they are fine black, strewn
with silvery-grey scales and only towards the costa of the forewings somewhat broader and whiter; the third,
counting from the base, is regular and sharply dentate with distally concave bows. Described according to
a ¢ from Bogotaé (Coll. Fasst).
Th. comae Drc. (149 a) forms the transition to the following species by the 3 forewing exhibiting
a large discal spot of modified scales of an oval shape, which, however, stands out against the colour of the
wings only in an oblique exposure to light; besides this the species resembles above aegides (148 h); the under
surface is more blackish-brownish, the line-marking otherwise very similar, but on the forewings, subapically,
are the beginnings of a 4th line and on the hindwings, between the median veins and in front of the black-
pupilled anal lobe, are 2 black spots in light, reddish surroundings. Colombia (Muzo; Rio Aguaca Valley).
Th. ion Dre. (149a) has the same, hardly noticeable scent-spot, is somewhat lighter, more
greenish-blue and has much narrower, black distal margins. Beneath like the preceding, but the ¢ has an opales-
cent blue discal spot of the forewing. Colombia. — From Medina (East Colombia) there is a $ before me (from
the Coll. Fassi) which I should like to include here provisionally as a subform; extrema form. nov. (153 b).
Tt is above still lighter, greenish silvery-blue, entirely without a black distal margin, the discal spot is above
still larger and beneath the whole forewing is opalescent blue, so that there remain of the transverse lines only
3 minute white spots at the costal margin.
Th. barba Drc. (149 a) has narrower wings than the other representatives of the group, above very
broad black margins and beneath on the forewings only one bluish-white transverse line crossing the disc; on
the hindwings the basal transverse line is only indicated by a costal marginal streak, the marginal line is absent
altogether. Colombia (Muzo; Rio Aguaca Valley).
Th. auda Hew. (149 b, c) is a somewhat smaller species, above more violettish-blue with broad black
margins; beneath greyish-brown with quite a similar linear marking as the preceding species, but in front of
the border of the hindwing are 2 undulate, parallel, light lines, between them, at the anal angle, 3 black, triang-
ular spots being above bordered by orange-red. Occurring in Colombia and common, but it also lies before
me from Lino (Panama) from the Coll. Fasst.
Th. chlamydem Drc. (149 c,d) is perhaps only a form of auda; above more indigo-blue with broader
black margins; beneath, on both wings, the distal white transverse lines are more distinct, and on the hindwings
the discal markings are doubled by proximally white dusting. Peru, at an altitude of 5 to 6000 ft.
Th. sala Hew. (159 a). We herewith include some species exhibiting at the same time close relations
with the coelicolor-group following later on. Sala is above dull violettish-blue, on the forewings with broad
blackish-brown margins, on the hindwings very narrowly margined with the fringes parted by white towards
the anal angle. Beneath dark brown, in the 3-disc of the forewing with a slight steel-blue shine. The marking
is similar to that of auda (149 b, c), but on both wings the basal transverse lines are absent, and the post-discal
of the hindwing runs almost straight from the costal margin to the lower median vein. Colombia.
Th. maraches Drc. (159 a) is very similar, above more lustrous steel-blue, the shape of the wings as
in epopea (157 c) and the tails as fine as they are there. Beneath not so red-brown, more blackish-brown, the
lines clear and distinctly light-blue, much straighter, on the forewings at the costal margin more moved apart,
continued to the proximal margin, the submarginal on the lowest subcostal vein distally obtuse-angled. On
the hindwings the postdiscal begins also much further towards the base, at the anal angle there are only 2 deep
brown-red spots. Colombia (Cafion del Tolima, Fasst).
Th. salaeides sp. nov. (159 a) is very closely allied to sala, but it is above of a lustrous ultramarine-
blue, the margins and apex only half as broad and jet-black, the shape like sala, but the tails very fine. Beneath
almost just the same as sala, but on the forewings the postdiscal. makes a deep bend towards the base,
below the lower median vein; on the hindwings it begins at the costal margin more towards the base, and there
is a second, dusty-white lunular line in front of the border; 3 red anal lunae. Colombia: Pacho (Fasst).
Th. peonida sp. nov. (159 a) likewise greatly approximates the preceding species, above brilliantly
metallic sky-blue, with a broad black apex and distal margin of the forewing, a similar costal margin of the
hindwing, and a narrow distal margin; in the anal lobe a short white line; the base of the fringes in that lobe
also white. Beneath very much like salaeides, distinguished by a short metallic-blue stripe in the disc of the
y
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 755
hindwing near the base; only one red eye-spot between the tails, between it and the black anal spot white
dusting. Colombia: Rio Aguaca Valley (Fasst).
Th. aurorina sp. nov. (159 a) is undoubtedly the most magnificent species of this group, above almost
like aurora, radiantly light-blue with a large blackish-brown scent-spot filling up nearly the whole cell, and
a moderately broad black apex, the margins otherwise very narrow black. Beneath blackish-brown, at the proxi-
mal margin of the forewing somewhat lighter, marked like coelicolor (157 b), but the lines beautifully light-blue,
on the forewings bent uniformly; on the hindwings, in front of the border, indistinct darker spots in the spaces
between; only one red spot of the tail. Colombia: Cafion del Tolima; Quindiu Pass (Fasst).
Th. thargelia Burm. (159 a) is closely allied to this group, though greatly deviating. Above plainly
greyish-brown, the 3 with a blue disc, on the hindwing the black marginal line is proximally whitishly bordered
towards the anal. Beneath just as dark greyish-brown with whitish postdiscals being proximally finely bordered
by black, on the hindwings running straight from before the middle of the costal margin to the lower median
vein close in front of the border, in order to form towards the inner-margin a very high, pointed W: the sub-
marginals are far off from the border, broader black, proximally white, analwards there are behind it 2 large
orange, black-pupilled spots. The marginal line distinct, proximally on the hindwings very fine white. Fringes
whitish. Abdomen beneath ochreous-yellow. Argentina.
Th. cadmus Fidr. (149 c) has, like the following, a much rounder shape of the wings, above in the
basal half of a radiant greenish-blue, outside blackish-brown, before the anal angle with the beginnings of a
blue marginal line. The Q is a little duller, more silvery. The under surface is red-yellow, again with the same
light-blue linear markings which, however, are here much more dentate, particularly on the hindwings. Common
in Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela, Guiana.
Th. timaeus F/dr. (149 c) is above bluer, the apex of the forewing somewhat more pointed, the tails
shorter. Beneath, the forewings have only one bluish-white transverse line, and at the apex there are 1 or 2
white dots, the lines on the hindwing are not so dentate, running more uniformly. Colombia, Bolivia.
Th. petelina Hew. (149 d) not lying before me is placed here. Above very much like the two preceding
ones. Beneath red-brown, on both wings a white discal streak, behind it 3 white transverse lines; on the hind-
wing, besides, a moon-shaped spot near the base, in the centre a light-blue macular band and behind it a broad
red-brown, white-bordered band; the spot of the tail and the anal spot brown, proximally bordered by light-
yellow. From Costa Rica and Panama.
22. Havila-Group.
Th. adamsi Dre. (148h) is difficult to place; as it is compared with havila by the author, it may
be placed here, although it has no scent-spot and has 2 tails, for which reason it would have perhaps been better
placed to the aegides- or danaus-group (p. 753). Above lustrous greenish-blue, towards the margin more purple:
distal margin narrow black. Beneath chocolate-brown with bluish-white lines. Peru.
Th. havila Hew. (148) is not well recognizable from Hrwrrson’s figure being copied here. The
3 is above deep ultramarine-blue, towards the margin cf a purple lustre. Scent-spot oblong, double, the part
in the cell browner than the blackish part behind it; anterior angle of the hindwing particularly broad black.
The under surface is greyish brown with 3, towards the anal angle somewhat convergent lines of a blue scaled
striation, those towards the margin broader and more faded; between the median veins of the hindwing a
small red-yellow, black-margined eye-spot. Abdomen beneath orange-yellow. Colombia.
Th. margaritacea sp. nov. (153 b). Upper surface light greenish-blue, with a mother-of-pearl gloss,
entirely without the black margin, only the fringes blackish grey. The brown scent-spot small, procumbert-
oval, pointed at both ends, behind the cell. Hindwings remarkably long-stretched; in the specimen before
me there is only one tail, but there seems to have been a short small ¢ail also at the upper median vein. Under
surface of the forewings opalescent greenish-blue with a narrow, blackish-grey costal margin and apex,
the place of the scent-spot prominent as a small hunch; hindwings blackish-grey, sparsely strewn with green,
in the cell and towards the proximal margin covered with long hair. A little before the middle of the costal
margin, in the subcostal space, a bluish-green ‘streak-spot; in front of the border 3 rather closely adjacent,
bluish-green silvery lines, indistinct, consisting only of scattered, single scales. Anal lobe as in danaus (149 b),
to which it may also be allied, somewhat split. 1 g from Muzo, Colombia. (Coll. Fasst.)
Th. celelata Hew. (149 c) is likewise a species difficult to place. Above something like cadmus (149),
beneath brown, marked like havila (148 b), but on each of the wings one whitish line nearer to the base: the
costal margin of the forewing is strewn with white, all the white lines broad, somewhat faded and strewn with
brown. Described from Brazil.
aurorina.
thargelia.
cadmus
timaeus
petelina
adamsi.
havila.
margart
celelata.
ta-
cea.
platyptera.
circinata.
sapho.
eronos.
trochus.
thara.
eunus.
gigantea.
linus.
756 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
23. Platyptera-Group (Micandra Schaiz).
Th. platyptera Fldr. (153 c) according to our present conception, is not to be separated from Thecla,
regarding the genus. In the scheme of markings beneath it offers close resemblances to cadmus (149 c) and
may, therefore, be placed here. Above like zon (149 a), also with a similar large scent-spot reaching further
towards the base only in the cell. Beneath the forewing is of a brilliant blue, the proximal margin whitish-
grey, the costal margin and distal margin narrowly black. Hindwings without tails, black with 4 very
fine dentate lines consisting of single, scattered bluish-white scales; in xa of the border are somewhat larger
double-spots. Colombia, Venezuela, Peru.
Th. circinata Hew. (149d) we also place here, as it is beneath marked exactly like timaeus (149 ¢),
although it looks above quite differently: deep ultramarine-blue, with a black margin occupying almost half
the forewing, the untailed hindwings are only at the costal-marginal angle somewhat broader black, the distal
margin being narrow. Costal margin whitish-grey, below it a large, dark blue scent-spot strewn with black.
Beneath the ground-colour is blackish-grey, the lines light-blue; the forewing exhibits an opalescent blue discal
spot. Colombia, Bolivia. The species at the same time shows close relations with the following group.
Th. sapho Stgr. (146 c) has been placed to Micandra by the author without the reasons being
mentioned, but it seems much rather to be a T’heorema. It was described from Colombia and has hitherto appa-
rently not been found any more.
24. Eronos-Group.
Th. eronos Dre. (153 c) is above magnificently peacock-blue with a darker apical third of the fore-
wing, without ascent-spot and tails; the lower median vein of the hindwing is set with long hair. Beneath, the
forewing is in the disc of an extensive opalescent blue, the hmdwing almost black, strewn with scales of a greenish
reflection, and with 2 similar, undulated, quite indistinct transverse lines. Colombia.
Th. trochus Drc. (153) is very similar, but above brilliantly green and beneath on the hindwings
lighter with more distinct light transverse lines and a red, black-pupilled spot between the median veins. On
the forewings the opalescent-blue colour is confined to the part round the median veins behind the cell. Colombia
(Pacho, Muzo, Rio Aguaca Valley).
25. Thara-Group.
Th. thara Hew. (= ivelia Gosse) (153c). The 3 is above magnificently light ultramarine-blue, the
2 somewhat more greenish with a broad black apex of the forewing. Beneath brownish-grey with 2 rows of
white, proximally darker-bordered lunular spots behind the middle, both wings with a white discal streak, the
hindwings towards the base below the costal margin with an additional white streak-spot; the proximal white
line forms a pointed W at the proximal margin of the hindwing, the surroundings of the distal line are here
more or less strewn with bluish; anal spot black, above bordered by white, between the tails a black spot bordered
above by orange. Brazil (Rio, Sta. Catharina).
Th. eunus G. & S. (153d) is coloured and marked just the same on both surfaces and has also
beneath the same black scent-spot at the base of the forewing below the median, but the costal margin of the
hindwing is bent more convex and on the upper surface is a lustrously polished scent-spot like in barajo (149 e)
below the costal margin at the base of the hindwing. From Guatemala to Colombia (Muzo).
26. Gigantea-Group.
Th. gigantea Hew. (153d). I know only from Hewirson’s description and figure. Above light-blue
with brownish-black veins and margins and a very large discal spot. Beneath reddish-brown with cell-spots
and dentate lines which are bordered by white on the forewings only distally, on the hindwings on both sides;
in front of the border is yet a brownish, preximally white-bordered macular band, and at the anal angle 2 black
spots being bordered above by red-yellow. Para.
27. Linus-Group (Arawacus Kaye).
Th. linus #. (= lincus Godt., aetolus Cr., amelia Hbst.) (150 c) is above white with the marking showing
through from beneath, a broad blackish-brown distal margin and 2 similar lines in front of the border of the
hindwi ing. The § exhibits, below and behind the cell, a large, roundish scent-spot which mostly sends forth
yet a tiny spot into the lower cell-corner and which, in contrast with the following species, always ends roundish
outside on the lower median vein. Beneath there are 5 black stripes being convergent towards the proximal
angle on the hindwing; the proximal and distal margins are orange, the latter colour bordered by the fifth
black stripe running near and parallel to the distal margin, the two next ones approximating each other. Anal
angle black with 4 white dots. Colombia, Venezuela, Amazon, Bolivia.
ns ae
~I
or
~I
THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupr.
Th. togarna Hew. (150 b,c) is very similar, mostly somewhat smaller; the very variable scent-spot
is more triangular, on the veins, interrupting it by their light colour, it is distally produced taperingly, particularly
on the lower median vein. Beneath, on the hindwings, there are only 4 black stripes not parallel to the distal
margin, the orange border not defined by black, the two next stripes do not approximate each other more than
the others; the anal angle is mostly much lighter in typical specimens. — linceides form. nov. (150 c¢). I deno-
minate a larger, robust form resembling linus still more by its broader black beneath, and also above the discal
spot it is larger and is almost or entirely confluent with the marginal band. This latter form flies more in Colom-
bia and Ecuador, the type being widely distributed from Mexico to Bolivia.
Th. aethesa Hew. (150c) is an extremely rare species from Bahia resembling linus almost entirely
in the marking beneath, but the ground of the wings above and beneath is reddish-brown instead of white.
Th. leucogyna Fldr. (150 b) resembles in the 2 above the linus- and togarna-29, but it has an orange-
yellow anal spot of the hindwings; the ¢ is above dark violettish-blue. Under surface creamy-white with fine
black lines, an orange anal-angle spot of the hindwings and in the g with a large black scent-spot below the
cell of the forewing. Colombia.
Th. phaea G. & S. (= sito Btlr. & Dre. nec Bsd.) (150 b) is most similar to the preceding, the
3g more bluish-grey, paler, the costal margin of the hindwing, and mostly a spot between the blue and the apex
of the forewing, are whitish, the 2 usually has a broader blackish-brown distal margin and on the hindwing
mostly 2 distinct dark lines in front of the border (/ewcogyna is marked either without these lines at all or only
with the beginnings of them at the anal angle). Beneath in the g the black scent-spot has a narrower and brown
border, in the form phaenna Godm. & Salv. quite chestnut-red. Central America (Honduras to Panama).
Th. sito Bsd. (149 h) is above bluish-grey also in the 9, the f lustrous violettish-blue, easily discernible
from the preceding by the polished scent-spot on the hindwing above near the costal margin, the one on the
forewing beneath being bordered by orange-yellow approaching red-brown. Mexico to Nicaragua.
Th. melibaeus F. (= eurysides Hhn.) (150d) resembles the preceding above, but without the large
orange-red anal spot; beneath the ground-colour is yellowish, the lines are finer and towards the costal margin
they are traversed by the fine, black veins. Brazil.
Th. azaria Hew. (149 h) presumably belongs to the same group as the following, though it is above
blackish-brown with a white, rounded median band and only little blue towards the base and in the disc of
the hindwing. Beneath the black bands are much broader, more than in battus (150 a), entirely flown together
at the base of the forewing. Patria unknown.
Th. pedusa Hew. (149 h) is above blackish-brown with a small round discal spot, the disc of the
hindwing blue, at the anal angle an orange spot. The under surface is blackish brown with narrow silvery-
white stripes. The 9 is above lighter and more reddish brownish-grey. Amazon.
28. Umbratus-Group.
Th. umbratus Hon. According to Htpnur’s figure, the butterfly has about the shape of laothoé
(149 g), but it is smaller, only about half as large as perpenna (149 e). The wings are of a bright lustrous
cyanide-blue above, the forewings with a broad, the hindwings with a narrower black margin; the scent-spot
of the g whitish. The under surface is dirty leaden-grey; the forewing with 2 parallel, the hindwing with 3
analwards convergent transverse stripes; before the apex of the hindwing a rusty-red, oval spot. Is stated
to originate from Yucatan.
Th. parthenia Hew. (150 h) exhibits in its whole shape and scheme of markings also relations to
the loxurina-group. Above lustrous blue with an oval scent-spot and a broad black apical part of both wings.
The under surface is sooty grey, on the forewing with a dark-brown, faded band behind the centre and another
one in front of the border. Hindwings speckled in black, in the basal part with several dark indefinite spots,
a median band being pointedly broken towards the anal angle and in front of the border a series of small
brownish spots. From Mexico to Nicaragua.
Th. catadupa Hew. (153 e) is unknown to me in nature, but seems to approximate the two preceding
ones. Above lustrous blue with broad black margins, without a scent-spot; hindwing with a broad tail and a
large anal lobe. Beneath greyish-brown, on the hindwings darker. Forewing with a broad brown band behind
the centre and a narrower band in front of the border, both bordered by white on both sides; the hindwing
exhibits 3 bands being equally distant from each other. Ecuador.
Th. chaluma Schs., according to the description, seems to me the least unfit to be placed here. Above
the basal 74 of the forewings and the hindwings are dull violettish-blue, distally black. Hindwing with a velvety-
logarna.
lincoides.
aethesa.
leucogyna.
phaea.
phaenna.
sito.
melibaeus.
azaria.
pedusa.
unbratus.
parthenia.
catadupa.
chaluma.
loxurina.
quindiensis.
atymnides.
cillutinea-
rae.
fassli.
amatista.
aty mna.
catrea.
dissentanea.
arria.
hybla.
758 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravnr.
black marginal line, proximally tinged whitish with a long broad tail. Beneath dull greyish-brown; forewing
with a broad, distally whitish-dusted median shade, a similar one in front of the border and in front of it another
one interrupted by the veins. Hindwing with a broad dark-brown median shade, the broadest in the cell, strewn
with some bluish-white scales, and a narrower distal shade being dentate on the veins; in front of the border
a broad, brown band being analwards dusted in grey, on the border a black line, Expanse of wings: 31 mm.
Sta. Catharina.
29. Loxurina-Group.
Th. loxurina Fldr. (150 g) is an extremely variable species. In the typical form as it flies e. g. near
Bogota, but also on the Cuesta of Cillutincara in Bolivia at an altitude of 3500 m, it is above deep violettish-
blue with a rather broad black apex and distal margin and a small greyish-brown scent-spot in the upper cell-
corner; the costal margin and the fringes are red-brown. The @ is duller, more greyish-blue with a much broader
apex and distal margin; the tail and anal lobe deep red-brown, strewn with whitish scales. The under surface
is dark cherry-coloured, strewn with bluish-white scales, so that particularly on the hindwings towards the
anal part a violettish shade is created, with a red-brown line behind the centre, forming an acute angle on the
lower median vein on the hindwing; in front of the border on both wings a series of small purple-brown spots.
According to the locality, the occurrence of red creates a very different appearance: On the Quindiu Pass (3800 m)
in the Colombian Central Cordilleras there appears at first a red colour towards the apex of the forewing, at
the costal angle of the hindwing and at the anal angle (= quindiensis form. nov. 153 e), being extended to an
almost entirely red upper surface, so that there remains only a black triangular spot in the middle of the costal
margin of the forewing, by which the specimens resemble almost atymna (150g): atymnides form. nov. (153 e}.
Beside the typical form there is another form in Bolivia at an altitude of 3000 m: cillutinearae form. nov. (153 e)
in which most strangely the red occurs at the anal angle of the fore- and hindwings. Finally, on the Monte Socorro
(West Cordilleras) at an altitude of 3500 m, the hindwings are more or less red, the forewings remain blue:
fassli Drc. (= socorrensis Dgn. i. |.) (153 e). Perhaps the two last forms are to be separated as a species of their
own.
Th. amatista Dogn. (= candor Dre.) (150h) is very similar, smaller, with a darker, duller violet
above; the anal part of the hindwing is extended to a short tail, a lobe is entirely absent. Beneath the whole
basal half of the forewing is greyish-brown. Peru and Colombia.
Th. atymna Hew. (150 ¢) is likewise similar, but without a scent-spot, the g deep violettish-blue,
the 2 is brown-orange. Beneath the forewings exhibit a dark cell-streak, both wings in front of the border
another dark band. Tail and anal lobe as in Joxurina. Ecuador, Bolivia.
Th. catrea Hew. (150g) is presumably allied, as the shape of the hindwings corresponds with loxurina,
but they are broader. Above radiantly blue with a bread black apex, beneath deep red-brown, strewn with
white scales forming on the forewings behind the cell an indistinct short transverse line, on the hindwings in
the centre a rectangularly broken dentate line. behind it yet a light shade: costal angle somewhat lighter brownish;
below the costal margin, before the middle, there is yet a black, bluish-white-pupilled spot. Abdomen above
blue, beneath orange-brownish. Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
Th. dissentanea sp. nov. (153 e). Shape of the wings as in amatista. Forewing yellowish-brownish,
towards the base somewhat dusted in a light lilac-blue; hindwings light lilac-blue with a narrow brownish distal
margin, fringes white; in the basal area the dark under surface gleams through. Beneath the forewings are
greyish-brownish in the basal two thirds, on the lower median vein distally standing forth; marginal area white,
at the proximal angle more yellowish with a narrow greyish-brown border and a similar line in front of it. Hind-
wing in the basal half blackish-grey, strewn with yellow and with white hair, particularly towards the proximal
margin; distal area white, on the lower radial extending into the cell like a tooth; distal margin with the tail
and a stripe before it being distinct only at the costal angle, are of the same colour as the basal part. Described
according to 2 gg from Cuzco (Peru). (Coll. Fasst).
30. Arria-Group.
Th. arria Hew. (153 f). Above dull greyish-brown, beginning from the median of the forewing greyish-
blue, also in the disc of the hindwing; along the upper cell-edge of the forewing a narrow, long scent-spot. Anal
angle of the hindwing somewhat advanced, without a tail. Beneath greyish-brownish, densely dusted in white;
forewing at the proximal margin, beginning from the median, in the basal half shining greenish-blue, behind
the middle with a yellow-brownish stripe; hindwing in front and behind the middle with just the same dentate
lines and discal stripe. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.
Th. hybla Dre. (153, f) is larger, above with a more brilliant and more extensive greenish-blue,
without a scent-spot. On the under surface the dentate lines are purple-red and the surface of the wings is
sparsely strewn with red, particularly towards the base; on the forewing, in the cell, there is a greenish-blue
stripe, below it is an opalescent olive colour. Described from Ecuador.
asia
~I
Or
Neo)
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpv.
Th. adunca sp. nov. (153 g) lying before me only in one 9 is undoubtedly closely allied to hybla, though
it has remarkably narrow forewings with a rectangular apex and very long-stretched hindwings with a concave
costal margin and a long anal part being curved inwards. Above lustrous violettish-blue, on the forewings
also above the cell, the costal margin narrow, the distal margin broad black. Costal angle of the hindwing
broad blackish-brown, gradually tapering to the anal apex. Beneath the forewings are brownish-grey, with
red scales at the cell-end; far behind the middle a darker undulate transverse band interspersed with red scales,
extending as far as the lower median vein and being distally white-scaled like the outermost marginal area
in front of which there are red crescentiform spots. Hindwings of a purer grey, strewn with red scales, with two
strongly dentate red transverse lines and between them a red discal streak; the distal transverse line is distally
tinged in white, running from the distal third of the costal margin in a straight direction as far as down to the
submedian fold close in front of the border and then bending round acute-angled to the proximal angle, as
it is the case in loxurina. The marginal part is, particularly towards the costal margin, lighter whitish, on
the ends of the veins are thick black-red dots. Monte Tolima (Colombian Central Cordilleras at an altitude
of 3200 m) in the Coll. Fasst.
Th. mirma Hew. (153 f) differs from arria by the absence of the scent-spot, above in the ¢ entirely
brown forewings which are dusted in a greenish bluish-grey in the Q. The under surface is browner with but
one brown dentate line on the hindwings, behind it brightened up by reddish-white. Colombia. Peru.
Th. tyrrius Dre. (153 f, g) is to be separated from the preceding by the light-brown oblong scent-spot
at the cell-end; above otherwise similar. Beneath brownish-grey strewn with dark-red scales, with the same
dentate line behind the middle and an obsolete row of moonspots in front of the border; in the disc of the forewing,
as in the preceding, an opalescent blue stripe. Ecuador.
Th. mishma Hew. (153 f) has above brilliant metallic-blue wings with broad, blackish-brown distal
margins. The under surface greatly resembles that of arria, more red-brown, the dentate line of the forewing
begins at the costal margin with an isolated spot. Colombia.
Th. oxida Hew. (153 f). Wings above deep violet, only the costal margin of the hindwing of a some-
what purer blue with a very narrow scent-scale-stripe. along the upper cell-edge of the forewing. Fringes
blackish-grey. Beneath likewise marked very much like the preceding, darker brownish-grey, strewn with
red, the dentate lines more interrupted, not so coherent, in the 3 below the cell of the forewing opalescent blue.
Ecuador, Peru.
Th. schausa Jones (153f). The g 1s above black, the cell and submedian area metallic purple blue,
behind the cell with a small scent-spot, the anal angle of the hindwing tan-coloured, fringes grey. Under surface
more purple-brown, thickly strewn in red with red dentate lines, a red marginal band and a tan-coloured border;
the forehead is red, too. The @ is of a duller blue, with a broader black border. Brazil. (Castro, Sao Paulo.)
Th. aurugo sp. nov. (153 g) resembles oxida above by the deep violet colour, but it has no scent-scales
along the subcostal, the distal margin is narrower black, the fringes orange-brownish. On the under surface the
wings are very conspicuously lemon-coloured, strewn with red scales, and with similar, though not no very
dentate transverse lines. Nearly the whole proximal margin of the forewings inclusive of the lower cell-half
is of an opalescent greyish-green colour, the abdomen beneath orange-brownish; the basal half of the proximal
margin of the hindwing is more greyish-brown. According to 2 §g from Cuzco (Peru) from the Coll. Fasst.
Th. commodus Fldr. (153 g) to a certain degree approximates hybla and especially adunca. The
shape of the hindwings like in the latter. Above lustrous greenish-blue with very broad blackish-brown margins;
beginning from the distal half of the cell the blue colour warms into a deep metallic olive-green towards the
apex. Beneath the scheme of markings is likewise similar; on the hindwings the two dentate lines are separated
at the costal margin by a large, olive-greenish or yellowish triangular spot; the marginal area is olive-green
with small, purple-brown spots in front of the border in whitish-grey rings, being proximally mounted by
angular spots of the same colour. Colombia.
Th. elongata Hew. (150 f) is likewise another specialisation of the same group. The blackish-brown
forewings are only below the cell strewn with metallic blue, at the cell-end is the hardly noticeable large black
scent-spot. Hindwings in the inner-marginal half somewhat more extensively blue. Beneath blackish-brown,
at the proximal margin and border of the forewing lighter, almost whitish, with several, irregularly undulate,
dark lines. The hindwings appear marbled by densely strewn light scales and exhibit several very irregularly
dentate transverse lines. Marginal line distinctly black. From Ecuador and Bolivia.
Th. bilix sp. nov. (153 ¢) approximates mishma. Above lustrous metallic-blue with broad black
margins and apex, costa and fringes red-brown; hindwing with a long-extended anal angle and equally long
tail on the lower median vein. Beneath greyish-brown, strewn with red, with transverse lines consisting of
incoherent lunular spots, on the forewings 2 close in front of the border, on the hindwing 3 equally distant from
each other; each wing exhibits red discal transverse streaks; the inner-marginal blue is abseut. Described
according to a g from the Rio Aguaca Valley (Colombia) from the Coll. Fasst.
31. Goleta-Group.
adunca.
mirma.
lyrrius.
mishma.
oxida.
schausa.
aurugo.
commodus.
elongata.
bilix.
Th. goleta Hew. (154 e) is immediately recognizable by the peculiar shape of the wings with the goleta.
deep concave indenture between the median and radial veins of the forewing, and by the long-stretched anal
crambusa.
binangula.
bolima.
culminicola.
alatus.
anosma.
augustus.
iroides.
immaculata.
folis.
hadros.
760 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
angle of the hindwing. Above brown; beneath dull brown, on the forewing before the apex at the costal margin
a light small spot bordered on both sides by brown. Hindwings whitish, clouded in brown; a small spot at
the base of the costal margin, a broader band in the centre and an irregular marginal band dark-brown. Colombia.
Th. crambusa Hew. (154 f) is somewhat larger, of the same shape of the wings, but with a short
small tail on the lower median vein. Brown with small black spots in the anal part of the hindwing. Fringes
white, on the forewing partly brownish. Beneath very much like the preceding, somewhat more multifariously
marbled with a chestnut-brown spot bordered on both sides by whitish in the middle of the proximal margin
of the hindwing, between the median veins a rusty-yellow spot and near the anal angle greyish-white dusting.
Brazil, Bolivia.
Th. binanguia Schs. is unknown to me like the following, but presumably belongs here; the shape of
the wings is the same as in crambusa. Above dark-brown with a darker spot at the cell-end and some blue at
the base of the forewing; hindwing, except the broad brown costal margin, light-blue with a small black spot
between the median veins. Beneath greyish-brown with a dark cell- end spot bordered on both sides by white;
the witish apex is marbled in brownish-grey and proximally bordered by a brown, distally white shade. Hind-
wing with a round brown, white-ringed spot at the base of the costal margin; postdiscal double, whitish, inwardly
bordered at the costal margin and proximal margin by a white angular spot; distal margin darker, dusted in
reddish towards the anal region. Expanse of wings: 19 mm. Peru.
Th. bolima Schs. is much larger, the forewings more rounded. Above similarly coloured, but with
black spots in front of the distal margin of the hindwings. Also beneath very similar with distinct brown, white-
ringed spots in the centre of the costal-, cell- and proximal margin. Castro (Parana).
32. Culminicola-Group.
Th. culminicola Stgr. (153g). Above deep violet with black margins and a particularly broad apex.
Fringes white-speckled. STauDINGER, in his description, has overlooked the greyish-brown scent-spot at the
upper cell-end. Beneath blackish-grey, particularly distally strewn with white, with black dentate lines. The
© is above extensively light bluish-grey with a lilac shine. Colombian Andes at an altitude of 3500 to 4400 m,
also from Cuzco (Peru).
Th. alatus Dre. (153 g,h) may be a distinct species owing to the unspeckled reddish fringes. The
upper surface is lighter violettish-blue with a red lustre, the scent-spot is the same. The disc of the forewing
beneath orange. Described from North Peru (11 500 ft.).
Th. anosma sp. nov. (153h) is above quite dark-brown without a scent-spot, only the hindwings
exhibit a faint violet lustre in the disc on being obliquely exposed to the light. Fringes unspeckled, brown,
hindwing with a longer small tail at the lower median vein. The monotonously Srey Sa Os under surface
strewn with red scales, with incoherent dark lunular spots entirely resembles that of bilix. A 3 from Bogota
(3000 m) from the Coll. Fasst.
33. Irus-Group (Incisalia Minot).
Th. augustus Ay. (= augustinus Ww.) (153 h) undoubtedly is closely allied to the preceding group.
Above brown, the hindwings analwards copper-reddish. The under surface is reddish-brown, in the basal half
darker with a dark dentate median band of the hindwing and lighter, proximally darker-bordered, small triangu-
lar spots in front of the more purple-brown border. Distributed in the northern and western parts of North
America. Larva carmine-red, with short hair.
Th. iroides Bsd. is extremely allied to augustus, above not different, beneath the space behind the
postdiscals is not lighter than the border, the markings are more indistinct, the forewings almost unmarked.
Pacific States. — f. immaculata Cokle is an albino form: straw-coloured to canary-yellow, above and beneath
without any spots. A unique specimen from Kaslo in British Colombia.
Th. fotis Strecker. Size and shape of augustus (153 h); above unicolorously dark-grey. Beneath the
forewings are rather dark slate-grey; with a submarginal row of almost obsolete dark dots, a hardly distinguish-
able, irregular, darker line through the disc; inwardly from the latter the wing is strewn with lighter atoms.
In contrast with augustus, the hindwing exhibits beneath near the distal margin a white line followed by a
band which is composed of dispersed, black, small scales, proximally from it a series of round, white spots or
dots, each of which exhibits some black atoms; proximally from it a not very distinct light, dark-tinged line.
From Arizona.
Th. hadros Cook & Watson. 3 above brown, 2 bright rusty-red with a copper-lustre, towards the
margin and the base somewhat clouded. Fringes one-coloured, only near the apex with a white margin. Beneath
dark-brown, the hindwings towards the margins dusted in grey, the broadest at the anal angle, otherwise marked
like irus, mostly only faintly indicated; on the hindwings in the centre of the costal margin with a white diffuse
spot; on the forewings stands a whitish postdiscal. Expanse of wings: 32 to 38 mm. — Texas.
LINES OUEST: THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 761
Th. irs Godt. (153h) is above unicolorously greyish-brown, beneath almost just the same as the
preceding, more blackish-brown; the transverse lines of both wings have a distal white tinge a the costal margin.
In the large, more southern form arsace Bsd. there appear reddish-lustrous spots before the anal part of the
hindwings. Distributed in North America. The larva lives on the plum-tree.
Th. mossi Hdw. (= polios Cook & Watson) extremely resembles the preceding; beneath the marginal
area of the forewing is not brightened up, the dark basal area of the hindwing somewhat more extensive, distally
bordered by a fine white line which is often very broad so that it may grow to a band of the colour of a grey-
horse of about 2 mm width; the distal part is more indistinctly marked. Widely distributed from New Jersey,
New Hampshire, Nova Scotia, Colorado, Canada, Vancouver.
Th. henrici Grote ¢&} Rob. which was often disputed by American authors with respect of its right
of being regarded as a species, differs above by broad distal margins of a copper-reddish tinge; beneath the
blackish-brown basal part is sharply and very irregularly defined, often distally accompanied by a complete,
white line. From Maine to West Virginia, rather rare. The larva lives just like the preceding. — f. solatus Cook
& Watson from Texas has more uniformly coloured basal and marginal areas beneath, more chocolate-brown
and yellowish-brown, above less coppery lustre.
Th. eryphon Bsd. (154 f) is above dark brown, on the hindwings in an anal direction warming into
copper-brown, fringes white-speckled. Beneath red-brown, on the hindwings more lilac-brown with purple-
brown dentate lines, the proximal one bordered proximally by white, the distal one distaily, with similar, small
marginal spots and, in front of them, pointed, proximally black triangular spots. Distinguishable from the
following, very similar species by the postdiscal being almost rectilinear on the forewing. California, Colorado.
Th. niphon Hdn. (154f) is above and beneath extremely similar, but on the forewings beneath, the
postdiscal projects sharply outside on the lower radial vein. The larva lives on pines. Nova Scotia to Colorado.
34. Dolylas-Group.
Th. dolylas Cr. (150e). Above pale lilac-blue with very broad blackish-brown margins, in the 3
with a very large, deep rust-brown, black-margined scent-spot in the centre of the forewing. Beneath white
towards the border yellowish with several blackish and brownish-yellow transverse markings. Widely distributed ;
from Guiana, Colombia, Bolivia, the Amazon.
Th. spurius Fldr. (= dolosa Sgr.) (150f) is above, except extensively lighter hindwings, with a
broad white costal margin and quite a narrow black distal margin, almost like the preceding, but it has no
small tail and the scent-spot seems to be throughout lighter brown. Colombia.
Th. hypocrita Schs. (153 h) has neither a tail; above the blue is somewhat more extensive, the border
of the hindwing equally broad black. Beneath the proximal part of the forewing as far as the border is broad
blackish-brown, the costal base whitish, somewhat clouded in brown, the hindwings more yellow, the post-
discal and submarginal brown transverse lines are united analwards and terminate into the anal angle. Mexico,
Costa Rica.
Th. ellida Hew. (150 e) resembles the preceding above, is darker lilac-blue with a broad black apex
of the forewing, rusty-yellow to brown fringes and without a scent-spot; Hmwrrson describes such a scent-
spot, but I am unable to find it. The hindwing exhibits in front of the border, in an anal direction, 3 small
black spots. Beneath the Q is like the preceding, the 3, however, much more variegated by the deep red-brown
of the bands and of the triangular basal spot of the hindwing. Venezuela to South Brazil.
Th. malina Hew. (150 e) resembles dolylas above, but it has quite a different scent-spot: the larger
part in the cell is dark-brown, the smaller part placed obliquely above and distally from it is more greyish-
brown, the whole spot is surrounded distally by greenish-grey. Beneath brownish, towards the distal margin
reddish ochreous-yellow with several brown, narrow bands being convergent towards the anal end on the
hindwings. Brazil, Sao Paulo.
Th. palegon Cr. (= myrtillus Cr., juicha Reak.) (150d, e) is allied to the preceding species, above
silky-glossy greyish-violet with much narrower margins and only a small, but likewise double scent-spot, the
2 dull greyish-brown. Beneath the distal margin is brighter rusty-yellow, the proximal surface dusted with
violettish-grey, the bands more dentate. From Mexico to South Brazil, common.
Th. cyrriana Hew. (153h) greatly resembles the preceding according to the figure and description;
above the black distal margin and apex are entirely absent, the small scent-spot is red-brown, the tail much
smaller. Beneath the wings are marked as in palegon, but quite brown, the hindwings darker clouded, without
the rusty-yellow border. Described from Peru.
Th. nannidion Burm. is said to resemble above Th. lausus (154e) in size and colour: forewings
brown, hindwings light-blue like there, the under surface is said to approximate that of palegon, but to be
lighter grey with fainter, posteriorly shortened, brown bands without the rusty-yellow marginal part. Imme-
diately recognizable by the very long, 3rd palpal joint. Argentina (Corrientes).
A 96
iTus.
arsace.
MOSSi.
henrici.
solatus.
eryphon.
niphon.
dolylas.
spurius.
hypocrita.
ellida.
malina.
palegon.
cyrriana.
nannidion.
jadi.
calesia.
dinus.
amyntor.
sicranda.
chloris.
herodotus.
acastoides.
fusius.
bertha.
pastor.
longula.
agricolor
762 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpv.
Th. jada Hew. (150f) we include here as the nearest ally of malina. Above lilac-blue with a very
broad apex of the forewing, a red-brown anal lobe and small tail, fringes white; at the cell-end a slightly visible
black streak-spot, the scent-spot being absent; the 9 is coloured just the same except a somewhat rounder
shape of the wings. Beneath yellowish-white with olive-brownish lines, similarly marked as malina. Common
in Mexico and Guatemala.
Th. calesia Hew. (150f) resembles somewhat ellida (150 e), but it might more correctly be placed
beside commodus (153 g) in the arria-group. Above greenish-blue with a broad black apex and margins with
2 rather long tails beside the extended anal lobe; without a scent-spot. Beneath red-brown with deep dark-
brown markings which are partly finely bordered by bluish-white; in the middle of the costal margin and of
the border there is one larger, light, yellowish-brown patch each. Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia.
35. Dinus-Group.
Th. dinus Hew. (150 f) is known to me only from the description and figure, for which reason
its position here is dubious. Shape about that of elongata (150 f) or commodus (153 g), above similar, without a
scent-spot. Beneath red-brown, on the forewing with a large brown triangular spot in the middle of the costal
margin, and brown spots in front of the border; hindwing clouded in a darker brown, margin more rusty-yellow,
a brown spot near the costal base and two macular bands behind the middle. Surroundings of the black anal
lobe dusted in white. Described according to a 2 from Brazil.
36. Amyntor-Group.
a) tailed species.
Th. amyntor Cr. (= menalcas Cr.) (1531). Above deep metallic indigo-blue, towards the margin
gradually warming into the moderately broad, blackish-brown margin; anal lobes red-brown. Beneath brilliantly
green, the proximal margin of the forewing grey; hindwing with a rudimentary row of lunular spots behind
the middle, dark cherry-red, to black, distally white-pupilled, mostly there is at the costal margin only one,
and analwards 3 or 4 eye-spots; between, below and above the median veins, in front of the border, are yet
3 small cherry-red spots, the one in the middle being the largest. Forehead metallic-green. Abdomen above
indigo-blue, beneath yellowish. The is in the basal half dull greyish-blue, distally blackish-brown. Mexico
to Brazil, rather rare.
Th. sicrana Jones (153i). I am unable to decide whether this animal is of a different species from
the preceding. The description coincides with it except the forehead being described as brown, with metallic-
green scales and a white spot between the antennae. The figure exhibits the hindwings beneath marked with
larger white spots nearer to the border. Castro (Parana).
Th. chloris Hew. (153 i) is described according to but 1 2; nor do I know it; it looks above alike, but,
according to the figure, it seems to have 2 longer tails and a long-stretched anal lobe; beneath the postdiscal
macular series of the hindwing is entirely black, distally not bordered by white. Brazil.
Th. herodotus F. (= leucania Hew.) (1531) is smaller, above duller indigo-blue with quite a narrow,
black margin and few scent-scales in the upper cell-corner at the rising of the uppermost radial. Beneath green,
equally, but much more finely marked than amyntor, the white macular line is mostly more complete, forehead
metallic green. From Mexico to the Amazon at altitudes of up to 3000 ft., everywhere common. — In Argen-
tina flies: acastoides Berg (= acaste Burm. nec Prittw.) differing by its larger size, the undulated brown mar-
ginal band of the hindwing beneath and a brown-tinged, white macular band.
Th. fusius Godm. & Salv. (1531) differs merely by the brown colour of the upper surface. Mexico
to Panama.
Th. bertha Jones (1531). Distal margin of the hindwing more straight, not so inflated, anal lobe
not developed. Above dull indigo-blue, beneath not to be mistaken for any other species by the peculiar, white-
dusted median band. Parana, Rio Grande do Sul.
Th. pastor Bilr. (154 a) is easily distinguishable by the uncommonly lustrous deep blue colour above,
beneath by the brown lunular spots on the margin of the hindwing. The 2° entirely resemble above those
of the other species. Mexico to Panama.
b) untailed species.
Th. longula Hew. (154a) has above the same magnificent Morpho-blue as pastor, but a somewhat
broader black margin and a longer extended anal angle. Beneath the green is tinged somewhat ochreous-
yellowish; the macular band as in herodotus (153 i), only much less visible and inwardly darker shaded; between
it-and the border there runs a second nebulous band; at the base of the hindwing is often a brown spot of a
variable size. Forehead brown, abdomen beneath yellow. The © is above dull greyish-blue, with broad
blackish-brown margins. From Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia.
Th. agricolor Bélr. (154 a). Shape of the wings similar to that of bertha; above coloured like herodotus,
beneath differing from all the others by the hindwings being broadly marked in red-brown at the base and at
the margin and being dusted in white; besides they exhibit in the centre yet a strongly undulated band. Mexico
to Panama.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 763
Th. acaste Prittw. (= lycimna Hew.) (154 a) entirely resembles herodotus (1531) except the absence
of the tail, but on the hindwing beneath, it exhibits a complete and scarcely interrupted, fine, white transverse
line, being proximally mostly tinged with cherry-red; there is often also a white discal streak. Brazil (Sao
Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Sta. Catharina).
Th. remus Hew. (154b) is above more greenish-blue; beneath the transverse band of the hindwing
consists of small red-brown spots, of which only the lowest is white-pupilled; close before the border there is
yet a row of small black, white-dusted spots. The Q is above greyish-blue, beneath more richly marked in red-
brown, as far as to the costal-marginal angle of the hindwing; also on the forewing there are behind the middle
of the costal margin small red-brown spots. Brazil.
37. Dumetorum-Group (Callophrys Billb.).
Th. dumetorum Bsd. (= viridis Hdw.) (154 b) replaces our Th. (Callophrys) rubi in North America.
Above blackish-brown, in the 3 with a smooth oval spot at the cell-end, fringes whitish, at the anal angle brown.
Beneath deep green except the proximal margin of the forewings being brownish-grey; the proximal margin
of the forewing red-yellow; both wings are traversed by a curved band of oblong, white small spots. — The
egg is deposited on the flower-buds of Hosackia argophylla, but the larva is not yet known. California, Rocky
Mountains.
Th. affinis Hdw. does not differ above, but beneath it is quite unmarked green. Utah.
Th. apama Hdw. from Arizona is above like dumetorum (154 b), beneath marked almost like castalis;
untailed. Above blackish-brown with an oval, black stigma; beneath the forewings are yellowish-brown, in
the apical area and at the costal margin golden-greenish; in the disc a transverse row of small spots consisting
of black, distally white-tinged, proximally red-brownish-tinged, small streaks. On the hindwings there is a
discal, somewhat irregular row of similar spots of which those in the costal half are moon-shaped; expanse
of wings: 27 mm.
Th. sheridanii Hdw. is the last species belonging to the ,,Callophrys‘
exclusively found in the Rocky Mountains.
G
-group. It has hitherto been
38. Janias-Group.
Th. janias Cr. (= romulus F., cecina Hew.) (154 b) is above magnificently deep ultramarine-blue
with black veins, a broad black apex and a narrower black distal margin. In the upper cell-corner in the apical
black a dark brownish-grey scent-spot. Beneath magnificently emerald-green including the thorax, legs, forehead,
palpi, borders of the eyes and shoulders. On the hindwing there is a postdiscal transverse line mostly present
only analwards and forming here a W, a spot between the median veins, the tail and the white-bordered fringes
velvety-black. In the 2 being above greyish-blue to brown, on the hindwing beneath, the black transverse line
is complete as far as the costal margin, also a large black anal spot. — In the form hassan Stoll (154b) the
black spots above are bordered by a broad orange-red. Most widely distributed from Mexico through the whole
of Central America as far as Guiana, Colombia, Bolivia, the Amazon, and South East Brazil.
Th. esmeralda Jones (154 b) is closely allied to the preceding, but it has above much broader black
margins; beneath the hindwing exhibits a fine, black, undulate postdiscal line, being the most distinct at the
proximal margin. The spot between the median veins is quite orange. The 2 is above brown with a faint lilac-
grey lustre; beneath the black undulate line is more distinct, the orange spot larger, a second one is at the anal
angle. Castro (Parana).
39. Thabena-Group (= Jaspis Kaye).
Th. thabena Hew. (154b). Above brilliant blue with a large black scent-spot in the cell of the fore-
wing, a narrow black margin and a somewhat broader apex; beneath light-grey with 2 fine transverse lines, the
proximal one inside bordered by orange, outside by white and beginning at the margin of the hindwing with
a distally arranged, large black spot, strongly dentate; anal angle extensively yellow. The & is above dark
brown, at the anal angle of the hindwing and at the proxima] margin white-spotted. Surinam to the Amazon.
Th. temesa Hew. (154 c¢) is beneath almost like thabena, but above very dark ultramarine-blue
with a brown oval discal spot. Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. talayra Hew. (154) is above brilliant-blue, bordered like thabena, but with a small scent-scale-
spot of the same colour at the upper cell-end. The under surface is lighter, almost white, the lme-markings the
same, but at the anal angle two orange-red spots. Common from Mexico to Brazil. — From Para and Espiritu
Santo the f. castitas Dre. (154 c) is described with a much duller, more greenish blue and a somewhat broader
black margin; the under surface is darker, at the anal anyle more red.
acaste
TEMUS.
dumetorum.
affinis.
apamt.
sheridanit.
janias.
hassan.
esmeralda.
thabena.
temesa.
talayra.
castilas.
beera.
exiguus.
castimonia.
pura.
meton.
phrynisca.
atesa.
mazurka.
narbal.
amplus.
ophelia.
hypsea.
stictos.
athymbra.
gemma.
764 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravprt.
Th. beera Hew. (154). More violettish-blue than the preceding with a broader black margin and
a larger scent-spot; beneath darker grey, the line-markings the same except the costal-marginal spot of the
hindwing being more streak-shaped; anal-angular spots smaller. Ecuador, Brazil.
Th. exiguus Dre. (154) is marked like the preceding, but above more indigo-blue with a greenish
tinge and without any scent-spot; beneath like the preceding. Surinam.
Th. castimonia Dre. (154) is above as blue as beera, but without the scent-spot and with but
quite a narrow black distal margin without getting broader at the apex and with a distinct red anal spot also
above; the under surface is lighter with but little red at the anal angle of the hindwing. Colombia.
Th. pura sp. nov. (154) is very well to be included here. Above unicolorously blackish-brown,
the hindwing at the anal angle with a small yellowish spot and a short white marginal line before the otherwise
black one. Beneath silvery-white with an extremely fine brownish postdiscal showing the same course as in
beera, but being placed somewhat more into the centre of the wing; also the small spot being placed distally
at the costal margin of the hindwing is very small and fine. There are no submarginals at all, only at the anal
angle stands a tiny yellow spot being above bordered by black, next to it the traces of a blackish crescent.
Described according to 1 g§ from Sao Paulo.
40. Meton-Group (Rekoa Kaye).
Th. meton Cr. (= metus Hbn., 2 augustus F.) (150d) on the one hand resembles palegon, on the
other hand it forms the transition to the following group. The ¢ is above of a delicate light-lilac with a white
scent-spot, the 2 almost white. The under surface is light-yellow to rusty-yellow with similar lines as in malina
but an eye-spot in the middle of the costal margin of the hindwing. From Mexico to Colombia and Brazil,
everywhere very common.
Th. phrynisca Burm., perhaps a form of the preceding, is somewhat smaller, the forewings above
much more extensively black, beneath at the costal margin of the hindwing there is no eye-spot. Described
according to 2 29 from Argentina (Corrientes).
41. Mazurka-Group.
Th. atesa Hew. (154d) is above only in the proximal half of the wings brilliant blue, a round
brown scent-spot stands already in the apical black. Beneath light-brown, very peculiarly marked in red-
brown with a large black eye-spot in the middle of the costal margin of the hindwing and a bronze-green dusting
at the anal angle. Panama to the Amazon.
Th. mazurka Hew. (154d) is perhaps not allied at all to the preceding, it is only placed here on
account of the analogy of the marking beneath. Above the blue is still more reduced in the J, a scent-spot
is absent. Beneath the eye-like spot at the costal margin of the hindwing is much more developed and exhibits
2 blue pupils. The Q is above quite brown. Amazon.
42. Narbal-Group.
Th. narbal Séo// is unknown to me in natare. According to the figure and description it must be
very closely allied to the following; it seems to be a little larger and has beneath at the base of the costal margin
of the forewing and hindwing extensive red spots. Surinam.
Th. amplus Dre. (150k) is above brilliant-blue with a moderately broad black distal margin and
a small, blackish-grey scent-spot in the upper cell-corner. Beneath the forewings are brown, unmarked, except
the narrow red base of the costal margin; the hindwing exhibits in the middle of the costal margin a black,
distally white eye-spot, in front of the border a fine black, distally white undulate line, a black anal-angular spot
and next to it a spot strewn with bluish-white. Venezuela, Amazon.
Th. ophelia Hew. (150k) is very similar, has above broader black margins and a larger scent-spot;
beneath the costal-marginal eye-spot is absent, the base of the hindwing is more extensively red, a marginal
spot between the median veins is black. Bolivia, Amazon.
Th. hypsea Godm. & Salv. (150k) differs by a decidedly greener blue above, the distal margin,
particularly of the apex, is much narrower black; the scent-spot exhibits at its lower margin a narrow light-
brown part. The under surface is as in ophelia, but the black marginal spot between the median veins is absent
and replaced by only white dusting. Panama. — stictos Drc. (151 a) from Colombia I can only take to be a
form of hypsea with a green upper surface, I do not find any other differences.
Th. athymbra Hew. (150i) is beneath exactly like hypsea, the bases of the wings more chestnut-
brown, above the blue is reduced by the very broad black apex, the scent-spot is very large, double, proximally
red-brown, distally greyish-brown. Amazon (Itaituba).
Th. gemma Dre. (15la 3; the figure (150k) denoted as gemma-Q is wrong, it represents the upper
surface of the allied rocena) resembles the following species from which it is discernible by the upper surface
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpv. 765
exhibiting a deeper purple-blue and an oval, somewhat smaller scent spot. Beneath the ground-colour is of
a somewhat deeper tinge, the two small white spots on the forewing bordering on the basal red are absent,
and the hindwings exhibit a second red spot at the inner-marginal base. Peru.
Th. minyia Hew. (150 h) is above lustrous blue, of a somewhat greenish tinge, the apical half blackish-
brown, in it lies the small round greyish-brown scent-spot. The under surface is ochreous-brown, the bases
of the wings red, on the forewings bordered by two, on the hindwings by one white spot, the former two distally,
the latter proximally bordered by black; the forewings exhibit yet a white oblique band at the cell-end, the
hindwing at the proximal margin the beginnings of a white undulate line, between it and the black anal angle
there is some greenish or bluish-white dusting. French Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. porthura Drc. (150 h) is above deeper ultramarine blue, the scent-spot is placed in the dark purple-
blue. The under surface is more ochreous-yellow on the hindwings, the forewings are without the two small
white basal spots, but on the hindwing a black, bluish-white-ringed eye-spot borders on the basal red, the black,
distally white postdiscal extends as far as to the centre of the wing, and mostly there is even yet a small
white spot at the costal margin, the anal angle is more extensively green. Panama to Colombia.
Th. rocena Hew. (150 k a gemma-®) has no scent-spot, but such a broad black costal margin that the
deep violettish-blue remains confined to the basal inner-marginal half of the forewing. Beneath similarly marked
as the preceding, but the ground more greyish-brown. Below the cell of the forewing is a large black spot:
behind the cell, between the lower radial and lower median veins, there is a white arcuate line; the anal angle
of the hindwing extensively strewn with metallic green, between the median veins a jet-black spot bordered
above by orange. Colombia to the Amazon.
Th. fessa Mschlr. described only according to 1 9, seems to me to belong here. Above dark-brown,
towards the base with a bluish-grey tinge. Under surface yellowish-brown, marked almost like atena (150 h),
but the forewings without any marking, the hindwing with the costal-marginal eye-spot of amplus (150 k)
and its allies, but without any basal red; farther outside there is another smaller white dot bordered distally
by black; postdiscally, towards the proximal margin, a white, towards the base black undulate line, towards
the margin whitish-blue dusting, at the anal angle a black spot being yellow towards the base. Surinam. Fore-
wings 15 mm long.
Th. atena Hew. (150h) is above brilliant-blue, towards the margin suffused in purple with a round,
brownish-grey scent-spot in the upper cell-corner, and a broad black apex. Beneath like the preceding, but
on the forewing a white oblique band at the cell-end, proximally bordered by black, forming on the lower median
vein an acute angle projecting outside. The markings of the hindwings are bluish white, analwards very much
metallic green dusting. Guatemala to the Amazon.
Th. geba Hew. (150h) resembles the preceding above, perhaps of a slightly greener tinge, beneath
darker brown, the discal band of the hindwing more developed and especially behind the miaale: of the cell
moved farther towards the base, all the mar kings a little more intense, the bluish-white still deeper blue. Before
me from Bolivia and Colombia.
Th. melleus Dre. (150i) entirely resembles atena beneath, but above the blue is much less lustrous
and strongly reduced by the apex and also the distal margin of the hindwing being much broader black. The
scent-spot is the same. Colombia.
Th. flores Drc. (150 i) is likewise very closely allied to the preceding, on the forewings lustrous and
extensively blue as atena, on the hindwings lighter blue. Beneath the ground-colour is darker, more leaden-
coloured, towards the marein with a coppery Tustre: the white line of ene hindwing runs more uniformly and
is less broken. Amazon (Tapajos).
Th. ravus Dre. (150i) is compared with minyia (150 h) by the author, above with a smaller, rounder
scent-spot and a lighter, reduced blue. The under surface is brighter red-brown, the white spots bordering
the basal-red are absent, so is the red colour on the hindwings, but the costal-marginal eye-spot is present instead.
Amazon.
Th. color Drc. (150i) resembles somewhat athymbra above, it is of a more brilliant blue than the
latter, without any scent-scales, but with a dark spot in the distal half of the cell. Beneath lighter, almost without
any basal red, only faintly tinged lilac-reddish, on the forewings with a postdical row of moon-spots, the markings
only feebly expressed. Guiana.
Th. sista Hew. (151 a) initiates a special subordinate group of species resembling each other very
much, with a much more slender structure and more delicate wings, partly almost diaphanous. Above brilliant
blue with broad black margins and a quite uncommonly large scent-spot of a brown colour, being extended
from the distal half of the cell almost to the proximal half of the radial and median veins. Beneath all these species
are indiscriminately almost of the same colour and marking, grey with bluish-white transverse lines, on the
hindwings broken, forming a W towards the anal part, anal margin lustrous metallic grass-green, in it two
black spots bordered above by yellow, at the base of the costal margin of the hindwing an isolated white spot.
Guiana, Colombia, Brazil.
minyia.
porthura.
rocena.
jessd.
atena.
geba.
melleus.
flores. Te:
ravus.
color.
sista.
aurora.
malvina.
janthina.
armilla.
flosculus.
cydonia.
mutina.
mecrida.
anastomosis.
conoveria.
myrtusa.
myrtea.
malvania.
bianca.
polibetes.
766 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
Th. aurora Dre. (151 a) is above much brighter and more extensively blue with a somewhat smaller,
black scent-spot immersed in the blue; beneath lighter, more brownish, the markings finer. Brazil (Espiritu
Santo, Sta. Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul).
Th. malvina Hew. (151 a) is a little larger, above duller violettish-blue with a somewhat broader,
black apex than aurora and a large, red-brown scent-spot, beneath somewhat browner, the proximal line of
the forewing very oblique and consisting of single, small spots. Brazil.
Th. janthina Hew. (151 b), with longer, almost diaphanous wings and a violet upper surface with a
slight yellowish reflection, has only a small, narrow scent-spot at the lower cell-end on the median; beneath
no difference. Guatemala to Brazil.
Th. armilla Dre. is coloured above like janthina (151 b), but the shape of the wings is that of sista
(151 a), and the scent-spot at the lower cell-end is more prominent than in janthina; the under surface is darker.
Rio de Janciro.
Th. flosculus Dre. (151 b, c) resembles armilla above, but the blue is more extensive, with a purple
lustre and not so brilliant; the under surface is greyer, the markings more distinct, broader white. Espiritu
Santo.
Th. cydonia Dre. (151 b) has the shape of janthina, but quite black forewings and a somewhat, broader
black margin of the cornflower-coloured hindwings. Beneath there is no difference. Colombia.
Th. mutina Hew. (151 b) is beneath almost like sista of which it has the shape of the wings, but
the anal angle of the hindwing has no green, but bluish-white dusting. The upper surface is entirely different,
dark blackish-brown, on the proximal margin of the forewing, and in the larger inner-marginal half of the
hindwing, it has a deep indigo-blue tinge, without a scent-spot. Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. mecrida Hew. (151 b) has above a somewhat more extensive, more greenish blue, on the under
surface there is instead of the small basal, costal-marginal spot of the hindwing a white stripe being distally
bordered by blackish-brown and extending as far as the lower cell-angle. — In some cases this stripe is confluent
in the middle with the postdiscal dentate-line; this is anastomosis form. nov. (151 b). Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. conoveria Schs. is a little larger, above more extensively metallic-blue with a dark spot at
the cell-end, but without any scent-scales. Beneath there is hardly any difference, but on the hindwings the
postdiscal (median) white line runs straight from the costal margin to the lower median vein on which it is
broken, then running in the shape of a W to the proximal margin. Expanse of wings: 24 mm. Petropolis.
Th. myrtusa Hew. (154d) resembles the following, but on the hindwing the distal band beneath is
absent, on the forewing the white costal -marginal spot is removed more towards the base, and between the
red spot of the tail and the anal angle there is extensive, bluish-white dusting. Amazon.
Th. myrtea Hew. (151) is very similar, the 3 above dull violettish-blue with a broad black apex,
without a scent-spot, the 2 dull bluish-grey, distally broad blackish-brown. Beneath brownish-grey, on either
wing with two white rows of lunular spots, the proximal one being proximally bordered by black, the distal
row distally, the hindwings in the 3 with a very convex costal margin which covers a red-brown scent-scale-spot
on the under surface of the forewing below the median. Marginal line subtile black, proximally white; between
the tails an orange-red, black-pupilled spot, a smaller one at the anal angle, between them some white dusting.
Colombia, Bolivia, Amazon.
Th. malvania Hew. (151 ¢) is larger, more lustrous metallic blue, but only in the basal third of the
forewing; the costal margin of the hindwing broadly brown, the distal margin narrowly black. Beneath it
resembles the preceding, but the white costal-marginal spot of the hindwing is removed more towards the
margin as the beginning of the white postdiscal, the costal margin is less convex, and the forewing is without
the distal macular line. The 3 last species might also be placed in the corresponding subordinate group of the
sichaeus-group. Amazon.
Th. bianca Mschilr., described according to a Q being closely allied to the preceding, has remained
unknown. Above dark-brown, towards the base greyish blue, on the hindwings more extensive. Beneath
greenish-grey, the postdiscal on the forewing consisting of separate, white, towards the base black, small spots,
on the hindwing continued as a strongly broken stripe; submarginal, white, towards the margin black, small
spots; spot of the tail oval, red, bordered by yellow; anal spot black, between both bluish-white dusting. From
Surinam.
43. Polibetes-Group.
Th. polibetes Cr. (= zoe Reak.) (152c). This and the following species all exhibit a black or black
and white costal-marginal spot near the base of the hindwing beneath. Above deep blue with a moderately
broad, sharply delimited costal margin and distal margin and fine black veins and a large black median spot;
a
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 76
in the upper cell-corner is a round, brownish-grey scent-spot varying greatly in its colour, close below it a smaller,
erescentiform, blackish-grey one and between both a reddish-brown, fine row of scales. The 2 is more greenish-
blue, with a much broader, blackish-brown border. The under surface is extremely variable, lighter or darker
brown with a violet lustre, on the forewing an arcuate or straight line or row of spots, in front of the border
blackish spots; on the hindwing, beside the basal dot, a curved row of spots, with a distal silvery-blue tinge,
behind it a row of spots and between the tails a red, black-pupilled spot. — In sedecia Hew. (152i) the line
of the forewing is straight, distally, like all the spots anyhow, with a broader bluish-white tinge. Common
from Mexico to Brazil.
Th. thyrea Hew. (152f) is somewhat larger, the blue Penis reduced by very broad black margins,
without the large black median spot, the single brown scent-spot surrounded by black. Beneath almost like
polibetes (152 c), but of a more intense violet, the proximal margin of the forewing extensively yellowish-grey,
on the forewings the macular band in front of the border is absent. Abdomen beneath yellow. The 9 is above
dull greyish-brown with broad blackish-brown margins, the under surface more grey with an orange tinge.
Panama to the Amazon.
Th. arindela Hew. (152b) has above more extensive greenish-blue, so that the scent-spot is situate
in the ground-colour. Beneath the white macular lines are more developed, on the forewing there are beside
the postdiscal yet two nearer to the proximal margin. Abdomen above greenish-blue, beneath orange. Nicaragua.
Th. epytus Godm. & Salv. (152 c) resembles above more thyrea (152 f) by the scent-spot being situate
in the black, beneath the forewings are without markings, the hindwings as in orgia (152 e) with a dark discal
streak of the hindwing. Panama.
Th. stigmatos Drc. (152 b) resembles arindela above, but it has a more obtuse and broader black
apex of the forewing; the under surface is almost like in orgia, but the forewings are without any markings
at all. It originates Faaoyi the interior of Colombia.
Th. orgia Hew. (152 e) looks above like a small polibetes without a black median spot, the scent-
spot is remarkably light. The ground-colour of the under surface is more yellowish-brownish, otherwise equally
marked, Common from Mexico to the Amazon.
Th. m-album Bsd. (= psyche Bsd.) (152d) for which ScuppmEr has established the genus Lupsyche,
is more slender, otherwise above like orgia (152 e), but with a distinct red anal spot of the hindwing and somewhat
lighter blue. Beneath also marked the same, but the postdiscals form coherent white, proximally brown-bordered
lines with a distinct W at the proximal margin. The red anal-angular spot is large and sends a connecting stripe
towards the red tail-spot, between both there is bluish-white dusting on a blackish-brown ground. The range
of the species extends from the Southern States (New Jersey, Wisconsin) to Venezuela. — “The larva lives on
Quercus and Astragalus.
Th. estia Hew. (152d) likewise resembles above orgia (152 e), but it is Somewhat more greenish-blue
and has an extensive black apex of the forewing. On the under surface the white macular bands are moved
much nearer to the border, and on the hindwings they run more uniformly bent, parallel to the margin; the
red spots are well developed. Brazil.
Th. vibidia Hew. (= socigena Hew.) (152) greatly resembles the preceding, above darker purple-
blue, the scent-spot more oblong, red-brown. The under surface, particularly of the hindwings, is darker brown,
and here the proximal white macular band begins at the costal margin with a distally removed spot; the red
spot between the tails appears to be placed more inside. Mexico to the Amazon.
Th. hecate Godm. & Salv. (154d) from Mexico and Nicaragua is very closely allied, deeper blue,
with a more distinct stigma. The forewings bear a discal line beneath.
Th. hewitsoni Ky. (= ira Hew.) (152d as ira) greatly resembles ostia above, but the distal margin
of the hindwings is only quite narrowly black, the scent-spot is smaller. Beneath the markings are more obsolete,
the white lines finer, the forewings without any markings at all. Mexico.
Th. punctum H.-Schaff. (152d) is smaller, more compact, with rounder hindwings, coloured like
m-album, but without any red at the anal angle. Beneath coloured like m-album, the white macular band
in front of the border of the forewing quite obsolete, on the hindwing removed very far towards the margin,
the red spots intense, mostly connected. In the ¢ the white dot in the middle of the costal margin of the hindwing
is very minute or it is absent altogether, in the 2 being above dull greyish-blue it is more distinct. Guiana to
the Amazon.
Th. nitor Dre. (152h) is perhaps only an aberration of punctum with beneath unmarked forewings
and almost absent submarginal spots on the hindwings, on which the proximal macular band is more distinct
and more coherent. Amazon.
sedecia.
thyrea.
arindela.
epytus.
stigmatos.
orgia.
m-album.
ostia.
vibidia.
hecate.
hewitsoni.
punctum.
nitor.
fancia.
echelta.
phoenissa.
selica.
rustan.
polama.
ortygnus.
lauta.
jebus.
brescia.
768 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
Th. fancia Jones (152 b) closely allied to the preceding is above brilliantly metallic-blue with a greenish
lustre in the basal half. The under surface is more yellowish-grey, the submarginal macular band of the forewing
is more distinct, distally broad white, reaching down as far as the lower median vein, on the hindwing the
proximal macular band is placed not so near to the margin, the spot of the tail is smaller, orange. Castro
(Parana). ;
Th. echelta Hew. (152f) is another stage of development of polibetes (152 c) in which there appears
a broad black discal band on the fore- and hindwings; in the upper cell-corner is the small round red-brown
scent-spot. The under surface is lighter reddish-brownish, the marking almost as in vibidia (152). Amazon.
Th. phoenissa Hew. (152 e) we include here; above like thyrea (152f), somewhat duller indigo-blue
with a greenish shine, the veins of the forewings broader black, the scent-spot somewhat larger. The 9 is duller
greyish-blue with a dull metallic lustre. The under surface makes the species very easily recognizable by the
abundant white marking. From Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia to the Amazon.
Th. selica Hew. (152c) somewhat resembles m-albwm (152d) beneath, but between the postdiscal
lines and submarginal macular bands it has on each of the wings a straight broad band of bluish-white dusting
inserted; on the hindwing the costal-marginal spot has turned a streak, and often, particularly in the 9, there
are in the basal area some more bluish-white streak-markings. Above lighter greenish-blue, with a small round
brown scent-spot; the 2 is very similar, duller, with broader margins. Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil.
44, Rustan-Group.
Th. rustan Stoll (= macaria Sws.) (152a) has very close relations to the preceding group. The
§ is above dark-brown, only in the basal inner-marginal half of the forewing it has a dull blue tinge, with red-
brown fringes, on the hindwing analwards a black marginal line and white hair at the anal lobe. The scent-
spot is extremely complicated: at the cell-end a dark-brown round spot, in which there is distally a light fawn-
coloured sector; behind the cell a four-cornered black spot, the proximal one is yet surrounded by slate-grey.
The @ is duller, more extensively greyish-blue. Beneath with very characteristic markings. From British
Honduras, Panama to Brazil.
Th. polama Schs. presumably belongs here. Above dark violettish-blue with a narrow black distal
margin with a long scent-spot being parted by a violet line, the proximal half lighter, the distal half darker
brown; fringes red-brown. Beneath of a silky-lustrous brown, very similarly marked to rustan (152 a), but
the spots a little finer, not so thick and more bordered by white; abdomen with a golden yellow, black-margined -
ventral line. The 3 exhibits above and beneath darker and duller colours. Petropolis in South Brazil. Expanse
of wings: g 35, 2 36 mm.
Th. ortygnus Cr. (152 a) is above lustrous lilac-blue with moderately broad black margins and only
a small brown scent-spot at the upper cell-end; proximal margin and anal lobe almost white, the latter with
a black spot. The under surface is very pale lilac-grey with thick black spots arranged in the same way as in
rustan, but the forewings are without the antemarginal band; the anal angle of the hindwing is extensively
greenish and strewn with bluish-white. The 2 is above coloured the same, but it has broader brown margins.
Everywhere common from Mexico to Brazil, also in Trinidad. — In the stony deserts of West Mexico (Guerrero)
there flies a smaller, remarkable form which I denominate: lauta form. nov. (152 a); it is above lighter lilac,
with a milky tinge, beneath with much smaller and dull brown markings that are tending to form more coherent
lines.
45. Jebus-Group.
Th. jebus Godt. (152 b) is quite an isolated species, above dull steel-blue, with narrow black margins,
and particularly in northern specimens with a red-brown anal spot of the hindwing and a small brown scent-
spot in and above the upper cell-end. The @ is milky greyish-blue, with broad greyish-brown margins. The
peculiarly brown marbled under surface of the hindwings makes it impossible to mix it up with other species.
From Mexico to South Brazil and Peru, everywhere common.
46. Brescia-Group.
Th. brescia Hew. (= thoana Hew.) (152f) is so closely allied to punctum (152d) and its nearest
allies that it must be made optional to the individual observer whether he prefers to range punctum into this
family or not. Above lustrous blue with moderately broad black margins and a small, round, light-brown scent-
spot at the upper cell-end, anal lobe orange. The @ is above greyish-brown, distally broad darker brown. The
under surface is greyish-brown with a lilac reflection, marked almost the same as punctum, on the forewings
with a distinct postdiscal band. Mexico to Nicaragua.
Th. orses Godm. & Salv. (152g). Like the preceding, with a broader black apex of the forewing
and beneath at the anal angle with ochreous-yellow spots, not red ones. From Guatemala.
UIE TES Tio, TER, THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 769
Th. ligurina Hew. (152 e) is deep steel-blue with a purple tinge, with a small brown scent-spot
at the cell-end, the 2 greyish-blue with dark-brown, broader margins. Beneath ashy-grey, forewings without
any markings, hindwings marked as in the preceding species, but the proximal band at the costal margin is
placed more towards the base. Mexico to Panama.
Th. chlamys Dre. (152 ¢). Above like the preceding, but with a red-spotted anal lobe; beneath more
reddish, the red spots of the hindwing less developed, and the proximal white line Jess sinuous. The 2 is above
brown, in the disc greyish-blue. Paraguay. :
Th. lyde Godm. & Salv. (152 f) is above metallic indigo-blue, the broad black apex and the narrow
distal margin gradually pass over to the blue colour. The scent-spot at the cell-end is rather large, brown,
bordered by an elevated, metallic greenish-grey ring; the anal lobe of the hindwing without any red. The 2
is only little duller blue. Beneath ashy-grey, marked like the preceding species. Mexico to Panama.
Th. ergina Hew. (= ela Hew.) (152 e) is somewhat larger, otherwise above like lyde. also beneath
alike, only more faintly marked, but of a light brownish ground-colour; the red spots of the hindwings larger,
their black pupil smaller. Surinam, also from Jamaica.
Th. voltinia Hew. (152k) is still larger, above deep indigo-blue with a greenish lustre and a large,
roundish, brown scent-spot with a greenish slate-colour floating round it, on the anal lobe a reddish spot;
beneath darker brown than ergina; the two submarginal macular bands are closer together. Brazil, Bolivia.
Th. buccina Dre. (152 h) differs above from the preceding by a deep steel-blue colour, similarly as
in ligurina, and an entirely circular scent-spot; the ground-colour beneath is a warm red-brown, the two white
lines of the hindwing are still closer together. Brazil.
Th. zebina Hew. (152f as zelina) is also in the 3 above bluish-grey with a roundish dark scent-spot
and dark spocs before the distal margin of the hindwing; anal lobe with red spots. The Q is above lighter, between
the tails also above with a red, black-pupilled spot. Beneath light brownish-grey, on the hindwings similarly
marked as in the preceding species, but the white lines are more remote from each other, the orange-red spots
are very large and between them there is bluish-grey dusting; the forewings likewise exhibit 2 white, ante-
marginal macular lines. Mexico to Nicaragua.
Th. guadala Schs. is allied to brescia (152 f) and seems also to approximate zebina; I only know it
from the description: above distinguishable by the metallic steel-blue colour, the black scent-spot at the cell-end
being somewhat oval, the anal lobes likewise spotted in red. The is in the basal third bluish-grey, distally
_ blackish-brown; hindwing at the distal margin spotted in black, anal lobe red. Beneath dark grey, marked
like brescia. Mexico (Guadalajara). Expanse of wings: 9 30, 2 28 mm.
47. Cupentus-Group.
Th. cupentus Cr. (= annulatusGmel.) (154d) has the same scent-spot as lyde (152 f) and its allies,
but it is larger here and placed nearer to the base by the very short cell. The forewings are above brownish-
black, proximally strewn with metallic blue. The under surface is brown with white transverse bands and
on the hindwing a white discal streak forming a sling with the proximal band; between the tails an orange-
brown, black-pupilled spot. Distributed from Nicaragua to Brazil, mostly common.
Th. comana Hew. (= peralta Mschlr.) (154 e). The 3 is above greyish-blue with a slight lilac lustre
and a broad black apex; scent-spot double, obliquely overlapping each other as in thyesta (152g), beneath
dark-brown, distally reddish-brown. The 9 is brown, towards the base with a slight greyish-blue tinge with
a red, above white-pupilled spot at the anal angle and proximally fine white, black marginal line. Beneath
quite similar to cupentus (154d), yellowish-brownish, on the hindwings with a lilac shine. On the forewings
the proximal band extends only as far as the lower median vein and grows narrower costally; on the hindwings
the red spot between the median veins is removed more inwards; all the markings are more indistinct, more
blurred. Brazil. ;
Th. cambes Godm. & Salv. (154) is rather similar, above the pale lilac-blue is very much reduced,
on the forewings confined to the basal inner-marginal part; the fringes, particularly on the hindwings, are more
rusty-brownish. The lower part of the scent-spot is oval, jet-black, the upper part very small, about cres-
centiform, brownish-grey, both parts embedded in a greyish-blue scaled ring. Beneath very much like comana,
easily recognizable by the broad, lilac-white dusting of the costal angle of the hindwing; on the forewings the
postdiscal white band is united with the proximal submarginal band on the lower median vein. Mexico, (Jalapa),
Guatemala.
Th. molena Jones (154e). The 3 is above subdued dark metallic blue, the distal margin and apex
of the forewing broad black; in and behind the cell is a large oval, black scent-spot, parted by the blue trans-
verse vein; anal lobes of the hindwings red. The under surface is brown with a lilac shine on the hindwings
Vv 97
ligurina.
chlamys.
lyde.
ergina.
voltinia.
buccina.
zebina.
guadala.
cupentus.
comand.
cambes.
molena.
lemona.
lausus.
mycon.
MUPCL.
thyesta.
caninius.
pharus.
radiatio.
munditia.
jactator.
avoca.
770 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
and in the marginal area of the forewings; the markings like in the following species, but more faded and more
indistinct. The 92 is above brown, in the basal area suffused by violettish-blue, beneath less lilac. Castro
(Parana).
Th. lemona Hew. (154 e), described only in the Q, is larger, above greyish-brown, distally dark-brown.
Beneath greyish-brown, on the forewings a postdiscal, straight, white band and two antemarginal rows of
white Innular spots, particularly distinct towards the apex. Hindwings with a white undulate median line, at
the cell-end in front of it 2 white streak-spots as in cwpentus. Marginal area marked like on the forewings; the
anal spot and a spot being pushed in more proximally between the median veins black, bordered above by red.
Brazil.
Th. lausus Cr. (= libanius Cr.) (154 e) undoubtedly has close relations to cambes, for which reason
we include it here. Above it resembles the said species, of a purer and more extensive milky lilac-blue, the
scent-spot almost as it is there, but the upper brownish-grey part nearly just as large as the lower one, being
deep velvety-black. The Q is duller and almost whitish. Beneath purple-brown with broad, purely white
markings, on the hindwings arranged almost as in cambes with a very prominent white trapezoid-spot at the
costal angle; the spot of the anal lobe is quite black. Distributed from Nicaragua to the Amazon.
48. Mycon-Group.
Th. mycon Godm. & Salv. (1522). Above extremely lustrous ultramarine-blue with a very large,
cinnamon-brown scent-spot filling up half the cell, and a narrow black margin. Beneath light greyish-brown
with a very fine, proximally brown, distally white discal stripe being broken on the hindwing and forming
a W at the proximal margin; in front of the border there are indistinct, small lunular spots, between the median
veins a large red spot being proximally more yellow, distally black-pupilled; between this spot and the anal
lobe being distally black, then white and proximally reddish-yellow, there is bluish-white dusting on a brown
ground. The Q is above brown, towards the proximal margin, particularly on the hindwings, spread over by
a pale blue. From Mexico to Colombia. The southern form from Brazil (Rio Grande), murex Dre. (152 h),
is somewhat darker and duller blue with a larger scent-spot and a broad black margin, beneath lighter with
a less angled discal stripe.
49. Thyesta-Group.
Th. thyesta Hew. (152g) and its nearest allies exhibit some resemblance to the brescia-group in the
marking beneath, but the linear markings are finer and more streak-like. The shape of the wings and the upper
surface is quite different: above metallic indigo-blue with a broad black apex of the forewing and costal margin
of the hindwing. The scent-spot is double: the part in the cell is black, obliquely outside above it is the distal
brown part which is not at all reproduced in the badly executed figure. The under surface is greyer than in
the figure, the W ought to be placed nearer to the proximal angle. Colombia, Amazon.
Th. caninius Dre. (154 e) differs from the preceding by almost entirely blackish-brown forewings,
only the proximal margin is strewn with blue, also the hindwings are opalescent blue only in the inner-marginal
half. The under surface is browner, the markings fainter, placed nearer to the border and without any white
dusting before the anal angle. Venezuela, Bolivia.
Th. pharus Dre. (152k) is larger than thyesta, also the scent-spots larger and more intensely pro-
minent; the blue has a somewhat greenish tinge and is more extensive than in caninius. The under surface
is darker, the lines straighter. Amazon (Para), Bolivia (Songo).
Th. radiatio Drc. (152k) has the same scent-spots, but quite black forewings, and on the hindwings
also only the disc is purple-blue. The under surface is dark-brown, the forewings almost without any markings.
At the anal angle the red spot is absent. Amazon.
Th. munditia Dre. (152i). In this species only the distal brown part of the scent-spot is present, the
black spot in the cell-end is visible in an oblique exposure to light, but it does not contain any scent-scales;
it is a very small species, the blue as extensive as in caninius, but more slate-blue. Under surface reddish-
grey, in the @ lighter, with the markings of thyesta (152 g). The 2 is above unicolorously brown. British Guiana.
Th. jactator Dre. (152i) entirely resembles thyesta (152g) beneath, but it differs greatly above:
on the blackish-brown forewings with a radiantly blue proximal part there is at the cell-end a rather large,
deep velvety-black scent-spot; hindwings likewise blue with a black distal margin of about 1 mm width. Paraguay.
50. Avoca-Group.
Th. avoca Hew. (154 f) is above lustrous blue with a green reflection, dark-brown margins and a
small, round, red-brown scent-spot. Beneath red-brown with a violet purple tinge, with a postdiscal white
macular band and small, whitish-dusted antemarginal spots of the forewings. Hindwing in the larger anal
~I
—
THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupr. 7
half lilac-white with a submarginal brown macular band and an orange spot between the median veins. In
the purple-brown basal half there is a white macular band before the centre and behind it a second one being
broadly dusted in grey on both sides. Amazon.
Th. olbia Hew. (154f) has a larger, double, proximally black, distally brown scent-spot and the
ground-colour is a purer sky-blue with a very broad blackish-brown apex. Beneath the forewings are reddish-
brown-grey, towards the distal margin densely dusted in white with the same lines as the preceding, and a white
discal streak; the hindwings are silvery white, densely clouded in brown, with an indistinct brown, distally
white-bordered, undulate median band. Amazon. — In the form phallica Hew. (154 f) the white dusting be-
neath is almost entirely absent.
Th. erema Hew. (= biston Mschir.) (154f) exhibits above a somewhat more violet tinge in the
still more reduced blue and has a very complicated, uncommonly large scent-spot filling up almost the whole
cell: red-brown, proximally bordered by slate-blue, distally with 2 irregular, darker brown triangles on it, the
surroundings of which are, distally and towards the costal margin, again dusted in red-brown. Beneath brown
with fine, white, torn markings and black spots at the anal angle and between the median veins. Guatemala,
Guiana, Amazon.
Th. elsa Hew. (= primno Godm. & Salv.) (154 g) reminds us of the preceding, but it seems hitherto
known only in the 9. Above greenish-blue, with broad blackish-brown margins; beneath purple-brown, the
proximal margin of the forewings whitish, otherwise marked as in avoca (154 f). Hindwings with irregular,
fine, white markings and a white spot in the middle of the costal margin, distally broad whitish, dusted dark,
between the median veins with a straw-coloured spot. Described from Panama.
Th. feretria Hew. (154g) I do not know in nature, but it seems likewise to be allied to erema and
to be described only according to 1 9. Above like elsa, beneath reddish-brown with a small white basal spot
on each wing; forewing at the costal margin dusted in purple-brown with a white discal streak, a white post-
discal macular band and light antemarginal band; hindwings at the base and in the centre purple-brown, with
a very irregular white macular band in the middle and a light-brown antemareginal band; the anal lobe and a
spot of the tail are black, the distal margin between is white. Habitat unknown.
Th. primnoza Dyar is perhaps the 3 of elsa, above blackish-brown, in the basal two thirds of the
proximal margin as far as the lower cell-wall and in the disc of the hindwing light metallic blue, consequently
about as in erema (154 f), with a most peculiar dark-grey scent-spot extending subcostally almost in half the length
of the wings. Beneath dark grey, at the proximal margin whitish, hindwings only in the basal third grey, distally
whitish, marked about as elsa, but the spot of the tail is above bordered by red. Expanse of wings: 30 mm.
Mexico. ;
Th. hirsuta Prittw. is likewise unknown to me; it is described as a 9, but according to the very
peculiar scent-spot which seems to be equal to that of primnoza, it can only be a g; below it, at the cell-end
there is yet a coniform black spot. Forewings blackish-brown, dusted in blue, two thirds of the hindwings
blue with a dark costal margin; fringes white and grey speckled. Beneath light-grey, the forewings marked
as in elsa; hindwings behind the postdiscal dusted in a sooty brown, the darkest at the costal margin: in this
area there is yet a line formed of white crescents; at the anal lobe and between the median veins there is one
orange spot each with a black pupil. Size and shape of T'h. quercus. Brazil.
Th. megamede Prittw. may also belong into this group. Above azure, with brownish black margins,
the discal spot light grey. Forewings beneath grey, at the border whitish, the broadest at the apex, in it an
obsolete, grey macular band, farther proximally follows a brown, somewhat curved band, still farther some
small white spots at the costal margin. Hindwings chestnut-brown mixed with white, at the costal margin a
conspicuous white trapezoid-spot dusted in the middle by yellowish: in the centre the traces of a white, dentate
line, the basal area quite chestnut-brown; at the anal angle a black spot being bordered above by white. Patria?
This species may belong near olbia (154 f). Size and shape of Th. clicis.
Th. zenaida Dyar, likewise unknown to me, is the best ranged here. The g is above black, dusted
all over in blue except the margins, with an elliptic brown scent-spot filling up the distal half of the cell. The
2 is dusted in a duller blue. Under surface dark brownish-grey, on the forewings a fine white, antemarginal
moon-spot-line, proximally shaded by a broad dark-grey. Hindwing with a dark-grey shade at the base and
in front of the margin; the centre is crossed by a white moon-spot-line being marked very irregularly at the
cell-end; behind it another irregular moon-spot-line; marginal area whitish with a dark undulate line before
it; between the median veins a black spot being red above. Expanse of wings: 29—31 mm. Mexico.
51. Lycabas-Group.
Th. lycabas Cr. (= terentia Hew.) (154g). We unhesitatingly set down CrRaMeR’s figure which
has hitherto not been noted to Hewrrson’s species. The 3 is above dark brown, suffused by a deep violet-blue
olbia.
phallica.
erema.
elsa.
feretria.
primnoza.
hirsuta.
megamede.
zenaida.
lycabas.
wami.
rhodope.
loki.
spinetorum.
johnsoni.
castalis.
ilavia.
nelsonii.
ewxoleta.
muirii.
adenostoma-
tis.
tacita.
saepiumn.
julvescens.
772 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt:
with a brownish-grey oval scent-spot, the 9 is duller and more greenish blue with a marginal line being distally |
bordered by white, proximally by black, near the anal angle of the hindwing, which is long-stretched almost
like a tail. The under surface has very characteristic markings similar to those of the Jedaea-group. Panama,
Colombia, Amazon. :
52. Xami-Group.
Th. xami Reak. (= blenina Hew., siva Edw.) (1542) is above brown, in the disc often more or less
red-yellow; beneath pea-green on a red-brown ground with curved red-brown, distally broad white postdiscals,
behind them distinct submarginal spots and orange anal spots. Vancouver, Arizona, California, Mexico.
Th. rhodope Godm. & Salv. (1542) is similar to xami, but the hindwings exhibit above a large
orange anal spot and small black submarginal spots. Beneath, the postdiscal band is more strongly undulate,
at the median veins broken, but not deeply angled. Mexico.
Th. loki Skinner is above light brown with a tiny black lunular spot at the anal angle of the hindwing,
being proximally somewhat lighter. Beneath light brown with a greenish tinge, marked as xami, but easily
separable by a series of black submarginal spots, extending from the costal margin to the anal angle. California.
Th. spinetorum Bsd. (= ninus HLdw.) (154 ¢,h). Above greyish-brown, towards the base tinged
in a greenish bluish-grey; beneath dull reddish-brown, marked like wami. Colorado, California, Mexico.
Th. johnsoni Skinner is regarded as a doubtful form of the preceding by the author. Above reddish
brown without the bluish-grey tinge, with a darker costal margin. Beneath the same, but the white postdiscals
not so coherent, more like small spots, particularly on the hindwings, on which the 5th (beginning from the
costal margin) is displaced, the last being longer than the others. Marginal line black, on both sides with white
borders, at the anal angle terminating into a black spot; there are no orange anal spots. The smaller and darker
3 exhibits the usual sexual spot. Length of forewings 14 to 15,3 mm. British Colombia; Seattle, Washington.
Th. castalis Hdw. 3 above yellowish-brown, both wings with a broad dark costal and distal margin.
Stigma small, oval. Hindwing somewhat darkened in the disc; the distal tail quite short, the other long with
a white apex; forewings below at the base and in the apical part of the margin green, the rest chestnut-brown,
the shortened, interrupted discal band white. Hindwings beneath green with a white marginal line exhibiting
3 small, bluish-grey crescents at the anal angle, at the middle one of which there is on top a black spot. Right
across the disc runs a sinuous chain of small white spots being anteriorly margined in brown. 2 above chestnut-
brown, the green beneath darkened. Expanse of wings 27 to 30 mm. Waco (Texas).
Th. ilavia Beutenm. from Texas has a resemblance to autolycus (154k), but it deviates by the under
surface of both wings exhibiting only 1 transverse line. g above brown with a large, red-yellow postdiscal spot
of the forewing and a similar, though smaller spot in the anal part of the hindwing. Beneath rather light loam-
coloured; on the forewing an interrupted, distally white-tinged transverse line. The dark line of the hindwing
forms a W at the anal angle. At the anal angle itself a blue-scaled lunula, in front and behind this a small,
black-marked, orange spot. Q similar. Expanse of wings 24 to 26 mm.
Th. nelsonii Bsd. (154 h) is above blackish-brown, in the disc bright red-yellow as xami, beneath
duller reddish-brown, marked very much like the preceding species, but much more indistinct, the lines much
finer, the small antemarginal spots smaller. — The form exoleta Hdw. has beneath entirely obsolete transverse
lines, f. muirii Hdw. is smaller, with a darkened basal part of the hindwing beneath. California, Colorado.
Th. adenostomatis Hdw. (154h) is the largest species in this group, above greyer with a fine, white
marginal line at the anal angle of the hindwing; the under surface is whitish brownish-grey; the somewhat
lighter marginal area is defined on the forewing by a whitish line, on the hindwing by dark submarginal moons.
California.
Th. tacita Edw. Allied to the preceding, above light leaden-coloured, at the margin somewhat darker,
as well as the discal spot and the veins. The tails of the hindwings very small and thin; near the anal angle
of the hindwing an obsolete ochreous shade; fringes of both wings dull white. Under surface lighter; before
the border a line of dark, small crescents: across the centre a curved chain of small oval spots. Hindwings
marked indistinctly, at the anal angle a small black spot, as well as a bluish spot and hereafter a triangular,
light yellowish, black-margined spot. Expanse of wings 24,5 mm. California (Mendocino Co.).
Th. saepium Bsd. (154h). Above yellow red-brown, beneath dull reddish-brown, with the usual
lines being distally distinctly tinged in white; at the anal angle of the hindwing 2 small black spots, between
which there is bluish-grey dusting. Pacific States. — In Colorado there occurs fulvescens Edw. being still lighter
yellowish-red.
>
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 773
Th. chaleis Behr (154) is somewhat smaller, darker brown, also beneath darker, with much duller
markings, without any white. California, Utah.
53. Grunus-Group (Habrodias Scudd.).
Th. grunus Bsd. (154i) is above light orange-brown, in the disc still lighter, particularly the 2°
are often bright orange. The under surface is likewise reddish-brown with 2 rows of tiny, often indistinct
antemarginal spots; between the median veins and at the anal angle, often also between both, small black
spots with green-silvery pupils. — The bluish-green, short-haird and lighter striped larva lives on Quercus
chrysolepis. California, Nevada.
54. Crysalus-Group (Hypaurotis Scudd.).
Th. crysalus Hdw. (154i) is a large species differing greatly from all the others we know. Above
blackish-brown, in the basal half of the forewing and subapically, as well as in the disc of the hindwing, lilac,
towards the anal angle of both wings spottend in orange. Beneath greyish-brown with darker discal streaks
bordered on both sides by white, and with dark, distally white-tinged, postdiscal stripes on both wings, on
the hindwing also with a proximally whitish additional basal streak; blackish submarginal lunae are proximally
bordered by white on both wings, on the forewings analwards distally by orange-yellow; on the hindwing there
is behind them towards the anal angle an increasing bluish-silvery dusting, between the median veins and
at the anal lobe orange-red, black-pupilled spots being often connected by a bridge. California, Arizona, Utah,
and South Colorado. — The form citima Hdw. has above no orange spots and is beneath more grey-coloured.
55. Calanus-Group.
Th. calanus Hbn. (= falacer Godt., inorata Grote & Rob.) (154i) is above plainly dark-brown with
an oblong-oval — twice as long as broad — lighter scent-spot in the distal half of the cell; beneath nearly just
as dark brown with postdiscal and submarginal rows of darker spots, distally bordered by fine bluish-white
lines and similar discal spots. Between the median veins and above them, as well as at the anal angle, there
are dark-red spots, the space between them is densely strewn with bluish-white. — f. lorata Grote & Rob. is
somewhat smaller, beneath lighter with less distinct small spots. — The larva lives on oak-trees. In the Atlantic
States and the Rocky Mountains it is common.
Th. heathii Fletch., described only according to 1 9, is unknown to me. Above like calanus, beneath
fawn-coloured with pearl-grey postdiscal spots, 4 of which on the forewing are oval, bordered on both sides
by a darker band, 5 of which on the hindwing are more four-cornered, bordered on both sides by a black band;
marginal spots as in calanus, towards the anal angle likewise scarlet, between them a plainly white, not blue
spot. Expanse of wings 26 mm. Manitoba (Long River).
Th. ontario Hdw. resembles melinus (159 g); expanse of wings 26 mm. On both surfaces brown, the
forewing with a large, smooth, oval scent-spot, the fringes dark, in some places white; hindwings before the
anal angle with some small, reddish-yellow scales. Beneath lighter brown, the small spots of the discal row
touch each other on the forewing except 2; a distal row of more obsolete spots. On the hindwing the spots of
the distal row are separated, the row straight, forming a W in the anal part. In front of the border black and
bluish bordered internerval spots the 4 apical ones of which are small, the 5 th and 6 th marked in orange-red.
Near the base of the tail a heap of blue scales: in the anal region a red spot marked in black and white. Based
upon 1 g from Ontario (July).
Th. liparops Bsd. (= strigosa Harr.) (154i) is above brown like the others, beneath maybe some-
what greyer, marked just the same, but by the widening of the dark spots the fine white stripes are much more
apart from each other and often very indistinct. — The larva lives polyphagously on the most different foliage-
trees, on Rosaceae and Ericaceae. Distributed in the North Atlantic States and the Rocky Mountains, but
nowheres common.
Th. edwardsii Snds. (= fabricii Ky.) (154i) vice versa differs beneath from calanus by a considerable
diminution of the small dark spots which are mostly all round bordered by white, so that small eyespot-rows
are produced; above there is hardly any difference, perhaps the brown tinge is somewhat lighter, the scent-spot
is thrice as long as broad, appearing therefore narrower. — The larva lives on oaks. In the Northern States,
mostly common.
Th. wittfeldi Hdw. (154k) is larger than the preceding, above differing by the darker colour and a
large orange spot between the median veins and a fine bluish-white, proximally black, marginal line analwards.
Beneath the white lines are more continuous, placed nearer to the border, the red anal spots larger and more
intense, the space between them less blue. Florida.
chalcis.
grunus.
crysalus.
citima.
calanus.
lorata.
heathii.
ontario.
liparops.
edwardsii.
wittfeldi.
autolycus.
alcestis.
oslari.
acadica.
californica.
itys.
auretorum.
dryope.
sylvinus.
putnami.
spadiz.
tetra.
behrit.
~I
si
nse
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
Th. autolycus Edw. (154k) resembles melinus (159 g) above, but the orange spots are much more
extensive. Beneath brown, similar to the preceding species, with dark, distally white-bordered postdiscals
and black submarginal crescents which are analwards distally spotted in red. Texas, Missouri and Cansas.
Th. alcestis Hdw. (154k) is above dull-brown with the usual oval scent-spot in the 3, beneath very
much like autolycus with whitish discal streaks and dusted greenish-blue in the submarginal submedian area
of the hindwing. Texas and Arizona.
Th. oslari Dyar is closely allied to alcestis, but smaller, the upper surface greyer brown, beneath
ashy-grey instead of brown, and the red markings outside the distal band are less developed, Expanse of wings
16 mm. Tucson, Arizona.
Th. acadica Hdw. (= = souhegan Whitney) (154k). The upper surface is brownish slate-grey, towards
the anal angle with small orange spots on the hindwings and an oval scent-spot. Beneath differing by black
cell-end-streaks and by the postmedian and submarginal macular rows being replaced by smaller black, white-
ringed spots; analwards there are small antemarginal red spots, and between the spot of the tail and the anal
spot there is greenish-blue dusting. — The larva lives on willows. Northern States, Nevada, Arizona.
Th. californica Ldw. (= borus Bsd., cygnus Edw.) (154k) differs from acadica above by its light-
brown colour, also on the forewings at the proximal angle with 2 small orange spots; beneath grey, with a
reddish-brown tinge, near the apex of the forewing with small reddish-yellow marginal lunulae. In the ? the
under surface is more dirty white. California.
Th. itys Edw. (154k) is above brown, particularly in the 2 with a light reddish-yellow brightening
towards the proximal angle. Beneath light greyish-brown, the submarginal row of spots quite obsolete on the
forewings, on the hindwings there is here a complete row of black dots; at the anal angle a velvety-black spot,
above it some small orange scales; between this and the orange spot of the tail a bluish spot margined in black;
the postdiscals consist of minute black, white-ringed spots. Expanse of wings: 32 mm. Prescott, Arizona.
Th. auretorum Bsd. Above brown with 1 or 2 small orange spots towards the anal angle on the hindwing,
beneath likewise brown, the row of eye-spots undulate, not very distinct and placed near the border, at the
anal angle with 2 tiny reddish-yellow lunulae, the anal lobe bordered by black. California.
Th. dryope Hdw. (154k) is above quite light-brown, towards the base slate-grey, at the anal angle
with 2 small yellowish-red spots, the one below the median veins being pupilled in black. The under surface
is whitish-grey with the usual rows of eye-spots and a small orange spot between the tails. California, Nevada,
Utah. ;
Th. sylvinus Bsd. is above darker blackish-brown, otherwise very similar to the preceding. Beneath
light ashy-grey with a dark cell-streak and 2 curved rows of eye-spots, the hindwings between the tails with
small orange, black-pupilled spots and towards the proximal margin from them a bluish-grey spot. Common
in California.
Th. putnami Ldw. 30 mm. Above fawn-coloured with white fringes. Hindwings with 4 indistinct,
dark small crescents and an anal spot covered with golden-yellow. Tails black, with white margins and a broad
white apex. Under surface greyish-white. Forewing with a discal luna and 6 submedian, oval spots, each with
a white ring; near the anal angle 4 black streaks. Hindwing with a discal luna and a row of 7 spots. Marginal
markings obsolete, anal spot orange, marked in black, the 2nd and 3rd with interspersed small blue scales,
the 4th black, above orange. Utah, Colorado.
Th. spadix Hdw. is allied to the preceding and just as large. Above mouse-coloured with a large,
chestnut-brown shade on the forewing. The band-marking beneath very much blurred, on the hindwing irre-
gularly broken; the anal spots are dirty brown, there is not the least to be noticed of orange or blue. Expanse
of wings 24,5 mm. South Carolina.
Th. tetra Behr. Above light-brown, beneath lighter: both wings with a joint, more indistinctly tortous
median row of whitish lunulae: on the hindwings small black, antemarginal crescents, anteriorly with some
whitish scales. Tail-spot orange, between it and the anal angle a blue spot. Expanse of wings: 30 mm. Cali-
fornia.
56. Behrii-Group (Callipsyche Scudd.).
Th. behrii Hdw. (= kali Streck.) (154k) somewhat resembles the subgenus Hrora in the scheme
of markings beneath. Above red-yellowish brown with a broad blackish-brown costal and distal margin.
Beneath yellowish-grey with a curved, on the hindwings strongly broken, postdiscal band of black, distally
white, small spots and small submarginal lunular spots, between the median veins of the hindwings with a
more intense black spot behind. Pacific States, Rocky Mountains.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravprt.
57. Gargara-Group.
Th. gargara Hew. (155) is a smaller species which is difficult to range. The @ is blackish-brown gargara.
above, towards the base blue; beneath brownish-grey, the indistinct postdiscal band darker brown, the space
behind more red-brown; on the hindwing there is behind the dentate, dark-brown postdiscal a broad, lilac-
white band; the two small anal spots are bordered upwards by orange, then by yellow. Amazon.
58. Oecrisia-Group.
Th. ocrisia Hew. (== peruviana Hrsch.) (152 b) is above blackish-brown, on the forewing towards ocrisia.
the proximal margin with a slight steel-blue reflection and near the base a large, round, brown scent-spot embed-
ded in a slate-grey circumscription like an eye. The hindwing is in a very variable extension strewn with metallic-
blue, mostly only in the inner-marginal half; there are also some blue antemarginal crescentiform spots. —
In case the blue disappears altogether, we have zora Hew. before us. — Beneath likewise blackish-brown, fore- zora.
wing at the proximal margin whitish-grey, at the apex yellowish-brown, marbled with very irregular and indis-
tinct markings, between the median veins a small orange spot. Very widely distributed from Mexico through
the whole of Central America as far as Peru, Bolivia, the Amazon, and Paraguay.
Th. ocrida Hew. (152 a) is above similar, the g is more blue, also on the forewings, the scent- ocrida.
spot proximally dark-brown, distally black; the 2 unicolorously brown. Beneath very easily recognizable by
the yellow anal angle of the hindwing, in the 2 the whole distal margin is broad yellow. Colombia, Amazon.
Th. arpoxida sp. nov. (155 a) connects ocrida with arpoxais; shape and colouting above as in the arpowida.
former, cyanean-blue with a broad black apex and costal margin, also the scent-spot is the same. Beneath
dark-brown, lighter marbled, like ocrisia, but with the silvery-blue linear markings of arpowais, also parallel
to the base of the costal margin there is one like it, Described according to 1 3 from the Rio Songo (Bolivia)
from the Coll. Fassn.
59. Thales-Group.
Th. thales 7. (= thrasyllus Hbn.) (155 a) is closely connected with the preceding group and has thales.
the same shape of the wings. Above black, strewn with blue in a very variable extension, particularly in the
shape of spots before the distal margin of the hindwings, often also at the anal angle of the forewing. The small,
hardly visible scent-spot is dark-brown. Beneath purple-brown with 5 bluish-white costal-marginal spots of
the forewings and fine blue linear markings, at the anal angle broadly strewn with greenish-golden. The 92
is above unicolorously brown. Distributed from Nicaragua to South Brazil and common. — thalesa Hew. is thalesa.
presumably only an insignificant form in which the costal spots beneath are more intense, and the last is situate
closer to the apex.
Th. arpoxais Godm. & Salv. (= clepsydra Drc.) (155 a) really belongs into a group of its own, arpoxais.
but as it greatly resembles the preceding beneath, we range it here. Above magnificently cyaneous with a
broadly black apex and a large black spot filling up the distal half of the cell, the subcostal above it set with
a silvery-grey scent-scale-stripe. Beneath purple-brown, at the apex of the forewing and at the anal angle
of the hindwing lighter brownish with blue markings and some green dusting at the anal angle. Panama to
Bolivia (Rio Songo).
60. Besidia-Group.
Th. besidia Hew. (152h) is apparently a very rare, smaller species; the g above lustrous blue, besidia.
with a broadly black apex and a rather large, pear-shaped, dark scent-spot at the cell-end and behind it; the
2 is above duller and lighter blue with an extensive black margin and apex. Beneath reddish-brown with a
lilac reflection; there is a characteristic median band of the hindwing, being proximally broadly tinged in red
(in the figure unfortunately greenish). Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia (Rio Songo, Fasst).
Th. torris Dre. (155 a) closely allied to the preceding, above more indigo-blue, darker, beneath lighter torris.
greyish-brown without the purple tinge, both wings at the distal margins broadly whitish, the transverse bands
proximally not shaded by red, but by sepia-brown; the orange spot between the tails is absent. Rio Grande.
Th. bagrada Hew. (152k) differs from besidia by its duller lilac-blue colour being more confined: bagrada.
below the brownish-grey part of the scent-spot it another black one on the basé of the median veins. Beneath
coloured like besidia; the proximally red median band of the hindwing begins at the costal margin with an
isolated spot dislodged outwards and being bordered by black and white on both sides. The ©° is above and
beneath lighter. Amazon.
Th. obelus Dre. (152k) approximates bagrada, is above more lustrous dark-blue with a smaller obelus.
round single scent-spot at the cell-end, beneath darker red-brown, the median band of the hindwing more
coherent and more sinuous. The 2 is above brown, beneath somewhat paler. Brazil.
literatus.
nugar.
worema.
cauter.
lanckena.
tiasa.
ortalus.
praxis.
eria.
timoclea.
cetra.
776 THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupz.
Th. literatus Dre. (155 a) has above quite brown forewings with a small, light, oval scent-spot;
hindwings brown, in the larger proximal half metallic blue, with a red anal spot. The under surface is lighter,
the markings as in besidia, but narrower and distally bordered by a pure white. The 2 is on the hindwings
dull greyish-blue with indistinct, small, brown marginal spots. Paraguay.
Th. nugar Schs. (155 b) is very closely allied to the preceding. Forewings brown with a small light
scent-spot, hindwing in the larger proximal half metallic light lilac-blue. Beneath brownish-grey, the proximal
line orange-brownish, distally white, between the radial veins dislodged outwards, the costal spot, however,
only slightly so. Described from Mexico (Jalapa), but it is before me also from Colombia (Rio Aguaca Valley)
and from the Songo (Bolivia) and, therefore, apparently widely distributed.
Th. xorema Schs. is likewise similar, above like obelus (152k). beneath lighter; the transverse bands
are dark-brown, not red, outside broadly whitish; the 9 is above dark-brown, towards the base suffused with
blue. Expanse of wings: 20 mm. Brazil.
Th. cauter Dre. (152i). Above likewise very much like obelws (152 k), the blue more indigo-coloured,
the distal margin of the hindwing broader black and with a very large, red anal spot. Beneath more rusty-
brown, the markings very broadly tinged in red, the postdiscal band of the forewing, beginning from the lower
radial vein, dislodged inwards, that of the hindwing on both sides bordered by black and then by white, the
whole anal area extensively red. The 9 is above brown with a large, orange anal spot. British Guiana, Brazil.
Th. lanckena Schs. is allied to bagrada (152k). Above unicolorously blackish-grey with a red anal
spot of the hindwings. Beneath light-brown with red, distally black-, then white-bordered lines, on the hindwing
at the costal margin, then between the radial veins distally expanded, otherwise like the allies. Expanse of
wings: 28 mm. Peru.
61. Tiasa-Group.
Th. tiasa Hew. (155 b). 3g above deep purple-blue with comparatively narrow black margins and a
small double scent-spot, inside black, outside greyish-brown; at the anal angle of the hindwing a red spot.
Beneath brown with white lines, on the hindwings contiguous: the extensive red anal spot connected with
the spot between the median veins by a red band. Amazon.
Th. ortalus Godm. & Salv. (155 b) is very closely allied to the preceding; the 3 is above less purple-
blue; on the under surface of the hindwing the white lines diverge more from each other towards the costal
margin. The 9 is above plainly brownish-grey with a greenish reflection at the base of the wings. From Mexico.
Th. praxis Godm. & Salv. (155 b) differs from ortalus by the much broader blackish-brown apex
of the forewing. The anal lobe is beneath black, upwards but quite slightly red, towards the proximal margin
strewn with white; between it and the small red spot of the tail lies a blackish spot in the brown ground. The
2 is above dull brownish-grey, towards the base with a slight, bluish-grey tinge. Panama to Brazil (Sta. Ca-
tharina).
62. Erix-Group.
Th. erix Cr. (= tyrrhenus Hbn., erissus Hbst.) (155 b). Above magnificently ultramarine-blue with
a moderately broad, black margin: the discoidal cell is very short, therefore the position of the small black
scent-spot in the upper corner near the base, above at its outside it is touched by a tiny brown scent-spot at the
base of the subcostal veins; at the anal angle a minute red-brown spot. Beneath coffee-brown, on the forewing
with 2 antemarginal lines, the inner one of which is distally bordered by white. Hindwings darker with a bluish-
white, proximally dark-tinged, postdiscal W-line and an antemarginal row of dark spots, bordered on both
sides by a lighter colour and being interrupted between the median veins by a red, black-pupilled spot. In
the anal lobe a red spot bordered above by black and white. Amazon.
Th. timoclea Hew. (155 c) is considerably larger, darker indigo-blue, with a much larger, oval. blackish-
brown scent-spot surrounded by slate-green scent-scales, with a broader black apex. Beneath similar to eriz,
the fine lines formed of silvery-blue scales sprinkled on it; at the base of the costal margin is a silvery-blue dot.
From Ecuador.
Th. cetra sp. nov. (155 c) resembles the preceding above, but it has longer hindwings, a duller steel-
blue colour and a larger, double scent-spot, the proximal half being red-brown, the distal half, being separated
by the blue transverse vein, greyish-brown. Beneath very similar; on the forewings the curved proximal line
is likewise bluish-white, on the hindwings the blue basal dot is absent, the postdiscal line is clearer, not composed
of dispersed scales. According to a pure 3 from Muzo (Colombia) from the Coll. Fassu.
ee
Publ. 3. 11. 1920. THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. heh
Th. ismarus Cr. (155 c) of which we reproduce a copy of CrameERs figure, seems to me to be closely
allied to t2zmoclea. The same seems to me to be the case with
Th. phalantus Cr., perhaps both are the sexes of one species; at any rate neither of them has been
identified up to this day, for which reason we confine ourselves to this short remark; both originate from Surinam.
63. Spurina-Group.
Th. spurina Hew. (= stagira Hew., volana Hew., timaea Hew., lydia Ky.) (152 h, i) is above steel-
or slate-bluish grey, with a dull greasy lustre, narrow black margins and a double scent-spot, the upper distal
portion brownish-grey, the lower red-brown. Fringes blackish-grey, at the anal angle white with a black marginal
line before it. The ©° is dull greyish-brown, towards the base bluish-grey, towards the anal angle with blackish
marginal spots and a reddish or bluish spot in the anal lobe. Beneath brown, the 9 lighter. On the forewings
a curved or straight row of lunular spots, brown, distally mostly whitish; on the hindwings a strongly curved,
postdiscal similar one, and an antemarginal, very dull one, being lighter tinged on both sides; between the
median veins a red crescent with a small, black dot; in the anal lobe a black spot with mostly some red above
between it light-blue dusting. — The insignificant form erenea Hew. has a still narrower black distal margin
and on the hindwings beneath a less curved median band. From Panama to Colombia and the Amazon.
Th. endera Hew. (= thestia Hew.) (155 ¢) is above greasy-lustrous greenish-blue, with a broadly
blackish-brown apex and margins. Scent-spot large, oval, brown; @ duller greyish-brown, towards the base
bluish-grey. Beneath more intensely brown than the preceding with more distinct submarginal lines on both
wings and very much larger red spots. Amazon.
Th. genena Hew. (155) looks almost the same above, but the scent-spot is smaller; on the hindwings
beneath, the postdiscal band makes an almost U-shaped curve, whereas in endera it runs almost rectilinearly
to the proximal margin. Amazon.
Th. buris Dre. (155 d) differs from the preceding by its almost purely green upper surface and double
scent-spot: in the cell black, behind it brown; beneath not different. The 9 is above brown with an orange
anal spot, beneath paler than the ¢ with more red at the anal angle. Amazon.
Th. illex Schs. seems to approximate the preceding and has the same double scent-spot; above metallic
blue with a broadly black apex and a narrowly black distal margin and a red anal spot. Beneath brown with
the same markings as buris, only somewhat more bluish instead of white. Expanse of wings: 33 mm. Colombia.
Th. caltha Dre. (154d) is above dark-brown, towards the base suffused by purple-blue; almost
the whole cell is occupied by a slightly conspicuous, purse-shaped scent-spot with a longitudinal opening from
which whitish scent-scales spring forth. Beneath like spwrina (152 h, i), but with more red at the anal angle.
The 2 is above quite brown with an orange anal spot. Amazon.
Th. emessa Hew. (155d) resembles endera (155 c) above, but it is brighter bluish-green, the margins
are deeper black and more sharply defined, so that the dark-brown scent-spot becomes more prominent. The
2° are in all these species above equally coloured, dull brownish-grey, towards the base tinged bluish-grey.
The under surface is lighter than in the others, orange-grey with the usual, little differing lines and small red
anal spots. Amazon.
Th. eliatha Hew. (155d) is above more extensively greenish-blue than genena (155 e) and possesses
a large, double scent-spot, the proximal half of which is orange-brown, the distal half greyish-brown: beneath
likewise similar to the said species, but on the hindwing the lines are not so close together and the distal one
consists of conical or triangular, whitish spots being distally bordered by brown. Only between the tails there
is a small red spot, the anal spot is black, between both there is bluish-white dusting. Brazil.
Th. ericusa Hew. (= voconia Hew.) (152g, h) is the most closely allied to the larger spurina (152 h)
and has the same greasy-lustrous, steel-grey colour, but only a small, brownish-grey scent-spot behind the
cell, the proximal part has disappeared except some traces of it. Beneath somewhat lighter, with a lilac tinge,
between the anal- and tail-spots dusted more bluishly, the marking the same. Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil.
Th. sycena Hew. (155d) presumably also belongs to this group, although the 3 is without the scent-
spot. Above metallic blue with a black apex and a narrow distal margin. Under surface brownish-grey with
the same markings; on the forewings the row of spots is almost straight, on the hindwings more strongly broken,
than in the other species. Brazil.
V 98
isMmarus.
phalantus.
spurina.
erened.
endera.
genena.
buris.
illex.
caltha.
emeéssa.
eliatha.
ericusa.
sycena.
legytha.
gargophia.
sophocles.
sospes.
tephracus.
leucophaeus.
volupia.
purpurea.
hostis.
doryasa.
epidius.
nota.
leos.
778 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
Th. legytha Hew. (1521) is so closely allied to emessa (155d) that it may coincide with it. Above
greenish-blue with a black costal margin and apex and a black scent=spot. Beneath on the hindwings the post-
discal band runs somewhat differently towards the costal margin, otherwise everything is alike. Nicaragua.
Th. gargophia Hew. (1521) resembles the preceding, but it is above not so green, but of a purer blue, -
and it has a double scent-spot, proximally black, distally brownish-grey. Beneath alike. Brazil (Espiritu
Santo).
64. Sophocles-Group.
Th. sophocles F. (Q = basalides Hbn., wilhelmina Ky., sphinx Godt., 2 dindymus Ww., virginia
Sigr. i. 1.) (155 d) initiates a very characteristic group. The 3 is above radiantly azure-blue, on the forewings,
however, only in a parallel-bordered stripe between the proximal margin and the lower median vein, the rest
is blackish-brown; three fourths of the cell are filled up by the deep-brown scent-spot. The under surface is
whitish-grey, in the basal inner-marginal part of the forewing brownish-grey; on the forewings 2 lines composed
of brownish crescentiform streaks, the proximal one very constant and characteristic by the luna between
the upper radial veins receding towards the base; hindwing in the distal part almost white with a tiny orange
spot between the median veins; the postdiscal strongly broken; there is mostly a third line in the basal part.
Brazil.
Th. sospes sp. nov. (155 e) is very similar, above slightly duller blue, the just as broadly black apical -
part exhibits in the disc an indigo-blue lustre; in the upper distal cell-corner is the very small, oval, deep
brown scent-spot; beneath very light brownish, of the lines only the postdiscal one is visible, being, however,
also very slightly marked; the orange anal spots are both present, though small and dull. According to 1 §
from Colombia in my collection.
Th. tephraeus Hbn. (= faventia Hew.) (155e) is above similar to sophocles, but the apex is less
extensively black, so that the proximally brown, distally black scent-spot is entirely surrounded by blue. Beneath
the ground-colour is light ashy-grey, in the place of the scent-spot brownish, the distal part of the hindwing
very much dusted in white, the lines distally bordered by a clear white, brought nearer to the border, mostly
with a fine white discal streak. The 92 resembles the other species, it is of a duller blue, distally broader
brownish-grey. Distributed from Mexico to the Amazon and everywhere common.
Th. leucophaeus Hbn. (= halala Hew., parvinotus Kaye) (151¢ 9, 155e 3) differs above by only
quite narrowly black distal margins and a smaller, more distinctly double scent-spot. Beneath grey as tephraeus,
but the markings more like in sophocles, the distal margin of the hindwings mixed with white, the postdiscal
line of the forewings almost straight. Brazil, Venezuela, Trinidad.
Th. volupia Hew. is above not to be distinguished from the preceding, beneath more monotonously
grey, the anal lobe black, without a red border. Guatemala, Nicaragua.
Th. purpurea Dre. (155f). Above darker than lewcophaeus and with a broader, black distal margin,
the scent-spot still smaller and distinctly bipartite. Under surface pearl-grey without the white mixture at
the distal margin, forewings quite unmarked; the postdiscal line on the hindwing separated more into single
spots. Brazil (Espiritu Santo).
Th. hostis Schs. is likewise closely allied, but it has above a broader black apex and costal margin.
The small double scent-spot is proximally brown, distally grey, both parts surrounded by blue, touching the
black costal margin above. Beneath more brownish-grey, marked as in lewcophaeus (154 e), the red spot of
the tail much larger. Expanse of wings: 28 mm. Brazil (Novo-Friburgo).
65. Doryasa-Group.
Th. doryasa Hew. (155 e) is above magnificently lustrous ultramarine blue with a sharply defined,
velvety-black apex and a narrow distal margin. The larger, black part of the scent-spot is situated in the cell,
the smaller, brownish-grey part behind it. The @ is dull blackish-brownish, on the hindwings suffused by a
dark steel-blue. The under surface is brown with a fine black, distally white postdiscal line forming a W at the
proximal margin. Marginal line quite obsolete, 2 red anal spots, between them bluish dusting; marginal line
black, proximally intensely white. Colombia, Amazon. — epidius Godm. & Salv. (155 f) is slightly different,
but easily separable by the almost vanished, red spot on the tail of the hindwing beneath. Panama to Colombia.
Th. nota Dre. (155 f). Above not to be distinguished from the preceding, beneath more light straw-
coloured with fainter and less undulate transverse lines; the antemarginal rows of moon-spots are absent alto-
gether, the red spots have almost disappeared. Colombia (San Sebastian).
Th. leos Schs. (155 f) has above a much larger black scent-spot in the cell-end, otherwise very similar
to doryasa (155e). Beneath darker brown and easily recognizable by the peculiarly curved postdiscal line.
Costa Rica.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Draupv. 779
Th. nivepunctata Dre. (155 f). We add here 2 very different species being otherwise not related to
any other group. The species before us has above the greasy-lustrous indigo-blue of spwrina (152 h, i), but
a much broader dark apex and at the cell-end a pear-shaped, brownish scent-spot. Beneath not to be mistaken
for any other species by the chocolate-coloured, white-dotted under surface. The @ is above duller coloured,
otherwise the same. From British Guiana and Surinam.
Th. porphyreticus Dre. (155f). Above about as tephraeus, but with a broader black margin and a
smaller dark-brown scent-spot. Beneath brown with a violet reflection, very characteristic by the two large,
white, costal-marginal spots of the hindwing. Peru (Rio Napo).
66. Syncellus-Group.
Th. syncellus Cr. (151i,k). 3g above magnificently lustrous blue with a moderately broad black
margin and a black scent-spot behind the cell, bordered in the cell by a smaller, red-brown spot being circum-
scribed like an eye by slate-blue. Beneath greyish-black with a darker transverse line and silvery green dusting
at the anal angle in the shape of 2 short transverse lines, the proximal one forming a W; abdomen beneath
yellowish-white. The 2 is above darker steel-blue, beneath more yellowish-brown. Everywhere extremely
common from Mexico to the Amazon; northern specimens generally have a narrower black margin. — From
West Mexico (Guerrero) I received a number of specimens of a smaller, much lighter form with an almost extinct
scent-spot and beneath light yellowish-grey ground-colour, which I denominate deserta form. nov. (151k); —
eribaea Hew. (151 k) is a form with the postdiscal on the under surface being distally broadly dusted by light-
blue, from the Amazon. — bitias Cr. is most probably a synonym of syncellus.
67. Hebraeus-Group.
Th. hebraeus Hew. (151k) entirely resembles above our figure of deserta (151k), but it is of a more
violet colour, the scent-spot is the same, smaller than in syncellus, the extensive black part behind the cell
is absent. Beneath brownish with undulate, black streak-markings which are well to be seen from the figure.
Bahia.
Th. cimelium Gosse (151 k) is extremely similar and above not to be distinguished, the under surface,
however, is much more clouded in dark and more indistinctly, more blurredly marked. Brazil to Paraguay.
68. Pelion-Group.
Th. pelion Cr. (= simplex Walch., 3 thallus Cr., aeolus F.) (148 e). Above blue with a narrowly
black margin and a large, black scent-spot. Beneath blackish-grey with a slight purple tinge and a broad, white
band of the hindwing parted by the veins; between the median veins an antemarginal, carmine spot, at the
anal angle some silvery-blue scaling. Brazil, Trinidad, Ecuador.
Th. paphlagon Fidr. (148f). 3 above radiantly greenish-blue with a large, black scent-spot at the
cell-end and some black dusting behind it. Distal margin narrowly black. On the upper surface of the hindwing
there is a pencil of black hair on the submedian. The ° is more green with a much broader, blackish-brown
margin. Beneath brownish-grey with a whitish inner-marginal area and black veins, a small, white, costal-
marginal spot of the forewing and a yellow apical spot of the hindwing, in front of the anal margin of which
there are 2 red spots. Colombia, Venezuela, Peru.
Th. ochus Godm. & Salv. (148 f) resembles the preceding above, darker blue and with a much larger
black discal spot below the scent-spot and a black hair-pencil at the submedian. Beneath likewise similar,
the light costal marginal spot of the forewing is larger and triangular, the apical spot of the hindwing not yellow
but whitish, extending subcostally as far as the base. Before the margin only one red spot, a smaller one in
the anal lobe. Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Costa Rica.
Th. boreas Fidr. (148 f) likewise belongs here; it is smaller, above similar to paphlagon, beneath
much more variegated by more abundant yellow spotting, a red costal margin of the hindwing, and more
extensively red spots between the median veins and above them. Colombia, Amazon.
69. Coelebs-Group.
Th. coelebs H.-Schaff. (= fidena Hew.) (155f, 2) is above lustrous steel-blue, more greenish than
spurina (152h, i), distally very broad blackish-brown with long hair above in the submedian space of the
hindwing and a hair-pencil at the base of the subcostal, without a scent-spot. The © is above duller greyish-
blue. Beneath brown, the postdiscal line darker, on the hindwings distally white, beginning in the middle
of the costal margin; anal lobe black, above bordered by white, between it and the large red spot of the tail
blue dusting. Cuba, Hayti.
nivepunca-
ta.
porphyreti-
CUS.
syncellus.
deserta.
eribaea.
hebraeus.
cimelium.
pelion.
paphlagon.
ochus.
boreas.
coclebs.
panchaea.
pion.
oppia.
piplea.
martialis.
slrephon.
cyllarus.
deliciae.
porphyritis.
perola.
tyriam.
trebonia.
uterkudante.
oslrinus.
phoster.
780 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
Th. panchaea Hew. (= scoteia Hew.) (155g) is above rather similar, in the ¢ bluer, the hindwings
of a rounder shape. Beneath the transverse lines are fine, nearer to the margin and parallel to it, the red spot
on the tail smaller. Amazon, Minas Geraes.
Th. pion Godm. & Salv. (155 g) looks above like the preceding and has the same subcostal hair-pencil
and the submedian hairing on the hindwings; beneath it is duller and more indistinctly marked, the small red
spot quite insignificant. Perhaps it is a form of panchaea and its northern representative. Distributed from
Mexico to Panama.
Th. oppia Godm. & Salv. (155g) is above much more extensively blue and, on the hindwings, it
has a distinct, small, red anal spot. Above the subcostal hair-pencil of the hindwing is a black scent-spot. Beneath
it is much more abundantly marked in white, also before the margin. Described from Mexico.
Th. piplea Godm. & Salv. (= subobscura Lathy). Allied to pion (155 g); the 3 with the small hair-
spot on the upper surface of the hindwing near the base of the subcostal vein. But beneath the wings are of
a more intense colour than in pion. The dark-red anal spot of the hindwing is much larger, the two transverse
macular stripes nearer to each other. West Indies: St. Vincent (Grenada).
Th. martialis H.-Schijf. (155 g) on the whole resembles coelebs above, but it is of a duller sky-blue
and immediately distinguishable by the large, indistinctly defined, discal spot. Beneath the markings are
likewise very similarly arranged, but instead of the rows of moonspots there are rather broad white lines. Florida,
Cuba, Jamaica,
70. Strephon-Group.
Th. strephon F. (= sichaeus Cr.) (151d). Upper surface magnificently cornflower-blue with a
very broad black apex with indistinctly visible scent-scales; the anal angle of the hindwing above bordered
by white, in the black lobe a small red spot. Beneath brownish-grey, the proximal margin of the forewing whitish
with a large, oval, brown scent-spot below the median, covered by the convex, bulging margin of the hindwing.
The postdiscal lines are white, running on the forewing from the middle of the costal margin straight to the
lower median vein, and from here as far as the proximal margin in the shape of a W; submarginally placed
is a row of brownish moon-spots, bordered on both sides by white, between the median veins and at the anal
angle interrupted by red spots. Amazon.
Th. cyllarus Cr. (= strephon God¢. nec F., cyllarissus Host.) (151 f) is above the same, only somewhat
more greenish, and the angle between the median veins on the forewing is still blue, in strephon already situate
in the apical black. Beneath much lighter, the markings duller and finer, parallel to the margin. The Q, as
almost all of this groap, is above much duller and the blue more confined, the shape of the wings rounder and
broader. Brazil to Peru. — deliciae Dre. (151 i) seems to be based only upon an aberrative specimen in which
all the black markings beneath are absent; taken in North Brazil.
Th. porphyritis Dre. (151 h) does not differ from strephon above and it is just as dark beneath, but
the marking is parallel to the border as in cyllarus, the white colour very prominent, the scent-spot much smaller,
nut-brown and nearer to the base; the disc exhibits a silky lustre. Brazil (Tapajoz and Para).
Th. perola Hew. (151 g,h). Above like cyllarus, distinguished on the hindwing by the broad blackish-
brown costal margin shining as if polished. Beneath the white markings are strongly developed, the post-
discal line more strongly and irregularly broken, the blackish-brown scent-spot extends as far as the median.
Amazon, Bolivia.
Th. tyriam Drc. (151 h) differs from the preceding above by the reduced blue of the forewings, which
does not reach the anal angle, but is cut off by the broadly black distal margin; the costal margin of the hindwing
is likewise polished. The under surface is lighter, the scent-spot smaller, lighter straw-coloured than the ground.
Brazil (Para), Bolivia.
Th. trebonia Hew. (151 e) differs from the preceding by the large scent-spot in the distal half of the
cell; the ground-colour is a lighter, greener blue. Beneath as in perola. Ecuador.
Th. uterkudante Drc. (151 e) has above the blue of strephon (151 d) and no scent-spot; beneath it differs
from the preceding by a straw-coloured scent-spot and much broader black and white transverse lines, the
proximal one of which begins at the costal margin with a large triangular spot. Colombia.
Th. ostrinus Dre. (151 f). Above like strephon, but without the red spot in the anal angle of the hind-
wing. The ground-colour beneath is of a decidedly greenish tinge and the scent-spot is absent altogether
Cayenne.
Th. phoster Dre. (151 f) does not differ from cyllarus above. The ground-colour beneath is much
darker and lustrous; the scent-spot is much larger, but it does not contrast in the colour; the postdiscal band
is very prominent; the red spots are very strongly developed. Surinam, Colombia (Muzo).
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravupt. 781
Th. foyi Schs. resembles the preceding above, in the anal lobe a small orange spot. Beneath light
greyish-brown, without a scent-spot, the markings as in phoster (151 f), duller, but on the forewing the sub-
marginal line is absent, the proximal one extends only as far as the lower median vein. Described from Peru.
Th. purpurantes Dre. (151 g) is above greener blue than foyi and has no orange spot in the anal lobe:
beneath the black and white postdiscal line is more sharply broken angularly and more prominent. The scent-
spot is of a silky-lustrous straw-colour, in the centre darker. Peru.
Th. acameda Hew. (= paulina Sig. i. |.) (151 f) resembles cyllarus above, but it has a green-reflecting,
polished costal margin of the hindwing, the costal angle itself being blue. On the under surface the basal half,
at the hindwings, particularly towards the costal margin, is darker brown, the scent-spot is quite light cement-
coloured; the strongly broken lines are well reproduced in the figure. Amazon, Colombia, Peru.
Th. elika Hew. (151 g) has above a decidedly lighter and greener blue with a more narrowly black
distal part. The under surface is much lighter whitish-grey, the lines finer, towards the costal margin on the
hindwing more divergent, the red marginal spots smaller and duller, the costal margin of the hindwing is less
convex, the scent-spot hardly contrasts with the ground. Brazil.
Th. ambrax Ww. (151 f) has a still much narrower black apex and distal margin, and is immediately
recognizable by the large, oval, red-brown scent-spot at the upper cell-end. Beneath light ashy-grey, the large
scent-spot clay-coloured, the lines as in acameda (151 f). Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Brazil.
Th. adela Stgr. (151 h) is a well characterized species, above something like ostrinws (151 f), the blue
rather very much confined, with a distinct red anal spot and a broad, blackish-brown costal margin. The under
surface is brown, not greenish, between the postdiscal transverse line and the distal margin, in the whole length,
a brownish macular line extends, bordered on both sides by whitish. The costal margin of the hindwing scarcely
bulged out, the forewings without any scent-spot. Amazon District.
Th. syedra Hew. (151 e). A smaller species, above almost like strephon (151d), beneath entirely light
brownish, the 2somewhat darker, the lines arranged about as in cyllarus (151 f), the costal margin of the hindwing
strongly convex, covering the yellowish, large scent-spot; on the hindwings the antemarginal, macular line
begins at the costal margin with 2 isolated brown spots. Guatemala to the Amazon.
Th. enenia Hew. (155h) is allied to the preceding; above more greenish-blue, beneath very light
grey, towards the apex on the forewings reddish-brown, the lines very mucn like those in syedra (151 e), the
marginal area of the hindwings extensively whitish, the postdiscal broadly white, the submarginal line consisting
of tiny brown spots, the second of which beginning from the costal margin is the largest. Brazil.
Th. rickmani Schs. seems to belong here and to resemble purpurantes (151 g); on the forewings the
blue colour is confined to the surroundings of the submedian, the hindwings have only a narrowly black costal
and distal margin; above the anal lobe in which there is no red there is a white spot. Beneath light olive-brown;
on the hindwings the postdiscal line runs rectilinearly from the subcostal line to the lower radial; the anal red
very broadly developed beyond the upper median vein. Colombia.
Th. imma Prittw. is a species that has hitherto not been identified, described according to a
single 2 which may belong here, but also to the orcynia-group (p. 788). Size and shape of 7'h. quercus (Vol. I,
t. 74d); above blackish-brown, in the basal part of the forewing and on the hindwing extensively dull sky-
blue. Beneath light ashy-grey with the 2 usual white transverse lines reaching almost the proximal margin
also on the forewings and touching each other on the hindwings in cell 4; the spot on the tail is red, the anal
spot black, only proximally dusted in red. Patria?
Th. metanira Hew. (151 c) also belongs yet into this group, in spite of the deviating scent-spot on
the upper surface of the forewing which is situate in and behind the cell-end; it is dark brownish-grey, in the
proximal part a jet-black pupil. Forewings above rather extensively radiantly greenish-blue. Beneath the
forewings are unmarked greyish-brown, without the scent-spot, the hindwings marked as in perola (151 g, h),
but without a convex costal margin and with very slightly developed red, in the 2 almost entirely without
any red, but instead of it more copiously dusted in greenish, so that it also resembles the atema-group (= narbal-
group, p. 765, t. 150 h—k). From the Amazon to Peru.
Th. lorea Mschlr. which has remained unknown to me, seems to be the most closely allied to the
preceding, unless it coincides with it. It is described to be above azure with a broadly blackish-brown costal
margin, apex and distal margin, at the end of the discocellular with a round, blackish-brown scent-spot. Beneath
dark brownish-grey, the marking of the hindwings is as in the preceding, the forewings likewise as they are
there, without any markings. Surinam.
Th. ericeta Hew. (= munatia Hew.) (151d). Above of a magnificent radiantly blue like strephon,
with the same broadly black apex of the forewing; the costal margin of the hindwing has a polished black lustre,
suffused by indigo-blue. The under surface is variable, brown or grey, the proximal white line diverges far
foyt.
purpuran-
tes.
acameda.
elika.
ambrac.
adela.
syedra.
enenia.
rickmani.
imma.
metanira.
lorea.
ericeta.
pulchritudo.
carteia.
zigira.
falerina.
latagus.
OrTrasus.
gadira.
NOTAL.
levis.
conchylium.
minthe.
elana.
mulsus.
782 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
inside towards the costal margin as in strephon, also on the forewings which exhibit a whitish inner-marginal
part and a large, somewhat darker brown scent-spot. Guatemala, Panama, Colombia.
Th. pulchritudo Dre. (151 e) is allied to the preceding, above more extensively blue with a small polished
spot on the hindwing, entirely covered by the forewing; the under surface is greenish-blue, not as in the figure
on which the silvery greenish-blue opalescent spot in the discocellular is neither reproduced at all, below it
a large, brownish scent-spot, the lines quite similar as in ericeta, only towards the costal margin not so greatly
divergent; the red anal spots are almost entirely absent. Amazon, Colombia (Rio Negro: Coll. Fasst).
Th. carteia Hew. (151 h,i) is above scarcely distinguishable from ericeta (151d), the polished spot
is very extensive, opalescent olive-green. Beneath brownish-grey with a large, blackish-brown, silky spot on
the forewings; the costal margin of the hindwing is very strongly convex, the lines as in ambraa (151 f), only
placed a little more towards the margin. Ecuador, Amazon.
Th. zigira Hew. (1511) is much smaller than carteia with a more narrowly black apex of the forewing,
otherwise very similar; also beneath similarly marked, but the ground of the wings is of a purer light grey,
the hindwings at the distal margin more dusted in white. Amazon, Venezuela, Peru.
Th. falerina Hew. (1511) we include here yet, although it makes a very different impression; much
smaller, above deep violet-blue with very broad black distal margins and a brown-yellow, polished, unscaled
spot at the base of the hindwing towards the costal margin. The under surface is greenish brownish-grey, the
costal margin of the hindwing strongly convex, covering a lustrous, darker spot of the proximal margin of the
forewing. On the hindwings the postdiscal begins with an isolated black spot, towards the base of it is a second,
distally white spot. Guiana, Amazon.
71. Latagus-Group.
Th. latagus Godm. & Salv. (155 h) has certain relations to a part of the preceding group by the black
spot of the costal margin of the hindwing above, being partly covered by the expanded proximal margin of
the forewing; the ground-colour above is lustrous blue with a moderately broad black apex and a narrow distal
margin, beneath brownish-grey with 4 white transverse lines before the margin of the hindwing and a red spot:
of the tail. Panama.
Th. orasus Godm. & Salv. (155 h) we append directly here; it is above silky blue, the hindwings
with a yellowish-brown subcostal stigma, beneath grey with an irregular grey, proximally white bordered
discal line and an indistinct, dark submarginal line bordered on both sides by white. The proximal margin of
the forewing opalescent bluish-green. Mexico, Guatemala.
72. Gadira-Group.
Th. gadira Hew. (155)h) is without tails, above lustrous ultramarine-blue with a large, oval, brown
scent-spot and a moderately broad, velvety-black margin. Beneath light brownish-grey with white lunular
lines and 2 orange-red, black-pupilled anal spots. The 9° is darker violettish-blue, particularly on the forewings
very broadly bordered by blackish-brown. Guatemala to Colombia.
Th. norax Godm. & Salv. (155 h) is smaller, lighter blue, with broader black margins and a rounder
scent-spot ; the under surface is somewhat lighter, striated with many white lunular lines. Guatemala to Colombia.
Th. levis Dre. (155h) greatly resembles norax above, but the scent-spot is smaller, round and black;
beneath more yellowish-brown in the distal part, in the larger basal half sharply delimited darker brown; the
markings on the whole similar, but not white, but brownish, the hindwing besides with an undulate, dark-
brown median band. Amazon.
Th. conchylium Drc. (1551) also like norax with a somewhat narrower black margin; the scent-spot
is much narrower and lighter. The red spots of the hindwing are almost entirely absent, and only in the dark-
brown, towards the base blue-reflecting 2 they are somewhat more visible. Brazil to Paraguay.
Th. minthe Godm. & Salv. (155i) resembles gadira, being of a somewhat lighter, silky-lustrous blue
and very easily recognizable by the under surface of the forewings which is opalescent blue in the inner-marginal
half. From Mexico.
Th. elana Hew. (152 ¢) resembles above gadira with its magnificent blue, but it has a tail and broader
black margins. Beneath brownish-grey, at the proximal margin of the forewing lighter, the marking likewise
resembles somewhat the said species, but it also resembles punctwm (152 d) by a small black and white dot in
the middle of the costal margin of the hindwing. Colombia to Brazil.
Th. mulsus Dre. (152d) is above deeper purple-blue than the preceding and has beneath entirely
unmarked forewings, and the dot of the costal margin of the hindwing is absent, too. It likewise has a long
tail. Amazon.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpv. 78
w
Th. vieca Schs., apparently described according to a 9, larger than gadira, without a tail, above vieea.
blackish-grey, in the basal inner-marginal part of the forewing lilac-grey, the hindwings white, dusted in lilac-
blue with a blackish-grey costal margin and distal margin. Beneath light brown, marked like conchylium (155 i),
in the median area broad whitish with a white costal marginal streak. Venezuela.
73. Laeta-Group (Hrora Scudd.).
Th. laeta Hdw. (= clothilde Q Edw.) (155i) is the typical representative of a small group probably /aeta.
comprising only this one species, but varying a great deal. The name-type is distributed in North America
but apparently very rare. Above brown, towards the base suffused by blue; beneath fawn-coloured with post-
discal bands and such at the margin of the hindwings, composed of tiny, orange-red, distally white-bordered
spots. It flies from Quebec to West Virginia and Arizona; there are no details known as to its life-history. —
quaderna Hew. (155 i) from Mexico is above abundantly dusted in a violettish-blue, with small dark spots before quaderna.
the distal margin of the hindwings and orange fringes. The colour beneath is of a shade like a grey-horse, distally
with a greenish shine. This is probably the Q of attalion Godm. & Salv. (155i) which is quite brown above, attalion.
with tiny, blue, submarginal spots of the hindwings. — aura Godm. & Salv. (155 i) from Costa Rica and Panama aura.
is likewise similar, but black above, the hindwings only in the centre blue without a blue submarginal; beneath
the colour is more bluish-grey, without the red small submarginal spots, and the median line of the forewing
is placed nearer to the distal margin.
Th. phrosine Dre. (146 e) is a peculiar small species, which perhaps belongs into this group; above pkhrosine.
dark-brown, the fringes of the hindwings white. Beneath white with a faint silvery reflection, in the disc of
the forewing a bluish tinge; the postdiscal band sonsists of single, tiny, copper-brown spots, on the hindwings
there are besides minute submarginal dots. Abdomen beneath white. Peru, Bolivia.
Th. ecastrena Jones (156d) differs above from phrosine by lilac-blue scales being strewn on the base castrena.
of the proximal margin of the forewing and on the hindwings. The ground-colour beneath is light lilac-blue,
in the 2 more yellowish-grey with a similar marking as in the former, though more copious. Castro (Parana).
74. Nana-Group.
Th. nana Fidr. (155 k) is a most peculiar species not to be mistaken for any other species. The shape nana.
of the wings peculiarly high. The colour is above dull indigo-blue with a slight lilac lustre; the whole costal-
marginal half of the hindwing is of a light-grey lustre and in its basal half there is a roundish scent-spot of the
same colour. Beneath light bluish-green with a faint lilac shine, in the inner-marginal area of the forewings
brownish-grey; on the hindwings with a fine white lunular line, towards the inner-margin proximally bordered
by blackish, at the acute anal angle a small black spot; there is no tail. Forehead brown, palpi at the sides
green. Colombia. :
Th. facuna Hew. (156 a) is larger, of a more slender shape of the wings. Forewings above blackish- jacuna.
brown, in the basal inner-marginal part as far as the middle of the cell suffused by indigo-blue; hindwings in
the disc of a violettish-blue lustre, from which the large brown scent-spot stands out in bold relief, filling up
the whole basal part, inclusive of the cell; the costal margin itself is lustrous lighter brownish. The ° is duller
and more extensively blue. Beneath emerald-green; forewings unmarked, in the inner-marginal part brown;
the hindwings with an indistinct postdiscal line of blackish, distally lighter, though not white-bordered, small
streak-spots. Fringes brownish, near the anal angle black, at the base white; at the tip a small black spot.
Forehead, palpi and tibiae green, legs black, wreathed in white. Rio Grande.
Th. senta sp. nov. (156 a) greatly approximates the preceding, it is larger, the distal margin of the senta.
hindwings more convex, the wings dusted in a purer blue, the hindwings much more extensively, because the
distal and proximal margins are only narrowly black. The costal margin of the hindwings dark-brown, in its
basal half we notice the much smaller, red-brown lustrous, though little contrasting scent-spot of an oblong
shape. Beneath the green is a shade more yellow, of the postdiscal line there is only the beginning of a W left
at the anal angle, behind it is a small black spot. Forehead, palpi and femur green. 1 3 from Colombia (Canon
del Tolima) from the Coll. Fasst.
i Th. opisena Dre. (155k) is a smaller, ultramarine species with a broadly velvety-black apex and opisena.
distal margin. Beneath emerald-green, often only with the beginnings of a postdiscal at the proximal angle
of the hindwings, which, however, may also be extended as far as the costal margin; a small spot and the fringes
at the anal angle are black, occasionally with an orange-red upper tinge. Colombia.
Th. biblia Hew. (155k). Above plainly brown, beneath of delicate bluish green, like all the following bid/ia.
species with a peculiar lilac-blue shine of a silky or mother-of-pearl lustre; at the anal angle of the hindwing
a tiny black spot. Amazon.
Th. ares Godm. & Salv. (155k) greatly approximates the preceding, being above suffused with a ares.
purple-violet; on the green under surface there is an indistinct, whitish postdiscal and also at the cell-end a
streak. Forehead green. Guatemala, Amazon.
smaragdus.
semones.
subjlorens.
camp.a,
quassa.
schausi.
miranda.
crepundia.
insignis.
sesara.
orobia.
orobiana.
784 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravor.
Th. smaragdus Dre. (155 a) exhibits above a purple-violet reflection like aves. Beneath the postdiscal
is more distinct, also on the forewings there are traces of it; it is immediately recognizable by the white fringes
beneath being velvety-black at the base. Colombia (Rio Aguaca Valley), Brazil.
Th. semones Godm. & Salv. (155 k) differs from the preceding by the leaden-lustrous, indigo-coloured
upper surface, black forehead and entirely unmarked green under surface. Mexico.
Th. subflorens Schs. (156 a) resembles somewhat the preceding above, but it is strewn with a purer
metallic blue, with a broadly black apex of the forewing, green forehead and beneath discal lines composed
of small, high Iunular spots on both wings, but on the forewings only indicated, between the median veins of
the hindwings also traces of a small orange-red spot, and a light discal streak. Costa Rica to Colombia.
Th. campa Jones (156 a) is above dull blackish-blue, distally purer black, hindwings with narrowly
black margins, fringes brown. Beneath very pale green, with a particularly intense lilac-blue shine. Forewings
unmarked, hindwings with a greyish-white discal streak and the discal line as in subflorens, but distinct only
towards the proximal margin; in the anal lobe a black spot bordered above and beneath by white, between
the median veins an orange-red, black-ringed spot; palpi white, forehead green. Paranda.
Th. quassa sp. nov. (156 a). greatly approximates the preceding, but it is above purple-brown, the
hair of the proximal margin and the fringes of the hindwings snow-white. The under surface is the same, the
postdiscal band as far as the costal margin very distinct, composed of high, proximally brown, distally white,
lunae, also present on the forewing near the costal margin; fringes of the hindwing also beneath white, but
with a deep velvety-black basal line. The forehead is black. 1 3 from Sa. Catharina (Coll. WERNICKE).
75. Schausi-Group.
Th. schausi Godm. d&: Salv. (156 a) is the typical representative of an extremely peculiar, small
and very little known group the species of which are apparently all very rare hitherto. Above metallic ultra-
marine-blue, at the distal margin broadly brownish-black. Beneath blackish-grey, on the hindwings with
jet-black veins. The disc of the forewing metallic blue, a whitish spot at the base of the costal margin of the
hindwing, at the base of which there is a small, scarlet spot surrounded by some opalescent blue scales. Mexico,
Nicaragua.
Th. miranda Godm. & Salv. (156 a) resembles the preceding, the anal angle of the hindwings is
somewhat more drawn forwards, the wings above more purple; beneath the apex of the forewing exhibits a
yellowish-white spot, the hindwings a tripartite, subapical spot, the base of the cell and the proximal margin
likewise a yellowish-white spot; the abdomen is white beneath. Amazon, Sao Paulo.
Th. crepundia Drc. (156 b) is above dull olive-brown, towards the base with an indigo-blue reflec-
tion. Beneath likewise olive-brown, with a yellowish-white, brown-veined apex. of both wings, the forewings
in and below the cell opalescent greyish-blue; at the base of the hindwings a large red spot. Peru.
Th. insignis Godm. & Salv. (156 a). Only the is known: above blackish-brown; beneath the forewings
are just the same, at the proximal margin lighter with a yellowish-white apical spot: the hindwings are orange-
yellow, with broad blackish-brown veins and small brownish spots at the costal angle and between and below
the median veins. The bases of all the wings spotted in orange-red. Mexico, Panama.
76. Sesara-Group.
Th. sesara Godm. & Salv. (156 a) is an isolated species which would have to be renamed, if it remains
in the large collective genus, since the same authors have already before denominated a Thecla with the same
name. Above the forewings are blackish-brown, the hindwings blue with a fine, bluish-white marginal line
in the black anal part, in which there is a reddish-brown spot; a small, short tail. Beneath silky brown, in the
distal part lighter and more reddish; the postdiscal blackish-brown, on the hindwings irregular; in the anal
part no red spots, only 2 black dots; fringes rusty-brown. From Mexico.
77. Orobia-Group.
Th. orobia Hew. (152) is above deep peacock-blue with black veins and narrowly black margins.
Beneath deep purple-brown, the proximal margin of the forewing light-grey; in the lower cell-half and behind
it between the median veins scales of a brilliant bluish-green; at the costal margin in the middle and before
the apex one whitish blurred spot each; from the proximal one there emanates a row of white dots. Hindwings
with a blue basal dot and a postdiscal row of similar dots. Anal angle dusted in golden-green. Panama, Colombia,
Bolivia, Venezuela, Amazon.
Th. orobiana Hew. (152 a) is doubtful as to its being justified to be called a species, the chief mark
is the absence of the blue stripe through the disc of the forewing beneath; the other marks stated are: larger,
teat eh Tle; HER THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 785
with a broader black margin, above and beneath absent white costal-marginal diffuse spots vary greatly,
if larger series are to be looked at. It lies before me from the Amazon and Colombia.
Th. orocana Drc. (156 b), however, is undoubtedly a different species; it has above all no tail, but orocana.
an extended, inwardly curved anal lobe of the hindwing, as some species of the amyntor-group (p. 762). The
colour above is a lighter, radiant greenish-blue, the apex of the forewing is very broad black; whereas in orobia
and orobiana the blue colour of the hindwing above the upper radial vein extends constantly in the shape of
a bow into the brown costal margin, it runs here below the said vein straight on to the distal margin. Beneath
there is little difference: the blue discal stripe of the forewing is absent, on the hindwings there are at the anal
angle but very sparse golden-green scales. Peru, Colombia (Cafion del Tolima).
78. Hyacinthus-Group.
Th. hyacinthus Cr. (156 b) is above sky-blue with a narrow black margin; beneath the forewings hyacinthus.
are greenish-blue with a narrow black margin and two bands before the distal margin, the hindwings exhibit
a yellowish-brownish band from the middle of the proximal margin to the costal angle, broadly bordered in
black, and black spots before the distal margin. West Indies.
Th. pholeus Cr. (= philanthus Stoll) (156 b) is a little similar, above peacock-blue, the 2 brown: pholeus.
on the under surface the 3 is greenish-blue, the Q yellowish-grey with black bands and a yellowish-brownish
stripe on the hindwings as in the preceding. —- Whereas the northern specimens from Surinam and Cayenne
always exhibit some small, metallic greenish-blue spots in the median black band of the hindwing, the southern
specimens from Brazil and Colombia are always without them, they may therefore be denominated meridio- meridiona-
nalis form. nov. (156 b). — At both the habitats there occur small gg with a brown ground-colour above like eee
the 9°: feminalis form. nov. oe x
Th. selina Hew. (156 b) cannot be justly called a distinct species, as long as a ¢ fitting to it has not selina.
been ascertained. The 2 does not differ from that of pholews above, but beneath the forewings are unicolorously
brown with 2 darker submarginal bands; on the hindwings the costal margin next to the base is broad red-
brown, otherwise as in pholeus. The most positive assertion for the qualification of the species is the fact
that in the black median band there are always greenish-blue spots which are forever absent in southern speci-
mens of pholeus. Brazil, Ecuador.
Th. nautes Cr. (153 b) is larger, above darker with a small, darkbrown scent-spot and broadly darkened nautes.
veins. The under surface is very characteristic and unmistakable. In the g the proximal half of the forewing
is peacock-blue, but not in the 2 which is also above brown. Ecuador, Amazon.
Th. elis Cr. (156 c) preponderantly differs by its under surface; the forewing exhibits in the disc elis.
3 or 4 black, blue-pupilled eye-spots standing below each other; on the hindwing there is at the costal margin
nearer to the base another black, blue-pupilled eye-spot; the yellowish-grey longitudinal stripe extends towards
the costal angle, in nautes between the radial veins to the distal margin. Brazil.
Th. bactriana Hew. (156c) we insert here on account of the under surface resembling somewhat bactriana.
pholeus, though it is otherwise quite isolated. Above light-blue with a broadly black apex and a large, light-
ringed scent-spot. Beneath yellowish-brownish with similar spots and bands as pholeus. Amazon.
79. Empusa-Group.
Th. empusa Hew. (= tympania Hew., bethulia Hew., halciones Bilr.) (156) is above deep blue, empusa.
in the larger apical half black. The under surface is light grey with fine brown postdiscal lines, distally bor-
dered by white, proximally by a very fine orange-yellow, on the hindwing beginning with an outwardly displaced
streak-spot at the costa; quite indistinct, small, submarginal lunular spots are only visible on the hindwing
by being on both sides dusted in white; at the anal angle there is a small black spot, being above bordered
at first by white, then by orange; proximally follows a white-dusted part, then between the median veins again
an orange, small spot. Distributed from Mexico to the Amazon and Bolivia.
Th. purpuriticus Drc. (156 c) is above just the same, beneath darker, on the hindwings between the purpuriii-
median veins before the border much more extensively dusted by orange, the submarginal shades placed nearer cas:
to the postdiscal and more proximally. Colombia.
Th. tarena Hew. (156 c) is most similar, above hardly different, but the costal margin of the hindwing farena.
is broadly brown. The under surface ist more brown, the lines as in empusa, but more indistinct, the red spot
of the tail placed more proximally. Guiana.
Th. gentiana Drc. (156 d) differs above from tarena by a very large, black, oval scent-spot being proxi- gendiana.
mally surrounded by slate-blue scales. Beneath like the preceding, the lines still weaker and a little straighter,
the red spot removed more towards the margin. Colombia.
V 99
lemuria.
collustra.
argerona.
melma.
ophia.
laconia.
cupa.
gnosia.
echion.
echiolus.
crolinus.
vomiba.
venustus.
labes.
philinna.
~I
(o'e)
lor)
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
Th. lemuria Hew. (156d) is considerably smaller, above deep ultramarine-blue, with an oval, dark-
brown scent-spot behind the cell and a moderately broad black apex, a narrow distal margin. Beneath light
brownish-grey, marked like empusa. Colombia, Brazil.
Th. collustra Dre. (156 d) does not differ beneath, but above it is greyish-black, of a purple lustre,
without a scent-spot, the hindwing in the proximal half more indigo-blue with a small red anal spot. Trinidad.
Th. argerona Hew. (156 e) is on the forewings above only at the base and in the disc of the hindwing
somewhat darker, more indigo-blue. Beneath light reddish-grey, marked like the preceding, on the forewing,
only a short postdiscal extending neither to the costal margin nor to the proximal margin; on the hindwing
the grey spot between the spot of the tail and the anal spot is above also bordered by red. Brazil.
Th. melma Schs. (156 d) seems to belong into the same group. Above of a purer blue with a less extensive
apical black than in empusa, beneath more olive-brownish, the lines more distinct and broader, the space bet-
ween the anal spot and the spot of the tail dusted in a bluish white. Costa Rica, Panama.
Th. ophia Hew. (156 e) is above extensively blackish-brown, only towards the base and proximal
margin greenish-blue with a large, dark, hardly visible discal spot without any scent-scales, the forewings
entirely blue except the broad costal margin and narrow distal margin. Beneath brownish, marked like lemuria
(156 c), but somewhat more prominent, the submarginal macular bands more distinct, also on the forewing.
Amazon.
Th. laconia Hew. (156 e) looks above just the same, but it has a large, oval scent-spot. Beneath
lighter, the lines finer, lighter, more strongly broken, more remote from the border. Amazon.
Th. cupa Dre. (156 e) differs from laconia by the blue entering into the cell of the forewing and a
broader black costal margin of the hindwing; at the cell-end of the forewing lies only a small, round, indistinct
scent-spot instead of the large oval one in Jaconia. The under surface is lighter, the discal bands proximally
bordered by brown, on the forewing in the lower half removed more towards the margin. Rio Grande.
Th. gnosia Hew. (156 e) probably belongs to the same group, it has a rounder shape of the wings,
is smaller, above of a purer, though more subdued blue, the 2 brownish, with violettish-blue hindwings. The
under surface entirely resembles that of the preceding. Colombia, Peru, Bolivia.
80. Echion-Group.
Th. echion Z. (= crolus Cr.) (156 e, f) is a very variable species: above dull-lustrous indigo-blue with
a very broad blackish-brown apex of the forewing and costal margin of the hindwing; the larger distal half
of the cell is filled up with scarcely contrasting, dark-brown scent-scales of a slight steel-blue lustre. The 2
is much duller with a white marginal line on the hindwings in the anal direction. Beneath lighter or darker
brownish-grey, particularly in the 9 often whitish-grey, in the ¢ the disc of the forewing is more brown, in
some places clouded in a somewhat darker colour, the forewings with 2 lines, the hindwings with roundish,
copper-coloured to light-orange spots, bordered by black, before the distal margin a dentate line, and the usual
orange-red, black-pupilled, small spots. Very common from Mexico to South Brazil. — A smaller form flying
in Mexico, echiolus form. nov. (156 f) shows the spots on the hindwings beneath more subdued, more pale-orange
with a disappearing dark bordering.
Th. crolinus Bélr. (156 f) is similar, but above much more extensively and brilliantly blue, so that
the whole proximal half of the cell remains blue, behind it a four-cornered, black discal spot. Beneath not
essentially different, but the spots on the hindwings are not so round, but more oblong, so that more of a trans-
verse band is produced. Mexico to Panama.
Th. vomiba Schs. seems to be closely allied to crolinus, on the forewing the blue is confined to an inner-
marginal stripe, beneath it differs by a more complete additional basal of the hindwing, which is somewhat
interrupted only above and below the cell. Expanse of wings: 22 mm. Petropolis in South Brazil.
Th. venustus Dre. (156 f) is above like crolinus, the fringes of the forewing copper-brown. Beneath
darker brown, on the forewings the postdiscal band is much straighter; we do not find any real difference from
crolinus. Described from Brazil.
Th. labes Dre. (156 f) is smaller, above dull brown with a large black scent-spot, the hindwings only
in the proximal half are slightly tinged in a greyish blue. Beneath there is no difference from echion; it is
perhaps only a small form of it, from Trinidad.
Th. philinna Hew. (= unilinea Kaye) (156g). Above similar to echion, but with quite a different
scent-spot in two parts being placed almost vertically above each other: the upper part grey, the lower one
brown. The under surface is likewise similar, but without the basal spots of the hindwings and extremely variable,
white to brownish-grey, the spots themselves sometimes golden-yellow, sometimes copper-orange, or dull
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravupv. 787
brownish-grey, sometimes very large, sometimes very small. Just as common as echion. From Mexico to
South Brazil. — The northernmost specimens from Mexico, greppa Dyar, have an almost white under surface.
Th. giapor Schs. (160d). Above blue as crolinus, but with the double scent-spot of the preceding,
the distal, grey portion smaller. The under surface likewise as in crolinus, but with a fine streak at the cell-end,
the spots on the hindwings more coherent, linear, the postdiscal straight from the costal margin to the lower
radial vein. Sao Paulo.
Th. fostera Schs. is unknown to me, but it presumably belongs here. Only the 2 is known: above
brown, the forewings only at the proximal margin, the hindwings more extensively dull light-blue; at the
distal margin of the latter there are in the anal part 3 small red spots, above them some black ones. Beneath
light-grey with a fine, red marginal line and a red streak at the cell-end; on the forewings a row of red spots
from the costal margin to the lower median vein, the second spot from below inwardly displaced; on the hind-
wings ared cell-spot and one above it, postdiscally a row of large, red spots, forming a broken W at the proximal
margin; at the border the 2 usual red spots; above the upper median vein yet a third, smaller one. On the
head a red spot. Sao Paulo.
Th. cydrara Hew. (156 g) and its nearest allies we most appropriately combine with the echion-group
to which they exhibit many relations. Above almost like echion, only somewhat more metallic greenish-blue.
Beneath very easily recognizable by the large, chocolate-brown, triangular spot at the costal margin of the fore-
wing. Very common and widely distributed from Mexico to the Amazon.
Th. ufentina Hew. (156 g) is above considerably more extensively coloured in a radiant, metallic
greenish-blue with a scent-spot in the cell. Beneath the forewings are quite brown with a lilac reflection, the
hindwings have a large, brown spot in the basal costal-marginal part. Sao Paulo.
Th. viceta Hew. (156 g) has almost quite brown forewings and a very small scent-spot, only the proxi-
mal margin exhibits a narrow blue tinge, the hindwings are more extensively blue. Beneath like the preceding,
only the brown costal-marginal spot is larger, and at the costal-angle there is also a brown spot. Amazon (San-
tarem).
Th. opalia Hew. (156g, h) is above somewhat more extensively blue than the preceding, beneath
quite purple-brown with white macular rows. Described from the Amazon.
Th. verania Hew. (156 h) initiates another subordinate group of mostly smaller species, which is like-
wise closely allied to echion; the copper-brown basal spots of the hindwings beneath are here partly united
with the proximally displaced postdiscal. verania is above radiantly light blue with a very narrow, black distal
margin and a but slightly broader apex, without a scent-spot. On the hindwing beneath the 2 usual, orange-red
anal-spots are absent. Amazon, Ecuador and Bolivia.
Th. fabulla Hew. (156 h) resembles philinna (156 h) above and has likewise a double scent-spot, the
proximal lower part of which little contrasts with the brownish-black ground, the upper part being smaller
and lighter grey. Beneath on the hindwings almost like verania, only darker brownish-grey, on the forewings
with a straight, brown-red postdiscal band; in the anal angle we do not notice the distinct W of the said species,
but only a triangular, brown-red spot; at the anal angle and between the tails 2 orange spots. Guiana, Vene-
zuela, Amazon.
Th. dolium Hew. greatly resembles the preceding, more purple blue and duller, with an only single
scent-spot at the cell-end-beneath lighter, the copper-red spots bordered with a more distinct white. Honduras.
Th. ceglusa Hew. (156 h) is above more extensively blue with a small, indistinct, brown scent-spot
behind the cell and a small red anal spot. The under surface is very much like that of fabulla. Amazon.
Th. petilla Hew. (156 h) has much more extensively blackish-brown forewings which are blue only
at the proximal margin, without a scent-spot. Hindwings lustrous greenish-blue. The under surface has a
reddish or lilac tinge, the distinct, brown, submarginal, small lunular spots are on both sides bordered by white,
the spots of the hindwings arranged about as in fabulla, but larger, the red anal spots large; on the forewing
the postdiscal band is longer and more parted into small spots, the uppermost of which at the costal margin
is quite isolated. Amazon.
Th. phobe Godm. & Salv. (156 h) is discernible from the preceding by the red-brown colour being
on the hindwings much more extensive and flown together and reaching almost to the margin. Mexico, Guatemala.
Th. velina Hew. (156i) likewise greatly resembles the preceding, but here the red-brown is still more
extensive and reaches as far as near the base of the hindwings, the ground-colour being lighter, almost whitish.
Amazon.
81. Dindymus-Group.
Th. dindymus Cr. (= sphinx ¢ Godt.) (1561) is allied to the sophocles-group by the under surface,
but above it is extensively brilliant blue, without a scent-spot, with a but little brownish-black apex. Beneath
greppa.
giapor.
fostera.
cydrara.
ujentina.
viceia.
opalia.
verania.
jabulla.
dolium.
ceglusa.
peiilla.
phobe.
velina.
dindymus.
slilbia.
villia.
proba.
lenitas.
slrenua.
heloisa.
purissima.
orcynia.
catharina.
ahola.
marmoris.
788 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravupt.
very light whitish-grey with white, proximally grey-tinged, postdiscal dentate lines and grey submarginal
lunae being on both sides bordered by white; the small orange anal spots are very small. Amazon, Bolivia,
Peru.
Th. stilbia Hew. (1561) resembles the preceding above, but beneath it is easily discernible by the
postdiscal band being composed of crescents and exhibiting at the costal margin a separate small spot, which
is removed more towards the margin. Brazil (Espiritu Santo).
Th. villia Hew. (156 i) belongs likewise here, the 2 above more greyish-brown, towards the base with
a dull ultramarine-blue tinge; the under surface is also very similar, somewhat more brownish with a lilac shine;
on the forewings the postdiscal band extends to the proximal margin, on the hindwings it runs a little more
straight, and there is a whitish discal streak indicated; the orange spot of the tail is larger, pupilled with a black
triangle. Honduras to the Amazon.
Th. proba Godm. & Salv. (156 i) is above still more extensively and lighter blue than dindymus, beneath
whitish, without any marking at all. From Panama.
Th. lenitas Dre. (156i) is above monotonously dull-brown, only at the proximal margin quite narrowly
dusted with blue, the hindwings in the disc a little more extensively violettish-blue. Beneath light brownish-
grey, marked like dindymus, but the orange anal spots are absent altogether. Brazil to Paraguay.
Th. strenua Hew. (1561) may also be yet included here. It differs above from the similar preceding
species by a somewhat more extensive and brighter blue colour; beneath the ground-colour is more red-brownish,
the white, proximally dark-bordered lines are removed a little more inw ardly, also the red spot between the
median veins; between it and the small anal spot the ground is dusted in a bluish white. Brazil.
Th. heloisa Mschir. is a species that has remained unknown, described according to a 9: above brown,
on the hindwings with a grey tinge, towards the base lustrous bluish-grey with a red anal spot. Beneath light .
greyish-yellow; the postdiscal white, proximally bordered by brown, on the forewings removed inwardly below
the lower median vein, on the hindwings towards the proximal margin forming a W; a series of white submarginal
lunular spots is on the forewings only visible between the radial veins, on the hindwings interrupted above
the upper radial vein; the small red anal spots proximally bordered by white; between the lower radial veins
the white submarginal lunae are double. Length of forewings: 16 mm. Paramaribo.
Th. purissima sp. nov. (156 k) is only half as large as dindymus, above in the 2 very much hike it, dull
lustrous greyish-blue, distally broadly grey. Beneath quite snow-white with an extremely fine, blackish post-
discal running almost the same, only less curved, more parallel to the border; the submarginal lunae the same,
the tiny spot of the tail orange-red, between it and the blackish anal spot a small, grey, roundish spot. 1 9 from
Panama (Lino) from the Coll. Fasst.
82. Orcynia-Group.
Th. orcynia Hew. (= anthracia Hew., aunia Hew.) (156 k) has a somewhat variably blue upper surface,
sometimes more violet, sometimes more greenish-blue, and the larger apical half of the forewing black; at the
anal angle of the hindwing an indistinct, small, red spot. Beneath likewise variable in a more grey or brown
tinge with a mostly very clear white postdiscal being proximally tinged in a fine darker colour, forming inwardly
a V on the forewing below the lower median vein, whereas on the hindwings it is displaced outwardly between
the radial veins and forms a flat W at the anal angle; brownish submarginal lunae are on both sides dusted
cloud-like in white, the broadest above the median veins; the orange anal spots very small; a white double
streak at the cell-end may be present or absent. Very common and most widely distributed from Mexico to
Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia.
Th. catharina sp. nov. (156k) is very closely allied to the preceding, but I take it to be decidedly a
different species. It is above not quite as extensively dull violettish-blue, the apex very broad blackish-brown.
Beneath the postdiscal line on the forewing is parallel to the distal margin and composed of flat lunae, in all
the specimens seen of,orcynia running nearer to the anal angle and much more linear: on the hindwings there
is instead of the two white cell-end-streaks one dark one, the two orange-red anal spots are better developed.
According to 2 fresh gg from Sa. Catharina from the Coll. WERNICKE.
Th. ahola Hew. (= cordelia Hew.) (156 k) is above decidedly more lustrous greenish-blue and beneath
easily distinguishable from orcynia by the white, basal, transverse line on the hindwing. Mexico, Colombia,
Venezuela.
Th. marmoris Dre. does not differ above from ahola; beneath the forewings exhibit a double, white
cell-end-streak, the postdiscal line is more undulate, and before the distal margin there are dark circular spots,
surrounded by white, no crescents. Colombia.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravupr. 789
Th. fidelia Hew. (156 k) is above magnificently radiant light turquoise-green, the apex of the forewing
not so extensively black, beneath scarcely different from orcynia. Venezuela, Bolivia.
Th. keila Hew. (= parasia Hew.) (157 a) resembles orcynia above, but it has a long oval scent-spot
in the cell, being very little conspicuous; the under surface is likewise similar, but the postdiscal on the hindwing
is towards the costal margin much broader white, on both wings somewhat nearer to the margin. Nicaragua,
Guatemala.
Th. humber Schs. is closely allied to the preceding, above metallic blue; the costal margin, apex
and distal margin about just as extensively black as in fidelia; without a scent-spot, with a small, red and
black anal spot of the hindwing. Beneath light brownish-grey, marked like the preceding, but the postdiscal
runs on the hindwings from the costal margin in a straight line to the lower radial, then only it is broken
and forms a W at the proximal margin. Expanse of wings: 23 mm. Venezuela.
Th. thoria Hew. (152 .e) likewise approximates keila, above more violettish-blue, on the forewings
confined to a stripe parallel to the proximal margin; the scent-spot is double: in the cell black, behind it red-
brown. The under surface is more reddish-brown, the cell-end-streaks are absent, on the hindwings there is
often a white streak-spot in the middle of the costal margin. Thé Q is duller bluish-grey. Venezuela.
Th. bassania Hew. (157 a) entirely resembles ahola (156k) above, but the red-brown anal spot is
perhaps more strongiy developed. Beneath on the darker brownish-grey ground all the transverse lines are
double and consist of regular semi-bows. Mexico to Panama.
Th. gabatha Hew. (= balius Godm. & Salv.) (157 a) is closely allied to keila (156 k) and has the same
scent-spot, but it is considerably larger and has much longer-stretched hindwings with a large, red anal spot;
the Q is duller and lighter blue with dark, marginal spots being partly bordered by orange-red, of the hindwings;
also beneath very similar. The forehead is red. Guatemala, Brit. Honduras, Colombia.
Th. sylea Hew. (157 a) has likewise a red forehead; it is above duller blue, inclusive of the cell, as the
scent-spot of the preceding is absent, and the shape of the wings is not so long-stretched. Beneath marked
almost just the same, only the postdiscal, at the costal margin of the hindwing, is placed more towards the
base and proximally tinged in red, not black. Amazon.
Th. iopas Godm. & Salv. (157 b) is placed here by the authors, but to me it seems almost to be more
closely allied to the galliena-group (p. 791). Wings intensely cyanic-blue with black margins, the anal lobe
with a red spot. Beneath red-brown with blackish, distally white postdiscal lines being placed very near to
the border, on the hindwings broken, at the anal angle angled; the anal lobe is black, inwards with a red dot,
next to it a black, white-dusted spot, and besides a black, red-bordered spot of the tail. Nicaragua.
Th. orios Godm. & Salv. (157 b) has likewise resemblances to the keila-group, but beneath it resem-
bles also iopas and galliena (157 f) by the postdiscal lines of the hindwings being placed very near to the bor-
der. Above blue with a broad black apex in which the rather large scent-spot is situate; the costal margin like-
wise rather broad brownish-grey. The anal angle somewhat produced, the tails only indicated. Beneath red-
dish brownish-grey. Guatemala.
83. Coelicolor-Group.
Th. coelicolor Bélr. (= hena Hew.) (157 b). The upper surface of the ¢ is sky-blue, with a broad black
apex, in the anal lobe a small red spot. The Q is dull slate-blue with a lilac lustre. Beneath greyish-brown
with white, straight postdiscal lines, on the forewing below the lower median vein displaced inwardly, on the
hindwing near the proximal margin forming a very high W; before the border a brownish line, being proximally
sharply, distally broadly and fadedly bordered by white; 2 red anal spots, white discal stripes are particularly
in the 2 well developed, or they are absent. From Nicaragua to Panama.
Th. pactya Hew. (157 b) greatly approximates the preceding; it is above more lustrous blue, beneath
on the hindwings the postdiscal line is displaced somewhat inwardly below the lower radial vein, its dark bor-
dering is proximally somewhat dusted in orange-red, the submarginal lunular line is much finer and bordered
more by a brownish white. Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia.
Th. peona Hew. (157 b) is above likewise similar, but it has a small dark discal spot, beneath almost
like coelicolor, the postdiscal running quite straight. Bolivia.
Th. cleocha Hew. (157 b) resembles the preceding above, but it also exhibits a likeness to the cleon-
group (p. 804, t. 159d, e); the sky-blue is not so bright; the postdiscal line of the hindwing which is displaced
inwardly on the hindwing below the lower radial vein like in pactya, is proximally bordered by black, then
very broadly by orange-brown. Colombia.
fidelia.
keila.
humber.
thoria.
bassania.
gabatha.
sylea.
iopas.
orios.
coelicolor.
pactya.
peona.
cleocha.
endela.
epopea.
upupa.
epopeoides.
picus.
aholiba.
alihoba.
aphaca.
phacana.
gaina.
teatea.
japola.
790 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
Th. endela Hew. (157 b) is above much more violettish-blue, the distal margin and apex duller blackish-
brown; the under surface is browner, the postdiscal line of the hindwings not so rectilinear, but more irregularly
broken, between two veins always displaced once distally, once proximally. Colombia, Venezuela.
Th. epopea Hew. (157 c). The upper surface is dull lustrous ultramarine-blue with a broad black apex,
inthe 2 much duller. The under surface is brown, at the proximal margin of the forewing white, the lines intensely
white, the proximal line about in the centre, the distal one consisting of separated, white, distally black-bordered,
small pots; towards the margin a third row of small, round, white spots, on the forewing much more indistinct,
the red anal spots are very large, connected by a red bridge. Ecuador, Colombia.
Th. upupa Dre. (157 c) is above of a purer and deeper blue than the preceding, of a broader, rounder
shape of the wings, the apex of the forewing broader black; on the under surface the postdiscal of the hindwing
runs more obliquely and is displaced far inwards below the lower median vein, on the hindwing it is quite irre-
gularly broken; at the rise of the lower median vein there is another isolated, drop-shaped, white spot; the
red anal spots are not connected. Costa Rica to Colombia (Rio Aguaca Valley in Coll. Fasst).
Th. epopeoides Schs. is above at the proximal margin and in the basal half dull metallic blue with
a broadly black apex, the hindwings finely bordered by black. On the grey under surface the postdiscal line of
the forewing extends only as far as the lower median vein, on the hindwings it runs in a straight line from the
costal margin to the lower median; the antemarginal line consists of fine, white, separate, small lunular spots
which are distally bordered by black. Expanse of wings: 20 mm. Mexico.
Th. picus Dre. (157c) is somewhat larger than wpwpa, above dull violettish-blue with a white line
before the fringes of the hindwing near the anal angle. Beneath it likewise greatly resembles the said species,
but it is easily discernible by the very extensive white dusting at the distal margin of the hindwings which
exhibit besides a small red spot at the costal angle. Brit. Guiana, Brazil (Sao Paulo, Sa. Catharina).
Th. aholiba Hew. (= aritides Schs.) (157 c) is separated from the preceding species by the large brown
scent-spot which the cell of the forewing exhibits within the very broad blackish-brown apical colour; only
the small basal half of the proximal margin is violettish blue like the disc of the hindwing. Beneath the wings
are deep purple-brown, in the distal-marginal area of the forewing lighter brown; the lines are similarly arranged
as in coelicolor, of a bright light-blue; on the hindwings the postdiscal line is outwardly displaced between
the radial veins; the red spots are connected by a bridge. Colombia, Venezuela.
Th. alihoba Sigr. (157d) from Bolivia is presumably a good species; the co-types lying before me
exhibit above a somewhat dull milky blue; beneath on the hindwings the postdiscal line runs more uniformly,
between it and the submarginal line there is a broad stripe of bluish-white dusting, all the lines are more
pronounced.
Th. aphaca Hew. (157d) we range here owing to its very similar marking beneath. The ¢ is above
violettish-blue with a roundish, brownish-grey scent-spot behind the cell-end and a narrow blackish-grey margin;
the anal lobe is very much stretched forward inwardly, exhibiting a small black spot, and before its fringes
for a short distance a white line. The Q is tinged in a very dull lilac-blue, outside broad brownish-grey. The
under surface is brownish-grey, in the @ lighter with similarly arranged lines as in coelicolor, but they are
broader white, the proximal submarginal line of the hindwing is removed more towards the base at the costal
margin and the discal side of the W does not touch this submarginal line. Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul).
Th. phacana sp. nov. (157 d) is a very closely allied species. The 2 is above light greenish-blue, broadly
margined by blackish-brownish, on the hindwings analwards with 3 or 4 small blackish spots behind the whitish
marginal line. Beneath almost the same colours and markings, but the two submarginal lines of the hindwings
are much clearer and more remote from each other, the space between the red spot of the tail and the black
spot of the anal lobe likewise exhibits an orange-red spot being beneath pupilled in black. The shape of the
wings is much rounder. 2 992 from Colombia (Rio Negro and Aguaca Valley).
Th. gaina Hew. (157d) is easily to be united with this group. Above dull greyish-brown, towards
the base with a somewhat greyish-blue tinge. Hindwings before the black marginal line with a white line, parti-
cularly distinct towards the anal part and some small blackish spots. The under surface likewise entirely resembles
that of coelicolor (157 b), but the space behind the proximal submarginal line is filled up by an orange-red band
as far as the costal margin. The large spot of the tail situate in it exhibits a black triangular spot. Ecuador,
Bolivia.
Th. teatea Hew. (157d) greatly approximates the preceding; above of a delicate light-blue in the
dise with a somewhat diaphanous marking beneath, which is just like in gaina, but the white postdiscal bands
are twice or thrice as broad and the orange band is not so extensive. Colombia, Amazon.
Th. japola Jones (157h) is allied to gaina, but above dull steel-blue, distally broad greyish-black;
hindwings at the anal lobe with a red spot. Beneath just like there, the white lines proximally with a broader
red-brown tinge, the orange-red band of the hindwing is absent, only the 2 orange anal spots are present. Described
from Castro (Parana).
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 791
84. Odinus-Group.
Th. odinus Godm. & Salv. (157 e) is undoubtedly closely allied to aholiba (157d). Above lustrous
sky-blue, broadly margined in brownish-black with a blue submarginal line in the anal part of the hindwing.
Beneath the forewings are marked as in aholiba, only the postdiscal line is more undulate and in the light inner-
marginal area beneath the lower median vein it turns back with a distally open, obtuse angle. The hindwings
are likewise alike, but more irregularly marked, the light-blue lines thicker and more luminous; at the costal
angle of the hindwing there is often some red-brown dusting. Panama to Colombia
85. Corolena-Group.
Th. corolena Hew. (152k) is above deep violet, with a broad black apex and distal margin and a
small light-grey scent-spot in the cell. Beneath deep purple-brown, the forewings unmarked, the hindwings
with the postdiscal and submarginal lines being brought very near to each other and very near to the border;
the former consisting of white, proximally black, small streak-spots, the latter of dark lunae bordered on both
sides by white dusting. Abdomen beneath yellowish white. Guiana.
Th. viola sp. nov. (157 e) is very similar, above deep purple-violet, so that the dark apex scarcely
contrasts with it, differing by a very large double scent-spot, the proximal portion at the cell-end deep blackish-
brown, the distal part greenish slate-grey; in the anal lobe a large red spot. Beneath similarly greasy lustrous
lilac-brownish-grey, marked just the same on the hindwings, but with a much smaller red spot of the tail and
also on the forewings a postdiscal line forming an angle inward below the lower median vein in the lighter grey
inner-marginal area. Abdomen beneath white. Amazon.
Th. guapila Schs. (157 e) differs above by a much purer metallic blue, a considerably smaller scent-spot
the proximal part of which is small, black, the distal part being oval and brownish; in the anal lobe no red.
Beneath slate-grey, on the forewings the postdiscal line extends only as far as the lower median vein, on the
hindwings it is displaced more inward, otherwise of the same shape. Abdomen beneath yellowish-white. Costa
Rica.
86. Galliena-Group.
Th. galliena Hew. (157 e) is above deep indigo-blue with moderately broad black margins and a red
anal spot of the hindwing. Beneath dark red-brown, the postdiscal lines placed near the border, darker brown,
with a fine, white, distal tinge, on the forewings, however, but very little; the submarginal line less distinct,
darker brown; between the tails a deep red spot pupilled in black; between it and the black anal spot a white-
dusted spot. Distinguished from the species of the preceding group merely by the absence of the scent-spot.
Nicaragua to Brazil.
Th. nisaee Godm. & Salv. (154 e) is very similar, but above violettish purple-blue, beneath the sub-
marginal line of the hindwing has a whitish tinge analwards. Panama to Colombia and Bolivia.
Th. lophis Drc. (157 e) differs from nisaee by a more metallic, purer blue and a more broadly black
apex of the forewing. Beneath easily recognizable by an orange-red spot at the costal base of the forewing.
Expanse of wings: 35 mm. Colombia.
87. Orcidia-Group.
Th. orcidia Hew. (1571). Above dull indigo-blue with a narrow black margin and a small red anal
spot, beneath light brown, the base, the proximal margin of the hindwing, and two broad postdiscal bands
dark-brown. On both wings are indistinct double cell-end-streaks; the postdiscals are situate at the proximal
edge of the brown bands, copper-red, on both sides bordered by black and on the hindwings distally yet by
white; at the border are darker submarginal lunae and spots, at the anal angle 2 narrow red crescents. The
width of the red postdiscal varies, it may also be absent altogether. Occurring from Mexico to Brazil.
Th. myrsina Hew. (157 f) is above just the same, beneath the basal spot is more sharply defined, the
postdiscal lies on the forewings outside the brown median band, on the hindwings inside, without the red border-
ing; on the forewing it is displaced far inward below the lower median vein. Nicaragua to Colombia.
Th. tabena Godm. & Salv. (157) looks beneath like myrsina, but above it is one-coloured brown.
From Mexico and Guatemala.
Th. tarpa Godm. & Salv. (157 e) resembles tabena and is above brown like it, but it is considerably
smaller and has beneath a white discal line, also the distal margin of the forewing is whitish. Mexico.
Th. taminella Schs. is above one-coloured brown with an orange anal spot, beneath very much like
tabena, the light band yellowish-white, the brown band behind it distally bordered by white, on the forewings
odinus.
corolena.
viola.
guapila.
galliena.
nisaee.
lophis.
orcidia.
myrsina.
tabena.
tarpa.
taminella.
canacha.
arza.
paralus.
calatia.
aunus.
duma.
maeonis.
tema.
paron.
heraclides.
sergius.
dodava.
nora.
aepea.
792 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpvt.
straight, on the hindwings on the lower radial vein broken, from here proximally bordered by black. -Expanse
of wings: 20 mm. Castro (Parana).
Th. canacha Hew. (157 f) resembles tabena above, the gis brown, the 9 on the hindwings blue-tinged;
beneath likewise very similar, the brown band on the forewing very narrow, easily recognizable by the double
rows of small arcuate spots before the distal margin of the hindwing; the postdiscal lines are proximally tinged
by an orange brownish. Venezuela, Colombia.
Th. arza Hew. (157 f) is above likewise brown like the preceding, the ground-colour beneath, however,
is yellowish-white, with which the broad brown bands and the basal area are sharply contrasting; in the hindwings
the white, dark-tinged postdiscal line penetrates analwards into the brown band. Mexico to Panama. ;
Th. paralus Godm. & Salv. (157 f) greatly approximates arza, but it is smaller, and the ground-colour
beneath more a dirty grey, the dark bands are removed more inward, more faded. Guatemala, Costa Rica.
Th. calatia Hew. (157f) deviates from the preceding by its orange-yellow under surface; the white
postdiscal line traverses the brown band on both wings; the distal margin remains one-coloured yellow. Guate-
mala, Nicaragua.
Th. aunus Cr. (157 f) we add yet to this group, though it deviates greatly. Above indigo-blue. The
under surface is yellowish-white, towards the margin warming into lilac-brown; the base of both wings and
a large triangular spot at the costal margin of the forewing are brown; the hindwings exhibit a double, brown
discal streak, the postdiscal line is strongly broken and makes a bend inward on the forewing below the lower
radial vein; small orange anal spots are merely indicated. Guiana to Brazil.
Th. duma Hew. (1572). We here append this quite isolated animal. Above dark-brown, with a blue
tinge, beneath yellowish-white, large median spots, broad postdiscal bands, and the distal margin brown. Bogota.
88. Maeonis-Group.
Th. maeonis Godm. & Salv. (157 g) is above light-blue with a broad black apex, beneath rusty-brown
and distinguished by the postdiscal being moved as far as into the middle of the wing; the lines are white, the
proximal line inside, the distal one outside bordered by red-brown, at the anal angle of the hindwing by black;
the anal lobe and spot of the tail black, proximally bordered by a broad red-brown, between them a black
spot being inside dusted in white. Mexico, Guatemala.
89. Tema-Group.
Th. tema Hew. (157 g). Above dark-brown, the forewing at the proximal margin and the hindwing
in the disc dusted in blue. The under surface is chocolate-brown, each of the wings with 2 white transverse lines
in the middle and behind it, on the forewings straight, on the hindwings broken and dentate; each wing besides
with 2 indistinct, white, antemarginal lines. The hindwings have two fine tails, above them and at the anal
angle the usual, small red spots. Amazon.
Th. paron Godm. & Salv. (157 g, h) on the whole resembles the preceding, but it has only one tail
and the under surface is more greenish black instead of brown. Guatemala.
Th. heraclides Godm. & Salv. (157 g) greatly resembles paron, but above it is metallic bluish-green,
with a large, dark discal spot, behind which the wings exhibit a black reflection; the shape of the wings is a
little more obtuse. Costa Rica.
Th. sergius Godm. & Salv. is above almost the same, but the discal spot is of a radiant blue, the black
distal margin broader. This species and the preceding exhibit also a resemblance to the trochus- and ronos-
group (p. 756), but they greatly deviate by the tails and the scent-spots.
Th. dodava Hew. (157 g) we include in this group. It is above lilac with a large, black discal spot
behind the cell; beneath grey with whitish discal streaks and dentate lines, in the g the proximal margin of
the forewing is blue. Panama.
Th. nora Jones (157 g) is very closely allied, larger, more slender, more purple-violet, the distal margin
and apex only narrowly black, the scent-spot is the same. The under surface is more blackish, the white transverse
lines are more subdued, on the hindwings proximally bordered by orange, more strongly broken, above the upper
median vein displaced outward, between the orange anal spot a black, white-strewn spot. Brazil (Castro;
Amazon).
Th. aepea (157 g, h) is a small, above dull ultramarine-blue species with broad blackish-grey margins;
the Q is duller and lighter blue, the hindwings almost entirely brownish-grey. Beneath light-grey, with clear
Publ. 3. 11. 1920. THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 793
and sharp markings: 2 postdiscal lines on each wing, the proximal one tinged inside in brownish, the distal
one outside, the proximal line on the forewing straight, on the hindwing dentately broken, the distal ones on.
both wings more crescentiform. Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.
Th. muatta Hew. (157h) may be inserted here. Above dull indigo-blue with broad blackish-grey
margins and a fine white marginal line before the fringes of the hindwing. Beneath grey with an oblique white
postdiscal line on the forewings, which makes an acute angle inward below the lower median vein and is proxi-
mally bordered by dark-grey; on the hindwings it is broken and forms a W at the proximal margin; the sub-
marginal line consists of small brownish spots, on which we notice inside whitish crescents; 2 orange anal spots.
Brazil.
Th. muattina Schs. differs from the preceding only by orange fringes of the forewing and an orange
anal spot above. Castro (Parana).
Th. aepeona sp. nov. (157h). Very near to aepea, larger, above more lustrous blue with a narrow
black distal margin, only the apex is a little broader black. Beneath the forewings are marked about the same,
on a lighter grey ground, on the hindwings, however, the postdiscal line begins in the middle of the costal margin
and runs straight to the lower median vein, in order to form a W then; the submarginal lines are more apart
from each other. Peru, Colombia.
Th. renidens sp. nov. (157h) greatly approximates the preceding; it is above lustrous ultramarine-
blue; the very broad blackish-brown apex runs in almost the same width close behind the cell as far as the
lower median vein, then on the latter along to the very narrow black distal margin, its proximal bordering
exhibits an intense violet lustre; the cell, on being exposed to an oblique light, is covered with indige-blue
scales. The under surface likewise resembles the preceding, the ground-colour is just a little more brownish:
on the forewings the space between the submarginal lines, particularly towards the proximal margin, is filled
up by orange-brownish; on the hindwings the proximal submarginal line is more irregularly broken, between
the subcostal vein and the upper radial it protrudes more inwardly. Peru (Marcapata), Bolivia.
Th. mimula sp. nov. (157 g) differs by its smaller size and above by its plainly brown ground-colouring;
the fringes of the hindwing at the base white, distally black, close behind there is a black marginal line being
proximally bordered again by white. Beneath also very much like the preceding, pale olive-brownish grey:
on the forewings the postdiscal line is situate close behind the cell and extends only to the lower median vein,
the proximal submarginal line is removed far inward, the distal one being sharply separated from the white
marginal line by an olive -brownish line. Hindwings marked about as in the preceding, but the distal margin,
particularly within the scope of the orange spots, is extensively white. Pachitea (Peru).
90. Thespia-Group.
Th. bosora Hew. (157k) forms the transition from the preceding group to this group. Above dull
blue, the apex and distal margin of the forewings broadly brown-black, in the disc a large, brilliant, ultramarine-
blue scent-spot; the marginal line of the hindwings black, proximally white; fringes likewise white, bordered
by black. Beneath brown with clear, light-blue, undulate, on the hindwings broken transverse lines and discal
streaks; on the forewings the postdiscal is proximally delimited below the lower median vein and runs very
obliquely towards the whitish anal angle. In the anal part and at the costal angle of the hindwings there are
red-brown spots. Exuador to the Amazon.
o
Th. thespia Hew. (157) is above magnificently Morpho-blue with a narrow black apex, beneath pecu-
liarly greyish-green with about the same linear markings as bosora, but the white discal streaks are absent;
also here a red spot is situate at the costal angle. The Q is above dull-blue, very broadly bordered by greyish-
black, beneath lighter, the red spots at the anal angle broadly flown together. Ecuador, Amazon.
Th. photismos Drc. (157 h) is allied to the preceding; above brilliantly bright sky-blue, with a moderately
broad black-brown margin. Under surface greenish-grey with the same linear markings as the preceding, but
without the red spot of the costal angle and with broadly flown together, red spots at the anal angle of the
hindwing. Ecuador (Sarayacu).
Th. margarita sp. nov. (1571) is another similar species, above at once to be distinguished by the
peculiarly mother-of-pearl green colour, exactly as in margaritacea (153 b), with a but extremely fine black
marginal line and black, on the hindwings proximally white fringes. Beneath almost like thespia, without
the costal-angular spot of the hindwing, the postdiscal line of which runs from the middle of the costal margin
almost straight through to the W. Bolivia (Rio Songo).
Th. azurinus Bélr. (157i) we append here, although there are no closer affinities on account of the
similar under surface. Above blue with a red-brown, oval scent-spot and a broadly black apex; beneath greyish-
green with similar linear markings as the preceding, but on the forewings only 2; they are less undulate and
are, particularly on the hindwings, situate nearer to the border. Costa Rica.
V ; 100
muatta.
muattina.
aepeonda.
renidens.
mimula.
bosora.
thespia.
photismos.
margarita.
azurinus.
critola.
hesperitis.
lugubris.
aruna.
camissa.
simasca.
gedrosia.
devia.
weneta.
partunda.
vilruvia.
fortuna.
torqueor.
indigo.
anfracta.
thama.
794 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
91. Critola-Group.
Th. critola Hew. (157i) is an entirely isolated animal. Above lustrous ultramarine-blue with narrow
black margins and a large black scent-spot. Beneath grey with brown transverse dashes, behind them on the
forewings with a rusty-brown band and on the hindwings a chain of light-yellow small spots bordered distally
by brown; the two small anal spots are yellow bordered above by brown. Mexico.
92. Hesperitis-Group.
Th. hesperitis Bilr. (— cabiria Hew., perdistincta Kaye) (1571) is above black-brown, only on the
hindwings beginning from the lower radial vein towards the proximal margin there is a blue sprinkling with
a red spot in the anal lobe. Beneath brown, at the proximal margin of the forewing a little lighter; on the forewings
an almost straight, darker brown, distally somewhat lighter tinged postdiscal line as far as the lower median
vein, before the border an indistinct, darker line. On the hindwings the postdiscal line begins with a small spot
being a little distally inclined; this line is black with a distal white tinge and, towards the proximal margin,
proximally sometimes strewn with orange; the angle of the W, resting on the lower median vein does not reach
so far towards the margin as the anal one; anal spot black, the spot of the tail copper-red with a black triangle
in it, between both white dusting on a black ground. — In more southern specimens, = lugubris Mschir., the
spot of the tail is more brown. Most widely distributed from Mexico to Brazil.
Th. aruma Hew. (1571) looks very much like the following above, but it differs by the broader black
distal margin of the hindwings. Beneath it is marked like the preceding; the red colour at the anal spots is
either absent altogether or it is just as extensive as in hesperitis. Guiana to Brazil.
Th. camissa Hew. (= vespasianus Btlr., chariclorus Btlr.) (157 k) is above magnificently ultramarine-
blue with a violet lustre, the apex broadly black, on the median projecting pointedly towards the base. Distal
margin narrowly black, the costal area of the hindwing broadly black. The under surface olive-yellowish, lustrous;
marked as in hesperitis, the red spot of the tail reaches as far as or almost as far as the discal side of the W.
Guatemala to Peru.
Th. simasea sp. nov. (157 k) differs from the preceding above by the increased blue colour being situate
only below the lower median vein, the inner-marginal vein remains broadly black; on the hindwings there
are only towards the anal angle some violet scales. Beneath there is no difference. Colombia (Rio Negro).
Th. gedrosia Hew. (157k) is above blackish-brown, both wings towards the base with a deep violet-
blue tinge. Beneath dark-brown, marked as hesperitis, the black of the postdiscal line more intense, the W
more uniform, distinguished by the very large, red anal spots; in the surroundings of the spot of the tail there
is on both sides extensive whitish dusting. Amazon.
Th. devia Mschlr. seems to be very closely allied to the following. On the upper surface the forewings
are blackish-blue, the hindwings lighter blue. The ground-colour beneath is grey-brown, the marking as in
xeneta, the 2 red-yellow anal spots distinct. Length of forewings: 13 mm. Surinam.
Th. xeneta Hew. (157 k)isabove dull greenish indigo-blue, the forewings towards the margin with a bright
ultramarine-blue reflection; the under surface is sooty blackish-brown, with the same markings which are
distally somewhat lighter tinged and grow somewhat more purely white only with in the scope of the W; in
the northern, mostly a little lighter specimens some deep red-brown becomes visible at the anal angle, dis-
appearing entirely in the sooty-black area in more southern specimens. From Guatemala to South Brazil:
Th. partunda Hew. (= origo Godm. & Salv.) (157k) is of a deeper, more intense blackish-brown, on
the hindwings the metallic-blue spot extends close to the base. The under surface is lighter, the anal spots
with a broad red margin. Panama to the Amazon.
Th. vitruvia Hew. (157 c) seems hitherto to be known typically in but one specimen. Forewings black,
at the proximal margin broadly ultramarine-blue, hindwings not metallic blue, at the distal margin broadly
blackish-brown like at the costal margin. Beneath like the preceding, but the spot of the tail is not red, but
dark-brown. The type originates from Para. — fortuna Drc. is above and beneath the same, but the spot of
the tail is bordered by red. Peru, Amazon. — torqueor Drc. is above somewhat lighter blue, this colour on the
forewing reduced, beneath like fortuna. From Brit. Guiana. — indigo Drc. has above on the forewings only
a narrow blue stripe at the proximal margin and is beneath coloured as vitruvia:; this form from Brazil is con-
siderably smaller. — anfracta Drc. has above one-coloured greenish-black forewings, for the rest like the type.
Described from Peru.
Th. thama Hew. (158 a) is smaller and above very lustrous metallic-blue, more greenish than xeneta,
the costal margin of all the wings very broad, the distal margin narrowly black. Beneath somewhat lighter
than the said species, about as partunda with bright red spots, also the W is beneath filled up with red and
proximally bordered the same. Panama to Colombia.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 795
Th. atrox Bélr. is above smoky-brown with a purple reflection, beneath grey-brown with a cell-end- atroe.
streak and very similarly marked to thama (158 a), the W beneath filled up with red, but proximally not
bordered by red. Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. capeta Hew. (158 a) we include here owing to the under surface being marked the same. Above capeta.
duller blackish-brown, the hindwings exhibit in the proximal-marginal half towards the margin a large, lilac-
blue spot, in the anal lobe a small red spot. Beneath exactly as hesperitis (1571), only of a somewhat more
lustrous, olive-yellowish tinge. Nicaragua, Colombia.
Th. netesca sp. nov. (158 a) greatly approximates xeneta (157k), but above on both wings it is dull netesca.
steel-blue, with narrow blackish-brown margins. Beneath slightly lighter blackish-brown, the postdiscal line
on the hindwing more irregularly broken, the submarginal lines much nearer to the margin, the small anal
spots bordered by deep red-brown. Guiana to South Peru.
Th. vesper Dre. (158 a) is above deep metallic blue with rather broad black margins and behind the vesper.
cell of the forewing a black spot being connected with the costal margin; in some specimens the cell itself is
also black. Beneath very similarly marked to thama, but the ground-colour is a light ashy grey; on the hindwings
the postdiscal line is more angularly broken, not with such pointed angles as there; the anal spots are lighter
orange. Peru and Bolivia.
Th. zurkvitzi Schs. may yet be appended here. Above quite brown with a red anal spot of the hindwing zurkvitzi.
and a white marginal line analwards. Beneath lighter brown with a blackish marginal line; the postdiscal line
on the forewing is reddish-brown, distally black, then white-bordered, beneath the lower median vein displaced
inward, on the hindwings proximally brighter and broader red, running as in hesperitis (157 i); the submarginal
lunae darker brownish, on the hindwings bordered by whitish; the anal spots large, red; also above the spot
of the tail some red. Expanse of wings: 25 mm. Sao Paulo.
93. Centoripa-Group.
Th. centoripa Hew. (= hahneli Ségr.) (158 a) looks above almost like zeneta (157 k), but the hindwings cenioripa.
are more extensively blue. Beneath similarly blackish-brown, but very peculiarly ee the postdiscal line
on the hindwing placed quite into the centre, beginning at the costal margin with a large black spot and con-
taining the light discal streak in the middle of it; the W at the proximal angle distally bordered by white; the
anal spots in the darkened distal margin are black. Colombia, Peru, Amazon.
94. Cecrops-Group (Calycopis Scudd.).
Th. cecrops F.’(— poeas Hbn., beon Godt.) (158b) is the northern representative of a difficultly cecrops.
separable group of small species of which a very great number is described that are surely partly coincident
as synonyms. The present species is either above quite dark-brown, or on the forewings towards the base and
on the hindwings in the inner-marginal half suffused with blue, in the 2 more intensely. The hindwings exhibit
towards the proximal angle a fine black marginal line being proximally bordered by blue-white, and a small
red anal spot. The undersurface is light-brown, the costal base of the forewing orange; both wings exhibit
fine, double, orange-red discal streaks, on the hindwings more distinct, both with broad, orange-red discal bands
on the forewings almost straight as far as the lower median vein, on the hindwings straight as far as the lower |
radial vein, then broken and forming a W at the proximal angle, distally finely tinged in black, then white.
Distally follows the subterminal formed of blackish crescents, between the lower radial and the lower median
vein more intensely black, placed nearer to the postdiscal line, distally filled up with 2 orange crescents which
exhibit towards the margin high black triangular spots; then follows analwards a black spot densely strewn.
with blue-white; the anal lobe itself is above bordered first by white, then by orange; a fine black marginal
line, proximally tinged in white. Everywhere common in the Southern States, West Virginia, Kentucky and
Indiana. — beon Cr. (= isobeon Btlr., bactra Hew., caulonia Hew., vibulena Hew., bellera Hew., jeneirica Fldr.) geon.
(158 b) is distributed in the whole of Central and South America to South East Brazil and mostly common.
This form is above deeper blackish-brown, the hindwings in the g more extensively and more metallic blue
in a rather variable extent; in the 2 the blue is mostly duller and lighter and is to be found also on the basal
inner-marginal half of the forewing. The ground-colour beneath is generally darker brown, the postdiscal lines
very much narrower red and much deeper, almost scarlet-red, the black fillmg up of the two red spots of the
tail is much more reduced and does not reach as far as the marginal line, the space between them and the
anal spot is not so extensive and not so blue, but more strewn with greyish-white.
Th. amplia Hew. (158 b) is above very similar, the blue is particularly in the 2 somewhat more whitish, amplia.
not so ultramarine-blue; beneath darker brown, on the forewings the proximal orange bordering of the post-
discal line is absent, on the hindwings the orange marginal lunae are proximally bright ochreous yellow or
nortia.
guzanta.
geminata.
suda.
lorina.
cyanus.
talama.
hosmeri.
endymion.
cyphara.
denarius.
sethon.
796 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
straw-coloured, the one above the upper median vein is but slightly indicated, its black pupil is absent. Guate-
mala, Nicaragua, Colombia, Guiana.
Th. nortia Godm. & Salv. (158b). Both sexes are above more extensively and more deeply blue than
beon, in the anal lobe is a small red spot. The under surface is more grey, the postdiscal line only towards
the proximal angle of the hindwing proximally bordered by red-yellow, the submarginal lines are on both sides
more distinctly bordered by white. From Guatemala.
Th. guzanta Schs. is above brown, with a red anal spot of the hindwing; beneath the postdiscal lines
are so broadly tinged in red as in cecrops (158 b), particularly on the hindwings; the cell-endstreak is only a
light streak, not red and double; the moonspotted submarginal line is distally tinged in red which grows more
intense between the median veins and is black-pupilled. Expanse of wings: 22°mm. Mexico (Jalapa).
Th. geminata sp. nov. (158 b) is very much like the preceding and distinguished by very intense,
double, red discal streaks beneath; the submarginal line is distally dusted in orange also on the forewings, on
the hindwings very broad and forms a continuous red band from the costal angle to the anal lobe. Rio. Songo
(Bolivia).
Th. suda sp. nov. (158 b) is beneath scarcely different, the tinge is a little more olive, on the forewing
there is a red-yellow marginal line, also on the hindwing it is somewhat red-yellow at the ends of the veins
and the base of the fringes; above the forewings are black, at the proximal margin a metallic blue stripe; the
hindwings are metallic sky-blue, at the distal margin and costal margin narrowly black, before the black marginal
line with narrow, black, small spots. Rio Songo (Bolivia).
Th. lorina Hew. (158 c). Of this pretty species only 2 9° seem to have become known hitherto. Above
dark-brown, both wings towards the base sky-blue. Beneath grey with similar markings as the preceding, but
on the forewing the postdiscal line is regularly undulate and running through asfar as the proximal margin, making
a deep bow inward below the lower median vein; there is no discal streak at all; on the hindwing the submarginal
line is red-brown, on both sides bordered by white; the two red spots of the tail and the anal spot are connected
by a red bridge. Probably from Venezuela.
Th. cyanus sp. nov. (158 ¢) is above brilliant light-blue with a broad black costal and distal margin,
the hindwings are quite narrowly bordered by black, only at the apex a little broader; between the tails, before
the border, a black dot; beneath hardly different from suda, only of a somewhat lighter and more yellowish
tinge. Bolivia.
Th. talama Schs. is quite a little species which may belong here. Forewings black, hindwings of a
dark-blue tinge with a white marginal line analwards. Beneath light greyish-brown with dark, distally light-
bordered cellular streaks; the postdiscal line dark-brown, distally whitish, on the hindwings proximally dark-red ;
darker brown submarginal shades are proximally bordered by whitish; the spot of the tail red with a little
black pupil close at the border, and some red above the upper median vein. Expanse of wings: 17 mm. Petro-
polis in South Brazil.
Th. hosmeri Weeks is very incompletely described, but it may belong here. Above black with a slate-
coloured reflection. Beneath brownish slate-coloured; the postdiscal lines red, distally white; the anal spot
and two spots of the tail red. Expanse of wings: 23 mm. Venezuela (Suapure).
95. Endymion-Group.
Th. endymion Cr. (= tyrtaeus F., xenophon Don., hugon Godt.) (158 c) is easily recognizable by the
orange-ochreous colouring of the upper surface, only the costal margin of the forewings is broader dark-brown,
the distal margin very narrow; the black marginal line of the hindwings is towards the proximal angle proximally
bordered by white. Beneath brownish-grey, in the inner-marginal area of the forewing with an orange reflection
with similar, but somewhat less broken postdiscal lines than in beon (158 b); the submarginal line carried out
on both wings is a somewhat undulate brown line turning black analwards on the hindwings and being distally
tinged in a broad orange as far as the lower radial vein. Colombia.
Th. cyphara Hew. (158 c) is above very similar, but the costal part of the forewings almost as far as
down to the lower median vein is brown, not so sharply defined as in endymion, but gradually warming into
the orange. Beneath, the basal part of the wings as far as the postdiscal lines is somewhat darker brownish-
grey than the marginal part; the spot of the tail is higher, broader red, with a thicker black pupil, the anal
spot is also thicker black, the space between both not spanned by red. From Mexico to Venezuela, nowheres
common. ,
Th. denarius Bitlr. (= calena Hew.) (158 c) is likewise not dissimilar, but the orange colour is confined
to the area between the median veins of the forewing; hindwings quite brown with a small orange anal spot.
Beneath almost the same as cyphara, only darker, the postdiscal band less bordered by orange. Mexico to
Panama.
Th. sethon Godm. & Salv. (158 c) is closely allied to the preceding, but the orange-copper spot is absent
altogether, the costal margin of the forewing is rather darkened; the under surface is more red-brown, the
postdiscal line more distinctly proximally bordered by red. Mexico to Costa Rica.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 797
Th. plusios Godm. & Salv. is a somewhat doubtful species which neither fits entirely to denarius, nor
to sethon (158 ¢); it differs from the former by its more red-brown wings and not darkened discal area. Mexico
to Panama.
Th. perisus Dre. (158 c) is above monotonously dull brown with a small orange anal spot of the hindwing,
beneath much lighter brown than denarius, equally marked, only the postdiscal band of the forewing is parallel
to the distal margin, in denariws somewhat obliquely placed to it. Venezuela.
Th. joya Dogn. (= callao Dre.) (158 ¢) is above dark copper-brown, with a brown costal margin,
apex and distal margin, on the hindwings towards the proximal margin densely yellowish-haired. Beneath
dark brown-grey, in the basal part, especially of the hindwing, darker than outside; the postdiscal lines rusty
brown, distally tinged light-grey, the submarginal line composed of light-grey crescents, otherwise like cyphara.
Peru.
Th. rugatus Dre. (158d) greatly approximates denarius and sethon. Above dull olive-brown, the
hindwing towards the proximal margin with copper-coloured hair and a small orange anal spot. Beneath uni-
formly light olive-brown, the postdiscal line almost straight, broad dark-orange, distally bordered by black,
then sharply by white; small, submarginal, dark nebulous spots, the spot of the tail large and of a brilliant
orange. Abdomen beneath white. The 92 is above and beneath lighter. Peru.
Th. nubilum Drc. is closely allied to sethon (158 c¢). Above blackish-brown with a small orange anal
spot. Beneath greyer, the postdiscal lines narrower, straighter and nearer to the distal margin. Castro (Parana).
Th. fernanda Jones is above just the same, beneath yellowish grey-brown, the postdiscal line on the
forewing straighter, on the hindwing less sharply angled with a distally displaced costal-marginal spot; there
are no discal streaks. Expanse of wings: 29 mm. Parana.
Th. tirrhaea Mschlr. is unknown to me; size of acaciae (Vol. I, t. 73 b), hindwings rather long-stretched:
above plainly dark-brown, beneath lighter brown; the postdiscal line on the forewing straight, dark-brown,
on the hindwing more dissolved into spots, towards the proximal margin angularly broken and distally bordered
by white; double, darker brown, small submarginal spots; the spot of the tail large, oval, black, proximally
edged by red-yellow, distally by white, between it and the black anal spot white dusting. Length of forewings:
13,9 mm. Surinam.
96. Clarina-Group.
Th. clarina Hew. (158 d) is above blackish-brown, at the costal margin of the hindwing brilliant Morpho-
blue. Beneath reddish-brown, the postdiscal line is almost straightly carried through as far as the W and on
the hindwing on both sides bordered by orange; the anal lobe with a small black spot, the spot of the tail
orange, pupilled in black. Mexico to Panama.
Th. tamos Godm. & Salv. (158 d) is duller coloured, the blue which is much darker, is situate at the
proximal margin, not at the costal margin. The under surface is very characteristic by the very much broadened
postdiscal band of the hindwing, the submarginal band consists of white, distally black-bordered crescents
and touches the discal side of the W on the lower median vein, it is, between the radial veins, placed nearer
to the distal margin. Costa Rica, Panama.
Th. matho Godm. & Salv. (158 d) is not different above, beneath the white band of the hindwing is
only half as broad, the submarginal line uniformly undulate, not moonspotted. Brit. Guiana to Bolivia (Rio
Songo).
Th. clarissa sp. nov. (158d) we include here as the nearest ally. Above there are resemblances to
tarania (p. 810, t. 160 ¢, d), dull brown with a broad orange band in the anal part of the hindwing as far as
beyond the lower radial vein. Beneath light-brown with white, proximally orange-bordered postdiscal lines,
on the hindwings straight as far as the submedian, then in a plain, right-angled curve to the proximal margin:
a broad, orange antemarginal band proximally undulately bordered by blackish. 1 g from Sao Paulo.
97. Calus-Group.
Th. calus God. (158 d) is the only representative, distributed from Guatemala to the Amazon. Above
radiantly Morpho-blue with a very broad blackish-brown costal margin, apex and distal margin, the costal
margin of the hindwing whitish, the distal margin narrowly black, only 1 tail. Beneath it is easily recognized
by the triangular, dark-brown costal-marginal spot on the ochreous-brown ground. The Q is smaller, much
duller, only in the disc of the hindwing light violet-blue, in the basal inner-marginal part of the forewing only
somewhat tinged in light greenish bluish-grey.
98. Demonassa-Group.
Th. demonassa Hew. (158d) looks above like atrius (158 e), beneath it reminds us of calatia (157 f),
but if has only one tail; the broad, red-brown discal bands are distally bordered by black and white lines, proxi-
mally only on the hindwing by the short cellular streak. From Mexico to the Amazon.
plusios.
Perisus.
joya.
rugalus.
nubilum.
fernanda.
lirrhaea.
clarina.
tamos.
matho.
clarissa.
calus.
demonassa.
buphonia.
atrius.
mimas.
calor.
petaurister.
acis.
favonius.
damon.
discoidalis.
simaethis.
moesites.
telea.
798 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpv.
Th. buphonia Hew. (158 e) is above plainly brown, beneath like the preceding, but behind the brown
band of the forewing, in the anal part, there is a broad grey area, in the preceding not. Colombia, Amazon.
99. Atrius-Group.
Th. atrius H.-Schaff. (= clitumnus Stir.) (158 e) has black forewings and radiantly ultramarine-
blue hindwings with a black proximal margin and a very narrow distal margin increasing somewhat in width
analwards. Beneath ochreous-brown with a faint silky lustre, marked about as the hesperitis-group (p. 794),
but the postdiscal band of the hindwing is placed more towards the base at the costal margin. The Q is above
dull blackish-brown, in the disc of the hindwing dark blue. From Guatemala to the Amazon, in the southern
districts of the range common, to the north rarer.
Th. mimas Godm. & Salv. (158 e) is very similar, but the forewings are, from the cell to the proximal
margin, likewise radiantly blue as the hindwings. From Panama to the Amazon, rare.
Th. calor Dre. (158 e) is very closely allied to atriws, the forewings are dull greyish-brown, not black,
also the hindwings much duller lilac-blue, at the costal margin whitish; nor is the proximal margin blackish-
grey, but yellowish-white, like the abdomen. Beneath the same, only the discal bands are proximally broadly
bordered by vermilion. Brazil.
Th. petaurister Drc. differs from the preceding like mimas does from atrius, i. e. the inner-marginal
part of the forewing is, as far as up to the cell, of the same dull blue as the hindwings. Brit. Guiana.
Th. cos Dre. (158 e) has black, somewhat olive-tinged forewings and dark-blue hindwings being
here, in contrast with the allies, broadly bordered in black at the costal, distal and proximal margin, and in
the anal lobe a small red spot. Beneath like atrius. Guiana, Brazil.
100. Acis-Group.
Th. acis Drury (= mars F’.) (158 e) is above dark-brown, beneath very characteristic by the broad
white bands of the hindwing, which meet between the median veins and are here interrupted by a large orange
spot; at the base of the hindwing there are yet two tiny white spots below each other. South Florida, Antilles.
Th. favonius Sm. d& Abb. (158 e) we include here owing to its external resemblance. The brown upper
surface exhibits in the upper cell-end a small, oval, light scent-spot and analwards on the hindwings and between
the median veins of the forewings orange spots. Beneath similarly marked as acis, but instead of the broad
white bands there are narrow moonspot-rows. Almost the whole submarginal space is occupied by orange
spots, between the spot of the tail and the anal lobe there is a long spot dusted in blue-white; the small basal
spot of the hindwing may turn into a long streak. — The larva lives on oaks. Gulf-States as far as up to South
Carolina.
101. Damon-Group (Mitoura Scudd.).
Th. damon Cr. (= gryneus Hbn., damastus Godt., smilacis Bsd., auburniana Harr.) (158 f) is above
brown with an oval, brown-grey scent-spot in the upper cell-corner, the f. discoidalis Skinner has an ochreous-
yellow to red-yellow disc of all the wings. Beneath green, at the proximal margin of the forewing reddish-
brown, with white, on the hindwings very sinuously curved postdiscal lines, proximally broadly tinged in cin-
namon-brown, and a short, similar basal transverse line; behind the white marginal line there are brown, small
submarginal spots being dusted in greyish-white at the anal angle, between the median veins behind them
an orange-yellow small spot being bordered above by black. — The larva lives on Juniperus virginiana. In
2 or 3 generations in the eastern United States.
102. Simaethis-Group.
Th. simaethis Drury (= sarita Skinner, lycus Hbn.) (158 f) is above lustrous violet with a brown costal
and distal margin, the anal lobe of the hindwing, being rather much drawn out, is rusty-brown. The Q is blackish-
brown, towards the base with a bluish-grey tinge. The under surface is light green, in the inner-marginal part
of the forewings grey with silvery white, transverse lines being proximally more broadly, distally more narrowly
bordered by red-brown. The distal margin of the hindwing is, on the red-brown ground, densely dusted in
white and exhibits before the anal angle 2 or 3 silvery spots. Most widely distributed from Texas to South
Brazil, also in the Antilles.
Th. moesites H.-Schdff. is half as large as simaethis, above brighter dark-blue; beneath the red-brown
postdiscal stripe is tinged white only on the hindwings in the inner-marginal part, and the whole distal part
as far as to it is violettish-grey, towards the base cinnamon-brown, towards the costal margin silvery-blue
with 3 black spots in the anal part. Cuba.
Th. telea Hew. (158 f) is considerably smaller, above very similar, but the 2 is more extensively and
more purely blue. Beneath the silvery-white discal bands are reduced to small indistinct spots, only at the
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 799
anal angle distinct as a high W; also the red-brown colour of the distal margin is confined to the anal half,
slightly dusted in white and decorated with increased silvery spots. Still farther distributed than the prece-
ding, from Mexico to Paraguay.
Th. crethona Hew. (158 f) is considerably larger than ¢elea, above indigo-blue with narrow black margins;
the under surface is very similar, at the anal angle of the hindwing more extensively cherry-red, upwards
bordered by the distinct, silvery W. Cuba, Jamaica.
103. Badeta-Group.
Th. badeta Hew. (158 f) is a species not yet sufficiently known among which there may be 2 or more
that are closely allied. The ¢ is above dark violet-blue with a purple reflection, the costal margin and apex
broader, the distal margin very narrow greyish-brown, the hindwings in 2 $¢ before me from the Coll. Sxrrz
exhibit 1 small tail. Druce is of the opinion that the g¢ are untailed and only the 99 tailed; more 3 seem
not to be known at present. The 2° are above brown, according to the original description ,,sometimes* blue-
tinged (= f. melba Hew.). 5 specimens before me are above all intensely blue, in the whole inner-marginal
half of the forewing and in the disc of the hindwing, only a sixth is quite brown, without any blue at all. Beneath
bright light-green, the postdiscal blackish, distally white, extending on the forewing as far as the lower median
vein, almost straight, on the hindwing angularly broken, at the anal angle forming a flat W. The anal spot
black, above white, then orange-bordered, the spot of the tail thick orange-red, black-pupilled, between both
another tiny orange spot, sometimes all the 3 spots are broadly connected. The marginal line in the anal half
black, proximally white, otherwise together with the fringes reddish-brown. Guiana, Colombia, Brazil.
Th. carla Schs. seems to be closely allied. Above dark violet-blue with a broadly blackish-brown
apex and costal margin. Beneath brilliant green with red-brown fringes, the forewings without markings;
on the hindwings the postdiscal is reddish-brown and the spot of the tail is only a small red dot; the hindwings
themselves are uniformly rounded and without a tail. Expanse of wings: 19 mm. Colombia.
Th. gabina Godm. & Salv. (158 f) is above blackish-brown, at the base of the forewings and in the disc of
the hindwings dull lilac-blue. Hindwings with short tails. Beneath green, forewings unmarked, at the proximal
margin grey. Hindwings with a fine black, distally white postdiscal being more arcuately undulated, not acute-
angularly broken. Spot of the tail small, red, black-pupilled; anal spot black, between both another small
black spot; palpi and forehead green. Mexico to the Amazon.
Th. myron Godm. & Salv. is very similar; the hindwings, being blue in the disc, have no whitish sub-
marginal line, and beneath, the anal angle is proximally bordered by red Costa Rica and Panama.
Th. oleris Dre. (158 g) differs above by brown, olive-tinged wings. On the under surface, the forewings
are unmarked as in gabina, at the proximal margin grey; the hindwings exhibit a light discal streak, the post-
discal as in gabina, but feebler, the spot of the tail is absent altogether and at the anal angle there is a small
black dot being bordered above by yellow. Palpi grey, with black hair, the terminal joint black, at the apex
white; forehead brown with a small green dot between the eyes. Paraguay.
Th. lampetia Godm. & Salv. has above in the inner-marginal half of the fore- and hindwing a much
brighter blue. Beneath the transverse lines are blacker, the red submarginal spots proximally broadly bordered
by black. Costa Rica.
Th. caespes Drc. (158 g) is allied to the preceding, above almost the same; head, collar, and costal
base of the forewing metallic bronze-green, fringes copper-brown. Beneath dull bronze-green, marked as
lampetia, the proximal margin of the forewing dull copper-coloured. Bolivia.
Th. aguaca sp. nov. (158f) is above blackish-brown as oleris; beneath more bluish greyish-green,
the unmarked forewings at the proximal margin brownish-grey. Hindwings as in oleris with a light cell-end-
streak and a very arcuate postdiscal being broad and distinct proximally black, distally white; at the anal
angle are 3 purple-red, small spots surrounded and strewn with black, upwards bordered by light bluish; above
the upper median vein and between the radial veins are at the margin yet 2 small white spots. Fringes dull
bronze-green, at the anal angle white, distally black, infront of them a black, white-tinged marginal line. Fore-
head and palpi as in oleris. Colombia (Rio Aguaca Valley).
Th. crispisuleans sp. nov. (158g) is very similar, above blackish-brown, towards the base with a
bluish-grey reflection. Beneath somewhat lighter, more yellowish green, the postdiscal similar, but consisting
of much more curved bows, below the lower median vein and below the lower and above the upper radial veins
receding very far towards the base; on the hindwing there is a complete row of bronze-brown, small submarginal
spots, running through as far as the costal margin, the spots being on both sides bordered by whitish; the spot
of the tail orange, black-pupilled. Sa. Catharina. Type in the Coll. WERNICKE.
crethona.
badeta.
melba.
carla.
gabina.
myron.
oleris.
lampetia.
caespes.
aguaca.
crispisul-
cans.
nitetis.
vesulus.
malta.
anthora.
pennatus.
cerata.
palumbes.
pisis.
pisidula.
tanais.
instita.
puppius.
meleager.
cissusa.
300 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
Th. nitetis Godm. & Salv. (158g) we append here yet, although it belongs farther in front, owing
to its habitus and scheme of markings. Above brown, in the 9 towards the base and in the disc of the hindwing
dull blue. Beneath peculiarly greyish-green; the postdiscal on the forewing little distinct, but carried out as
far as the proximal margin, proximally displaced below the lower median vein and on the submedian fold
proximally angularly broken; on the hindwings more strongly broken with a high W at the proximal angle,
inside tinged in red-yellow; at the anal angle 3 or 4 red-yellow spots, the one between the tails black-pupilled.
Mexico, Colombia, Brazil.
104. Vesulus-Group.
Th. vesulus Cr. (158 g) is above blackish-brown with lighter fringes being on the hindwing towards
the anal angle white. Beneath of a silky lustre yellowish brownish-grey with almost the same marking as in
the cecrops-group (p. 795); the characteristic difference is noticed in the marginal line of the hindwing being
black, proximally white and at the ends of the veins regularly sending forth black small triangles inside, so
that the white bordering grows undulate and the red spots assume an oval shape being rounded towards the
margin. In the present species the postdiscal begins at the costal margin with an isolated, distally displaced
spot; the red spots of the tail are double, black, distally pupilled in brown; the submarginal space above them
almost unmarked. Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. maita Schs. (158 g) is a little larger, above the same, with darker, reddish fringes; beneath browner,
not lustrous, the discal streaks more distinct, distally lighter tinged; the postdiscal of the hindwing proximally
more broadly bordered by red, at the costal margin rising in a line, the uppermost spot not distally displaced;
the submarginal consisting of distinct, darker brown crescents; the red spots of the tail double, but the upper
one only half developed, only the one between the median veins black-pupilled. Colombia, Bolivia, Peru.
Th. anthora Hew. (158 g). Above likewise brownish-black with a reddish spot in the anal lobe, beneath
darker brownish-grey than the preceding, marked the same as vesulus, but the costal-marginal spot of the
discal of the hindwing scarcely distally displaced; the submarginal of the hindwing less distinct than in malta
the red spots of the tail double, both black-pupilled. Guiana to the Amazon.
Th. pennatus Drc. is allied to the preceding. On the upper surface the proximal margin of the forewing
is quite narrow, also the disc of the hindwing dull-lustrous indigo-blue. Beneath the ground-colour is duller,
the postdiscal bands narrower, placed more inward, and on the hindwings proximally not bordered by red;
there is only one red spot of the tail between the median veins and the triangular, otherwise red filling of the
middle angle of the W is replaced here by black colour. The Q is above quite dull brown. Amazon.
Th. cerata Hew. (158 2) is easily distinguishable from the others by the dull-lustrous indigo-blue
colour of the upper surface, almost without any black margin at all. Beneath the most similar to vesulus, still
lighter and also lustrous; the submarginal space is not blank as it is there, but feebly marked, close in front
of the margin the submarginal crescents are yet filled up by darker small spots. From Guatemala to the Amazon;
in the north rarer than in the south. — palumbes Drc. is apparently based only on aberrative specimens which
are beneath without any postdiscal bands at all. From Cayenne.
Th. pisis Godm. & Salv. (158 d) differs from cerata by much darker, purple-black colour above, and
more ochreous-yellow colour beneath. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama.
Th. pisidula Drc. (158 h) is above dark indigo-blue with indistinctly defined, narrow, black margins.
Beneath darker than pists and of a more olive tinge; on the hindwings there is only between the median veins
a dull red spot which is very much smaller; the submarginal line is very distinctly marked on both wings. Brazil
(Rio Grande, Sa. Catharina).
Th. tanais Godm. & Salv. (158 h) exactly resembles pisidula, but beneath there is instead of the red
spot of the tail a second, bluish-grey, oval spot, ringed somewhat lighter blue, and the fine, black, marginal
small triangles are more prominent. Panama, Colombia (Rio Dagua).
Th. instita Drc. is above plainly dark-brown, beneath marked exactly hke pisidula, only somewhat,
darker. Brazil.
Th. puppius Godm. & Salv. is above likewise deep blackish-brown, the wings shorter, the apex more
pointed. Beneath marked like pisis and cerata, but the ground-colour is dirty brown, without a yellow tinge.
British Guiana.
Th. meleager Drc. is perhaps only a southern local form of pisis; above just as purple-black, but beneath
dark greenish-grey, the red spots darker and smaller, their black pupils larger and deeper black. Surinam.
Th. cissusa Hew. (158 h) is smaller, above blackish-brown, at the costal and proximal margin of the
hindwing blue with a blue-white marginal line and small blackish spots before it. Beneath like vesulus. Guiana,
Amazon, Bolivia.
a4
Publ. 3. II. 1920. THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 801
Th. trebula Hew. (158 h). Forewings above brown-black, hindwings of a brilliant blue with moderately
broad black costal and distal margins. Beneath marked as vesulus (158 g) on a purely olive-yellow, lustrous
ground. From Mexico to Colombia and the Amazon.
Th. orcilla Hew. (158 h). The gis above brown, the 2 at the proximal margin of the forewing, and
on the hindwing of a brilliant azure colour, in the anal direction with a bluish-white subterminal line and small
black spots before it. (Hmwrrson mixed up the sexes!) On the underside the colour is lustrous light reddish-
brown, marked as vesulus, but the postdiscal bands are proximally broader orange-red. Ecuador, Colombia,
Bolivia.
Th. gizela Hew. (158 i) is above indigo-black, like pisis (158 h), beneath reddish grey-brown with a
brown cell-end streak and markings, as in orcilla, likewise with postdiscal bands broadly bordered with red.
Bolivia.
Th. panamensis sp. nov. (158 i) is the most similar to pisidula (158 h), but it is above of a light greenish
steel-blue, with a strong lustre, black margins of the same extent as in pisidula; the 9 is of a duller grey-blue.
Beneath more purely grey, with a slight lustre, the linear marking stronger, particularly the white bordering
more pronounced, the submarginal lunae more distinct, the red spot of the tail very large, so is the light-blue
spot beside it. Panama.
Th. pupilla sp. nov. (158i) is above black-brown, towards the base with a slight blue-grey tint, on
the hindwing with a large red anal spot being bordered at first by black, then by white; beneath brown-grey,
the lines like in the preceding, but finer; the submarginal lunae almost extinct, from the upper median vein
- to the proximal margin distinct as an entirely straight black line being removed far inward and touching the
dents of the postdiscal band. The red spot of the tail and the anal spot extremely large, connected by a broad
red bridge, the black pupil of the spot of the tail very small, strigiform. Guiana to Colombia and Bolivia.
Th. gentilla Schs. is above dull grey-blue, not metallic, withafine black distal margin. Beneath light
grey-brown, marked like pisidula, but with whitish cell-end streaks; the W is filled up with black towards the
border, both the anal spots connected by a red bridge, the spot of the tail very large black, containing only
a small red crescent, the anal spot quite black. Expanse of wings: 20 mm. Petropolis in South Brazil.
Th. aprica Mschir. may probably belong hereto. The black-brown forewings are of a violet-blue
gloss along the proximal margin, the hindwings in the disc; at the anal angle there is a red spot. Beneath dark
yellowish-grey, the markings as usually; the postdiscal band of the hindwing proximally black, distally white,
without any orange-red; the submarginal band is a whitish dentate line being dark towards the border; between
the median veins a large red spot with a black pupil; the grey spot before the anal angle is bordered towards
the base by an arcuate red spot, the lower filling of the middle sides of the W being black. Paramaribo.
105. Teucria-Group.
Th. teucria Hew. (158i). Above dark-brown, at the anal angle of the hindwing a white subterminal
line and two minute white spots. Beneath grey, towards the border somewhat browner; the postdiscal band
composed of white small spots being proximally bordered with brown, like the submarginal bands. At the
costal and anal angles of the hindwing broad carmine spots. Amazon.
Th. milto Godm. & Salv. (158i) is similar, but above tinted blue, the hindwings dusted with blue.
Beneath the postdiscal band is placed much nearer to the border, while on the forewing it is more indistinct.
Panama.
Th. tegula Hew. (158i) is more grey-brown than tewcria and exhibits a quite uncommonly large, dark
brown scent-spot in the cell. Beneath very much like teweria, recognizable by a small white spot in the middle
of the costal margin of the hindwing. Amazon.
Th. casmilla Hew. (158i, k) has the same enormous scent-spot as the preceding, being continued for
some distance behind the cell, on the forewing with an indigo-blue tint, and the hindwing in the proximal-
marginal half strewn with a dull blue, so that the veins, a cell-end streak and small submarginal spots
remain black. Beneath light olive-brown, with very much duller markings, the white having almost disappeared;
between the two submarginal bands there is some light blue dusting. Brazil (Rio Grande, Sa. Catharina)..
106. Ledaea-Group.
Th. ledaea Hew. (1581) is above dark-brown, in the proximal half of the forewing and on the hindwing
except the costal margin and apex grey-blue; the anal spot being bordered with white and two small spots of
the tail black-brown. Beneath yellowish-brown with similarly shaped postdiscal bands as in the vesulus-group,
at the anal angle extensively orange-yellow, the anal spot and the spot on the tail black, the space between
brown, dusted with white. Amazon.
V 101
trebula.
orcilla.
gizela.
panamen-
sis.
pupilla.
geniilla.
aprica.
teucria.
milto.
tegula.
casmilla.
ledaea.
caesaries.
mantica.
celmus.
lollia.
seudiga.
jambe.
lucagus.
asa.
carnica.
emendatus.
calchinia.
hyccara.
802 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpv.
Th. caesaries Drc. (158 1) is smaller, above indigo-blue with a broad black apex; beneath more steel-
grey, the yellow anal area more extensive, the postdiscal bands removed more inward, proximally and in the
angle of the W also distally bordered with orange-reddish; a double cell-streak. This species is undoubtedly
only a modification of the vesulus-group. British Guiana, Colombia.
107. Mantica-Group.
Th. mantica Dre. (1581) is an isolated species. Above dark brown, at the proximal margin, and in
the disc of the hindwing dull grey-blue with a large oval, dull black scent-spot in the cell, bordered with a
silky grey; anal lobe spotted orange-red. The 2 is above much less blue. Beneath light brown, the postdiscal
band composed of small separate black spots being distally white, the second of the topmost spots of the hindwing
removed far inward; a submarginal broad red band. Brazil (Chapada Campo).
108. Celmus-Group.
Th. celmus Cr. (= echion var. Godt., pereza Biélr.) (1581) is a small delicate species, above with a
violet lustrous light blue, with a broad brownish-grey costal margin, apex and distal margin, on the hindwings
only very narrowly bordered with white fringes and a white marginal line at the anal angle. Beneath white,
the postdiscal band orange brownish, distally bordered with brown, on the forewing coherent, on the hindwing
broken up into 5 spots; at the base of the costal margin another 6th spot. The submarginal band is composed
of brown crescentiform streaks, being on the forewing more coherent than on the hindwing, here at the anal
angle with a small yellow spot, between the median veins a somewhat larger black-pupilled spot. The Q is
above of a plain brown colour. Distributed from Mexico as far as South Brazil.
Th. lollia Godm. & Salv. (158 1) is above deep violettish blue, with a somewhat more narrowly black
apex and costal margin, beneath more grey-white, whereby the submarginal band is proximally bordered with
a brighter white, the markings otherwise very similar except the absence of the basal spot on the hindwing.
Mexico to Costa Rica.
Th. seudiga Hew. (158 1) differs by a still narrower black apex and distal margin, of the costal margin
only the base is black, the other part of it like the wing deep ultramarine. The under surface is of a still darker
ashy grey, at the cell-end a black fine streak-spot, otherwise marked as loilia, the discal bands and spots, however,
of a deeper copper-red. Brazil, Bolivia.
Th. jambe Godm. & Salv. (1581) has above a much broader black-brown apex and costal margin
than the preceding, something like in celmus, so that the cell grows dark, too. Beneath marked and coloured
like seudiga; the dark submarginal area grows broader, so that two undulate white lunular lines become more
prominent on each side of it.
Th. lucagus Godm. & Salv. (158 1) is likewise similar, above more extensively blue as far as the costal
margin. Beneath the ground-colour is somewhat more brownish, the dark submarginal band is situate nearer
to the border, the red anal spots greatly reduced. Mexico.
Th. asa Hew. (158 k) is above of the same blue as celmus (158 k), but in the whole distal half of the
forewing black-brown, in the centre of a darker lustre and with a dark brown scent-spot in the middle of the
cell; beneath like jambe, the proximal white submarginal series of lunae on the hindwing above the upper and
beneath the lower radial vein protruding far inward. Amazon, Colombia.
Th. carnica Hew. (158 k) is beneath coloured and marked like asa, the proximal submarginal band,
however, runs much more regularly. Above deep violet-blue with very narrow black margins. The diminutive
animal is smaller on the whole, only northern specimens are somewhat larger and have broader wings. Mexico
to the Amazon.
Th. emendatus Dre. (158k) is allied to the preceding, above lighter and more brilliant blue, the
apex of the forewing broader and more uniformly black, the costal margin and apex of the hindwing, however,
narrower than in carnica. Beneath like carnica, but the white submarginal lunae are more prominent. Bolivia.
Th. calchinia Hew. (158k). Above blue with a broad black-brown apex and costal margin of the
forewing. Beneath whitish, similarly marked as the preceding, with fine cell-end streaks and on the hindwing
a somewhat more coherent postdiscal band; the submarginal bands are composed of dull grey-brown lunular
lines; at the anal angle 2 minute orange-yellow spots. Amazon.
Th. hyecara Hew. (158 k) is above very similar, at the anal angle of the hindwing the minute black
- spots of calchinia are absent. Beneath light grey-brownish; on the forewings the postdiscal band which runs
Uzza.
straight and equally broad to the proximal margin, is distally bordered with white, while in calchinia it is bent
somewhat outward and behind the cell broader than at the costal margin. The 2 is above brown. Amazon.
Th. uzza Hew. (158k) is above lighter blue, beneath distinguishable by 2 or 3 small basal brown
punctiform spots on the hindwings, and extensive red-brownish, small submarginal spots being distally bor-
dered with white. Brazil.
WEA rey
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 803
Th. dicaea Hew. (= farmina Schs.) (159 b) is above more extensively blue than the preceding, the
costal margin remains blue. Beneath darker grey without the cell-end streaks; the postdiscal bands dark red,
distally bordered with black, then with black, on the hindwings broken up into spots, between the radial veins
removed outward. Brazil (Paranda).
Th. dicina sp. nov. (159 b) differs above by the deep violet colour and a square black scent-spot in
the cell-end, the apex and distal margin narrowly black-brown. Beneath like dicaea, but with a much darker,
almost blackish-grey ground-colour; both wings exhibit white cell-streaks being on both sides bordered with
black. Colombia.
109. Celida-Group.
Th. celida Luc. (159 b) is above opalescent sky-blue, the broad apex and a fine marginal line on the
hindwing black-brown, a rather large scent-spot behind the cell black. Beneath brownish-grey with fine irregu-
larly undulate transverse lines behind the middle, on the hindwings also before the middle, and with fine
discal streaks; before the border a fine lunular line, between the tails an orange spot, the anal-angular spot
black, strewn with blue. Cuba.
Th. tera Hew. (159)b) is closely allied, with broader wings, above more violet; the under surface is
white, the lines similar, but the basal one is absent on the hindwing, the postdiscal band is proximally bordered
with reddish-yellow, the discal streaks are double, at the anal angle there is another small orange spot. Panama,
Colombia, Peru.
Th. celona Hew. (159 b) is much smaller, of a more radiant blue and more narrowly bordered with
black, so that the black scent-spot stands out isolated in the blue area. Beneath very much like tera, the post-
discal band more coherent. Brazil.
Th. chilica Schs., being unknown to me, is described as follows: forewing blackish, cell and inner-
marginal area metallic blue with a large black round scent-spot behind the cell; hindwing metallic blue, costal
margin and proximal margin grey, analwards a white marginal line. Beneath whitish with dark cell-streaks,
the postdiscal band undulate, red-brown, on the hindwing broken up into spots, distally bordered with black,
and with a distinct W towards the proximal margin; small subterminal brown lunae are interrupted between
the tails by an ochreous-yellow spot pupilled in black. Expanse of wings: 19 mm. Castro (Parana).
110. Aida-Group.
Th. alda Hew. (159b). Upper surface violettish-blue, with a small round dark brown scent-spot
behind the cell and a broad black-brown costal and distal margin. Beneath light reddish-brown with fine cell-end
streaks; the postdiscal band similar as in the celmus-group, but coherent also on the hindwings, here also with
some small basal spots, the one at the costal margin being the largest; the Q is above brown. Amazon.
Th. hesychia Godm. & Salv. (159 c) is allied, above of a purer violet, beneath without the basal spots
of the hindwing. Costa Rica.
Th. hicetas Godm. & Salv. (159 c¢) is above much darker purple violet, the scent-spot deep velvety
black. Beneath dark brown-grey, on the forewing in the middle of the cell with a dark brown transverse streak,
at the cell-end a double streak filled up with whitish; the hindwing exhibits 3 dark basal spots; distal margin
with whitish and dark clouds. Mexico.
Th. pactus Godm. & Salv. (159) greatly resembles hicetas, the wings are more purple, beneath the
discal lines much broader, scarcely bordered with brown; towards the border there are more intense whitish
and dark clouds.
ii. Phrutus-Group.
Th. phrutus Hbn. (= fidentia Hew.) (159 c). Forewing brown with a large darker scent-spot; in the
g in the larger, proximal half of the hindwing blue, metallic, in the 9 the whole hindwing and an inner-marginal
stripe of the forewing is duller and more whitish lilac-blue with 2small black spots at the anal angle; beneath
variable, brown, in the distal third whitish, particularly on the hindwing strewn over with carmine, with 2
dentate red lines and a similar cell-streak. Guiana, Amazon, South Peru.
Th. inoa G. &. S. (159 ¢) is similar, but above almost white, and beneath the red clouding of
the border is absent. Mexico.
Th. zilda Hew. (159 c¢) is above like phrutus, the blue lighter and more reduced. Beneath the hind-
wings are more extensively whitish and the 2 red dentate lines combined into a middle line; the red strewing
of the marginal area is absent. Panama. Costa Rica, Colombia, Brazil.
Th. cruenta Gosse is larger than phrutus, above very similar, the hindwings more violet in the
disc; fringes brown; the underside is much lighter brown, the red strewing of the margin not so intense, the
marking otherwise almost the same. Brazil.
dicaea.
dicina.
celida.
lera.
celona.
chilica.
alda.
hesychia.
hiceias. ~
pacius.
phrutus.
inoa.
zilda.
cruenta.
vend.
sanguinalis.
gamma.
megacles.
coronta.
maevia.
und.
furcifer.
scopas.
cleon.
picentia.
socia.
madie.
804 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
Th. vena Dre. (159 d) differs from the preceding by orange-red fringes, beneath by a straighter post-
discal band of the forewing. North West Peru.
Th. sanguinalis Burm. is above quite grey-brown, similar to the following, without any tails with
a slightly extended anal angle of the hindwing and whitish-dotted fringes; the under surface is whitish, with
brown clouds and with small spots and bands of carmine. Argentina, Paraguay.
Th. gamma Druce (159 d) is similarly dull grey-brown, at the proximal margin of the forewing and
in the larger proximal half of the hindwing dull grey-blue with orange-red fringes. Beneath brown, in the
marginal area of the forewing whitish, strewn with carmine, with a white discal streak; the hindwings exhibit
a white median band and at the costal base a small spot bordered with red, in the shape of a y; marginal half
likewise strewn with red. Argentina.
Th. megacles Cr. (= adria Hew.) (159d). Above black-brown with a small darker scent-spot;
the proximal margin of the hindwing is white, so is a marginal line before the anal region. In the 9 the proximal
margin of the forewing and the whole hindwing are of a pure white, the marking beneath showing slightly
through. Beneath white, the forewing in the middle clouded brown-grey, with carmine markings like in zilda
(159 c), but besides with 4 red, small basal spots on the hindwing. Venezuela, Surinam, Amazon.
Th. coronta Hew. (159 d) is a very much larger species. Above black-brown with a large black scent-
spot in the cell, white at the proximal margin of the forewing and in the disc of the hindwing there is a dull
blue. Beneath brownish-grey, at the basal half darker, at the costal angle of the hindwing whitish. Both wings
exhibit red discal streaks, behind them a band of interrupted, small red spots, distally bordered with white,
on the hindwing besides with 5 or 6 small red basal spots; small brown submarginal spots are on both sides
bordered with white; anal spots orange. Mexico to Guiana.
Th. maevia Godm. & Salv. (159 ¢) is very similar, much smaller, of a duller bluish-grey, the abdomen
above reddish-yellow. Beneath dark grey, uniformly strewn with a light grey, otherwise almost the same markings.
Mexico to Costa Rica,
112. Una-Group.
Th. una Hew. (= lenis Capr.) (159d). Above grey-brown, in the g with a narrow bluish inner-
marginal stripe of the forewing and a white inner-marginal half of the hindwing, with a white marginal line
and a black spot at the anal angle, the forewings exhibit an indistinctly darker cell-spot, the ° is on the forewing
more extensively bluish as far as up to the cell or even into it; hindwing all white with a brownish-grey costal
margin and small black spots in front of the anal margin. Beneath white, the scheme of markings similar to
hicetas (159 c), but the small spots are composed of brown double streaks which are mostly filled up with some
brownish. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.
Th. furcifer Dre. is closely allied and above just the same, on the hindwings only coloured somewhat
more greyish-blue. Beneath light grey, with bands and spots bordered with white and arranged like in una,
which, however, are but slightly darker than the ground. The small, red-yellow anal spots are absent alto-
gether. Espiritu Santo.
Th, scopas Godm. & Salv. (159d). Above coloured like wna, beneath chalky-white with irregular,
light orange macular bands, being doubly bordered with black like in una. The distal margin and submarginal
lunae darker brownish-grey, the two anal spots rather large, red-yellow, with black pupils. Mexico, Nicaragua.
113. Cleon-Group.
Th. cleon F. (= ecbatana Hew.) (159d). Forewing above dark brown, in the basal half of the proxi-
mal margin light violet-blue like the hindwing, with white hair on the proximal margin. Beneath light brown,
in the basal area mostly intensely darkened and clouded in grey; both wings exhibit dark cell-end streaks
distally bordered by a light tinge. Postdiscal bands broad, dark red-brown, on both sides bordered with blackish,
behind it bordered with whitish, projecting below the costal margin on the hindwing, receding in the angle
of the lower radial vein and distally mostly with intensely brown-grey clouds. The orange-red anal spots
distinct, between them a spot strewn with white. The underside is rather variable in the colour and width of
the postdiscal bands. Trinidad, Amazon, Brazil.
Th. picentia Hew. (= rubifer Dre.) (159 e) is above unicolorously brown with a reddish spot in
the anal lobe. Beneath very much like cleon, the 3 likewise darkened in the basal part, particularly on the
hindwing. The postdiscal band of the hindwing is particularly in the 2 very broad, in the g narrower and
distally clouded much more intensely, almost in a blackish brown; the submarginal markings are the same.
In the $ the hindhead and forehead, as well as the extreme costal base of the forewing are red. The type
came from Tapajos, the ¢ having been denoted as rubifer in case of specific difference originates from Bogota,
before me there is a couple from the Museu Paulista.
Th. socia Hew. (159 c) is larger than cleon, above coloured the same, but besides with a small
grey scent-spot at the cell-end. Beneath similarly marked as in the preceding, the postdiscal band of the
hindwing projecting almost quadrangularly between the upper radial veins; the marginal area is profusely
strewn with whitish, at the costal angle there is a small red spot. Brazil.
Th. madie Weeks is said to resemble cleon (159d); above the same, only more mouse-coloured,
instead of dark brown. Beneath light mouse-coloured, likewise with a lighter marginal area and similar post-
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 805
discal bands, running rectilinearly on the hindwing from the costal margin to the lower median vein. Expanse
of wings: 27 mm. Described from Venezuela (Suapure).
Th. mathewi Hew. (159 e) does not differ above from cleon, while the ground-colour beneath is lighter,
less clouded towards the margin, the postdiscal bands being much finer and more regular. Mexico to Panama.
Th. verbenaca Drc. (159 e) is above darker and more extensively blue, inclusive of the cell of
the forewing, with a black spot behind it; anal lobe orange. Beneath dull lustrous greenish-grey, the postdiscal
band on the forewing only little visible and on the hindwing very fine and narrow, only analwards proximally
with some reddish scales, beginning at the costal margin with a distally removed spot; the red anal spots very
large. Brazil.
Th. sesara Godm. & Salv. isallied to mathewi (159 e) and has the same markings beneath, but above it
is entirely brownish-black, not blue, the hindwing with 3 dark submarginal spots at the anal angle. Colombia.
Th. normahal Schs. (159 e) likewise differs little from mathewi; above the forewings are quite
brown, only at the proximal margin with some lilac-white hairs, the hindwings being haired lilac-white only
in the proximal halves; in front of the black marginal line there is a lilac-white line. On the under surface
the postdiscal band on the forewing extends only to the lower median vein and is not distally bordered by
white. Expanse of wings: 21 mm. Peru.
Th. chonida Hew. (159 e) differs above by its dull grey-brown colour being more blue-grey in the inner
space, and a very large black discal spot, the hindwing being white in the anal half, with small, black ante-
marginal spots, the spot between the tails and the anal lobe being bordered with orange. Beneath lighter than
mathewt, the postdiscal band on the hindwing straighter and not so much curved to the proximal margin. Mexico.
Th. leda Edw. is above black-brown, the forewing in the basal half of the proximal margin and the
hindwing at the apex blue-grey; at the anal angle two black-brown spots, and in the middle of the forewing
a black discal spot; beneath grey, similarly marked as mathewt, the postdiscal bands proximally bordered with
red-yellow, distally with white, on the hindwings more strongly undulate; the submarginal band dark, on both
sides bordered with white, with two red-yellow, black-pupilled anal spots. Arizona, Mexico.
Th. clytie Hdw. (159 e) is above whitish lilac-blue with a broad black apex and small black anal spots
of the hindwing; beneath white, marked very much like leda, but the lines much finer and feebler, without
any orange. Texas, Arizona.
Th. ines Hdw. (159 e) greatly resembles clytie, but it is smaller, the forewing somewhat more
extensively blue, the hindwing with a blackish costal region, beneath slate-coloured with more numerous trans-
verse lines and small orange anal spots, and a darker median shade of the hindwing. Arizona.
Th. avalona Wright (159f) seems to be allied to ines; above brown-grey, towards the base a little
more bluish, small dark marginal spots on the hindwing are proximally bordered with a lighter tinge. Beneath
more of the colour of a grey horse with a very indistinct marking. California.
Th. cinniana Hew. (159f). Forewing black-brown, hindwing dull blue, in the g with a dark costal
area; at the anal angle two small black spots. Beneath light brownish-grey, the postdiscal bands proximally
broadly bordered with red, the spots of the tails double like in the veswlus-group (p. 800), connected with the
red anal spot by a red bridge proximally to the white-dusted spot. Amazon.
Th. plumans Dre. may be only a local race of the preceding, the blue having almost disappeared
above and being noticeable only at the anal margin of the hindwing. Brazil (Chapada Campo).
114. Azia-Group.
Th. azia Hew. (= nipona Hew.) (159f) and its allies are characterized by having only 1 little tail
at the lower median vein and by a dark scent-spot in the cell of the forewing. Above brown, at the proximal
margin of the hindwing in the 2 narrowly bluish-white with dark, small marginal spots in the anal part. Beneath
light grey, marked very much like dicaea (159 b) the fine orange-red postdiscal band of the hindwing projecting
distally at the costal margin and between the radial veins. The 2 red anal spots are large. Mexico to Brazil
and Paraguay.
Th. centuncula sp. nov. (159f) is somewhat smaller, above the same; beneath the ground-colour
is of a carmine or lilac tinge, the postdiscal band is much finer, carmine, on the hindwing broken up into spots
and much more strongly interrupted, projecting the farthest towards the base between the median veins and
below the subcostal vein, the farthest towards the margin between the lower radials; the sharply defined, brown-
grey submarginal lunae almost form right angles and are on both sides bordered by lilac-white; the marginal
line is scarlet on both wings, the fringes white, on the forewings somewhat brownish. The small anal spots
are reduced, the spot of the tail is only a minute red dot. Forehead, hindhead, and costal base of the forewing
brownish-red. 1 92 from Sao Paulo.
Th. volumen Drc. is above uniformly dull brown with a small red spot in the anal lobe, beneath
coloured and marked as picentia (159 e), but it has only one small tail. Brazil (Rio; Chapada Campo). Expanse
of wings: 18 mm.
mathew.
verberaca.
SeESaTa.
normahal.
chonida.
leda.
clylie.
ines.
avalona.
cinniana.
plumans.
azia.
centuncula.
volumen.
vidulus.
rufofusca.
badaca.
ceromia.
opacitas.
Canus.
nubes.
sangala.
politus.
syllis.
amphrade.
melinus.
sabinus.
valentina.
806 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravprt.
Th. vidulus Drc. The forewings are above dull black, the hindwings light blue, warming towards
the base into black like at the costal margin and apex. Beneath like cinniana (159 f), but the ground-colour
is darker and the red band of the hindwing much broader, in front of it two parallel red discal streaks. Expanse
of wings: 34 mm, thus very large. Ecuador.
Th. rufofusca Hew. (= lucaris Weeks) (159f) is above brown, in the 3 with an indistinct, large,
dark discal spot; before the anal margin of the hindwing a black line being proximally white, before it 3 or 4
small black spots, 2 or 3 of which are inwardly spotted orange. Beneath light grey, marked very much like
azia, but the postdiscal band has regular orange demi-ares; the anal spots are minute, orange. Mexico to Brazil,
also in the West Indies.
115. Badaca-Group.
Th. badaca Hew. (= collucia Hew.) (159 f) is above black-brown, in the 2 towards the base tinted
grey-blue. Beneath reddish brown-grey, the postdiscal bands brown, particularly on the hindwings bordered
proximally with red, distally with white; the dark, undulate submarginal band is on both sides bordered with
a light colour, between it and the postdiscal band on the hindwing dark clouds; the two red anal spots
are large. Panama, Brazil, Colombia.
Th. ceromia Hew. (= suada Hew.) (159g) is above the same, beneath more red-brown, the post-
discal bands are proximally not bordered with red or orange, the dark clouds beyond them are absent on the
hindwing. Amazon, Bolivia.
Th. opacitas Drc. is closely allied to ceromia, above in the disc with a slight copper lustre; beneath
the same, but the black anal spots are more prominent, and the postdiscal band is proximally somewhat orange.
Forehead, collar, and costal base of the forewing copper-red. Mexico.
Th. canus Dre. (159 g) has above in the disc a still more pronounced copper lustre; beneath lighter,
with a more olive tinge, the postdiscal band of the hindwing broader light orange, the red spot of the tail smaller
and crescentiform; easily distinguishable from the preceding species with black palpi by the palpi being almost
entirely white. Mexico to the Amazon.
Th. nubes Drc. is smaller, the shape of the hindwing not so long-stretched, shorter and rounder;
the ground-colour is above blacker, in the disc with a coppery lustre, beneath more olive, the postdiscal bands
placed nearer to the margin. Trinidad.
Th. sangala Hew. (= autoclea Hew.) (159g). Above like ceromia, in both sexes brown, beneath
brown, the postdiscal bands of a bright orange-red, distally bordered sharply with white, particularly broad
in the 9, at the costal margin of the forewing with a spot being distally removed and bordered also proxi-
mally with brown and then somewhat with whitish; the anal spots are large, of a bright red, the submarginal
spots rusty-brownish, towards the costal angle sometimes orange, distinctly bordered with grey-white on both
sides. Nicaragua, Venezuela to Bolivia.
Th. politus Dre. (159 g) is above coloured like sangala, but the 2 dull lavender-blue on the hindwings
and narrowly also at the proximal margin of the forewing. Beneath like sangala, but the red spot of the tail
is removed nearer to the distal margin. Widely distributed in Guatemala, Guiana, Colombia, Amazon, Trinidad.
Th. syllis G. & S. (159g) is closely allied to ceromia, but the hindwings are above scaled in. blue,
and beneath the postdiscal band is broadly bordered with red; the red spot of the tail is proximally bordered
with an ochreous yellow, extended as far as the anal angle. Mexico, Guatemala,’ Nicaragua, Colombia,
Amazon.
Th. amphrade Schs. (159g) of which only the 9° is known hitherto looks above like politus, only darker
slate-blue, on the forewing as far as up to the cell; beneath the postdiscal band is proximally dark brown,
not orange, on the forewing very indistinct, on the hindwing it runs from the costal margin straight to the lower
radial; the spot on the tail and the anal spot are very indistinct reddish. Costa Rica.
116. Melinus-Group. (Uranotes Scudd.)
Th. melinus Hbn. (= hyperici Bsd., favonius Bsd., humuli Harris, pan Harris, silenus Dbl., pudica
Edw.) (159 g). Above brown, the hindwing at the anal angle with a double, blue-white marginal line, between,
beginning from the median veins, with small black veins, the uppermost proximally orange-red, like the anal
lobe. Beneath light grey, the postdiscal band shaped very much like in mathewi (159 e), but finer and at the
anal angle with two large orange spots. North America to Venezuela. — sabinus F/dr. is probably only the southern
form of the preceding, with more extensive and more intensely red anal spots beneath, touching the postdiscal
band; the species, however, is on the whole very variable. From Colombia and Brazil.
Th. valentina Berg differs from melinus by more irregular rusty-brown postdiscal bands being on
the hindwing interrupted in some places, beginning much farther distally at the costal margin, and by a red-
brown, not black marginal line; on the hindwing there are two very distinct rows of white submarginal lunae.
From Argentina.
THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 807
Th. promissa Mschlr. seems to me to belong here. Above brown, at the proximal margin of the
forewing and on the hindwing, except the costal part, whitish grey, between the median veins and at the anal
angle with orange spots; beneath marked like valentina, the ground-colour is described to be yellowish white-
grey, the postdiscal band is proximally not bordered with orange. Paramaribo.
117. Bebrycia-Group.
Th. bebrycia Hew. (159h) is above blackish-brown, with a large black cell-spot, on the hindwing
with a black spot of the tail, being bordered with orange. Beneath grey-brown, on the hindwing with a lilac
shine, the postdiscal band black- brown, proximally bordered with red, distally with a pure white; on the hindwing
the costal-marginal spot and the spots between the radial veins are projecting farther towards the margin.
Mexico, Guatemala.
Th. serapio Godm. & Salv. (159 g,h) differs by the violet-blue colour along the proximal margin
of the forewing and in the inner-marginal half and along the distal margin of the hindwing; beneath the post-
discal band is in the middle jet-black, proximally red-brown, distally white. Mexico, Panama.
Th. azuba Hew. (159h). Above grey-brown, on the forewing with a large black discal spot, the
hindwing in the larger proximal half dull violet-blue with a black spot between the median veins. Beneath
like serapio, but the eas band on the hindwing is more broken up into spots and of a lighter orange.
Brazil (Rio Grande, Sao Paulo).
Th. tella Schs. probably belongs here; above black-brown, the hindwing below the lower median
vein dusted with blue. Beneath brown-grey, the postdiscal band reddish brown, distally white, on the forewing
as far as the lower median vein, then removed more inward, on the hindwing irregularly broken; before the
border there are large submarginal brown spots, being partly surrounded by black; at the anal angle a small
black spot. Novo Feiburgo.
Th. lemnos Dre. is closely allied to serapio (159 g, h); on the hindwing the blue is more extensive,
so that the whole cell is blue; beneath the postmedian ibaa are more irregular and finer, more like lines. Inner
Colombia.
Th. echinita Schs. is above dull blue-grey, the apex of the forewing and the distal margin blackish,
on the hindwing towards the anal region a white line, in front of which there are triangular black spots. Beneath
grey, the postdiscal band red-brown, distally white, below the lower median vein proximally angled, on the
hindwing irregular; small submarginal lunular spots, distally dusted with a reddish brown, the most densely
between the median veins and here pupilled black. Mexico.
Th. thenea Mschlr. (160d) may yet be placed here. Above brown with a greyish tinge, the marginal
line dark brown, on the hindwing analwards bordered with white. Beneath light grey-brownish; the postdiscal
band is dark brown, distally white, on the forewing undulate, removed somewhat more towards the margin
from the costal margin to the lower radial, on the hindwing always projecting in one cell, receding somewhat
in the next; the submarginal band is grey-brown, curved, towards the base obsoletely whitish; between the
median veins and at the anal angle an orange spot with a triangular black pupil. Length of forewings: 13 mm.
Surinam.
118. Oreala-Group.
Th. oreala Hew. (159 h) is a very variable insect, particularly as to its size. The ¢ is above violet-
blue, the apex of the forewing and costal margin of the hindwing black-brown with a large black scent-spot
in and behind the cell, in the basal part of the cell there are before it brown scales. Beneath brown-grey, towards
the apex on the forewing and hindwing more extensively dusted white, with series of orange-brownish spots
being at first encircled by black then by white, also in the basal part of the hindwing; submarginal brownish
lunar streaks and the usual orange anal spots. The @ is of a duller and more reduced blue, with black small
marginal spots on the upperside of the hindwing. From Brazil.
Th. lucena Hew. (159 h) is somewhat sreillan, the blue on the hindwing confined to a narrow inner-
marginal stripe; the hindwing exhibits also in the 3 black marginal spots. Beneath scarcely different. Venezuela.
Th. canitus Dre. (159i) is much smaller, above Rieck. brown, the hindwing in the larger proximal
half dull violet with two small black marginal spots; the under surface is marked almost like in oreala, Paraguay.
119. Basalides-Group.
Th. basalides Hon. (= ziba Hew.) (159i) is above black-brown, with a large black discal spot, and
uncommonly variable with respect to the extension of the blue colour: mostly two very narrow stripes along
the median and submedian on the forewing and in the disc of the hindwing, so that the cell is yet blue, whereas
the space between the radial veins is black; all the blue colour, however, may also be absent altogether; before
the distal margin of the hindwing there are black spots, the largest of which is between the median veins; if
the blue is absent, mostly 1 or 2 of them are above bordered with orange. Beneath very much like serapio (159 h),
promissa.
bebrycia.
serapio.
azuba.
tella.
lemnos.
echinita.
thenca.
oreala.
lucena.
canitus.
basalides.
arola.
cardus.
tigonia.
albata.
sedecia.
yojoa.
alea.
mulucha.
thordesa.
Faunalia.
dion.
hyyela.
808 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
but besides with 2 or 3 small red basal spots on the hindwing; the postdiscal band is here broken up into small
spots. The Q is all brown, on the hindwing with bluish-white, small submarginal lunae, being partly
double behind the orange spot. Most widely distributed and mostly common, from Mexico to South East Brazil.
Th. arola Hew. (159 i) is above blackish-brown, in the basal half of the proximal margin of the forewing
and on the hindwing dull lilac-blue with two small black spots before the anal margin. Beneath similar, dis-
tinguished by cell-endstreaks, the postdiscal band being placed more proximally, the twouppermost small spots
of which are placed still farther towards the base in the bindwing, and by 4 larger basal spots. Brazil.
Th. cardus Hew. (159i, k) is above of a duller colouring and smaller than arola, while it differs
beneath by its white ground-colour; the macular markings being arranged similarly as in avola are light brownish,
distally bordered at first by brown then by white; the 9 is more brownish beneath, and above plainly brown,
only faintly tinged blue with 3 small white spots at the distal margin of the hindwing. Brazil.
Th. tigonia Schs. resembles basalides (159 i). Above brown, on the forewings with two narrow, parallel
blue stripes at the proximal margin, and in the proximal half of the hindwing dull blue with black marginal
spots, the one between the median veins being above bordered with red. Underneath it differs by plain whitish
submarginal small lunae without a darker fillmg. Peru.
120. Albata-Group.
Th. albata Fldr. (159 k) is above grey-brown, with a pale blue tinge at the base of the forewing,
the hindwing white, somewhat grey towards the base with minute black antemarginal spots. Beneath white,
in the basal half pale grey, on the forewing the bordering between the median veins projects towards the margin
while on the hindwing it isirregular. Indistinct double antemarginal rows of lunae. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela.
Th. sedecia Hew. (159k) is very similar, without any blue at the base of the forewing, with a black
distal margin of the hindwing. Beneath the bordering of the grey basal part runs straighter, and at the cell-end
there is a white streak; the anal spots are more broadly bordered with red. Mexico, Guatemala.
121. Yojoa-Group.
Th. yojoa Reak. (= daraba Hew., beroea Hew.) (159k). G above brown with a large black scent-
spot in the cell and 3 small black spots before the anal margin of the hindwing, fringes whitish. The 9 has broader
wings and a duller colouring, the hindwings are whitish towards the distal margin. Beneath light brownish
grey with white cell-streaks and a reddish, distally white postdiscal band being on the hindwing distally removed
between the radial veins, proximally below the lower median vein; in the whitish marginal part there are double
rows of brownish spots, which are bordered with orange between the median veins and at the anal angle; the
hindwing exhibits in the basal part besides a whitish diffuse spot. Widely distributed from Mexico to the Amazon.
Th. alea Godm. & Salv. (159k) is similar, but the hindwings are blue at the distal margin with
black submarginal spots. On the under surface the white cell-streaks are absent, the spot of the tail is proximally
bordered with reddish-brown. Mexico.
To. mulucha Hew. (1591) is very similar, above like yojoa, beneath browner, at the apex of the
forewing, in the discal area and at the border of the hindwing white, the postdiscal bands much more strongly
broken and composed of small lunar spots, very variable in the intensity of the markings. Guatemala to the
Amazon.
Th. thordesa Hew. (1591) is considerably larger, beneath almost the same, but above the ¢ is of
a lustrous blue with brown margins and an oyal red-brown discal spot. The proximal margin of the forewing
beneath is faintly tinged blue, the anal spots above bordered with red. Venezuela.
Th. faunalia Hew. (= deborrei Capr.) (1591). Upper surface brown, in the 3 with a dark cell-spot,
on the hindwing with an analwards white marginal line and 2 or 3 minute black spots before it. Beneath the
forewings are light reddish-brown, at the apex whitish with a double row of submarginal spots, in front of which
there are 6 dark brown small spots bordered distally by white, proximally somewhat by reddish. Hindwings
marked not unlike mulucha, but much more irregular and more spotted, with a small black spot on the tail.
Amazon, Bolivia. — dion Schaller is a species not to be identified, perhaps allied to fawnalia.
Th. hygela Hew. (159 1) is above deep purple violet with black-brown margins and an almost square
black scent-spot at the cell-end; the 2 is dull brown with a white marginal line in the anal part of the hindwing.
Beneath the hindwings resemble those of faunalia, though they are still more irregular and more spotted, the
forewings are whitish, irregularly clouded brown with large dark brown spots in the middle of the cell and
behind it. Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia.
Bn E SO ert 1220: THECLA, By Dr. M. Dravpr. 809
Th. crossaea Hew. (1591) likewise approximates faunalia. Above brown, hindwing towards the crossaea.
base strewn with blue, before the anal margin with small black spots. Beneath marked similarly to the said
species: forewings reddish-brown, at the apex white, clouded brown with 6 dark, distally white spots in front
of it. Hindwings whitish, clouded brown, with 4 large dark brown basal spots, cell-streak and interrupted
postdiscal macular band like there. Patria not stated.
Th. legota Hew. (159-1) is above brown, at the proximal margin of the forewing and in the larger legota.
proximal part of the hindwing dull violet-blue. Beneath marked almost like crossaea, the forewing with a red-
brown cell-end streak and a postdiscal band composed of black double streaks, inside filled wp with reddish-
brown and outside bordered with white; at the base of the hindwing only 2 spots. Bolivia.
Th. veterator Dre. (1591) is above dull black-brown, in the basal inner-marginal half of the forewing, veterator.
and on the hindwing light lilac-blue; scent-spot large, dull, in the distal half of the cell. Beneath marked similarly
to yojoa, but the ground-colour is much duller brownish without the white abmixture, the white cell-streaks
and the white shade in the basal area are absent. Paraguay.
122. Bubastus-Group.
Th. bubastus Cr. (= salona Hew.) (145 h) is above brown with an indistinct dark brown discal spot bubastus.
and dark spot at the anal angle of the tailless hindwing. Beneath light reddish-brown, on the hindwing towards
the base grey; on both wings with large conical, distally white spots at the border; the postdiscal bands are
composed of black-brown small spots being distally bordered with white, and are on the forewing placed very
near to the distal margin; in the basal area of the hindwing two spots, the spot of the tail above bordered with
red. This tailless form flies in Guiana, Venezuela, Amazon, Brazil, Paraguay, St. Vincent, Dominica, Grenada.
— For the tailed form: eurytulus Hbn. (= cybira Hew., modesta Mayn., ocellifera Grt., istapa Reak., columella eurytulus.
F.) (145 h), occurring in the southern states of North America, in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama,
and in Hayti, Cuba, Jamaica and the Bahamas, a special genus was established: Callicista Grote.
Th. sapota Hew. (145 h) entirely resembles above thetailless bubastus, beneath it is likewise similar, sapota.
the ground-colour somewhat darker, the spots being all smaller, more in the shape of streaks, and on the hindwings
the basal spots are absent. Peru.
Th. arcula Dre. (145 h) somewhat resembles sapota and is tailless, too, but it has quite a different, arcula.
large, dark scent-spot almost filling up the cell; the hindwing is in the anal half dark violet-blue, which colour
extends along the distal margin up to the costal angle. The underside is similar to that of sapota, but it is darker
purple-brown with white cell-end streaks and a straighter, more e coherent postdiscal line and two larger orange
anal spots. Paraguay and Argentina.
Th. argona Hew. (= rana Schs.) (145 h). Above like eurytulus with a smaller scent-spot in the cell; argona.
at the anal angle of the hindwing there are three larger black-brown spots which are surrounded with grey-
blue in the 3 only traceably in the 2 much more extensively. Beneath somewhat lighter and browner, the spots
rounder, distally bordered with white, on the hindwings proximally with orange; the broad, white submarginal
dusting is absent, the anal spots are more orange-red. Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay.
Th. ligia Hew. (145 h) resembles the preceding above in the 3, but it has some light violettish blue ligia.
at the proximal margin of the hindwing; the 2 has more. extensively light blue hindwings, and also in the basal
half of the proximal margin on the forewing blue dusting. Beneath brownish-grey with cell-end streaks, beneath
similar to eurytulus, the wings in the distal parts very much clouded brown and dusted white with an orange
spot on the tail and a black anal spot. Colombia,
Th. limenia Hew. (145 i). Above similar.to the preceding, beneath easily discernible by the postdiscal limenia.
band of the hindwing losing its celf into a line in the anal half and forming a V; the red anal spots, particularly
the spot on the tail very large, orange-red and connected by a red bridge above the blue-dusted interspace.
Cuba, Jamaica, San Domingo.
Th. angelia Hew. (145 i) is very closely allied to limenia and differs above by the red-brown: disc in angelia.
the 3, beneath by the absence of the basal spots on the hindwing. Cuba, Jamaica.
Th. dominicana Lathy is probably only a modified insular form of the preceding; above the coppery dominicana.
spot is confined to the basal half of the proximal margin of the forewing, and to traces on the disc of the hind-
wing; beneath there is a complete postdiscal transverse line which is border ed on the hindwing proximally with
red from the upper median vein to the costal margin. Expanse of wings: 23—31 mm. Dominica.
\y 102
cestri.
cydia.
davara.
thius.
americensis.
tucumana.
bicolor.
heodes.
tegaea.
atranda.
tarania.
810 THECLA. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
123. Thius-Group.
Th. cestri Reak. (1451) is characterized by the forewing being somewhat angular on the lower radial
vein, the hindwing tailless, with a somewhat protracted anal angle. Above brown with a large black discal
spot at the cell-end of the forewing; the hindwing towards the base with blue-grey hair, and between the median
veins a small black marginal spot. Fringes white, on the forewing speckled darker. On the under surface the
forewing is brown with a whitish apex, the hindwing in the discal area and at the margin whitish with irregular
macular stripes and a black small spot between the median veins before the border. In the @ the hindwings
are above extensively blue. Mexico to Costa Rica.
Th. cydia Hew. (145 i) is smaller, the g above also blue like the 9, the latter exhibiting above in the
costal part of the hindwing at the apex a large square brown-grey spot. Beneath there is little difference.
Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay.
Th. davara Hew. (145i) does not differ above from cydia, it therefore has blue on the hindwings also
in the J, beneath the hindwings are more whitish, the spots at the base of the hindwing are partly confluent
with those of the postdiscal band, on the rusty-yellow forewing the postdiscal band is more coherent. Brazil
(Sao Paulo).
Th. thius Hbn. (= agra Hew., bazochii Godt., infrequens Weeks) (145i,k). Forewings like in the
preceding, but less angled, the hindwing except the costal-marginal part quite light lilac-blue, the black marginal
spots extremely small. Beneath also marked like the preceding species, the marking, however, is partly covered
by brown colour, consisting of a large triangular spot at the costal angle of the hindwing, a similar one in the
basal part of the proximal margin, and a small one at the base of the costal margin above it; from the base
a light stripe runs along the lower radial vein through the cell to the margin. Brazil, Colombia.
124. Americensis-Group.
Th. americensis Blch. (1451) is above plainly brown, with whitish grey fringes, without a tail.
Beneath light brown, on the forewing with 5 small black postdiscal spots, the hindwing with 2 basal spots and
a postdiscal, irregularly curved row of spots, which is analwards proximally somewhat orange; small submarginal
brownish spots, at the anal angle and between the median veins spotted orange. Chile.
Th. tucumana Drc. (145k) greatly approximates the preceding, above with some lilac-blue on the
hindwing and 3 small black anal spots, beneath just like americensis, but at the costal margin of the forewing
and across the whole hindwing thickly strewn with grey and brown, so that the markings grow indistinct.
Argentina.
Th. bicolor Phil. (= quadrimaculata Hew.) (145k) is easily discernible above from americensis
by the large orange discal spots on both wings. Beneath the ground-colour is greyer, in the disc of the forewing
likewise orange, otherwise marked like americensis. Chile.
Th. heodes Drc. (145 k) differs from the preceding species by the basal area being dusted with a pecu-
liarly lustrous grey-white on the upper surface of both wings and also at the proximal margin of the forewing;
the orange spot of the hindwing is reduced in the 3, while in the @ it is absent altogether. Beneath light brown,
strewn with white, marked like bicolor, but the postdiscal bands placed nearer to the margin. The Q is lighter
and almost without any marking. The 3 is without the dark discal spot exhibited by the preceding species above.
Described from North Peru.
Th. tegaea Hew. (145k) we append yet here. Above brown with an orange spot at the-anal angle
of the forewing and at the border of the hindwing, which is narrower in the 9; the ¢ exhibits an oval, dark
brown scent-spot bordered with a still darker colour. Beneath grey-brown, with dark cell-end streaks and
with postdiscal bands composed of black, white-ringed spots, running parallel to the margin; beyond them
similar submarginal rows of spots, on both wings analwards distally bordered with orange. From British Guiana
and Brazil.
Th. atrana Schs. (145k) being allied to the following species may be placed here as a transition.
Above brown with a broad red-yellow marginal band of the hindwing. Beneath light grey-brown, on the forewing
with three small brown, distally white postdiscal spots; hindwing with a postdiscal row of black lunular spots,
being proximally bordered with vermilion, distally with white; black submarginal lunae bordered proximally
with white border on a broad vermilion marginal band which projects towards the margin on the ends of the
veins and extends from the anal angle to the middle radial; behind there are yet brown marginal lunae and
a black marginal line. Expanse of wings: 21 mm. Brazil (Parana).
Th. tarania Hew. (145k, 1), a well-known common species, differs in the g at once by the black-
brown scent-spot in the cell of the forewing; the orange colour on the hindwing is confined to three small coherent
spots at the anal angle, in the cell-spaces between proximally dusted whitish, distally spotted black; the red
marginal band of the hindwing beneath, however, extends farther than to the middle radial, mostly even beyond
the upper radial. Brazil.
THECLOPSIS; LAMPROSPILUS. By Dr. M. Draupr. 811
Th. titus F. (= mopsus Hbn.) (1451) for which the subgenus Strymon Hbn. could be used is
above plainly grey-brown, in the 9 occasionally with traces of red anal spots of the hindwing. Beneath likewise
dark brown with a broad red marginal band of the hindwing and smaller, separated spots on the forewings.
The larva lives on cherries and plums. In North America widely distributed from Maine to Georgia.
125. Dumenilii-Group. (Polyniphes Kaye.)
Th. dumenilii Godt. (= argiva Hew.) (145 1) is above white, the apex and costal margin broadly sepia-
coloured, in the ¢ with a black scent-spot in the cell-end. The 2 is dusted grey-brownish towards the base,
on the hindwing with a fine black marginal line and small black spots before it. Beneath white with reddish-
brown transverse lines, a small black, white-ringed costal eye-spot on the hindwing and high submarginal lunae
which are pupilled in brownish, between the median veins in black. The ¢ is beneath sometimes without any
marking. — Inf. obscura Stgr. the 29 are above monotonously dark brown-grey, whereas the darker ¢ is bluish
on the light inner-marginal area of the forewing. Beneath grey-brown with very distinct markings, particularly
the distal-marginal eye-spots almost. black. Venezuela, Colombia.
Th. tadita Hew. (145 1) has a more pointed shape of wings and the white parts above are dull sky-blue;
beneath brown-grey, otherwise marked like the preceding. Brazil.
Th. datitia Jones (145 1) is very near to the preceding, but it has two tails, and a narrow black border
of the hindwings above. Beneath the hindwing exhibits a marginal row of black-pupilled, brown lunae. Parana.
Th. euptychia spec. nov. (1451) has the shape of tadita, but it is all brown with a black scent-spot,
on the hindwing analwards a white border-line and between the median veins a small black spot bordered proxi-
mally with a light colour. Beneath the disc of the forewing is rusty yellow, distally brown-grey, the hindwing
brown-grey, with the same marking as in the preceding, the costal-marginal eye-spot very large, jet-black,
white-ringed, also the spot between the median veins and one above it jet-black, upwards with a golden yellow
ring. Described according to a g from the Museu Paulista from South Brazil.
5. Genus: Theelopsis G. « 8.
Differs from the preceding genus by the quinquepartite and unmerged tarsus with claws. The two
subcostal veins rise widely separated the 2nd somewhat before the cell-end; the cell itself is uncommonly long
with a large scent-spot.
Th. eryx Cr. (= lydus Hbn., ingae Sepp, lebena Hew.) (145 g) is above metallic ultramarine blue
with a black-brown apical half, and a large black discal spot. Beneath lustrous grey-green with brown, distally
white postdiscal rows of spots, arranged like in the vesulws-group, and with indistinct, small, brown submarginal
spots; anal spots red, between them whitish dusting; at the proximal margin of the forewing there is a large
black velvety spot partly covered by the costal margin of the hindwing. The 2 is:above dark brown with a dull
green-blue disc of the hindwing; beneath more grey-brown with more distinct and brighter markings. Southern
specimens have above a more extensive blue and beneath broader red spots. Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru,
and Bolivia.
Th. curtira Schs. (145 g) differs little from the preceding. On the upper surface the apex and distal
margin, particularly of the hindwing, are broader black, the scent-spot somewhat smaller, more red-brown.
Beneath the ground-colour is of a purer grey, only with a slight green lustre, the small submarginal spots form
more distinct triangles, proximally bordered with white, the anal spots more orange. Described from Venezuela.
Th. demea Hew. (145 g) is easily separated by the absence of the scent-spot and by the black distal
margin being only very narrow; beneath darker, more blackish, with the same markings, but without the black
inner-marginal spot of the forewing. Nicaragua, Colombia.
Th. caeus G. & S. (145 g) greatly resembles demea, but it has a small crescentiform, brown scent-
spot, and beneath the inner-marginal area of the forewing exhibits an intense green lustre; the latter may,
according to Drucs, also be absent in specimens from Colombia and Venezuela; described from Panama.
6. Genus: Lamprospilus Hon.
Closely allied to the genus T'hecla and separated only by few exterior marks, the head and thorax being
comparatively very stout, the one species exhibiting small hyaline spots, the other species whitish, thinly scaled,
band-like spots on both the wings. The generic separation is scarcely justified.
lilus.
dumenilii.
obscura.
tadita.
datitia.
euptychia.
eryx.
curtira.
demea.
caeus.
genius.
nicetus.
arota.
virginien-
sis.
hermes.
del Sud.
awanthoides.
dione.
812 CHRYSOPHANUS. By Dr. M. Drauprt,
L. genius Hbn. (145 f, g) is above brown-black, in the disc with a bluish-grey lustre, on the forewing
between and above the median veins with 2 small hyaline spots of a blue opalescence on being exposed to the
light laterally; the hindwing exhibits a large opalescent hyaline spot in the cell, below and behind it 2 very
small ones.. The under surface is bone-coloured, the hyaline spots are of a more intensely blue lustre than above;
the basal areas on both wings and a triangular costal-marginal spot on the forewing are dark brown; the post-
discal band with a sharp W at the proximal margin; the anal spots and those on the tails reddish- -yellow, pupilled
black. Surinam to Brazil.
L. nicetus Fidr. (145 g) is more slender, the spots of a dull white, only little transparent, more
band-like. Beneath dark brown with white transverse lines, the one on the hindwing very broad, similar as
in Th. teatae, the orange anal markings very extensive. From Colombia.
Il. Group: Chrysophanini.
7. Genus: Chrysophanus Db/.
_ The nearctic flame-coloured lepidoptera do not differ essentially from the palearctic forms: we also
find here nearly uniformly large, above golden-red or purple-violet species. The undersides likewise exhibit
designs of markings and colourings entirely analogous to the well-known species of the eastern fauna. The
biological conditions are also conforming to it, the habits of the larva living on Rumex ete. A characteristic mark
for the separation of the group from the Theclini is the 3-branched subcostal, which they share with the
Lycaenini.
Otherwise the venation exhibits few differences; on the forewing the discocellular is almost quite absent.
On the hindwing the anal angle is mostly somewhat pointedly. protracted, and the hindwing is often extended
at the lower median vein into a small short tail. As to the babits compare what has been said in the Palearctic
Part Vol. I., p. 281. uv
This. genus has likewise been divided by ScuppER into a number of other genera which, however, are
only to be regarded as subdivisions, their names being, therefore, only shortly mentioned.
1,Subgenus: Tharsalea Scudd.
Ch. arota Bsd. (145 a). The 3 is above purple with a violet lustre and small diaphanous spots beneath,
the © yellow-red, spotted black with darkened basal halves and margins. The underside is light grey, in the
2 on the disc of the forewing yellow-reddish; the hindwing exhibits beside the spots a fine black, postdiscal,
dentate line, behind it a broad, whitish submarginal band. California. — The larva divergently lives on Ribes.
Ch. virginiensis Hdw. (145 a) is on an average somewhat larger, above almost the same, beneath darker
grey, more coarsely spotted, and with distinct white submarginal lunae. California, Nevada and Colorado.
Ch. hermes Hdw. Here also the ¢ is above light red-yellow, at the costal margin and border and at
the base brown with the same spots as the preceding, the hindwing much darker, with a long pointed tail; the
2 has somewhat more distinct markings. Beneath the ground-colour of the forewings is more tawny, at the
border grey, the hindwings also in the basal area grey, similarly spotted as the preceding. Expanse of wings:
22 to 27 mm. California, Nevada.
Ch. del Sud Wright (145 b) seems to me to be the best founded upon an aberrative specimen which
may well be numbered among this subgenus. The animal resembles the 9 of‘arota, but the forewings are without
the spots in the distal half of the submedian area, and the apex is broadly darkened. Beneath the hindwings
are monotonously yellow, almost without spots, California. ~
2,Subgenus: Gaeides Scudd..
Ch. xanthoides Bsd..(145 a) is one of the largest species, above likewise purple-brown, in the @
more or less light yellow-red, in both sexes with an orange distal margin of the hindwing, in which there are
black spots. The under surface is. very pale yellowish-grey, distally white, with the usual black spots being
white-ringed on the hindwings; those at the border are analwards proximally bordered by orange lunar lines.
The species only flies in California.
Ch. dione Scudd. (145 b) looks very much like thoé (145 c). Above more purely grey-brown with a
faint violet lustre, the forewing with 2 black spots in the cell, the hindwing with an orange marginal band.
Also the underside is very aiid coloured and marked, but the spots of the Pinta ings are differently arranged
and the forewings likewise grey. The size is larger than in thoé. Iowa.
CHRYSOPHANUS. By Dr. M. Draupr. 813
Ch. editha Mead (145 b) is smaller than xanthoides with somewhat less pointed wings, otherwise above
very much alike. The under surface is grey with an ochreous-yellow tint increasing towards the margin; the
spots are black only on the forewings, on the hindwings ochreous-grey, finely ringed black. Nevada.
Ch. gorgon Bsd. (145 b,c). Upper surface lighter purple red with an intense blue-violet lustre, in
the 2 much more extensively yellow-red. The under surface is yellow white, between the two submarginal
rows of spots there is a complete row of orange lunae on the hindwings. The species is so far known only from
California and Nevada.
3. Subgenus: Chrysophanus Hbn.
Ch. thoé Bsd. (145 c) has purple-brown forewings with a violet reflection and brown hindwings
with an orange marginal band; the @ entirely resembles our virgaureae. Beneath the forewings are red-yellow
in the disc, grey at the apex, the hindwings blue-grey with a red marginal band with the usual small black
spots. Distributed and common in the Atlantic States and Colorado. The larva lives on Rumex.
4. Subgenus: Epidemia Scudd.
Ch. mariposa Reak. (= nivalis Bsd.) (145). The 3 is above purple-brown with a violet reflection,
the 2 extensively yellow-red with the usual small spots. Beneath the forewings are dull yellow-red, the hindwings
ashy-grey. This little species is known from California and the Rocky Mountains.
Ch. zeroé Bsd. (= ianthe Hdw.) (145d) greatly resembles the preceding, but it is larger, more
slender, and the wings are more pointed, the ¢ exhibits a more distinct red-yellow marginal band on the hindwing,
the black spots, particularly in the 9, are clearer and more distinct. The under surface is of a duller colouring,
the hindwing almost unspotted. California, Colorado.
Ch. helloides Bsd. (= castro Reak.) (145d) likewise resembles the two preceding species, it is above
more brightly coloured and more intensely spotted, and in the 9 in the basal parts of both wings, particularly
of the hindwings, darkened by brown. The under surface is like in mariposa, the hindwings of a more reddish
tinge. California, Rocky Mountains.
Ch. dorcas Ky. (145d) is smaller than the preceding, the 3 above deeper violettish-purple, the
2 almost entirely darkened by brown. The under surface is almost monotonously yellow-red-brown. Distributed
in Arctic America. — The form: florus Hdw., described from the Red Deer River, is larger with a much broader
black marginal band almost reaching the discal, zig-zag shaped macular series; the under surface is more lightbrown.
Ch. epixanthe Bsd. (145 .e) is the smallest species, above darker, with a faint violet lustre and but
few small orange spots, at the anal angle of the hindwing; the @ is above dull grey-brown. Beneath the
wings are of a lighter grey, towards the base more blue-grey with the usual spots. From the northern
Atlantic States.
5. Subgenus: Heodes Dalm.
Ch. hypophlaeas Bsd. (= phlaeas Bsd. & Lec., americana d’Urb., fasciata Streck., fulliolus Hust)
(145 c) is the North American representative of our common pAlaeas from which it differs above by the more
fiery golden red colour, and by the greyer under surface of the hindwings and more prominent black spots.
Everywhere common in North America, only in the Gulf States it is absent. The larva lives on Rumex as with us.
Ch. arethusa Dod. is closely allied to the preceding; forewings in the $ more pointed, the yellow-red
colour above more reduced; on the dark brownish hindwings 2 postmedian rows of spots and the black discal
spot are more prominent. Beneath the forewings are of a purer yellow, the spots distinctly light-ringed; the
grey hindwings exhibit beside the rows of small black dots an orange-red submarginal line. Expanse of wings:
3 30 to 35 mm, 2 29 to 33 mm. Rocky Mountains (Calgary).
6. Subgenus: Chalceria Scudd.
Ch. cupreus Hdw. (145 e) is above red-golden with a narrow black margin, and in the $ with spots
beneath shining through, which in the Qappear also above distinctly black. The under surface is light grey-yellow,
in the disc of the forewing red-yellow, of the same colour is a marginal band of the hindwing. California, Oregon.
Ch. snowi Hdw. (145 e) is somewhat larger, above with somewhat broader black margins and also
in the g with more distinct, small black spots. The hindwings are beneath more dirty grey. Rocky Mountains.
Ch. rubidus Hdw. (145 f) entirely resembles cwpreus above, but it is considerably larger, the ° is duller
and more yellow. The under surface is light grey, almost white, the hindwings almost without any spots, while
in the form sirius Hdw. (144 n) they exhibit the usual spots like in the other species. Occurring in the Rocky
Mountains and Oregon.
editha.
gorgon.
thoé.
mariposa.
zeroe.
helloides.
dorcas.
florus.
epixanthe.
hypo-
phlaeas.
arethusa.
cupreus.
snowi.
rubidus.
sirius.
pyrrhias.
814 FENISECA; LYCAENA. By Dr. M. Draupt.
7. Subgenus: Jophanus nov.
Ch. pyrrhias G. & S. (145f) is an entirely deviating animal which ought to form a special genus
but in the structure it entirely corresponds with virginiensis. Above purple with black veins, the hindwings
with red submarginal lunae and a violet antemarginal line. Beneath rosy-brown, with an ochreous disc of
the forewing and three transverse lines and cell- end streaks. Hitherto only found in Guatemala at altitudes
of 6 to 7000 feet, flying close to the soil and fond of resting on pig’s droppings.
8. Genus: Feniseca Gt.
6
The only genus being quite uncommon to the American fauna, by reason of its structure and biological
behaviour, shows unmistakable alliances to the Indo-Australian Gerydinae. The body is relatively stout, the
wings longer and narrower than usually; the antennae are short and stout with a non-deposited club. Palpi
comparatively long, with a long pointed terminal joint. On the forewing the lowest subcostal vein is short-
petioled with the upper radial, otherwise there are no differences from the preceding genus. The life-history
of this peculiar animal is well known.
The egg is hemispherical, more flat than high, covered with numerous fine longitudinal and transverse
ribs enclosing polygonal cell-spaces. The larva looks like a short slug and is covered with many bristly hairs
to which the crusts and exudations of the aphis forming the food of the larva adhere. The brown pupa on its
dorsal side shows an exact imitation of the shape of a monkey’s face with the eyes, nose and mouth as elevations
and cavities.
tarquinius.
fuliginosa.
heteronea.
clara.
lycea.
fulla.
P. tarquinius 7. (= crataegi Bsd., porsenna Scudd.) (145 f) is above lustreless yellow-brown with a
black-brown costal margin and distal margin and some small spots which vary greatly in extent or may be
absent altogether. Beneath the colouring is lighter, at the costal margin and on the hindwings more cinnamon-
brown, strewn with lilac-white and marked with numerous darker, whitish-ringed spots. Common in the Atlantic
States from Nova Scotia to Carolina.
ITI. Group: Lycaenini.
9. Genus: ILyeaena F.
Characteristic is the course of the uppermost subcostal vein which is separated from the costal vein;
the lowest subcostal vein is one-partite. Palpi scaled, the two first joints covered with short, dense, bristly
hairs. Comp. for further particulars Vol. I, p. 298.
1 Subgenus: Satyrium Scudd.
L. fuliginosa Edw. (= suasa Bsd.) (144 a) is above monotonously dark grey-brown in both sexes.
Beneath it resembles the European semiargus (Vol. I, p. 119, t. 82), lighter brown-grey than above, towards
the base, preponderantly on the hindwings, with a bluish tint and a curved row of black, white-ringed post-
discal eye-spots, similar discal spots and more indistinct submarginal lunae. California, Utah, Nevada.
2, Subgenus: Cupido Schrank.
L. heteronea Bsd. (144 a) is in the ¢ above light blue with lighter veins and a fine black border,
the 2 is brown with diaphanous spots on the under surface. The latter is almost white with large, jet-black
postdiscal spots on the forewings; on the hindwings they are quite light brownish; on both wings they recede
towards the base between the median veins. Colorado to California.
L. clara Edw. (144a) greatly approximates the preceding, and is smaller on an average, the Q above
extensively dusted light blue, with distinctly diaphanous spots on the under surface which is somewhat duller,
more brownish, with several spots in the basal area also of the forewing. Sonora, California.
L. lycea Edw. (= rapahoe Reak.) (144). Likewise very similar to heteronea, the 3 with a more broadly
smoky border of the wings: beneath somewhat darker, the forewings without any basal eye-spots, the series of
eye-spots on the hindwings clearer, fine black, white-ringed. Distributed in the Rocky Mountains.
L. fulla Hdw. (= fuliginosa Streck. nec Edw.) (144 a,b) is smaller than the preceding, the g above
of a purer blue; the under surface is light grey with rows of very similar, white-ringed eye-spots, like lycea,
but the postdiscal row is less curved; at the cell-end of the hindwing there is a white spot. Pacific States.
LYCAENA. By Dr. M. Dravpt. 815
L. icarioides Bsd. (= pardalis Behr, erymus Bsd., mintha Hdw.) (144 b) extremely resembles fulla,
above blue, towards the border somewhat darker; the under surface is more grey-brown, in the & still darker;
in the basal area slightly dusted with blue, with a large, reniform discal spot which is obsolete on the hindwing;
the postdiscal row of eye-spots of the forewing is a straight line between the proximal margin and the upper
median vein, by which it differs from most of the other species; submarginally only one row of brownish puncti-
form spots, the fine black marginal line, being present otherwise, is absent here altogether. Rather rare in
South California. — f. maricopa Reak. is above brown with a violet lustre and obsolete roundish spots at the
border of the hindwing, beneath dark ashy-brown towards the base.
a
L. daedalus Behr (144 b) is smaller, of a deeper and purer blue with broader black margins, the &
is brown with red-yellow marginal bands which may attain a very considerable width. Beneath darker brown-
grey with the usual rows of eye-spots which are just as well developed on the hindwings as on the forewings;
the submarginal rows are double, on the hindwings in the middle more or less spotted orange. Common in
South California.
L. hilda Grinnell is very near to daedalus, above lustrous deep blue with a broader black border
and a black reniform discal spot; at the anal angle of the hindwing some black spots; fringes snow-white. Under
surface on an ashy-grey ground marked thickly and sharply prominent, the postdiscal band forming an angular
semi-circle; at the anal angle of the hindwing there are only 3 small orange spots. The 9 is above brown with
narrower orange marginal bands. Expanse of wings: 25 to 32 mm. From San Bernardino (California).
L. saepiolus Bsd. (= aehaja Behr, rufescens Bsd.) (144 b). The $ has above a green lustre, a lighter
blue and a more broadly smoky border and apex, the Q is tinged green-blue towards the base with orange marginal
lunae on the hindwing. The under surface is lighter, more brownish, marked like daedalus, but on an average with
smaller spots, at the border the orange colour is mostly absent. Pacific States, Rocky Mountains.
L. amica Edw. (= orbitulus Scudd. nec Prun.) (144b) is above more silvery blue, at the margin
brownish with a narrow straight discal streak of the forewing and white fringes. The under surface is lustrous
grey-white with rows of small spots; on the hindwing the postdiscal band runs almost straight, the small
brownish submarginal lunae are sometimes obsolete. From the Mackenzie River. Expanse of wings: 27 mm.
L. pembina Hdw. is closely allied to pheres (144 c¢), of a darker violet-blue, with the discal streak
of the preceding, the 2 brown, towards the base bluish. The under surface is light brown-grey, towards the
base dusted blackish with the same arrangement of spots as in the following species, but on the hindwing with
more distinct submarginal dark dots ending in the anal angle with a dark diffuse spot; also in the costal-marginal
area there are two black, white-ringed, small spots. British North America (Lake Winnipeg).
L. pheres Bsd. (144 cc) is larger, lighter blue than pembina, without the discal streak. The under
surface is characterized by the white diffuse spots on the light brownish-grey surface of the hindwing; — the
f. evius Bsd. is an alpine form from the Rocky Mountains. — Pacific States.
L. phileros Bsd. (= helios Edw.) is in its exterior very much like icarioides (144); it is smaller,
above more violet-blue, beneath of a purer ashy-grey; the white discal spot of the hindwing has the shape of
- a heart like in the European icarus. The 9 is brown, with a blue-violet tinge towards the base and with small,
obsolete, red-yellow marginal spots of the hindwing. California, Arizona.
L. ardea Hdw. The ¢ is above violet-blue to grey-blue with a very narrow dark marginal band in
the forewing and a dark marginal line in the hindwing, as well as white fringes. Under surface fawn-coloured
the base of the hindwing bluish. The forewing exhibits a large, reniform, black, white-bordered discal spot, an
incomplete postdiscal row of 4 spots and traces of a submarginal row of small brown lunae; on the transverse
vein of the hindwing a large white diffuse spot, the postdiscal spots are absent altogether. Expanse of wing :
24 mm. Nevada.
L. kodiak Hdw. (144 c) is a smaller species, the ¢ above dark blue, with a very narrow black
border, the 9 of a plain dark brown. Beneath the forewings are grey-brown with the usual though small eye-
spots; the hindwings are extensively tinged greenish,likewise with minute eye-spots; the proximal submarginal
row consists of small angular spots in the openings of which the distal punctiform spots are placed. Known
only from Alasca.
L. mela Streck. is another species having been inserted in this subgenus. It has not become known
to us, and its diagnose in the supplement of a North American special work is not available for us at present.
It is said to oceur in Colorado and British Colombia.
3. Subgenus: Nomiades Hodn.
L. xerxes Bsd. (144). The fis above dusted with dark blue; also the 2, but less, on the under surface
very easily recognizable by the large white spots which may oc¢tasionally be very finely pupilled black. From
California.
icarioides.
maricopa.
daedalus.
hilda.
saepiolus.
amica.
pembina.
pheres.
evius.
phileros.
ardea.
kodiak.
mela.
Er LES.
antiacis.
mertila.
behrii.
couperit.
lygdamas.
oro.
sagittigera.
speciosa.
sonorensis.
podarce.
aquilo.
rustica.
enoptes.
glaucon.
battoides.
816 LYCAENA. By Dr. M. Dravpt.
L. antiacis Bsd. (= polyphemus Bsd., orcus Hdw.) (144 ¢) is in the g quite light violet-blue with
a narrow black border, the 2 dull brown-grey, with a blue tinge towards the base, beneath light grey, on the
hindwings somewhat more brownish; the spots show the same arrangement as in werwes, but they are thickly
pupilled black, particularly on the forewings; there are no submarginal spots at all. California, Nevada, and
Arizona. — The form: mertila Hdw. (144d) has less thickly black-pupilled spots and more intensely greenish
bases of the hindwings, whereby it comes nearer to xerxes. —f. behrii Hdw. (144 c) is distinguished by its much
darker grey-brown under surface.
L. couperii Grt. (= pembina Streck. nec Hdw., afra Edw.) (144 d) is perhaps only a northern form of
the preceding from New Foundland and Labrador; above almost the same, beneath dark brown-grey, the spots
arranged the same, but nearly all white, only slightly black-pupilled, particularly on the hindwing. Fringes
grey-brown, in antiacis white.
L. lygdamas Db/. (144d) is considerably smaller, above much lighter silvery blue, in the 2 darker,
towards the margin smoky, with a dark cell-spot. The under surface is light brown with thick, black, white-
ringed spots arranged like in the preceding species and a pair of small spots in the middle of the cell on the
forewing. Sonora, Atlantic States. — The form: oro Scudd. (144 d) is larger, beneath quite light grey, without
a brown tint, towards the base somewhat bluish. It flies in Colorado, California and New Mexico.
4. Subgenus: Phaedrotes Scudd.
L. sagittigera Flidr. (= catalina Reak., lorquinii Behr, rhaea Bsd., viaca Edw., daunia Edw.) (144 d)
is a most variable species, mostly rather light blue, towards the margin more or less dark smoky with white-
speckled fringes. Beneath grey-brown, dusted with a chalky white alternating more or less conspicuously
particularly on the hindwing in the cell and before the submarginal spots. In the Rocky Mountains and California.
L. speciosa Hdw. (144d) is a very small species, of a delicate light blue, in the 2 broadly bordered
with a brownish grey. Beneath so very much strewn with white that almost only the inner-marginal half of
the forewing remains brown; the spots of the hindwing are very small, the submarginal spots are almost entirely
absent. From South California.
5. Subgenus: Philotes Scudd.
L. sonorensis Fldr. (= regia Bsd.) (144 e) is unmistakable by the red-spotted, silvery blue forewings.
Distributed from California to North Mexico.
6. Subgenus: Agriades Hbn.
L. podarce Fidr. (= tehama Reak., cilla Behr, nestos Bsd., orbitulus Streck.) (144 e). The 3 is above
grey-blue, towards the margin darkened, and in the disc lighter, here with dark cell-streaks, before the border of
the hindwing with darker, small lunae. The under surface is dull grey-brown with the usual small eye-spots
and a large white cell-spot of the hindwing. In the darker ° the cell-spot of the forewing is above surrounded by
reddish-yellow. At loftier altitudes of California, Nevada and Colorado.
L. aquilo Bsd. (= franklinii Curtis) (144 e) replaces the eastern orbitulus in Arctic America, like
the following does in less northern latitudes. Very small and dark blue-grey, particularly also the under surface
very dark brown with large white, only feebly and finely black-pupilled spots.
L. rustica Edw. (144 f) is almost the same species as the preceding, and according to CoURVOISIER,
the name has to replace the paleartic denomination of orbitulus Prun.; by one third larger, and lighter blue than
aquilo, beneath light grey with purely white spots. From Colorado and British America.
7. Subgenus: Rusticus Hbn.
L. enoptes Bsd. (144 e). Above blue, the 2 brown, more or less suffused with blue, with or without
an orange marginal band of the hindwing. The fringes white-speckled. The under surface is light blue-grey
with the usual spots, between the submarginal spots of the hindwing small orange spots. Pacific States.
L. glaucon Hdw. (144 f) has a somewhat broader black border of the wings than enoptes, and on
the hindwings there appear above dark marginal lunae. The under surface resembles that of the preceding,
and is perhaps on an average more strongly spotted black, Colorado, California.
L. battoides Behr (144 f) is of a more delicate and lighter blue than the preceding, with a distinctly
diaphanous orange marginal band of the hindwing and before it small dark crescentiform spots. Beneath brown-
grey with much larger, more square spots arranged in the same way as in enoptes. California, Arizona, Colorado,
Publ. 11. I. 1921. LYCAENA. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 817
L. shasta Hdw. (= zelmira Fidr., calchas Behr, nivium Bsd., lupini Behr, minnehaha Scudd.) (144 f).
Above violet-blue, in the 2 extensively brown, with dark submarginal lunae, very distinct black cell-streaks,
and in the 9 with small orange marginal spots behind them. Beneath dirty grey with the usual rows of spots
and small orange marginal spots; the distal submarginal row of spots is proximally silvery blue-green. Pacific
States and Rocky Mountains.
L. melissa Edw. (144f) is on an average larger than the preceding, in the brown 2 above with broad
g g p g
orange marginal bands, behind which there are black marginal spots. Beneath light brownish grey with oblong
orange marginal spots on both wings. From the Rocky Mountains.
L. scudderi Hdw. (144 f). The 3 does not differ above from melissa, the 9 is darker, the orange marginal
bands reduced to narrow, small crescentiform spots on the hindwings, the under surface is whiter, the eye-
spots, orange marginal spots and small metallic spots all very much smaller. The larva lives on Lupini and
other Papilionaceae. Atlantic States, common.
L. lotis Linin. (144 f) is larger, the 3 violet-blue with a very narrow black border, the 2 above unico-
lorously brown, beneath as light as the preceding, perhaps a shade more brownish, with particularly reduced
submarginal spots without any orange between. From California.
L. acmon Dol. & Hew. (= antaegon Bsd.) (144g). Very easily recognizable by the broad orange
marginal band of the hindwing in which there are black submarginal spots, both in the brown @ being dusted
blue towards the base, and in the lilac-blue 3. Beneath marked like melissa, only of a somewhat lighter tinge
and with a coherent orange band between the submarginal rows of spots. Pacific States and Rocky Mountains,
to the south as far as Mexico, where it flies in the surroundings of the capital. — In the form emigdionis Grinnell
(= melimona Wright) (144 g) the orange bands of the hindwings are above still broader and proximally faded.
— subsp. monticola Clem. is above more silvery blue, beneath marked with thicker spots on an ashy-grey
ground strewn with bluish. The Q is above strewn with a much brighter blue as far as almost to the border,
the red band of the hindwing occupies almost one third of the hindwing; the under surface is more brown-
ish. From Pasadena (California). —f. neurona Skinner, described only according to female specimens, resembles
typical acmon from which it differs above by orange ribs terminating broader into the margin, also the costal
margin is sometimes orange. From San Bernardino (California). — f. chiorina Skinner (144 g) I can likewise
only take to be an aberrative 2 of acmon, with a much broader orange border of the hindwing, which, however,
does not appear proximally faded as in emigdionis, but distinct. California.
L. aster Hdw. (144 ¢, h) is smaller than the preceding, above light blue like enoptes, the 2 dull blue-
grey, instead of the orange marginal band there are faint blue small lunae bordering on the black marginal
spots. Beneath very light, the spots small, the submarginal spots more or less obsolete without any orange
between. Known only from New Foundland.
L. yukona Holl. has remained unknown to me, it may belong near here. The wings are above in
the f dark violet-blue, with a fine brown marginal line and white fringes, in the 2 black-brown, towards the
base with a blue tinge. Beneath dark ashy-grey, towards the base dusted blue-grey, marked like the others;
a characteristic mark is the 6th spot of the postdiscal row, counted from the costal margin, being double on
both wings, only on the hindwing removed very far inward; between the 2 rows of marginal spots there
is no orange except the space between the median veins of the hindwing; the subterminal row consists of small
sagittate spots the points of which show towards the base. Expanse of wings: 22 to 24 mm. From North
East Alasca, captured between the 20th and 24th of July.
L. annetta Mead. (1442). Above light blue, the Qstill much lighter, towards the margin almost whitish,
on the hindwings with small black marginal spots. Beneath coloured and marked like scudderi (144 f). Utah.
L. anna Hdw. (= cajona Reak., argyrotoxus Behr, philemon Bsd.) (144h) resembles melissa (144 f)
above, but it is considerably larger; also the under surface is extremely similar to that of melissa, but all the
spots somewhat smaller and finer, also the small orange marginal spots smaller. Pacific States, Colorado.
L. cogina Schaus. I am unable to judge whether this species and the 2 following, having remained
unknown to me in nature, belong to the real Lycaena or to one of the following genera. The description runs
as follows: In the g the forewings are lilac-white, towards the base strewn with black; the costal margin, apex
and distal margin are broadly grey-black; hindwings lilac-white, at the base strewn with black scales; costal
margin broadly dark grey; a black marginal line, dark marginal spots between the veins, and before them
dark triangular shades. Under surface grey-white with a dark marginal line and dark triangular marginal spots.
The forewings exhibit a dark spot at the cell-end, a postdiscal row of dark grey spots bordered with white, and
behind them dark diffuse spots between the veins, before the border a series of dark lunae. On the hindwings
the spots are bordered with a pure white; two dark costal-marginal spots, in the basal area 3 spots: one in the
Vi 103
shasta.
melissa.
scudderi.
lotis.
acmon.
emigdionis.
monticola.
neurona.
chlorina.
aster.
yukona.
anneita.
anna.
cogina.
griqua.
ruberrothei.
ladon.
lucia.
marginata.
violacea.
nigra.
cinerea.
arizonensis.
neglecta.
piasus.
echo.
gozora.
amyntula.
herrii.
comyntas.
818 CYANIRIS; EVERES. By Dr. M. Dravpr.
cell, one below it, and one at the proximal margin; at the cell-end a streak-like spot, behind it a very indis-
tinct macular series, followed by irregular grey shades; before the border dark angular streaks. Expanse of
wings: 22 mm. Castro (Parana).
L. griqua Schs. has olive-grey wings, dark discal streaks and a dark distal margin, in front of which
the markings beneath show indistinctly through; fringes white, speckled grey. The under surface reddish-
yellow with an olive tinge, the spots black, bordered with an isabel-colour; a dark marginal line, small dark
grey marginal spots, the latter more distinct on the forewings; here there is a black spot at the cell-end, behind
it a series of larger black spots; on the hindwing 2 small basal spots at the proximal margin, then a row of 4
black spots, a light spot at the cell-end, behind them a row of 7 black spots, the third from the costal margin
being placed the farthest towards the distal margin. Expanse of wings: 20 mm. Castro (Parana).
L. ruberrothei Weeks. Body above black, beneath white. Forewing above light brown-black, in
the basal area black, marginal line and veins darker; hindwing above like the forewing, at the border a series
of black spots margined with a light brown, the one above the lower submedian vein being the most prominent.
Forewing beneath light brown, in the basal half strewn with white scales; at the border there are lighter moon-
spots indicated; in the hindwing beneath the white scaling is extended over the whole surface of the wing.
Expanse of wings: 18 to 19 mm. — Bolivia (Sicasica). Perhaps better to be placed to /tylos beside moza and
inconsprcud.
10. Genus: Cyaniris Daim.
The species of this genus are distinguished by much more delicate, comparatively somewhat broader wings
and longer, more pointed palpi projecting far beyond the frons; their hairing is longer, too, and not so dense.
C. ladon Cr. (= pseudargiolus Bsd. and Lec., argiolus Smith and Abb., intermedia Streck.) (144 h)
is an extremely variable species being most widely distributed from Alasca and Anticosti to Panama. Above
delicately milky blue with a slight violet tinge, on the hindwings almost whitish, in the 2 above very broadly
margined with black, often also on the forewings brightened up by whitish towards the margin. This is the
typical summer-form , the under surface of which is white with small fine, black-grey punctiform spots. — In
early spring several forms fly together, which are generally somewhat smaller and exhibit beneath more diffuse
and confluent macular markings, such as: lucia Ky. (144 h) with a brown spot in the disc of the hindwing beneath:
— marginata Hdw. (144 h) with broad, brown-grey margins beneath. — In contrast with it: f. violacea Hdw.
(144 h) has a clear and not contluent marking beneath. — In West Virginia and Colorado there flies a form
that is quite black above: nigra Hdw. (144 i). —f. cinerea Hdw. may be a transition to it. —f. arizonensis Haw.
has in the 9 considerably broader margins of the wings, the colouring being paler. — f. neglecta Hdw. is another
form flying in summer with a much more prominent and clearer marking beneath and of a smaller size. — In
South Arizona f. piasus Bsd. flies with a much darker violet-blue, unmarked colouring above; beneath the
spots are more indistinct. — f. echo Hdw. is a large, quite pale, almost grey-white form from South California. —
f. gozora Bsd. (1441) is the southernmost form from Mexico and Central America to Panama; it is above of
a deeper, more lilac colour with white discal spots between the median veins of the forewings, and a broad white.
grey-veined distal half of the costal area of the hindwing. — The larva is very polyphagous.
11. Genus: Everes don.
Distinguished by anastomosis of the uppermost subcostal vein with the costal vein. The wings are
narrower, the palpi slender and pointed, the two first joints covered with dense, soft, porrect hair.
E. amyntula Bsd. (144i). This and the following species are both extremely alike and have, therefore,
led to disagreements of opinion. We here state their general differences, according to the excellent examina-
tions of BrTHuUNE-BAKER, by which they are easily discernible, as there are no absolutely sure marks
to be stated. Amyntula is generally much larger, with decidedly broader wings, with a sharper apex and
a straighter margin. Above the marginal line is fine, black. The under surface is whitish, the spots of
the forewings short diffuse spots, scarcely encircled by white, the submarginal spots obsolete, also on the
hindwings all the spots are generally more obsolete. — In f. herrii Grinnell which, however, coincides
with Botspuval’s type according to BakER, the black border of the wings is broader, the marking beneath
much more intense, and on the hindwing there are only two small orange spots at the margin instead
of the usual 5. Pacific States. Of this species only one generation is known. The larva lives on Astragalus.
E. comyntas Godt. (1441) is generally smaller, with narrower, rounder wings, with a bent distal
margin. Above the marginal line is broader, more brown-black. The under surface is decidedly greyer, the
HEMIARGUS. By Dr. M. Dravpr. 819
spots appear as more clearly prominent, white-ringed eye-spots, the submarginal spots and all the spots of
the hindwing are always distinct. In southern specimens the blue colour increases at the bases of the wings,
in the Q above. The species is widely distributed from Canada to the south through Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua as far as Costa Rica, in 3 or 4 generations. — The larva is brown or green, very variable, and lives
on the most different Papilionaceae.
E. tulliola G. &@ S. (144i) is a very much deviating, small delicate species. Above light blue with
a broad, brown-grey distal margin of the forewing and a narrower one of the hindwing. Beneath light grey
with the usual postdiscal series of blackish, white-ringed eye-spots and cell-spot; in the middle of the cell there
is besides a double, black spot which is only single or, may be entirely absent in specimens from more southern
habitats, and at the costal margin above the said spots and the discal streak there is one black, white-ringed
punctiform spot each; before the brownish-grey marginal triangles in the white ground a series of angular spots
appearing as a notched line. The hindwings are marked in the same way. Occurring from Mexico through
Guatemala, Venezuela, Colombia as far as East and South Brazil.
In addition we wish to state that two speceis, hitherto inserted in Hveres and reported to originate froin California:
monica Reak. and tejua Reak. have been identified by Dr. SKINNER, on comparing the types, as the Chinese Buchrysops
cnejus resp. Catochrysops strabo.
12. Genus: Hemiargus dn.
Scarcely different from the real Lycaena; the scaling is more delicate and thinner, the colouring mostly
a more lustreless violett-blue; beneath the hindwings exhibit at the anal angle 2 or 3 black, small eye-spots
being pupilled and encircled green silvery.
H. isola Reak. (= alce Hdw.) (144i, k). The ¢ is above violet-blue, the 9 brown, towards the base
more or less tinged blue, on the hindwings in the anal area with 1 or 2 black marginal spots. The under surface
is ashy-grey, the hindwings mostly more brownish, on the forewing, with a postdiscal row of large black, white-
ringed spots, all the other spots except 2 black costal-marginal spots on the hindwing are small and brownish;
on the hindwing there are behind a whitish submarginal band 2 black anal spots with green-silvery pupils and
encircled by somewhat reddish-yellow, the proximal one being mostly divided into two very small ones. From
Texas to Mexico. — nyagora Bsd. I can only take to be an insignificant form, in which the white submarginal
band is absent on the darker under surface of the hindwing.
H. gyas Hdw. is very much alike, above lighter violet-blue, otherwise the same. Beneath light
brown with a whitish hue, with the same markings, but without the whitish submarginal band, and the two
anal spots are plainly blackish. Arizona. Expanse of wings: 23 mm.
H. cyna EHdw., based upon a Q, has above on a purple blue ground a broadly darkened brown margin
and apex, and a fine discal streak; on the hindwing the anal spot is absent. The under surface is tawny, dusted
whitish, the large black spots on the forewings in the preceding are here brown, the two upper ones smaller
and placed inwards. Texas. Expanse of wings: 22 mm.
H. zachaeina Bilr. (144k) differs from isola by its deeper purple-blue above and like in cyna a plain
brown macular band on the lighter under surface of the forewing, the spots being smaller and narrower; only
2 costal-marginal spots and one basal spot of the hindwing are jet-black. Florida, Antilles, Cuba, Jamaica,
Dominica, Central America, Colombia as far as South Brazil,
H. hanno Stoll. (= antibubastus Hbn., hamo Luc., pseudoptilete Bsd. d& Lec., astenidia Bsd., filenus
Poey.) (144 k) forms about the middle between isola and zachaeina, above not different from isola, the blue
colour perhaps somewhat duller. The under surface is brown-grey, marked like isola, but the postdiscal row
of spots is not jet-black, but brown like in zachaeina, the spots smaller, the uppermost placed far inwards. On
the hindwing the whitish marginal band is absent, and there is only one small black anal spot with a silvery
green pupil and encircled by a faintly rusty-yellow ring; beside this spot there are in the basal area 3 and at
the costal margin | prominent, jet-black, small eye-spots. Mexico to Colombia (Bogota). Specimens from the
latter habitat are beneath much darker and more monotonously brown: bogotana f. nov.
H. ramon Dogn. resembles above small specimens of hanno. The colour beneath is lighter ashy-grey,
towards the margin strewn with blue atoms, the marking like in hanno; on the hindwing only in the basal
area the 4 jet-black, small eye-spots are prominent, all the others are brown-grey; at the border there are here
4 black small spots pupilled metallic green. Described from Ecuador (Loja). Expanse of wings: 22 to 25 mm.
H. martha Dogn. is still smaller, above with a somewhat broader black border and a series of black
marginal dots on the hindwing. Beneath like ramon; but on the hindwing in the middle with a large white
transverse spot bordered with brown beneath; the 4 marginal eye-spots are in a brown ground. Expanse
of the wings: 19 to 22 mm. Ecuador (Loja).
tulliola.
isola.
nyagora.
gyas.
cyna.
zachaeina.
hanno.
bogotana.
ramon.
martha.
ammon.
dominica.
isophthal-
ma.
exilis.
cassius.
theonus.
marina.
cassidula.
striata.
andicola.
callanga.
820 ; BREPHIDIUM; LEPTOTES. By Dr. M. Draupr.
H. ammon Luc. (144k) is likewise similar, but easily discernible by two black anal spots above,
the proximal one of which mostly exhibits towards the base an orange-red spot. Beneath more purely white
and black-grey, the hindwings all white with grey spots, the two anal spots jet-black, bordered with a bright
silvery blue, and those between the median veins proximally spotted broadly orange-red. Florida, Cuba, South
America. — f. dominica MJoschl. seems to be only an insignificant form in which, on the under surface of
the hindwing, the 3 small spots in the basal area are not prominently jet-black. Dominica.
13. Genus: Brephidium Scudd.
The costal vein is entirely coalescent with the uppermost subcostal. Very small, delicate insects with
comparatively narrow wings with rounded apices. Beneath the hindwings exhibit up to 7 metallic-pupilled
marginal eye-spots, of which mostly only 4 are fully developed.
B. isophthalma H.-Schajf. (= pseudofea Morris.) (144k). Above brown with a brass or copper
reflection, on the hindwing with a marginal row of blackish spots being pupilled thickly black and outside silvery
on the red-brown under surface. Fringes one-coloured grey-brown. Gulf States, Antilles.
B. exilis Bsd. (= fea Hdw.) (144k) is the same, but smaller, above mostly with a more intense
brass lustre, and broad white fringes at the proximal angle and in the apical half of the forewing; on the under
surface, before the black, marginal, macular series, the ground is more distinctly white. From the Gulf States
through Mexico and Central America as far as Venezuela.
14. Genus: Leptotes Scudd.
Very near to Hemiargus, but still more delicately built; the costal and uppermost subcostal veins run
rather closely beside each other without coalescing. The hindwings beneath exhibit at the anal angle 2 small
black eye-spots with metallic blue pupils.
L. cassius Cr. (144 k, 1). An extremely common species widely distributed in the south; the g above
violet with diaphanous spots beneath, the hindwings are white, and at the costal margin and border lilac variable
in extent. Beneath white with numerous brown macular bands, 2 before the border close together, the distal
one consisting of punctiform spots, the proximal one of crescents, the 2 spots being placed the nearest to the
anal angle jet-black, bordered with silvery blue. The © is white also above, towards the base of a silvery blue
opalescence with black-brown spots, costal and distal margins. From Mexico through the whole of Central
America as far as Colombia, South Brazil, also in Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, and Dominica; flies up to 5000 ft.
L. theonus Luc. (= cassius Morr. nec Cr.) (1441) is probably only a smaller northern and insular
form of cassius. The ¢ is lavender-blue with somewhat broader dark margins, the 2 white, on the forewings
somewhat more extensively suffused with blue, without the intense black spotting of cassiws. Beneath the
white is more reduced, the macular bands much darker; the anal spots of the hindwings are above and beneath
very thickly black.
L. marina Reak. (= cassioides Bsd., pirithous Godt., floridensis Morr.) (1441) is above of a duller
and darker lilac-blue colour than the preceding, with a black border narrowing to a line and very diaphanous
marking beneath; the 9 is intensely smoky brown-grey on the white ground, towards the base with a blue lustre,
somewhat more strongly spotted than the 3. The under surface is much darker by the white being very much
confined as far as the proximal margin; the anal spots are distinctly encircled by a rusty yellow. Distributed
from Texas, Arizona, California through Mexico as far as Guatemala. — The slightly differing f. cassidula Bsd.
has purely white fringes, and in the anal area of the hindwing beneath the eye-spots are not alike, the proximal
one very small or entirely absent. Described from Honduras.
L. striata Hdw. was described from San Antonio in an American forestry magazine of 1877 not a-
vailable to me.
L. andicola G. & S. is almost twice as large as marina, with a sharp apex of the wings, above
violet-blue with dirty silky-white fringes, beneath grey-brown with small, darker spots edged with white; before
the margin of the hindwing with a white band and 3 reddish-yellow, small anal spots with black pupils and
strewn silvery. Expanse of wings: 40 mm. Discovered by Epw. WhympeR in the Andes between 7500 and
12 000 feet.
L. callanga Dyar (1441) is somewhat larger than marina, above reddish violet-blue with a silky
gloss and a very fine brownish border. The fringes of the forewing are grey-white, at the ends of the veins
speckled somewhat darker, those of the hindwings purely white. On the under surface the forewings are
light red-brownish with somewhat darker spots encircled by a whitish colour; before the discal spot there is
another spot in the middle of the cell; the spot of the postdiscal row situate between the lower radial veins
has a very oblique position and projects far towards the margin, which in its whitish ground contains marginal
and subterminal rows of purely grey spots. Hindwings more grey-brownish, likewise only dull-spotted, with
a purely white band between the postdiscal and subterminal rows of spots, at the anal angle 2 very small black
dots encircled by silvery green, Peru (Cuzco). In my opinion the species may be-identical with the following.
ITYLOS. By Dr. M. Dravupvt. 821
L. ochsenheimeri Godt. Whether this species unknown to me is to be placed here, I cannot decide; it
at any rate seems to me to be allied to callanga. Above blue-violet with a brown margin and white-speckled
fringes. Beneath the disc of the forewing is red-yellow with some small light yellow ring-spots, a white undulate
line before the apex and black marginal dots. The hindwings are beneath of a ditty brownish; in the basal area
there are grey rings, behind the middle an undulate snow-white band and 5 small black marginal spots, at the
anal angle 3 small spots strewn with a golden green. Expanse a little more than an inch. Described from the
Antilles, though doubtful.
15. Genus: Itylos gen. nov.
Anatomically hardly separable from Lycaena, but the total impression of these small insects flying
only in Tropical America, mostly at great altitudes, is so characteristic that the separation is justified. The
hairing of the body is stronger, particularly the palpi show a much longer, somewhat porrect, beard-like hairing
on the underside, whereas laterally they are covered with broad scales. Costal and subcostal vein of the forewing
run separately. The fringes are uncommonly long, mostly speckled very conspicuously; the colour above is a
metallic blue of a very intense mother-of-pearl gloss, in other species silvery or coppery bronze are predo-
minant; the under surface of the hindwings mostly shows conspicuous silvery-white macular marking or pecu-
liarly brown serpentine lines. As to the synonymy this group offers great difficulties, because there are a
lot of obvious manuscript names, but no descriptions.
I. pelorias Weym. (144 m) I only know from the description and figure, it must be extremely allied to
the following; the brown upper surface exhibits a silvery grey-blue lustre only in the basal area, the fringes
are sharply speckled brown and white. Beneath like pacis, but the brown transverse markings of the hindwings,
having moreover the same course, seem to be darker black-brown and more distinct; in the marginal area there
are no markings whatever. Described according to a g from Bolivia (Sajama) between 3600 and 4600 m. Length
of forewings: 10 mm. The specimen denoted as 3, however, may anyhow bet he 9° of the following form, which
would then become synonymous.
I. pacis Stgr. 7. 1. (1441, m) is above extensively violet-blue with a purple lustre, towards the margin
brown with distinctly white-speckled fringes, in the 2 only in the basal half silvery blue-violet, at the border
much broader reddish-brown. Beneath reddish-brown, on the forewing with a discal spot and a series of post-
discal spots, in the marginal area indistinct, double, darker, small lunular spots in a ground dusted whitish;
the hindwings, on a ground being more intensely dusted whitish, show irregularly torn, dark brown spots in
the basal area and a more distinct transverse band from the costal angle to the middle of the proximal angle,
projecting far towards the margin between the lower radial veins, and below it with a large silvery white spot:
another white patch is situate at the costal margin between a basal spot and the beginning of the transverse
band. Marginal markings indicated like on the forewings, between the median veins more distinct. Peru (Cuzco).
I. koa Dre. (144m) is above duller and darker, beneath somewhat lighter; on the forewings the
spots are not darker than the ground, their white edges appear as white, coherent undulate lines; on the hindwing
there is a complete white longitudinal ray in the costal-marginal area, traversing the dark transverse band, the
white spot in the anal area is also larger and bifurcates towards the distal margin. Peru, Bolivia, apparently rare.
I. vapa Sigr. (144m) approximates the preceding; it is above monotonously brown with broadly
white-speckled fringes. The under surface is very much like that of kod, but much lighter; the silvery white
costal-marginal stripe extends to the costal margin itself and in it there are about in the middle 3 small round
spots of the pale brownish ground-colour; the white spot below the discocellular is much more extensive and
almost reaches to the base. In Peru and the Bolivian Andes between 3 and 4000 m (Cuzco, La Paz, Huallatani,
Cocapata).
I. ludicra Weym. (144m). This species described according to but one specimen must likewise be
closely allied to kod and vapa, the upper surface, however, is described to be light silvery blue as in our Lye.
eros, though with a much stronger lustre; the narrow brown distal margin gradually warms into the blue colour
and is somewhat broader at the apex; at the cell-end there is a brown streak; the fringes are speckled brown
and white. The under surface is light yellowish-brown, the macular bands recognizable only by their white
bordering. The fringes are all white in the basal half, and speckled only in the distal half. On the hindwing
the silvery-white costal-marginal stripe is distally broader, sending forth an off-branch on the subcostal vein.
As the remainder of the brown transverse band of the preceding species there are a series of dark-brown crescenti-
form streaks bordered distally by white, from below the lower radial vein in the shape of a broad white band;
at the proximal angle several small white spots, the one between the median veins with a black pupil. Length
of forewings: 10 mm. Bolivia (Tacora), 3600 to 4600 m.
I. moza Stgr. is a somewhat larger species, above lustrous smoky-brown with an intense metallic
lustre, distinguished by the unspeckled fringes being in the distal half dirty white, in the proximal half darker
ochsenhei-
meri.
pelorias.
pacis.
kod.
vapa.
ludicra.
mMoOza.
822 SCOLITANTIDES. By Dr. M. Dravor.
brown than the surface of the wings; before the distal margin of the hindwing there are 3 to 5 blackish, small
eye-spots with a light enclosure. The under surface is very similar to that of the following species, but below
the discocellular of the hindwing a silvery white patch is more prominent. Bolivian Andes near Cocapata and
Huallatani (3 to 5000 m).
inconspi- I. inconspicua sp. nov. (144 m) is smaller than the preceding, dull smoky brown with broadly white-
cud. speckled fringes, without any lustre; the hindwings above without any small marginal spots. Beneath dull
yellowish-brown, the postdiscal row composed of minute, round, separate spots surrounded by white; a double
submarginal row of spots in a whitish ground is very distinct. The hindwings are very much strewn with white, in
the basal and inner-marginal areas with a silvery blue-grey lustre, as well as in the basal area of the forewing.
Before the middle 3, behind it 7 or 8 small round spots of the ground-colour, margined by a somewhat darker
colour and encircled by white, form an irregularly curved row; before the dull grey-brownish marginal triangles
there is a regular series of high, pointed arches bordered by white on both sides. Cuzco (Peru) at an altitude
of 3600 m.
titicaca. I, titicaca Weym. (144 m), presumably the smallest species, and the following belong into a somewhat
deviating group. The shape of the wings is much longer and more pointed. Above lustrous violet-blue, like
Lycaena icarus, with a narrow brown distal margin and long ditty white fringes. Beneath lustrous light
yellowish-brown, the hindwings white-grey, towards the costal margin with a dark brown longitudinal line,
below it 2 brown transverse lines from the costal margin to the proximal margin, being inwardly curved in
the middle; near the distal margin several brown sagittate spots. Based upon 3 specimens from Lake Titicaca
and Sajama (Bolivia), from an altitude of 3600 to 4600 m. Length of forewings: 7 mm.
speciosa. I. speciosa Stgr. (144n). In the g the upper surface is blue-violet, the margins brown, all with an
extremely intense bronze lustre, suffused as if polished; the 9 is more extensively brown, only at the bases
of the wings with a slight silvery grey-blue tinge. The fringes are speckled white. The forewings are beneath
dull brownish, with a white-grey tinge towards the margin, the hindwings all white-grey with 2 sinuate dark
brown transverse lines the proximal one of which turns round towards the base below the costal margin and
sends a pointed continuation towards the base on the median. Moreover these lines seem to vary very much,
Peru and Bolivia at an altitude of 4 to 5000 m, (Cuzco, Huallatani).
16. Genus: Seolitantides Hobn.
This name of the genus having been established by Htpner for Lycaena hylas Schiff (nec Esp.) =
baton Bergstr. has been improperly used since, for a small group of Lycaena from the southernmost corner of
America, where we may leave it for the present, as the group in itself is very homogeneous, although a
separation from Lycaena is scarcely a point at issue. In its exterior it partly differs by an orange-red colouring
above, which is repeated in all the species in the disc of the forewing beneath. In the colour and scheme of
markings the small animals also show some resemblance to the Chrysophanini, but on account of the shape of
the hindwings, which are the longest between the radial veins, they must better be placed here. About half
a dozen species, mostly from Chile, have become known hitherto. ;
chilensis. S. chilensis Blch. (= atahualpa Wallengr.) (144 n) is above black-brown with an orange-red disc
of the forewing and pale, on the forewings almost white, small submarginal lunae; the one between the median
veins of the hindwings is larger, orange, distally black-pupilled. Under surface pale yellowish-grey, in the dise
of the forewing orange with a strongly curved postdiscal row of small black spots, behind it a row of more grey
spots. Hindwing densely dusted grey with a cordiform white discal spot and behind it a strongly curved row
of ocelli, also in the basal area yet 3 eye-spots. Chile.
plumbea. S. plumbea Siélr. differs above from the following species by its lustrous blue-grey colour with a broad
dark distal margin and veins. Fringes broadly white, spotted black. Beneath likewise similar to collina, but
deviating by its lighter colouring, the fringes being speckled black and white, the basal half of the hindwing
being very much intermixed with white and the distal half almost entirely white. Chile.
collina. S. collina Phil. (= lyrnessa Hew.) is above lustrous blue with a black margin and white-speckled
fringes. Beneath the disc of the forewing is orange with a curved postdiscal row of black spots, the border grey
with dark marginal spots bordered by white. The hindwings are grey marbled with a transverse band and one
black longitudinal spot each at the costal margin and proximal margin. Santiago de Chile.
endymion. S. endymion Bich. (= sybilla Ky.) deviates from collina by small antemarginal black spots above.
Beneath the disc of the forewing is yellow-grey, towards the margin lighter, with a black cell-end streak, behind
it 6 large black spots and an antemarginal double row of small diffuse spots, all of which have white rings. The
hindwings are grey, marked as in chilensis, the antemarginal line composed of angular streaks. Chile (Coquimbo),
faga. S. faga Dogn. (144n). This small species was described as Thecla, later on placed to Scolitantides
by Druck, with which, however, it does not harmonise either, The shape of the wings is greatly distinguished
Corrections and Additions. 823
by the distal margin contiguous to the proximal margin in an almost rectangular line; the costal margin of
the hindwing is somewhat concavely indented, the hindwings exhibit two very short small tails. Above brown
with a slight purple lustre, at the anal angle of the hindwing with 2 minute black dots. The 92 is somewhat
larger, with a more intense copper lustre. Beneath the forewings are orange in the disc, towards the margin
with two grey-brownish macular stripes; the hindwings are dusty grey with numerous blurred, whitish, small spots
and a distinct white transverse band running straight from the costal angle to the anal angle. Ecuador, Peru.
S. sylphis sp. nov. (144n) I can only describe according to the only 2 before me from the Collection sylphis.
Fass: the shape is the same as in the preceding species, but the colour greatly deviates above from the copper-
brown 9 of faga: suffused with a bright blue violet, with orange-red antemarginal macular bands on both wings.
Beneath in the disc likewise red-yellow, the 2 marginal bands consist of distinct black small spots with white
rings, on the hindwing the straight whitish transverse band is absent. Cuzco (Peru).
S. excisicosta Dyar differs from faga above by white-speckled fringes, the costal margin of the hindwing ezcisicosta.
being flatly concave like in faga, the apex projecting roundish, on the hindwing analwards 3 minute black spots,
proximally feeble, whitish, small lunae. Beneath the forewings are likewise orange, at the costal margin and
distally grey with 2 rows of dull small submarginal spots surrounded by whitish; hindwings almost grey with
a whitish submarginal band and very small, dull basal and discal spots; the 3 small anal spots have golden
pupils. Peru (Cotahuasi, Chuquibamba) in October.
Corrections and Additions.
P. 757, line 3 from below, after catadupa insert:
Th. gauna Bsd. shaped like the preceding, above azure with a black apex of the forewing and a jet- gauna.
black stigma. Beneath ashy-grey with 2 obsolete undulate transverse bands and an interrupted submarginal
line. Costa Rica.
P. 760, line 20 from above, after bolima insert:
Th. muela Dyar has the same shape of wings, only on the hindwing it has a more projecting muela.
anal angle and a less projecting small tail on the lower median vein. Above grey-brown, the basal areas of both
wings towards the proximal margins with a light blue tinge. Beneath very much like the preceding, the basal
area of the forewing darker than the marginal area, the apex more olive-yellowish; on the hindwing the two
colours are sharply separated by a line being interrupted in the cell; the olive-yellowish distal area is traversed
by a faintly darker macular line. Peru.
P. 760, line 29 from above: for anosma place: oribata Weymer. oribata.
PAB Oot 2D iciee » 1 after janthina insert:
Th. janthodonia Dyar. Forewings black, below the cell for two thirds dark metallic blue, like the janthodonia.
whole hindwings. Beneath dark slate-grey, marked bluish-white like the preceding; the area between the anal
spots is not green, but blue, the spot of the tail with a red pupil. Expanse of wings: 25 mm. Vera Cruz.
P. 766, line 9 from below: cancel bianca Mschlr.
P. 767, ,, 17 ,, above: to arindela add: f. rinde Dyar is beneath brownish ashy-grey, on the rinde.
forewing with but one postmedian band from the costal margin to the lower median vein; the subterminal
band of the hindwing dusted silvery. West Mexico (Sierra de Guerrero).
P. 769, line 10 from below, to cambes add: (= syvix Dyar).
P. 771, ,, 27. ,, above, cancel primnoza Dyar and add the name as synonymous to elsa Hew.
(line 16 from above).
P. 771, line 10 from below, cancel zenaida Dyar.
P. 779, ,, 16 ,, above, for deserta insert: sierrae Dyar. sierrae.
P. 780, ,, 9 ,, below, to wterkudante add: (= elimes Dyar).
PAT SOs wees tiny Ob earn » » for ostrinus Drce. place: bianca Mschlr.
P. 783, ,, 22 ,, above, for castrena Jones place: tella Schs.
-P. 783, ,, 18 ,, below, after facuwna insert:
Th. muridosca Dyar is only as large as nana, above black, in the dise of the forewing and hindwing muridosca.
violet-blue with the same scent-spot in the cell of the hindwing; anal angle hairy, without a tail. Beneath light
blue-green, on the hindwing irregularly strewn with black scales, which are accumulated to small black spots
between the veins in the distal area, the largest being situate between the median veins; the white, proximally
black lunar line like in nana obsolete above the radial veins. Expanse of wings: 20 mm. Mexico (Jalapa).
vevende.
miadora.
moneno pt-
ron.
brocela.
bennetti.
nippia.
minniles.
viggia.
heraldica.
824 Corrections and Additions.
P. 784, line 5 from above, after semones insert:
Th. vevenae Dyar is above black with a dark blue lustre; beneath lustrous dark green with traces
of an interrupted white line proximally bordered with black, on the hindwing; a black marginal line, fringes
grey. Expanse of wings: 21 mm. Mexico (Misantla, Vera Cruz).
P. 784, line 19 from above: Schausi-group: the species mentioned here are genuine Lycaenidae,
although they were placed to the Hrycinidae by Dyar. For the group the name of the subgenus: Ipidecla Dyar
is to be placed. Two new species are to be added:
I. miadora Dyar. Above unicolorously grey-black, towards the base on the forewing and almost
on the whole hindwing spread over with a blue grey. Beneath blue-grey, with jet-black veins, with one orange-
red basal spot each at the costal margins of the fore- and hindwings. Expanse of wings: 22 mm. West Mexico
(Guerrero).
I. monenoptron Dyar (144 n) is similar, smaller, above dark grey, the forewing in the basal half metallic
blue. Under surface lighter grey, on the forewing at the cell-end towards the costal margin with black shades,
hindwing with black veins. Sierra de Guerrero.
P. 784, line 9 from below, after sesara insert:
Th. brocela Dyar I place here owing to its exterior resemblance. Above grey-brown, the costal
margin of the forewing narrow light red, at the base broader; a black discal spot. Hindwings spread over with
a bright blue with a small red anal-angular spot; on the lower median vein only one long, at the end white
tail. Beneath light ashy-grey, both wings traversed by a brick-red median band which appears on the hindwing
more in the shape of a spot and is distally bordered narrowly with white; before the distal margin a double
whitish macular line; the spots on the tails small, red, the anal-angular spot with a black pupil. Captured in
Peru (Cotahuasi) in October, at an altitude of 9000 ft.
P. 786, line 3 from above, after lemuria insert:
Th. bennetti Dyar. Above bright metallic blue, on the forewing with a duller and darker discal spot;
apex broad black, also on the hindwing. Under surface blackish-grey with an ochreous tint, on the forewing
the straight postmedian is white, proximally bordered with black, the fine submarginal band is defined on
the veins. The postmedian band of the hindwing is coloured like on the forewing, though irregular, extended
outwards above and below the lower median vein. Spots of the tails small, red, with black pupils, proximally
bordered with black. Peru, Pampaconas River, taken in August.
P. 788, line 12 from above, to proba add: (= climicles Dyar).
P. 788, ,, 22 ,, below, after purissima insert:
Th. nippia Dyar. Above blackish, on the forewing the basal third below the cell and the cell as far
as the end light blue, hindwing up to the upper radial vein likewise blue. Under surface white, forewing
with a faint white distal line, defined on the veins; on the hindwing the postdiscal band is thin, black, distally
white with a flat W towards the anal margin; the small red spots on the tails are both pupilled in black; a feeble
submarginal line. Expanse of wings: 25 mm. Mexico (Sierra de Guerrero).
P. 794, line 24 from below: add devia Mschlr. as the synonym to the following species: weneta Hew.
P. 795, ,, 1 ,, above: to atrox add gentilla Schs. as synonymous.
Lee TCU opty aN .. : for tirrhaea which becomes synonymous place: pan Drury.
12s TDS) gy 2B » 1 after carla insert:
Th. minniles Dyar. Above black, hindwing and proximal part of the forewing dull dark blue; without
any tail. Beneath bright green, the proximal margin of the forewing grey. The postdiscal band of the hindwing
broken up into lunar streaks, proximally black, distally white, between the lower radial and upper median
vein and at the proximal margin receding considerably; a feeble cell-end streak; both the small spots on the
tails red, towards the base black, the one at the anal angle besides white. Expanse of wings: 20 mm. Mexico
(Guerrero).
P. 801, line 22 from above, gentilla Schs. is to be cancelled.
P. 802, ,, 29 ,, below, after sewdiga insert:
Th. viggia Dyar. Forewing above black with a dark blue diffuse spot below the cell for 34 of the
length of the wing; hindwing almost quite blue. Beneath white-grey, forewing at the cell-end with a feeble
dark ellipse, close behind it with a curved grey, proximally red-yellow band; an antemarginal blackish, proximally
white line, somewhat angular on the middle radial vein; the discal area is of a purer white. Hindwing marked
the same, the postdiscal band more intensely red, angled on the veins, a light grey submarginal lunar line,
distally removed between the radial veins; at the border small roundish nebulous spots, the spot on the tail
with a red riny. Expanse of wings: 19 mm. Mexico (Santa Rosa, Vera Cruz).
P. 802, line 4 from below, after hyccara insert:
Th. heraldica Dyar. Above black, forewing towards the base somewhat blue, hindwing except the
broad black costal margin and proximal margin quite blue. Beneath grey, towards the margin lighter, the
postdiscal band white, proximally red-grey, on the hindwing defined on the lower radial vein with a flat W
at the proximal margin. Both the spots of the tails red, the upper one with a black pupil. Expanse of wings:
20 mm. Panama (Porto Bello).
On
Publ. 24. I. 1921. Alphabetical List of the American Lycaenidae. 82
P. 804, line 10 from above, after gamma insert:
Th. ulia Dyar. Shape of the wings like in the preceding; above grey, spread over with a light blue,
particularly in the proximal half of the hindwing; fringes and base of the costal margin light red-brown. Beneath
ochreous-brown, the proximal part of the forewing lighter, both the wings with two broad, irregular, brown
transverse bands through the cell, on the hindwing feebler; an antemarginal row of small, indistinct, dark spots,
on the hindwing the space behind them is lighter. Peru (Cantas).
P. 806, line 21 from above, add to canus the synonym: (= bunnirae Dyar).
P. 806, ,, 25 ,, below, add to sangala the synonym: (= callides Dyar).
PS S065 (ain 4s, » , add to amphrade the synonym: (= posetta Dyar).
IR Os gp 1 ,, above, cancel promissa Mschlr. and place it as the synonym to sabinus Fldr.
p. 806, line 6 from below.
P. 807, line 9 from above, add to serapio the synonym: (= mesca Dyar).
tS Oe ool Guero. ,, , add to tella the synonym: (= castrena Jones) and place the species on
p- 783, line 20 from above!
-P. 808, line 20 from below, after yojoa insert:
Th. tyleri Dyar differs from yojoa (159k) by its greyer, less reddish under surface, the postdiscal
lines being straighter, not broken or angular, without a red border; the spot of the tail small, without any red
colour which is also absent at the anal angle. Peru (Coropuna), taken in October at an altitude of 14 500 ft.
P. 808, line 13 from below, to thordesa add the synonym: (= zenaida Dyar).
PERSO Oe Pro ra vs after bubastus insert:
Th. laceyi Barn. & McD. differs from eurytulus (145h) by the orange anal angle of the hindwing
above and three more small, black antemarginal spots being white towards the base. There is a little tail.
Under surface mouse-grey, the postdiscal spots orange instead of brown; in the basal area of the hindwing
only one spot; the W distinctly prominent. Texas, described according to a 9.
P. 810, line 1 from below, after tarania insert:
Th. otoheba Dyar is above black-brown, the anal angle of the hindwing spotted orange. Beneath
brown-grey with a somewhat oblique postdiscal band of the forewing as far as the lower median vein, and an
irregular submarginal band. Hindwing with a broad carmine median band, which is defined on the lower radial
and distally bordered by silvery-white arcs between the veins; the blackish subterminal line is dentate and
distally red as far as up to the lower radial, forming a large red spot below it; between the spots of the tail a
blue-dusted area. Expanse of wings: 21 mm. Dominica, in June and July.
P. 811, line 14 from below, after ery insert:
Th. burica Dyar is above bright blue with a large black stigma and a broad black apex of the forewing.
Beneath bronze-grey, the cell of the forewing dark diaphanous, otherwise marked like eryx, but without any
red at the spots of the tail, between which there is black and white dusting. Expanse of wings: 25 mm. Panama
(Trinidad River).
Beside the species stated quite a number of American Lycaenidae have been described by old authors,
such as Fapricius (agrippa, anacreon, chiton, dindus, moncus), GoDART (bazochii, cithonius, ergeus, gabelus,
megarus, nebis, sinnis, strophius) and others, which it has hitherto been impossible to throw light upon; probably
the greater part will represent synonyms with other species; for this reason we have left out these mostly insuffi-
cient descriptions.
Alphabetical List
with reference to the original descriptions of the forms of the American Lycaenidae.
* signifies that the form is also figured at the place cited.
acadica Th. Hdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p. 55. aepea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. 165. *
acameda Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 101. * aepeona Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 793. *
acaste Th. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, p. 318. | aethesa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 86. *
acastoides Th. Berg, Ann. Soc. Argentin. 13, p. 169. affinis Th. Hdw. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p. 322.
acis Th. Drury, Ill. Exot. Entom. 1, Tb. 1. * agricolor Th. Bélr. & Dre. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 105.
acmon Lyc. Dbl. & Hew. Gen. Diurn. Lep. * aguaca Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 799. *
adamsi Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 432. * ahola Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 82. *
adela Th. Stgr. Exot. Tagf. p. 286. * aholiba Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 82. *
adenostomatis Th. Edw. Proc. Calif. Acad. 6 (1876), 7, p. 144. | alatus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 579.
adunea Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 759. * albata Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 261. *
aegides Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Leap. 2, p. 246. * aleestis Th. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 271.
V 104
ulia.
tylert.
laceyt.
otoheba.
burica.
826
alda Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 25.
alea Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 95. *
alihoba Th. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 81.
amatista Th. Dogn. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1895,
ambrax Th. Ww. Dbl.-Hew. Gen. diurn. Lep. T
americensis Th. Blech. Gay. Faun. Chil. 7, p. 38. *
amica Lye. Hdw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 2, p. 80.
ammon Hem. Luc. Sagra Hist. Cuba 7, p. 612. *
amphrade Th. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1918, p. 355. *
amplia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. 195. *
amplitudo Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p.
amplus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 582.
amyntor Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb., 48. *
amyntula Ev. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 294.
anastomosis Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 766. *
andicola Lept. G. & S. Whymper Supp. App. 104.
anfracta Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 609.
angelia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 162. *
anna Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc: Lond. 1907, p. 577. *
anna Lep. Hdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 163.
annetta Lep. Mead Papilio 2, p. 48.
anosma Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 760. *
anthora Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 191. *
antiacis Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 300.
antinous Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep. II, p. 244. *
apama Th. Hdw. Papilio 2, p. 137.
106.
p-
b., p.-
~aphaca Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 105. *
“appula Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 163. *
aprica Th. Mschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 32, p. 310. *
aquilo Lyc. Bsd. Icones, Tb. 12. * 2
arcula Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 629. *
ardea Lyc. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 209.
ares Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 61. *
arethusa Chrys. Dod. Canad. Ent. 39. p. 169.
argerona Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 209. *
argona Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 162. *
arindela Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 172. *
arizonensis Cyan. Hdw. But. E. U. S. 2, Lyc. *
armilla Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 582.
arogeus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 333. *
arola Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 28.
arota Chrys. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 293.
arpoxais Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 49. *
arpoxida Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 775. *
arrie Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 67.
arsace Th. Bsd. & Lec. Butt. Amer. Sept., p.
aruma Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 192. *
arza Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 178. *
asa Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 29.
assula Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.
aster Lyc. Edw. Canad. Entomol. 14, p.
atala Eum. Poey Cent. Lepid. Cuba, II.
atena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 92. *
atesa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 79. *
athymbra Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 92.
atrana Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus.
atrius Th. H.-Schdff.. Exot. Schmett. *
atrox Th. Btlr. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1877, p. 140.
attalion Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 60. *
atymna Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 59.
atymnides Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 758. *
atys Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 259. *
auda Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 81. *
aufidena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 117. *
augustula Th. Ky. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep., p. 101. *
augustus Th. Ay. Faun. bor. Amer. 4, p. 298. *
aunus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 23. *
LOSS
748. *
194.
*
*
25, p. 409.
aura Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 59. *
auretorum Th. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 287
aurora Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 582
aurorina Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 575. *
aurugo Th. Drt. Seitz,-Macrolep. 5, p. 759. *
autolyeus Th. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. 3, p. 271
avalona Th. Wright. Butt. West-coast U.S. *
avoca Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 96. *
azaria Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 87. *
azia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 144. *
azuba Th. Hew. Il. diurn. Lep., p. 154. *
azurinus Th. Btlr. & Dre. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 107.
bacis Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lap. 2, p. 21. *
bactriana Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 11.
badaca Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 12.
Alphabetical List of the American Lycaenidae.
badeta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 146. *
bagrada Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 22.
barajo Th. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, p. 333.
barba Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 575. *
basalides Th. Hbn. Zutr. Sammlg. Exot. Schmett. *
bassania Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen. p. 14.
batesii Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 72. *
battoides Lyc. Behr Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. 3, p. 282.
battus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 51. *
bebrycia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 13.
beera Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 65.
behrii Lyc. Bdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p. 224.
behrii Th. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 18.
bennetti Dyar Proc. U. S. Mus. 45, p. 636.
beon Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 319. *
bertha Th. Jones Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 897. *
besidia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 24.
bianca Th. Mschir. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 32, p. 310. *
binangula Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 415.
biblia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 12.
bicolor Th. Phil. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 208. *
bilix Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 759. *
bolima Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p.
boreas Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p.
bosora Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 66.
brasiliensis Eum. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 745.
brescia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 13.
brocela Dyar Proc. U. S. Mus. 45, p. 637.
bubastus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 332. *
buecina Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 584. *
buphonia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 25. ;
burica Dyar Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 47, p. 150.
buris Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 590. *
busa Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhop. 2, p. 26. -*
caeus Theclops. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop. 2, Pl. 1. *
eadmus Th. Fldr. Reise Novara. Lep. 2, p. 247. *
caespes Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 614. *
eaesaries Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 616. *
ealanus Ch. Hbn. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
calatia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 148. *
ealchinia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 21.
ealesia Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 67.
californica Th. Hdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p. 233.
callanga Lept. Dyar Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45, p. 638.
calor Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p- 613.
ealtha Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 591. *
ealus Th. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 640.
eambes Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 53. *
eamissa Th. Hew. Equat. Lep.. p. 266.
campa Th. Jones Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 900. *
eanacha Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 187. *
candidus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 570. *
eaninius Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 585.
eanitus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 604. *
canus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 624.
capeta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 193. *
caranus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 332. *
eardus Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 151. *
carla Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 408.
carnica Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 143. *
earpasia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 15.
carpophora Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 16.
carteia Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 64.
carthaea Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 15.
easmilla Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 177. *
eassidula Lept. Bsd. Lep. Guatemala, p. 16.
cassius Lept. Cr.. Pap. Exot..1, Tb. 23. * .
eastalis Th. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 208.
eastimonia Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 579. *
eastitas Th. Zool. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 579. *
| castrena- Th. Jones Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 900. *
. | eatharina Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 788. *
catadupa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 117. *
catrea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 181. *
eauter Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 589. *
cecrops Th. F. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 270.
ceglusa Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 22.
celelata Th. Hew. Hl. diurn. Lep., p. 181. *
celida Th. Luc. Sagra Hist. Cuba, 7, p. 610.
| celmus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 55. *
eelona Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 179. *
centoripa Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 23.
Alphabetical List of the American Lycaenidae. 827
centuncula Th. Dri. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 805. *
cerata Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 191. *
ceromia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 85. *
cestri Th. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, p. 338.
eetra Th. Dri. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 776. *
chaleis Th. Behr, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2, p. 376.
chaluma Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 414.
ehilensis Scol. Blech. Gay, Faun. chil. 7, p. 37. *
chilica Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 422.
chlamys Th. Dre. Proc. Soc. Zool. Lond. 1907, p. 584. *
chlamydem Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907,.p. 576. *
ehlorina Lyc. Skinn. Entomolog. News 13, p. 15.
chloris Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 202. *
chonida Th. Hew. Entom. Month. Mag. 11, p. 105.
cillutincarae Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p..758. *
cimelium Th. Gosse Entomolog. 13, p. 204. *
cinerea Cyan. Hdw. Papilio 3, p. 83.
cinniana Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 189. *
circinata Th. Hew. Boliv. Butt., p. 19.
cissusa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 188. *
citima Th. Hdw. Papilio 1, p. 53.
clara Lyc. Hdw. Pacif. coast Lep. 1877, No. 26.
elarina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 173. *
elarissa Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 797. *
cleocha Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 62.
cleon Th. F. Syst. Entom., p. 522.
clytie Th. Hdw. Field a. Forest, 3, p. 88.
coccineifrons Th. G. & S. Biol.-Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 23. *
coelebs Th. H.-Schdff. Corr.-Bl.:Zool. Min. Ver. Reg. 16, p. 142.
coelicolor Th. Btlr. & Dre. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 106.
cogina Lyc. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 24, p. 407.
collina Scol. Phil. Linn. Entom. 14, p. 270.
eollustra Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 600. *
eolor Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 581. *
comae Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 576. *
comana Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 97. *
commodus Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 262.
comyntas Ev. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 660.
conchylium Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 598. *
eonoveria Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 413.
corolena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 175. *
coronata Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 70. *
coronta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 157. *
eos Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 613. *
cosa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 78. *
costaricensis Eum. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 745. *
couperii Lyc. Grt. Bull. Buffal. Soc. 1, p. 185.
crambusa Th. Hew. Boliv. Butt., p. 20.
erepundia Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 4382. *
crethona Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 157. *
erines Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 573. *
eritola Th. Hew. Entom. Month. Mag. 11, p. 105.
erispisuleans Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 799. *
erolinus Th. Bélr. & Dre. Distul. Entom. 1, p. 167.
erossaea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 158. *
eruenta Th. Gosse, Entomolog. 13, p. 203. *
erysalus Th. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 4, p. 344.
culminicola Th. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 80. *
eupa Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 612. *
cupentus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 337. *
eupreus Chrys. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 20.
eurtira Theclops. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Mus. 25, p. 413.
eyanus Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 796. *
cybele Th. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 516.
eyda Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 28. *
eydia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 160. *
eydonia Th. Dre. Entom. Month. Mag. (2) 1, p. 152.
eydrara Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 17.
eyllarus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 27. *
eyna Hem. Hdw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 9, p. 3.
cynara Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p.
cyphara Th. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 11, p. 106.
cypria Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
cyrriana Th. Hew. Ent. Month. Mag. 11, p. 105.
*
IES
daedalus Lyc. Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. 3, p. 280.
damo Th. Dre. Cistul. Entomol. I, p. 362.
damon Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 390. *
danaus Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 248. *
datitia Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 901. *
davara Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 31.
dealbata Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 752. *
debora Eum. Hbn. Smmlg. Exot, Schmett. *
-eurytulus Th. Hew.
deliciae Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 593. *
del-Sud Chrys. Wright, Butt. West-coast U. S. *
demea Theclops. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., Pp: ISVS ee
demonassa Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p.
denarius Th. Btlr. & Dre. Cistul. Entom.
deniva Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 180.
deserta Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 799. *
devia Th. Mschlr. Verh. Zoll.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 32, p. 311. *
dicaea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 179. *
dicina Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 803. *
didymaon Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 134. *
dignota Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 754. *
dindymus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 46. *
dinus Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p- 114. *
dion Th. Schaller, Naturforsch. 23, p. 49. *
dione Chrys. Scudd. Trans. Chicag. Ac. Sci.
discoidalis Th. Skinn. Canad. Entomol. 29, p. "56.
dissentanea Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 758. 7
dodava Th. Hew. Tl. diurn. Lep., p. 200. *
25.
1, p. 109.
*
dolium Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 619.
dolylas Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 111. *
dominica Hem. Mschlr. Abh. Senckenb. Ges. 14, p. 26. *
dominicana Th. Lathy, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1904, p. 452.
doreas Chrys. Ky. Faun. bor. Amer. 4, p. 299.
doreas Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p.
doryasa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 179. *
dryope Th. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1870, p. 19.
duealis Th. Dbl. Gen. diurn. Lep., Tb. 77. *
duma Th. Hew. Il. diurn. Lep., p. 211. *
dumenilii Th. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 677
dumetorum Th. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 291.
dysmenia Theor. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 745. *
572.
echelta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep..,
echinita Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 418.
echiolus Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 786. *
echion Th. L. Syst. Natur. 1 (2), p. 788.
editha Chrys. Mead, Canad. Entom. 10, p. 198.
edwardsii Th. Scudd. Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 15, p. 2738.
elana Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 170. .*
eliatha Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., Deas
elika Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 101. *
elis Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 233. *
ella Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 750. *
ellida Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 88. *
elongata Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 60.
elsa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 198. *
ematheon Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 163. *
emendatus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907,
emessa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 117. *
empusa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 106. *
endela Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 168. *
endera Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. oe oF
endymion Scol. Bich. Gay, Faun. Chil. 7, p. 37.
endymion Th. Cr. Syst. Ent., p. 519, rx "39
enenia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p- 108. te
enoptes Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10s p. 298.
epidius Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 54. *
episcopalis Th. Fassl, Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. ce aus N. 4.
epixanthe Chrys. Bsd. & Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 127.
epopea Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 61.
epopeoides Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 412.
epytus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. 2, p. 40. *
erema Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 104. *
erenea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 113. *
ergina Th. Hew. Il. diurn. Lep., p. 105. *
eribaea Th. Hew. Il. diurn. Lep., p. 108. *
ericeta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 104. *
ericusa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 1138. *
erix Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 82. *
eronos Th. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. (2) 1, p. 151.
erybathis Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. 84. *
eryphon Th. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. :
De wlO9sa
p: 618%
eryx Theclops. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 143. *
esmeralda Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 899. *
eumenia Theor. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 69. *
eunus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 51. *
Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. S11. *
Smmilg. Exot. Schmett. *
evius Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 12, p. 49.
excisicosta Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45, p. 6387.
exiguus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 5
exilis Breph. Bsd, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10. p. 294.
euptychia Th.
9
“a
Alphabetical List of
828
Edw. Papilio 1, p. 53.
Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p.
exoleta Th.
extrema Th.
Descr. Lycaen., p. 20.
Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 202. *
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1895, p. 105.
falerina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 96. *
fancia Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1912, p. 896.
fassli Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep, 5, p. 758. *
faunalia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 31.
favonius Th. Sm. & Abb. Lepid. Georg. 1.
feminalis Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 7
feretria Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 210.
fernanda Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 898.
fessa Th. Mschir. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 32, p. 310.
fidelia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 167. *
floralia Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 570.
floreus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 580.
floseulus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 583.
fortuna Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 608.
fostera Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 421.
fotis Th. Streck. Lep. Rhopal. Heter., p. 129.
foyi Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 417.
fuliginosa Lyc. Hdw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1861, p. 164.
fulla Lyc. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 194.
fulvescens Th. Hdw. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 7, p.
furcifer Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p.
furina Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p.
fusius Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p.
fabulla Th. Hew.
facuna Th. Hew.
faga Ityl. Dogn.
*
85.
*
*
*
172.
621.
27.
23.
a
*
gabatha Th. Hew.
gabina Th. G. &
gabriela Th. Cr. oa Exot. I. *
gadira Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p.
gaina Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 61.
galliena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 185. *
gamma Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 437. *
ganymedes Th. Cr. Papil. Exot. 1. *
gargara Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 8.
gargophia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 190.
gaumeri Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 1, p.
gauna Th. Bsd. Lep. Guat.,.p. 16.
geba Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 198.
gedrosia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 10.
geminata Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 796.
gemma Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907,
genena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 111. *
genius Lampr. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett.
gentiana Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p.
gentilla Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25,
giapor Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus.
gibberosa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 85.
gigantea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 83.
gispa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. Nr. 21. *
gizela Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 197.
glaucon Lyc. Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.
gnosia Th. Hew. Descr. Lyc., p. 9.
goleta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 203.
gorgon Chrys. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10,
gozora Cyan. Bsd. Lep. Guatemala, p. 17.
greppa Th. Dyar, Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus.
griqua Lyc. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus.
grunus Th. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852,
guadala Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus.
guapila Th. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
guzanta Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. £
gyas Hem. Ydw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3,
ees Lep., p. 62.
. Biol. Centr.-Amer. *
Lep. 2
Dolls
*
113.
*
*
714.
*
*
p. 580. *
*
600. *
p. 420.
25, p. 407.
*
*
*
3, p. 210.
*
Cook & Wats. Canad. Entomol.
Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 98. *
Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912,
Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
Weeks, Canad. Entomolog. 33, p.
Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 76. *
heathii Th. Fletch, Canad. Entom. 34, p.
hebraeus Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 10
hecate Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep.
helloides Chrys. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 0
heloisa Th. MWéschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien
hemon Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 20. *
henrici Th. Gr. & Rb. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1, p. 174.
heodes Th. Dre, Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 436. *
hadros Th.
halesus Th.
hamila Th.
hanno Hem.
harietta Th.
hassan Th.
havila Th.
41,-p. 181.
pa o96.o%
294.
212.
4. *
2, p. 95. *
Yay Gay ily
, 82, p. 309. *
| keila Th.
the American Lycaenidae.
heraclides Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 71. *
heraldica Th. Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47, p. 151.
hermes Chrys. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 21
herodotus Th. F'. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 286.
herrii Ev. Grinn. Canad. Entomol. 33, p. 192.
hesperitis Th. Btlr. & Dre. Cistul. Entom. 1, p. 107.
hesychia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 86, *
heteronea Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 298.
hewitsoni Th. Ay. Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep., p. 386.
hicetas Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 86. *
hilda Lye. Grinn. Journ. Pomona-Coll. 1911, p. 512.
hirsuta Th. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, p. 321.
hosmeri Th. Weeks, Entom. News 17, p. 198.
hostis Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 420.
humber Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 422
hyacinthus om Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 36. *
hyas Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, Plo
hybla Th. ee Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 577. *
hyecara Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 7.
hygela Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 30.
hypocrita Th. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 339. *
hypophlaeas Chrys. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
(2) 10, p. 291.
hypsea Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 38. *
icarioides Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 297.
ilavia Th. Beut. Journ. N.-York. Ent. Soc. 7, p. 254.
illex Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 419.
immaculata Th. Cokle, Canad. Entom. 42, p. 204.
imma Th. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, p. 322.
imperialis Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. I, Tb. 76. *
inachus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 36. *
inconspicua Ityl. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 823. *
indigo Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 609.
ines Th. Hdw. Papilio 2, p. 25.
inoa Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 88. *
insignis Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 99.
instita Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 618. )
ion Th. Dre. Entom. Month. Mag. (2) 1, p. 151.
iopas Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 64. *
iroides Th. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 289.
irus Th. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 674.
ismarus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2,.Tb. 176. * :
isola Hem. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, p. 332.)
isophthalma Breph. H.-Schajf. Corr.-Bl. Zool.-Miner. V. Reg.
16, p. 141.
itys Th. Hdw. Papilio 2, p. 23.
jactator Th. Dre. Proc. Zool.
jada Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 87.
jambe Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer.
janias Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 213.
janthina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 93. *
janthodonia Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. M
japola Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc.
jebus Th. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 639.
johnsoni Th. Skinn, Entomol. News 15,
joya Th. Dogn. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
*
Lep.
*
2, p. 57.
us. 5
Lond. 1912,
p- 298.
1895, p. 106.
Ke
i)
p. 898.
Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 586.
*
Dp.
*
337.
*
juanita Th. Scudd. Journ, Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 11, p. 435.
*
Hew. Ill. diurn.
koa Ityl. Dre. Proc. Zool.
kodiak Lyc. Hdw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3,
Lep., p. 121.
labes Th. Dre. Proc. Zool.
lanckena Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus.
laothoé Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep.
latagus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep.
latreillei Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. 7, Th.
laudonia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 77. *
lausus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 233. *
lauta Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 768. *
leda Th. Edw. Papilio 2, p. 23.
| ledaea Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 8.
legota Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 205. *
*
lemnos Th.
| lemona Th.
| lemuria Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 10.
legytha Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 180.
Dre. Entom. Month. Mag.
Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 177.
*
Soc. Lond. 1876,
p-
p-
Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 602.
239.
20.
*
*
laceyi Th. B. & McD. Can. Ent. 42, p. 365.
| laconia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 10.
ladon Cyan. Cr. Pap.. Exot. 3, Tb. 270. *
| laeta Th. Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p. 56.
| lampetia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 82.
25, p. 422.
25.
2, p- 58.
2, Ps
29.
*
(2) 1, p. 152.
*
*
Alphabetical List of the American Lycaenidae.
Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 603. *
leos Th. Schs. Proc. Zool.. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 353. '*
leucogyna Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 245. *
leucophaeus Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
levis Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 597. *
Tigia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p.: 204. *
ligurina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 181. *
limenia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 32.
lincoides Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 757. *
linus Th. Sulz. Geschichte der Insekten. *
liparops Th. Bsd. & Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p.
lisus Th. Sfoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
literatus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 588. *
loki Th. Skinn. Entomol. News 1907, p. 378.
lenitas Th.
99.
lollia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 85. *
longula Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 34.
lophis Th. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 48, p. 130. *
lorata Th. G. & R. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1, p. 171.
lorea Th. Mschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 32, p. 309.
lorina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 181. *
lotis Lyc. Edw. 30. Rep. N.-York. St. Mus., p. 169.
loxurina Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. Tee -
lueagus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 58. *
lucena Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 26.
lucia Cyan. Ky. Faun. bor. Amer. 4, p. 299. *
ludiera Ityl. Weym. Stiibels Reise, Lepid. p. 121. *
*
lugubris Th. MWschir. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 26, p. 301. *
lycabas Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 117. *
lyeea Lyc. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 2, ig:
lyde Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep, 2,
lygdamas Lyc. Dbl. Entomolog. 1842, p. 209.
507.
p. 44. *
madie Th. Weeks, _Entom. News 17, p. 197.
maeonis Th. G. sae S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 69. *
maevia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 88. *
m-album Th. Bsd. & Lec. Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 86. *
malina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. 88. *
malta Th. Sehs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 410
*
malyania Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 95.
malvina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 93. *
mantica Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 616. *
maraches Th. Dre. Entom. Month. Mag. 48, p. 130. *
margarita Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 793. *
margaritacea Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 755.
marginata Cyan. Hdw. Papilio 3, p. 86.
maricopa Lyc. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil.
marina Lept. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil.
mariposa Chrys. Reak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 149.
marmoris Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 604.
marsyas Th. L. Mus. Ulvic., p. 315.
1866, p. 24
1868, p. 8
Ot
mafrtialis Th. H.-Schdff. Corr. Zool. Min. Ver. Reg. 18, p. 164.
martha Hem. Dogn.
mathewi Th. Hew. Entom.
matho Th. G. & S. Biol.
mayors Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
mazurka Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 79. *
mecrida Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 94. *
megacles Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 333. *
megamede Th. Prittw. Stett. Zg. 1865, p. 322.
mela Lyc. Streck. Lep. Rhop. Heter. Suppl. 3, p. 26.
melba Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 202. *
Le Nat. 1888, T. p. 190. *
Month. Mag. 11, p. 106.
Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 80.
meleager Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 618.
meliboeus Th. /’. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 271.
melidor Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 431.
Schmett. *
Soc. 4, p. 346.
melinus Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot.
melissa Lyc. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent.
melleus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 580. *
melma Th. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 354. *
meridionalis Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 785. *
mertila Lyc. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 206.
metanira Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 95. *
meton Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 201.
miadora he Dyan, Proc. U. S: Nat. Mus. 51, p. 2.
milto Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 83. *
mimas Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 81. *
mimula Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 793. *
minniles Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51, p. 3.
minthe Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 59. *
minyas Eum. Hbn. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
minyia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 91. *
miranda Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 99. *
mirma Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 212. *
mishma Th. Hew, Ill. diurn, .Lep., p. 213, *
*
829
moesites Th. H.-Schdff. Corr.-Bl.. Zool.-Min. Ver. Reg. 15,
p- 165.
molena Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 899. Z
monenoptron Ipid. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54, p.
moniea Th. Hew. Ul. diurn. Lep., p. 80. *
monticola Lyc. Clem. Canad. Ent. 41, p. 38.
mossi Th. Hdw. Papilio 1, p. 54.
moza Ityl. Stgr. Iris 7, p. 79. *
muatta Th. Hew. Ill. diarn. Lep., p. 206. *
muattina Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25 > B. 415.
muela Th. Dyar, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 45, p-
muirii Th. Hdw. Papilio 1, p. 53.
mulsus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 597. *
mulucha Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 89. *
munditia Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 4556. *
murex Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 584. *
muridoseca Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54, p. 337
mutina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 94. *
mycon Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2 2 P- AGT
myron Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Te Sup: Oz
myrsina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 187. *
myrtea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 93. *
myrtusa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 95. *
nana Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 250. *
nannidion Th. Burm. Descr. Rep. Argent. 5, p. 231. *
narbal Th. Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
nautes Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 233. *
neglecta Cyan. Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862. p. 52
nelsonii Th. Bsd. Lep. Calif., p. 43.
neora Th. G. & S. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 90. *
netesea Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 795. *
neurona Lyc. Skinn. Entomol. News 13, Pp 11535
nicetus Lampr. /ldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 263. *
nigra Cyan. Hdw. Streck. Rhop. Heter., p. 95.
niphon Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Sohiett. a
nippia Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54, p. 337.
nisaee Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2; Deol +
nitetis Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 57. *
nitor Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, Pp 584. *
nivepunctata Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 592. *
nobilis Th. H.-Schaff. Exot. Schmett. *
nora Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 898. *
norax Th. G. & S. Biol.- Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 59. *
normahal Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 410.
nortia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. Ue: =
nota Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 591.
nubes Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 625.
nubilum Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 612.
nugar Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. P08.
numen Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 574. *
nyagora Hem. Bsd. Lep. Guatemala, p. 17.
obelus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 587. *
obseura Th. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 286.
oceia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 25. *
ochsenheimeri Lept. Godt. Encycl. Méthod. 9, p. 683
ochus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 55. *
ocrida Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 5.
ocrisia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 5.
odinus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 69. *
olbia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 97. *
oleris Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 613. *
ontario Th. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2, p. 209.
opacitas' Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 624.
opalia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 6.
ophelia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 110. *
ophia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 6.
opisena Th. Dre. Entom. Month. Mag. 48, 12 13
oppia Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. pI :
orasus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. ¢
oreidia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep. p. 183. 7
oreala Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 27.
orgia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 102. *
oribata Th. Weym. Stiibels Reise, Lepid., p. 122.
orios Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 51. *
ornatrix Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 570.
orobia Th. Hew. Il. diurn. Lep., p. 103. *
orobiana Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 103. *
orocana Th. Dre. Ent. Month. Mag. 48, p. 130. *
oreynia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 11.
oro Lyc. Scudd. Canad. Entom. 8, p. 23.
orses Th. G. & S, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2. p.
*
830
orsilla Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 184. *
orsina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 200. *
ortalus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep.
ortygnus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, AM os. DI Ge
oslari Th. Dyar, Journ. N.-York. Ent. Soc. 12, p. 40.
ostia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 210. *
ostrinus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 596. *
otoheba Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 47, p. 423.
oxida Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 68.
4 JH G2 3
*
pacis Ityl. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 822.
pactya Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 167. *
paetus Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 87. *
palegon Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 3, Tb. 282. *
palumbes Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 617.
panamensis Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 801. *
panchaea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 126. *
paphia Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, Bs 243. *
paphlagon Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep. > Pe
paralus Th. G. or Ss. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep.
paron Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. He p- 70. *
parthenia Th. Hea Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 74. *
partunda Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 206. *
pastor Th. Btlr. & Dre. Cistul. Entomol. 1, p.
paupera Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 2
pedusa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 87. *
pelion Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 1, Tb. 6. *
pelorias Ityl. Weym. Stiibels Reise, Lep., p. 121. *
pembina Lyc. Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p.
pennatus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 617.
peona Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 169. *
peonida Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 754. *
perisus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 610.
perola Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 112. *
perpenna Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 26. *
petaurister Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc.
petelina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 199. *
petilla Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 20.
phacana Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 790. *
phaea Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 30. *
phaenna Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 31.
phalantus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 433. *
phaleros Th. LZ. Syst. Nat. 1 (2), p. 796.
phallica Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 97. *
pharus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 585. *
phegeus Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., Tb. 30. *
pheres Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 297.
phileros Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 12, p. 50.
philinna Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 19.
phobe Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 47. *
phoenissa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 100. *
pholeus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 2, Tb. 163. *
phoster Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 595. *
photeinus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 572
photismos Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 615
phrosine Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 435.
phrutus Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
phryniseca Th. Burm. Descr. Rep. Argent. 5, p. 232. *
phydela Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 84. *
piasus Cyan. Bsd. Ann. Ent. Soc. oh (2) 10, p. 299.
picentia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., 23.
picus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Teena: 1907, p. 606. *
pion Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 54. *
piplea Th. G. & S. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 516.
pisidula Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p- 618.
pisis Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. LEAD be wile S4
platyptera Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. SD 246. *
plumans Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. "1907, 62
p- 622
plumbea Scol. Buh. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 486.
77
plusios Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p.
podaree Lyc. Plan. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 282. *
polama Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 416.
polibetes Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 341. *
politus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 525. *
polybe Th. LZ. Syst. Nat. I (2), p. 787.
porphyriticus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 5§
porphyritis Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 59
porthura Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 58
praxis Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 54. *
primnoza Th. Dyar, Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 42, p. 41.
proba Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 64. *
promissa Th. MWschlr. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 32, p. 311.
p- 597.
pulchritudo Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907,
224.
Lond. 1907, p. 613.
*
* He
| sheridanii Th. Hdw.
| Speciosa Ityl.
| speciosa Lyc. Edw. Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 7, p. 173.
spinetorum Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 94. *
| spurius Th. Fidr.
Alphabetical List of the American Lycaenidae.
punctum Th. H.-Schdaff. Exot. Schmett. *
pupilla Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 801. *
puppius Th.-G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 84.
pura Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 764. *
purissima Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 788. *
purpura Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 591. *
purpurantes Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 596.
purpuriticus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. noe 1907, p. 601. *
putnami Th. Edw. Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci. 7, p. 148.
pyrrhias Chrys. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop., p. 100. *
*
quaderna Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 35.
quassa Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 784. *
quindiensis Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 758. *
radiatio Th. Dre. Proc. Zool.
ramon Hem. Dogn. Le Nat.
Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 585. *
(2) T. 1888, p. 190. *
ravyus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 581. *
regalis Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. I. Tb. 72. *
remus Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 34.
renidens Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 793. *
rhodope Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop., p. 60. *
rickmani Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 411.
rinde Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51, p. 2
rocena Th. Hew. Lil. diurn. Lep., p. 91. *
ruberrothei Lyc. Weeks, Entomol. News 13 (1902).
rubidus Chrys. Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 208.
rufofusca Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 96.
rugatus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 611.
rustan Th. Stoll, Cram. Pap. Exot. Suppl. *
rustica Lyc. Hdw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 4, p. 203.
2, p. 263. *
(a 10, p. 297.
» p- 287.
281. *
sabinus Th. Fidr. Reise Novara Lep.
saepiolus Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
saepium Th. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852
sagittigera Lyc. Fldr. Reise Novara, Lep. a p-
sala Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 81. *
salaeides Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 754. *
sangala Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 35.
sanguinalis Th. Burm. Descr. Rep. Argent. 5, p. 239. *
sapho Th. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 289. *
sapota Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 203. *
satyroides Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 118—129. *
schausa Th. Jones, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. mee p. 897. *
schausi Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. EO 2; ae 985%
scopas Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 89. *
seudderi Lyc. Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Bul "1861, p. 164.
sedecia Th. Hew. Entom. Month. Mag. 11, p. 105.
selica Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 170. *
selina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 118. *
semones Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 95. *
senta Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 783. *
serapio Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. :
sergius Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 71.
sesara Th. G. & e Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep.
sethon Th. G. & Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2,
seudiga Th. Hew. “Tu. diurn. Lep., p. 152. *
shasta Lyc. Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862, p. 224.
Field a. Forest 3, p. 48.
sierana Th. Jones Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1912, p. 896. *
sierrae Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 51, p. 2
silumena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 90. *
simaethis Th. Drury, Ill. Exot. Entomol. 1, Tb. 1. *
simasea Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 794. *
sirius Chrys. Edw. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 3, p.
sista Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep.. p. 91. *
270.
| sito Th. Bsd. Spec. Gen. 1. *
smaragdus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 599. *
snowi Chrys. Edw. Trans. Kans. Ac. Sci. 7, p. 69.
socia Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 29.
solatus Th. Cook & Wats. Canad. Entom. 41, p. 181.
sonorensis Lyc. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 281. *
sophocles Th. F. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p- 267.
sospes Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 778. *
spadix Th. Edw. Papilio 1, p. 53.
Stg7seLrisinsiDsiteme
splendor Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 570. *
sponsa Th. Mschir. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 26, p. 298. *
spurina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 102. *
Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 250. *
stictos Th. Dre. Entom. Month. Mag. (2) 1, p. 151.
Alphabetical List of the American Lycaenidae.
stigmatos Th. Dre. Entom. Month. Mag. (2) 1, p. 152.
stilbia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 107. *
strenua Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 207. *
strephon Th. F. Syst. Ent., p. 522, n. 334.
striata Lept. Hdw. Field a. Forest. 3, p. 86.
subflorens Th. Schs. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1913, p. 353. *
suda Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 796. *
sumptuosa Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 570. *
syeena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 176. *
syedra Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 108. *
sylea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 99. *
syllis Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 92. *
sylphis Ityl. Dri. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 824. *
sylvinus Th. Bsd. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. 1852, p. 287.
syneellus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4, Tb. 334. *
tabena Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 67. *
tacita Th. Hdw. Papilio 1, p. 54. :
tadita Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 208. *
tagyra Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 73. *
talama Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 409.
taleyra Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 1.
taminella Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 414.
tamos Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 79. *
tanais Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 62. *
tarania Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 3.
tarena Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 176. *
tarpa Th. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. 2, p. 68. *
tarquinius Fen. fF. Entom. Syst. 3, p. 219.
teatea Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 4.
tegaea Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 202.
tegula, Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 4.
telea Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 4.
telemus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. I., Tb. 4. *
tella Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 413.
tema Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 82. *
temathea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., Tb. 29. *
temesa Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 1.
tephraeus Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
tera Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 211. *
tetra Th. Behr, Trans. Amer.-Ent. Soc. 3, p. 19.
teucria Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 3.
thabena Th. Hew. Dscr. Lycaen., p. 1.
thales Th. Ff. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 268.
thalesa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 98. *
thama Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 189. *
thara Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 83. *
thargelia Th. Burm. Descr. Rep. Argent. V, p. 230. *
theanus Trich. Cr. Pap. Exot. II, Tb. 139. *
theia Th. Hew. Equat. Lepid., p. 60.
thenea Th. Mschlr. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 32, p. 311. *
theocritus Th. F'. Entom. Syst. III, 1, p. 289.
theonus Lept. Luc. Sagra Hist. Cuba, 7, p. 612. *
thespia Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 65.
thoé Chrys. Bsd. Gray Griff. Anim. Kingd. 1832. *
thordesa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 89. *
thius Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
thoria Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 121. *
thyesta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 124. *
thyrea Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 91. *
tiasa Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 122. *
tigonia Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 419.
timaeus Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 248. *
timoclea Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 59.
tirrhaea Th. Mschir. Abh. Senckenb. Ges. 14, p.
titicaca Ityl. Weym. Stiibels Reise, Lepid.. p. 122
titus Th. F. Ent. Syst. 3 (1), p. 297.
tityrus Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 248. *
togarna Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 85. *
tolmides Th. I’ldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 247. *
tomlinsoni Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 433. *
torfrida Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 78. *
€ 6 *
*
831
torqueor Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 608.
torris Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 587. *
trebonia Th. Hew. Equat. Lep., p. 63.
trebula Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 16.
triquetra Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 76. *
trochus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 572. *
tucumana Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 627. *
tulliola Ev. G. & S. Biol. Centr.-Amer. Rhop. 2, p.
tuneta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 71. *
tyleri Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Na. Mus. 45, p. 636.
tyriam Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 595. *
tyrrius Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 578. *
ulia Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45, p. 637.
una Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 140. *
undulata Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 81. *
ufentina Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaeon., p. 17.
umbratus Th. Hbn. Zutr. Smmlg. Exot. Schmett. *
upupa Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 605. *
uterkudante Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 595. *
uzza Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 147. *
valentina Th. Berg, Ann. Mus. Buen. Air. 5, p. 3.
vapa Ityl. Stgr. Iris VII, p. 78. *
velina Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 18.
vena Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 620. *
venulius Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. III, Tb. 243. *
venustus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 602. *
verania Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 19.
verbenaca Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 621. *
vesper Th. Dre. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1909, p. 436. *
vesulus Th. Cr. Pap. Exot. 4. Tb. 340. *
veterator Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 627. *
vevenae Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54, p. 337.
vibidia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 119. *
viceta Th. Hew. Descr. Lycaen., p. 18.
vidulus Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 623.
vieca Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 411.
viggia Th. Dyar, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 54, p. 336.
villia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 126. *
viola Th. Drt. Seitz, Macrolep. 5, p. 791. *
violacea Cyan. Hdw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 6, p. 201.
viresco Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 572.
virginiensis Chrys. Hdw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 21.
Viridicans Th. Fldr. Reise Novara Lep. 2, p. 249. *
vitruvia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 193. *
voltinia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 123. *
volumen Th. Dre. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1907, p. 623.
volupia Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 177. *
vomiba Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 410.
vulnerata Th. Stgr. Exot. Tagf., p. 286.
wittfeldi Th. Hdw. Canad. Entomol. 15, p. 136.
xami Th. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, p. 332.
xanthoides Chrys. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Soc. (2) 10, p. 292.
xeneta Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 193. *
xerxes Lyc. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (2) 10, p. 296.
xorema Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 408.
yojoa Th. Reak. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1886, p. 339.
yukona Lyc. Holl. Entomol. News 11, p. 416.
zachaeina Hem. Biélr. Cistul. Entom. 1, p.
zava Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 210. *
zebina Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 120. *
zenaida Th. Dyar, Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 42, p. 42.
zeroé Chrys. Bsd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 12, p. 45.
zigira Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 125.
zilda Th. Hew. Il. diurn. Lep., p. 141. *
zora Th. Hew. Ill. diurn. Lep., p. 134. *
zurkvitzi Th. Schs. Proc. Un. St. Nat. Mus. 25, p. 412.
104.
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