The man-eating lions of Tsavo

THE MAN-EATING LIONS
OF TSAVO

BY

LIEUT.-COL. J. H. PATTERSON, D. S. O.

Zoology

Leaflet 7

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

CHICAGO

The Zoological Leaflets of Field Museum are de-
voted to brief, non-technical accounts of the history,
classification, distribution and life habits of animals,
with especial reference to subjects shown in the
Museum's exhibits.

LIST OF ZOOLOGICAL LEAFLETS ISSUED TO DATE

No. 1. The White-tailed Deer $ .10

No. 2. Chicago Winter Birds 10

No. 3. The American Alligator 10

No. 4. The Periodical Cicada 10

No. 5. The Alligator Gar 10

No. 6. The Wild Turkey 10

No. 7. The Man-Eaters of Tsavo 50

D. C. DAVIES, Director

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
CHICAGO, U.S.A.

Field Museum of Natural History

DEPARTMENT OP ZOOLOGY
Chicago. 1926

Leaflet Number 7

The Man-Eating Lions of Tsavo*

When the visitor to the Field Museum pauses be-
fore the life-like forms of the Tsavo man-eaters, it will
be hard for him to realize that these two ferocious
brutes killed and devoured, under the most appalling
circumstances, one hundred and thirty-five Indian and
African artisans and laborers employed in the con-
struction of the Uganda Railway. For over nine
months these insatiable monsters carried on an inter-
mittent warfare against the Railway and all those
connected with it in the neighborhood of Tsavo. This
culminated in a regular "reign of terror" when they
finally succeeded in bringing the railway works for a
time to a complete standstill.

A late great President of the United States, that
man with the wonderful personality — Theodore Roose-
velt— has put it on record that "the story of the Man-
Eaters of Tsavo is by far the most remarkable account
of which we have any record ;" while that veteran big

♦This leaflet, prepared by Col. J. H. Patterson, recounts
the main events of his remarkable experiences with man-eating
lions previously told at greater length in his well-known book
"The Man-Eaters of Tsavo." In 1924, Col. Patterson delivered
a public lecture in the Field Museum. At that time he remarked
to President Stanley Field, of the Museum, that he still possessed
the skins of the famous killers of men. As a result, they were
purchased by Mr. Field and presented to the Museum. With
considerable difficulty, owing to the age of the skins, they were
mounted and are now permanently preserved in the spirited
group shown in the accompanying illustration.

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game hunter and African pioneer, Selous, who was
himself killed in Africa, not far from Tsavo, wrote as
follows : —

"No lion story that I ever heard or read equals in
its long sustained dramatic interest the story of the
man-eaters of Tsavo. It is an epic of terrible tragedies
spread out over several months and only at last brought
to an end by the resource and determination of one
man."

These remarkable lions had the distinction, prob-
ably unique among wild animals, of being specifically
referred to in the British Parliament by the Prime
Minister of the day, the Marquis of Salisbury, who in
apologizing for the delay in the construction of the
Uganda Railway said: —

"The whole of the works were put to a stop be-
cause a pair of man-eating lions appeared in the locality
and conceived a most unfortunate taste for our work-
men. At last the labourers entirely declined to carry
on unless they were guarded by iron entrenchments.
Of course it is difficult to work a railway under these
conditions and until we found an enthusiastic sports-
man to get rid of these lions our enterprise was seri-
ously hindered."

Work Begins at Tsavo.

When I landed at Mombasa, I fully expected to
encounter many trials and hardships while engaged in
building the railway through an inhospitable and sav-
age territory. I anticipated engineering difficulties,
perils from sunstroke and fevers, a possible scarcity
of food and water, — but never for a moment did I
realize that the African wilderness held in its mys-
terious recesses two prowling demons who looked upon
myself and my workmen as a sort of manna sent down
from Heaven for their special delectation. All other
difficulties were as nothing compared to the terrible toll

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Man-Eating Lions 3

of human sacrifice exacted nightly by these savage
monsters who made Tsavo their headquarters and gave
to that district an evil repute which lasts to this day.

Mombasa, the starting point of the Uganda Rail-
way, is an old Arab city fringed with palms and
washed by the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. Up
to the time of my arrival in tropical Africa, I had
pictured to myself a desolate shore, sandy, rock-strewn,
with a scorching sun burning up everything beneath
it, but my first view of Mombasa gave me a pleasant
surprise. Green verdure abounded far as the eye could
reach, while dazzlingly white, flat-roofed houses peeped
out between tall cocoanut and spreading mango trees,
waving palms and huge baobabs, forming a most de-
lightful and beautiful picture, framed against a dark
background of well-wooded verdant hills. The old
town was bathed in brilliant sunshine and was reflected
dreamily in the motionless sea.

At the time of my arrival, railhead had just
reached Tsavo, about one hundred and thirty miles
from the coast. Here it was found that a river, fed
from the everlasting snows of Mount Kilimanjaro,
surged across the track. The river ran in the center
of a wide and deep depression, worn away in the course
of ages, and this rift had to be spanned by means of
a bridge. I was deputied to build this bridge and to
carry out all the engineering works in the district.

After spending a few days at Mombasa, I set out
for my headquarters. For twenty miles or so after
leaving the coast, the railway wound steadily upwards
through beautifully wooded, park-like country, and, on
looking back out of the carriage window, I could every
now and then obtain lovely views of Mombasa, while
beyond the Indian Ocean sparkled in the glorious sun-
shine as far as the eye could reach. Soon, however,
the whole character of the country changed. Green,
smiling, well-wooded uplands gave place to a wilder-

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4 Field Museum of Natural History

ness covered with bushy scrub and stunted trees, and
carpeted with a layer of fine red dust which penetrated
into every nook and cranny. Towards dusk we
reached Tsavo and I felt somewhat depressed by the
desolation and loneliness of my new surroundings. I
slept that night in a little palm hut which had been
built by some previous traveller, and which was for-
tunately unoccupied for the time being. It was rather
broken-down and dilapidated, not even possessing a
door, and as I lay on my narrow camp bed I could see
the stars twinkling through the broken roof. I little
knew then what adventures awaited me in this neigh-
borhood; and, if I had realized that at that very time
two savage brutes were prowling round, seeking
whom they might devour, I hardly think I should have
slept so peacefully.

The next morning I was up betimes, eager to make
acquaintance with my new surroundings. My first im-
pression on coming out of the hut was that I was
hemmed in on all sides with a dense growth of impene-
trable jungle; on scrambling to the top of a little hill
close at hand, I found that the whole country as far as
I could see was covered with low, stunted trees, thick
undergrowth and "wait-a-bit" thorns. The only clear-
ing, indeed, appeared to be where the narrow track
for the railway had been cut. This interminable nyika,
or wilderness of whitish and leafless dwarf trees, pre-
sented a ghastly and sun-stricken appearance ; here and
there a ridge of dark-red, heat-blistered rock jutted
out above the jungle, and added its rugged barren-
ness to the dreariness of the picture. Away to the
north-east stretched the unbroken line of the N'dungu
Escarpment, while far off to the south I could just
catch a glimpse of the snow-capped top of towering
Kilimanjaro. The one redeeming feature of the neigh-
borhood was the river from which Tsavo takes its
name ; this is a swiftly-flowing stream, always cool and

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Man-Eating Lions 5

always running, the latter being an exceptional attri-
bute in this part of East Africa. The fringe of lofty-
green trees along its banks formed a welcome relief
to the general monotony of the landscape. When I had
thus obtained a rough idea of the neighborhood, I
returned to my hut, and began in earnest to make prep-
arations for my stay in this outlandish place. The
stores were unpacked, and my "boys" pitched my tent
in a little clearing close to the shelter where I had
slept the night before and not far from the main camp.
Railhead had at this time just reached the western
side of the river, and some thousands of Indian coolies
and other workmen were encamped there. As the line
had to be pushed on with all speed, a diversion had
been made and the river crossed by means of a tem-
porary bridge. My principal work was to erect the
permanent structure, and to complete all the other
works for a distance of thirty miles on each side of
Tsavo. I accordingly made a survey of what had to
be done, and sent my requisition for labor, tools and
material to the headquarters at Kilindini. Of course
the natives of this part of Africa knew nothing about
technical work, or indeed work of any kind save carry-
ing a load on the head, so the great majority of our
artisans and laborers had to be imported from India.
In a short time workmen and supplies came pouring
in, and the noise of hammers and sledges, drilling and
blasting, echoe'd merrily throughout the district.

The First Victims.
Unfortunately this happy state of affairs did not
continue for long, and our work was soon interrupted
in a rude and startling manner. I had been only a few
days at Tsavo when one or two workmen mysteriously
disappeared and I was told that they had been carried
off from their tents and devoured by lions. At the
time I did not credit this story and thought it much

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6 Field Museum of Natural History

more likely that the unfortunate men were the victims
of foul play. They happened to be very good work-
men and had saved a fair number of rupees, so I
thought it quite likely that some scoundrels from the
gangs had murdered them for the sake of their money.
This suspicion, however, was very soon dispelled.

I was aroused at dawn one morning by a man who
came rushing to my tent to tell me that one of my
jemadars — a fine, powerful Sikh named Ungan Singh
— had been seized during the night and carried off by
a huge lion. I immediately caught up my rifle and
ran to the spot to find out if the man's story was
correct, but the moment I reached the workers' camp
I found ample evidence that the gruesome tale was all
too true. The lion's "pug" marks were plainly visible
in the sand, while the furrows made by the heels of
the unfortunate victim showed the direction in which
he had been dragged away. Moreover one of the
workmen had actually witnessed the whole occurrence
which he quaintly and graphically described.

"Sahib," he said, "I was awake and lying next to
the jemadar, who was asleep, when a big lion put his
head in at the open door. My heart turned to water
when I saw him so near me, and I could not move. He
first looked at me and then at Ungan Singh, and
through the kindness of God he took the jemadar by the
throat instead of your slave. The unfortunate one cried
out 'Choro!' (Let go!), and threw his arm up around
the lion's neck, but the great beast dragged him from
his bed and carried him off while I lay paralyzed with
fear, listening to the terrible struggle which went on
outside the tent door. The jemadar fought hard, but
what chance had he ? Was he not fighting with a lion ?"

After hearing this vivid account of the tragedy, I
at once set out to track the brute and in a short time
came up to the spot where he had devoured the unfor-
tunate jemadar. Here a dreadful spectacle presented

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Man-Eating Lions 7

itself. The ground all about was covered with blood,
morsels of flesh, and the larger bones, but the head was
left intact, save for a couple of holes made by the
lion's tusks. It was the most gruesome sight I had
ever seen. It was evident from the marks all around
that two lions had been there and had probably
fought for possession of the body. I collected the re-
mains as well as possible and buried them under a
heap of stones — the horrified, staring eyes of the sev-
ered head seeming to watch me all the time, for I did
not bury it, but took it back to camp for identification
before the medical officer. Before returning I traced
the lions for a considerable distance further along the
river, but finally lost all trace of them on some hard
rocky ground. This was my first experience of the
man-eaters and I vowed then and there that I would
spare no pains to rid the neighbourhood of the brutes.
I little knew the trouble that was in store for me, or
how narrow were to be my own escapes from sharing
poor Ungan Singh's fate.

That same night I sat up in a tree close to the
late jemadar's tent, hoping that the lions would return
to it for another victim. I was followed to my perch
by a few of the more terrified coolies, who begged to
be allowed to sit up in the tree with me ; all the other
workmen remained in their tents, but no more doors
were left open. I had with me my .303 and a 12-bore
shotgun, one barrel loaded with ball and the other
with slug. Shortly after settling down to my vigil, my
hopes of bagging the brutes were raised by the sound
of their ominous roaring coming closer and closer.
Presently this ceased, and quiet reigned for an hour
or two, as lions always stalk their prey in complete
silence. All at once, however, we heard a great uproar
and frenzied cries coming from another camp about
half a mile away; we knew then that the lions had

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8 Field Museum of Natural History

seized a victim there, and that we should see or hear
nothing further of them that night.

Next morning I found that one of the brutes had
broken into a tent at Railhead Camp — whence we had
heard the commotion during the night — and had made
off with a poor wretch who was lying there asleep.
After a night's rest, therefore, I took up my position
in a suitable tree near this tent. I did not at all like
the idea of walking the half-mile to the place after
dark, but I felt fairly safe, for one of my men carried
a bright lamp close behind me. He in his turn was
followed by another leading a goat, which I tied under
my tree in the hope that the lion might be tempted
to seize it instead of a workman. A steady drizzle
commenced shortly after I had settled down to my
night of watching, and I was soon thoroughly chilled
and wet. I stuck to my uncomfortable post however,
hoping to get a shot, but I well remember the feeling
of bitter disappointment experienced when about mid-
night I heard screams and cries and a heartrending
shriek, which told me that the man-eaters had again
eluded me and had claimed another victim elsewhere.

At this time the various camps of the workmen
were very scattered, so the lions had a range of some
eight miles on either side of Tsavo to work upon ; and
as their tactics seemed to be to break into a different
camp each night, it was most difficult to forestall them.
They appeared to have an extraordinary and uncanny
faculty of finding out our plans beforehand, so that no
matter in how likely or how tempting a spot we lay in
wait for them, they invariably avoided that particular
place and seized their victim for the night from some
other camp.

Hunting them by day, moreover, in such a dense
wilderness as surrounded us, was an exceedingly tiring
and really foolhardy undertaking. In a thick jungle
of the kind around Tsavo, the hunted animal has every

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Man-Eating Lions 9

chance against the hunter, for however careful the
latter may be, a dead twig or something of the sort
is sure to crackle just at the critical moment and so
give the alarm. Still I never gave up hope of some
day finding their lair, and accordingly devoted all my
spare time to crawling about through the undergrowth.
Many a time when attempting to force my way through
this bewildering tangle I had to be released by my
gun-bearer from the fast clutches of the "wait-a-bit"
thorns. Often with immense pains I succeeded in trac-
ing the lions to the river after they had seized a victim,
only to lose the trail from there onwards, owing to
the rocky nature of the ground which they seemed to
be careful to choose in retreating to their den.

At this early stage of the struggle, I am glad to
say, the lions were not always successful in their efforts
to capture a human being for their nightly meal, and
one or two amusing incidents occurred to relieve the
tension from which our nerves were beginning to
suffer. On one occasion an enterprising bunniah
(Indian trader) was riding along on his donkey late
at night, when suddenly a lion sprang out on him,
knocking over both man and beast. The donkey was
badly wounded, and the lion was just about to seize
the trader, when in some way or other his claws be-
came entangled in a rope by which two empty kerosene
tins were strung across the donkey's neck. The rattle
and clatter made by these as he dragged them after
him gave him such a fright that he turned tail and
bolted off into the jungle, to the intense relief of the
terrified bunniah, who quickly made his way up the
nearest tree and remained there, shivering with fear,
throughout the night.

Shortly after this episode, a Greek contractor
named Themistocles Pappadimitrini had an equally
marvellous escape. He was sleeping peacefully in his
tent one night, when a lion broke in, and seized and

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10 Field Museum of Natural History

made off with the mattress on which he was lying.
Though rudely awakened, the Greek was quite unhurt
and suffered nothing worse than a bad fright. This
same man, however, met with a melancholy fate not
long afterwards. He had been to the Kilimanjaro dis-
trict to buy cattle, and on the return journey attempted
to take a short cut across country to the railway, but
perished miserably of thirst on the way.

On another occasion fourteen coolies, who slept
together in a large tent, were one night awakened by
a lion's suddenly jumping upon the tent and breaking
through it. The brute landed with one claw on a
coolie's shoulder, which was badly torn; but, instead
of seizing the man himself, in his hurry he grabbed a
large bag of rice which happened to be lying in the
tent, and made off with it, dropping it in disgust some
little distance away when he realized his mistake.

These, however, were only the earlier efforts of
the man-eaters. Later on, as will be seen, nothing
flurried or frightened them in the least, and save as
food they showed a complete contempt of human
beings. Having once marked down a victim, they
would allow nothing to deter them from securing him,
whether he were protected by a thick fence, or inside
a closed tent, or sitting round a brightly burning fire.
Shots, shouting and firebrands they alike laughed at.
Their methods became so uncanny and their man-stalk-
ing so well-timed and so certain of success that the
workmen firmly believed that they were not real ani-
mals at all, but devils in lions' shape.

A Midnight Attack.

All this time I lived in a small tent with no pro-
tection of any kind round it, not yet fully realizing
the terrible risk I ran. Late one afternoon a medical
officer, Dr. Rose, arrived at Tsavo, and I gave him
shelter in my quarters. During the night I was awak-

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Man-Eating Lions 11

ened by something floundering about among my tent
ropes. I shouted out "Who's there?" and this awoke
Rose. I at once lit a lantern and we both went out to
investigate but could see nothing, so we retired and
slept soundly until daylight. In the morning imagine
our feelings when we saw the huge "pug" marks of a
lion around and around the tent! He had evidently
intended to make a meal of one of us, but got entangled
in the guy ropes while getting in position for a spring,
and this fortunately frightened him away.

It was a very lucky escape for us, and, warned
by this experience, I at once changed my quarters and
moved to the other side of the river where I shared a
hut with my friend, Dr. Brock, who was in medical
charge of the district. It was constructed of palm
leaves and boughs and was situated on the eastern
side of the river, close to the old caravan route leading
to Uganda. We had it surrounded by a circular boma
or thorn fence, about seventy yards in diameter, well
made, and thick and high. Our personal servants also
lived within the enclosure, and a bright fire was always
kept up throughout the night. For the sake of cool-
ness, Brock and I used to sit out under the verandah
of this hut in the evenings; but it was rather trying
to our nerves to attempt to read or write there, as we
never knew when a lion might spring over the boma,
and be on us before we were aware. We therefore
kept our rifles within easy reach, and cast many an
anxious glance out into the inky darkness beyond the
circle of firelight. On one or two occasions, we found
in the morning that the lions had come quite close to
the fence; but fortunately they never succeeded in
getting through.

By this time, too, the camps of the workmen had
also been surrounded by thorn fences; nevertheless
the lions managed to jump over or to break through
some one or other of these, and regularly every few

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12 Field Museum op Natural History

nights a man was carried off, the reports of the dis-
appearance of this or that workman coming in to me
with painful frequency. So long, however, as Railhead
Camp — with its two or three thousand men, scattered
over a wide area — remained at Tsavo, the coolies ap-
peared not to take much notice of the dreadful deaths
of their comrades. Each man felt, I suppose, that as
the man-eaters had such a large number of victims to
choose from, the chances of their selecting him in
particular were very small. But when the large camp
moved farther ahead, matters altered considerably. I
was then left with only a few hundred men to complete
the permanent works; and as all the remaining work-
men were naturally camped together, the attentions
of the lions became more apparent and made deeper
impression. A regular panic consequently ensued, and
it required all my powers of persuasion to induce the
men to stay on. In fact, I succeeded in doing so only
by allowing them to knock off all regular work until
they had built exceptionally thick and high bomas
round each camp. Within these enclosures fires were
kept burning all night, and it was also the duty of the
night-watchman to keep clattering half a dozen empty
oil tins suspended from a convenient tree. These he
manipulated by means of a long rope, while sitting in
safety within his tent; and the frightful noise thus
produced was kept up at frequent intervals during the
night in the hopes of terrifying the man-eaters. In
spite of all these precautions, however, the lions would
not be denied, and men were nightly dragged out of
their tents and devoured.

When the railhead workmen moved on, their hos-
pital camp was left behind. It stood rather apart from
the other camps, in a clearing about three-quarters of
a mile from my hut, but was protected by a good thick
fence and to all appearances was quite secure. It
seemed, however, as if barriers were of no avail against

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Man-Eating Lions 13

the "demons", for before very long one of them found
a weak spot in the boma and broke through. On this
occasion the Hospital Assistant had a marvellous es-
cape. Hearing a noise outside, he opened the door of
his tent and was horrified to see a great lion standing
a few yards away looking at him. The beast made a
spring toward him, which gave the Assistant such a
fright that he jumped backwards, and in doing so
luckily upset a box containing medical stores. This
crashed down with such a loud clatter of breaking
glass that the lion was startled for a moment and
made off for another part of the enclosure. Here,
unfortunately, he was more successful, as he jumped
on to and broke through a tent in which eight patients
were lying. Two of them were badly wounded in the
melee which ensued, and one poor wretch was seized
and dragged off bodily through the thorn fence. The
two wounded coolies were left where they lay, a piece
of torn tent having fallen over them ; and in this posi-
tion the doctor and I found them on our arrival soon
after dawn. We at once decided to move the hospital
closer to the main camp ; a fresh site was prepared, a
stout hedge built round the enclosure, and all the
patients were moved in before nightfall.

I decided to sit up all night in the vacated boma
in the hope of getting an opportunity of bagging one
of them; but in the middle of my lonely vigil I had
the mortification of hearing shrieks and cries coming
from the direction of the new hospital, telling me only
too plainly that our dreaded foes had once more eluded
me. Hurrying to the place at daylight, I found that
one of the lions had jumped over the newly erected
fence and had carried off the hospital bhisti (water-
carrier), and that several other coolies had been un-
willing witnesses of the terrible scene which took place
within the circle of light given by the big camp fire.
The bhisti, it appears, had been lying on the floor,

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14 Field Museum of Natural History

with his head toward the center of the tent and his
feet nearly touching the side. The lion managed to
get its head in below the canvas, seized him by the
foot and pulled him out. In desperation the unfor-
tunate water-carrier clutched hold of a heavy box in
a vain attempt to prevent himself being carried off,
and dragged it with him until he was forced to let go
by its being stopped by the side of the tent. He then
caught hold of a tent rope and clung tightly to it until
it broke. As soon as the lion managed to get him clear
of the tent, he sprang at his throat and after a few
vicious shakes the poor bhisti's agonized cries were
silenced forever. The brute then took him in his mouth
and, like a huge cat with a mouse, ran up and down
the boma, looking for a weak spot to break through.
This he presently found and plunged into, dragging
his victim with him and leaving shreds of torn cloth
and flesh as ghastly evidences of his passage through
the thorns. Dr. Brock and I were easily able to follow
his track, and soon found the remains about four hun-
dred yards away in the bush. There was the usual
horrible sight. Very little was left of the unfortunate
bhisti — only the skull, the jaws, a few of the larger
bones and a portion of the palm with one or two fingers
attached. On one of these was a silver ring, and this,
with the teeth (a relic much prized by certain castes) ,
was sent to the man's widow in India.

Again it was decided to move the hospital and a
still higher and stronger boma was built round the
new site. The work was completed and all patients
carried in before nightfall. As I knew that lions were
in the habit of prowling round deserted camps, I asked
my friend, Brock, to join me and watch for the man-
eater near the vacated hospital enclosure. A railway
track ran beside it, so I had a covered freight car
shunted to the entrance and in this we took up our
position at nightfall, sitting on a couple of boxes just

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Man-Eating Lions 15

inside the open doorway. When I now think of the
foolhardiness of this procedure, it makes me shudder,
but at that time I did not realize the danger we ran
or that the man-eater would be so audacious as to look
upon us as a tempting tit-bit for his hungry maw.

I had put some cattle into the deserted hospital
enclosure and left a few tents standing, so that the
lions might be deceived and think that the patients
were still within the boma. We sat in the car for a
couple of hours in perfect silence enveloped in Stygian
darkness, and then I plainly heard a dry stick snap.
"The Man-Eater !" I whispered to Brock. A few min-
utes afterwards we heard a dull thud as if some heavy
body had jumped over the boma. Then we heard the
cattle running about. After that everything became
still.

I now proposed to my companion that I should
climb out of the car and lie on the ground, so as to get
a better shot at the brute, if he should come in our
direction with his prey; but Brock persuaded me to
remain where I was and, thank God, I took his advice,
for, at that very moment the lion was actually stalking
us. After a short period of intense gazing into the
darkness, I thought I saw something glide to a bush in
front of us. In a whisper I asked Brock, "Did you
see anything move?" but he made no reply, so I held
my rifle in readiness and waited. Those two or three
moments I shall never forget. I felt instinctively that
the uncanny devil was stealing stealthily toward us
and I even thought I could discern a form of some
kind, but I feared to fire lest it should be only my
imagination running away with me, and in that case
I should merely frighten the man-eater away. The
darkness and silence could almost be felt and for those
few seconds the strain on my nerves was almost un-
endurable. Then — suddenly — a huge body sprang at
us. "The lion!" I shouted, and both our shots rang

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16 Field Museum of Natural History

out simultaneously. The noise and flash of our rifles
so terrified the brute that, instead of leaping right into
the car, he turned in his spring, but he got so close to
me that I felt the wipe of his paw across my face. If
we had not been thoroughly on the alert, he would un-
doubtedly have got one of us. We fired a few more
shots into the darkness in order to prevent a second
attack, and then lit a lantern and, while I got out to
close the door — trembling all the time lest the man-
eater should grab me — Brock stood ready to shoot.

We had the luckiest escape that night that it is
possible for man to experience. Only our keen vigi-
lance and God's good providence saved one or both of
us from an awful fate. Next morning we found
Brock's bullet embedded in the sand, close to a foot-
print; it could not have missed the lion by more than
an inch or two. Mine was nowhere to be found. Later
on I found that my bullet had shot away one of the
lion's tusks, as may be seen on examining the head.

The Lions Hold Up the Railway.

The lions apparently got a very bad fright the
night Brock and I gave them such a warm reception
in the freight car, for they kept away from Tsavo
and did not molest us in any way for some time. Dur-
ing the breathing space which they vouchsafed us,
it occurred to me that, if they should renew their at-
tacks, a trap would perhaps offer the best method
of getting to grips with them, and if I could construct
one in which a couple of coolies might be used as bait
without being subjected to any danger, the lions would
be quite daring enough to enter it in search of them
and thus be caught. I accordingly set to work at once,
and in a short time managed to make a sufficiently
strong trap out of wooden sleepers, tram-rails, pieces
of telegraph wire, and a length of heavy chain. It
was divided into two compartments — one for the men

[104]

Man-Eating Lions 17

and one for the lion. A sliding door at one end ad-
mitted the former, and once inside this compartment
they were perfectly safe, for between them and the
lion, if he should attack them, ran a cross wall of iron
rails only three inches apart, and embedded both top
and bottom in heavy wooden sleepers. The door which
was to admit the lion was, of course, at the opposite
end of the structure, but otherwise the whole thing
was very much on the principle of the ordinary rat-
trap, except that it was not necessary for the lion to
seize the bait in order to send the door clattering
down. This part of the contrivance was arranged in
the following manner. A heavy chain was secured along
the top part of the lion's doorway, the ends hanging
down to the ground on either side of the opening ; and
to these were fastened, strongly secured by stout wire,
short lengths of rails placed about six inches apart.
This made a sort of flexible door which could be packed
into a small space when not in use, and which abutted
against the top of the doorway when lifted up. The
door was held in this position by a lever made of a
piece of rail, which in turn was kept in its place by a
wire fastened to one end and passing down to a spring
concealed in the ground inside the cage. As soon as
the lion entered sufficiently far into the trap, he would
be bound to tread on the spring; his weight on this
would release the wire, and in an instant down would
come the door behind him; and he could not push it
out in any way, as it fell through a groove between
two rails firmly embedded in the ground.

In making this trap, which cost us a lot of work,
we were rather at a loss for want of tools to bore holes
in the rails for the doorway, so as to enable them to
be fastened by the wire to the chain. It occurred to
me, however, that a hard-nosed bullet from my .303
would penetrate the iron, and, on making the experi-

[106]

18 Field Museum of Natural History

ment, I was glad to find that a hole was made as cleanly
as if it had been punched out.

When the trap was ready, I pitched a tent over
it in order further to deceive the lions, and built an
exceedingly strong boma round it. One small entrance
was made at the back of the enclosure for the men,
which they were to close on going in by pulling a bush
after them; and another entrance just in front of the
door of the cage was left open for the lions. The
wiseacres to whom I showed my invention were gen-
erally of the opinion that the man-eaters would be too
cunning to walk into my parlour ; but, as will be seen
later, their predictions proved false. For the first few
nights I baited the trap myself, but nothing happened
except that I had a very sleepless and uncomfortable
time, and was badly bitten by mosquitoes.

As a matter of fact, it was some months before
the lions attacked us again, though from time to time
we heard of their depredations in other quarters. Not
long after our night in the freight car, two men were
carried off from the railhead, while another was taken
from a place called Engomani, about ten miles away.
Within a short time, this latter place was again visited
by the brutes, two more men being seized, one of
whom was killed and eaten, and the other so badly
mauled that he died within a few days. As I have said,
however, we at Tsavo enjoyed complete immunity from
attack, and the coolies, believing that their dreaded
foes had permanently deserted the district, resumed
all their usual habits and occupations, and life in the
camps returned to its normal routine.

At last we were suddenly startled out of this
feeling of security. One dark night the familiar ter-
ror-stricken cries and screams awoke the camps, and
we knew that the "demons" had returned and had
commenced a new list of victims. On this occasion a

[106]

Man-Eating Lions 19

number of men had been sleeping outside their tents
for the sake of coolness, thinking, of course, that the
lions had gone for good, when suddenly in the middle
of the night one of the brutes was discovered forcing
its way through the boma. The alarm was at once
given, and sticks, stones and firebrands were hurled
in the direction of the intruder. All was of no avail,
however, for the lion burst into the midst of the terri-
fied group, seized an unfortunate wretch amid the cries
and shrieks of his companions, and dragged him off
through the thick thorn fence. He was joined outside
by the second lion, and so daring had the two brutes
become that they did not trouble to carry their victim
farther away, but devoured him within thirty yards
of the tent where he had been seized. Although sev-
eral shots were fired in their direction by the jemadar
of the gang to which the coolie belonged, they took no
notice of these and did not attempt to move until their
horrible meal was finished. The few scattered frag-
ments that remained of the body I would not allow to
be buried at once, hoping that the lions would return
to the spot the following night ; on the chance of this
I took up my station at nightfall in a convenient tree.
Nothing occurred to break the monotony of my watch,
however, except that I had a visit from a hyena, and
the next morning I learned that the lions had attacked
another camp about two miles from Tsavo — for by
this time the camps were again scattered, as I had
works in progress all up and down the line. There
the man-eaters had been successful in obtaining a
victim, whom, as in the previous instance, they de-
voured quite close to the camp. How they forced their
way through the bomas without making a noise was,
and still is, a mystery to me; I should have thought
that it was next to impossible for an animal to get
through at all. Yet they continually did so, and with-
out a sound being heard.

[107]

20 Field Museum op Natural History

After this occurrence, I sat up every night for
over a week near likely camps, but all in vain. Either
the lions saw me and then went elsewhere, or else I
was unlucky, for they took man after man from dif-
ferent places without ever once giving me a chance of
a shot at them. This constant night watching was
most dreary and fatiguing work, but I felt that it was
a duty that had to be undertaken, as the men naturally
looked to me for protection. In the whole of my life I
have never experienced anything more nerve-shaking
than to hear the deep roars of these dreadful monsters
growing gradually nearer and nearer, and to know
that someone or other of us was doomed to be their
victim before the morning dawned. Once they reached
the vicinity of the camps, the roars completely ceased,
and we knew they were stalking their prey. Shouts
would then pass from camp to camp, "Khobar dar,
bhaieon, shaitan ata!" (Beware, brothers, the devil is
coming!), but the warning cries would prove of no
avail, and sooner or later agonizing shrieks would
break the silence and another man would be missing
from roll-call next morning.

I have a very vivid recollection of one particular
night when the brutes seized a man from the railway
station and brought him close to my camp to devour.
I could plainly hear them crunching the bones, and the
sound of their dreadful purring filled the air and rang
in my ears for days afterwards. The terrible thing
was to feel so helpless; it was useless to attempt to
go out, as of course the poor fellow was dead, and in
addition it was so pitch dark as to make it impossible
to see anything. Some half a dozen workmen, who
lived in a small enclosure close to mine, became so
terrified on hearing the lions at their meal that they
shouted and implored me to allow them to come inside
my boma. This I willingly did, but soon afterwards I
remembered that one man had been lying ill in their

[108]

Man-Eating Lions 21

camp, and on making inquiry I found that they had
callously left him behind alone. I immediately took
some men with me to bring him to my boma, but on
entering his tent I saw by the light of the lantern
that the poor fellow was beyond need of safety. He
had died of shock at being deserted by his companions.

From this time on matters gradually became
worse. Almost every morning some workmen or other
would come to my tent to tell me of a raid he had wit-
nessed when one of his comrades had been carried off.
One day an Indian artisan who had been acting as
watchman came to my tent, still shivering with fear,
to report what had occurred during the night. In the
early hours of the morning, he said, he was sitting on
top of a high pile of wooden sleepers when he saw the
man-eater, silent as a ghost, emerge from the jungle,
and stalk toward a truck where some of his comrades
were sleeping. Instantly he gave a warning cry,
shouting as loudly as possible and at the same time
rattling some empty kerosene tins which he had with
him for the purpose. On hearing the noise, the lion
dived for cover under some wagons. The startled
workmen jumped up and looked round in all directions
but could see no trace of the man-eater. The brute
had quietly slipped under a train, the engine of which
happened to be taking water at a siding, and presently
the watchman saw him standing in front of an open
car in which a sick engineer, on his way to the coast,
was lying. The man-eater was just gathering himself
for a spring at the invalid, when the fireman by a lucky
chance threw some slag out of his fire-box on to a
heap of rails that happened to be stacked there, and
this scared the brute away for the moment.

He presently reappeared, however, beside the
truck in which the workmen whom he had first stalked
were lying and, before the watchman had time to utter
another warning cry, he had leaped in amongst them

[109]

22 Field Museum of Natural History

and seized his victim. Shaking the unfortunate man as
a terrier would a rat, he carried him off shrieking,
and devoured him not two hundred yards away in the
depths of the gloomy jungle.

Hitherto as a rule, only one of the man-eaters had
made the attack and had done the foraging, while the
other waited outside in the bush ; but now they began
to change their tactics, entering the bomas together
and each seizing a victim. In this way two Swahili
porters were killed, one being immediately carried off
and devoured. The other was heard moaning for a
long time, and when his terrified companions at last
summoned up sufficient courage to go to his assistance,
they found him stuck fast in the bushes of the boma,
through which for once the lion had apparently been
unable to drag him. He was still alive when I saw
him next morning, but so terribly mauled that he died
before he reached the hospital.

Within a few days of this, the two brutes made a
most ferocious attack on the largest camp in the sec-
tion, which for safety's sake was situated within a
stone's throw of Tsavo Station and close to a Perma-
nent Way Inspector's iron hut. Suddenly in the dead
of night, the two man-eaters burst in among the terri-
fied workmen, and even from my boma, some distance
away, I could plainly hear the panic-stricken shrieking
of the coolies. Then followed cries of "They've taken
him ; they've taken him !" as the brutes carried off their
unfortunate victim and began their horrible feast close
beside the camp. The Inspector, Mr. Dalgairns, fired
over fifty shots in the direction in which he heard the
lions, but they were not to be frightened and calmly
lay there until their meal was finished. After exam-
ining the spot in the morning, we at once set out to
follow the brutes, Mr. Dalgairns feeling confident that
he had wounded one of them, as there was a trail on
the sand like that of the toes of a broken limb. After

[no]

Man-Eating Lions 23

some careful stalking, we suddenly found ourselves in
the vicinity of the lions and were greeted with ominous
growlings. Cautiously advancing and pushing the
bushes aside, we saw in the gloom what we at first took
to be a lion cub; closer inspection, however, showed
it to be the remains of the unfortunate coolie, which
the man-eaters had evidently abandoned at our ap-
proach. The legs, one arm and half of the body had
been eaten, and it was the stiff fingers of the other
arm trailing along the sand which had left the marks
we had taken to be the trail of a wounded lion. By
this time the beasts had retired far into the thick
jungle where it was impossible to follow them, so we
had the remains of the coolie buried and once more
returned home disappointed.

Now the bravest men in the world, much less the
ordinary Indian coolie, will not stand constant terrors
of this sort indefinitely. The whole district was by
this time thoroughly panic-stricken and I was not at
all surprised, therefore, to find on my return to camp
that same afternoon, that the men had all struck work
and were waiting to speak to me. When I sent for
them, they flocked to my boma in a body and told me
that they would not remain at Tsavo any longer for
anything or anybody ; they stated that they had "come
from India on an agreement to work for the Govern-
ment, not to supply food for either lions or devils."
No sooner had they delivered this ultimatum than a
regular stampede took place. Some hundreds of them
stopped the first passing train by throwing themselves
prostrate on the rails in front of the engine, and then,
swarming on to the flat-cars, they fled from the ac-
cursed spot.

Abdullah's Tragic Fate.

After the flight of the workmen, the building of
the railway in the neighborhood of Tsavo was com-

[ui]

24 Field Museum of Natural History

pletely stopped, and for some weeks practically nothing
was done but erect "lion proof" huts for those few
stout-hearted fellows who had sufficient courage to re-
main. It was a strange and amusing sight to see men
perched on the top of water-tanks, roofs and girders
— anywhere for safety. One enterprising coolie made a
three story apartment on a water tank which he rented
out at great profit to himself; others dug out pits
inside their tents into which they descended at night,
covering the top over with heavy logs of wood. Every
good-sized tree in the camp had as many beds lashed
to it as it would bear. I remember that one night when
the camp was attacked, so many men swarmed up one
particular tree that it came down with a crash, hurling
its terror-stricken load of shrieking coolies close to the
very lions they were trying to avoid. Fortunately for
them, however, the man-eaters had already seized a
victim and they were so busy devouring him that
they paid no attention to anything else.

About this time I invited Mr. Whitehead, the Dis-
trict Officer who lived some thirty miles away, to come
and assist me in my campaign against the man-eaters.
He accepted the invitation and told me to expect him
towards evening in time for dinner. His train was due
at six o'clock, so I sent my Indian servant up to the
station to meet him. In a short time he, came rushing
back, trembling with terror, to inform me that there
was no sign of the train or of any of the railway staff,
but that a big lion was walking up and down the plat-
form. "Nonsense," I replied, "it is probably a jackal,"
for I did not for a moment believe his story. Every-
body was in such a state of panic that, if even a squir-
rel had been seen on the platform, it would have been
magnified into a lion. As a matter of fact I found out
next morning that my servant's story was perfectly
true, and both the Station Master and his men had

[112]

Man-Eating Lions 25

been obliged to take refuge from the man-eater by
locking themselves in the station building.

As Whitehead did not turn up, I ate my dinner
alone. During the course of the meal I heard the re-
port of a couple of shots, but I paid no heed to them,
for guns had been issued to the headmen of the gangs
to scare away the lions, and shooting was a common
occurrence after nightfall.

Shortly after dusk I went out and took up my
position on a crib made of sleepers, perched on the end
of a girder. Soon after settling down at my post, I was
surprised to hear the man-eaters growling and purring
and crunching up bones about seventy yards from
where I was sitting. I could not understand what they
had found to eat, for I had heard no commotion in the
camps, and I knew by bitter experience that every
meal the brutes obtained was announced by shrieks
and uproar. The only conclusion I could come to was
that they had pounced upon some poor unsuspecting
native traveller. After a time I was able to make out
their eyes glowing in the darkness, so I took as care-
ful aim as possible and fired. The only notice they
took was to carry off whatever they were eating and
retire quietly over a slight ridge which hid them from
my view. As soon as it was daylight, I got out of my
crib and went towards the place where I had heard
the growling and on the way, whom should I meet but
my missing guest, Mr. Whitehead, looking very pale
and ill and generally dishevelled.

"Where on earth have you come from?" I ex-
claimed. "Why didn't you turn up to dinner last
night ?"

"A nice reception you give a fellow when you in-
vite him to dinner," was his reply.

"Why, what's up?" I asked.

"That infernal lion of yours jumped on me and
nearly did for me last night," said Whitehead.

[113]

26 Field Museum op Natural History

"Nonsense!" I cried in astonishment, "you must
have dreamt it."

"That's not much of a dream, is it?" he asked,
turning round and showing me his back.

His clothing was rent by one huge tear from the
nape of his neck downwards, and on the bare flesh
there were four great claw marks showing red and
angry through the torn cloth.

Without further parley I hurried him off to my
tent, where I bathed and dressed his wounds, and,
when I had made him considerably more comfortable,
I got from him the whole story of the events of the
night. It appeared that his train was very late, so it
was quite dark when he arrived at Tsavo station.
He set out on foot along the railway to my camp, ac-
companied by Abdullah his sergeant of Askaris (na-
tive police), who walked close behind him carrying a
lighted lantern. All went well until they were about
half-way through a gloomy cutting, when the man-
eater suddenly jumped down on them from the high
bank, knocking Whitehead over like a ninepin and
tearing his back in the manner I have described. For-
tunately, however, my friend had his rifle with him
and instantly fired. The flash and the loud report must
have dazed the lion for a second or two, enabling
Whitehead to disengage himself; but the next instant
the brute pounced like lightning on the unfortunate
Abdullah with whom he at once bounded up the bank
and made off into the bush. All that the poor fellow
could say was, "Eh, bwana, simba" (Oh, master, a
lion.)

The Lion Trapped.

On the day following poor Abdullah's tragic death,
the forces arrayed against the man-eaters were further
increased. Mr. Farquhar, the Superintendent of Police,
arrived from the coast with a score of sepoys (Indian
soldiers) to assist in hunting down the lions whose

[114]

Man-Eating Lions 27

fame had by this time spread far and wide. We
made elaborate plans for a combined offensive against
the man-eaters and posted men on the most conven-
ient trees near every camp. Several other officials
also came up on leave to join in the chase and each of
these guarded a likely spot in the same way, Mr.
Whitehead sharing my post inside the crib on the
girder. Also my lion trap was put into thorough work-
ing order, and two of the sepoys were installed as bait.
Our preparations were quite complete by nightfall,
when we took up our appointed positions.

Nothing happened until about 9 o'clock when, to
my great satisfaction, the intense stillness was sud-
denly broken by the noise of the door of the lion trap
clattering down.

"By Jove, Whitehead !" I exclaimed, "one of them
is caught."

But, alas, for my hopes, the sequel proved an
inglorious one. The bait-sepoys had a lamp burning
inside their part of the cage, and were each armed
with a Martini rifle and provided with plenty of am-
munition. They had been given strict orders to shoot
at once if a lion should enter the trap. Instead of
doing so, however, they were so terrified when the
ferocious beast rushed at them and finding himself
trapped began to lash himself madly against the bars
of the cage, that they completely lost their heads- and
were actually too unnerved to fire. Not for some
minutes — not indeed until Farquhar, whose post was
close by, shouted at them and cheered them on — did
they at all recover themselves. Then, when at last
they did begin to shoot, they shot with a vengeance,
anyhow, anywhere, — except at the lion! Whitehead
and I were at right angles to the direction in which
they should have fired, and yet their bullets came
whizzing all round us. Altogether they fired over a
score of shots and in the end succeeded in blowing

[115]

28 Field Museum of Natural History

away one of the bars of the cage, and through this
opening the man-eater calmly walked out! How they
failed to kill him several times over, is, and always
will be, a complete mystery to me, for they could
actually have put the muzzles of their rifles on to the
lion's body.

Of course, after this fiasco, the men were more
firmly convinced than ever that we were at grips with
the Devil himself. We were not unduly dejected,
however, and when morning dawned a hunt was at
once arranged. Accordingly we spent the greater part
of the day on our hands and knees endeavoring to
track the lions through the dense thickets of thorny
jungle, but, though we heard their growls from time
to time, we never succeeded in coming up with them.
Indeed, of the whole party only Farquhar managed
to catch a glimpse of one as it bounded over a bush.
Two more days were spent in the same manner and
with equal lack of success, and then Farquhar and his
sepoys were obliged to return to the coast. Mr. White-
head also departed for his district, and once again I
was left alone with the man-eaters.

Victory at Last.

A day or two after the departure of my allies,
as I was leaving my boma soon after dawn, I saw a
native running excitedly toward me shouting out
"Simba, bwana, simba!" (The lion, master, the lion!),
and every now and then looking behind him as he
ran. On questioning him, I found that one of the man-
eaters had tried to break into the camp by the river,
but, being foiled in this, had just seized and killed
a donkey and was at that moment devouring it in the
jungle close at hand.

Now was my chance. I rushed for the heavy
rifle which Farquhar had left me in case an opportun-
ity such as this should arise, and then, led by the

[116]

COOLIES AT ENTRANCE OF THEIR BOMA. (Seep. 12.)

TENT FROM WHICH MAN WAS TAKEN. (See p. 22.)

Man-Eating Lions 29

Swahili, I started off with the fervent hope that the
Lord would deliver the man-eater into my hands. My
pulse was beating much faster than usual, as I care-
fully stalked the dreaded beast. I crouched and
crawled from bush to bush, very anxious lest I should
be discovered. In a short time I had the satisfaction
of hearing him crunching up the donkey's bones and
then, after a further short stalk, I saw the head of
the lion faintly outlined in the undergrowth, but some
uncanny influence seemed to guard this demon, for,
as I was taking a careful bead on him, my guide put
his foot on a rotten branch, and the wary beast,
hearing the noise, growled his defiance and, before
I had time to press the trigger, disappeared into a
patch of thick jungle.

In desperation at the thought of his escaping me
once again, I ran back to camp, summoned all the
available workmen and told them to bring every tom-
tom, flute, tin can and other noisy instrument that
could be found. As quickly as possible I posted them
in a half circle as near as was safe to the spot where
the lion was hiding, and gave the head jemadar in-
structions to start a simultaneous shouting and beat-
ing of the tom-toms and cans, as soon as I had time
to get around to the other side. I then circled rapidly
behind the lion where I found a good position beside
an ant-hill which the brute was very likely to pass
when he left his hiding place,, for it was in the middle
of a broad animal path leading straight from his lair.
I knelt behind the ant-hill and waited expectantly.

Soon I heard a tremendous din being raised by
the advancing workmen and, almost immediately, to
my intense joy, out into the open path stepped a
huge maneless lion. It was the first time, during all
these trying months, that I had obtained a fair chance
of a shot and my satisfaction at the prospect of bag-
ging the man-eater was unbounded. Slowly and very

[117]

30 Field Museum of Natural History

majestically he advanced along the path, stopping
every few seconds to look round. I was fascinated
at the sight and remained motionless as a statue. I
was only partly concealed from view, and, if his at-
tention had not been so fully occupied by the noise
behind him, he must have observed me. As he was
oblivious to my presence, however, I let him approach
to within about fifteen yards of me and then quickly
covered him with my rifle. The moment I moved
the weapon, he caught sight of me and seemed
very much astonished at my sudden appearance, for
he stuck his forefeet into the ground, threw himself
back on his haunches, opened his jaws wide and
growled savagely. As I sighted the rifle on his brain
I felt that, at last, I had him absolutely at my mercy
but — never trust an untried weapon! I pressed the
trigger and, to my horror, heard the dull snap that
tells of a misfire ! Fortunately for me the lion was so
distracted by the terrific din and uproar made by the
coolies behind him that instead of springing upon me
as I expected, he bounded aside into the jungle and
once more escaped. Bitterly did I anathematise the
hour in which I had relied upon a borrowed weapon,
and in my vexation I abused owner, maker, and rifle
with fine impartiality.

After this dismal failure there was, of course,
nothing to do but return to camp. Before doing so,
however, I proceeded to view the dead donkey which
I found to have been only partly eaten at the quarters.
It is a curious fact that lions always begin at the tail
end of their prey and eat upwards toward the head.
As his meal had thus been interrupted, evidently at
the very beginning, I felt pretty sure that the hungry
brute would return to the carcass at nightfall. Ac-
cordingly, as there was no suitable tree close at hand,
I had a staging erected some ten feet away from the
dead animal. This machan was about twelve feet high

[118]

Man-Eating Lions 31

and was composed of four poles stuck into the ground
and inclined toward each other at the top, where a
plank was lashed to serve as a seat. Further, as the
nights were still pitch dark, I had the donkey's carcass
secured by strong wires to a neighboring stump, so
that the lion might not be able to drag it away before
I could get a shot at him.

At sundown I took up my position on the flimsy
perch and, much to the disgust of my gun-bearer, Ma-
hina, I decided to go alone. I would gladly have taken
him with me, indeed, but he had a bad cough and I
was afraid lest he should make any involuntary noise
or movement which might spoil all. Darkness fell
almost immediately and everything became extra-
ordinarily still. The silence of an African jungle on
a dark night needs to be experienced to be realized.
It is most impressive, especially when one is absolutely
alone and isolated from his kind. The solitude and
stillness, and the purpose of my vigil, all had their
effect on me, and from a condition of strained ex-
pectancy, I gradually fell into a dreamy mood which
harmonized well with my surroundings. Suddenly I
was startled out of my reverie by the snapping of a
twig, and, straining my ears for a further sound, I
fancied that I could hear the rustling of a large body
forcing its way through the bush. "The Man-eater!"
I thought to myself, "surely tonight my luck will
change and I shall bag one of the brutes." Profound
silence again followed. I sat on my perch like a statue,
every nerve tense with excitement. Very soon all doubt
as to the presence of the man-eater was dispelled. A
deep long-drawn sigh — sure sign of hunger — came up
from the bushes, and the rustling commenced again,
as he cautiously advanced. In a moment or two a
sudden stop, followed by an angry growl, told me that
my presence had been noticed, and I began to fear
that disappointment awaited me once more. But no;

[119]

32 Field Museum op Natural History

events now took a turn which made my blood run cold,
for, instead of either making off, or coming for his
kill, the lion began stealthily to stalk me!

For about two hours he horrified me by slowly
creeping round and round my crazy structure, gradu-
ally edging his way nearer and nearer. Every moment
I expected him to rush the staging ; and it had not been
constructed with an eye to such a possibility. If one
of the rather flimsy poles should break, or if the lion
could spring the twelve feet which separated me from
the ground . . . the thought was not a pleasant one.
I remember saying to myself, "There is a dead donkey
down there, but if ever there was a real live one,
here he sits." I began to feel distinctly "creepy" and
heartily repented my folly in having placed myself
all alone in such a dangerous position. I kept per-
fectly still, hardly daring even to blink my eyes, but
the long continued strain began to tell on my nerves;
and my feelings can better be imagined than described,
when just about midnight something came flop and
hit me on the back of the head. For a moment I was
so terrified that I nearly fell off the plank, for I
thought that the lion had sprung on me from behind.
Regaining my senses in a second or two, I realized
that I had been hit by nothing more formidable than
an owl, which had doubtless mistaken me for the
branch of a tree. Not a very alarming thing to happen
in ordinary circumstances, I admit, but coming at
the time it did, it almost paralyzed me. The invol-
untary start, which I could not help giving, was im-
mediately answered by a sinister growl from below.
After this I again kept as still as I could, though by
this time I was actually trembling with excitement and
nerves. In a short time I heard the lion begin to
creep toward me. I could barely make out his form,
as he crouched among the whitish undergrowth, but
I saw enough for my purpose, and before he could come

[120]

Man-Eating Lions 33

any nearer I took careful aim and fired. The sound of
the shot was at once followed by a terrific roar and
then I could hear him leaping about in all directions.
I was no longer able to see him, for his first bound
had taken him into the thick bush, but, to make as-
surance doubly sure, I kept blazing away in the direc-
tion in which I heard him plunging about. At length
came a series of mighty groans, gradually subsiding
into deep sighs, and finally ceasing altogether, and I
then knew that one of the "devils" who had so long
harried us would trouble us no more.

As soon as I ceased firing, a tumult of enquiring
voices was borne across the dark jungle from the men
in camp about quarter of a mile away. I shouted back
that I was safe and sound and that the lion was dead.
Whereupon such a mighty cheer went up from all the
camps as must have frightened the denizens of the
jungle for miles around. Soon I saw scores of lights
twinkling through the bushes. Every man in camp
turned out, and, with tom-toms beating and horns
blowing came running to the scene. They surrounded
my perch, and — to my amazement — prostrated them-
selves on the ground before me, saluting me with cries
of "Mabarak! Mabarak!" which means "Blessed one"
or "Saviour." I refused to allow any search for the
body of the lion to be made, in case he might possibly
be shamming dead. Accordingly we all returned in
triumph to the camp, where great rejoicings were kept
up for the remainder of the night, the Swahili and
other African natives celebrating the occasion by an
exceptionally wild and savage dance.

For my part, I anxiously awaited the dawn, and
even before it was thoroughly light, I was on my way
to the eventful spot, for I could not completely per-
suade myself even yet that "the devil" might not have
eluded me in some uncanny and mysterious way. Hap-
pily my fears proved groundless, and I was greatly

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34 Field Museum of Natural History

relieved to find that my luck — after playing me so
many exasperating tricks — had really turned at last.
I had scarcely traced the blood for more than a few
paces when, on rounding a bush, I was startled to see
a huge lion right in front of me, seemingly alive and
crouching for a spring. On looking closer, however,
I satisfied myself that he was really and truly stone
dead, whereupon my followers crowded round, laughed
and danced and shouted with joy like children, and
bore me in triumph shoulder-high round the dead body.
When these thanksgiving ceremonies were over, I
examined my trophy and found that it was indeed one
to be proud of. His length from tip of nose to tip of
tail was nine feet eight inches; he stood three feet,
nine inches high, and it took eight men to carry him
back to camp. On examining his head, I found that a
.303 bullet had smashed out one of his tusks, for the
track of the bullet was left in the tooth stump. I
must have given him a bad toothache the night he
attacked Brock and myself in the freight car.

The End of the Man-Eaters.

It must not be imagined that with the death of
this lion our troubles at Tsavo were at an end; his
companion was still at large, and very soon began to
make us unpleasantly aware of the fact. Only a few
nights elapsed before he made an attempt to get at
the Permanent Way Inspector, climbing up the steps
of his bungalow and prowling round the verandah.
Mr. Dalgairns, hearing the noise and thinking it was
a drunken coolie, shouted angrily, "Go away!" but,
fortunately for him, did not attempt to come out or
to open the door. Thus disappointed in his attempt
to obtain a meal of human flesh, the lion seized a
couple of the Inspector's goats and devoured them
there and then.

[122]

Man-Eating Lions 35

On hearing of this occurrence, I determined to sit
up the next night near the Inspector's bungalow. For-
tunately there was a vacant iron shanty close at hand,
with a convenient loophole in it for firing from; and
outside this I placed three full-grown goats as bait,
tying them to a half length of rail, weighing about
250 lbs. The night passed uneventfully until just be-
fore daybreak, when at last the lion turned up, pounced
on one of the goats and made off with it, at the same
time dragging away the others, rail and all. I fired
several shots in his direction, but it was pitch dark
and quite impossible to see anything, so I only suc-
ceeded in hitting one of the goats.

Next morning I started off in pursuit and was
joined by some others from the camp. The trail of
the goats and rail was easily followed, and we soon
came up, about a quarter of a mile away, to where the
lion was still busy at his meal. He was concealed in
some thick scrub and growled angrily on hearing our
approach; finally, as we got closer, he suddenly made
a charge, rushing through the bushes at a great pace.
In an instant, every man of the party scrambled
hastily up the nearest tree, with the exception of one
of my assistants, Mr. Winkler, who stood steadily by
me throughout. The brute, however, did not press
his charge home; and on throwing stones into the
bushes where we had last seen him, we guessed by
the silence that he had slunk off. We, therefore, ad-
vanced cautiously, and, on getting up to the place,
discovered that he had indeed escaped us, leaving two
of the goats scarcely touched.

Thinking that in all probability the lion would
return as usual to finish his meal, I had a very strong
scaffolding put up a few feet away from the dead
goats, and took up my position on it before dark. On
this occasion I brought my gun-bearer, Mahina, to
take a turn at watching, as I was by this time worn

[123]

36 Field Museum of Natural History

out for want of sleep, having spent so many nights
on the lookout. I was just dozing off comfortably,
when suddenly I felt my arm seized, and, on looking
up, saw Mahina pointing in the direction of the goats.
"Sher!" (Lion) was all he whispered. I grasped my
smooth-bore, which I had double-charged with slug,
and waited patiently. In a few moments I was re-
warded, for, as I watched the spot where I expected
the lion to appear, there was a rustling among the
bushes, and I saw him stealthily emerge into the open
and pass almost directly beneath us. I fired both bar-
rels practically together into his shoulder, and, to my
joy, could see him go down under the force of the blow.
Quickly I reached for the magazine rifle, but, before
I could use it, he was up again and out of sight among
the bushes, and I had to fire after him quite at ran-
dom. Nevertheless I was confident of getting him
in the morning, and accordingly set out as soon as it
was light. For over a mile there was no difficulty in
following the blood trail, and, as he had rested sev-
eral times, I knew that he had been badly wounded. In
the end, however, my hunt proved fruitless, for after
a time the traces of blood ceased and the surface of
the ground became rocky, so that I was no longer able
to follow the spoor.

As it happened, there was no sign of our enemy
for about ten days after this, and we began to hope
that he had died of his wounds in the bush. All the
same we still took every precaution at night, and it
was fortunate that we did so, for otherwise at least
one more victim would have been added to the list.
I was suddenly aroused one night by terrified shouts
from my trolley men, who slept in a tree close outside
my boma; they were crying out that the lion was
trying to get at them. It would have been madness
to have gone out, as the moon was hidden by dense
clouds and it was absolutely impossible to see any-

[124]

Man-Eating Lions 37

thing more than a yard ahead, so all I could do was to
fire off a few rounds just to frighten the brute away.
This apparently had the desired effect, for the men
were not further molested that night; but the man-
eater had evidently prowled about for some time, for
we found in the morning that he had gone right into
every one of their tents, and round the tree was a
regular ring of his footmarks.

The following evening I took up my position in
this same tree, in the hope that he would make another
attempt. The night began badly, for, while climbing
up to my perch, I very nearly put my hand on a veno-
mous snake which was lying coiled round one of the
branches. As may be imagined, I came down again
very quickly, but one of my men managed to despatch
it with a long pole. Fortunately the night was clear
and cloudless, and the moon made everything almost
as bright as day. I kept watch until about 2 A. M.,
when I roused Mahina to take his turn. For about an
hour I slept peacefully with my back to the tree, and
then woke suddenly with an uncanny feeling that
something was wrong. Mahina, however, was on the
alert, and had seen nothing; and, although I looked
carefully round us on all sides, I too could discover
nothing unusual. Only half satisfied, I was about to
lie back again, when I fancied I saw something move
a little way off among the low bushes. On gazing in-
tently at the spot for a few seconds, I found I was not
mistaken. It was the man-eater, cautiously stalking
us.

The ground was fairly open round our tree, with
only a small bush here and there; and from our posi-
tion it was a most fascinating sight to watch this
great brute stealing stealthily round us, taking ad-
vantage of every bit of cover as he came. His skill
showed that he was an old hand at the terrible game
of man-hunting, so I determined to run no undue risk

[125]

38 Field Museum of Natural History

of losing him this time. Accordingly I waited until
he got quite close — about twenty yards away — and
then fired my .303 at his chest. I heard the bullet
strike him, but unfortunately it had no knockdown
effect, for, with a fierce growl, he turned and made
off with great long bounds. Before he disappeared
from sight, however, I managed to have three more
shots at him from the magazine rifle, and another
growl told me that the last of these had also taken
effect.

We awaited daylight with impatience, and at the
first glimmer of dawn set out to hunt him down. I
took a native tracker with me, so that I was free to
keep a good lookout, while Mahina followed immedi-
ately behind with a Martini carbine. Splashes of
blood being plentiful, we were able to get along quick-
ly and we had not proceeded more than a quarter of
a mile through the jungle when suddenly a fierce warn-
ing growl was heard right in front of us. Looking
cautiously through the bushes, I could see the man-
eater glaring out in our direction, and showing his
tusks in an angry snarl. I at once took careful aim
and fired. Instantly he sprang out and made a most
determined charge down on us. I fired again and
knocked him over, but in a second he was up once
more and coming for me as fast as he could in his
crippled condition. A third shot had no apparent
effect, so I put out my hand for the Martini hoping to
stop him with the heavy lead bullet. To my horror,
however, the rifle was not there. The terror of the
sudden charge had proved too much for Mahina, and
both he and the carbine were by this time well on their
way up a tree. In the circumstances there was noth-
ing to do but follow suit, which I did without loss of
time, and, but for the fact that one of my shots had
broken a hind leg, the brute would most certainly
have seized me. Even as it was, I had barely time

[126]

Man-Eating Lions 39

to swing" myself up out of his reach before he ar-
rived at the foot of the tree.

When the lion found he was too late, he started to
limp back to the thicket ; but by this time I had taken
the carbine from Mahina, and the first shot I fired
from it seemed to give him his quietus, for he fell
over and lay motionless. Rather foolishly I at once
scrambled down from the tree and walked up to him.
To my surprise and no little alarm he jumped up and
attempted another charge. This time, however, a
Martini bullet in the chest and another in the head
finished him; he dropped in his tracks not five yards
away from me, and died gamely, biting savagely at a
branch which had fallen to the ground.

By this time all the workmen in camp, attracted
by the sound of the firing, had arrived on the scene,
and so great was their resentment against the brute
who had killed and devoured such numbers of their
comrades that it was only with the greatest diffi-
culty that I could restrain them from tearing the dead
body to pieces. Eventually, amid the wild rejoicings
of the natives and coolies, I had the lion carried to my
boma, which was close at hand. On examination, we
found no less than six bullet holes in the body, and
embedded only a little way in the flesh of the back
was the slug which I had fired into him from the scaf-
folding about ten days previously. As in the case
of his companion, the skin was deeply scored all over
by the thorns of the bomas through which he had to
force his way in order to get at his victims.

The news of the death of the second "devil" soon
spread far and wide over the country, and natives
actually travelled from up and down the line to have
a look at my trophies and at the "devil-killer", as they
called me. Best of all, the coolies who had absconded
came flocking back to Tsavo, and, much to my relief,
work was resumed, the bridge was completed and we

[127]

40

Field Museum of Natural History

were never again troubled by man-eaters. It was
amusing, indeed, to notice the change which took place
in the attitude of the workmen toward me after I had
killed the two lions. Instead of wishing to murder
me, as they once did, they now could not do enough
for me, and, as a token of their gratitude, they pre-
sented me with a beautiful silver bowl, as well as with
a long poem written in Hindustani describing all our
trials and my ultimate victory.

J. H. Patterson.

Iver, Bucks, England.
September, 1925.

Map of Africa showing location of Tsavo.

[128]

THE FIRST MAN-EATER KILLED. (Seep. 33.)

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TREE FROM WHICH SECOND LION WAS SHOT. (See p. 37.)

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