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HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY

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MAIR^S

INTRODUCTION

LATIN SYNTAX.

FROJI THE EDINBURGH STEREOTYPE EDITION.
RS7ISBD AVB CORRECTED

By a. R. CARSON,

Rtdor qfthe URgh School qf Edinburgh,

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

COPIOUS EXERCISES UPON THE DECLINABLE PARTi^

OF SPEECH;

AUDABT

EXEMPLIFICATION OF THB^SEVERAL
MOODS AND TENSES.

DAVID PATTERSON, A.M.

LaH tUet&r tftU Grwmmuar Scimi ^Kirkmtii^ §mi Tmilktr ^
IdmguqgH in N«9>Tmr%,

NEW.TORK :

PVBUSHSD BY COUdNS k HANNAY, AN» OO^UNS k CO

182a

EdLuAT*\i8.;L8, S'iT

NMVAIID COLLftE LIBRASV

€NFTOf

6E0IIGE ARTHUR PLIMPTOII

JANUARY 29| 1924

^auXktm Distrid qfJieW'York^ ts.

BE IT REMEMBEBED, That on tbe 37th, [day of November, A. D.
1887, in the fi%-eecoDd year of tbe Independence of the United States of
America, Yf. E. Deaoi of the said District, hath deposited in 'this office the title
of a Book, the right wheseof he claims as Proprietor, in the words follovring,
to wit;

*' Mair's Introdaction to Latin Syntax. From the Edinburgh stereotype
edition. Revised and Corrected by A. R. Carson, Rector of tbe High School
of Edinborgh r To which isaddedyCopioas Exercises on the Declinable Parts
of Speech i and an Exemplification of the several Moods and Tenses. By
Dand Patterson, A. M., late Rector of the Grammar School of Kirkwall, and
Teacher of Languages, New-Tork.**

)n ooDfimnity to the Act of OiNigraflMf the Unilad States, entitled ** An Act
ibr the encooBagement of fiHaming, by securing tbe copies of Maps, Charts,
and Books, to the authors and proprietors of sach copies, during the time
therein mentioned.** And alsQ to an Act, entitled " An Act, supplementary
to en Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the
copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the authors and proprietors of such co-
pies, durinc tne times tUarein mentioned, and extendiAg the benefits thereof to
the arts of dengniog» engraving, and etching historical and other prints.*'

FRED. J. BETTS.
Clerk of the Southern District of New-Tork.

W. £. Dta%t PrhUtr,

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

The ordiDAry editioos ot Mair*8 introdiietion aboniid io
mach in errors, that this popular sdio(^ botk has been
thereby rendered almost unfit for use. A few years age it
wtm revised and corrected by A. R. CanoD, Rector erthe
High School of Edtobargh, and stereotyped. From tUl
edition, the most accurate and valuable whicb has yet af •
peared, the -present work has been printed*

Bat Mair's Introduction affords us merely en exeaiiplii-
cation of the Rules of Construction. It has alwayi ap-
peared to the editor that an Exemplification of the Mooda
and Tenses of the Verb was no less necessary than the
former. For certainly few tasks can< be more dry, tm-
meaning, and Tepulsi?eto the young student than the tabnlar
forms of notes and Terbs, as exhibit»d in our .Grammars.
To soppily this defect, the editor hai/ compiled snitable
ex^oises on the Declinable mrts of Speech^ and an ezea*
pliication of the Moods and Tenses.

This dhriaion of the work) if properly understood, will
form an admirable introduction to translating: and wiU
prepare the «tndent to enter on that business wMiinteiS-
gence» ,

M'etg-'Yorky NotmhtTy l8tT.

DAVID PATTERSON.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Mr. Stewart, Printer to the Uciversity of Edinburgh,
having, in the year 1815, proposer) publishing a Stereotype
edition of^ Mair's Introduction, requested me to undertake
the correction of the proof-sheets.^ 7'he pains bestowed
upon the work may be in some degree appreciated, when
it is known, that almost every sentence was traced to ita
original author, by which means severil important changes
were introduced, and the Stereotype edition, i trust, reo-*
dered considerably more accural e than any other late
edition of the same book* Soon aAer this, a Company of
Booksellers in Edinburgh alio published an edition of this
work, in which they not only adopted the changes which
with much labour I had been enabled to make, but had even
the hardihood to copy such notes as I had subjoined, and
that too with my initials (A. R. C.) ; by which I was made
answerable for whatever errors this spurious edition might
happen to contain. In these circumstances, it appears ne-
cessary to declare to the public, who, from these initials
occurring in different parts of the work, and from the still
ampler notices exhibited in the catalogues of tiooksellers,
and advertisements in newspapers, are generally aware of
its having passed through my hands, that the Stereotype
edition printed by Mr. Stewart is that alone in which I
had any concern, and that any copy from it is a daring at-
tempt to impose a fraud upon the Teachers of the country,
under the sanction of a signature to which it has no claim.
This declaration I make with the greater. con6dence, be-
cause I neither have now, nor ever bad, any share what^
ever in the profits arising from the sale of the book, and
because my sole object in snperintending the impression,
was to furnish my own Class and Teachers in general with
a more correct edition of a book much used in our public
seminaries, and which, from the numberless errors with
which it was disfigured, had been rendered almost wholly
unfit for the purposes of education.

A. R. CARSON,
^inhurghi

inburgh^ i
^st, 1917. 5

PREFACE.

The rales of syntax, here exemplified, are taken from
the RadimeiitP} composed and pubUaiied by Mr. Thomaa
Roddiman, being generally nUowed to be the most accnrate
and best system of that kind. Aad as the rules are of two
kinds, viz. primary or iundamental, to which all the rest
are reducible ; and secondary, or elliptical, which are by
far the most oumeroos ; these latter rules are distinguish-
ed from the former by an asterisk on the margin.

To make the young scholar comprehend the meaning
and extent of the rules with greater ease, each of them is
illustrated with one or more examples of construed Latin :
and where it is necessary, grammatical terms are explain*
ed, and lists, or catalogues of the words belonging to the
rules, given. To which is subjoined, a pretty large col-
lection of explanatory notes, exhibiting the exceptions, the
varieties, the elegant phrases and modes of expression that
occur in authors, and pointing out the method of supplying
the elliptical constructions, and rftdaciog them to the pri-
mary or fundamental rul^s. Some few of the fiotes are
exemplified ; the proper time of teaching the rest is left to
the discretion of the ^master.

After the notes, follow the examples; which are of two
sorts. The first go only the length of this mark IF ; and
are generally short, being intended purely for the exempli-
fication of the rule to which they are subjoined. The
second sort, which begin at the foresaid mark, are longer ;
wherein, not only the rule to which they are annexed, is
exemplified, but the preceding rules are again brought upon
the field, in order to render them more familiar to t^
mind, and fix them more effectually in the memory.

Most of the examples, whether of the first or second
sorts, are excerpted from the F^tin authors, being such «en«
tences as would admit of a literal translation,, aad are adapt-
ed to our purpose, with little or no variation. Some
them, indeed, for the sake of enriching the «xemplificaf

vi ' PREFACE.

are patched or made up of soDtenceSy coupled together :
but the exprestions, separately taken, are generally clas-
sical ; and, it is hoped no great impropriety will be found
in the manner of their junction.

To the examples are subjoined on each role a few Eng«
fish exercises, intended as another piece of recreation to
the young student, as weli as a further trial of his skill. In
the examples, the Latin words being laid to his hand, he
needs only, in order to make good Latin, attend to the de-
clensions, conjugations, and rules of syntax ; whereas, by
these exercises, he will be obliged to go in search of vo-
cables, and so, by degrees, learn to distinguish the words
that are proper for his purpose from such as are not so*
And here I may add, that, could boys be persuaded, by a
careful use of their dictionary, to acquaint themselves
thoroughly with the signi6cation, derivation, composition,
nod proper use of the Latin words that occur in the several
parts of their studies, they would soon find the benefit of
it : their proficiency would, in this case, do more than re-
ward their pains^ To a neglect on this head, is frequently
owing the small progress boys make, and the difficulty they
find in speaking and writing Latin ; being equally puzzled
for want of words, and at a loss how to apply them.

The rules in the Rudiments being ranged according to
the order of the parts of speech; it was impossible to ex-
emplify them in that order, without a medley of antece-
dent and subsequent rules, which by all means was to be
avoided. The reader, therefore, is desired to begin with
No. 8. ; then proceed to No. 28 ; from that to No. 45.
He next turns over to No. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. ; then to
Ko« 76 76. ; and on each of these rules he is to read till
be eome to this mark IT, except No. 28. ; in which he is to
read only the first four paragraphs. After this, he is to
return to the begiooing of the book, and go straight on to
the end, omitting only what was read on the above men-
tioned rules ; and, by proceeding in this manner, he will
find no posterior rule apticipated. The English exercisesi
too, are so chosen, that they maybe turned into good Latin,
without recourse to any subsequent rule.

As the governed words in the exemplification of several
rules, viz. No. 12. 21. 29. 62. 64. and 73. may be put in
different cases ; and, though generally speaking, the Latin
ivill be grammatical and good in either of them ; yet, to
prevent any doubt th^t may arise in the learner's Blind ov^

PREFACE. • Tii

this head, and to enable bin to ate with certaiiitj the caie
u?ed by the author,, the example is brought from, I hare
given the following mark of distiactlon, viz. in No. 1?. 21«
6?. and 64. when the governed word is pot in the ablative,
it has the figure 6 before it ; and in No. 29. when the
governed word is to be put in the accusative, it has the
figure 4 before it. In like manner, in No. 73. the govern-
ed word has the figure 1 or 4 before it, according as it is
to be put in the nominative or accusative. But in the ex-
emplification of each of these six rules, when the govern-
ed word has no figure prefixed, it is then to be put in the
other case mentioned in the rule. Nor are these distinc-
tive figures applied thus in the exemplification of the above
rules only, but also in all the subsequent places, wher«
these ambiguous constructioos recur.

The examples and English eiercises contained in this
Introduction, being of a select kind, consisting generally of
moral, historical, or mythological sentences, the perusal of
them will, accordingly, be attended with peculiar advan-
tages. The first sort have a natural tendency to form and
dispose the ntiind to virtue, and to produce such impressions
as will infldence the temper and behaviour of youth, not
while at school only, but through the whole course of their
life. By the use of the second and third-sort, beys will ac-
quire a stock.of ancient history and mythology, and so get
acquainted, in some measure, with the Roman writers be-
fore they begin to read them.

To the Introduction is subjoined an Epitome of Ancient
History, containing a succinct account of the most memo-
rable transactions and events that occur, from the creation
to the birth of Christ. And, whereas, several things sus-
pected of fiction or romance, especially with respect to the
Assyrian and Babylonian monarchies, were, in compliance
with the commonly received opinion, admitted into the
first edition ; these are now either thrown out, or taken
notice of as fabulous, and (he accounts, that by the best
judges are esteemed genuine, introduced. These altera*
tfons, it is hoped, will render this epitome more perfect,
and consequently a fitter system for initiating youth in the
useful study of history. And, as the Latin of this epitome
is, for the most part, taken Iroman historian much admired
for conciseness, delicacy, and parity of language it will
serve to exercise and improve the learner, not barely in
the knowledge of grammar, but even in the elegance '

viii PREFACE.

beauties of the Latin tongne. The cbrmioli^y here used,
is the same with that adopted by the «ftiters of the UdI-
Tersal History. Several chronologiGal ttistakes, which
bad escaped observation in the fitst edition are here rec-
tified.

J. M.

EXERCISES

UPON TH£

DECLINABLE PARTS OF SPEECH.

Vie 17 or scheme of the five modes of declensioD : ex-
cept that Greek words and oeaters are omitted ; the do-
minative singular also does not appear in its various forms.

Sing.
Npm.
Gen. ae
Dat. e
Ace. am
Voc. like Norn.
Abi. §L

Plur.
Norn, ae
Gen. arum
Dat. Is
Ace. at
Toe. like Nom.
Abl. like Dat.

11.

ill!.

urn

like Nom.

drum
is

like Nom.
like Dat

like Nom.

IV.

us
ui
>m

like Nom.
u

like Nom.

us
uum

Ibus

like Nom.

erum
ebua
es .
like Nom.

hke Dat llike Dat.

r uft

like Nom.

like Dat.

Exercises upon Nouns and Adjectives, through all the
degrees of Comparison. *

FIRST DECLENS1(3N.

Gravis injuria ^ a heavy in-
jury-
Nif^ra umbra^ a black shade.

Tristis lacryma^ a sad tear.
Dulcis ro$a^ a sfveet rose.
Humilis casaf an humble Ferox insula^ a fertile island.

cottage. Junta dea^ a just goddess.

Impiger agricola^ an active SuavisfiUa^ a sn^eet daughter,
husbahdman. J^igra asmi, a black she-ass.

Ferox atfUeta^ a fierce wrest- Cderismulayd^ swift she-mule.

ler. Niger talpm^ a black mole.

■ -

* The Ctniparative degree it formed from the fint cate of thepoiitiTe in », Igr adding
Um citable or for the mafcuHne and femiotne, and w for the neuter. The St^erlutivc
is formad fron the first case of the. noaltlte In L tij adding «imiu. Exeep. If the
poslliTe end hi rr) the superlative is formed bj addiDg riimu to the nominatire slo-
gttlar maicaline.

Dura pennOf a hard pen.
Mollis pennay a soft pen.
Formosa putllOf a beautiful

girl.
Pauper casa^ a poor cottage.

DSCLUTAVIB PA&Tf OV 8PBECH.

RuLS.— Ft7ta, ft daaghter ; JVa^o, a daughter ; Deay a god*
dess ; Animas the soal ; Fatnula, a female servant ; Liberia^
a freedwomaD ; AstnOf a she-ass ; Mula^ a she-mule ; aod
f^iia, a mare ; have more freqaeotl^ dhw^ than «s, in thei^
dative and ahlative plural, to distinguish them in these
cases from masculinei in «9 of the second declension.

' NOUNS OF A GREEK ORIGIN.

Pius JEnlas^ the pious
iEnea».

Foriii Achates^ the. brave
Achates.

darus comitesy a bright co-
met.

SECOND DECLENSION.

Floretii regnum^ a flourishing

Casta Pentlape^ the chaste
Penelope.

Tota epitome^ the whole
abridgment.

Latus tiaras, a broad tur-
ban.

Cams gener, a dear son-in-
law.

Sagax vtV, « sagacious man.

Prudens socer, a prudent &-
• ther-in-law.

Procax puer^ a forward boy.

Molli$ puer^ an effeminate
boj^. — -

UKs liheTj a useful book.

FertUis agtr^ a fertile field.

Longut gtadiu$f a long sword.

CrmeUs tifrannuSf a cruel ty-
rant.

Tristis roguSf a sad fiiaeral-
pile.

Rapa» lupus, a,/Tapa6ious
wolf.

Mitis Zepkyrus, a mild west
rind.

Fdigi regnum, a fortunate
kingdom.

THIRD DECLENSION.

kingdom.
Gravtijugum, a heavy yoke.
Breve adagium, a short pro-
verb.
Forte vinculum, ' a stroug

chain.
f^Hc geni»», ft propiciaus

tutelar angel.
Felix filius^ a fortunate son.
CUmenB DeuSf a merciful

God.
Felix jS^'en, happy Albion.
Canonu Orpheus, musical

Orpheus.
Velifieatus Athos, Athos sailed

ever.
Faga Delos, wandering De-

los.
Georgtca, the Georgicks.

Miser rex^ an unhappy king.
Pulcher^ or farmosus pavo^ a

beautiful peacock.
Sacra lex, a sacred law."
GeUdus Aqutld, the COld.

north wind.

Carus pater, a dear father.
Dulcis odor^ a sweet smell.
Acer mUes^ a brave soldier.
Piger homo, a lazy fellow.
Pius David, pio^s David.
Bonui peeien, ajjood comb.

DB LIVABLE PARTS Or 8PBK0H. 3

Atpira rti)M«, a rugged rock. Tuium martf a safo sea.

Fera gtns^ a savage Dation. DtUee eamMH, a sweet song*

Asper lapiSf a rough stone. ~ Fallax iter^ a deceitAil joar«

Tenerum caputs a tender ney

head. Crudele animal^ a cmel ani-

Ligneum^ sediU^ a woodeo mal.

seat. LongiMn caleart a long spur.

NOUNS OF A GREEK ORIGIN.
(See Adam's Grammar» page 35.) '

DiffidU anigmOf a difl&cult Form69a PhilUSf the fair

riddle. Phillis.

Pretiosum diadema^ a preci- Trojunus Parts, the Trojan

onscrowD. Paris.

Magnanimiu heroB^ a mag« PuUhra chlamy$^ a beaatifnl

nanimous hero. militarj cloak.

M'^ctuma lampas^ a night Felox Argo^ the swift Argo*

lamp. Rex Capy»^ King Capys.

Clara lampa$f a clear lamp. AUira metamorphomt an*

Impia heresii^ an impious other metamorphose. .

heresy. Vocalis Orp&eiM, the tuneful

JUisira Troas^ a wretched Orpheus.

Trojan won^an. titfdix Dido^ unhappy Dido.
Audax TVos, a bold Trojan.

FOURTH DECLENSION.

pVbvtif/metiM, new fruit. Lof^um veru^ a long spit.

[Tener /ruc^fit, tender fruit. ChravU ictuSf a heavy stroke.

Icitfructvs^ sweet fruit. Magnua fluctuSf a large bil-
^^'^Durum comUf a hard horn. • low.

Minax cornu^ a threatening Fsrfts monvf, a strong hand,

horn. Pulchra manus, a fair hand»

Foriit exercitu$t a brave ar^ Mollis mamu^ a soft hand.

my. Tutus portui^ a secure bar- ^
Capax porius^ a capacious hour. f

harbour. Tensus areus^ a bent bow.

Acuta OQsisf a sharp needle. -^Magna domus, a large house.

Mitts Jesus, the meek Je- ^'Humilis dotnus^ a low house.

8U8. Altus lacus^ a deep lake.

RuLB.— Some nouns bai^e ubus in their dative and abla-
tive plural ; vtar. Areus^ a bow ; Artus^ a joint ; Lac%u, a^
lake; Acus,9l needle. Partus ^ a port or harbour ; Part-

4 DECLINABLE PARTS or 8FEECH.

a birth ; Tribus^ a tribe ; Feru, a spit ; Genu, the knee ;
Sptcuti a den ; and Querciw, an oak ; bat poWu#, geniiy
and verut have likewise ibu$,

FIFTH DECLENSION.

Bona re»y a good thing* Re$ aspira^ difficulties.

Tenera res, a tender thing. Brevis dies, a short day.

Omnis res, everj thing. Felix dies, a happy day.

Res nova, a new thing. Fana spes, a vain hope.

Respublica, * the common- Fallax spes, a fallacious hope.

wealth. Levts spes, a light hope.

Res secun doe , prosperity • Nulla fidet , n o fa ith.

Res adverser, adversity. Spes una, hope alone.

§>

Pronouns, Adjectives, and Substantives, to be declined to»

gether.

Hie bonus Jilius, this good Quid divinwn numen, what

son. divine deity.

HcecfelixJUia, this fortunate Qui beatus agrieola, which

daughter. happy husbandman.

Hoe molle pro^tiin, this soft Qimb utilis epitdme, which

meadow. useful epitome.

Rle clarus vtr, that famous Qvod /ongumtW, which long

man. journey.

nia magna urbs, that great Aliquis magnus error, some

city. great error.

niud ferum animal, that wild Aliqua parva pars, some

animal. small part.

Rle celer equus, that swifl liquid magnum nomen,

horse. , some great name. .

Hoc Unerum caputs this ten- QutVam elarus^r, a certain

der head. famous man.

JXlud durum sedile, that hard Qu(e<2am casta mulier, a

seat. certain chaste woman.

b m^nu» liber, that large goddam utile jugum,9LCtt^

book. tain useful yoke.

£a a^^a rii/ief, that high rock. Idem parous liber, the same

Id utile earmen, that useful small book.

song. E&dem magna regio^ the same

Quis benignus deus^ what great district.

kind god. Idem utile calcar, the same

Qtice benigrtadea,v/hdit kind useful spur.

goddess.

tsnasL- jM tajfcj»;^-»;*

-eXSRCISES UPON VERBS.

EXERCISES UPON VERBS,

Filius amatpatrem.
Filii amant patrea,
' Pater amatur afilio.
Patres amantur ajtliii»

II.
Pmceptot'd&cet discipulum.
Pr<Bceft6res,docent discipulot^
IhscipiUus doceiur aprcBcep'

tore:
DUcipuli docentur ckprcRcep^
toribus.

IMPERATIVE MO0D.

IIL
Puer legit lihrum.
Pueri Ugtmi lihros.
Liber legitur a putro.
Libri leguntur a putris.

IV.
Homo audii sermonem.
Homines, audiunt sermona»
Sermo auditur etb homfnt,
Sermdnea audiuntur ab homi'
nibus.

»«

JV(6 tusulta miseris. Ab/t inaultaremiseris.

JVe tnsuUes miseris. J^olis insultare miseris.

Jre tnsultaveris miseris. Cave insulies miseris.

Ne insultabis miseris. Cave insultare miseris.

EXERCISES UPON THE INFINITIVE ACTIVE.

Dicit me scribere.
Dixit me scribgre,
Dicit me scrip sisse.
Dixit me scripsisse.
Dicit me scripturum esse.
Dixit me scripturum esse^
Dicit me scripturum fuisse^

Dixit me scripturum fmsse^

— — te scripturum fuissCf

— — • ilium scripturumfuisse^

nos scripturosfuisse,

vos scriptures fuisse^

illos scriptures fuisset

— homiues Hripturosfuis'

9«,

/csmifMks scripturasfu»
isse, &c»

He says Chat I am writing.
He said that I was writiog.
He sajs that I have written.
He said that I had written^
He says that I wil} write.
He said that I would write.
He says that I would have

written.
He said that I would have

written.
— — that thou wouldest

have written.

that he would have

written.
■ that we would have

written.

thi^you would have

written*
— — that they would

have written.

that men would have

written.

that women would

have written, &c.

BXERCI0E8 UPON VCRBI.

INFINITIVE PASSIVE.
Dicit literas $cribi^ He taya that letters are

writing.
He said that letters were

writing.
He says that letters are

written, (finished).
He said that letters were

written.
He says that letters have

been written.
He said that letters had been

written.
He says that letters will be

written.
He said that letters would

be written.

Ob$. 1. Scriptumy when joined with iri in the futare
nfin. pass, is the former supine, and therefore not varied,
whatever the accusative may be that goes before it.

Obs. 2. When a verb wants the supine, the future infi-
nitive must be expressed by a periphrasis or circumlocu-
tion. This form is oflen used in verbs that have the su-
pine ; as,

Dixit litertu scribi^
Dicit literas tcriptas esse^
Dixit littrcts scriptas esse^
Dicit liuras 8cripta$fuiue^
Dixit literas scriptas fuissCf

Dicit literas scriptum iriy or

scriptasfore.
Dixit literas scriptum iriy or

scriptasfore.

Scio forcy or futurum esseut
scribant — ut literos scri'
bantur,

Sciofore, or futurum esse ut
scriberent — ut Uteres scri»
berentur,

Scivi futurum fuisse ut scri-
berent -^ut Uteres scribe^
rerUur.

I know that they will write
— that letters will be writ-
ten.

I knew that they would
write — that letters would be
written.

1 knew that they would
have written — that letters
would have been written.

Obs. 3. To prevent ambiguity in the case of two accu-
satives, it is often necessary to change the active into the
passive voice ; as.

Dico me amare patrem^

Aiote^ JEacide, Romanos virt'
cere posse.

I say that I love my father,
or thatmy fatherlo^esme.

Descendant of i£acus, 1 say
that you may conquer the
Romans, or that the Ro-
mans may conquer you.

KXBRCI8B8 UPON VERBS.

EXERCISES ON GERUNDS AND THE FUTURE

PARTICIPLE PASSIVE.

Mlhi petendum estpactm.
TemptM petendi pacem.
Cupidus petendi pacem.
Aptus petendo pacem,
Venit ad petendum pactm,
Rediit a petendo pacem.

Mihipetenda est pax,
Tempu8 petendcR pacii.
Cupidus petendcs pad».
Aptus petendoe pad.
Venit ad petendam pacem,
Rediit a petendd pace.

Defessus sum ambulando.

Mihi scribendum est literaSf or Scribendoi sunt literoe.
scribendum erat literasy or ScribendtB erant Uteres,
scribendum fuit literacy or Scribendce fuerunt Uteres,
scribendum fuerat Uteras^ or Scribendcsfuerant Utera.
scribendum erit Uteras^ or Scribendce erunt Uteres.
Dico mihi scribendum esse Uterasy or Dico mihi scribendas

esse Uteras.
mihi scribendum fuisse Uteras^ or ■■ ' mihi scribendO:

fuisse Uteras.
mihi scribendum fore UtenUf or — — mihi scribendad

fore Uteras,

The meaDiog of the Former Supine may be variouslj
expresged.

Jditit kgatos quipettrent paeetn,
I paeem pettiuros.

— — — — paeem petenies,
_.. — depetauto paeem,
' de petendd pace,

• de pace,

' — petere pacem,

— -»— — pad petendes.

Venit ut opem oret, or opem

oraturus,
Venit ul opem oraretj or opem

oraturus.
Venerunt opem oraturi^ 4*0.

Msit legates peiitum paeem,
' — ■ ■ ■ ad petendum paeem.
— ~-*— — ad peiendam paeem.
— ~ petendi paeem^

caus&t or gratid,
— — — petenda pads,

eautd, or gratid .

ut peterent pacem.

He comes to beg aid.
He came to beg aid,

They came to beg aid^

Also of the Latter Supine.^
Res digna cognttu. Res digna quas cognoscdtur.

cognitione,
> cognosct.

guam cognoscamu's

ResfadUs ad credendum.

lUBCISM sr» TK&H>

iil

^811111 I ill-Ill ,fl|i||

aiavb««u vi«4|«*c .ar,aj»^>'
Jtdja' Jd J3 J J j3 .jB J ^ .a j ■ ^ S ^ ! S

)aqM }0Q uonq j inq ]oa iqnop | »»4« |iijiquut>i| 11

In like manner, dubUa an, ulntm audiat, &c. ttc. &c.

PASSIVE IMPERSONALS.
I . Ad impersoaal pamive ma; be «legaotl; ased for any
person actire of tbeiame mood and tente.

8ZBBCI8£8 UFO» VERB8» 9

Regno^ I reigQ* . Regnatur (a mo.)

JRegnaverunt^ They reigned. Regnatum est (ab illit,)
Venerunt, They have come. Fentum est (a6t7/u.)

2. Verba, vvhich ia the active voice govern the dative
only^ most be used impersonally in the passive, with the
same dative.

Afilu imperatury I am commanded, {not impe^

ror.)
Mthi nocetur^ I am hurt, {not noceor),

Mihi parcitur^ I am spared, not parcor)»

Mthi sefvitur^ I am served, {not seroior).

Obs^ — These vevhs potest , capity ineipit^ desinit^ debet ,
and soletf are used impersonally when joined with imperso-
nal verbs.

Mihi non potest noceri^ I cannot be hurt.

Tibi non disbet parci. You ought not to be spared

Four Rules for the Construction of Qu» with the S

jnnctive.
The Relative Qui takes the subjunctive.

1 . When the antecedent clause is oblique, an autho
detailing or referring to the sentiments of another.

N. B. The Subjunctive and Infinitive only are admissible
ia a narration, which is purely oblique or indirect.

2. When it has the force of ut ^goy ut tu, ut tY/e, &c. or
of quanquam is^ etsi is ; si modo^ or dummodo is^ &c.

3. When it serves to account for what is stated, in the
antecedent or principal clause.

4. When it is used in a periphrasis aAer the verbs 5tfm,
reperio, invenio^ habeo^ &c. or after an Interrogative, Ne-
gative, Restrictive, or Indefinite clause.

N. B. When the antecedent clause is the predicate, or
when it refers to a definite person or thingi we must use
the indicative after Qm. *

All Interrogatives, when placed indefinitely, require the
Subjunctive, t

N. B. Qui for quis indefinite requires the subjunctive.

RuKB 1. — Plato dicit deum esse, qui omnia videat.

Rule 2. — Pyrrhus mint legatos qui pacetn petirenif (i. e.
ut peterent). Puer dignus esty qui ametur^ (i. e. ut ille ame*

* Tbe subject of a proposition la that eoncerninffiirhichaajttaii^ is affinDe44r
denied; the frccUoaia is that wlUch i|i Affirmed of toe sulyect.

t AnlnterrogatiTe is » word which asks a questiun, and is said to tft oieil imfefr
hWf whfft piMedM hy idch words ai «sio, «sMur, ftusrot Mk^,

10 £tftltCIIfB8 Vt0S ttitM.

tur). Tu ctfMim a jMimiee poHtiUu, qm ipriui 9ittat (L e.
etn, bt.) /fihU moles^um, qued nan diMirei (i. e» dum-
modOf Stc.)

ftiae Sk^frrot jwi c€Ii«mI> (i.e. fwoil censes). JIfa/e

Periphrasis. Without Periphrasis.

' hntmwHtnr ipt% mariboni* }

fiaht9 qissd serilmm* Haheo scribere.

Qiiu est qui scrihat ? Quit scrihit ?

JNemo est qui sctibat, Nemo scribii*

SoliiSj or unus est qui scribat» Ille solus^ or 7inus scribit,

Ne'scio quis sit qui scribat. Nescio quis scribat, Scri-
i^tf becaase quis is indefinite, and all interrogalivcs, when
placed indefinitely, require the sabjanclive.

NoteiB. — Qui nt da Tityre nobis, Nemo liber est, qui
corpori servit.

Notes to RuLte $. — 1. Quantus and ^wa/w, when they
haf c (he force of m Umtus, at talis j require the subjunc-
tive. 2. Unde Tor vt inde ; ubi for ut ibi ; quo for ui eo, re*
quite t))f% subjunctive.

Note to RuLft 4. — Ubi and cur are sometimes used in-
stead of the relative ; so quin after a negative clause^

GENERAL OBSERVATION.

A present or future tense ia followed by the prese^^ %\A''
jfrnGtive^ a past tense by the imperfect.
SuAdft p^o ut studeatf H« ndvites the boy to stady .

Suasit puero ut studiret, He advised the boy to study.

Sunt ^ diemty Some say.

EtHkia n^dieant. Some will say.

Fuerunt qui dicerenty_ Some said.

FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
3fc« Printipal Parts are matted y&ith an Asterisk.

EIRST COirJVGATXOBT. 8KC0VD COVJOGATIOV.

Active. Passive^. Active. Passive.

* Id^ic. pres. Ain-o, Am-or, *Doc-eo, Doc-eor,

i a po g ft Am - abam » Att-abMr, Doc^abam, Da c -» b ar»

■ fatw rg» Affl-abo, Am-abor, Doo-«bo, l>oo-ebor,

Sabjano. prei. Atn-euH Att^tr^ ]>oo*eBiiiy Doe-eir»

"^ftiieip.^fiau Am-«t)s, DoQ-ens,

nads^. Am-atidumy Doc-eiidalB)

XXBftCISKS 0PON VX&BS.

Partipip.futpa8B.
lafinit. pres.

SBbjonc iinp€r£
Imperat. pre».
*Indic. perf.
Indie, plaperf.
Sabjunc. perf.

• ^pluperf.

^future.

lofioit. perf.
Former supine,
Latter ,

Farticip.fut. act

1^ A • • j^

«tEST CCMIJVGAVlav,

Active,

8BC0VO COirjVOATJOV.

Pattwe. Active.

AuMuidas,
Am-are, Am-ari, ♦Doe^ra,
Am-arem, Am-arar, Doo^ranu

Affl-a»
Aaay-i,

Amay-aram,

Amay-erim,

Amav-isieiD,

Amay-ero,

Amay-isse,

Amat-um,

Amat-n,

Amat-aroa,

Am-are,

Doc-e,

*Doca-i,

Doen-erani,

Doca>erim,

Doca-ineui^

Doco-ero,

Docu-isse*

*Doct-uni,

Doct-n,

Doct-nriifl.

Pauive.

Doo^endai,

Doc-eri,

Doc-erar,

Doct-oi.

Particip. perf. pass. Amat-ue,

TH1R0 €0Kj7OATI0ir. WUBTH CONJUCATIOrr.

t^eg-ebam, Leg-ebar, Aud-icbam, Aud-iabar
f-ff- *». W-ar. A«d.ia«, ' ISd-k^
W^, Leg.ar, Aud-iam' Aud-Sr -
Leg-ens,- Aad-iens,

Lcg-endum, Aud-icndum,

Leg.endas, Aud-iendus,

Leg-en #Aud^ire. Aad-iri.
l-eg-erer, Aud-irem, Aud-irer,
Leg-ere, Aud-i, Aud-ire,

*Audiy-i,
Audiy-eram,
Andiy-erim,
Aodiy-itteiD,
Audiy-ero,
Audiv-is«e,
•Audit-uin,
Audit-u,
Audit-urus,
Lec-tn«, Aadit-us.

* Indie, prcs.

imperf.

■—— ;fattire,
Subjunc. press.
Particip. pres.
Gerunds,
Particip. fut. pass.
.*Infinit. pres.
Subjunc. imperf.
Imperat. pres.
*Indic. perf.
- — ^pluperf.
Subjunc. perf.

pluperf.

^fut.

Infinit. perf.
"Former supine,
Latter—,
Particip. fut. act.
•— ^parf. pass.

Leg-cre,
Leg-erem,
Leg-e,
Leg-i,

Leg-eram,
Leg-erim,

L^-issam

Leg-oro,

Leg-iase,

Lect«um,
Lect-u,

Lect*uras,

AN EXEMPLIFICATION OF THE fiSOODS AMD TENSEfl.

fNDlCATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

1 praise thee. Thou art
praised by me. Thou de-
sirest wisdom. Wisdom is
desired by thee. God go-
verns th^ world» The world

Ego laudare tu^ Tu lauddri
a tgo. — Tu expetere sapi*
entia^ Sapientia expeti a t«.—
Dens gvbemare mundus,
M»»*Sus gtfbemari a Deus.'-

12 EXEP.CI8E8 UPON VER]^f«

is governed by God* We Ego scribire litermy Literas

irrite letters, Letters are scribi a ego. —

written by us. \ ou get Tu pafjare diviiim^ Divitim

riches, Riches are gotten by parart a tu. —

you. All men blame on- Onmis culpare ingratij In-

grateful persons, The un- grati culpari ab omni».

grateful are blamed by allC

DEPONENT VERBS.

I confess. Thou descrv- EgofaUri. Tu rmreri laut,
est praise. The sun rises. ^l oriri.

We agree to thee. Ego assentiri tu.

You forget injuries. Tu oblimsci injuria.

Men die. Homo mari»

Oht, Through the whole of the Indicative mood the
scholar should turn the examples into ^^cstions ; first in
English, by putting the sign of the verb before the Nomi-
native case ; and then in Latin, by putting An or J^um be-
fore the first word, or Ae after it ; likewise putting Annon
or ffonne first, where there is JVbrin the English.

IMPERFECT TExNSE.

It refers to a certain past time, signifying a thing which
was then doing, or pre'sent and unfinished. Or it speaks
of a thing as present at some certain time past.

I wrote (did write) let- Ego tunc scribere litera^
ters then, Letters were then Ldterm tunc $cribia ego,
written by me. —At what Q»o tempore tu qwBrere ego,
time thou soughtest for me,
I was sought for by thee. — Ego gucsri a tu.
When Noma held the king- Ubi JKuma obtinere reg'
dom, When the kingdom wa» num, Ubi regnum obiineri a
held by Numa. Numa,

At that age we gave our Ego isthuc (bUUis d&re
minds (endeavour) te learn- operm Uteres ;
ing ; You always gave your Tu sempet^&re opera lustHr.
minds to play.

While the fields did flour- Dum arvumflorere,
ish.

DEPONENTS.

I was glad, so long as thou Ego Imtariy donee tu sec^

didst follow virtue ; and so tari virtue ; et donee ille rt*

long as he reverenced his verlri parens suw,
pacentr.

£SERCi8B8 UPOH VEBBf.

Whilst we huDted hares, Dutn tgo venari Upuif tu
you followed) they talked sequi^UUfabulariinUrea*
so the mean time.

PERFECT TENSE.

It speaks of a thing as now past, and is either Definite
or Indefinite.

I. The Perfect Definite respects a certain past time, and
speaks of a thing which happened and was finished or com-
pleted then.

I sought (did seek) for
thee yesterday, Thou wert
sought for by me yesterday.
Thou didst well, It was well
ddne by thee.
' God created the world.
The world was created by
Crod oat off nothing.

Pompeygot great praise.,
We went away presently.
Ton saw it. They did not
believe these things, These
things were not credited by

Ego qwerire tu heri^
Tu qucssitus esse a ego heri,

Benefaciref Bene/actus esse a
tu,

Deus create mundus, Mun»
dus creatue esse a Deus ex ni-
kilo.

Pomffiius «dgotus esse
laus tnagnus. Ego stoUim
ablre, Tu videre. Bit non
credere hoc^ Hoc non creditus
esse a6 ille,
tfaem.

2. The Perfect Indefinite either speaks of a thing as but
just now past, or at least does not refer to any particular
time that it happened at.

I have ofteu sought for
thee. Thou hast oflen been
sought for by me. Thou
hast spoken well, and hast
deserved praise.

She has found her pai'ents.
We have made trial. Trial

Sospe qwErere iu^ Tu s<Bpe
qwBsitus esse a ego.
Tu locutus esse 6ene, et meri-
tus esse laus.

Ilia reperire parens. Fa--
cere periculumi Periculum

has been made by us. You factus esse a ego. Tu sol-
have kept your promise, vereJideSf Fides solutus esse

a tu.

Otnnis peccare, et meritu$

esse pcBUa,

(Your) promise has been
kept by you. All m^n have
sinned, and have deserved
punishment.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

It refers to some former time, and speiiks of a thing
which had happened before, and was past then.

EXERCISES UPON VERBS.

I bad sought for thee be-
fore. Thou hadt»t beeo sought
for by me before. Thou
badst promised the day be-
fore.

The master had often for*
bidden that. That had often
been forbidden by the mas-
ter.

We had dined long be-
fore. You had asked.

Their fathers had taken
care of that, That had been
taken care of by their fa-
thers»

FUTURE TENSE.

1. ImportiDg mXL or purpose. The first person has the
sign voillf the rest shalL i.

QwBrere (u anteaf
Tu qwBtitus esse a ego antea.
7\i promittere pridie.

Magiiter scBpe prohibere
id. Id 8<Bpe prohibitus esse a
magister,

Prandere multo ante, Tu
rogare.

Pater curare id, Id CMra-
tus esse a pater.

I will write letters. Let-
ters shall be witten by me.
Thou shah hear the whole
matter. He shall suffer
punishment. Punishment
shall be suffered by him
We will do our endeavour,
Endeavour shall be used by
us.

You shall know,

The boys shall play,

IMPERATIVELY.

Thou shalt worship God, Ventrari Deus^ revereri
reverence thy parents and parens, et imitari bonus.
shalt imitate the good.

Seribire Uteres ^ Litercs scri'
hi a ego,

Andire res omnis.
llle dure pcsneSf Pcsnce dire ab
ille.

Ego ddre opera^
Opera d&ri a ego.

Tu scire,
Pueri ludere.

Thou shalt beware of
passionateness, gorero thy
tongue and follow pence,
neither shalt thou do injury
to any one.

We shall use diligence.

Cavere iracundia^ mode'
rari linirua, et colere pax,
neque facere injuria quis-
qwtm,

Adhihere diligentia.

2. Signifying bare future event. The first person has
the sign shall, the rest will.

EXERCISES UPON VERBS»

I shall see. Thou wilt £^o videre. Faeere tile

oblige him. He will give gratum. Agere gratia tu,

tbaoks to thee, Thanks will Uratitz agi tu ab iUe.
be given to thee by him.

We shall obtain leave, hnpetrare venia.
Leave will be obtained by impetrari a ego,
us.

Yoa will get (make) an
estate. They will get friends,
Friends will be gotten by
them.

Fenia

Tu/acire res,

Rle invenire amicus^

Amicus tnveniri ab ille.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Learn thoa good arts, Let Discire bonus ars^ Bonus
good arts be learned by thee, ars disci a iu.
Shun thoa sloth. Let the Fugere segnities, Victor ha*

victor have a horse. Beware
you of passionateness.
Call ye me. Let scholars

bere equus, Cavere tu tra-
cundia,

Vocart me, Discipulus ma-

obey weir masters. Let gister parere. Doceri sui

them suffer themselves to be pati,

taught.

The Present Subjunctive is often used instead of this
mood, especially in forbidding after ne, nemo^ nullusy &c.

Try that, which thou canst Quod posse^ id teniare.
(do).

Love a parent if he is
kind, ^ if otherwise, bear esse ; si aliter^ferre.
(him).

Don't thou covet other
men's goods.

Do not thou injury to any
one.

Do not hurt any one.

Give not up thyself to la-
ziness.

Give not yourselves whol- Nedederetu totus volup'
ly to pleasures ; but rather tas ; quin potiu^ doctrince tu
give yourselves to learning, dedire,

ALSO THE FUTURE SUBJUNCTIVE.

Remember thou. See thou Tu,memimsse, Tu videre.
to it. Don't say it. Do not Ne dicer e,Ne faeere injuria.

Arnare parens^ si aquus

jVe concupiscere alienum.

Ne faeere injuria quis-
quam,

Ne out nocere,

Ne tradere tu socordia»

StCHClSBS UPON VERBS.

A<m do ioJQry. Make not
haste to f|ieak. Deride do-
bodj. Give not ap thyself to
idleness. Let him look to it.

IfefesHnare lo^u
Nemo irrtdere.
Nt tradSre in ignavia.
llle vidire*

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

This Mood has always before it another rerbin the same
sentence» as alto some Conjaoction, Ad?erb, Indefinite or
Relative expressed or understood.

PRESENT TENSE.

1. With some Conjunction, Adverb, Indefinite, or Rela-
tive, expressed ; eoglisbed generally as the Indicative.

Seeidg I am in health.
Have a care what thou
doest ; What is done by thee.
There is no covetous man
who does not want^

Stay till we retam. You
do not know for whom you
get modey ; For whom mo-
ney is gotten by you. See-
ing covetous men. always
want, though they abound.

I wish I may become a
scholar. I wish, thou may est
recover. I wish the king
may live long.

2. Without any verb and conjunction expressed. The
signs are May, Can, Let, Should, Would.

By this means thou may Ba invenire laus ;

Cum valere.
Videre quid aggre.
Qtt>cl agi a tu* .
Nemo avarus esae^ qui non
egere.
Elxpectare dum redirt, JVe<-
cire^ qui par are pecunia ;
Quipecunia parari a tu.
Cum avaru9 semper egere,
etiamsi abundare.

Utinam evadere doctus,
Utinam tu convalesdre.
Utinam rex vivire diu.

get praise ; Praise may be
gotten by thee. Thou canst
scarce find a faithful friend ;
A faithful friend (^an scarce
be found by thee. Somebody
may say. Let us hve piously.
I should refuse. She should
pray for help.

INTERROGATIVELY.

Should 1 tell it ? What Narrire f Quid putdre ?
should I think? Whom Qtiem rogaref

Laus inveniri a tu.

Fix reperire amicuejiddis ;

Amicus fidelie vix reperiri a

tu. Miquis dicire,
Fivere pie.
Reeusdre. Ordre opis.

EXfiRGISBS Uf 09 TI&BS.

Bhould I aik ? Whatshontdst
thou do here 1 Who cao
(coald, would) believe this ?
Why Bbonld she ask this ?
Why should this be asked by
herl

3. With ConjoQctions, lodefioites, and Relatires, and the
signs May, Can, &c.

Quid tu hie agSre ?
Qtns hoc credere ?

Cur ilia gweritare hoc ?
Oar hoc quaritari ah ilia ?

That I may speak the
troth. I don't know what
I flhoold do with myself.
Use thy endeavour, that
thoQ may'st be in good
health. Love» that thou
may'st be loved. I would
have thee write. Bewaret
that thou dost not believe it.
He begs that thou wouldst
come. Take care that he
may know. I am afraid,
lest he should not believe it.
If any one should ask. We
have nothing which we can
(may) do. I advise that
you would study. Though
they should deny. Though
it should be denied by them.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

]. With Conjunctions I nde6nites, &c. englished as the
Indicative.

Ut verum dieire,
Nesdre qutd mefaeire.

Ddre opera ut valere.

Ut amariy amare.
Velle * {ut) scrihire,
Cavere (ne) credire,

Orare^ ut venire.
Curare, ut scire,
Titneref ut credere.

Si quis rogare, J^ihil hah ere y
quod agere.
Mvnere, ut stud ere,
Etsi ille negare,
Etsi negari ah ille.

Seeing I did not hear, u jat
thou saidst ; What was ^aid
by thee. If he knew hat
we were now doing ; \ bat
was doing now by- us.
When you did not know, for
whom you got money ; For
whom money was gotten by
you. I stay'd till they re-

Cum non audire^ quid di'
cere ; Quid did a tu.
Si scire quid nunc agere ;
Quid nunc agi a ego,

Cufn neHlre qui pardre pe-

cunia ; Qui petunia parari

atu.

Expectare dum redire.

* Note— Ut is often nnderslood «fttf wfe, imT*, fmhf eiiifM,iiikt| ipl»,<nM, ftei
i|Mrtcf, IbC. and M afler ooM.

SXBRC18I8 UVOir YMMMB*

UHnam vaUrt.
Utinam tu loqui ex nmwMM»
Utinam iapire «alts.
Uiinam iu mffUbire M^^en»
tia; Utintuk dUigmttia ad-
hiberi a tu.

torned. I wish I were io
health. I with thoa apokeet
from thj heart. 1 wish we
were wise eooagh. 1 wish
yoQ used' diligence ; 1 wish
diligeDce was used by you.

2. With the signs Would, Coald, Should, Might, either
with or without CoDJimctions, Indefinites, &€•

I would take care. He CuHire* Orart vt venire.
begged that 1 would come.

Thou woaldst thiDk thyself Putart tuf elite ^ n este divts^
happy, if thou wert rich.

He might say ; It might be
said by him. The day would
fail me, if 1 should reckon
every one.

We should not suffer it.
You would leant willingly,
if you were wise. Men would
follow virtue, if they were pere.
wise.

INTERROGATIVELY.

DicSre ; Diet ah iUe,
Diet de/icereego, si «Nicme-
rare omnia.

Non einire.
Discire libenterf si sapere.
Homo seciari virtus^ si sa^

What should I do ?
Wouldat not thou think thy-
self happy ? Might not
(would not) he say ? What
would he say? Should we
not do it? Would yon suffer
it ? Would they believe 1

^uidfacere ?
Nonnt putart tnjelix ?
Nonne dicire?
Quid dicert 1
AnnonfacSre ?
Num sinere ?
An credgre ?

PERFECT, DEFINITE.
1. With Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. englished as the

Indicative.

Though I sought for thee "
yesterday ; Though thou
wert sought for by me yes-
terday. I do not knotv whe-
ther you went. Who can
doubt but Ged created the
world ? But the \vorld was
created by God ? You know
how great praise we got.
Though many did not be«*

lActt qu€trire tu heri;
Licet qtOBsiius esse a ego heri,

Nescire qito profectus esse.

Quis dubitarey quin Dens

create mundw ?

Qiifn mundus creatus esse a

Deun? Scire^ gwmtus laus

adeptus esse»

Qtianquam mnlti non credgre

BXBBOtSM ItPOK ¥SBBS4

Ueve tbcte tbiagt ; Though ikoc ; ^uantpuun hoc nom

tbe«€ tbiogs were DOt be- crtdt^i» e$s€ a mtUius»
lleved by many.

I wish ( «atisied the mas* Utinam atUnfaeert prm'

ter. 1 wish thou spokest the captor. Utinam dicgre ve-

truth. rum.

2. Without a Conjaoction, the sign is Might.

Perhaps I might be in an Errareforiasse.

error. Perhaps I might add Forsitnn addere blanditift

more kiod ozpression*!. Per»
haps the Sabibe (woman)
might be unwilling. Perhapsi
Ulysses might keep his
wife's birth-clay.

plurei. Fortiian Sabina nolle*

Ulytset agereforsan dies no*
talis conjux*

PERFECT, INDEFINITE.

1 . With Conjunctions, Indefinites, &c. englished as the
Indicative.

Though I have made
trial ; Though trial has been
made by me. Tell m*^ what
you have got. I know the
man who has promned. ^ee-
iag we all have sinned. I am
glad that you have escaped.
I desire to know, what they
have done ; What has been
done by them. I wish he
bath spoken the irnth ;
Truth hath been spoken by
bim. I wiffh he has (may
hare) obtained leave.

2. With the signs may hove
That he may not have lost,
the gamester does not cpase
to lose. Then I should
have saved the Cnpitol in
vain. Thou fearest lest I
should not have received
thy epistle ; Lest thy epistle
should not have been receiv-
ed by me. I am afraid, le»t
be should ba?e taken it ill.

EUamsifacgre periculum;
Etiamst periculum /actus esse
a ego, Dicgre tnihf . quid nac^
tus esse, N6sse h^mxi , qui pro*
mittgre. (Ann*nnnis peccare.
Gaudere, qudd evadgre*

Avgre scire^ quid aggre ;
Quid actus esse uh ille.
Utinam dicgre verum ;
Verum dicius esse ab ille,

Utinam ille impeirare venia,

. should have»

jV« non perdgre^ non cetsare

perdere lusor.

Tunc ego nequicquam Capi'

tf'lium servare,

Vereriy ut accipgre tua epis^

tola ;

Ut fua epistola ^acceptus e$se

a ego.

Fererif ne illud gravius

ferre*

ISBRCUBfl UPOir ?SRBff.

I fear leat I should have ta« Metuire, n$fru$iraiu$cipere
ken pains in vain ; Lest labor ; A< ixeedire modu$ ;
thon shoaldst have exceed-
ed moderation ; Lest she JVe ilia h<Bc audire»
should have heard these
things.

3. This Perfect of the Subjunctive sometimes inclines
very much to a future signification. The signs are» ihouldf
woMf ctnddf may, can»

I should choose rather to
be poor. I would not do it
without your order. Thou
wouldst choose rather to be
in health, than to be rich.
Who would say that the co-
vetous/ man is rich 1 You
would play more willingly
than study.

PLUPERFECT TENSE.

1. With Conjunctionsy Indefinites» &c. englished as the
Indicative.

39tar€ pauper e«se potius*
'onfacere injuisu tuits»
PrcBjerre vaUre^ ftiam dive9
B3$e,

Quia dicireavarus eise dives?
Ludire libentius quam stu-
dire.

Because I had received
a kindness ; Because a kind«
ness had been received by
me. If thou hadst restrain-
ed thy passion ; If passion
had been restrained by thee.
He ivho bad offered injury ;
By whom injury had been
offered. If they had kept
promise. I did not know
whether he had thanked him
or not. I wish I had obeyed.
1 m%h you had made trial.

Qttdd accipgre linefidum ;

Qudcl htntfUium aceeptw es99

a ego.

Si cohibire iracundia ;

Si iracundia cohibitu» esse a

tu,

llle qui inferre injuria ;

A qui injuria Hiatus esse.

Si servare promissum,

^fscire an agire gratia ills

necne»

Utinam par ere. Utinam fa-

cire periculum.

2. With the signs, might have^ would have, could have,
should have^ ought to have, and had for would of should have.

If he had (should have) Sijubere^parere,
commanded it, I would have

obeyed. Thou shouldest Focare,
(onghtest to) have called

me. Cmaar would never Ccssar nunquam hoc facere^

have done this, nor suffered neque ptususesse.

EZCBOISBfl VTOV VRRB8.

it. We could oot have es- Noneffugirehoc malum,
caped this miachief.

INTERROGATIVKLY.

Wouldst thoa have obey-
ed ? Wouldst thou not have
obeyed ? Would Cssiar have
done or Buffered this ?
Would not Caesar have suf-
fered this ? Who would have
done this ? Could we have

An par ere ?
Annon, {nonne) parere ?
An Casar hoc face re aut pat-
au8 esse ?

Nonne Casar hoc paisus esse?
Quis hoc facer e ?
An effugere.

escaped.

3. There is a peculiar use of this Pluperfect of the Sab-
junctive, when a thing is sigoified future at a certain past
time referred to.

Thou prbmisedst thou PromittSre tu seripturw

wouldst write, if 1 desired {esse) si rogare^

(should desire) it. Thou Dicire tu ventnrus esse^ si

aaidst thou wouldst come, if impetrare venia.
thou didst (sbouldst) obtain

leave. They decreed a re- DecernSre pramium^ si quis

ward if any one should dis- indicare,
cover.

Examples of this kind are usual in recitals of Laws,
Speechefi, and Predictions ; the future tense in the Law,
Speech, or Prediction being in the recital expressed by the-
Pluperfect, which is to the future as the imperfect is to
the present.

FuU If any one shall make
bad verses against any one,
there is law.

Pluperf The twelve ta-
bles made it capital, if any
one should compose verses
which brought infamy to an-
other.

FuU They promise, that
they will do what he com-
mands (shall command).

Pluperf, They promised
that they would do what he
commanded (should com-
mand).

Si malus condere in quis
quis carmen^ jus esse,

Duodecim tabula capile
sancire^ si quis carmen con-
dSre qui infamia ajferre aU
ter,

Qfice imperarcj suifacturus
(esse) polliceri,

Qtf€B imperare suifacturus
(esse) polliceri.

^* .*

:>t

•^<MJ

EXSRCISRS VPON VI&B8.

FUTURE TENSE.

1. With CoDJanctioDS, IndefiDites, &c. the sign is shall
have ; but generally the have or the dwll^ and freqaentlj
both, are omitted.

When I (•hall) hare de-
termined, I will write.
When you (shall) have said
all. After be has spoken
with Caesar. When we
(shall) have written letters ;
When letters (shall) have
been written by us. When
you (shall) have perforiped
your promises ; When pro-
mises shall have been (are)
performed by you. As soon

Cum constituire, scribere.

Cum dicere omnia^
Postquam convenire C^tar,
Ubi scribire literoB ;

Ubi litercB scriptus esse a ego,
Cum prastare promusum ;

Cum promissum prastitvs

esse a tu.

Cum primum {simul ac) av-

dir.

as they fshall) have heard.

If I (shall) ask. if thou shalt Si rogare^ Si impetrare.
obtain (obtainest). If any one Si auis indieare.
(shall) discover. If we "* '
Tshall) do that. If yon
(shall) make me consnl.
Unless they (shall) come to-
morrow.

2. Without Conjunctions, &c. the sign to the first person
is shallf to the rest will.

Si tdfacire.

Si fa cere ego consul.

JVft<t eras venire.

1 shall see. Thou wilt
do kindly, if thou wilt come.
A covetous man will always
want. We shall obtain.
You will conquer. They
will get friends.

Ego vtdere. Faeere benigni,
si venire.

Avarus semper egere.
Impetrare,

Fincire. llle invanire ami-
cus.

Note. The Participle in rus with sim and essem is often
used instead of the Future Subjunctive or Pluperfect, viz.
with such IndeSnites as are sometimes also Interrogatives ;
a|id with the Conjunctions cum, ftiin, ^fidi^. quia, ^ud, ut.

INTRODUCTION

LATIN SYNTAX.

Syntax m the right ordering of words in speech»
Its parts are two^ concord and government >
Concord is when one word agrees with another in some

accidents.
Government is when a word governs a certain case.

I. OF CONCORD.

CoNcoRB is fourfold*

1. Of an adjective with a substantive.

2. Of a verb with a nominative.

S. Of a relative with an antecedent.
4. Of a substantive with a substantive.

RULE L

An adjective agrees with a substantive» in gender, num-
ber, and case.

Fleeting years slide awaj. Fugaces anni labuntur.

Sluggish old age approaches. Tarda senectui suhit.
Time past never returns. Tempus praeteritttm nvn-

, quatn revertitur»
We all hasten to one end. Nos omnes metam prope-

ramvs ad unctm.

Sote 1. The rahttantlve it foiDetiiDea understood; and llT this ewe tbe siyeetiTe
Ukes the render of the sappreMed subatMntire •, m» per immortaki ; fc Deo».
Laborart Cerhona ; «op. /eiri. Poicftf 1« w/o ; nempe rerWt TmU hapm tttkuli» ;
rap. negetnan. Omnia wneMunf ; rap. ntrolia. This lust sabstnntiTe is seldom ex-
pressed ; end its asnal sign in English is the word lAing or iiingi.

Note % Adjective» nre often pat suhstantiTely. or used in arabstSAtive sense*» end

' isftj then bare other adjectives agreeing with tbem ; as, Virg. FortiKMH tenex.

Cic. Antfau onfu». And sometimes substantives seem to be used in an a^Jeedve

sense; as, Virg. Populvm late regem, tor regnantem. Oic. Fietoreserdhu. Ovid.

DonfamidM moire*. . - ,.— ^ .,

JVetsS. An adjective joined with two rabstantives of dUTerent gendtra» genenilly
agrees with that chiefly or prindpatly spoken of; as, Plin. Oppiium Piteahm, Oraeeu
Foridonia a/meaatmm. The «(Uective, liowever, sotbetimes, neglectln|f the principal
subsuntlveTagrees with the nearMit : as, Cic Jfenomni» crrvr «lli/ltCia ett dkandm.
Bat if the prlncipnl snbstantive be tlie proper name of a man or wwaan, the a^ec-
tive always agrees with it} as, Voplse. Bohmm InmroUt ttK^f^a ik^ csf i «m
Mm. Juf t.%«t|irttiiiiiptt«r ens ertiKf a tti ; not er««lftf.

AN INTRODUCTION

The good boy learns, the
naaghty boys play ; the «wift
horse conquers, the slow hor-
ses are overcome.

Proud meD do fall, but hum-
ble men shall be exalted ; high
towers fall, whilst low cottages
stand.

Our master comes, let us
rend, the idle lH>ys shall be
beaten, my books were torn,
thy brothers were commend-
ed.

J^oie 1. We always rush
upon a thing forbidden, and we
covet things denied. Let us
despise earthly things, when
we contemplate heavenly
things.

IF A small spark neglected,
often raises a great conflagra-
tion ; so after Sylla had settled
the commonwealth, new wars
broke out.

The general triumphed most
splendidly in u golden chariot
with his sons ; % two princes
were led before his chariot ;
many kings came to this sight.

Cmsar returning from Gaul
began to demand another
consulship ; but he was order-
ed to disband his army and re-
turn to town ; for which inju-
ry he came from Ariminum,
where he had his soldiers
drawn together, against his
country with an army. Caesar
prevailed : he was afterwards
■uirdered. Death devours all
tbingB.

DiUraM oveKomM att «UAoiUlw. Sttm oAea rain th$ battO^liglW. Umm
«ttcadi unlawfal plcmvct. Om bad sheep infects a wliole flock.

Bonui puer disco ^ mains
puer ludo ; celer equus
vtttco, tardus equus vinco.

Superbus homo cado^ sed
modestus homA) proveho ;
altus tvrrts cadoy dum hu»
milts casa sto,

Foster pratcepior vtnio^
^^go fgOt ignavus puer
caedo, meus liber lacerOy
tuus /rater laudo,

J^Titor in vetiius semper,
cupioque negatus. Con-
temno humanus, cutn specio
coelestis.

Parvus scintilla contemp-
tus^ saepe excito magnum
incendium; sic cum Sylla
compono respublica, novus
bellum exardeo,

Imperator triumphg mag-
nificenter in aureus currus
cvmjilius suus ; duo prin»
ceps duco ante currus ;
multus rex venio ad l^c
spectacvlum,

Caesar yrediens e Gallia^
coepi deposco alter consu*
latus ; sed jubeo dimitto
erercitus et redee ad urbs ;
propter qui injuria venio
ab Ariminum^ ubi habeo
miles congregatuSy adver^
sumpatria cum exercitus.
Caesar vinco : postea inter^
ficio. Mors devoro omnia.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

IndmUy kcf pi the mitd el«ir, «ad tto body hodtblU. VmpttHj cabM IHeadf,
«ndBdfiiriiljtrlMthem. Wtor« no taw to, there is no tnu» yreMiOB. yenltynekes
beeatr eootemptlble. Ood Mes «11 thlnge.

When men neytect Ood, they nef leet their own nfety : they procure their own
ndn t they fly from their own heppineu ) they puraiie thor own mtoefy, end nehe
hette to be ondooe*

RULE U.

A TiRB agrees with the Dominatif e before it in number
and person.

1 read.

Thou writest

He studies.

The girl sings.

We teach.

Te hear.

They learn.

The boys are praised.

Ego lego.
Tu scribis,
Itle stvdet,
Puella canit,
Nos docemu$.
Vos audttis.
nii diicuntf
Pueri ktudantur.

iVelrl. ^f» end Nt nre the finC penon, THi end Km the leeond, end ell otter
neuas ere the third penon. Here"' obienre, that e nominetiTe of the met eed ieeoud
penon le leldom expreMed,belnr ehreyi known by Iheverb.

JVW0SI This role reipeeUoeTy the Indieative, loldenctive^ and Imneretlfe, The
infinitWe has, Indeed, sometimet e nomlnetlve before it ) bnt then eotpk or ow f t m wf
is nndenlood ; es, Virg. .^cneoi kmmrU oftscnubrs «MfcM ; sc. ettpu. Tcr. Oemw
invi^kremhii sc. «Msenml. Or we may toppose, es to nsoslty done In thto cnss) that
the inlini tire to put for the Imperfect off the udlcative, ?is. aMcMsrs for eftsdndeto
end invidtrt for itmdebani.

I call, thoa dost answer, he
taught, we did study, ye have
given, they have received.

I had gone, thou hadst come,
he had sent, we will touch, ye
shaH taste, they will drink.

Do thou go on, let him make
haate, let us prepare, proceed
ye, let them return.

I am accused, thou art blam-
ed, he was praised, we were
condemned, ye vrill be dis-
missed, they 9hall be punished.

Be thou joined, let him be
separated, let us be instructed,
be ye exalted, let them be dis-
graced.

The cock crows, the goose
did cackle, the parrot spoke,
the magpies had chattered,
ravens will croak, let hens
cluck.

£Jf o voeo, tu responded^
UU doceoy ego siudeo^ tu
do, ille aceipio.

Ego eo, tu venio, ille
mittOf ego tango ^ tu gu$(Oy
ille hibo»

Pergo <u, feetino ille^
parh ego^ progredior tu^
redeo ille.

Ego accusoj tu culpo^
ille laudoj ego condemnor
tu dimittOy ille punio.

Jungo tUf separo ille,
eruJio ego^ exalto tu, vi-
tupero ille*

Gallus canto ^ anser glo'
ctVo, psittachuB loquor^ pica
garrioy eorvus crocita,
gallina pipo.

«6

AN INTRODUCTION

Tbe dog barks, the sheep did
bleat, the hog hath grunted, the
borset had neighed, asses will
bray, let lions roar, oxen will
bellow, wolves will howl.

Virtue is praised, vice was
shunned, honour was sought,
riches were acquired, the boys
will learn, let hooks he bought,
Peter affirms, who will deny ?

The men did shout, the bat-
tle was joined, the arrows fly,
the swords are drawn, the sol-
diers have fought, the horses
are taken, the enemy will be
routed, let victory come, peace
will be sought.

TT In the mean time, all
•Greece being divided into two .
parties, turned their arms from
foreign wars, as it were upon
their own bowels : wherefon^.
two bodies are made out of one
people, and tbe i>oldiers are
divided into two hostile armies.

AAer the battle, no woman la-
mented herlo8t husband ; all la-
mented their own hap, because
they had not fallen for their
country ; all received the wound-
ed, dressed tbetr wounds, re-
freshed the fatigued, and they all
more lamented the public than
their private fortune. For these
things thej deserve praise.

Cants latro^ Qvis bcdot
nu grunnio^ eguus hinniOf
minus rudo, Uo rugio^ bos
tnugio. Input ululo,

Firtus tatfcfo, vitium vi-
tOf honos quaerOf divitiae
pnro, puer disco^ emo It"
6er, Petrus affirmo^ quis
nego ?

Homo elamoy praelium
commiito.sagitta volo, gla-
dius destringOp milet pug"
no^ equu» capio^ hostis fu^

go^ vtmo
peto.

victona, pax

IrUerea omnU Gratcia^
divisui if- duo parijCon"
verto arma. ah exttmui
helium^ vtlut in vUeus
SUU8 ; igitur duo carpu$
fio de unu9 populus^ et
miles divido in duo hosti'
Us eaereitus.

Post praelium nuUu$
fmUier fleo amissus con-'
jux ; omnis doUo suus w-
ct«, quod ipne non cadopro
patria ; omnis exdpio $au^
cius, euro vulnus^ reficio
lossus^ otnnisfue matgis lu^
geo publicus quam priva-
tus fortuna, Ob hie me-
reor laus»

GMt m9^9 Che worlfl, and all thinGrs in it ; be created tbe light, and formed dark-
nets ; in bim we live and move ; if be look on tbe eartb, it trembles ; if he tooeh
thehlUflfUiey smotcp; I will bless ray 6od while I live; he alooe doth wondrous
works, praiseye the Lord.

ANIfOTATIONS.

3. Substantive verbs, verbs of naming and gesture, have
a nominative both before and after them belonging to tbe
same thing.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. t7

I am a scholar. Eto nun dUdjmhis.

Tboo wilt become a poet. lujies poeta»

Diogenes was called a philoso- Diogenes appellahaturphi'

pher* losophus*

We are esteemed wise men. Nbs existimamur iapu

entes.

She walks as a qaeen. Ilia incedit regina.

The soldiers sleep secure. MUitee dormitrnt tecnri,

1. Substantive verbs are, sumyJio,foremj and extsto,

2. Verbs of naming are these passives, appellor^ dicor,
voeor^ nominor^ nuncupor : to which add videor^ existimor^
censeor, kahtor^ creor^ constituor^ salutoTj deiignoTf cognoi^
covy ognoscor^ inventor^ repertory &C*

3« Verbs of gesture are, eo, incedo^ veniOf ctifto, «to» J4U
eeOf sedeo, evado^fugio^ dormio, Mwnnio^ fnaneo^ iic,

2f«fe 1. Tbe nomintlTe, after theie Terbs it frequtntl^ «0 a(lb*eli*«f wMch sgMcfl
with the oominatWe before ibem m» Mt safafttentfve, In fewter, namher, «nd caw, or
some other suhstaotWe is anderetood.

Note S^ Any verb may have a nomlnatWe after It, wbea it beloofa to tiie lamo tlilw
riih the nomiaaave before it } as, Oie. AMdM Am jra«r. Id. Si^tttu imMI /oott

with
invitus.

Ifott 3. When a verb come« bttwizi two aoaiioailroa of diflhmt Monben, It
ntnally takes the nomber of tbe Sist } as, Ter. Dm ttt deetm (ofcnio. Orld. OfeM
lapu fiunt. But mnetlnies it takes ifae number of the luC} as, Ter. ^ aw l ii fftim #m
umoris iniegrut^ ut, Luc. Sm^^i» vrtmi laehrynuu»

1. The lion is king among the Leo nun rex inter ferOf
wild beasts, the ash is the fraxina» mm puUher ar'
fairest tree in the woods, and hotineylva^ etahieeinaU
the fir in the loHy mountains. ius mone.

Patience oflen offended be- Patientia taepe laesue

comes fury» and generals ailer fiofuror^ et dux ex vietO"

victory are sometimes tyrants, rta interdum existo tyran--

nu9»

2. Virtue is often called vice, Ftrtus saepe voco vi->
vice too is often called virtue, h'ltm, vitiutn quoque saepe
and poverty is sometimes reck- appello virtut^ et pauper^
oned a disgrace. tas nonnunquam censeo

opprobrium,
Varro was esteemed a learn- Varro existttno doctus

ed man, Cicero was accounted vir, Cieero kabeo disertus,

eloquent, Aristides was called Arisiides dicojustust Fotw

just, Pompey was named great, peius nomino magnus,

3. The boy sits porter before Puer sedeo janitor ante
the gate, the servants walk on fores^ famulus inceeh
foot, the master stays alone, the pedes, herus maneo solus^
soldiers come up in arms. miles venio armatus*

a»

AN INTRODUCTION

BMBfjr if Aftir iNrt bdhm iowar. Vtrtue Is Iti own rewird. «nd tnvy b it« own
panlslmniit. ReHgloii to t&e grestett wiidoni, honetty to O^e best polU^, and t^n-
peranoe it the beet pliysic.

Quarrelsome persons are ratoehieToas oomneniiMM* A false friend will be the moet
daHcennis enemy, f rand In ehHdhood will become fcnaTety In manhood.

Tne spring u a pleasant time, for nature thai seems to be renewed, the trees begin
to sprout, and the gardens bring forth liertM and flowers ; these are all sweet things.

4. The iofinitiTe mood basaD accasative before it.

I am glad that yoa are well. Gaudeo te valere.
I conTess that I have sinoed^ Faieor me peccasse,

/Vole 1. The word that bctwiit two Kpgltoh verbs to the nsual sign of thto eon.
stmetion.

IfoU2. The accusative may be tnmed into the nominative with ^uod or tii- Tfaos,
instead of goniiee te valere, we may ny, g«mieo fuod tu valuu ; and instead of omt»
€$t U Metre, we may say, opus est tU «rfafc

If ate 8. The accosativ«fii me, u. »f, tffam, as also the infinitive etu or /itiMe, are fre-
quently suppressed ; as, Virg. R«ddtn pone negiAat» sc §e pom. Clc EwereUum eoe-
nm eognevu tc/uiiu ooentm.

I wonder that yoar brother
does not write to me ; I cannot
belieye that he is well.

Silias boasted that hifl sol-
diers had persisted in obe-
dience, when others had lapsed
into sedition.

When Caesar heard that the
Helvetii were in arms, and that
they designed to make their
way through his province, he
made haste to be gone from
Rome, and came very speedily
to Geneva.

The ambassadors complained
that they were slighted, and
took it ill that they were order-
ed to depart from the city ; but
the king declared that he won Id
reckon them for enemies, unless
they went off at the day ap-
pointed.

Historians tell, that Philip
was slain by a young man, as he
was going to the public games,
and many believe that Aleian-
der had encouraged him to so
great a crime. The young man
was called Pausanias.

Miror iuus /rater nen
scribo ad ego ; non ponum
credo is valeo,

Silus jacto 3UU8 miles
duro in obsequium^ cum
alius prolabor ad seditio.

Cum Caesar audio HeU

' vetii sum in arma, et is

statuofacio iter per pro-

vincia suus^ maturo pro-

ficiscor a Roma^ et venio

celeriter ad Geneva.

Legaius queror sni neg»
ligo^ et aegrefero^ui jubeo
discedo ab urbs ; ei rex
denuncio svi habeo is pro
hostis^ nisi prqficiscor ad
dies statutus.

Historicus narro,' Phi-
lippus obtrunco ab ado'
lescens, cum eo ad ludns
publicusj et multus credo
Alexander impello is ad
tantusf acinus, Adolescens
voco Pausaiuas.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

Touttg men hope that they shall live loacf *, but they ooght to renembcr, thai thev
were leot Into this world as into a lodclDg. not as into a homei and that they wUl
soon be called bence.

While Caesar was In Hither Ganl, in wlnter^inarters. Greqpent reporti were brovf ht
to him. tlmt all the Belgae had Conspired agaiostthe Roman people.

5. ESSE hath the same case after it that it hath hefore it

Or more 'generally thas :

^ The infiDitive of asubstantiTe verh, verb of namiDg orge»*
tare, takes tb^ same case afler it that it hath before it.

Peter desires to be a learned Peirui cupit itte vir doC'

man.
Thou loyest to be called father.
He would have himself made

general.
We see that the oM man walks

straight.

ius.

Tu mmas diet pater,
Vult se creari ducem*

Vidtmus itntm
rectum.

incedert

IfoU 1. The nonn after these InfinltiTes is frequently an edjeeiive, which agreai
with the BiibrtantiTe Ijefore then, or bns some other substantive UDdei-stood.

^o'<%When a verb thai go/erns the dative, such as Iket, txpeditf dalnr, coneado,
and th6 ifte, comes before these infinitives, the case after them is commonly the da-
tive, bat sometimes tbe accusetive; as, Non datur onmUnu tut iioMibiu eC muCeaiis ;
Mtf iwtt onanbva utt 6onu, ti vtfint. Ter. Sxprdit vobiM estc 6enM. Cfe. Lkeeit esse
mueros. Which may be «uppUed thus ; Exptdii vtibu «oa uu frene«. ZAetat vM$ «et
tuemutroa,

?^u ^' ^^^ ^ ^^^ 'bai governs the aecnsative, such as, oia, vftn»^ futo^ nuBh,
and the lilce, comes before the infinitive eutf the case after it, in prose authors, Is aN
ways the accusative ; bat tbe Feets, someiiroes, in imitation of the Oreeks, omluing
the pronoun me, te, or m, use the nominative -, as, Ovid. Quia retuiil J^ax esse Jeofi
prmupos. Uor. Uxor invicti JvoiM e$$e nuds. Id» Fattens voeari Ctusaria Mltor. Aad
Virg. Sentit nudioa dtlmpsu$ in korte$ ; i. e. SeiuU site dtlaptmsy instead of «auit m efsc
delapgum'

Nou 4. This rule respects only the noroinAtive, dative, and accusative, and Is net to
be extended to tbe genitive or ablative) fer we do not say, /ntert«< Cioerenii cms efo-
qwruii ; but, Interut Ciceronis tu* tlo^entem.

The old Persians believed
that the son was God.

The Njmph complained
that her arms were become
long boughs.

If thou desirest to be a good
man, practise charity and other
virtues.

Empedocles affected to be
esteemed an immortal god.

No man ought to be called
happy before death.

Thou art become an old wife,
yet thou affectest to be thought
a beauty.

Vetus Persa credo sol
turn Deus,

Nympha doleo ttitf j bra*
chium fio longus ramus, '

Si tu volo sum bonus
vir^ eolo caritas aliusque
virtus,

Empedocles cupio ha-
beo immorialis deus^

Nemo debeo dico beatus
ante obitus,

Tufio anus^ tamen volo
video formosus.

30 AN INTRODUCTION

Ant^onvfl orders htmself to AnHgwiu$jvh§o m ap-

be called king by the people» pello rex a populu$f Pto^

Plolemj alto is styled king by lemqeus quoque cognominQ

the army. rex ah exercitus.

Such a stapidity seized Vi- Tantus torpedo invado

tellius, thati if others had not re- Viielliiu^ u^, n cMier no»

membered that he was emperor, memini is sum prineq^^

Be bimself would haye forgot* ipseoblivtscpr.

If yon «paid be bam, fear Ood, and Vtn neoriABe to natun.

A wile man tamj be thought Co be a fcol, if he talk Coo mueh & and a foel may be
eMeemed a wIm man. if lie bold his tonne. A man is known by his Calk, and •Heoee
is often groat pmdcnce.

RULE m.

6. The relative qui^ quae, quod, agrees with the aatece-
deot io gender aod Qumber*

The man is wise who speaks Fir sapit qui pauca loqui^
little* iur,

ANVOTATIORS.

7. If no nominative comes between the relative and the
rerb, the relative shall be the nominative to the verb.

The covetous man» who al- Avarus^ qui semper eget,
ways wants, cannot be non potest esse dives»
rich.

8* Bot if a nominative comes between the relative and
the verb, the relative shall be of that case, which the verb
or noun following, or the preposition going before, use to
govern» •

God, who governs the world, Deus, qui gubemat mun^

and by whom all things dum^ et a quo omnia

were created, is a spirit, creahantur^ est spiritus^

whom no man hath seen, quem nem,o vidii, nut

or can see. videre potest.

Not* 1. The ancfcedent is commonly some substanCiTe noun, either expressed ov
undferstMd, that g*ei before the relative, end is again understood to, or sometime» re*
plated aOoDg wUn the relative as Us substaniiTe ; as, cave vo/uj9fatem, qitae e$t puiis :
«'. e. cmve vofttpCatem, quae volvpttu e(f pcstir. Cae». Erant mnbto «HlMf« <fue| ,9«»^
ifineribuM domo ttcire poaeni. And here observe, that the aateoedvat is sometfaiei
emitted in is proper place, and only expressed elong with tlie relative ; as, Ter. Popu' •
Io trf plaeertnt qwu jccutet /abuiat ; fur fa!b^lac^ q^vu feifvdiu, Ovid* Sub qu» im(RC
rvMhoM arbore, virgafmt : for arbor, 4tt2r qvM af^ort, ybrg. Urbem, qnum ttatuOf res-
tra est ; for vrht, qwtm «irbem, Sec

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

If0U 2. Aniofinitivft or aMiittiiee «onetiiiMt nappilet tbe phce #f a nmalinrtfi to
ft yertkof a ■obsUntHv to an ai^eetWa, of an anttOMloiit to a relatiTOs and In mif
cate. tbe verb ia in cht iVHtd peiion, Um a<yeetiva and relattTe ara |mic n tka tttater
fnder; aii

To exeal In knowladg* b reckoned a fine /n tdaiitm •mtUtn jmblmm yn-

Ihinff» (ctfur.

Peter is a learned man. whidi nobody de- Peinu iH vir deohu, fiied nraie

niei. ncf ae.

ttuu S. Tbe peraon of the relatiw is alwaff tbe name with that of iti aniecedent ;

, aS|.i^ f «i dooee ; lu 91a dnd» : /mMo qimu otottur. The reaioa It plain, namely, the

ameeedent» which is «apposed to be repeated along with the rehitlve« li Aie tnio

aominatife to the rerb) thns» Migo 9«« mcm, when sQpplied,is, j%a i^H^ do^,

fcc

N0i» 4. Wl*n the i^laHvt odnMS betwist two substantives of dUlbrent g«Bdei% It
someOmeiy thoof h more rarely, agrees with the Ust ; as, Oic. Jtobmal fMcm «eoaantf

AOfllMICm*

If*u <. The antecedent Is sometimes coached or lodaded In the |» mesilye vfo*
i as Ter. Onma tmtimnfarlmnat meas, qui Ukrtm fnalnm Mi mfmie proe-

Ihu 6. The retattive sometimes, instend of mhing the gender of the anCeotdent,
takes the genderof «onw eynoBymoos word sappressed ; as, SaU. Jgemm rsmm,
yMM prwna i mrt t Ua diemu t se. 'negoliia.

l?«f»7. The InterrogaflfMar indefinites, timlik^faanliiStfwIWtfiisiMcskldbrSO^
times observe the oonstmetion of the relative «ni, ^imm, gtmi ; as» Orio. FooiM nen
/imaikif iliw» nse dioersa toMn ; 4iui2mi diost slie ssronhn.

Afitii^al, who had made trial
of the Roman courage, deni»
«d that tbe Romaaa could be
Gei»|aered but io Italy.

Ciei^T firat eobquered the
HeWetii, who «re now calted
the Sequani ; after that he sub-
dued all Gaul, that it betwixt
the Alps and the Btiti^b ocean.

Many find fault with crimes
which they will not forsake';
but let us pursue virtue, *in
which true glory consists ; for
gold, which is so eagerly sought
after by men, often hitrtB.

They are good boys whom
glory encourages, and comraeii*
dation delights ; they will be-
come excellent men.

The city which Romulus
built was called Rome, the in-
habitants were named Romans,
and were deservedly esteemed
▼enr brare men.

Note 2. To read and not to

manus virtus^ nego Ab-
manui fdsmm opprimo
mti in naliaM

Caesar pfimo vmba Hd*
vein, qui numc appHh A-
quani ; deinde dotM wiMs
Gailiat qui sum tnter jU*
pes tt oceiMus BfitaHmkm»

MuUus torripio crtmia
qui nolo linquo ; sti ego
colo virtus^ in qui venu
decus sum positus ; nam
aurumy qu% tarn cupide
peto ab homo, saepe nocifo.

Ole sum bonus putr qui
gloria exci9o^ «f kfws dt*
hcto ; fio egregius vir.

Urhs quiRomtdus eondo
voco Roma, incola noTnino
RomanuSf el merito hahto
forlis vir.

Lego it nbn iiOetl'-

AN INTRODUCTION

understand, is to neglect; to
BOW and not to reap, is to lose
your labour. #

Not to know what happened
before thoa weH born, is to be
alwajrs a child.

To see is pleasant, but tb
discover truth is more pleasant ;
philosophy, therefore, which
searches for truth, is a most
noble study.

To flee when our country is
invaded is base ; let us there-
fore fight valiantly ; to die for
one's country is sweet and glo-
rious.

Men often pursue pleasure,
which is a pernicious thins ;
but do thou 8eek after true
glory» which is a commendable
thing.

To know one's self is the
first step toward wisdom ;
whicby as it is a very hard
thing» 80 it is a very useful
thing.

Slim neglfgo ; $ero et non
metOf sumperdo opera,

JVescto quid accido Ufi'
tequam nascor, sum tern'
per sum puer»

Video sumjucunduSy sed
invenio Veritas sum jncun^
dus; philosophia, igitur^
qui invesUgo Veritas, sum
honestus siudium,

Fugio cumpatria noster
oppugno sum turpis ;
pugno igituf stremie ; mO'
rior pro pairia sum duU
cis et decorus.

Homo saepe sector vo-
luptas^ qui sum pernicio'
sus ; sed tu quaero verui
giori€L^ qui sum laudabilis,

JSTosco sui ipse sum pri-
mus gradus ad sapientia ;
qui^ ut sum diffidlisj ita
sum utilis*

U tlgr fOul tbiFBleth for honour, if thine ear loveth pmlse, niiM thyself fi^eiii tlie
4iMt, of which thott art made, and aspire after s»nietblng that is great and gt>od. The
oak, whiefa oow spreadeth its brauches lowardd heaven, was : nee but an acorn.

To ffo to school and not to learn, is to trifle } and to ffo to church and not to Jiear, Is
to profane that sacred place: but to nwlie advances in knowledge and wisdom, is an
cxoeileDt thing. *

.9. Two or more substantives singular, coupled together
with a conjunction, {et^ acy atque^ &c.) have a Verb, adjec-
tive, or relative plural.

Cyrus and Alexander, who sob-- Cyrus et Alexander^ qui
daed Asia, are renowned domuerunt Mam, sunt
among all nations. inclyti apud omnes gen-

tes.

Nott 1. If the singular substantlres be nominatives, and of diSVrent persons, the
flural verb will agree with the more worthy person ; that i», with the first person
imther than the aecondi and with the second rather than the third ; as,

If yon ud TuUia are well, I and Cicero are 8i tu et Tul!ia valetiSf ego et Cicero ««.
well. Ismitt.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 33

N9tt 3. ir the singular 8ulisiuiti¥«f«r« of dUrermtgenden, and tfrnify {NnoM^tlM
ndjective or relative plural will take the more worthy gender ; ttot tt, tht matealtao
rather tliau the leminine or neuter. Bat If all, or any oTtbe aiDguiar mibitanUvei, df-
nity tbiDg* wlihout life» Um adjective or relatire plural ii generally pal in the nenlir
gender i as,

My father and mothert who are now dead, Polsr «I me<«r, jut «ime mnt mmtm^

were very pious. ' trmu vatdt ptL

Riches, honour, and glory, are set before Dimtiac, dssw, glcriUf in mmtiM tita

youreyw* mnl.

Itisuooertain whethe? the feminine of persons be more worthy than the neuter ;
for Grammarians, having- no authority to determine them, are not agreed, whether we
ought to say» Luortiia et eju» moMcipmm/uerwU ctuia» ur cmttm.

iVatc S. A singular nominative, with an aUative governed by «mvi, sometimes takea
a plural verb or adjective ; as, Virg. ^trimu cum/rmtrt jura dtAmtU Hirt. B. Afr. ,
JMba OKm LahUno eapti inpottMtatvm Cataaria vtmnuU. Hygin. Cadfiws cum u«ers
in draeonu sunt eonmrsi.

Ifou 4. The conjunction is sometimes suppressed i as, Ter. Dvm mtatf mifMS,nui-
gi»Ur, jprokiMtuU.

N^U 5. The verb or adjective, negiecdng this rule, often agrees with the nearest
nominative or substantive t as, Cic. Et ego tt C'iosre ntaaJiagUahit, Plhu. Jfors r«-
hrum et tciUB orienlis oceaimu rej'ertus t$t lyhnt. Virg. iMciis tt ngt rseejtfe. Ibad*
OmMio futa vidM, dautm «eeiojjue t*cce|»«M.

IfoU 6. Colleetivea, which are substantives signifying many in the singular number,
such as. muUUudo, pan^/amiliayCwUai, genSfpojnUiu^ Ace. take sometlmrs piurRl verbs
or adjectives ; and the adjective frequently, instead of taking the gender of the ee//ce-
tivcy takes that which the sense directs to } as, Cxes. MtJtimd» oanmnsnua. Salt
Magna pan vulntrati aui oodn tvMt, Id . Fomi/io, qtnarvan, lie*

N9tt 7. The reason of this rule is, because two or more singulars are equivalent to
a plural} thus. Ego e< tu is the same as net; (u c< «Us the same as Wf ; Forus tt Jmhi-
wa the same as iUi^ &c.

In the first battle Brutus and In primus pugna Bru"

Aruns killed oue another, yet tus et Aruns occido sui

the Romaos came off victori- invicem^ tamen Ramanns

ous. recedo victor,

Cato and Cicero were wise Cato et Cicero sum. «a-

and learned ; they loved their piens et doctus ; atno pa»

couDtry, and all those that tria^ et omnis is qui amo

loved and defended it. etdefendo is,

Hamilcar, Annibal, and As- Hamilcar, AnnibcUf ac

drabaly who carried on a war Asdrubal, qui gero helium

against the Romans, were very adversus Romanus^ mm

skilful generals. peritus dux.

Homer, Yirgil» and Horace, Homerus^ FirgiHus^ at-

whom the ancients admired, que Uoratiu$^ qui vetus

are justly esteemed most ex- admiror^ merito exisHmo

cellent poets. bonus poeta.

J{ote 1. 1 and you went into Ego et iu eo in hortus^

^he garden» where you and my uhi tu et meus fraUr lego

d 2

34 AN INTRODUCTION

brother read Tereoce, whilst I Terentiui^ dum ego etfa-

and the servaat were gathering mulus carpojlos,
flowers .

lioie 2* The man and the Fir etfoefninat qui ego

woman whom I and yoo caw et tu mdeo heri^ sum mor'

jesterday, are dead to-day, and tuus hodie, 0t sepelio eras.
will be buried to-morrow.

Henoar, praue, and glory Honos^ /aiis, et deeus

are gained and songht after by sum cLestimatus, et quae»

good men ; but laws, faith, and situs a bonus vir; sedjus^

the goda themselves are tram- fides^ et deus ipse sum cal-

pled on by the wicked. catus ah improhus.

After the greatest jollity aod Exsummus laetiiia at'

wantonness, which a long quiet que lasctvia^ qui diutur-

had produced, all on a sudden, nus quies pario^ repenle

consternation and sorrow over- metus atque moeror invado

spread the city : but the night civitas ; sed nox et praeda

and the plunder retarded the remoratus sutn hosiis,
enemy.

A cODtmiied mind and a gcoA conscience will make a roan happy in all conditions,
l«t «iMUnielion com«th upon the wicked mtn ai a whirlwind } ibame and repentrace
datcand whli him to the frrare.

Augosttts, writing to Tiberius, hath these words : If we shall hear that yott are sick-
ly, I and your mother will die.

The man-servant and maid, who do their daty carefully, are to be commended and
rewarded.

RULE IF.

10* Substantives signifying the same thing agree in case.

Julius Caesar, the first Roman Julius Caesar^primus jRo*
emperor, was an excellent manus imperator, fuii
orator. eximius orator»

lfM§ 1. This coneord is called apposition, and it is not necessary that the siihetan-
Uvet arree in gender, number, or person. The constroctlon, strictly speaking, is el-
llpdeal, and may be svpf lied by the obsolete participle ent, or by fui ett^ f» vtemhtr,
or the Uke ; as, Atma seror, L e. Anna ens loror, or fvoc ett «arar.

N»U 8. When a plural appellative is pat in apposition with two or more proper
aaroei of dlftbrent genders, tne appellative mnst be of the more worthv gender; as.
IiIt. Jd t^mmeum Ctciputrmnjue rega hgwU mim, not ngiimn* Here ttfm de>
notes both r«f cm and rtginam.

iTafc 8. TlMlatler substantive is soraetimet put in the genitive } as, Oic. In 9ffii»
ifiicioafttae. Virg* AmnU Eridanu

jHt$ 4.f A claQie or sentence sometimes soj^lles the place of one of the stthvtan-
Uf«f i as,^oiact. Cogiut onuorem inififa», rem mrdutm.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 86

The sheep, innoceiit ere»- Ot>i$j innoxiui animalj

tares, are often torn and de- saepe dilaeero et devoro a

Yoared bj the farions raye- rabidw rapaxfora^ luput,
noat wild beasts, the wolves*

Whilst these thing? are do* DumhUlgeroapudHtU

ing at the Hellespont, Perdic- Usj^tnUw^ Perdicea$ intsr-

cas is slain at the river Nile by Jicio apudflumen M7uf a

Seleacus and Antigonas. Stleucu» et Antigonus,

They say that Marcos Tnllius Aio Marcui TuUint Ct*

Cicero, the orator, was a veiy cero^ ^ro/or, sum magnus

great philosopher ; he sent his philosaphus ; miito filivs

son Marcus to the city Athens Marcus ad urbs Athenae^

to attend CratippoSt a very fa- ut audio Cratippus^ cele-

mons teacher, and be educated ber doctor^ et instituo ah

by him. is.

In the mean time Asdrabal Interea Asdrubal et col-

and his colleagne, who had lega^ qui remaneo in HiS'

continued in Spain with a great pania cum magnus exer-

army,areconqueredby the two atus, vinco a duo Scipio,

Scipios, the Roman generals. Romanus dux.

Our Lord Jeiiu Ohrist, the ojuly 8ati«iir, came into Ibe world, that he mteht re-
deem sinners froiii sin, death, and destruction, and that tlwy who ihouM believviaUe
name, might not |>erish, but have eternal life.

Demosthenes the orator, that he anig^bt roose his fellow-citisens, the Athenlaiit, to
war againit Alexander, brought a roan Into the assembly, wha ajffirmed, that he had
been wounded In a battle, Ui which Philip tb^ king was slain.

APPENDIX.

To these four concords some add a flfth, vix- that of the m^ntiv with the taferr»-
gative in case ; as, Qui» guhtmat mundum f Deu$. Cujmm e» ? AwMkiiryoiUt. Cut
dedisti ZAnim f Pttn. Quti mtritM$ n f Cmdem. ^o earn f Lihnt. But this,
s^ietly spealciog, it no concord ; for the rtsfMmsive does not depend upon the interna-

frative, but upon the rerb. or some word Joined with it, which is geocrally soppriwed
h the answer, and may wi supplied thus : ^i» gvhtnui wmiuMin f Deus gubcnat
mfcndum. Cujvt ts ? Sum servos AmphUrffwU, Cut dediff » iArum 7 Dedl llbmm
Phto. fce. And if the word, on which the answer d^tandft reouire a diffippeat coo>
strucuon,thls concord does not take place ; ai, Quanfi trnptat 7 OchwAw. Cu^m c«i
2t6er ? Mtu», Cvya «nferesf 060 jMrsrs ? Omniicm foifiHwiii, kc

n. OF GOVERNMENT,

Government is three-fold.

1. Of nouns.

2. Of verbs.

3. Of words indeclinable.

36 AN INTRODUCTION

L The GoDernment of JSTouns.
§ 1. Of SabMaotives.

RULE I.

] 1 . One sobstaDtive governs another signifying a differ*
ent thing in the genitive.

Vijrtue removes the fear of Virtus iolUt terroremtnor-

death. . tis.

Nature's laws cannot be chang- Naturae leges wm possunt

ed. mutari.

The souls of men are immortal, Animi hominum sunt im*

but their bodies return to mortales, sed' corpora

dust. eorum in pulverem re-

deunt.

l^ott 1. The LiiUn noun (o be put So the genitive, is tbiil which answers to the En*
gllsb word foifowiDS the particle of, or to the word ending in '«.

19 oU 2. The pronouns huju», ejus, UlUis, cujui^ &c. engUsbed Ail, Aer, it$, fAetr,<&ere-
o/*, v^reofn WMMe, have ibeir tubstantive generally suppresied } ati lAber <yiu, [sc.
iComiut, kc*] his book, or ber booli } Libri eorum^ [sc. Aomtnitm, be] their books.

IfUe 3. These following Adjectives. primtUy mediuf, u/Hmtu, «rfivnnu, t'n/tonu, <Mitt,
.««iMinuf, miprtnuu^ nliquuMy caetera^ generally denote pan primal wudin, u/ttmo, <ie> of
the substantive with whicb tbey are joined. Thas prima fiAu/a, is the same as pri'
ma partfaMae, and does not hignity the first fable, but the nrst pert oftbe fable. And
ntmma arboTy the same at turmna pars arborit, does not signify tbe highest tree, but
the top or highest part of (be tree. lu like ncHnnar are to be understood, media noar,
fUtimu platen, inut cera, tuprtmut toons, reli^jua Aegyptus, eaetera turha, &c.

ANNOTATIOlfS.

^12. If the la^ sabstantive have an adjective of praise
or dispraise joined with it, it may be put in the genitive
or ablative*

Thy brother is a boy of a fine Frater tuus est puer pro-

disposition, of the strictest haeindolisysummaevir^

virtue, of a graceful mien, tulis^ honesta facie ^ et

and handsome person. ' figura venusta,

WoU 1. Tbe first substantive U often suppressed; as, Hon tH mspusOH /inxtnaU
smInUi nip* mmm. I^all. Fulgus est ingenio mobUi ; sup. populus.

Jihts % The latter substantive must signify some part or property of the first, other-
wise it does net belong to this rule. Hence from this rale are excluded, Virg. P%t'
•ftrsi prsle sareitfem. Hor. Rtx gtltdat erue, Juv. GalUtms JUiius sdbae. Pater
9ptmmm libsrwwn. And the lilse, where the latter substantive signifies neither anjr-
. part, nor any property of tbe first.

\^f^t^ '^ ecVc«ttw is aometimes Joined with the first subitanUve, and tfaet»
iffjr^LSSS!^'^ ^JS^ ^SJ^ BblatTve j as, Oic Hartmtlia sMslUns ^ngsnie, ite.
iffi(«ls,s«M«<iiM|{0iM. lii, VirgrmAUiHUpnatiaiarrtMimnM, SaU. ^ft&iiwipc.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 37

rf*iw aeter. And by tlte roe» «omeUmec in the aceaintWe } ai, Vlr|f. Ot Am am-
ffueDwnwi/w. Hor. mc Mmtru aninnim mitior artguibus. SWt «"""-««^"^
tnt/rum «feiechu. Hor. JMte^/rocdw meniira Luc M w«'«»»«J?y««««.«^*7'{'Jl'
To wblch we may undewtand the preposition »eo»iMl«mor ^mmI adj Uius Aimuuijj».
secundum velqaod ad o$ humerosque. Mitior, aecundum vel quod ad anuKiMi. g-
jAitiM, secundum vel quod ad vuitwn. Froefui, •ecundum *el quod ad membra, ^j^-
M, secundum vel quod ad eomo*

Ifotc 4. lo like manner, neuter and passive verbs are conrtrned with the «^Jfj'jJBi
as, Hor. Et eorde et gtnibus tremit. IM. Lnevo hrachio whurtOnr. And Dj ue
poets with the accusative ; «s H<»r. Trtmis oua pavore. Sil. Tmncatw ««tcf**^
hipenni. Virg. £x/}i«ri m«n(ein ne^utt ; i, e. tremi», secnndam vel qjod ad on» pa-
vore ; f runcafur, secundum vel quod ad membra 6»pf nn», &,c.

Note 5. When the latter suhstantive Is put in ihe ablative, some preposition, such' as
4!um, de, ex, in, a, a6. with tns.existtns, nofiw, praedihu» a^u», or the like, » «inder-
Stood; as. Homo antiquo virtute ; i- e ctu cum antx^a virtue. Vvr elaru nauaww ,
«. e. natus aeu ortut de vel ex. Homo inJirvKa valetHdme ; i. e. afeetut oft, fcc.

* 13. An adjoctive in the neuter gender without a sub-
stantive, governs the genitive

The soldiers seem to move Miliits hue Undere videH-

this wny 9 a great cleat of m1- itir, plurimum argenti

ver glitters on their arms, fidg^^ *" <irw»«, quid

what is the meaning? what causae f ifuidretest?
is the matter ?

Note 1 TbeMi adjectives are prenerally such as signify ^^^^^.^ .7^^*^SixS^ *
vfurjmvm, tantMm>^uantum, mdiuta^ gumni*. w jl al««. id,.4ui^ **«♦ «•^»1 quiaq umm f
lo which may be addnd. summum. ekremum, u/tinnan, dimidiMm, fit#<ta« ; «a, nonnwrn
monti», txtrtmo annt^ ultimtm pericvJu dimidium animae^ medium noctu. To these may
likewise be added a gi-eat many plural neater» j such as, Virg. AngvHmmarumt opm-
ealocontm,UUuri$opeHa, Hor. ^mara curarum, cuncta «errorum, ««tfa i««». Liv.
Jnoerta fortunae. ^ntiqua foedemm, exirema perioutontm. Tac. Oeculta so/fwmi, •«-
onta/mnoev omoena ^siae. Just. ProfwKdacmmporum,praeruf(acotli»an,arduamou-
tmrn, kc. And sometimes other siDguinr neuters ; as, Tac. Luhricwm jmentae, Virg.
>Sub obacwrum noctis. Ex diverso eoeli^kc. •

Ifote 3. The subsmntive underiitood to these neuter adjectives is ncgotium, («nint»,
locum [whence ^aj, spatinm, or th« like*, as, Ttintwn tellurii i sup. epatiwn. Voc
noeti» i sup. tempore, or ad tempua, &c

iVoleS. Pftuand fut'rl always govern the genitive } snd,on Uiat acouiit.are esteem-
ed by many real substantives.

Note 4. Opits and usm govern the ablative, and sometimes the genitive, of the thiog
wantpd, together with the dative of the person, who wants, expressed or understood;
fls, Olc. Jwtoritate tua noM» opus eat. Virg. iVunc viribuM usn» ; snp. est vohif.
Quinct, Leelianis opw e$t. Liv. Si mo utus operae sit, Opu$ «legantly governs a
participle In the aStative : And that either with a substantive t as, Piaut. Celeriler
miki hoe komine anwento est opus. Or without a substantive ; as, Liv. Malurato opus
est. Onus is likewise sometimes joined, by way of adjective, with a subst.intlve *, as,
Cfc. Dux nobis et auctor opus est. Id. Dices nummos mshi opus esse. And in Plautus
we find usus gnverptng a participle in the ablative, in the same manner as onus ;
Bacch. ^iiid usus est conscriptis ad hunc witdun tabutis ? Amph. Ctf it|f, quod non
fwAo est usus,Jiti fuam quod /ado est opus. And there is at least one example ofits
l)eing joined by way of adjective to a substantive} Plaut. Rud. Hoc tuque isHusms
sstietUlimiieraesuppetittsferet.

1 1 . The power of honestjr Vis honestas sum tan-
in 80 great» that we love it even tus, nt diligo u itiam in
in an enemy* . hostis.

AN INTRODUCTION

Tour to rise now and then,
which causes the earthquake,
tfl old poets affirm»

Pompey triumphed on account
fif the Mithridatic war : no
pomp of a triumph was ever like
it : the boh of Mitbridates, the
son of Tigranes, and Aristobulus
king of the Jews, were led be-
fore his chariot.

The Athenians, that they
migbl not be reduced to their
former conclition of slavery,
draw together an army, and
order it to be led by Ipfaicrates.
The conduct of this youth was
wonderful ; nor had the Athe-
nians ever before him, among
so many and so great generals,
a commander either of greater
hopes, or of a riper genius.

After they had pitched their
camp,, they receive an account
of an old story, that Cyrene, a
lady of excellent beauty, car-
ried awry by Apollo from Pe-
lion, a mountain in 1 hessaly,
had been got with child by the
god, and had brought forth four
boys ; and that'Aristaeus, one
of them, Had first taught the
use of bees and honey, and of
milk for cards.

Courage ^ was the .cause of
the victory ; wherefore such
was the slaughter of the enemy,
thst the victorious Romans did
not drink more water than
blood of the barbarians out of
the bloody river.

'At last Corinth, the head of
Achaia, the glory of Greece,
being deserted by the inhabit-

^tfi f^io terra mo*
iuSf nt vettti poeia ojffirmo^

Pompeius triumpho de
Milhriddticus helium: nul-
lu$ pompa triumphus «n-
quatn $um simihs : filius
MithridateSf filius Ti-
granesy tt Ar%$iobtdus r$x
JudcLBUit ductui sum ante
is currus.

AtheniensiSf ne redigo
in pristinus sors servitus^
contrdko exercitus, jvheo*
que is ducoper Ipkicrates^
Firtus hie adolescens sum
admirabilis ; nee ^thenien"
sis hubeo unquam ante tV,
inter tot tantusque dux,
imperator aut magnus
speSf aut maturm indoles.

Cum pono castra, acct-
pio opinio vetus fabulay
Cyrene^ virgo eximius pul-
chritudoy raptus ab Apollo
a Pelion, mons lliessaliu,
repleo a deus^ et pario
quatuorpuer; et Arisiaeus^
unus ex hicj primus trado
usus apis et m«/, et lac ad
coagulum.

Virtus sum tausa vie-
toria ; itaque is sum cae-
des hostis^ ut victor Ro'
mantis non bibo plus aqua
quam sanguis barbarus de
crutn tus fli^men.

Tandem Corinthus^ ca-
put Achaiat decus Urae»
cia^ desertus ab ineoloy

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

ants, was first plnndereit, and
then destroyed ; but what ^»
toes, what clothes, and wnat
pictures^ were seized, bamt,
and thrown about I

When the old men perceived
the approach of the enemy,
they met them in the very en-
trance of the gates ; and a hun-
dred men of an age quite worn
out fought against fifteen thou-
sand : so much courage and
strength does the sight of one's
country and home inspire.

The first inhabitants of Italy
were the Aborigines, whose
king, Saturn, is said to have
been a man of so much justice,
that neither was any one a slave
ninder him, nor had any [thing
of] private property, but all
things were common and undi-
vided.

Numantia, the glory of Spain,
a town without walls, without
towers, held out against an ar-
my of forty thousand, for four-
teen years ; nor did it hold out
only, but often mauled them ;
and before it could be taken,
there was occasion for him who
had destroyed Carthage.

f ftifMffn sym dirtptuif
deindt delitus ; led quid
stgnutn, quid vesfu, ^liuU
que taMa raptus^ ine$n*
sua^ atque projtcius mm/
Cum sentx prae$tnH(k
advenius ho$ti8^ occurro in
{p9e angtutiae porta ; Mt
centum vir foetus Oitai
pugno adver$U8 qmndecim
mule; tantum animw vi"
resque conspectus patria
penatesqut subministro»

Primus cultor Italia
eum Aborigines^ qui rtx
Saiumus trado sum tantus
justitia, ut neqtie quisquam
seroio suk ille^ neque ha»
beo qufcquam privatus reSf
sed OTMiis sum communis
et indivtsus,

JViimofitta, decus HiS'
pania^ oppidum sine mi«-
rusj sine turris^ sustineo
exereitus quadraginta mil»
le, per quatuordecim an^
nus ; nee sustineo modo^
sed saepius percello ; et
priusquam capio possum^
opus sum is qui everto
Carthago,

There is but one God, the «utbor, tbe cremtor. the gOTercor of the world ; almiglal/
eternal, and anehaneeable. Wonderful he is in all Ida wavs : bU counsels are ua-
searcbable, his coodneas is conspicuous In all bis works: he is tbe fountain of ex-
cellence, the centre of perfection : tbe ereaturet of hli baud declure bis goodness, all
their enjoyments speak Us praise.

Tbafet was reckoned amongst tbe wise men, because he was believed- to be the
first that brought geomeury into Qrcece. He first f^erred tbe motions of the sua
and slors, the origin of winds, and the nature of thunder. Being asked what be
thought the most difflcult thing in the world f be answered. To know one's self.

Sir William Wallace was a man of an aindent family, but of a small fortune. Be

E»rformed many glorious exploits in tbe war against tbe English. Many, whom Iba
ve of their ooontiy had called twether, flocked to Wallace from, all ports. Re
quickly took ibe castles which the fioglish possessed beyond tbe Forth. Tbe Fortii
is a river and arm ef tbe sea, which divides Lothian from Fife. Tbe south of the
Forth is called the Scottish sea. He led his army into England, where be found nuicN
gold and sliver among tbe spoils of his enemlei. What need bad he of more f

1 _ .TTl — -T—

^2 AN INTRODUCTION

§ 2. Of Adjecii?es«
RUIML

* 14. Verbal adjectires, and such as signify an affection
of the mind, require the genitive.

This man is capable of friend- Hie vir eU capax amid'
ship, a lover of his coontrj) tiaey amans patriae^ cu-
fond of learning, skilled in pidu$ literarum^ piritw
war, not ignorant oi religion, btlli^ hand ignarw re-
and privj to all my designs. ligionis, et conscius om'

nium meorum consiUo*
rum.

To this rale belong,

1. VERBALS in AX, and PARTICIPALS in NS '; as,
capax y edaxyfugaxj ptriinaxy pervicar^ rapax^ $agax, sper-
fiaXftenaXy vorax^ iic* amans f appetens, cupiens, experiens,
inUUigenSy insoUnSj negligtnSy diligensy metuenSy observans,
patient^ impatienSf retinens, reverentior, sciensy servantisBi^
mu^, timenSy tolerant ^fugiera^iititns^ &c«

II. ADJECTIVES signifying an affection of the mind ;
such as,

X. DESIRE and DISDAIN ; a«, cuptdus, avarus^avtdus^
studiosusy curiosuSy aemuluSyfaslidiosuSy incuriosus, profusuSy
&c.

2. KNOWLEDGE ; as, ptritusy gnaniSy prvdensy calli-
dus^ providusy dociuSy docilisy praesctusy praesagusy certus,
certior^ memor^ expertus, consultuSy assuetus^ &c.

3. IGNORANCE ; a?, ignarus^ rudisy imperiiuSy imprU"
densy improvidusy nesciua^ insciu$y incertus, dubius, anxtusy
seliciiuSf immemory ambiguusy suspensusy indocius, inexpev-
tuSyformidolosus, pavidus^ timidusy trepidus; also, imuctusy
intolitus. iecuriis, intrepidus, interriius^ impdviduSy &c.

4. GUiLT ; as, conscius, convictus^ manifesiWy suspecius,
reuSy noxiusy comperius ; also, innoxiuSy innocenSy insons,
&C.

iVofe 1. Verbals or Terbal aiijectives are adjectire novns derived from verbs ; as,
eapax from capto, tdax fron» <d«, &c. Partlciplalt are participles tarned iota adjec-
tive DOUDS ; sudi as, patieM, inmatiens ; doctus» indoetvt j eapertvx, ivMxptrtvMf fee.
Here observe that the participial and ^rticiple, tbnugb tbe word be often the aame,
dtffi»r In signification, as well as in point of consftrttctian ; Che participle signifies a
•ingle act at a certain time ; but the participial, withnut regard to any particular
tlmi*. denotes a habit. Thus, pntitns frigm signifies a person Jast now exposed to
tbe coU1,bowever unfit be may he to beer ii; but j»itften«yrfgoru, denotes one wbom
nature or custom has enabled uf fitted to bear cold with ease. Again, dottu* gramma-
fttMRN signifies a penen wbo some time agoiias been tatight grammar} tboogb ^rbaps

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 43

lieserer understood it. or bu now forgot it; but d»€tu grammaikat denotAooe
who by loDff study bus attained • thorougrh koowledge in frammar, or it become n
oonnoissettr in fu Again, participiais admit (lie degrees of comparison, which parti-
ciples do not } thus, omans, omaaKor, amaniiitimiu ; daeluf» decttor, d«etin<mit«*

Note 2. To this rule may be referred a great variety of other adjectives, tlie mom
commoo of which occur in the following phrases: ' Abjectior anlmi, absteinius viol,

* «cer miiitiae. illustrinm domuum adversa, aerer anlml, aequales aevi, aequus ab-

* sentlum, iilarum reruin aflSnes^ alienum dignitatis, aitemos animae, amens animf,
' anhelus Uboris, ardent» aoinii, atrez odti, aiuiaa ingenii. aversus nnimi, bibulus Fa-

* leroi, blaadus precum^ caecus animl, captos animi, eatus leguni, cooiniune omnium,

* canfiJeosanlml, coolfiraiatas animi, confusus animi, conterminos Jugi, contraria vir-
' tutum, credulus adversi, degeoer virtntis, devius aeooit disertos leporuni, dispar sor-

* tis, diisimitis (ui, diversus tnorum, divinaavis imbrluni, dorus oris, effusis&imu^ ma-
' nificeoUae, egregius animi, euuncinttvus corporum, erectus animi, exactusuiorum,

* exi^uus animi, ezimius animi, exosa vitae, externatns animi, facilis frugum, fallaz
' «miciUae,falsu8 animi. feiix cerebri, ferox animi, fervidus ingenii, fessiis reniro, fe|i-

* t'mus voti, fidens animi, fidissima tui, finitimus duvii, flavus oonMrum, floridlor aevi,

victus laboris, lapsus animi« lassus maris, lentus coepti. levis opum, madldua roris,

* maturus iaudum, maximus aevi. medius eoeli, mimr animi. moderatoi irae, routabile

* mentis, mutatus animi, nobilis fandl, notos fuganim, obnoxius timoris, occultus odll, '

* optimas miiitiae, oriundus cvjus patriae, ornatus fidei,otiosi studiomm, pares aetatts,

* perfida pacti, perielitabundus sui, perinfames malefiene disciplinae, piger pericli,
' praeilarus fidei, praeceps animi, praecipuus virmUs, praestans belii, pravus tavoria,

* primus iaendae poenae, properus occasionis, propriae Dcorum voli^itates, procax

* otii, pmfagus regni, promptus t>elii, puicfaerrimus irae, recteatus animi, rectus Jn-

* dicii, resides b lloram, sanus mentis, saucius famae, sdtus vadorum, secors rerumi

* aecreta teporis, 8e|^isoccasionum, seri suidiorum,slccl sanguinis eases, signiiiciktivua

* belli cometes. simUis tui, sinister fidel, solers lyrae, spemendus morana, spreta vi-
^ goris. stabilis sui nrbis, strenuus miiitiae, stnpens aniait, summus severitatis, superior
'sui, superstes beiIorum,sunlus veritatis, tantus animi, tardus fugae, teneila animi,
' territus animi, turhatus animi, turbidus animi, vafer juris, vagus animi, validus opum,
' vanus veri, vecors animi, venerandus sceptri, versus animi, versutus ingenii, vetus
' rejgaandi, victus animi, vigil armenti, viridissimus irae, uuius rerum.*

Nole S. Of the adjectives belonging to this rule, aemtc/iit, oerftu, ineerhu, dvfrws,
ambigutu, oorueiiUi manifestuSf 'nupeceus, noanitf, eomperttUf Instead of the genitive,
take frequently the dative, but generally in a different s(>nBe,as will be taught in Xfo.
16. Several also of the adjectives In note 2., such as, tttherstUt aevuaUsj t^AUyolie-
niM, blandus, conmxmia, centsrmmiM, oaafrariia, crednlutj dispary dissmiiis,fiiuSf fini-
tifnus,par,propriu$.aimUia, mpvrstes, and. some others, take oflener the dative than
the genitive, as will likewise be taught in No. 16. And luperiort captvu, erwndut,
gauaensf take commonly the ablative, as taught in Vo. 19. SO. 62»

Note 4. Ufaoy of the adjectives lielongln^ to this rule, admit of other constructions',
_j, Gic De alieno negtieent. Id. Avums in pecuniis. Id. CtrtUtrJachu de re. Liv.
Sseurm debelto. Cic. fftdlain re rudi». Id. Doctu» Latinis Uteris. Plin. Sunetta

incestti. Cic Rene de vi. Reus nuupus criminibus. Colum. Innamus a& injuria. Many
also of those enumerated in note §. either take the ablative, mr admit ofsome other
construction } as. Ovid. Felix mortesua. Cic. Ferox natura. Id. praettans ingenu>
etdoetrina. Tac. Devius contUOa. Ovid. Fugitivus a domino. C\c. Profun oh
TAe6w. Tac. Degener ad perieula. And aliewui has very frequently the imiatlve,
with a or «6; as,Ter. Homo mm; Aumontm'Aif ame aiienumputo.

*
IfoteS. The genitive, according to Grammariaos, Is not governed by these adjec-
tives, but by in re, in negotio, in eau9a, or the like, understood } except in eases
where the adjective is used sutwtantively.

L Blasias was a mao capable Blasius sum vir capax

of profoand tbonght, firm io bis alius mens^ tenax proposi-

I'esolatioDy despising death, and turn, spemax mors, etfu-

avoiding ambittoo ; be was a gax atnhitio ; sum sagax

qQick discerner of things, and res, et pertinax rectum *

AN INTRODUCTION

a Bidder for «hat was right ;
but he was obstioate in wratb^
and a devoarer of much meat*

The Emperor's freed man
was a mao able to endure cold,
and capable of bearing want ;
but he was afraid of the lash,
and 04»acquaiDted with war : be
was skilled in music, fond of
pleasure, and a lover of wine :
naj, he was greedy of praise,
covetous of applause, but equal-
ly neglectful of friends and ene-
mies. He was, however, most
observant of justice, and nobo-
dy was inore revereful of tliie
gods.

IL 1. The man, whom I
mentioned above, was of a fickle
temper ; at first he was desi^
reus of war, greedy of military

flory, and weary of learning ;
ut aiter Cartha^^e, that vied
with the city of Rome (br so
many years, was destroyed, he
was food of peace, addicted to
eloquence, and much taken up
with physic.

2. Our general is skilled in
many things, being expert at
arms, well seen in the art mili-
tary, versed in war, foreseeing
what is to come, aware of
things future, well assured of
what will happen, bat nndaunt*
ed at danger, and not afraid of
death : bis son is^well acquaint
with learning, but apt to learn
vice ; he is skilled in the law,
rersed in country affairs, and
mindful of a good turn.

3. This man is void of learn-
ing, ignorant of philosophy, uo-
aktlied at armsi unacqosdnt with

i€d mm pervicax tra, ei
edax fMtltus ct6«t.

ImpBrator liber tm iwn
homo patient algor^ tt
tolerant penuria ; eedswn
tnetuem fldgeltumf et tV
so/ens helium : ewn eeicns
mwica^ cuviene voluptas^
et amans vtntun : imo turn
appetene lausj ntiens fa^
m»^ ted aeq%te negligens
amicvs inimicuique. Sum
tamen seroantinimue oe-
quuftkfOt nemo sum rsoe-
rettHor deus,

Fir^ gut memoro supra,
sum mobilis & ingenium ;
primo sum avidu» beUum^
avarus miliiaris gloria ^ et
fasHdiosu» Hterae ; sed
poetquam Carthago^ aemu»
lu$ urbs Roma per tot an--
niif , evertOf mem cufddus
paXf studiosus eloqumtia^
et curiosus medicina.

Ifoiter dux sum peritus
multus reSf gnarus arma,
prudent res militarise ex-
periHS helium^ praeseius
venturUin^ providut res
faturus^ certut futurum,
7>erum intrepidus pericu'^
lum^ et interritus letum :
isJUius sum doetus Hterae j
sed docihs pruvnm ; sum
constdlu» jute call id us res
rutticus^ et memor henep,'
ovum.

Hie homo sum mdis It*
terae^ ignartts pbilosophia^
inscius orma, imperitue

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

the world, not afraid of the
gods, adhccostomed to hard-
ship, not used to slavery, fear-
less of death, unmindful of his
condition, and regardless of re-
putation. His wife, ignorant
of her extraction, is unstaid in
her mind, wavering in her re*
solution, concerned and in pain
for hei^ affairs, and perplexed
about the theft.

4. The orator defended two
men accused of parridde, and
suspected of capital crimes :
the one had been privy to mur-
der, and concerned in a con-
spiracy, who, being evidently
guilty of the villainy, and con-
Ticted of the crime, was con-
<lemned : the other, being
guHtless [wakeless] of the facts,
not concerned in the plot en-
tered into against the king's
life, innocent of his brother's
blood, and found guilty of no
crime, was acquitted.

IF Shame and modesty are
weak restraints amongst men
thirsting after power, and re-
gardless of honour : according-
ly Domitian proceeded to huge
excesses of lust, rage, cruelty,
s^nd avarice, and raised so great
a hatred against himself, that
he quite wiped off the merits,
of Ins father and brother»

Catiline, a man of a very no-
ble, extraction, but of a very
wicked disposition, with some
famous indeed, but daring men,
conspired against his country ;
his accomplices being seized
were strangled in prison ; and,

reSf haud timiduf deuB^ in-
suetua labor^ iusolitU9 ser«
vtiiumt impavidus mon^
immemor sors^ et $ecuru$
fama, I» uxotf neuim
genuBy sum incertus ant*
mut, duhius consiliumy so-
licitus et trepidus ressuus,
et anxius furtum*

Orator defendo duo ko-
mo reus parrtddiumf et
suspectus capitaliscrimen;
alter sum conscius caedes^
et noxius cor^juratio^ qui
manifestus scelus^ et con*
victusf acinus y condemno :
alter ^ innocens factum ^ in"
noxius consilium initus in
rex caput, insons frater^
nus sanguis^ et conyftrtus
nullusfiagitium , ahsolvo ,

Pudor et modestia sum
infirmus vinculum apud
homo avidus polentia^ et
securus decus : itaque Do-
mitianus progredior ad
ingens vitium libido, irO"
cundia, crudelitasy et ava»
ritioy et concitotantus odi-
um in suty ut penitus abo"
ho meritum pater et fra*
ier.

Catilmay vir nobilis 6
genus y sed pravus 6 tnge-
nium, cum quidam elarus
quidem^ sed audax vir;
conjuro adversus patria ;
issocius deprehenswstran"
gulo in career; et sane

AN INTRODUCTION

iodeed, what could be hard,
or too severe, a^ost men coo-
ricted of such villaioy ?

Vespasian, the emperor, was
apt not to remember offences
and quarrels ; he took patient-
ly the ill language uttered
against him by the lawyers and
philosophers: and Galba was
a man not regardless of fame,
not covetous of other men*s
money, but greedy of the pub-
lic money, and not lavish of his
own ; could bear with his
friends and freed men*; was
capable of empire, had he not
governed.

Cineas, who was Demos-
thenes* scholar, and skilled in
the Latin tongue, was sent to
Rome by Pyrrhus, to ad-
vise* jhe Romans to sue for
peace ; but the Romans after-
wards despatched generals in-
to Greece and other quarters,
who taught the nations, till that
time free, and therefore unable
to bear the yoke, to beg peace
of them, and be subject.

Sylla was fond of pleasure,
but fonder of glory : he has-
tened with his victorious army
from Asia : and, indeed, since
Mariua had been so cruel
against his friends, how great
severity was there occasion
for, that Sylla might be reveng-
ed of Marins ?

qui$ po9Swn ium acerbus
aut nimis gravis in homo
convietus tantut facinui 7
FespasianuSf prineeps,
sum tmmemor qfftnsa tt
initnicitia ; Itnittr fero
conviciutn dieius in sui a
causidieus tt philosopkns ;
et Galba sum vir non tn-
curiosusfamOf non appe^
tens alienus pecunioj sed
avarus pecunia publieus^
et non prof usus suus ; pa'
tietis amicus libertusque ;
capax imperiuiny nisi tm-
pero.

CineaSf qui sum DemoS'
tkenes discipulus^ et doc-
tus Ladnus lingua ^ miUo
ad Roma a Pyrrhvs; ut
hortor Romanus petopax ;
sed Romanus posiea mitto
dux tn Chraecia aliusque
parSf qui doceo gens^ ad
id tempus liber^ et ideo
impatiens jugum^ peto pax
a sui, et servio,

Sylla sum cupidus vo-
luptas, sed cupidus glo-
ria : propero cum victor
exercitus ab Jltia : et scute
quum Marius sum tamfe-
rus in is amicus, quantus
saevitia opus sum, ut Syl^
la vindico de Marius ?

AgetUau wu an eicellAnt geMral, usdavoted at danger, able ta endure wast, and
accuftonied to bardibip : he waf a man of low stature, and ilender body ; lo diat
ilfangen. when tber beheld his person, despised him ; but they who knew his «bUi-
ties, coaU not sufficteatly admire him.

fipamlttondas, the son of Polymnus, the ThriNm, was modest, prudent, skilled in
war, a l«ver of truth, and of a great spirit.

^jrctfaene is laid to ha?» committed some horrible wickedneu, for wbieh she waa
cntafta mto aai owl, an ugly dismal bird, who, consdoos of her guMt, nerer ajvpcstra

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 47

wben the sua tbines. bist. being «Mrea froB tbe wctetyof bifdi, Mtbi to «nkmI ber
staame In tbe darfcaeu ofibe nigbc*

RULE IL

^ 15. Partitivbs» andtvords placed partitlvely, compa*
ratiTes, superlatives, ioterrogatives, aod some numerals^
govern tbe genitive plural.

None of the wild beasts. Nulla htllnarum.

The black amoug the vul- Nigri vulturum.

tores.

The elder of the brothers. Senior fratrum.

The most learned of the Rd* Doctisshnus Romanorum.

mans. *

Which of us ? Q«w nottrum ?

One of the muses. Una mtisanifn.

Th$ eighth of tbe wise men. Octavi» $apientum,

1. Partitives sre adjective nouns, or pronouns, signify-
ing many, or a part of many, sever^lly^ and as it were one
by one ; as, tUlus^ nullua^ solus, uter, uterque, utercunque^
utervisy uterlibet^ alter^ (Uteruterf neuter^ aliuSy aliquisy qui-
dam, quispiam, quisquiSf quisque, unusquisque, aliquot^ cae*
^ra, re/i9tit«5 ; to .which add, omnisy cunc^tis, and the sub-
stantive nemo.

2. Words placed partitively are adjectives used in*a par-
titive sense, or taken to signify a part of many ; as, lecti
juvenum^ the choice of the young men ; nigrae lanarum,
the black hair among wool ; degeneres canum^ sancti deo-
rumy &c. to which may be added the substantive vtdgus ;
as, vvlgus Atheniensiumj vulgus militum:

3. Comparatives are adjectivet* of the comparative de-
gree ; as, doctior.

4. Superlatives are adjectires of the superlative degree ;
- as, doetissimus.

5. Jnterrogatives are adjective nouns or pronouns, by
which we ask a question ; those belonging to this rule are,
quis, quisnam^ quisque^ uter^ quot, quotus^ quotusquisque.

6. Numerals are adjectives signifying number ; and to
this rule belong both the cardincds^ such as, unus, cfiio, tres,
&c* and tbe ordinalsy such as, prim/us^ secundus^ tertius^
&c. as alto the distribuiivey singuli ; io which add, nmlti,
paueit pleriquBf medius, ^

AN INTRODUCTION

Ifote 1. Tli« partitive, <^. takes tb« gender of the «abftaatWe it governs,
there ii no other ; bat if there are two subitantivee of dUTi^ui genden. it ^tntrmuj
agree! with the fir»t } as, Oic- Indus maxinaujivminam. Id. Zee /oreimmut am-
maliwn. But not always ; as, Plin. Ddphinua vtloei$nmum omnium animalium.

Note 3. Farlitiveii, ke. govern the genitive singular of «^olieclives ; as, Cie. Proc-
timnHtrimu» nottrat ehitatU. Vlrg. ffymphamm tanguinu unm.

Uott 3. The comparative, as also the partitives, «fer, o/Cer, netcfer, when ^ey
govern a genitive of pRrtitieo, import a con^rison betwixt two only ; thus, speaster
of two brothers, or two persons, we say, major ./racrum. uUr vttimm t But speaking
of three or more, we say. maximuafratTum^ qw vettmm f be,

Nott 4. Instead of the genitive of partition, we tften find the ablative with de, e, ex,
or «n, and sometimes the nccusative with inter, or uMt / as, Ovid. De tot modcff-
(n&iuttniM. Cic UmueSioici^- Id. Aeerrimus es omnibus no$tri$ wnvhus tit tentw
videndu Senec. Croesus inter reges opulentissimus, Liv. Z^ge ante o/tos aoeepttf-
simus mititum animis,

Noto 5. After partidves, &c we use tlM gei^tives nostrum and vestrum» bat act
fiottrt or vestri.

Note 6. In this construction of partitives, lie. de, c, vel ex nnmero, is understood, or
sometimes expressed ; as, Juv. ^aedam de nidnero Lamiarum. V. Max. UnxtMs
nvmero Persarum. Cars. E» numero udversariurum sexcentis inl»:feelis.

1. Augustas, after the civil
warg, neither in his haraoguea
nor in his edicts, called any of
the military fellow-soldiers.

Alexander engaged with none
of his enemies whom he did not
conquer, and laid siege to no
town which he did not take.

Spain was irftaded by the
Romans before it knew itself,
and alone of all the provinces
understood its own strength
after it was subdued.

Who will wonder that the
enemy gave way, wheq one of
the consuls' ordered his own
ton, though victorious! to be
slain, because )\q had fought
contrary to orders ?

What every one of your
friends may have written to
the general concerning these
two men, 1 know not ; but nei-
ther of them is much to be
blamed ; the rest of the sol-
diers were also in the fault,
and none of us is innocent.

^ugusiuSy post civilis
helium^ neque in concio
neque per edictum^ ap-
pello ullus miles commit
lito.

Alexander congredior
cum nullus hostis qui non
vincoj et ohsideo nulltis
urbs qui non expugno»

Hispania ohsideo a Ro-
manus antequam cognosce
sui, et solus omnis provin^
da intelligo snus vires
postqtiam vinco,

Quis miror hostis cedOy
quum alter consul jubeo
suusfilius^ quamvis victor^
occido^ quia*pugno contra
imperium ?

(^uis quisque tuus neces-
sarins scribo ad ijnperator
de hie duo mV, nescio ; sed.
neuter is sum valde repre-
hendendus ; reliquus miles
sum etiam in culpa^ etne-
mo ego sum innocum» ,.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

This man eDtertdnfta ttraag-
er more handiomely than ei-
ther of yoa, or aoy of your
friends : Corae^ saje he, here
are eggs, hens, apples, and
nuts ; some of the apples are
mellow ; of the eggs, some
are^ long, some round ; choose
either of Ihem you please, for
both of them are good.
"* 2. The centurion being sur-
rounded by the eoemy, was in
great danger ; but the chief of
his friends, the choice of the
yovng men^ and the light-armed
(^ the soldiers, came running
up to his relief.

3. ft 4. The younger of the
bcfes go abroad to ti^ir worii,
the more elderly labour within.
Thtts the most ancient of mor-
tals practised industry ; they
lived wtthou-t a crime, and
tiierefore without puoishmeot,
nor was there need of rewards.

5. &6, Who of mortals can
endure regal pride ? Where-
fore, Tarquin, the seventh and
last of the Roman kings, was
driven into banishment, and
searce two or three of his well-
wishers were led in the city.

All Gaul 19 .divided into three
parts, whereo(the Belgae inha-
bit one, the Aqnitani another,
the Gauls, the third. Of all
these the Belgae are the brav-
est. What numbers of men
have flourished there ?

IT After Sylla came over to
Africa, and to the camp of Ma»
rius with the horse, though raw
before, and unacquainted with
war, he soon became the most

Bic vir e»eipii» k0$f4s
eUgatUer quam utervU tUt
aui quisquam amicu$ ix«-
Ur : J^U^ tfiouam, hie
sum ovwfn^ gaXlxna^ po-
mum, et nux ; quidam pO'
mum ma mitis; ovum ctli»
UB sum obtbnguSi alius r<h
iundw ; eligo uterlibel Aur,
nam uterque is sum bonus.

CefUurio circumventus
ah hostiSf versor in mag-
nus periculum ; sed prae-
cipuus amicus^ lecius JU"
venis^tt txpeditus iMeSy
concurro in auxUium,

Adolesesntior apis txso
ad op«S| senior operor in-
tus. ha 'Bitustissimus
morktiis exercto diligent
iia ; ago nn« sceius^ to-
que sirte poena, nee hpus
sumpraemium.

Quts mortalis possum
tolero regalis- supsrhia ?
Itaque Tarquimus sepit'
mus aique ultimus Roma-
nits rex, ago in exi7twm,
et vix duo aut tres faut^r
relinqwo m urhs,

Omnis Geliia sum di'
visus in tres pars, qui
Belgae ineohunus, Aqui'
tani alius, Qalli tertius.
Hie omnis Belgae sumfoV"
tissimus. QtLot homo ibi
provenio ?

Postquam Sylla venio in
Africa, atque in castra
Marius cum equitatus^
quamvis rudis antea^ et
ignarus Mhan^ bravisfio

AN INTRODOCTION

accomplished of s|ll« But what
one of a thonsaod [of] great
gCDarals is happy ?

The tyraDts are conquered,
and fly back to the cit}'. Af-
ter this, tbey begged assistance
of the Lacedemonians. The
war is renewed, five hundred
of the Lacedemonians are slain
in battle, Critias and Hippolo-
chus, the most cruel of all the
tyrants, tall. But who amongst
men, or which of the gods, be-
wailed their death ?

Many of the soldiers were
kissing the bands and feet of
Otho, and calling him the only
emperor ; whilst, in the mean
time, Vitellius, ignorant of the
victory, was drawing together
the remaining strength of the
German army ; most of the sol«
diers were on their march, a
few only of the veterans were
lefl in the winter-quarters.

Of Caesar's men, not above
twenty wi^re missing : but in
the castle there were none of
the soldiers but were wound-
ed ; four of the centurions lost
their eyes ; thirty thousand
arrows were shot into the cas-
tle by the enemy ; and in the
shield of Scaeva, the centu-
rion, were found two hundred
and thirty holes.

Sicily, at the beginning, was
the country of the Cyclops :
after they were extirpated, Co-
calus seized the government of
the island : after whom each
of the cities fell under the pow-
er of tyrants.

Caesar, the most penetrating,

BoUrtisnnms omnit. Sect
quotusquisque magnus dux
aumfeltx ?

Tyrannus vinco^ et in
urbs refugio. Post hie
peto auxilium a Laccdae^
f nonius, Bellum redinte-
groy quingenti Lacedae-
inonius inUrficio in prckC'
Humy Critias et Hippolo-
chus, omnis tyrannus sue»
tissimus^ cado, Sed quiS'
nam homo^ quisve deus,
lugeo mors ?

Multu» miles exosculor
manus ac pes Otho^ unt-
cusque imperator prae^
dico ; dum, interim, Ft-
teltius^ nesdus victoria f
traho reliquus vires Ger-
manicus exercttus ; pleri-
que miles sum in iter, paw
ci tantum veteranus reHn-
quo in kibema,

Caesar miles non am-
plius viginti sum deside-
ratus : sed in castellum
nemo miles omnino sum
quin vulnero ; quatuor
cent r/ no a m ii to oculm ;
triginta mille sagitta con-
jicio in castellum ab hoS"
tis ; et in ^scutum Scaeva
centurio invenio ccxxx fo-
ramen,

Sicilia a principium
sumpatria Cyclops ; posit'
quam ille extinguo^ Co-
calus occupo regnum in-
sula : post qui singuli ci»
vitas concedo in impertum
tyrannus.

Caesar y sagacissimus oc

^> — w^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

and wiseit of generals, resolves
to take Damnorix aloag with
him into Britain, becaose he
knew him to be desirous of
change, fond of power, of a
great spirit, and of great an-
thority among the Gaols ;
thongh he persisted to iotreat
that he might be left in Gaul.

Gordins spied a yoang lady
of excellent beanty at the gate
of the city, and asked her which
of the aagars he should con-
sult ? When she understood
the occasion of his question,
beiog skilled in the art, she
told him that he should be a
king, and promises that she
would be the companion of his
life and hopes. This offer
seemed the chief happiness of.
• a kingdom.

sapieniistimuB dvop, com-
stttuo duco Dtimnorix atit-
cum in Britannia ^ quod
cognosce is cupidut re$
navus, avidus imperium^
magnus animus^ et mag»
nus auctoriias inter Gal-
lus; quamvis ilU cotUendo
p$to^ uti in Oallia relin-
quo,

Gordius conspicor vtr-
go eximius pulchriiudo ad
porta urbs^ et percontor
quis augur consulo ? Cum
intelligo causa quaestio^
peritus ars^ respondeo ille
sum rex, et polliceor sui
fore socius mta is et spes*
Hie conditio videor pri'
musfelicitas regnum.

Fylniles and Oirstes cherished a mubtal love, and no mortal knowf which of them
was the roore faithful.

The priestess of Apo]!n, being ashed why Jnpiter was esteemed the chief of the
Oodt, since Mars was the best soldier, made this aaswer : Man Is Tallaot, bat Jupiter
is wise.

The nation of the Smvi is the most warlUke of all the Germans. The natore of
thpir food, their daily exercise, and free manner of life, Improve their strength, anl
inalce them men of liuge stature of tx>dy.

When Faith, Temperance, the Graces, and oth(>r celestial powers, left the earth,
(says one of the nncients,) Hnpe was the only gfoddess thai staid behind.

The first of all virtues is innocence, the next is modesty* If we banish modesty
out of the world, she carries away with her half the virtue that Is in It.

RULE III.

16. Adjectives signifying profit or disprofit govern the
dative.

Kind to me«

Agreeable to the people.
Sentenced to punishment*
Evident to all.
Bordering on the sea.

Benignris mihi,
Acceptus plebi,
AddictHS supplicio.
Apertum omnibus,
Finitimus mari.

58 AN INTRODUCTION

Fit <br«tady. Jhtiui ttaAo.

Fnwk to petttioBeti. Faeilu roganiibus.

Of th€ same ftge with Cicero* AeqwUis Otceront.

Like bis Attbcr. SimUiB pairi.

Allied to heaven. Cogruntus ceelo.

Exposed to danger* (Xftioxius periculo»

To this rale beloog chiefly adjectives sigQifjiDg,

1. PROFIT or DISPROFIT ; as, bwignus, honus^ uti-
lis, eommoduStfelixyfauUiiSf fructttostu, prosper, saluber ;
also, ealamU^iuSf inutiliSydamnosuSf diruSf exitiosuSifimeS'-
tUB^incammoibiSt malmt^noxius^pemicioiust ptstifer,

2. PLEASURE or PAIN ; as» acctptus, duleis, gratua,
gratiosui^jucundus, laetuM^ maviM ; also, actrbusy afnariw,
insuavU^ it^ucundvs^ tngrattu, molestuSf tristis.

3. LOVE or HATRED ; as» addictus, aequus, ctmtei»,
benevolu$9 blandus, caruSf dtdiius, Jidus^Jiddit^ltnis, miiis,
propitius ; also, adotrms^ asper, cruddis^ eontrarius, infenr
suSy infestWy infidus, imrnitU, inirmcw, iniquuSf invisus, «n-
vidus, iratuM^ odiosus, suspectuSf tn*x.

4. PERSPICUITY or OBSCURITY ; as, apertus, cer-
tu9f compertus, conspicuus^ manifestusy notus, perspicuus ;
also, ambiguus, dubius, ignoius^ incertus, obscurus.

6. PROPINQUITY ; as, finititnus, propior, praximus,
propifumus, soems, vicinui^ affinis,

6. FITNESS or UNFITNESS ; as, aptus, appositus, ac-
cammodatuSi habilu, tdoneus, opportunus ; also, intptus,
inhabili», importunus, inconveniens,

7. EASINESS or DIFFICULTY ; M.facUis, levis, ob-
vitUfpervius; also, difficUisj arduuSy grams ^ laboriosw, pert'
eulosuSf invius,

8. EQUALITY or INEQUALITY ; as, aeqmlis, aequae*
vuSf par, compar^ suppar, communis ; and, inaequalis, tm-
par, dispar, diseors: Also LIKENESS or UNLiKENESS ;
as, simUis, aetnulus, geminus ; and, dissimilis, absonuSy alte-
nus, diversus, discolor,

9. Also, many compoanded with CON ; as, cognatus, con-
color , concors^ confinis, congrum, consanguineus, conacius^
consenianeuSf consonus, conveniens, conterminusy contiguuSf
continuHS^ continens, &c.

10. A great variety of other adjectives that cannot be re-
duced to distinct classes ; as, obnoonus, subjectus, supplex^
Muperstes, proprius^ credulus, absvrduSy decorus, dejormiSy
pratstOy stcundusy &c.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 63

Noti 1. With respect lo Ibe atUectives bekmf Inf to tbte mle/ckwrve, l. Tbat «<•
nm<tt«, ocrU», focsriiu. dithhi»t onAigwu^enueiut, moni/telM, «mmcAij^ noxiiUi€»mpv-
tu$, Slc «ftea goTem the ffeoUl?e, m wis taught No. 14. 3. That though «dversiu ,
aajualit. u^ini», olteniM. Wmuftit, CMnimmi», esntermtniif, cMKrartiu, ormn/iu, dwpflrr
dimnilttjJiduSy^fii^imH»* pmr, proprbut afmUlM, «itpcrKct, kc. Cake comnonly the da-
tive } yet someumes tbey govern the geoittve, as already observed in No. 14. sate 2.
& That benigvust prospermlmttutf grooit, and some others* often take the genitive or
ablative, as bekuigtog to No. 21. Here also observe, that adjectives belonging to dif-
ferent mlo, and which admit of different eonstmetiens la dffl^rent senses, sometimes
take both cases after them } as, Ter. Mhiu nU 09tuei« rtoU.

NoU 2. Some adyeeUves signifying love, hatred, or other passlone toward or agalast
a person ; such as, «mIeiM, •NOMrtiu, htntfiau, hmevttm, kiiyiMis,^«w,|Taf«s,nii-
•erieon, liberalii ; ooerbiu, stwrMS. fonw^ enuiejs», inlgmu. •RjMrfoMi. tijmna, Ice
take often the accusative with the preposition fo, ergo, or «tfserMS.

Nate 3. Some adjectives signifying fitness, osefuhiebs. or the cMtrary } such as, ac
eonimodatu$f aawmhu, «pfut, eoagmiu, o e m iiio< h«» i htiUu, idmmUf e apsitamtf , tUilla ;
inepfia, UduAitU, imuUu, lie take firequentiy the accusative with ad.

Hate 4. AdiJectives signifying motion, tendenqr, or nopendon to a thing ; such as,
•eeZer, tardtu, veto», piger, impigw^ lenitUt pruteepty rmpubUt wtgun» ; decUaiBf inelmtAi'
lit, pndivitt pronu$ ; preptwnu, parahUt pi««p<M, jnV^viit, Ico. take the aecosaUve
with od or m rather than the dative.

Note 5. Pnpior and prosimMt, in imitation of thehr primitive jn^vpf, sometimes lake
the accusative, the preposition md tieing andersiood, but seldom or never expressed ;
as, Sail. PtiMimprephtt virliKsni. Olc frwrfmas Fenycwm» tsitsftem

N9U 6- Substantives sometimes govern the dative*, as, Ylrg. JSril UU «iO» ttnipcr
ZInis. Ter. Naturd tu itli pater m, eamritH», sge. Hor. motttii praeridium r*u.
▼Irg. Tu dceus Mine mi». Olc. iVanilMitntMa MdotrfulAas hatht» Plant. iMf
jnw eif Aomo Aemmi. Lncr Vrbipaur ^ Ter. Nttnu ut/mOfOgfamSitu,

Note 7. The dative, according to Grammarians, li not, properly spcidcing, governed
either by adjectives, vertis.or any other part of speech ; but i» fitly snIUolned to any
word, when aoiulsition, ademption, advantage, otndvantage, or destination is signi-
fied*

17. Verbals in BILIS and DUS govern the dative. «

Wonderfal to yoa. Mirahilis tibi.

To be intreated by me* Exorandus nUM,

Note 1. The participle perfect, slnlfytegpasdvely, takes sometimes the datiw, bat
ofkener tlie ablative with a or ok. C3le» Jkm audita tOi «•

SgooMdUaH^ptitanm. Id. Man Craui
eti • nwlcis deJUta. Ovid. Proditm a «ocia ett-

Note 2. Vertels in DUS also* instead of the dative, take sometimes the ablative with
aorob. Cic ifdmeNcndamaMe. Id* /fensesocnerandosanabif.

16* 1. Mallows are whole- Malva swn taluber car-

some for the body, usefal to pus, utUis aeger^ et pttti"

the flick, and hurtful to do Jer nemo ; sed quidam me-

man ; but some medicines are dieamentum sum inutilis

unprofitable to the physician medicus ipsey pernidosus

himself, destructive to health, valetudoy et etUiosus as-

and pernicious to the patient. grotus.

The victory) which Caesar Fictoriay qui Caesar

obtained in the plains of Phar- adipi^eor in campus Phar"

salia, was baneful to his coun- salia^ sum calamitosus pa-

AN INTRODUCTION

try, destructive to the common-^
wealth, pernicious to the Ro-
man name, fatal to the city,
and dismal to human kind.

Fortune is always kind to
you ; my trade is profitable to
me ; the stars are beneficial to
mariners ; we shall loose from
the harbour to-morrow ; may
it be lucky» fortunate, and hap*
py for us all.

2. My colleague is delightful
to his friends, agreeable to his
companions, acceptable to all,
and unpleasant to nobody :
without him, and without the
study of letters, life itself
would be tasteless to me.

Dew on the tender grass is
agreeable to cattle, and sleep
is sweet to a traveller ; a bur-
den is irksome to a sluggish
ass, and labour troublesome to
a lazy person ; an unripe grape
i^ sour to the taste ; and the
wind is a sad thing for trees.

3. Be just to aU, kind to all,
intimate with few, fawning to
none, true to your lord, faith-
ful to your master, gentle to
your petitioner, merciful to
enemies, and unjust to nobody :
thus you will be dear to all,
and hated by none.

Nero at first %vas friendly to
good men, and addicted to the
study of the mufes ; but the
latter part of his life was con-
trary to the former ; for now
he was harsh to and angry with
those that advised him, spiteful
and enraged aga:inst mankind,
an enemy to all, hated by the
gods, and many things were
cross to him.

tria^ damnom» respvhlica^
exitialnlit Romanw nth
menyfunestus urbiy et du
rus humanm genus.

Fortuna semper sum
benignus tu ; meus art
sumfructuosus ego ; steUa
sum commodus nauta ;
solvo e partus eras ; qui
bonus, fttustus^ Jelixque
sum ego omnis^

Meus collega sumjucun^
dus amicus, acceptus cO"
me5, gratiosus omnis^ et
injucundus nemo : sine ts,
et sinestudium literae^ vitck
ipseforem insuavis ego.

Ros in iener gramen
sutn gratus pecus^ et sotR"
nus sum dulcis viator;
onus sum ingratus pigtr
asinus, et labor molestus
ignavus ; immalurus uva
sum acerbus gustus ; et
ventus sum Iristis arbor.

Sum tu aequus onints^
benevolus cunctus, fami-'
liaris.paucif blandus nu/-
lusyfidus dominus,Jidelf9
heruSf lenis precans, milis
hostisj et iniquus nemo :
sic sum cams omnis, et
odiosius nuUus.

Nero primo sum iUfii-
cus bonus ^ et deditus stu^
dium musa ; sed posterior
pars vita sum contrarius
prior f nam jam sum a#-
per et iratus monitor j in-
festus ac infensus huma^
n%^ genuSy inimicus om^
mi, in^sus deus^ et mul^
tus sum adversus ills.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

4. Tbe arguments concern-
ing the former pyramids appear
dark to some, doubtful to
otbers, and clear to fevr ; but
the three remaiaing pyramids,
being situate on a hill, are visi-
ble to sailors, and known to all.

5. In Africa, the places that
are next to our sea, nigh to
Carthage, or near to Mauri-
tania, are very fertile : but the
plnces bordering on Numidia,
and nearer to the scorching
heats, are more barren.

6. Decency is adapted to the
nature of things ; thi^s, some
colours are proper for mourn-
ing, and others quite improper
for this purpose ; the morning
is friendly to the muses, and fit
for study ; a town situated on
the shore is convenient for
trade, but without walls it will
be exposed to enemies.

7. Nothing is difficult or hard
to a brave man ; to him no
place is dant^erous, no battle
terrible, no sea unpaasable ;
all hardships ar« easy and light
to such a man ; yet his mind is
always disposed to peace, hut
ready and prepared for war.

8. The poet married a wife
equal in age, and every way a
match for him ; she was hke
her mother, her lips rivalled
the roses ; and, as a matron is
diverse and different from a
strumpet, so she was unlike
her sister : but there is a fault
different from this fault ; her
spirit was uosuitabte and un-

Jlrgumentum de prior
pyramit video obscurus
quidam^ dubius alius y it
perspicuus pauci ; at ires
reliquus pyramis^ situs in
mons, SUM eonspicuus na-
vigans, et notus omnis.

Jn Africa^ locus qui ium
proximus noster mare^
propinquus Carthago ^ aui
vicxnus Mauritania i sum
ferox : sed locus finitimus
JYumidia, et propior ar-
dor ^ sum magis sfrilism

Decor sum accommo*
datus natura res ; sic^ qui"
dam color sum conveniens
luctuSf et alius prorsus
ineptus hie res; aurora
sum amicus musa^ et aptus
studium; urbs appositus
littus sum idoneus commer-
ctum, sed sine murus sum
opportuwus hostis»

J^ihil sum difficUi^ out
arduusfortis vir ; is nuU
lus locus sum periculosus^
nullus praelium gravis^
nullus mare inviua ; omnis
. labor sum fadlis et levis
talis vir ; tamen animus
S7im semper pronus pax^
sed promptus et paxat^is
bellum,

Poeta duco uxor ae-
guaevus, et omnimodg par
sui ; sum similis mater,
labrum sum aemulus rosa ;
et, ut ma^rona mm dispar
atque discolor meretrix^ ita
sum dissiinilis soror : sed
sum vitium diversus hie
vitium ; anitnM sum alic'
nus et impar fortuna;

AN INTRODUCTION

eqaal to her fortune ; some-
times she was inconsistent with
herself; now she is dead ;
death is common to ererjr age.

9. and 10. Heaven is allied
to earth, natnre is always con-
sistent with itself, and men's
fortune is agreeable to their
manners ; thns, the savage peo-
ple bordering on Ethiopia are
subject to sad slavery, exposed
to man J hardships ; and jet, if
you consider their strength,
they are inferior to none of the
neighbouring nations.

Note 2. A good man is affec-
tionate towards his parents,
beneficent to his relations, be-
nevolent to his friends, grate-
ful to bis well-wishers, well af-
fected towards good men, kind
to all, injurious to none, harsh
to nobod}', and not cruel or se-
vere to an enemy*

Note 3. This fellow is good
for nothing, but his' brother is
good for many things ; his
shoes are tight and meet for
his feet, his clothes are light
and convenient for running,
and the ground is proper for
that purpose.

Note 4. The general is slow
to punishment» swift to rewards,
bent on war ; his son too is
alert for battle, and not back-
ward to danger ; but his mind
is prone to cruelty, inclined to
vice, and disposed to any wick-
edness*

nonfiiui^fiiam turn discors
n»; nunc mortuuit sum :
mors sum communis om-
nisaetas.

Caelum sum cognaius
tellus^ natura semper sum
concors suif et homo for'
tuna sum consenlaneus
mos; sic ferus natio eonfi'
nis Aethiopia sum subject
tus tristis servitium, oh-
noxius multus injuria ; et
tamen^ si specto vires^ sum
secundus nullus finiiimus
gens.

Bonus vir sum pius in
parensy beneficus in pro*
pinquusy benevolus erga
amtcusj gratus adversus
Jautor^ bene animatus in
bonus, beidgnus erga otn-
nis, injuriosus in nullus,
acerbus in nemo^ nttpte
crudelis aut saevus in hos-^
tie.

Hie homo sum utilis del
nuUus res^ sedfrater sum
idoneus ad muUus res ;
calceus sum habilis et ap»
tus ad pesy vestis sum levis
et eommodus ad eursus,
et locus sum opportunus
ad is res.

Dux sum piger ad poe-
na ^ velox ad praemium,
promptus ad bellum ; ^»
lius guoque sum celer in
pugna, et haud ignavus
ad pericvlum ; sed ani^
mus sum praeceps in cm-
delifdsj propensus ad vi'
Hum, et paratus ad omnia
nefas.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

17. Death whose path mutt
once be trod by all, is terrible
to the wicked, with whose life
ail good things are extinguish-
ed ; but desirable to good meo,
whose praise caanot die, and
whose minds are conscious to
themselves of integrity. Let
us therefore imitate the life of
good men, who are born for
glory, though they be often
despised by the wicked.

IT Liberty is equally desira-
ble to the good and to the bad,
to the brave and to the dastard-
ly : wherefore Apuleius did
not cease to maintain the laws
of the Gracchi, so much spirit
did Marius inspire, who had
been always an enemy to the
nobility. But Tiberius refused
the title of father of bis coun-
try, lest afterwards he should
be found unequal to so great an
honour.

Subrius the tribune, being
asked by Nero, why he had not
discovered the conspiracy, re-
plied, Because I hated you ;
nor was any of the soldiers»
quoth he, roorq faithful to you
than I, whilst yon deserved to
be loved ; I began to hate you»
after you became a murderer
of your mother, and of your
wife, a charioteer, a comedian,
and an incendiary.

The Romans were now so
powerful, that they were a
match for any of the foreign
nations : wherefore, the consul
provides forces, arms, and
other things necessary for the
war, very industriously ; nor

Mors J qui via sum ss-

mel ccdcanduB omnis^ sum
terribilis malus, cum qui
vita (mnis bonus txHnguo ;
sed optabilis bonus^ qui
laus rum possum emortor,
et qui mens sum consdus
sui rectum. Imitor igitur
vita bonus^ qui sum natus
gloria ^ licet sa^B sum deS'
pectus malus.

Libertas sum aeque op"
tabilis bonus et malus,
strenuus et ignavus : ita-
que tfyuleius non desisto
assero Oraechanus lex^
tantum animus Marius
dOf qui semper sum inimi*
cus nobilitas» At Jiberius
recuso appellatio pater pa*
tria, neposteainvenio tm-
par tantus honor»

Subrius tribtmus, inter»
rogatus a JSTero, cur non
patefacio eonjuratio^ reS'
pondeOf Qma odi tu ; nee
quisquam miles ^ inquam^
sum fidelis tu quam ego^
dum mereo ama: coepi
odiy postquam existo par»
ricida mater et uxer , auri-
ga^ kistriOf et incendia*
rius,

Romanus jam sum adeo
validuSfUt sum par quili-
bet extemus gens : itaque
consul paro copiae, arma,
et alius nec^sarius bellum
diHgenter ; nee eventus
helium sum aliaSf qutnr

AN INTRODQCTION

was the event of the war any
otfaefi than the preparation had
been ; wherefore, Antiochus
was routed, and forced to flee
into Asia.

Nor was fortune more fa*
▼onrable to the flying Gaols :
bat continual showers, frost
and snow, fatigue and famine,
consumed the miserable re-
mains of this unhappy war.
The people and nations, too,
through which they marched,
followed the scattered Gauls,
and slaughtered vast numbers
of them.

After the death of the king,
the Alexandrians sent ambas-
sadors to the Romans, intreat-
ing, that tbey would undertake
the guardianship of the child,
and defend the kingdom of
Egypt, which they said Philip
and Antiochus bad dif ided be-
twixt them. This embassy
was ?ery acceptable to the Ro-
mans.

Ptolemy was as ridiculous to
the Romans, as he was cruel
to his own subjects. His
countenance was deformed,
his stature shorl, his belly
hanging out, so that he was
more like a beast than a man.
He sent for his son from Gy-
rene, and slew him, lest the
Alexandrians should make him
king.

AAer Alexander had dismis-
sed his soldiers, being now near
his death, he aeked bis friends
standing about him, whether
they thought that they could
find a king like him ? They all

apparatus mm ; quarr
Antiochus fugo^ et e^go
fugio in'^Asia»

KBcfortuna sum benign
nu8 fugiens G alius : sed
assiduus imher^ gelu tt
nixy lassiiudo et fames, ob-
tero miser reliquiae hie
infelix bellum. Gens quo-
que et natto, per qui Aa-
beo iter, sector palans Gal-
lusy et occido magnus is
Humerus»

Post mors rex, Alexan»
drinus mitto lega^us ad
Rom4inuSj orans, ut susci-
pio tutela pupitlus, et tutor
regnum Aegyptus^ qui di'
CO Philippus et Aniiochus
divido inter sui. Hie le-
gatio sum gratus jRoma-
nus.

Ptolemaevs sum tarn ri^
diculus Romanus, quan
sum cruentus civis suus.
Vultus sum deformiSf sta-
tura brevis, venter promi-
nulus, ut sum similis bel-
lua quam homo. Arcesso
JUius a Cyrenae, et inter-
ficio ille, ne Alexaf^drinus
creo rex»

Postquam Alexander di~
mitto miles, jam proximux
mors, percontor amicus
cireumstans, num extsit*
mo sui possum invenio rex
similis sui ? Cunctus

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

held their tongue» Then he
said, that he knew not that, but
that he foresaw how much blood
Macedonia would shed in that
coptest.

Nor did the friends of Alei-
ander without reason expect
his kingdom ; for they were
men of such valour and dignity,
that you would have thought
every one of them kings.
Never would they have found
any equal to themselves, if
they had not clashed among
themselves ; and Macedonia
would have had many Alexan-
anders, instead of one, had not
fortune armed theoi for their
mutual destruction.

taeeo* Turn dico^ iui fu«-
cio t$i sed sui prospicio
quantum sanguis Mact'
dimia fundo in is ctrta-
men.

Nee amicus Alexander
frustra regnum specio ;
namsumvir is 6 virtus ac
6 veneratio^ ut singuli is
rex puto. Nunquam sui
par reperioy si non inter
sui cancurro ; multusque
Macedonia, pro «nvs,
Alexander habeo^ nisifor-
tuna is in mutuus pernio
cies armom

AUiciis is laid to have been complaisant to ttraneen, aereeable to bis friends, Jost
to all* and tronblesome to nene. He so demeaned mmself, tbat he seemed on a level
with tiie lowest, yet equal to the greatest, and was deterredly veiy dear to the Atbe-
niant. Praise Is grateful to bunian nature.

Tbe beart of the envious roan is gall and bitterness, hN toaeiie strftteth venom, tHe
success of his neighboar breaketb his rest, be sitteth in bis cell repining ; hatred and
malice prey apon] his heart, and there is no rest in him. He feeletb in his own
breast no love of goodness, and therefore believeih bis neighbour is like unt» him'
self.

The band of the generous roan is like tbe doods of beav^n, which drop upon the
earth, fruits, herbage, and Sowers ; but the heart of the nngrateful is like a desert of
sand, which swaltowetb tbe showers that fall, burietb them in its bosom, and prodnceth
notlong'

A wise man considers that nothing is to be desired by him bat what is laudable and
excellent. Let as imitate the wise, and always live so as to think that an aocoum must
Ijc given by as.

RULE IF.

* IB. Adjectives signifying dimension govern the accu-

sative of measure.

The stones of SolonH>n's tem-
ple were forty cubits long,
twelve cubits broad, and
eight cubits high.

Lapides Solomonis templi
erant qMudraginta cubt-
t08 lengi^ duodecim ct<-
bitos lati^ et octo cubitos
alti.*

* tn this eentenc», and In tbe bitter half Of the seromi evample following, tbe emr-
iinta irambers seem to be infl«coral«ly pot instesd of the iUtribvtivc. The df '

60 AN INTRODUCTION

The Adjectives of DIMRNSION are> aliusy crassus, den-
<tK, latuSf longuSf profundus.

The names of MEASURE are, digitus^ palmusy pet» cu-
bitus T. «m, ulna, passusy stadiutn^ milliare,

iV«f« 1. Vert» of DDIENBION, inch as, pitfeo, orewo, kc forera alio aa accim-
ttve of MEASURE.

I9«i§ 9. Tb« word of MEASURE ii loinetlin^s put la tho ablative ; a«, Lif . Fnaa

MX euMtii tdt: Pert. VenUr tpt9 eatmt $etquipluU ; on«l soBoetimes, but rare^, in
Ibe genitive ; as, Plin. Ifte longwrti duodenum pedum'

IfoU S. Tbe meaiurt of caweM» or the word denoting iiow mucb one tbing eioeeda
or eomes short of anotber, is always pat in (be ablative.

Note 4. To tbe meomrs ofexeu» may be referred tbese ablatives, (anio^ fwotfo, jmo,
eo. A4MS, mliqtuHao, mulio, pmdoj nikifo^ ke. whicb are fkvqaeatly joined In tbia sense
witb the comparative degree, or sooietimes with the supeiiative, or with a verb im-
porting comparison.

Noie 5. These adjectives do not govern the accinative cf themselves, the prapoaition
ad or in being undprstood. or sometimes expressed} as, Plln. LvmgafoKa ktAetJhre
ad tres diritoM. Colnro- Su/cMm in fuatuor pedes /oagicm, ta tr»$ «ftuai. When they
take the ablative, a, oft, ttvusyur in, may be buptilied } and when thay take the geni-
live, ad meatwram vel $paimm may be undertlood.

The walls of Babylon were Murus Behyian sum

two huDdred feet high, and fifly duceni pes cdtus, et quiti'

broad. quageni latus.

This wall is five feet six id* Hie mactria sum quin-

ches high, and three hundred que pes sex digitus altus^

cubits long ; and these trees et trecenti cubitus longus ;

are twenty feet long, and two et hie arbor sum viginti

feet round. pes Icngus^ et duo pes eras-

sus.

In this climate^ aboat the In hie tracius^ circa

day of the equinox, a gnomon dies aequinoctiumy gno-

seven feet high casts a shadow moUf septem pes altus^red-

not above four foet long. do umbra non ampUus

quatuorpes longus.

Note 1. Tell in what coun- Dieoquis in terra spa-

try the expanse of heaven does tium eoelum nonpateo am-

not extend above three ells, plius tres ulna, et sum

and thou shalt be the great magnus Apollo,
Apollo.

Othos and Ephialtes are said Ckhos et Ephialtes dico

to have been of a wonderful big- sum mirus magnitude ;

^*^*— ^ ■ ■ .1 ■ .III I ■ I ■ ■ ,i 11 ■■ ■! .

»»»Mn^P* **• "• ^^ **>•■« classes of numbers In such sentences is illustrated and coo-
A.TrC. "* ■***••• *'»®**"»«<*«•*K«««^■«•»^^0^• S?ereotype Edition, q. v.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

n ess ; every month they grew
nine inches ; at length they en-
deavoured to climb up into hea-
ven.

Note 3. The wall is six feet
higher than the rock, and the
turrets are ten feet higher than
the wall.

i am twofeet taller than you,
and you are a foot and a half
taller than niy brother.

The sun is many times big-
ger than the- earth, and the
earth is many times bigger than
the moon.

Note 4. By how much the
greater the battle was, by so
much more famous was the vic-
tory of Conon ; the Lacedemo-
nians being conquered, take to

flight.

Tb« disease of the covetous
man is scarcely curable ; for
the mora ^he has, the more he
desires.

It is much more laborious to
conquer onc*s self than an en-
emy ; but the more difficult any
thing, the more honourable it
is.

This condition was so much
the more grievous to tUem, by
how much it was the later ; for
formerly they had quelled, in
the Deiphie war, the fury of
the Gauls, terrible both to Asia
and Italy.

IT The exploits of the Athe-
nians were great and glorious
enough, but yet somewhat less
than they are represented ; but
because their writers were
men of great parts and elo^

per singuli meniis eresco
novem digitus; tandem
Conor fucendo in coelum*

Murus sum sex pes al-
itor quam rupesy et turris
sum dent pes altior quam
murus*

Ego sum duo pes Ion-'
gior quam tu^ et tu lum
sesquipes longior quam
meusfrater.

Sol sum multus pars
major quam terra ^ et terra
sum multus pars major
quam luna.

Quantum major prae-
Hum sumj tantum ctarior
sum victoria Omon ; La-
cedctemonius victus, fuga
capesso»

Morbus avarus vix sum
m/edicahilis ; nam quod
plus habeOj id plus cupio.

Sum multum operosior
supero sui ipse qtutm hos'
its ; sed quod quid sum
difficiliort hoc praeclarior

sum.

Hie conditio sum tan^
turn amarior u, quantum
sum serior ; nam antea
frango^ in Delphicus bel-
lumj violentia Gallus, ter-
ribilis et Asia et Italia.

Res gestus Aiheniensis
sum satis amplus et mag-
nificus^ verum tamen aW-
quantum minor quamfe-
ro ; sed quia auctor sum
homo magnus 6 ingenitm

62 AN INTRODUCTION

qoeoce, the actioof of the el 6 faeundia^ factum

Atheoiaos are celebrated Atheniensia celehro per to-

through the whole world for tus orbUpro maximus.
the greatest.

This garden is an hundred Hie hortus ium eenium

cubits long and sixty broad* cubitui longus et sexagin*

Here are three beds, every one ta latus* Hie mm ires

of which is three feet broad and arta^ qui singuli sum tres

five feet long ; but the middle pes lotus et quinque pes

bed, which is one foot high, longus ; sed medius area,

is the ino«t pleasant ; upon it I qui sum unus pes altusy

oflen sit and read the old poets sum am4>enus ; super t*

wUh great pleasure. saepe sedeo, et lego vetu»

ppeta magnus cum volup^
tas.

The ark in which Noah» his wife, his three torn, with their wlvei. and a f«w ani-
mals of every species, were saved, is reconled by Mosn, the sacred historian, to hare
been SOO cubiu Imng, 60 broad, and SO (cubtts) high.

The grouu in the isiand of Antiparus is a cavern 130 yards wide, 113 long, and
abOQt 60 yards bigb, aoil thedt'sceot to it U 480 yards deep.

There mm about 400 lamons pyramids io Egypt» three o\ which are great ones, ttie
rest are samller ; the iargesi ot thf three great pyramids is 5i2 feet high, and 1<X28
feet broad at bottom } the second pyramid is ^& feet liigb, and its bruadensMe at
the botiora 622 feec long.

A great fortane in the handi of a fool is a great misfortune. The more riches a fool
nu the greater foci he is^

RULE V.

* .19. The coaoparative degree governs the ablative»
which is resolved by quam.

Nothing is sweeter than liberty, Mhii est dukius hbertaie.
Resolved thus : JVihil est dulcius quam libertas.

vi!!?* i f^*** P°*'*^^* ^'**' the adverb maeif sometimes governs the ablative; as,
virg. OiuetmagiMdUeeiatorori. Ovid. Puraque magu peUtu:idu gmma.

2|^0te 2. The compamtive takes often tbe following or like ablativfcs •, opinicne, «w,
»^,Jii*Ka, «o/tto, dictoj 4«. as, opinione major, fpe wnplior.JlagrtMtior aequoy IriMttar

trUSiM^A^i^ '^U** ^^^ comparative is eleganlly put for nemo or nullui ; as, NikU
f^trgtH» daettHM / None more learned than Vir?iL

^?flf t^^^V^ ^^^'^ P^^> f^^V^ivs. tns'niu, is elegantly supprpssed i as, Ter. Qai»
Sl?Sf!!!?'- . ^*®* •"'^"^''"»»»**- Vlrg. Noctemnonamplius unmn. Nep. Mmta
^*^ftu» trigiKta tn Asiam rev€rfm. ^ I ^

edt^aa ^r ^ ^^ comparative the words qwm pro are sometimes elegantly sntUoin-
» «•> vurt. Mttjorem q[uam pro^flatu tanHm rtdiUbanl tyCvae.

^•'« 6. Oemparnttveif, besides the ablative of coBS|«riaon, talte ntlurally after^em

n.Kv ^ ■■ iM — «i j ' -'-j ^' - ■-.» .~>.-~

I I *im^m — .- k:

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

the ease which tbeir pmdtites cot«iii ; m, Vtaf- Tkgm* mOd Mtkr JI^Im. 8eB«e.
iViAi/ tH dignUu magn» viro pituxAUilait.

Note 7. The compamtive does not goyern the ablative of ilielf, the preposition
prae \)eing understoi>d, or sometiaies expre«ed } as, Apul. Unui prae etutnrU fwlivt
exturgii.

RULK VI.

♦ 20. These adjectives, dignus, ndignw, c&ntentus,
praediiiis, captus, ^ndfretus ; also naiuSy tatus^ ortus^ tditus^
and the like, require the ablative.

Worthy of praise. Dignus laude.

Content with little. Contentus parvo.

£ndued with virtue. Praeditus vtrtute.

Charmed with learning. Cap:us doctrinA.

Trusting to his strength. Fretus viribus.

Born of a goddess. Katua Ded,

Descended of kings. Ortua regibus.

Nou 1. Like adjectiTcs are saoh as, fcneraftc», erectfti«i|Mnefii«lia,pfeorefl«M, erehti,

mivndus.

Not» 3. DigfM»^indifttM$y conlenAu, tako soiBetiroes the genitive } as, 8il. Trott*
dignaDeum. Vlrg, indignu» aoonan. liv. Ntejum HbeHoHicmimtm. Bee Mrp.
tua Md oriMndus also goveroing the genitiveyin No. 14. note 3.

Note 3. The ablative Is not governed bj the a<^JeetivM mentioned In this rnie, bat
hy some prvposiiion understood j rach as, a, oi, ewii, in, «, ear, ie. And the genitivet
in note 2. are governed by some ablative ondenttood.

19. The first epistle of Ho-
race is sweeter than any ho«

ney.

Nothing is sweeter to the
mind than the light of truth.

Id civil broils, where there is
need of action rather than de-
liberation, nothing is safer than
despatch.

The country of Campania is
the finest of all : nothing is
softer than the air, nothing
more fruitful than the sotl^
nothing more hospitable than
the sea.

Amongst the Scythians no
crtme is more heinous than

Primus epistola Horaiu
tis 9wn dulcior quivis meh

Nihil swn dvlcior mtnz
lux Veritas,

Indiseordta civilisf tAi
opus sum factum, magis
quam constUtumy nihil sum
tutior festinatio.

Plaga Campania sum
pulcher omnis : nihil, sum
mollior coelum^ nihil if6e-
rior solum f nihil hospita*
lior mare.

Apud Scytha nuUus see-
lus sum gravior furtum ;

AN INTRODUCTION

theft; theyjuBl as much das*
pise gold and tUver as other
siortids covet them.

Attroke foliews heavier than
all that had happened he-
fore, through the violence of
fire* Rome is divided into
fourteen quarters, whereof
three were levelled with the
ground*

30. The thing was worthy
of a laurel, worthy of a cha-
riot; hut Caesar was now so
great, that he might despise
triumphs.

Nothing is more wotthy of a
great and brave man, than cle-
mency, and readiness to be pa-
cified.

To be always repining and
complaining is unworthy of a
man ; bat he who is endued
with virtue, and satisfied with
his lot, is truly rich and truly
great.

Sylla, trustingto the strength
of his party, returned from
Asia : whilst he staid at Athens»
he kept Pomponius with him,
heing charmed with the polite-
fiess, and learning of the youth.

Ascanius, sprung from the
ancient Trojan race, was born
of a noble family ; for hka fa-
ther Aeneas was descended of
Anchises and Venus, and An-
chises was descended of king
Assaracus.

If 1 be descended from a hea-
venly race, says Phaeton, give
me a token of such a great
descent. Your father's palace,
replied his mother» is contigu-
ous to our earth ; go, and in-

perinde ospemor aurum
€t argentum ac reliquus
mortalis appeto.

CUuUm sequor gravior
omnis qui ante aectdo, per
vioUntia tgntt. Roma dt-
vido ih qvatuordeeim re-'
gio^ qui tre$ iolum tenui
di^icio.

Ret $um dignui laurus,
dignu» eurrw ; sed Caesar
jam iantus eum^ ut po»ium
conUmno triumphtu,

JVtAt7 sum dignior mag"
nu8 et praeclarui vir^ cle-
mentia et placabilitas.

Semper murmuro etque*
ror sum indignus homo;
sed qui praedittts sum vir»
ttUy et contentus suus sors,
sum vere dives et vere
magnus,

Sylla f fretus opes pars,
redeo ex Asia : dum apud
Alhenae moror^ habeo
Pomponius stdcum^ captus
et hihnanitas et doctrina
adolescens,

Ascaniusy editus OfUi-
quus Trcjanus stirps^ na^-
tus sum nohilis genus;
nam pater Aeneas satus
sum Anchises et Venus j et
Anchises ortus sum rex
Assaracus,

Si sum creatus coelestis
siirpSf inquam Phaeton^
edo nota tantus genus,
Paiemus domus^ respoit-
deo mater^ sum contermi»
nnSf noster terra ; gra»

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

quire of bimself, of what blood
thoa art sprung.

IT After him Aarelian under-
took the fov^mment, born in
Daciay a man powerful iu war,
yet of a violent tempci*, and
somewhat too inclinable to
cruelty, who likewise most fa-
liaotly beat the Goths.

Caesar, descended of the
most noble and most ancient
famtly of the Julii, not content
with very many and very for-
tunate victories in Gaol, carried
over bis army into Britain.

The Gauls boast that they
are all descended of Pluto ;
and for that reason compute
their reckonings of time, not
from the number of days, but
nights ; and they so regulate
their birth-days, and the be-
ginnings of their months and
years, that the day comes after
the night.

There were with Caesar
two brothers, Roscillu» and
Ague, men of singular courage :
these, on account of their bra-
very, were not only in high es-
teem with Caesar, but were
even accounted dear by the ar-*
ray ; but depending on Cae-
sar's friendship, they despised
their comrades.

Cyrus, after this victory,
carried the war into ILydia,
where he routs Croesus's army ;
Croesus himself is taken* By
iiow much slighter this war was
than the former, by so much
the milder tvas the victory.
Croeaus obtains fS^e city Bar-^

dier^ tt scitor ab ipze, quis
sangutM film eretus.

Post is Aurtlianus sus"
cipio iinperium^ Dacia
eriundus^ vir patens in
bellum, tamen immodtcut
aminvf , etaliqtuintum pro*
per^sior ad crudBlitaSj qui* ^
que Urenwssime Gothi
mnco»

' Ctusar, genitus nobilts
et -antiquut JtUii famUia^
haud contentus multns ac
felix victoria in Gallia ^
(rajicio exercitus in Bri-
tannia*

Gfilli praedico $u£ omn%9
prognaius Di$ ; et ob is
causa Jinio spatiuM <em-
pus^ non ex numerus dies^
sed nox ; et sie observo
dies natalis^ et initium
mensis et annus^ ut dies
subsequor nox.

Sum ajiud Caesar duo
fraierj Roscillus et Agus,
komo singula ris 6 virtus :
hiCy propter virtus^ sum
non solum in honor apud
Caesar^ sed etiam habea
carus apud exercitus ; sed
fretus Caesar awicitia^
despieio suiis.

O^ruSf post hie victoria^
iransfero bellum in Lydia^
ttbi/undo Croesus exerci»
tus; Croesus ipse capio.
Qifan/tim Itroior hie bellum
sum prior y tantuv^ miticr
sum victoria, Croesus,
impetro urbs Barce i ip

AN INTRODUCTKm

ce ; io which, though ht dU
not lead a kiiig'« life, yet he
led a Hie aeit to royal majesty»
This clemency was no less
useful to the eonqaeror than
the conquered.

Sandrocottos, a man born oi
a mean family^ was the assertor
of their liberty ; bat after his
fluccessy he tamed the title of
liberty into slavery. This man
being ordered to be slain by
Alexander, whom he had of-
fended, made his escape ; af-
ter which fatigue, as be lay
fast asleep, a lion of (a) huge
bigness came up to him as be
slept, and wiped off the sweat

Dailius the admiral, not sa-
tisfied with the triumph of one
day, ordered, during his whole
Ufe, when he returned from
supper, torches to be lighted
up, and flutes to play before
him, as if he would triumph
every day. Thus all mortals
know the actionffef those, who»
endued with great ppwer^ pass
their life in an exalted station.

The Macedonian war was
by so much the more famous
than the CartbagiqiAo, by how
much the Macedonijui^ excell-
ed the Carthaginiaai ; where-
fore the Romans raised mpce
legions than usual, and sent for
aid from Musinissa king of the
Numidians, and ail their other

It was indeed a sort of pro*-
idHSy»'ibat, out of fifty children,
notene was found, whom. either
Internal ms^eaty« or the vene-
dmtHHi of lan 0td m^n, or the.ia->
^ulgcnce of a father, could jre-

qui^ letai fio»i^o regius
vitay tamen dego viUi
proximu$ regku majest^s.
Hie dementia nan sufn mt-
nus utilis victor qiutm vtc-
tus,

SandrocottuSf mrnaMu
humilis genvs^ sum audor
libnrtcLs ; sed post victo^
ria^ verto tttulus libertas
in serviius, Hicvir jms'
sus ifUerficio ab Alexan^
der, qui ^endo^ aufugio ;
€x qm fatigatio^ ctim ja-
ceo captus somnus^ leo in"
gens forma accedo ad dor-
miens ^ et detergo sudor,

Duilius imperatory non
contentus unus dies triumr-
phus^jubeo^ptromus vt-
la, %dn redeo a coena^ fu--
nale praeluceo^ et tthia
praecinOy quasi quoiidie
triumpko» ita^ cunctus
mortalis nosco factum is,
qui, praeditus mckgnus'im"
perium, ago aetas tn«x-
celst».

Bellum Macedonicus
sum tantum cUurior Puni-
cfw, qtwLUtum Macedo an-
tecedo Poe^i ; quare Roma-
nus conscr^o legio plus
sciitusj et accio au^ilifbfn
a Masinissa rex Numida^y
eaeterque omnis sacius.

Sum prorsus pstentum
gfinus^ ut^ ex q^imguagin'^
<a liberij nemo ifi'oemo^ qui
Oftt pa4ermu mfl^stas^Avt
meneroiio se^ese, a^indul^
gentia pater f a tantus im*

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 67

clatoi from so great a barbari* wwiwlif repoco. Sumnt

ty. Was a fn^her's aalne so ptUemm nomen adeo vHis

cotitemptible among so many apud tot Jiliua ? Sed eau"

sons ? Bat the caase of the sa parricidium sum aceU'

parricide was more wicked. rcUior ipse parricidium»
than the parricide itself.

The pi«Cy of a child it sweeter tfiu liieente,more delicioiu than edooni wifled by
tb^ gates, from a Seld of spiest.

Wisdooi is more precious than rubies, length of days is fn her right band, and la
Iief left band riches aud hononr. Her ways are wAys of ptoasaatiieest «nd aU ber pacta
arepeacei

WbenChiroii, whose actions are worthy of honour, was handling tb« arrows of
Hercules, one of them, tliat bad been dipped in the poisonous blood w tbe Lemaf
Hydra, fell upon bis foot, and made a wound tliat was incurable, and pains tiiat were
ininlerable. injomoeh that btdesindiodlet but coaidnoi, bMwnt b« WM ' ""*
of two inuBortal parents.

RULE FII.

21. An adjective of plenty, want, and priration, gorerns
the genitive or ablatiye.

Rich in horses. Dives equorum*

- Rich in lands. Divts agrxs.

Void of reason. Inops rationism

Wanting words* tnopsverbta.

Free from faalts. humuniMdelietaruinu

Free from vices. Immunds viHit, .

To this rule belong,

I. Adjectives of PLENTY; such as, abundans^ htatui,
copiosus^ dives^ Jerax^ fertilise foecundvSf foetus^ jfrequens^
frugifer, gravis, gravidusj immodicus, largus^ praelargus^
locupks^ mactus, fitnittts, oneratus, onustus^ opulentus, pie*
nus^ refertus, differtus^ saturj tentus^ distentus, tttmidus, tur»
gidus, uber ; to which add, benif^nusjjirmusj instruetiHf hte*
tuSy liberalise munificuSjparatusyprodigus, prosper ^ satiatvSf
insatiatusj insatiabilis.

If. Adjectives of WANT ; such as, egenus, indigusy in»
opSf jejunus^ inanis, modicuSf pauper, sterilis, tenuis, vacuus»

III. Adjectives of PRIVATION; such as, cassusyex*
perSy exsors, dissors^ exsul. extorris, exhaeres, immunise tV-
ritusymutilus, nudus^ or bus, truncus^ viduus. Of PARTI-
CIFATION ; as, consorSfparticeps. Of POWER and IM-
POTENCE ; as, compos, pollens, potens ; impos, impotens»
To which add, liber ^ solutus^ imparatus, infirmuSf part^^
purus»

68 AN INTRODUCTION

' Of tlMie some govern,

1. The genitive only ; as, benignus, exsors, vmpos^ impo-
tenSf irritusy liberaliSy munjficusj praelargus.

2. The ablative only ; as, heatus, fixffertus.frugifer^ mu*
tiluSy ientusy dittentus, tumiduSy turgidusy paratusy imparatus^
instructus.

3. The genitive more freqaeotly ; as, compos, consors^
particep9^€gert,uSy dissors, exsuly exhaeres^ expers.fertiltSy in*
digus, parcusy pauper^ prodigus^ sterilis^ prosp^ry insatiatus^
insatiaoilum

4. The ablative more freqaeotly ; as, abundans^ cassusy
estorriSffoetuSyfrequenSygraviSy gravidusyjejunus, liber, lo-
eupUs, nudus^ oneratus, owas'usy or bus ^ pollens y solutus, trun*
cus, viduusy laetuSyfirtHUSy infirmusy sutiatus tenuis,

5. The genitive or ablative indifferently ; as, copiosuSy
dives yjoecundusyferaxy immunis^ inanisy inopSy largus, maC'
ttts^modieuSyiinmodicus, nimius, opulent^s, plenusy potens,
refertusy satury puruSy vacuus^ uber^

Kite 1. Neither the cenilive nor tfw ablative, ttrictlj spnkiog, depends apmi the
«dJettivAi i f<»r the genitive Is governed by the ablative re, or «cfoCia, nndentood ;
and tbeWi and alf otber ablatives, by tw, •, «ft, d«, or ex.

m
IfaU 3. Of the above adjecUves, espiMMfc^mMu, parahu^ wtfrnratue^ v^Ph «'«utruc-
«tts, extorrii^ erbus, pauper ^ (enuir, /»ee«nunw, modiem, parem». nnmumre, iHam*^ lAer,
nvdui, eeUOMf vaanu, potent, «ferim, have frequpntlj the' prepiHitton expressed i «t,
Cic Lecu» eopioiu» «jfrumenta. Id. Ah equUatu^rmut. Id. Ah omnt re pearatus.
Id. impuratut a peeunia. Id. inop» ah eametM. Id. inttnMu» a doetrintt. Hor.
M<9 mM ptmper in aere. Id- Tenuta i» virhit eerendit, Plln Parauin mctu^mo-
dieu» m mliu. Vett. lAer m eotupeetu^ ^mnmnu ah arhiirie, Cic. Meuana A his
rAut vacua aifue nadaett Id. SolutuM a cMpidkatibu», liher a deliatiM. Quinet. in
qfietibui potentisrimut. Ovid. Herlta patene ad epem. Liv. /n res hellkas petena.
Apttl Cmtas ah aquietterttii.

l^ote 3. BenigruUf proeper, toefitf, frmoi», and iofne others, in a different sense, go-
vern the dative, 1^ {lo. 16.

Koite 4. 6(>iue irrBimnariatn refer the ai^Jeetives govemtag (he g<»nitive only, to No.
14. And ii would not have been repugnant to metbod and good order to have framed
No. 30, so as to comprehend those 'which govern the ablative only.

I, This island is rich in cat- Hie insula sum dives
tie, well stored with goats, pecusy eopiosua capra, a-
overflowing with milk, fertile bundans lacyfertilis f ru-
in grain, fruitful in corn, and ges, fotcnndus annonxiy «V
abounding in herbs. , Its moun- ferai herbc. Mons is sum
tains are ctored with brass uber aes et plumbum, ct
and lead, and covered with frequ^ns sylva,

woods.

This man is blessed with Hie homo sum beatus 6

wealth, and rich in money ; his divitiae, et opulentus pe*

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

«9

hoose is foil of plate, replenkb-
ed with precious tbiop, sod
stuffed wilh jewels ; his pockets
are alwa'^s loaded with siWeri
and strutted with gold.

This soldier formerly was
frank of bis moaey) abounding
in wealth, profuse of bis gold»
la? ish of praise, proud of vie-
tory, eitravagant in bis mirth,
and too high-spirited ; now be
is loaded with years, cloyed
with age, his wife is big with
a boy*

These fields are rich in
grain, fertile in com, fruitful in
victual, gay with grain and
flowers ; the cows and sheep
are fat, their udders are strut*
ted with milk.

II. Tour brother is moderate
in his desire, but yet he is in
want of every thing, in need of
help, poor in silver and gold,
weak in strength, destitute of
friends, but free from guilte

No letter comes from you
empty, or void of something
useful, which I the rather acf
mire and commend,because this
age is barren in virtues, and
fruitftii in vices.

III. This gentleman is free
of all vice, void of .a fault, and .
clear of wickedness ; yet he is
in want of help, being banish-
ed his country» ferced from bis
city and home, disappointed of
his hope, deprived of bis pa-
ternal estate, and destitute of
all &is possessioai.

cunia; damns is. sum fie»
n«s vof, sdUur pret%oius
reBf et refertus 6 gsmfna;
erumena 9um temper o\im*
tu» 6 argerUum^ et turgi*
dus 6 aurum.

Hie mUes olim $um lu
beralts pecuniaf largus
opesy prodigUM aurum^ mu»
nificuM lauSf tumidui 6 me-
cessuSf immodicus laeiiiia,
et nindue animus ; mme
sum grains 6 asmuSf «alui«
tus otfotifli, uxor sumgra»
vidus 6 puer»

Hie ager sum loeuples
Qf ruses ^foetus Qfrumenr
tumffrugifer BaUmentum^
laetusfruges etjlos ; vac*
ca et ems sum pinguiSf
uher sum disterUus 6 TaCm

Tuus f rater sum modi»
cus votum^ attamen sum
egenus omhis res^ indigus
opts, pa%sper argenium ei
aurum^ tenuis 6 vires^
inops amicus^ sed vacuus 6
crimeiu

Julius epistola venio a
tujejunusy aut inasds ali'
quis 6 res utilis^ qui eo
magis miror et iaudo^
quia hie seculum sum sfe«
rilis virtus f et foeewndus
vi^um.

Hie vir sum immunis
omms & vitium^ exsors cul"
pa^ et purus seehu ; tamen
sum indigus apis^ extul
patria^ extorris 6 uris do"
musque^ irriirn spes^ ex*
haerespatemus Inmum^ $t
expers mmis ifmiwm.

AN INTRODUCTION

This youoglady, deprived of
li^r pareotn, and waning a por-
tion, was the sharer of my dan-
l^ers, and shall be the partner
of my kfltigdotn ; her life has
not been free of troubles, nor
is her breast Toid of love.

The governor of the city,
which ia destitate of a garrison,
is a man endaed vrtih virtue,
abonnding in wealth, bat spar-
ing of his money ; mighty in
war, bat nnable to restrain his
passion ; his mind however is
generally calm, free from fear,
and disengaged from all cares.

Some animaU arc destitute of
feet ; but in Germany th^^re
are wild bea3t<; that are called
alces, «vhoge ebipe is like that
of goats, which have Ifgs with-
out jointSi and fthey] are void
of horn?.

IT The victorious Regnlus,
an honest man, and of ancient
morals, lovely \o all, though ij;-
Dorant of the liberal arts, after
he had widely spread the ter-
ror of his name, and fLiin a
great nutnber of the Carthagi-
nian youth, sent a fleet to Rome
loaded with «band -ince of spoil,
and heavy with a tiiumph.

Alexander, though full of
dust and sweat, yet taken with
(he pleasantness of the river
Cydnos, threw himself into the
cold-water ; then on a sudden
• Dumbness seizt^d bis nerves :
yet aftei wards he recovered
bis health, and took Persepolts,
the metropolis of the Persian
empire, a famous city, filled
with the spoilt of the world.

Hie inVgo, orhu$ 6 pa-
rens ^ et caisus 6 cfos, sum
particeps meus periculutn^
et sum consors regnum ;
vita non sum vacuus 6 mo-
lestta^ nee pectus sum vt-
duus 6 amor,

Praefectus ttrbs^ qui
sum nudus 6 praesidium^
sum vir compos virtus,
pollens 6 opes^ sed parens
pecunia ; poiens 6 helluTrty
sed impotens ira ; animus
t.imen sum fere tranguillvs,
liber 6 terror , et solutus
omnis f» cura.

Quidam animal sum
truncus pes ; sed in Ger»
mania sum bellua qui ap-
pello aheSy qvifigurasum
consimilis capra^ qui ha-
heo cms sine nodus j sum-
que mittilus 6 cornu*

Victor Regulus prohvs
vir, ei vetus i/tos, amabifis
cvnctus^ quamvis expers
liberalis ars, quusn late
circvmfero terror suus no-
inen, et caedo magnus vis
juvenfus PunicuSj ad Ro-
ma mitio classis pnustvs
ingens 6 praeda, et gravis
6 triumphvs,

Alexander^ etsi plenus
pxdvis ac sudor, tatnen
captus amoenitas flumen
CydnuSj projicio sui in
praefrigtdus aqua ; turn
repente rigor occupo tier-
vus : tamen postea recipio
saniias, et erpugno Perse-
polisy caput Persicus reg-
num^ urbs illustrisy re^,.
fertus 6 spolium terra or'
bis,-

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

Mao, ivhoii partaker of rea-
son and speecb, is more excel-
lent than beasts, wliich [who]
are void of reasoD and speech ;
but the miod of man has got
reason in rain, unless he is
mindful of bia duty, aad do the
things that are agreeable to
reason and nature.

The Egyptians boast that
Egypt was always so tempe-
rate, that neither the winter's
cold nor the heats of the sum-
mer sun did incommode its in> •
habitants ; that the soil is so
fertile, that no country is more
fruitful in food for the use of
man.

Alcihiades, the Athenian,
born of a great family, in a
very great city, wa« much the
hand^omesf of all the men of
his time, fit for all things, and
abounding in sense : it is agreed
amongst all, that nobody was
more eminent than he, either
in vices or in virtues.

tlistorians say, that Cyrus
king of Persia, who conquered
the greatest part of Asia, waged
war at last against the Scythi-
ans, whose queen was named
Tomyris ; that his army was
routed, he himself slain ; that
his head was cut off, and thrown
into a vessel full of blood.

Alt men b^te those that are
unmindful of a kindness, and all
men love a mind grateful, and
mindful of a good torn. Mu-
tual benevolence is the great
bond of humom society ; and
without it 1if;e itself is grievbus,
full of fear and anxiety, and
void of all comfort and plea-

HomOf qui sum parti^
cep8 ratio et oratiOf swm
praestans feray qui sum
expers ratio et oratio ; sed
animus homo sorlior ratio
frustray nisi sum memor
qfficium suus^ el ago is qui
sum consentaneus ratio et
natura.

Aegyptii praedico Ae*
gyptus sum semper ita (cm-
peratus, ut neque hibernus
frigus nee ardor aestivus
sol premo is incola ; solum
ita foecunduSf ut nullus
terra sumferaxalimentum
in usus homo,

AlcibiadeSf Atheniensis,
nalus summus genus^ in
amplus civitas sum mul*
turn formosus omnis suus
aetas, aptus ad res omnis ^
plenusque consilium : con-
Stat inter omnisy nihil sum
eicellensille, vel in vitium
vel in virius.

Auctor narro, Cyrus rex
Persia, qui domo ma gnus
pars Asia, gerc helium
tandem contra Scytha^ qui
regina appello Tomyris ;
exercifus is deleo, ipse oc-
cido ; caput is ahicindo^
et conjicio in vas plenus
sanguis •

Omnis odi is qui sum
itnmemor heneficium^ et
omnis am^ animus gratus,
. et memor benefieium, Mu'
tuus henevolentia sum ma^
nus vinculum kumanus so^
cietas ; et sine is vita ips^
sum gravis^ plentts timio^
et anxietasy et vatuus or

7« AN INTRODUCTION

sure. Let as therefore avoid nis 6 $olattum et Dolupias^
tiie crime of ingratitade above Fugto igitur crimen in-
all otben. grcUus animui pra^ relt*

If w« lift ap flnr fm to tli0 hftvent. ttie 0afy •TGod 111101111 forth : if w» CMt
tiMin down upon the earth, It I1 ftiU of ^U goodmn : The UUt and the vallcyf re-
joice and flttf ; fieklfi riveri, and woods reieimd his pimlse.

HuBaii life is never free from tre«bles ; all ptecen vt full of frindi mascheiVi «■<

The Roman toMlenr made VMeranIo emperor, who wni a good tuutf and of andent
merali, bat void of all the liberal arts.
No man can be eiid to be great or powerfnl, who ii not aaater of Uawlf.

II, The goveriiment of verbs,

§ 1. Of personal verbs.

RULE L

* 22. Sum when it signifies possession, property, part or
duty, governs the genitive.

This field is my father*S| but Hie ager est pmtrU^ at pO"

the orchard belongs to my marium est avuncuiL

uncle.

It is the property of a fool to Insipieniis est perseverare

persist in an error. in errore.

It is the part of a poor man to Pauperis est numerare pe-

number his flock. cus.

It is the duty of soldiers to fight Militum est pro patvia

for their country. pugnare,

ifefe J. Both in this and in the foUowiag rule, ^ffieium, «wnnf, <|ra% lufncanm, re»,
^opriumf or some other word, to be gnthered from the sense, fs understood, and
sotteUraes expresseil; as, Olc. ^rineijnan muntu eti resittert UtitatinuMtudims.
Sometimes the preceding snbstantlve Is to be repeated } as, Hie tiber eH [Kber] /h«Hs.
Hocptau ett [peons] MelAoei,

NoH 3. To this rule may be referred the following and like espivssions. Tirr.
Oratn 9er$oher9 digruu nan opU eat nottrat. Caes« lB*t hoe O^Uheae eonnutndMB.
file. M$ii»maifui,fitU* Oic« ^mm m ensrteHdi rtip, iolaU tue* Sail. Regium
twysr i nw, cned initio ccnservtmdae HbertatUfuerat, Id. Quae portouom gforiMa n»>
4s, nepu ¥etU patrandi «gwevie, sap. eue.

23. These nominatives, meunif iuum, suum, nostntm,
vestrumf are eicepted.

It is my duty to confess- Meum estfateri.

It is your part to forgive- Tuum est ighoscere.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. IS

Note I Tke mennlnff of the rale Is, that instead of the prloiiave proaoom, met,
<u/, nd^ nottri, vMfn. in the genitive» we moat use their ponessiTe«. fueum, fwtit^
«tium. nostmmf veiirumy in tlie noinhiativte ease, and in the neuter gender.

iV'afB 3. POSSESSIVE nonni, coch as, regim^ kumanu$, htUuiwiUy Romamu, kc. ad»
mitof the like eonstraetion ; as, Oic. Sac quamregium tit, «u«mjpraeleri<? Ter.
•tfamamnn e«f «rrare. Proverb. Bclluinunt etC vtiUri •ervir: Llv. Eiagttt ttpali
fwtia Rmnannm tst, Ter. Hoc patrhan est. Cic. G/odictf ortum M guicicM.

RULE II.

* S4. MISEREORy mUeresco and ^a^ago, gOFero the ge-
nitive.

Take pitj Od jroar country- Miserere civium tuorum.

men.

Take pitj od the king. . Miser esdte regis.

He Ms enough to do with hia Saiagit rerum suarum.

own affairs.

Ifote 1. Several otiier veriM, signifying on affkuion ^ tie mtiul, govern sometlnei
the genitive, but chiefly with the poets ; as, Uie. Pendeo cmtmi. Ter. DiMcrudor
«itimi. Plant. FatiidUt mti. Hor. DeeipUw labwum. Plant Fallehar «ermonw.
Hor. tnvidii eictrii. Vrrg. Ltutor malorum. Hur. Ahstineto irarum. Id. Detine
qmrelaruni. Virg. Deftfters nttgnae, Hor JZe^fminil pofm/omiin- Tac. Adipu-
centw liomiiutfioiiti. Plant. i>v(u /oborum, &c. But these and the like are much
oftenerotherwiseconstnied. «u.'suoie lake the accusative, others the ablative» and
}faat either with or without a prepetitionf 4fC.

Note 2. In assigning the reason of this rule, mmmarlans dtff«r ; some take all
such constructions to be Grfidsms, or lolilatinns^ the Greek : others consider them
as elliptical X^tin expressions, and preli*nd to supply them by some general word }
such as. ntgotioy re, eowro, funwine^ or ibp like *, wltn the preposition tn, de, or a.
Others again think, tf they are to be Muppliatl. thnt some pariicnlar fiord, suited to
the sense of the expression, must be urtd«*rRtood, thus: Miserere ctvtumiSC. mts^ria.
/^ifcrueter animi, sc. dp/ore. Regnnvit poputorumtWC in eoetu. Levas leA^rumf k.
oners, kci

RULE III

25. £>Sr taken for haheo \to have"] governs the dative of
a person.

Every one has his own way. Suns cuique mos est.
We have many books. Sunt nobis multi I ibri» )

Po you not know . that kings An nescis tongas regibus
have long hands ? esse manus ?

■

Note, That^rct andfsuiipefte, as also «uppeiitof, when used in a neuter sense, are
likewise ofieu tnken for aabeo, and admit of th^ same construction. Mart. Si mAi
eauda/oret. Hor. Cuirsrwn tuppetUwus. Tac. PuUio nejueaiumiuinperiaffu,
qtte oratio suppeditavU,

74 AN INTRODOCTION

RVLEIF.

26. SUM taken for qffero [to hring] goveras tw6 dative^
the one of a person, the other of a thing.

The sea brings ruin upon 'ma- Mare est exitio iiautis.

riners.

King Philip brought aid to the Philippus rex Romanis

Romans. auxiliofuit.

Ever/ one minds his own plea- Curae est sua cuique vo-

®**re. luptas.

J^TL^^^rHi^S^T**^ referred aaeli nlurwefof nuniagafthtse, Est mtki
vS* /iiJPilSf-iJi?* dative of the THiKa, the nomiwtiTeif fDmetiniCf OMd | a»

22. The books which yon Liber, qui video^ sum

«ee, were my cousin's, but now emsobrinnstneus, sed nunc

ihej are my brother's. sum/rater.

Caesar Augustus dwelt hard Ckesar Augustus habit6

by the forum, in a house that juxla forum, m domus 9«$

had belonged to Calvus the ora- sum Calvus orator.
tor.

5^®^ ^^ there a more Nunquam sum cruentus

bloody battle ; at last, how- praelium ; ad postremum,

ever, the victory was the La- tam^, victona sum La*

cedemonians\ cedaemonii.

It IS the property of a cow. Sum timidus opioj/^rs :

ard to wish for death ; but it is sed sum magms Mmus

the property of a great soul to desmcio injuria.
despise an injury.

It is the part of a foolish boy Sum stultus puer amo

*? M^ ^^*^'. ^^^ o^gJect his lusus, et negligo siudium ;

tumes ; and it is the part of a et sum bonus pastor tondeo

g90d shepherd to shear his pecus. nori deglubo.
sheep, not to flay them.

It is the duty of children to Sum liheri amo et rive-

love and reverence their pa- reor parens, etsumdisci'^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

rents, and it is the dolT c(a
scholar to honour his master*

23. It is my part to teadh
and direct ; it is thy part to
study har^, if IhQU desirest to
be a scholar.

It is our part to regulate
your courage ; and it is your
duty, not to pry into the or-
ders of your ofi&cers^ but sub*
«ussively to obey.

24. Look about, says Tellus»
take i^ity on your own hea-
yen : the poles are smokitig,
w^ich if the fire shall destroy,
jour palaces will tuinbJedown.

Pity such great hardships ;
take pity also on me, and be
not troublesome ; 1 am busy in
my own affairs.

Xantippe, Socrates' wife, by
day and by night, was sufficient-
ly employed in womanish quar*
;rels and brawlings.

96. Caesar the dictator ri-
valled the greate.st orators, and
Augustus had a ready and flu-
ent eloquence.

Thou mayest rest with us
upon the ^reeo grass ; w^e bave
mellow apples, soft chesnuts,
.and plenty of curdle^ lailk.

26. Conon, when he heard
tb^this country was invaded,
did not inquire where he might
live safely, but from whence
be might bring relief to his
countryn^en.

The loss, however, of t^i^e
hum^ rape« was matter of gxief
to all the gods ; and they ask-
ed, wbs^t would be the appear-

pulus h<>n$r0 nutgiiUr»

Sum mew d0ceo etprae^
scribo; sum tuu$ $tud€0
diligentpr^ n voh sum
doctus*

Sum nosier rego vester
virtus ; et vester sum^ non
sciscitor imperium duXp
sed modeste pareo.

Ciremnspieiot aio Tel-
luSf misereor caelum ves»
ter : p^lusfumo^ qui si ig»
nis vitio, atrium vester
ruo.

Misereor tantus labor;
miseresco i^uoque ego, fic
fie sum molestus ; satago
res meusm

Xantippe^ Socrates UX'
or^ per dies perque nox,
saiago mtdiebris ira si
molestta»

Caesar dictator sum
a^mulus summus orator ,
et Augustus promptus ac
profluens eloquentia*

Tu possum requiesco
egocum super viridis
frons : sum ego mitts po»
mvi9, mollis castanea^ et
pressus copia lac*

Gmo», quvm audio pa*
iria obsideOy non quaerOy
uibi ipse vipo tuto^ sed un-
de sum praesidium civis
suus.

Jactura^ tamen^ kut^-
nus genv^t sum dolor oot-
ms superi ; et rf^o^ quis
sum forma terra 6 smrta-

AN INTRODUCfTION

aoc« of tbe etrth iieititate of
moiivls ?

The ?ine is an ornameDt to
the trees, grapes are an orna-
meiit to the vioep, boils to the
flocks, and growing corns to the
fertile fields.

NoU 1. Micipsa imagined
that Jugnrtha woahl be an ho-
nour to his kingdom, and
thoaght it a glory to himself,
that he was called the friend
and ally of the Roman people.

The complainers charged it
as a crime against Gallia?, that
he had provided poison ; and
who is it that would not have
imputed it to him as a fault ?

These gentlemen strut in
state before joar noses, and
boa^t of their. triumphs, just as
if they reckoned th^m an ho-
nour to them, and not rapine.

The girl was left to this wo-
man as a pledge for the money ;
but it is charged upon you as
laziness, that you write so few
letters to your friends.

Chabiias too was reckoned
amongst the greatest generals,
and performed many things
worthy of memory ; but of
these his invention in the bat-
tle which he fought at Thebes,
when he came to the relief of
the Boeotians, \% the most fa*
moos*

IT After this a battle is
fought : the Macedonians rush
upon the sword, with contempt
of an enemy so often conquer-
ed by them : Alexander him-
self attempted the most dange-

r's or6ft^.

Viiit 8um deem arbor j
uva sum decus vilisj tav»
rusgreXf et seges pinguU
arvum.

Micipsa txittimojugur'
tha forem gloria regnum
8UU8, et duco sui gloria^
sui voco ' amicus et soeivs
populus RomMnw,

Accusaior do crimen
GaUius, izparo venenum ;
et qms aum^ qui non verto
is vitium ?

Hie vir incedo per os
vestery et ostento suus
triumphuSf perinde quasi
habeo is honor sui^ ac non
praeda*

Adolescenivla relinquo

hie mulier arrkabopro ar-

' gentuni : sed tribuo (u ig-

navia, quod seribo tarn ra-

rus liiera ad amicus,

Chabrias quoque habeo
in summus duXf geroqne
mulitis res dignus memo»
ria i sed ex hie inventum
is in praeliUm^ qui apud
Thebae facio^ cum venio-
subsidium Boaotii^ maxime
eluceo»,

. Post hie praelium com"
mitio : Macedo ruo infer-
rum J cum contemptus hos-
tis toties a sui victus : A-
lexander ipse aggredior
quisque periculosus ; ubi

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

roas things ; where he saw the
enemy ihickestf there he al-
waja thrust himself, and had a
mind the dangers sfaonld be fats
own, not his soldiers'.

Rashness is the property of
yotith, pmdence of old age ;
and to lore riches is the pro-
perty of a little and narrow
soul, as to despise them, in
comparison of virtue, is the
property of a great and noble
mind.

Virginias begged that (hey
would pity him and his daugh-
ter : that they would not heark-
en to the intreaties of the
Claudian family, but to the in-
treaties of Virginia's relations,
the tribunes, who being creat-
ed for the assistance of the
commons, did implore their
protection and aid.

Part advised to call in Mithri-
dates king of Pontus, part
Ptolemy king of Egypt ; but
Mithridates was full of business
of his own, and Ptolemy had
always been an enemy to Sy-
ria : wherefore alt agreed upon
Tigranes king of Armenia ;
who being sent for, held the
kingdom of Syria for eighteen
years.

The nation of the Catti have
robust bodies, compact limbs, a
stern countenance, great vigour
of mind, a great deal of sense
and address ; they confide more
in their general than in their
army : over the blood and
spoils of an enemy they unco-
ver their face, and boast that

conspicio hostis canferius,
to sui semper ingero^ to-
loque pertculum sum t««9,
nan miles.

Tem,eritas sum ftorens
aetasj prudeniia seneetus ;
et amo diviiiae sum par-
vus angustusgue animus^
ut eoniemno tt , prae vtV-
itUy sum magnus et subli'
mis animus.

Firginius oro ut mise-
rear sui etJUia : ne audio
precis gens Claudius^ sed
precis Virginia cognatus,
tribunuSy qui creatus ad
auxilittm plehsy imploro
isjides et auxilium.

Pars suadeo arcesso Mi»
thridates rex Pontus^ pars
Ptolemjaeus rex Jlegyptus ;
sed Mithridates satago res
suuSy et Ptolemaeus semper
sum hostis Syria : itaque
omnis consentio in Ti'
granes rex Armenia ; qui
accitus teneo regnum Sy-
ria per octodecim annus.

Gens Catti sum durus
corpus, strictus artus^ mi*
nax vultuSf magnus vigor
animus, multum ratio ac
solertia ; repono plus in
dux quam in exercitus :
super sanguis et spolium
hostis revelo fades y etfero
sui sum turn dignuspatria

AN INTRODUCTION

tbey are then worthy of their
cooDtry and their parents.

Now 1 cooie to Cicero, who
had the same contest with his
contemporariesy that I hare
with you ; for they admired
the ancients, he preferred the
eloquence of bis own times.

The Macedonians had per-
petual wars with the Thraciaas
and Illyrians : the latter des-*
pised the infancy of the Mace-
donian king, and invaded the
Macedonians ; who, being beat,
brought out their king, aod
placed him behind tbeir army
in his cradle, and then renew-
ed the dispute more briskly.

As soon as Philip, king of
Macedonia, entered upon the
government, all people had
great hopes of him, because of
his parts, and because of the
old oracles of Macedonia, which
bad given out that the state of
Macedonia shoald be very
flourishing under one of the
sons of Amyotas.

After this Alexander orders
himself to be adored, not salut«
ed. Callistbenes was the most
Tiolent amongst the recusants ;
which thing brought ruin both
on him, and on many great men
of Macedonia ; for they were
all put to death under pretence
of a plot.

He ordered Marcos Claudius
the proconsul, to retain a suffi-
cient garrison at Nola, and send
away the rest of the soldiers,
that they might not be a burden
to their allies, and a charge to
the gOYernment.

Atinc (td Cicera venio^
qui idem pugna turn cum
aequtUis auuSj qui ego mm
tucum ; tile emm antiquut
miror^ ipse buum tempus
eloquentia anteponom

Macedo sum cLssiduus
helium cum Hiraces et II'
lyrii : posterior cotUemno
infarUia Macedonicus reXf
et invado Macedo ; qui
pulsus^ profero rex suus^
et pono pone acies in cu*'
nae^ et tunc repeto certa*
men acriter,

Ut Philippusj rex Ma*
cedonia^ ingredior impe^
rium^ omnis sum magnus
spes de ille^ propter ipse
ingenium, et propter vetus
fatum Macedonia^ qui ca-
no status Macedonia sum
florens suh unus filius Ji-
mjfntas*

Deinde Alexander jubeo
sui adofOf non salutor.
Callisthenes sum acer inter
recusans; qui res sum exi-
tium et ilUy et muUus
princeps Macedonia ; si'
quidem omnis inlerficio
sub species insidiae,

Juheo Marcus Claudius
proconsul^ retineo idoneus
prmesidium ad Nola, et
dimitto caeter miles ^ ne
sum onus socius^ et sump-
tus respublica.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

Caeaar OctamnnSi Mark
AntOQjr, aod Lepidas divided
the Roman empire among them-
t^elires. Asia and Egypt were
Mark Antony's ; he married
Cleopatra, the most beautiful
woman of her age, who, desi-
rous of the empire of the world,
{^tirred him up to make war
against Caesar Octavianua,
which brought destruction on
thcin both.

Xtiatbeputorawit» iDMitolookts Hw ead of thiift. Wlmi* Ihfnte*, the
fatherless call upon thee ; when the widow'b heart is saofc, aod »he IniphifeUi thy ■§•
sisunce ; it is thydoiy to pity her affliction, and ttliew» those who have no helper*

ETei7 tbioff is oomaMNi anioog aais. An ant never works for herself, bat for the
whole society of which she Is a member. Whereat bees, of which so wonderftil sto-
ries ere told, have each of them a hole la thebr hives; tlieir honey istlMlr own, and
every bee is wholly takeo «p aboat her own ceneems.

Idleness is the parent of want and paia, bot the labour of virtae farlnfeth flMrth
pleasare. The hand of the diligeot defeateth want, prosperity and soooess are the
lodustiloas nmnH attendants. But the slotbAil man Is • burdn to hlianlf ; he loiter-
eth about, and kaoweth not what he wosdd do.

Caesar Octovtamii,
Marcus Antanius^ et Lept-
dus partior Romawus tm-
perium inter suu Asia tt
Aegyptus sum Marcus An-
tonius ; duco Cleopatra^
pulcher foemina seaUum
suusj quij eupidus impe*
rium terra or6fa, impello
is gero bellum contra Cbe-
sar Oetavianusj qui sum
permcies uterque.

RULE V.

27. A VERB signifying advantage or diaadf antage goreniB
the dative.

I am not profitable to myself.

Fortune favours the brave.

Wise men command their pas-
sions.

Caesar threatened the eagle-
bearer.

Fools trust to dreams.

The girl married her cousin-
german.

It is the part of a good man to
satisfy his conscience.

I was present at the battle.

The last hand is put to the
work.

Man, who is partaker of rea-
son, excels the brutes.

Mihi ndnus profido.
Fwrtuna favet fortihus»
Sapientns imperant cupi-

ditaiibus suis
Aquilifero Ck'esar cornm*'

natus est*
Stulti fidunt somnis.
Qmaobrino suo nupsit

puella.
Est boni mri eatUfaure

eonscientiae suae»
Aderam pugna^»
Accessit operi manus ex*

trema*
Homo, qui roiionis parti'

ceps e$ty antectUit 6ei-

80 AN INTRODUCTION

A boy takes pleasare to play Puer gestit paribus coUu"

With bifl eqaak. dere.

The sailors ply the oars. J^Tautae incumbunt remis.

To this rule belong a great variety of verbs, mostly aeu-
teri viz*

1. Verbs of variouft significations, ifnportinjsr,

1. To PROFIT or HURT ; vayprqficio.plaeeo^commo"
dOfprospicio^ caveo^ metuoy timeo, consulo to provide for or
against ; also, noceo^ (>fficioy incommodOf dispUeeo^ inn-
dior.

2. To FAVOUR, to HELP, and their contraries ; as,
faveoygratulor^gratificor^ grator, ignoico^ indulgeo, annuo,
parcOf studeOf adulor, plaudo^ bletndiory lenoctn&r, palpoTp
asstntOTj mpplico^ subpartisitof ; also, auxilior^ adminicU'
loTj iubvemoj succurro, pairoeinorf medear^ medicory opitU'
lor ; also, derogo^ deirako^ invideOj aemulor,

5. To COMMAND. OBEY, SERVE, and RESIST ; as,

impero, prcLecipio, mando^ moderor to restrain ; also, pareo,
ausculto^ obedio, obsequoTj obumptro^ morigeror^ obuecundo;
d\so^famulor, servio, tntervio, mini$(ro, ancillor ; also, re-
pugnOf obstOt reluctor, renitwr^ retisto, refragorj adversor ;
and with the poets, pugno^ certo^ bello^ contendo^ concurrOf
luctor»

4, To THREATEN, or be ANGRY with; as, mmor,
comminor, interminnr^ iraseorp wcunsio.

a. To TRUST ; as,^rfo, confido\ credo ; also, dij^do,
dtsptro,

6. A great many other verbs that cannot be reduced to
any distinct bead ; sacb as, nubo, excello^ kaereo^ cedo, ope*
rory praestolor, praevaricor, recipio to promise, pepigi to
promise f renuncio, reftpondeoy tempero, vacoy convtcior, aio,
luceoy sapiOi sordeOy dormio, &c.

II. Verbs compounded wiihSATIS, BENE» and MALE ;
as, ioti^acio^ satisdo. benefacioj benedico^ benevolo, malefu-^
eto, maledicom

III . All the compounds of the verb SUJM^ except/>05sum ;
as, adsum,pro8umf o6tum, desumy insumy intersumy praemm^
mptrsum, &c.

IV. A great many verbs compounded with these nine

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 81

PREPOSITIONS, ad, ante, c<m^ tn, tfi^er, oi, pme, tyb^
super,

AD ; as, accede t accruco^ a^cumbo^ acquiesco, adno, adf
jiatOy adequitoj adhaereo, adrepoy adsto^adttipulor, adoolvor^
affulgeoj allabor^ allaboro, annuOf applaudo, apprapinquOt
arrideOy aspirOf assentior, Oisideo, aisisto, assueMCo^ auurgo.

ANTE ; as, antecelloj atUteOy antestOf anteverto.

CON ; aSj coUudoj eo/icmo, consonOf canvivo.

IN ; as, incumboy indormio, inhio^ ingemiscOj inkaereo,
innascoTf innitor^insideoj instOj insi$to, ttisudo, insulto, invigu
2o, illacrymo^ illudoi tmmtneo^tmmortor, imfnorar^impendeo.

INTER ; as, intervenioj tn^ef mtco, intercedoy interctdo^
tntefjaceo.

OB ; as, obrepo^ obluctoTy obtrecto, obstrepo, obmurmurOj
oceumbOf occurroj occur so, obsto^ obsisto, obvenio,

PRAE ; as, praecedo, praecurro^ praeeojpraeeideo, prac"
luceo, praeniteoy praesto, praevaleo, praeverto,

SUB ; as, succcdo, succumbo, suffUio^ suffragoTf subcrcs'
CO, suholeOf subjaceOf subrtpoy supplico,

SUP^R ; as, supervenio, supereurrOf supento,

Nit 1. 8oine few of thew Tertit j neh as, Jidt, eamJUo^ mnator, cti§, vn», inileid
of ihe datiye, lake sometimes the ablatiTe, as will be unebt No. 90.

Note 3. The verbs Juheo^ »ffhtdo, latdo, and /wve, tbooeh reducible to some «f tbe
adove classes, do not govern the datWe, but the aceosatWe ; as, Lac. 8il4Mtia Juuit,
Hor. Cwr ego amionm ^«ndam in HMgi» t Clc- tfembum luaiL Ovid. JwoU/mamf
dim eaiuoM.

J^Afe 3. Verbs of LOOAL MOTION ; sosii as. epv Mub, «urr», prepsra, /cUfna, jmt-
got/ufi», kc and verbs denoting tecdeocy to MOTION ; such as, eendo, verfv, ys sls »
p%rtin€9,^' instead of the dative, take tte aecosative with the preposition «4 or t».

Note 4. A great many of the verba belonging to this rule admit of other coiitlnie>
tioas} as. Plant. Paresre peoMntMR. Id. Aumuutre «diquem. Cic. Dtmran rtwmA^
licam. Oaes. Jd kate respondit. Cic. Adeu* in pugna. Sail. Jeotden md urttm,
Cic. Jeeodere in oppidum* VIrg. Jeotdtre domo$ infemms. Sail, ilnfstrc amiMS gh-
ria. Id. Cotbtdert aim tUiqu», Plant. /«CHmberef/acKam. Cic /nsnmiers «IsCiultfl^
in studhun' Petron. Incumbere nmtr prmtdam, Plin. Inietyacet duat igrtt»* Cic.
Oirepen in anhnu, ad Amerw. Virg. Prtutotdtrt agnun. Ball. ^Sueeedsrs mitfWNi,
Liv. Si^ifi^tert md wvem, in jnignan. Ylrg. Sitpentan o/ijuem, &e*

I. 1. It is the part of a wise 'Sum sapiens placeo

man to please God, to do good Deus, prqficio homo, caveo

to meo, to take care of himself, m, prospicio solus suus,

to provide for his own safety, metuo amicus^ et consulo

to becoAceraed for his friends, utilitas^ qfficio nvUiit, 0$*

and stadjr their interest, to do pliceo ntmot nequ^ no-

h 2

AN INTRODUCTION

hirtn to none, to displeara no^
body, neither to hart the mise-
rable, nor to lay snares for the
innocent.

2. A good man favonrs the
good, and rejoiceth with them
upon any happy event ; he is
always disposed to spare the
yanquished, and forgive what
is past ; he neither entertains
resentment, nor flatters any
one ; be knows^ that those who
detract from good men, dero-
gate from themselves ; he
therefore envies nobody, but
zealously imitates the most
worthy.

It is the property of a gene-
rous man to assist the poor, to
aid the needy, to succour the
distressed, to heal their wounds,
to patrohiise tlte orphans, to
help hiM countrymeu, to study
their advantage , and to pray to
God, that he would second hia
endeavours ; whilst the cove-
tous man flatters and caresses
the rich, and applauds himtelf
when he looks at his money in
his chest.

3. God hath commanded us
to rule our lusts, to govern our
spirit, to listen to his word, to
obey his admonitions, to be sub*
ject to his laws, to be submis-
sive to parents, to comply with
their will, to serve and wait
upon them, and obey their or-
ders, and not to be a slave to
passion.

A Christian ought to oppose
ficious pleasure, to stru|^le
against and withstand the be«
ginnings of anger, to resiat evil,

ceo miser f neque insidior
innocuut.

Bonui faveo ,bonU9i ^^
gratulor is de aliquis re9
felix ; semper paratus stun
parco victuSf et ignosco
praeieritus ; neque tndul'
geo iraj neque adulor quts-
quam; nosco iSf qui de*
iraho bonus, derogo suij
ideo invideo nemo^ sedia.e-
mulor dignus.

Sum generosus auxilior
pauper, subvemo inops^
succurro miser, medeor
yulnus, patrocinor orbus 6
parens, opitulor civis, siu^
dco commodwn, etmppli"
CO Deus, ut annuo ausum ;
dum avarus assentor et
blandior dives, et plaudo
sui, cum contemplor num"
mus in area*

Deus praecipio ego ut
impero cupiditas, moderor
animus, ausculto verbum
is, pareo monitumf obedio
lex, obtempero parens, ob-
secundo voluntas is^Jamu^
lor et ministro illif^et ob*
sequor imperium, neijue
servio iracundia*

Oirisiianusdebeo repugn
no vitiosus voluptas, reluc-
tor et obsto principiumira,^
rtsisto malwn, adversor

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

to oppose the eorrapt practices
of those who despise virtoe
and religion, and not to be a
slave to lust, nor hamourwick-
ed mea* .

4. & 5. The general was an-
gry and enraged at the soldiers,
lie threatened the standard-
bearers, he threatened the rnn-
awajs { bat as he durst not de-
pend on the courage of his men,
he resolved to retreat, and trust
to the night and* the darkness.
Though at first he did not be-
lieve the things thkX were said
concerning the enemj, yet now
he began to give up his affairs
for lost, and despair of safety.

6. 1 cannot restrain my
tongue, says the gentleman to
his companion ; the sun shines
on the wicked, and* few are
wise lor themselves* I bewait
the misfortune of the unhappy
young lady ; she excelled all
the girls of the east, she was
taken up with the liberal scien-
ces, and was always intent up*
pn philosophy.

Many young men courted
this girl, and presents sent by
many lovers were disdained by
her ; at length, however, she
yielded to the gentle command
of her parents, and married a
Roman knight; but the event
did t^l^auswer people's expec-
tation ; he was a bad husband,
and the poor creature has bid
adieu to life ; my voice clings
to my jaws !

II. An honest man endea^
voursto satisfy his creditors»
and to^ act well forthe comovM^

pravus tno8 is qui contem*
no virku et religio^ neque
inservio cupidiiasj nequi
morigeror malua homo,

' Dux aticcenseo et irascor
mt7eS| minor signifer^ com"
minor fugitns ; sed cum
non . audto confido virtus
miles^statuo recedo, etjido
nox et tenebrae, Quam-
v%8 primo non credo is qui
narro de hostisj tamen nunc
coepi diffido res suusy ei
despero salus.

Non possum tempero lin*
gua, aio vir combes; sol
lueeo sceleratusj et pauci
sapio sui. Doleo casus
infdix virgo ; excello om»
nis puella oriensj operor
liheralis studiumj et sem*
per vaeo philosophia.

. Multus juvenii petohic
puelloy et munus missus a
multus procus sordeo ille ;
tandem^ tamen^ cedo ienis
imperium parens, et nubo
Romanus eques ; sed res
non respondeo homo opt'
nio; sumdurus maritus,
et miser renuncio vita;
vox faux haereo !

Frobus vir conor satis^

facio creditor^ et bm^ado

respublica^ qui sitm put*

AN INTRODDCTION

wealth, which is a fin« thing ;
be endeavours also to speak
well of good men, to revile no-
body, and to do an ill turn to
none. God often blesses such
a man, which he does when he
gives him prosperity» enlarges
his fortune, and shews him fa-
vour.

IIL Parents often outlive
their children ; and as some
men have a weakness of judg-
ment, and others want pru-
dence, an old man of this sort
ought to be present at public
deliberations, and have the -
charge of the thing to be done ;
not that he may have it in bis
power to hurt any one, but that
he may be able to do good to
many ; and God sometimes fa-
vours such an undertaking.

IV. M. The thing pleased
me much ; for the young man
had resolved to rest in your
opinion, and adhere to virtue.
Fortune, therefore, smiled up-
on him, and favoured his first
attempt ; and great courage
was added to his men, whQ rode
up to the very gates of the city.

The enemy threw them-
selves into the river, and en-
deavoured tOBwim to land. Our
general returned victorious,
with twelve Serjeants, who at-
tended him, and all rose up be-
fore him, as he came into bis
tent, where he sat down to a
feast. The grandees sat by him,
and six boys watted at table.

Ante and Con. Tirtue, which
if always consistent with itself,
excels all other things, and the

cher f eonar quoque biM'
dico bonus homo^ maledico
nemo J et aialefacio ntdlw^
Deus saepe benedico talis
homo, quifacioy cum do
prosper, augeo 6oitum,
faveoque*

Parens saepe supersum
liberi; , et ut quidam homo
insum imbecillitas Judi-
ciumy et <ilius desum pru-
dentta, senex ejusmodi de^.
beo intersum publicus con*
silium^ et praesum res Ja,"
ciendus ; non ut possum
obsum quivisj fiSed ut poS'
sum prosum multus ; et
Deus nonnunquam adsum
talis inceptum*

Res arrideo ego valde ;
nam adolescens statuo ac»
quiesco sententia iuuSy et
adhaereo virtus, FortU'
na, igitur^ affulgeo ille, et
aspiro primus lahor^ et «n-
gens animus accedo miles ^
qui adequito ipse porta
urbs.

Hostis prc^icio sui in
Jluvius, et Conor adno ter*
ra, Foster dux redeo
victor cum duodecim liC"
tor, qui appareo is, et om^
nis assurgo isyvenietsffnta-
bornaculumj ubi accumbo
epulae, Primores assideo
t7/e, et sex puer adsto men-
so.

Virtusy qui semper cot^
SOW) sui, anteeo omnis
e^tius reSf fit dos animus

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

«ndowmeiits of the miiid eseel
streogtb of body ; bot they o^
ten beget pride. Tbere was a
comedian in Greece, of a cele-
brated cbaracter, witb whom I
lived a long time, wbo far ex-
celled most actors and mosi-
cians : he used to boast and say.
Let the boys play with their
equals, and siog to themselves
and the muses.

In. This villain mocks and
insults all good men ; be is said
never to have groaned or wept
at the death of a friend ; bat
he gapes after gain, and sleeps
on his bags of money ; he ob-
stinately persists in, and por-
sues bis former coarse, thoi^
danger seems to hang and ho*
▼er over him : for a fiein has
lately settled in his feet, ivbich
obliges him to lean on a staff,
as a iioldier leans on a spear,
or as a boose leans on pillars.

Inter. There was an alliance
for a long time betwixt this
people and their neighbours :
a war, however, at last broke
out between them ; they join-
ed battle in a valley full of
ferns, which use to^row in neg-
lected fields : at first the sun
was shioiug, and the gold glit-
tered CD their bright armour ;
many were slain on both sides,
who w^'e all buried in pits that
lay betwixt the hills, and more
would have falleo, had not
night come on during the time
of the battle.

Ob. The lot that has fallen
to men is mortal : mortality
occurs» nay often occurs to oar

anteediovireseorpm ; ut
waepe gigno iuper&iam Smn
hiitrio in Qraetictj c^dber
favMLj qui diu eonvtvo, fm
longe antestp plerique ac-
tor 9t eitkaroedus : 9OU0
glorior el dtco, Pfur sol-
ludo par J el condno iui et
muta»

Hie gededui iUudo et
insMo omnis bonus ; dico
nunqvmm ingemo out ilia-
chrymo mors amicus ; scd
vMo lucrum^ ct tmhrndo
saceus peeuma; pcrtina'
dtcr tfuto, et inhaereo pri-
or vesftgttim, etiamsi pe*
riculum videor impcndco
et immineo is ; nam doior
nuper insideopes^ qui co»
go is intntor baadum^ ut
miics iniisto hastaj cmt ut
tectum incumbo eolumna»

Amicitia diu intercede
hie populus cumjimtimuf:
" bellumy tamen, tandem ex-
orior inter is ; committo
praelium in vallis plenus
QJUix, qui soleo itmascor
neglectus ager : primo sol
splendeo^ et aurum inter»
micofulgens arma ; mul-
tus inUificio utrinque^ qui
omnis sepelio in fovea qui
interjaceo monsy et plus
cadOy nisi nox intervenio
praelium.

Sors qui obvenio homo
sum miortalis : mortalitas
occurro^ imo oecurso ani'

AN INTRODUCTION

thought, and all men struggle
agaiDflt death in vain ; bat yet
▼ices creep in npon ns, wick-
edness stands in the way of
piety, one decries and depre-
ciates the merits of another»
ttw withstand the allurements
of pleasure, and nobody is dis-
posed to die for hif* country.

Prae. Mercury is said to pre-
side over gain ; but a fair re-
putation is better than riches.
Masters ought and use to lead
the way to their scholars, and
the boy is worthy of honour
who outshines his ancestors, or
outstrips hb contemporaries.
Providence over-rules human
devices, and certain signs
sometimes go before certain
events.

Sub and Super. Wave suc-
ceed wave, f^ief comes in the
midst of joy, old age md pover-
ty steal opoo you : but do .not
sink under the burden ; (or
your &rm, which lies under the
hill, is far better than its rent,
and will tiod a purchaser ; and
as you are cont'^nt with little,
if but a small part of the price
shaU be left to you, you will be
richer than a covetous man,
whom the wealth of Croesus
would not satisfy.

Abto 3« All the rivers run
into the sea. and we all hasten
to one habitation. My brother
inlisted in the army, >vent to a
battle ; but being worsted, he
hastened to the shore, fled into
Africa, and went to the city
Carthage. His friends, to whom
the business chiefly belonged,

mtt«, et omnis ohludor
mors jruBtra ; aitamenDi'
tium obrepo ego^ scelus ob*
tto pietas. alter obstrepo et
obtrecto laus alter ^ pauci
obsisto blanditiaevoluptaSf
et nemo sum paratus oc-
cumbo mors pro patria,

Mercurius dico praest-
deo lucrum ; sed bonus ex-
istimaiio praesto divitia^.
Praeeeptor debeo et soleo
praeeo discipulus^ et puer
sum dtgnus honor qui
praelueeo majoresj aui an*
ieceUo aequalts. Provi'
dentia praevaleo huuMnus
eonstliumf et eertus sig»
fittfi» interdum praecurr^
eertus res.

Unda succedo unda^
luctus snpervenio laetitia^
senectus et paupertas sub'
repo tu : sed ne succumho
onus; nam ager tuus, qui
subfacfo monsy longe 9U-
percurro vectigal^ et «noe-
nio emptor ; et cum sum
contentus pnrvumy si mo^
do exiguus pars pretium
supersto tu« sum ditior
avarus, qui opes Croesus
non sufficio,

Omnis fluvius curro in
mare, et ego omnis sedes
propero ad unus. Meus
f rater eo in militia, vado
in praelium ; sed victus^
festino ad littus^ f^S*^ ^^
Africa^ et pergo ad urbs
Carthago. Amicus, ad
qui res maxime pertineo^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

afterwards brought him back ;
his years are now on the de-
dine towards old age. Virtoe
aims at high things.

IT So great a madness had
seized their cruel minds, that
thejr did not spare the age,
which even enemies would
have spaced, and carried on a
destructive war against their
children, and children's mo«*
thers, for whom wars use to be
undertaken. So great was the
havock, that the gods seemed
to have agreed, together with
men, for the destruction of the
parricides.

The chief of the fathers said,
that his speech was worthy of
the consular office, worthy of
so many consulships, worthy of
his whole life, full of honour ;
that other consuls had, by be*
trayiog their dignity, flattered
the common people ; that he,
mindful of the majesty of the fa-
thers, had made a speech suit-
able to the times.

Polycletus, a man terrible to
our own soldiers, is sent into
Britain ; but he was an object
of derision to the enemy,
amongst whom the power of
freed men was not yet known ;
and they wondered that an ar-
my should obey a slave.

The Christian religion not
only commands us to help our
friends, but to relieve those
that are enemies to us ; for so
we shall make them our friends,
and shall promote love, kind*
ness, peace, and good will

pQsteareduco; annus jam
vergo in stnium. Firtus
ad ardtma Undo,

Tantus rahies invado
ferus animus^ tU n<m par»
CO actoBf qui ttiam hoaiis
parco ; geroque itUernMci-
vus bellum cum liberty li»
berique fguUer^pro qui bel*
lum Boleo suscipio* Taih'
tu9 strages sum. ut deus
videor cofwcnfto, pariter
cum komOf in txitium par*
ricida»

Prim^ires pater dico^
concio is dignus sum im-
perium consularis, dignus
UU consukUuSf dignus tor-
tus viiaj plenus 6 honor ;
alius consul^ per proditio
dignitas^ aduIorpUbs ; «5,
mem/or majestas paierj ha^
beo oraHo accommodatus
iempus»

Polycletus f vir terribilis
noster milesy mitto in Bri»
tannia ; sed sum irrisus
hosiiSf apudqui poteniia
libertus nondum cognosco ;
mirorque quod exerdtus
obedio serviiium.

Christianus religio non
modo praecipio ego opitu-
lor amicusy sed succurro is
qtd sum inimicus ego ; sic
enim reddo is amicus^ et
promfirveo amor^ bef*igni'
tafy pax et benevoleniia

AN INTRODUCTION

MBoog flieo ; whiefa thiDgv
piMse God.

The Parthtana «ere ibnncv-
)y the most obecare amoog the
pee^e of the east. When the
empire of Afua ms» traoeferred
fron the Medes to the PerBiaos,
they «ere a prey to t^e cod-
qoerora ; finally, they were
sobfecC te the Macedoniant ;
that it may eeem strange to any
one, that they are arrived to
fmck a floariehtog condition,
that they now cpmroand those
nations to which they formerly
were under «abjection.

He that resisteth his own evil
inclinations, ob^eth God ; and
deserves greater praise than
the general who vanquishes
mighty armies, and takes the
strongest cities, bnt serves his
passions, which he cannot go-
vern.

Taken with Ae sweetness of
that power, yon snffier any
wickedness to lark neder it
Let them say the same things,
M^icb they bawl out here, in
the camp, and amongst the sol-
dittB ; and let them corrupt
oar armies, and not suffer them
to obey their commanders ;
since that is at last the liberty
of Rome, not to reverence the
senate, the magistrates, or the
laws.

The Lacedemonians, after
the manner of mankind, the
more they have, tbe more they
desire ; for, not content with
the accession of tbe Athenian
powers, they began to affect the

uUer homo ; qui plaeeo
Deusm

Parthi sum dim ohieu*
rus inter pepulus oriens»
Cum imperiutn A$ia
tranrfero a Medi ad Per»
90, snim praeda victor ;
po8iremOj nervio Macedo ;
ut videer mirus qwivie, is
prvoeho adtaniusftltcitas^
ut nunc impero is gens qui
olim servio.

Qui repugno suus mains
affeciuSj obedio Deus ; et
mereor magnus laus quam
dux quifundb magnus co-
piae^ et expugno munitus
urhsj sed servio cupiditas,
qui non possum moderor.

Captus dulcedo ispotes-
taSf sino quiiibet scefut la^
ieo sub is. Dico idemy qui
vociferor /lic, in castra, et
apud miles; et corrumpo
exercitus, nee patior %s
pareo dux ; quoniam is de-
mum sum libertas Roma^
non revtreor senatus^ ma-
gistratuSf aut lex.

Lacedo/emonius^ de mos
genus hum>anusj quod plus
habeo, id plus cupio; nam,
non contenius accessio opes
Atheniensis^ coepi offecio
imperium toius Asia^ qui

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

Bmptre of all Asia» the greater
part of which was subject to
the Persians.

King Camenes met the Ro-
mans with aid, and a little after
a battle was fought with Antio-
cbus : a Roman legion was beat
in the right wing», and fled to
the camp ; but M. Aemilius, a
tribune of the soldiers, who
bad been led for the security
of it, commands his soldiers to
take arms, and threaten the
runaways.

Hiero was descended of Hie-
rocles ; his very education was
ominous of his future gran-
deur ; be had a remarkable
handsomeness of person ; he
was smooth in hi^ address, juiit
in business, moderate in com-
mand,' that there seemed no-
thing at all wanting to him suit-
able for a king, but a kins^dom.

And that no misery might be
wanting to the most honourable
families, he obliges tbeir wives
and daughters to marry their
slaves, that he might render
them more faithful to himself,
and more violent against their
masters* But such dismal
matches were more grievous
to the matrons than sudden
death.

magnu9 pars parto Per»

Rex Eumenes occurro
Romanvs cnm auxt'/mm,
et patdo post praelium
committo cum Antiochm :
RotnanuM legio pello in
dexterior cornuy etfugio
ad castra ; sed M. AemU
liu8^ tribunus miles ^ gui
rtlinquo ad iutela is, im-
pero miles capio armdf ef
minorfugiens,

Hiero gigno Bierocles ;
ipse educatio sum prae-
nuncius futurus majestas ;
sum is insignis pulchritU'
do corpus ; sum blandus
in alloquiumj Justus in ne-
gotiwny moderatus in im*
periumy ut nihil prorsus
video desum is regittm,
praeter rignum*

Et ne quid malum de-
sum konestus domus^ com^
pello uxor isjiliaque nubo
serous suusj ut reddo isfi*
dus suiy et infestus domi"
nus. Sed tarn lugubris
nuptiae sum gravis matro-
na repentinus funus»

We were not Imrn for ourselves onljrj We ought therefore to cousult (be interest of
ottr frrenrls, to he beneficial to mankind, and serviceable to human society.

Oaoute, une of the kings of Kngland, piously ocknowledged, that none truly 1:ie<-
serres the name of King:* but he whose eternal laws, heaven, earth, and seas nbev.

Agamemnon» king of the Argives, con)aiande<i the Grecian fleet in the expedition
against Troy. But Diana was angry with Agamemnon, because he hnd killed one of
her deer. Wherefore the provoked gttddess caused audi a calm, that the.Grecian
shins became fixed and immoveable- Hereupon they consulted the soothsayers, who
ordered to sacrifice one of Ag-amemnonV children, «od to satisfy the winds and Oia-
IM. Accordingly bis daughter Iphigenia Is brovght; bat whilst the young lady stood
Ht the altar, the goddess pitied her, and substituted a hind in her stead. IpbigeBia
was sent into the Chersonese, where she presided oter the sacrifices of Pliua.

90 AN INTRODUCTION

It It DOt belter tst die by brayeo^, than by dlsgnetto lose « mlHmlileiiid iii|1jB^Qs
life, aft«r joa have b^n the sport of other men's insolence f But surety ire mre
«be victory in our bnmts ; oar age Is fresh, oar minds are vigoroos : On the other
hand, nil thingfs nre decayed to inem ; there is need only of a hepinnini;. W1)0 of
morials, tb«t has the spirit of a man, can endi^re that they should nave an excess of
waalin, aiid that a |irivaie estate is wanting to as even for necessaries i In short,
what hare we left except a miserable life ?

RULE VI.

28« A VERB signifying actively governs the accusative.

Love God. Ama Deum.

Hevepence your parents. Heverere parentes.

I9ol€ 1. The infinitiTe or a sentence sometimes snpplies (he place of the accusative ;
as, Qeil- I'otitiUre tanii Kon («Mi for potniUnliom. Tcr. Ftci e «erro iibertu» ut ts$et
mihi ; (or Jed te iibertum.

Nott 2. NEUTER VERBS have sometimes an accusative : 1. Of Ibeir own or the
like siKnificacinn; as vkotre viUan^ gaudere gandium^ sa-vire se1^}itf^^efn, ire vinm Ion-

£ttmtpvignare pracliafgarrire nugas, prandere p/ms« voenare affwtty sitire sanguinem,
c. 5. When taken fa a metaphorical, op in ^n nctlvp sense; as, Corydon ardehat
Atexin^ ertpnt $uico$ ei vineta^ ioltare Cydopa^ tonat vUium Metia^ olet kirrvm, spiral
deam: Abofert niaculam^ laborare «rnt'i, duianre aUquemy norrtt mare, iflnncm pi wcAr<
raffet», medifu /-audtM palfuit, ke. But <ome preposition, such as at/, iit, o&, circa, pe^,
is always understood.

^rfr 3. The accusal ives Aar, M, quUUafiquid, quicqxtid, niAtV, «Jem, illud, teintum^
fuantum, multtt, poHcn^ a/ta, cattera, omnia, ure oftea governed by propter^ ob^ or ctrcA.
un<*er-i»« o<l •, a«, Ten. Num id laerumat virgo ? Plaut- Scio quid erres. liar, ^uicquid
defirant rtget ptettwUnr Aihivi»

Note 4. ADVERBS are often joined 'o verl>s, nounii, and other parts of speech, to
express sqrm» circumstance, quality, or mauuer uf their signifi&ition.

Nffte 5. The poet» fpequently u*e the neuter gender «f ailjertives atlverbially, or
instead nf advert*» i as, Virg. Vorvuwtqve repente cfamat ; (wrtorve. Hor. Mtyisfat-
taoir turbidum ; ♦or tu>bii1e, Virff. Et pcde Itrram crtbrajerit ; for crebro. Id. Traiis-
versa tuentihu9 kircit ; for tranverse.

Note 6. The accu?ative after active verb?, in some figfurative expressions, Is govern-
ed, not by the verb, i»ut by some preposition un'ters*9orl, while tite true accusative to
ttjf verb is sui>preksed ; iLu;-, Ptrirty ictrf, peratttrejoedut^ is put for, Fertre, &c. por-
CMM» nd eandewlufn foednt. Pfnngere funern, damnn; (nVy Ptar^ere pectus adjunera^
md damna. Cmruerere p/-ac/tuiuy fur, conserert mttnum ad prueliwn faciendum,

* 29. Recorder, meminiy reminiscor and ohlivisc'or, go-
vern the accusative or genilive.

I remember the baltlo. Recordor pugnam,

1 remember the victory. Recordor victoriae,

1 miud the ph\ce. Memini tocum,

I mind the diy. Memini diet.

He remembers the time. Remini^citur tempus.

He rcmtmbers the night. Reminiscitur noctis»

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

We fiwget refiro;ichea.
We forget hardshi{».

Obliviscimur contumdia9,
Oblixnscimur labor'um»

Note 1. MemMf when k ligniAes io main menthn of, tnkM tht» |*euUiv» or thr aMa-
tlve with (.*£, but never (be accusative; ns, 0<*es. Cvjui supra msminiimu. Quinct. D*
qwbus muUimeminerunt.

Note 2. Tbe verbs belonging' to tbis rule are genemlly esteemed neuter, and wben
tbey take tbe accusative, ady nr quod ad is understood } wbeo ibey take tbe grnitlve,
quod ad nrgoCtitm. or in negotio, is suppressed.

Note 3. Tbe pbrase, f'enit mihi in tnenfom. «eetnt someway allied to this rule, and
admits of tbree varieties, vie. V'enit mihi in mentem hate rts^ hujturti, de kao re .* to
tbe last two may be understood menmria^ or ncordntie ; as, Cic Si quid in meMem
venitt Id. Miki soUt venirt in menttm iliius Umporit, qw) fuitnM xna, Plaut. /a
mtntem venit de specnlo.

^. I love virtue, thoa
seekest pr'iise, be despises
pleasure, we practise chanty,
ye fear God, they honour the
kJDg.

The boy denerves praise, the
slave ehall suffer piiDii^hment,
the man defames his wife, care
attends money, pride accom-
panies bouoors.

God wisely governs the
world, riches soro<*time8 pro-
cure envy, bird^ do not every
where build their nests, the
dogs nimbly pursue the hare.

Discord always produces
strife, strife i^ennrally be^^ets
hatred, quarrel» xoAen break up
friendship, h«>nours commonly
change manner^Q.

29. A good man eai^ily for-
gets injuries, but always re-
members a good turn : a wick-
ed man sees the faults of
others, and forgets his own« but
at length, with sorrow, tihall he
remember his villa nies.

Caesar settled the differences
among the Aedtaans, and having
exharted them to forget their
disputes and quarrels, he re-

j9mo virtus^ quaero laus,
cont^mno -coluptas^ colo
charitas^ timeo DeuSj ho»
noro rex,

Puer mereor laus^ ser-
vus patior poena ^ vir cri-
minor uxor, cura seqttor
pecuniae superbia comitor
konor.

Deus sapienter guberno
tnundus^ divitiae tnterdum
contraho inmdia, avi» non
ubiviii stnto nidus^ cants
strenue sector lepus.

Dtscordia semper parte
Zt», lis plerumque gencro
odium ^ jurgiwn saepe dis-
solvo amicitiai honor vul-
go muio mos.

Bonus vir facile oblivis'
cor injuria^ sed semper re-
miniscor beneficium : im»
probus cerno vitium alius
et obliviscor suus» sed tan-
dem cum dolor recorder
Jla^itium suus.

Caesar compono lis in^
ter Aedui^ et coh'rtatus ut
obliviscor controversia ac
dissensio^ redeo ad castra»

AN INTRODUCTION

tamed to the camp. They re-
membered his advice, and com-
plied with bis admonitions.

IT In the mean time the Ro-
man people received a terrible
stroke from the Parthians : nor
can ivc complain ; for, after
Crassaa had pitched his camp
at Nicephorium, depnties sent
bj king Orodes advised him to
remember the treaties made
with Pompey and Sylla. But
the consul was gaping after the
Parthian gold.

Let not the glare of gold and
silver dismay you, which nei-
ther protects nor wounds. In
the very host of the enemy we
shall find our troops, the Bri-
tons will espouse their own
cause, the Gauls will reflect on
their former liberty, and the
Germans will abandon the Ro-
mans.

Antiochus, though he ap-
proved of Anoibal's advice, yet
would not act according to his
counsel, lest the glory of the
victory should b^ AnnibaPe»
and not his own. He was con-
quered therefore, and remem-
bered Annibal'a counsel when
it was too late.

Remember the counsel
which I gave, it will pro6t
thee very much if thou dost not
forget it : obey the laws of al-
mighty God ; obe> the king
and all [otherjsubordinate ma-
gistrates, in all things that are
lawful ; resist the beginnings
of anger, and yield not to
the allurements of pleasure.

Such was the greatness of

pareo monitum.

BUtrim Romanms popU'
lus accipio gravis vulnus
a Partki : nee possum
queror ; nam posiqufMn
Crassus pono castra apud
Nicephorium, legatus mis-
sus a rex Orodes denuncio
ut memini foedus percus-
sus cum PompeiuM et Syl-
la„ Sed coiMul inhio Par-
ihicus aurum»

Nefulgor aurum at que
argentum ttrreo tu^ qui
neque tegOj neque vvinero»
In ipse acies hosHs invenio
noster manus^ Britanm
agnosco suus causa^ Galli
recordor prior 4 libertaif
et Germ^ini desero Roma^'

Antiochus^ tameid pro-
ho consilium Annihah ta-
m^n nolo ago ex sentential
ille^ ne gloria victoria sum
Annibal, et non suus» Vin^
CO igitur,, et memini con»
silium Annibal cum sum
sero.

Memini 4 consilium qui
do, ^rosum tu plurimum
$i 4 ts non ohliviscor': ohe-
dio lex omnipotens Deus ;
ohedio rex et omnis \alius'\
inferior magiUratus^ in
omnis qui sum licitus ; re-
pugno principium tVa, et
necedo blandiiiae volup-
tat.

Tantus €ummagmiudo

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 93

A1<*xat)der'd soul, that though animus Alexander, ut

he led a son who was called guamvis relinquofilius qui

Hercales, a brother who was appello Hercules j /rater

named Aridaeas, and hip wife qui nomino Aridaeus, et

Rozane with child, he forgot uxor Roxane pra^gnans,

his relations, and named the obliviscor necessitudo, et

most worthy his heir, just as if nuncupo dignus haeres,

it was unlaw t'ul for any other prorsus quasi nefas sum

than a brave man to succeed a alms quam virfortis sue*

brave oian. cedo virfortis*

DUIicuUies stopify the slttsrlfard, and terrify the fearful, but animate the eouraffeoiu.

A faithful friend is the roeJicine of life, and they that fear the Lord shall find bim.

Thnt .man is of a liappy memory, who forgets ii^uries, and remembers tliosethiogs
that are nroriby of bis character.

Egeon, called also Briareus. a^as one of the giants ; Virgil says that he bad SO heads
and lOO hands, Be tu're up solid rocks from the foundation, and burled them against
Jupiter; yet Jupiter overcame bin, and thrust bim under mount Aetna; where^as
oAea as he moves bis side, tlte mountain casts fbrth streams of liquid fire.

The poeis m-ntion a river in hell called Lethe; of the water of which if any one
drinlis, he immediately fore(>ts all tilings past v so that the «ouls of the pious, wbea
tbey drinli of the water of this river, straightway forget the miseries which tliey suf-
ftred in this world.

RULE VIL

* 30. Verbs of plenty and scarcity ; also, utor, abutor,
friior,fungor, potior , vescor, and some others, generally go-
vern the ablative.

He abonnds in riches. Ahundat diviiiis.

He is free from every fault. Caret omni culpa.

He uses deceit. Utitur fraude.

He abuses books. Abutitur libris*

We depend on hope. JVitimur spe.

You take pleasure in poems. Gawhs carminihus.

TUe boy is sick of a fever. Puerfebri laborat.

To this rule belong,

1 . Verbs of PLENTY ; as, abundoy exuberoy redundo^
scateo^ affluo^ eircumfluo^ diffluo, superjiuo,

2. Verbs of SCARCITY; as, eareo^ egeo, indigeoy vaco to
want ; to which add, dejicior^ destituor.

3. Utor^ abutor,fruor,fimgory potior, vescor,

4. fiitor^ innitor, epulor, nascor^ creor, glorior, laeiOTy

94 AN INTRODUCTION

detector t gaudeo^ viim^ viciUo^fido^ cw^o^ txulta^ «to» cmi-
stOy consisiOy cedo^ superaedeo^ labaro»

Ifote 1. Egto ao'J indigco freqiaently tek* the graidve; m, Oaes. Egwe cnurtfti-
Cor. Opit ini^ent. AXso amooff the mors aneieot writeri teateo and eartoj as. Lu-
cret. Terrm teatet ferarum. PTaaL Tvi tartnium tral. Sometimes carta and tge^
take the accusative \ a», Plaut. Id can», GeU. MwUa tgto

NMe 2. Potwr lometimes ffoverss the genitive ; a»t Sail. PoHH whit, to make him-
Klf master of the city. Id. Totiri hoitmm, to get his raemies into his power, Cie.
Potiri rtnanf to have the ehlef eommaod.

Wote 8. Potior, Jkt^9rjve9e»r, and eini2or, sometimes take the accusative; as, Cic.

Oeiu loicm nottramjnttitura. Tae. Ut nmnerm /ungenntur, Plin. Si caprinKm Jc'

. ew vcMotif Mr. Id. PtUla$ tfndaru As also, among the more aneient writers, uto»-,

«Attfor, andyra6r ; as, Plaut. UUrUt ut voles f optram meanu Ter. Operas» dbulitut'

Id. Jngrnium/rui'.

Note 4. The aliliitive is not governed bjr these verbs, bot by some preposition un-
derstood ; such as. a, ah, de, ex, in. And wben any of these verbs takes the genitive,
some ablative, sucD as re, ne^ofio, coasa, jiracsenCt a , ope, copta, im/rerto, or the like, witli
a preposition, is ooderstood.

l9ote 5. With some of these verbs the prepositton is frequently expressed ; as, Liv.
Tfe a meftt tNicnrent. Cic. Cum cons<ennu ex cm<mo tt cor^ere. Id. Cum grcniter ex
»n(e«ttni9 <a&or<ire«i. Id. Chjus i» vita nitehatur iolui civUaiit. Id. In virtufe rtctti
glorUanur»

Note 6. The verb?, fide, eonfido, innltor, esde, vaeo, instead of the ablative, take fre-
quently the dative, as was taught No« 27.

1. Many men abound in golil Multiis homo ahunda

anil silver, vrbose houses are aurum atque argentuaif

full of wickedness. qui domus scelus afflw).

Some men flow in wealth, nay, Quidam homo circum^

overflow in money, and yet de- Jluo opes, imo superfluo

sire those things most with pecunia, et iamen deside-

which they abound. ro is maxime qui abundo.

Neglected sores use to swarm Neglectm ulcus solco

with vermin, and neglected scaieo vermis^ et negleciua

fields with noxious weeds ; but ager noxius herba ; sed

yet this garden abounds in ap-< tamen hie horlus exubero

pies. pomum.

This man pleads the cause Hie vir ago eausa stre-

with great vigour ; he is all be* nue ; diffluo sudor ; re-

dewed with stv^at ; he is over dundo eloquium ; oratia

copious iq his language; his iamen abundo omnis orna-

discourse, however, abounds mentum^
with all manner of ornament?^

2. Nature needs few things ; JSDjttura egeopanci ; qui

he however (bat wants friends» autem careo amicus^ et qui

and be that is weak in judg-* deficior ratio, aut desii^

v^ent,^ or is disappointed of his tuor spes^ indigeo cond^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

expectatioDS» stonda in need of
advice ; but to be free from a
fault is a great comfort.

3. We ought to Qse diligence,
and not to abuse time ; the life
which we enjoy is short, let us
therefore do our duty careful-
ly ; thus at length we shall ob-
tain the golden fleece, we shall
feed OD milk and honey.

4. Men ought to depend on
virtue rather than blood ; for
jf any one persist in this prac-
tice, and take pleasure in equi-
ty, he deserves praise. But
fools often labour under this disr
temper, tbatthey glory in their
faults, rejoice at other men's
misfortunes, are delij^hted with
Tain hope, and exult in success.

The rich feast on dainty dish-
es, but the poor live on barley
bread, nay some live on husks.
Let us lay aside prolixity of
words ; for many poor people,
descended of honourable pa-
rents, have retired from the ci-
ty, on account of the dearth of
corn.

Some men trust to strength
of bodj', and the stability of for-
tune, as stags trust to their run-
ning ; brave men, say they, de-
scend from brave men, and a
pretty girl cannot be born of a
disgraceful mother.

This field consists of vine*
yards and woods ; I might re-
tain it, but I will stand by my
bargain and my promise ; thus
good men will praise me, the
poor will bless me*

T In Thessaly, Caesar's ar-
my enjoyed ver;^ ^ood health,

Hum ; sed vaco culpa mag-
nu8 sum solatium.

Deheo utor diligenttaf
et non abutor tempus ; vi-
ta qui fruor sum brevis,
fungor igitur qfficium u-
dulo : sic tandem potior
aureus vellus^ vescor lac et
m.el..

Homo debeo nitor virtus
potius quam sanguis ; nam
si quis innitor hie ars, et
gaudeo a^quitas^ mereor
laus. Sed stultus saepe is
morbus labor o^ ut glorior
viiium suuSy laetor alienus
malum^ detector vanus
spesy et exulto successus*

Dives epulor opimus
dapeSf sed pauper victito
hordeaceus panis^ imo qui-
dam vivo siliqua^ Super-
sedeo mullitudo verbum ;
nam multus pauper^ prog-
natus konestus parens^ ce-
do urbsj propter caritas
annona,

Quidam homo confida
firmitas corpus^ et stabili-
tas fortunay ut cervusjido
cursus ; fortis^ inquam,
creor fortis, et formosus
puella noil possum nascor
mater pudendus.

Hie ager consto vinea et
sylva; possum retineoy sed
sto pactum et promissum ;
sic bonus ego laudoy pau^
per ego benedico*

In ITiessalia, Caesar ex-
^rciti^ utor bmus valttU"

AN INTRODUCTION

and rery great plenty of water,
and aboaiided in every kind of
profision, except corn*

Great armies need i^reat gene-
rals. Though Caesar's soldiers
had long wanted corn, and had
endured the most pinching fa-
mine, yet no word wn» heard
from them unworthy ot the ma-
jesty of the Roman people, or
of their former Tictoriea.

He seems to me to live, and
enjoy life, who, intent on busi-
ness, pursues the glory of some
famous action or useful art. But
in the great multitude of affairs,
nature has pointed out different
ways. It is a glorious thing to
act well for the republic, and
it is no despicable thing to
speak well.

The victory was the The-
bans' ; but Epaminondas, whilst
he performed the office, not on-
ly of a general, but al<o of a
very gallant soldier, was grie-
vously wounded. It is uncer-
tain whether he was a^ better
man or general ; he was frugal
of the public money ; he was
more greedy of glory than of
riches.

After thii>, Vitellius obtained
the government, a man of an
honourable rather than a noble
family ; he, as he bad a mind
to be like Nero, was slain by
Vespasian's generals, and, be-'
ing throwninto the Tiber,«irant-
ed common burial.

The Scythians have not any
house, or dwelling, or habita-

do^ summusqueeopiaaiptat;
dbundogue omnis genus
commeatus^ praeter fru'
menhim,

Magnus exercitus tgeo
magnus dux, Quamvis
Caesar miles diu careo
frumentum^ et sustenfo cx-
trenmsfitmesj tamen nuU
lus vox audio ah ts indig»
nus majestas populus Ro-^
manus^ aut superior victo^
ria.

Is vidtor ego mvOy et
fruor aninta, qui, intent us
negotium, quaero gloria
aliquis praeclarus f acinus
aut bonus ars. Sed in
mngnus copia Ves, natura
osteniio diversus iter, Su^
pulcker benefacio respubli-
ca, et non sum absurdus
bene dico,

Victoria sum Thebanus ;
sed Epaminondas ^ duni^
fungor ojfficium, non tan--
turn dux, verum etiamfor^i
iis miles, graviter vulnero»
Sum inccrtus sumne vir
bonus an dut ; sum par-
cus publicus pecunia ; sum
cupidus gloria quam divi'^
tiae»

Dein, Vitellius potior
imperium, vir honoratus
magis quam nohilis GJa-
milia ; hie, cum volo sum
similis Kero occido a Ves-
pasianus dux, et, deject us^
in Tiberis^ careo commu^
nis sepultura,

Scythae non sum ullus
domus^ aut tectum, aut

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 97

tion ; they carry their wives seda ; veho ux6r Hherique

and children along with them suicwn inplaustrum^ qui

in waggons, which they use in* utor pro domus ; vtBcor

stead of houses ; they live on lac et ferina ; usus lana

milk and venison ; the use of sum prorsus ignotus ^5•
wool is quite unknown to them.

Do you think that this most Tu credo hie pulcher

beautiful city consists of houses, urbs sto domus , tectum ^ et

roofs, and a pile of stones ? congestus lapis ? Iste mu-

These dumb and lifeless things tus et inanimus possum in-

may perish, and be repaired : tercido^ ac reparo : aeter-

the eternity of the state, and nitas res^ et pax gens^ in-

the peace of nations, depend columitas senatus nitor.
upon the safety of the senate.

The land of Canaan, into which Motes conducted ihe Israelites, not only Sowed
with milk and honey, bat with wine also } as appears frem the large buneb of grapes
Which the spies brought to Uoses. It aboonded also in springs of water.

The poor man wants some things, the lumrioos own many, and the eoTetoui man
ivantt all things.

When Babel was a building, they made use of burnt bricks Instead of stoue, and
slime instead of mortar. Straiio affirms tlie tower to have been 6G0 feet high. It cea^
lAsted of eight square towers, one ab«V8 another, which gradually decreased in breadth.
This, with the winding of the st^rt from top to bottom on the otttiide» rendered It in
some sort like a pyramid.

Active VERBS governing atnther case together with ihe

accusative,

* 31. VERBS of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and
admonishing, with the accusative of the person, govern also
the genitive of the crime or thing.

He accuses me of theft. Arguit mefurti»

I condemn myself of laziness. Meipsum inertiae condemn

They acquit him of manslaugh- no.

ter. Ilium homicidii absolvunt.

We put the grammarians in Grammaticos officii sui

mind of their duty. comm^mem/as.

1. Verbs of ACCUSING are, accuso^ ago. appellor arces-
soj anquiro^ arguo, incuso^ insimuloj interrogo^ postulOf alii-
gOt astringOy defero^ compello,

2. Verbs of CONDEMNING are, damno, eondemno, in^
famOf tioto.

[

98 AN INTRODUCTION

3. T^rbs of ACQ][nTTIN6 are, ahsoho, Hbero, purge.

4. Verba of ADMONISHING are, moneo^ admoneo^ com^
moneo, commonefado.

NtUU VertMof ACOUSIKO. OONOEMNING, and AGQUITTINO, instead of
the gvolUve, take freqoeotly tbe ablative, «md that Hther with or wUhoul the prepo-
sitkMl 4e ; as, Olc Acaaarr me dt tpistilanttn nef^ignUia Id. De repetundi» tuvii
pulMkatit Id. De praevarieatiane cum As^here. Id. Enm de vi eendtmntmii. Id.
Smk turn erimnibuM meeuseA». Id. itfeiuiC nc ectlert m aUiget. Lir. Coruulem «U|h-
titime eAeohert, Gic Lihrari»» eutpu lihero» Tac AdoUteetUem erimine purgetvii
VIrg, DamHobi* (« qitioque votie, Gie. CondtmntAo U eodem erimme. Eat. Ptertmot
Mjiirf Ammovif*

JfaK 2. dcnaoi Imcmm, iajtMiilOf MmetimM tak« two aceofatlvet', as, Plaut Siidme
nan «00mmm> Ter ^S*"* "«^ inem»iKotrmi, Plant. 5m me iiuinw/ca^ falnmfaeinM.

Note S. Vert» of ADHOMfSHINOtlmt^ul of the genitive, uke Mmetlmea the ab-
lative with ile ; aSfCic. CTit Ttieutimmwittmeatig de testemunU. Id De fuovoepeaUo
auU admamu. Id. Te de indtUgentia patrim eommonehtU» And sometimes they govern
two accmatlves; as, Olc. Eos hoc iiMiieo. Ter. Id UKum te tnoiMo. Id. iHhMC nu ad-

NHe 4. The genitive, strictly qieaklDg. is not governed by the verbs mentioned in
this role, but by s^tme ablative understooa; sach ftf, crimiiic, aoe/er«, peecoea, evdpny pot-

nOt (Mfitne, «nufto, nomine, re* emio, ergo, fcc ai, ifceitM tefwrli 1 1 e.ortmuie/wrfi.
And these, or any ather ablatlva. is always governed Iw de or «a expressed or nmler-
ftood. When verbs of admonishing take two aocMatifes, eirca or fiiecl mi may be
naderslood to the aocnsatlve of the thing.

1« He that accuses another Qut ;incuso alter pro-

of a crime, ought to look well brums deben intueor sui

to himself; for it is tbe proper* ipse ; nam 8um slultus^ aC'

ty of a fool, to accase another cuso alter peccatum^ qui

of a faolt, of which he himself ipse mmeonscius*
is guilty.

The soldiers wer6 in a tkge« Miles frem^^et coepi ar^

and began to charge the tri banes guo triounus majestas ; ac

with treaiPOD and treachery, and proditio^ et insimulo cen^

to accuse the centarions of ara* turio avaritta.
rice.

The depnties have accused Legaius postulo hie ho-

this man of extortion ; be can- mo repetundae ; ipse non

not «»overn his toni^ne, he will possum moderor lingua^

make himself guilty ot^ theft or alligo suifurtum aut am--

of bribery. bitus.

2. Forbear to charge your Parco damno amicus
friend with villany, or reproach tuus sceiuSf aut infamo is
him with arroi^ance ; he con- arrogantia ; condemno sui
demns himself of rashness, he ipse teweritas^ condemno
condemns himself of foolish- sui ipse amentia,

ness.

3, The senate neither freed Senatus nee libero homa

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

the man of the fault, nor accus-
ed him ; but after he had clear-
ed himself of all the things that
were alleged, the judges acquit-
ted him of the trespass.

4. Our infirmity often re-
minds us of mortality, sickness
warns us of death, adversity
ought to admonish us of our du-
ty, and put us in mind of reli-
gion.

IT Julius Caesar was a very
spare drinker of wine, and so
easy ns to his diet, that he is
said once to have made use of
old oil, served up instead of
fresh, that he might not seem
to accuse his landlord of care-
lessness or clownish ignorance.

Not long after Coepio and
Hispo accused Mnrcellus, pre-
tnr of Bithynia, of high treason.
The calamities of the times and
the insolence of men rendered
Hispo and his way of life after-
wards famous : at first he was
neetly and obscure, but turbu-
lent ; he made his court to the
cruelty of the prince. There
remained even then some tra-
ces of expiring liberty.

Capito objected, that Thra-
sea, though invested with the
priesthood, had never made ob-
lations for the safety of the
prince, and that he had not at-
tended the funeral of Poppea.
Capito was an enemy to I'hra-
sea, hecanse he had supported
the depnties of the Cilirianf»,
when they accused him of ex-
tortion.

A certain informer long ago

culpa^ neque arguo ; sed
postquam purgo m om'
nis qui (ifferOf judex ab-
solvo is injuria.

Imhectllitas nosier saepe
(ulmoneo ego mortalitasy
morbus moneo ego mors^
res adversus debeo coin-
tnonefacio ego qfficium nos-
ier ^ et commofieo ego reli-
gio,

Julius. Caesar sum par-
ous vinum^ et adeo indiffe-
rens circa victuSj ut dico
quondam appeto conditus
oleum^ appositus pro rm-
diSf ne videor arguo hos^
pes negligent ia aut rusti-
citas.

Nee multo post^ Coepio
et Hispo postulo Marcel'
lus, praeter Bithynia , ma*
jestas. Miseria tempus et
audacia homo f ado Hispo
et forma vita postea cele^
her ; primo sum egens «I
ignotus^ at inquies ; adre-
po saevitia princeps, Ma^^
neo etiam turn quidam ves*
tigium moriens liberias,

Capito ohjeeto^ Thrasea^
quamvis praeditus saeer-
^ dotium^ nunquam immolo
pro solus prtncfps^ et non
intersum funus Poppea,
Capito sum inimicus Thra-
sca, quod juvo legaius Ci"
lix^ dum interrogo is re*
petundae.

Delator quidam oliii\

too AN INTRODUCTION

accmed tUs honest man of a acciuo hie probus virfa*

tricked action ; the jndgei how- cintu ; judex iamen non

ever did not find him gatltj of condemnois seelus^ sedtih'

the villanj, but absoWed him solve is crimen, ScelercL»

from the charge. The caned iw homo conjicio in car»

rogoe was cast into prison, cer, ubi vita gram mors

where he leads a life worse exigo. Saepe damno

than death. He often blames tempus infelicitas^ qui

the times for the mishap, of ipse sum causa.
which be himself is the canse.

On the other side the consul Ex alter pars, consul
bade the Romans remember juheo Romanus memini
their former bravery ; he pat pristinus virtus ; admatuo
them in mind of the Arentine is Aveniinus et Sactr mons^
and Sacred rooant, that they ut pugno pro libertas, qui
shoold fight for their liberty, nuper recupero.
which they had lately recover-
ed. •

When the army of the thirty Cum exercitus triginta

tyrants, of which the greatest tyrannuSi (j[ai pars magnus

part were Athenians, fled, sum Atheniensis^ J^gio^

Thrasybalas called oat, and pat Thrasybulus exclamo^ et

them in mind of their relation, admoneo is eognatio, lex,

their laws, and their old fellow- et vetustus commilitium

ship daring so many wars, and per tot bellum^ et ora ut

begged that they woald pity misereor exul civis,
their banished countrymen.

Alexander, in his passage, Alexander , in transi*

put the Thessaliaas in mind of fut, adtnoneo Thessalus

the kindnesses of his father ben^ium pater Philip^

P hilip, and his mother's alii- pus^ et matemus necessi'

ance with them by the lamily tudo cum hie ab gens Ae-

of the Aeacidae. The Thes- cidae. Thessalus audio-

salians heard these things glad- hie cupide, et creo is dux

ly, and made him captsin-gene- universus gens,
ral of the whole nation.

MMm reqaeited of BMcbofl, tlwt wUatever be touched m\g\ t bpcomr gold : Bac- -
chiif coofonted. Whatever, therefore. JHidiis touched, iosUmtly becAnie gruld ; nay,
when he touched hli meat or drink, they also became gold. Midas, now sensible of
his miitake, «ceuaed himself of foUy, and desired Bacchus to remove thi» pemiciouii
gilt Bacchus complied, aod bid him bathe in the rirer Pactolns. Midas did so,aiid
lienee the send of that river became gold.

Sesostris. king of Egypt, had his c&riot drawn by four captive kings, whom he bad

not condemned to die. But as one of them continually fixed his eye upon th«? cltarlot-

"ibeel, Sesostris asked him what be meant f The eaptive king i rplied, The turning

H r**^* P"^ "^" ^^ °*^"*' "^^ ^**"* foi^iune i fflr that part which i« now liigbesi, pre*

senuy becomes lowest} and that which hi lowestt becomes highest.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 101

* 32. Verbs of valatog, with the accusative, goyern sach
genitives as these, magniy parvi^ nihilif &c.

I value you much. ^estimo te magni.

You little regard me. Tu meparvi pendis.

Verbs of VALUING are, aestimo, existimo, duco^ facio^
habeo,pendo^puio,taxo; to these add ramand^o, which
likewise govern the genitive of value, but do not take the
accusative.

The rest of these genitives are, ianti, quanti^pluriSy mi'
noriSf maximi^ minimi, plurimi ; also, assis^ tMuci, Jlocci^
piliy teruncii, hujusypensi.

Note I. To this rule may be referred these phrases, aequi honiqw/adQ, or tuqui
honi/aeiof and bon» eetuu/o.

jtfote 2. The verb atstimo, instead of the genitive, takes sometimes these ablatives,
magnOf permagno^ parvo, nihilo, nownikUo ; as, Senec. Data magna aertimaSy aooepta
parvo, Oic Quia tit nonnikilo acUinumdmn^ Id. Tu i$ta permagno oMttmiifc

Note 3. The snbftantive understood to the adjectives magnif pani, ice, is preiti,
«eri5, pond^ri», momeniij or the like; and the construction may tie thus sup|riieds Jet-
</mo te magttt, i. e. aestimo tc esse hominem magni pretii. Jtstimat peeuniam parvif
i. e. aestimat peeuniam esse rem parvi momenti-, or ifans, aestimo te pro homine majpai
pretii, euelimat peeuniam pro re parvi momenti. In lilne manner, fetkuc aefui (onioiie
faeioj i. e.fado isthuc rem oefutbontque hominis vel negotii. And someway similar
to this is that jof Nep. Quae U/e universa ntttwali qito^m bono fecit /ueri, i. e. feat
rem lucru

Epicurus valued pleasure at Epicurus voluptas m^g'

a great rate ) but a vrise man num aestimo ; sed sapiens

values pleasure at a very low voluptas minimum facio,
rate.

Brave men little regard big Vir fortis jactans rer-

words, and they value threats bumparvumpendo, etmi-
as nothing. ' nae nihilum facio.

I do not value those men a JVbn is teruncius facio,

farthing, I do not value the au- non nauci augur haheo, tu

gurarush, I value you more plus quam omnis ille puto.
than them all.

That fellow did not vahie me Iste homo non unus as

one penny ; he went off, nor ego aestimo; abeo, neque

did he value a pin what 1 said, qui dicojloccus existimo.

Cassius likewise plighted his Cassiusqtioque fides suus

own faith, which Jugurthavalu- interponoy qui Jugurtha

ed no less than that of the pub- non minus quampublicus
lie. • duco.

Most men value money very Plerique hQmo pecunia

102

AN INTRODUCTION

. much, and gold is valaed a
great deal every where.

£very evil is as great as we
rate it : a wise man, however,
▼alaes reputation more than life
itself.

There is nobody in all this
house who regards what he
either says or does before the
child.

War makes many bishops,
who in peace were not valued
so much as a farthing or a pin.

IT It is not the part of a wise
man to say, I will live well to-
morrow. Virtue is the most
precious of all things. It is
therefore the part of a fool to
despise that «^bich all men
ought to value more than riches
or pleasure.

A wise man values pleasure
very little, because it is the
bane of the mind, and the cause
of all wickedness and misery ;
but 'he values no possession
more than virtue, because it is
an ornament in prosperity, a
comfort in adversity, and the
fountain of all public and pri-
vate happiness.

Thebes, both before *Epami-
nondas was born, and after his
death, was always subject to a
foreign power ; on the other
hand, as long as he governed
the commonwealth, it was the
' head of all Greece. From
which it may be understood,
that one man was more worth
than the whole city, and that an
army is just as much worth as
the general is.

maximum fatio, et pasiim
plurimumjio aurum,

Unusquisque malum sum
tanium qiuintum ille taxo ;
sapiens^ tamen^ aestimofoL"
ma plus quam vita ipse.

Nemo sum in hie totus
domus qui pensum kaheo
quis coram infans aut dico
autfacio,

Bellum gigno m:ultu8
episcopus^ qui in pax ne
quidem terundus aut pilus
fio. ^

Kon sum sapiens dico,
vivo bene eras. Virtus
sum pretiosus omnis res.
Sum itaque stultus sperno
is qui omnis debeo aestimo
plus quam divitiae aut vo-
luptas.

Sapiens facia voluptas^
minimum^ quia sum pestis
animus, et origo omnis set'
lus et miseria ; sed aestimo
nullus possessio plus quam
virtus, quia sum ornamen-
tum in res secundus, sola-
tium in adversus, et fons
omnis publicus dl privatus
felicitas,

ThebaCy et ante Epami-
nondas natus, et post is in-
teritus, perpetuo pareo a-
lienus imperium ; contra
is^ quamdiu ille praeswm
respublica, sum caput totus
Graeda, Ex qui possum
intelligo, unus homo sum
plus quam totus civitas, et
exercitus sum tantum quan^
turn imperator»

TO LATIN SYNTAX, 103

A boar had made the fountain nmddy, oat of which a bone of a proud cpirlt lued
to drink. The horse, full of wrath, intreated h man, that he would assist him against
the boar. The man leaped upon the bacic of the horse, and slew the boar. The bone
was glad ; notblDg was more Joyful than the foolish borse. The man Iben spake to
the burse thus : I value you more than the boar which I have slciin; a horse is the
most useful of all quadrupetfs ; hitbert* you have been free from i.tbour,-you shall act
return to your former way of life. The horse, now sad, accuseil himself of great
madness*. Pride, said he, hath pushed roe on to revenge; my foolish pride is now a
grief to my heart} I wish I had forgot the small injury done by the boar *, I am no
more ray own master.

33. VERBS of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking
away, govern the dative with the accusative.

I compare Virgil to Homer. Camparo Virgilium Home-

• ro.

Give every man his own. , Suum ciiique tribuito.

You tell a story to a deaf man. Karras fabulam surdo.

He rescued me from death. Eripuit me morti.

Give not up your mind to plea- . JVe addicas aniinum volup*
sure. taii,

1. Verbs of COMPARING are, comparoy compono, con-
fero, atquoy aequiparo ; also, antepono^ anttfero^ praepono,
praefero ; ^Lnd^ postponOf posthabeo^ postfero, &c.

2. Verb» of GIVING are, do, tribuo, largior,praebeo, mi'
nistro^ suggero, suppedito. To «vhich add verbs of RE-
STORING ; as, reddo, restiitio, retribuOy rependo^ remeiior:
of ACQUIRING ; as, quaero^ acquiror paro, pario : of
PROMISING ; as, promitto, polliceory recipio, spondeo ; sl-
so, debeoy salvo yas^o^vindico, mitto, relinquo, and innu-
merable others.

3. Verbs of DECLARING are, iidrro^ dico^ rnemoro, lo-

quor^nunciOy refero, declaro, aperio, expono^ explicOy signi-

fico, indico , monstroy ostendo^ &c. To which add verbs of

DENYING ; as^ nego, injidor : and CONFEbSING ; as,

fateoTy conjiteovy &c.

4. Verbs of I'AKING AWAY are, atifero, adimo^ eripioy
eximo^ demoysurripioy detraho, excutio, extorqueo^ &c.

6. To these may be added a great many active verbs,
compounded with the "prepositions, ad, in, ob, prae, sub,
and innumerable other veibs that cannot be reduced to dis-
tinct classes.- In short, any active verb may govern the da-
tive with the accusative, when together with the thing done
is also signi&ed the person or thing to or for whom or which
it is done.

104 AN INTRODUCTION

NaU 1. Compan, en^fero, oempoiw, Insteiui of the dative, tiin freaoently the ahla-
live with cumf us, Gic. Ut hominem cum .komine compcretis. Sail* M^icta cum factii
cempencre, Clc- Conferte kanc paeem eum iUo hello.

Note 2. Verbs of TAK15Q AWAY, Instead of the datire, have often the ablative,
wllh c, ab^ dtf c, or etc ; as Ter. Au^errt ah atiquo Iriginta minas. Cic. Eripite n^»
ex miserlis. Plant. De magnit divitiis «t juid denua, Sec The prepasition is soiue-
times sni^pressed -, as, Virg. Fagind eripit enum.

Note 3. The accusative Is sometiires suppressed ; as, Supplirare idicux, sc. gtnutt.
NvJhert eilieuif so. m vel vultum. impontre a/icut, sc. «arctnom vel riMmli fuidpiam.
Detrahere elian, sc» laudem. Ignoture (Uieut, «c culpcan^ tic-

Note 4. These verbs, Aorcor, «icvtCe, vooe, provoeo, antma, «liimiZe, oonformoy laeetso,
inuigo, tneitoy nucito^ idticioy ptUicio^ and the like, instead of the dative, talie the ac-
cusative, «rith the preposition cul, or sumetimes tn.

]• The co?etOQ8 maDCom- AvaruB comp<momagnu9

pares great things with small, parvus^ tt postpono onmis

aad disregards everjr thing in nummns, Sentx comparo

comparison of money. Old iuisenex^eiantefsro oiium

. men compare themselves with negoiium ; at puer fere

old men, and prefer retirement poathabeo serins Indus,
to business ; hot boys general-
ly postpone serioas matters to
diversion.

Fools compare themselves Stultus confer o sui mag'

with great men, and prefer nus^ et praepono voluptas

pleasure to virtue ; but wise virtus ; sed sapiens aeouo

men put tfaemself es on a level sui inferior ^ et praejero

with their inferiors, and prefer amicitiapecunia ; posfero

friendship to money ; the}' less opes lihertas^ et antepono

value wealth than liberty, and mors servitus,

prefer death to slavery. ^

2. God hath given an erect Deus do subhtnis os ho-

countenance to man^ bestowed mo, fribuo is multus dos

on him many endowments of animtis,etlargior is terra

mind, and granted him the earth in domicilium, qui suggero

for a habitation, which yields gramen pecus, ministro

grass for cattle, affords flowers flos apis, suppedito atitnen"

&t bees, finds food for man, and turn homo, et praebeo ma'

furnishes fuel for fire. ieria ignis»

If this tyrant will not restore Si hie tyrannusy nolo

liberty to the citizens,^ return reddo liberias civis, resti-

things to their owners, refund tuo res dominus suusy re-

the money to the people, or re- iribuo pecuniapopuluSf aut

pay to every one his own, the rependo tiuisque suus.po"

people ought to seek for them* pulus debeo quaero alius

selves another governor, and praefectus suif atque acquis

procure an enemy to their foe. ro hostis inimcus suus*

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

105

This covetoaa fellow lays vp
riches for others, bat he will
not gain praise to himself : he
has lately betrothed his daugh-
ter to a geDtleman, to whom he
has promised a large portion ;
bat he will not perform what
he has promised to him ; for he-
designs to leave a very great
estate to his son.

The gentleman who used to
send letters and presents to
you, begins now to claim and
assume high titles to himself ;
you owe him a great sum, and
it is net year part to pay him
bad money instead of good ; you
owe your life to him.

3. This man brings good
news to ns ; he has told the
whole affair to his master, and
has assigned me the reason why
he did so. 1 give credit to his
words, for he does not use to
tell a falsehood to any one, but
speaks the truth to all ; in this
affair he has behaved well, 1
will return him the favour.

It is the part of a fo^l to dis-
cover his sentiments to every
one, to unfold his thoilghts to
' mockers, to expose bis mistakes
to enemies, or to open bis ears
to flatterers ; but we may dis*
cover any thing to a true friend,
or signify oar roiod to him by a
letter. '

It is the part of a good man
to show the way to him (hat
tvanders, aodi point out to him
his road. It is also the part of
a good man to confess his 8in«
to God, and own his mistakes
to vl^tK Sot be does wicked*

Hte avatus paro divt-
iiae alius ^ sed non pario
laus sui : nuper spondeo
filia vir^ qui polliceor am-
plus dos ; sed non praesto
qui promitto is; namsta-
tuo relinquo permagnus
haereditasjilius»

Vir qui solto miiio litera
et munus tUj nunc incipio
assero . et vindieo magnus
tiiulus sui ; debeo Hit
grandis pecunia, et non
sum tuus solvo is adulteri'
nus nummus pro bonus ;
debeo vita Hie,

Hie homo fitincto res
laetus ego; narro omnis
res doniinusy et memoro
ego causa quare Uafacio.
Tribuo fides verbuniy non
enirn soleo Hicofalsus qui-*
vis^ sed loquor verum om-
nis ; hie in res ago bene,
refero is gratia»

Sum stultus deelaro sen-
ientia situs quivis^ explico
cogitatio suus irrisor, ex^
potto error suus inimicus,
aut aperio auris assenta^
(or ; at possum indico qui^
vis res verus amicusy rtwt
significo mens is per lite^
roe.

Sum bo7ius vir monstro
via errans, et ostendo is
iter. Sum etiam bonus
vir confiteor peccatum
Deus^ etfaieor error homo
At improbejaeioj 9^^'^^go
opis fofna^ 4mt infi^or u.

106

AN INTRODUCTION

ly, who denies aid to his couo-
try, or refases a legacy to the
man to whom the testator hath
left it.

4. Pain takes away the en-
joyment of pleasure from men,
and often removes sleep from
their eyes. Wine removes the
load from an anxious spirit, and
takes off the gloom from the
brows. But it is the property
of philosophy to remove error
from the mind .

Fortune often snatches away
wealth from the rich, but she
cannot filch away honesty or pro.
bity from the virtuous. It is not
easy, however, to extort money
from a covetous man ; you will
sooner wrest the club from
Hercules. But you may easi-
ly strike fire from a fiint.

5. A wise man suits himself
to nature, and adds virtue to
virtue ; but a fool gives up his
mind to intemperance, and
brings misery on his country ;
sometimes he tarns robber, and
puts a sword to the throat of his
countrymen ; he joins wicked
fellows as comrades to him, and
adds strength to the mischief.

A brave man easily pardons

ters many things, himself no-
ig ; he proclaims war against
his lusts, but never desires to
make war upon his country, or
engage himself in civil broils;
Jbe rather chuses to fasten his
darts in the backs of enemies,
to strike a terror into them, or
toiaflict punishment on crimi*
nals:

We ought to oppose a stoat

gaium homo qui legator
relinquo^

Dolor aufero fructus ro-
luptas homOf et saepe adi-
mo 80 mnns oculus . Vinum
eximo onus solichus ani-
mus^ et demo nubes super-
cilium. Sed sum proprius
philosophia detraho error
mens»

Fortuna saepe eripio
opes diveSy at non possum
surripio honest as aut pro'
bitas bonus. Haudfacilis
tamen sum extorqueo pecu-
nia avarus ; cito extorqueo
clava Hercules. Sed pos-
sum facile excutio ignis

silex

Sapiens accommode sui
natura^ et addo virtus vir»
tus ; at stultus addico ani-
mus intemperantiay d ad-
fero calamitas patria ; in-
terdum fio latro^ et adma-
veo gladius jugulum civts ;
adjungo pravus homo sO'
cius suiy et adjicio vires
malum. •

Fortis vir facile ignosco
alius mullus^ sui nihil ; tn-
dico helium cupiditas suus^
sed nunquam cupio infero
bellum patria, aut insero
sui eivilis dissensio ; malo
infgo tehtm tergum hostia,
incutio terror tWe, aut if"
r(^o poena peccans.

Dtbeo oppwo forth p$ct

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

107

heart to hard fbrtone ; but w«e
ought not to throw ourselves in
amoDg the darts of the enemy,
and expose our life to danger
without cause, especially now
when night begins to spread
darkness over the earth.

The bees prepare meat for
the winter ; and a king ought
to imitate them, and provide
those things that are necessary
for war or a siege ; he ought
to set a general and lieutenants
over his forces, and prescribe
to every one his duty, that he
may be able to prevent access
to the enemy.

The king being frighted, puts
spurs to his horse, and with-
draws himself from the battle ;
his army was routed and put to
flight ; the cities and towns
soon after began to submit
themselves to the conqueror, to
put their necks under his yoke,
and subject themselves to his
government.

Gold and poverty have often
persuaded men to bad things ;
but 1 give thanks to God, that
my brother has done you no
wrong : I give credit to the
words of the messenger more
than to yours ; 1 will not shut
my ears to the truth.

Gody who has threatened
most dreadful punishment to
the wicked, commands us to
set bounds to our desires, and
give a check to lust ; ht us,
therefore, lend a patient ear to
his admonitions ; let us not de-
vote ourselves to pleasure, nor

iu8 adversus res ; sed non
debeo objicio ego telum
hosiis^ et qffero caput peri-
culum sine causa ^ pratstr-
tim nunc cum nox incipio
offundo caligo terra.

Apis praeparo cibuf
hiems ; et rex debeo imiior
isy et paro is qui sum ne-
cessarius bellum aut , obn^
dio ; debeo praeficio dux et
legatus copiae^ et praescrir
bo unusquisque munia suuSj
ut possum praecludo aditus
hoslis.

Rex territus^ subdo cat-
car equus^ et subtraho sui
pugna ; exercitus is /undo
fugoque ; urbs et oppidum
mox coepi submiito sui vtc-
tory suppono coUumjugum^
et subjicio sui imperium ts.

Aurum et pauper tas
saepe suadeo malum homo ;
sed ago gratia Deus^ quod
frater m/eus facia tu nidlus
injuria : habeo fides ver-
bum nuncius magis <ptam
tuus; nolo claudo auris
Veritas,

Deusy qui minor gravis
supplicium impiusy jubeo
ego statuo modus cupido
noster^ et injicio fraenum
libido ; commodOf igituf^
pdtiens auris monitum i$ ;
ne dedo.egovoluptasy ne-
que trado egomet socordia

208

AN INTRODUCTION

give up ourselves to sloth or
idleness.

Note 4. The general con-
formed himself to the inclina-
tion of the prince, and called
the rogues before him ; they
had provoked us to anger, had
challenged us to a combat, had
spirited np others to the same
crime, and spurred them on to
arms. The next day, however,
the general invited them all to
a least, and exhorted them to
peace.

The love of praise rouses
men to their doty, disposes their
minds to industry, and incites
them to glorious actions. But
the love of money prompts men
to vilfamous practices, allures
Ihera to wickedness, and enti-
ces maids to dishonesty.

IT When Eomenes under-
stood these things, he called his
soldiers together, and first he
gives them thanks, that none
was found who preferred the
hopes of a bloody reward to the
obligation of his^ oath ; then he
cunningly subjoins, that he had
-foiled these letters, that he
might try their affections.

After this, Alexander invites
his friends to a feast ; where,
when mention was made of the
things which Philip his father
had dene, he began to prefer
himself before his father, and
to extol the greatness of his
own exploits to heaven, wbtlet
the greater part of the gtiedts
said as he said* *

When the ambassadors of the
AiheBmns «ame to Alcihiades,

autignavia.

Dux conformo sui ad
voluntas rex^ et sctUstus ad
sui voco ; lacesso ego [ad
ira, provoco ego ad certa-
men^ animo alius ad idem
crimen J et stimulo is ad ar-
ma, Pastridie^ tamerij
dux invito omnis ad epu-
laCf et horior is ad pax.

Amor laus suscito homo
ad offidum suusy inelino
animus ad diligentia^ et in-
cito is ad praeclarus /aci-
nus, Sed amor nummus
insiigo vir in mnlus ars,
allicio is dA nequitia^ et
pellicio Virgo ad stuprum.

Cum Eumenes cognosco
kicj convoco miles^ et pri-
mo ago is gratia, quod ne-
mo invenio qui antepono
spes cruentus praemium
Jides tacramentum ; turn
callide subnecto^ sui confin-
go kic epistola, ut experior
animus.

Post hic^ Alexander vo-
co amicus ad convivium ;
ubiy curn mentio orior res
qui Philippus pater is ge^
ro, coepi praefero sui pa^
tery et extollo magnitudo
res suus caelum tenus^ dum
mngmts pars conviva as^
senior.

Cum legatus Athemensis
venio ad Alcibiades^ poUi^

TO LATIN syNTAX.

109

he promised them the king's
frieDdship, if the goveroment
should be transferred from the
people to the senate. The
Athenians, because the danger
of the war hung over them, had
a greater care of their safety
than honour ; wherefore the
government is transferred to
the senate.

The coming of the Carthagi-
nians recalled Dionysius the ty-
rant [out of Italy] into Sicily.
Hannotbe Carthaginian was ge-
neral of that war, whose ene*
my, Soniatus, the most power-
ful of the Carthaginians,, en-
deavoured to give notice of his
coming to Dionysius ; but Han-
no intercepted the letter, and
condemned Suniatus of treach-
ery.

Virginius weeping said never
a word a long time ; at last he
liRed up his hands tp heaven,
and begged of his fellow -sol-
diers that they would not as-
cribe the villany of Appius
Claudius to ^ him ; that they
would not abhor him as the mur-
derer of his children. He told
them that^the life of his daugh-
ter was dearer to him than bis
own.

Af^er Alexander, Arrybas'
step-son, and brother of Olym-
pias, was come to the age of
twenty years, Philip, king of
Macedonia, took the kingdom of
Epire from Arrybas, and gave
it to the youth ; being wicked
towards both ; for he did not
observe the laws of affiaity to-
wards him from whom he took

ceor is amicitia rex, 8% reS'
puhlica translatus forem a
populus ad senatut, Atht'
niensis, quod perieulum
betlum is immineo, sum
magnus cura salus quam
dignitas ; itaque imperium
transfero ad senatus.

^dventus Cartkaginien-
sis in Sicilia revoco Z^t'ony-
sius tyrannus [ex Iialia'\.
Hanno Ckirtiiaginiensis sum
dux is bellunif qui t'ntrm-
cus, Suniatus, poiens Foe*
91119, Conor praenuncio ad"
ventus is Dionysius ; sed
Hanno comprehendo lite»
racy et damno Suniatus
proditio,

Firginitis Jkns miito
nullus vox diu ; tandem
iendo manus ad caelum ^ et
oro commilito ne attribuo
scelus appius Claudius sui;
ne aversor sui ut parrici-
da liberi. IHco is vitafi-
Ha sum car us sui suus.

Postquam Alexander,
Arrybas privignus, et /ra-
ter Olympias, pervenio ad
aetas vigiuii annus. Phi"
lippns, rex Macedonia^
eripio regnum Epirus Ar-
rybas^ et dopuer ; sceUsius
in uterque ; nam nan servo
jus cognatio in is qui adi"
mo regmtm^ etfado is qui

AN INTRODUCTION

the kingdom, aad be made him
to whom he gave it adebaochee,
before he made him a king.

Alexander commends the loy-
alty of the Persians, as well to
their former kings as to him-
self. He puts them in mind of
his kindnesses to them, how he
had never treated them as a
conqnered people, but as the
companions of his victory ; and
now he says, that he would trust
the guard of his person, not oit-
ly to the Macedonians, but to
them too.

Almost all the east appoint-
ed divine honours and temples
for Jasoa ; which, after many
years, Parmenio, a general of
AleJ(ander the Great, ordered
to be pulleddown, lestthe name
of any. one should be more ve-
nerable in the east than the
name of Alexander. After the
death of Jason, Medios his sour
built the city «of Medea, in ho-
nour of his mother. -

The Athenians, therefore,
against so great a storm of war,
chuse two generals, Pericles, a
man of tried conduct, and So-
phocles, the «vriter of trage-
dies ; who both laid waste the
lands of the Spartans, and add-
ed many cities of Achaia to
the empire of the Athenians.
This affair procdred to the ge-
nerals the love of the citizens.

Wheretore, as all the pre-
tenders were invited to the
, wedding, the Grecian strangers
are desired likewise to the
feast ; then the young lady be-
ing introduced, was ordered by

do impudicus^ antequam
facio rex.

. Alexander laudo fides
Persae^ turn in pristinus
rex, turn in tut, Admo-
neo i$ beneficium suus in is,
%U nunquam kabeo is quasi
victus^ sed veluti socius
victoria ; et nunc aio, sui
credo cwtodia corpus sieits,
non tantum, Macedo, sed is
etiamm

Toiusfere oriens consli-
tuo divinus honor et tern-
plum Jason; qui^postmul-
tus annus, Parmenioy dux
Alexander Magnus^ jvheo
diruOf ' ne nomen quisquam
sum venerabilis in oriens
nomim Alexander. Post
mors Jason, Medius is fi»
lius condo urbs Medea ^ in
honor muter.

Athenienns^ igiiur^ ad»
versus tantus tempestas bel-
lum, deligo duo dux, Peri-
cles, vir spectatus virtus,
et Sophocles, scriptor tra^
goedia ; qui et vasto ager
Spartanus^ et adjicio mid-
tus civiias Achaia imperi-
um Atheniensis, Is res
condlio dux amor civis.

Itaque cum omnis pro-
cus invito ad nuptiae,
Chraecus hospes rogo etiam
ad convtvium ; deinde ^tr-
gointroductus.jubeo a pa-
ter pomgo aq^d is, qui

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

Ill

her fatliter to deliver water to
him, whom she chose for her
husband. She taming to the
Greeks, delivers the water to
Protis, who afterwards huilt
Massilia nigh the mouth of the
river Rhone.

Claudius Caesar made war
upon Britain, which none of the
Romans after Julius Caesar had
meddled with ; he added like-
wise some islands lying in the
ocean beyond Britain to the
Roman empire, which are call-
ed the Orkneys, and gave the
name of Britannicus to his son.

Vespasian was a ^ince of
the most charming goodness, as
who did not easily punish those
guilty of treason against him»
beyond the pain of banishment ;
but he was too greedy of mo-
ney, yet so that he took it from
nobody unjustly, and bestowed
it very liberally on people in
want. He added two very po-
tent nations, twenty towns, and
the isle of Wight near Britain,
to the Roman empire. Under
him too Judea was added to the
Roman empire, and Jerusalem,
the most famous city of Pales-
tine^

Cyrus takes Sybaris, and re*
turns to Persepolis ; where he
called the people together, and
orders them all to be ready with
hatchets, and cut down the
wood which hung over the
highways ; which when they
had readily done, he invites
them all to a feast the day aft«r.
Annibal's advice {leased king

eligo vir, Ille conversua
ad Graecus, perrigo aqxui
Protis^ qui postea condo
Massilia prope ostium am'
nis Rhodanus.

Claudius Caesar infero
helium Britannia^ qui nul-
lus Romanus post Julius
Caeiar attingo ; addottiam
quidam insula positus in
oceanus ultra Britannia
Romanus imperium, qui
appello OrcadeSy impono-
que nomen Britannicus Jl'
lius suus.

Vespasianus sum prin^
ceps placidus bonitasy ut
qui nan facile punio reus
majestas contra sui, ultra
poena exilium ; sed sum
avidus peeunia^ tamen ita
ut aufero is nullus injuste,
et largior is studiose indi-
gens. Jidjicio duo validus
gens, viginti oppidum^ et
insula Vectae proximus
Britannia, Romanus impe-
rium. Sub hie quoque Ju*
daea accedo Romanus im-
periumy et Hierosolyma,
clarus urbs Palestina.

Cyrus assumo Sybaris,
et ' regredior ad Persepo-
lis; ubi convoco populus,
etjubeo omnis praesto sum
cum securisy et excido syU
va qui immineo ma ; qui
cum sirenue facioy invito
omnis ad epulae postridie,

Annibal cofmhum pla^

112

AN INTRODUCTION

Antiochus ; wherefore one of
Anoibars coiDpanions is sent in-
to Africa to the CarthaginiaDS)
to encourage them to the war.
and tell them that Annibal woald
come preeeDtly with aa army ;
that nothing was wanting but
the countenance of the Cartha-
ginians.

Whilst all were amazed at
the cruel tyranny of Aristoti-
mus, Hellenicus, an old man,
who had no children, gathers
together his friends, and ex-
horts them to the delivery of
their country. They conspire
together against the tyrant's
life, and Aristotimus is taken
off.

It is a commendable thing for
a boy to apply his mind to the
study of good letters ; they
will be always useful to him,
they will procure him the fa-
vour and lore of good men,
which those that are wise va-
lue more than riches and plea-
sure*

ceo rex . Antiochus ; quarc
unus ex comes Annibal mit-
to in Africa a4 Carthagi'
nietisiSj tU hortor is ad bel-
lumj et nuncio Annibal
mox venio cum exercitus ;
nihil desum nisi animus
Carthaginiensis»

Cum omnis stupeo ad
saevus domdnatio Aristoii'
muSy HellenicuSy senex^ qui
nullus liberi sum^ contraho
amicus suus^ et hortor is ad
vindicta patria. Conjuro
in caput (ytannus, et Aris'
totimus opprimo*

Laudabilis sum puer ad-
jungo animus ad studium
bonus literae ; sum semper
utilis illcy concilio illefa-
vor et amor bonus^ qui qui
sapio aestinw plus quam
divitiae et voluptas.

Godfaatbettowedupon all bficrealnres some arms or weapons for their defence.
To the birds be has gfVen wingSt to the lions strength ; horns to the bulls ; siiflgs to
the bees ; and to roan be huth given wisdom, which is a more excellent weapon, and
sharper than a two-edged sword. .

Do not, says Hanno, give yora'selves ap to «n immoderate Jof; Mago deceives you.
It is oniv Imaginary trlumplis he pruroises you. If we are to believe him, Annibal
has cot ibe Romnn nnmles to pieces; why, therefore, does he ask more soldiers ? Me
has twice taken and plundered the Roman camp ; be is loaded with Ixraty '• why,
therefore, should we send him more money and provisions f The Romans do not de-
sire peace, and consequently are not so much bumbled as he would persuade us. Let
Ui not ezliausi ourselves merely to satisfy AnnibaPs pride.

When Caios, a Roman nobleman, bad beeten Pyrrbus king of Epire, and driven
him out of Italy, be divided some lands among bis soldiers; to every man be distri*
buled four acres, and reserved no more for himself; for none, said be, ought to be n
general, who will not he content with the share of a common soldier; I would rather,
quoth be, rale over rich men, than be rich myself.

There are a great many miseries to which nothing but death can give relief. Death
pots «a end lo the sorrows of the afflicted and <M)pressed ; it sets the prisoners at li-
berty ; it dries op the tears of the widows and fatherless; it eases the complaints of
the hungry and oalced; it tames the proudest tyrants, and puts an end to all oar la-
boon,

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 113

^ 34. VERBS of asking and teachjog admit of two acca*
satives, the first of a person, and the second of a thing.

Beg pardon of God. Fosce Deum veniam,

^He tanght me grammar. Docuit me grammaiicam,

1. Verbs of ASKING arc, rogOj oro^ exoro^ obsecro^pre'
coTf poscOf reposcOfJlagito.

9. Verbs of TEACHING are doceo, tdoceo» dedoceo^ eru»

Noi/t 1. The verb ce/o also governs two aeeiuatiTes; at, Ctla ktmo rem iworemi eon-
eea£ thU effknrfrvm^ifniTv^t, Bot we alao uy, Cc/o t< ck Aoe re, and oeto f i&i AemorcM.

N«it 2. Verbs of ASKING often ebange tbe aoeosatiTe of the penon into the ab-
lative, with a. «b. or aftt ; a^ Pfaiut. Ah «mmm «r^ewCum rogu» Cle. ^juxd alMtAia a te
JtagUent tu vtdibia» Virg. Feniam erennu «6 »jm0. Plaut. Kee 9«aeiiam e«f, jwan veto
ego me «6« <e eatorare.

NoU 3. Verbs of TEACHING freqaenily diange the accusative of the thiag into
the aUative, with d» ; as,'Gic. ^!uid ttt torn arrogan$t quum ck rcftw divtau coUegwm
jwirti/Seum aoeere 7 BadL Dc itinere AMtium «eiurtutn edoeet.

J<7ole 4. We say, {nefruo, {Mtt/iM,/onN9, ni/brmo, tm&Mo aZcgtiem arttdw , gencfhilly
without any preposition.

Nou 5. other verbs are sometimes found construed with two accusatives; as, Ter.

^lyenliim, quod Aa&ee. eonioncniwe fc. Gie. LAUrat «d Ce, a eoiuu/e, nanqntu le «/(-
snta Poifij^finum o^Ceef ofw»

WoU 6. The accusative of the tbing is not governed by the verb, but by ad^ ftod
«d, ncundumf ctre«, or «ft, underfetood.

1. When I ask money of jroa - Cum rogo tu nurmnus

without a pawn, you say, I sine pignus^ non habeo^ in»-

have none. quam*

This one thing I beg of you. Hie unus tu oro^ ut deri'

that yon would give over lying ; no mentior ; sino ui exoro

gmnt that I may obtain this fa- tu kip venia,
vottrofyou. '^

We all beg peace of you, the Pax tu posco omnis^

soldiers beseech this of you» . miles tu hie obsecro^ dux

the general himself entreats ifs^ hie tu precor.
this of you.

He ordered that they should Jubfo ut adeo ad Ferres^

go to VerreS} and demand of tt reposeo %s simulacrum

Aim the statue of Ceres* and . Ceres et Victoria^
Victory.

I have a bounteous stock of Sum ego benignus vena

Natural sense» and th^ rich ingeniumf di-^sque ego pe*

ctfurt me though pot)r ; I im- tQ pauper ; lacesio deusni'

114

AN INTRODUCTION

portttDe (he gods for notbiDg
more, nor do I doo my potent
friend for greater tfainga,

2. Poverty teaches some
men temperance, and makes
them reKoquish their former
fashions ; bat those men act
wisely, who ask life» health,
and subsistence of God.

Minerra taught Telemachus
all her arts, she taaght him the
laws and precepts of war.

Note 4. Instruct this boy in
the Greek and Latin languages ;
he is a youth of extraordinary
hopes, and of the highest vir«
tue ; instruct him in all the arts
which you yourself hate stu-
died ; and this I chiefly beg of
you, that you season his mind
"with piety.

IT The people conferred on
him the sovereignty ; they did
not take the advice of the more
elderly, Dor asked them their
opinion. Thus whilst they are
angry at the senate's power,
they deliver themselve», with
their wives and children, into
slavery ; wherefore the tyrant
seizes sixty senators, lays them
in chainsi and threatens them
with death.

After they all with tears had
begged peace of the king, he re-
plied» if they would give him
pledges, that he might know
they would do the things which
(hey had promised, and if they
would satisfy his allies and
neighbours for the injuries
which they had done them,
f hat he would make peace with
(hem.

hil supra^ nee flagito po-
iens amicui largus»

Egestas docno aliquis
temperantia, et dedoceo t$
prior mos; sed hie homo
ago pruderUer ; qui rogo
Deus vitttf salus, et victus,

Minerva edoeeo Telema-
chus omnis ars suus^ erudio
is lex pra^eeptumque beU
lum.

Insiituo hie puer Grae»
cuset Latinuslitera; sum
adoleseens eximius spesy et
summus virtus ; instruo
ille omjiis ars qui tu ipse
studeo ; ethic praesertim tu
oroy ut animus is pietas t>n-
buo»

Plehs defero is summits
imperium ; non consulo se-
nior^ neque rogo is senten-
tia suus, Ita dum irascor
senatus potentia^ trado sui^
cum conjux et liberie in
servitus ; itaque tyrannus
comprehendo sexaginta se-
fzator, compingq in vincu^
lum, ei minor ille m^rs.

Postquam omniscum la-
cryma posco rex pax, re-
spondeOy si do sui obses, ut
tntelligo isfacio is qui poU
liceor^ et si satisfacio socim
etfinitimus suus de injuria
qui infero ipse, sui facii)
pax cum is.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

115

Vitellias» bent oo the death
and punishment of almost every
one ) cut off a great many noble*
men ; he scarcely spared , any
one of the usurers and publi-
cans^ who had ever demanded
of him a debt or duty ; he put
to death also some of the com-
mons, because they had cursed
the blue faction.

After him, Marcus Antoninus
held the govensment alone, a
man of the most frank generosi-
ty, whom all men admired ; he
was trained up to philosophy
by Apollonius ; to the know-
ledge of the Gredi; tongue by
Sextus, the grandson of Plu-
tarch ; Fronto the orator taught
him the Latin tongue.

Pythagoras taught the ma-
trons chastit;^, and complai-
sance to their husbands ; he
taught the boys modesty» and
the study of letters ; amidst
thes<l ihlngs he inculcatflQ upon
all frugality, as the mother of
virtues ; he recommended temr
perance, and recounted every
day the mischiefe of luxury*
So great iVas the admiration of
this man, that, after his death,
they made a temple of his
house, and worshipped him for
aged.

Catiline taught the youth,
whom he had seduced, many
wicked practices ; for as every
one's fancy, according to their
age, was fired, he furnished
whores to some, bought dog*
pxA horses for others ; in short,
be spared neither expense nor

VitelUuSf pronus odnss
atque suppliciumfere qui$m
qucj occiao mulius nobilis
vir ; vix pareo ullusfoent^
rator publicarmsque^ <iui
unquamjiagito sui debitwm
aiU portorium ; interimo
et quidam de pleht^ quod
maledico venetus/iHtio*

Post 19, Marcus JIfUonu
nus teMo r$9publica «o^f|
vir promptus liberaHtas,
qui omnis rniror ; instituo
ad philosophia per ApollO'
mu9 ; ad scientia Graeeui
titera ptr Sextus^ n^os
Plutarchus ; Fronto orator
doceo is Latinus literOf

Pythagoras doceo ma-
trona pudicitiay et obsequi-
tim in vir ; doceo pner mor
destiaf et studium litera ;
inter hie ingero omnis fm*
galitas, velut genetrix vir*
tus ; laudo temperantia^ et
enumero quotidie vitium
luxuria. Tantus sum ad'
mii^atio hie v»r, vt, post
mors is^ Jado tempium ex
domns iSf coloque is pro
deus.

Catilina edoceojuventus^
qui illieiOi mtUtus malus
f acinus ; nam uti quisque
studium t ex aetas/jlagro^
praebeo scortum alius^ mer^
cor cams aique equu»
alius ; postremo^ pareo nt^
quesumptus neque meiti*

116 AN INTRODUCTION

his own modesty, provided he tia suus^ dum facto ille ob*
coald make them subject and noxtusjidusptt m«
trustj to him.

Solomon aiked wMom of God ; ami Ood taid mCo him* Beeaufo tlioa halt t^ed
ihto ttatnff, and hast not asked of me long life, nor riches, nor the life of thino ene-
alet, behold I have done according to thy word. Loi I have given thee a wise and
nadentandUig heart, and have also given thee, that which than Last not asked, ricbea
tnd honour.

Before Jove, no husbandman mannred the Selds. the earth of itself produced eve-
ry thing. But now mwrdj steers torn up the soil, harrows break the sluggish clodSy
«nd the swains any lo the gods for niobt sommers and serene winters.

When Herenus killed the giants Albion and Bergion, his arrows were wafted in
the ilgbt, so that be wanted armsj wherefore he begged aid of Jupiter, and obtained
Ihrai nim a shower of stones. $.

Teach thy son obedience, and be shall bless thee} teach him temperance. and he
shall have health j teach btan nmdenoe, and fortune shall attend him \ leach him set-
•ttce, and his life shall be uieful ; teach him religion, and his death shall bo happy.

^35. VERBS of filHog, loading, binding, depririog,
clothing, and some others, require the accusative with the
ablative.

He filled the bowl with wine. Implevitpateram mero.

They load the ship with gold. Navem onerant auro.

He bound Gaul in fetters. VinculUGalliowiastrinxitm

He deprived his father of life. Patrem vitapvivaviu

He clothed the wall with pic- Parietem tabults ve$tiebat^

tures. . , ^^^

He exchanges squares for Mutat quadrata rotundis.

rounds.

We present you with this pipe. Hac te donamus dcuta.

You give me great joj. Affidzme magna laetitia,

1 . Verbs of FILLING are, impUot campleo, expleo, repleo^
saturo, ob$aturo^, satioj refercio, ingurgitOy ditoy and the
like.

2. Verbs of LOADING are, onero^ cumtdoy premo^ oppri-
fno, operioy obruo : to which add verbs of UNLOADING ;
such as, levoy exonero»

3. Verbs of BINDING are, astringo, alligo^, devincio^
impedio, irretio^ Ulaqueo^ &c. : to which add verbs of LOOS-
ING ; such as, solvo^ exsolvo, libera ^ laxoy expedto.

4. Verbs of DEPRIVING are, privo^ nudoy orbo : to
which add verbs of SPOILING ; such as, spoliOf fraudo^
emungo,

5.^ Verbs of CLOTHING are» vestio^ amieiOf induo^ cingOt

70 liATIN SYNTAX. |«

tBgo^v4ot^o9H>n^ ccJlc€a : tt wbicb add their
€xuo, discingo.

6. The other v^rbs belonging to this rote are, mnta, do^
nOy munerOf remunero^ cpmrnunieo^ pascOf beo^ imperHor^
dignor^ qfflciOf prostquorj spargo, tncetso^ tWector, o6/ecto,
and the like.

IfoU U Impleo, ooMfiZeo, and es^eo, Mmettaiet take the aceimtive nnd genltlTe )
as, Liv. Jdotuomltm am» fnmniafit impku Pbi«t. JVrarir ilh^ «I imnUUM mh^
ptAo. Virg. AninwmfM «aepU»»ejmtthit uUrktUJkmmM» Afld among tba more an<i
clent authors, also «aturo and obsatur»; as, Flaut. Hm res vitmau lat m r a ni . And
hence their passives someUmes retain the genitive; as. Virg. Impi/mimt «c^srbBoceAt.
Oic. Cum eamjietuijam menatonan career tuet» tiucret SangiiM» es^^u narikuf-
Ter. liHui obttawaiere,

NtAt S. These passire verbs of clothing, «iiAier« omioter, vmfioT^ dngWy aeobigtr |
also, ««nor, dueingor^ and their participles, have fw^nently the aeensatlve with thf
poets ; as. Ovid. Jnduitur faeum cuUumpu Dianat» Vfarg. inutiie ferrvm emgiiwr.
Id, Bxumma indutv» AMUei. Ohiod. Canas«M£if«mMS. aH Egtiia fiadanm Bat
with prose authors they have the ablative; as. Curt' FssCe Arabica tndmitvr. Ltr.
Bispano dngitur glodiO' Cic Pof/tum gmo cnnictw. Tae. JBbntfus omni&iaybnuitM.

Noi€ S. Pasemr dep. iastead of the ablative, sometimes take the accusative: as,yirgl.
Pasountur tylvas.

Note 4. The abkitive is not governed by the verbt belonging to this rule, but by
some preposiUott understood *, such as, a, <A, ib, e, c«, mm, pn ; and which as» son**
timet expressed ; as, Mart. D* Jtava loamln injpur* nunuta. G ic Jroem Mrbi» ah «a-
tendia liberam, Llv. Laxare animion o ltAer9ms> C«es. Soh»r» naves e pertn. Self.
flUtare beilum pro pace. Piin. Menttantm mUcmjut sunt konart tfrnmopntHfui- Whea
the passive verM of clothing talie the accusative, odlt fuod ad, or ptr, h understood.
And when any verb belonging to this rule takes the geniUv& smn^ ablative, iuek as
re, iMfsf i«, ooiisa, or the like, with a preposition, is uoderstooo.

iVo(0 5. Several of theise ablatives may be referred to the ea«se, mamer» er tnstm-
ment, of which in No. 53.

1 , The ty raat fil 1 ed his con n- Tyrannus impleo patrid

try frith blood and slaughter, he sanguis et caedes^ repleo

filled the city with havock and civitas strages et interne"

carnage, he filled every house cioy compleo omnis domus

with mourning, which filled luctus, qui refercio homo

men's eara with dismal stories, auris dirus rumor.

After he had satiated himself Fostquam expleo sui ul-

with revenge, after he had tio^postquamsatiosuicae'

glutted himself with slaughter, des^ postquam saturo sui

after he had satiated himself sanguis ciw^ accumbo

with the blood of citizens, he epulae, et ingurgiio sui ci»

satdown to afeast, and i^lutted bus poiusque»
himself with meat and drink.

^. After they had loaded the Postquam jcumulo altare

ftUars with presents, they dis- donum^ exonero stii cura^

burden themselves of cares, et onero ndvis arma it com"

and load the ships with arms meatus^ et egressiis e por-

116

AVI INTRODUCTION

and prorition, and sailing ont of
(be harbour they covered the
whole sea with their fleet

But Aeolus, who controls the
winds with imperial sway, bad
resolyed, when night should co-
ver jthe earth with darkness, to
bury them 'tinder the waves,
whilst there should be none at
hand that could relieve their
minds from the distress.

d. You will easily gain over
good men by acts of kindness ;
but it is necessary to tie up
some men by laws, to bind o-
thers with chains, that they may
not obstruct the public good by
their private quarrels.

The wicked endeavour to
ensnare others with the allure-
ments of vice ; but they can*
not disengage themselves from
troubles, or extricate them-
selves from sorrows ; for though
fortunesometimes delivers them
from punishment, she never
frees them from fear.

4. This new philosophy de-
prives us of our rest, despoils
us of our judgment, bereaves
us of our senses ; it cheats the
youDg men out of their diver-
sioos, cozens the old men out
of their money, nay, it robs the
temples of ^presents.

5. The ancients used to
clothe their bodies with the
skins of wild beasts, and to co-
ver the temples of the gods with
boughs ; but men now clothe
themselves with garments of
silk, even when winter has co-
vered the earth with snow.

The Athenians used to crown

tfu operio ioius pelagui
clasfis.

At Aeolus^ qui ventus
imperium pretnoy itatuo^
cum nox obruo terra lent'
brae^ apprinio is fluctus^
dum nuUus adsum qui le-
vo animw cegritudo.

Facile devincio bonui be-
neficium; at necesse sum
ligo quidam lex, astringQ
alius vinculum^ ne impedio-
bonum publicus' privatus
simultas,

Malus Conor irretio alius
illecebrae vitium ; at non
possum laxo sui molestia^
aut expedio sui aerumna ;
licet enim fortuna inter-
dum libero is suppliciumf
nunquam tolvo is metus.

Hie navus philosophia
privo ego quies, spolio ego
judicium^ orbo ego sensus ;
fraudo adelescens oUecta^
mentuM^ emungo senex ar^,
gentum, itno nudafanum
donum.

Fetustus soleo vestio cor-
pus spolium fera^ et velo
delubrum deus frons ; at
nunc homo induo sui seri*-
cus vestimentum, etiam
cum bruma amicio terra

nix.

Atheniensis soUoeorem

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

119

their conquerors with olive, or
bedeck the jtemples of their
beads with laurel, when they
had forced an enemy from their
camp, or saved a citizen by their
arms ; they ased also to crown
their poets with ivy or laurel ;
they shod their comedians with
sandals, and their tragedians
with buskins.

6. The man who doth not
pursue his enemy with curses,
nor maul him with darts, but
exchanges resentment for
friendship, is worthy to be lov-
ed. ^ The poets will present
him with immortality, they will
reward him with encomiums,
they will extol blm with ho-
nour, and celebrate him with
praises. Others will enrich
him with gifts, and entertain him
at their table.

That fellow bestrews the
ground with leaves, he feeds
himself with herbs, and amuses
himself with trifles ; I will not
compliment him with a saluta-
tion, I will not dignify him with
such an honour.

.IT Some men value reputation
more than riches, or life it-
self; wherefore the tyrant,
whilst he thinks himself despis-
ed, is in a rage, and resolves to
fill the city with slaughter ; but
it was to no purpose to be an-
gry with those who did not va-
lue him a rush.

When Alcibbdes returned,
the Athenians loaded him not
only with all human honours,
but divine ; they compensated
his losses with presents : they

victor olta^ aut cingo Jiem*
pus lauruSf cum exuo hottis
casirUf aut tego civis at-
ma; $oleo etiam corona
poeia hedera aut laurus ;
comoedus calceo soccus^^et
tragoedus cothurnus.

Vir qui nan insector ini-
•micus maledictumf autiti'
cesso is jaculum^ sed muto
ira amidtitty sum dignus
amxt, Foeta dono is aetef"
nitaSf rethuneror is elo'
gtum, cLffixio is honors et
prosequor ts laus. Alius
beo is munus^ et communi'
Co is mensa.

Iste homo spargo humus

foliuntf pasco sui herba^ et

oblecto sui nugae ; ego nan

impertior is salus^ haud

dignor is talis honor.

• Quidam aettimo fama
plus quam divitiae^ etut m-
ta ipse ; itdque tyrannusj
dum puto sui contemnOj
saevio, et statuo repleo ci-
vitas caedes ; sed de nihi-
lum sum irascor ilU qui is
nonfloccus facto*

Cum Aldbiaies rede^
Athenientis on€ro is non
tantum omnis htmianus Ae-
nor, sed divinus; expUo
dttrimeniittn m^nus : ns

lao

AN INTRODUCTION

haJ Dot the unfortunate battk
of Sicily in their mouth») but
the cooquett of Greece ; nor
did they make meniioo of Sy*
racusei but of looia and the
Hellespont.

After he had obliged the
neighbooriog princes with acts
of kindness and complaisance»
he lays a plot for his sister^s
son, whom he resolves to de*
prive of life and of his posses-
sions ; and he would have rob-
bed bim of his kingdom» had
not a mutiny of the soldiers eo-
sued| whom he bad cheated of
their pay.

At Aiesta, Caesar drew two
ditches fifteen feet broad, the
innermost of which he filled
with water conveyed from the
river. This the enemy after-
wards endeavoured to cover
over with hurdles, and fill up
with the rampart.

Varro says, that he had a li-
oness of marble, and winged
Cupids sporting with her, some
of which were holding her tied
fast, others were forcing her to
drink out of a horn, others were
shoeing her with sandals, and
that ell were of one stone.

Such was the slaughter of the
scattered soldiers, that the A-
thenians sustained more damage
in that battle, than they had
caused in the former ; and so
great was the despair among the
Athenians,, that immediately
they changed their general Al-
cibiades for Conon.

If I shall only touch upon the
most consideirable virtues of Pe-

iUt in OS $um advenuB fug-
na StcUia^ ud 7)ictoria
Gratcia; ntc SyrMtuae^
s^dhnia^ HelUspontutque
tMmim.

Postquam devincio fini'\
timva rex beneficium et 06-
sequiumy tororfilius tnsi"
diae instruo^ qui staiuo
privo vita et possessio ;■ et
spolio is regnumf ni seditio
miles insequor^ qui stipen*
dium/raudo.

Jipud Mena^ Catsar
perduco duo fossa quinde-
cim pes laiusj qui interior
compUo aqua exflumen de-^
rivatus. Hie fiosiis postea
Conor tntego crates^ cUque
expleo agger.

Varro trado^ sui haheo
leaena martnoreus^ aliger^
que Cupido ludens cum is^
qui alius teneo is religaius,
alius cogo is bibo ex cornUy
alius calceo is soctus^ et
omnis sum ex unus lapis.

Tantus sum caedes pa^
Ions miles , ut Atheniensis
accipio pluf vulnus in is
proeliumy quam do in stc*
perior ; et tantus sum des-
peratio apud Mheniensis^
ut statiia muto dux Aid-
biades Conon,

Sitaniummodo summus
virtus Pelopifys atiingOt

aiT :. • — ■■ . - , . . T T = _- r.im. , .-. .-i^ - — 3 l; ^ " " . =jl:

TO LATIN SYNTAX. ^ 121

lopidas, I fear, lest it may less vereor, ne rudti Oraeeus

plainly appear to those ignorant Utera minus Iwtde appa^

of the Greek tongue how great reo, quarUus vir tUe sum ;

a man he was : after his death, post mors, civitas fhesjaha

the cities of Thessaly compii- liberi is multus ager dano.
mented his children with a great

deal of land. , ,

He was glad that his rival was Gaudeo aemului ago %n

forced into ba^iishment, and re- exilium, et laetor casus « ;

joiced at his misfortune ; but aed nunquam exul oculus

never did an exile affect the visens magnus misertcor-

eyes of beholders with greater dia affkio : inimicus qui-

compassion: his enemies ia- dem compleo palaltum da-

deed filled the palace with mor^ sed populus irmgo w

shootings, but the people be- Jlos spargo.
decked his statues with flowers.

The Germans do not mind Germanus agncultura

husbandry , and the greater part non studeo^ magnusque

of their food consists in milk, pars vietus is lae^ et casm»

and cheese, and flesh ; nor has et caro consisto ; neque

any one a certain portion of quisquam certus modus

land, or distinct boundaries, ag«r, aut finis proprius

lest, taken with the pleasant- kabeo, ne, captus amoent-

ness of fields, they should ex- tas ager^ siudium helium

change the study of war for a- agricultura commuto^
griculture.

to the poeti, Is a montter. which V9niitelh forth fire •, he
• a Uon» the belly of a goat, and the tail of a a™fon- A
Ion to this fable; for In the top of l*»« «««"^i;j*f

Twa brothers, Ungs of Thrace, chose Philip, king of BtocedonlR, «??*»'•*>'!**'
differences ; but Philip at first filled their minds with vain hopes j at ta»t he bouad
both princes with efaalos, robbed them of their kingdon, and stnpped them of uu
their possessions.

The Ghimaera, according
hath the head and breast of

▼olcano in Lycia gave occasion ^ .«.- ,„«.~ , — — — -»i. . r n ^f »^,.nM^ntm

liens, the middle of It abounded with goats, and the bottom of it «as «all J» «fj?*;*
Belierophon rendered the mountain habitable; and hence >»«*««W*?™J* **°""°
Ae monster with fetters, and to have killed or deprived thfe Chimaeraof "»•

Hamilcar being chosen general, discharged that office with greai .■W>»«f«i H«»«on
restoied to his country all the revolted cifles, and among these Uiica *»«^Hippo, the
«longest of all Africa. Nor was he content with thlt,but «•«««»« *2*;jjf?*??
bounds of the empire. He subdued several great and warlike nations la Spam , ana
enriched all Af|rica with horses, arms, men, and fuoney»

NOTE.

^ 36. The passives of such active verbs, as govern two
cases, do still retain the last of them.

122

AN INTHODUCTION

I am accuied of theft.
Sla?e8 are rated at more.

ViigU 18 compared to Homer.

I am taught grammar.
The bowl if filled with wfae.

^cusorfurtu

Manctpia pturis aeitiman-
iur.

Ftrgilius comparatur Ho-

mero»
Doctor grammaticam^
PuUera impleiur mero.

1 . The passives of verbs of accasiog, condemniog, acquit-
ting, aad admonishing, retain the genitive.

2. The passives of verbs of valuing, retaia the genitives
rmgnu parvif nikiU^ &c.

8. The passives of verbs pf comparing, giving, declariiig,
and taking awajr, retaia the dative.

4. The passives of verbs of asking and teaching, retain
the accusative of the thing.

6. The passives of verbs of filling, loading, binding, de-
priving, clothiog, 4'c. retain the ablative.

1. He was accused of most
heinous crimes, but he was
cleared of all : and deservedlj ;
for he was accused of faults, of
which he was innocent.

Aibucitta, the famous womau,
was accused of disaffection to-
wards the emperor ; but she
was accused of this crime by
her enemies.

One was condemned fbr mur-
der, another was condemned
for extortion, a third was con-
demned for bribery and the
public money.

If. any Roman knight was
seen to have a horse somewhat
lean, or not very sleek, he was
censured forclownish careless-
ness.

We are admonished of mai^y
things by our friends ; do not
therefore take it ill that yoQ
are put in mind of your doty»

Aecwo gravis sceluSf set
absolvo omnu : et merito ;
nam arguo cti^a, ^t sun%
imona,

Albucilla^famosta mu-
/»r, * defero impietas irtt
princeps i sed compelh
nic crimen ah inimicus»

Aliui damno caedes, ai
Uus damno repetundas^ a«
lius condemno ambitus et
publicus peeunia.

Si quis Romanus equcs
mdeor kaheo equue graci-*
lentus, aut parum niiiduSf
noto impolitia,

Admoneomultus ab ami-
cus ; nolo igitur aegrefero
tu ^fieium tuu9 commonto^

'■^«^-^y^'^p—^—' ^y» ^* T^i-JirS^

;..uE^a.«f

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

123

2. Silver is valaed mucb,
^old is ralaed more, bot virtae
ought to be valaed most.

The sayiDgs of wise men are
sometimes little esteemed, bat
the words of a fool arealwajra
regarded less.

3. Death is rightly compared
to. sleep, and fortune is very
rightly compared to the wind,
to which it is ,very like.

Speech is gtren to all, wis-
dom to few ; and the way to
tnie happiness is shown to us
from the word of God only.

Virtue can neither be forced
away, nor stolen away from any
one ; but nobody can serve plea-
sure and virtue together.

4. The consul, when he
understood these things were
designed, calls the senate; and
Silanus was first asked his opi-
nion, because be was consul
elect.

Nor was the earth called up*
on for corn and food only, but
riches are dug up ; and now
the iron comes out, and gold
more hurtful than iron.

This age is fertile in vice ; a
young lady takes pleasure to
foe taught the. Ionic dances, and
thinks on love from her tender
years.

6. Neither are bees satisfied
with heather, nor kids with
leave?, nor cruel love with
tears.

The man is amused with
trifies, he is surfeitedwithfeast*

. Argentum aestimo mag*
numt aurum aestimo plus,
sed virtus debeo aestimo
plurimum.

Dictum sapiens inters
dumparvum existimo, sed
verbum stuttus minor tem-
per duco.

Mors recte comparo
somnuSf et fortuna rede
comparo ventus^ qui sum
similis,

Sermo do cunetusj sa*
pientia pauci ; et via ad
verus feticitas ostendo ego
ex verbum Deus solus.

Virtus nee possum eri"
pio, nee eurripio quis»
quam ; at nemo possum
servio voluptas et virtus
simuL

Consul^ ubi eognosco ts
parOf convoco aenatus i et
Silanus primus rogo sen-
tentia^ quod sum consul
designatus, '

Nee humus tantum pos'
CO seges alimentumquff sed
opes ^odio ; jamque fer»
rum prodeo^ et aurum nO'
censferrum»

Hie seculumsumfoecun'
dus culpa ; virgo gaudeo
doceo motus lonieus, et me-
ditor amor de tener i/n-
guis.

Nee cytisus saturo apis,
nee frons capelta^ nee la-
eryma crudelis amor.

Homo oblecto nugae^
tmero epulae ; at /return
non satio aqua, Vailis

124

AN INTRODUCTION

Itag ; but the sea is not over-
charged with waters. The Tal-
lies are covered with darkness,
though the mountains are cloth-
ed with snow.

IT When Paasanias, king of
the Lacedemonians, came to the
assistance of the Atheoians, he
made peace betwixt Thrasybu-
los and those who held the
town. Thi*asybulu8 also made
a law, that nobody should be
called to an account for things
past, nor punished ; and they
called that an act of oblivion.

He that is accused of a wick-
ed action, or he that is called
in question about any thing, is
called in Latin reus : but he
that is accused of a fault, is not
consequently in the fault ; nor
ought he to be accounted guilty
ofthe crime, till it be proved ;
for if to accuse any one of a
crime were sufficient for con*
demnation, who could be safe ?

Who doubts but many inno**
cent persons have been tried
for life, and condemned to
death ; and that a great many
wicked villains have been tri-
ed for Hfe, and absolved from
the crimes of which they were
guilty i But they will not
escape in the world to come ;
God will not absolve them
/rom the wickedness which
they have committed.

Hippias ordered the,, mur-
derer of his brother to be seiz-
ed ; who, being forced by tor-
ments to name those that were
guilty ofthe murder, named all
the tyrant's friends; who wei^

tenebrae tego, licet mons
amtcio nix*

Cum Pausamas, rex La-
cedaemonius, venio auxili"
wn AtticuSy facto pax m-
ter Thrasyhulus et is qui
teneo urbs. Tlirasybulus
quoque fero Zex, ne quis
accuso arUeaclus reSf ntoe
muLto ; appeUoque is lex
oblivio,

Qui cLccuso /acinus i aut
qui posiulo de res aliquis^
voco LoUine reus ; sed qui
accuso culpa f nwi sum corr-
tikuo in culpa ; nee debeo
existimo conscius crimen,
donee probo ; nam si aecu-
so ahquis crimen sum sa-
tis ad condemnntiOf qui^
possum sum tutus ?

Quis dvhito quin multus
homo innocens accuso ca^
put^ et damno caput; et
multus hornet factnorosus
accuso caputs et absolve
crimen qui sum conscius 9
Sed non effugio in seculum
futurus ; Deus non absolvo
is scelus quiperpetro.

Hippias jubeo interfec^
iorfraXer suus comprehen-
do f quif. coactus per tot"
mentum nomino is qui sum
conscius caedesj nontino
amnis tyrannus amicxtt ;

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

126

slain. Thus the citizens were
put in miod of their liberty, and
Hippias was forced into banish-
ment.

If cunning valuers of things
esteem meadows and fields at
a great rate, because that sort
of possession can least be da-
maged ; at how great a rate
ought virtue to be esteemed,
which can neither he forced
away nor stolen from any one ?

Afler some days, another let-
ter of Darius is delivered to
Alexander, in which the mar-
riage of a daughter, and a part
of his kingdom are offered him :
hut Alexander returned an-
swer, that his own was given
him, and ordered Darius to
come, and leave the disposal of
his kingdom to the conqueror.

When Eumenes was return-
ed to the camp, letters were
found scattered throughout the
campi in which great rewards
were promised to those that
should bring the head of Eu-
menes to Antigonus. But this
project was vain ; for none of
the soldiers would betray their
general.

He that only pleases himself,
does himself no kindness, he-
cause he displeases God his
creator» who commands us. to
he kind and good to all men,
and to do to others those things
which we incline should be
done to ourselves. This pre-
cept is delivered to us in the
gospel, and comprehends al-
most the whole duty of a Chris-
tian.

qvi if^erficio. Sfc eivis ad'
moneo libertaSy et Hippias
ago in exUium,

Si callidus aestimator
res aestimo pratum et area
magnum^ quod is genus pos-
sessio possum tninime lae*
do ; quantum deheo virtus
aestimo, qui nee possum
eripio nee surripio quis"
quam ?

Post aliquot dies, alius
epistola Darius reddo AU
exanderj in qui m/itrimani-
urn Jilia et porlio regnum
qffero is: sed Alexander
rescribo suus do sui^ et ju'
heo Darius venio, et per^
mitto arbitrium regnum
victor»

Cum Eumenes reverto
in castra, litera invenio ab^
jectus per castra, in qui
magnus praemiumpromit-
to is qui defero caput Eu^
menes ad Antigonus, Sed
hie consilium sum irritus ;
nam nemo miles volo prodo
imperator.

Qui tantum placeo sui,
non prosum suiy quia dis-
pliceo Deus creator suus,
quijubeo ego sum benignus
et beneficus omnis, et facio
aUus is qui volo fio ego
ipse» Hie praecepium tra-
do ego in evangelium, et
complector pene totus offi-
cium Christianus*

126

AN INTRODUCTION

• Trajap succeeded him» de-
scended of an ancient rather
than an illustrious (amilj ; he
so managed the government,
that he is deservedly preferred
to all the emperors. He was a
man of unusual moderation and
bravery : he extended far and
wide the boundaries of the Ro-
man empire, which had been
defended rather, after Augus-
tuSy than nobly enlarged. .

When Cato was asked his
opinion, he made a speech to
this purpose : Do you demur,
quoth he, what you should de-
termine with .tespect to the
most barbarous parricides 1
They hav^ conspired to set
their country iu flames ; they
solicit to the war the nation of
the Gaulfi, th^ most spiteful to
the Roman 8ta\e.

Cicero had been informed of
every thing by the deputies ;
wherefore he nofoldsthe whole
siffair to the pretors, who im-
mediately beset the Mulvian
bridge. The Allobroges with-
out delay surrender themselves
to the pretor8« All things are
instantly notified to the con-
sul by messengers ; but a vast,
concern and joy seized him at
once ; for glad he was that the
city was rescued from danger,
but he thought the punishing of
^he conspirators would be a
burdensome task to himself.

The ambassadors of the Gauls
returning, set forth the enemy's
wealth and negligence ; they
said, that their camp was filled
with gold and silver ; and that

Trajanus iuccedo ts, na-
tu$ antiquus magis guam
claruMfamilia ; ita admi-
nistro respublica, ut merito
praefero omnis princeps.
Sum vir inusttatus civtli'
tas et fortitudo : diffundo
longe lateque Jini$ RomH"
nus imperium^ qui sum de»
fensus inagis, post AugieS'
tu8j qtiam n^iliter amplu
atus.

Cum Cato rogo senteniia^
kabeo oratio hujuscemodi :
Tu cunctor, inquam ille,
quis statuo de crudelis par-
ricida ? Conjuro incendo
patria ; arcesso ad bellum
gens GalluSy infesius Ro-
manus nomen*

Cicero edoceo cunctus
per legatus ; itaque aperto
res omnis praetor, qui sta*
tim obsideo Mulvius pons,
Allobroges sine mora dedo
sui praetor, Omnis pro»
pere declaro consul per
nuncius : at ingens cura
atque laetitia simul occupo
ille ; nam laetor cimias eri'
pio periculum , credo autem
poena conjuratus forem o-
nus sui.

Legatus Galli reversus^
estendo hostis opes et negli^
gentia ; dico, castra repleo
aurum et argentum ; et is
intermitto omnis militaris

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 127

tl^ aeglectf^d all military duty, qfficium, quasi non indigeo

as if they did not want the help auxilium ferrum^ quia a-

of the sword, because they a- bundo aurum.
bounded in gold.

This place is encompassed ^ic locus cingo undique

on all sides with craggy rocks, praeruptus rupes^ ut egeo

that it needs no defenders ; nullus defensor ; et tantus

and such is the fruitfaln^fss of sumfertiliim circumjacens

the adjacent soil, that it is filled solum, ut expleo proprius

with its own riches ; and sucb opes; et is sum copia fons

is the plenty of fountains and et sylva, ut abumto aqua^

woods, that it abounds with wa- nee careo voluptas vencUio,
ter, and wants not the diversions
of banting.

Man wu accused of murder and iaeest, and obUecd to undereo a trial before twelve
gods as judges ; but was aeqaitted of the crimes. The place or trial, which was near
Athens, became afierwardi the seat of a court, and was called Areo|M£U8, that is, tbe
bill of Mars. The judges were called AreopagUeSi who were men of thr «triciest In-
tegrity, and of the most Olamelesi life.

Heaven is the lofty thrQn<> of Ood, but to describe the glory of it is more than hti-
■um tongue can do. The gmodeur and state we liefaold on earth cannot be coropeied
with it It is the abode of the juiii, ibe resting-place of the weary, and tbt^ reward
of tiM AdthAil. There are rivers of pleasures and crowns of giniy. Ash, and it shttl
be given yon } seek, and ye thall find it; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.

When Oicero was asked his opinion concerning the Immortality of the auoU he re-
plied^ For many. reasons I persuade myself that the soul is immortal} and if in this I
err, I err with pleasure s nor will I ever be forced out of an oirfnion, which yields my.
so mueh delight.

In Britain, says Oaesar, there is a vast nvmbor of inhabitants ; the buildings are nu-
merous, and much liloetho<e ef Oaul} the country abounds in cattle Instead of mo-
My, the Briu>ns nmke use of brass or pieces of iron of a certain weight. They do
not sow much corn ; bat live on milk and flesh, and are clotbed with skios.

§ 2. The gomernfMht of impersonal verbs.

RULE Fill.
37« An impersopal verb governs the dative*

It happened to me» Accidit mihi.

It is profitable for the state. Expedit reipublicae»

No man is allowed to sin. Licet nemini peccare.

The impersonal verbs belonging to this general rule, ez-
clading those contained in the f()llowing exceptions, are
such as, acddit, contingit^ evemt^ conducit^ expedite lubet, /t*
bety licet^ placet^ displicety vacate restate praesteU^ Hqti^^ no^
eet, doletj suffioit^ apparet^ &i . Together with tbe dative,
they have frequently an infinitive aflter them, whioh sup-
plies the place of a nominative before them*

128 AN INTRODUCTION

«•U 1. The dative is oAea wyiiwiiiJ? ai, Oie. StstmUm IbU ijwm»iipr^fiim^ fe.

jr«ci S. XBpanoiial verbi an lOBMiiaiea aaed peraBnaUj, eapedaUy wlib the wo-
nous id^ Aae, tf/tul, muti^ and ibe likes as, Olc Si tOi id mimct /Aefrit. Id. Non uUm
miktHett, ld,SihAajttodtt^i$«at. Suet. Qmw oujgve ^t&MMenc. Catol. arartto tf ea

EXCEPTIONS.

* 38. Refert and «nteresl require the genitive.

It concerns my father. Refert pHtris.

It if the interest of all. ^ Inlerest omniunu

Ihit 1. titfnt and intentL beside dbar geniaTes, admit abo of Iheie, lonft, fnoi^-
<i, magni,f€rmagiiit paroi,i^urtig as, Olc. Form rtfnt mbi Ujui dku Id. illi^ in-
«rot Mca WMi not tut,

Hole 2. The J are sometimes used persomlly, and admit not only of tlie nominatives
««id. qvtod, id, Aoc, iUudj kxu but of olheis elso ; as, Ter. Tua «Mod nihil rtfhrt, Oic#
lUud m«a mmgni inttruL Id. Aoa fue mtu imUrutU loei naOuru» Lucr. JUagni rtfvrt
sludfam olfue «ef Miuai .

JXaU 3. The adverbs tamfuai, juanlfufi, muicam, slurimttm, tii/inifiim« jMmm, ntttf»
maatHw. «riHMic, and the like, are oAen joined wuh them \ as, Mart. Aufinua rs/ci'C*
Jnsr. Phtrimum talsrcrit, Ice

jr«Cs 4. The constmction Is elliptical, and may be thus supfAied : A«/«rf palri»,i«e.
rtfcrt «« od ntg^ia patrit. InUrttt eeiMiim, i. e. Mt tnfer negvfui enmiitm.

* 39. But fnea, ^ua, nca, nosira, vcBtra^ are put in the accu-
sative plural.

I am not concerned. Ab» mea refirU

It concerns both you and me» Et tua ei mea interest

NoU t. We mey say indifferentliy, eujot or euhu inUresif as, Cic DUna^ ei a^ «a-
fti/Wft, IMA 9i cujm aiUi «ntsr/tul. , Id. Qais «nut eat Aedis, cujtM nUsna isf om icgsai
msMTc >

/ITote 2. The eoaslmetkm may be ithus s nw pUe d : Jle^ mea, L e. r^ert ss od me«
negvtia, interut tua, I. e. tti inter iita neg «tiii.

* 40 These five,mt>er«ty podnt^«t,/iudet, taedet^ and f»g'^^>
govern the accusative of a person with, the genitive of a
thing.

I pity you. Miseret me tuu

I repent of ray sin. Poenitet me peccatu

I am weary of my life* Taedet me vitae»

Not» 1. The inflnltire frequently supplies the place of the genitive ; as, Fsenftet m«
IwecoMt, for poenttet me ptceati. Ta§aet me «tvere, for tatdet me vita»,

lf9f S. The accusative of the person is often suppressed; as, Hor. Soeknm ri fund-
tetf sc. iMf.

Ifote S. These verbs are sometimes used personally; as* Lucr. /pee tui miieret. Plaut.
Jtfe Aoee eonditw nan poenUet. Plant. Id quod-pmdHfmeiliiu/trtmrt fitmm id

iV«f c 4. The genitive is governed 1^ some substantive understood, such as, nefecf.
Hmffmatwmt ttatuiyjitrhtna, reepeehte. eogiuuiot or the like ^ and the constructfcm may
be thus completed : Jlfteeret me tui^ 1. e. negotiwn tui wtah mistrtt me, or reqaeehM tui
mitertt me. Ptniut aie pnoafif i. e. ai^ctum pceeal<,cr cofitotis peocott peeatfef ais.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

289

* 41. These four» dec0t^ deUctat, juvat^ oportetf goveni the
accusative of the person wilh the iofioitive.

It does not become you to scold. J^on decet te rirari»
I delight to study. Deleciat me studere*

Note 1. D«oef, instead of (he accusative, sometimes (aVes tlie dative j as, ter, lia
«oWf 4Me«. Gall. Attaii €jui deetbmt,

NoU 2. Onorttt is elegantly joined with the sat\}ttnetlve mood, «I being onderstdod}
ai) agwrM^fiiciM, for ^porM U/aetr»,

Noit S. FaUit^fuieii^fratHrit^ /fleef,when nsed impersonally, take also the aecan-
tive with (be Infioiure ; as, Cic. Fugu me ad it <eri6ere, lie.

NoU 4. Atihut^ pertinett and ipeetatf when nsed impersonally, have tlie aociisativt
itii ad ijLty Ter. Jf erea/, nihit ad me attinet. Cic. Ad remfuUieampertinet ne oom-

wUh

tervari, Incert. Speetat ad omnts bene vivere,

Note 5. Deeetf ddeetat, and ^uvaf, are often used personally, and oporf el sometimes}
as. Hor. Parmm parva deoenl. Cic Me ttatiu hie reipubiieae non deheteU, J«v. 8%
Hnem juvat atea, Ter. Uaee facta ab illo op^rtebant.

37. It happened to the young
man, that he was very dear to
the senate.

It happened ill for them, but
very well for us, if you please
to hear.

It contributes to health to
live according to nature, and it
is proper for us so to live.

They beg that it may be al-
lowed them to pass their days
in exile, and it pleases me to al-
low them.

Jove has not leisure to at-
tend on small affaira ; but it is
belter for us to be silent than to
speak.

It appears to all that this man
aims at sovereignty ; nay, I am
clear to swear it.

38. It concerns all men to
practise virtue, and it concerns
all men to pity the miserable.

39. It concerns me, it con<
cems you and the common-
wealth, that yon do your duly.

It concerns thee not to be-

Contingit adoleseens^ ut
sum carus senatus.

Male evenit ille^ at bene
egOy $i placet tu audio*

Conducit salus viva e
naturOj et expedit ego ita

VIVO»

Peto ut licet ille ago ae*
tas in exiliumf etlubet ego
sino.

JSTon vacat Jupiter ad-
sum exiguus res ; sed prae-
stat ego taceo quam lo^
quor,

Apparet omnis htc homo
qffecto imperium ; imo^ H»
quet ego dejero.

Refer t omnis colo virtus,
et interest omnis miserepr
miser.

Refer t meus, refert tuus
et respub lica, ut tu fungor
qffidum,

Refert tuus non credo t^-

ISO

AN INTRODUCTION

lieve rariily, and it concerns
thee to know thyself.

Caesar used to say, that it did
not so mnch concern him as the
state, that he should be pre-
served.

Caligula suffered the writings
of Labieniis to be searched for
and read ; since it very much
concerned him that every ac-
tion should be transmitted to
posterity.

It concerns you, who are fa-
thers, to take care that your
children be well educated, and
it concerns children to obey
their parents.

40. I look for death as the
end of my miseries ; but I pity
you, against whom wars and
baftles are prepared.

If thou art sorry for, and a-
shamed of thy faults, thou wilt
takte care not to commit any
such thing hereafter.

Sulpici us, tribune of the com-
mons, after he had acquired the
greatest honour, made many
destructive law?, as if he had
heen sorry for, and weary of
bis former virtues.

41. It becomes all men to be
free from hatred, love, wrath,
and compassion, when they de-
liberate about doubtful matters.

There are boys that delight
to lead an idle life» and there
are boys who take pleasure to
ply their studies.

It behoves men to reckon
that God sees all things, that
all things Are full of God.

^ As soon as Eumenes on*
derstood that Perdiccai was

mere^ et inieresi tuns noica
tuipse,

Caesar soleo dko^ non
tarn interest suns quam res-
publica^ uti salvus sum.

Caligula permitto scrip'
turn Labienus require et
leetito ; quando maxime
interest suus ut quisque fac-
tum trddo posteri.

Interest vcster, qwi pater
sum, euro ut liberi probein-
stituOf et refert liberi obedio
parens,

Expecio mors ut Jims
miseria; sed miser et ego
tu, adversus qui proelium
et acies paro»

Si 'poenitety ac pudet iu
peccatum tuus^ caveo ne
quis talis posihac commit-
to.

SulpiciuSy tribunusplebSf
cum quaero magmis digni^
tasyfero multus pemiciosus
leXy quasi piget, ac taedet
is pristinv^ virtus,

Decet mnnis homo sum

vacuus ab odium, amicitia^

ira, atque misericordia,

-cum consulto de res dubius.

Sum puer qui delectftt
segnis traduco vita^ et sum
juer qui studium invigdo
juvat.

Oportet homo existimo
Deus cerno omnis^ omnis 6
Deus plenus^sum,

Vt Eumenes cognosce
Ptrdiccas occid^y m /i4-

TO LATIUI SYNTAX.

131

alasQ, himself jadged an enemy»
and the management the war
committed to Antigonus, he de*
Clared those things to the sol-
diers ; and added moreover, if
those things were a terror to
any, it was permitted them to
depart.

The anger of the Almighty
God ought to be terrible to all
men, no less to the highest and
haughtiest of the lords of the
earth, than the meanest of
mortals. He can, if he please,
disjoint all the parts of this
beautiful structure of the world,
and reduce them into one con-
fused mass, like that out of
which they were originally
formed.

You see, says Eumenes, the
dress and ornaments of your
general, which not any of my
enemies has put upon me, for
that would be a comfort to me ;
you have made me of a general
a prisoner. One thing I beg,
that yoa would let me die a-
mong yourseltres ; for it signl-
^€s nothing to Antigonus, how
or where I fall. If I obtain this,
1 free you from your oath.

Honesty hurts nobody ; but
knavery, though it seems to
profit a man, is very pernicious
to a man's credit, which all
wise men value more than mo-
ney ; and very often it. is hurt*
All to a man's estate and life,
which fools value more than all
things else ; it therefore con-
cerns all men to beware of and
avoid iii(|08tjce*

dito hostis^ et $vmma bel-
lum commtUo Antigonun,
indico is miles ; et addo tn-
sttjDer, si quis is terror
sunty licet ills discedo.

Ira Deus Omnipotens de-
heo sum tsrribilis omnisy
nonminus summustt super»
bus dominus terra orbisy
quam infimus mor^o/iV.
PosBUfUy si placet is, diveU
lo omnis pars hie pulcher
aedi/icium munduSy et redi"
go m untis moles indigeS"
tuSy similis is ex qui pri-
mumfortno.

CernOy inquam EttmeneSy
habitus atque ornamentum
dux vester, qui nan quis»
quam hostis impono egOy
nam hie forem solatium
ego ; tu facia ego ex im-
perator captivus, Unus
oroy ut volo egj> morior tn*
ter tu ; nam neque interett
Antigonus y quemadmodum
aut ubi cado. Si hie tm-
petroy solvo tu jusjuran'
dum,

Probitas ncceo nemo ;
sed improbitaSy etsi videor
prosum homoy sum perni»
eioius existimatio homoy
qui omnis sapiens aestimo
plus quam pecunia ; et
saepe sum pemidosus homo
res etvitay qui stultus facia
plus quam aliw omnis ; re*
fert igitur omnis eaveo et
vitq inj^ustitia^

132

AN INTRODUCTION

God is angrj with the wick-
ed, and tbreateos them with
most dreadful tormentfl ; oot be-
cause he hates them, but that
they may repent of their sin,
and be happy for ever in hea-
ven. Da not they, therefore»
deserve the punishment of eter*
nal death, who value eternal
life and happiness at nothing 1

You are weary of the patri-
cian, and we of the plebeian
magistrates. What do yon
mean, I beseech you ? You de-
sired tribunes of the commons,
we granted them ; you deeired
the decemvirs^ we suffered them
to be made ; you were weary of
the decemvir&^ we forced them
to lay down their ^ower.

Wicked men provoke God
daily, but he is very merciful ;
therefore be pities them, and
is ready to forgive them their
sins, if they repent of them,
and are ashamed of their folly,
and be willing to obey those
precepts which are prescribed
to ns in the gogpet

Kmg Darius' mother, who
till that day had not been weary
of her life, when she heard that
Alexander was dead, laid vio-
lent hands upon herself; not
that she preferred an enemy be-
fore a son, but because she had
experienced the duty of a son
in him whom she had feared as
an enemy.

Julian was a man of great elo-
quence, of a quick and most te-
nacious memory, liberal tp his
friends, as became so great a
nrince to be ; he was greedy

Deu$ iratcor impiuSj it
minor ilU dirus tuppli*.
cittm ; no» quod odi^ std
uH poemtei is peccattim, e^
sumfelix in aelemum in
cotlum. JSTonne, igitur^
mereor poena aeternus
mors, qui aeshmo aeternus
vita etfelicitas nihilum ?

Taedtt tu patricius, ego
plebeius mngistraius. Qw's
volo, obsecro tu? Concupio
tribunus plebs^ ego conce-
do ; desidero decemvirf, ego
potior cre6\ iaedettu de-
cemviri , cogo is abdico ma*
gistratus.

Improbus lacesso Deus
quotidie^ sed sum clemens ;.
tiaque miseret is itle, etpa-
ratus sum coiidono is pee."
catum* sipoe7hitet is illCf et
pudet is stultitia, et volo
obtempero lex qui condo
ego in evangelium^

Rex Darius mater, qui
in is dies non iaedet vita,
cum audio Alexander mo-»
rtor, infer manus sui ip'
h; non quod pra^fero hos-
iisfiliuSj sed quod experior ,
pietas filius in is qui timeo
ui kostis.

Juliamus sum vir ingen$

6 facundia^ promptus et

tenax memoria, liberalis in

siuuicuSf ut decet tantus

princeps sum; sumwdtn

■■■-1*. " ■■ ■ ^',j. .i^J .' • ..rcc

TO LATIN SYNTAX. ISS

afglory, and not unlike Marcos gloria^ et non abtimdis

ADtoninuSy whom he made it his Marcus Antoninus^ qui as-

bosiness to imitate :- he made mulor studeo : infero btl-

war upon the Parthians, in lum Parthus^ qui expeditio

which expeditieo 1 waa likewise ego quoque intersuM.
present.

We are eUewed from reuon and leriptare to eondode, that part of the pleatura
fvhich happy minds shall eojoy in a future state^ wlU arise from an enlarg^ed coatem-
plaUon of the dlvine wisdom In the government of the world} and from a discovery
of the secret and amazing steps of Providen ce from the beginning to the end of tioM*

It concerns subjects to obey the laws : and it is of great importance to the publie«
that all should follow peace, practise justice, and discharge their duty in that station
in civil life which they hold in society.

Thou owest thy food, iby elothin^, thy habitation, and every comfort and plea-
sure of life, to the labourof others; it concerns thee Uierefore to be a friend to nan-
kind, as it is thy ioterest that men should be friendly to thee.

Oeres was ashamed of her fault, and greatly lamented the loss of her honour, Bhe
retired into the dark recesses of a cave, where she lay so concealed that none of the
sods knew where she was, till Pan, the god of the woods, discovered her.

Eofoert Bruce addressed Sir William Wallace thus : What madness hath sclud
you 1 King Edwiird, against whom you carry on war, is a most powerful monarch ;
and though you should uvercome him, the Scou will never deliver up the govem<
inent to you. Wallace auswerd thus; You use me ill, when you say that I aspire to
the kini^ora. I am not desirous of royal power ; the honours of a kingdom neither
atgree to my fortune nor to my mind. It belongs to the nobles to defend their coun-
try. When I saw that our nobles had neglected their duly, X pitied mv wretched oquo-
trymen. who are def Utute of governors, and esposed to the «rnelty of barbarous eno-
nieSf Our nobles prefer most scandfloas slavery to honourable liberty. War is a
terror lo our nobles. Let them enjoy that fortune which they value so much. Twill
defend my country.

It becomes us to be kind and courteous to strangers, for we know not to what part
of the world we ourselves may go.

If you woDld have CK>d to hear your pnye», U behoves you to hewr the petittooi of
the poor*

APPENDIX.

42. PASSIVE VERBS take after them an ablative of the
agent or doer, with the preposition a, a6, or abs.

The world is governed bj God. Mundus gubematur a Dea,
Virtue is praised by all. Virtus laudatur ab omni'

bus.
I am glad that my conduct is ap- Gaudeo menm factum abs
proved by you. teprobari,

Hate 1. The proportion is someUmes sunmiessed; as, Ovid. Dutrtr cea^^tge. Id*
CuUlwr ludgwa lic«a. Senec* Contra SUrtmmm fno premehatw*

fftte 2. Passive verbs, instead of the ablative with the preposition, sofflellmes take
the dative : as, Virg. Ifeqtu cemitur u//t. Ter. Jtf edtf ota miAt suaf inoonuaoda. Ovid**
jyuttaUMMMrmihu

Ifato 3. A great nwny ptber verbs take also the ablative with a or ab ; such as,

1. Verbs of R£CEIVINO, as, aeotpto,capio, mmOfnutiuori alsOj udipkctft c^aie*

134 AN INTRODUCTION

2. Vtfte of mSTAKOE, DIFFERENCE, i^ DlfiSEHftlOIf ; «i, dUt^^difer^,
disteniio, disiideo, diacnpo^diacordoj as, CIc< Fide» quantum disttt a veritiUe,

S. TertMofDESIftlNG, ENTiUEATINa^doil £ffa0|RXS;C»i M,pHo,expeto,p&s-
00, jittToiUor* «cvter, «cisettor, roye, oro, olmc/v, preoor, pe«lu/o, J^gUot canUndttf ea%«,
fcc. ; as, Ok. A te opemptlimMt»

4» Vtifbt of CESSATION J ai, eettoi, tfotino, ^ujbmo, ir^uMic», tempenf as,I.hr.
ii praelUt eeutart.

5. Varbs of EXPECTTNO ; af» «speoio, «pew ; as, Ba«hao. Ab ttno exp«cfe« ^«toll
a multia sptrture tuqueas.

6. Verbs of TAKING AWAY and REMOVING ; as, aufero, rapio, surripio^ furor,
toUo f rvmoiieot areeot proAibeo, pe//o, rtpelhy propulsoj reoeeof also, contineof colubeo,
rf/reno ; also, defc»dOf munio, <cg«, fucor ; «i^u, d^/Scio, dc«ci>co, J^vnrro, itc. To these
add vertM compounded with aorab ; as. obtgo. abitineo. «noMo, abduco» «ftraiio, om-
•Clo, ttoello^ aooeo, Lc; Ter. Mt»(U tr^tUa ab Ul/ abstulu

7. Verbs of DISMISSING. OANIStIMENT,aud DISJOINING; as, dimittCyrtr
UgOy ditjungo^ dvoetlo^ scgrego uparOf fcr. ; afe, Caes. Eum ab te dimittit.

8. Verbs of BUYING} as.«flio,iiwrcor,/ben«ror, conrfuco; as, V. Max. A piteatorSbu»
jaetum emtrat.

9. Many other verbs of different signiAcations } as, .oaoeo, dtdmo^ dtfleeto ) diaeedo,
reccdo j affero^ do, teddoyYero, reporto; incipio,ordior ; «erve. cwfodto, vindico } tineOf
mctuo^JbrmidOf itc. ; as Cic Regem monuerunt^ a ventnout cavtrtt»

Nail 4. Verbs of STRIVING : as, contendoy certo, beUo, pugno : and JOINING TO-
GETHER ; as,yuN;o, cohjungo, eoncumAo, coeo, misceof take the ablative with cum ;
WiBf Ovid. Meeum cert €usejeretur. Id- Contendite mtcum, Cic Sellare cumdii»» Id.
Saluiem fneam cum eornmunt solute oonjungere dtcrvou Tac Con^ia ewm Ulo turn mis-
cucroji/*

NtU 5. The verbs nureot*,/beio,^, cri«,ykftirmn Mt, Cake the ablatWe with cto ; m,
i^ene vtl mo/e de aliq^ mereri Cic. Indicium dtjidt ^ut/toitti^ Ter. Qutd d» me
JUt? lie.

ITote 6. VertM of PERCEIVING and KNOWING) as, tnCeMtjfo, «entio, coj:no«oo,
eonjieio^diti», ptrdpio^celligo^taidio^ take the ablative with e or tx: as, Cic. Ba ge$tu
tue iiUeUigo fttui oe/is. Id. Ex tuts /t'terw ttatunn rcrum oojiievt. Id. JSToe m iUo mir
diviy ke.

Jfott 7. Passive IMPERSONALS are either put absolutely ; as, Ter. Qindagitvrf
^ahar* 01c. Ab Kara *ertia bibebahir. iudebatur^ vomebatur. Or they take aAer them
the case of their PERSONALS { as, Cic. Ut majoribut natu tutwrgatw. uC «ujMilicum
muereafur. Ovid. Nee mihiparealur. VIrg. Itw in sylvttw, Li v. Pethtentia itAora'
noH ttL

Note 8. These six verbs, potest, coepit, inewit, desiitil, ds&et, and •o2el, when jofaaed
with impersonal verbs, become impersonal themselves-, as, Quinct. Perveniri ad mm.
ma niri ex priiteipiis non ooteaL Just. Pigereeumfaeti cocpit. Cic. Singulis a Deo
oonmZt tt ftoxdderh soicC id. Ntgat jueunde posts vtvi, nisi sum virtute viveUur.

He is miserable, who neither Miser sum, qui neque

loves any one* nor is himself diligo quisquam, nee ipse

beloved by any one. diligo ab ullus»

The affairs of a good man are Res bonus vir nunquam

never neglected by God. negligo a Deus,

Do not tru^t [to] a man by Kefido homo a qui «c-

wbom thoa harst been once de- mel decipio*
ceived.

Carthage was destroyed by Carthago ddeo a celeber

the famous captain Scipio Afri- dux Scipio Africanus.
can 08.

Learning and virtue are Doetrina et virtu» ap-^

sought by few, pleasure by ma- peto a pauci^ voluptas a

ny. plurimuss

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

135

We are lo formed by oatare,
that we do not seem made for
sport and jest.

IT For these achieTement»
Codomanous is set orer Arme-
nia ; and, after the death of
king Ochas, is made king by the
people for bis former bravery.
He waged war with Alexander
the Great : at last, however, he
was conquered by Alexander ;
and being slain by his own rela-
tions, be ended his life, together
with the empire of the Persians.
Whilst these things are doing,
he is acquainted that a plot fs
laid for him by Alexander the
son-in-law of Antipater, who
had been set over Macedonia ;
for which reason, fearing lest,
if he should be slain, some tu-
mult should ari^e in Macedonia,
he kept him in chains* Af-
ter this he goes to the city Gor-
diom, which is situated betwixt
the greater and lesser Pbrygia.
Whilst the Gauls plunder the
ships, they are cut in pieces by
the rowers and apart of the ar-
my, which had 6ed thither with
their wives and children ; and
po great was the slaughter of
the Gauls, that the fame of the
victory procured Antigoous a
peace not only from the Gauls,
but from all his neighbours.

Queen Thessatonice, the la-
dy of Cassander, was slain by
her son Antipater, though she
begsied her life by bis mother's
breasts*, the reason of which
parricide was, that aAer the
death of her husband, in the
division of the kingdom betwixt
the brothers, she seemed to

Ita genero a natuf a, ut
non videorf actus ad ludu9
ji)CU8qut.

Ob hie decuB Cod<yman*
nus praefido Armenia ;
tt,po9t mors res Ochfus^
consiituo rex a pojp%dus
propter pristinus virttUm
Gero bellum cum Alexan"
der Magnus: posiremOy
tamen^ vinco ab Alexati"
der ; et occisus a suut^Jimo
vita^pariter cum trnjiert*
um Persa,

Dum htc ago^fio certi^
or insidiae paro sui ab A»
lexander gener Antipaterf
quipraspono Macedonia ;
ob qui caustty timens ne, si
interficioj quis moius ori*
or in Macedonia, haheo is
in vinculum* Post hie
peto urbs Gordium, qui
positus sum inter magmt»
et parvus Phrygia.

Dum GaUus diripio na-
vis^ trucido a remex et
pars exercituSf qui confa-
gxo eo cum conjux et libC'
ri ; et tantus sum caedes
Gallus, ut opinio hie vic-
toria praesto Antigonus
pax non tantum a GalluSy
sed ab omnis finitimus»

Regina Thessalonic^y
uxor Cassander, occido a
filins Antipater, cum de»
precor vita per uber ma-
ternlis : causa quiparri"
cidium 5«m« quod post
mors marituSf in dimsio
regnwn inter f rater ^ vide^
or propensus Alexander

136

AN INTRODUCTION

iMve been mor^ favoanible to
Alexander.

Pluto desired of Jupiter, that
Proserpine might be given to
Mni in marriage^ bj him and her
Mother Ceres. Jupiter denied
that Ceres would suffer her
daughter to live in hell ; but he
bid^ him steal her, whilst she
gathered flowers upon mount
Aetna, which is in Sicily. Af-
terwards Ceres obtained of Ju-
piter, that she should be with
her sometimes.

Perdiccas pretends to desire
the daughter of Antipater 'in
marriage, that he might the
more easily obtain of him re-
cruits out of Macedonia ; but
Antipater perceived his cun-
Bing, and balked bis hopes. Af-
ter this a war broke out between
Antigonus and Perdiccas, in
which Perdiccas -was worsted by
AntigODUS.

Pluto pito a Jupiief,
ut Proserpina do sui in
matrimonium^ ah ille et
mater Ceres, Jupiter
nego Ceres patior filia
suus 7)ivo in tartarus ; sed
jubeo is rapio i5, dum lego
Jlos in mons Aetna, qui
sum in Sicilia, Postea
Ceres impetro a Jupiter ^
ut swn suicum aliquando.

Perdiccas slmulo peto
filia Antipater in matrz'
moniumj ut facile ohtineo
ab is supplementurh. ex
Macedonia; sed Jlntipa-^
ter praesentio dolus ^ et
fallo spes is. Post hie
bellum . orior inter Anti-
gonus et PerdiccaSf in qui
Perdiccas supero ab Anti-
gonus.

The poeCt say, ihtii the first woman was made by VuleBUf aAd that every god gave
her some present, wlience she was called Pandora. Pallas gave her wisdom, ApaUo
the art 0f music, Mercury the art of eloquence, and Venus gave her beauty*

Aerisius, king of the Arrives, shut up his dangbter Danae in a strong tower, and
«uffered none to enter into it ; becaase he had heard from the oracle, that he sboald be
kilted by his grandson. Jnpiter turned himself Into a shower of gold, and entered
into the tower through ili^ tiles. Thus Danae was got with child by the god. When
Aerisias beard that his daughter had hrooght forth a son, he ordered her and the
child to be put into a chest, and thrown into the sea. The chest was found by a fish'
enuaot tuad given by him to PiiomDOS liing of the Rutilians, who married Danae.
When PerBevs,the son of -Danae, was grown up, he slew his grandfather Acrisins,
and so foiftiled the oracle.

§ 3. The government of the infinitive, participles ^ gerunds,

and supines,

RULE IX.
43. Ok£ verb governs another in the infinitive.

I desire to learn. Cupio discere.

Thou art glad to he taught. Gaudes doceri.

Mercury is said to have invent- Mercurius dicitur in've-
ed the harp. ^ nisse lyram.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

137

J?of« 1. Tlie infinitive is fireqoendy goTcraed bj aiyeetivM or pulici|^l«t mi, Dig-
niu UgU eupkbu meW, indoeUU faupetiem ]»af>, «oiitl OMRMittere jHtfium, mo» omMa
pfrpett i euoiens eognoutn^ mehun» PoUmy tmuiiui reUnfui, fiugu enki m mur* imIi.
And soroeumes by •olMtantivei } m« Tmtf/UM oMre, ooean« aert6«rB, «i|fna dedi «miiM

Note 2. The toVernIng word If fometlmes tuppretsfd } af,Ter. Omnu mt&i «mn'd«rC)
so. eonjwrune. Vlre. Mmm tNC«/»f o dMulere t 8C «coel or par e$L Aod to theie pbrateft
vuiere e9C, animoaverferc e«t, reperin ettt &c. we may undenUod /aaUtatj pot€tta$t
copi'i^ortbe nke«

JVtfCf 3. The lofinitive itself it tomelimet suppressed *f as, Oie« Soeratem ^Mnu do-
eitU, sc eaiwtis. SmU. Ei f pooiiuiam iViKmidiBiii p&puhu juttU $ se. dart.

Ifoi* A. The infinitive is a Icind of substantive Hoan, has adjeetlvet someUmee
joined with It, and occurs in all cases. In the nominative, as, Pers. Scirt imh» niiUX
tat^ for tektUia twt, Cic. AdtdUrart turpe esl, for odii/fernim. Gen. Virff. Soli cuniartpi»
rUL for eantandi or eatOui. JkU. Qb.\\. Servire panUif tor aenituH, AccHor. X^ami-
hifaUvftt for arttm fedltndi, Voc O vivert tiostntm, for vUa luitra. Abl. Qoinct.
Oagc dtmonstratie anUtnhu» for Aorum demonUraH&Hitfmda.

I desire to know, tboo art
afraid to tell, he despises to be
taught, we are forbiti to prate,
ve ought to study, they are or-
dered to write.

i will take care to avoid in-
temp^ance} thou oughtest to
seek wisdom, he eudeavonrs to
perform his promise, we have
resolved to hear the lesson, ye
design to make verses, (hey
seem to have done an injury,
learn thou to lay aside pride.

Money cannot change nature,
a soldier always rejoices to re-
count his dangers, a sailor often
uses to relate bis losses, Egna-
tius before this had resolved to
kill Caesar, the general order-
ed his men carefully to keep
rank.

IT He then recites his own
services ; how he bad revenged
the revolt of their allies, and
quelled the Thessaliana ; how
he had not only defended, but
advanced the dignity of the
J^acedonians ; for which if they
were sorry, be said he laid
down his authority, and restor-
ed them their present ; they

Cupio scio^ vereor dico,
spemo doceOf veto gmrrio^
aebeo studeo^ jubeo scribo.

Cktro mto intemperan"
tittf debeo ixptto sapiens
iiay . eanor pra$$to prO"
mistumt statuo audio
praelectio^ volo compono
versus ^ video facto ir^U'
rta, disco depono iuperci'
Hum,

Pecunia neseio muio
natura, miles semper gau»
deo memoro perie^umy
nauta saepe soleo refero
damnum, EgwUius antea
statuo interimo Caesar^
dux jubeo milts sedulo
servo ordo,

Deinde commemoro
suus beneficium; ut vtn-*
dico defeciiosociuSf ei com-
pesco Thessalus ; ut non
iantum defendo^ verum
augeo dignitas Macedo ;
gui suus poemiet, dico sui
depono imperiuMj et red"
do ille munus suus ; ipse
quaero rex f tit impero.

15a

AN INTRODUCTION

might* seek a kHlf whom they
could gOKero.

There were hei ides a great
maoy accomplices of this de-
sigo» whom the hope of power
encouraged, more thao want or
any iveceflttitjr* Most of the
youth, but especially of the no-
bility» ^?oured the designs of
Catiltae ; they chose war rather
than peace, who might have
lived in peace quietly and splen*
didly.

Sum praeterea complU'
res particep$ Meet eonsi'
liunif qui spa dominatio
hortoTf magis quam inopia
aut alius necessitudo» Pie-
rique juvenis^ sed pras*
sertim nQbilis^ favep tV
ceptum Caiilina ; malo
helium quam paXf qui licet
vivo in otium molliter ei
magnifice.

Tlw niotttMt phine orulmal, If •ttentbely esamined,aSrards • tboamu! wondera,
and obliges in to admire aa^ adore that omoipotent hand which created ooraelvef,
a* well as the object we admire.

So great was the impmdeoce of the giants, that they vurowe to turn Japiterout «f
heavea *, aod whto they began to fight against the gods, they heaped np mountains
upon mountains, and from thence darted trees set en fire« They burled alto massy
stones and solid roclcs : some of which falling upon the earth again, btcame moun-
tains } others fell into the sea, and became isbinds.

GERUJ^DS.

44« The gerund in DUM of the noottoative case, with
the verb esty governs the dative*

I must live well; Fivendum est miki rtcie»

All must diee Moritndum est omnibus»

JfMt 1* Thlsf emnd always Importf neeessitv or obligatlOD, «nd the datife after it
is the person on whom tbe neeeisliy or obllgatien lies*

IfMt 3. The dative Is QftW wppreited } as, Sipenwudtm tUfK. mi&t, Ukh Uli, ««-
hiti vohU^ iUis, &c

•

ifau S. Tbia gerund, when it comes after a verb in tbe same clause, passes into
the accusative, and. with the Infinitive cmc, expressed or understood, governs the da-
tive; at, Cic. Q^otWA msdKcre rttistendum ess» iraeUndUK. Caes. ^ikus rAvs
quam maturrUm oeewrrendum [esse] jmtabof .

45. The gerund in DI is governed by 8ul)9tantives or ad*
jectivcs.

Time of reading. Tcmpus legendi,

^'Desirous to learn. Cupidus discendi.

The substantives are such as, afnor, causa^ grcHa^ studi-
um, iempuss oceasWf ars^ faouUas, otium^ eupidjo^ vohiwtas^
conm6tudo^ &C.

Th«i adjectives are sach, as» periiusi frnperitus^ cupidus,
insuetus, certus, rudis^ and others belonging to No* 14.

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 139

NtU 1. The Infinitive is •onetiineB «ed for tbeMnintt In DltOpeelftllv hf ibe
IKiets ; Uy T^mpiu o&Sre, oaoiionarlktrgiperttu» tmtwe ; In^ead of tAeundu Sarib^ndL
otnKflMlt.

iy«efl S. The ti^ernlng tulMtrntiflte !■ sonttlmes «ippr0Med; ai, Oie. Cutn Aaftc-
rem in oniiii» hoo^imIj, se. ^ppontum» Pluit. Hwis aMbendi tnierea nttwiwrii, to.

wluntat,

46. The gerund id DO of the dative case it governed
by adjectives sigmlyidg asefaloess or 6tness,

Paper useful for writing. Charta utilis scribendo^
Iron (it for beatings Ferrufii kabiU iwukwio.

These a^otives are such as, utilis, inutiiisy aptus^ in*
eptus^ purfhabiHs^ id<mtuiy accommodatuSf bonus, cornmunii,
&c.

Note I* the aiyeetire U loinetiaief mpprened ; af, Oic. Cwn 9riv%ioeivUai*§ iim
emtii, «e. pcret vet AaStfft. Ttin. Jthtundfina» Jkm mh nmt vMeeiub»M. idanuu

V«l MMM.

NcU 2* This senmd Is «ometimet foverned by n Ttrl»; «i. VUm. iSfiiinm gnm'
rtndit operam mm. Cte. Cion omnet «orAtfiMfo OMfMiiC Uv. h-etnamdoifimis/aciuM at.

47. The gerund in DUM of the accusative case is go*
Terned by the prepositions ad or tnter, and sometimes by
anttf circa or oh.

Ready to hear* Promfftus ad auditndum.

Attentive in time of teaching» AtteMus inter dotehdum^
A reward for teaching* Merce$ ob doandunu

Nou 1. This genind It sometimes governed by the TOrt» take; u, Flio. Qin«m cm'-
itndmn htAeroHm,

IVote 3. It trttfuenlXf sa|ppUes the place «f the aeeusaihre bete^ the loflnltive «sie
or JUiMM,-^ was already obsenred in note 8.00 No. 4M.

48. The gerund in DO, of the ablative case is governed
by the prepositions a, a6, de^ e, ex, or in ; but if the cause
or manner of a thing be sigDified» the preposition is gene*
rally suppressed.

Punishment firigbtens from sin* Poena a peccando abster-

ning. ret.

Pleasure is found in learning. Foluptaecapiturex discen^

do,
I am weary with walking* Defessus sum ambulando,

A wife by obeying governs* Uxor parendo imperat»

Note 1. This genttMl Is sometimes, though rarely, governed by pro or citm; es,
plant. Pro vi^oando abs U mtrcedtm pUam» Quinet. Ratio net* aorikndi JmeU
ewm lofnundo 4$i,

Zfeie 3. Qerands are sabstanttve boooi, and comemiently mlUeet to the itme mies
of constriMtlon with them.

140 AN INTRODUCTION

49. GeruDdfl of vefbe governing the accoMtive, are ele-
gantly turned into the gerundives^ or participlei in DU&,
which agree with their iiibatantivea in gender, number ,
and case.

rru ir • ^ t. J ( Curandum e$t rem.

The afiair must be managed. | Cnranda est res.

The time ofmanagiog the affair. \ ^2^, ZJ^ZTei.

n.. p . .| jr . \ Idoneiis curando rem.

Fa for maDaging the affair. J ^^^^ ^^^^^^ „,.^

rn *u -.«u--. 1 •^'^ curandum rem.

To manage the affair. J ^^ c«r«««l«« «m.

i^ -« • Au ir • W» curflnrfo rem.

In managing the affair. J j^ ^^^^^ ^^

To these may be added the gerunds of «/or, abutorf/rU"
or, fungor^^nd potior: as, Cic. Mvitam utendam, rliu..
Infruendti voluptatibus, Cic. In munert fungendo. Sail.
Urbis potiundae cupido eum invoiiU

Ntie 1. The meaning of tbe rule It, that the ffenmds of active verhi fovera the
•eciuadTe, aa will be more fally taogit In No. 54. followiac ; bat the ume aenie b
mora vsaally and more elegantly ezprened by the gerundiTe joined with the sub*
■tantlTe, which the genmd governt. And here obierve, tnat the genindiTe* with
ilafuhctantlTe, are always put in the caie of the genind.

Not€ 2. In the pinral we likewbe «it, curtuidae junf ret, ubMtw eitnmdit rthuii ad
emrmndas m, and in eurandis rehu$t rather than enranAnn est ra, idoneus emrando re^
md eurmndmm rt», t» eurando re$ ; bat tm^us ewrmtdmrum renun in the genitive, on ae>
count of its Iwnn loand, b eeldom niid } Ummu evftmdi re» is more usual and more
ornate.

Kote 3. Though the gerunds of active verbs have generally an active signification ;
yei sometimes they seem to be used in a |iasiive sense ; as, Just. Athefi^ erudiendi
fratia miMw, L e. «f «mUrfldir. Ball. Cam ^fu nd tmBcramiicm Tiridium vocarelur.
I.e. vt 1pri, i mper mt t¥r, VelL Ut enee mi ocnseMhim m ItaUm reiweovcnW, i. e. vc
enuerentvirj dte.

SUPIKES.

^ 50. The supine in UH is put after a Verb of motion.

He hath gone to walk. Miit deambulatum.

They come to see. Speciatum vendunL

urate 1. This snpine is sometimes put after ■ p«rtici|de; aii Uor. 5^ eoCotvm md-
i^dnit ritwn UnudU rnmicii,

Vote 3. The supine in UM is a substantive noon In the aceuatlve, of the fourth de-
clension, and governed by a4 or ta ondentood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Var.
Ntm. omw» ttmjpeuoi aipeeidfaetwn prodirt Unginu ^^mamr» Itucr. /n O0«umifa4KM
vewnnt.'

ifote 3. This supine with tlie verb «rt, conttUutei the future of the iDllaitixc pM^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

141

slve, and the lupine being a rabitmitfte oovn sever varlef ill tenniuaUoB*, far we do
not wg, Uln oficisM tri, but iXln eecincm vtu

Nou 4. An expression by tbii supine niny be Taried several ways. Tboi, Imlead of
Fcm'l oratwn opem^ we may say» 1 . f^cntt ut oret opem. 2. Venit opu orandiu eenuu,
S. Fenit ad orandam osem. 4. Fem't OfMm arolurM. 5. Venit opcm or«niK ontto. 6. Ft-
ni£ ad oratuiuni opem» 7. Kenie «p» «roiuiar. 8. f^aui fuitpemwitt, 9. ^mst opem on-
re. But of these vartetfes the first four are usual and elegant ; tbe next four Ka
ornate and more rare ; and the last seldom oicd but by poeti.

^51. The supine in U is put after an adjective noun.

Easy to tell, or to be told.
Dreadful to be mentioned.

Facile dictu.
Horrtndum relatu.

Note 1. It is also put after these substantives, /w, ne^ot, optu ; as, Oic. Fat dieiu»
Id. Ne/tu dictu. I<1. Quod $citu aptu et. It is put also after verbs signifying motion
from a place \ as, Plaut. Ntmc obaonaturedeo. Gate, Primm cuhUu nrgmt.

Note 2. This supine is a substantive noun in the ablative of the fourth declendoB|
and governed by «re, e, or ex, understood, or sometimes expressed ; as, Qttinct> In n^
cepttt diffioUi*. Virg. E ptutu Xfitulos ad teela redwcit.

Note 3. An expression by this sui^ne may be varied several ways: Thu^ Initead of
Utile cognitu, we may say, 1. Cognotei rttUe, 9. Ad eognotcendign utife. 3. Cognition/a
%UUe»

44. I must ride, jou jnust
walk.

We must fight stoutly with
our vices.

You ought to beware, lest
you fall into a distemper.

He must fly, but they must
fight, that they may be safe.

45. The lust of governing is
more violent than all the other
passions.

The gods have given you
riches, and the art of enjoying
them.

In a new kind of war new
methods of carrying on the war
are necessary.

Dionysius obliged the physi-
cians to give his father a sleepy
dose, lest Dion should have an
opportunity of tampering with
him.

. This man is courageous in
dhnger, prudent in bis conduct»

Equitandum sum ego^
sed ambulandum sum tu.

Pugnandvm sum ego
fortiter cumvitium noster.

Cavendum sum tu, n«
incido in morbus,

Fugiendum sum iSf at
dimicandum sum ille^ ut
sum salvus.

Cupido dominandum
sumjlagrans eunctusali*
us affectus,

Deus do tu divitiae^
arsque fruendum,

hi novus genus helium
novus ratio hellandum sum
necessarius,

Dionysius eogo medicu^
pater sopor^ ne Dion
sumpotestas agendum cum

«5.

Hie vir sumjbrtis adpe^
riculum^ pruiens ad eon»

AN INTRODUCTION

aod tkiUedin carriiDgon a wan

He ackDOwledges himself to
be anskilled in pleading, but
not unacquainted with war.

A great many young men take
pleasure in horses and dogs, and
are fond of bunting,

46« Bituminous and nitrous
water is good to be drunk.

Nature has given the frogs
legs fit for swimming.

This is common to studying
and writing, that good health
contributes a great deal to both.

47. Wisdom provides things
to us for living happily.

The Partbians are more dis-
posed to act than to speak.

As we walk we will talk to-
gether about the great workis of
God.

Nobody ought to receive a
reward for accusing.

48. Lazy boys are soon dis-
couraged from learning.

No question is now made
about living well.

Greater glory is acquired by
defending than by accusing.

The spirit of the Cantabrians
was obstinate in rebelling.

The dog by barking discover-
ed the thieves.

. Scipio reformed the soldiers
by exercising rather than by
puDishiog*

Caesar^ by giving^ by reliev-^
ing^ and forgivin^^ acquired
RKeat glory.

n/itMi) etperitUM belligt'^
randutn»

Faieor sui sum rudisdi-
cendum^ at non ignartis
helium*

Plur%mu9 adolescent
gaudeo equxis et cants ^ et
sum studiosus venandum,

Bituminatus et nitrosus
aqua sumutilis bibendum.
Naiura do rana crus
ajnue natandwn.

Hie sum communis edts**
cendum scrihendumque,
quod bonus valetudo con^
jero'^plurimum uterque,

Sapientia comparo res
ego ad beate vivendum.

Parthi sum promptua
ad faciendum quam ad
dicendum»

Inter ambulandum con-
fabulor de magnus opua
Deus,

JSTemo deheo accipio
praemium ob accusandum.
Ignavus puer cito de^
terteo a discendum^

J^ullvs quatstio jam
moveo de bene vivendum».
Uber gloria comparo caj
defendendum quam ex aC'
cusandum*

Animus Cantabrus sum
pertinax in rebellandum,
Canis latrandum proda

Scipio corrigo miles ex^
ercendum magis quam
puniendum,

Caesar f dandum^ sub-^
levandum^ et ignoscen-^
dum, magwus ghrict adi^

fisCOTK

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

143

40. Friends ought to be ad-
monished and chid, and that
ought to be taken kindly which
is done with a good intention.

Why do you hesitate ? says
he ; or what place of trying
our courage do you expect?
This day shall determine con-
cerning our disputes.

Old oil is said to be good for
clearing ivory from rottenness.

Claudius was a modest man,
tenacious of what was just, and
fit for managing the common-
wealth.

The boy is fit for bearing the
burden ; but this place is pro-
per for spreading the nets.

All the cities of Greece coa-
trtboted money for equipping a
fieeti and raising an army.

Men use care in purchasing
a horse, and are negligent in
chusing friends.

50. This man came to Cae-
sar to entreat that he would par-
don him.

Maecenas went to diversion,
I and Virgil went to bed«

51. A true friend is a thing
hard to be found*

Let nothing filthy to be spok-
en or to be seen touch those
doors within which there is a
child.

IF A general must endeavour
to accustom his soldiers to ob-
serve the tricks, plots, andstra*
tagems of the enemy, and what
[it] is proper to pursue, and
what to avoids

Amicus sum monendus
st objurgandus, ei is sum
aecifnendus amice qui 6e-
nevole fio»

Quid dubito? inquamj
aut quis locus probandus
virtus expecto r Hie dies
judico de nosier contro-
versial

Vetus oleum dico sum
utilis vindicandus ebur a
caries.

Claudius sum vir mo^
destuSf tenax justum^ et
idoneus gerendus respub^
lica.

Puer sum parferendus
onus ; sed hxc locus surtb
habilis pandendus rete,

Omnis civitas Graecia
do pecunia ad aedifican"
dns classiSf et comparand
dus exercitus.

Homo adhibeo cura in
parandus egutis, et sum
negligens in diligendus.
amicus.

Hie homo venio ad
Caesar oratum ut ignosco
sui.

Maecenas eo lusum, ego
Virgiliusque eo dormitum^

Verus amicus sum res
difficilis inventu»

Nilfoedus dictu visuve
tango hie limen intra qui
puer sum,

Laborandum sum dux
ul consuefacio miles cog-^
tLOseo doluSf insidiae, et
artificium kostis^ et quis
convenit sequor^ quisqu»
vita*.

144

AN INTRODUCTION

After a long series of ages,
the bird phoenix came into
Egypt, and furnished an. occa-
sion to the most learned of the
natifes and Greeks of making
speculations on that prodigy.

In that battle the general was
wounded ; who, when he saw
bis men slaughtered « demanded
by a crier the bodies of the
slain for burial ; for this among
the Greeks is a sign of the vic-
tory's being yielded up : with
which con^ssion the Thebans
being content gave the signal of
giving quarter.

Whilst each of the states of
Greece are ambitious of domi-
neering, they were all ruined ;
for Philip king of Macedonia
plotted against their common
liberty ; he fomented the quar-
rels of the states, gave assist-
ance to the weaker, and at last
reduced all, the conquerors and
conquered alike, under his
power.

The Carthaginians attempted
to renew the war, and excited
the Sardinians, who by an ar-
ticle of the peace were oblig-
ed to be subject to the Romans,
to rebel : an embassy, how-
ever, of the Carthaginians came
to Rome and obtained peace.

How desperately the fight
was maintained the event shew-
ed ; none of the enemies sur-
vived the battle. The place
that every one had received in
fighting, that he covered with
his body. Catiline was found a
great way from his men amongst
*hfi carcases of the enemies^

Post longus ambitus se-
culumj avis phoenix venio
in AegyptuSy praeheoque
tnateries doctus indigena
et Graecus disserendum
super is miraculum.

In is praelium dux vul'
nero ; qui, cum video suus
catdoy posco per praeco
corpus interfectus ad se*
pultura ; hie enim apud
Graecus sum signum vic-
toria traditus : qui con»
fessio TJiebanus contemns^
do signum parcendum.

Dum singulus civitas
Graecia sum cupidus do-
minandum^ omnis pereo ;
nam Philippus rex Mace-
donia insidior communis
libertas ; alo . contentio
civitasjfero auxilium in--
ferusj et tandem redigo
omnisy victor et victus pa^
riter^ sub suus potestas.

Carthaginiensis tenia
reparo bellumt et impella
Sardiniensisy qui ex con-
ditio pax debeo pareo
RomanuSt ad rebellan"
dum : legatiOy tamen^
Carthaginiensis ad Roma
venio, et pax impetro,

Q^uam atroeiter dimico,
exitus doceo ; nemo hostis
supersum helium, ^ui
locus quis in pugnandum
camoy is corpus tego^ Cq-^
titina longit a suus inter
hosiisi eaaav9T reperio.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

146

Eumenefl being thos received
by the Argyraspides, by de-
grees assumea the connnand ;
first by a^dmoDishing, and then
by gently correcting, he brought
it to pass that nothing could be
done in the camp without him.

Clearchus thought the disa-
agreement of the people an op-
portunity of seizing the govern-
ment ; wherefore he confers
first with Mithridates, the ene*
my of his countrymen, and
promises to betray tjbe city to
him ; but Afterwards he turn-
ed the plot which he had form-
ed against his countrymen upon
Mithridates himself. But faith
ought to be kept.

All the sons of Hanno, not on-
ly those that appeared^fit for as-
suming the government,^but the
rest also, and all his relations,
are delivered up to punishment ;
that no one of so wicked a fami-
ly might be left, either to imi-.
tate his villany, or to revenge
bis death.

The Fhocensians fly tQ arms ;
but there was neither leisure to
prepare for war, nor time to
get together auxiliaries ; they
are slaughtered, therefore,
-every where, and carried off.
The miserable people had one
comfort, that, as Philip had
cheated his allies of their part
of the plunder, they saw none
of their goods in the hands of
their enemies.

When he came to the admi-
nistration of the government, he
did not think so much of go«^

EufMnes iia rtapiut
ab Argyraspidaey favt^
latim usurpo tmperium ;
primum monendum^ mox
blande corrigendum^ offi-
cio ^ ui nihil possum ago
in castra sine ille.

Clearchus existimo dis"
sensio populus occasio tn-
vadendus tyrannis ; itaque
colloquor primo cum Mi'
thridateSf civis suus hot"
tiSf et promitto prodo urh9
is ; pottea autem verto tn-
sidiae gui civis paro in
ipse Mithridates» Sedfidts
sum servam2«j.

Omni» filius Hanno,
nan toMtutn is qui video
hahilis capessendus> re«-
publica^ sed catter quoq^te^
omnisque cognatusj trado
Mupplicium ; ne quisi^m
ex tarn nefarius domus
sUpersum^ aut ad tm«ton*
dus sceluSf aut ad ulcis-
cendus mors»

Phocensis ad arma con-
fugio ; sed neque sum spa-
tium instruendus 6 «//urn,
neque tempus ad contra-
hendus auxilium ; caedo,
igitur^ passim, rapioque.
Unus solatium miser sum^
quod^ cum PhilippusfraU'
do socius portio praeda,
video nihil res suus apud
irjimicus.

Cum venio ad adminis-r
tratio regnumt non iam
cogitQ de regendum qumjk

146

AN INTROOUCTlOir

verning as of increasing hU king*
dom : wherefore be sttbdn»!
the ScytfaianB, till that time In-
vincible, who had cnt off Sopj«
rion, a general of Alexander
the Great, and had alain Cjrrnt,
king of the Persiaos, with two
hundred thonsand,

Lysander, when he found by
his scoatf, that the Athemana
were gone ashore to plunder,
and that the ships were left al-
most empty, did o<^ let slip the
opportnnity of doing his busi-
ness, and so put an end to the
whole war*

Whilst these tftings are doing
in Egypt, king Dejotarus comes
to Domitius, to entreat that he
would not suffer the lesser Ar-
menia, bis kiBgdoBS, to be laid
waste by Phamaces.

Among the ancient Romans
some matron of approved and
weH known morals was made
choice of, to whom was commit*
ted all the children of the family,
in whose presence it was nei^
ther allowable to speak what ap-
peared shameful to be said, nor
to do what was indecent to be
done.

When the enemies saw Ah
exander alone, they flock toge-
ther from all quarters : nor did
he less courageously resist, and
alone fight against so many
thousands. It is incredible to
be said, that not the multitude of
the enemies, nor the vast num-
ber of weapons, nor so great a
shout of those that attacked him
should fright him, that he alone
should slaughter and put to
flight so many thoasa^ds.

lf« aug$ndus r^gnum :
itaque perdomo Scythae,
nsque ad id tempits invic-
tUSy qm deleo S^yrio,
dux Alexandtt Magnus^
et trueido Cyrus^ rex Per'
iOf cum ducenti miUe,

Lysanderf ctvm per spe-
culator comperiOf Athe*
niensis exeo praedatum,
navisque relictus sum pene
inaniSy tempw gerendus
res ndn dimitto, aique itA
totus helium 4eleo»

Dum hie in Aegyptus

STo, rex Dejotarus ctd
omitius venio oraiwm^
ne patior Armenia minor,
9>sgnum 9SI1M, vasto a
Pkamaces.

Apud vetus RomanuM
aliqins mairona probatus
speetaitusque 6 mos eligo,
quieommitio emnis sobo"
k$ famiUa^ coram qui
nequefas sum dico qui vi^
deo iurpis dictu^ neque
facio tpii sum inhonestm
factu.

Cum hostis conspicio
Alexander solus^ unaique
concurro : nee minus
constanter resisto, et unus
praelior adversus tot miU
le. Sum incredibilis die*
tUi ut non multitudo hos^
tis^ non vis magnus tehim,
non tantus clamor laces'»
sens terreo^ut solus ca^-v
do acfugo tot mille.

TO UATIN SYNTAX. 147

TtetoftaoddraiidlWilaf wyiMoativraMliiWlien weauatalliBMwbM^
Jaclga. WhM conslsrmAloii will tben tclte the wicked ! Thai mi«inr bwd. wKkh
once opejMBtl the wioflows of beoven nod brok^ tq> thr fiMmtaiM of tbe grctt deep*
will then nnlock nil tta« roagsKlnes of fire^ aoU poiar a second deluge oo tbe etrtb.
Tbe evcriatting mbunuiUM will tbea melt libe tbe now wbidi cofCff tbelr luiBinlls,
•od all nature will be laid in aibet.

Oeres !• the goddess of fntitt) she first teogbt tbe art of tdoaeblng and sowing.
Q«rore her Uiae the eerfh biy rbogb and unailUTated^ coveted wltk liners and full of
wee^», and the people lived on acorns.

ilow wonderful are tbe Mrds ! AjMssage tbrouBh the air, which has been denied
to pther animals, is open to them* Tb^ we cf^bie of soarii» up to tbe ehnids : they
suspend tbelr bodice and continne motionless in an elemeat lighter than themielvcs.
Tbey remount, and then predpitaie themselves to tbe earth Oke a descending stone.

Virgil describes the seasons* and gives the signs of tbe weather proper for sowings
l^ti»Sf gvefiing, and reapfng.

When men are freed from toe business and caret of ufe, ihejr are generally mpre
inclined to bear and to learn ; but they raUtabe when they consider the knowledge
of abstruse and stmoge tbiogs as necessary to living happily.
. When Ceres was weary with travelling, and thirsty, she came to a cottage» and
begged a Utile water of a» old woman thai lived there i Tbe ohl woman not on-
ly gave her water, but also barl^ bratb ) which, wbeo the guddeti sinped up gree-
dily* tbe woman's kon Stelllo^a saucy boy. mocked her. Ceres being thus provoked,
threw some of the broth into tbe boy's face, and metamorphosed him Into «n evet*

A good man enjoyeth tbe tranquillity of his own breast» and njolcetb In the hep-

ftinus and prosperity of his neighbour: heopeneth not his ear unto slander : the
aulti and failings of men give a pda to his heart- His desire is to do good } and in
removing tbe oppcnsloB of others, he relieveth himself.

Here It th« place whither we are come to badie •, you may walk ahmg the side of
tbe river, I with my maid will repair to the grave» to eiUoy the cool shade.

The pot^ts tell many stories bard to be beloved : They s^, that when Prometheus
Ktole fire from heaven, Jupiter was incensed, and seat Pandora to Prometiietts with a
sealed box ; but Prometheus would not receive it Jiqiiter sent her again with the
rame box to tbe wife of Epimetbens« the brother of Prametheus t and she being ca-
rtons, as is natural to her sex, opened It; whereupon idl sons of diseases aad evils
with which it w«i filled, flew out amongst mankind, and have Infested them ever
since.

RULE X.

5S. Parti ciPLES) gerunds, and aapiaes, goyern the case
of their own verbs*

I^oviog virtue. Jlmans virtutem»

Wanting guile. Carens fraude.

Having got riches» Naeiu$ divitias.

Having forgot your own afiairs. Obliius rerum iuarum.

About to write a letter. Scripturui Hteras.

Going to accusQ bim of theft* Accusaturua tumfurii.

Fond of residing books. Cupidus Ugtndi hhros»

We must improve time. Utendumest aetaifi*

They came to complain of iq* Vtnerunt questum tfi/u-

juries. rta«.

1 shall go to serve the Grecian Gratis strvitutn matribus

domes. ibo»

Note 1. The participle in BUS gavems the dative Ity No. 17. And tbe supine in D
l»as no case afteir it.

yott 2. Participles, gerunds, and supines, partake liotb of the nature of a noun
and of a verb ; nod, accordingly, admit of a two*fold construction. In the first res-
pect, participles aro construed hs other ai)jf*rtlves, and tbe gerunds and supines, iise
other ffiih5Uiotiv<> nouns ; but as they partatce of tbe nature of a verb, they govern the
ease of tbe vtrhs from whence they eome.

148

AN INTRODUCTION

i?«lf 9» VERBAL nonot, u wttt sntaluiUvet m a^jcellvefiioinellnies govern tl*
caw of tbdr TCrin ; «f, 01c. Juttkia ut ohttmptrati» «er^lii hgibut* Sail. IiisUUm
«0»fM/i n«» mroetdebant, OrM. /jpn* «wmm jnf^cw* Just. QrmlultU^ndtts patnae>
OelL P«|MMniniiif agroi. Llw» fltotuntku cattra koftium,

IfHt 4. Extus, pcronu, always, and pertaesus ofteA, govern the ^o6isaUve ; ■!«
Ovid. Ta€da$€xoMjuga/ea. LIT. F/eftt «oimi/um nomen/wrMo, Saet Per<aeMi« i;-
iMwfam «MnH. Bqi perttunu vonetiines lAkes the genitive; as, Tac. Ltn/titHdinis eo-
rum ptrtmuu.

Sou 6* The gerand in DI, In imiutioli of substantive nouns, instead of the acc«-
««tlve, sometimes governs the genlUve plaral; as, Plant. JVeminandi utonon erit
copia, Cie. FaeuUai agrorum eon d onana i .

Ifai* 8. The verbs <b,neddb, «o/e, ewro^faci^ hahto^ with a participle perfect In the
acoMatlve, are often used by way of elreumlocuiion, Instead of the verb of the per-
tielple ; as, Tter. Effketvmdaho^ 1. e. i. effieimn. Id. /ntwntiu rtddam, i. e. cm inve-
nuMk Id. VoM orut0s vlo, i. ^. vet oro. U- Mt mitiwmfaeet i. e. me mtlle.

Wot* 7. The verbs citfo, Aobce, maN«lo, 2om, conAieo, de. fribite, cwe^, mtCie, reltii»
HO, and some others, instead of the infinltlTe or solgunctive are elegantly construed
with the participle in DU8, joined with a tubstantive ; as, CIc F^tnv* ti amphm

/Vmnuhim eurctm ; instead ot^fieri, or irt^fsrtf . Id. Datnu» no* phUosopkiao exeoiendosy

&C.

The Asiaticif, remembering
the dignity of BereDice's fa-
ther, and pitying bet hard for-
tune, sent aid.

Perseus, forgetting his fa-
ther's fortane, bid his soldiers
remember the old glory of
Alexander.

Julias Silanus, being asked
his opinion concerning those
that ivere detained in prison,
voted that punishment ought to
be inflicted.

Pausanias too, the other ge-
neral of the Lacedaemonians , be-
ing accused of treachery, went
into banishment*

Good magistrates, promoting
the public interest, observing
the laws, and favouring virtue,
are worthy of honour.

Alexander, king of Egypt,
dreading the cruelty of his mo-
ther, and perferring a secnre
and a safe life before a kingdom,
led her.

Darius went about encourag-
ing his men, an d putting them

Asiaticif recordans 4
dignitSLs pater Berenice^
et misertus is indignus
fortunUf mitto auxilium,

PerseuSf oblitus pater
fortunOf jubeo suus miles
reminisc^r vetus gloxia
AlexAnder,

Julius Silanusy roga^
tU8 sententia de hie qui
in custodia teneo^ decerno
supplicium sum sumendus*

Pausanins guoque, aU
ter dux Lacedaemonius^
CLccusatus prodttioy abeo
in exilium.

Bonus magistraius, ser^
'viens communis utilitas,
parens lex^ etjavtns vir^
tuSf sum dignus honor.

Alexander, rex Aegyp-
ius^ timens crudelitas ma-
ter y et. anteponens secU'
rus et tutus vita regiium,
relinquo is»

Darius circumeo hor»
tans Buus, et admonens is

— T

.lu n,J-i

iiTT irr 1 r m

TO LATIN SYNTAX-

<49

in mind of the ancient glory of
the Persians, and of the per-
petual possession of empire
giren him hy the gods.

Having got Egypt without
any contest, he goes into Libya,
aesignicg to visit the temple of
Jupiter Hammon, and consult
him concerning the event of
the war.

Boys are not to. be glutted
with meat ; for we cannot use
our reason well, being filled
with much meat and driok.

Many men abounding in gold
and flowing in wealth, cannot
deliver their minds from cares ;
no possession therefore is to
be valued more than virtue.

Tiberius seldom used the
Greek language, and abstained
from it chiefly in the senate ;
insomuch that, being about to
mention the word monopolium^
he asked pardon, because he
was obliged to make use of a
foreign word.

Sylla for a long time so be-
haved himself, that he seemed
to have no thought of setting
up for the consulship.

There will be no other more
seasonable time of delivering
ourselves from the dread of
the Carthaginians than now,
whilst they are weak and nee-

After this the Carthaginians
sent generals into Sicily, to
prosecute the remains of the
war» with whom Agathoclea
made a peace.

It would be tedious to re-

vetw gloria Pema^ et per-*
peiuus postessio impirium
datus sui a deus.

Potitw Aegyptui sine
certametiy pergo in Idbya,
visurus templum Jupitit
Hammon. et consultunu %$
de everUus'bellum»

Putrnon sum implendm
dbui ; non enim po$8nm
uior men» recte, covy)letus
multus cibui etpotio.

Multu9 homo abundant
aitn««ii, et eircwnfluem du
vitiaCj non poisum libera
animus cura ; nullus po»^
sessio igiiur sttm plus a^es"
timandtis,quam virtus.

Tiberius rat^ utor
Graeeus serm4>fabstin€oque
maxime in senatus; adeo
quidemut^ nominaturusvox
monopolium, postulo ve-
nia^ quod sui utendum sum
verbum peregrinus»

SyUa diu ita sui gero^
ut videor habeo mUlus co-
gitatio petendum ^onsula"
tus. .

Non sum alius oppor-

tunus tempus liberandum

egometus Carthaginiensi$

quam nuttc, dum sum in^

firmus et egenus.

Post hie Poeni mitto dux
in Sieiliay ad persequen^
dum reliquiae bellum^ cum
qui Aga^ocles pax facto.

Longus sum rocens&o

150

AN INTRODUCTION

coHDt what Annibal has. done
«gaiost U8 and our armies, by
plundering ouf cities* and kill-
ing our fellow-soldiers.

The fiituriges sent deputies
to Caesar to complain of ioju-
ries, and to beg assistance
against the Carnutes.

Timoleon took Mamercos
the Italian general, a warlike
roan, and of great power, who
had come into Sicily to assist
the tyrants.

IS All the soldiers of Alex-
ander, forgetting their wives
and children, looked upon the
Persian gold and the riches of
all the East, as their plunder ;
nor did they talk of wars and
dangers, but the riches which
they hoped to obtain.

Ljslmacbus being wont to
hear Callisthenes, and receive
precepts of virtue from him,
pitying so great a man suffer-
ing the punishment, not of any
crime, . but his freedom, gave
him poison for a remedy of his
misery ; which Alexander took
so ill, that he ordered him to
be delivered to a very fierce
lion.

The conditions of peace of-
fered to Antiochus, king of
Asia, were these : That Asia
should be the Romans' ; that
he should, have the kingdom of
Syriaj that he should deliver
up alf his ships, prisoners, and
deserters, and restore the Ro-
mans the whole charge of the
war.

God, though angry with sin,
'nvites sinners to repentance :

qui JInnibal patro in
ego exercitusque nosUr,
populandum urbs, et in-
ierficiendum cominilito,

Biturigea mitto legatus
ad Caesar questum de tn-
juria^ et petitum auxilium
contra Carnutes.

Timoleon capio Mamer*
cus^ Italicus duxy homo
bdlicosus et potenSy qui
venio in Sicilia adjutum
tyrannus,

Omnis miles Alexander,
ohlitus conjux et liberiy
duco Fer&icus aurvm, et
opes totus Oriens,ut suus
praeda ; nee memini beU
lum et periculum^ sed di-
vitiae qui spero obtineo,

Lysimachus solitus au"
dio Callisthenesy et accipio
praeceptum, virtus ab is,
misertus tantus vir pen^
dens poena, non culpa, sed
libertas, do is venenum in
remedium calamitns ; qui
Alexander fero tarn aegre,
utjubeo is tradoferox lea.

Conditio pax oblaius
Antiochus^ rex Asia^ sum
hie: Ut Asia sum Roma"
nus ; ut ille habeo regnum
Syria ; ut trado universus .
navis, captivus, et trans^
fuga^ et restituo totus
sumptus bellum Romanus,

Deus, licet iratus pec»
catum, invito peccator ad

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

151

he offers them eternal happi-
ness in heaven ; but they des-
pise his mercy, and hearken to
the devil, who endeavours to
tempt them to wickedness.
They repent of their sins
when it is too late, and their
repentance cannot profit them,
that is, when they suffer the
punishment due to their folly.
Antoninus was a man of an
illustrious family, but not very
ancient, and who deservedly
may be compared with Numa ;
he was cruel to nobody, kind
to all, seeking out the most
just men to manage the govern-
ment, giving honour to the
good, detesting the wicked, no
less venerable than terrible to
kings ; he was called, pious,
on account of his clemency. .

It was a thing worth the
sight, to see Xerxes lurking in
a small vessel, whom a little
before the whole sea hardly
contained ; wanting likewise
the attendance of servants,
whose armies, by reason of
their number, were burden-
some to the earth.

Epaminondas was modest,
prudent, steady, wisely using
the times, skilled in war, of a
great spirit, a lover of troth,
merciful, not only bearing with
the injuries of the people, but
his friends too ; he was exer-
cised very much in running
and wrestling, and employed a
great deal of his application in
arms.

Philip sends deputies to
Athoas, king of the Scythians,

poeniientia : ^ttro tile ae-
temus felicitas in coelum';
sed contemno is misericord
dia, et pareo diabolus^ qui
Conor pellicio is ad scdus,
Poenitet is peccatum quan^
do sum sero, et poenitentia
suus fion possum prosum
ts, is sum, cum do poena
dcbi'us stultStia suus,

Antoninus sum vir cla^
rus 6 genus ^ sed non ad-
modum vetus, et qui m^rito
confero Numa ; sum acer-
bus nullus, benignus cune-
tus^ qimerent Justus ad ad-
ministrandus respublica,
habens honor bonus, detes-
tans improbusy non minus
venerabilis quam ierribilis
rex ; pius propter clemen-
iia dico.

Sum res dignus specta-
ctUum, video Xerxes latens
in exiguus navigium^ qui
paulo ante vix omnis ae-
quor capio ; carens . etiam
' ministerium servuSf qui
exercitusj propter multi-
tudo^ sum gravis terra*

Epaminondas sum tno'
destus, prudens, gravis^
sapienter utens tempus,
peritus bellum^ magnus 6
animus, diligens Veritas,
clemensj non solum ferens
injuria populus^ sed epiam
amicus ; exerceo phirimum
currendum et tucfandum,
et consunso plurimum slUr
dium in armxi,

Fkilippus mitto legatus
ad Atheas, rex Scytfu

15S

AN INTRODUCTION

desiring a part 'of the expense petms portio impmsa sb-
of the siege. Atheas, blaming sidio, Atheas^ causatus
the rigour of the climate, and
the barrenness of the land,
which did not enrich the Scy-
thians with wealth, replied,
That he had no riches where-
with he ^might satisfy so great
a king, and that bethought it
more scandalous to do but a
little, than to refuse the whole.

Alexander, fond of high ti-
tles, ordered himself to be
adored. The roost violent
among the recusants Wiis Cai-
listhenes^ which thing brought
ruin on him, and on many of prin^eps Macedonia ; nam
the great men of Macedonia ; omnisinterfido, sub species
for they were all pat to death,
uoder.pretence of a plot. Ne-
vertheless, the custom of sa-
luting their king was retained
by the Macedonians.

Many cities of Greece came
to complain of the injuries -of venio questum de injuria
Philip, king of Macedonia ; Fhilippus^rex Macedonia ;
but such a dispute arose in the ted tantus disceptaiio orior
senate betwixt Demetrius, in senatvs intp* Demetri-
Philip's son, whom his father ««, Philippus filiusy qui
had sent to satisfy the senate» pater fnitto ad satisfacien-
and the deputies of the cities, . dum senatus^ ei legatus ci
that, to 600th their minds, and
to compose the differences,
there was need of threats.

They do not believe there
are any gods, and he thinks
they are to be saved, to avoid
the odium of gods and men.
But I think the gods have re*
dttced the Carthaginians to this

condition,that they may suffer pietas; qui, violandum
the punishment of their im- foedus ictus egocuminSi*
piety ; who, by breaking the ct7ta, Hispania, Italia^ et
treaties ma^le with us in Sicily, Africa^ infero ego gram

>ain, Italy, and Africa, have calamitas.

inclementia coelum^ et stt-
rilitas terra , qui non dit6
Scythae patrimonium^ res-
pondeoj Nullus sui' opes
sumy qui expleo iantu»
rex^etputo turpis defun^
gor parvus f quam abnuo
totus»

Alexander^ gaudews
magnui tilulus^ jubeo sui
adoro, Acer inter recusans
sum CalUfthenes, qui sum
exidum ille^ et multus

insidiae» Tamen^ 'mos
salutandum rex retineo a
Macedones.

MuUusdvitas Graecia

vitas^ utj ad mitigandus
animus, et ad componen'
dus liSf opus sum minae,

Non credo sum deus, et
ille censeo is sum servan»
dus, ad vitandus invidia
deus homoqve» At ego
puto deus redigo Poeni in
hie statuSf ut luo poena im'.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

153

broaght upon us the heayiest
calamities.

When both the prayers and
the threats of the deputies
were sh'ghted, they came arm-
ed to the city ; there they call
gods and men to witness, that
they came not to force, but to
recover their country ; and
.would shew their countrymen,
that not their courage, but for-
tune, had failed them in the
former war.

The Helvetii by this time
had carried their forces through
the straits iind the territories
of the Sequani, and had come
into the dominions of the Ae*
dui, and were ravaging their
country ; the Aedui, as they
were not able to defend them-
selves and their possessions
against them, sent deputies to
Caesar to beg assistance.

Cum et precis et minae
legatus spernOf armaius ad
ur6f v^nio ; ibi dtu9 ko'
moque testor^ Bui vtnio non
exp^natumy sed recupe*
ratum patria ; ostensur-
mque civis suus, non vtV-
tU8, sedfortuna desum sui
in prior bellum.

Helvetii jam transduco
suus copiae per augustia
et finis Sequanij et perot"
nio in finis Aedui^ popu»
lorque is ager ; Aeduif
quum non possum defendo
suis%usque ah hie, mitto
legatus ad Caesar rogatum
auxilium»

Demetrius compares prosperity to the induleeace of a fond mother, which ofteif
ruins tbecbild; but be compares tbeaflTectioa of the Divine Being to that o( a wise
fathert who would have hiii sous to labour, to feel disappointment and pain, that they
may ^tlier strength and improve their fortitude. There is not on earth, says he, a
spectacle more worthy the regard of a Creator Intent on his worlcs, than a brave man
superior to his sufferings ; it must be a pleasure to JupMer himself to look dowor froai
heaven, and see Cato, amidst the ruins of his country, weservlng his integrity.

Bacchus is said to have tftug^t (he art of planting iflS vine, of making honey, and
tilling the ground; but the ass of Nauplia also deserves praiit,who asea to gnawtho
vines, and so taught men the art of pruning them.

4, The Construction of CIRCUMSTANCES.

1. The Cause, Manngb, and Instrument.

RULE XL

* 63. Thb catise, manner, and instromeot, are put in
the ablative»

I am pale for fear. Palleo metu.

He did it after his 0W9 way. Fecit sua more^

I write with a pen» Scribo talam.

154

AM INTRODUCTiaW

2r«te 1. The CAUSE b known by the qwMioQ CUR or ^UJRB? Whyf Wkert-
f«r€7 Ibe AIA^NER, by the qontJon QUOUODO? How 9 and the INSTRUMENT
by tbe queitlon qVOCVM fWMreaithf

IfoU
wper ^
/«arfce«f

tfott S. Thi* emue tometlines takes the preposltlont per, propter, or de, e, e*,prtte:
Ml Oie. Legihut propUr mttum pmnt» Id* Ctim i via /«mfuerem. Id. Noc lomnprmf
taoeron pottUt.

I 3. Tbe manner rrequeaily admits the preposition Mm, anctaoiaetinMscle, e,e»»
; at, Oie. Semper magno cum metu dicere ineipio. Vlrg. Soiito mairum de more
ett. CIc. i^uod adeptv* est per scetut, id per humriom effhndit^

Ifete 4. Tlie instrumenf^eldom or nerer admits the preposition cum, bat it is ex-
pressed sometimes with a or ab by Che poets ; ns, OtM. Hi jtiMtU piecet, Wi capixen-
tnr a& homo But here oliserve, lliat cvm is eenerally ezpresned with tbe abiatrve of
eenesiiw/aney, which sipniftes sooMtbinr to lie in company with another Ihinfr ; as,
ingreetui est eumgladie, He emenKl with a sword, i. e. having a sword with him, or
about him. In like manner, Cic. l>e5titattC eftsiilBre cam cr'od?» curiam. IA.VtFei-
tUu inforo «urn pngione oomprehmderetur,

Note 5. To tbe cavue may be referred the mnlter of which any thing Is made 5 as,
Liv. CapitoUum $axe fwwvto tul^rudum. Vlrg. jiere eovo ^gpeua. Bat the pre-
p0slllon is more frequently expressed, as, Oie. Fecula ex auro* Virg. Tems/um de
Cars. iV«»e</«rf« •« reiere. Cic.Gamfe/o6rvmyttcf«me j«in»i«.

Jfife 6. To the monno' may be referred (Ac means hy rekich} as,-Cit. Amioot oBter-
nlia, rem jiarsimonia r«(uiM«<* SalL Hwio evta honat artes desunt, dolie alfnefat-
weiit contendit: and the retpeel wherein j as,Oic. Florwt cum acumine tngenti. dim
admirttkili fuodam tepore dteendi- Id. Scipio omnet eeAefaeUiisque iuperebat.'9 Caes.

Fame nMIt» poientesque heUo.

1. Caesar was esteemed
great for his favours and gene**
rositj, Cato for the integrity of
his life.

Clay hardoDS and wax softens
by one and the same fire.

Wrong nobody for thy ova
interest's sake ; men were
born for tbe sake of men.

2. Paasanias feasted, after
the manner of the Persians,
more luxuriously than they that
were with him could endare*

Xerxes was conquered more
by the contrivance of Themis-
tocles,than the arms of Greece.

Syria was desolated by an
earth(|uake, wherein a hundred
and seventy thousand men and
many cities perished:.

Mithridates was a man very
b^isl^ ia war, extraordinary for
courage, a general for conducfj^

Caesar hafieo tnagnus
beneficium ae munificeniiay
Cato integritas vita,

Limus duresco et cera
Hquesco unus idem^ ig-
nis,

Nemo violo tuus com'
modum gratia ; homo
homo causa generom

Pausanias epuloTy mo&
Persaey luxuriose t^m
^ui adsum possum ferpe^
fion

Xerxes vifico magis
consilium Tliemistocles,
ftuzm arma Graecia,

Syria vasto. terramotusy
qui centum septttaginta
wilU homo e^ multus urhs
pereo,

Mithridates sum vir
0eer bellumi eximtus vir^
$us, dux consilium, vdlei

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

165

a solder io actioB, a Hannibal
for spite against the Romans.

3. Alexander stabbed bis
most dear friend Clitns with
a sword.

They cat down the wood,
which hang over the way, with
hatchets.

Nero fished with golden nets,
which he drew with cords of
pnrple silk.

The Metapontini ahew, in
the temple of Minerva, the
iron tools with which Epeos
made the Trojan horse.

Antonins fills the hooBes nigh
the walls with the bravest of
the soldiers, who forced away
the defenders with trees, cud-
gelsy tiles, and torches.

Folvias surroanded the lurk-
ing-places of the enemy with
fire ; Posthnraias so disarmed
them, that he scarce left them
iron wherewith the ground
might be tilled.

% The contest waa dobioua
jiill his army broke into the
town. In that battle, being
wonnded ander tha breast, he
began to faipt through loss Of.
blood ; yet he fought upon his
knees, till he killed htm by
whom he had been wounded.
The dressing of the wound was
more painfaT than the wound
itself.

The Lacedaemonians, as
they observed the excellent
conduct of Akibiadee in aU
things, werej^aid, lest, tempt-
ed by the love of his country y
he should revolt from them^
n4 retar» to e good under-

manu$, Hannibal odivm in
Romanus.

Alexander transfoiia
cams 8Ufi$ amicus Clkw
gladiui.

Excido sylva^ q/ui tm-
nUneo vta, «ectiris.

Aero piscor aureus
rete^ qui extraho Uatttus
funis,

Metapontini osterUOj in
templum MineriKij /erra-
tnenium qui Eptus jaJbricf^
Trojanus equus,

Antonius compleQ lee-'
tutu propinquus . murus
fortis mileSf qui deturiip
propugnalor irabSffusiiSf
tegiUa^ etfax.

Fulvius sepio latehra
hostis ignis; Posthumius
itaexarmOfUt vix relinquo
ferrum qui terra colo.

Certamen sum anceps
donee exercitus irrumpo in
oppidumm In ispraelium,
trajectus sub mamma^ coe-
pi defidojiuxus sanguis ;
tamen praelior genu^ do*
nee oecido is a qui vu/ne-
ro» Ckiratio mdnus sum
gravis ipse vulnm.

LoLeedaemoniiy quum
cognosco praestaws- pru-
dentia Aleibiades in onmis^
r<f , pertimescOf nt, due-
tusamov pairia^ demsco
ab ^«e, tt rede9 in gta^
tra e^ttn siivt ; ttnps i\

166

AN INTRODUCTION

standing with his countrymen ;
wherefore they resolved to
seek nn opportunity of cutting
him off.

The shepherd, wearied by
his wife's entreaties, returned
into the wood, and found a
bitch by the infant, giving her
dugs to the little one, and de-
fending it from the wild beasts
and birds ; and bring moved
with pity, with which be saw the
bitch moved, he carried it to
his cottage, whilst the same
bitch followed.

After this Alexander goes
for India, that he might bound
his empire with the ocean ; to
which glory, that the ornaments
of his army might agree, he
covers the horses' trappings
and his soldiers' arms with sil-
ver, and called his army, from
their silver shields, Argyras-
pides. ^

When Alexander was come
to the Copbites, where the
enemy waited his coming with
two hundred thousand horse,
th^ whole army being wearied,
no less with the number of
their victories, than the fatigue
of the war, entreats him with
tears, that he would make an
end of the war, remember his
country, and regard the years
of his soldiers.

Annibal got MarceHus' ring,
together with his body. Cris*
pioQS fearing some trick wo«kl
te played with it by the Car*
thagtotan» sent messengers
aiiont the neighboiiring cities,
that UicoUeaK«e was slain, and

stituo quaero fempus inters
Jiciendus is.

Pastor, fatigatus precds
. uxor, reverter in sylva, et
invenio cams /oeminajuX"
ta infanSy praebens uber
parvulus, et defendens a
fera alesque ; ' et motus
misericordia, qui videa
cants motus, dtfero ad s/a-
hulum, dum idem cams
prosequor.

Post hie Alexander ad
India pergo, utjinio twi-
perium oceanus ; qui glo-
ria ut ornamentum exer^
citus conveniOf induco
equus phalerae et miles
arma argentum, et voca
exercitus suus, aJt argen^
tens clypeus, Argyraspides,

Cum Alexander venio-
ad Cuphiies, ubi hostis
opperior is adventus cum
ducenti mille eques, omnis
exercitus fessus, non minus
numerus victoria, quam
labor bellum, deprecor is
lacryma, ut faciojinis bel-
lum, m^mini patria, et
respicio annus miles.

Anniba^l potior oinnulus^
Marcellus^ simul cum cot"
pui, Crispinus metuens
neqnid dolus necto a Poe-
nus, mitto tmncius circ»
proximui dvitas, eollegA
9caiot^ei fmtisip&tiar oo^

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 167

the eoemy had got his ring ; mtlu* u ; ne qvis litera

that they should not belieye credo composiitu nomen

any letters written in the name Marcellus,
of Marcellus.

After Seleucas was recalled Postquam Seleueus re-

into Asia by new commotiobs, voco in Ma novus motu$,

Arsaces settles the kingdom of Arsaces formo rtgnvm

the Farthians, raises soldiers, Parthicutf lego mt/e»,

fortifies castles, and strengthens munio casiellumj et firmo

the towns ; he builds likewise civitas ; condo quoque vrb$^

a city, by name Dera, upon a nomen Dera^ intnon» qui

modbtain which is called Za- appello Zapaorienon^ qui

paortenon, of which place the locus conditio sum is ^ ut

nature is such, that nothing can nihil possum sum munitus

be stronger or more pleasant aut amoenus is mons,

than that mountain. ,

He has shown above, that Osfendo superiusy ava^
avarice is ivorse than ambition, ritia sumdeterior ambitio^
because among ambitious men propterea quod inter am*
are found some good and some bittosus tarn bonus quam^
bad : for almost all men are de- malus invenio : nam omnis
sirous of praise, glory, and ferme sum cupidus Zaii«,.
power : but seem to differ in gloria y et imperium ; la-
this, that the good man attains men video in hie differo^
to honour by the true way of quod bonus accedo ad ho*
virtue, but the bad by deceit nor verus via virim, ma-
and fraud* lus aviem dolus et fraus.

Philip said, that he saw a Philippusdieo^sui video

cloud of terrible and bloody nubes trux et cruentus bel-

war rising in Italy ; that he lum consurgens in Italia ;

saw the -storm roaring and video procella tonans ac

thundering from the west, fulminans ab occasusy qwiy

which, into whatever part of in quicunque pars terra

the earth the tempest of vie- tempestas victoria defero,

tory should drive it, would foedaturus omnis magnus

stain all places with a vast imbercruor,
shower of blood.

After Alexander had receiv- Postquafn, Alexander ac*,
ed the cup at the feast to cipio poculum in convivi'
which Medius Thessalus invit- um ad qui Medius TheS"
ed him, he groaned > in th^ salus voco t5, ingemo in.
middle of his draught, as if medius potioy velut con-
stabbed with a dart ; and being fixus telum ; elatusque e
carried out of the feast half conviviwn semianimii.

162

AN INTRODUCTION

W9U U Ona oC the (ubitaoUvM esprening the dUumce, toMm«t!in€fl sopprened ;
,«f, 01«. Caitra vitrani ftiJtUi fc ipstntnt) tter, vioiii ; or tpaiio^Uinert^ via.

iVofa 2. When ihe place where a Ihipg is done is sigoifted, the word denoting the
distance is either expreosed in the ablative ; as, Gaes. Mif/ihus p€unncm duohu ultra
turn eaatrafteit : Or in Ihe accusative with od ; as, Cic. Ad tertium miitiari»un oontt-
dit. Nep> Stfulhu eH ad fmMtm lapidan*

Iff a. The EXCESS of measure or distance Is always pilt in the ablative ; as.
i7oe /jfitMfi exe$dit Hlwi digUo, Britanniae longitudo ejus /olthulmem fuadraginta
mUlianbiu tuperaS.

WH* a. The word otdistanu is goversed in the accuiatlTe by ad or per understood»
•Bd In the ablaiive bj o or tA.

64. My brother was born at
London, stndied at Geneva,
and died at Marseille?.

55. Old age was no where
more honoured than at Lace-
demon, and servants were no
where better treated than at
Athens.

X Pyrrhus was slain at Delphi,
and Philip was slain at Agae, as
be was going to see the pablic
games.

56. He led his army to Co-
rinth, and immediately after to
Megara, and from thence to
Athens.

Annibal sent three bushels
of gold rings to Carthage,
which he had taken from the
bands of the Romans slain at
Cannae.

57. Caesar setting out from
Rome, came to Geneva ; and
Qnintins going from Corinth,
came to Philippi.

Dionvsius sent for Plato
from Athens, and at the same
time brought back Philistus the
historian to Syracuse.

58. I use to be frequently in
the country, but I was at home
yesterday, and I will go home
again to-morrow..

All whom disgrace or villany

Mens frattr nascor
LondinutHy studeo Geneva^
et morior Massilia»

Senectus nusquam swn
honoratus quarn Lacedae*
motiy et servus nusquam
bene habeo quam tUthenae,

Pyrrhus occido Delphi,
et Philippus interjficio
Jigae, cum eo spectatum
ludus publicus,

Duco exercitus Corhu
thus, ac protinus Megara y
et inde Jithenae,

Annibal mitto tres mO'
dius aureus annulus Ckir-
thago, qui detraho e manus
Romanus occisus Cannak»

Caesar prof ectus Roma,
venio Geneva ; et Qutn-
tius profectus CorinthuSy
venio Philippi.

Dionysius arcesso Plato
Athenaey simulque reduce
Philistus historicus Syra^
cusae,

Soleo sum^ rus crehrOj
sed sum domus heri^ et .re-
vertor domus eras.

Omnis quijlagiiium atit

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

163

had chased from home, had
flocked to Rome, as to a com-
mon setver.

The old fellow just now
came out of the country, I will
drive him into the country
again.

69. Hannibal sent one army
into Africa, left another in
Spain, and carried a third along
with him into Italy.

Caesar gave up the kingdom
of Egypt to Cleopatra, and
from Alexandria he passed
over to Syria, and from thence
to Pontus.

Cato returning from Africa,
brought the poet Enuius from
Sardinia to Rome, whom we
value very much.

Then Pyrrhus came into
Campania, and encamped at
the river Allia ; but, being
soon forced to retire from Ita-
ly, he went into Sicily.

The Athenians taking this
thing ill, removed the money,
that had been contributed by
all Greece for the expense of
the Persian war, from Delos to
Athens.

60. The Persian gulf is
distant a hundred and fifteen
miles from the Red Sea.

Caesar was patient of fatigue
beyond belief; he made very
long journies with incredible
expedition, a hundred miles
generally every day.

He pitched his camp six
miles from the enemy, and he
was at that time three days'
journey fi^om Tarentum.

facrnus txptllo domtUf
Roma^ sicut in sentina^
confluo,
Senex modo redeo riiSf

rus abigo is deMio,

Hannibal rniito unua
exercitus in Africa ^ re-
linquo alter in Hispania,
et duco tertius suicum in
Italia,

Caesar regnum Aegyp'
tua Cleopatra permitto^ et
ab Alexandria transeo in
Syria y et indein Pontua,

Cato rediens ex Africa^
dediico poeta Ennius ex
Sardinia Romay qui plu»
ritnum aestimo.

Turn Pyrrhus vcnio in

Campania^ et consideo ad

fiumen Allia ; sed^ mox

coactus recedo ex Italia^

prqficiscor in Sieilia.

Atheniensis graviter
hie res ferena^ transfero
pecuniay qui ,- confero ab
universus Graecia in stt-
pendium Persicus bellum,
a Delos Athenae.

Sinus Persitus disto
centum et quindecim mille
passus a Mare Ruber»

Caesar sumpatiens la*
bar ultra fides ; co^vfido
longus via incredibilis ce-
leritasy centeni mille pas-
sus fere in singulus dies.

Pono castra sex 6 mille
passus ab hostis, et turn
absum 6 via triduum a
Tarentum,

164

AN INTRODUCTION

tr Caesar- di?ided his army
into &ve parts, and left one at
Brundusiam, another at Hj-
drubtom, and another at Ta-
rentam: Q^ Valerias, heing
sent with another, seized Sar-
dinia, yery fruitful in corn ; by
his order Asinius Pollio went
for Sicily, which Calo govern-
ed.

Whilst these things are do-
ing, it is told at Lacedemon,
that a new war was broken out
at Athens. King Pausanias is
sent thither ; who, being mov-
ed with pity of the exited peo-
pie, restored their country to
the miserable citizens, and or-
dered the ten tyrants to re*
move to Eleusis.

It is reported that a remark-
able thing happened at Gom-
phi : That twenty old noble-
men were found in a physi-
cian's house, lying on the
ground with cups in their
hands, without any wound, like
drunk men, and one as a phy-
sician, sitting in a chair, ad-
ministering physic to the rest.

After that the ambassadors
came to Marseilles, where
they found that the affections
of the Gauls bad been already
gained by Annibal ; but that
they would hardly be very
faithful to him, their temper
was so wild and savage, unless
the affections of the great men
%vere secured now and then by
gold, of which the nation was
very greedy

Whilst these things are do-
ing» ambassadors came from

Cottar divido copiae in
quinqtie pars, tt relinqua
unus Brundusium, alius
Hydruntum, alius Taren^
turn : Q. Valerius^ missus
cum a^livsj occupo Sardi-
nia, ferax frumentum ; is
jussu Asinius Pollio peto
Sicilia, qui Cato praesum.

Dum hie ago, nuncia
Lacedaemonj novus bellutn
exardeo Athenae. Rejp
Pausanias to mitto ; qui
permotus misericordia ezul
populus^ resiituo patria
miser civis^ etjubeo decern
Ufrannus migro Eleusis*

Fero quidam memora-
hilis accido Gomphi : Vi-
ginti senex nobilis reperio
in aedes medicus, jacens
hwnui cum calix in ma^
nus, sine vulnus^ simihs
ebritts, et unus^ ceu mec^i»
CHs^ sedens in sella, porri"
gens potio reliquus*

Deinde legatus venio
Massilt'a, ubi cognosco ani^
mus Gain jam praeoccupo
ab Annibal ; sed vix fa-
turns sum satis Jidns, in^
genium sum adeoferox et
indomitus, ni animus
princeps concilio subinde
durum, qui gens sum
avidus.

Dum hie ago, legatus
venio a Darius, rex Persa^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

166

Darius, king of the Persians, to
Carthage, bringing an edict, by
which the Carthaginians were
forbid to offer human sacrifices,
and eat dogs' flesh ; and were
commanded to burn the bodies
of the dead, rather than bury
them in the earth ; beting, at
the same time, assistance
against Greece, upon which
Darius was about to make war.

Before this engagement at
sea, Xerxes had sent four thou-
sand armed men to Delphi, to
plunder the temple of Apollo,
as if he carried on the war,
not with the Greeks only, but
also with the immortal gods ;
which detachment was all de-
stroyed with rains and thunder,
that he might understand how
vain the strength of men is
against the gods.

The Athenians, as hey had
first revolted, so did they first
begin to repent, turning their
contempt of the enemy into ad-
miration,and extolling the youth
of Alexander above the conduct
of old generals. Then be
turns his army toward Thebes,
intending to use the same kind-
ness, if he had found the same
repentance ; but the Thebans
made use of arms, not prayers
nor entreaty.

The first field of the civil
war was Italy, the first signals
sounded from Ariminum ; then
Libo was forced from Etruria,
Thermus from Umbria, Domi-
tiu9 from Corfinium ; and the
war had been ended without
bloodshed, if he could have

Carthago^ qfftrtns ecUc-
turn, qui Poeni prohibeo
immolo humanus hostiay et
vescor caninus ; jubeoque
cremo corpus mortuus^
potius quam obrw> ttrra ;
peiens simul auxilium ad-
versus Graecia, qui Da-
rius bellum inftro.

Ante navalis praeliunhy
Xerxes mitto quaiuor mille
armatus Delphi^ ad tent"
plum Apoilo diripiendus,
quasi gero bellum^ non
cum Graeci tamtim, sed et
cum deus immortalis ; qui
mantis toius deleo imber et
fulmen^ut intelligo quam
nuUus vires homo sum cd'
versus deus»

AtheniensiSf sicut pri'
mus deficto, ita primus
poeniteo coepi^ vertens ctm^
temptus hostis in admira-
tion extoUensque pueritia
Alexander supra virtus
vetus dux* Inde converto
exercitus Thebae^ usurus
idetn indulgentia^ si in'
venio par poenitentia ; sed
Thebani utor arma^ non
precis nee deprecation

Primus arena civUis
bellum hdlia s'um^ primus
signum ArimimMi cano;
turn Libo pello Eitruria^
Tlurmta Umbria, DomV'
tius Corfinium; et bellum
perago sin€ sanguis^ si
possum opprimo Pompeiius

166

AN INTRODUCTION

mastered Tompey at Braodti-
siam ; but he got off tiMroagh
the barricade ef the besieged
barboor: scimdftloas to be
said !

Bat at Cartbage, as to many
GommaDders were daogeroos to
II free state, ao hundred judges
are chosen out of the number
of the senators, who, upon the
return of the generals from the
war, should demand an account
of things transacted ; that, upon
this awe, they might so consi-
der their command in the war,
as to have a regard to the ju*
dicatures and laws at home.

The king of Persia's com*
manders sent messenger» (o
Athens to complain, that Cha*
brias made war with the Egyp*
tians against the king. The
Athenians fixed Chabrias a cer-
tain day, before which, if he
did not return home, they de-.
dared they would condemn htm
to die. Upon this he returned
to Athens..

They brought Cornelius,
oiir coosffi, deceived by an
oath, to their general, as it
were for the sake of seeing
him, who was at that time sick,
«ad presently after carried him
away prisoner OHt of Sicily in-
to Africa, with twenty ships.
They put our general Regulos
likewise to death.

When these things were lold
Slarcellus, be sent amba^adors
imo^d lately to Syracuse, ta
coniplaia of the vtobtioaofthe
treajj^ I the aaabassaidof» sai4«
ikf^i ther^ «ouM ^ver be

Brunduiium ; sed tile
evado per clauitrum o(-
sessus partus : turpis die-
lu!

Carthago a»{em, cum
tot imperatar sum gravis
liber eivitas^ centum judex
deligo ex numeru$ senator ^
guif rei>ersu8 k helium dux^
exigo ratio res gestus ; «f ,
hie metus^ ita cogito im-
perium in bellumf ut ju-
dicium lexque domw res-*
picio.

Praefecius rex Persia
mifto Ugatus Mhenae
guestum^ quod Chabrias
gero bellum cum Jiegyptius
adversus rex* Athenienses
praestituo Chabrias eertus
dies, aule qui nisi redea
domus, denuncio sui con'-
demno ille caput. Turn
tile Jthenae redeo.

Adduco Cornelius, con-
sul noster^ deceptus jus^
jurandum, ad dux suus,
quasi gratia visenduni is^^
qui turn aegroto, et mox
abduco captivus i Sidlid
in Africa, cum ingintina'^
vis. Inieritno quoqtte dux
noster Regulus^

^uum hie nuncio Mar-
cMuSj ndtto legaius ex"
templo Sifraeusae^ qui ex-*
fostuio ie violatiojoedua i
leg^itus dicoy ntfrnq^am^
d^mf^ cms^ Mum^ ni»

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

167

wanting an occasion of war»
unless Hippocrates and Epyci-
des were banished» not only
from Syracase, bat far from Si-
cily. Upon this Epycides per-
suades the Leontini to revolt
from the Syracusans.

Darius, that he might redace
Greece under his authority, 6t-
ted out a fleet of flye hundred
ships, and set Datis and Arta-
pbernes orer it ; ivho came to
Attica, and drew out their
troops into tl^e plain of Mara-
thon ; that is distant about ten
miles from the city Athens.
The Athenians, being rery
much startled at this alarm,
sought for assistance no ivhere
but from the Lacedemonians ;
but at home ten officers were
chosen to command the army.

After Tullus Hostilins, An-
cus Marti us, the grandson of
Numa by a daughter, took upon
him the government ; be
fought against the Latins, added
mount Aventine and Janiculum
to the city ; he built the city
Qstia upon the sea, at the six-
teenth mile from the city
Rome.

Hippocrates atque Epy^
ciae$ ablegOy non tnodo ab
SyracusoBj std procul a
Sicilia* Deinde Epycide»
ptrsuadeo Leoniint deficio
a Syracwani.

DariuSy ui redigo Grat'^
cia in buus potestas, com^-
paro elassis quingenti na-
vitf praeficioque is Daiis
et Artaphernes ; qui ad
Mica aeeedo, ae dedueo
SUU8 copiae in campus Jlfa-
rathon ; is absum ab op*
pidum Alhenae circtter de-
cern mille pckssus, Athe-
niensis^ permotns hie /ti-
fnultuSfpeto a^xil^um nus*
quam sun a Lctcedaemomi;
domus autem decern prae-
tor creo qui praesum ex-
ereilus.

Post Tullus HostiliuSy "
Ancus Martius, nepos
Numa ex Jllia, suscipio
imperium ; contra Latini
dimicoj adjicia mons Aven-
tinus el Janiculum civi^
tas; eondo eivilas Ostia
supra mare^stxtusdecimus
6 milliarium ab urbs Ro»
met.

DIatia bud a iMMt wMffnlfteent temple at Epkesoa. It wee lomrted hy 227 pUllu%
wbi^b were buflt bv 127 kfngi. Eecb of tbe pillars ivm» 60 feet bigh. The tiaiDe of
tbe godden wan of ebony.

Tbe fiitbar of Foaponine wu « iarer of. levvlns, and langbt bis son eveiiF tMng
Wad a boy eotald be taught at Rnme. Afterwerdt roin)w>nloiiweiit to Atbem. Tbe
oiost noble ooiverdty m tbe worid was at Atbens. Young noblemen and the sons of
biags were seat from «11 pwts to Athens. .

Olcero. tbe greatest of tbe Romao orators» was bora at Arpinum. JCIcero removed
firo» ArptoaBi to Uema. Tbe eioellent endowmenls of bla aniod soon made bia» f»
BMtts at Rome> After be hod dlscbarged several other ofCres ot tbe Roman repoblte^
at but be was ande ceasuL Cloero dudiarged the consuUb^ «itb so great waicb*
luloesa and ladnsf ry. (hat iie «as called father of bis country. That bonour va» ^tv-
ca to none befoit ORtrow

168 AN INTRODUCTION

Tha nation of the Sitevi is ibe greatest and most warlike of all the Gen&ans. Tbo
SnaW are laid to bara an bandred cantont, from wbich they brine forth many thoa-
aaads of armed men yearly to fight. The rest slay at borne. They live upon milk
and flesh, and exercife themselves fn hnntior.

When Arion, the Lyric poet, was sailing from Lesbos to Italy, the sailors resolved
to throw him ioto the sea, that they might get his money ; but Arion entreated, that
they would snffer bim first to play a tune upon his harp ; which was granted. Upon
this Arion tuned his harp, and pbiyed so arifuily , that, by the sweetness of bis music.
he drew the dolphins round the ship ; who» when he was cast Into the sea, received
hiffl on their Imck, and carried biro to Tenedos.

They say, that tbe famous oracle of Apollo at Delphi in Boeotia became dumb,
when Ohrist our Saviour came into the world ; and that, when Augustus, who was a
great votary of ApollO) deaired to know tbe reason of its affenee, the oracle answered
Rim, That in Jttda«»a a child was tiom, who was the supreme God, and had command-
ed him to depart, and return no more answers.

Mount Vesuvius is distant about «even miles from Naples, rising in tbe middle of a
large plain, above four miles off the sea ; frum which it is seen gradually to increase
in height, till it is half a mile perpendicular above the level of tlie sea; when it be-
comes almost ciroolnr, being about five miles diameter. This is the basis of tlie
mountain ; out of which arises a smaller mount, callefl Monte Vecchio, four hundred
paces higb, and at top of near two miles circumference.

3. TIME.

RULE XUl

* 61. Time is put in the ablatiire, when the question is
is made by qUJlNDO ? When ?

He died in tbe twentieth year Vigenmo anno aetatis

of his age. obiit.

In what period did he live ? Quo tempore vixit ?

Many years ago. Multis ahhinc annu.

NoU !• To this rule belong mans, ctt/ueuZo, «era, rar», nooCu, fuafannis, which are
eommoulv esteemed adverbs ; as also, tbe old ablatives lucij temporit vtsperU used in-
stead of hue, temparef vupert.

Nott 2. Tbe phrases id temporU, isthm aetatis^ hoc aettuisy illud Aoroe, and the like,
have ctrca or ad understood, and are put for eo Umpore, islhac aetate, Aoc aetate, iUd
hard.

* 62. When the question is made by qVAMDlU? How
long ? time is put in the accusative or ablative, but oftener
in the accusative.

Ennius lived seventy years. Annos septuaginta vixit

Ennius,
Pluto's gate is open night and Node» atque dies pafet ja*

day. niui Ditis.

Caligula reigned three years, Caligula imperavit irien"
ten montlis, and eight days. nio^ decern mensibusy

diebus ocio.

These two rules may be thus expressed :

nrm WHEN, is put in the ablative ; Time HOW LONOs

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

169

or CONTINUANCC of Time, u put aomeUmes in the abla-
tive, but oftener in the accusative.

Note 1. Bolb (tmc WHEN, and tinu HOW LONG, are governed by a prepoiilion
. expressed, l. Time WHEN; as. Ter. In Umpor» ud earn vent.' Uor. Svwguut dc node
lairotu». Sic. PrtuttQ /uU ud ktruuu Id. Tt pemiitf ritgo^ ii« t< turn lonrme hum per
hifemem cotumittoi. Liv. Conaui intra ptMooi dia moritur, 2. Time 110 w LONG ; as»
CtG. Stro resistinnu ti, fucm per anno» decern uluinu» c«i«tro nee Id. Btttiue tx m
nalos amant ad ^ttoddam Uv^pm, Id. Uahebit eenatug in hutto annum quem uquaiMr,
Oa«<. Qui inter anno» quatvmdecim teettan nan rafrieruiC. Gic ^nac inter dkeem anno»
facta mmt.

iVole 2. The way of supi^yiaf th« ToUowio^ and like expressions ou^flii carefujiy
to bo biudied ; Cic Annet natna unum et vtgintL «up. ant». Ourt. Tyru» septime
mente^ quam oppv^^ari ooepta erat, eapta «ff, i. e. poftyitam. Oic Septmgenla» jam
anno» ampfiu» unu morilnu vivuntf sc. qnamper. N«p. Jtfinw* diebu» trigiuia in Asi-
am reverav* ei/, sup. fnam in.

61. Hannibal returned to
Africa the third year after he
bad 6ed from home.

Tiberius died in the seventy-
eighth year of bis age, and
twenty-third of his reign.

Constantius died in Britain,
at York, in the thirteenth year
of his reign.

Boccbus, at the beginning of
the war, had sent ambassadors
to Rome to desire a league and
alliance.

Aulus called out his soldiers
in the month of January, from
winter-quarters, upon an ex-
pedition.

The usurer calls in all his
money on the Ides, and seeks
to lay it oat on the Kalends. .

In the same year there was
an earthquake betwixt the is-
land of Thera and Therasia,
and on a sudden an island rose
out of the deep.

In Asia too, the same day,
the same earthquake shatter-
ed Rhodes, and many other
cities.

Hannibal ad Africa re-
deo tertius annus po$tquam
profugio domus.

Tiberius obeo octavus
et septuafresimut annus
aetas^ et vigesimus tertiui
imperium,

Constantius obeo in Bri^
tannia^ Eborac^im, deci-
mus tertius anniu princi-
patus*

BocchuSj inifium bellum^
mitto legatus Roma peti'
tutnfoedus et amicitta,

Jlulus evoco miles men-^
sis JanuariuSf ex hybetna^
in expeditio.

Foenerator relego omnis
pecunia Idus^ et quaere
Kalendae pono.

Idem annus sum terra
motus inter insula Thera
et Therasia y et repente in*
sula emergo ex profun^
dum.

In Asia quoque, idem
dieSy idem motus terra con-
cuiio RlioduSy multusque
alius dvitass

170

AN INTRODUCTION

62. Homer and Hesiod lived
about an hundred and fifty years
before the baildiog of Rome.

Mithridates reigned sixty
years, lived seventy-two, and
had a war with the Romans
forty years*

Pythsj^oras, after he had
lived twenty years at Crotona,
removed to Metapontum, and
there died.

Caligula lived twenty-nine
years ; he reigned three years,
ten months, and eight days.

Agamemnoik with much ado
took one city in ten years,
Epaminondas in one day deli-
vered all Greece.

The laboQrs of many months
and years may perish in a mo-
ment of time.

IT When this was told to the
senate, immediately the conSul
set out with au army, and took
a place for his camp, three
miles from the enemy . About
the fourth watch he marched out
of the camp, and the work was
carried on so f^st, that the Vol-
sci found themselves surround-
ed by a strong intrenchment at
sun-rise.

Whilst the works go on more
diligently in the day than they
are guarded in the night, a great
multitude coming out of the
town, armed chiefly with torch-
es, threw fire about, and in
a minute of time the fire con-
sumed the mole and the vtneae,
a work of so long a time ; and

Homerus et Heaiodu*
vivo circiter centum et
ouinquaginia annus ante
Koma condttus,

Mithridates regno sexa-
ginta annus, vivo septua^
ginta duoj et habeo bellum
contra Romanus quadra^
ginta annus*

Pythagoras f cum annus
viginti Crotona ago^ Me^
taponium migroy ibique
decedo»

Caligula vivo 6 annus
viginti novem ; impero 6
trienniumf decern 6 men- *
sts, 6 diesque octo,

Agamemnon vix ca^
pio unus urbs decem 6 an-
nuSy Epaminondas unus 6
dies lioero totus Graecia,

Labor multus m^nsis et
annus tsUereo possum 6
punctum tempus.

Cum hie nuncio s^naius^
extemplo consul proficiscor
cum exercitusy et capio lo-
cus castraj tres mille pas-
sus ab hostis. - Quartus
vigilia egredior e castra,
et opus adeo appropero, ut
Volsci video sui circum"
vaUatus Jirmus munimen^
turn sol ortus*

Dum opus fio diligen»
ter dieSf quam custodio
nox^ magnus multitudo
egressus ex urbs^ armatus
praecipue fax^ conjicio
ignis, et momentum /iora,
incendium haurio agger et
vineae^ opus tarn longus
tempus; et multut motv

^O LATIN SYNTAX.

171

a great many men, bringing aid
in vain, perished by fire and
sword. '

Dataroes took Thyns alive, a
man of a huge body, and a ter-
rible countenance» because he
was black, of long hair, and a
long beard ; whom the day af^
ter he clothed in a fine robe,
which the king's viceroys used
to wear ; he dressed him up
likewise in a collar, and brace-
lets of gold, and other royal
apparel, and brought him to
the king of Persia.

In the wings likewise two
young men of an extraordinary
bigness, were seen to fight,
nor did they appear any longer
than the battle lasted. The
incredible swiflness of fame
increased this admiration ; for
the same day that the battle
was fought in Italy , the news of
the victory was told in Corinth,
Athens, and Lacedemon.

In that battle /*• sty ages is tak-
en, from whom Cyrus took no-
thing else but his kingdom, and
acted the grandson towards him,
rather than the conqueror, and
set him over the great nation
of the Hyrcanians. This was
the end of the empire of the
Medes ; they enjoyed the em«
pire three hundred and Bfty
years.

About the same time there
was an earthquake in the parts
of the Hellespont and the
Chersonese, by which the city
Lysimachia, built two and
twenty years before by Lysi-
macfaus, was rained ; which

taii$^ ferens opts frustra,
absumo ignis ferrumque*,

Datam€B capio Thytis
vivus^ homo magnus cor^
puSy itrribilisqut 6facieSy
quod sum nigerj longus 6
capillus^ 6 barbaque prO'
missus ; qui posterns dies
bonus vestis tego^ qui ta-
trapa rex gero consuesco ;
orno etiam torquis^ et ar-
milla aureus^ caeterque
regius cultusy et ad rex
Persia adducn^

In comu quoque duo ju-
venisy eximius 6 magnitU'
do^ videor pugno, nee ul-
tra appareo quampugna-
tur* Incredibilis velocilas
fama augeo kic admiraiio ;
nam idem dies qui in Italia
pugnatury nuncio victoria
CorinthuSj Athenae^ et La-
cedaemon.

In ispraehum Astyages
capioj qui Cyrus adimo
nihil alius quam regnum,
et ago nepos in is, magis
quam victor^ et praepono is
magnus gens Hyrcani,
Hie sum Jlnis imperium
Medi;. potior irnperium
irecenti quinquaginta an'
nus.

Idem fere tempus sum
terra motus in regio HeU
lespontus et Chersonesus,
qui urbs L/ysimachia, con^
ditus duo et viginti annus
ante a Lysimachus everto ;
^t po Hendo dims Lysi-

174 AN INTRODUCTION

Ukt$ «KvMi» mm hAHmn. Ter. P«« irmekmia ul Otuu^vm dtomt. And to adkc-
tivM i M, Steee. ^mI noiiopttt cti, am coniM €$L Plaau FOe Mt o^fiiU» mm««. ri«*
piru ^i»r0 vttuUim jwra, Tbls «blativet however, depends neither on the vert» nor
adOecUtc, bttC it goremed by (he preMMitkNi pro nnderttood : which too ii •ometimes «

ptfndtrii mtn»

JMrtc 2. To the verh voice If someliBiet snl^ofaied tn accoMtive of price, the ^e-
potUfoQ tui being nndentoodi m. Verr. Dmorii dicei, giMcl cleiiM oerfo mi/e6»tf.

2V«I« S. Tlieie abkUvet^mtviieijMrmagaeijMDnQo, potting nuitimot plurimOf often
occur witboiu an/ subatantlve ) a«, Senec. Farvo fatne§ ooiutat, mfljgne /attidiunu
Cie. Pwm/agn» dttwrntu vmlidUti.

* 64. These genlUvefl» tantiy quantif plurifj minoriSf
are excepted.

How much cost it ? Quanti consiitU ?

A shilliDg and more» Ane etpluris»

Sof 1. To these e^J^cthref odd thrir eonipoaiidi»fiuM<tettiifiie, jwnilwiiuiti* ia»-
tidtmi MfBenec. /Ten ea/neupUcu ad Ubtrtmtem ^jriumliomgiic pcrvenire. Glc. Quan-
tigiumti, bene cmttur fueii fue$a$t ut. Id. Ifti tmltdem frumtntum cnierei, fvoiUi <lMwi
nmdidmct. To wbiea odd moiorw ; as, Fbaed. Mult» nutjorii alapat mecum venfitmt.

JfoM % If the Mibilafrtive be ex|ireswd,tlMae genitivea are turned into (he ablative -,
aa, Uic JmUkptu Ulu^ fpuun tanto prttio mereotut etc Juv. ^yumlo mtiiru prctio ?
OelL Mtraaiur lAn$ «mierf precte; LIv. Nta majvre prttio rtdmU pouumut.

63« bocratet told one ora« hocrates vendo unu$,

tion for twenty talents. oraiio viginti tcUentum^

Nothing costs dearer than Jiullus res care contto

that which is bought with quam qui precis emo.
prayers.

That victory cost the Car- Is victoria slo Poeni

tbaginians much blood and fmdtus sanguis ae vulmts*
wounds.

Despise pleasure; pleasure Sp$mo voluptas ; volup^

hurts when bought with pain. ia$ ^mptus dolor noc«o.

A great many posts are sold Plurimus lumor veneo

for gold, but wise men do not attrttm, ad sapiens no9i

buy hope at a great price. emo spes magnus pretium,

Fish-poods are built at a Piscina^ aedifico mag*

great expense, filled at a great num^ impleo magmimj et

expense, and maintained at a ah magnum»
great expense.^

64. Merchants use to sell Mercator 'soUo vendo

their goods at as high a rate as res suus tanium quantum

they can. possum,

i hose things please more^ Magii ille juvo, qui

which ar« bought at a dearer plus emo.
rate.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

176

The ^her toiay be bouf^t
sdnf^timtfs for less th^ki his fish.

Piscator inte¥duAi pot"
sum etno tninua quafn pis*
cis.

Res nultus minus consto
paftr quamjilius ; sed De»
inosthenes doceo nemo mi-
nus falentum.

Sum ego f^ir^iliusj cutn
notavarius^ qui consto ego
qu^nque solidus ; praeterea
Horatius, cum Hotu in*usus
Delphinus^ qui consto ego
qmnque solidus et sex as ;
habeo eiiam Cicero selectus

NothiDg shall ccfdt a father
less than his son ;'bat Demos-
thenes taught nobody for less
than a talent.

IT I have Virgil, with notae
variorum J which cost me five
shillings ; besides Horace, with
notes for the use of the Dan-
pbin, which cost me five shil-
lings and sixpence ; I have
likewise Cicero's select ora-
tions, with notes for the use of oralio, cum nota in usus
the Danphio, which I bought JDelphinus, qui emo qua-
for four shillings. tuor solidm.

Whilst these things are do- Dum hic ago, unus ami-
iDg, one of AleKander^fl friends,
whose name was Hephaestion,
died ; he was very dear to
Alexander, who lamented his
death above measure, and made
bim a liionumeiit tbat cost
twelve thousand talents, and
ordered him to be tvorshipped
as a god after his death.

LycurgUs, the son of Euno-
mus, who reigned at L^cede-

mon, Was a famous lawgiver.
He ordered every thing to be
purchased, not with money, but
tvith exchanges of merchan-
dise. He abolished the use of
gold and silver, as the occasion
of all wickedness. He divided
the admmistration of the com-
monwealth among the states ;
to the king he granted the pow*
er of war, to the senate the
guard of the laws.

Whilst Alexander, the fol-
lowing year, enters upon the
Persian war, that had been be»

cus Alexander, ijui nomen
sum ffephaestiofiu decedo ;
ium pertarus Alexq^nder^
qui lugeo is mors supra
modus, et facio is wionu-
mentum « qui consto duode^
cimmille tutentum, etju*
beo is coio ut deus post
mors,

LycurgUs, filius EunO'
musy qui regno Laeedae-
moin, sum inclytus iegisla-
tor, Jubeo singulus emo^
non pecunia^ sed compen-
satio merx, Tollo usus
aurum arf^entumqufi, ve-
lut m^tteria omnis see f us,
Divido administratio res»
publica per ordo ; rex po*
testas bellum permitio^ 96-
natus custodia lex.

Dum Alexander^ paste»
rus annusf aggredior Per*
iieua bellum^ in^oatus a

176

AN INTRODUCTION

gan by his father, he it inform-
id, that the Tbebans aad Athe-
nians had revolted from him to
the Persians, aod that the au-
thor of that revolt was De-
mosthenes the orator, having
been bribed by the Persians
with a great sum of gold, name-
ly, with two hundred talents
and more.

The Gaols, when the coun-
try that had produced them,
could not contain them, sent
out, in the beginning of sum-
mer, three hundred thousand
men, to seek new habitations ;
who passed the insuperable
summits of the Alps ; and such
was the terror of the Gallic
name, that kingp not attacked
did of their own accord pur-
chase peace with a large sum.

Parmenio, ignorant of Alex-
ander's illness, had written to
him, to beware of his physi-
cian, that he was corrupted by
Darius with a great sum of
money ; Alexander, however,
thought it safer to trust the
doubtful faith of the physician
than perish ; he therefore took
the cup, delivered the letter to
the doctor, and as he drank, be
fixed bis eyes on his counte*
nance as he read.

pateTf etrtior Jhf Thehant
el AtheniMieB d^cio a sui
ad PersaCj auctorque is
defeetio exiato Demosthenes
orator^ corruptus a Per"
sae magnus pondus ct«-
ruiii, nempe^ ducenti ta*
lentum et plus.

Gain, cum terra 9111
gigno is non capio^ mitlo,
initium aestas^ trecenti
mille homo, ad qiuierendus
navus sedes; qui trans-
eendo invictus jugum Jtl-
pes ; tantusque sum ter»
ror Oallicus nomen^ ut rex
non lacessilus ultro mercor
pax ingens pecunia.

Parmenioj ignarus A-
lexander infirmitas^ scribo
ad u, ut caveo a medicue^
ille corrumpo a Darius in-
gens pecunia ; Alexander
tamen reor tutus credo du-
bi^s Jides medicus quam
pereo ; accipio igiturpo-
culum, trado epistola me-
dicus^ et, inter bibendum,
intendo oculus in vulius
legens.

To the island of Rbodf s ApoUo bad a itatae, caltod OoJossim, 70 cubtts high ; wbich
WAS erected at th« mouth of the harbour. One oian could scarce grasp its thumb.
The disunee between its legs «as 15 or aScabiti at least; for a large th'tp, with tall
masts, could easily pass betwixt its «hanks. This statue cost 300 talents and more. <•

Sarah, Abmbam^s wife, died at Kirjatharba, in the land of Canaan, being 137 years
old. As Abraham at this time was a stranger in that oettntrv, he applied to Epbron the
Hittite, begging that he would allow him a piece of ground for a burial-place. Epbron
answered Ahraoamj saying, The cave of Hnchpelab, and the field wherehi it Is, are
mine } 1 compliment you both with the fitld a^nd the cave j bury thy dead* Abra-
ham bowed down hlm«elf before Epbron , returned him thanks, and said, I rather
chase to purchase the field for as much as it Is worth ; I pray thee, accept of a price.
Ephron replied. The field is worth 400 shekels of silver, but what Is that betwixt me
and thee i Ahrahai» paid down the money to Ephrofb and thea buried Sarah hSs wife.

■ I I '■ li I IIL,

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 177

Cf the Ablative Abiolute.

RULE XV.

* 66« A suBBTAifTiVB With a participlei whoie caie d«-
pendft Q{Hm no ether word, are put in the ablative abso*
late.

The son rising [or, while the Sole oritnte fugiuni tent'

sun riseth] dairkness flies brae.

away.
Oar work being finished [or, Opereperacto ludemus.

when oor work is finished]

we will play.

Wte 1. inibl. «fen, afttty htning, hehur^ «r a word endins la ttif, we tbe oivaI
aigoM of this ablative; wbicb geMrallj tales place when two parti of a •eatenea k-
fpeet (titferent pergoas or things; as, Ovid. Me due*, earpe xfiam. Id. Et/Hgwmi^frt»-
n» «ai» reuMTonrsi dks. Whara the penons «go and «a, and tbe tbingi «Km aad/nae-
num are different.

ITot» 2. The participle exiOenU to frequentlj oadentood ; a^ Flaiit. M»
koe factum^ i. e. me exUtente nuuore. Liv. Sj^wmt vendat, nthu eoiMultbiu, sc e«it-
Htttmu. Vlrg. Reg9 Laiino, Hor. Jtve aequo. In iilie manner, FuHit ouetorikm,
Dto duee, eonute fortima^ invUa Mineroa, me ^«ro, 000/0 Mreaa, o^fMra i^aw,ais
j>tter«, Satumo regty ehUate nondum HberOf coder» |»<DnbK«, &c.

Note 3, Sometimes tbe participle only is expressed} in which case tugoUo is ob-
derstood, or the sentence suaplief the place of the substantive; as, Hor. £«cepfa
food non iimut e«tee, eoeCera laeCue. liv. ZVoaAcm coaiperlo ^um ngtonem hooUi ps-

Ifote 4. Tlie participles meant in this rule are chiefly tbe participle present, and
the participle perfect of passive verbs. Some few examples Indeed occur of tbe ra-
tare in &US ; as, Mart. Caesare ventwrof 'Photpkore, redde ditm» But the futore in
DUS is seldom or never thus used.

Note 5. In using the participle perfect, the learner onebt carejCully to obscrte^
whether it be passive or deponent ; for we say, Jaootui hu cticite tAlit, bat we say,
Jannkw Aaee lacafac oHtt.

iVofa 6. This ablative mav be reMrtved isto tbe nominative, with cum, cktm, MunMb,
poeifuam, «t, jfuoniam, or the Kite : as, Cle. PylAo^arot» Superbo rrgiumte, «» Malum
Venn, i. e. cam, dwn, vel qvLtando Suparhws regneAat.

Note 7. This ablative, though it be called abtolttte, is however govemed by «a&,
«mat o. ar a&, understood; wbicb sometimes seem to be ^x|»ressM; as, Vlrg. SoU
euh ardentu Gato. Cum diia voletUibus» Lucan. P««ilt9repelM<t« ab armu*

Noie f . In some old authors we meet with nMg proessnfc, «Afsnfs imH^ prnsfsits
tettibus } Instead of nehit proeeeatilM, &c.

Whilst onr cavalry were Notitr equitatus adven^

comitig up, the enemy all on a tanSy hostis subito ostendo

snddenshewed their foot, which pedestris copia^ qui coUoeo

they had planted in ambnscade. tn insidiae.

When these things were told His re$ nuneiatus Rotndy

at Rottiei the senate gave tbe senatua decerno summa

command of th6 Achalan War Achaicus hellnm consul»
t^ the eottul.

178

AN INTRODUCTION

The enemy, ftiUr4he7 knew
of his coming, having raised
great forces» attacked our army
in their march.

Laerinus, after having reco-
vered all Sicily, after having
humbled Macedonia, returned
with great glory to Rome.

This matter being proposed
to a council, when he found
they all thought the same thing,
he appoints the next day for
the battle.

Drawing out his forces about
break of day, and having form-
ed them into (wo lines, he
waited to see what measures
the enemy would take.

Nero committed many par-
ricides : after putting to death
his brother, wife, and mother,
be fired the city of Rome.

In the room of Aeneas, As-
canius[his son succeeded ; who,
leaving Lavinium, built Longa
Alba, which was the metropo-
lis of the kingdom for three
hundred years^

7 Alexander, when he had
overrun India, came to a rock
of wonderful ruggedness and
height, into which many peo*-
ple had fled ; and when he un-
derstood that Hercules had
been restrained by an earth-»
quake from the taking of that
rock} b^ing seized with a de-
sire of outdoing the actions of
Hercules, he made himself
master of the . rock with the
utmost fatigue and danger*

The Roman people, after
Caesar and Pompey wereslain^

aeemed to have returned to

HaaiiSf ecgniius i$ «<?-
veniuSf eoaetus magmu co*
piae^adoriornoiUragmen
in iter,

LatvinuSf tmnis SieiUa
recepiuSf Mactdonia frac'
iutt cum tngen$ gloria Ro"
ma regredior.

Hie res delatus ad con*
cilium^ cum eognosco om-
nis sentioidem^ constitvo
proximus diespugna.

Productus eopiaeprifnms
luZf et duplejp acies instiiU"
tu8y expecio quid consilium
hostis capio.

Nero multus parricidi'
um commttlo : f rater ^ uxor^
et mater inierfeclus^ urhs
Roma incendo.

In locus Aeneas t Asca^^
nius JUius succedo ; qui,
relictus X^avinium, condo
Alba Longa^ (^i sum ca-
put regnum trecenti 6 an-
nus.

Alexander^ peragrafus
India, pervenio ad saamm
mirus asperitas etaltitudo^
in qui multus populus con^^'
fugio : et ubi cognosce
Hercules prohibitus terra
motus ab expugnatio idem
saxum, captus cupido su-
perandum factum Her*
culeSf potior s€ixum cum
summus labor ac pericu*
luff^n

Populus RomanuBi Cae*
sar et Pompeius irucida^
tus^ videor wkQ in f ra«

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

179

\hm fromer state of liberty;
aftd they would have returned,
had not Pompey left children,
or Caesar an heir, or, which
was more fatal than either,
bad not Antony, the rival of
Caesar's power, the incendiary
and firebrand of the following
age,8urvived.

Hannibal being called home
to defend bis country, was de-
sirous to make an end of the
war by treaty, the wealth of his
country being now exhausted ;
but the articles were not agreed
to. A few days after this he
engaged with Scipio atZama,
and being routed, (incredible
to be said,) in two days and two
nights be came to Adrumetum,
which is about three hundred
miles distant from Zama.

Galba having fought some
successful skirmishes, and hav-
ing taken several of their forts,
deputies too being sent to him
from all parts , and a peace con-
cluded, resolves to quarter two
cohorts among the Na«tuates,
and to winter himself with the
other cohorts of that legion, in
« village of the Veragri, which
is called Octodurus ; and as it
was divided into two parts by a
torrent, one part of the village
he assigned to the Gauls, the
other he allotted for the cohorts
to winter in.

The state of the Johones in
alliance with us was afflicted
with a sudden calamity ; for
ires issuing from the earth,
every where seized their
towQSi hxmBf and dwellings |

iinus 9tmtu$ l^mftas ; tt
redeoj nin Pomptius re-
linquo liberty <mt Caesar
haeresy vel, qui swn per*
nicioaus vterquey si noti
Antonvus, aefnulus Cae-
sariantts potential fax et
turbo sequens seculumy t«-
persum.

Hannibal revocatus de*
fensum patria^ cupio com'
pono bellumyfacidtas pa-
tria jam exhau$ius ; sed
conditio wm convenio,
Pand dies post is conjligo
cam Scipio apud Zama, et
pulsus , {incredibilis dictu , }
6 biduum et duo 6 nox
Adrumetum pervenio^* qui
absum circiter trecenti
mille passus a Zama.

GalbOf secundus aliquot

praeliumfactusj expugna'

(usque complures is cas»

^tellum^ legatus quoque mis»

sus ad is undique, et pax

factusj coMtituo eolloco

duo cokors in NaniuateSy et

hiemo ipse cum reliquus is

Ugio cokors f in vicus Ve^

ragri, qui appello Octodu»

rus ; et quum hie in duo

parsfiumeth divido^ alter

pars is vicus Qalli concedo^

alter cohors ad hiemandum

attribua,

Civiias Juhones socius
ego cffiigo improvisus ma-^
lum; nam ^is, terra
editas, passim corripio
villa f arvum, et vicus ;
nequ^^ extinguo possum

100

AN INTRODUCTION

•or could thejr bcoxtittgoiihed.
Daring the same year loo, the
treeliamiDalis^thaU eight heo-
dred aed forty years ago. had
aheUered the iofaocy of Remas
aod Romulus, was broken
down» its braochesJI>eiog dead»
and its trunk withered.

Alexander died three and
thirty years and a month old ;
a man eadovfed with a great-
ness of soul above human pow-
er. Some omens of his future
greatness appeared at his birth ;
for the day on * which he was
born, two eagles -sat all day
upon the top ot bis father's
house ; the same day too his
father received the oew4 of
two victories. After the time
of his boyship was over, he
grew up under Aristotle, the
famous teacher of all the phi-
losophers. Upon his coming to
the kingdom, he ordered him-
self to be called the king of all
the earth and the world. When
be was present, his soldiers
feared the arms of no enemy,

The Carthaginians, upon
hearing this answer, sent for
Hannibal home. He, as soon
as he returned, was made prae-
tor, in the two and twentieth
year after he bad been king.
For at Carthage every year two
kings were made, as consuls
are at Rome. The year after
his praetorship, when M. Clau-
dius and lU Furius were cen«
•uls» ambassadors came from
Rome to Carthage s andHanni-

Uctn IfWHiftlS SUNIIt), 0^09*

RvmifmUsj fin\ oetmgmH
ti quadraginta annus onl*,
teg0 infarUia Rtmus R&'
mulutguef d&mvmo^ mo^
tuu$ ramahf et atesems
trunaus, '

AleiMnder deeedo tr^
et trigirUa enhuM et unus
mentis nmtusi vir pra^^
diius nu^nitudo amrifim
supra humanns p^ieniia.
^ontndlus prodigiwn fi$»
turns magmtudo in ipse
orius appareo ; nam is
dia qfui nascor^ duo aquila
sedeo totus 6 dies suprii
culmen dotMis paier is ;
idem quoque dies pater ae*
cipio nuntius duo victoria^.
Exacius pueritia, creseb
sub Jtristoteles, indytus
doctor omnis philosophus,
Acceptus imperiumy jubeo
sui appello rex omnis terra
ac mundusn lile prae*
sens^ miles timeo arma
mMus hottis,

Carthe^iniensesjne res-
ponsum eognitus, revoeo
Hannibal domus. Hie, fft
redeo, praetor fio, annus
seeftndus et vieesimus post"
quam rex sum. Carthago
enim quotannis binus rex
creo^ ut consul Roma,
Annus post praetura, M*
OaudiuSf L, Fitrius con»
sulf l^aius Roma CarthtS'*
go v$ni0 ; €t HamMal^ hit
evi t^Htnduigraiiaim^

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 181

bal, sapposiDg they were sent bus ra<«s, cofucendo iiowV,
on accoaDt of demaoding him, atqut prrfugioin Syria ad
goes aboard a ship, and flies into Antiochus.

Syria to Antiochns. ^ , j ?

The Gauls did so abound Galli adeo abundo mul-

with humbers of people, that titudoj ut impleo omnts

they filled all Asia as it were Asia velut examen ; tan-

with a swarm ; at last they re- dem statuo verto arma tn

solved to turn their arms against Antiochus ; qui cogmtui,

Antiochus ; upon information redimo sui ab hie aurum,

whereof, he redeems himself velut a praedo ; societatque

from them with gold, as from cum mercenarius suus

robbers ; and claps up an alii- jungo.
ance with his hireliogs.

tyri, and bent bU march towards Babylon. The sieee of Jh" jmiwr'JJf B"* ^S
BO ea.y enterprUe. The walli were of a prodiglou» beighMhe numljjr af men»

defend them very ereal. and the city .tored with all ««Jj* •[ P"^„\J"'SLJ?ii5i^ M«
year». HoweveMW difficuities did not discourage Cyrui from pnMecullng^h^^^^

design; who,aflir spending two entire years before »h« Pf«*» ^™* !J"JS^ to
by a stiataeem. Upen a ieitival-night, which ^^^ ^•^y^?'^^^*]^? n^^^^
spend in drinking and debauchery, he ordered the b*nk of the canal, above
£ding to the great lake, that hiid been lately dug by NUocri» to te broken down
and haviag thus^diverted the course of the river by turning \»*« ^^^Ifw^iji^
the lake,fc caused his troopt march in by the bedof the nverj who now p^^^
into the heart of the city without opposition, «urpnied the g»;'S^„\ii\ ^oire* ^
cut them to pieces. ThJ taking of &St\m put an end to ^^^^^'^J^i^'^^^S^,
fulfilled the predictions which the prophets Isaiah, Jeramlab, ai^d Danlfl, had utter-

ed against that proud metropolis.

in. The Construction of words indeclinable,
1. OF ADVERBS.

* 66. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity, gOTOrn
the genitive.

In the mean time. Interea loci.

At that time. Tunc temporis.

Where in the world ? Ubi terrarum 2

To what nation \ Qmo gentium ?

Abundance of power. Abunde potentiae.

Enough of words. Satis verborum.

1. The adverbs of time are, interea, postea, inde^ tund

2. The adverbs of place are ubi and quo^ with their
compounds, ubique^ubicunque^ ubiubi, ubinam^ ubivisj alibiy
alicubiy quocunque, quovis, aliquo, quoquo ; also, eo, huc^
buccine, unde^ usquam^ nusquamt longe^ ibidem*

us AN IN*ROOO(JT16N

8. HiftttdVtfl'bs «fqnfttitity are, nhnnde^ affatm^ largiier^

The words ergOyfor the sc^^ instarf and paWtm, usuallj
added here» are real subttaotives.

JfflM 1. PrUfg and pmrHif govern tbe genltlteor tbe 9etantlre ; itf. Cie. Prulw
cj w «iteu CaM. Pa$iri4i€ ejuB dkL Oic Priiu ^lUMwrtrw. I^. Posfrfdie IimIoj
ApMmmm* Tbo» prutie. pMtridic, J^o^melM, JVeiuu, /diu, leldom f Wetidanimi ^.

IfoU 2. Tbe md verbs en, cocc, take tbe nooiipaUTe or the adboiative; a«» Oic. JBn
«(MM, «ar diNRiawtt seroas iwcaiet. Senec. Em Paridit hertem. Clc Beee multo ma-
J9r tfioMMto. P lavt. Eeu

JMe 8« Tb Ibefe eowttracdoai (bis word lUfeMoaiy ret, i0oa«,tef)ip«f,or tbe like, with
•ooie preposfiioo, Ib understood. Tbtu. inlerM loci, i.e. ttatr ea nermi» Uei, Uhi
terrarum, 1. e. uhi in negotio ferraniia.^«o fciUtum, i. e. eui negotio vel lu» gcntii(m.|
^taiuic MteaMoe, I. e. «kaiMls dc re pofimm. And PrtHs ejms diet, i. e, pridie ante
tarns eju» diet. To en aad coee mbm verb Is ttnderstood ; ast En Priamwh M. odctf •
Ecu dtuu arai,ae. vubfif.

* 67. Some derirative adverbs goyem the case of their
primitives.

Most elegantly of all. Elegantisnme omnium.

Agreeably to oatore. CongruenUr naturae.

A foot hijrh. Me pedem.

Beyond expectation» Amplit^ optmone.

jya<«. Tbese adrrrbs require tbe same npplles, to complefe the oomtnteUoB, as tho
adjectives rrooi arhicb they are formed.

66« 1 . Whilst I wandering Dum ego errans patria

about am deprived of my careo, tu interea Iocils tu

country, you in th** mean time locupleto,
have made yourself rich.

After this the consul, notv Postea locus consul,

unquestionably conqueror, haud dubie jam -victor^

came to the town of Cirta. perveniotn oppidumCirta,

The strength of the Athe- Fires Athtniensis tunc

nians at that 4ime was small, tempns sum parvus^ das-

their fleet being sent into Egypt, sis in Aegyptus missus*

f Dr. Orambie seems to to^e wiih much critical drtll against tbe inlrodtiction of
fueod under this rale ; Vide Gytt)|msiam, toI. 2. p. 251 b seqq. A. B. G.

I From the explanation nf ^m gcnttam by em negtt; sc. the atnbor seems to
iDtimate bis belief, that jho is an obsolete d«tlve, n position which any responsive
term readily confbcse. It seems, la such expresiiuns, to be neither a dative nor an ah*
hitive } bat any philological history of this and simiiAr tanas is unnecessary and inad*
«IMbie here. It Is only reqaistie to put the (lopil oo bis guard against supposlag*
that In aaewer «o such a qaestlon as ^ao gtiUiuMA$giam f one might say. /vfiui Ho'
^M«} 4th»nilt, CorlAagt ai) as ohr auUior*f .cai ncfotM mi^ht lead him to imagine.

TQ LATIN S¥J?TAX.

189

2* What yo9 was doiog, or Qiiis ag0^ <wt ubi Urra
where io the world you was, I sum^ ne suspicor quid^m»
cooid not 80 much as guess.

He came to that height of Eo vecordia procedo^ «t
madness, that what 1 should do, guis agOy aut quo gens
or to what part of the world I jugioy neseio.
shoald flj, I koew.not.

Where in the world are we ? Ubinam gen* sum ?
Are we come to this pass ? Huccine re$ venio ? Eone
Are we come to this pitch of nii^ria venitur ?
misery ?

1 can find my brother no
where ; bat io whatever pari
of the world he may be» he
will be beloved by good men.

Let him go to any part of the
world, the affair will be io the
same condition : virtue every
where will find friends.

3. Caesar said that he had
got abundance of power and
glory, and plenty of wealth.

Let him have plenty of old
wine, that he may drink day
and night.

Too much artifice seems to
have been used for charming piendus auris adkibeo vi-
the ears ; he that behaves right deor ; qui rectejacio ha-
will have plenty of applauders.
Will he become an excellent
poet, v^ho has no courage to
dash the words that have little
beauty ? By no means.

67. The lynx is said to see
the most clearly of all quad-
rupeds.

( do not ask what he saya,
but what he can say agreeably
to reason.

The Sulmonenses opened
the gates, and all went out to
meet Antony.

The 8;round being covered
with duDg a foot tl)icl(,,must be

Frater nusquam gena
invemo ; sed ubicttnque
terra sum^ dUig^ a bonus
vir*

Abeo quovis gens^ res
ibidem locus sum : virtus
ubique locui invenio ami'
cus»

Caesar dico sui adipit»
cor potentia glori&que^ et
divitiae affatim,

Habeo vetus vinum lar-
giter^ ut dies noxque'poio*

Nimis insidiae ad ca-

beo satis laudato^»

Fione tile egregius poe^
tOf qui non audeo expungo
verbum qui parum splen'
dor habeo ? Minima gens*

Lynx dico cemo dare
omnis quadrupes»

JVbfi quaero quis dico,
sed quis possum dico con*
venienter ratio,

Sulmonenses porta ape*
rio^ et omnis obviam ^n*.
tondus exeo.

Terra stercoraius pes
alte^ in pulvinus redigm»

184

AN INTRODUCTION

ftrmed into beds before yon
begin to sow.

The Namidiaas possess the
other parts as (ar as Maurita-
nia ; the Maori are next to
Spain.

The beauty of Glycera, shin-
ing more bright than Parian
marble, consumes me.

Thus speaks Neptune, and
swiAer than speech he smooths
the swelling seas, disperses
the collected clouds, and brings
beck the day.

IF Astyages, being frighted at
this answer, gave his daughter
in marriage neither to a fa-
mous man, nor to one of that
country, but to Cambyses, a
mean man of the nation of the
Persians, at that time obscure.
And the fear of the dream not
being laid aside even thus, be
sends for his daughter big with
child, that the ipfant might be
slain Qoder the eye of his
grandfather.

The Lacedemonians, having
consulted the oracle at Delphos
concerning the event of the
war, are ordered to seek a ge-
neral from the Athenians ; but
the Athenians, when they un-
derstood the answer, in con-
tempt of the Spartans, sent
Tyrtaeos, ' a poet, lame of a
foot ; who being routed in
three battles, reduced the
Spartans to that despair, that
they manumitted their slaves
for the recruiting of their army.

I know not whether it would
not have been better for the
Roman people to have been

dus sum antequam Hro
incipio,

Nurrddat ieneo caeter
locus usque ad Alauriia»
nia ; proxime Hispama
Mauri sum.

Nitor Glycera^ spleu"
dens pure Partus marmor^
uro ego.

. Sic aio ^eptunusy et
dictum cito placo tumidus
aequor, fugo collectus
n uheSj solque reduco.

AsiyageSf exterriius hie
responsum^ tradojilia in
fnatn'monttcm neque clarus
vir, neque dviSy sed Cam^
byseSf mediocris vir ex
gens Persae, tunc tempus
ohscurus, Ac ne sic qui'
dem somnium metus de*
positusj arcessofilia gra-
vidus, ut sub avus oculus
partus neco»

Lacedaemonii, oracu*
lum Delphi consultus de
bellum eventuSfjubeo peto
dux ab Atheniensis : porro
Atheniensisy cum cognosce
responsum^ in contemptus
Spartanij mitto Tyrtaeus^
poetaf claudus pes ; qui
tres praelium fusus, eo
desperatio Spartani dd»
cZuco, ut manumitto servus
ad supplementum exerci*
tus.

JSTescio an satius sumpo-
pulus Romanus sum con-
tentus Sicilia et Africa^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

186

content with Sicify and Africa,
or even to have wanted these,
than to grow to that bigness as
to be destroyed by their own
strength : for what thing else
prodnced intestine distractions,
than excessive good fortune?
and whence came that desire
of superiority and domineer-
ing, but from excessive wealth?
Cyrus, the day following,
forsook his camp ; but left
plenty of wine, and those things
that were necessary for a feast.
The queen sends her son with
a third part of her forces to
pursue Cyrus. When they
were come to Cyrus' camp,
the young man, ignorant of mi-
litary affairs, as if he was come
to a fea^t, not to a battle, let-
ting the enemy alone, suffers
the barbarians to load them-
selves with wine ; and the Scy-
thians are conquered by drunk-
enness.

He is an orator, who, on
every question, can speak fine-
ly and ornately, and in a man-
ner fit for persuading : but in
these times of ours, neither
sufficient pains is bestowed in
reading authors, nor id search-
ing into antiquity, nor upon
the knowledge either of things,
or pf men, or of the times.

Diomedoa came to Thebes
with a vast quantity of gold,
and drew over Micythua, a
young man, by five talents, to
his lure. Micythus went to Epa-
minondas, and told him the
occasion of Diomedon's com-
ing ; but he, in the presence

aut etiam hie careo^ quam
CO magnitudo cresco, ul
vires suus cordicio : quis
enim re$ alius juror civilis
parioj quam nimius felici'
tas ? et unde venio ille CU'
pido principatus et domi-
nandumy nisi ex nimius
opes ?

Cyrus^ dies posterus, J«-
sero castra ; at relinquo
vinum aff'atimi et is qui
epulae necessarius sum»
Regina miito filius. crnn
tertius pars copiae ad in-'
sequendus Cyrus» Cum
venitur ad Cyrus castra^
adolescens, ignarus res mi-
litarisj veluti ad epulae^
nan ad praelium venio ^
omissus .hostiSf patior bar^
barus onero sui vi^tum ; et
Scythae ebrietas vinco.

Is sum orator, qui, de
otnnis quaestio, possum
dico pulchre et ornate^ et
apteadpersuadendum: sed
hie noster tempus nee satis
opera insumo in cognos-
cendus auctor, nee in evoU
vendus antiquitasy'nec in
notitia vel res^ vel hom^t
vel tempus,

Diomedon venio Thehae
cum magnus pondus au"
rum, et perduco Micyihus^
adolescentuluSf quinque (a-
lentum, ad suus voluntas.
Micythus Epaminondas
conveniof et ostendo causa
Diomedon udventus : at

186

AN INTRODUCTION

or DiomedoD, said, There is
no need of money ; for if the
king desire those things that
are expedient for the Thebans,
I am ready to do them for no«
thing ; bat if the contrary, he
has not gold and silver enough.

Next day Caesar, before the
enemy could recover them-
selves from their consternation
and flight, led his army into the
country of the Sues^iones, who
are next to the Remi ; and,
having p«^rformed a great
march, he came to the city No-
▼lodtinimi. After fortifying
his camp, haviniE reared the
Tineae, having cast op a mount,
and erected turrets, he began
to storm the town.

IVIicipsa, as Jugurtha was
fond of military glory, resolves
to expoae him to dangers, hop-
ing he would fall, either in
noaking a shew of bis bravery,
or by the fury of the enemy.
But that matter fell out quite
otherwise than he imagined ;
for Jugurtha, as he was of an
enterprising and penetrating
genius, after he came to know
the genemrs temper, by much
pains and much diligence, and
by often exposing himself to
dangers, came in a short time
to so great reputation, that he
was a very great terror to the

enemy*

Lycurgus suffered the young

men to use no more than one

coat 10 a whole year, nor any

' one to go finer than another,

nor lare more sumptuously.

tlle^ Di&medan coramy iit'
quaittf Nihil opus sttm pe-
cunia / nam si rex is volo
qui Thebani sum utilis,
gratis facio sum paratui ;
sin auUm conirariuSf non
habeo aurum aiqus argen^
turn satis.

Postridie is dies Caesar f
priusquam hostis recipio
suiex terror acfuga^ duco
exercitus in Jinis Suessi'
ones, qtii sum proximus
Remi; et, magnns iter
crmfectus, ad oppidum JVb-
viodunum pervenio, Cas'
tra munituSf vinece actus ^
agger jactuSy turrisqtie
conslitvius^ oppidum ob»
pvgno coepi,

Micipsa, quod Jugurtha
sum appetens gloria mili'-
tariSf statuo objecto is pe^
riculumj sperans occasu"
rtis, vel ostentandum vir*
tn$y vel saevitia hostis, Sed
is res longe aliter evenio
ac reor ; nam Jugurtha^
vt sum impiger atque acris
6 ingenium^ ubi cognosce
natura imperator, multus
labor muhusqve cvra, et
saepe eundum obviam pe^
ricvlum, brevi pervenio in
tantus clarituHo, ut sum
tna^nus terror hostis.

Lycurgus permitto ju-
renis utor non ample unus
vestis totus 6 annus, nee
quisquam progredior cultt
quam alter^ necepuloropu"

TO LATIN SYNTAX. 187

He ordered young women to lenter, Jubeo virgo nubo

be married without fortunes, sine dos, ut uxor eligo,

that wives might be chosen, not non pecunia. Volo mag-

money. He ordered the great- nus honor sum, non dives

est respect should belong, not et potens, sed senex, pro

to the rich and powerful, but to gradus aetas ; nee sane

old men, according to the de- usquain terra semctus lo-

gree of their age ; nor indeed cus honoratus habto quam

has old age any where on earth Ijicedaemon,
a more respectful habitation
than at Lacedemon.

Cotia being asked bis opinion, spoke to this purpose : It is llie part of wise men to
do notbiagr rashly. I do not think, that »e ought to reraova from our wuUer-quar-
ler» without the order of Cae»r. Our winier-quariers l>e»ng fortifi«»d, we sb.iil easi-
ly withstand the forces of the GermaQk. You see, that we have bravely wuUsiood
the first assault of our enemies. Our enemies, after bavin? many woundi, have <le.
aisled from the siege. We have enough of corn. Caesar will not forget his faiiiiful
soldiers. Wttkt is more foolish, what is more disgraceful ihan lo listen lo the uUv.ce
of an enemy, in so imporiauC an affair i It becomes us to remember that wc an» uo-
mans. *

- The Tyrlass sent ambassadors to meet Alexander, with presents for himself, and

govlsions for bis army. But when he desired to enter the city, under pretence of of-
ring sacrifice to Hercules, thi'y refused him admittance ; which provoked Alexander,
now flushed with so many victories, to uich a degree of reseoiment, that he resolved
to storm the ci^,and eoter it by force. The city then stood on an island half a mile
dUtant from the shore, was surrounded with a strong wall, IfiO feet high, the inhaWt-

Ste had plenty of provisions, and were stored wiih all sorts of warlike machmes.
exander, however, by carrying a mole or causey, 200 feet broad, from the continent
to the island, transported his army, and after a siege of seven months, battered down
the walls, took the city by storm, and folly executed upon that wealthy and wicked
city the judgments long before denotioced by the prophets.

2/OF PREPOSITIONS.

68. The prepositions ad, apud, ante, &c. govern the
accusative.

To the father. Ad patrem,

NoU. To the prepositionf governing the accusative some add drdter, proper ta^,
and vtnui ; but these are real adverbs, having the preposition ad understood } which
with the last three is sometimes expressed.

69. The prepositions a, ab, abs, &c. govern the abla-
tive.

From the father, Apatre.

Jlfott 1. To the prepositions governing the al>lative somft add mrocul ; but this is an
adverb, baidng a or a6 understodd,or sometimes expressed ; as, Vlrg. Ptoad a piUrfa

lfot9 2. Tenus is pot after its ease, and, when the noun Is plural, usually govemf
the genitive ; as, yirg. Cruruw Unnt a mnUo pattaria pendent, CIc. lAoikorWM l0-
fciu. But soinetiiBes the ablative } asj Ovid* FceioriMii (eniur.

Ub AN INTRODUCTION

Ifete 3. Tb«t a unI c «re put before caoMnaats, «A «nd e* befon vowels or conw-
nentt «As before f and t ; «, « jiaUv, < re^ienc ; oft MKe, tAregttex wU, «* »arte ;

70. The prepositions tn, sub, super ^ aDci 5u&^er, govern
the accosative, when motion to a place is signified.

1 go into the school. Eo in seholam»

He shall go under the earth. lint tub terras.

* It fell opoo the troops. hcidit super agmina.

He brings him under the Duett aubier fastigta.
I oof,

71. But if motion or rest tn a place be signified, tn and
sub govern the ablative ; super and subter either the acca^
Bative or ablative.

I run or sit in the school. Discurro vel sedeo in scho-

la,
I walk or lie under the shade. Ambulo vtl recubo sub

umbra.
He pitched his camp beyond Posuit castra super am^

the river. nem.

He 81(8 opon the grass. Sedet super fronde»

The vein^ are dit^persed under Fenae subter cutem dis-

♦he 8kin. perguntur.

They continue under the tar<* Subter testudine manent.

get-fence.

1. in ilgnlQrinK to, iitfd, tomtrd, agauut, tUl, imft/, over, ufitr, faryupon, hyj
or betretett, ffoverns the Mcuwtlve } but when It signifies tn or anwng, it ^«iieraify
ibbtive.

Title
r betxci
Ukes tbc abi

l9ote2. 5ii6 signifying oe or «ioMlsMdka time, geoenlly governs the «ccosetlve. But
when It signifies nigh <o, or nearuptoKt it commonly talies tlie atilatlve.

Ifote a. Suptr sijEnifying btwttd^ abwt, hafdtif upvn, at, w «n «ime of, govern» the
scusaiire ; but «benit Mgnines about, conecrning,/or, or frccatue o/'i it takes the ab-

necu
latiTCi

i?o<« 4. Subter Ukes very rarely the ablatiTe, tod only among iwets.

GENERAL NOTES.

I. The word governed by the preposifion is sometimes suppKVsed; ns, ad Opis, ad
Diannc : suppl- aeAem. A Ve9lM j supplf» aede, ,

2 The pteposition Uself is frequently suppressed', aSiCaes. C»/ri/er iwenaiem. Oic
'rt«f w<u/o» Curt* CTt^us |/c<ie». Pl\n. Onentetn versus. Y irg. JJevenere hcos. Oic.

sup. ex. Ter. ^id ilh/aeias i sup.

Jav. Fallit not vUhm specU xirtvHs j sup. suh,

72. A preposition often governs the same case in com-:
position that it does without it^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

189

Let us go to school.

He speaks to bis brother.

He carried the army over the

river.
They go oat of tbe charch.
He departed from the city.
They engage in battle.
They come ap to the walls.
He excels all.
He is carried round the fort.

Adeamus scholam»
Alloquitur fratrem.
Exf.rcitumjtuvium trans-

duxiU
Exeunt templo, •*
Dttemt urbe.
Ineunt pr allium •
Suhtunt muroz^
Supereminet omnes.
Circumvehitur arcem.

Note U This rule takes place only when tbe prepMifton may be disso^ed from the
verb, and put before the case by Itself; «s, Virg. AUoquor potrem, k e. /ojtwr ad pa-
tnm. LW. Ciramoehitur arcem, I. e. vehitw ctrcum oroem.

Note 2. The preposition is frequently repeated ; as, CIc. Ad nof oileunt. Cae». £«ft-e
ejSni&tts fui». Cie. /n rempublieam invasit.

Note S. Some verbs eomponnded with e or eap govern the abhitlve, or the accusative,
«xtrabeinff understood; as, Virg. Exire itptia. Slat. Extre eampum,K, extra cam'
pum. Ovid. Portvibus egredim: Plin. Egrtdi rentatem, sc. extra verttatem. Virg,
Excedere terra, I,ucan. iBjwjedere muroe, sc. extra wuitm. Vurg. £ni«njMtn£ iwrrt». Id.
Erumpere nubem^ sc. extra nubem. In Uke manner, Praevehi ttUut, praelabi m^enta,
sc. praeter Kttnt, praeter moenta.

68. After they came to a
conference, peace was conclud-
ed between them.

The swallows come before
summer, they take pleasure to
fly through the air..

The boy practises pity to-
wards God, reverence towards
men.

The general drew up his
army on this side the Alps, no-
body ever fought more stoutly
against an enemy.

He takes the towns about
Capua, he rewards the soldiers
according (o their bravery.

The moon drives her cha-
riot beneath the sun, the heaven
is stretched out above the
clonds.

69. The boy is praised by
Of, he it approved by you, he
is blamed by others withoat
reason.

Postquam venio ad col-
/of nium, pax' ordino inter
is.

Hirundo venio ante aes'
tas, gaudeo volitoper aura*

Puer exerceo pietas ad'
versus Deus^ reverentia
erga homo»

Dux instruo acies cis
AlpeSj nemo un^uam pugm

nofortiter contra hostis,

•»

Occupo urbs circa Cs-
puay remuKferor miles^ se^
eundwn virttis.

Luna agocurrus infra
sol^ coelum porrigo st^ra
nubei,

Puer laudo a ego, pro^
h» abs tu^ culpo ah ali^
aispte casi9ff»

t90

AN INTRODUCTION

Fmndt are cbaofl;ed with
fortune, hatred is often repaid
fer favoor, a tree is knonrn bj
its frnit.

After the battle the general
began to treat about a p^ace
without delay.

Whilst be was flailing cross
the riTer, the boat began to
sink, he is wet op to the chin.

70. Showers are poured
down into the Tallies, whilst
snow fails upon the hills.

The shepherds came under
the mountains with their flocks ;
at length they were forced by
the rain to drive them into folds
under the ground.

71. Whilst Peter was silting
in the parlour, the boys were
playing in iUe porch, the girls
were dancing under a tree.

The soldiers sat dotvn upon
the grass, nigh the shore, where
they dined in presence of their
general.

Phaeton for fear fell from
heaven into the Po in Italy ;
his sisters bewailed his d<^ath,
till they were all changed into
poplar trees.

.Whilst the war is carried on
in Numidia against Jugurtba,
the Romans were defeated by
the Gauls nigh the Rhone.

Toward the evening the no-
bility fled out of the city, passed
over into Greece, levied war
in Epire against Caesar.

Caesar is sent into Germany,
lie marches with his army be-
yond the Rhine, lays waste the
country, returns with glory to
Htnter-quarters.

,^i€Ui muto cum for-
tunay odium saepe reddo
pro gratia, arbor dignos"
CO exfructus.

Post pugna dux coepi
ago depax sine mora*

Dum veko trans fluvius,
cymba coepi sido, madefio
metitum tenus»

Imber /undo in vallis,
dum nix cado super mons.

Pastor venic sub mons
cum grex; tandem cogo
ab imher ago is in septum
subter terra,

Dum Petrus sedeo in
coenaculum^ puer colludo
in vestibulum, puella salto
sub arbor.

Mies discumho super
gramen, subter littuSy ubi
prandeo coram dux,

Pkaetorrprae timor cado
de coelum in Padvs in Ita-
lia ; soror lugeo m>ors, do»
nee omnis muto in popu-.
I us,

Dum bellum gero in
Numidia contra Jugurtha,
Romanus vinco a Gallus
juxta Rhodanus.

Sub vesperus nobiliias
fugio ex urbSy transeo in
Graecia, paro beilum apui
Epirus contra Caesar.

Caesar mitto . in Ger^
mania, pergo cum exer»
citus ultra Rkenus^ vcuto
ager^ revertor cum gloria
in hybemci^

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

igi

72. Theshepherd passes by
the Tillage, goes to the city,
where he stays a loog time ; he
is ordered to depart ' from the
to WD, to return to his flocks ;
but he would not desist from his
^ purpose.

IT Mardonius accosts Xerxes
"ajQfrighted at this defeat, and
doubtful what course to take ;
he advises him to go away ioto
his kingdom, lest the fame of
this unfortunate w'ar should oc-
casion any sedition . His advice
being approved, an army is de-
livered to Mardonius ; the king
himself prepares to draw back
the rest of the troops into his
kingdom : but the Greeks, hav-
ing heard of the king's flight,
enter into a design of breaking
down the bridge which he had
made at Abydos.

Thus, after Atticus had ab-
stained from food for two days,
on a sudden his fever went ofi*,
and the distemper began to be
more easy ; he died, however,
the fifth day after, the day be-
fore the Kalends of April, when
Cn. Domitius and C. Sosius
were consuls. He was carried
to his funeral upon a little
couch, as he himself had order-
ed, without any pomp of fu-
neral, all good people attending
him. Me was buried near the
Appian way, at the fifth mile-
stone, in the monument of Q*
Caecilius his uncle.

In the mean time the Ro-
mans, sending the Scipios into
Spain, first drove the Cartha-
ginians out of the province ; a&

Pastor pr4Utereo villa,
adeo urbi^ uhi diu com^
moror ; jubeo decedo op^
pidnm^ redeo ad grex ; at
nolo absisto inceptum.

Mardonius aggredior
Xerxes perculsus hie
clades, et dubius consili'
um ; hortor vt in regnum
abeoj ne quid seditiofama
adversus bellum fnoveo^
Probatus consilium^ exer-
ciitts trado Mardonius ;
rex ipse paro reduco reli'
quus copiae in regnum :
sed Graeciy auditus rex
fugay ineo consilium in-
terrumpefidus pons qui
ille Jlbydusfacio,

Sic, cum Micus absti»
neo cibus biduum^ subito
febris . decedo^ morbusque
coepi sum Uvis ; decedo^
tameny qvintus exinde dieSy
pridie Kalendae Aprilis,
Cn. Domiiiusy C. Sosius^
consul, Eff'ero in lectin
cwZff, ut ipse praescriboy
sine uUus pompa funus,
ornnis bonus comitans,
Sepeliojuxta via Jippius^
ad quintus lapis ^ in monu-
mentum Q. Caecilius avun"
cuius suus.

Interea Romasii^ missus
in Hispania ScipiOf primo
Poeni provineia exptlloj;
postea cum ipse Hispuni

192

AN INTRODUCTION

terwardf th«7 carried on terri-
ble wars with the Spaaiards
themaelves ; nor would the
the Spaniards receive the yoke,
till Caesar Aagustas, aAer he
had conquered the world, car-
ried his victorious arms to
them, and reduced the barba-
reus and savaj^e people into the
ibrm of a province*

The Dorians consulted the
oracle about the event of the
contest ; answer was made them,
Thatthej should be superior
unless they killed the king of
the Athenians. Codrns was
king of the Athenians at that
time ; who having got notice
of the answer of the god,
changing his royal habit, enter-
ed the enemy's camp ; he is
slain by a soldier, whom he
had wounded with a cutting-
knife. The king's body being
known, the Dorians march off
without fighting ; and thus the
Athenians are delivered from
the war, by the bravery of
their prince offering himself to
death for the safety o£ his
country.

A deeire of visiting the sa-
cred residence of the god Se-
rapis, whom £gypt, a nation de-
voted to superstition, adores
beyond all* other, seized Ves-
pasian, that he might consult
him about affairs of the em-
pire ; and having entered the
temple, and being intent upon
the deity, behind fab own back
lie perceived Basilides, wbom
he toew to be «everal days'
jouaney fr«B Atosmdria^ «e

grmis hMMm gero ; nee
priusfuqum Hispam oe-
cipio volOf ^uam Cctemr
AugusmSf perdomitu$ oT'»
bisy victrix ad is arma
transferor populusque

barbarus aeferusin for'
maprovimcia redigo.

Dorierues de eventus
'praelium oraeulum consu"
lo; rtspondetur^ ii superior
forem^ ni rex Aikeniensis
oceido* Atkeniensis is
tempvs rex Codrus sum ;
quit responsum deus cog*
nitus^ permutatus regius
habitus, castra hostis in^
gredior ; interficio a miles,
qui falx vulnero. Rex
corpus cognituSn Dorienses
sine praelium discedo ; at*
que ita Athenienses, virtus
dux, pro solus patria mors
sui offerensj bellum libera.

Cupido adeundum sdcer
sedes deus Sera pis, qui Ae*
gifptus, gens deditus super-
stitioy eolo ante omnis ali-
«9, capio Fespasianus, ut
coMulo is super res tm-
perium ; atque ingressus
templum, intentusque nu-
men, pone tergum sum
respicio Basilides, qui
nosco plus dies 6 iter od*
sum Alexandriam Per"
eantor ^eKerioa, ntm ilk

TO LATIN SYNTAX, 19S

examiDes the priests, whether dUs BafUide$ templum

Basilides that day had entered ineo ? p^rcontorj nvm in

the temple ? he askSyVvhether he urb$ video ? Deni(pief mM-

had been seen in the city ? At 9us eques, exploro^ is Hie

last, despatching horsemen, he tempus momentum octo*

learns, that he ivas at that in- ginta 6 mille passus a6-

stant eighty miles from thence* sum^

Neptune, Vulcan, «nd Mlaenra dil|Mted, wbich of them wai the most sklMul arti-
ficer ; «Thereupon Nepiune made a bull, Minerva a bouse, and Vulcan a man *, and
they chose Morausjudfre. But Mouius chid them «11 three- Ue accuHed Nepiune of
imprudence ; iMicause be had not placed the buU'ii boms in Ills forehead betwixt bis
eyes; for then the bull might £[ive a stronger and sur^r blow. He accused Minerva
of folly ; becatue her bouse was immuveable, and could not be carried away, if It
happened to be placed among ill neighbours. But be said Vulcan wa&the most im-
prudent of ibem all } because be had not made a window tn the man*» breast, that b/c
loigut see what his thoughts were.

Merchants are oi great benefit to the public. They kmt mankind together in a rou-
toal bitercourse of gvnd ofiloes; they distribute the gifts of nature, find work for tl>«
poor, add wealth to the rich, and magnificence to the great. Our fleets of British
mercbantmeD are so many squadrons of floating shops, thai vend our wares and ma-
mifactttres in all the markets of the world } and, with dangerous industry, find oat
chapmen under both tropics. Our British merchant converts the tin ot his own coun-
try mto gold, and exchanges his wool for rubies. The lifAliometaus are elothed in
our British manufactures, and Uu» inbatrtiantsof the frozen sone are warmed with the
fleeces of our sheep.

Robert Bruce, the son of that tlobert Bruce, who, In the,yeflr 1285. had oootended
with Baliol about the succession, was crowned king of the Scots, at Scoon, in the

?ear 1306. He was a 'man of great bravery In war, and of great moderation in peaca.
'be strength of bis mind in adversity was wonderftil. Though his wife was taken
prisoner; though his four brothers, all brave men, were cruelly buicbered ; and though
be himMlf was strtpped, vot only of his paternal estete, but of his kingdom, by £d-
-ward, king of England ^ yet bis mind wu so far from sinking under this load of af-
Hietion, that be never lost hopes of recovering his kingdom. Few of the meientt
mty be compared to Robert Bniee. Oato and Brutns laid violent bands on tiiem*
selves: Marlus, thirsting after revenge, entered into wicked and cruel measures
agaibst bis oottnti7 s Robert, afktt ivcovering his kingdom, forgot the Ul nMge of hit
enemies.

3. OF INTERJECTIONS,

* 73. The interjections O, heu^ and proh, govern the
nominative or vocative, and sometimes the accusative.

JVom, O what a face ! O quatis fades !

Ah ignorant souls I Heu ignarae mentes !

Oh the pain ! Prc^ dolor I

Voc. O my father ! O mi pater i

Ah wretched boy \ Heu miserande puer !

O awful Jove I Proh sancte Jupiter !

Ace, O distressed old age ! O calamitosam seneciuiemi

Ah unhappy creature Heu me infelicem /

that I am ! -

O the faith of gods and Proh devm kominum^

luen! ^eml

194

AN INTRODUCTION

Jftfit L O bcfbM Am voesttir» Is oflen fopprcssed *, at, Viifr. JUiuo, «i&f coumu iNfr-
MM« i Mid mdMd, «sictlir ipaBkisCi ^^ vQcaUve b alwayi ainolBte, beUtf gwetaed
b/ BO word whatever.

NtU % Tbaw or tb« like eonslroMioM mav be ibut rapjpUed : O qymiUftuk» ut knU i
Bm «MMf M ^faerM wmt ! Pnk qumntut ut dolor ! O qumm etUmmitotum «enectitfcm cx-
fritr ! H9U qmam «m i^Uktm Mtntio .' Prok dnm atf im Aewitmim iUcm mjrfe/v vel
«WMCer. The word /dm li wiuetiueti supiiredatfd.

74. Het and vae govero the dative.

Ah me.
Wo to yoo !

Hei tniki !
Vae tibi I

Ittu 1. Btui «ad «Ab lake the vocative only i as, Ter. BemSj/n I Mart. OAc fOelb.

ifaCt 2. Ak and «ei take the «eeoiaureor vocative ; ai, Ter. Ahmt ■Mwnni .' Virg.
Sh «vf» if^kUg t laeert. FoA inomitmif iom / Ptaut. FoA «efcu ewa /

Ifau S. I7«m takes the dative, acemative, or vocative; as, Ter. Btm fOt/ Id. Oum
mtmtiai! Id. Hem Dmmm Hbil Clc. Htm mta nut I

Hot* 4. Most of the other laterjeetlons, and freqaent|y also tbeie meatlOBadi are
thrown Into diaeoone wlthoat any cue snbjoined to thmi

if etc ft. The dative It fitly «il||olaed to interJ«ctioM, as weU as to other parts of
ipe s c h ; the vocative is ahsolate } and the aecutative aisy be that sapdtedt Ak lae
«niicntm atMio ! Fmk onaai insonftaafMHa mmtm/ Htm ciCiiHw «Mete .'^fieai Donnai
tMamtibivUbit

73, O maD ▼aliaot and friend-
ly I O joyful day !

Ah the piety ! Ah the laith
of ancient ti me ! Ah the vani<-
ty of men !

Oh the pain ! Oh the ivick-
edness ! Oh the manoen S We
degenerate from our parents.

O Davos ( am I thas despis-
ed by yoo 1 Ah wretched boy !

Ah Fortune ! what god is
more cruel than yoa ? you al«
ways take pleasure to sport
with the designs of men*

O awful Jove ! what greater
thing has been done on earth t

O the times ! O the fashions !
O the wretched minds of men !
O blind souls !

Ah wretch that I am ! why
am I forced to do this t

O 1 virfortU aique ami»
ctu ! Ofestus 1 dies !

Heu I pieiosi Heu 1
Jides priscus ! Heu 1 va-
niias humanus !

Proh I dolor ! Froh 1
»celu$ ! Proh I mos ! Dt-
genero a parens noster,

O Davus f itane con-
temnor ahs iu ? Heu mi*
serandus puer !

Heu Fortuna ! quis de-
us sum crudelis tu ? sem^
per gaudeo iUudo res hu-
manus,

Proh sancius Jupiter !
quis res magnus gero in
terra ?

O 4 tempus /04 tnos t
O miser homo 4 mens !
4 pectus caecus I

Heu 4 ego miser! eujr
cogo hie /ado ?

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

195

By the faith of gods and men,
the fictorj is in oar bands*

74. Ah roe I woes me ! Iotg
is carable by no herbs.

f When Titus one day re-
collectedy at supper, that he
had done nothing for any one
that day, he said, O friends I
to-day I have lost a day. He
was a prince of so much easi-
ness and generosity, that he
denied no man any thing ; and
when he was blamed for it by
his friend% he replied, that no
man ought to go away sorrow-
ful from an emperor.

To you, says Alexander, O
most faithful and most affection-
ate of countrymen and friends !
I [do] give thanks, not only be*
cause to-day you have prefer-
red my life to your own, but
because, since the beginning
of the war, you have omitted
no token or expression of kind-
ness towards me.

This was another occasion of
making war agninst Jugurtba ;
wherefore the following rc-

Proh deu$ aique homo 4
fides ! victoria ego in ma-
nus sum»

Hei ego i vae ego ! niiZ-
lus amor sum medicabUis
herba.

Cum T^tus guidam diei
reeordor, in coena^ sui nt-
^»7 quisquam praesio ille
dietf dicoj O amicus ! hodie
dies perdo» Sum prin*
ceps tantus facilitas et h*-
heralitas^ ut nullus 91119-
qvam nego ; et cum ab
orrdcus reprehendo^ res~
pondeo^ nullus iristis debeo
ab imperator discedo.

Tu^ inguam Alexander y
O fidus piusque civis at*'
que amicus ! grates ago,
non solum quod hodie salvs
meus vester praeponoy sed
quod^ a prtmordium beU
luMj nullus erga ego he»
nevolentia pignus aul in*
dicium omitto.

Hie sum alter causa beU
landum contra Jugurtha ;
igitur sequens u/fto mando
Albinus : sed, proh dede^
cus ! Kumida ita corrum-

venge is committed to Albinus ;

hut, O shameful ! the Numidi-

an so corrupted his army, that po hie erercitus, ut vinco

he prevailed by the voluntary voluntarius fuga noster,

flight of our men, and took our

camp ; and, a scandalous treaty

being added for the purchase

of their security, he dismissed

the army which he had before

bought.

O dreadful assurance in the
mid^t of so much adversity ! O
the singular courage and spirit

castraque potior; et, tur-
pis foedus addxtus in pre*
tium salus, dimitto exerci^
tus qui prius emo.

Ohorribilis in tot ad"
versus 4fiducia / O singu*
laris 4 animus ac 4 sptri-

190 AN INTRODUCTION

of th« Ronao peo(flc 1 Whilst iu$ po/ndus Ramawus !

Adoi^I was flytog over their Cwm AimhoX in jugulwn

throat through Cnmpania and per Campania Apultaque

ApaKa; at the same time they voliio ; idem tempvs et hie

both withstood him, and sent swtineQ^ et in Sicilian &r-

their arms into Sicily, Sardi- dinia^ Hiipaniaque arma

oia, aod Spain. O people mitto, O 4populus dig'

worthy of the empire of the nus orbis imperium ! dig^

world! worthy of the fiiTOur nus fomor et admiratio

and admiration of gods and deus ac homo !
I

Tb« Lord it jofl and rig^bteons, ud wOl j«de« the earth wUb eqatty «nd tnitli.
Think Doi, O bold mm» ! btfcaoie tbjr panlfhineiit fs delayed, thai the ana of the Lord
it weakened, neither flatter thytelr with hopes that he winkeih «t tbydoingt. The
Ugh and the low. ttie rich and the poor, the wife and the Ignorant, when the soul
bath ahahen off the cambroat dweUet of thie mortal life, «hall eqvally receive from
tbe teotence of God a Just and everlattinr retritwtion, aeoordine to their worka.
Then ahjUl tbe wicked treflnUe and be afraid, bat the heart of the i^teous shall re-
joice in his Jndgments.

The tbooghtiest man brklleth not hb tonrae, woe be to Mm! he tpeaketbat ran-
dom, and is entanrled in tbe fooliahnetf orbis own words. Hearken therefore, O
young man, onto the voice of Consirieratioo ; her words are the words of wisdom, and
her paths shall lead thee to safety and tmth.

4. OF CONJUNCTIONS.

* 75. Th£ conjunctions, et^ ac^ atque, ntCj neque, aut, re/,
and some others, couple like cases and moods.

Honour your father and mo- Honora pairem et matrem.

ther. I

He neither writes nor reads. JVec ecrihit nee legit.

Note 1 . To these add fumm, nUit prtuUrpum, an ; also n««|w, lissl, fiiamvif, ^uen-
iumtai. nschim^ ic«l, vtrMm, Ice. Aad adverbs of llkaiess \ as, era, Conftuan, quasi, Ht,
vehUfW,

JfeCs 2. If tbe words or elaoses in a stnlenee reqaire or admit of a different construc-
tion, this mie dees not take piece } as, Cic Afsa e« reipMiem inierut. Jnv. Smxn-
Hi fft plwrU «mpf a. Boet. Mulitr coUr* vMdo atqu» nutkautti vigvn$. Sail. Uhi videt
nsgas ptr «Im, ««guc «fwiiUis, opfriwd ptu Aemtnem. Pen. Teown A«i«to, et ■ norit
fuam Ht f«U eiirea impdiex.

76. Utf ftio, licet, ne, utinam^ and dummodoy are for the
most part joined with the subjunctiye mood.

I read that I may learn. Lego ut diseam.

I wish you were wise. Utinam saperes.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

197

A'oU t. To tbiK aid all tnterrogatiTM. tvlMB Ukea indefinitely, wbdher they be
lieam; ai, fuaniuit qu0^il»t V**tu»f fuotufUXf ntmr § or proneonsj aSjftti», cujutg or
•dfertX ; a$i u6i, 9110, unde, qua^ quonufntfuandot quamdiut fuotkst cur, fuor?, quwtiw
6nnN,.frttomodo, {ui* &c or conJoiietioiK i as, ne, an, annat annon. These, when uied
imerrogatively, stand first in a sentence, and take the Indicative ; but when a word

£•• before tbeia in tbe sentence, such a% »ciOf nsseio, video, tnleUtfo, rage, psio, ee-
, die, dtAitOt or ineertM$f dubius, tgnams, and the \ikt% they generallr beceaie inde-
finite, and take the satyanctive ; a^ Hor. Qwae virtutf et gaanto,' front, «if vioen parvOi
dtsciee. Gic. Ut leiam qwd ago», ufri ouogiM, c« maxim» fiumdo Rom^it /utwmt sis,
0?id. JWsett vitane/rwUWf an sit ajwa manst.

NifU 2. He takes the Imperative or sal^iiacti?e; as, ne Nme, or «« Hmat. After 4ha
verb eotfs It is often suj^esaed) as, Cavefaaitu.

Note 9. I7<, after these vertM, vehy no/o, tiMdo, rofo., precer, oetuee. suadse, ^ioef , oper-
<sl^ tieeesw sM, and the like ; also after these Imperatives, ftia,yae, or/odlo, is ele
gently suppressed j as» Ter. I^hcos veto hodU «worem. Id* Foe te patrem esse «ciaiaC

N^e 4, UHnmrn Is the same as «i or «K,aDd has opfe OBdentood; as, Uttnam so-
perest i. e. opfe ut eapens*

«Vote 5. Ut and quod are thas distinguished 1 ut denotes the final cause, and general-
ly respiHsts what is future j or, after adeo, t<a,«wr, (am, taliSf tarUus^ tot, and the like,
itsijgfoifitts tbe manner ; but ^ued denotes tbe motive or'eflBelent catise, and commonly
relates to what is past.

JVote 6. JV*e, after timeo, metuo, wraor, pooeo, is used afllnnatlvely y as, Ter. Timet
ne se deuras. But ui after these vert»^ Is for ne non, or used negatively j as, Gic Ft'
deris vereri ui ^pistoUu Ulas aeceperim ; i* e. as non oocspcriM.

75. Riches breed pride and
iDsolence.

Scipio took and destroyed
Carthage..

Drunkeoness impares wealth
and repatatioD.

Time consumes iron and
stones.

The man does wickedly, be
neither fears God nor honours
the king. '

Covetous ness is never satisfi-
ed nor satiated.

A soldier, according to his
bravery, is praised or disprais-
ed.

The poets design ^ either to
profit or to please.

Whether I be silent or
speak, he goes on to provoke.

I would more ivillingly re-
ceive than do an injury.

When a man fears nothing
but a witness and a judge, what
will he not do in the dark ?

DivUiae pario superbia
et arrogantia.

Scipio capfio' ac diruo
Carthago.

Ebrietas minuo opes at'
que honor,

F^etustas coniumo fer-
rum lapisque.

Homo ago improbe^ nee
ttmeo Deus nee honoro rex.

Cupiditas nunquam ex»
pleo neque tatio.

Mitest pro mrtus^ laudo
aut vitupero.

Poeta Txolo vel prosum
vel deleeto.

Sive ego taceo sive lih
quory ille pergo lacesso.

Libenter accipio quam
facio injuria*
^ Cum homo timeo nihil
nisi testis et judeXf quis
non facio in tenebrae ?

198

a5i introduction

Nethiogctn be taken from
HI eicept liberty or life.

Avoid idleDeu as a plagoe ;
glory^ attends Tirtae as a sha-
dow.

Honour, like the rainbow,
flies the porsuer, and parsaes
the flier.

76« God did not send his son
Into the world, that he might
condemn the world, but that
the world might be saved
throagh him.

I did this that 1 might escape
the more quickly ; but do you
assist me that it may be done
the more easily.

I will discover the theft,
though he threaten arms and
death.

Be not hasty to speak, take
care you do not stammer, take
care you do not loae your cour-
age.

Virtue procures ^and pre-
serves friendship ; 1 wish you
may do y<^nr duty carefully.

1 will come to a conferencOi
provided there be a wall be-
twixt you and me.

^ In the five hundred and
fifty-first year from the building
of the city, T. Quintius Flami-
Dius is seot against Philip king
of Macedonia ; be managed
his affairs successfully ; a peace
was granted to the king upon
the^e terms, that he should not
make war upon the cities of
Greece, which the Romans had
defended against him; that he
should restore the pmsoners
and deserters.

JVtht/ poisiim tripio a
ego praeterquam libertaa
aut vita,

Fugio desidia eeu peS"
H$ ; gloria sequor virtus
tanquam umbra,

Honost ut iris, f^gio se-
quenSf et ntquor fugitns.

Deus non miitofilius in
mvnduSy ut condenmo mun-
duSf sed ut mundus servo
per is»

Facio hie quo evado CC'
leriter ; sed tu adjuto ego-
quo is Jio facile,

Detego furtum^ licet ar*
ma morsque minor,

Nefestino loquor, caveo
U^ tiiubo, caveo ne perdo
animus.

Virtue concilio et con*
servo amicitia ; utinam
facio officium diligenter,

Venio ad colloquitim,
dummodo murus sum infer
tu et ego.

Quingentesimus et quin'^
quagesimus primus annus
ab urbs conditus^ 7\ Qfun-
tius Flaminius adversus
Philippus rex Macedonia
mitto : res prospere gero ;
pax rex do kic lex, ne
Graecia civitas, qui Ro-
Tnnnns contra is defendo,
bellum infer o ; ut captivus
et transfuga reddo.

TO LATIN SYNTAX.

199

Pompey restored the hos-
tages to the Aotiochians, gave
some land to (he Daphnensiaos,
that the grove there might be
made more spacious, beiog
mlgbtilj taken with the plea-
santness of the place, and the
plenty of water. Going from
thence to Judea, he took Je-
rusalem, the metropolis of the
nation, in three months, killing
twelve thousand of the Jews,the
rest being admitted to quarter.

Titus succeeded Vespasian,
a man admirable for all sorts of
virtues, so that he was called
the darling and delight of man-
kind. He was a man of so
much moderation in his govern*
ment at Rome, that he puqish*
ed nobody at all, and so dis-
missed those convicted of con-
spfring against- bim, that he
kept them in the same familiari-
ty as before. He was very
eloquent too ; he pleaded
causes in Latin ; he composed
poems aniPtragedies in Greek.

Germanicus, when his end
approached, turning to his wife,
besought ber, by the memory
of himself, by their commbn
children, that she would lay
aside her haughty spirit, that
she would submit her mind to
fortune ; and not long after he
expires. Foreign nations aud
kings lamented him, strang^s
bewailed Germanicus ; his fii-
neral without images was grattd
by the praises and memory 0f
his virtues.

One of the Magi warned

Pompeius ^ntiochenset
ohsea reddo, aliqttantum
ager Daphnenses c/o, quo
lucus ibi spatiosusjioy dc'
lectatus amoenitas locus,
et aqua abundaniia, Inde
ad Judaea Iransgressus,
Hierosolyma^ caput geniy
tertius mensiSf capioy duO"
decim mille Judaei occisuSf
caeter in fides acceptus»

Vespasianus Titus ««c-
ctdo, vir omnis virtus ge^
nus mirabilis^ adeo utamor
et deliciae humanus genus
dico. Sum vir tantu§ ci^
vilitas in imperium Roma^
ut nullus omnino punio,
atque convictus adversum
suisui conjuratio ita di-
mitto, %xt in idem familia^
ritas qui antea haoeo» Sum
etiam facundus ; causa
Latine ago ; poema et
tragoedia Graece compono.

Germanicus^ ubi finis
adsum^ ad uxor versusf
per memoria sui communis
Hberi orOy ut exuoferociaf
ut fqrtuna submtito ani'
mus ; neque multo post ex»
tinguo, Indoleo ^xterus
natio rexque; \0<^manicut
ignotus fieoi funus 4ine
imeigo pf laus et memotia
virtue Celebris sum.

Alexander Batylon fss*-

200

AN INTRODUCTION

Alexander, u'he was hasteniog
to BabyloD, not to enter the
city, declaring tbat this place
wonld be fatal to him ; for this
reason, waving Babylon, he
went to Borsippa, a citj bejrond
the Euphrates : there he was
engaged again by Anazarchus
the philosopher to slight the
predictions of the Magi, as false
and uncertain ; wherefore he
returned to Babylon.

All nations in the west and
the south being conquered, the
Scythians and Sannatiaas sent
ambassadors to Rome, begging
an alliance ; the Seres, and the
Indians,that live under the sun,
with jewels and pearls, brought
elephants too amongiit their
presents : the length of tbeir
journey was so |;reat, that they
scarce finished it in four yei^rs.
l*bus every where there was
peace ; insomuch th»t Caefiar
Augustus at last Tentured|^n
the seven j)|asidr^th ye^r fr<^
the building of the city, to sbut

the double-Steed Janu«* Augus-
tas, for his gre^t actions, was
called TH£ ^FjiTHSR of his
Country.

iinanif quidamex Magus
praecUco^ ne urbs irUroeo,
testatus hie locus isfatalis
forem ; ob hie causa, omts-
sut Babylon, in Borsippa^
urbs trans Euphrates,
concedo : ibi ab Anaxar^
chus philosophus comptllor
rurswn Magus pratdictum
contemnOf utfalsus tt in-
certus ; revertor igitur
Babylon.

Ornnis ad oceasus el me-
ridies pacatus gens, Scy-
thae et Sarmatae mitto Ro-
ma legalus^ awxciiia pe-
tens ; Serss, habitansqfte
sub ipse sol Indif cufn
^emm^et margarttsit efe*
phas guQqt^ ifil^r vmmts
tr^ho • longinquitas via
fanttu su^f .III vix 6 ^a-
jirienniuta implex, SSc
ubijque pax sum ; adfio ut
Omar Augustus ftude^
'tondeifi, sepiingenUsimus
ab urbs condiius annus^
Janus geminus elaudo,
Avgutius^ ob factum in-
g£ttSf Pati^ i^iTRiA dico^

'Hf ft Tirtooas emuliUton the ipirit of .« man If «nlted wlljbin bim ; be fanteth af-
ter bine,aod refoloetb u a raeer to run bU course. He r^xeth Uke^tbe palm-tne, in
•pite or «i>0re8sroD }-«nd as an eagle in the Srmameiit of beaveo, be aoareth aloft, and
feBoUk hU pj^ upon tbe eloriet or the saa* The examplei of «oilMPt men an i^ bia
visions bv niguj «nd his delight 1» to foSow them all the day loog.
•' A fainoU« 'critu^iuiving gaihered all Ite /anils of aa emitien| poet, niade>^reaent
of ibeni to ApoUo >>«ho received them Terr cr«c2ously,and reiolved to make the aa»-
Ihor a sailabie return Iv^ the trouble be had Seen at In collecting them. In order to
ibis, he «et before him a Hck of wheat, f« it b^d been ihrfebed out of the sheaf. He
then bid him pick out the c^r^f from among the com, and lay if aside by itself. The
critic applied himself Co the taik with gfoat ii^ustry and fleMure*, and after having
made the doe separation, was nreaeited by Apollo w^h the fhaff for hta paina.

Mankind seem to be no loH iceonnfekbK far the III use of their dominion over erea-
turea of the lower rank, than for the enacise of tyranny over thebr own speeiee. The
5?*!^ «'IST?^ *• *'?*riorcrMaion 1« iubmlMto oorpopner.t^ivore tenderlf ought

dogs, not only ia ezpeetatlea of ihehr labour, whHe they are Ibals and whelpe, bat

TO LATIN SYNTAX- foi

«▼en when their old afe bu made tbem incapable of «cnrice. Tbere is a passage is
tho^booli of Jonas, when God declares bis aversion to destroy Nineveb, where that
compassion of the Oreator, which extends to the meanest rank of his crestures, Is ex-
pressed with wonderful tenderness: S hould I not spare MIneyeh, that great eiff,
wherein are more thaniSixscore thousand personSi and also much cattle f Aod ia the
book of Deuteronomy we have a preeept to this purpose, with a blessing annexed to
It, in these words:— —If thoa shalt find a birdN nest in the way. thou sh«tt not take
the dam with the young : But thou shalt in any wise l«t the dam go *, that it may to
weii with thee, and tliat thou mayit prolong thy days.

THfi Elll> OF THE l^iTRODtUCTiON:.

»1^

AI«CI£NT mSTOltr EnTOUlZED :

A Jhort Vtew of th« priodptl tfwmetioMaiid evcnCi Uas occur In HIST0B7, firtm
tlwCfMlioii of Oo World to Iho Birdi of Christ;

IHcMlMlCttiroiiol^telhryMid «itapled lo tbo method of the iMrodHdim It Lctfi»
SpiUmf th« EogUah hdnf In obocoIouiii, ud (be Latin wonU In nniilber ;

latendodni a pioptr «Man to Inltlato bofa in ^tke uiafiil itudy of BISTORT,
at tiM famo time tliatii lerrea to ImproTO them lo the luowledge of the LATIN
TOVQVK

CHAP. I.

From du cruUion to th» detune, wkUh includa 1666 j^cort.

Iir tba beginniog God onated tke
heartti uid the mrth, and curiomly
finidied them in the space of six dayi.
To Adam, the fint <Sf the human
race» he g;aTe oommand orer all the
other ereaturea. Adam, by his wife
£Te,.b«gat Cain and Abel ; the £»r-
Mier of whom was a tiller of the
gfotund, and the latter a shepherd.
But wiofcedness soon breakmg^oat
in his lamilytCain slew Abel. Cain's
posterity invented music, the work-
ing of iron, and other arts. The de-
scendants of Seth, who was born to
Adam after the murder of Abe]« prey-
ed Tirtnous : those of Cain yicious.
The world was created 4004 years
before the Christian aera.

2. Enoch, the fifth in descent from
Seth, about a thousand years after
the creation of the world, was taken
up fromthe society and converse of
men, into heaven, on account of his
intimate familiarity with God. His
son Methuselah died a natural death,
after he had lived near a thousand
years. But men, g^enerally unmind-
ful of death, began to abuse longevi-
ty ; for most of them lived full 900
years. Moreover the family of Seth,
intermarrying with that of Cain,
gave birth to a gigantic race of men ;
and degenerating into heathenish
practices, broke through all the re«
straints of modesty and duty.

3. IVherefore, 1656 yoart after

PEXirciFiiric ereo Deui eoc-
Inm et terra» idemque sex dies
«xomo spatium. Adamus,hii-.
menus genus princfl|»s,creatar»
caeteripraepeno. Adamus,ez
uxor Eva, Cainns et Abel
gigno ; qui ille a^rioola, hie
pastor sum. Sed cito domesti-
cua malum subortus, Abel
Cainusinterficio. Cainuspos-
teri, musica, ferraria, aliusque
ars invenio. Impius Cainus,
plus Sethus, qui post inter-
emptus Abel Adamus nascor,
progenies existo. Creomundus
annus ante aera Christianus
4004.

Enoohns, Sethus trinepos,
annu post mundus conditus
. prope millesimus, ob summus
Beus familiaritas, divinitus
sum ex homo coetus atque o-
onlus raptus. Hie filius Me-
thusales, cum annus fere mille
vivo, &tum fuDgor. Vulgo
autem mortalis, mors oblitus,
vita longitude, plerique enim
annus expleo noogentesimus,
abutor coepi. Sethus porro
gens, connubinm cum Cainus
gens junctus, gigas progigno;
et in externus lapsus mos, om-
nis pudor atque officium re-
pagulum perfringo,

Itaque annas post mundu

904

AI^CIENT HISTORY

CBA». II.

the world wu erMUd, «ad 2348 be-
lore the birth of Christ» Ood, pro-
voked with the wickedoeai of men,
determines to drown the whole world
bj a deloge. Forty days the waten
inoreaaed ezoeedingly, and rose fif-
teen enbits above the highest nonn-
tains ; no living creatare any where
remained, eioept those which Noah,
a good man, saved by the direction
of God in a certain large vessel or
ark. After the flood the measure of
man^ strength and life was lessened.
From the three sons of Noah, Shem,
Ham, and Japheth, all the families
of the earth have gradually been pro-
pagated.

conditus ld56,«t.ante natoa
Christus 2348, Dens, homo
neqnitia iratus, totus terras-
bis diluvium submerge statoo.
Aqua 40 dies vehementer in»
undo, et mens altos IScnbitns
transcendo ; animans nihil os-
piam reliquos iio, praeter is
qui Noes, vir bonus, Dens
monitns, in area, sea navis
quidam ingens asservo. Sab
eluvio vis et vita homo iauni*
nno. A tresNoes filios, Semui,
Chamus, Japhetns, gens omnia
totus terra orbis paolatiffl sma
propagatos.

CHAP. n.

From the deluge to (fte vocation o/ Abraham^ eontainiag 4S7 yean.

Ths posterity of Noah, about 101
years after the flood, before their dis'
persion, entered upon a project of
building a city and a tower, whose
top mi^t reach to heaven. But the
divine power checked the insolent
attempts of mortals. They all then
used the same laoguage, which on a
sadden was miracutoualy divided in-
to a multiplicity of tongues. Accord-
ingly the intercourse of speech be-
in^ cut off, the building was laid
aside. After this the earth begao to
be peopled. The city thus begun,
from the confusion of languages, was
first called Babel, and afterwards
Babylon. Nimrod having subdued
some neighbouring people by force
of arms, reigned in it the first after
the flood.

2. About the time of Nimrod,
i^pt seems to have been divided
into lour dynasties, or principali-
ties ; Thebes, Thin, Memphis, and
Tanis. From this period, also, the
Egyptian laws and policy take
their rise. Already they began to
make a figare in the knowledge of
astronomy; they first adjusted the
year to the annual revolution of the
Bun. The inhabitants of this coun-
try were renowned for their wisdom
and learning, even in the earlfest

'Nois posteri, annus po«t
diluvium circiter centesimus
primus, ante digressus, ineo
consilium ezstruo urbs et tur-
ris, qui fastigium ad coelum
pertingo. Caeterura superbus
mortalis oonatus divinus obsto
numen. Repente unus, qui
turn utor omnis, lingua in mul-
tifarius divinitus dispertio.
Sublatus igitur sermo com-
mercium, aedificatio abjido.
Ex is terra orbis frequento
coepi. Urbs sic iocboatus, ex
lingua coufusio. Babel pri-
mom, deinde Babylon appello.
In is primus post diluvium im-
perito Nimbrothus, vicious
qaidam gens via et arma sub-
actus.

Sab tempus Nimbrothus,
quatuor in dynastia, sea prin->
cipatus, Aegyptus divido vi-
deor ; Thebae, Thinus, Mem-
phis, Tanisque. Ex is quo-
que tempus Aegyptius lex po-
litiaque ortus suus duco. As-
tronomia scientia jam coepi
eniteo ; ad cursus sol hie pri-
mus annus describe. Hioce
regie incola, ob sapientia lite-
raeque, primus etiam tempus
sum celeber» Hermes, ipsef

«HAV.n.

EPITDMBBER

times. Thenr Hermes, or Mereury
Tri8iiieg;istii8, filled all £g;7pt with
usefal inyentioDs. He, according^ to
them, first taught men letters, mu-
siCy religioDf eloqaenoe, stalaaj^,
and other arts besides. Most histo-
rians say, that Aeseulapius, or To-
sorthus, Idag: of Memphisi first dis-
eovered physic and anatomy. In
fine# tbe-anoient Egyptians, as to arts
nnd scieneest-and tbeiUasUiousmo-
'OomeDts of wealth and grandeur,
have deservedly obtained the pre-
ference among all nations of the
world* Every body owns, that
Aleneis^waaibe'irst mortal who reign-
Mover Egypt. Bat the most fa-
mous amongst their princes was Se-
ffostris, who with amazing rapidity
QTerran and conquered Asia, an^
subduing the 'countries beyond the
Ganges, advnnced eastward as far
as the ooean. At last losing l^s
light, he laid -idolenit bands 'on him-
self. The kings of 'that part of
Egypt, whereof Tanis was the oa-
pitali took all the name of i*haraoh.

3. Belus is said to have reigned
«Kt Babylon ; whose son Kinus cans»

-ed liis latiiar-s 'image to <1»e wor-
lAi^pedasai^d. This ie remarked
(to have fooMi ^le origin of idols.
Ntnusy fired with the lust of sove-
reignty, began to «ctetnd his em»
pire by arms. He reduced Asia un-
der his dominion ; made himself
Blaster of Bactria, by vanq[uirfiHig
Ozyartes king of the Bactrians, and
the inventor of magic He enlarged
the city Nineveh that had been built
by Ashur ; and founded the empire
of the Assy lians. I|e himself reign-
ed 64 years.

4. Semiramis, the wife of Ninns,
a woman of a masouline spirit, trans-
ferred the crown to herself in pre-
judice of her sen, who was yet a mi-
nor. By her was Babylon adorned
In a most magnafieent manner ; Asia,
Media, Persia, Egypt, overrun with
Wighty armies : a great part of Li-
bya aad Ethiopia conquered. At
lilt «he Toltmtarily cesigned the

vel Merouriits Trtsmegistnt,
bonus ars Aegyptus totus com-
pleo. Hie, secundum ille, li-
terae, mnsica, religio, rheto-
rioa,'Stataaria, eiiosque prae-
tereaars, mortalis primus in<*
stitno. Physiea ac anatomice
auctor, Aesculapius, vel To-
Bortbufl, Memphis rex^plerique
sum volo. Vetus denique Ae-
gyptius, quoad ars soientiaque,
ac praeolarus opes magnifi-
eentiaque monumentum, apvd
eunctus terra orbisgena, palma
merito sum potitus. Menes,
mortalis primus, Aegyptus im-
pero, nemo sum qui nego. In-
clytus vero inter ille rex sum
Sesostris, qui mirns eeleriias
Asia victor pemgro, popu-
Iw^ne extra Ganges pei^o-
nntns, oriens versus ^ad ocea-
nus usque projgredior. Tan-
dem ^coeoitas kborans,* mors
'sui .oonscisQO. 'Rex isle Ae-
•gyptos 'pars, qui caput sum
TanisvPbasao cognomen cune-
tosmsurpo.

Beloe Babylon iregnodioo}
qui Wm$ riiaue parens ^uus
•simulaoram colo jubeo pro
-deuB. Is idolum origo noto,
Hinusy Inpero studium 'iia«
jgrans, impenum arma pro-
'pago institue. Asia in «ekis
xedigo ditioi Oxyartes Bac-
triaausrex, idenqne magica
inventor» debellatus, -Baotria
potior. Idem I^inive urbs ab
Ashur oonditns ampHo ; As-
synus imperium constittio.
Ipse regno 54 annus.

Semiramis virago, Ninus
coDJnx» elusus filios aetas mi-
nor, regntim ad sui transfero.
Ab is Babylon magnificenter
sum exstructusi Asia, Me-
dia, Tenia, Aegyptus, in^ns
cum exercitus peragratus ;
ittagttus, Libya, Aethiopiaque
pars subaetus. Tandem im-
perinm tponte imts deponoi

AMUUINT HISTORY

CHAP. II.

•oeptrey after ibe had swayed it 42
yean. But Jattin layt iha was
aardered by her soo Ni- yas.

0. Ninyas deganerated qaita from
hoth his parants, and giriog up the
manasemeat of his kiofdooi to
liautenaata» he shat himself ap in
his palace, entirely abandoned to his
pleasures. He had thirty or more
of the Assyrian monarcbs that toe-
cessively followed his worthless ax-
ampUy the following ones being al-
ways worse than the former i the
last of whom was Sardanapalos» a
man more effeminate than a woman*
He being defeated by Arbaces, go-
vernor of the Medesy betook him-
self mto hispalaeoy where, erecting
afoneral pile, he bnmt himself, his
wives, and all his wealth. Thos Ar-
baces transferred the empire from
the Assyrians to the Modes, after it
had lasUd, as some ^say, 1300 yean.
But this whole account of the Assy-
rian empire is rejected by very good
authors as false and fictitious. The
history of this monarchy that ap-
pears rational, and agreeable to
scripture, is related chap. vii. 2,

6. Abraham, the lather of the
Hebrews, by nation a Chaldeas,
descended from Heber, is called by
God, in the year of the fiood 428,
and before Christ 1920. Whilst
he sojourned in Palestine, the seat
promised» to his posterity,beiog pinch-
ed by a famine, he went down into
Egypt. Returning from thence, he
delivered Lot, his brother*8 son, who
had been carried off prisoner from
Sodom. After this he paid tithes
to the priest fVIelchisedeck. More-
over, being now 100 years old, hav-
ing, at the divine command, circum-
cised himself and his family, he had
by his wife Sarah, Isaac, the son pro-
mised him by God. Isaac was not
yet bom, when Abraham, by his
prevailing intercession with God,
rescued Lot, together with his wife
and children, £om the burning of
Sodom. But Lot's wife, for look-
ing back, was turned into a pillar of
i»It. Fnrthar, Abraham's &itb be-

postqnam annus 42 teneo. At
J ustinus scriboisa filios I^inyas
trucido.

Ninyas ab nterque pso^ens
penitus degenero, regnumqae
administratio praeiectus com-
missus, totUB voluptas euos de-
ditus regie sulconUneo, Nequi-
tia suns imitator triginta ant
plus deinceps Assyrins rex ha-
beo, alius alius nequam; qui
ultimus Sardanapalus sum, vir
muUer cormptus. Is ab Ar-
bactus, Medus praefeetus,
praelinm victus, in regia sni
reoipio, ubi, rogus ezstmctus,
sui, cum conjux, divitiaeque
suttSfOoncremo. Itaimperiam,
ab Assyrius ad Medus, Arbac»
tus transferor postquam, ut
nonnnllus volo, annus 1300
duro. Sed totus hie Assyrius
imperinm descriptio ab opU-
mus scriptor nt ffUsus et fictus
rejicio. Historia hie impe-
rinm. qui verisimilis et sacer
literae consentaneusvideot ca-
put vii. ft* enarro,

Abrahamnsy Hebraeus pa-
rens, genus Chaldaeus,a)> He-
berus origo traho, a Dens
evoco, annus a diluvium 428,
et ante Christus natus 1920.
Palestine, sedes posteri suus
promissus, cum peragro, an-
nona inopia coactusi descendo
in Aegyptus. Inde reversus,
Lotos, frater filius, Sodoma
abducttts, libero. Deinde Mel-
chizedecus sacerdos deoumae
persolyo. Porro, jam oente-
narius, cum sui ac suus, Deus
jussu, praeputium circumcido,
e Sara o<mjux9 divinitus pro-
missus Isaacus filius gigno.
Nondum nascor Isaacus^ cum
Abrahamus Lotus, una cum is
uxor ac llberi, Deus exoratus,
Sodoma incendinm eximo.
Sed Lotus uxor, quod respioio,
in sal sum versus. Abraha-
mus, porro, fides divinitus ten*
tatus, loire eoitep ; »an im^

3]£kr.

EPrrOMlZED.

so?

iDg tried by 6od« became eminently
iltustrioos; for God commandin|f
him (o sacrifice^ with his own hand*
bii only son Isaac, the sole hope of
any progeny, he scrapled not to obey.
His readiness to comply was accept-
ed instead of actual performance.

7. About the same time, as Euse-
bius supposes, lived the Titans in
Crete; the eldest of whom was
Saturn, who is said to be the father
of Jupiter. Jupiter was regarded as
a god, on account of his fatherly af-
fection towards his people. His
brothers were Neptune and - PlutOj
the one admiral of the king's fleets
the other inventor of funeral cere-
monies in Greece. Which circum-
stances, amongst the foolish ancients,
procured the empire of the sea to
the former as a divinity, and to the
latter, the sovereignty of hell as a
god.

CHAP. in.

From the vocation of Abraham to the departure qf the Israelites out of

Egypty comprehending 430 years.

perans Dens, nt iBaactu, uni-
cus filius, apes stirps, sous ma-
nus immolo, pareo non dubito.
Conatos pro factum sum.

Idem fere tempus, ut Eu*
sebius videor. Titan existo in
Creta ; qui natu mazimus
Saturnus sum, qui pater per-
hibeo Jupiter. Jupiter, prop-
ter patemus in populus cari-
tas, deus sum habitus. Is fra-
ter sum Neptunus et Pluto,
alter regius classis praefectus^
alter funus inventor in Grae-
cia. Qui res ille mare, hie
inferi imperium ac numen pa-
rio, apad stultus antiquitas*

Isaac, the son of Abraham, born
about the year after the flood 457,
had, by his wife Rebecca, Esau and
Jacob. Of Leah, Rachel, and his
other wives, Jacob begat the patri-
archs, the heads of the 12 tribes. He
was called Israel by God ; hence the
Israelites derived their name. Jo-
seph, one of the patriarchs, was sold
by his brothers out of ^nvy, and sent
into Egypt. Afterwards Joseph for-
gave his brethren this ill usa^^e,
though an opportunity of revenging
it offered. He prevails with his fa-
ther to come down into Egypt with
hid family, where in a short time the
Israelites multiply in a surprising
manner. This removal happened in
the year of the world 2298, and be-
fore Christ 1706.

2. Almost cotemporary with Isaac
was Inachus, the first king of the Ar-
gives; whose son Phorpneus is re-
corded to have collected his wander-
ing and scattered people into one bo-
dy, and to have secured them by ci-

FsAAcus, Abrahamus filius,
a diluvium annus circiter 457
natus, Esaus et Jacobus e Re«
becca uxor gigno. Jacobus e
Lea, Rachel, aliusque uxor,
patriarcha gigno 12 tribus auc-
tor.. Israel a Deus appello ;
hinc Israelita nomen fio. Jo-
sephns, unus e patriarcha, a
fraterin Aegyptus, perinvidia
amandatus ac venditus sum.
Josephus postea frater injuria,
ulciscor oblatus occasio^ con-
done. Pater persuadeo, uti
cum stirps universus demigro
in Aegyptus, ubi brevi Israe-
lita mirus in modus augeo.
Hie demigratio factus sum an-
nus ir.undus 2296, et ante
Cbristus 1706.

haacus fere aequalis Argi-
vus rex primus inachus exis-
to ; qui filius Phoroneus vagus
homo ac dispersus in unus co-
go locus, ac moenia lexque se-
pio, memoro. At in patriar-'

iK^

ANCIEfiTT fflSTORT

GHAV. Ui»

ti«t «nd lawf. Bat ApoUo^ Mari^
VuIcBD, VeniM, Minerva^ cbildcea of
JiipiUr, the prinoipal deities of
Greece, and the great fouoden of sa*
perstitioD, fell in with the age of the
patriarchs ; as also Ogjrges, the fleet
king of Attica, under whose reign
happened that remarkable inunda-
tioa of Attica, called the deluge of
Ogyges. Eusebius places Spartus,
the SOD of Phoroneas, who built
Sparta, almost cotemporary with Jo-
seph. Argus, the grandson of Pbo*
roneus, who, on account of his won-
derful sagacity, was said to have an
hundred eyes, built Argos. Hiero*
nymus too makes Job, so much fam-
ed for patience» coeval with Joseph ;
but others place him much later.

3. About the same time lived Pro*
metheus and Atlas, two eminent as-
tronomers, celebrated in the fabu-
lous poems of the Greeks. Prome-
theus« the son of Japetos, one of the
Titans, is represented by the poets,
as having made a man ot clay, be-
cause he formed men that were ig-
norant and savage, to a civilized way
of living; as chained to Caucasus,
because he diligently observed the
courses of the stars upon Caucasus,
a mountain in Scythia ; as having-
stolen fire from the gods, because he
invented the method of striking fire
from flint. And his brother Atlas, on
aocouDt of his great skill in astrono-
my, is reported to have sustained
heaven on his shoulders ; and gavo
name to Atlas, a mountam of Mau-
ritania.

4. Moses, the great grandson of
Jacob, born about 60 years after the
death of Joseph, and 1571 before
Christ, was .brought up by Phara-
oh's daughter, and well instructed
in the Egyptian learning. At eighty
years of age, admonisheJ of God»
and assisted by his brother Aaron,
he attempts to deliver the nation of
the Isrealitesfrom the slavery of the
Egyptians. In fioe,' having struck
% mighty terror ioto Pharaoh, by
many very great miracles, he brings

cha aetesi ApoUo, Mars, Vol*
caaus, Venus, Mieerva, Jupi-
ter liberi, praecipuns Graeoia
Qumen, et auperstitio patriac-
cha, inoido : itemqne Qgygea,
primus rez Attica, qui regnana
memorabtlis ille Attioa inon-
datio, Qgyges dilavinm dic-
tus, aecido. Josephus pene
aequalis,statao Eusebius Spar-
tus, Phoroneus filins, qui Spar-
ta condo. Argos, Phoroneus
nepos, qui, ob prudentia incre-
dibiiis oentooulufl diotus sum,
Argos condo. Johns quoque,
patientia oobilitatus, Josephus
suppar» facio Hteronymos ;
alius tamen moltum junior.

Per idem tempns Promethe-
us et Atlas, egregius astrono-
mus, ezisto, fabolosusKalraecus
carmen indytus. Promethe-
us, Japetns, is unus e Titan
sum, natus, quod ignarus ru-
disque homo ad humanitas in-
formo, homo e lutum fingo ;
quod in Caucasus, Scythia
mens» sidus cursus observe as-
sidue, Caucasus affixus ; quod
ignis elicio e silex ratio inve-
nio, ignis deus surripio, d ictus
sum a poeta. Atlas autem<) is
frater, propter summus astro-
nomia scientia, coelum hume-
rus sustineo perhibeo ; et At-
las Maoritama mens facto no-
men.

Moses, Jacobus abnepos, 60
circiter annus post Josephus
mors natus, et smte Christus
1571, a Pharao Alia educatus
sum, literaeque excultus Ae-
gyptiu». Octogenarius,'^ auc-
tor Deus,adjutor Aaron fra-
ter, Israelita gens ab Aegyp-
tiua ser Vitus vindico aggredior.
Deoique, Pharao plurimus
maximusque prodigium ' per-
eulsus, annus post diluvium
circiter 957, et ante Christus

CHAP. III.

EPITOMIZED.

209

forth the Israelites, loaded vith the
spoils of the Egyptians, in the year
of the flood 857, and before Christ
1491.

5. The Red sea beings divided, the
Israelites pass over into the deserts
of Arabia ; provisions were famish-
ed to them in a miraculoos manner ;
water gushed out of the rocks, and
manna descended from heaven. At
mount Sinai, the law was given to
them by Moses, their sacrifices and
ceremonies instituted, and Aaron
consecrated high priest. After this,
in the 40th year of their journey-
ing, their number being taken at
Jordan, the sum of those that Were
able to bear arms, was above 600
thousand; amon? whom there was
not one of those who had come out
of Egypt» except Joshua and Caleb :
for Moses, after having ta^en a pros-
pect of the promised settlements
from mount Pisgah, died, Joshua be-
ing appointed his successor.

6. I^uch about the same time that
Moses delivered to the Hebrews
their religious ceremonies, Cecrops
too, founder of Athens, introduced
images and sacrifices into Greece,
In the reigu^ of Cecrops, flourished
Mercury, the grandson of Atlas, the
son of Jupiter and Maia, and the au-
thor of eloquence and many other
discoveries. Deucalion, upon Thes-
Daly's being overflowed by an inun-
dation, saved several persons on the
tops of Parnassus, where he reigned;
and, by means of his wife Pyrrha,
brought them over from a savage
and rustic life, to an humane and
civilized behaviour. Hence rise was
given to a number of fables.

7. At the same time, as if the fire
had conspired with the water for the
destruction of men, a mighty con-
flagration, in the time of Phaeton's
reign, broke out in Italy, near the
river po; which proved no small
matterof fiction to the luxuriant fan-
cy of the poets. Oenotrus too, the
sou of Lycaon, having brought over
a colony of Arcadians into Italy, set*
tied near the Xascan sea, and^ dis-

1491, isrealita Aegyptius spd-
Hum onustus eduto.

Ruber mare divisus, in soli-
tudo Arabia Israelite transeo;
commeatus is divinitua suppe-
to; manna de coelum, aqua e
saxum, defluo. Ad Sina mons
lex is per Moses datus, sacra
et ceremonia institutus» Aaron
summus sacerdos consecratus.
Inde 40 peregrinatio annus, ad
Jordanis census habitus, sum-
ma is qui arma fero possum^
amplius 600 mille sum ; in qui
nemo omnino ex is qui ex Ae-
gyptus venio, praeter Josues
Calebusque: nam Moses, ex
Pisga mons promissus sedes
com prospicio, intereo, Josues
successor designatus.

Idem fere tempus sacra et
ceremonia Moses trado Hebra-
eus, et Cecrops, Athenae con-
ditor, simulacrum et sacrifi-
crum induce in Graecia. Ce-
crops regnans, Mercurins, At-
las nepos, Jupiter et Maia fi-
lius) idemque eloquentia et
multus res inventor existo.
Deucalion, obrutus eluvio
Thessalia, mortalis complnres
in Parnassus jogum, ubi im-
perito, conserve; isque Pyr-
rha conjux opera, a durusag-
restisque vita, ad humanus cul-
tus civilisque traduco. Hinc
locus multiplex fabula datus.

^ Idem tempestas, perinde ac
si ad homo pernicies ignis cum
aqua conjure. Phaeton rex,
maximus in Italia ad Eridanus
flumen exard'eo incendinm ;
qui poeta licentia baud parvus
fiogo materies existo. Oeno-
trus porro, Lycaon prognatus,
Areas colonia in Italia deduc-
tns, ad mare inferus consido,
Umbrique indigenae repulsus,

ftlO

ANCIENT HISTORT

CRAP. IT.

freqaento lUlia. Hie, Abori-
g^nei primaoD, ab incertai ori-
go, inde, ab Italas rex, Italus
appellatosy regio Italia oomen
facio.

poaMMing tb« natiTe Umbrians, peo-
plad luly. Theie, called at first
Aborlginas, from tbeir nncertain
extractioot aflerwards Italiant, from
tbeir king Italas, gaTe name totbe
ooantry of Italy.

CHAP. IV.

FrQm Me departure of the Itradiia out of Egypt^ to the dtstrwtion of

TVoy, eontmining 307 years.

Josh VA, haring miracoloatly dri-
ed up the riyer Jordan, brought oyer
the Israelites. After this he oTcr-
turns the walls of the city Jericho,
by the ark of the covenant carried
sefen times round it, by the sonnd of
trumpets, and the shouts of bis army.
He utterly destroys the Amorites,
the sun and moon standing still at his
command for the space of one day,
as spectators of the victory. At last,
aher conquering thirty kings, and all
the nations of Palestine, he settled
the Israelites in the country promis-
ed to their ancestors, in the year of
the creation 2560, and before Christ
1444.

2. About the same time Danaus,
causing his fifty sons-in-law to be
murdered by his daughters, of whom
there was the like number, makes
himself master of the kingdom of
Egypt. But being deposed by Li-
nus his son-in-law, he seizes upon Ar-
gos. Orcus, kin|; of the Molossi, car-
ries off Proserpma, the daughter of
Ceres, out of Sicily. Europe, ra-
vished by Jupiter, brought forth Mi-
nos and Rhadamanthus, and gave
name to the third part of the earth ;
a large field for fables to the poets.
Much about this time flourished the
ccmrt of the Areopagites at Athens.
Upon the Nile too, Bnsiris, the son
of Neptune and Libya, violating the
most sacred laws of hospitality, is
said to have exercised violence up-
on his guests. About the same time
the Israelites were treated in a way
not much kinder by the king of Me-
sopotamia ; but judges, by the divine
favour, were raised up from time to
time for their relief.

JosuKS, Jordanis flumen di-
vinitus siocatus, tradnoo Israe-
lita. Hierichus inde oppidiun
mnrusf area foedusseptiescir-
Gumlattts, tuba clangor, atqtie
exercitus clamor disturbo. A-
morrhaeus, sol ac luna, is jns-
su per Unas dies spatium, taa-
quam spectator victoria, sab-
sistens, ooeidio oocido. De-
mum, triginta rex, omnisque
Palestina gens debellatus, 1s-
raelita in promissus majores
sedes coUoco, annus post mnn-
dus conditas 2500, et ante
Christus 1444.

Sub idem tempus Danaus,
quinquaginta gener per toti-
dem filia contrucidatus, Ae*
gyptus regnum potior. Sed a
Linus gener pulsus, Argos oc-
oupo. Orcus, Molossus rex,
Proserpina, Ceres filia, e Sici-
lia abripio. Europe, a Jupiter
raptus, Minos ac Rhadaman-
thus pnrio, tertiusqueorbis ter-
ra pars nomen do ; ingens poe-
ta materies fabula. Per idem
fere tempus Athenae concilium
Areopagita existo. Busiris
quoque, Neptunus et Libya
filius, ad Nilus, in bospes sae-
vio dico, sanctus hospitium jus
violatus. Haud muUum hu-
manius sub is tempus a rex
Mesopotamia acceptus sum Is-
raelita ; sed ad is deinceps li-
berandus judex divinus manos
concessns.

.■r

CHAP. IV.

EPITOMIZED.

211

3. Othniel, the first of the Hebrew
jaJges, delivers his people by slay-
ing; the king; of Mesupotamia, in the
year before Christ 1405. Othniers
saccessor was Ehud, who killed
Egloa, king of the Moabites. Ehud
was succeeded by Deborah, a woman
of more than masculine courag;e.
She attended Barak« general of the
army, to the war, and obtained a sig^-
nal victory over the enemy. Jael, a
woman too, had a hand in this vic-
tory; she completed the enemy's
overthrow by the slaug^hter of their
general Sisera, in the year before
Christ 1285.

4« Whilst in Palestine even wo-
men make a fig^ure in the achieve-
ments of war, in other nations men
became illustrious generally for the
arts of peace. In ^ypt, Trismegis-
lut, the grands OD of Mercury, excel-
led in reputation for learning. Janus
reigned in Latium. Cadmus, the
brothei'of Europa brought over let-
ters from Phoenicia into Greece, and
built Thebes in Boeotia. Rhadaman-
thas reignisd in Lyeia,.and Minos in
Crete, with the highest characters
of strict impartiality. Acrisius, king
of the Argives, instituted or new-
moJelled Uie Amphictyones, the most
august council of Greece ; he erect-
ed the temple and oracle of Apollo
at Delphos.

5. In the mean time Amphion,
oontempbrary with Linus, ezpell-
ing Cadinus, and building the cita-
del of Thebes, occasioned abundant
matter of fiction to the poets. Liber,
or Bacchus^ built the city Nysa, near
the river Indus. He conquered India
with an army of Bacchae. Per-
seus, the son of Jupiter and Danae,
took off the head of Gorgon, a cour-
tezan of exquisite beauty. Pelops
too, the son of Tantalus, by his
planting a colony, gave name to Pe-
loponnesus. His sister Niobe, stu-
pified with grief for the loss of her
children, gave rise to the fable of the
poets. Dardanus, the son of Jupiter,
and son-in-law of Tencer, gjive name
to the country of Dardaoia ; which

Othniel, primus Hebraeas
judex, annus ante Christus
1405, populus, Mesopotamia
rex caesus, in libertas vindico,
Othniel £udus,qui Eglon Moa«
bita rex interficio, succedo.
Eudus Debora excipio, mo Her
virtus plusquam virilis. Hie
Barachus, dux exeroitus, ad
bellum comitatus, insignis de
hostis victoria pa rio. Jael,mu>
lier quoque, hie victoria par-
ticeps sum ; qui hostis clades
Sisera dux caedes cumulo, an-
nus ante Christus 1285.

Dum in Palestina etiammu-
lier bellicus laus floreo, apnd
oaeter natio, vir pax fere ars
vigeo. Trismegistus, Mercu*
rius nepos) in Aegyptus, doc-
trina gloria praesto. Janus in
Latium imperito. Cadmu9,
Enropa frater, litera e Phoeni-
cia deporto in Graecia, et The-
bae in Boeotia condo. Rha-
damanthus in Lycia, Minos in
Crete insula, summus cum se-
veritas laus, regno. Acrisius,
Argivus rex, Amphictyones,
gravis Graecia concilium, in-
stituo vel emendo ; Apollo
Delphious aedes et oraculum
excite.

Interim Amphion, Linus
aequalis, Cadmus ejectus,
Thebanusque arx exstructus,
magnus poeta meutior licen-
tia facio. Libet, seu Bacchus,
Nysa urbs, propter Indus flu-
men, condo. India Bacchae
exeroitus subigo. Perseus,
Danae et Jupiter natus, Gor-
gon meretrix eximius species
caput demo. Pelops quoque,
Tantalus filius, dednctus co-
lonia, Peloponnesus facio no-
men. Hie soror Niobe, ob
amissus liberi ex moeror stu- .
pefactus, poeta mendacium lo-
cus do. Dardanus, Jupiter
genitos, Teucer gener, Dar-
dania regie nomen^f^cio ; ^ai

sit

ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP. IT.

wa» alUrwank e«lUd Troat* fram
Tratt his aoo mad sacoesor.

6. In L«tiuiD, Janus was succeed-
ed by Satarn : onder whose reig;n,
Ihej tell yon, all things were com-
mon, and all men free. Honce it
was called the golden age. The fame
Saturn taught men to till the groiiod.
to build houses, to plant vine», aod
gather in the fruits. Meanwhile
the Pelasgii seizing upon the sea-
coast of Italy, which is next to Si-
cily, introduced learning into Italy.
From them the couutry was named
Great Greece. Siculus, the sod of
Ilalus, being driven out of Italy by
the Pelaigi, passed over into the
nest island, which the Cyclops had
anciently pofsessed, and the Sicani
then inhabited ; and the island was
called Sicily from king Siculus. Af*
ter Saturn Pious, after Pious Fannus,
the fourth from JanuS|held the king-
dom. The wife of Faunus, who
was also the mother of king Lati*
DOS, is said to have invented the La-
tin characters.

7. Gideon, the fourth judge of the
Hebrews, about the year of the
world 3769, and before Christ 1S45,
performed an exploit that deserves
to be oelebrated in the annals of all
nations. By the direction of God ,
be selected 900 men out of all his
army. These he arms with trum-
pets and lamps. Then he orders
the pitchen, in which the lamps
were concealed, to be dashed to-
gether, aod all the trumpets to be
blown at the same instant. This
unusual way of fighting wrought
ttuoh confusion in the vamp of the
IVfidianitef, that they slaughtered
one another with mutual havock.
Abimelech, Gideon'8 sou, was unlike
his father : be usurped the sovereign-
ty, after he bad put to death his
brothers, in number 70. But within
three years he was slhin by a woman
with a piece of a millstone, as he
was setting fire to the tower of
Thfibes.

8. Toward the latter end of Gi-
deon's age appeared the Grecian

postea, ex is filiusac successor
Tros, Troas appelio.

Janus Salumus succedo in
Latium : qui rez,omni8 com-
munis, omnie liber sum, per-
hit>eo. Inde aureus seculuai
appellatus. Idem Saturnus
agar colo, domus aedifico,
vioea pooo, et frux coUigo,
doceo. Pelasgtts interea, ma-
ritimus Italia ora, qui Sicilia
sum proximu», occupatus, li-
terae in ItaUa affero, Ab hie
regio Magnus Graecia nomi*
natus. Siculus, Italus filiua,
Italia pulsus a Pelaigus, in
proximus trajicio iorula, qui
olim Cyclops teneo, ac turn
Sicani inoolo ; eta Siculus rex
insula Sieilia dictns sum. Ab
Satumos Picua, a Pious Faa->
nus, qoartus a Janus, regnuoi
aceipio. Faunas uxor, ideui-
que IfUtinus rex mater, LAti-
BOB Utera reperio memoro.

Gideop, jodex Hebraens
qnartus, annus muodus cirei-
ter 2769, et ante Christaa
1245, feeinus edo omnis gens
litera celebrandus. Deus mo-
nitus, virex omnis exercitns
trecenti deligo. Hie tuba ac
lampas armo. Turn lag^na,
qui inclusos lampas sum, com-
plodo, infloqne tuba omnis im-
pero unua tempus. losolitus
pugna species usque eo Ma-
dia nita castra turbo, ut mu-
tutis sul caedes conficio. Gir
dettn filius, dissimilis pater,
Abimelechus sum : is, fraler
caesus, numerus aJ 70, tyran--
nis occui.K>. At intra trien-
nium, dum turris Tbebetis
ignis subdo, molaris lapis, frag-
menprostratussum a foemina.

Extremus Gideon aetas
Graectfs heros attingo, hau4

CHAP. IT,

EPITOMIZED.

213

heroes, furnishiog^ ample subject for
fabulous stories. Hercules, Orpheus,
Castor, Pollux, and the other Argo-
nautsi havino^ built the ship Argo,
sailed from Thessaly to Troas, and
thence to Colchis, under the con-
duct of Jason. Whilst they were at
Troy, Hercules delivered Hesione,
the daughter of Laomedon, the son
of Uus, and king of Troy, from a
sea-monster, to which she had been
exposed. JHer father promised him
the young lady, with some fleet
horses, as the reward of his hazardous
enterprise. Being arrived at Col-
chis, they soothed the fierce and
savage guards by means of Medea,
the king's daughter ; brought off the
treasures which had been carried
thither by Phryxus out of Thessaly,
called the golden flefioe. In their
return they killed Laomedon, for re-
fusing the stipulated reward» and
gave the kingdom to his son Priam.
This expedition happened about
1280 years before Christ.

9. About the same time Aegeus,
king of the Athenians, and the father
of Theseus, had invidiously slain
Androgeos, the son of Minos king of
Crete. For which reason the Athe-
nians were ordered to send annually
into Crete seven young men, and as
many girls, to be devoured by the
Minotaur. In the number of these
went Theseus, who, by the assistance
of Daedalus, and Ariadne, Minos'
daughter, slew the Minotaur, and
delivered his country. Minos with
a fleet pursuing Daedalus in his
flight, was killed in the bath by king
Cocalus in Sicily. After this The-
seus encountered the Centaurs, or
Thessalian horsemen, with good suc-
cess, and associated himself with
Hcreules.*

10. The Amazons too, who were
women, natives of Scythia, having
lost their husbands in war, took up
arms, assuming at the same time a
masculine intrepidity $ possessed
themselves of the Lesser Asia, and
built Ephesu8« Hercules and The*
leut made war vpoa them^ aod^oa-

exiguiis materia fabula. Her-
cules, Orpheus, Castor, Pol-
lux» caeterque Argonauta, Ar-
go Davis aediflcatus, Jason dux,
e Thessalia ad Troas, exinde
Colchis, navigo. Dum apud
Troja sum, Hercules Hesione,
Laomedon, Ilns filius, rex
Trojemus, Alia, monstrum ma-
rinus,qai expositussonslibero.
Pater virgo ille, cum pernix
equus, labor suus praemium,
pollicitus sum. Cum ad Col-
chis venio, Medea rex filia
opera, custos ferus ac barbarus
delenio ; thesaurus eo a Phry-
xus e Thessalia deportatus,
aureus vellus dictus, aufero*
In reditus Laomedon, pb pac-
tus merces negatus, obtrunco ;
regnum Priam us, is filius,
trade. Hio expeditio incido
in annus circiter 1230 ante
Christus natus.

Sub idem tempus Aegeus,
Atheniensis rex, et pater The-
seus, Andi*ugeos, Minos rex
Creta filiu;, per invidia occido.
Ob qui causa Atheniensis
jubeo quotannis septeni juv^^
nis et puella totidem in Creta
mitto, a Minotaurus devoraa-
dus> Hie in numerus The-
seus profectus sum, qui, opis
Daedalus, et Ariadne, Minos
filia, Minotaurus occido, et
patria libcro. Minos, Daeda*
lus fugiens classis insecutus,
in Sicilia a Cocalus rex neco
i a balneum. Theseusindeoum
Centaurus, Thessalus eques,
bene pugno, suique Hercules
comes adjuogo.

Amazonea mulier quoque, e
Scythia oriuodus, amissus in
bellum vir, cum arma, animus
virilis assume; Asia Minor oc-
cupo» Ephesus condo. Hie
Hercules ao Theseus ioferq
bellam, isque vioco, major vio-
tus gloria quam suut : qoippt

St4

ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP. IT

ooered them, more to the glory of
the yanqoishetl then their own : for,
though women, they had valiantly
coped with soch heroes, and when
taken prisoners, mede their escape,
by killing the guards. Hercules is
further reported to have instituted
the Olympic, and Tbeaeui the. Isth-
mian games.

U. Much about this time, Greece
exhibited scenes of an horrible and
tragical nature. Atreus and Thy-
estes, the SODS of Pelops, vented their
mutual resentment in a more hos*
tile way than became brothers. For
Thyestes committed a rape on his
brother *s wife r Atreus, on his part,
caused Thyestes' sons to be served
up te him at a banquet. Oedipus
having been exposed by his father
Laius, «lew him afterwards in a
squabble, without knowing him to be
his father ; and restore<i the country
about Thebes to a perfect tranquil-
lity, by killing the Sphinx, an artful
mischievous woman. Having thus
procured himself his father's king-
dom, he unwittingly married his
mother Jocasta. However, being
informed of the whole matter by
Tyresias the seer, he plucked out
his own eyes, and left the kingdom
to hia eons, Polynices and Eteocles.
But Polyniceq being quickly expell-
ed the kingdom by his brother, fled
to Adrastus king of the Argives.
Supported by him, he made war
upon his brother, attended by the
prophetic Amphiaraus, who having
been betrayed by his wife Eriphyla,
gave orders to his son Alcmeon to
nasassinate his mother ; in this more
wicked than his wife, that he made
a son the murderer of his parent.
During that war Amphiaraus was
«wallowed up by an earthquake,
Polynices and his brother fell by mu-
luai wounds.

12, Jephtha, the seventh judge of
the Hebrews, was somewhat later
than Herpules. As he was about to
join battle with the enemy, he yow-
«dt that if he overcame, he would
«OMe^rate to QofX wh«Um he»

et mulier cum talis vir fortiler
depugno» et captivus, caesus
custoB, aufugio. Hercules
porru Olympicus Indus, The-
seus bthmius fero institno.

Idem fere tempus, foedas
ao dims spectaculum edo
Graecia. Atreus et Thyes-
tes, Pelops natus, plusquam
fraternus inter sui odium ex-
erceo, Thyestes enim frater
uxor stuprum infero : Atreus
Thyestes vicissim fiUus epu-
laodus appono. Oedipus a
Laius pater exposjtus, is de-
inde in rixa ignarus nccido ;
agerque Thebanus, Sphinx
insidiosus mulier occisus, pa-
catus reddo. Ita paternus reg-
num adeptns, Jocasta mater
ipse inscius duco uxor. Cae-
terum res omnis ex Tyresias
vates cognitus, sui ipse eruo
oculus, et regnum Etedcles ac
polynices fiUus relinqoo. Po-
lynices autem cito regnum a
frater pulsus, ad Adrastus Ar-
givus rex confugio. Is opes
subnixus, frater bellum infero,
comes Amphiaraus vates, qui
ab Eriphyla conjux proditus,
Alcmeon filius, mater ut oeco,
impero; hie sceleratus uxor,
quod fill us facio parricide. Is
bellum Amphiaraus hiatus
terra absorptas sum. Poly*
nices et frater mutuus vulnus
pcrco,-

Jephthes, septimni Hebra-.
eus judex, Hercules paulo mi-
nor natu sum. Is signum
cum hostif colUturus, voveo,si
yinco» sui ^eue cousecro^ quis^
^uis reverlQui primus occurrck

CHJkP. T.

EPITOMIZED.

Si5

should meet first at his retarn. He
CDgaged the enemy, and grained the
victorj; his daughter, the only child
he had, met him first of all in his re-
turn home, and converted th» glory
of the victory mto mourning, about
tl;^e year before Christ 1188.

13. About the same time a much
greater disaster befel Priam king of
Troy, who refusing to restore Helen,
the wife of Menelaus king of Sparta,
that had been carried off by his son
PariSf called also Alexander, was
stripped of his kingdom, children,
and life, by the Greeks, after a siege
of ten years. Troy was destroyed
2820 years after the creation of the
world, 436 before the building of
Rome, and before the birth of Christ
1184. .

Confiigo cum hoBtiSt Tiotoria
refero: domus rediens, filia,
qui unious habeo, primus om-
Dis obnam venio, et gloria
victoria in moeror verto, an-
nus aote Christas natus fere
1188.

Multum gravis sub idem
tempus Priam us Trojan us rex
casus evenio, qui cum Helena,
Menelaus rex Spartan us uzor«
a Paris filius suus, Alexander
etiam dictus, raptus, reddo no-
lo, post decennium obsidioy
liberi, regnum et vita orbo a
Graecus. Troja eversus sum
annus a mundus cooditus
2820, ante Roma, conditus
436, et ante Christus natus
1184.

CHAP. V.

From the deslruciion of Troy, to the finithing and dedication of the
temple at Jerusalem by Solomon^ including 163 years.

Aeneas flying from Troy, came
iuto Italy. There he contracted an
alliaoce and affinity with Latinus
king of the Latins ; from his wife^s
name, he called the town built by
him Cavioium. He routed in battle,
and put to flight Tornus king of the
Rutuli. After that he greatly weak-
ened the power of the Hetrusci;
and Latinus dying in battle, he him-
self reaped all the benefit of the vic-
tory. In order to strengthen his in-
terest, the name and laws of the La-
tins were by him imposed on the
Trojans : he himself was called kkg
of the Latins. After this, Aeneas
fell in battle, fighting against Mezen-
lius king of the Hetrusci, four years
after the death of his father-in-law
Latinus.

2. Samson was contemporary with
Aeneas. He killed a lion without
aby weapon ; checked the pride of
the Philistines, and made a dreadful
havock of his enemies with the jaw-
bone of an ass. Having lost his
strength together with his hair, he
feU into the head* of bit enemies, by

Aeneas Troja profugus, in
Italia venio. Ibi cum Lati-
nus, Latinus rex, foedus affi-
nitasque jungo ; oppidum a
sui conditus, ab uxor nomen,
Lavininin appello, Turnus
Rutulus rex praelium fundo
fugoque. Hetruscus inde opes
(rango; Latinusque in acies
mortuus, ipse omnis fero vic-
toria fructus. Ad firmandai
opes, Trojanus Latinus lex ab
19, ac nomen impositus: La-
tinus ipse rex dictus. Aeneas
postea, adversus Mezentiut
Hetruscus rex pugnans, prae-
lium cado, annus quartus post
mors socer Latinus.

Samson 'Aeneas tempus sup-
par sum. Leo inermis neco ;
Philistaeus superbia coerceo ;
asinus maxilla hostis trucido«
Mulier, qui depereo, prodens,
amissu» cum coma vires, in
hostis potestes pervenio^ Qui,
orbatui lament diu ludibriam

2ie

ANCIENT HISTORY

CHA7. Vr

tha traacfaery of a woman, whom
ha patNOOfttel J lored. To them , af«
ter they had pot out his eyes, he
senred long for an object of derision.
At Icn^, havings recovered his
strength with his hair, he endeavour-
ed to put an honourable period to
hia ignominions servitude. The piU
Ian of the house, wherein the Philis-
tines beheld him making sport, he
overset; the Philistines who were
present, and Samson himself, were
crushed to death by the fall of the
building, in the year before Christ
1117.

3. Ascaniusi Aeneas* son, resign-
ing Lavinium to his step-mother,
founded Alba Longa. After this the
sovereignty was conferred by the
people on Sylvius, a son of Aeneas,
bom alter his death. The priest-
hood was given to Jnlns, the son of
Ascanius, whkh the Juliun family,
originally sprung from Julus, enjoy-
ed hereditary ever after. After Syl-
vius, thirteen kings reigned in Alba
Longa, for near 400 years \ of whom
Aeneas Sylvius swayed the sceptre
31 years, Latinus 51, Alba 39, Syl-
vius Athys or Capetus I. 26, Capys
28, Capetus II. 13, Tiberious 8, A-
grippa 24, Romulus Sylvius or Alla-
dius 19, Aventinus 37, Procas S3,
Amnlius 42 ; whose brother Numi-
tor was the last king of Alba.

4. Samuel, the last judge of the
Hebrews, by God*s direction, anoints
3aol king, as he was in quest of his
father*s asses, seven years before
Aeneas Sjlvius began his reign in
Latium. The Hebrew state was
managed by judges.about 400 years.

5. The Heraclidae, viz. the pos-
terity of Hercules, who, long harass-
ad by Enristheus king of Mycenae,
had lived in exile with Ceyx in
Thrace, and afterwards with These-
us king of Athens ; at length, about
80 years after the destruction of Troy,
returned to Peloponnesus, and set-
tled in it.

a. Saul, the first king of the Is-
raeHVes^ cama to the throng about

anm. Damott reeeptus cum
capillus vires, turpis sarvitna
honesttts quaero ezitus* Do-
mus is, undePhilistaeus ludens
ipse specto, columoa concutio ;
aedes ruina Philistaeus, qui
praesto som,atque Samson ip-
se, opprimo, annus ante Chris-
tnsnattts 1117.

Ascaniusi Aeneas fiUns, L*i-
vininm noverca reliotus, Alba
Longa condo. Sylvius inde,
Aeneas filius posthumus, reg^-
num a populus delatus sum.
Julus, Ascanius filius, sacerUo-
tium datus, qui gens J alius, ab
Julus ortuS) postea heredila-
rius habeo. Post Sylvius a
tredecim rex in Alba Longa,
400 fere annus, regnatnr ; qui
Aeneas Sylvius imperium te-
neo annus 31, Latinus 51, Al-
ba 39, Sylvius Athys sen Ca-
petus 1. 26, Capys 28, Capetus
II. 13, Tiberinus 8, Agrippa 24,
Romulus Sylvius seu Alladius
19, Aventinus 37, Procas 23,
Amulius 42; qui frater Numi-
tor uUimus Alba rex existo.

Samuel, judex Hebraeus
postremus, Saul, paternua asi^
na quaeritans, Ueus admoni-
tus, coDsecro rex, septennium
antequam Aeneas Sylvius reg-
no occipio in Latium. Admi-
nistratus res Hebraeus sum a
judex annus circiter 400.

Heraclidae, viz. Hercules
posteri, qui, ab Euristheus
Mycenae rex diu exagitatus,
in exilium apud Ceyx in
Thraciai deinde apud Theseus
Athenae rex, aetas ago ; tan-
dem, 80 fere annus a clades
Trojani;s,ad Peloponnesus re»<
deo, ibique sedes sUus pono.

Saul, Israelita rex primus^
ragnum accipio imnus post

CHAP. V.

EPITOMIZED.

217

the year of the world 2909, and be-
fore Christ 1095. At first he beliav-
ed well, but afterwards offended hei*
nously. Hereapoa he was rejected by
God, and David chosen in his room.
He having slain Goliaht a gigantic
Philistine, was advanced to be the
kiug^^s son-in-law. Saul fell in bat-
tle fighting against the Philistines, in
the twentieth year of his reign. Da-
vid, after lamenting the death of his
father-in-law, mounted the throne,
in the reign of Latinus Sylvius, the
son of Aeneas Sylvius, king of the
l4atins.

7. King David, a man of singular
piety towards God, was ever victo-
rious over his foes. He was de-
throned by his son Absalom ; but
having defeated Absalom in battle,
he recovered his kingdom. David
reigned 40 years.

8* Almost at the same time that
Ahealom suffered the panishmant of
his unnatural behaviour to his father,
Codrus, the son • of Melanthus, and
the last king of Athens, gained the
character of a most extraordinary^
affection for his country. In the
Dorian or Peloponnesian war, being
informed by the oraclei that the ene-
my would prove victorious, unless
the king of the Athenians was killed,
he devoted his life for the safety of
his count ry. Having disguised him*
self in the habit uf a peasant, he.
wounded a common soldier of the
Dorians in a quarrel, and being ^
slaiii by him, a^^e wished, saved his
country from a blockade of the ene-
my; in fact, rather than in name,
the father of hi> country. Upon hit
death the government of Athens de?
volved on magistrates, who were
called Archons. The first of them
was Medon, the son of Codrus.

9. Solomon, the third king of the
Hebrews^ reigned also 40 years. He
built and dedicated the temple, de-
signed by his father David» in the
mo3t magnificent manner, about the
year of the world 2983, and before
the birth of Christ 1021, in the reign
pf ^lb^ Sylyius king of the Latins.

mundus conditus prope2909,
et ante Christus 1095. Initium
bene sui gero, delude graviter
offendo. Quocirca rejicio a
Deua, et in fs locu^ David suf-
ficio. Hie, Golias Philistaeua
gigas interfectus, regius evAdo
gener. Saul, vigesimus rejj-
num annus, adversus Philis-
taeus pugnans, praelium cado.
David, socer mors deploratus,
regnum potior, rex Latinus
Latinus Sylvius, Aeneas Syl-
vius filius.

David rex, homo eximiuser^
ga Deus pietas^ hostis perpe-
tuo victor existo, Regnum
Absalon filius pulsuB sum ; at
Absalon acies superatus, regf-
num recipio. David 40 annus
impento.

Idem ferme tempos Absaloa
impietas in pater poena luo, et
Codrus, Melanthus filius. A-
theniensis rex postremust
la us egregius in patria pietaa
fero. Bellum Pelopoonesia^
cus sen Doriensis* cum eK ora«
culum cognoseo jiuperior fo^
rem hostis, nisi Atbemensisrex
cado, caput suus pro patria
aalus devoveo. Rustious ves-
tit us indutUB, gregarius miles
Doriensis ex jorgium saucio i
ab is, ut opto, ioteremptns,
hostis Qbsidio patria eximo;
pater patria, res magis^ quam
nomeo» Is mors Athenae ad-
ministratio ad magistratus de-
venio, qui Archon sumappel-
latus. b primus MedoU suffl«
filius Qodrue. ^

Salomon, rex Hebraeus ter-
tius, 40 quoque annus regno.
Templum, a David pater des-
tinatus, magoificenter exaedi'*
fico dicoque. annus mundui
prope 2983, et ante Christus
natus 1021, Alba Sylvius rex
Latinos, Soloipofly omx)ia

219

ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP* Tli

SoIoBunit the wisaft of all nieii, in
hb old B|;e was Mdoeod by hit wiyet
into the woniiip of Heathen deities.
EUmer was something elder than
Solomon, if he U?ed« as Herodotos
says, 1 68 yean after the Trojan war.

mortalis sapiens, ab uxor se-
nex perdactos sum ad cultaa
deos Ethnicos. Salomon ae-
nior aliquantam Homeras
sum, si quldem existo, at He-
rodotus perhibeo, annus 163
post bellum Trojanus.

CHAP. VI.

Frwa tfu deduation e/ the tempU to ttu building of Rome^ eomprt-

funding 273 yean,

RoBOAS, Salomon filius, nu-
tans patemus culpa imperium,
anus stultitia everto. Sic duo
ex unus reg;num factus : alter
Juda, sen Hierosolyma ; alter
Israel, sive Samaria, dictus
sum. Judaens tribus ac Ben-
jaminios Roboas, ao etirps de«
inoepa pareo Daridiens; cae'»
ter decem tribus, a Jeroboas,
primus rex, traductus depra-
yatusque, dirersus stirps rex
habeo. Samaria rex omnis ad
unus impius sum, cuUorque
idolum: Hierosolyma rex non
Item. £t hio duo regnum
perpetaus inter sui bellum fe-
re eontendo. Annus imperinm
Roboas quintns, a Sesacos Ae-
gyptus rex Hierosolyma obsi-
deo. Hie omnis sacer tern-
plum supellex deporto. Ro-
boas 17 regnum annus exce-
dens e vita, Abias filius reg-
num lego, SylWus Athys rex
Latinas.

RxHOBOAW, Solomon's son, by his
folly completed the ruin of the em-
pire, already tottering by his father's
mitconduot. Thus out of one were
two kingdoms formed : the one was
called the kingdom of Jndah, or Je«
rusalem ; the other that of Israel, or
Samaria. The tribe of Jndah and
Be^|amin were subject to Rehobo-
am,aad the other sucoeisiTedesoen-
dents of David ; the other ten tribes,
being seduced and corrupted by Je-
roboem their first king, had prin-
oes of very diflerent familiei. The
kings of Samaria were all impious
to a man, and worshippers of idols:
the kings of Jerusalem otherwise.
And these two kingdoms contended
with one another in almost continu-
al wars. In the 6fth year of Reho-
boam^ reign, Jerusalem was besieg-
ed by Shishak king of Egypt. Hecar^
ried away all the sacred furniture
of the temple. Rehoboam dying in
the 17th year of his reign, leaves bis
kingdom to his son Abijah, Sylvias
Athys being then king of the Latins.

2. In the third year ofAbijah's
reign, Asa his son sacceeded him, a
king of eminent piety : who swayed
the sceptre 41 years. In his reign
Capys ruled in Latium ; and Omri
king of Israel built the royal city of
Samaria.

3. Jehoshaphat, the son of Asa,
proved a second David for piety. He
held the government 25 years. In
his reign lived Ahab king of Samaria,
and the holy prophet Elijah the
Tiahbite. Much about the same time
Tiberinus too, the son of Capetus,
»e ninth king of the Albans after

Abias tertius regnum annus^
Asa filius, summus rex pietas,
succedo ; qui imperium an-
nas 41 teneo. Hie regnans
Capys in Latium impero ; ct
Amrius Israelite rex Samaria
urbs regius condo.

JosBphatus, Asa filius, piis-
tas alter David sum. Annus
25 imperium teneo. Is reg*
nans, existo Achabns rex Sa-
maria, et sacer vates Helias
Tbesbites. Idem fere quoqoe
tempos Tiberinus, Capetus fi-
lius, rex Albanns ab Ascaniu^

CHAP. VI,

EPITOMIZED.

SIS

Aflcaiiicif) beiDjT drowned in his pat-
^MgB over Ihe Albala, gave name to
the river.

4. Jehoram, the son of Jeboeha-
phat, and son-in-law of kin°: Ahab,
followed the impioos example of his
father-in-law. He possessed the
throne eight years. His son, Aha-
ziah, reigned only one year, Agrippa
being then king of the Latins.

5. Joash, the son of Ahaziab, the
tenth king of the Jews after David,
reigned 40 years. In his reign Ro-
mnlus Sylvias, king of the Albans»
was burnt up by lightning. After
him Aventinns got the kingdom, who
gave name to the hill on which he
was buried.

6. Amaziah, the son of Joash, go-
verned 29 years. In his reign, as Eu-
sebius relates, flourished Lyourgus,
the famous lawgiver of Sparta, who
spontaneously resigned the crown of
l^acedemon, left him by his brother,
to Charilaus, his brother's son, bom
after his father's death. He divided
the land of Laoonia to each man
equally ; abolished the use of gold
and silver ; and enjoined all people
to eat in public. Then he bound
his countrymen by an oath, that they
should not make any alteration of his
laws» till he should return from con-
sulting the oracle at Delphos. He
died at Crete, a voluntary exile,
about the time of the death of Ama-
ziah king of the Jews. Uzziah, who
is also called Azariahy was the son
and successor of Amaziah. He reign-
ed 52 years.

7. Elisa, who is also called Dido,
abhorring her brother Pygmalion,
the murderer of her husband Sichae-
us, privately put on board all her
husband's wealth, and sailed from
Tyre. Landing on the coast of Li-
bya, she built a city, which was first
called Byrsa, and afterwards Car-
thage. Carthage was founded about
142 years before the building of
Rome, and before the birth of Christ
890. About the same time Boccho-
ru<t, or Bocchorides, king of E^pt,
settled the laws and institutions of
the Egyptians.

Bonus, in trajeetns Albnla «m-
nis sabmenuif flamen nomen
do.

Joras, Joeaphatus filius A-
chabus rez gener,impietas so-
cer seentus sum. Goto annni
imperium teneo. Filius is,
Ochozias, annus regno onmino
unus, Agrippa rex Latinus.

Joaa, Ochocias filius, deci-
mns a David rex Judaeus, an-
nus 40 impero. Is regnans,
Romulus Sylvius, Albanus
rex, fulmen Ictus deflagro.
Aventinus deinde obtineo reg-
num, qui coll is, ubi sepultus
sum, nomen do.

Amasias, Joas filius, annus
99 imperito. Is regnans, ut
Eusebius perhibeo, existo Ly-
curgus, celeber Sparti legisla-
tor, qui Lacedaemonios reg-
num, a frater relictus, frater fi-
lius posthnmus Charilaus, suus
sponte trado. Ager Laconicns
viritim aequaliter divide ; an-
ram argentumque usus tollo ;
et omnis epnlor publico jubeo.
Civisindesacramentum adigo,
ut nihil de lex immuto, quoad
ipse a eonsulendus Delphicus
reverto oraculum. Exul vo-
luntarius in Creta obeo, sub
nex Judaeus rex Amasias.
Ozias, qui etiam Azarias die-
tus sum, Amasias filius ac suc-
cessor sum* Annus 52 regno.

Elisa, qui etiam Dido ap-
pello, Pygmalion frater, Si-
chaeus vir suus iaterfector,
exosus, omnis vir gaza clam
iroponO in navis, et Tyrus sol-
vo. Ad Libya appulsus, urbs
condo, qui B3rrsa primom, in-
de Carthago dictus sum. Con-
dituB Carthago sum annus an-
te*Romaconditu8 circiter 142,
et ante Christ us natus 890.
Sub idem tempus Bocchorus,
sen Bocchorides rex Aegyp-
tus, lex Aegyptins et jus con-
stituo.

SfO

ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP. TI.

8. Abotit the Mine time, that is,
409 yean after the destruction of
Troy, and 27 before the boilding: of
Rome, the Olympic »ames were re*
Tived by tphitos ; for they had been
instituted before bj Hercales, as was
related above. The Olympic games
were so called from Olympia, a city
of Glis in Peloponnesn^, near which
they were celebrated ayery fourth
year, by a p'eat conoourse of people
from all Greece and other nations.
From this period the Greeks be|;an
to use the Olympiads for the distinc-
tion of times. Before that epoch,
fiction prevailed. From it the true
history of the Greeks takes its rise.
In the beginning of the 6r8t Olym-
piad, if we beliere Herodotus, died
Hesiod, about 140 years later than
Homer.

9. Jotham, Uzziah*? son, and fa-
ther of Abaz, a pious mnn, nnd be-
loved of God, governed 16 years. In
bis reign, Theopompus, king of the
Lacedemonians, in order to render
th^ sovereign authority more stable,
by sharing the power with the peo-

. pie, created five Ephori, 230 years
after Lycurgu». These magistrates
very much resembled the tribunes
of the people among the Romans.

10. InLatium, Amulius, having
deposed his elder brother Numitor,
usurped the crown. Romulus and
Remus, the sons of Rhea Sylvia, or
Ilia, Numitor*s daughter, having
been exposed by A-mulius, were edu-
cated by Faustulus, the king's shep-
herd. When they came to age, they
knew their grandfather Numitoc,
and, having slain Amulius, replaced
him on his throne. They themselves
having got together a body of shep-
herds, founded on mount Palatine
the city of Rome, for which was
destined the empire of the world.
Rome was built in the third year of
the seventh Olympiad, 436 years af-
ter the destruction of Troy, in the
year of the world 3256, of the flood
1600, and before the birth of Christ
748-.

Sub idem tempus, annus
scilicet 409 post Trpja dele-
tus, et ante Romaconditus 27,
Indus Olympicus ab [phitui
renovatus sum ; nam antea,
ut supra dicOy ab Hercules in-
stitutns sum. Ludus Olympi-
cus sic dictus sum ab Olympia,
urbs Elis in Peloponnesus,
prope qui celebr&tus sum quar-
tus quisqne annus» magnus
homo concursos ex omnis
Graecia gensque peregrinus.
Ex is tempus, Graecus, ad
tempus distinguo, Olympias
adhibeo coepi. Ante is tempus
fabula vigeo. Ex is Graecus
initium duco historia. In
auspicium primus Olympias,
si Herodotus credo, Hesiod us
obeo, Homerus junior annus
circiter 140.

Joathas, Ozias filius, et A-
chas pater, vir pius, et Deus
earns, annus 16 impero. Is
regnans, Theopompus, Lace-
daemonius rex> quo reg^um,
communicatus cum populus
potestas, efficio diutumus,
Ephoros qninque, annus po$t
Lycurgus 130, creo. Hie tri-
bunus plehs apud Romanus
persi mills sum.

In Latium, Amulius, Nu-
mitor majpr frater pulsus,
regnum occupo. Romulus et
Remus, Rhea Sylvia, sen Ilia,
Numitor filia, natus, ab Amu-
lius expositos, a Faustulus,
pastor ^reg} us, educatns sum.
Cum adolesco, Numitor avus
agnosco, isque, Amulius ob-
truncatus, restituo in regnum.
Ipsey coactus pastor menus, in
Palatinus mons condo nrbs
Roma, qui destino imperium
orbis terra. Roma conditus
sum annus tertius septimus
Olympias, post Troja eversus
436, annus mundus3256, di-
luvium 1600, et ante Cbristus
natus 748.

CBAF. nx. EPITOMIZED. »\

CHAP. VII.

From the building of Rome to (fit liberation of the Jevstfrom the Baby-
loni$h capiiritjf by Cyrus, in the first year of the Persian empire, con-
taining ^\4 years,

RoBCiTLVs is commonly reported to Romulus vnlgo fero Remus

have killed his brother Remus, for frater trucido, quod per coji-

having contemptuously letfped over ' tumelia murua novas trantilio.

his new walls. Thus he became-9oIe Ita solus imperium potitus sum.

monarch. He took numbers of his Multitudo finitimus in (Di vitas

neig^hbours into his city. He chose reoipio. Centum senator elijj^o,

An hundred senators, who, from their qui ab aetas Pater, PatrieiiqQe

a^e, were called Fathers, and their is prog^enies, appellatus. Tunc,

children Patricii* Then, as he and cum uxor ipse et populns non

his people had no wives, he invited habeo, invito ad spectaculum

the neighbouring nations to the sight ludus vicinus natio, atque is

of games, and seized their young virgo rapio. Itaque finitimus

tromen. Whereupon the adjacent populus Romanus bellum in-

nations made war upon the Romans, fero. Romulus, Caeninenses

Romulus having routed the Caeui- fugatus, isque^rex Acron suas

nenses, and slain their king Acron with manus interemptus, Jupiter

his own hand, presented the spoUa Ferelrius, qui tum aedes dico,

opima to Jupiter Feretrius, to whom opimus spolium fero. De An*

be then dedicated a temple. He tri- temnates, Crusturoinii, Fide-

nmphed over the Antemnates, the nates, et Veientes, triumpho.

Crustuminians, the Fidenates, and A Tatius, Sabinus rex, . acies

Veientes. Upon seeing his army like sous fugO'Videns, Jupiter Stator

to be worsted by Tatius king of the templum voveo in Forum. De-

Sabines, he vowed a temple in the Fo- mum redintegratus praeliunif

rum to Jupiter Stator. The action Sabinus in aoies irrumpens,

being renewed, the Sabine women bellum precis dirimo. Percutio

throwing themselves into the battle, inter dux foedus, et Sabinuf

put an end to the war by their in<^ Roma commigro. Romuluf,

treaties. An alliance is struck up be* cum cxercitus ad Caprea palus

tween the generals, and the Sabines recenseo, subitus coortns tern

remove to Rome. At last Romulus, pestas, nusquam.appareo. Ad

a sadden tempest arising, as he re- deus transeo creditus sum.

viewed his army at the lake of Caprea, Regno annus 37.
entirely disappeared. He was sup-
posed to have gone to the gods. He
reigned 37 years.

2. Nineveh, as formerly observed, Ninive, at supra dictussum.)

was founded by Ashur, some time ab Ashurconditussum,seroali

after Babylon had been built by Nim- quantum quam Babylon a Nim-

rod ; but continued for many ages a brothus ezstructus sum ; sed

private royalty. For Pnl> one of the privatus tantummodo regnum

kings of Niniveh, and probably also per muUus seculum existo.

king of Babylon, seems to hare Namque Pul, unus e rex Nini-

founded the Assyrian empire. He ve, et, ut verisimilis sum, rex

makes his first appearance in scrip- etiam Babylon» Assyrius consti-

ture in the beginning of the reign of tuo imperium videor. Hie men*

Menahem king of Israel, and 771 tiofioprimoinscripturasuhin-

years before the birth of Christ. This itium regnum Menahem rex Ja-

empire lasted about 170 years. The raeliticus, et 77] annw aate

IT '

tfC ANCIENT HISTORY cAap. vn.

dricf of if* UMBireht W€r% 1. Pal, Batu Christas. Hie inpariain
sappoicd to bo tbo mom with Bolot. oimas circiter 170 daro. Prae-
lie reigned apwardf of 24700». 3. etpuas ex is prinoeps sum, 1.
TigUthpileser, who is snppoeod to be Pol, qui et Belas sum credo. Is
the some with Nino», end who eabda- anoos 24 et amplius imperito.
od Domatoui, «od pot an end to the 2. Tig^hithpileser, qui et Ninus
aocieot kingdom of Syria, reigaed sum credo, et qui» Damaecoa
aboQt 19 yaarf . 3. Shalmanesor, who subaetus, antiquus ■ Sjrria re^-
bieieged and aackod Sanaria, reigned oum finis impooo, annus cirei-
]2 year». 4. Sennacherib, whose ar- ter 19 regno. 3. Sbalmaneser,
my, whilst he attempted to besiege qui Samaria obsidio captos de-
Jorusaleoi, was smitten by an angel, leo» annus 1^ regno. 4. Sen-
reigned 6 years. 5. Ufarhaddno, who nacherib, qui exercitus, cum
«arried Maaafsehtldngof Jadah, cap- Hierosolyma obsideo Conors ab
tlYe to B«bylon4and cooqoered Egypt angelos caedo, annas 6 regno.
and Ethiopia, reigned 42 years. 6. 5^. Esarhaddon, qui Manasses
Saosdnchinus, in scripture called Ne- Jnda rex Babylon captions ab-
bochadonosor, who conquered Fhra- duco, et Aegyptus atque Aethi-
•rtes king o4 the Medes, levelled Ec- opia in suns ditio redigo, annus
faatan with the ground, and, return- 42 regno. 6. Saoaducbinus, in
JBgtoNinivoh,reasted 120 days, retgn- scripCura Nebachadonosor ap-
od 9K> yean. 7. Chynalydan, soppos- pellatus, qui, Phcaortes Medns
od to bo the same with Sardanapsius, rex derietust Eobatana solum
roigned S2 years. This prince, the aequo, et Nini?e reversus dies
If odes haTing made war upon him, 120 opolofi annus 20 regno. 7.
•nd the Babylonians haying revolted Chynalydan, qui et Sardanapa-
from him, set firo to his palace, and lus fortasse dice, annus 22 reg-
was consumed with all his wealth in no. Hie, M edus bellum infero,
the flames. The Assyrian empire sub- Babyloniusque deseroi regia
sisted several years after his death ; suns incendo, et cum divitiae
bnt was in the end orertnmed by the conoremo. Imperium Assyrins
Modes and Babylonians, in the year aliquot annus post is ioteritus
btforo Christ 601. Thus two empires duro ( demum vere a Medus et
arose out of that of the Assyrians, Babylonius everto, annus ante
namely, the Babylonian and Median. Christu? 601. Itaex imperiun

Assyrius duo orior» Babylonius^
aciz. et Medus.

3. From the time of Nimrod to that A tempus Nimbrothus ad

of PqI, a great many petty princes Pul, multns prinoeps exignns

reigned in Babylon. Niniveh too, Babylon imperito. Ninive quo-

and Babylon, seem to have been often que et Babylon idem rex saepe

governed by the same king. But, in pareo videor. Sed 24 anhus

the 24th year of the reign of Pul, and regnum Pal, et 747 annus ante

747 years before Christ, these beoame Christus natusf ex unus duo di-

two distinct kingdoms. Nabonassar»' verstts regnum foetus sum. Na-

who gives name to the famous era, bonasstf , qui inelytns aera no-

aind who seems to have been a young- men facio, et qui filius Pul na-

er son of Pol, gets the kingdom of tn min«>r sura video, regnum

Babylon, whilst his elder brother Tig- Babylonicns ndipiscor, cnm in-

latfapileser ol>t«ins the rceptre at JNi- terim Tiglatbpitoer frater na-

niveh. During the flourishing state tu major apud Ninive res po»

of the Assyrian monarchy, the kiiigs tier. Imperium Assyriacus vi-

Of Babylon seem to have been only gens, rex Babylonicus, quasi

^ceroy» or lord lieutenant? to those prorex Seu praafeotus rex As^y-

of Kioiveh ; but afterward^) Babvlon ria subjectus sum video; postca

voM Upon its rains, «ad became a great aatevi Bab jlon Ninive esetiUr
empire; which, computiDg from Na- tutt aaetii8tuiQ«et m^gnut ion*
bouassar» lasted 209 years ; viz. Na- perium evado ; qui, si tuppatA*
bouassar, called also Belesis and Na-- tio a Nabonafsar iostituo, per
nybrus, reigned 14 years. Nadius 2. annus 209 dure; sciz. Nabo*
Chiozirua aud Porus jointly 6. J a- nassar, qui Belesit et Nanybroa
gaeus 5. Mardoc Einpadus, in scrip- etiam dictui sura, annas 14 reg*
lure called Merodacb-Baladan, who no. Nadius f!. Chinairns et
sent an embassy to Hezekiah, ki^g of Porus simnl 5. - Jugaeus 5,
Judah, to enquire about the sun's re- Mardoo Empadus, sacer literae
(regression, reigned 12 years» Arki- Merodacb-Baladan dicius^qoi
auus 5. An inter-reign of two years legatos ad Ezechias rex Judaea«
followed. Belibus 3. Apronadios 6. at de sol retrogreasus certior
Mesessimordacus 4. Then an inter- -fio, mitto, annus 12 impero. Ar«
reign of eight years. Assaradinas, or kianus 5. Puo annus interreg*
Esarhaddon, who, with his two sue- nam secutussum. Belibus 3.
«essors, -were sdso kings of Assyria, Apronadius 6. Mesessimoida*
reigned 13 years. Saosduehinas 20. ens 4. Deinde interregnum oo-
Cbynalydan, called also Sarac, 22. to annas. Assaradmus, sea
Kabopa^Uasar, who revolted from Chy- Esarhaddon, qui, cam duo soa*.
nalydan, and transferred the seat of oessor» res etiam Assyria sum,
the empire from Niaireh to Babylon, annas 13 regno, Saosdachinoa
veigned 21 years. He« Joining bis 20. Chynalydan, Sarao etiam
leroes with those of Cyaxares, kiqg f^ppellatus, 22L Nabopallasar,
4fi the Modes, redaoed Niniveh to a qui a Gbynalydan deseisoo, et
low cenditioa ; but did not live to see sedes imperium a Nioive ad
its final destractionv having been di- Babylon transfero, annas 2 1 reg.
verted iewsa. this war by an irraption no. Is, sans cam oopiae Cyax-
ef the Seythians, who at that time ares Medas rex junctos, Ninire
overran « great part of Asia. Nabo- ad oonditio afflietus redigo s at
eolasiar, er Neboehadnexaar; who in mars praereptus intemeoio mm
ft most magnificent manner -aderaed video | ab bio etenim bellogj^
the city Babylon, and raised the im- abstraetas sum inoorsos Scytbot
pire to its highest pitch -of glory, and qni tune tempos magaus pan
was himself afterwards, by the decree Asia vasto. NaboeolasMr, sen
of hearea, driven from the society of NebuohadaeoBar, qai urbe Ba*
men to dwell with the beasts of the bylon megnificenter exstrae, et
field, reigned 43 years. Evilmerodach ia^periom ad suramus fiwtigiam
reigned 2 years. Neriglissar 4. Ma- eveho,et qai pestea coelestis
bonadias, Labynitos, or Belshazaar decretam e heme eoetus ad ha-
17 ; in whose time the city of Baby- bitandam earn bestia agar ex-
Ion was taken by Cyras, and the em- pulsus sam, annas 43 impero.
pire overturned, in the year before Evilmerodach annas 2 regno.
Cbrist53& . Neriglismr 4. Nabonadius, La-

bynitos^seo Belshassar 17,* qui
regnans orbs Babylon a Cyras
captus JBum, et imperiam ever-
«as, annas ante Christas 639.
4. The Medes, having thrown off Medas, jagum Assyrias ex-
the Assyrian yoke, in the reign of Sen- cassas, rex Sennacherib, aU-
nacherib, lived some time without a qoaihdia sine rex ago; sad dis-
king; but intestine dirorderi arising, oordiaoivilis6aborttts,Dejee«,
Dejooes, one of their own number, eKgensMediisoriandas,qaiin
called Arpbaxad in the book of Ja* lib^ Joditfaa Arphaxad appel-
dith, was chosen king, in the year be» lo, rex creo, annas ant^ Chris-
fore Christ 710, In faisliUter dajfihe ins 710. PoBtremai tempos

fU ANCI£!7T BISTORT csap. t».

«ad* wtr npoQ Saosdachiniu, king beUom Saoadoohiaas, Astyrios
of th« AsBjriaiif ; bat hii army wu rex, infero ; sed exercitus ia fa-
defeated in a battle foaght in the great gatas «am, praelium in magnos
plain of Ragao* binMelf slaio, and his planities Rugaa commissas, ip-
«anpilai Ecbatan destroyed, after a se interfectas, et caput regnum
reign of 53 years. His son Phraortes £cbatana excidium Uatus, post-
saMned a great part of the upper qaam annus 53 impero. Pbra-
Asia, uraded Assyriai and laid siege ortes filius magnus pars superior
to Nintreh; where he perished, with Asia domo, Assyria invado, Ni-
the greater part of his army, alter niveque obsideo ; ubi ipse cum
having reigned 2% years. His son, magnus pars copiae pereo, post
Cyaxares Lby a stratagem» relieved . regnam S2 annus. Filius is,
his country from the Scythians. He Cyaxares I. civis dolus Scytha
engaged in war with the Lydians ; libero. BeUum contra Lydi-
bat a total eclipse of the sun, said to us ineo ; sed cum sol inter pug-
have been foretold by Thales the nandum defectus totalis laboro,
Milesian, happening in the time of qui deliquium Thales Milesius
battle, both armies retreated, and a praedico fame sum, ambo exer-
peaoe wai coacladed. He after- citus praelium recedo, et pax
wards, in coojunotion with Neba- factussum. Hicpostea, Nebu-
chadnezsar, king of Babylon, invest- chadnezzar rex Babylon adja-
ed Niniveb, and razed it to the vans, Ninive obsideo, et solum,
grooad, in the year before Christ 001, aequo, annus ante Christas 601.
This confederate army soon after Adunatus hie exercitus mox
overran and conquered Kgy ptt Judea, Aegy ptus, Judaea, Syria, Armo-
Byria, Armenia, Pont us, Cappadooia, nia, Pontus, Caj^adooia» et
and Persia. Cykxares reigned 40 Persia peragro domoqae. An-
years. His son Astyages, called nus 50 regno. Astyages filias,
Ahasaeros in the book of Daniel, re- Daniel liber Ahasueras diotus»
palled the Babylonians, who, under Babylonius, qui, Evilmerodach
the conduct of Evilmerodach, had dux, in Media irrnmpo, repello.
sade an irruptioa into Media. He Annus 35 impero. Filias is,
reigned S5 years. His son, Cyaxares Cyaxares II. sacer literae Da-
n. called in scripture Darius the rius Medus appeltatas, annas
Made, reigned 32 years. He had a 22 regno. Bellum cruentos
bloody war with tbe kings of Baby- cum rex Babylon, isque sociue
Ion, and their ally Croesus king of Croesus Lydia rex, per spatium
liydia, for the space of 21 yearA. In 21 annus gero. In hie bellan
this war be was assisted by Cyrus his Cyrus nepos is auxilium ve-
nephew; who at last took Babylon, nio; qui tandem Babylon po-
and placed his ancle on the throne, titus, avunculus summus potes-
where he reigned two years. Upon tas permitto, qui ibi duo annus
his death, Cyrus transferred the seat regno. Cyrus, avunculus mor-
of empire from the Babylonians and tuus, sedes imperium a Baby-
Medes to the Persians, in the year lonius et Medus ad Persa
before Christ 536. transfero, annus ante Christas

536.

5. Twenty-fire years after the baild- In Aegyptus 3o sea Sahacas9

tng of Rome, So or S abacus, the E- Aethiops, regno coepi, annus

thiopian, bagan to reign in E^pt ; post Roma conditus 25 ; qni
whose successors, for about 200 years, successor, per dacenli fere an*
were Anysis, Sethon» 12 kings joint- nus, sum Anysis, Sethon, 12

^7* Psammitichns, Necho, Psammis, rex simul, Psammitichus, Ne-

Apries, Amasis, and Psammlnitus. cus, Psammis, Apries, Amasis,

A rp et Psamminitas.

P^ Twenty-seven yea» after the Annul post Roma conditu»

CHAP. rii. EPITOMIZED. 2*5

buUding of Rome, and 721 before 27, et ante Obrxstaa 721, Sa-
Christ, Samaria was takea and.de- maria a Salmaaeser, Assyrius
stroy^ by Salmaneser, king of the rex, captus et eFersus sum .
Assyrians. The ten tribes, with their Tribus decern, cam Oseas rex,
king; Hoshea, were carried away into in Assyria abd actus. Unas e
Assyria. Tobias was one of the cap- captivus Tobias sam, qui liber-
tives, whose piety preserved him his tas in ipse servitus pietas con-
liberty in the midst of servitude. He- servo. Rex turn Hierosolyma
zekiab, the son of king Ahaz, a man Kzechias, Achas rex natus,
of eminent piety, was then king^ of homo singularis pietas. Hie
Jerusalem. At this time too lived teinpus etiara cxbto vates E-
the prophet Isaiah. saias.

7. Numa Pompilius, the second Numa Pompiliui>, Romanas
king of the Romans, was called to the rex II. propter sapientia fama^
throne from Cures, a town of the Sa- ad regnuni e Cures, Sabinus
bines, on account of his renowned oppidum, vocatussum. Roma
wisdom. He softened the martial arma ferox religio mansuefacio.
fierceness of Rome by religion. He Sacra sacerdosque institao,
instituted priests and sacred rites, simulatus cum dea Egeria noc-
pretendiog intercourse with the god- turnus congressus. Janus dein
des Egeria in the night. Then he templum exstruo, isque val-
built the temple of Janus, and shut vae, pax beilumque index^
its gaites, which were the signs of daudo. Annus duo mensis ad*
peace and war. He completed the ditus expleo. Annus initium
year by the addition of two months ; Januarius pro Martins sum Vo-
and, instead of March, appointed lo. Regno annus quadraginta
January to be the beginning of the tres.

year. He reigned 43 years.

8. Manasseh, the son of Hezekiah, Manasses, Ezechias filius, in
reigned then in Judea. At the same Judaea tum regno. Idem tem«
time lived Judith, by whom Holo- pus existo Juditha, a^ui Ho-
fcmcs, general of Saosdachinus, king lofemes, dux Saosduchinus, rex
of the Assyrians, was slain; Gyges Assyrius, sum obtruncatus ;
too, who is said to have been the in- Gyges qooque, qui intimus
timate favourite of Candaules, king Candaales, Lydas rex, sum
of the Lydians, and was forced by him asseda dico, ab isque coactus
to view the beauty of his queen when ut nudus regina species con-
naked. After which Gyges, at the templor. Fostea Gyges, regina
queen's desire, murdered Candaules, jussu, Candaales obtrunco, et
and seized upon the kingdom. regnum invado.

9. After Numa, Tullus Hostilius, TuUus Hostilius, post Numa-
being created king of Rome, made Roma rex creatus, bellura Al-
war upon the Albans, The dispute banas infero. Certamen tres
being referred to three Horatiit)n the Horatius Romanus, et totidem
side of the Romans, and as many Cu- Curiatius Albanas, commissus,
riatiion that of the Albans, victory victoria penes Romanas sum.
declared for the Romans. The Albans Albanas postea rebellans, Alba
^terwards rebelling. Tall us, after eversus, Roma demtgro TuUua
demolishing Alba, ordered them to* jubeo. Roma Alba ruina auc-
remove to Rome. Rome being in- tus, Coeliuii moiis urbs addita»
breased-by the ruins of Alba, mount Cum Tullus 3! annus resoo
Coeliui was added to the oitv. Tul- fuimen ictus, cam domus saiu
lua was thunderstrocfc, and burnt up ardeo. Ammoa, laterea^ Ma.
with all bis house, after he had reign- aasses filius, et Hierosolyma
•d 31 yean. la the meantime Am- rex, a famulus ittus iaterfeoQli
Aoni ManiMeh'ft ^09, aad king of iubk «wricg^

ANCIENT HISTORY «baf. tu.

JeroMlMBf wai a«Mtimkd by bw
larFftnti.

to. After Tallus HoitiUai, Aacus Post Talli» Hostilios, Anont

Martisi, the gruidsoa of Nama by a Martioi, Noma ez &lia nepw,

daogbter, took upon hiot the govern- Muoipio imperium Latinaa bel-

meat. He proclaimed war by bis lauperfeciali8iiidico,acviQCQ.

heralds against the Latins, and Tan- Is plurimns postea in civitaa

quisbed them. He took a great many adseiseo. Aveatians mons,n6c

of them afterwards into the etty. He non, sublidus pons in flamea

united the AreoTme mount to the factiu, Janieoliun urbs adjicio^

city, and likewi^? the Jaoiculumi by Romanits imperium inqoe ad

throwioff a wooden bridge over the mare propago, et Ostia urbs

river. He extended the Roman do- in os Tiberia condo.- Annas

minion quite to the sea, and bailt the imperiom 34 morbus pereo.

cily Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber. Fauci ezinde annus, Joeias,

He died of a distemper in the 24th Kaechias nepos, contra Necus,

year of his reign. A few years after, Aegyptus rex, pugnana, prae-

Josiah, Heaeluah's grandson, fell in lium cado. Is Jeremias vates

battle, fighting against Necho, king of et conctus popnlus lamentatio

Egypt. The prophet Jeremiah and prosequor.
all the people lamented him.

11. The fifth king of Rome was . Quintus Roma rex sum Tar-
Tarquinius Friscus, the son of Dema* quinius Priscus, fiUus Dema-
ratus of Corintb. He doubled the ratus Corinthius. Hie numerus
number of the senators, built the senator duplico, Circus aedifico.
Circus, and instituted the Circensian et ludus Circensis instituo.
games. He subdued the twidve na- Thuscia populus duodecim su-
tions of Tascany, and borrowed from bigo, ab isque summus potestae
them the ensigns of supreme power, insigne aocipio. Fasces, Tra-
the pHsces, the Trabeae, the Curule beae, Curules, Praetexta, et is.
chairs, the Practexta, and other things genus alius. Annus imperiom
of that kind. He was slain by the 37,perAncusfilia8 0Gcisus5um.
sons of Ancus} in the 37th year of his

reign.

12. Draco, who was Archoa at Draco, qui Archon Atheoae
Athens, in the year before Christ sum, annus ante Christus 623,
623, laid the Athenians under the atrox Atheniensis lex impono,
most cruel laws, by which the smallest qui aeqoe parvus peccatum ac
offences and the greatest crimes were magnus acelus capitalis sum.
equally punished with death. For Qui ipse hie causa trade : Par*
which he himself assigned this rea- vus peccatum ego mors dignus
son : Small faul^ seem to be worthy video, et manifestos ac magnus
of death» and for flagrant and great scelus magnus suppliciam ex-
offences I can find no higher punish- -cogito noo poasnro. At hie lex
ment. But these laws did not long Atheniensia noo diu placeo.
please the Atheniaus. Demades was Demades dico soleo, Draco lex
wont to say, that p race's laws were Qon atramentum, sed sanguis,
not written with iok, but blood. icriptns sum.

13. In Jadea,'afler the death of In Judaea, pott mort Josias,
Josiab, his son enjoyed the crown filinstresmensis,etfraterpaQGt.
three months, and his brother a few annus, regnom potitus sum:
years. Josiah's brother was succaed- Frater Josias snccedo Zede-
ed by 2edekiah, the Ust king of the ohias, rex Jiidaeos postremus,
Jewa, who was reduced to slavery by qui al9ebaehadBa8sar,Baby1oa
^ebnobadneazar, king of Sabyloii ; r«s, Uk «erviftut redaeios sua i
Jerusalem al«o, and the t«npl% war« ^a^Lui» 4wm«%19^ JEU^jrOMN-

i^HAP. t«. EPITOMIZED* «r

|>unit, and the dtisMbi carried avaj lyota, iuMoaiis, eiTis Babylon

ioto Babylon, in the year before the tradiictae, anniu ante Christas

birth of Christ 588. natui 688.

14. Whilst Palestine and Syria Dam Palaestinaet Syria bar-
were laid waste by the arms of barba- barns arma evasto, Graecia sa-
rians, Greece was improved by the piens institutnm cxcolo. Sep-
institutions' of its wise men. The tern ille Graeoia sapiens nous
seyen wise men of Greece flourished tempos existo. Ex qui nnme-
at the same time. SoIobi one of their rns Solon, abrog;atas Draco lex,
number» having abolished Draco's ccmmodus Atheniensis lex fero.
laws, enacted now ones more proper

for the Athenians.

15. Servius Tullius, the si^ith king Servius TuUias, sextns Ro*
of the Romans, having conquered the manas rex,Hetru8cus ao Veien»
Hetrusci and Veienles, instituted the debellatos. Census instituo.
Census. He divided the people into Populns in clas^ ac centuria
classes and centuries; added to the describe ; urbs, Quirinalit,
city the Quirinal, Viminal, and Es* Viminatis, Esquiliaos mons, ad-
^uiline hills. He was murdered in jungo. Occisus sum 44 imperi-
the 44th year of his reign, by the vil- urn annus, scelusgenersuus Tar-
lany of his son-in-law X&i^^vin the quinins Superbus.

Proud. .

16. About this period lived a set Hie tempus immanis tyraa-
Cf the most savage tyrants in different nus passim existd ; Periander
parts of the world ; Periander at Co- Connthus, Pisistratus Athenae,
rinth, Pisistratus at Athens, Thrasy- Thrasybulus Miletus, Poly-
bulus at Miletus, Polycrates in the orates in Samos insula, et Pha-
island Samos, and Phalaris in Sicily, laris in Sicilia. Idem aetaa
The same age was very productive sapiens ferax sum ; Aesopus &-
of wise men ; then flourished Aesc^ bula architectus tum vigeo,
the famous writer of fables, and Py- necnon Pythagoras in Italia, qui
thagoras in Italy, who first called sui primus philoeophusappello.
himself a philosopher. In Greece, la Graecia, poeta, Alcaeus^
Uie poets Alcaeus, Stesichorus, Sap- Stesiohorus, Sappho, Stmonides,
pho, Simonides, Anacreon, Pindar, Anacreon« Pindarus, illustrie
were greatly renowned. sum.

17. Towards the latter end of Ser- Cyrus Fersa extremus Ser-
vius TuUius^ time flourished Cvrus vius TuUins tempus existo,
the Persian. He was the son of Cfam- Sum natus Cambj^es, aut rex
byses, either king of Persia, or a man Persia, ant vir primus ordo in
df tbe first rank in that ccuntry, and is civitas, et Maodaoe, filia As*
of Mandane, the daughter oi Asty ages, tyages, rex M edus. He rodotOB
king of the Modes. Herodotus in- quidem, pater Cyrus mediocris
deed says, that his lather was a mean vir sura, perhibeo ; et Cyrus
mi^n ; and that Cyrus, oo account of iufans, jnssu avus, propter som-
a dream, had been exposed in his in- nium expositus sum. At fides
fancy by order of bis grandfather. But Xenophoa potius adhibendue
greater credit is due to Xenophon* «um. Cyrus, quedragesimue
Cyru^y in the fortieth year of his age, aetat annus agens, e Persia ar-
wa« called from Persia to assist his ce^ituasura, utCyaBaresavun^
uncUCyaxares,kingef theMedes,in cuius suus in bellum contr4
bik war against the B.abylonians, and Babylonius, isque soeius Croe-
their ally Croesus, king. of Lydia. sus, rex Lydia, anxilium suria.
This war lasted 21 years. Cyrus Hie bellum per aonni 21 gestus
•Mimaiided the united army of Medet sum. Adunatns copiae Medus
«Ml fmMn\ «ad fronn this perriod et Pena C^rus praesnm, et i

228 AlYCfENT HIBTORt cbaK tu.

hittortani oompuU the be^ianini^ of hie tempoi imperiam apad

hit raiga. Cynis' condiict io this bistoricos iaitium duco. Ut

war WM elorious, and bis suoceu won- Cyrcu rirtas in bio beUum sum

darfttl. He vaoquisbed Croesus, and inaignis, xta miros felicitaa usas

took tbe rojral oity of Sardis ; after sum. Croesus sapero» et re-

tbis be -subdued all tbe continent from ^^ias urbs Sardes espug;no ; post

tbe Aegean sea to tbe Eupbrates. He bic totas regio inter mare Ae*

reduced tbe strong city of Babylon, gaeus et Euphrates perdomo.

and deli veriug tbe government of tbat Babylon urbs manitissimus

Jungdom to hu unoleCyazares, called subigo regnamqae is adminis-

also Oarias tbe Mede, be returned tratioayanculassuusCyazares,

into Persia. About two years after, Darius Medos etiam dictus^

Cyaxares dying, and also Cambysesi traditns.ipse in Persia regressns

king of >Persia, Cyrus took upon bim sum. Post fere biennium, Cy-

the govemmeijt of tbe whole empire; axares« necnon Camb3rses, res

which be held for the space of seven Persia, mortuus, Cyras totus

years. In the first of these seven imperiam administratio sasci-

years. and before Christ 534, he issued -pio; quaper septem annus te-

out his decree for restoring tbe Jews neo. Annas bio septeoi pri*

to their country. In the reign of Cy- mas, et ante Christ us 534, edic-

ros lived tbe prophet Daniel, wh6m turn snus promulgo, qui Ja-

that monarch esteemed with an affec- daeus patria restituo. Regnana

tiooAte regard. Cyras, vivo Daniel propheta,

qui imperator ille complexos
sum.

18. A few years after, as Herodo- Paaoi exinde annas, ut He-

tus relatef, Cyrus made war upon the rodotus narro, Cyrus Scy tha

Scythians, and cut off the son of their bellum infero, et Tomyris regi-

qaeen Tomyrii with his army. But na filius cum exercitus caedo. '

the advantages of the victory proved At brevis et fallax sum fructas

delusive and of short duration. Cy- victoria. Cyrus, recens victo-

rus» flushed with his late victory mar- ria elatus, in iniquus locus pro-

ches oat into a place of disadvantage, gredior, abi insidiae hostis ipse

where fce was trepanned by the ene- cum omnis copiae concido.

my, and cat to pieces with all bis for- Xenopbon aatem aio, Cyra»

ces. But Xenopbon says, Cyrus died domus fatum functus sum, an-

at home a netaral death, in the 70th nus aetas septaag<>simus, et

year of bis age, and was baried at Pasargada in Persia sepultna

Pasaigada in Persia, leaving his son sum, Cambyses Alius heres im-

Cambysei heir to his empire; who, periom irelictus ; qui, Psammi-

haviog conquered Psamminitnsi an- nitus victus, patemua regnam

oexed Egypt to his father's realm. Aegyptos adjicio. Imperium

The Persian empire lasted 228 years. Persicus annus 228 duro. Cy-

Cyrus reigned 30 years, Cambyses 7, rue regno annus 30, Catiibyses

Darius HysUspis 36, Xerxes 21, Ar- 7, Darius Hystaspis 36, Xeraes

taxerxes Loogimanos, called Abasuc<. 21, Artaxerxes Longimanus-

rosin the scriptures, and who had Abasueras sacer literae dictu?'

Esther for his queen, 41, Darius No- et qui Esther regina habeo'

thus 10, ArUxerxes Mnemon 46, 0- 41, Darius Nothus 19, Artax^*'

ohoa 21, Arsei 2» Darius Codomaii- erxes Mnemon "^46, Ochus 21,

^u>^- Ariea2, DariqiCodonMuinuslSi

dHAP.yiii. EPITOMIZED. KS

CHAP. VIII.

From the libzration of the Jews by Cj^ru$. to U^e overthrow of iht Ptnian
etnpire by AUxandtr tke Oreat^ including 204 ytan.

-TARaviNiusSuperbus, the seventh Tarcotinius Superbus, sep-

and last of the Roman kings, de- timua atque ultunua Roman u«,

rived bis surname from his behaviour, rex* ex faclum cognomen traho.

He slighted the authority of the se- Senatus auctoritas in adminis-

nate in the management of the govern- trandus respublica oegligo. Ju-

meot. He finished the temple of Ju- piter templum a paler inchoa-

piter which had been begun by his tusezstruo; Volscus arma do«

father; he subdued theVolsci; and mo; Gabii Sextus lilius dolus

took Gabii by the artful conduct of his capio, A Sibylla Cumanus li-

son Sextus. He is said to have pur- ber Sibyllinus emo dico. Tan-

ehased the Sibylline books from the dem, ob stuprum Lucretia, no-

Cumean Sibyl. At last he was turn- bilissimus foemiua» a fiUus illa-

ed out of the city, and his kingdom tus, et urbs, et regnum ejectus

too, for a rape committed by his son sum, annus regnum 23, Olym-

npon Lucretia; a woman of quality, pias 68, ante Christus natas

in the 23d year of his reign, in the 506. Regnatur Roma a sep-

68th Olympiad, and before Christ tern rex annua prope 242,
606. The regal power obtained at
Rome, under seven kings, almost 242
years.

2. After the expulsion of the kings. Post rex expulsus, bini quo-
two consuls were created annually tannis consul Roma creo. Bra-
at Rome. Brutus and CoUatinut tus et Collatinus primus consul
were the first consuls. Brutus, upon sum. Brutus, conjuratio coo-
tbe discovery of a conspiracy against tra libertas patefactus, conju-
the public li(ijBrty, punished the con* ratus, in qui sum filius is duc^
spirators, among whom were two of mors multo« . .
his own sons, with death, ' •

3. About the same time a like inci- Atheniensis per idem tempos
dent delivered the Athenians from ty- par causa tyrannis libero. Hip-
ranny. Hipparcbus, the son of Pisis- parchus, Pisistratus natus, Har-
tratus, had debauched Harmodius' modiussoror violo, ItaqUeHar-
sister. Whereupon Harmodius slays modius tyrannus obtrunco. Ab
the tyrant. Being forced with tor- Hippias, tyrannus frater, nomi-
ture, by Hippias, the tyrant's brother, no caedes conscius tormentum
Co name those that were accessary to coactus, tyraunue amicus nomi-
the murder, he named the tyrant's no; qui omnisstatim a tyrannus
friends; who were all immediately interficio. Hie virtus excitatus
put to death by the tyrant. The citi- civis, Hippias pulsus, sui in li-
zens, roused by his magnanimity, ba^ bertbs asbero. Harmodius sU-
nisbing Hippias, restored themselves tua pono.

to liberty. They erected a statue to
{larmodius.

4. Cambyse*", king of the Persians, Cambyses, rex Persa, frater
caused his brother Smerdis to be as* suus Smerdis interficieudus cu-
sassinated, because he had dreamed ro, quod per quies is regno vi-
thal he saw him on the throne. Cam- deo. Paulo post Cambyses,
byses died soon after of a wound by gladius a vagina delapsus, vul-
his own sword dropping accidentally neratus intereo. Patizithes,
out of tl^e tt^eath. Fatizithes, oue pf anus Ip Majg^us^ celfiti^s mpr

ANCIENT HISTORY chat, tiu-

tbi Ma(i« conoMlhig Um death of Sowrdif, frater suns Orotmstes

Snerdii, pat up his owo brother Oro- pro ii suppono, qui, sai Smerdis

pallet in hia room, who, pertonatin^ sam simulans, r«gnaai potior,

flnerdif, obtained the ioverei|pAty. Sad frauB cite pale^iotafl, peea-

Bat the impoeiure beiog sooa disco- dorex, cam fratert a Persa prin-

▼ered, the preteaded king, with hia caps cunfodio.

brother» was taken off by the grandees f
of Persia.

5. The grandees who had despatdir Pritteep9,qai Oropastes ne<-
ed Oropastesi agreed among them- co, inter aui paciscor, ut ad re-
lelvea to come to the paUce before gia ante aol ortus reoto, et atia,
iOA-riae, and that he whose horse qui equas hinnittia primus edo^
neighed first, should be king. The rex sum. Equus Darius, Hy>
horse of Darios, the son of Hystaspis, staspis filiua, hinnitua primus
neighed first, and procared his owner edo, et domious regnum pario.
the kingdom.

6. Darius Hy^M^pis being thus ere- Darios Hystaspis rex Persa
ated king of the Persians, granted sio creatas, Jadaeus potestas
leare to the Jews to finish the temple templum Hierosolyma absol-
of Jeri&alem; the prophet Haggaiat Tondus facio; adhortans stmal
the same time eocoaragmgthem &ere- Haggai propheia. Babylon, qai
to. Babylon, which had revolted aPersa'desciscOfZopyiras ami-
firom the Persians, he recovered by the ens dolus recipio. Quippe it,
artifice of bis friend Zopyrus. For nasus sui et aaris desectus, fides
he, haying eat off his nose and ears, lacio Babylonxos, soi, a Darios
made the Babylonians belieye he had orudeliter tractatos, «d is confis^
fied over to them, on having been bar- gio. Itaqae orbs, sans fides ab
barottsly used by Darios. According- lUe ereditos, Darius prodo.
lyhe betrayed the city« with which

tfai^ intrusted him, to Darius. »

7. Tarqainios Snperbua being ba- Tarqoinins Saperboa Roma
aished from Rome, implored the as- ezaotus, Porsevoa Hetrascus
sistanoe of Portenna, king of the He- rex audlium implore ; qui, beV*
trosci : who, waging war with the Ro- lum Romanns illattis, Janicalam
mans, possessed himself of the Janicu- occupo. Hostis impetus Hoca-
lam. Huratius Codes alone sustain- this Cocles tamdia sustineo in
•d ttie assaults of the enemy on the Sublicius pons solus, quoad
Sublician bridge for a considerable pons a tergum rescindo. Inde
time, till the bridge was cut down be- in Tiberis desiUo, atque inter
hind him. Then he plnojged into the hostis telum incolumis ad Ro-
Tiber, and swam over safe to the Ro- menus trano. Cloelia quoque,
mans, amidst the darts of the enemy, virgo Romanus, unns ex obses,
Cloelia too, a Roman lady, one of the elusua custoa, Tiberis inter He*
hostages, having eluded her keepers, trusoua telum trano. Mutioa
swam over the Tiber, atnidat the darts porro Scaevola, ut patria obsi-
of the Hetrusci. Moreover, M utiaa dio hostis eximo, in is caatra
Scaevola, in order to deliver his coun- sui insiuuo, per error scriba pro
try from the enemy's blockade, con- rex obtrunco. Ad tribunal rex
reys himself into their camp, and, in- retractua, dextra foculus injicio^
stead of the king, by mistake kills his atque exuro ; aimolque rex,
secretary. Bein^ carried before the trecenti Romanus idem ratio in
king to be exammed, he thrusts his caput is conjure, denuncio. Ita*
right hand into the fire, and burns it ; que Poraenna, pax cum Ro-
and at the same time declarea to the manus factUSi domu Wdeo.
kmg, that 300 Romans had in Uke

maimer taken an oath to morder him.

^HAP.Tiii. EPIT0MI2CD. fan

WbereapoD Poreemia^ roakiai^ petee
with the Romans, returned home.

8. Afler this the Latins made war Latinas deinde, dux Tar-
upon the Romans, ander the eondoct qaiaios g^ener, bellnm Roma-
of Tarqaio^a lon-in-law ; against nns infero ; contra qui, PoBthn*
whom Posthumios being made dicta- mint dictator factna, ad lacut
tor, vanqaisbed them in a memorable Regillos insignis praeimm vis-
battle at the lake Regillas. It is said co. Fero dens, nempe Castet'
the gods, particolarly Castor and Pol- et Pollux, hie praelium inter-
lux, were present in this battle, and sum, et ex albus eqnus pugno
were seen to fight on white horses, in visus sum, annus urbs 255.
the year of the city 355. Gelo at Gelo turn Syracuaae regno,
that time reigned in Syracuse.

9. Darius also, king of the Persians, Darius quoque. Persa rex,
«ndeavooring to reinstate Hippies in Hippias in pristinns regnunr
his kingdom^ made war upon Athens, restituo conatus, Athenae bel-
Miltiades, general of the Athraians, lum infero. Miltiades, Athe-
qaickly meets him at Marathon, with niensis dux, ad Marathon cum
a small body pf men. Ten thousand parvus manus celeriter occurro.
Athenians encountered two hundred Cum ducenti Persa mille de-
thousand Persians. Darius' army was cam Atheniensis mille dimtco.
routed and put to flight, in the year Darius exercitus fusus fuga-
before the birth of Christ 490. tusque, annus ante Christus

natus 490.

10. Rome, delivered from foreign Liberatus Roma extemtis
enemies, was well nigh ruined by in- hostis, intestinus discordia pene
testine divisions. The commons, ha- concido. Plebs» a pater ae
rassed by the senators and usurers, foenerator vexatus, in Sacer
withdrew to the Sacred Mount on the mons trans Anio seoedo ; sed
other side of the Anio ; but were ap- Menenius Agrippa oratio de-
peased by (he persuasions of Menenius lenio, et, tribunus plebs prae-
Agrippa, and, upon obtaining the pro- sidium adversus pater accep-
tection of tribunes of the people against tus, in urbs remigro.

the patricians, returned into the city.

11. Martins Coriolanos, having Martius Coriolanus, tribnnUs
been forced from the city by the spite invidia ad urbs pulsus, ad Vbls-
of the tribunes, went over to the Vol- cus sui recipio, et patria bellnm
soil and made war upon his country, infero. Romanus opes adeo
He so broke the power of the Romans, frango, ut, Veturia mater ad is
that they were obliged to sue for ablegatus, pax peto cogo. Co-
peace, by sending his mother Veturia riolanus matemus precis cedo,
to him. Coriolanns yielded to his et Volscus postea a Spurius
mother's entreaties, and the Volsci Cassius penitusdebellatussum.
were afterwords quite reduced by At Cassius exinde^ magnussuc-
Spurius Cassius. But Cassius, after cessus elatus, et regnum affeo-
tbis, elated with his mighty success, tans, de rupes Tarpeius prae-
and aiming at sovereignty, was thrown cipitatus sum, annus urbs 268.
headlong from the Tarpeian rock in

the year of the city 268.

12. About the same time A ristide?,' Sub idem tempus Aristides
surnamed the Just, was ^ iMinished ' cognomentum Justus, Athenae
Athene. But being soon restored, he «xulo. Brevi autem restitutus,
aFsisted Thcnustocles in the Persian Themistocles, qui opera eject us
war, bywho^e interest be had been sum, Persicus bellam adjavo,
expelled, sacrificing^ private wrongs privatus injuria patria condo-
to the good of his country. natus.

«St ANCIENT HISTORY chap.w.

13. At Rome the FaVian faafl^, to Robr Fabios gem, at pa-
easa their country of trouble, petition- tria molestia libero, bellQm sai
ed for the entire management of the Veientinus ipee posco. Veieates
Teientian war to themselves. Thejde- saepe rinco. Jam victriz ab
feated the Veientes several times. Be- hostis per insidiae pene deletus
ing now TictorioQii, they were almost sum ; amplios 300 Fabii anas
Utterly destroyed by a stratao^em of the dies cado.

enemy ; above 300 of the Fabii were
cat off in one day*

14. Xerxes, the son of Darius Hys* Xerxes, Darias Hystaspis fi-
taspls, heir to his father^s crown and lius, paterous regnum atqne
inveterate enmity to the Greeks» hav* odium in Graecus heres, joac*
ing built a bridge of boats over the tasnavis Hellespoatus, Athos-
Hellespont^anddiggedthronghMount que mons perfossus, Graecia
Athos, invaded Greece with an army cum 2000 armatns millemvado.
of two millions of men. At the straits Is Leonidas, rex Spartiates, par-
of Thermopylae, Leonidas, king of vos manus, ad Thermopylae
the Spartans, with a handful of men, angustiae» maximus infero
made a dreadful slaughter of his clades, donee, caedendum defa-
troops, till, spent with killing, he fell tigatio, super strages bostis
Victorious above heaps of slain ene- corrno victor. Atheoiensis in-^
mies. The Athenians, in the mean terim, relietus urbs, classis 200
titoe, quitting their city, equipped a navis adorno. Xerxes igitur
fleet of 200 ships. Accordingly, Athenae vacuus naclus, mcen-
Xerxes having found Athens deserted, do. Sed classis duo mille navis,
burnt it. But his fleet* consisting of et amplius, Themistocles, dux
2000 sail and upwards, being defeated Athenieosis, virtus et consiliu m
near Salamis, and put to flight by the prope Salamis fusns ac fugatns,
contrivance and valour of Themis- trepidus Thracia versus dis-
tocles, the Athenian admiral, he cedo, ut Hellespontus trajicio
marched off in grent dismay tovrards cum vera pons tempestas via so-
Thraoe, in order to cross the Helles- lutus video, scapha piscatorius
pont : but finding his bridge broken transmitto, fugioque continuo
down by the violence of the storms, Sardis, annus Roma 268« et ante
he passed oyer in a fishing-boat, and Christus 480. .

continued his flight to Sardis, in the
year of Rome 268, and before Christ

480.

15. The year following, Mardonius, Sequens annus, Mardonius,
who had been left by Xerxes with qui cum 300 armatus mille a
300 thousand men to prosecute the Xerxes ad persequendua bel-
war, met with a mighty overthrow at Inm relietus sum, magnas ad
Plataea from the Greeks, under the Plataeae calamitas accipio a
conduct of Aristides and Pausanias. Graecus, Aristides et PaviBa-
In the reign of Xerxes, flourished He- nias dnx. Xerxes rex, floreo
rodotusi the father of ' historians, historia pater HerodotuS) * an-
about 600 years later then Homer. nus prope 600 junior Homeras.

16. Quinctius Cincinnatns, called Quinctius Cincinnatos, ab
from the plough by the Romans to a rat rum ad dicta turn a Roma-
the dictatorship, delivered the consul nus vocatus, Minucius consul
Minucios, who had been btecked ad Algid nm obsessusab Aeqtius
up by the Aequi at Algidaq^, and libero, hoattsque sub jagxun
Caused the enemy to pass under the mitto. Cimon quoque. Mil-
yoke. Cimon also, the son rif MiU tiades filius, Xerxes copiae ad
tiades, having with the like good con- Cyprus par virtus devirtus.,
daot vanquished the forces of Xerxes Graeons Asia urbs in libertas

CBAP.vui. EPITOMIZED. 233

near Cyprui, restored the GrW cities assero. Nee vero imperttor

of Asia to liberty. Nor was Greece tarn, sed etiam philotophus,

then illastrious for its geoerals only, Graecia floreo ; idem enim

but philosophers also; for the same aetas Heraclitas, Demoeritasi

age produced Heraclitus, Democritusy Anazagoras, aliasqae com-

Aasxagoras, and several others. plures effuodo. .

17. At Rome, aboot 300 years aiter Roma, annus post tirbs con*
the baiding of the city» instead of two ditus circiter 300, pro duo
consuls, decemriri were created, consul deoemTiri creatus. Hie
Theycompiled a body of laws brought lex e Graecia, ac potissimum
over from Greece, and particularly Athenae, petitus, conscribo.
from Athens. These, being inscribed Hie, quoniam tabula duodecim
on 12 tables, were called the laws of mandatus sum, lex XII. tabula
the ^n. tables. Within a few years» appellatus. Fauci annust prop-
by the lust of Appid^ Claudius, and ter Appius/ Claudius libido,
the outrages of his colleagues, the go- collegaque impotentia, res a^
Temment reverted to the consuls. consul redeo.

18. Artaxerxes Longiuianus grant- Artaxerxes Longimanus,Ne«»
ed leave to Nehemiab, his cup-l^arer, hemiasy pincerna suus, potestas
to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem, in murus Hierosolyma reficien-
the year bef9re the birth of Christ dum facio, annus ante Christus
445. In the reign of Artaxerxes, liv- natus 445. Artaxerxes rag-
ed the famous naturalists Empedocles nans, Empedocles et Parme-
and Parmenides, Hippocrates the phy- nides physicus, Hippocratee
sician, Polycletus and Phidias, sta- medicus, Polycletos et Phidias,
tuaries, Xeuxis, Parrhasius, and Ti- statuarius, Xeoxis, Parrhasius,
mantes, painters. et Timantes, pictor, ciarus sum.

19. About six years after the de- Sex fere annus post sublatus
cemviral power was abolished, military decemviri potesias, tribunns
tribunes^withconsnlar authority began miles ^onsularis potestas Roma
to be created at Rome. The censors creo coepi. Censor quoqaa
too were then first made for holding tum primum ad census agendur
the census. Cornelius Cossus, ami- creatus. Cornelius Cossus,
litary tribune, having slain Tolom- tribunus miles, Tolumnius Vei-
nius king of the Veientes with bis entes rex suus manus necatus,
own hand, next after Romnlus, pre- spolta opimus Jupiter Fere-
sen ted the tpoHa opima to Jupiter, trius, alter ab Romulus, fero.
Feretrius.

20. The same year that the mili- Idem annus qui tr^unua
tary tribunes were created at Rome, miles Roma creatus sum, bel-
the Peloponnesian war broke out in lum Peloponnesiacus exardeo
Greece, which spteadiog itself over in Graecia, qui totus pervaga-
all Greece, continued 27 years. Thii- tus Graecia, annus duro 27. Is
cydides, having been forced into ba- bellum Thucydides, a Pericles,
nisbment by Pericles, the incendiary bellum excitator, in exilium
of the war, wrote the history of it. ejectos, Historia mando.

21. A few years after, the seat of Fauci interjectus annus, bel-

the war was transferred into Sicily, lam in Sicilia transeo. Athe*

The Athenians^ importuned for aid by niensis, Catanemis opis implo.

the Catanenses, engaged in a war rans, bellum adversys Syra-

against the Syracusans, in the reign ef cusanus suscipio, Darius Notbus

Darius Nolhas, king of the Persians, rex Persa. Hie bellum prae-

The first attempts of the Athenians ciarus initinm, exitus Atheni-

in this war were very successful, bat ensis calumitosus sum. Dux

Ohe issue proved fatal to them. The Atheniensis sam Alcibiades,

generals of the Athenians were Al- Nicia8,et Lamachus.
cibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus.

SU ANCIENT IH8T0RT cifAP. vzix.

tt. Bnt at Atbenf the study of the Atli«nae aatem bonas an
liberal arti wbb in high reputa. Then itudiam v]g;eo. Aristophanes,
flearished Aristophanes, Gratinos, and Cratioas et Eupelts, comicas
Eupolis, comic poets ; Sophocles and poeta ; Sophocles et Euripides,
Euripides, tra^c poets ; Praxiteles trag^cus ; Praxiteles statuaritu
the famous statoary ; Gorg;ias and insignis ; Gorg^as aliusque so-
other sophists in great nambers; and pbista qaam plurimus ; et So-
Sociratos, the father of philosophers, crates, philoaophus parens» turn
But Diagoras, denying the existence floreo. Diagoras autem, deas
of the gods, was banished from Athens, sum negans, Athenae exulo,
a reward being offered by the go- praemium publice propositus^
yernment if any one would kill him. si qais is occido.

S3. The Galli Senones, during the Gallus Seno, Tsrqpinius
reign of Taix|uiniua Priscus, having Priscas regnans, Italia' pars,
driven out the Tuscan», had seized qui Gallia Cisalpinus postea
upon that part of Italy which was af- dictos sum, Tbuscns expuisus,
terwards called Cisalpine Gaul. This oecupo. Hie, in oppugnatio
people, incensed by Q. Fabius, the Clusium, Hetruscus oppidUoif
ambassador of the Roman people, at a Q. Fabius legatus populus
the siege of Clusinm, a town of the Romanns irritatus, in Aomanus
Hetrusci, turned their arms against arma verto, is copiae ad Allia
the Romans, and, having cut off their flumen caesus, urbs, Brennus
forces at the river AUia, fell upon the dux, invado, .captus ferrum
city, onder their leader Brennu?, took flammaque populor. Roma
and destroyed it with fire and sword, incensus annus postquam Con-
Rome was burnt in the year 365 after ditus sum 365.
it was bailt.

24. About those times a calamity of Consimilis per is tempus
much the like nature befel Athens. Athenae casus excipio. Ly-
Lysaoder, general of the Lacedemo- eander, Lacetlaemoniua dux,
nians, assisted by the power of Persia, opes Persicus adjutus, cam,
having vanquished Conon, and brought Conon victus, Atheniensis
the Athenians very low, took Athens frango,ipse Alhenaecapio, mu-
itself, demolished its walls, and ap* rus diroo, et triginta vir res-
pointed thirty commissioners to go* publica praepono ; qui In civis
yem the state; who, tyrannizing crudeliter gra8san8,a Thrasy-
cruelly over the citizens, were turned bulus, quartus post urbs captus
out by Thrasybulus, four years after annus, ejectus sum, et libertas
the taking of the city, and Athens res- Athenae restitutus.

tored to its liberty.

25. About the same time flourished Sub idem tempus floreo Cte-
Ctesias of Cnidus, who, having been sias Cnidius, qui, bellum Cyrus
taken prisoner in the wars of Cyrus contra Artaxerxes Mnemon,
against Artaxerxes Mnemon, king pf Persa rex, captus, propter me-
the Persians, was very honourably dendum scffentia, magnus in
treated by the king on account of his honor ab rex sum habitus, et
skill in physic, and wrote the history Persa scribo historia. Idem
of the Persians. At the same time tempestasArchytasTarentinus,
lived Archytas of Tarentum, and like- itemque Antistbencs, Aristip-
wise Antjsthenes, Aristippus, Xcno- pus, Xenophoo, Plato, lacerates,
phon, Plato, Isocrates, disciples of So- Socrates dbcipulus, existo.
crales.

26. In those times flourished seve- Clarus quoque per idem tern-
ral famous generals ; at Athens, Iphi- pus imperator existo ; Athenae
crates, Chabrias, Thrasybulus, and quidem, Iphicrates, Chabrias,
Timotheus; smongst the Thebans, Thrasybulus, et Timotheus ;
Pfelopidas, and Epaminondas, a man apud Thebanos» Pclopidas, et
of an iUustrious character, not only Epaminondaf, vir, non solum

CBAP. vui. EPITOMIZED. ftSS

for military glory, bat likewise forfais ret militaris gloria» sed etiein

skill in philosophy, and sotegprity of philosophia laas, ct vita iote-

life. gritas, illustris.

27. At Rome^ Camillas, created CamiUus Roma, dictator ab-

dictator in hu absence, hairing raised sens factus, collectaa oopiae,

an army, advanced to the oity^ expell- orbs adyenio^ Galloaque inde

ed the Gauls, and utterly destroyed abjicio, et universns is ezerci-

their whole army. Rome within a tas penitus deleo. Roma intra

year, by the generous activity of Ca- annus, Camilius beneficium,

millas, was reared up anew. Lucius novas urbs sto. Lucius Sok-

Sextius, who, after a long dispute, tius, post longus certameo, prt-

was the first consul made from among mus e plebs consul factus, finii

the plebeians, put an end to the crea- tribunus miles creandus afiero.

tion of military tribunes. A city Praetor urbanus, et Aedills Ca-

Praetor, and two Curule Aediles, were f uHs duo creo.
created.

S8. Epaminondas, having cut off Epaminondas, Lacedaemoni-

Cleombrotus, king of the Lacedemo- us rex Cleorttbrotus cum exer-

nians, together with his army, at he* citus ad Leuctra oaesue, ad

uctra, fell in battle, fighting wit h great Maotinea cum Agesilaus forti-

bravery against Agesilaus, at Mantt- ter pugnans ca*lo. CumisTbe-

nea. With him fell the glory of the banus virtus-oceido. Lacedae-

Thebans. The martial character of monius quoqne laus belliens

the Lacedemonians likewise died, up- oonddo, invectus a Lysander

on the introducing of gold, and along doZ} cam BOrom, avaritia.
with it avarice, by their general Ly-
sander.

^. From the Greeks the martml A Graeoas ad Cartbaginien-

spirit passed to the Carthaginians, who sis bellicus virtus transeo, qui

subdued Sardinia with their arms ; Sardinia arma domo ; et, Dio-

and having vanquished Dionysius, ty» nysias, Syracosae tyrannus, sd-

rant of Syracuse, took several towns peratus, multus Siculus oppi-

from the Syraousans. Not long after, dnm adimo. Haud ita multo

Dionvsius being killed by his subjaots, post, Dionysius interfectus a

left the sovereignty to his son Diony- suus, tyrannis Dionysius filius

mus ; who being * at last driven from relinquo ; is, ob singularis ne*

Syracuse for his unparalleled extra- quitia, demum a Dion, Plato

vagance, by Dion the disciple of Pla^r auditor, ejectus Syracusae, lu*

to, set up a school at Corinth ; whilst dus aperie Corinthus ; docens

Isocrates, Demosthenes' master, as yet etiam turn Athenae rhetorioa

taught rhetoric at Athens. Isocrates, magister» Demos-
thenes.

30. The arts of war in the mean Roma interea ars bellietis
time werein great loitreat Rome, T. eniteo. T. Manlius, bellom Gal-
Manlius, upon a ohallengein the Gal- licus Gallus eximius proceritaa
lie war, slew a Gaul of prodigious sta- in oculus uierque exercitus, ex
tare in the face of both armies, and provocatio, occido, et ex tor-
WAs called Torquatus, from the chain quis qui Gallus cervix detraho*
which he took from the Gaul's neck. Torquatus dictus sum. Vale-
Valerius too killed a Gaol of like size, rius item Gallus par magnita-
by the assistance of a rayen, which do obtrunco, corvus praesidi*
perching on his helmet, had annoyed urn, qui in is galea insidens,
his antagonist with hia wings and beak^ hoitf s ala rostrumque terreo, et
and got the surname of Corvinus. cognomen Corvinus adipiscor-

31. Alexander the Great was bom ~ Annus post Roma condf
at PeUa, a town of Macedonia, in the 392, Olympias 10«, et
yter after the building of Rome 392, Christus natus 366, in opp
la the IpSth Olympiad, end before the ^^KsedoDia PeUa, AJex

t36 AHCHarr HUTCHIT . chap. tih.

Urth oC Chriil 856 1 hit latlMr Phi- Bfignas Dttiis tom ; qni pater

Kpi king of Um Maoadoniuu, sabdu- Phflippas, rex Maeedo, Illyria»

M Um niyriam, took Mrtrml citiM aabigo, maltas de Athenieiiais

fro» tbaAUMoians and other Graeln, atiiaqiia Gra^u iirbs capie,

and woald bafia arado hioiialf OMttor totmqao Graecia potitus wua,

of all Greaoa, had he not been oppot- niai DemottheDes orator adrer-

ad by Demofthanas tha orator. Fi- laria» habeo. Deniqne, ad bel-

aally, baiD^craated general of Graeee, loa Peraicos administrandas

lor managing the Persian war, he was Graecia dox creatas» a Pausa-

•lain by Paosanias, whose ill usage he niaa,q«u iojaria vindico negli-

had neglected to revenge, in the reign go, inierfieio, Ocfaas rex Persa.
of Ochus, king of the Persians.

32. lo the mean time, the war with Samnitieos, interim, bellnm
the Samnites proved vary grievous existo sane gravis ac diutornos.
and lasting. War was declared Pro Campanus, qui sui in fides
against the Samnites in favour of the populus Romanns tr^do, bel-
Campani, who had pot themselves lum Samnis indictus, ac varie
nnder the protection of the Roman gestus sum. Latinus bellum
people* and was carried on with va- acoedo ; qui bellum, T. Man-
nous success. To it was added the Uns Torqoatus, consul, filius,
war with the Latins ; in which war, quod contra edictum cum hos-
T. Manlius Torquatus, the consul, tis pugno, securis percutio. -
beheaded his own son, for engaging Idem ^Uum Decius Mns, in-
the enemy contrary to the orders. In clinatus acies Romanns, sui pro
the same war Decioa Mus, upon the exercitus deveveo. Navxs An-
Aoman troops giving ground, devot- tiates bellum oaptus, Roma sob-
ad himself for the army. The ships ductus sum, atque is rostrum
of the Antiates taken during the war, snggestum in Forum extructus
were brought to Rome, and with adorno t Diogenes Cynicus, An-
their beaks the gallery in the Forum tisthenes, Aristoteles, Xenocra-
was adorned t whilst Diogenes theCy- tes, Speusippus, Plato auditor.
Die, and scholar of Atttisthenes, aho^ docens in Graeoia.
Aristotle, Jlenocrates, Spensippus,

disciples of Plato, taught in Greece,

33. Alexander the Great in his Alexander Magnus puer
youth studied ander Aristotle $ while Aristotoles opera do ; adolescen-
yet very young he conquered the tulus lUyricus Thraxque per-
Thracians and lUyrians, deslroyed dome, Thebae everto, Atbenae
Thebes* and received Athens upon in deditio acctpio. Inde, jonc-
surrender. After this, supported by tus Thessalus Graecusque aa-
Ihe confederate arms of 4he Greeks ma adjutus, ad Persicus bellum
and Thessalians, be passes over into in Asia trajicip. Darius Co-
Asia to the Persian war. He defeats domannns, Persa rex, priteo nd
Darius Codomaonos, king of the Per- Granicus, iterum ad Issus so-
iians, first at Granicus, and a second pero.

time at Imos.

34. Moreover, Alexander having Alexander, porro, oaptua Ty-
taken Tyre, invaded Judes. But be- rns, Judaea invade. Sed Hie-
ing received in a friendly manner at rosolyma ab Jaddus sommus
Jerusalem by Jaddus the high priest, saccrdos amice acceptus, in tern-
he offered sacrifices in the temple, plnm victima immolo. Aegyp-
Having made himself master of tus potitos, Alexandria urbs a
£gypt, he builds the city of Alexan« sui condttus« ex suus nomeo ap-
dria, «ailing it by hu own name. In pello. Denique £upbrkte8
fine, he passes the Euphrates, con- transeo, Darius tertio ad Arbe-
quers Darius a third time at Arbela, la vineo, at, Babylon Oaptus,
and having taken Babylon, transfers imperium a Persa ad Maoedo
the empire from the Persiaiii to the tradaoo, an^us regnnm quar-

CHA^.M^. EPITOMIZED. «37

Macedonians, in the fourth year of tas, Olympiai 112, annus Ho*
his reign, in the '112th' Olmpiad, in ma 418, at ante Christus 330.
the year of Rome 418, and before
Christ 330.

CHAP. IX.

From the ovtrlhrow «/ the Pertian empire to the defeat of Perseus^ the
lati,tu£ceuor of Alexander the Great in Greece, by Aemiliu» PaultUf
when Rome became the mistress of the world ; comprehendtng \6^ years,

Thb Macedonian empire «being Macjbdonicos imperiam ita
^thua erected, Alexander marches into constitute», Alexander in India
India, and, after conquering many na- pergo, et, multus natio devictui,
tionsy returns to Babylon ; where he Babylon revertor ; - ubi, annus
diedy in the '12th year of hit reign, 33 natusi excedo e vita, annua
being 33 years old, in the year be- regnum 12« etante Christus oa«
fore the birth of Christ 3'23. In his tus 323. Is regoans, Theopom-
reign flourished the historians Theo- pus, Megasthenes, et Hecataeust
pompus,MegaBthaiteB,andHecataen8. historicns, floreo.

2. Upon the demise of Alexander, Alexander mortuus, multUf
many princes started up in the room pro anus rex existo. Ptole*
of one. Ptolemy, the son of Lagut, maeus, Lagus fill us, Ptolemaeua
called also Ptolemy Soter, reigned in ' Soter etiam dictas, in Aegyp»
Egypt, Eumenes in Cappadocia, tus, Eomenes in Cappadocia,
Antigonufl in Asia, Lysimachus in Antigonusia Asia, Lysimachus
Thrace, Seleucos at Babylon. Cas- in JThracia, Seleuous Babykm,
Sander haying put to death Alexan- regno. Cassander, Alexan*
der's son, and his mother Olympias, der filius ac mater Olympias ia*
seized upon the kingdom. of Macedo- terfectus, regnum Macedonia
nia. At the same time Menander, oocupo. Idem tempestas. Me»
the comic poet, Craotor, the disciple nander, comicus poeta, Crantor
of Xenocrates, and Crates of Dioge- Xenocratest et Crates Diogenea
nes, Epiourus^ and Zeno, the father discipulus, Epicurus, et ZenOf
.of the Stoics, as also . TheophrastUs, StoicQs parens, itemque Theo-
werein great reputation. phraatus^ nomen habeo.^

3. About the time of Alexander's Roraa, sub Alexander mors,
death, Appius Claudios, the censor, . Appius Claudius, censor, Ap-
paved the Appian Wiiy^at Rome, pitis via sterno. Sub idem tem«
About the same tirhe the Tarentine pus belUim Tarentious, ob le*
war was kindled up, oeeasinned by gatus populus Romanus viola-
their insulting the Roman ambassa- tus,excitatussum« Quibellum,
dors. In which war the integrity and adrersus Pyrrhus, Epirns rex,
courage of Curius and Pabricius, with qui Tarentinus auxiiium venio«
respect to Pyrrhus king of Epire, who Cudus et Fabricius integritas
had come to the assistance of the Ta* ao virtus eniteo. Curius Den*
rentines, were remarkably eminent, tatus denique, Pyrrhus devic*
Curius Dentatus having defeated him tus, Italia expello, et Tarenti*
in battle, drove him at last out of Ita- nus ad deditio compello, annus
ly, and forced the Tarentines to sur- ab urbs conditus circiter 483.
render, about 483 years after the

1»nildtng of the city.

4. After the death of Alexander the Post mors Alexander Mag. x
Great, the regal government continu- • nus, per spatium fere 275 annus

•d in Egypt for the space of near 275 in Egyptus regnatur. Ptole*

years. Ptolemy Soter, the beginning maeus Soter, qui r^num ini<

of whose reign is to be computed from tium tb annus ante Christue

the year before Christ 304» for the 304 suppntandus sttn^, Alexaa*

MDccefMrt of Alexander long disclaim- der mm suocenor a nomen re

ANCIENT HTSTORT

CSAF, a.

«d the title of kin^, rnledSOyean,
Ptolemy Philmdelphui 38, Ptoleoiy
Eaeif eles 25, Ptolemy; Pbilopat6r 17,
Ptolemy EpiphanoB f4i Ptolemy Phi-
lometor 35, Ptolemy Phyacoo 99» Pto-
lemy Latharous or Soter 36, Alexan-
der 15. Pioiemy Auletes 14« Queen
Cleopatra S3.

5. Ag;athoelet, the tyrant of Syra-
eote, besieged by the Carthaginians,
passes over privately with his fleet
into Africa ; by which means he drew
ofl'the enemy to the defence of their
own oounlry. Having made peace
with the Carthaginians» he makes
himself absolute master of Sicily. Ha
was succeeded by Hiero, who, for his

'great moderation, was honoared with
the title of king by the Syracurans.
He gave occasion to the first Panic
war with the Romans.

6. About 495 years after the build*
.. ing of the city, the Roman people

having subdued almost all Italy, pass-
ed over into Sicily, to succour the
Mamertini their allies, against Hiero
and the Cartbagioians. Accordingly
the Romans, under their general Ap-
pins Claudius, vanquished Hiero;
and, having worsted the Carthagi-
nians, received several towns of Sici-
ly upon surrender. After this C. Dui-
^ Itus first gained a naval victory over
the Carthaginians. The seat of the
war was immediAtely carried- into
Africa, under the command of Attilius
Regulus. He having taken Tui^is,
and other towns of the Carthaginians,
laid Bi^ge to Carthage. But being
worsted by Xantippus, general of the
Lacedemonians, who came to the as-
sistance of the CarthsginiaDS, he fell
into the bands of his eaemies. Regu*
lus being afterwards sent to Rome, to
negotiate a peace, advised the Romans
to make no peace with the Carthngi-
nians. He himself returning to Car-
thage, in consequence of the engage-
ments he had come o oder to the enemy,
was pot 4o death in the most cruel
manner imaginable. Finally, the con-
sul Luolatius humbled the pow^ of
%he Carthaginians in a sea-fight, and
^nted then a peace. The first Pu«
war being ended in the 24th year,
temple of Janus was shut a seeimd

dio fthstineo, annus SO imponi,^
Ptolemaeus Philadelphus 38,
Ptolemaeus Eaergetes S5, Pto-
lemaeas Philopater 17, Ptole-
maeus Epiphanes 24, Ptole-
maeni Pbilometor 35» Ptole-
maeas Physcon 39, Ptolemaeus
Lathnrnus sive Soter 36, Alex-
ander 16, Ptolemaeus Auletes
14, Cleopatra regina 22.

Agathocles, Syracosaetyran-
nusy a Poenas obsessus, oeculte
enm olassis trajicio In Africa ;•
ita hostis addefendendos patria
avoco. Paz oum Carthaginen-
sis factus, Sicilia imperiom po*
tier. Hie Hiero succedo, qui,
propter summUs moderatio,rex
a Syracosanus appellatos sum.
Hie primns helium Punlcas oc-
casio Romanaa do.

Popalus Romanus, annus,
poet urbs condituSf oirciter 495,
domitus totus paene Italia, ut
Mamei tin us socius contra Hie-
ro et Carthaginiensis anxilium
fero, transmitto in Sicilia. Ro-
manus igitur, Appius Chiudiua
dux, ^iero vinco ; et, Poeous
profligatus, oppidom Sicilia
complures in deditio acctpio.
C. Duilius iode victoria, nava-
lis de Poenos primus repnrto.
Mox, Atilius Regulus jmpera-
tor, bellum in Africa transeo.
Is, Tunetom aliusque poenos
oppidum captusy Carthago obsi-
deo. Verum a Xantippus, La-,
cedaemonius dux, qui Poenua
sobsidium venio, victos, in po*
testas hostis venio. Roma pos-
tea Regulus missus de pax pe-
tendus, Romanus suadeo, ne
pax cum Poenus fio. Ipse, oe
datus hostis fides &Uo, Cartha-
go reversus, omnis crueiatoa
qeco. Loclatius denique, con.
sul, navalis praelinm Carthagi-
niensis opes frango, paxque do.
Bellum primus Punxcus vege»x<«^
mas quartus annus confectua,
Janus iterum climsas sum. Per
idem tempus Marcellus coosol,
Viridomarui, losuhree rex,auttff
manus interfeotiie, tertins spe^

linm..Animna .Tfinit*i» ffira. O.

CBAT. IX* EFITOMLZED.

time» About the lame time the oon- Flammiofl, einior, via FUmi-

sul Maroellus, having killed Viride- ^ nios miinio.
mams, kiog of the Insubres» with hit
own hand, was the third that present-
ed the opima spolia to Jupiter. C« ^
Flaminius the censor paved the Fla-
minian way.

7( In Greece, Aratas, Cleadthes, In Graecia, Aratns, Clean-
and ChrysippuS) disciples of Zeno, thes, et ChrysippustZenoaudi-
Arcesilas too* and Demetrius Phale- tor, Arcesilu quoque, et De-
reosi the scholar of Theophrastos, left metrius Phalerius, Theophras-
illostrious monuments of theic parts tus discipulus, praedarus inge*
and learning, during the reign of Pto- nium ac doctrine monumentam
lemy Philadelphns in Egypt, who fur- *relioquo, regnans in Aegyptue
nished the famous library at Alexan- Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, qui
dria ; and» in order to render it the celeberrimus Alexandria bib-
more complete, procured the sacred liothecainstroo; et, utsum cu-
books from EUeazar, the high priest of molatus, ab Eleazarus, summui
Jerusalem, and caused them to be pontiles Hierosolyma, sacer li-
translated into Greek, in the year be- ber impetro, dt Greece verten#
beibre Christ 277. In the mean time dus euro, annus ante Christus
the Parthians revolted from the do- 277. Interea Parthus a Mace-
minion of the Macedonians. Arsaces do imperium deficio. Primus
ivas the first king of Parthia ; from in Parthia regno Arsaces ; nnde
him the other kings of the Parthians caeter Parthus res Arsacidaa
were called Arsacidae. dictus.

8. The tranquillity of Rome, after Roma, ^ost primus bellam
the first Punic war, lasted scarce 24 Punicus, vix 24 annus requies.
years. Saguntum, a city in Spain, in Saguntum, urbs in Hispania,
alliance with the Roman people, bav- amicus populus Roman us, ab
ing been destroyed by Annibal the Aonibal, Poenus dux, deletus,
Carthaginian general, gave rise to the secundus bellum Punicus prin-
second Punic war. Annibal leaving cipium sum. Annibal, Asdru-
his brother Asdrobal in Spain, march- bal frater in Hispania relictU8«
es over the Alps into Italy. Cornelias per Alpes in Italia descendo.
Scipio meets him at Ticinum ; but U Cornelius Scipio ad Ticinum
narrowly escaped himself, with the occurro; sed, amissus exerci-
loss of his army. Flaminius, with a tus, ipse aegre evado. Flami'>
«more terrible stroke, is cut off with nius deterior exitus ab Annibal
his army by Annibal at the lake Thra- ad lacus Thrasymenus cum
symene. Q. Fabios Maximus check- exercitus caedo. Q. Fabius
ed the enemy^s career a little by wav- Maximus hostis cnnctandum
ing battle; hence he was called Cunc- nonnihii reprimo; undo ipse
tator. But a signal overthrow was Cunctator diqtus sum. Sed
received at Cannae, a village of Apu* Terentius Varro temeritas in-
lia, by the rashness of Terentius Var- sigois ad Cannae, Apulia vicus,
ro. So great was the number of the clades acceptus. Caesus mul-
slain,. that a bushel of gold rings, titudo tantus snm, ut aureus
which had been taken from the hands anoulos, qui Romanus eques
pf the Roman knights, was sent to manus detractus sum, modiaft
Carthage. But the following year, Carthago mitto. At annus se-
M. Claudius Marcellus, fighting a sue- qiiens, M. Claudius Marcellus,
cessful battle at Nola, made it appear ad ^Nola, secundus praeliom
that Annibal could be conquered. faetns, doceo Annibal possum

fupero.

9. Hieronymus, the son. of Hiero, Hieronymns, Hiero filip*-
' king of Syracuse, had revolted to An« Syracasae rex, ad Annibal ''*

aibaU lyhereupon th« consul Mjijr* ncisco* Quare MarceUus <

240

ANCIEMT HISTORt

tmAt. n*

odlm mad* wtir vpon the Syraciuftiis,
«nd Ukec tbe city of Syracuse by sor-
prite in the night, which hed been
foDff defended, no less by the inventions
of Archimedes^ than the arms of the ci-
tizeni. The moderation of the conqbe>
ror beiehtened the g^lory of the con-
quest He spared the city and the inha-
bRanta. In fine, Laevinos made Sicily
the first provinYse of the Roman people.
10. Cornelius Scipio« yet very
young, is sent into Spain by the Ro-
mans. He takes New Carthage, and
drivel Asdrabal oat of Siain. There
too he struck up a league withMasi-
nissa. Bat ClaaUius Neroeat off As-
drabal at the river Metaurus, as he
was going into Italy to join forces with
his brother Annibal. And Scipio pass-
ed over into Africa, on design to draw
oif the enemy, who still kept (fast by
Italy. He cuts off Hanno the generaF
of the Carthaginians'With bis army,
and having conquered Sypfaax their
ally in battle, took him prisoner.

11. In the 16th year of the war,
Annibal was recalled into Africa, by
the Carthaginians. He enceanters
Scipio ; being defeated, makes his es-
cape from the battle, and giviog up
4ll for lost, flies into Asia. Carthage
was entirely subdued in the year of
Rome 560, just 188 years before the
birth of Christ.

12. From Africa, Scipio got tho
surname of Africanus, being the first
that was dignified with tbe name of |i
vanquished nation. . He greatly ho-
noured Ennius the epic poet, with
whom the comedians Naevius, Cae-
cilius, Plautus, are reckoned nearly,
contemporary.

13. The . peace with Carthage was
succeeded by the Macedonian war,
which was nndertaken for the Athe-
nians their allies, and carried on with
various success for ten years. At last
this wal- was ended by Quinotius Fla-
minius, by the entire conquest of Phi-
lip king of Macedpnia, and liberty re-
stored to all Greece, in the year of the
city 552.

14. After this Antiochus, king of
Syria and Asia, made war apon the
Romans, at the instigation of Attnibal.
But Antiochus being defeated both

^ sea and landi by h- Scipio, sued for
race; ithloh was granted him oa.

sol Syraemaiiin b^htra infero,
arbs Syracttsae, non minus Ar-
chimedes ingeaium, qaam
oivis arma, diu defensns, aoe-
tu de improriso capio. Vic-
. loria gloria aageo moderatio
victor. Urbs et civis paroo.
' Laevinos denique Sioilia pri-
mus populus Romanas previa*,
cia facio.

Corn^ius Scipio, adhae ado-
lescentoluB, a' Romanus in Hts-
pania mitto. Is Carthago No-
▼na oapio, et Asdrabal ex Hif^
panta fugo. Foedos quoque
ibi cam Masinissa ferio. At
Clandius Nero Asdrubal, io Ita-
lia ad conjangendus com iratar
Annibal copiae yeniens, ad Me-
taaras flnanen, opprimo. Scipio
antem, nt haerens Italia host!»
abstraho, transmitto in Africa.
Hanno Poenos dnx cam exerct-
tos caedo; Sypbaz is aocios,
acies victus, capio.

Annibal a Carthaginiensis,
annas helium 16, in Africare-
Yoco. Sigoom cam Scipio eon-
fero; vtctus, e praelitim fogio;
res desperatod, in Asia pn^ngio.
Carthago penitos snbaetos tfn-
.nns post Roma conditus 560,
ante ChristusnatinroaininolSd.

Soipio, ez Afiripa, Africanos
cognomen deplirti^ primus no*
man devictos a sai gens uobili-
tatus. Idem. Ennius poeta epi-
cus in Konpr habeo, qui Nae-
vifis, Caecilins, Plautus, comi-
cos, fere aeqaalis numero.

Pax PonicasbeHam Mtfcedo-
nicns excipio, qui pro Athenien-
sis amicus soeceptus, per decern
annas varie gero.* Deoiqoe a
Qoinctius FUminios Philippos
Macedonia rex debellatos, hfc-
bellum confectas dam, et Grae-
cia universns libertas restitutos,
anans ab orbs conditas 55S.

Antiocfaos deinde, rex Ada
ao Syria, AnnibaUmpalsas,b6l'>
lata RomanoB infero« Veram
a Laoim S^pia t^rm mareqae
Antioehas stq;>erat«8^ pax f«t& 3
cmi hio Boiiditiodatai 2 Ui Mm*

«HAF. z. EPITOMIZED. 241

theae Urmi : That he should ^vai all azcedo, et Annibal dedo ; qai,

A8ia,aiid aorrenderupADDibal; who, no in hostis potentaB venio,

to prereiit bis falling into the hands haintin Tenenam intereot annoa

of his enemies, swallowed poison, and orbt 581. L. Scipio ex Asia

died, in the year of the city 581. cognomen Asiatieos refero.- Hie

From Asia L. Seipio receiyed the tempos Liyios tragoedia sorip-

sarhamcf of Asiaticus. In those times tor darus habeo.
Livy the writer of tragedies was ac-
counted famous.

15. About the same tiine, M. Fal- Sob idem tempos M. Fol*
▼ins having taken Ambracia, the re- Tins, captos Ambraoia, Pyrrhus
sidence of Pyrrhus king of the Epi- rex Epirota sedes, Aetolus do-
rots, conquered the Aetolians ; L. mo ; L. Posthumius Albiousi Lu-
Posthumius Albinus subdued the Lu- sitanos, Appios Polcher Ister
sitani, Appius Pulcherthelstri; Ae- subigo; Aemilios Paulus, Per-
milius Paulus reduced Perseus king sous Macedonia rex, oltimus in
of Macedon, the last successor of Alex- Graecia Alexander Silagnos sue-
ander the Great in Gre^coi and led cesser, debello, atqae in trium-
him in triumph to Rome, in the year phus Roma duco, annus urbs
of the city 581, and before Christ 16T. 58 1, et ante Christus 167. Ro-
Rome now began to be accounted ma jam terra orbis domina ba-
the mistress of the world. beo c€»epi.

16. Much about the same time Idem fere tempus, atrox bel-
bloody wars were carried onin Judea lniii,in Judaea, a Maccabaeus,
by the Maccabees, against Antiochus contra Antiochus et Dezaetrius,
and Demetrius, with Yarious success, yarie gestus sum.

CHAP. X.

fVamthe dffeat of Peneia to the birih of ChmU or the beginning of

theChritiianera; ineluaing 1&7 ffears.

Turn Carthaginians, disregardinjg Carthagiitiehsis, neglec-
treaties, and making war upon Masi- tus foedus, bellumque Masmis-
nissa, gave occasion to the third Punic sa illatU8, tertius bellum Puni-
war. Wherefore, by the persuasion cus occasio do. Ifaque is, sua-
of M« Cato, a war is commenced sor .M. Cato, bellum iofero.
against them. At last, being quite Quartus demum annus a P. Sci*
vanquished, in the fourth year of it, pio debellatus, deditio facio.
by P. Scipio, they surrendered them- Carthago solum aequo, cum jam
selves at discretion. Carthage was sto annus ampHus septingeoti,
levelled with the ground) after it had annus a Roma ^onditus 602.
stood above 700 years, in the year Idem Scipio Panaetips philoso-
from the building of Rome 602. The phus, Polybius liistorious, ,Te-
same Scipio made Panaetios the phi- rentius comicus poeta, familia-
losopher, Folybius the historian, Te- ris habeo. Hie senex succedo
rence the comic poet, bis intimate Pacuvius et Accius, tragicus
friends. These gentlemen in their poeta, et Aristarchus gramma-
old age were succeeded by Pacuvius ticus.
and Accius, tragic poets, and Aristar-
chus the grammarian.

2. About these times the Corinthx- Corinthius sub is tempus le-
ans had beaten the ambassadors of the gatus populus Roman us pulso ,
Roman people, and engaged the A- et Achaeus sui bellum. socius
chaeans to jom them as confederates adjungo. Itaque h- Mummius
in the war. Whereupon L. Mum- consul, Achaia in deditio accep-*
mius the consul, having received tus, Corinthus, cum jam an"'
Achaia u|)on aai*render,destro^ed Co- 952 stoi deleot annuQ ^.oma

94M

ANCIENT HISTORY

CHAP. X.

• •

riiithf aiUr it bad itood 962 yean, in
tha yaar of Rome 602. About the
•ame time Q. Fabius in a great mea-
sure recovered Lasitania, which had
been seiaed upon by Viriatas the rob-
ber» P. Scipio too, 14 years after the
de«traction of Carthage, razed Nu-
mantia in Spain, with the same army
which had before been often routed
by the Numantians. Of soch impor-
tance was a general and dtdcipline.

3. A bloody «edition, in the mean
time, broke out at Rome. Tib. Sem-
pronius Gracchus embroiled the state,
by preferring the agrarian law, forbid-
ding any person to posses» above 500
acres of laoii. Whereupon he was
killed in the capilol by Soipio Naiica.
And not loo^ after, his brother C.
Gracchus» attempting the same, was
dain by L. Opiuiius the consul, and
together with him Fulvius Flaccus, a
gentleman of consular dignity. About
the same time, ^ttalus, king of Phry-
gia, made the Roman people his heir,
in the year of the city 615.

4. One Eunus, a Syrian, having
broken prison in Sicily, and drawn to«
gather a vast multitude of slaves from
the country, gave the Roman com-
manders several great overthrows. At
last, he was routed by P. Rupilius the
oonsal, ill the year of the city 617.
Then flourished Lacihus the satirist*

5. After this the Jugurthine war
broke out. Jugurtha, king of Na-
midia, and grandson of Masinissa,
bad dispossessed his brothers, the sons
of Mioipsa, of their kingdom. The
latter implored the protection of the
Roman people. Accordingly war is
waged with Jugurtha ; who being at
last driven from hi«« dominions by C.
Menus, fled to Bocchus, king of Mau-
ritania ; by hioi he was delivered up
bound to L. Sylla, Marius' quaestor,
much about the same time that Cice-
ro was bom, in the year after the
building of the city 643. Marios,
continuing several years in the consul-
>hip, out off the Cimbri, Teutooes,
and other barbarous nations, who
"Were breaking in upon 4taly.

fl« In the niean time, fresh distnr-
oences broke out at Rome. Satnr-
S!!«; J If **>"»« of the people, a tur-
"weatfejaow, exasperated the senate

Per idem temims Q. Fabins
Lusilania, a Viriatus latro oo-
cupatus, magnus ex pars reci-
pio. P. Scipio quoque, deci-
mus quartus annus post Cartha-
go eversus, Numantia iu Hispa-
nia everto, idem exercitus qui
a Numaotinus saepius fugatus
antea sum. Tantum valeo dux
et diseiplina.

Romii) interea, atrox seditio
or(u8 sum. Tib. Sempronius
Gracchus* agrarins lex latus^
ne quia ampliutf qaingenti ager
jugerom possideo, respublica
turbo. Itaque a Scipio Nasica
in capitolium caedo. Nee mul-
to post, C. Gracchus frater, idem
conatus, a L. Opimius consul
obtruDco, et una cum is Fnlvius
Flaccns oonsnlaris. Per idem
tempos Attains, rex' Pbrygia,
moriens, populns Romanos in-
stitoo heres, annus urbs 615.

Eonns qnidaou Syrns, eflrac-
tns in Sicilia ergastnlom, con-
tractnsque agreslis seryitiumin-
gens manns, elades imperator
Romanos magnos et multus in-
fero. Ad nltimom, a P. Rupi-
lius consul profligatussnm, an-
nus urbs 617, vigeqs satiricns
poeta Locilins.

Jugurthinus beUum inde ex-
ortus sum. Jugrurtha, ^nmi-
dia rex, Masinissa nepos, fra-
ter, Micipsa Alius, regnnm eji-
cio. Hie populus Romanos fi-
des imploro. Itaque Jugurtha
bellum infero ; qui denique reg-
num pulsus a C. Marius, ad
Bocchus, Maori tania rex, con-
fugio ; ab is L. Sylla, quaestor
Marius, vinotus trade, idem fe-
re tempus qui natus sum Cice-
ro, aonus post urbs conditus
643. Marius,^ continnatus per
complures annus consulatus,
Cimbri, Teutooe?, aliusqne bar-
barus natio, in Italia irrumpens,
deleo.

Novus interim turba Romt
exortos sum. Satuminus, tri-
bunus plebs, homo tnrbulentos,
agrmm lex per yis Utosi senii*

CHAP. X* EPITOMIZED. ft4S

against him, by forcibly pasBing the tas in ini conoito. Itaque. con-
agrarian law. Whereupon ha was cnrsUB in is optimates fkctuffy
murdered in a concourse of the Pt- neco. Idem paiilo post Lirius
tricians rushing upon him. Soonaf- Drusns magnui opei Conatus,
ter Ltvitts Drusus, attempting the domus suus ocoisns sum.
3a me thing with ^ greater power, was
assassinated at his own house.

7. After this the social war was Socialis deinde bellumardeo-
lighted up in Italy. The Marsi, Pi- coepi Italia. Marsi, Picentes*
centes, Peligni, Samnites, Lncani, and Peligni, Samnites, Lucani ali-
other nations of Italy, finding- they usque populns Italia, cum civi-
could not obtain the freedom of the tas impetro non possum, arma
city by gentle methods, endeavoured extorqueo tento. Denique a
to compass it by force of arms. At Cn. Pompeius aliusque impe-
last being conquered by Cn. Pom- rator domitus, pax peto. Ci-
pey, and other commanders, they . vitas ultro cum pax datus. In
sued for peace. Together with the Judaea peir idem tempos Aris-
peace, the freedom of the - city was tobulus, pontifex maximus, re-
spontaneously conferred on them, gius insigne accipio, annus post
About the same time, Aristobulus, ISedechias, ultimus Judaea rex»
the high priest, received the ensigns prope 482.

of royalty, in J udea, almost 482 years
after Zedekiah the last king of Ju-
dea.

8. Mithridates, king of Pontus, had Mithridates, rex Pontus, Ari-
dispossessed Ariobarzanesi king of obarzanes Cappadocia, et Nico*
Cappadocia, and Nicomedes king of medes^ Bithynia, rex, amicus
Bithynia, allies of the Roman peo- populus Romanus, regnum suns
pie, of their respective kingdoms, exturbo. Is bellum indictus.
War was declared against him under dux L. Sylla. Ex is civilis bel-
the conduct of L. Sylla. Upon this lum in Italia excitatus'sum : C.
a civil war was kindled up in Italy : Marius, tantus gloria seges Syl-
C. Marius, envying 8yUa, his old la, legatns olim sous, invidens,
lieuten»nt, so lai^e a field of glory, ago per Sulpitius, tribunus
brought it about by means of Sulpi- plebs, ot is bellum sui mando.
tins, a tribune of tbe people, that the Is ob res Marius urbs pulsus a
management of the war was commit- Sylla, secedo io Africa. Sylla
ted to himself. Upon this head, Ma^ in Asia profectus adyersus
rius being forced from the city by Mithridates, bene pugno.
Sylla, withdrew into Africa. Sylla, Bithynia, Cappadocia, Asia, re-
marching into Asia, fought with great cipio, annus urbs 663.
success against Mithridates. He re-
covered Bithynia, Cappadocia, and

Asia, in the year of the city 663.

9. Marius, in the mean time, by Interea, Marius, L. Cinna
the assistance of L. Cinna the consul, consul adjuvans, Roma cum co-
breaks into Rome with ai^ army, piae irrompo» Sylla victor ex-
Sylla brings over his victorious forces ercitns ex Asia transporto, et,
out of Asia, and having vanquished profligatus Marianus pars, urbs
Marius' party, fills the city and Italy et Italia stra'ges compleo, pro-
with slaughter and bloodshed, the scriptio civis tarn primom in-
proscription of citizens being then ductus. Sylla, qnatuor exinde
first set on foot. Sylla, about four circiter annus, pedicnlaris mor-
years after, consnhied of tbe lousy bus coafectus, iutereo, annus
disease, died in the year of tbe city urbs 671.

671.

10. Sertorius, a general of the Ma- Serlorius,Mananusparsdux,
rian faction, had seized upon Spain, Hispania occupo, societasque

S44 ANCIENT HI8T0BT chap.x.

mud 'eondttdcd an allUmce with Mi* earn MithridatM eoeo. Contra

tbridatai. Q. Metallai and Cn. Pom- Irie Q. MetaUm et Co. Pom-

pey wa^ad war againit him with ya- paiui ▼aria» arentn» png^o.

riooasooeeM.^ At lait Sartorius bain§^ Sartoriitt demum ainos oeci-

anrdarad by hit own man, Spain waa fus, Hiipania reeipio, annot

raoovorad» in tha yaar of the city 676. arbt 675.

It. At tha nma tima davai and Sennis ao pirata idam tern*

ptratat raiiad dutarbancai. Ona paitas torba oommoyao. Spar-

Spartaeoi, with above 70 gladtatort, taom, eonir amplias 70 gladi-

baving mada hia escape from a fencing ator, Capva Indus elaptut, mag-

tehool at Capua, and drawn together nui oopiae oontractua, Roma-

a aumerons body of forces, routed the nus azercitns nob aemel fundo.

Roman armies several times. At last Ad eztramum a M. Crassos

he was cut off by M. Crassos. And opprimo. Pirata quoqoe, qui

Co. Pompey, afterwards called Pom* a Mithridatas soKcitatus mare

pay tha Great, subdued the pirates, infesto, Cn. Pompeius» postaa

who, at the instigation of Mithridates, Pompeius Magnus dictus, per-

Infested tha saas, in the year of tha domo,aanu8 orbs 682.
dty 682.

IS. Mithridatas having been rein- Mithridatas novns copiae in-
Ibreed with fresh sucoours, renewed structtts, helium in Asia reoovo.
tha war in Asia. LucuUos, after ha b Lucvdlus, moUus praelium
bad brought him vary low by several fractus, in Pontus compello.
battles» hemmed him in within Pon- Idem tempus Metellus, Creta
tos. At tha same tihie Matellui, hav- insula in ditio populus Romanus
ing reduced the island of Crete ondisr radaetus, Creticus appeliatus
the dominion of the Roman people, aum. Cn. inde Pompeius Mi-
was named Creticus. After this Un. thridates regnum spDlio ; Ti-
Pompey stripped Mithridatas of his rranes, bellam socius» in de-
kingdom ; and admitted Tigranes, his ditio aocipio ; isque Syria ac
oonfedentfe in the war, to asurrend- Phoeoice adimo. Pontus in
er; taking from him Syria and Phoe- proviocia forma redigo, annus
nieia. He reduced Pontus into the urbs 684.
form of a province, in the year of the
city 684. (^

13. Aristobolns and Hyrcanus, the Pompeius, Aristobulns et
sons of Alexander, king of the Jews, Hyrcanui, Alexander, rex Jo-
disputing about the succession to the daeus, filius, de regnum diasi-
cromif rompey came ioto J odea in dens, in Judaea ad is contro-
the character of an umpire, to decide versia toUendus arbiter venio:
their differences ; but being provoked sed ab Aristobulns irritatus,
by Aristobulos, he takes Jerusalem by Hierosolyma vis capio, murus
storm, demofishee the walls, enters diroo, in templum aHytum in-
the holy recesses of the temple, but gressus, sacer nihil attiogo.
meddles with nothing sacred. He Judaea stipendiarius populus
made Judea tributary to the Roman Romanus facio, Aristobulns sui
people, and carried Aristobulns with cum Roma duco, annos ante
him to Rome, in the year before Christ Chri8tos63.

63.

14. Whilst the Roman empire was Dum imperium Romanus
extending itsejf over all Asia, Rome totns Asia propago, Roma ipse
itself was wall nigh ruined by an in* intestinus bellum paene dele-
testine war. L. Catilioe, baviog tus som. L. Catilina, exercitus
raised an army in E'ruria, bad entered in Etruria eomparatas, com
into e coo9pirac7 with Lentolus, the Lentulus, praetor, Cethegas,
praetor, Cethegas, aod other senators, aliosque senator» de caedes con-
lo massacre the consuls and the senate, snl ao senatus, deque inflam-
ana set fire to the city. This con* maadoi orbs, conjure. Is con-

CHAP. z. EPITOMIZED. 245

spirscy was diecoyered and crashed Jarutio a M. TaUias Cicero,

by Af. TuHins Cicero, the consal, and con&nl, patefactna et oppresses

Catiline cat off with bis army by C. sam, Catilina a C. ADtonias

Antonios, ia the year of the city 68^. com exercitas caesas, annds

Cicero three years after was forced orbs 686, Cicero trienQiam

into bazkisbment by P. Clodius, for post a P. Clodios, ob sappliciam

bavingf pat to death the conspirators, eonjaratos, ejicio in eziliam.

Bat within 16 months, he was recalled Sed mensis 16 sammas cam

with g^eat glory. The same man was gloria redaco. Idem eloqaentia

highly illostrioas for his eloqaence ; gloria floreo ; cam M. Varrot

whilst M. Yarro the philologist, Sal- philologas, Sallastios, histori-

last the historian» Lucretios and Ca- ens, Lacretias et CatoUos,

tallas, poets, were moch esteemed at poeta, Roma in honor sam.

Rome. Caesar Aogjxstas was like- Uic qaoqae annas Caesar An*

wise born this year. gastas natas sam.

16. A boat the same time C. Jalias Sub idem tempos C. Jolios

Caesar attached Cn. Fompey to his Caesar, Cn. Pompeitis, Jolia fi«

interest by marriage, having taken to lia in matrimoniam accejptas,

wife his daughter Jalia. He won over affinitas soi devincio. M. Craa*

M. Crassns to himself and to Pompey. sas, et Fompeios, et soi concx-

A combination of three leading men Ho. Tres princeps conspiratio

being tbos formed, the province of sic factas, Caesar Gallia, Fom-

Gfial is decreed to Caesar, Spain to peias Hispania 4ecerno, Cras«

Pompey, and the management of the sos bellam Farthicos mando.
Parthian war committed to Crassos.

16. Crassas marching into Asia, Crassns in Asia profectos, tern-
plundered the temple of Jerusalem of plum Hierosolymitanos sacer
its sacred treasure, fought the Parthi- pecunia spolio, adversos Par-
ans to great disadvantage, and lost his thus male pugno, exercitus cum
army, together with his son. At last filius amitto. Demam ipse,
he himself being trepanned under pre- per species colloquium, ab hos-
tence of an interview, is slain by the tis circumventus, occido.
enemy.

17. But Caesar constrained the Hel- Caesar autem Helvetius in
vetii to return to their country; over- patria ^nns compello ; Ariovis-
threw Ariovistus, king of the Ger- tus,Germanusrex,vexatorGal*
mans, the disturber of Gaul ; subdued lia, profligo : Aquitanus, Gallus,
the Aquitani, Gauls, and Belgae ; and et Belga subigo ; Germania
conquered Germany and Britain, quoque et Britannia domo. Uz«
Meanwhile his wife Julia dying, Cae- or Julia interim luortuus, Cae-
sar's power appeared to Pompey and sar potentia nimios et periculo-
the senate exorbitant, and dangerous sns respublicai Pompeius et se«
to the state ; wherefore he is ordered natus visas sum ; itaque exer-
to disband his army. From those be- citus demitto jubeo. Ex bicce
ginnings broke out the civil war, about initium coortus sum bellum ci-
689 years after the building of the city, vilis. annus post tirbs conditns

circiter 699.

18. Caesar marches with an hostile Caesar infestus Roma agmea
army to Rome, enters the city that had contendo, in urbs nobilitas va-
been abandoned by the;iobility, causes cuus ingressus, sui dictator di*
himself to be declared dictator, and cendus euro, aerarium compile,
pillages the treasury. After this hav- Inde Pompeius Italia pulsus
ing forced Pompey out of Italy, he Afranius et Fetreins is legatus,
drove his lieutenants Afranius and Pe- expello- Hispania, ac Roma de-
treius «at ofSpain, and returned again nuo reverter. Moz Pompeius
to Rome! He passed over immedi- bellum persequens, transmitto

246 ANCIENT HISTORY obap. x.

war a^aiost Pompey. Tbfi teat of the salia delatm, Pompeios, inter-

wap being carried to Pbarsulia, Pom- clususcommeatosCaesary iamas

pey resolves to redoce Caesar rather potins qaam fermnii vinco sta-

by famine, intercepting his provisiona, too. Sed nobilitas tox eoactos,

than by fighting him. Bat constrain- cam hottis confligo, amissasqae

ed by the pressing instances of the no- exercitos victos anfogio. Pom-

bility, he engaged the enemy, and be- peius in Aegyptas profeclas,

ing defeated, makes his escape with Plolemaeas rex, ad qni coafu-

the loss of his army. Pompey going gio, jusso neca« annoa aetas

Into Egypt is slain by the order of king qainquagesimaB octaFos.
Ptolemy, to whom he ded for protec-
tion, in the 58th year of his agje.

19. Cuesar arrived at Alexandria Caesar Pompeiossecntas, A-
in parsait of Pompey ; and as he was lexandria appello ; et cum Pto-
endeavoaring to settle the differences lemaeas atqae Cleopatra b so-
betwixt Ptolemy and his sister Cleo- rorcontroversiacomponoconor,
patra, had like to have been cat off by ab idem rex paene oppresses
that king ; hot he set fire to his fleet, sam. Sed classis saosy ne venio
to prevent its falling into the hands in hostis potestas, incendo. Qni
of his enemies. By which flames^ incendiam, nobilissimas ille A-
that famous library of Alexandria, lexandria bibliotheca, a Ptole-
coUected by Ptolemy Philadelphns, maeos Philadelphas instrnctas,
was burnt down. But at length, after confiagro. At victus tandem
the oooqoest and death of Ptolemy, extinctusqoe Ptolemaeus, reg-
he delivers up the kingdom to Cleo- nam Cleopatra trado.

patra.

20. After this he yanqaished Phar- Phamaces inde Mithridates
naces the son of Mitbridates, who had filins, qoi in populos Romanoa
broke in upon the territories of the fiois irrampo, primus impetus
Roman people, at one push ; so that debello ; prope at ante vinco
he seemed to have conqaered the ene- hostis, qaam video, videor. Ja-
my almost before he saw them. Then ba deinde, Maaritania rex,
he subdued Juba, king of Mauritania, Scipio et Cnto auctor, civil is
who, at the persoasion of Scipio and bellumin Africa instaurans,de-
Cato, was renewing the civil war in vinco. Cato, ne in potestas
Africa. Cato, that he might not fall Caesar venio, Utica mors sui
into the hands of Caesar, despatches ipse conscisco, ex qoi Uticensia
himself at Utica» whence he has been sam appellatos.

called Uticensis.

21. In the mean time war was le- Interea inHispania, aCneius
vied in Spain, by Cneius and Sextus, at Sextos, Pompeius Magnus
the sons of Pompey the Great. Caesar filios, bellam apparo. £o Cae-
goes thither with his army, comes to sar cam exercitos contendo,
a general action, overthrows the Pom- acies decerno, Pompeias ad
peys at Munda, a city of Spain. Mnnda, Hispania orbs, vinco.
Cneius was slain in a tower, to which Cneias in turris, qao confogio,
he had fled. occido.

32. The republican government Respnblioa sic oppressus,

being thus subverted, Caesar was de- Caesar dictator perpetaus a se-

clared perpetual dictator by the se- natas decretas sum. Annus de

nate. He reformed the year by in- mathematicus sententia, inter-

tercalary days, according to the judg- calatus dies, corrigo, et Quin-

ment of asironomer!', and called the tilis mensis suas nomen Julias

month Quintilis, from his own name, appello. Proinde insolentia

'° ?• ;^"®/ *^*«» ^^e^'ng elated with elatus, senates contemno, ac

?«Ii -l!!;-J:®^f-'* to slight the senate, regnum aScto, coepi. Ergo

CBAP.x. EPITOMIZED). 24 ^

dictatorship* he was slam m the se- ratns, la caria 23 tuIdos con-
nate-house by Bratoa, Cassias, and the fectas, intereo, annus urbs 706,
other conspirators, being; despatched et ante Christns 42.
by three and twenty wounds, in the
year of the city 706, and before Christ
42.

23. M. Anthony the consol, stirring; M. Antonius consul, in funus
up the people, at Caesar's funeral, Caesar, plebsinpatria liberator
against the deliverers of their country, concitatns, turbo ooinis; arma
threw ail into confusion ; he overawed senatus opprimo, Gallia CisaU
the senate by an armed force, and pinns invado. Itaqae bellum
seized upon Cisalpine Gaul : where- contra, is a senatus, Cicero
upon war is resolved on against him by auctor, decerno. Hirtius et
the senate,at the persuasion[of Cicero. Pansa consul, itemque Octa*
The consuls Hirtius and Pansa, as like- vius, Julius Caesar soror nepos,
wise Octavins, Julius Caesar's heir, ac heres, cum tres exercitus ad
and his sister's grandson, advanced to Mutina proficiscor, et signum
Mutina, at the head of three armies, com Antonius collatns, victoria
and coming to an engagement with refero.

Anthony, obtained the victory.

24. That victory cost the Roman Magnum is victoria popolna
people dear. The consuls being Romanus sto. Consul occisus,
slain, the three armiessubjected them- exercitus tres unus Octavius
selves to the command of Octavius pareo ; qui, copiae Roma ad-
alone ; who, marching his forces to ductus, consulatus a senatus,
Rome, procured himself the consulate adolescens annus 20 natus, ex-
from the senate by main force, being a torqueo. Antonitis interim, in
youth about 20 years of age. Anthony Gallia Transalpinus, ad M.
mean time had l9ed into Transalpine Lepidus, magister eques, con-
Gaul, to M. Lepidus, master of the fogio, et cum is societas ineo.
horse, and clapped up a treaty w th Octavius, bellum contra Anto-
him. Octavius, created commander nios et Lepidus a senatus prae-
in chief by the senate in the war positns, fides prodqp amicitiaque
against Anthony and Lepidus, betrays cum uterque jungo.

hh trust, and enters into an association
with both.

25. Accordingly, the triumvirate Triumviratus igitur instita-
being formed, 130 senators were pro- tus, 130 senator a triumviri
scribed by the triumviri ; in the nam- proscriptas ; ex qui nnmerns
ber of whom was Cicero. By these Cicero sum. Orbis terra, quasi
three men too, the globe of the earth patrimonium, a triumviri quo-
was divided, as if it had been their que divisus. Oriens et Graecia
patrimonial estate. The East and Antonius, Africa Lepidus, Italia
Greece fell to Anthony, Africa to et Occidens Octavius, ohveaio.
Lepidus, Italy and the West to Oc- Sextus Pompcius, qui dassis
tavius. Sicily was allotted to Sextus plurimum valeo, Sicilia assig-
Pompey, who was master of a very natas sum ; Diodorus Sicalus
powerful fleet ; then flourished Dio- historicus tam vigens.

dorus Siculns the historian.

26. Octavius having been adopted Octavius in familia Caesar
into the family of Caesar, was called adoptatus, Caesar Oetaviamia
Caesar Octavianus. Octavianus and dictus sum. Octavianus et An-
Anthony now publicly declaring them- tonius sui Caesar dictator ultor
selves the avengers of Caesar the nunc profitenii, M. Brntns et C
dictator, began to levy war against Cassius bellum persequorco
M. Brutus and C. Cassias. A battle Ad Philippi, Thessalia ^
was fought at Philippi,a cityof Thes- pugnatur. Brntnfi et Ca

ter^v.

t48 ANCIENT HISTORY. chat. x.

SBttedt Uid TioleDt hands on thMi- tm Pompeios emn Ootayianm

Miyes. Sextos Pompey, warring; contendens, a M. Agrippa, is

a^inst Octavianos, was vanquished dm, navmlis praeliom soj^ra»

in a sea-6g;htbybis admiral M. Ag^rip- tos, in Asia prafog^io, ubi panio

pa, and fled into Asia, where be died post mors obeo, Herodes rez

soon after, in the reign of Herod, Judaea,
king of Judea.

27. Anthony hi^ving divorced Octa- Antonins, Octavia Caesar Oc-
via, the sister of Caesar Octavianas, tavianos soror repQ^iatos, Cle-
had married Cleopatra, qaeen of opatra, Aegyptns regina, in ma-
Egypt; i^Dd, in order to make her trimoniom daooj qni^atorbis
mistress of the world, made war upon terra domiifa constitno, Octa-
Oetavianos : a naval engagement en- vianos bellom iniero : commis-
Boing at Aetiom, Oetavianos gained sus apod Actiam praeliom na-
the victory, and pm'soing the enemy, valis, Oetavianos victoria pario,
laid siege to Alexandria. Anthony, et, hostis insecatos, Alexandria
thinking his a&irs desperate, des- obwideo. Antonins, res despe-
patches himself ; Cleopatra, imitating ratos, sai manas affero : is imi-
him, died by the poison of an asp, in tatns Cleopatra, aspis venenom
the year of the city 719. intereo, annus orbs 7 1 9.

28. Caesar Oetavianos, in the 19th Caesar Oetavianos, annus
year after the triomvirate was set on post triomviratos institotos 12,
foot, being now lord of the world, had res potitos, Aogostos a senatos
the title ^ Aagnstos bestowed on him appellatos sam. Aogostos men-
by the senate. He gave his name to sis, qoi antea Sextilis dico, no-
the month of Aogost, which before men do. Pax terra mareqoe
was called Sextilis. Having procor- partus, Janus tertio daodo.
ed peace by sea and land, he shot the Virgilias et Horatios, poeta,
temple of Janos for the third time, complexm som; T. Livioi et
He had an affectionate regard for the Strabo, historicos, in honor ha-
poets Virgil and Horace; shewed a beo. Ovidias in Pontos relego.
great esteem for the historians T. Li- Hie aeqoalis Q. Cartios, histo-
vy and Strabo, He banished Ovid ricos, TiboUus ac Propertios,
into Pontus.' Their contemporaries poeta, som. Caesar Augustus
were Quintas Cartins the historian, annus regno cum triomviri 12,
Tibulios and Propertius poets. Cae- solas 44. Mors obeo Nola, an-
sar AOgustos reigned 12 years in con- nos aetas 76, et orbs 762 ; Ro-
junction with the triumviri, and 44 ma, at ipse glorior, e lateritius
alone. He died at Nola, in the 76th marmoreus relinquens.

year of his age, and of the city 762 ;
leaving Rome, as he himself boasted,
reared of marble instead of bricks.

29. In the year of the world 4004. Annas mundus 4004, annus
in the year of Rome 748, in the 194th Roma 748, Olympias 194, et
Olympiad, and 14 years before the annus ante excessns Angostus
death of Augustus, JESUS CHRIST, 14. JESUS CHRISTUS, aeter-
the eternal Son of God, was born of nus Deus Filins, e Maria Virgo
the Virgin Mary, sent from heaven editus sum, e coelam missus
to expiate the divine wrath ; who, piacolum coelestis ira ; qui, 3S
at 33 years of age, being crucified by annus natus, a Judaeus in crux
tha Jews, made an atonement for the actus, suussangois scelus huma-
sins of men with his own blood, in the nus luo, annus imperium Tibe-

19th year of the reign of Tiberius rius Caesar 19.

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