Manual of conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species

PLATB 1.

MANUAL

OF

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF TTIR SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W.(jRYON)jR.

<'ON*«H:VAT<>U «>K TIIE < '.'XcHor.o.;: . r.MV r»P N

•.".n\.

vcn ,. rv.
NASSID£, TURBINELLiO/ii, VOLUTION, MITRID.xE.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Author,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL ECIENCES. COR. I9TH & PA^
1882.

•

EARTH

SCIENCE*
LIBRARY

WM. P. KILOARE, PRINTER, 734 AND 736 SANSOM STREET, PHILADELPHIA.

THE Fourth Volume of the Manual of Conchology contains
monographs of four important families, embracing genera of
which many representatives are included in the cabinet of everv
collector of marine shells. It is hoped that it will be found
useful in facilitating the identification of specimens, as well as
in correcting the hitherto very confused synonymy.

The kind offices of many correspondents in furnishing speci-
mens (particularly imfigurcd types), drawings and information
concerning the species, are again gratefully acknowledged ; and
I am equally indebted to others for their endeavors to promote
the sale of the Manual. I shall endeavor to deserve and recom-
pense this active interest in behalf of the work by making it
as thorough as circumstances will permit.

G. W. T., Ju.

January, 1882.

The Almighty Maker lias throughout
Discriminated each from each, by strokes
And touches of his hand with so much art
Diversified, that two were never found
Twins at all points.

COWl'EJ

To ask or search I blame thee not ; for Nature

Is as the book of God before thee set,

Wherein to read his wondrous works.

But what created mind can comprehend

Their number, or1 the wisdom infinite

That brought them forth, but hid their causes deep.

MILTON.

UNIVERSIT7

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOQY

Family NASSID^B.

Shell ovntc, spire u-ually elongated, base oi' aperture a notch
or short recurved canal, inner lip usually callous. Operculum
corneous, ovate, nucleus apical, margins plain or serrated.
Animal having two small processes or tails at its posterior
extremity. Lingual teeth arched, pectinated; the uncini with a
basal horn, and occasionally intermediate serrations: -the denti-
tion is illustrated on Plate 3.

A few fossil species are known, commencing with the Eocene.

Si/nopais of Genera.

NORTH I A, Gray. Shell elongated, turritod, polished ; spire elevated,
acuminated, whorls depressed and sloping at their upper part ; aperture
shorter than the spire ; outer lip with the margin serrated. Dentition
unknown.

TRUNCARIA, Ads. and Reeve. Shell acuminately oblong, thick ; suture
of the spire channelled ; aperture anteriorly dilated, posteriorly sub-
cmarginated ; columella arcuated, abruptly truncated in front, with a
single anterior fold. Dentition unknown.

BCLLIA, Gray. Shell ovate or turrited ; spire more or less acuminated,
sutures enamelled ; inner lip excavated in the middle, callous poster-
iorly ; aperture oval, moderate. Operculum fusiform, nucleus apical.
Dentition, PI. 3, fig. 20.

Subgenus BucciNANors, d'Orb. Shell with the whorls somewhat angu-
lated, and with a rounded or nodulous band next the sutures.

Subgenus PSEDDOSTROMBDS, Klein. Shell elongated, smooth, without
epidermis, last whorl ventricosc ; spire acuminate; aperture o
columella arched, smooth or transversely striated, outer lip thin. No
enamel round the sutures. Dentition, PI. o, fig. 21.

o NA88IDJE.

Subgenus ADINUS, H. and A. Adams. Shell subulate, spirally striated ;
columella abmptly truncated afc base ; inner lip corrugated, with a
callosity at hind part ; outer lip grooved internally, externally margin-
ated.

NASSA, Lam. Shell ovate, ventricose, body whorl variously sculptured ;
aperture ovate, with a short, reflected, truncated, anterior canal ;
inner lip smooth, often widely spread over with enamel, with a posterior
callosity or blunt dentiform plait ; outer lip dentated, internally
crenulated. Margin of operculum serrated or entire. Dentition, PI. 3,
figs. 22 to 25.*

The following "snbgenera." may be, retained as convenient
group designations, although the species, varying much in their
sculpture cannot always be positively assigned.

Subgenus ARCULARIA, Link. Body whorl gibbous on the back; spire
produced ; callus of inner lip greatly extended and covering the spire.

Subgenus NAYTIA, H. and A. Adams. Shell smooth ; aperture -with a
channel at the hind part continued up the spire.

Snbgenus ALECTRION, Montf. Spire elevated, whorls glabrous, polished
or papillary ; inner lip spreading ; outer lip denticulate, not variced
externally,

Subgenus ZEUXIS, II. and A. Adams. Spire elevated, smooth, or longi-
tudinally plicate, polished ; inner lip with the callus defined, or some-
what spreading ; outer lip externally variced, sometimes dentate
anteriorly.f

Subgenus ACICTTLINA, H. and A.Adams. Shell turrited, polished, smooth
or longitudinally plicate : inner lip with the callus sharp, straight,
defined ; outer lip produced in the middle, variced externally.
^/Subgenus PHRONTIS, H. and A. Adams. Spire elevated, acuminate,
whorls ribbed or nodulose, distinctly shouldered ; inner lip smooth, with
an extended, thickened callus, outer lip with an external varix.

::' Messrs. IT. and A. Adams in their "Genera of Recent Mollusca,"
have made a Genus Amycla in Columbeflidae, and included in it some
species which are decidedly Nassids ; the dentition of one of these errone-
ously placed species, N. (Bucc.) cornicula, Olivi (PI. 3, fig. 24), has been
figured by Troschel as a type of that of the genus Amycla, —which he has
accordingly removed to Nassidse.

f NASSODONTA, H. Adams. Shell oval ; spire short, last whorl sulcate
anteriorly ; aperture sinuated in front, canaliculate behind ; columella
callous, plicate anteriorly ; lip acute, thickened and dentate within, with
an anterior marginal denticulation. Operculum and animal unknown. I
have included the single species in Zeuxis.

NASSIIbE. . 7

K Snbgenus HEBKA, IT. and A. Adams-. Whorls spi nose, muri* ated or sharply
tubercular ; inner lip with the callus defined ; outer lip with a marginal
varix, when adult.

/Snbgeuus HIMA, Leach. Spire elevated, whorls cancellated ; inner lip

with a rugose callus, callus defined ; outer lip with a marginal varix.
Submenus XIOTHA, H. and A. Adams. Shell cassidifbrm ; spire short,
whorls granulated or cancellated ; inner lip with the callus very large
and spreading ; outer lip crenate, not variced externally.

.jenus TRITIA, Risso. Spire elevated, whorls reticulated; inner lip
smooth, with the callus moderate; outer lip simple, not variced. ::~
Subgenus ILYANASSA, Stimpson. Shell dark olive brown, reticulated,
outer lip without varix, striate within, columella covered with a
spreading callus. • Operculum with entire (not serrated) margin.
Animal having a broad foot, not bifurcated behind as in Nassa. Den-
tition, PI. 3, fig. 25.

XERITULA, Plancus. Shell ovate, depressed, avis distorted ;- spire
flattened, oblique, whorls smooth ; aperture depressed ; columella
smooth ; inner lip callous, spread over the body whorl, outer lip reflect «><!,
not denticulate or striated. Dentition, PI. 3, fig. 20.

DESMOULEA, Gray. Shell ovate-globose, covered with a downy
epidermis ; spire short, conical, apex papillary ; whorls depressed ;
aperture ovate ; inner lip thickened, with a ridge posteriorly ; outer
lip contracted, thickened externally, plicated internally. Dentition
unknown.

Fossil Genera and Subgenera..

Subgenus MOLOPOPHORUS, Gabb.1 iS. G. of Bullia). Short, robust,
spire moderately elevated, suture bordered by a more or less distinct
cari ua. Surface longitudinally ribbed or striate. Aperture obtuse behind,
and very slightly notched ; outer lip simple, inner lip very slightly in-
crusted, sinuous, anterior notch small, but distinctly defined.
B/STKIATA, Gabb. PI. 3, fig. 27. Cretaceous, California.

Genus PTYCHOSALPINX, Gill. Shell ovate, buccinoid, whorls regu-
larly rounded and ventricose ; spire moderate (about as long as the
aperture), furnished with equal revolving linear ridges, siphonal canal
very short, very obliquely twisted and concurrent with the siphonal

: II. and A. Adams have also a subgenus Uzita, but its characters are
not different from those of Tritia, whilst its species are, many of them,
evidently better placed in other groups : a large number of them, for
instance, possess the marginal varix, the absence of which is one. of the
characters of the group. Uzita can be advantageously dispensed with.

NORTH! A.

fascicle ; aperture rhombo-ovate, oblong ; lajjrum entire, not sinuous,
smooth within ; columella inversely sigmoidal, concave near the middle,
with a very thin callous deposit and with a revolving linear plait in front.

Tertiary, United States and Fru/.

Dr. Gill refers his genus to the family Buccinidae, but I agree with the
late Mr. Conrad that his description indicates ('as do the types cited)

P. ALTILIS, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 28. Miocene, Virginia.

P. SCALASPIRA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 29. Miocene, Virginia.

Subgenus PARANASSA, Conrad. Differs from PtycJwsalpinx in the
submargin of the labrum being slightly thickened within and striate ;
si phonal canal shorter. Eocene, Miocene, America and Europe.

P. GRANIFERA, Conr.* PI. 3, fig. 30. Virginia.

Subgenus TRITIARIA, Conrad. Elongated, subturrited, labrum not
thickened within. This does not seem to differ generically from the true
Nassas ; it has very little resemblance to Ptychosalpinx.
T. PERALTA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 31 . Miocene, Virginia.

[BuLLioPSis, Conrad. Placed by its author at first as a subgenus of
Nassa, it was subsequently removed by him to Melanopsidae. It has some
resemblance to Bullia. ]

Ucmis NORTHIA, Gray.

The animal of this genus is unknown, but the operculum has
been figured by H. and A. Adams, in their " Genera." The
shell is in its general aspect much closer to Pnxionella in the
family Terebridse than to the getiera with which it is here (and
has been heretofore) associated ; the variceal thickening at or
near the outer lip, is however, a feature which does not obtain in
the Terebridse. Pusionella, moreover, has a concentric oper-
culum, with its nucleus near the middle of the inner margin.
Perhaps the figured operculum of Northia is abnormal;
it has that appearance. I think that if these shells had not
been assigned to the Nassidse or to any other family, I would
have placed them in Terebrida? : as it is, I prefer to allow them
to remain here, rather than possibly complicate the subject In-
changing their position.

* As one of the two specimens of the type of Paranassa is striate
within the aperture, while the other is smooth, probably the distinction
from Ptycfiosalpinx will not hold good.

TRUNCARTA. 9

X. SERRATA, Dufrcsne. PI. 5, figs. 50, 51.

Livid olive, becoming chestnut-colored on the spire ; a hump-
like projection often occurs parallel with and just behind the
margin of the outer lip. Length, 2-2'5 inches.

Panama; St. Elena, W. Col.

Gray's name Bucciinun Northise, has priority, but has not
been adopted. Deshayos called it B. pristi* because Dufresne's
name was preoccupied in Burcimnn for a fossil species — an ob-
jection which has no force since the shell has been dismembered
from that genus.

X. ALBOPUNCTATA, Adams and Reeve. PI.. 5, fig. 52.

Light yellowish, minutely punctate with opaque white, apex

rosaceous. Length, *8 inch.

Philippines.
X. RISSOIDES, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 53.

Whitish, with clouded yellow streaks. Length, *9 inch.

Philippines.

First described as a Pleurotoma. The specimen figured shows
a single rib or varix on the body whorl. Adams remarks that
N. albopunctata is closely allied to this species : I think it
probable that the}'' are identical.

Genus TRUNCARIA, A. lams and Reeve.

This genus is founded on a singular shell discovered during
the voyage of the " Samarang," and is principally characterized
by the abrupt truncature of its columella, and by its anteriorly
dilated aperture.

T. FILOSA, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 54.

Yellowish brown, maculated with two or three series of chestnut-
brown spots. Length, 1-1 inches.

China Sea.
T. AUSTRALIS, Angas. PI. 5, fig. 55.

Moderately solid, shining ; the two apical whorls thin and
papillose, the rest somewhat distantly and flatly longitudinally
plicate on the upper portion, the plica? crossed with fine im.
cd lines, the middle of the last whorl smooth, with a few
impressed lines near the base ; sutures grooved. Pale brown,
columellar callus white. Length, 7 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.

10 TJULTJA.

T. RUGATA, Reeve/ PI. 5, fig. 5(>.

Whitish or light brown. Length, 1*1 inches.

Habitat unknown.

The pertinence of this species to the genus is very doubtful.
I have not seen a specimen of it.

T. MODESTA, Powis. PI. 5, fig. 57.

Yellowish, longitudinally strigate or maculate or nearly
covered with chestnut-brown, with a white central band.

Length, '8-1 inch.

Panama.

Quite as closely related to Etilhria as to the type of this
genus.

T. SULCATA, Kiener. . PI. 5, fig. 58.

Yellowish white, under a rufous epidermis. Length, 15 mill.

Habitat unknown.
T. EURYTOIDES, Carpenter.

White, with a revolving series of brown maculations on the
periphery; sometimes the base is brown, or the whole surface
brown spotted ; with about twenty longitudinal riblets, becom-
ing evanescent towards the aperture ; aperture subquadrate, lip
scarcely thickened, striate finely within, colnmella abruptly

truncate. Length, *3 inch.

Cape St. Lucan, Lower California.

Has not been figured hitherto, and the specimen before me
(an author's type) is not in good condition for illustration.
Very probably the species is not a Truncaria,&t all; its size
indicates close relationship with Columbella.

T. TRIFASOTATA, A. Ad. This name is given in the " Genera of
Recent Mollnsca," but I have not found a description of it.

Genus BULLIA, (Jniy.

Animal without eyes ; tentacles long and slender. Foot enor-
mousty expanded, and bifid behind in the typical species. Then-
is no operculum.

Bullia (restricted sense) has a raised band of enamel round tlie
sutures of the. whorls as in Ancillaria. The animal has the
faculty, according to M. Quoy, of absorbing, through the pores of
its foot, a great quantity of water, which it ejects when disturbed.

:

BULLIA. 11

in various directions'; it is caught by baiting linos with. bits of
flesh. The genus is oriental, mostly So. African in distribution,
and reminds one of the Arctic genus Volutharpa (vol. iii, ]>. 107).

II. and A. Adams separate a genus Pseudostrombus on account
of the want of the sntnral band of enamel, and the foot of the
animal being simple instead of bifid behind; but as in Nassa,
the difference in the animal is not certainly to be regarded as
generic; and as to the shell, there is no sharp line of division
between species with and those without enamelled sutures — the
globose species generally showing the most of it and the
narrower ones less. Nevertheless it will be convenient to group
together the narrow species as a subgenus.

. In Woodward's ''Manual of the Mollusca," 1lu.ll in is erro-
neously made a synonym of Anaida.r, Roissy, a fossil form of

ncillaria.

Typical.

B. L^EVISSIMA, Gmel. PI. 5, iig. 50.

Yellowish white to brownish red ; smooth and polished.

Length, 2'5-3 inches.

(J<tpe of Good Hope.
1>. WLOBULOSA, Kiener. PI. 5, fig. 60.

Spire shorter, whorls slightly contracted above the middle,
suture but slightly, or not at all enamelled. Length, 2*5 inches.

ILilntat unknoirn.

I doubt whether this is more than a variety of J>.

B. DEFORM is, King. PI. 5, fig. (U.

Yellowish brown, obscurely brown banded.
Length, 22-33 mill.

Mouth of the Rio de la Plata; Rio Negro, South America.

15. TENUIS, PI. 5, fig. K2.

Thin, yellowish white, one or two revolving grooves just
below the suture and a number on the lower half of the body

whorl. Length, 1*75 inches.

JLiliita t unku otn, .
B. CALLOSA, Gray. PI. 5. tig. <>8.

Yellowish gray, sutuml and columellar callosities generally

chestnut-brown. Length, 1*25-1 *5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

12 BULLIA.

Remarkable for its callous deposit upon the columella, which
sometimes is so thick as to give the shell a distorted appearance,
producing an angle or hump on the periphery.

B. MAURITIANA, Gray. PI. 5, figs. 64, 65.

Yellowish white, deeper yellow within the aperture; the callous
sutural band frequently opaque white. Length, 1-25-1-75 inches.

Mauritius ; Madagascar.

B. Mauritiana was not figured by Gray, and his description is
so unsatisfactory that the recognition of the species must rest
upon the illustration in Reeve's Iconica. With this, there is no
doubt that B. Grayi, Reeve (fig. 65), is identical. The babylonic
spire, strong sutural band of enamel, and distant revolving
incised lines distinguish this species.

B. SEMIPLICATA, Gray. PI. 5, fig. 66.

Whitish or yellowish, sometimes encircled by two broad, faint,

brown bands. Length, 1 '25-1*5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

This has very much the form of the preceding species, but
the revolving incised lines are absent, and instead, the spire, :ind
frequently the upper portion of the body whorl are longitudinally
plicate.

B. DIGITALIS, Meuschen. PL 5, figs. 67-69, 72.

Cream-color to yellowish white, sometimes darker around the
suture ; orange-yellow within the aperture. Smooth, with obsolet e
spiral impressed lines near the base. In very large individuals
the whorls are somewhat plicately wrinkled next the suture.

Length, 1-5-2-5 inches.

South Africa.

B. rhodostoma, Gray (fig. 69), is somewhat stouter than the
typical form, and B. semiusta. Reeve (fig. 68), is a mere color
variety.

Var. NATALENSIS, Krauss.

Whorls shortly plicate at the suture.

The figure (fig. 72) represents a young specimen, but this
plicate condition persists, frequently, in the adults. I have one
before me, measuring 2'5 inches. t

HrCVlNANOl'S. I..

B. PKRSICA, E. A. Smith. PI. 5, fig. 70.

Greyish, or lavender-color; spirally silicate, somewhat grsni-
ulous next below the suture. Length, 1 inch.

Buafiirc, Per ni fin- (lu-lf.
B. SULCATA, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 71.

Lavender or lead-color, rather solid; whorls closely, concen-
trically grooved.

Habitat unknown.

B. SEMIFLAMMEA, lleCVC. PI. 5, fig. 75.

Yellowish white, lower half of whorls with longitudinal chest-

Kit flames. Length, 1*25 inches.
Cape of Good Hope.
Subgcnus Buocinanops, d'Oib.

Embraces three species from the Southern parts of the Coast
of South America. The}' are of rude growth, usually with a
flattened shoulder below the sufures.

B. COCHLIDIUM, Kiener. PI. 5, fig. 73; PL 6, tigs. 76-81.

Yellowish white, sometimes with two obscure bunds of longi-
tudinally disposed chestnut-brown flames; whorls soinetiines
decidedly shouldered, and the shoulder defined by a somewhat
corded ridge. Length, 1-5-3 inches.

Brazil to Patagonia ; on the Pacific Ooast, north to Peru.

I do not agree with Deshayes and Reeve that Kiencr's species
is different from that of Chemnitz, and therefore I do iio^dopt
Deshayes' name B. gradata: still, as Chemnitz was not a binom-
inal writer I cannot cite him as authority for the species. The
fact is that B. cochlidium is of rude, frequent!}' distorted growth,
and a collection of specimens exhibits many forms. The figure
of cochlidium given by Reeve, as exhibiting the type of the
species is but slightly shouldered, and large as it is, is not adult
(fig. 76); Kiener's figure is also given (fig. 73). B. gradata ,
Desh., is represented by figure 77, from Reeve's Iconica, B.
Lamarckii, Kiener (fig. 78), is another form which is scarcely
shouldered, and other intermediate forms are shown in B. Pa,ij-
tense, Yal. (fig. 79), and B. squalida, King (fig. 80). A remark-
ably distorted shell, called by Gmelin BUG. labyrinth um (fig. 81),
very probably belongs here.

14- PSEU DOST ROME US.

B. ANNULATA, Lam. PI. 5, fig. 74.

Yellowish white, columella white. Length, 1'5 inches.

Narrower than the preceding species, and covered with
revolving- stria?; yet it may be only a variety of it.

B. ARMATA, Gray. PI. 6, figs. 82, 83.

Yellowish white, with two broad, faint, chestnut bands.

Length, 1-2 inches.

Rio NcgrOj Patinjonitt.

This species is considered by d'Orbigny merely a spinose
variety of B. cochlidium.

Submenus Pseudostrombus, Klein.

Leiodomus Swainson, cannot be distinguished as a subgenus,
the distinctive characters gradually merging in those of Ftwttdo-

B. TURRITA, Gray. PL 6, fig. 84.

Shell smooth, very finely plaited at the sutures; white, some-
times obscurely brown-flamed on the lower part of the body

whorl. Length, 1-25— 1 '5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Very like the next species, but is somewhat longer and
narrower, with more convex whorls ; the plications shorter, only
occupying a small portion of even the spiral whorls, fainter, not
decussated by revolving striae.

B. MELANOJDES, Desh. PL 6, figs. 85, 86.

Upper whorls crossed by well-marked plications, body whorl
sometimes only plicate on the upper part; revolving stria'
decussate the plications of the spire. Color, yellowish white.
sometimes with a chocolate-colored narrow band near the sutures
and a broader one at the base, or whole surface clouded or covered
with chocolate. Length, 1-1*25 inches.

Cochin China ; Mozambique.

B. Mctzambiceii&ix, E. A. Smith (fig. 86), is described from a
well-grown specimen of the dark-colored variety.

B. GRANULOSA, Lam. PL 6, fig. 91.

Chestnut or chocolate, sometimes obscurely banded on the
periphery, with a double row of bead-like nodules revolving
below the suture. Length, 1 inch.

Gabon Coast, W. Africa.

;

PSEUDOSTROMBIS. 15

Kiener, who figures this species as Burr, rittatum, Linn., eon-
founds with it B. •melatwidt™, :i shell from the opposite const of
Africa, and quite distinct, judging from the specimens before me.
Lamarck considered it a Terebra, a genus to which this shell is
closely assimilated by its usually very narrow form, polished
surface and sculpture.

B. POLTTA, Lam. PI. f>, tigs. 88, 89.

("ream-color, yellowish brown or livid olive, with frequently a
very indistinct darker band near the suture; whorls of the apex
plicate, rest smooth and polished. Length, 1-1 '25 inches.

Senegal.

It. ritrea, Reeve (iig. 80), is synonymous.

P>. KURRACRENBIS, Angas. PI. P>, Iig. 90.

White, tinged with rose-color on the upper whorls.

Length, I '75 inches.

Kurradd, Scinde, N. W.
Only the type specimen known.

15. VITTATA, Linn. PL 0, figs. 87, 92.

Yellowish or lilac-white, or bluish or brown; sometimes the
spire is clouded bluish whilst the rest of the shell is light colored.
Sutural plications defined by an incised revolving line and some-
times cut in two by another line. Length, 1'5-1'75 inches.

Ceylon ; Zanzibar.

B. livida, Reeve (fig. 92), is only one of the many slight vari-
ations which can be readily traced to the typical form. This
species occasionally develops a varix on the outer lip, and speci-
mens are before me in which a former varix is persistent.

B. TAHETTENSIS, Gmelin. PL 6, fig. 93.

Spirally ridged, ridges finely granose, two or three ridges next
the suture more distant than the rest; yellowish, maculate with
orange-brown, interior of aperture brown stained.

Length, 1/75 inches.

TaJieiti.

A very rare species, and the only one having its pattern of
sculpture. The figure in Chemnitz is evidently poorly drawn,
and there can be no doubt that the British Museum specimen,
figured by Reeve, is a better representation of the species, as it
more nearly approaches a specimen now before me.

1 0 AD1NUS.

B. BELANGERI, Kiener. PI. 6, figs. 94, 95.

Whorls smooth, polished, with distant revolving grooves which
are most apparent at the suture, and base of the body whorl ;
yellowish, with waved longitudinal faint chestnut lines.

Length, '9-1 '4 inches.

Aracan. Ceylon.

P>. polita, Desh. (fig. 95), is this species, figured from a laded
specimen.

B. DILUTA, Krauss. PL 6, figs. 96, 97.

Whorls with revolving stria1; whitish, lower part of body
whorl longitudinally flamed with chestnut-brown ; columella

truncate at base. Length, 1 inch.

Natal, So. Africa.

Painted like B. semifiammea, Reeve, but immediately disting-
uished from that species by its narrow Tere&ra-like form and
truncate columella. This last character suggests the succeeding
species which, however, is peculiar in having a thickened lip,
minutely dentate within. It is possible that they are identical,
and that B. dilata has a thin, unarmed lip because the specimens
are not adult. Yon Martens has described a var. mediol&vix
(fig. 97), in which the revolving grooves do not occur on the
middle of the body whorl — a character of no importance.

Submenus Adinus, II. a id A. Adam?.

B. TRUNCATA, Reeve. PI. 6, fig. 98.

Yellowish white; whorls striated above and at base.

Length, 1*25-1*5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

The characters of this species are those of the subgenus. It
is probably So. African. See remarks under preceding species.

Unidentified and Doubtful Species.

B. ELONGATULA, Anton. Habitat unknown.

B. ICTERICA, Solander. H. and A. Adams' Genera.

B. OSSEUM, Menke. The type specimen is lost.
B. VELATA, Gould This is undoubtedly a Nassa gaudiosa.
B. TAMSIANA, Dunker. Guinea, W. Africa.

B. CUMINGIANA, Duiikei Habitat unknown.

B. ELEGANS, Dunker. Habitat unknown.

B. LYMNEANA, A. Ad. = Volutliarpa.

NASSA. 17

NASSA., I, MIII.

II. and A. Adams in their kk Genera of Uo"ent Mollusca" have
enumerated 210 species of Xassa; Reeve's Monograph in the
"Conchologia Iconica" conttiins 182 accepted species and 13
synonyms, = 195 names in all. The present monograph includes
;")!).") specific names, of which 131 only are accepted as i>oo<l
species, :>(J4 are relegated to the synonymy of these, and 100 arc
undetermined for want of illustrations or specimens. The dis-
tribution of the genus is world-wide, except that no specimens
exist in the icy seas near the poles — where they appear to be
replaced by the Bnccinnms. They occur principally in the waters
of tropical and subtropical latitudes.

The fossil species are few in number, commencing with the
Eocene formation. For some of the American fossils Mr. T. A.
Conrad has proposed distinct generic names, but their separation
from Xassa is scarcely advisable.

The animal of Xassa has a broad head, and a foot qnadrately
expanded in front, with the corners often pointed, whilst behind
it bifurcates and is prolonged frequently into two subulate tails.
The operculum is usually serrate on the margin but is sometimes
plain. The Xassre are very active, and not at all shy when kept
in confinement. They may be occasionally seen floating with
the foot upwards. They are predaceous, feeding on other mol-
Insks, the shells of which they bore. I have frequently seen the
shells of the American species themselves bored, the hole being
of such a size as to suggest cannibalism. Perhaps the avenger
of their misdeeds is a beautiful and very active hermit crab
which disports itself in the Nassa's shell, immense multitudes
being seen at low tide in the water near the shore line. Whether
begged, borrowed, stolen, or lawfully captured by the red right
claw, it is certain that, at Atlantic Chy, Xew Jersey, the hermit
inhabits a vast majority of the specimens of Nassa occurring to
the collector. Although roost of the species are littoral, a few
have been collected at considerable depths; the undescribed N.
brychia, Watson, was dredged at (>20 fathoms by the " Challenger
Expedition." Some of them have been observed to spring
up and throw themselves over on being suddenly disturbed.
Usually they glide along the surface of the mud, leaving a track
indicating their line of inarch, at the end of which is a small
3

18 NASSA.

round pellet; under this the creature conceals itself. The fry
twist and twirl about by means of their ciliated lobes. N.
imitabilis is an article of food in Italy. The generic name is
that of a narrow-necked wicker basket used for catching fish,
and in such a basket, lobster pots, etc., the Nassa itself is
frequently caught, attracted thither by odors savory.

Naxsa, reticulata is said to be very destructive in the oyster
pares of Arcachon (S. of France). It is so numerous that a
single tide has yielded 14,600 specimens within a space of 40
French hectares (= about 100 acres). The adult Nassa will
bore through the shell of an oyster three years old, within eight
hours ; but the young shells are far more destructive because
they select the tender shells of the very young oysters, some-
times piercing fifteen or twenty in succession before their
hunger is satisfied. An oyster a month old is destroyed in a
half hour.*

One of the best students of the genus JVas.sa is undoubtedly
Mr. F. P. Marrat, of the Liverpool Museum, f Imbued with
extreme development views he has, unfortunately, adopted the
principle in his scientific work that, the variations of species
being illimitable — species in fact, as usually defined, being non-
existant, the naturalist may apply a specific name for each
modification of form, sculpture or coloration ; a principle the
absurdity of which must be apparent when it is considered that,
no two shells being exactly alike, it will admit of the description
of every individual specimen as a " new form/' Mr. Marrat has,
however, fully demonstrated the insufficiency of distinctions
based on sculpture in a number of species of the genus ; a result
most confusing to the systematic, and which leaves the validity
of many forms described from single or few specimens very
questionable. I am tempted to make some extracts from Mr.
Marrat 's latest paper,J the subject of variation being sufficiently
important in a general sense to justify me in devoting a few
lines to its illustration in this particular genus.

* Soubeiran, Bull. Soc. d'Acclimatation, 2 Ser., iii, 3, 1860.

f "On the variation of sculpture exhibited in the shells of the genus
Nassa." " On forty proposed new forms in the genus Nassa," etc.

J " On the Varieties of the Shells belonging1 to the genus Nassa."

NASSA. 1 9

" The study of varieties in the genus JVassa," says Mr. Marrat,

" IIMS achieved one great object — it has taught us the whole
details of the plan on which the external ornamentation of shells
has been elaborated. The whole of the variation, from the
smooth shell to the most elaborately-sculptured examples, is
plainly to be seen as effected through almost imperceptible
gradations.

. "Variation through the whole kingdom of Nature is the rule
and not the exception. It is the prejudice exhibited by Scientists
against so much that is clear and distinct, that creates the con-
tusion. If studied as it exists, the whole group is manifestly
developed, step by step, and we see the wisdom, power and
'lie licence of the Maker.

"The greater part of the works on Natural History are
•itten in the closets of the authors, who both theorise and
»py to a large extent; but, unfortunately, they copy errors as

as tacts.

" The study of variation has opened up a subject so vast in
its dimensions that the mind almost shrinks from the task of
estimating it. In every direction variation extends, in every
way variation seems to ramify, until we gaze and wonder if
there be any end.

" Instead of 200 species, at least 3000 varieties are before me,
and the end appears nearly as far on" as ever. Taking a careful
survey of the shells under consideration, and noting more par-
ticularly the common forms and the changes presented by them,
we are enabled to form an estimate of the enormous number
likely to be met with, if we persevere in our work of collecting
varieties.

." Species are and have been made by men in their ignorance.
Had they known the alliances, it would have been impossible
for them to have committed such mistakes as are to be found iu
conchologieal books. Species have been and still are the
ultimatum of scientists. It appears to me that they have an
instinctive horror of the nameless. Lamarck described the
A"a.s.sr/ tiiibxjt'uioxa from shells that were subspinous, not then
knowing that there were cariuated, costatetl, muricated, and
smooth varieties of it. At least six good (?) species have
emerged from the varieties of Lamarck's shell : N. bjrata ,

20 NASSA.

Marrat, is the lyrate form ; JV. tricarinata, Lam., is the carinated
form; N. wulpta, Marrat, is another; JV. sistroides, Nevill, N.
trinodosa, Smith, and N. corticata, A. Ad. Another variety
occurs, showing a close affinity with the N. muricata, Quoy and
Graim., and the shell figured in Reeve's Conchologia Iconica as
the N. vibex, Say, is a spiny form. Some of the shells from
Ceylon are very closely connected with varieties of the N.
Gruneri, D linker, and others with smoother ribs to the JV. Jack-
soniana, Quoy and Gaim.

" We may name these shells and describe them as distinct, but
they will not be so after we have finished; on the contrary, we
may adopt another plan and name them varieties, but the same
objection continues; the variety we have named as coming from
any locality will be found to differ from the shells brought up
from the same ground by the next haul of the dredge. It is a
very disagreeable task to be compelled to state that the starting-
point of the systematist, upon which the whole- fabric is built
up, is wrong, and the whole of the deductions drawn from this
source are erroneous; nevertheless I am compelled to utter that
which I believe to be strictly and unquestionably true. I can-
not expect that conchologists who are totally unacquainted with
the materials upon which I have based my deductions, will
coincide with my views. If they had obtained a knowledg-
the whole of the figured or described species of Xassa, they
could not by this plan follow the intricate passages revealed by
the study of variation. It is not by an intimate knowledge of
the described species that these facts are elicited, but it depends
upon a knowledge of the innumerable intermediate forms which
diverge from them in every direction as to how these deductions
are to be drawn.

" In a long series of forms, commencing with shells represent-
ing the largest specimens in the genus, these can be traced with
unerring certainty into others, forming the smallest examples
known to exist; again, the broadest varieties can just as easily
be connected with others that are the narrowest examples in the
group; and every grade of difference throughout the long lines
of progressive variation is distinctly seen. In the case of the
shells having smooth forms, such as A". f/m».s, Linn., the varieties
may not be all smooth specimens, but they may vary into costate

lilt'

dot

NASSA. 21

and even cancellated examples. Again, instead ot'tluMV being a.
uniform thickness observable, one set will be almost transparent,
or thin and hyaline, and another thick and quite opaque. The
sculpturing is in many cases confined to the upper whorls, but
we find shells in which the pattern is commenced on the top,
gradually spreading in successive development until it covers
the whole shell; in one case it may form smooth un sculptured
ribs, or in another it may diverge into any of the forms of
sculpture we meet with in other groups of shells. The tip of
the spire may be of the same color as the remaining portion of the
shell, or it may vary into almost every shade of pink, rufous,
rown, purple, or almost black.

" From these observations taken from the shells, and not
intended to support or illustrate any theoiy, it is very easy to
that instead of a fixedness in the characters used for the
extermination of species, exactly the opposite appears to be the
case; the specimens presenting such an amount of variation in
every direction that it becomes absolutely impossible to ailix
any set of characters to them that will lead to their future
recognition.

" The greater part of the shells figured and described as new
species have for their recommendation to our notice a single
specimen, and that often in bad condition. Men are so anxious
to, have their names appended to something new that every other
consideration is overlooked by them. They cannot wait until
sufficient evidence is produced either to confirm their opinions
or show them that the characters they had given were incorrect,
but down it goes on to paper, and there it remains/'

What a commentary on this and preceding paragraphs is the
printing of numerous new names and descriptions, in the very
pamphlet from which these brave extracts are made ! These
new species, alas ! are Hot even figured, no dimensions are given,
and in many cases no locality. The descriptions are prefaced
by the remark — u What are the shells described in the following
pages? — My answer is, I do not know. The amount of knowl-
edge is confined to the single specimens (!) in most instances
and to three or four at most in any case. At present these
shells appear to me to be distinct, simply l>ecause of my igno-
rance of all their alliances, but that this should be the real

22

NA8SA.

state of the case is exceedingly improbable if not absolutely
impossible."

Mr. Marrat's dilemma is that, whilst disbelieving in species,
he cannot pursue his work without naming and describing specie*.
It would be impossible to give a full descriptive portraiture of
an object every time it is referred to, in order that the writer's
conception of it and that of the reader shall agree ; therefore we
adopt a conventional system — the binomial nomenclature to recall
certain characters by the use of two names. I think, however,
that it is a logical deduction from the views expressed by Mr.
Marrat that his species should not possess such salient characters
as those proposed by authors who believe more or less in the
doctrine of the persistence of form: if the latter species do not
present very strong claims for recognition, the former may be
supposed to present no claims whatever, — unless we agree that
each individual specimen in the genus shall receive a distinct
specific name. If there be only one species in the genus Naxxa,
as opined by Mr. Marrat, science still requires names for those
groups which normally present recognizable distinctive Huir-
arcters; without a nomenclature and a system, however arbitrary
and unnatural, the publication of the results of scientific research
would be impossible. The doctrine of unalterable uniformity in
specific characters is overthrown, but a wise conservatism will,
let us hope, cause conchologists to refrain from naming and
describing every individual specimen: at least, gentlemen, do
not overwhelm our ancient and tottering barriers with your
logical deluge, until we, who have so carefully erected and
guarded them, shall have retired from conchological pursuits.
Aprex nous le deluge, if you please !

Typical Species.
X. MUTABILIS, Linn. PI. 7, figs. 1-3.

Light brown, with somewhat undulated longitudinal darker
markings, generally confluent into a darker interrupted band nl
the sutures. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Mediterranean Sea, 4 to 10 fathoms ; W. Const of Africa ;
Canary Isles, Fossil in the miocene of 8. Europe.

Upon the embryology of this species see Bobretsky, in Archiv
fiir Mikros. Anat., xiii, 97.

\.ASS A. '2:\

A'. rj't'ilferi. Phil. (PI. 11, iig. U4), has been referred to this
species as a variety by Marrat and others; I do not think, how-
ever, that it can be placed in the same group at all, as all its
affinities are with

N. TENUIS, E. A. Smith. PL 7, figs. 4, 5.

Yellowish white, mottled with yellowish brown, darker at the

suture. Length, 20 mill.

Jti.pun ; China.

This species was described by Lischke as A7. Japonira, after-
wards changed to N. balleata, on account of the previous use of
the first name by Mr. A. Adams. N. balteata being preoccupied
by Pease. Mr. E. A. Smith has referred the species to his N.
t(jnuin, which was originally described without reference to these
relationships. Mr. Smith also refers the N. Japontca, Adams,
here, doubtfully, the type having disappeared from the Cuming-
ian collection. I fear I must add to this confusion by doubting
the identity of Mr. Smith's species with bafteata, Lischke,
although it appears to correspond well with Adams' description
of ,Ta.}>(t)rira.

,N. xufllata, Gould (not figured), appears from the description
to be identical.

The species is very closely allied to N. mnff/l>i.lix, L.

X. L^EVIGATA, Marrat. PI. 7, fig. (5.

Yellowish white, with darker strigations, which tend to mass
into revolving bands in some specimens. The suture is some-

times noduled. Length, -75 inch.

China.

The spire is more elevated, the shell more solid than the last
species; the coloration and polished surface allies it to the
mufabilia group.

X. CORONATA, Brug. PL 7, figs 7, 8.

White, olive or chestnut; with usually a white median zone
on the dark varieties or a darker zone on the light colored
specimens. Length, 1-1-2 inches.

Madagascar, J<ir<i, Philippines, cfr.

t.\. ttroiini,, Phil. (fig. 8), is not distinct.

24 ARCULARIA.

N. ARCULARIA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 9, 10.

Light colored with dark zone, or dark with a light zone ; shoulder
noduled, with usually a rib-like fold arising from each nodule.

Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Philippines, Viti Ixles.

N. laticostata , Marrat (not figured), is probably this species,
not adult.

N. SULCIFERA, A. Ad. PL 7, fig. 11.

Ash-color, banded with white, longitudinally subplicated,

transversely ridged. Length, 1*25 inches.

Algoa Bay.

Probably only a variety of N. arcularia: the single specimen
known is abnormal in its appearance, and it is therefore not easy
to assign to it a definite place in the synonymy.

N. PULL A, Linn. PL 1, figs. 12-14.

The plications are much closer and more numerous than in
N. arcularia ; an incised revolving line separates the shoulder
extremity of these ribs, forming a row of nodules ; additional
incised lines cross the entire surface, but are most conspicuous
on the spire, and lower portion of the body whorl.

Length, 1-1 '35 inches.

Red fiea, Java, Philippines.

N Rumjjkii, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 13), is synonymous. That
N. pulla is itself identical with N. arcularia, is demonstrable from
the series of specimens before me.

In N. plicata, Bolt., the longitudinal ribs are less and the
revolving lines more prominent ; another similar variation of
sculpture has received the name N. Deshayesii, Homb. and
Jacq. (fig. 14).

Subge-m* Arcularia, Link.
N. QIBBOSULA, Linn. PL 7, figs. 15-1*7.

Light yellowish or ash-color, banded, flecked, or blotched
with white or darker shades ; edge of callus frequently defined
on both sides of the back by an orange-colored line ; callus
whitish ; within the aperture yellowish. Length, '75 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

ARCULARIA. 25

Ar. circumcincta, A. Ad. (tig. 17), is founded on specimens
showing the onmge-bordered callus. It was erroneously reported
from the lied Sea, but has been found at Alexandria and on the
Syrian Const.

X. KRAUSSIANA, Dunker. PI. '7, figs. 18, 19.

Yellowish brown, indistinctly dark banded ; callus yellowish
or orange. Length, '4-'5 inch.

South. Africa.
N. orbiculata, A. Ad. (fig. 19), is identical.

X. THKRSITKS. Brug. PL 7, figs. 20-23.

Ash, yellowish or brown, sometimes mottled, with usually a
light central band. Ribs usually obsolete on the mouth side of
dorsal hump. Length, -6--85 inch.

Indian Ocean, Hong Kong, Manilla, Australia.

N. bimaculoxa, A. Ad. (fig. 22), represents a stumpy specimen
of this species. It was described as from the Philippine Islands,
and Mr. E. A. Smith reports it from Andaman Islands, " sand-
banks, at k)w tide; very active animal." N. dorstuma, A. Ad.
(fig. 23), from Philippines, is evidently a monstrosity ; besides,
the shell looks as if it had been roasted : it is probably a
synonym.

X. LEPTospiRA, A. Ad. PI. 7, figs. 24-28.

Yellowish ash-color, longitudinally rather closely plicated ;
callus yellowish, wide spread. Length, '75 inch.

llo Ilo, Isle of Panay, Philippine* (on mud banks, at low

water, Turning); Japan; Ascension InL (Pease*.

This may be considered on the one hand as a less-developed
form of N, The,rsit?.$,im the other as connected with N.foveolata,
N. /lYvwo/x, etc., in which the sculpture and general appearance
are similar, but the callus is not spreading. I unite with it N.
graci'liti, Pease (tig. 25), N. btlliila, A. Ad. (tig. 26), N. labida,
Reeve (fig. 27 ), and X. /Vr.sav/ . Martens (fig. 28). N. Deshayvsiana,
Issel, has been considered the equivalent of N. Perxica, von
Martens, by several excellent conchologists : very probably it is
so, but it is tuberculate, shouldered, without spreading cnllus,
and typically is no. closer to Ar. Perxica than are most of the
nodulous species.
4

2f) ARfULARlA.

M. JONAST, D linker. PI. 8, figs. 29-32.

Whitish, yellowish or ash-color, usually chestnut at the suture
and base, with sometimes a central chestnut band. Spire and
upper portion of body whorl ribbed, sometimes cut into nodules

below the suture. Length, '4-'6 inch.

Port Jackson, Australia.

N. Burchardi, Dimker (fig. 30), is in every respect typical.
N. labecula, A. Ad. (fig. 31), and N. nan a, A. Ad. (fig. 32), are
evidently the same species.

N. CALLOSA, A. Ad. PL 8> figs. 33, £4.

Very broadly gibbous when adult, with wide-spreading, thick
margined callus'; ribs small, distant, sometimes cancellated and
nodulous ; white, three banded with chestnut or suffused with
with olive. Length, -4--5 inch.

P?iil:ppines, in sandy mud at seven fathoms ; Indian Ocean.

This may be only a variety of the preceding species, from
which it is distinguished principally by form and sculpture. N.
faUoxpira, A. Ad. (fig. 34 , is synonymous.

N. CANCELLATA, A. Ad. PI. 8, fig. 35.

Light brown, maculated with darker brown. Length, '6 inch.

Philippine*,
The type is said to be rather thin and semitransparent.

N. MANGELIOIDES, Reeve. PL 8, fig. 36.

Solid, dark ash-color; whorls tuberculated at the upper part,
tubercles here and there prolonged into ribs, interstices cancel-
lated. Length, *5 inch.

.Port Jack*on< Auttralw (Angns .

May be only a more solid growth of Ar. ranrallato.

X. ULOBOSA, Quoy. PL 8, figs. 3T, 38.

Longitudinally finely plicated, crossed by revolving stria1 :
yellowish white, tinged or nearly covered with chocolate, with
frequently a white central band. Length, '5-*65 inch.

New Ireland, Viti Isles.

N. clathrata, Kiener (fig. 38-, is the same.

X. GRANIFERA, Kiener. PL 8, figs. 39-41.

White or yellowish, tuberculate. Length, -G--9 inch.

Philippines to Central Polynesia ; Isle of Bourbon.

NAYTIA, ALECTKION. 27

Mr. Marrat considers his .V. nodiilonfi. probably a deep-water
form of A', granifera: it is not figured. N. ohlit/na. Ilombr.
and Jacq. (fig. 40), N. obliqua, Pease (unfigured),and N.
Desh. (tig. 41) are synonyms.

us Naytia 11. and A. Adams.
N. GLABUATA, 8owl>. PI. 8. figs. 42. 4.%>.

Light fawn-color, highly polished, with sometimes, traces of

ribs ut the sutures. Leiiirtli, 'S-MJ inch.

IF. CoaM of Afrifi.

Described doubtfully as a Strombit*. N. oUiqna, Kiener (iig.
), is ji synonym.

(JRANA, Lam. PL 8. fig. 44.
Yellowish white, brown spotted at the sutures, mul with inter-

rupted revolving brown lines. Length, *4 inch.

Mediterro uean ^c-<i .

li^iMiu^ Alectrion, Monrf.
N. (jLA\s, Linn. PI. 8. figs. 45-49, 52-54.

Yellowish white, clouded with yellowish brown, encircled with
equidistant, narrow, chestnut-colored lines.

Length, l'5-2 inches.

Japan, Philippines, Australia.

This is the largest species in the genus : it cither varies much,
however, in size and proportion, or else the following forms
should be considered distinct. As they all .possess the revolv-
ing dark-colored lines, I prefer to consider them as simple dwarf
varieties.

Var. LATA. Tryon. Fig. 4C>.

Broadly ovate, approaching Ar. mutabilix, L. in form.

Length, '2'2 mill.

Three specimens, without locality, in the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

Var. ELKGAXS. Kiener. Figs. 47- Hi.

AVhorls inconspicuously shouldered beneath the sutures.
Besides the revolving brown lines the surface is clouded or
striped longitudinally, and revolving series of quadrangular
spots frequently occur upon the shoulder and middle of the

-horl. Length, 22-27 mill.

tio.

28 ALECTRION.

A smaller, more gracefully formed shell than the type, and
typically sufficiently distinct, but varies much. Kiener's figure
is a poor one (fig. 47), and that which Reeve has given, as well
as his description, refers to a N. taenia, Gmel. The following
are synonyms: N. rufula, Reeve (tig. 48), and N. npirata, A.
Ad. (fig. 49).

Var. SUTURALIS, Lain. Figs. 52-54.

Shoulder coronated by a row of tubercles.

Length, 1-1 '5 inches.

Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia.

Fig. 54 represents the typical form, whilst iig. 53 shows a.
variety with the tubercles almost obsolete, passing into v:ir.
elegant . N. intermedia, Dunker (fig. 52) is an equivalent form,
and N. bucculenta, Marrat, an unfigured species, may also be
placed here.

N. HIRTA, Kiener. PI. 8, figs. 50. 51, 55-59.

Light yellowish or orange-brown, with usually a pale central

band. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Australia, Polynesia, Indian Ocean .
The undoubted synonyms of this species are N. VitiensiK,
Hombr. et Jaeq. (tig. 57), N. titoliczkana, Nevill (tig. 58), N.
costata, A. Ad. (fig. 50) and N. crenulata, Reeve, not Brug. (fig.
56). N. crenulata, Brug. is not to be identified positively, but
looks more like N.-arcidaria than the present species. N. hirta
probably runs into the next species, N. moni/e. N. riodifera,
Powis (fig. 55), is not a satisfactorily determined form ; if the
figure which I copy from Reeve is correct, it appears to be a
very broad, short, large specimen of N. hirta, connecting with
N. pulla, Linn. The localities of N. nodifera, " Panama and
Galapagos," are almost certainly incorrect. N. bifaria, Baird
(fig. 59) is, I think, a stumpy variety.

N. MONILE, Kiener. PL 9, figs. 60-68.

Yellowish or ash color, with a rather broad darker central
band, and sometimes narrower ones above and below it. Surface
beautifully polished, ribs more fiexuous than in .V. hirta; a
double row of nodules below the suture, caused by an impressed
line on the sloping shoulder. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Australia,, Central Polynesia.

ALECTIUON. 29

This species is, typic:illy, readily distinguished 1'rom i\r. hirta,
but appears to approach the latter through varieties. The
oldest name given to it is possibly N. hepah'cn, Mont., wh
nred a similar species in error as British, but it is well known as
monile, and no useful purpose will be subserved iii'Nchangm"; its
name. N. lachrywu&a, Reeve (rig-. 62) and X. ptnipcrafa^ (J,uoy
= N. bullata, Marr. (tig. 61), are synonyms, and N. Jarkso nianti,
Quoy (figs. 63, 64) is a dwarf race, from Australia — a, well-
marked variety. N. mucronata, A. Ad. (fig. 67), is a variety in
which the ribs are partially separated into granules, ami X. dix-
torta, A. Ad. (fig. 68), is a monstrosity, apparently of this
species. N. corticafa, A. Ad. (fig. 66), appears to var. Jar/,-
soniana, as docs also* X. acufico$tata: Montr, (fig. 65), and A'.
Taxman ira.. Woods (nnfigured).

X. OBESA, G. and II. Nevill.

Shell thick, shining; brown indistinctly and minutely mottle<l
with white, irregularly stained near the suture wit.li a, darker
shade of brown; two rows of more or less granulose ridges
immediately beneath the suture, columella with a moderately
large, white callosity, slightly rugose, aperture ridged near its

margin. Length, 22 mill.

'ch.
Yar. CEYLONICA, G. and II. Xevill.

More acuminate, less globose, suture more distinct; longi-
tudinal ribs on the antepenultimate whorl more or less obsolete.

Length, 19 mill.

Ceylon and Pcnany.

Has the coloration but not the fragility of N. iimhilrilix, di tier-
ing also in being sculptured. Thickness, sculpture, and particu-
larly the double row of granules beneath the suture indicate
intimate relationship with N. monile.

X. scALAKis, A. Ad. PI. II, figs. 69, 70.

Pale yellowish, obscurely banded with reddish brown.
Length, 1-3 inches.

Isle of Corrigidor, Philippines, in coarse sand at seven

fathoms. — Ou m i n<£ .

Appears to partake of the characters of A", ••monile and N.
papillosa. N. crenidata, Kiener, not Brug. (fig. 70), and N. cren-
ellifera, A. Ad. (fig. 75), seem to be the same species.

30

ZEUX1S.

N. SIQUUORENSIS, A. Ad. PL 9, figs. 72, 73.
Yellowish white, three banded with chestnut.
Length, '7-1 inch.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, Central Polynesia.

A narrower form than any .of the preceding, and connecting
undoubtedly with N. scalaris, A. Ad. Except the one below
the coronal of tubercles around the suture, the revolving lines
are only apparent towards the base of the shell. N. caelata, A.
Ad. (fig. 73) appears to be the same.

X. PAPJLL0.8A, Linn. PL 9, figs. 74, 71.

Whitish, more or less blotched with yellowish brown, spire
usually pink tipped. Length, l-25-2'25 inches.

Philippine Islands, Central Polynesia.

N seminodoxa, A. Ad. (fig. 71), may connect this form with
the last, and through it, with N. monile.

Suhgenus Zeuxis, H. and A. Ad.

With this group is united Telasco^ H. and A. Adams, the
characters by which those authors distinguish them being, in
some cases at least, dependent upon the age of the specimens ;
juvenile forms belonging to Telasco, adult to Zeuxis. To be
sure, none of the subgeneric groups have sufficient claims to
distinctness, but in this case I am utterly unable to distinguish
them. Messrs. Adams give as characters of Telasco, " inner lip
spreading, outer lip simple, acute ; " but many well-grown
species have the inner lip with well-defined margin to the callus,
and all of them, when adult, have a thickened or externally
variced outer lip, dentate within. Zeuxis is said to be " covered
with an epidermis," but in most of the species referred to it,
there is certainly no epidermis. For N. elegant, Reeve, Messrs.
Adams make a subgentis Zaphon, but as I consider that shell u
synonym of N. tsenia, GmeL, the t3^pe of Zeiur.is, of course
Zaphon becomes a synonym.

N. T^)NIA, GmeL PL 9, figs. 76-82.

Chocolate or chestnut brown, with usually a central, narrow,
light band ; spire whorls ribbed, bod}^ whorl vary ing from
.smooth to plicate-ribbed. Length, 1*25— 1*15 inches.

Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, Polynesia.

ZEUXIS. 31

The habitat " West Indies/' given by Reeve, is erroneous. MS
is also that of " Chili,'' in Kiener. A goodly number of species
may be referred to this form with some confidence: They arc
N. plicata. Pease (preoccupied) = = N. appro.rimatd, Pse.. A7.
ftixca, Hombr. et Jacq. (tig-. 78), N. mitral i.x, A. Ad. (fin-. 79), N.
badia. A. Ad. (fig. 81), N. ciiinomomen, A. Ad. (tig;. 80). In
N. elegans, Reeve, not Kiener (fig. 82). the style of painting
varies considerably from the type, but I have before me a
similarly painted specimen, which is undoubtedly a N. hrnia.

X. CANALTCULATA, Lam. PI. 9, tigs. 83-86.

Ash-olive, sometimes faintly two banded with chestnut ;
sutures channeled and frequently crenulate ; upper whorls
closely ribbed, ribs sometimes apparent on the back of the body

whorl. Length, 1*1-1*5 inches.

Philippine Island*, Polynesia.

N. Iwriti (Chemn.), H. and A. Adams (fig. 86) is a synonym.

X. STOLIDA, A. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 87.

Bluish-ash, sparingly blotched or banded with yellow and

brown. Length, 1-25 inches.

Hubitat unknown.

Described from a single specimen, which is evidently of ab-
normal growth.

X. UNiroLORATA, Kiener. PI. 10. figs. 88, 89, 90.

Livid ash-color, sometimes stained or banded with brown ;
aperture chocolate-colored within. Length, 1-1*3 inches.

• Moluccas, Australia, Neio Zealand.

A Bullia-\\\t£ species, normally very distinct, yet undoubtedly
closely connected by transition forms with N. canalicidata and
N. taenia. N. unicolor, Hombr. and Jacq., is identical; the
figure which I give (fig. 89) probably represents a similar shell
to that which Gmelin called N. trifasciata. N. rutilaitx, Keeve
(fig. 90), and probably N> </Iat/ra< Dunker, an nnfigured species,
belong here.

X. VAHiriFEiiA, A. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 1)1.

Whitish, with two brown bands ; whorls crossed occasionally

by a varix. Length, 1 inch.

'Japan.

2 ZEUXIS.

Has the appearance of an Epidroniun (Tritonidse), but wants
the produced canal of that group. The production of true
varices is certainly not a characteristic of the genus Naxm, yet
the species has been collected often enough to show that it is
not an abnormal condition: it is strange that Messrs. Adams
did not make a new genus for it.

N. CUVIERI, Payr. PI. 10, figs. 92-97.

Yellowish white, usually mottled with chestnut, with a darker
line beneath the suture, and frequently, a chestnut central band.
Length, *4-'75 inch.

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Coast of Spain, Portugal;

Madeira ; ( 'anary Isles.

This pretty little species is the victim of an immense syn-
onymy, and of much uncertainty as to nomenclature. It is
frequently referred to as N. variabilis, Phil., and as.jV. Feruxaaci,
Payr. ; less frequently as N. nnifasciata, Lam., N. nitidula,
Linn., N. coatulata, Ren., and a dozen other names. As regards
the Linnean name, the specimen bearing it in the Linnean col-
lection has been identified with this species, but the only figure
cited in the description is that of a Cohcmbella. The descrip-
tion itself will suit almost anything. N. Maderensia, Reeve
(fig. 97), differs only in the numerous revolving, interrupted,
chestnut lines, which, faintly seen in many Mediterranean speci-
mens, here become more prominent.

N. SEMIPLICATA, A. Ad. PL 10, fig. 98.

Yellowish, encircled by two chocolate bands.

Length, 22 mill.

Chusftn.
N. TERETIUSCULA, A. Ad., PL 10, fig. 99.

Yellowish or ash-olive, with a narrow red revolving line.

Length, '6 inch.

Eastern Seas.

The locality is very indefinite, and the figure, notwithstanding
the red line, is very suggestive of N. exilis.

N. EXILIS, Powis. PL 10, figs. 100-102.

Ash-olive, with a central white band. Length, '4-* 7 inch.

Panama, Viti Isles, Solomon Is., Peru.

ZEUXIS. 38

The synonyms are N. Panamensis, C. B. Ad., N. Fontainei,
d'Orb. (tig. 102). and N. moexta, Hinds (fig. 101). I give the
locality Viti Islands on the authority of Mr. A. Garrett, and
Solomon Is. on that of Mr. John Brazier, who personally col-
lected it at those pla<

A". Fontaine i. d'Orb. (fig. 102), from the Coast of Peru, is
larger than the Panama specimens of exilis, yet immature ; of
its identity there can be no doubt ; form, sculpture and colora-
tion being the same.

X. COMPLAXATA, Powis. PI. 10, figs. 105-107.

Olive or ash. with M yellow band above the periphery. Ob-
liquely granosely ribbed, ribs and granules frequently obsolete
on middle and lower portions of the body whorl. Aperture
dark within, but showing the light band. Length. '5 inch.

W. Columbia, Panama.

Proportionally wider than N. e.?://i>, but with the same colora-
tion, its form being intermediate between that species and N.
te<i>ila, Reeve. N. sccibriuscula, C. B. Ad., and N. Wilsoni, C.
B. Ad. (fig. 106), are synonym^. Possibly N. gemma, Phil. (fig.
107), may also belong here, as suggested by Mr. Mnrrat.

X. CAI-KNSK. Dunker. PL 10, figs. 108-110.

Yellowish or white, with a brown band. Length. 't)5 inch.

Soiilh Africa.
X. /mlchella. A. Ad. (fig. 110), is a variety.

X. <<ASTA, Gould. PL 10, fig. 103.

Whitish, with a subsutural and a central brown band.

Length, *4 inch.

Pacific Islands.

Evidently immature, and the figure, rather inaccurate. It is a
doubtful species, and is only inserted here because Gould
remarks upon its resemblance i«> A", ('nn'rri.

X. IsAKELLEt. d'Orb. PL 10, fig. 104.

White, ribs, evanescent on the body whorl. Animal white,
active in its movements. Length, 5 mill.

Rocks ; San Bias, Patagonia.
Probably not a Nasaa.

34 ZEUXIS.

N. FOYEOLATA, Dunkor. PI. 10, fig. 111.

Ash-colored; longitudinally finely ribbed, interstices cancel-
lated. Length, '7 inch.

Hal. unknown.

The figure is rather wider than the usual form of 'N. leptovpira,
and shows' a narrow, defined columella-callus ; nevertheless, I
strongly suspect that this is only an immature form of that
species.

N. PLANICOSTATA, A. Adams. PL 10. iig. 112.

Ash-colored, closely and finely flat-ribbed, ribs sometimes
obsolete on the body whorl. Length, 20 mill.

Payta, Peru; under stones at low water. — Gaming.

N. SPARTA, Marratt. PL 10, fig. 113..

Light ash-color, fasciate witli fulvous, purplish within.

Length, *5 inch.

W. Coast- of So. America.

I am not acquainted with this species.

N. GAUDIOSA, Hinds. PL 10, figs. 114-120; PL 11, figs. 121-124.
126-132.

Spire usually acuminate, ribbed, sutures crenulate or smooth,
body whorl generally smooth. Whitish, yellow, rufous, choco-
late, with frequently distant, narrow red revolving lines and
irregular broad bands ; maculate or closely punctate with
darker markings ; sometimes unicolored. The form varies from
elongated to broad ovate, frequently constricted at the upper
part of each whorl. Length, *75-l inch.

Straits of Malacca, Philippines, Polynesia/, Sandwich Islands,

Guinea Coast, W. Africa.

A solid, smooth, usually gaudily painted species, varying very
much in form and coloration. A large number of these variations
have received ~ specific names, but I do not find in any of them
really distinctive characters. N. sertula, A. Ad. (fig. 116), and
N. semisulcata, Dunker (fig. 117), have the typical coloration,
and the latter possesses the distant red revolving lines, which
so frequently form the groundwork of the ornamentation. In
N. zonalis, A. Ad. (fig. 118), the three brown bands which are
obscurely marked in N. sertula, become well colored. Another

ggtncre.

modification of tin? handed form is .V. xnri'int'tci, A. Ad. (tic;.
110). N. MorraHi. K. A. Smith (fig. 120), is n small form in which
the sutures are maculate; the colored. revolving lines -a re present
in the specimens before me, but in the darker colored ones are
much obscured by the* coloration. In N. punctaln. A. Ad. (fig.
121), the sutural painting is retained, but the shell is so clouded
with dark chocolate-color as to obscure the other markings. N.
f-ontpta, A. Ad. (fig-. 122), is similar, whilst the inkiest specimens
have been called 2V. rrh.ta. Gould (figs. 123, 125), and N. li/<-fn-
O.SY/, A. Ad. (fig. 126). X. lenticiinosa, A. Ad. (fig. 127), has been
proposed for shells allied to punctata, dark in color, with sutural
crenulation> and red revolving lines. N. ii<uxh>lina, Gould, and
.V. ferruginea, Mai-rat. both mifigured, are also probably syn-
onyms. A light colored or nearly white variety, with the
revolving brown lines and brown maculations, has been called by
Gould N. Uhiriini (fig. 128). and by D nnker X. i.-ofurnu- (tig.
129). To these may be added also X. wnai-nt-d, Marrat (tig.
130). from Whydah. Coast of Guinea, W. Africa; and X. pal-
litlttiu. A. Ad. (fig. 131), a faded specimen from Malacca, and
which equals X. -nit'-ann. A. Ad. (tig. 132), a similarly faded
specimen from the Philippines. A', /lui-a,. Marrat, habitat un-
known. and X. polita. Marrat. from Mauritius, both uniigured,
are, judging from the descriptions, at least very closely related
to A'. 'j(indivi$u. X. flandi'itlina, A. Ad., an uniigured Japanese
species, may also be placed here until a figure may perhaps fur-
nish the distinctive characters which cannot be found in the
description.

X. IMCTA, Dunker. PI. 11, figs. 133-142.

Shell broadly ovate, very smooth and polished ; spire short.
conic, first finely, then distantly, undulately plicate; ; body whorl
narrowly round-shouldered above, sometimes obsoletely tuber--
dilate on the shoulder, incisely striate near the base. Color
everywhere minutely flecked with brown or ash and white, with
sometimes narrow brown revolving lines. Length. -(>-'8 inch.

Philippines, Mauritius, Australia, Central Polynesia,

Cape Verd Is.

It is with considerable hesitation that I allow this to stand as
a distinct species from the preceding, with which it has much in

common. It has man}' synonyms: N. filutui, GrMy (fig. 134),
N. graphiterdi Beck (fig. 135), N. Reeveana, Dunker (fig. 13rt),
.V. dispar,.A. Ad. (fig. 137s &• lurida, Gould (fig. 138V X.
musiva, Gould (fig. 139), as well as probably the the following
unfigured species, N. Kienvri, Anton, N: obliquata, A. Ad., X.
plicatula, Dunker.

The three following species appear to me to be mere varieties
of N. picta, perhaps connecting it with N. gaudiosa:
Yar. MARMOREA, A. Ad. Fig. 140.

Whitish, marbled with yellowish brown, the maculations some-
times disposed in two or three bands. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, sandy mud, at 25 fathoms. — Cumiiig.
Var. ALGIDA, Reeve. Fig. 141.

Livid olive, blotched with white, and painted longitudinally

with waved brown streaks. Length, 1 inch.

Moreton Bay, Australia.
Var. BICALLOSA, E. A. Smith. Fig. 1 42.

Whitish, livid at the sutures. Length, 1 inch.

West Australia, Swan River, Cape Natal.

The double tubercular callus at the base of the columella is
not unfrequently developed in very hc*ivy specimens of other
species, and is an individual rather than specific character.
N. CONSPERSA, Phil. PI. 11, figs. 143, 144.

Shell very small, smooth, thick ; yellowish or white, maculate
with chocqlate, forming on the body whorl two irregular bands.

Length, -4--5 inch.

Canary Islands.

Does not differ essentially from N. picta, except by its much
smaller size and heavier structure : it may well be a dwarf form
of that species. N. Pfeifferi, Phil. (fig. 144), is synonymous.
Several authors have recognized this shell as N. glaberrima,
Gmel., but the description is indefinite, and the figures referred
to are unrecognizable.
N. HALDEMANI, Dunker. PI. 11, figs. 145, 146.

Whitish, marbled with yellowish brown or chestnut zebra-like
markings, smooth and polished, initial whorls longitudinally
plicate, base of body whorl with revolving impressed lines.

Length, -5 inch.

East Indies.

ZKl'XIS. 37

Besides the typical figure, I give a drawing of one of four
specimens in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, which
I identify with this species (fig. 146).

X. iNSKiNis, H. Adams. PI. 11, fig. 147.

Smooth, yellowish brown, with three revolving bands of chest-

nut maculations. Length, 11 mill.

River Feiho, China.

Said to have been found in company writh Velorita, and there-
fore possibly a brackish-water species. Mr. Adams has proposed
for this shell the generic name Nassodonta, and refers it to the
family Buccinida?. The generic character is the development
of a tubercle within the thickened margin of the lip, and rather
above the periphery — a position in which, according to experi-
ence, such a feature ought to be regarded as abnormal. It is
just possible that this shell is a Melanian.

N. CORXICULUM, Olivi. PI. 11, tigs. 148-150; pi. 12, figs.

151-153.

Upper whorls finel}' plicate or smooth, three last whorls
smooth, impressed revolving lines on base, or sometimes entire
surface of body whorl. A very thin horny epidermis covers
fresh specimens. Yellowish or reddish brown, with usually, a
pale central band ; sometimes maculated with white and brown
at, the sutures, sometimes finely maculated over the entire sur-
face, with red-brown, sometimes trifasciate. or the bands broken
up into maculations. Salmon-colored within the aperture.
Length. -5-' 7 5 inch.

Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Coasts of Southern Europe,

and Northern Africa.

A protean species, which, together with N. conspersa, Messrs.
Adams have referred to Amycla in Columbellidae : the shell,
animal and dentition, are decidedly Xassoid, however. N. semi-
striata, Broccfri (fig. 150), a fossil form, is considered distinct
by some of the best European conchologists, and N. trifaxciata,
A. Ad. (unfigured), is made one of its synonyms ; whilst N.
Gallandiana, Fischer (fig. 152), is regarded as a variety of it.
I am not able to separate these from cornict.di.im. X. Tinei,
Marav. (fig. 153), is also doubtfully referred to cornicaluin: it
is immature, possibly distorted in growth ; and perhaps badly

88 ACICULTNA.

figured. N. quercina, Marrat, published without figure, locality
or dimensions, is stated by Marrat to be " nearly allied to that
very variable shell N. corniculum, Olivi, and may be only a
variety of it."
N. INSCULPTA, Carpenter. PL 12, fig. 154.

Shell with close revolving striae, upper whorls of spire slightly
costate longitudinally ; light yellowish brown, interruptedly

fasciate or marked with chestnut. Length, '75 inch.

Catalina Island, Gal. -40 fathoms.

I owe to the kindness of Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, the opportunity
of illustrating this rare and hitherto urifigured species.

Subgenus Aciculina, H. and A. Ad.

The characters "outer lip produced % in, the middle, variced
externally," do not hold good for all the species : in fact, Aden-
Una differs from Zeuxis only in the species being longer in pro-
portion to their width — still^ it will be convenient to retain it.

X. ANTHRACINA, GaiTett. PI. 12, fig. 155.

Smooth, with fine revolving impressed lines. Black or black-
ish brown, with a light brown line on the upper part of the body

whorl ; aperture brown within. Length, 7 mill.

Viti Isles.
Only two specimens obtained, of which one (the type figured )

is in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. Somewhat
resembles a Planaxis, but is a true Nassa.
N. GLABRATA, A. Ad. PI. 12, figs. 156, 157.

Smooth, pupiform', slightly costate at the apex, with fine
revolving striae on the body whorl. Olive brown, sometimes

banded with ash-color. Length, *5-'6 inch.

Philippine** Aracan, Solomon lilandt

I have unicolored specimens before me. and specimens h,-i\ v,
been collected with from one to three bands. JV". Piipinoide**,
Reeve (for N. striata, A. Ad., preoccupied), is a synonym (fig.
157).
N. MACULATA, A. Ad. PL 12. figs. 158, 159.

Polished, with sometimes slight indications of rounded ribs
and revolving basal striations. Whitish, longitudinally macu-
lated with chestnut, frequently disposed in two revolving- series

or interrupted bands, Length, .*5 inch.

Philippines.

:

PHRONTIS. 39

X. w'tlata. A. Ad. (fig. 159), is a synonym.

X. S.EROTINA, A. Ad. PI. 12, fig. 160.

Yellowish brown, shining, lighter at the sutures.

Length, -5-'7 inch.

Australia, Cape of Good Hope.

X. LABIATA, A. Ad. PI. 12. figs. 161, 162.

Yellowish brown or ash-color, obscurely light banded in the

middle. Length, *7 inch.

Malacca.

X. Terebroides, Reeve (fig. 162), is a synonym, the flexuous
sinus of the upper end of the lip figured in N. labiata, being
othing but an individual variation.

. ELATA, Gould. PL 11, fig. 125.

Whorls eight, flattened, turrited, with a marginal line near the
suture ; six upper ones with distant, acute folds ; penultimate
and upper half of body whorl smooth ; lower part of the latter
with half-a-dozen regular, deeply impressed, revolving striae.

Length, '7 inch.

Africa.

I am not acquainted with the species.

Submenus Phrontis, H. and A. Adams.

X. IATKOSTOMA. Brod. and Sowb. PI. 12, figs. 163-165.

Olive brown or ash-color, sometimes with a broad black or
narrow white band; lip and expanded callus orange.
Length, '0-1 *2 inches.

Panama to Mazatlan.

N. luleoxfoma, Kiener (fig. 163), is a synonym: its locality is
erroneously given '• Senegal." X. xanthostoma, Gray (fig. 165),
is also svnonvmous.

X. TI:<;I J.A. Reeve. PL 12. figs. 166, 167.

Ash-color, usually lighter below the sutures and on the
nodules, with a light band just below the nodulous shoulder ;
aperture dark within, but showing the whitish band ; lip and
columella callus white. Length, -5--75 inch.

Galapagos; Panama (Cuming); Mazatlan; Southern Coast

of California.

40 PHRONTIS.

The name adopted for this species is not the earliest one, but
it is too well established to be superseded without disadvantage
to science, especially as N. glauca, C. B. Ad. (fig. 167), which
has a year's priority of publication, is not positively identified.
Several Pacific Islands and East Indian species have been sup-
posed by Carpenter, Marrat, Pease and others to be identical,
but though resembling tegula in sculpture, the painting in all
these is different.

N. ANNELLIFERA, Reeve. PI. 12, fig. 168.

Yellowish, encircled by bands of brown, thread-like lines.

Length, '7 inch.

Habitat unknown.
I know nothing about this species.

N. SANCT^-HELEN.E, A. Adams. PL 12, fig. 169.

White, interruptedly banded with red. Length, -3 inch.

St. Helena, in sandy mud, at 20 fathoms. — Cuming.
Said to resemble N. ambigua, Mont.

N. OBTUSATA, A. Ad. PL 12, fig. HO.

Whitish, filleted with red spots or interruptedly banded.

Length, *65 inch.

7. of Ticao, Philippines (in coral sand, at 7 fathoms. -Cuming).

" Chiefly distinguished," says Reeve, " by the obtuse, widely
separated character of the ribs, and the fine-ridged sculpture of
the interstices." I have before me a series of specimens said
to come from the Straits of Malacca, which correspond well
with the figure of this species. They are heavier, larger and
more quadrate in form, yet closely resembling the West Indian
N. ambigua.

X. FISSILABRIS, A. Ad. PL 12, figs. 171-173, 179.

Ash-colored, faintly light banded, or whitish and interruptedly

red-banded. Length, -fi-'To inch.

Philippines.

The, posterior channel of the aperture, may have been more
developed than usual in the type of this species, but it is a
character which pervades most of the species of this group. N.
nodicostata, A. Ad. (fig. 172), N. crenolirata, A. Ad. (fig. 179),
and N. Stearnsiana (Garrett), Marrat, are equivalent forms — the

PHRONTIS. 41

latter being iinligured and undeseribed. A'. (ilbt(>iuu'tata, Reeve
(fig. 173), said to have taint white-dotted bands, but which are
not shown by the figure, can scarcely be different.

X. TIARULA, Kiener. PI. 12, figs. 174-178.

Ribs lew, rounded, prominent ; whorls broadly shouldered
and frequently tuberculated on the shoulder. White, with a
single central, or several interrupted, narrow, brown bands.
Length. •,")-•(> inch.

Solomon9* 7*., Philippines, ? Madagascar, Kiener.
This is a more quadrate, solid, smaller form than the pre-
ceding. It, as well as some of its synonyms, has been referred
*X. fef/ula. Reeve, by such experienced students as Pease,
rpenter, Marrat : I think, however, that the form and colora-
n and difference of habitat, will justify a separation. I add
Kiener's figure (fig. 174) one by Reeve, in which the ribs are
obsolete (fig. 175). X. coronula, A. Ad. (fig. 176), N. delicata,
A. Ad. (fig. 177), are synonyms. N. trinodom, K. A. Smith
(fig. 178), from Solomon's Is., is probably a variety of this
species, although it has partly the features of Ar. x//h*j)innxa.
Lam.

X. CINCTELLA, Gould. PI. 13, figs. 180-1 8i>.

Shoulder rounded, ribs narrow, strongly laticed by revolving-
lines. White, with sometimes a narrow median brown band.

Length. -45 -M> inch.

Philippine*, Central Polynesia,

N. clathratnld. A. Ad. (fig. 1 82 \ is synonymous. \. chirtvlla,
A. Ad. (fig. 1S1 ), from St. Helena, is very close, if not identical.

X. NKiRA, Honibr. et .Jacq. PI. 13. figs. 1S3-1S7.

Dark chocolate-color within and without, with usually a light

band. Length. •»-•('& inch.

Philippines.

With this I unite X Urafa. Marrat. whicn 1 figure from an
author's type » tig. 184 . JV. D4'shnye#iana,, issel (tig. 18.")*. in
which the ribs, especially round the upper part of the body
whorl, are more or less nodulous. X. Kcalfirinn. Marrat (fig. 180).
I am inclined to believe that .V. Xou*.-Zealandit€. Reeve (fig.
IT), is nierelv a varietv.

li? PHRONTIS.

X. CRASSA. Koch. PI. 1/5. t'm's. ISX-iOO.

Yellowish or irreyish, witli usually a superior white band.
Yery thick, rilis rather small, broken into i>T:inule*.

Length, '(>-'~~\ inch.

(.'Jn'iKi, Viti Ifil.ex.

Fiir. 1X8 is a copy of the type, said to conic from China, hut
that locality is doubtful : the more usual form of the species is
that of 1ii>-. ISO. A', xf.iit'ixulrvfft.. Hombr. et Jacq. (lisr. '1 0(1). is a
synonym. The specie* is remarkable lor 1 he ponderous thick-
ness of well-uTown individuals.

X. MK;A, 15ni<r. PI. i:J. lio-s. 191-1!):}.

Obliquely costate, costa- sio-moid, with close revolving stria-
which are fVe(|iiently obsolete on the body whorl except its
lower part. Ye.Jlowish or orange-red, banded: or sometimes
pfirti-colored on the body whorl, the lower portion beino- darkej-.

Len«11i, '5-' 7 inch.

West Africa.

Fio-. I()LJ represents an elongated variety, and (i^. 1 0;> is X.
<>hli<jHi>j>l /<•(//<! . I) linker.

X. AMBIOUA, Afont. PI. 1:-}. tio-s. 104-107. LM:-J.

XarroAvly shouldered, ribs ]>retty elose. crossed ;ts wcii as the
interstices by line revol vini>- lines. White or yellowish, o-ciierally
hnndecl. spotted or maculated with brown. Length. '4 -'.">;"> inch.
Wist Indie*, \Ve*f (Jotint of Africa. - Dunker.

First described by Montajrn as a British species, and occa-
sionally found on the western shores of Europe, but its
occurrence is Adventitious. Its more scalariform spire, finer
sculpture, color, absence of the strong nodules, and narrow.
defined columella callus will serve to distinguish it from A',
r/fo'.r. Say. The synonyms are X. Anlilld.rinti (I'm'. 104). N.
Candei. (fijr. 10.")) and X. //o/<>.»-/,</-/ (lio-. MM;), all of d'Orb.. and
all immature shells, of different . ftges ; and A', at-uta. Say (li<j.
107 }, probably. .V. rnnxcnad. Ravenal. is very poorly described
from a single specimen found in a tish at (Miarleston. S. r. It
is jirobably this s]>ecies.

X. VIBKX, Say. PI. 13. ii<rs. 198--207.

Spire tnrrited. ano-ulatod by a nodulous scries on each whorl,
body with a rather broad, sloping' shoulder, the- border of which

IIEBRA. -1"

i> defined by nodules ; ribs not close-. frequently broken into
nodules by the revolving stria' ; eolumclla callus ral her widely
spread. Usually olive, chocolate or nearly black, li.-ht h:mded
<>n the periphery nnd flecked with revolving chestnut si
sometimes the shell is nearly white, nnd then. Avhilst retaining
tlie red spots, the band is also red, or absent.
Length. MI--S inch.

J/idft-8 ; Atlitntn' Couxl of the Untied Miffs. itnrtlunnrd
to Chesapeake Bay :

2

c-ol
bot

;::;

Say's type was a stunted specimen, and is badly figured (tig.

*). Reeve's figure represents n very different species, a juven-
ile A'. ftnl)*/, inoMt, Lam.. from the I>hilii)j)ines ; but \. Anf/llnntni ,
'hil. (lio-s. IDJU^OI . aixl X. Stwmii, I'hil. (I'm-. -20--' . will o-ivc a

r rejiresentation of tlie usual ranuc of the species in size and
color. J/. texwllnia. IJeeve ( iio-. -1(\\\ , N.Jiiiu, Kceve ( li^-. 204 .
both described without locality, and A', dnixculuis, lleeve (ii«r.
). from Si. Thomas. \V. I., are also synonyms. A'. /'"relt'Hxrft.
kin s (fig. 206), is supposed by its author to j>ossess distin-
guishing characters in its proportions, sculpture and color, but
it is well within the r:m«v of vai'iation of A', rihr.r, in all these
particulars : it is ibund, tliou^h I'arely. at New Haven. (1onn..
and near Salem, Mass., and may have been carried there with
southern oysters. X. fmnrimahilit. Marrat. an unh't>-ured specie^
from \;iss.-ui (Bahamas y). is ;dso a probable synonym. A'. /><>fi/-
</<>,)rrfr/. J,;un. (lig. :><)7). is certainly very closely allied to A'.
nibex ; it has been misunderstood by Heeve. who has tiu'iired for
it a very different species, and Kiener has confounded with it A'.
tTacksoniana, (^uoy. a var. of JY. nunuli'. Kiener. m

Siib-um.- Hebra, II. a^il A. Adum.-.

1 retain this group after modifying the original diagnosis,
which only applies to immature specimens. The muricated or
spinose ornamentation forms a convenient separation from
/'hroiifift, and the columella callus is also more defined, but the
spire is not •• elevated " more than usual, nor is the outer lip
without varix or denticulatiops, when mature.

N. SLBSPINOSA, Lam. PI. i:j. figs. Jus ~'2\'>.

Spiny, nodulous, the nodules generally forming three promi-
nent revolving series on the body-whorl, but sometimes subor-

44 JIEBRA.

dinated to the longitudinal ribs. Ash-color to dark chocolate,
mostly light banded between the spiral rows of tubercles.

Length, 'O-'T iiu-li.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, New Zealand, Central Polynesia.
A'. vtbe.r. Reeve, not Say (tig. 209). is tin elongated, immature
shell of this species: to which I refer also, A. yeniculata. A.
Ad. (tig. 210), and Ar. xixtroidtia, G. and H. Nevill (tig. 211).
A". Kcalpta. Marrat (tig. 212 . is described as passing into A7.
on the one hand and A". rorticata on the other.

N. MLRICATA, Quoy and Gaimard. PI, 14, tigs. 214-218.

'Whitish or yellowish, with narrow bands or blotches of chest-

nut or chocolate.

Indian Ocean, Madagascar, New Ireland, Polynesia.

Mr. Marrat considers this a variety of A", xubxpinosa, Lam.,
and he is probably correct — yet the less developed shoulder.
more swollen periphery, more numerous, smaller and decidedly
prickly tubercles, as well as lighter color, constitute characters
deserving of recognition, I think. With it are to be united AV
horrida, Bunker (tig. 216), N. Gruneri, Reeve (tig. 217), and A*.
curta, Gould (fig. 218).

N. GRUNERI, Dunker. PI. 14, tigs. 219-222.

White or yellowish, sometimes obscurely banded or spotted.

Length, *65-'8 inch.

Philippines.

Distinguished by its regular, close sculpture of bead-like
tubercles, forming both longitudinal and revolving series. The
synonyms are N. hispida, A. Ad. (tig. 220), A'. Web'jei, Petit
(tig. 221), said- to come from West Coast of Africa (doubtful),
and A", acinom, Gould (tig. 222).
N. ECHINATA, A. Ad. PI. 14. tigs. 223, 224.

Yellowish white, longitudinally flecked with brown.

Length, *T inch.

Philippines, China, Andaman Isles.

This pupa-like species is a form rather unusual in the genus :
it may »be only a scalariform monstrosity of A^. muricata. I
have not seen specimens of it. Those from the Andamans are
said to be proportionally shorter than the type. A\ noddlifera,
Phil. (tig. 224 ,, is probably the same species : it is said to come
from China. If identical, it will have priority.

HI MA. I.)

Sul.gerius Hima, Leach.
X. STOLATA, (iinol. PI. 14, fig. 225.

Whitish or yellowish, with a broad chocolate band on the
periphery, and usually a narrower, subsntural one.

Length. '75-1 iiu-h.

Indian Ocean.
X. PAGODA. Keeve. PI. 14. tigs. 22<>-228.

Whitish or yellowish, stained or obscurely banded with brown.
Length, -8-1-2 inches.

Galapagos Is., Panama to Mazatlan.

Kiener's N.decu8*afa(flg.%%1)i& synonymous, and his locality
" W. Coast of Africa," as well MS that given by Reeve for
deuui<#at(i " Brisbane Water. E. Australia.'' are both erroneous.
X. ti.Hf/nliJ't'ni. A. Ad. (tig. 228 '.is a juvenile shell; it comes
from Galapagos (at ten fathoms i, on the authority of Cuming.
X. ca/<e*r<j))x, C. H. Ad., and A', aruta. Carpenter (not Say), both
uu figured, are evidently the same species.

X. TRITONIFOKMIS, Kiener. PL 14, figs. 221>, 230.

Yellowish, ash-color, or light brown ; coluroella-callua and li}>
white. Length. 1 inch.

Philippines, on mud flats— Cuming ; Corisco Bay — Marrat .

X. fitm-dfn. A. Ad. (fig. 230), is probably the same species.

X. MYRISTICA. Hinds. PI. 14, figs. 231. 232.

Light brown, the revolving ridges darker, sometimes dark-
spotted below the sutures. Length. 1 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.

Notwithstanding the greater prominence of the revolving -
ridges, more undulating longitudinal sculpture. and more rugose
columella. I doubt the distinctness of this from M. Trilon,-
forwiix.

Var. RI;F<»UXKATA. Marrat. Fig. 232.

Whitish or yellowish, stained or lineated with brown.
Length. '9 inch.

Ph&ippiiw.

It is the .V. polygonata of Reeve (not Lamarck), and differs
trom the typical X. myristica only in being shorter and broader.

46 III MA.

X. SCABRIUSCULA, Powis. PI. 14, figs. 233-235.

Brownish, or usually ash-color, with a superior white band,
which is occasionally visible on the spire; revolving lines some-
times chestnut-brown. Length, '6-'75 inch.

A7, .vollaria, Gould (iig. 234), and N. Stimpgowana, (\ J3. Ad.
(tig. 235), appear to be equivalent forms.

X. NODATA, Hinds. PL 14, tig. 23(5.

Yellowish brown, with one or two faint chocolate b:mds.

Length, '8 inch.

Stntits of Ma!"

N. FASCIATA, Lam. PI. 14, tigs. 23-7, 238.

Whitish, with a central chestnut band, tinged with chestnut

at the base. Length, '65-'9 inch.

Kont'i Auxirf'lid.

The whole surface of this species is beautifully granulated.

X. FESTIVA, Powis. PI. 14, tigs. 23<>-242.

Longitudinal ribs coarsely latticed by strong, close, rounded,
revolving riblets. Whitish, interstices of riblets chestnut or
chocolate color; columella and lip white. Length. '7-*85 incii.

Japan..

N. f estiva is said to have been dredged by Cumin g ut Panama
and St. Elena (in sandy mud at six to ten fathoms \, but 1 am
not aware that either locality has been confirmed. The next
species (N. dentifera, Powis) is a native of those regions, but is
constantly distinguished by being thinner, more swollen, and
dark chocolate color within and without. The Japanese habitat
is undoubted. The synonyms- are JV. Urata, Punker (fig. 240),
N. dealbaia, A. Ad. (fig. 241 i.a somewhat narrower form, usual ly
white, with a central brown band — it might perhaps be dis-
tinguished as a variety, and N. nriitidcntalr*. K. A. Smith (fig.
842).
X. DENTIFERA, Powis. PL 14, figs. 243-24,3.

Chocolate-brown within and without, with occasionally an
obscure lighter central band. Length. -7--85 inch.

Panama to. Callao. Peru.

N. unidentata, Powis (fig, 244), is an immature shell, and a
still younger one is N. Tzchudii, Troschel (fig. 245 \ To t

HI MA. 47

M nonvins should probably be added A', corpulenta, Q. P». Ad.

( mitio-ured ). from Panama.

X. AiJvssiroi, A. A. Ad. PI. 15. tiir. 255.

Dirty white. sli»-litly bead-inaru'ined at the sutures.

Length. •;>:> iueli.

1*1 1' of Holml, Tluliftitincx, in clayey ground, tit

sixty fathoms — Ouming.
I do not know this species.

X. PAUPERA, Gould. Pi. i:.. HO-S. 24H-250.

Elevated, narrow, whorls rounded, closely costatc. and with
fine revol vino- lines ; aperture small. rounded. White or yellowish,
sometimes fasciated with brown, or marbled, or with the lower
of the body-whorl brown. Length. *35— '5 inch.

. Jupnn, Auxti 'nil Pt>hjn<xi«.

Ditl'ers from the Xass;e ])recedin^ it in this "roup by its pupi-
forin shape and comparatively small body-whorl and mouth.
The spire is sometimes much cxsertcd. causing very deep
sutures. The variable painting-, etc.. lias caused a very larire
synonymy, namely-— X. }>l<>h<><'iii<i , Gould ( nntiii'iired), N. tmcros-
. I'ease (I'm. ^47), .V. H niftim-lalf! and X. tt/n'irifla, Pease
X. balteata, Pease (lio-. -_>4S). .V. <h>mn>,*thw. (jould (im-
). A', fi'tiffi-fiilim. l>unker ((!«•. i4D). is a stouter form,
whieli may possibly be identical with the next, species. X.
Samoensis, Duuker MS., and A', hitcnlti, K. A. Smith (tii>-. 250).
from Japan, described from a single dead specimen, are vei'y
])robal)ly synonyms.

X. Tiii.MJA. Souverbie. 1*1. ir>. li^'s. 251. 252.

Yellowish brown, sometimes mottled with chestnut, and
spotted on the varix of the lip.

New Caledonia, S. Australia.

With this I unite A". romiHirfri. Anij-as, of which I am able to
irive a iiiiure from a sj)ecimen (liu1. 252) : it is the Australian rep-
resentative of the European A. inrrnsxutn.

X. DKNTICULATA. \. Ad. PL 15. iii>'. 254.

Yellowish, banded and blotched with chestnut.
Leu o-th. •!> inch.

' Mediterranean Sea.

A rjire form, confounded by several authors with AT. <:luthrata.
Born ( -.-. limaffi. Auct. ).

48 HIMA.

X. PERTTREMIA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 18, fig. 571.
Milky white, subpellucid, shining-. Length, 7 mill.

Port Jackson, Australia.
N. CONCENTRICA, Marrat. PL 15, fig. 260.

Greyish, with two brown bands ; beaded at the sutures, closely
ribbed, impressed with revolving lines at the base.

Length, *65 inch.

Habitat unknown.

A doubtful species founded upon a figure in Reeve's Icoiiiea
intended for N. conchina, Powis — which it is not.

N. RISSOIDES, Marrat. PI. 15, fig. 253.

Shell white. Length, '55 inch.

Jfabitat unknown.

Much more slender than the typical N. pa,upera, yet I doubt
its distinctness. I have before me a single specimen which is
just intermediate between the two forms.

N. EXIMIA, H. Adams. PI. 15, fig. 257.

Cancellated by very close, small longitudinal and revolving
lines; light yellowish brown, with three pale brown revolving

bands. Length. 8 mill.

JYV/r Hebrides ; Viti Islands —A. Gam

Still more pupiform than ^V. paupera, and smaller, with much
finer sculpture. N. pusi-lla, Marrat, an nnfigured species from
Singapore, is probably (judging from the description) identical.

N. CONCINNA, Powis. PI. 15, figs. 250, 258-259.

Closely cancellated, with an 'impressed line at the suture,
dividing oft' a single row of granules. -Length, '(tf-'H inch.

Polynesia ; Australia.

In form, sculpture and coloring like the preceding species, but
differing greatly in bulk. X. crebrilinedta, Hombr. and Jacq.
(fig. 258), and probably X. pulchr.rrima, Marrat (fig. 259). are
synonyms.

N. INTERLIRATA, E. A. Smith. PL 15, fig. 201.

With spiral line in the interstices ol the longitudinal riblets.
Dark brown, blackish beneath the sutures. Length. C>-5 mill.

$au Christ.it ml, Solomon

HIMA. 49

N. NUCLEOLUS, Phil. PI. 15, fig. 262,

Whitish, brown at suture and base, with usually a brown
central band. Length. 5-fi-5 mill.

Mazatlan ; Acapulco — W. M. Gabb.

This is one of the few Mazatlaii species unknown to Carpen-
ter ; it is a very distinct and pretty form.

X. INCRASSATA, Strom. PI. 15, figs. 263-266.

Brownish white, usually obscurely maculate or banded with
brown ; whorls with or without a slight shoulder ; shell broad
to elongated ovate; occasionally (in some specimens) with a
varix crossing the whorl; lip varix strong, usually with three
rown spots. Length, -45--(> inch.

Iceland, and North Europe to Azores, Mediterranean.
Fossil, widely distributed in European tertiary and quaternary
posits. Owing to the great variability of this species, it has
eived numerous names: one of these forms, indeed, is usually
para ted by some of the best European conchologists, and it
ill be as well, perhaps, to designate it as var. pygmaea, although
the immense series of specimens before me compels me to agree
with Dr. von Martens, that it has no real claim to specific dis-
tinctness.

Var. PYGMJEA, Lam. Fig. 265.

Shell narrower and more finely sculptured ; whorls rounded,
•not augulated above ; spire proportionately longer.

A", iiwrassata is a very active mollusk. and now and then
changes its crawling position by leisurely floating with its foot
upwards. It often gets into lobster and whelk pots. The spawn
cases are solitary, yellowish, and shaped like a round flask, witli
a. small neck or opening at the top.

X. ROSACKA, Keeve. PI. 15, fig. 267.

Deep rose-color, black edged at the base, lip white.

Length, S-5 mill.

Habitat unknown.
May be a variety of N. incra^ntn.

X. PROMPT A. Marrat.

Ovately conical, highly polished, pale yellowish white, with
two reddish-purple dotted bands, one in the centre of the body-

50 HIMA.

whorl, the other near the canal at the base, whorls rather flattened,
ribbed to the base in front and not more than half-way down
behind, raised into blnnt nodules at the sutures, aperture semi-
lunate, columella thickened but not spreading, tubercular, outer
lip very thick, with a thin edge near the aperture ; throat with
rather strong- and somewhat distant ridges, canal very short,
stained on each side of the base with brown. This may be only
a variety of that interminable shell, N. incrassata, Mull., but I
have not seen any varieties that are likely to connect them.

The above is Marrat's description ; no figure, dimensions or
locality.
N. ALBA, Say.

Shell white. L. -45, lat. '3 inch.

Southern Coast of E. Florida, West Indies.

The sculpture of this species is said to be similar to that of
N. invraaxata, with which Say compares it. It has not been
identified by later investigators. Unfigured.

N. TENELLA, Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 268, 273.

Semitransparent orange, tinged with rose towards the apex,
transversely grooved, longitudinally flexuously ribbed, aperture
small, columella callous, lip thickly varicose, vnrix white.

Length, -5 inch.

Cascaes Bay, Portugal.

Possibly a variety of N. incrassata, vnr. pt/ytnara, which it-
appears to connect with the next species.

N. CochmensiK, Thorpe, appears to be an unpublished species,
although alluded to by Mr. Marrat ; specimens under that name
received from Mr. Sylvan us Hanley, are before me — they do not
differ essentially from the figure of N. ienella, Reeve. -The
description of N. aryentea. Marrat (fig. 273 s from W. Africa,
agrees very well with .N. ten ell a.
N. DESHAYESIT, Drouet. PI. 15, fig. 209.

Violaceous, with brown revolving, lines. Length, 15 mill.

A 2 ore*.
See remark under preceding species.

N. VERSICOLOR. C. B. Ad. PI. 15. figs. 270-272, 275.

Yellowish brown, lower part of body-whorl and sutures
usually chestnut-colored. Length, 13 mill.

Panama to Mazatlon.

NTOTIIA. 51

The ribs are few. vat her broadly rounded, color variable. A.
proximo, and A", utriata (fig. 271), of C.. B. Ad., AT. rufocincfo,
A. Ad. (fig. -272), N. vrebrintriata, Carpenter (iinfigured), :md
N. Lwndrci. Fulin (fig. 275). :iro synonyms.

X. siNfsK.HKA. A. Ad. PI. 15. figs. 274, 276-278.

Whitish, stained or filleted with red-brown ; ribs slightly
granulated at the sutures, lips varicose, simmted at the lower

part. Length, '5 inch.

Philippines, Mauritius.

The lip-sinus is not, probably, distinctive. G. and II. Nevill
figure a variety cenrica (fig. 27<>) from Mauritius. N.fraudulenta,
Ma rr. (fig. 277 :, from Philippines, and N. rribrn-ria, Ma IT. (fig.
27S ', habitat unknown, are. judging from figures and descrip-
tions, at least very closely related.

Siil>i£ inns Kiotha. 11. and A. Adams.

The difference between this group and Aleclrion. is very slight,
yet its retention will possibly facilitate the classification of the
specie's ; it includes those shells having a reticulated or cancel-
lated surface in consequence of the longitudinal and revolving
sculpture being about equally prominent, whereas in Alecfrion
either the whorls are smooth or the longitudinal ribs are much
more prominent than the revolving stride. In both, the inner lip-
callus is spread over the body-whorl, and the outer lip is with-
out external varix.

N. ALBESCENS, D unker. PI. 10, figs. 279-28o.

White or yellowish, sometimes with faintly marked ash-
colored 1 lands, which are chocolate-colored within the white
aperture : first whorls usually dark ash-color.
Length. 15-20 mill.

Japan, Philippines* Polynesia^ Au&trali&j

Mozambique, Andaman hlcx.

The typical form of this species is easily recognized by its
faint bands and dark apex; of this type is X. hu-olor, Hombr. et
Jacq. (fig. 280). There is a gradual variation from this to the
next species, so that it is difficult to decide where the one should
end and the other commence ; among these varieties are A7.
fenestrafa. Marr. (fig. 281). a somewhat more ovate form, the

52 MOTH A.

mime proposed for N. IsabeHei. Reeve, not Orb.. A'. Keenii,
Marr., which I figure from an author's specimen (lig. 282). A>.
yemmuliffirn . A. Ad. (tig. 283).

X. SPLEXDIDULA, D linker. PI. 16, iigs. 284-287.

While, shining, sharply granose by the crossing of the longi-
tudinal ribs by deeply incised lines; occasionally marbled with
light chestnut, or spotted with the same next the suture ; suture
deeply channeled. Length. -6-- 7 5 inch.

Philippine*, Malicca, Polynesia.

Very close to N. albescent, and perhaps only a variety of that
species; the tubercles are more sharp-set , the revolving lines
more distant and regularly spaced — not occasionally approxi-
mating in pairs as in albescens. The synonyms are X. se»ri-
•tranosa, Dkr. (fig. 285). N. ra-vida.* A. Ad. (tig. 286), and ,V.
densigranqta, Reeve (tig. 287).

N. nivoxa, Mai-rat, and X. rrixpata, Marrat, are unligured
species compared by the author to this form.

X. PAUPERATA, Lain. PI. 16, tigs. 288-291.

Banded with chestnut on the periphery and at the base of the
body-whorl, columella and lip-margin sometimes tinged with
chestnut. Ribs becoming evanescent below the middle of the
body-whorl, cut into tubercles by the revolving lines, a row of
these tubercles below the suture, more prominent and separated
from the rest by a sulcus. Length, -5-'75 inch.

8. Australia, Tanrn>

A', hjrella. Beck (tig. 289), is a white or bleached specimen of
this species, not in good condition, and I think that N. multi-
granosa. Dunker (fig. 290). is the juvenile, and N.caperata, Phil,
(fig. 271), a pigmy adult of the same species.

X. SORDIDA, A. Ad. PI. 16, fig. 292.

Yellowish, obscurely banded with light brown.

Length, -65 inch.

Philippine*.

The suture is somewhat channeled, the ribs rather sharp, the
revolving impressed lines rather faint. This, as well as the
following species may be only varietal forms of N. albescent

NIOTHA. • >;;

X. CANDENS, Hinds. PI. 16, figs. 293, 294.

Yellowish white, marbled or fasciate with chestnut ; a row of
granules below the suture, and close, prickly granulations cover-
ing the whorls, caused by the incised revolving lines.

Length, *7-'9 inch.

Marquesas M<*.
X. CREMATA, Hinds. PI. IK, tigs. 295-300.

The whorls are usually channeled below the sutures so as to
separate a single row of nodules, and the close ribs arc crossed
by closer revolving incised lines. The color is yellowish or
whitish, banded or irregularly marbled with brown or ash color.

Length, *75-l inch.

Sts. "/ Malttci'a, Philippines^ Polynesia.

The taller spire, beaded line beneath the suture, prominence
of the longitudinal sculpture, etc., are the distinctive features of
this species — which connects undoubtedly with N. albescent on
the one hand, and with conrin.na on the other. Hinds' shell is
not adult (fig. 295). and does not exhibit the usual appearance
of the species so well as does N. Quoyi, Hombr. (fig. 296), or JV.
frag urn, Hombr. (fig. 297).

Var. MARGARITIFERA. Dunker. Figs. 298-300.

The longitudinal ribs are narrower, sharp edged, the revolving
sculpture coarse, obsolete in the middle of the body-whorl.
Besides the brown or chocolate bands or blotches, the surface is
numerously spotted ou the sides of the small tubercles with
chestnut-brown. N. rr.nuata, Dunker (fig. 299^, N. costellifera
A. Ad. (fig. 300), are synonyms.

X. KTEXERT. Desh. PI. 16. figs. 301-303.

Longitudinal ribs prominent, upper margin of each whorl
tuberculated, incised revolving lines faint except towards the
base, where they cut up the ribs into tubercles ; white with
chocolate or chestnut superior and median bands ; surface some-
what polished. Length, '75-1 inch.

Singapore, Polynesia, Tale of Bourbon.

The more prominent, less decussated longitudinal sculpture is
the chief distinction from N. cremata. Hinds, the incised re-
volving lines from N. mpnile, Kiener — which it most nearly

54 NIOTHA.

resembles in its coloring and polished surface. That a series
could be arranged to show the gradual transition from one to
the other of these species, although arranged in different groups,
cannot be doubted. The synonyms are N. margimdata, Reeve
not Lam. (fig. 301), called .V. Kieneri by Deshayes, N. mar-
garitifera, Reeve, not Dunker (fig. 302), and .V. Isabe llei, Reeve,
not d'Orb. (fig. 303).

N. LIVESCENS, Phil. PL 16, fig. 304.

Yellowish, clouded with light chestnut. Length, -8-- 9 inch.

India, Chinese Sea, Philippines.

This species has the form of albescens, with the revolving
sculpture of cremata and ribs of concinna.

N. PUSIO, A. Ad. PL 16, fig. 305.

Fulvous, variegated and spotted with brown.

Length, -28 inch.

Luzon, Philippines, in coarse sand, at six fathoms— Cuming.

This shell is globosely oval, with fine ribs and rather incon-
spicuous revolving striae.

N. MULTICOSTATA, A. Ad. PI. 1 6, tig, 306.

White, variegated with pale red; revolving striae obsolete.

Length, '7 inch.

Philippines, coarse sand, at four fathoms— Cuming.

Proportionally longer, the ribs rather coarser, yet possibly an
older example of N. pusio.

N. VEKRUCOSA, A. Ad. PL 16, fig. 307.

Yellowish, clouded with reddish brown. Length, 1 inch.

Philipp'mes.

The tubercles are larger and more decidedly warty than in the
succeeding species, the sutural channel is deeper, the spire more
conical : }ret it possibly is only an intermediate form, between
xtigmaria and gemmulata.

N. STIGMARIA, A. Ad. PL 16, tigs. 308-310.

Whitish or yellowish, more or less clouded and marked with
brown. Sculpture forming flat, somewhat square-shaped gran-
ules, those forming a row around the deep (but not wide) suture,
somewhat larger. Length, *75-l inch.

Philippines, Malacca, Indian Ocean.

TRITIA. f>f>

With this I unite A. ,-rcm(ita, Reeve, not Hinds = N. qaad-
Alarrat (iig. 309), and JV. rrtrrona, A. Ad., not J. Sowb. =
A'. Adamsiana, Marrat (fig. 310).

X. CuMiNim, A. Ad. PI. 17, fig. 311.

Ovate, rather ventricose, solid, suture flatly channeled.
White, stahied with faint chestnut-color. Length, 1 inch.

China.

Distinguished by the swollen character of the whorls — yet
probably only an intermediate form between the last and next
species.

X. (JKMMULATA, Lam. PL 17, figs. 312-315.

Yellowish white, stained and spotted with chestnut ; suture

flatly channeled. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Sts. of Sunda.

N. clathrata, Lam., Encyc. Meth. (fig. 313), N. conoidalis,
Desh. (fig. 315), and N. variegata, A. Ad. (fig. 314), are syn-
onyms.

Fubgenus Tritia, Ri.-s<>.

Distinguished from Niotha by its narrow callus, }^et some of
the last species in that group form a passage into this. Caesia,
H. and A. Adams, lias no distinctive character, and must merge
into Tritia as a synonym. Schizopyga, Conrad, founded on a
miocene species (S. Calif ornira. PL 3, fig. 32), probably equiva-
lent to A", pp.rpiiitpiix. Hinds, is also a synonym.

* We*f Co<ixt of America.
X. FOSSATA, Gould. PL 17, figs. 316-318.

Light yellowish brown, interior of aperture and columella
dee]) orange, the sharp, raised, revolving ribs of the interior
white. Length, 1-2 inches.

Coast of California*

A magnificent and peculiar species, not to be mistaken for any
other, and the largest in the genus. N. elegans, Reeve (fig. 317),
very fairly represents it, the figure and description of Gould
(fig. 31 G) being from a form more ventricose than usual, and not
adult. AT. elegans being preoccupied by J. Sowerby for a fossil
species. Adams changed the name to N. Reevei — which falls
before Gould's prior name. To this synonymy is to be added
N. Morhti, Crosse (fig. 318'.

50 TRITIA.

X. PERPINGUIS, Hinds. PI. 17, fig. 319.

Yellowish white, obscurely marked or banded with chestnut.

Length, -T5--9 inch.

California.

Fossil specimens occur much larger, and varying considerably
from the typical form ; some of them approaching a small N.
fossata in size and latitude. P. P. Carpenter considers X. in-
terstriata, Conrad, a fossil equivalent — which is somewhat doubt-
ful. Schizopyga Calif or nir-a^ Conrad, is probably identical : it
is from the miocene.

X. MENDiCA, Gould. PL 17. fio-s. 320-323.

Yellowish to reddish brown. Length. *5-'7 inch.

Pugefs Sou Ml to San Diego, Cal.

X. Woodwardi, Forbes (fig. 321), and ' X. Gibbesii, Cooper, are
synonyms of this species ; which is the Wrst Coast analogue of
N. trivittata, Say.

Yar. COOPERI, Forbes. Figs. 322,^323.

This is typically very distinct, with its seven or eight distant,
prominent, shouldered ribs, but specimens are not rare which,
commencing with the numerous ribs of N. mendica, suppress
alternate ones and increase the prominence of those remaining
on the body-whorl. There are also specimens intermediate in
form and number of longitudinal ribs, and even some in which
the ribs are obsolete on the body-whorl. As it is generally
reeooTii/A'd as a distinct species, it may be convenient to retain
its 11 nine MS n variety.

N. UAYJ, Kiener. PI. 17, figs. 324, 325.

Yellowish brown to chestnut-color ; longitudinal sculpture
usually the most prominent, but sometimes obsolete ; a row of
bead-like granules usually, next below the sutures.

Length, 15-18 mill.

W. Coast of So. America, (1hiU, Pern.

X. rubricata, Gould (fig. 325), is a synonym.

X. COPPINGERI, E. A. Smith. PL 18, fig. 372.

Whitish, with a broad purplish-brown band at the top of the
whorls, and two others on the last, the upper one around the

TR1TIA. 57

middle, and the other somewhat below ; aperture bluish white,
showing the external banding. Length, 13'5 mill.

Patagonia.
X. T^NIOLATA, Phil. PI. 18, fig. 373.

Yellowish brown, tipped with chocolate on the nodules.

Length, 11-U; mill.

Chonos 1*1. and So. Patagonia.
Is not -V. (1oj>]jin</t ri the sained

••' Japan, l'//i!>j>pi//e,,i, Ln,di<in Oct-an, W. Africa.
X. NIVEA, A. Ad. PI. 17, lig. :!2r>.

White, solid. Length. I inch.

Philippine*.
Very like N. rrfirulafa. Linn., of Europe.

X. MUNIERIANA. Orosse. PL 17, tig. 331.

White, with a scarcely appnrent pale brown revolving band.

Length. 1 (> mill.

So. Australia.

X. SIGMATA, Danker. PL 17, figs. 327, 32S.

Yellowish brown, with a pale central bnnd. Length, "4 inch.

Africa.

"Very like 'N. inrrnt^ntci, but without the external lip-vnrix.
N. reyitlnris, Kiister (rig. 328), is probably the same.

X. TURJJIXKA, Gould. V\. 17, ilg. 32i).

Shell white. Length. •'.) inch.

Afi

1 am not acuiuainted with this species. The precise locality
is unknown.

X. KOISSYI. Deshayes. PI. 17, tigs. 330. 33i>.

Whitish, rntlier thin ; clathrate. Length. 15 mill.

[•:.ixt Indie*.

N. flonu'nulfi. Tapparone-Cflnefri (fig. 332). does not. appear to
differ.
X. PUMILIO, E. A. Smith. PL 17, fig. 333.

Whitish corneous. Length. 3 '5 mill.

WydnJt, W. Aj .

Is this really distinct from the preceding species-' At uny
rate the shell is so decidedly immature that it ought not to have
been described.

58 TRITIA.

X. KociiiANA. Dunkcr. PI. 17, fig. 334.

Yellowish white, variegated with chestnut. Length, 3-4 mill.

T tilde />V///, SV>. Afi'if.ti.
Another immature and doubtful species.

N. PLICATELLA, A. Afl. PL 17, fig. 335.

Yellowish, stained with light brown or ash. Length, 1 inch.

Wallwich Bay, So. Africa. ^
Very closely allied to the European .V. reJiculnta.

* * '-• Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean SV^.
N. CLATIIRATA, Born. PI. 17, figs. 33(5-339.

Shell turreted, rather thin, suture flatly, narrowly channeled,
whitish, irregularly yellow-banded in the middle; a deep sulous
at the base of the body-whorl. Length. '9-1 '25 inch.

Mediterranean Xea ; M<nlcira ; Canar

Seldom found living, but extensively distributed as a mioccnc
and pliocene fossil. It is a very variable form, and Weinkautf
even suspects that X. ntifla, Lamarck, will prove to be a variety
— which is not unlikely. The oldest name used for the species
is that which I have adopted, and it has the advantage of being
binomial, whilst the later and generally adopted name. ,V.
limata. Chemnitz, is only a portion of the phrase given in that
work. N*pri#matica, Brocchi (fig. 337), and X. defiant. Dujar-
din are synonyms among the fossil specimens. Mr. Marrat
figures for N. turrita, A. Ad. (fig. 338), a shell which is certainly
identical with this species. X. Hcalttriformix, Val. (fig. 889), is

not adult.

i

N. RETICULATA, Linn. PL 18, (igs. 840-845.

Yellowish white, light chestnut or chocolate-color ; sculpture
varying considerably, but the longitudinal ribs arc usually the
most prominent, flexuous, distant, or numerous and close: occa-
sionally the suture is beaded so as to resemble A', monile.
Kiener Length, '75-l'25 inch.

Kit-rope, from Norway to the Med-itri'r(irn>(i.n.

Fossil, from the miocene throughout Europe.

Jeffreys * says : At .the recess of each tide this mollusk
buries itself in the sand in a slanting position, its lurking-place

* Brit. Conch., iv, 848.

TRTTIA. -SO

being betrayed by a little hillock. It also gets into lobster-pots
for the sake of the bait. Bouchard-Chantereaux attributes to this
ns well as t<> other whelks, the habit of picrcinir and devouring bi-
valves. According to M. Lespe's. X. refici/lafo is preyed upon by a
parasitic Trcmafode ( (Icrcarin ttari/ffahi) which infests its liver.
IN spawn eases are deposited on the leaves of %i.n*l<jr(i and on
various other things which are left dry only at springtides ; the
capsules nre arranged in rows, and so closely that they overlie
each other "like the brass scales of the cheek-band of a hussar'1
(Johnston). They are compressed pouches, each of the si/e of
a larjre spangle, supported on a very short stalk, with a small
opening1 at the top to allow the fry to escape. Mr. Peach des-
cribed and figured the capsules in the Reports of two (V>rnish
ocieties for 1843 and 1844 ; and he has given us some amusing
particulars of the fry. These behaved themselves like the fry
of other gastropods, skipping about and whirling round by
means of their ciliated lobes, apparently in a state of pleasura-
ble excitement : but it seems that the exercise was compulsory,
or necessary to prevent the attacks of a swarm of infusoria,
which made short work of any tired or feeble infant AWx-/.

Mr. Jeffreys has named X. nili<iti (tig. .'540) a shell which he
says is as distinct from A", rc.lictilulii as N. i»j<jni;t(t is from .V.
iurrdxititlti, and he states that he has not seen any intermediate
forms. He states that mtida IB found only in brackish water
and on muddy bottoms. A specimen among a number dredged
by him in Roach River, had two eyes on the right hand tentacle;
the eyes were smaller than usual, and close together. I agree
with Moreh and Yon Martens that ni-titla is merely a variety of
N. reticulafd. Mr. Jeffreys cites A', reticulata from Japan;* the
identity of the Japanese shell must be supposed to be in the
sens- in which Mr. Marrat would regard it — yet I can admit it
also. -if it be considered necessary to prove an immense distri-
bution for 'the species. A7. r<jti<-nl(it<i . figured by Quoy and
(laimard in the Toy. of the Astrolabe, is no', this species how-
ever, but probably A". <T<'»tfffn. var. mn r<jn n'fij'crti. A curious,
thin, swollen form from the Baltic is known as A. c(i/i<;>]]fitfi ,
(Miemn (.figs. 84:-i-:ur. ;-.

Jour. Liun. Soc.. xii, 107.

60 TLYANASSA.

N. TRIVITTATA, Say. PL 18, fig. 346.

White or yellowish white, sometimes faintly marked by three
revolving light brown bands. Suture channeled, with usually a
bead-like row of small tubercles below. it, and separated from the
cancellated and tuberculated surface by a slight impressed line.

Length, '7-*9 inch.

Massachusetts to Florida.

The animal is whitish, sparsely clotted with pale lilac ; foot
slightly bifid behind with two erect subulate processes. Very
active. Comes out of the sand towards low-water mark, in a
minute or two after the water passes over them. On most
specimens the bands on the shell are either obsolete or so faintly
marked as to escape hurried observation.

s IlyanaSSa, Stiiup.-on.

The generic characters proposed by Stimpson include an
operculum without serrated margin, arid the animal without
posterior bifurcation. Although the operculum is usually
crenated in Nasm, Mr. Marrat has enumerated a dozen species
in which it has been observed to have plain margins, or nearly
so ; and Dr. Von Martens states* that the European N. reticulatu-
is found in the mud-flats of the Venetian lagunes with the oper-
culum plain on one side and somewhat serrated on the other,
and that the end of the foot is but slightly notched in these
specimens instead of being deeply bifurcated. Under these cir-
cumstances, it becomes very doubtful whether the group
Tlyanassa ought to stand. I have concluded to retain it pro-
visionally as a subgenus, especially as it may include several
species conveniently separable from Tritia by having dark-
colored shells.

N. OBSOLETA, Say. PI. 18, figs. 347-349.

Chocolate-brown or olive, with occasionally a faint, lighter
colored central band ; deep chocolate within the aperture, with
a central white band. Length, '75-1 inch.

Massachusetts to Florida. -

The animal is variously mottled with slate color, the tentacula
are suddenly diminished above the eyes, and become bristle-like.

* Zool. Record, ii. 244.

TLYANASSA. W

Its movements are very active, and it Collects in numbers about
dead era bs and other marine animals, on which it feeds. Inhabits
all our muddy shores, preferring situations not exposed to the
surf of the open sea; such as inlets and extended tlats which
are drained at low tide. It is found abundantly at the. con-
fluence of fresh and salt water, where the taste is merely
brackish. X<> shell of equal size is so abundant on the whole
Atlantic shore. Specimens from Florida vary only in being
smaller, more olivaceous, and by having a, thick, broad callus
over the pillar. The younger shells are most likely to be col-
lected, because the old ones become very much eroded and
defaced, and a greenish mould-like plant vegetates abundantly
upon them. Very few, therefore, of the shells usually collected,
have the lines on the interior of the outer lip. Kiener's figure
(fig. 348 , N. o/n-tefnrnifs, represents a young shell * The ova-
capsules art1 laid during April and May, are of transparent
corneous texture, singly attached to the inside surface of a valve
of Jfriffra. or the inner face of the nidus of Natica ; they are
deposited in vast numbers, completely covering the object to
which they are attached and crowded together promiscuously
(fig. 349).'

N. MKLANIOIDES. Reeve. PI. 18, tig. 350.

Smooth, thread-margined around the upper part, striated near
the apex, last whorl grooved at the base. Thin, dark olive,
interior purple-black. Length, '85 inch.

If'U'cfon Bay, Australia. - Strange.

Reeve remarks : This species, like S. obnolr.ta, has a charac-
teristic fresh-water aspect like that of a Mflan-ia. I have not-
seen it.

N. NIGELLA. Reeve. PI. 18, fig. 851.

Dark brown, without and within, lip with an exterior varix.

Length, -4 inch.

New Zealand.
X. NITEA, Pease. PI 18, fig. 352.

Dark chocolate; closely reticulated ; lip with exterior varix.
Length, 12 mill.

<Tould, Invert. Mass., Binney's edit., '->'V2.

f>2 NASSA.

More pupaeform and apparently with much closer, finer sculp-
ture than N. nigella, yet they may very possibly be identical. I
do not hesitate to place these species in this group, although
they possess an exterior lip-varix, since otherwise, the relation-
ship is sufficiently apparent.

Undetermined Species of Nassa.

BUCCINUM FLORIDANUM, Lesson. Acapulco.

" Is the South Sea representative of B. Cuvieri of authors."
N. GEMMELLARI, Biondi, ? Mediterranean.

Is exotic, and perhaps = N. trivittata, Say.
N. TRTCARINATA, Lam. Hab. unknown.

Not recognized by Kiener, Desh^es or subsequent authors.

N. NISOTA, Potiez et Michaud. Senegal.

N. OANCELLARTA, Potiez et Michaud. European Seas. .

N. SEMINULUM, Tapp. Can. Papuan Isles.

N". VITREA, Gray. Sierra L*one.

N. ATTENUATA, Gray. Pacific Ocean.

N. COSTULATA and IS". MARMORATA, Anton. Hab. unknown.

N. FRIGENS, Yon Martens. W. Coast of Africa.

Dredged at a depth exceeding 150 fathoms (precise depth not-
mentioned) ; resembles N. trivittata, Say, somewhat, but more
fragile. Owing to the depth of water it has the appearance of
the Arctic mollusca. The species of Nassa are decidedly littoral
in habit, so that this is an extraordinary exception, and raises
the question whether the species is really a Nassa.

N. NITIDULA and N. CANDIDISSIMA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.

N. GEMMULOSA, C. B. Ad. (Very young shell.) Panama.

N. LIMN^FORMIS, N. HfiRRMANNSENI, N. HANLEYANA, X. RUFA,

N. SCULPTA, N. DARWINI, N. FORBESII, Dunker ; all without
locality. N. VARTANS, Dunker, Japan.

N. VITREA, N. ACUTIMARGO ( China), N. AFRUM (Aden, Madagascar},
N. BICOLOR, N. BIRMANIOA (Burmah), N. CHINENSIS (Loo Choo
Isles) , N. CORRUSCANS (Bali IsL), N. LIMICOLA ( China) , N. RTNGENS,
X. PINGUIS (Bali Isl.), X. QUISQUILIARUM (China), N. SINARUM
(China), N. L^TUM, all of Philippi.

NA88A. 63

N. RKATA (LOO C/100 /*.), N. QUANTILA (»S7. ,$«'?» O«'x /*«//), X.

KKPOSTA (Sydney. X. N. If. ?), N. PEDICULIXA (//<>/? f/ Kony), N.
OI>TATA (,sy /,/{',/, X N. If.). X. SPURCA (67. ,SV//(o» V Say), X. PLT-
CATELLA (British .Htirnwh), all of Gould.

Most of tin* above fire from the collections of the North
Pacific (U.S.) Exploring Expedition: they have not been figured,
and the type specimens were destroyed in the great Chicago lire.
Some of them might be identified with other described species,
bnt it is better not to do so. I think, under the circu instances.

N. NODICINCTA (GaJapafiox />-.), N. CORRUGATA (Eastern St'a*),
N". AI-STRALIS (Australia), N. ORENTCOSTATA. N. srrrrLA, all of
Arthur Adams.

N. FUSCOLINKATA, E. A. Smith. Japan.

N. (C^siA; SIMPLEX. E. A. Smith. Uruguay.

The following forty "species'' are described (but not figured)
by Mr. F. P. Marrat. who does not believe in species. I take
them, with great pleasure, at his own valuation, for I cannot
afford to expend iny time over diagnoses which should never
have been written by a gentleman holding such opinions as Mr.
Marrat does, as lo the instability of every specific character.
Theoretically. Mr. MarratJ relegates all the Nassae to one specific
form; practically, he describes such individuals of that form as
he likes to name; and if every other collector should adopt his
views and be equally industrious, we should eventually have
every individual specimen of the genus bearing a distinct specific
name: moreover each collector would possess the sole specimens
of his own species. Xo locality is given with most of the
descriptions.

X. NODOSA (Malacca), X'. PICTURATA, N. ACUMINATA, N. LYR.E-
FORMIS ! China ^ X. GRANULOSA, XT. LACTEA, XT. GRATA (Canton ,

X. C^ERULEA, N.TABESCEXS, N.CRASSICOSTATA ( Bombay >,N.LAUTA

Malacca), X. QUINQUECOSTATA. X. HANLEYANA (Dunker has pre-
occupied the name , X. PARVA, X. SINENSIS ' Chi .u Sna* . X.

OBLOXGA. X. RUGOSA, X. S>IITHII. X". C'LARA, XT. HARPULARIA, X.

ABYSSINICA (Abyssinia . X'. ROTUXDICOSTATA, XT. BELLA, X. ACU-

TAXGULA, X. UNDATA. X. PR^ECALLOSA, X. MULTIL1NEATA (South

America). X. VINCTA, X. PUR A ( W. Indies). X'. MINOR (Knbenda.

64 NERITULA.

IV. Africa , X. KLON«JATA= X. ORIENS (China Sea* , X. LVCIDA
(Keeling* Z*Z.), X. JvrrnopicA ( Kabenda, W. Africa . X. «IN-
GENDA.
The following species are mentioned by name only in Marrat's

u Varieties of Xassa,'1 and I presume tliat they have not been

described.

X. XIVIFER, X. IXTKllSTIXOTA, X. C.'OKlU'i JATA. X. KKCKD1VA ('

ds).

In the " Varieties •• I find the following specific names attributed
to other authors, but which do not appear to l.ave Ic-en described:
X. Lixr.oi.ATA, Phil.: X. PUSIOLA, Bunker ( V KLA,

AVatson (Arnboiiiii : X. AGAI»KTA. Watson i L<>
LATA, Thorpe (China); X. BRYCIITA, AVatson (( . 020

fathoms); X. SPILUS, Watson (Bain /*/., T<>,T< N. BABY-

LON ICA, Watson; X. BIBALTEATA, P< : X.

R8A, Carp, (innnitrm. Cnrp.:x : X. GAMI.KA. ("lark; X. rox-
FERTA, Martens.

<ipnn5 NEEITULA, I'laiv

In Xt>rit>ila the last whorl is depressed and extends over the

penultimate whorl, nearly covering- and concealing th- lich

equently appears very obtuse. The animal has a bifid tail,

and operculum similar to Nawi. Risso's name- has

ily us(Ml for this group. H. and A.

gen; loma was originally placed next to Ni-ritiila. in t

'' subsequently they removed it to the .Rotollin;'

X. XKHJTKA. Linu. PI. 18, figs. .0,r>.°>-;j,y;. :->5t).

Shell smooth and polished; fulvous minutely speckle*! with

-iuut-bro\vn. with usually darker and larger ma.
ing a sutural hand and another upon the periphery: the cal!
flattened columella, yellowish stained with brown, is spread out
in circular form covering the inferior surface to the periphery.

Diam.. *o inch.

The shell. JIMS very much the appearance of a Rot>>llti.f being
transversely flattened into a disk-like form. X. //•'
a synonym; 1 figure two examples of it to show the young and
half-grown states of tne species (figs. 355. 356).

UNIVERSITY

UKSMOULEA.

N. i-KLU <<n>A, Risso. PI. 18, fig. 360.

Hyaline, with opaque white spots and callus; frequently brown-
spotted around the suture, and sometimes on the periphery.

Plain., -25--35 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

Weinkauff considers this var. minor of N. neritea, but the
coloration is decidedly different as \vell as the size being smaller.

X. KAMIESCHI, Chemn. PL 18, tigs. 357, 358.

Brown, with a white sutural and peripheral band, callosity
rosy-brown. Last whorl enveloping a portion of the spire, which
only shows three minute whorls, and has a sharp point.

Black Sea.

<i«>nus DESMOULEA, Gray.

Desmoulea is remarkable for its obtuse apex and solid growth,
much resembling some species of Cassididse; when in fine con-
dition, the shell is clothed with a velvety epidermis, but most
cabinet specimens are denuded of this. The animal is unfortu-
nately unknown, and therefore the systematic position of the
genus remains somewhat uncertain — for, whilst some species
connect closely with Nassa, the revolving sculpture, globose
form, sunken suture and mouth of others are suggestive of
Semicassis.

D. ABBREVIATA, Gmelin. PL 18, fig. 361.

Yellowish white, With chestnut-colored spots and strigations.

Lengt-ti, 1-1*5 inches.

Cape of Good Hope.

Differs from all the other species in its distant incised revolv-
ing lines.

D. PINGUIS, A. Adams. PL 18, figs. 302-364.

Yellowish and white, variegated, with alternate white and
yellowish brown irregular spots around the suture; revolving
sculpture close and fine raised lines. Length, 1 inch.

Senegal, Japan.

The latter locality is assigned for D. crass*, A. Ad. (fig. 364),
which Reeve changed to Nassa ponderosa,tkQ former name being
preoccupied in Nassa. D. pulchra, Gray, the type of his genus is

GG TURBINELLID^E.

very probably this species, but has never been figured, and
remains unidentified.

D. RETUSA, Lam. PI. 18, figs. 365-367.

Marbled with chestnut and white, or blush-pink, sometimes
obscurely banded with spots around the suture and on the

periphery. Length, 1 inch.

Liberia.

D. Tryoni, Crosse (fig. 361), is described from a remarkably
thickened specimen, with a copious callous deposit on the colu-
mella, but it does not afford any varietal characters.

D. JAPONICA, A. Adams. PL 18, fig. 368. •

Light fulvous, ornamented with brown longitudinal flames and
spots variegated with white, especially around the suture.

Length, 1 inch.

Japcwi.

The pertinence of this species, as well as of those which
follow, to the group, is somewhat doubtful, as they have the
form of Nassa, including its pyramidal spire.

D. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Adams. PL 18, fig. 369.

Yellowish brown, apex violet-tinged. Length, '85 inch.

Port Elizabeth, 80. Africa — Marrat.

D. RINGENS, A. Adams. PL 18, fig. 370.

Brownish orange. Length, •*! inch.

Habitat unknown.

A singular species which unites the sculpture of Nassa with
the mouth of Desmoulea — the latter even exaggerated in its
characters.

Family TURBINELLID^E.

This group includes a few ponderous tropical species, allied
in the characters of the mouth, and in general form and orna-
mentation to the Peristerniinse (see vol. iii, p. T9), on the one
hand, whilst in size they approach the Volutidse. The plications
on the middle of the pillar are rather distant, narrow, high, and
transverse, whilst in Fasciolariinse they are situated lower, are
not so prominent, and oblique in direction. The epidermis is
frequently persistent.

TURBINELLA. 6t

The animal (of Vatu-m) is -slow-moving, timid and inactive,
shrinking quickly within the shell on the slightest alarm. The
operculum is ovate, acute, with an apical nucleus; it is very
thick, claw-like, and partially free at the hind part. The denti-
tion resembles somewhat that of the Buccinidse, differing in the
lateral teeth; it differs widely from the Nassidse, and quite as
much from that of the Fasciolariinae or Peristerniinae.

Synopsis of Genera.

Genus TURBINELLA.. Lam. Thick, obconic, smooth, last whorl
large ; spire obtuse, apex papillary ; aperture oblong, narrow ; canal lon<j
and straight ; columella with several strong, transverse plaits in the
middle ; outer lip thin, simple. Animal unknown.

Subgenus CABICELLA, Conrad. Columella-folds decreasing in size from
above, as in Mitra, base canaliculate and not emarginate. The above
characterization is somewhat vague, but the small group of fossils referred
to it may be said to resemble Tarbinella in essential characters, the
difference being that the folds are situated lower down on the pillar, and
that the shell is thinner.*
C. PR^JTENUIS, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 35. Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

Genus VASUM, Bolten. Shell oval, oblong, solid, tubercular or
spinose, with spinose fascicles below ; spire short, apex not papillary ;
aperture oblong ; canal short, somewhat recurved ; columella with several
transverse folds in the middle ; outer lip thickened and sinuous. Denti-
tion, PI. 2, fig. 1.

(mius TURBINELLA, Lam.

I adopt Lamarck's generic name in preference to that of
Mazza, Klein, because the latter included several groups, and
was only -limited to its present signification by Messrs. H. and
A. Adams, whilst the former author cites as his sole type a species
which possesses the distinctive characters now assigned to the
genus. The difference between the shells of Turbinella and
Vasum is not such as to indicate any differential characters in
the animals (unfortunately that of Twrbinella is unknown) and
the separation of these genera is merely a matter of convenience

* Conrad has formed a genus Mazzalina (uncharacterized), for a
Claiborne fossil, which seems to have suggested to him the recent genus
Mazza (-— Turbinella). The type is, I believe, more nearly related to
Lagena from which it does not appear to have any differential characters
I see vol. iii, p. '-2'M).

68 TURBINELLA.

to the systeinatist. The dentition of Imbricaria, Schum. , a group
of Mitridae, differs radically from the type of that family and
approaches closely to Turbinella — that is, if Troschel has cor-
rectly identified the mollusk examined by him ; but the species
are so essentially Mitrse in other characters that to separate them
from that family would be very inexpedient.

T. PYRUM, Linn. PI. 19, figs. 1-3, 5-T.

Whitish or 3^ellowish white, under a thick, light olive epidermis j
sometimes irregularly sprinkled with chestnut-colored spots;
interior of aperture and columella yellowish to orange-brown.

Length, 4-7 inches.

Ceylon.

T. rapa, Gmel. (fig. 5), = gravis, Dillw., = clavata, Wagn., =
napus, Lam. (fig. 3), is distinguished by most authors on account
of its more swollen growth and absence of spots, but the
distinction does not hold good, the shell becoming more swollen
and less spotted with increase in size; like our Virginia Deer
the spotted coat is a juvenile condition of which, however,
traces sometimes remain, or rather recur, in the adult shell. I
figure a very curious planorboid monstrosity (figs. 6, 7), existing
in the Museum of the University of Ghent.

The shankh or chank is the sacred shell of the Hindus, and
the national emblem of the Kingdom of Travancore. The god
Vishnu is represented as carrying a chank shell in one hand and
a chakra in the other.

The Hindus believe that unless they worshiped this shell at
the commencement of every worship or prayer, their offerings
would not be accepted. The first incarnation of Vishnu, called
Machhavatar (which literally means transformation into a fish),
was undertaken for destroying Sharikhasura (the giant chank
shell), in order to regain the Vedas, he having stolen them and
taken refuge under the ocean.

The fishery for these shells is principally carried on in the
Gulf of Manaar, in the vicinity of Ceylon, and on the coast of
Coromandel, at Travancore, Tuticorin, and other places, the
shells being brought up by divers in about two or three fathoms of
water. Those taken with the animal in, and called green chanks.

TURBINELLA. 01)

from having the epidermis on, are most in demand. The white
chanks, or dead shells thrown upon the beach by strong tides,
having lost their enamel, are scarcely worth the cost of freight
to Calcutta. The number obtained varies considerably in differ-
ent years, according to the weather and the success attending the
divers. Frequently four or five millions of these shells are
shipped in a year from the Gulf of Manaar. In some years the
value of the rough shells, as imported into Madras and Calcutta,
reaches ten to fifteen thousand pounds sterling. A few hundreds
are occasionally imported into Calcutta from the Arabian and
Persian Gulfs. The chank fishery of Ceylon at one time employed
six hundred divers, and yielded a revenue to the island govern-
ment of £4000 per annum for licenses. The fishery is now free.

These shells are often used as oil vessels or lamps in Indian
temples, for which purpose they are carved and sculptured or
otherwise ornamented. A reversed chank is so highty prized for
its rarity as sometimes to sell in Calcutta for its weight in gold,
or at from forty to fifty pounds sterling. In Ceylon, also, the
reversed variety is held sacred by the priests, who administer
medicine by it. This shell, from its weight and smoothness, is
used in Dacca for calendering or glazing cotton, and in "Nepal
for giving a polished surface to paper.

The principal demand for these shells is for making bangles
or armlets and anklets, and the manufacture is still almost con-
fined to Dacca. The shell is cut or sliced into segments of
circles, or narrow rings of various sizes, by a rude semicircular
saw, the hands and toes being both actively employed in the
operation (PL 3, fig. 34 \ Some of these bangles, worn by the
Hindoo women, are beautiful!}' painted, gilded and ornamented
with gems.

The shell rings are coated inside with plaster to smooth the
roughness. Filagree-bordered edges of plaster are also added ;
patterns and devices of red, blue and gold are figured on them, and
they are further ornamented with silver or gold tinsel, spangles,
small colored glass beads, etc. The larger bracelets, formed
of many segments, are made to open to admit the hand, by
two spiral pins, wrhich unscrew and let out the piece (PI. 3,
fig. 33). These bangles are not removed at death, and hence

70 TURBINELLA.

there is a continual demand for them, many wearing several,
both on the legs and arms.*

In India, China and Siam the chank shell is highly prized,
especialty a sinistral variety found on the coasts of Tranquebar
and Ceylon, and *made use of by the Cingalese in some of their
most sacred rites. Such reversed shells are held in special ven-
eration in China, where great prices are given for them. They
are kept in the pagodas by the priests, and are not only employed
by them on certain special occasions as the sacred vessels from
which they administer medicine to the sick; but it is in one of these
sinistrorsal turbinellas that the consecrated oil is kept with which
the emperor is anointed at his coronation. These shells are
often curiously ornamented with elaborate carvings. The tur-
binella is so extensively emploj^ed in ornamental manufactures
in the East Indies that upwards of four million shells have been
exported in a single year from Ce3Tlon to the ports of Calcutta
and Madras; these are chiefly emplo}red in making armlets and
anklets, which are often highly ornamented and are known by
the name of bangles. The mamillary apex of the shell is made
into a button or bead; the latter are called krantahs, and neck-
laces of these are so commonly worn by the Sepoys in the East
India service as almost to be deemed a regular part of their
uniform. f

T. OVOIDEA, Keiner. PI. 19, fig. 4

Whorls smooth or obsoletely striated ; pinkish white, under a
thin, smooth, horny epidermis. Length, 4-6 inches.

Bahia, Coast of Brazil.

Occurs numerously in the miocene of Santo Domingo, West
Indies.

T. SCOLYMUS, Gmelin. PI. 20, fig. 8.

Yellowish white, under a thin, fibrous, olive epidermis; colu-
mella and interior flesh-pink. Length, 8-10 inches.

Bahia, Brazil; West Indies?

The largest species in the genus and one of the largest of uni-
valve mollusca. Fine specimens occur in the miocene of Santo

* Simmonds' Commercial Products of the Sea, 288.
v Wilson, Canad. Nat., iii, 400, 1858.

VASUM. 71

Domingo, and the West Indies is given as habitat in tho " <1on-
divlien Cabinet," but the species does not occur in the Swift
Collection, and I think there is no other authority for this
locality. The young shell is so covered with nodules and revolv-
ing ribs as to be readily mistaken for another species. The
revolving sculpture disappears and the nodules become fewer
and more prominent with advancing age. This and the next
species do not fall completely within the generic characters of
Turbinella; the sculpture and nodules indicate a transition to
Vasum, but they have not the elaborate ornamentation of the
latter genus — particularly its spinose fasciole.

T. rusus, Sowb. PI. 20, fig. 9.

White, covered with a thick, fibrous epidermis tufted in rows.

Length, 7 inches.

Habitat unknown.

The tufting occurs upon the distant revolving riblets. It is
possible that this is a specimen of T. scolymus, in which the
development of the tubercles has been partially arrested.

(K'nus VA.SQM, Bolten.

Y. MURIATICUM, Born. PI. 20, figs. it^H ; PL 21, fig. 19.

White, covered with a rather thick, fibrous brown epidermis ;
columella tinged with rose-color. Length, 3'5-5*5 inches.

West Indies; Panama; Mazatlan.

Reeve attempts to distinguish V. csestus, Brod. (fig. 12), from
the Bay of Caraccas, by its having broader furrows, larger
tubercles and only four instead of five plaits on the columella,
but these characters vary considerably in the numerous speci-
mens before me. The fifth plait is merely an incipient one
which sometimes occurs between the normal upper plait and the
next one below it. The West Coast specimens which I have
examined are all four-plaited, and this corresponds with Carpen-
ter's remark upon them in his li Mazatlan Catalogue." I think
that T. Crosseana, Souv. (fig. 19), described from a single
specimen, the locality of which was doubtful, is probably only a
worn individual of this species.

V. RHINOCEROS, Gmelin. PL 21, figs. 13, 14.

Variegated, whitish and chestnut -brown ; columella and

72 VASUM.

interior of shell brown or pink; columellar plaits three in
number. Length, 2'5-3 inches.

Zanzibar; Carthagena, N. O.; BaMa, Brazil.

V. Cassidiforme, Yal. (fig. 14), is merely a more perfect
growth of this species, the revolving sculpture being squamous.
The expansion of the posterior part of the aperture, that of the
columellar callus, the more distant nodes on the shoulder of the
body-whorl serve to distinguish this from the preceding species.

Y. CBRAMICUM, Linn. PL 20, fig. 10 ; PI. 21, figs. 15, 18.

Yellowish white and black, variegated, stained and irregularly
banded ; outer lip usually black-bordered within.

Length, 3*5-6 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

V. armatum, Brod. (fig. 10), is the juvenile of this species, and
V. vexillulum, Reeve (fig. 15), is a still younger state.

Y. IMPERIALS, Reeve. PL 21, fig. 23.

Whitish, scorched with brown, tubercles blackish ; interior
white, columella stained with rich purple-brown.

Length, 3*5 inches.

Philippines, on the reefs. — Cuming.

The upper spines are more luxuriantly foliaceous than in
F. ceramicum, and the spire shorter; in form, this shell appears
to connect the latter with V. cornigerum. Turbinella tubigera.
Anton, an un figured species, may be the same.

Y. TURBINELLUM, Linn. PI. 21, figs. 16, 20-22.

Yellowish white and chestnut-black, stained and obscurely
banded ; aperture yellowish white, border of lip black-spotted.

Length, 2'5-3'5 inches.

Red Sea, Moluccas, Philippines, Mauritius, Central Polynesia.

A rather smaller, but proportionately heavier, shell than
F. ceramic um, with a much shorter spire.

Messrs. Adams and Reeve* state that the animal crawls with
difficulty, appearing to labor under the weight of its heavy shell
as the tortoise does with its carapace. Turbinella variolaria,
Lam. (fig. 16), is a very young individual of this species, as
demonstrated by a series of specimens before me.

* Yoy. Samarang, 48.

VOLUTION. 73

V. < APITKLLUM, Linn. PI. 19, fig. 25 ; PI. 21, fig. 24.
Yi'llowish white, or light brown. Length, 2-3 inches.

West Indie*.

V. milt's, Lam. (fig. 25), is a depauperate shell, not adult.
V. (iLOBULiis, Lam. PI. 21, fig. 17.

Yellowish brown, the revolving ribs whitish; interior of
aperture and columella flesh-pink. Length, 1'25-1'75 inches.

W. Africa; West Indies.

Family YOLUTID^E.

The shells of this family are conspicuous and showy, and
many of them rare ; like the Cypraeidse and Conidae, the acqui-
sition of fine collections is frequently deemed worthy the
expenditure of much time and money, and information upon the
classification and determination of the species is eagerty sought.
The consequences of this state of things are a large number of
so-called species erected out of mere individual variations and a
succession of classifications, each vying with the other in com-
plexity. Neither the anatomy of the animals nor the differences
between the shells justify the numerous generic divisions which
have been proposed, and I gladly follo\v one of the latest as well
as the most judicious of systematists,Mr. H. Crosse, in reducing
most of them to mere groups within the genus Yoluta. H. and
A. Adams included a classification of Yolutidtv in their wk Genera
of Recent Mollnsca," Yol. 1, 1853. They were shortly followed
by Dr. J. E. Gray, in " Zool. proceedings,1' 1855, " Catalogue of
the British Museum," xxvii, 1855, and " Guide to the Mollusca,"
1857. The latter was partiall}' adopted, and partially adapted
to their former system by Messrs. Adams, in the "Appendix"
to their work, published in 1858. Crosse's arrangement of the
Yolutes was published in "Journal de Conchyliologie," 3 ser. vi,
105, 18G6; and xi, 203, 1871. Finally, Mr. Win. M. Gabb
published a modified version of Dr. Gray's system, including,
however, the fossil genera, omitted by his predecessors. (Proc.
Philad. Acad., 286, 187(5.)

Two subfamilies have been made by Gray, Gill and others,
based primarilj' upon differences in the lingual dentition. One
of them, containing the genera Amoria and Volutimitra of Gray,
10

74 VOLUTID^E.

is instituted upon the examination of the dentition of a single
species in each of these genera. That of Amoria Turneri, Gray,
has been supposed by some conchologists to be an error on the
part of that very able but exceedingly hasty and careless
observer, as it appears to correspond very closely with that of a
nudibranchiate mollusk, Favorinus albus, Alder and Hancock.*
The dentition of Volutimitra Grcenlandica is similar, but with
the addition of lateral teeth. We are not willing to remove a
number of tropical species heretofore classed in this genus along
with this single boreal one, from the Mitridae to the Yolutidae,
merely upon the evidence of the armature of this one species.
The shell of Volutimitra has no intimate relationship with
Voluta, but it is essentially a Mitrid. Gray included a consid-
erable number of species of Marginellidse in his subfamily
Volutimitrina, but these were excluded by H. and A. Adams.
It remains to specify an entirely different type of dentition, as
discovered by Dr. P. Fischer in Valuta musica, which approaches
that of species of Marginellidae. It is evident that such diversity
in the few tongues examined must be fatal to the classification
of the group upon this character, until we shall have determined
the dentition of every species before assigning to it a definitive
position. Fischer thus tabulates the dentition of the family, as
far as known :

f 1. Tooth tricuspid, with large lateral points.
Cymbium, Melo, Voluta, Lyria. (PI. 2,
figs. 2, 3,4, 7.)

1. Formula : 0 • 1 • 0. \ 2. Tooth unicuspid, with concave base.

Amoria. (PI. 2, fig. 5.)
3. Tooth multicuspid, very transverse.
[ Voluta musica. (PI. 2, fig. 6.)

2. Formula : 1 • 1 • 1. Volutimitra. (PI. 2, fig. 8.)

This last form I place in Mitridae, as explained above.

Volutes are rarely collected with their animals, except when
they are accidentally thrown ashore after a storm. They have
therefore been said to live in the depths of the sea. The reason
they are not found is that, like the Naticae,they bury themselves
under the surface as soon as the water falls and the sand is left

* Morch, Jour, de Conch., xv, 241, 1867.

VOLUTION. 75

dry by the tide; they are only to be procured by digging for
them, or when a violent storm disturbs the sand and throws
them on the beach.*

The above remark is upon Australian species, but those of the
southern extremity of South America are also found numerously
in shallow water, feeding on Mytilus, etc.; nevertheless other
species have been dredged from great depths, as V. papillosa at
1900 fathoms.

The cavity of the nucleus in a cut specimen of the shell of
V. vespertilio is nearly entirely filled with an amber-colored
pellucid calcareous deposit ; and the whole of the rest of the
cavity is lined with a thick glossy deposit. In a cut specimen
of V. Hebraea (the nucleus of which is destroyed) the cavity of
the upper whorl is quite filled with a white glossy deposit, and a
similar deposit lines the whole of the inner cavity of the shell.f

Synopsi.v of Genera.

* No operculum. (An operculum in V. musica.)

CYMBIUM, Klein. Shell oval-oblong, ventricose, thin; spire short,
nucleus large, globular, forming an obtuse papillary apex; whorls few,
forming a flat edge around the nucleus; aperture oblong, wide; colu-
mella with several oblique plaits; outer lip thin, simple. Dentition,
PI. 2, fig. 2.

MELO, Humphrey. Shell large, subovate, ventricose, thin; spire short,
apex obtuse, papillary, persistent; whorls smooth, the last posteriorly
coronated; aperture oblong, wide; columella with several oblique plaits,
the anterior the largest; outer lip simple, acute, obliquely truncate in
front. Dentition, PI. 2, fig. 3.

VOLUTA, Linn. Shell ovate or subconical, thick, solid; spire usually
short; shoulder of whorls usually angulated, sometimes nodose or
spinous; aperture generally rather narrow; columella with a callous
deposit and plaited; lip generally thickened, sometimes sub reflected.
Dentition, PL 2, figs. 4-6.

* * With operculum.

[VoLUTOLYRiA, Crosse. Shell with the obconic form of Valuta,
longitudinally plicate; columella numerously plaited; operculate.

Unites the form and solidity of Valuta with the smaller size and

* Dr. J. E. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 310, 1868.
tGray, Beechey's Voy., 134.

76 VULUTID^E,

numerons plaits of Lyria. Differs from Valuta in possessing an oper-
culum, and in dentition. I am unable to follow Mr. Crosse in this
separation from Valuta, for several reasons:

1st. The dentition of only a single species ( V. muxica} of the Volutes
with numerous columellar plaits has been examined, and there are
others, V. Hebraa, for instance, which cannot be separated concho-
logically from V. musica, but the dentition of which is unknown.

2d. The assumed type of dentition of Valuta rests upon the examina-
tion of only three or four among the numerous species of the genus — it
may differ widely in some of the others

3d. The presence of an operculum is proven in V. musica, but its
absence is not proven in most of the Volutes, although we know it to be
absent in several of them. The presence or absence of an operculum
has but little value in the classification of some groups; indeed it is well
developed or absent in the same species occasionally, as in Volutharpa,
etc.

4th. If we assume V. Hebrcea and V. nirescens to be, with V. musica,
Volutolyriae, what shall we do with the groups Harpula and Fulgorari.i,
which form the passage into the Volutes with few plaits ?

5tb. If we adopt Valuta, Linn, or even the restricted Valuta of Gray,
in either case V. musica is the type, and if a new name is required it is
for those species the characters of which are different from V. musica. ]

LYRIA, Gray. Shell ovately fusiform, solid; spire acuminate; whorls
longitudinally ribbed; aperture ovate, rather narrow; columella with
numerous transverse plaits; outer lip simple, acute. Dentition, PI. 2,
fig. 7.

The species are smaller than in Valuta, and Mitraeform, connecting
with the genus Mitra.

MICROVOLUTA, Angas. Shell small, ovately fusiform, solid, smooth,
shining; spire as long as the aperture, apex papillary; whorls simple;
aperture narrowly ovate; columella with four strong transverse plaits,
the anterior one the smallest; outer lip thin, simple, slightly contracted
at the base; base rounded, spout-shaped, with a rlexuous bend upwards
towards the columella, which is a little thickened and reflected below
the plaits.

The above description is drawn up from the only known species, and
probably many of its characters are of slight importance. The animal
is unfortunately unknown.

Fossil Genera.

The following groups are enumerated by W. M. Gabb. They should
probably all be considered as subgeneric under Valuta rather than as
distinct genera.

VOLUTID^;. 77

VOLUTODERMA, Gabb. Shape similar to Fulgorariui, which it also
resembles more or less in surface sculpture; apex not papillate; inner
lip marked by from three to five well marked folds, not very oblique,
and of pretty uniform size. This is a group of shells characteristic of
the cretaceous rocks and perhaps peculiar to them. They aix all
somewhat slender, and are marked by longitudinal ribs; the columella
is always straight or nearly so, and the folds are as isolated and distinct
as those of Turbinella. But the most strongly distinguishing character
is the entire absence of the irregularly rounded mass at the apex of the
shell, one of the best characters of Fulgoraria. Cretaceous of United
States, Europe and India.

V. NAVARROENSIS, Gabb. PI. 4, fig. 44. California.

VOLUTOMORPHA, Gabb. Shell elongate, fusiform; whorls cancellated
by longitudinal and revolving ribs; columella with one very oblique
fold, and sometimes one or more smaller secondary folds.

V. CONRADI, Gabb. PL 4, fig. 45. A cast. Cretaceous, New Jersey.

ROSTELLITES, Conrad. Narrow, subulate, with elongated spire,
numerous subequal plaits on the columella, and the outer lip somewhat
expanded anteriorly.

R. TEX AN A, Conr. PI. 4, fig. 4G. Cretaceous, Texas.

VOLUTIFUSUS, Conrad. Fusiform; body- whorl finely striated or
smooth, with the exception of the shoulder, which is sometimes
tuberculated; columella plaited, folds two to three, sometimes very
prominent, oblique; apex papillated; initial whorl acute, subspiral,
narrow; beak produced, recurved or sinuous.* Miocene of Europe and
America.

V. TYPDS, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 36. North Carolina.

ATHLETA, Conrad. Ovate, Voluta- shaped; spire short, acute; columella
with plaits as in Voluta; a callus projecting on the shoulder, and
covering a portion of the spire. Cretaceous, Miocene of Europe.

A. TUOMEYI, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 37. Mississippi.

LEtODERMA, Conrad. Shell largely covered with enamel; with very
oblique columellar folds; outer lip somewhat emarginate on the upper
part to its junction with the body-whorl' base deeply emarginate.

L. LEIODERMA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 38. Cretaceous, Mississippi.

PTYCHORIS, Gabb. Differs from Athleta in the want of the charac-
teristic callus, in being subglobular instead of subfusiform and
angulated, with very oblique folds on the anterior part of the columella.

P. PURPURIFORMIS, Forbes. PI. 4, fig. 47. Cretaceous, India.

* I am by no means convinced that Volutifusus should be separated
from Scaphella. — Gabb.

78 CYMB1UM.

[FicULOPSis, Stoliczka, referred by him to the Volutidas, is a Ficus with
the addition of columellar folds. I agree with Mr. Gabb in including
it in the Ficulidse =± Pyrulidse.]

PLEIOPTYGMA, Conrad. Subfusiform; aperture long; col umella with
very oblique plaits, numerous, alternated in size, or irregular; the
largest being the second one from above.

P. CAROLINENSIS, Conrad. PL 4, fig. 48. Miocene, 80. Carolina.

CRYPTOCHORDA, Morch. Shell smooth, Volutiform, enameled;
columelia without plications. Tertiary. Seems to connect Valuta
with Harpa.

C. STKOMBOIDES, Gmel. PL 4 fig. 47. Tertiary, France.

[OTOCHEILUS, Conrad. An uncharacterized genus placed by its author
in Volutidse. The type is lost, but the second species, 0. Miesissippt-
ensis, Conrad, has been referred by Prof. Heilprin to Cythara in
Pleurotomidse - to which determination I agree,]

GOSAVIA, Stoliczka. Shell convolute, spire turbinated, last whorl
inversely conical 5 aperture narrowly elongate, base emarginate; lip
sinuate at the suture; columelia plicated, anterior plicse strongest.
Cretaceous, Europe and India.

Stoliczka refers this genus to ConidaB, as he does also doubtfully
Imbricaria and Cylindra, which he considers closely related. The two
latter are known to be in no way closely related to Conus, and Gosavia
possesses every characteristic of a Volute; indeed I cannot separate it
readily from such forms as V. musica.

G. INDICA, Stol. PL 4, fig. 49. India.

Genus CYMBIUM, Klein.

The animal is large compared to the size of the shell, when
expanded* The foot partially covers the shell, which is sunk
into its substance. There is no operculum, Ovoviviparous; the
young when born being of a large size and covered with a shell
with a large irregular callous apex, They leave the parent when
they have attained a length of about an inch ; the brood appear-
ing to consist of four or five individuals. Adanson observes
that the high winds of April cast the " yet " up in such vast
quantities as sometimes to cover the shore ; the natives of
Senegal using them as food, The species are limited in distri-
bution ; one being an inhabitant of the Mediterranean Sea, the
others of the West Coast of Africa.

Cymbium is separated from Melo by its flat or slightly

CYMBIUM. 7')

channeled shoulder and want of coronal spines. When fresh,
the epidermis- is more or less covered by a thin gla/c deposited
by the enveloping mantle.

Gray, Reeve and Sowerby have published monographs of this
genus; the two latter with illustrations. For the figures of
Cymbium, Melo and Valuta, in the present work, I am mainly
indebted to Sowerby 's Thesaurus ; they are usually much reduced
in size, but the dimensions of the species are indicated in my text.

(\ PROBOSCIDALE, Lam. PL 22, figs. 1-4.

Yellowish brown, or light salmon-color ; epidermis very thin,
brown, over which the mantle of the animal deposits a thin glaze;
columellar plaits four in the adult, of wrhich the last is small.

Length, 1 inch to a foot or more.

W. Coast of Africa.

C.porcinum, Lam. (figs. 3, 4) is the young of this species,
having only two columellar plaits, and the ends of the shell not
so attenuately contracted ; it has generally been distinguished as
a species with some doubt, but the specimens before me afford
good evidence of the gradual evolution of proboscidale from por-
cinum. Between the glaze and the epidermis particles of sand
and even small organic bodies are frequently imprisoned ; the
former giving the surface a minutely pustulate appearance,

C. RUBIGIMOSUM, Swains. PI. 22, fig. 6.

There is some little difference of form between this and the
last species, but I scarcely think them distinct. It was referred
to Australia by Sowerby, and misunderstood and made a synonym
of C. cymbium (not of Linn) by Dr. Gray = C. cisium, Lam.
Its true locality is N. W. Coast of Africa. Length, 4-5 inches.

C. CISIUM, Lam. PI. 22, figs. 5, 7, 8.

Shell light yellowish brown, elegantly marbled with chestnut.

Length, 3-5 inches.

W. Africa.

Gray and others have referred C. cymbium, L., to this species,
but the evidence given by Mr. Reeve that the true C. cymbium
= C. proboscidale is pretty conclusive.* C. yracile, Brod,
(figs. 5,8), appears to be a form of this shell.

* Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser. vii, 271.

80

C. NEPTDNI, Gmel. PL 22, figs. 9-12 ; PI. 1, fig". 3.

Yellowish or reddish brown. Length, 6-10 inches.

W. Africa.

C. Tritonis, Brod. (fig. 10), is a synonym. The shell when
young and in good condition, is frequently mottled with lighter
and darker brown, and this color-variety has received the name
of C. Navicula, Gmel. C. patulum, Brod. (fig. 11), is another
synonj^m. I figure, actual size, a quite young individual, with
protruding spire (fig. 12) which afterwards becomes immersed in
the succeeding whorls.

C. OLLA, Linn. PL 22, fig. 13.

Pale fulvous. Columella two-plaited. Length, 3'5-5 inches.
Southern Spanish shores of the Mediterranean,

N. W. A/rich, Portugal, Canaries.

Genus MELO, Humph re}'.

The apex of the shell is spiral, regular, very different from the
shapeless apex of Cymbium. The distribution of Melo is exclu-
sively tropical and exotic, ranging from the Indian Ocean to
Australia. Messrs. Adams state that the animal of this genus, like
Cymbium, is ovoviviparous, the young ones being arranged in
the oviduct of the female in a long string, without egg-shells.

* Spire covered or enclosed, unarmed.
M. INDICA, Gmelin. PL 23, fig. 14.

Lemon-yellow to orange-color, with two or three revolving-
zones of tessellated spots ; sometimes without spots when large.
Epidermis very thin, light olive, not often seen on cabinet

specimens. Length, 6-9 inches.

Indian Ocean.

* * Spire exposed, not produced, surrounded by decumbent spines.
M. TESSELLATA, Lam. PL 23, figs. 15, 16.

Yellowish or orange, under a light olive epidermis, with or
without two or three revolving zones of brown tessellations.
Length, 6 inches.

Indian Ocean.

The species of coronated Melos are very hard to separate, and

Reev(
so-cal

MELO. 81

in fact, the number and direction of the spines vary so in differ-
ent species that the distinction appears very arbitrary.

* * * Spire exposed, not produced, spines erect, spreading.
M. ^ETHIOPICA, Linn. PL 23, figs. 1*7-21.

Yellowish or orange; generally maculated and tessellated
with chestnut, usually in revolving zones. Length, 6-12 inches.

Indian Ocean, Manilla, Japan.

In deference to the opinion of the British conchologists, the
following " species " may retain their names as stages of variation
in the form, coloration and development of spines. It is easy
to point out from the numerous excellent illustrations given by
eeve and Sowerby, how these authors differ in estimating these
led species, and how even some of their figures refute their
arguments for distinctness.

Var. EEGIA, Schubert. Fig. 18.

Yellowish brown, with zones of white blotches.
Yar. NAUTICA, Linn. PL 23, fig. 19.

Spines close-set, converging towards the apex (also towards
M. tessellata, very decidedly). Length, 6-8 inches.

Yar. BRODERIPII, Gray. PL 23, figs. 20-21.

Spines very numerous, small. Length, 8-14 inches.

M. DIADEMA, Lam. PL 23, figs. 22-28.

Yariable in proportions but generally more narrow than M.
JEthiopica ; spines few and long. Yellowish, marked with
chestnut, frequently forming two interrupted zones connected
by irregular or zigzag markings. Epidermis thin, light olive.

Length, 6-13 inches.

Indian Ocean; Australia.

Its narrower coronal, and the few long spines composing it are
the best distinctive characters from M. jEthiopica. As in that
species I include here as varieties, several forms which have
been heretofore considered distinct. M. armata, Lam. (figs. 24,
25), is a synonym.

Yar. DUCALIS, Lam.

This, and its synonym M. umbilicata, Brod. (fig. 26), are more
11

82 VOLUTA.

elaborately painted than the type, the inter-zonal markings form-
ing an elaborate network of chestnut-brown veins.

Moreton Bay, Australia.

I am unable to separate from this variet}T the shell described
by Dr. J. E. Gray as M. Georginse. Mr. Reeve speaks in a
knowing manner of " a separate system of characters in M.
ducale and M. Georginse" distinguishing the*m from diadema,
but he neglects to point out these distinctions.

Yar. MILTONIS, Gray. Fig. 28.

Shell more cylindrical, consequently showing more of the

spire.

Swan River, Australia.

Genus VOLUTA, Linn.

The animal is essentially like those of Cymbium and Melo,
but the mantle is not usually so greatly expanded, nor is the
foot proportionally so large.

This genus is oviparous, at least the South American species
are so, and M. Duhant-Cilly has given us some interesting par-
ticulars concerning them.* He noticed the Yolutes in clear
shallow water in Magellan's Straits, and, with the aid of natives,
procured specimens — which nearly all grasped dead shells of
Venus exalbida, a common bivalve of that locality. Upon ex-
amining these shells they were found to contain within the cavity
of one of the valves, a round, slightly convex membrane, com-
parable for size and transparency with a watch-glass. The
contents appeared to be merely a milky fluid in some cases, but
in others, the egg having advanced further in development, three
or four small, but perfectly formed Yolutes could be seen swim-
ming in the fluid, which had become transparent. D'Orbigny
also "I" collected large numbers of these eggs, and in the month of
February saw the j^oung Yolutes, four of five in number, in each.
The containing membrane, which becomes corneous, he describes
as 80 to 100 millimetres in length, more than half the size of the
animal which lays it, and he conjectures that it expands after
coming into contact with the water.

* Revue Zoologique, 167, 1840. f Voy. Am. Merid., 424.

VOLUTA. 83

Voluta of Linnaeus, Lamarck, and other old authors, com-
prised many species of other genera, but in restricting it more
and more, until the advanced school of conchologists have left
to it but a couple of species, the citation of Linnaeus as its author
has generally been retained. Mr. H. Crosse has, however,
eliminated from the genus thus restricted, the F. musica, which
is the first actual Voluta in Linnaeus' list (after a crowd of
Auriculae, Columbell8e,Marginellae, Mitrids). In compensation,
he has reduced the numerous genera of H. and A. Adams, and
Gray, to sections, retaining Voluta in something like the same
comprehensive sense as that in which we use Helix, Fissurella,
Pleurotoma and other old generic names. These " sections " are
rather circumscribed geographically, yet the range of the entire
genus is very great, including the Indian Ocean, Japan, Alaska,
Australia, Eastern Polynesia, Atlantic coasts of Southern South
America, to West Indies, Southern Africa, etc. No species
exists in the seas of Europe, although they were numerous
during the tertiary epoch ; F. abyssicola, an African species, is
the sole surviving representative of the group to which most of
these small tertiary species belonged. Australia is the metropolis
of the Volutes, and, as M. Crosse remarks, a triangle the res-
pective points of which shall include Ceylon, Japan and New
Zealand will cover the habitats of about 80 per cent, of the
species.

Sect. 1. Voluta (typical), Gray.

Longitudinally plicate, plicae becoming prominent on the
shoulder, colum'ella with four or five principal plaits, and several
smaller ones. Operculum (of F. musica) fusoid, narrowly
elongated, with terminal nucleus.

V. MUSICA, Linn. PI. 24, figs. 29-34, 38.

Color generally pale yellowish or brownish, punctate, strigate
and clouded with chestnut and other colors, with three revolving,
more or less distinct bands of distant, parallel, fuscous lines,
crossed by strigations ; these bands are bordered by a row of
dark spots, and the space between these rows is finely punctate
with chestnut ; outer lip dark chocolate, or chestnut-spotted.

Length, 2-4 inches.

West Indies.

84 HARPULA.

The coloration varies greatly, as does also the degree of de-
velopment of the plications, causing Lamarck and others, before
this great variability became known, to describe different forms
of the species under distinct specific names. These are V.
thiarella, Lam. (fig. 31) ; 7. Guinaica, Lam. (fig. 32 ) ; 7. carneolata,
Lam.; 7. laevigatdj Lam.; 7. sulcata, Lam. (fig. 33); and 7.
polypleura, Crosse (fig. 34) ; the latter being the most distinctive
of these varietal forms. I add a figure of the animal, with
operculum (fig. 38); the dentition is also illustrated (PI. 2, fig. 6).

V. VIRESCENS, Solander. PL 24, figs. 35, 36.

Light chestnut or ash color, with distant white bands ; fre-
quently numerous punctations of dark chestnut color are
scattered over the surface ; outer lip with dark spots.

Length, 2'5 inches.

West Coast of Africa.

7. pusio, Swainson (fig. 36), is a short form of this species,
the surface in a worn condition.

Y. HEBR^A, Linn. PL 24, figs. 37, 40.

Ovate, thick, pale fulvous with undulated angular vein-like
lines of chocolate color, and sometimes interrupted bands of the
same. Length, 3'5-4*5 inches.

West Coast of Africa. Brazil (Niigely !)

Yar. TURBINATA, Kiener. Fig. 40.

Darker reddish brown, without the hieroglyphic markings of
the type-form.

Sect. 2. Harpula, Swains.

Shell oval-conic, spire with a papilliform but small summit ;
columella with larger plaits below, and additional smaller ones
above, but less numerous than in the preceding section ; exterior
lip thickened within, sharp without.

Y. INTERPUNCTA, Martyn. PL 24, fig. 39.

Flesh-color with numerous revolving series of chestnut linear
spots, and frequently, under them, two or three series of revolv-
ing much larger and paler spots, sometimes also with longitudinal
chestnut streaks. Length, 2-5 -3'5 inches.

Ceylon ; Indian Ocean.

=

FULGORARIA. 85

Reeve says, " I quite agree with Mr. Sowerby in the propriety
of abandoning the (earlier Linnaean) name Lapponica given to
this species, indicating a country and climate in which such
a mollusk could not by any possibility exist. Instead of inhabit-
ing the Arctic shores of Lapland, it is a native of the seas of
tropical India. The error did not, however, originate with
Linnaeus. The species was known before his time to Dutch
naturalists, as the Lapphoorn or Lapphoren, signifying the Flap-
Ear or Dog's-Ear Shell. This seems to have been corrupted into
Ailee Laponne,Alata Lapponica, Voluta Lappomca,smd. Meuschen
and Rumphius compounded the name Laplandsche Lapphoorn.
It only remains a matter of wonder that, whilst Seba described the
species as an exotic shell from India, the error should have

mained so long unexplained."

Y. VEXILLUM, Lam. PI. 31, fig. 153.

Flesh-color, with distant orange revolving bands, and some-
times narrower intermediate ones ; occasionally the surface is
longitudinally clouded with orange in addition to the above
specific pattern. Length, 3-4 inches.

Indian Ocean.
Sect. 3. Fulgoraria, Schumacher.

Shell oblong-fusiform ; spire moderately elongated, terminated
by a papillary summit with the apex lateral, instead of central
and vertical as usual in spiral shells ; surface plicate longitudin-
ally, crossed by engraved revolving lines ; columellar plaits six
or seven, or more ; lip thickened within, its margin slightly
crenulate.

The swollen bead-like apex, the initial whorl of which is lateral,
is a curious feature of this group, which may indicate some
important difference in the development of the mollusk — which is
so far unknown to science.

V. RUPESTRIS, Gmelin. PL 24, figs. 41, 42.

Yellowish flesh-color, with zigzagged longitudinal chestnut
lines ; interior flesh-color. Length, 3-6 inches.

China, Japan.

V. Hamillei, Crosse (fig. 41), is described from a large, yet
immature specimen of V. rupestris, as indicated by Lischke in
his work on the Japanese Mollusca.

86 VESPERTIL1O.

Sect. 4. Vespertilio, Klein.

Shell oval-oblong, more or less ventricose. Spire terminated
by a regularly spiral summit, papilliform, but having an appar-
ently crenulated nucleus, caused by the presence of numerous
little tubercles, more or less apparent. Columella four-plaited.

Y. VESPERTILIO, Linn. PI. 25, figs. 43-49, 52.

Yellowish flesh-color, covered by an irregular network of
chestnut brown, which is occasionally confluent into broad

angulated blotches. Length, 3-5 inches.

Philippines Moluccas.

One of the most variable species in form, development of
spines and folds, and coloring. I figure F. pellis-serpentis. Lam.
(fig. 46)}! V. mitis, Lam. (fig. 49)yF. serpentina, Lam. (fig. 4T),
and F. lineolata, Kiister (fig. 52). Also a reversed specimen
(fig. 45).

Y. PULCHRA, Sowerby. PL 25, figs. 50, 51.

Pale flesh-color, with white specks, and small chestnut dots,
irregularly disposed in three bands. Length, 2*5-3 inches.

N. and N. E. Australia.

V. Wisemani, Brazier (fig. 51), is acknowledged by its author
to be a variety only, of F. pulchra.

Y. NIVOSA, Lam-. PI. 25, fig. 53.

Grayish flesh-color, sprinkled with small white specks ; with
two revolving bands, consisting of longitudinal, subparallel,
more or less interrupted chestnut-colored lines ; columella and
aperture saffron-yellow. Length, 2*5-3'5 inches.

W. Coast of Australia.
Y. NORRISII, Gray. . PI. 25, fig. 55.

Grayish brown, flecked with white and less numerously with
brown ; there are two interrupted bands of darker color, here
and there marked with longitudinal lines ; the shoulder also is
darker and strigate with brown ; aperture light chocolate within.

Length, 2*5-3 inches.

W. Coast of Australia.

The markings on the bands frequently assume a somewhat
irregular checker-board appearance. Dr. Gray described this
species in 1838, and Sowerby (probably finding a specimen

AULICA. 87

labeled, but without authority for the name attached) redescribed
it under the same name in 1844 ; since then, the species has been
quoted in all the monographs as well as in Crosse's list as
Sowerby's, and Gray himself, forgetting that he had described it,
quotes it as of Sowerby in his British Museum monograph.

Y. SOPHIA, Gray. PI. 25, fig. 57.

Yellowish white, with two interrupted darker bands, which
are bordered on either side by a line of chestnut spots.

Length, 2*5 inches.

W. Coast of Australia.
Perhaps a variety of V. Norrisii.

Y. RUTILA, Brod. PI. 25, figs. 56, 54.

Shell variegated, whitish and saffron-red, forming subtrigonal
blotches, and irregular veins, and usually indicating obscurely
by their confluence and broadening two revolving bands ; some-
times slightly tuberculate on the shoulder ; aperture salmon-red
within. Length, 3-3'5 inches.

N. E. Coast of Australia ; New Guinea.

Yar. INNEXA, Reeve. Fig. 54.

Lighter colored, tuberculate.

Louisiade Islands, near New Guinea.

Y. PIPERITA, Sowb. PL 26, fig. 60 ; PI. 27, figs. 75, 76, 78.

Finely netted and peppered with orange-red on a whitish ground,
with three interrupted bands of large orange-red spots, and
columella and interior of aperture same tint.

Length, 2'5-3 inches.

Solomon 7s., Woodlark IsL, near New Guinea.

y V. Ruckeri, Crosse (fig. 75), V. Macgillivrayi, Cox (fig. 76),
and V. Ceraunia, Crosse (fig. 78), are all mere color-varieties of
this species.

Sect. 5. Aulica, H. and A. Adams.

Agreeing with the preceding section in general form and
principal characters, the summit of the spire differs in having a
completely smooth instead of a tuberculated surface.

Y. AULICA, Sowb. PL 26, figs. 61, 62.

Flesh-colored, with large salmon-colored clouds, sometimes

88 AULICA.

forming three very broad, interrupted bands, sometimes con-
fluent, irregularly covering most of the surface ; interior flesh-
yellow. Columellar plaits oblique. Length, 3 -5-4 -5 inches.

Sooloo Is.
Y. CATHCARTI^E, Reeve, PI. 21, fig. T9.

Orange and flesh-white, the former making an irregular zigzag
or netted pattern, with three bands of dark chocolate spots.

Length, 3'5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

The figure of the type resembles F. piperita except in its
smooth apex, rather more closely than F. aulica, with which M.
Crosse compares it.

Y. DESHAYESII, Reeve. PI. 26, fig. 63.

White or pink, with orange-red irregular clouded markings,
and a central band whereon they do not appear ; aperture orange-
color ; columellar plaits much stronger than in F. aulica, and
nearly transverse. Length, 3-4 inches.

New Caledonia.

Y. ROSSINIANA, Bernardi. PL 27, fig. 64.

Flesh-color, with longitudinal angular markings of chestnut-
brown. Length, 7 inches.

New Caledonia.

The spire is more elevated, the spines less developed than in
F. imperialist the plaits on the columella are five in number
(four in imperialis) and more transverse, the outer lip more
expanded; yet it may be only an extreme variety of that
species.

Y. LUTEOSTOMA, Desh. PL 25, fig. 58.

Shell resembling the last species, but smaller, and having four
plaits only on the columella — which, however, are transverse
like it, and not oblique as in F. imperialis, The interior of the
aperture has the orange-coloring of F. Eossiniana.

Length, 2*5 inches.

Habitat unknown,

Certainly very closely allied to the preceding species.

Y. IMPERIALIS, Lam. PL 26, fig, 65.

Fulvous, marked with angular, interlacing chestnut lines,

AUL1CA. 89

sometimes confluent into trigonal blotches, and occasionally
forming interrupted bands. Length, 5-8 inches.

Philippine Inlands. — Cuming.
Y. PUNCTATA, Swains. PI, 27, fig. 80.

Pale fulvous, with numerous small light chestnut dots, some-
times confluent into larger spots, forming interrupted bands.

Length, 3 inches.

Eastern Australia.

The figures in Swainson, Sowerby and Reeve represent an
immature individual, the only one known until ten years ago,
when the adult was first figured by Dr. Cox.

Y. HARGREAVESI, Angas. PI. 27, fig. 82.

Reddish brown, with an indication of two darker bands,
ornamented with numerous, scattered longitudinal and some-
what angular blotches of white ; columella and border of lip
tinged with orange, aperture flesh-color within. Length, 3 inches.

Habitat unknown.
The specimen described is so far unique.

Y. BEDNALLI, Brazier. PI. 26, fig. 66.

Whitish, with four narrow chestnut-colored revolving bands,
which are connected by angular longitudinal chestnut mark-
ings ; aperture white within. Length, 3 '3 inches.

Port Darwin, Torres Sts., N. Australia.
Y. SCAPHA, Gmelin. PL 26, fig. 68.

Shell ponderous, smooth, yellowish flesh-color, with zigzag
longitudinal chestnut markings, sometimes widening into series
of irregular spots, forming two interrupted bands.

Length, 3*5-5 inches.

Singapore, on the reefs. — Cuming.

Y. MAGNIFICA, Lam. PI. 26, fig. 70.

Rather thin ; pale fulvous, with three broad orange-chestnut
bands marked with white and fuscous angular spots, inter-
mediate surface reticulated with pale orange angular lines ;
columella and interior orange or salmon-color.

Length, 6-8 inches, or even a foot.

East Coast of Australia.

One of the largest species of the genus ; it is found half-
12

90 AULTCA.

burying itself amongst weed and ooze on sandy and muddy flats
beyond tide-mark.

Y. JUNONIA, Chemn. PL 26, fig. 67.

Pale yellowish or whitish, with numerous rather large rounded
square chestnut-colored spots arranged in revolving series ;
interior flesh-white. Length, 3'5-4'5 inches.

East and West Coasts of Florida.

It is an inhabitant of deep water, and is somewhat rarely
obtained and highly prized by collectors. Specimens have been
sold as high as two hundred dollars, but of late years the value
has greatly decreased in consequence of increased supply.

Y. DUBIA, Brod. PI. 27, figs. 77, 81.

The spire is proportionally longer, the spots more sharply
square than in F. Junonia, the longitudinal ribs, which in that
species are barely visible upon the first whorl below the embryo-
nal apex, show traces of their existence as far as or even
including the body-whorl. F. Junonia is spirally sculptured
towards the base of the body-whorl, whilst in this species the
sculpture covers the entire whorl. Length, 3-6 inches.
Caribbean Sea, off the Southern

and Western Coasts of Florida.

This shell was first figured as Fusus tessellatus by Schubert
and Wagner, and subsequently described by Broderip as F.
dubia (fig. 81), but the shell was only known in an immature and
faded condition until Dr. Dohrn in 1879 gave a full description
with figures of what he supposes to be the adult shells. My
impression is that it is merely an elongated variety of F. Junonia,
but the question of identity can only be settled satisfactorily
when a larger mass of material shall be at the disposal of
naturalists, than is now available.

Y. KAUPII, Dunker. PI. 26, fig. 69.

All the whorls except the embryonal apex are slightly plicate
below the sutures ; last whorl obtusely angular ; pale yellowish
red, marbled irregularly with a darker tint. Length, 2*25 inches.

New Zealand ?

Probably not mature ; the type is the only specimen known.

AULICA. 91

Y. FLAVICANS, Gmelin. PI. 26, fig. 11 ; PI. 27, fig. 84.

Yellowish gray, fasciculated with brown beneath the sutures ;
surface marbled, strigated and reticulated with brown.
Length, 3-3-75 inches.

N. Australia.

V. signifer, Brod., is an elongated flavicans, with the lip not
quite mature. V. Tissotiana, Crosse (fig. 84), is also a variety.

Y. EXOPTANDA, Sowb. PL 26, fig. 72'.

Pale rose-orange, densely promiscuously painted throughout
with sharply waved fine chestnut-red lines ; columella and interior
of shell orange-color. Length, 4 inches.

Port Elliott and Port Lincoln, Australia.

Is V. Hargreavesi, Angas (PL 27, fig. 82), a possible variety
of this species ?

Y. AUSTRALIA, Cox. PL 26, fig. 73.

Reddish orange, with dark chestnut undulated longitudinal
markings Length, 2*5 inches.

Bass Straits, Australia.

The sutures are said to be vitrified, a character of the next
group, Amoria ; from which it differs in having only four colu-
mellar plaits. Appears to be rather too closely allied to V.
exoptanda. Mr. Brazier considers it a variety of V. undulata,
Lam.

Y. GRAY.E, Crosse. PL 26, fig. 74.

Yellowish, with zigzag longitudinal brown lines, increased in
thickness so as to indicate three interrupted revolving bands.

Length, 5'5 inches.

Northwest Coast of Australia.

Described by Gray as V. Maria-Emma, and the name very
properly changed by Crosse because not binomial ; and if per-
mitted to stand in this case, some Spaniard having baptismal
names enough to fill half a page might have them all immortal-
ized in a single species. This species is, so to speak, intermediate
between Aulica and Amoria, for to the nucleus characteristic of
the first group it unites the system of coloration and suture of
the second.

92 AMORIA.

Y. KINGI, Cox. PI. 27, fig. 86.

Yellowish flesh-color, with a very few slightly apparent darker
zigzag lines. Length, 3 inches.

King's IsL, Bass Straits, Australia.

Supposed by some conchologists to be a variety of F. undulata,
Lam., but appears to differ in its proportions, in the convexity
of the spire-whorls, in having only four columellar plaits, etc.

Y. MARMORATA, Swainson. PI. 28, fig. 89.

Slightly coronate ; yellowish flesh-color, with irregular striga-
tions and angular, flexuous, longitudinal brown lines, faintly
indicating two revolving bands. Length, 4-5 inches.

East Coast of Australia.

Sect. 6. Amoria, Gray.

Shell fusiform, smooth and polished ; spire conical, with a
small, more or less pointed nucleus ; sutures slightly callous ;
columella with five oblique, more or less developed plaits.

Y. UNDULATA, Lam. PI. 28, figs. 88, 87.

Pale fulvous, with undulated narrow chestnut, longitudinal

lines. Length, 3-3*5 inches.

E., W. and 8. Australia, Tasmania.

V. Angasi, Sowb. (fig. 81), is only a form of undulata with
shorter spire. Mr. Brazier thinks that F. Sclateri, V. Kingi, and
F. Austrahse of Cox, are all mere varieties of this species.

Y. SCLATERI, Cox. PI. 27, fig. 83.

Pure white, without markings. Length, 3 inches.

, Tasmania.

Perhaps a variety of F. undulata, Lam.

Y. TURNERI, Gray. PL 2t, fig. 85 ; PI. 30, fig. 123.

Whitish or flesh-yellow, with longitudinal, somewhat waved
narrow chestnut lines ; yellowish or light chocolate within the

aperture.

N. E. Australia; W. Australia (V. Elliott).

j F. Ellioti, Sowb. (fig. 123), is not entitled to distinction even
as a variety, and, together with several varietal names given by
Gray himself, must merge in the synonymy.

AMOEIA. !).'>

Y. VOLVA, Gmelin. PL 28, fig. 90.

Whitish, with three faint yellowish bands, upon which are a
few longitudinal, pale orange strigations ; yellowish brown or
coffee-colored within. Length, 3 inches.

W. Australia; abundant.

Certainly very close to V. Turneri. The species was rede-
scribed by Gray as F. pallida, but he subsequently united it with
V. Turneri. The patterns of coloration of the two species are
different, and I find no connecting links.

Y. MACULATA, Swains. PL 25, fig. 59.

Obconic, marked with chocolate spots forming two interrupted
bands on an orange surface ; aperture orange within.

Length, 2'25 inches.

East Australia.

The coloring is more vivid than in F. volva, and the spire is
shorter, but the species may be only a variety of that shell, to
which it bears the same relation that F. zebra does to F.
Turneri.

Y. ZEBRA, Leach. PL 28, fig. 91.

White or yellowish, with close-set, narrow somewhat waved
longitudinal chestnut streaks ; very pale yellow or pink within

the aperture. Length, r5-l<fT5 inches.

East Coast of Australia.

Resembling F. Turneri in coloration, but differing in its
smaller size, and short, obconic form.

Y. LOROISI, Yalenciennes. PL 28, fig. 92.

Light pinkish, with brown zebra-like stripes, columellar plaits

almost obsolete. Length, 3 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a worn specimen in the Paris Museum. It
belongs to the same group as F. zebra and Turneri, and may be
an overgrown specimen of the former.

Y. CANALICULATA, McCoy. PL 28, fig. 95.

Whitish, with five revolving rows of chestnut-colored oblong

spots; suture channeled. Length, l'*75 inches.

E. Australia.
F. Harfordi, Cox, described a few months later, is identical.

94 ALCITHOE.

V. RETICULATA, Reeve. PI. 28, fig. 93.

Light fulvous, triangularly marked with chestnut, forming
three bands on the body-whorl ; yellowish within.

Length, 3-4 inches.

W. Australia.

Y. PR^TEXTA, Reeve. PI. 28, figs. 94, 96.

Pale fulvous, finely reticulated with chestnut, forming triangu-
lar spots, and two darker bands. Length, 1*5-? inches.

North Australia.

Bears somewhat the same relation to F. reticulata that zebra
does to Turneri. V. reticulata, Sowb. (fig. #6), is only a well-
grown specimen of F. prsetexta ; although Sowerby afterwards
renamed it F. Eeevei.

Sect. 7. Alcithoe, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oval-fusiform, spire elongated, terminated by a papilli-
form summit ; aperture oval-elongated, inner lip covered by a
callous deposit, outer lip expanded and more or less reflected ;
columella with four, and more rarely five to seven oblique plicae.

Y. PACIFICA, Solander. PI. 28, figs. 91-99.

Yellowish, with zigzag longitudinal chestnut markings, and
frequently four interrupted revolving bands.

Length, 3'5-4'5 inches.

New Zealand.

The specimens vary much in the development of the shoulder-
angle and tubercles, both being obsolete in some species. V.
fusus, Quoy (fig. 98), is the immature shell.

Yar. GRAOILIS, Swn. (fig. 99), has been distinguished principally
by its much smaller size,

Y. KREUSLER^;, Angas. PI. 30, fig. 124.

Resembles F. Pacifica, but has a longer spire, is narrower,
and differs in the painting of orange-brown maculations forming

the three bands. Length, 2 inches.

So. Australia.
Y. AMERICANA, Reeve. PI. 28, figs. 100, 101.

Yellowish white, faintly banded and reticulated with orange-
brown. Length, 1*75 inches.

Brazil.

ALCITHOE. 95

Only a single specimen known. V. Cleryana, Petit (fig. 101),
is the young of it.

Y. FESTIVA, Lam. PI. 30, fig. 125.

Rosy white, clouded with orange-red, with chestnut spots and
bands formed of series of longitudinal flexuous chestnut striga-
tions. There are three prominent oblique plaits at the lower
part of the columella, and above them a number of oblique

rugosities. Length, 4-5 inches.

East Africa.

One of the rarest of Volutes. The exact locality is unknown.
D'Orbigny speaks of collecting it on the Patagonian coast, but
he doubtless refers to V. Magellanica.

V. AFRICANA, Reeve. PI. 30, fig. 127.

Orange-brown, with sparse hieroglyphic brown markings
disposed in bands ; upper part of columella black.

Length, 2*5 inches.

E. Africa.

The type, which formed part of the Cuming collection, is not
in good condition, so that the pattern of painting is obscure.
It is closely related to V. f estiva, but appears to differ in its
greater proportional width and short spire.

Y. MEGASPIRA, Sowb. PI. 28, fig. 102; PL 30, fig. 132.

Reddish flesh-color, longitudinally marked with zigzag
chestnut streaks, sometimes forming three obscure bands.

Length, 4 inches.

Japan.

An elegant smooth species ; rather thin, with the first volution
of the papillary apex lateral instead of terminal — a character
shared by some of the following species. The animal is a
common article of food in Japan, yet the shell is rather rare in
collections. V. lyriformis, Kiener (not Swains.), is apparently
a variety of this species, although Mr. Crosse has recently
characterized it under the name of V. Prevostiana (fig. 132).

V. FUSIFORMIS, Swainson. PI. 28, fig. 103.

Fulvous or flesh-colored, with irregular, zigzag, longitudinal
chestnut markings. Length, 6-7 inches.

Tasmania; So. Australia.

96 ALOITHOE,

Y. FULGETRUM, Sowb. PI. 28, figs. 104, 105.

Yellowish flesh-color, with broad, undulated, longitudinal,
dark chestnut or chocolate streaks. Length, 4-5'5 inches.

So. Australia.

The spire is shorter, the shell is more shouldered, the painting
is usually much broader than in V. fusiformis. Sometimes the
markings include a faint, closer reticulation besides the above
more prominent features, and occasionally bands are indicated.
V. fulgetrum, in fact, is intermediate between V. fusiformis and
V.papillosa, and very probably the three are merely diverse
forms of one species.

Y. PAPILLOSA, Swn. PI. 28, fig. 106.

Yery finely reticulated longitudinally with chestnut color on
an orange-brown surface, with interrupted bands.

Length, 4-5 inches.

80. Australia; N. Tasmania.

Kiener unites, apparently, this species and fusiformis in his
V. Sowerbyi. Specimens were brought up by the dredge from
1,900 fathoms, 25 miles off the coast of New South Wales
(Brazier).

Yar. MACQTJARIENSIS, Petterd.

Shell same form and size as typical, but of a more or less
intense yellow-color throughout, without any markings. It is
not figured.

Y. THATCHERI, McCoy. PI, 30, fig. 126.

Pinkish white, with narrow chestnut reticulations.
Length, 4-5 inches.

Bampton Reef, near JV. W. Coast of New Caledonia.
Appears to be very closely related to V. Pacifica, Sol.

Y. ROADNIGHT.E, McCoy. PL 30, fig. 128.

Pale brownish creamy white, with acutely angular zigzag,
longitudinal, sparse markings of rich, raw-sienna brown.

Length, 6-4 inches,

80. Coast of Victoria, Australia.

CYMBIOLA. 97

Sect. 8. Cymbiola, Swainson.

Shell oval, thin, recalling the form of Cymbium. Spire more
or less elongated, terminated by a slightly irregular, papilliform
summit. Aperture large, the columellar side covered with a
slight coat of enamel ; columella usually with four oblique
plications ; outer lip sharp, occasionally slightly expanded.
An American, and principally Antarctic group.

Y. ANCILLA, Solander. PI. 29, fig. 110.

Yellowish, with faded chestnut, longitudinal, irregular streaks.

Length, 5-6-5 inches.

Coast of Patagonia.

This is the V. Magellanica, of Sowerby, Kiener and Gould,
who describe the latter species as ancilla ; the latter has an
excellent figure of the animal.

Y. STEARNSIT, Dall. PI. 30, fig. 130.

Livid purple, more or less obscured by an ashy white outer
layer ; exterior smooth, but not polished ; aperture white and
livid purple, with a dash of brighter purple at the posterior
notch, and on the anterior portion of the callus.

Length, 4'13 inches.

Alaska ; living from stomach of cod, dead on beach.

Yery closely related to V. ancilla.

Y. MAGELLANICA, Lam. PL 29, figs, lot, 108.

Yellowish white, generally irregularly painted with longitu-
dinal, zigzag, brown streaks, sometimes interruptedly banded.

Length, 5-6 inches.

Patagonia.
Yar. TUBERCULATA, Swains.

Whorls with a more pronounced, tuberculate shoulder.
A wider species than V. ancilla but may possibly be a mere
variet}' of it.

Y. BECKII, Brod. PI. 29, fig. 109.

Yellowish, with chestnut-colored, undulated, longitudinal

streaks. Length, 11 to 14 inches.

Habitat unknown.

The Philadelphia Academy possesses a specimen of the largest
13

98 VOLUTELLA, PSEPH.EA.

dimension given above. Although the habitat of the species is
not known, it is very probably Patagonia.

Y. BRASILIANA, Solander. PL 29, figs. 113, 115, 111; PL 30,
fig. 131.

Yentricose, with depressed conical spire ; brownish yellow,
without markings. Length, 4-6 inches.

So. America, from mouth of Rio de la Plata to Patagonia.

V. Ferussaci, Donovan (fig. 131), is almost certainly a worn
specimen of this species. I have a shell before me, precisely
the same shape, but with the tubercles slightly indicated on the
shoulder. V. rudis, Gray (fig. Ill), is usually considered a
synonym of Ferussaci ; Gray 's figure represents a shell in very
bad condition. The specimen figured in the Thesaurus corre-
sponds so little with the description as to indicate a very vivid
imagination on the part of the colorist of that work.

Stct. 9. Volutella, d'Orbigny.

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, with angulated whorls ; spire
acuminated, polished, and entirely covered by an enamel deposit,
obliterating the suture-line more or less entirely ; columella with
three oblique plaits ; lip sharp, not reflected. The development
of a lobe of the mantle to cover the spire is a peculiarity in this
animal not shared by the other species of the genus.

Y. ANGULATA, Swainson. PL 29, figs. 112, 121.

Pale yellowish ; with longitudinal irregular chestnut lines.
Length, 4-6 inches.

Mouth of Rio de la Plata to Patagonia.

The enamel deposit frequently projects above the spire into a
beak (fig. 112), but is usually broken off in cabinet specimens.

Sect 10. Psephsea, Crossc.

Shell oblong-fusiform, very finely transversely striated and
furnished with longitudinal ribs, disappearing towards the
middle of the last whorl. Nucleus ? Columella furnished with
two principal plicae, above which there are two or three minute
ones hardly visible; it presents also this peculiarity (in the
adult shell), that these plicae are situated so far within as to be
invisible when the shell is placed right in face of the observer.

AUSOBA. 99

Internal margin strongly callous ; external lip obtuse and thick-
ened.

Y. CONCINNA, Brod. PL 29, fig. 114.

Yellowish brown, with close-set, undulated, longitudinal
chestnut lines. Length, 4-5 inches.

Japan.

At first sight this shell might appear to be related to V.
rupestriSj from the same locality, but it differs in several
respects, and particularly in the character of the plicae.

Sect. 11. Ausoba, H. and A. Adau • s.

Spire short and obtuse, terminated by a papilliform summit ;
ist whorl coronated.

'. CYMBIOLA (Chemn.), Sowb. PI. 29, figs. 118, 119.

Pale yellowish gray clouded with a darker tint, and pimctntc
with chestnut ; aperture light chocolate. Length, 3 inches.

Moluccas.

The name was changed by Kiener to V. coronata because
cymbiola had already been used by Lamarck for another species
— an error, as Lamarck had not used the name at all. V. corona,
Chemn. (fig. 119), is only known by the figure of a juvenile shell
in that author, copied by Sowerby in his Thesaurus. Mr. Crosse
believes it to be distinct, but I cannot agree to this, as it appears
to me to be a faded young cymbiola. The nucleus is supposed
to be proportionally much larger, but it is really not larger
than in Kiener's figure of V. coronata. Sowerby says that corona
having, besides the four principal plica?, several smaller ones
above them, is a character not shared by cymbiola, yet a charac-
teristic specimen of the latter, before me, has two very distinct
smaller plaits above the four principal ones.

Y. KIRKI, Hutton.

Widely oval, spire depressed ; last whorl ornamented with a
small number of blunt tubercles ; columella with four very
profound plications, the upper part with a thin callous deposit.
Color yellowish brown. Length 1'75, diam. l'5t inches.

New Zealand.

Said to be a Cymbiola ; not figured. Possibly a young shell.

100 VOLTJTILITHES, VOLUTOCONUS, CALLIPARA.

Sect. 12. Volutilithes, Swains.

Shell oval-fusiform, spire elevated, terminated by a pointed
summit ; whorls cancellated or longitudinally plicate ; mouth
oval-oblong ; columella with numerous rudimentary or obsolete
plicse ; lip thin. The group is represented by a single living
species and numerous tertiary forms.

Y. ABYSSICOLA, Adams and Reeve. PL 29, fig. 120.

Fulvous ash-color, encircled by three or four narrow chestnut

bands. Length, T5 inches,

Cape of Good Hope, 132 fathoms.

Only the type specimen known-

Sect. 13. Volutoconus, Crosse.

Oblong, subcylindrical, longitudinally and transversely striate ;
spire short and obtuse, terminated by a rounded summit ;
columella with four slightly developed teeth ; lip simple, slightly
inflected in the middle ; base with flexuous striae,

Y. CONIFORMIS, Cox. PI. 30, fig. 129.

Yellowish brown, with three broad chestnut bands, and super-
posed upon the bands and interspaces irregular or triangular
large and small white spots and blotches. Length, 70 mill.

N. W. Australia.

Has the system of coloration so frequently met with in a
group of Conus.

e eat. 14. Callipara, Gray.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical ; spire short, nucleus small ;
columella with two plications.

Y. BULLATA, Swainson. PI. 29, fig. 116,

Fulvous, with chestnut spots and angulated lines, and three
darker bands of the same. Length, 2 '5 inches,

Algoa Bay, So. Africa.

Resembles somewhat Conus bullatus.

Y. BRAZIERI, Cox. PL 29, fig. lit.

Yellowish brown, with a wide irregular chestnut band, and

chestnut markings. Length, I'l inches.

New South Wales.

The figure is enlarged. The spire is more sunken than that
of V. bullata, but it may be only a color-variety of that species.

AITRINIA, MAMILLANA, LYRIA. 101

[Sect. 15. Aurinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oval-fusiform ; spire terminated by a large mamillary
summit ; columella with obsolete, scarcely apparent plications ;
whorls of the spire finely transversely striated ; lip simple, thin.
This group was proposed for F. dubia, Brod., known only to
Messrs. Adams and Crosse from juvenile examples. The species
is closely related to, if not identical with, V. Junonia, and
follows that species in this monograph ; Aurinia, consequently,
will not stand*]

See'. 15. Mamillana, Crosse.

Shell widely oval, ventricose, rather thin, intermediate between
Voluta and Cymbium ; nucleus papilliform, very strongly devel-
oped, excentric and lateral ; columella with a few oblique plicae ;
lip thin,

Y. MAMILLA, Gray. PL 29, fig. 122.

Yellowish, strigated with brown. Length, 6-8 inches.

Tasmania; Australia.

The first whorl of the spire is completely lateral in this
species, as in F. rupestris*

Undetermined Species.

Y. NANA, Anton, Belongs to Vespertilio group. No locality
given.

Y. LARGILLIERTIANA, d'Orb. (Related to F. pallida, Gray.)

Seas of India.

Y. PUMILIO, Brusina. Dalmatia.

Not figured. Shell ovate, transversely closely striate ; spire
very short, apex obtuse ; lip simple, acute ; columella sub-
uniplicate. I do not know where to place this species ; it is
certainly not a Voluta* Length, 7-16 mill.

Y. MOLTKIANA and Y. SPENGLERI AN A, Martini, H. and A. Adams'
Genera, i, 161.

<-enus LYRIA, Gray.

Dr. Paul Fischer, who has studied the anatomy of Lyria
deliciosa* finds it to be essentially the same as that of Voluta,

* Jour, de Conch., xv, 355, 1867.

102 LYBIA.

except in the presence of an operculum and in the dentition
(PL 2, fig. 7). The shell, however, presents certain modifica-
tions from Voluta which, in connection with the operculum,
suffice for the establishment of a legitimate artificial group,
which may be characterized by the narrowness of its mouth, the
predominance in size of the two columellar plications nearest the
base, and the transverse rugosities covering the inner lip above
the plications, their comparatively small size and mitriform
aspect, and the externally thickened lip. The distribution is
wide, including West Indies, West Coast of Central America,
East Coast of Africa, Moluccas, Japan, Australia, etc. A few
fossil species may be here referred ; and notably V. harpula,
Lam., of the Paris basin. The classification of the species is
based on that proposed by Mr. H. Crosse.*

* Shell smooth.

L. DELICIOSA, Montr. PI. 31, figs. 133-135.

Pinkish gray, with distant revolving brown lines and inter-
rupted bands ; spire minutely longitudinally plicate ; base of
body-whorl with revolving incised lines. Length, 30 mill.

New Caledonia.
* * Shell obsoletely or faintly plicate.

L. NUCLEUS, Lam, PL 31, fig. 136.

Flesh-brown, here and there dotted and variegated with
chestnut; lip and varices black-dotted. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

N. E.Australia.

The spotted varices which occur occasionally upon this shell
indicate the position of former rest-periods in its growth, being
the thickened lip, which the animal in resuming growth has
failed to absorb away.

L. BEAU-I, Fischer and Bernardi. PL 31, fig. 137.

Yellowish flesh-color, with revolving chestnut lines, inter-
rupted between the obsolete costse. Length, 70 mill.

Marie- Galante, West Indies.

A rare species.

* Jour de Conch., 105, 1866.

LYRIA, 103

L. CASSIDULA, Reeve. PI. 31, fig. 138.

Cream or flesh-color, clouded with chestnut and white, with
interrupted chestnut revolving lines. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Japan.
L. PUSILLA, Schrenck. PL 31, fig. 139.

Yellowish chestnut, with a band of red and white spots at the
suture, surface maculated with rufous ; aperture yellowish chest-
nut. Length, 9 '5 mill.

Japan.

Described as obsoletely plicate, with two plaits near the base
of the columella ; neither of these features being very apparent
on the enlarged figure of the species. Possibly a young L.
cassidula? At any rate the specimen appears to be immature,
for the description is " labro simplici, recto."

* * * Longitudinal ribs strongly marked.
L. DELESSERTTANA, Petit. PL 31, fig. 140.

Flesh-color with orange-red maculations and bands and chest-
nut revolving lines. Length, 2-2 '25 inches.

Madagascar.
L. LYR^GFORMIS, Swains. PL 31, fig. 141.

Flesh-color, with revolving, interrupted chestnut lines, and
blotches of the same arranged in three revolving bands.

Length, 3'75 inches.

K. Coast of Africa.

The figure represents a very different looking shell from L.
Delessertiana, but intermediate forms occur, and I am very
doubtful of their distinctness.

L. COSTATA, Swainson. PL 31, fig, 142.

Whitish, with orange-red spots and interrupted revolving
lines. Length, 2 inches.

Moluccas ; Indian Ocean .

L. MITR^EFORMIS, Lam. PI, 31, fig. 143.

Flesh-color or yellowish, with dark chestnut spots and revolv-
ing lines, the latter sometimes broader so as to form interrupted
bands. Length, 2 inches.

Australia, Tasmania, Java, 8. Africa.

L. costata has a flattened shoulder, upon the angle of which
the longitudinal ribs terminate in spines ; whilst L. Mitrdeformis

104 EN^TA.

has a shelving shoulder merely obtusely angulated ; yet I
suspect that the two forms are mere varieties of one species.

L. ARCHERI, Angas. PL 31, fig. 144.

Yellowish, clouded and lined with chestnut ; lip punctate
with black, dentate within ; columella with three strong basal
plicae, and numerous smaller ones above. Length, T33 inches.

Montserrat, West Indies.

The form and coloring are very like the preceding species,
but the dentate lip is an extraordinary feature which may
distinguish it from all others. The type is the only specimen
known, and the locality is doubtful. Appears to connect Lyria
proper with its subgenus Enseta.

8 ibg°nus Enaeta, H. and A. Adam?.

Exterior lip thickened, inflected and bearing an obtuse tooth
upon its middle inner margin.

L. HARPA, Barnes. PI. 31, fig. 145.

Pale flesh-color or gray, with chestnut or chocolate angular
spots and maculations, frequently forming faint interrupted
bands. Length, 1-1 '5 inches.

W. Coast of Central America.

L. CUMINGII, Brod. PI. 31, figs. 146, 141.

Pale flesh-color, clouded and lined with chestnut.

Length, 1-1-5 inches.

W. Coast of Central America, northward to San Bias.

L. Cylleniformis, Sowb. (fig. 147), appears to be a small shell
of this species.

E. PEDERSENII, Yerrill.

Shell small, rather slender, elongated ; the spire regularly
conical, acute, about two-thirds the length of the body-whorl ; each
whorl much flattened below the suture and encircled by a row of
rounded tubercles ; the body-whorl with low, rounded, longitudinal
costse below the tubercles. Whole surface finely longitudinally
sulcated or striated, on the upper whorls also transversely striated.
Color fulvous brown, specked with bluish white, with an inter-
rupted band, or spots, of deep brown below the suture, a pale

MTCROVOLUTA. 105

band over the tubercles, and another, bordered with brown,
below the middle of the body-whorl. Length, 1 inch.

La Paz, Lower California.

Not figured ; said to be more slender, with the spire more
acute, smaller tubercles and costae, a more prolonged and
recurved siphon, and more contracted aperture than L. Cumingii.
The surface is not smooth and the color is lighter.

L. GUILDINGII, Sowb. PI. 31, fig. 148.

Fulvous, with white and darker lines; longitudinally ribbed,
gmnose at the sutures. Length, *5 inch.

/. St. Vincent, West Indies.

I am not acquainted with the species.

L. GUTTATA, Reeve. PI. 31, fig. 149.

White, maculated with brown ; longitudinally plicate.

Length, *5 inch.

Honduras.

Possibly identical with the last species ; if so, it will become
a synonym, G-uildingii having priority of publication.

L. COLUMBELLA, Sowb. PI. 31, fig. 150.

Small, oblong, smooth, pallid maculated' with red ; spire
acuminate, aperture elongate ; lip incurved in the middle ;
columella very obscurely plicate. Having the form of Colum-
bella nitida, and showing rather faint plicae on the columella.

The above is a copy of Sowerby's description and figure. It
is certainly not a Valuta, and appears more like a Marg^nella.

Genus MICROVOLTJTA, Angas.

The deep siphonal notch, and the toothed projection of the
base of the pillar, so characteristic of the Yolutes, are absent
in this curious little genus.

M. AUSTRALIS, Angas. PL 31, figs. 151, 152.

White, or ornamented with two rows of distant irregular
chestnut blotches and zigzag lines, Length, 10 mill.

Port Jackson Heads, Australia, 25 fathoms. — Brazier.
14

106 MTTRID^.

Family MITRIDJE.

The animal has a small, narrow head ; tentacles close together
at the base; eyes near the base or towards the outer middle of
the tentacles ; proboscis cylindrical, flexible, very extensible,
mantle enclosed ; siphon simple at the base ; foot small,
triangular, usually truncate in front.

Some of the larger species have no operculum, but it is often
present, though small and rudimentary, on the foot of the
smaller species.

Shell with acute apex, usually well developed spire and plicate
columella ; for the most part destitute of epidermis, which is
very thin, smooth and translucent when present.

Mitra is related on the one hand with Valuta, on the other
with Marginella ; it is distinguished from the former by its
columellar plaits, of which the largest are posterior whilst in
Voluta they are anterior, by its form, and the apex, which
is never papillary ; from Marginella it is distinguished by its
much longer spire, less polished surface, generally large size and
particularly by wanting the thick marginal varix of the lip.

The dentition of the Mitridse presents several distinct types ;
so that Troschel and Gill have divided the family upon this
character. The group Cylindra has the teeth of Marginella
and is placed near that genus by these authors ; the form of the
shell also recalls Marginellidse, and although the preponderance
of characters accords with Mitra, it may be reasonably considered
a connecting link with Marginella. Volutomitra has been
placed in Yolutidse on account'of the dentition of V. Grcenlandica,
the only Arctic species of Mitra, but I have preferred to retain
it and its congeners in Mitridse, because we know nothing of the
dentition of the numerous tropical species. Turricula and
Strigatella are allied by their dentition to the Olividse, and
Imbricaria to the Turbinellidse.

Mitra has been divided by H. and A. Adams and others into
a number of subgenera, whilst Sowerby separates the species
into thirteen numbered but unnamed sections. The groups are
certainly not entitled to subgeneric rank, yet I believe that the
retention of Adams' names for the sections is better than to

MITRID^E. 107

designate them merely by numbers. The grouping of the
species by these two authorities is in many respects widely
different ; I have carefully compared them together, and with
the shells, and shall attempt to improve upon both.

The Mitras have been monographed by Kiister, Kiener,
Reeve and Sowerby, the work of the latter being by far the
most recent and complete, embracing nearly five hundred species.
The " Thesaurus " was published in 1874, and since that date
some additional species have been described ; there are also a
number of species obscurely published or which, for some
other cause, appear to have escaped Mr. Sowerby 's attention,
so that in all the number of specific names which might
nominally hold place in the present work would not be far from
six hundred and fifty. The vast increase ol our knowledge of
specific variation developed during the past few years has,
however, induced a decidedly more conservative, and it is
believed, more philosophic, view of species, than that prevalent
only six years ago, so that I have been enabled to effect a vast
reduction in the specific ranks — a reduction which will probably
become still greater as additional material is given to the
student 'for comparison.

When irritated, some species of Mitra emit a purple fluid
having a nauseous odor.

The genus is at present tropical and subtropical in distribu-
tion, but few small species being found in the colder latitudes.
Batli3Tmetrically they range from low-water to eighty fathoms,
the smaller species being usually found along shore-lines.

About a hundred fossil species have been described,
commencing with the cretaceous period. * M. G-rcenlandica, at
present confined to Arctic waters, is found associated with
M. cornea, a somewhat similar Mediterranean species in the latest
British Tertiaries. The Mitridae inhabit various stations ; many
being strictly reef shells, where they lurk in holes and crevices
under sea-weed, but are most generally concealed under
stones and blocks of- dead coral. Others burrow in sand or
sandy mud at various depths ; some delight in stony ground
inside the reefs, where they remain concealed under clumps of
coral during the day, and like the sand species are nocturnal in
their habits.

108 MITRID-ffi.

Mr. Andrew Garrett* suggests that the Polynesian shells
which have been described by H. and A. Adams under the name
of Thala, as a subgenus of Mitra, are more nearly related to
Pleurotomidse, the so-called folds of the columella not being
true plaits, but simply more or less irregular transverse
rugosities precisely of the same character as those upon certain
species of Clathurella and Cithara of that family. Two species
of true Mitrse have, however, been referred to Thala, and
I have preferred to retain the genus in the Mitridse for the
present, upon duly weighing the value of its known character-
istics. Mr. Pease's genus Mitropsis is excluded, being a
member of the family Columbellidae. Finally, Mitromorpha,
A. Ad., appears to be more nearly related to the Pleurotomidae,
several of its species having been described as Daplmellae.

Synopsis of Genera.

MITRA, Lamarck. Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated; aperture
small, narrow, notched in front; columella transversely, somewhat
obliquely plicate; outer lip thick, smooth within, not variced
externally. Dentition, PL 2, figs. 9, 10, 11.

[VOLUTOMITRA, Gray. Separated from Mitrdon account of the peculiar
dentition of an Arctic species, K Grcenlandica. Twenty additional
species have been included in the genus by H. and A. Adams ; they
are all Mitras in appearance, and the dentition of none has been
examined except that of V. cornea, which decidedly differs from
Grcenlandica, and is of the regular Jf&ra-type. Dentition of V.
Grcenlandica. PI. 2, fig. 8.]

THALA, H. and A. Adams. Small, narrowly fusiform, sculptured or
smooth, last whorl attenuated and recurved below; outer lip thickened,
straight or incurved in the middle, lirate internally, with a slight
sinus at the hind part. Dentition unknown.

[STRIGATELLA, Swainson. Shell ovate or Columbelliform, solid; spire
acuminate; whorls smooth or transversely striated, usually covered
with an epidermis; inner lip with a callosity at the hind part; outer lip
usually thickened in the middle, and internally grooved or dentate.
Dentition unknown.]

* Catalogue of the Polynesian Mitridffi, in the (English) Journal of
Conchology, iii. A very valuable paper, from which I have drawn
largely for these pages.

MITRA. 109

ZIERLIANA, Gray. Ovate or Columbelliform, solid; spire short, acute,
last whorl tumid at the hind part; columella with a posterior callosity;
outer lip thick, flattened, lirate-dentate within; a sinus or short canal
posteriorly. Dentition, PI. 2, fig. 12.

MITROIDEA, Pease. Shell mitriforin, smooth, spire acuminated ;
aperture narrow, linear; columella with numerous, small oblique plaits,
narrowed and turned to the left at the base; outer lip thickened,
peculiarly truncated and recurved at the base. Dentition similar to
that of Mitra.— Macdonald.

DJBAPHUS, Philippi. Subcylindrical, covered with a thin epidermis,
transversely sculptured; spire acute; aperture narrow, linear; columella
without plaits, narrowed and turned to the left at base; outer lip
thickened, rectilinear, abruptly truncated and recurved at the base.
Dentition unknown. The unarmed columella is the principal and
perhaps insufficient distinction for this genus from Mitroidea.

TURRICULA, Klein. Shell elongated, turreted. longitudinally plicately
ribbed; spire acuminated; aperture narrow; columella with numerous
plaits; outer lip internally striated. Dentition, PI. 2, Fg. 13.

CYLINDRA, Schumacher. Shell oliviform, subcylindrical: spire conical;
aperture linear; columella straight, with several oblique anterior
plaits; outer lip thickened, smooth within. Dentition, PI. 2, fig. 15.

IMBRICARIA, Schumacher. Shell coniform, often covered with an
epidermis; spire depressed conical, apex mucronate; aperture linear;
columella straight, with numerous transverse imbricated plaits in the
middle; outer lip thickened.

Fossil Genera.
LAPPARIA, Conrad. Uncharacterized.

L. DUMOSA, Conrad. PL 3, fig. 43. Eocene, Jackson, Miss.

FUSIMITRA, Conrad. Uncharacterized.

F. CELLULIFERA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 40. Oligocenej Vicksburg, Miss.
CONOM1TRA, Conrad. Uncharacterized.

C. FUSOIDES, Lea. PL 8, fig. 41. Eocene, Claiborne, Ala.

(Jcnus MITRA, Lr«i.

The animal of Mitra has in general a very short foot, straight
and continuous from side to side in some species, but in others
notched and produced, with a thickened anterior margin. It is
commonly narrow and rounded, or acuminated posteriorly, and
it often bears a very small semitransparent horny operculum, in

110 MITRA.

some instances scarcely visible. The siphon is mostly directed
forward, and the somewhat short, tapering tentacles have the
eyes either situated about half-way or they are placed on the
outer side of the base. The head is long and very flat, and the
tentacles are very close together at their bases. The proboscis
is rarely exserted when they are crawling and lively, but as they
become languid after capture it becomes distended with water
and protrudes considerably.

The Philippine Islands would seem to harbor the greatest
number of these elegant and beautiful shells, although a great
many species were obtained by Mr. Cuming in tropical America.
They appear to be chiefly confined to the equatorial regions,
scarcely any being natives of cold climates. The transversely
ribbed species are frequently found in very deep water, and
many have been dredged in twenty and thirty fathoms at Sooloo
and in the China Sea.

Although M. Quoy has rightly termed the Mitra an " animal
apathique," the small longitudinally ribbed species crawl about
pretty briskly over the smooth sand among the low coral islands.
The Mitra episcopates, probably on account of the small size of
its locomotive disk, and the ponderous nature of its long shell,
is, however, a very sluggish mollusk. Some of the Auricula-
shaped Mitres that live among the Philippines, in the shallow
pools left by the receding tide, crawl about the stones out of
the water, in company with Planaxis and Quoyia. The Mitres,
like many of the large Volutes, prefer, however, to associate
together, and may be seen in dozens crawling over the sandy
mud-flats in shallow water, being most active just as the flood-
tide makes. When the tide recedes, they bury themselves
superficially in the yielding soil, and are with difficulty discovered.
Some of the small-ribbed species cover themselves entirely with
the sandy mud, and in that disguised condition travel about
with comparative security.*

Among the Bashu group, and more particularly on the island
of Ibayat, the natives form very elegant and commodious pipes
from different species of shells, the columella and septa of the
convolutions being broken down, and a short ebony stem

* Arthur Adams, Moll. Voy. Samarang, 26, 27.

MITRA. HI

inserted into a hole at the apex of the spire. A pipe of this
manufacture, in my possession, is formed from the Mitra papalis,
and I have seen others made out of Mitra episcopal™ and of
Cerithium and Terebra.*

Typical Group.

Mitriform, thick, spire elevated, apex sharp ; mouth rather
small and narrow, notched in front ; columella obliquely plicate ;
lip rather thick, smooth within.

M.,

* Edge of lip crenated, whorls generally spirally grooved
and punctured.

. EPISCOPALIS, Linn. PL 32, fig. 1.
White, with somewhat quadrangular bright red spots, arranged
in revolving series. Length, 2*5-6 inches.

Ceylon, Philippines, Polynesia.

M. PAPALIS, Linn. PL 32, fig. 2.

White, spotted and blotched with deep scarlet in revolving
series. Length, 3-4'5 inches.

Kingsmill, Caroline and Paumotu Isles.

Much more rare in Polynesia than M. episcopate, according
to Mr. Andrew Garrett.

M. PONTIFICALIS, Lam. PL 32, fig. 3.

White, with oblong or square red spots in revolving series.

Length, 2-3 inches.

Polynesia.

Animal creamy white, with opaque white dots. Sometimes
the shell is encircled with impressed lines, which are deeply
punctured at intervals.

M. CARDINALIS, Gmelin. PL 32, fig. 4.

Whitish, encircled by rows of chestnut-bay spots.

Length, l't5-2'5 inches.

Ceylon, Polynesia.

Usually found in shallow water inside the reefs. Animal
uniform creamy white.

* Belcher, Narrative of Voy. of Samarang, ii, 448, 1848.

112 MITRA.

M. LAMARCKII, Deshayes. PI. 32, fig. 5.

A somewhat narrower shell than M. cardinalis, with fewer and
larger spots, which are longitudinally oblong.

Length, 2-2'25 inches.

Habitat unknown.

It is possibly a variety of cardinalis in which approximate
rows of spots have coalesced into larger ones.

M. VERSICOLOR, Martyn. PI. 32, figs. 6-8.

Yellowish or brownish white, variegated with chestnut-brown
blotches and spots, and numerous small white spots edged with
brown. Length, 2*25 inches.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Polynesia.

The surface is usually ornamented with revolving incised
lines bearing punctures. Several species have been manufactured
out of slight variations of color and form ; they can scarcely be
designated as varieties. Among these are M. nebulosa, Swains.
teste Reeve (fig. 8) ; it is more clouded than the type, and with-
out the white spots ; M. nubila, Gmel.,in which the spots become
longitudinal, and narrowed into stripes ; M. erronea, Dohrn,
proposed for the shell figured by Kiener as M. versicolor (fig.
t); and Reeve's figure of M. nebulosa (fig. 8), the true nebulosa
being, according to Dohrn, figured by Reeve as M. infecta,
drawn, he says, from the original type of nebulosa in the Cum-
ingian Collection. To add to the confusion, Arthur Adams, at
an earlier date, decided also that Reeve's nebulosa was not that
species, and accordingly renamed it M. propinqua. Finally, the
shell which Sowerby figures as M. propinqua, A. Ad., is an
entirely distinct species.

M. PROPINQUA, Sowerby. PI. 33, fig. 11.

White, with faded chocolate bands and longitudinal brown
strigations. Length, 2'8 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Figured by Sowerby for M. propinqua, A. Adams, but no
such species was ever described, Mr. Adams having given that
name to Mr. Reeve's M. nebulosa, which he considered different
from Swainson's. It seems to be a very distinct species.

MITRA. 113

M. VARIEGATA, Reeve. PI. 33, figs. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.

Whitish, clouded with pale chestnut. Length, 1-25-1-75 inches.

Red Sea, Mauritius, Philippines.

The type had an unusually depressed spire, for the species,
accompanied by a slight angulation on the superior portion of
the body-whorl. I have before me a specimen exhibiting similar
divergence from the normal growth, but not quite so marked.
In young, fresh specimens the spire is almost clathrate, the
sutures especially being closety plicated ; when the shell becomes
adult, and somewhat worn, this longitudinal sculpture mostly
disappears. It is usually a heavier shell, but comes close enough
to M. versicolor to give rise to doubts of its distinctness ; on the
other hand it approaches certain species in which the edge of
the lip is not crenulate, and as it is a certain fact that this
character also is frequently obliterated with age, there is strong
probability that eventually several other synonyms will be
added, besides those which I herewith subjoin : these are M.
nympha, Reeve (fig. 12), being the normal growth, M. Rossite,
Reeve (fig. 14), which is a full-grown and somewhat worn
specimen, and probably M. lacunoxa, Reeve (fig. 13). If the
latter is the same species, it will have priority over M. variegata.

M. SANGUINOLENTA, Lam. PL 33, fig. 15.

Shell encircled by punctate impressed striae. Yellowish red,
strigate with chestnut and spotted with white.

Length, 1-25 inches.

Habitat unknown.

This species is known to conchologists only through the type
figured by Kiener ; Lamarck himself, according to his synonymy,
appears to have confounded it with M. versicolor.

M. EXIMIA, A. Adams. PL 33, figs. 16, 17.

White, clouded with chestnut. Length, 1 inch.

Mauritius, Ceylon.

Said to be somewhat clathrate l\y the growth-lines. Is very
probably only a stunted specimen of M. variegata. M. lacunosa,
Sowb., not Reeve (fig. 17 !, is a more advanced stage of growth ;
it is said to come from Ceylon.
15

114 MITRA.

M. C^ERULEA, Reeve. PL 33, fig. 18.

Whitish, clouded with bluish gray, with a few chestnut spots
or strigations arranged in two revolving series, and below the
suture besides ; orange-brown within the aperture.

Length, 1-5 inches.

Viti Islands. — Garrett.

Highly colored as is this species, its form and sculpture are
so like M. variegata, that I doubt its distinctness.

M. MAURITIANA, Sowb. PL 33, fig. 19.

Cancellated by pitted grooves and longitudinal ridges ; white,
with two broad bands of interrupted brown spots.

Length, 1-5 inches. Mauritius.

M. INCISA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 33, figs. 20, 21.

Whitish, variously clouded with purplish brown, sometimes
forming two broad bands, variegated sometimes with small
brown spots and whitish fine zigzag lines. Length, 22 mill.

China, Andaman Islands.

Sowerby considers M. Marise, A. Ad. (fig. 21), a synonym,
but Mr. E. A. Smith attempts to separate it on account of slight
differences of form. I am satisfied that they are identical, and
suspect that they are merely the young of a form of M.
variegata.

M. SERPENTINA, Lam. PL 33, fig. 22.

White, indistinctly stained and zoned with orange, longitudi-
nally painted with waved brown lines shadowed with white;

aperture yellowish. Length, 1 '5-2*25 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

M. Deshayes remarks that M. variegata, GmeL, having priority
of publication, should be used in place of serpentina ; the latter
has, however, become so well established that Reeve has used
the former name for another recognized species, and under the
circumstances it is better not to be too strenuous for the main-
tenance of individual rights.

M. MARQUESANA, A. Ad. PL 33, fig. 23.

Color of M. serpentina, but finer sculpture, and much smaller
size. Length, 23 mill.

Marquesas Islands.
Possibly not distinct from M. serpentina.

MITRA. 115

M. BOVEI, Kiener. PL 33, fig. 24.

Turriculated, coronated with small tubercles, and encircled
with close-set punctured stria?. Ashy white, with two broad
bands of ashy violet, flaked with numerous small, snow-white

spots ; brownish within. Length, 2-2'25 inches.

Bed Sea.

In young specimens the tubercles are said to be scarcely
apparent, and it. may be doubted whether J/. c&rulea. Ree\
not a non-coronate form of the same species, the painting being
very similar.

M. PUXCTICULATA, Lam. PI. 33, fig. 25.

Whitish, tessellated with yellow, with two broad, irregular
orange bands, upon which are longitudinal chocolate strigations;
aperture yellowish within. Whorls coronated, with closely
punctured revolving incised lines, crossed by rugose lines of

growth. Length, 1 '5-1 '75 inches.

Philippines.

M. SOPHIA, Crosse. PI. 33, fig. 26.

Yellowish brown, whorls tuberculated at the angle of the
shoulder, with one or two rows of tubercles below it.

Length, 43 mill.

New Caledonia.

The columella has six plications, whilst that of M. puncticulata
has but four or five.

M. CRATITIA. A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 27.

Pale yellowish white. Length, 1*6 inches.

South Africa
I am not acquainted with this species.

* * Outer lip not crenulated on its edge, whorls seldom grooved or punctured.

M. FLOCCATA. Reeve. PL 34, fig. 29.

Yellowish bay-color, longitudinally flaked with white, lip

creuated near its base. Length. 2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a unique specimen in the late Cumingian
cabinet. The lip is said to be crenulated near its base, and
possibly finer examples may be crenulated throughout. It is
a doubtful species, too close to J/. uariegata. Reeve.

116 MITRA.

M. CHALYBEIA, Reeve. PI. 34, fig. 30.

Whorls smooth, grooved towards the base ; rudely very finely
crenulated next the sutures ; longitudinally streaked with white
and ashy blue, transversely indistinctly banded , encircled through-
out with equidistant reddish brown lines ; columella reddish
orange, four-plaited. Length, 2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Only one specimen known, in the Cumingian collection.
Probably an individual variation from some well-known type,
such as M. variegata.

M. LIMATA, Reeve. PL 34, fig. 33.

Shell rather thick, polished, transversely grooved throughout,
grooves punctured ; whitish, encircled by a pale white-flaked
band. Length, 1 inch.

Isl. of Bohol, Philippine*.-

Probably a variety of M. variegata, Reeve.

M. GUTTATA, Swainson, Pi; 34, fig. 31.

Yellowish brown, longitudinally mottled with white.

Length, 2 inches.

Ceylon.
M. FERGUSONI, Sowb. PI. 34, fig. 32.

More volute-shaped than any other species ; it is smooth, solid,
pale fawn, with fine articulated lines and a little cloud of chest-
nut; spire rather short, obtuse; aperture large, with smooth
outer lip. Length, 1-75 inches.

Panama.

I am not acquainted with this species. The authority for the
locality is not given.

M. FLORIDA, Gould. PL 34, fig. 35.

Whitish, clouded with yellowish brown, with numerous
revolving series of small brown spots ; pinkish white within the
aperture. Length, 1-75 inches.

Dr. Gould's type, received from Dr. Edmund Ravenel, of
Charleston, S. C., is said to have come from Florida ; another
specimen in the Jay Collection has the habitat Philippine Islands.
Its characters are intermediate between Mitra and Voluta. My

MITRA. HI

figure is from Gould's type, and I can add nothing to the above
meagre information concerning this curious form.

M. DESETANGSII, Kiener. PL 34, fig. 34.

More ventricose and thicker than M. variegata, less strongly
cancellated on the upper portion of the two last whorls ; with
three zones of spots upon the last whorl, one of them sutural,
and the other two separated by a wide very light reddish-brown

band. Length, 29 mill.

Mauritius.

Kiener's description and my figure (copied) are from a dead
and bleached specimen. Lienard gives the above particulars of
coloration, and acknowledges its close relationship to M.variegata
— from which, nevertheless he distinguishes it.

M. CANCELLATA, Kiener. PL 34, fig. 36.

Whitish, cancellated and pitted. Length, 1/3 inches.

Habitat unknown.

This shell has been overlooked by subsequent monographers ;
I can make nothing out of it ; it is evidently in bad condition,
and only a single specimen is known, in the Massena Collection.
There is a M. cancellaia, Swainson, a very different species.

M. HAMILLEI, Petit. PL 34, fig. 3T.

Brown, marbled and tinted with chestnut and olivaceous,
finely cancellated by revolving incised lines and close growth-
lines. Length, 1*5 inches.

Cape Verd Islands.

Distinguished by its compressed cylindrical form. A species
from Moreton Bay sent to the Philadelphia Academy as M.
cylindrica, Reeve, by Dr. J. C. Cox, of Sydney, N. S. W.,
appears to be identical with the above.

M. SENEGALENSIS, Reeve. PL 34, fig. 38.

Livid olive, longitudinally ornamented with a very few white

flames ; aperture livid chestnut. Length, 1*3 inches.

Senegal.

M. GLABRA, Swainson. PL 34, fig. 42.

Smooth, polished, with slight incised revolving lines ; base
truncated and a little recurved. Orange-red, encircled by fine

118 MITRA.

brown, hair-like lines ; deep orange within the aperture ; epider-
mis smooth, blackish, seldom present upon cabinet specimens.

Length, 2-4 inches.

So. and W. Australia.

Specimens are not usually over two inches in length. M.
buccinata, Quoy, described ten years later, is identical.

M. DECLIVIS, Reeve. PL 34, figs. 39, 41.

Whorls smooth, with very faintly impressed revolving lines,
angularly bent around the upper part; ashy flesh to orange-
color. Length, 2 inches.

Australia.

The locality is given by Sowerby ; it was unknown to Reeve,
whose specimen was in the Korris Collection. The epidermis
is said to be very black, and there is no trace of the brown
revolving lines of M. glabra ; still I strongly suspect that this
will prove to be a deformed specimen of that species.

M. FULGURITA, Reeve. PI. 34, fig. 43.

Revolving strise closely punctured ; yellowish bay, slightly
banded with pale longitudinal streaks. Length, 2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

A common enough but characteristic species, of which excel-
lent specimens are before me.

M INQUINATA, Reeve. PL 34, figs. 40, 44.

Whorls encircled by distant, punctate, impressed lines ;
whitish, tessellated longitudinally with chestnut-brown, some-
times broken up into quadrangular spots by the revolving
sculpture. Length, 2-3 inches.

Japan (M. Wrighti).

Described from a single specimen without locality. It is
difficult to point out distinctive characters from the last species,
and I suspect that they are identical ; M. Wrighti, Crosse (fig.
44), is evidently the same species as inquinata.

M. BARBADENSIS, Gmelin. PL 35, figs. 45, 46, 48, 49.

Yellowish brown, polished, sometimes faintly, narrowly zoned
with chestnut, flaked here and there with white.

Length, 1-1-75 inches.

West Indies, on coral reefs.

M. tessellata, Kiener (fig. 48), is a short shell of this species,

Ml TEA. 119

and M. picta, Reeve (fig. 49), is also a synonym ; Sowerby
erroneously refers the latter to the Cape of Good Hope.

M. SIMPLEX, Dunker. PL 35, fig. 50.

Smooth, slightly striate at base ; chestnut, sometimes sparsely

flecked with white. Length, 9 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

Much smaller and broader than M. Barbadenxis, which it
appears to resemble.

M. VARIABILTS, Reeve. PL 35, figs. 4t, 56.

Yellowish brown, sometimes narrowly lined with chestnut,
tessellated with white around the suture and periphery, the
latter sometimes confluent into an irregular broad white band ;
yellowish brown within the aperture. Length, T5-1-75 inches.

Torres Straits, Australia.

Fig. 56 represents Reeve's M. cylindracea.

M. RUBIGINOSA, Reeve. PL 35, fig. 54.

White, with large spots or tessellations of yellowish brown ;
closely punctured in revolving lines. Length, 28-40 mill.

IsL Ticao, Philippines.
M. CANCELLATA, Swainson. PL 35, fig. 55.

Sutures crenulated, whorls cancellated by revolving impressed
lines and longitudinal raised striae. Light yellowish brown,
longitudinal^ streaked with white, with three rather indistinct
bands of interrupted orange spots. Length, 1/T5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a unique Cumingian specimen.

M. USTULATA, Reeve. PL 35, fig. 51.

Whitish, maculated with chestnut so as to form interrupted

bands. Length, 1—1 '7 inches.

Viti Islands. — Garrett.

M. IGNOBILIS, Reeve. PL 35, fig. 52.

Whitish, with interrupted bands of chestnut spots.

Length, 1-5 inches.

Philippines.

Broader than M. ustulata, the revolving sculpture more
distinct.

120 MITRA.

M. CONTRACT A, Swainson. PL 35, fig. 53.

Yellowish white, clouded with chestnut, engraved with revolv-
ing striae. Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Red Sea; Philippines; Polynesia.

The peculiar form of this species will at once distinguish it
from its neighbors. It is narrower and without the elevated
ridges of M. chrysostoma, and approaches the genus Mitroidea
in shape. It has been usually known as M. abbatis, Chemn., but
he was not a binomial author, so that I have preferred Swainson 's
later name.

M. LATRUNCULARIA, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 59.

Whitish, obscurely banded, and tessellated with chestnut.
Length, 1-1*25 inches.

Cape of Good Hope (Sowerby); Viti Isles (Garrett).

M. SOLIDA, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 51.

Fulvous bay-color, with irregular white spots in a series upon
the periphery, and another at the suture. Length, 1 8 inches.

Australia.
M. PIGRA, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 58, 60.

Olive-brown, tessellated with white around the suture ; aper-
ture brown within. Length, 1'5 inches.

Australia,
M. CALTGINOSA, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 61.

Whitish, covered with a black epidermis. Length, 1*4 inches.

Habitat unknown.
M. SACERDOTALIS, A. Ad. PI. 35, fig. 62.

Chestnut-brown, with a light band at the suture and another
on the periphery, and longitudinal dark chestnut streaks.

Length, 3 inches.

Australia.
M. CHTNENSIS, Gray. PI. 36, figs. 65, 66.

Pale brown under a brownish black, smooth epidermis ; upper
whorls and base of body-whorl with revolving striae.

Length, 2'25-3'5 inches.

China.

Sowerby's figure of this species (fig. 65) is much larger than
the type, and differs in having some obscure darker longitudinal
streaks and a light sutural line ; it is not very different from M
sacerdotalis. M. obliqua, Lesson, an unfigured species, is com-

MITRA. 121

pared by him with Chinensis ; its distinctive characters do not
appear to be important.

M. STRIGATA, Swainson. PL 35, fig. 63.

Smooth, reddish brown, with lighter longitudinal streaks.

Length, 2 inches.

Habitat unknown.
M. ROSETTE, Angas. PI. 35, fig. 64.

Deep orange-brown, longitudinally strigate with white ; with
distant impressed revolving striae. Length, 1*25 inches.

So. Australia.

The whorls are flatter than in the preceding species — with
which nevertheless it may be synonymous.

M. SWAINSONI, Brod. PI. 36, fig. 68.

Turreted, with rather deep sutures, smooth, striated towards
the base ; brownish or dirty white covered with a blackish brown
epidermis. Length, 3'4-3'6 inches.

Monte Christi, W. Columbia; sandy mud, 7 fathoms.

Much larger than the next species, but may prove to be
identical with it; the shoulder of the whorls, amounting to a
deformity, is exactly imitated in specimens of M. maura before me.

M. MAURA, Swainson. PL 36, fig. 6T.

Dirt}' white or brown, with revolving striae ; covered by a
smooth black or blackish brown epidermis ; aperture light

chocolate. Length. l-2'25 inches.

Peru, northwards to San Diego, Gal.

This species attains its maximum development upon the
Peruvian Coast, where it is plentiful, in fissures of rocks at low
water ; it is much smaller in the waters of California. Gray's
name, M. orientalis, has priority, but is not adopted because
geographically misleading. It is the M. Chilensis of Kiener.
According to d'Orbigny the animal has a narrow foot, is pure
white, with black eyes.

M. INDUTA, Sowb. PL 36, fig. TO.

Very obscurely striated, but strongly grooved towards the
base ; outer lip thin, arched, very minutely crenulated, smooth

within ; epidermis blackish brown. Length, 33 mill.

Habitat unknown.

A doubtful species ; apparently founded on a single specimen.
16

122 MITRA.

M. QUOYI, Desh. PI. 36, fig. 71.

Shell smooth, with faint impressed revolving striae ; epidermis

black. Length, 20 mill.

New Ireland.

This species, described and figured by Quoy under the name
of M. nigra, is very different from the previously described M.
nigra of Chemnitz, and is scarcely equivalent to that figured by
Reeve ; it is, then, an unidentified species. I give a copy of one
of the original figures.

M. ABBREVIATA, Sowb. PL 36, fig. 69.

Smooth, faintly striate at base ; epidermis black.

Length, 28 mill.

New Zealand.
Name proposed for M. nigra, Reeve (not Chemn. nor Quoy).

M. NITIDA, A. Ad. PI. 36, fig. 73.

Smooth, chocolate-brown, with a few impressed revolving

lines. Length, '5 inch.

Habitat unknown.
Probably a worn, juvenile specimen.

M. INFRAFASCIATA, Souverbie. PI. 36, fig. 72.

Smooth, slightly striate near the base ; brownish black, with a
yellowish band on the periphery, visible within the brown aper-
ture. Length, 8-9 mill.

New Caledonia.
Two specimens obtained.

M. FUSCA, Swainson. PI. 36, fig. 75.

Smooth, very finely striated with punctures near the apex ;
slightly striate at the base, body-whorl slightly contracted in
the middle ; epidermis very dark brown, sometimes lighter
beneath the sutures. Length, 1-1-75 inches.

Madeira, Atlantic Coast of Portugal and 80. France.

M. Adansonii, Phil., described as from Gabon, in Guinea, W.
Africa, appears to agree fairly with this species ; it has not been
figured nor alluded to by the monographers.

M. CORNICULA, Linn. PI. 36, figs. 74, 76-81.

Horny brown ; smooth, impressed striae at the base.
Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Mediterranean Sea ; Atlantic Coast of N. Africa.

MITRA. 123

Considerable confusion exists in the nomenclature of this
species, the names of cornicula and cornea having been rather
loosely applied by different authors ; several of the most recent
investigators have applied to it that of M. lutescens, Lam., as a
name about which there can be no doubt ; I agree with Deshayes,
Reeve, etc., that the name given by Linnaeus may be fitly
preserved for the species. The form and coloration are certainly
variable — how variable, I am not able to determine. The follow-
ing, among the large number of synonyms, have been variously
separated as varieties and even as species, and there are not
wanting connecting forms even with so typically diverse a species
as M. ebenus.

M. Pliilippiana, Forbes (fig. 77), is considered by Weinkauff a
minor form of var. cornea, Lam. ; it appears to me to be merely
a young shell without distinctive features. A curious color-
variety is that figured by Kiener as M. cornicularis, Lam. (fig.
76). M. graja, Reeve (fig. 78), is from the Isle of Paros,
Grecian Archipelago ; it is a solid shell and appears to connect
with

Var. LACTEA, Lam. (fig. 79).

Shell smooth, solid, white ; with fine revolving striae.

Yar. PLUMBEA, Reeve (fig. 80).

Mitra plumbea, Lam., is usually referred to the smooth form
of M. ebenus, Linn., but the shell which Reeve and Sowerby have
figured for plumbea is very different from that species. It is
nearer to cornicula, but may be entirely distinct, being a larger,
stouter shell, chestnut-brown covered partially by a plum-like
bloom.

Yar. SCHRCETERI, Desh. (fig. 81).

Pale horny brown, marked with white next the sutures and
with an irregular central light band. Length, 1—1 '25 inches.

Weinkauff* thinks this a West Indian species, but no such
form is known there. Deshaj^es considers it fully equivalent to
M. cornicularis, Lain. It connects closely with M. Kieneri, Sowb.

Bull. Mai. Ital., iii, 75.

124 MITE A.

M. INSOLATA, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 82.

More pyramidal, and the whorls not gibbous at the suture as
in M. lactea (= lutescens, var.), White. Length, 1-1 inches.

Habitat unknown.

An unsatisfactory species.

M. PETROSA, Sowb. PL 37, fig. 99.

Thick, white, with slight revolving striae. Length, 1*5 inches.

Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen in the late Taylor Collection.

M. KIENERI, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 86.

Plum-color, mottled or streaked with dark chestnut, with a
narrow white band above the periphery, and visible on the spire.

Length, 1-25 inches.

Sowerby describes and figures this from a shell which he says
agrees with Kiener's illustration of M. ebenus, and from which
species it is perfectly distinct. It appears to me to hold about
the same relation to M. ebenusth&t Schroeteri does to cornicula,
and to be as closely related also to Schroeteri; in fact, it seems
to be a connecting form between cornicula and ebenus.

M. GRCENLANDICA, Gray. PL 36, fig. 83.

Whitish, under a corneous epidermis. Length, -5-'85 inch.

Greenland.

This is the type of the genus Volutomitra, Gray, separated
from Mitra on account of possessing an entirely different lingual
dentition. If it be recognized as a distinct genus on this account,
it must stand alone, as the twenty species referred to the genus
by H. and A. Adams are indistinguishable from Mitra by the
shell, and their dentition is entirely unknown.

M. EBENUS, Lam. PL 36, figs. 84, 85, 87, 88 ; PL 37, figs. 89, 90.

Smooth, shining, chocolate-brown ; with a narrow yellowish
line upon the upper part of the body-whorl, visible on the spire.

Length, -75-1 inch.

Mediterranean Rea ; North Atlantic Coast of Africa.
Var. COSTATA has the shell wrinkled longitudinally, a well-marked
example being M. Defrancii, Payr. (fig. 88) ; all intermediate
stages occur to the smooth form.

MITRA. 125

Among the synonyms are M. cornicularis, Costa, not Lam. ;
M. cornicula, Risso, not Linn. ; M. plumbea, Lam., not Reeve
or Sowb., and M.plicatula and pyramidella, Brocchi — two fossil
forms.

M. livida. Reeve (fig. 89), habitat unknown, and M. chelonia,
Reeve (fig. 90), said to come from the Island of Burias, Philip-
pines, are both referred to M. ebenus by Sowerby.

M. PATULA, Reeve. PL 37, fig. 91.

Light corneous, sometimes with a narrow, superior white band;
surface slightly folded longitudinally, or nearly smooth.

Length, -5 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.
M. WELDII, Tenison-Woods.

Banded orange and dark brown ; translucent, with faint ribs

on the upper whorls. Length, 10 mill.

Tasmania.

This species has not been figured, and I know nothing
concerning it.

M. CAPENSIS, Dunker. PI. 37, figs. 95, 92, 94.

Yellowish or orange-brown, banded with chocolate on the
periphery, sometimes with a second band beneath the suture and
chocolate-tinged at the base.

Length, *6 inch.

Natal, South Africa.

M. vincta (fig. 94), and M. rufocincta (fig. 92), of A. Adams,
appear to be synonymous.

M. PICA, Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 96.

Smooth, dark chocolate, tinged w'ith White below the sutures
and at the base. Length, '7 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.
M. LACHRYMA, Reeve. PL 37, fig. 93.

Thin, whorls finely longitudinally ribbed at the upper part,
crossed by revolving obsolete raised striae ; white, with an
orange-brown blotch at the back,

Habitat unknown.

The several foregoing species, from the Cape of Good Hope
and its vicinity, are all known only from the figured types.
M. lachryma may well be identical with M. pica.

126 M1TRA.

M. FUNEREA, Reeve. PI. 37, figs. 100-103.

Spire-whorls well rounded, closely longitudinally sculptured,
decussated by revolving lines ; upper portion of body-whorl
similarly sculptured, middle smooth or nearly so, base with close
revolving striae. Chocolate-brown, with a narrow yellow band
below the shoulder of the whorl. Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Isle of Luzon, Philippines ; six fathoms, sandy mud.

Possibly M. chelonia, Reeve (fig. 90), referred to M. ebenus,
may be a smooth variety of this species. That it varies consider-
ably is shown by Sowerby's figure of it (fig. 101). M. bilineata,
Reeve (fig. 102), and M. analogica, Reeve, not Sowerby (fig. 103),
both appear to be younger individuals of this species.

M. AUSTRALIS, Swainson. PL 37, figs. 104, 105.

Smooth, polished ; brown, with a broad yellowish band stained
with chestnut. Length, 1'25 inches.

Van Diemari's Land ; Australia.

This shell approaches very closely to M. Kieneri, Sowb. If
Quoy's M. melaleuca (fig. 105) is a synonym, as decided by
Reeve and Sowerby, then it must be the normal form of the
species, and Australis a stunted, scalariform monstrosity of it.

M. LAMBERTI, Souverbie. PL 37, fig. 106.

Whorls encircled by punctate, impressed striae ; chestnut-
brown, with a narrow yellowish band on the upper part.

Length, 1 inch.

New Caledonia.

M. POLITA, Reeve. PL 37, fig. 107.

Upper part of the spire longitudinally plicate, body-whorl
with revolving striae at base, otherwise smooth and polished ;
chestnut or ashy brown, with a narrow light band.

Length, 1'25-1'75 inches.

Philippines, Ceylon.

M. CALLOSA, Reeve. PL 37, fig. 108.

Smooth, striate towards the base ; leaden brown, variegated,
spotted or obscurely banded with brown. Length, 1-1 inches.

Philippines.

Looks like a " telescoped " condition of M. polita, described
above.

MITRA. 127

M. EFFUSA, Swainson. PL 37, fig. 109.

Uniform dark chestnut, encircled with fine raised ridges.

Length, 1-25 inches,

Guacomayo, Central America ; Gallapagos Is.

M. TESTACEA, Swainson. PI. 37, figs. 110-112.

Chestnut-brown, with obsolete or deep-cut revolving lines at
the base. Length, 1'25 inches.

Kingsmill, Cook's, Society and Paumotus Is.

That M. Bulimoides, Reeve (fig. Ill), and M. badia, Reeve
(fig. 112), are both synonyms, I have little doubt; they are
described without locality.

M. RHODIA, Reeve. PL 37, fig. 114.

Smooth, polished, with very fine, obsolete spiral striae,
becoming more distinct towards the base ; dark olive or

chestnut-brown. Length, 1 inch. />.»<- J«.O/<I.M.

Habitat unknown.

More narrowly acuminated than the preceding species ; of
which nevertheless it may be a variety.

M. CASTANEA, A. Ad. PL 37, fig. 115.

Chestnut-color ; transversely punctate-striate. Length, * 9 inch.

Habitat unknown.

" This species most nearly resembles M. badia, Reeve, but the
whorls are rounded, and it differs in other particulars." The
white spots on Sowerby's figure (the only illustration of the
species) are not described : — do they represent punctations ?

M. MELANIANA, Lam. PL 37, figs. 118, 119.

Dark olive-brown, or dark chestnut, smooth and polished,
usually with small white spots below the suture.

Length, 2-2-5 inches.

Port Jackson, Australia.

Sowerby and Reeve call this species M. nigra, Chemn., but
the figures in that scarcely quotable author do not indicate this
shell. Reeve gives Isl. of Annaa, Pacific Ocean, as locality, and
Lamarck quotes Guinea, India and Greenland! — all errors.
Something like M. Chinensis, Gray, but differs in its more flat-
tened whorls. M. digna, A. Ad. (fig. 119), is synonymous.

128 MITRA.

M. SCITA, Tenison-Woods.

Shell small, ovate, shining, entirely pure deep brown ; spire
obtusely rounded, apex mamillated, whorls six, smooth, tumid,
suture finely impressed ; aperture rather wide, brown within,

lirate, columella triplicate. Length, 8 mill.

Tasmania.

Yery distinct from its size, and intense uniform coloring,
though belonging to the series of which M. badia (= testacea)
is a large representative. The above is the original description ;
not figured.

M. TERESLE, Tenison-Woods.

Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat thin, shiny, subventricose,
brown, with two whitish bands ; spire somewhat short, scarcely
acute, whorls five, smooth, tumid, shining conspicuously, finely
canaliculate at the suture, aperture ovate, bifasciate within,

columella triplicate. Length, t-14 mill.

Tasmania.

The coloring seems very persistent, and therefore the species
is not easily mistaken. I confess, however, that if this species
could lose the white bands, and were to have the mouth lirate
within, I should regard it as a variety of M. scita. I think the
lirse are not persistent in the latter, and therefore the shell may
be the same. The above is the original description ; unfigured.

M. TYPHA, Reeve. PL 3t, figs. 113, 116,

Encircled by fine striae ; horny, transparent, with a broad,
rusty brown band. Length, '6 inch.

Viti Isles; I. of Bohol, Philippines, under stones at low water.

M. peculiaris, Reeve (fig. 116), appears to be a shouldered
monstrosity of this species.

M. FLEXILABRIS, Sowb. PL 37, fig. 98.

Smooth, with faint spiral striae ; yellow, with two orange-
brown bands. Length, 13 mill.

Mauritius.

More cylindrical and narrower than M. typha, Reeve, and
differently banded, yet I doubt its distinctness from that species.

AIDONE. 129

M. TENUIS, Sowb. PL 37, fig. 117.

Transparent, horny, with a light fulvous band on the upper

part of the whorls. Length, '65 inch.

Habitat unknown.

" Much like M. typha, but more pyramidal." I suspect that
it is not distinct from that species.

M. MICANS, Reeve. PL 37, fig. 120.

Smooth, polished, ivory-white, faintly orange-banded.
Length, '7 inch.

Cook's Islands, Polynesia. — Garrett.
Perhaps this also is a form of M. typha.

M. COOKII, Hanley. PL 37, fig. 121.

Chestnut-brown, variegated with blue-gray ; delicately striated.
Length, 1-25 inches.

Australia.
I do not know this species.

M. ALBINA, A. Adams. PL 37, fig. 97.

Spire and upper part of body-whorl folded longitudinally ;

white. Length, !•! inches.

Island of Luzon, on the reefs.
Described from a single specimen in the Cumingian Collection.

Section Aidone, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, smooth, polished, small ; spire acuminate, as
long as the aperture ; inner lip excavated, with two prominent
plaits in the middle ; outer lip thin, simple.

This little Olivella-like form may prove to be generically dis-
tinct from Mitra.

M. ALBA, Pease. PL 51, fig. 471.

White, polished, finely striated. Length, 7*5 milL

Society and Paumotus Islands.

Mr. Pease describes the columella as quadriplicate, but his
specimens now before me have only two distinct plicae, although
there are slight indications of additional ones, as might be
expected.

M. INSIGNIS, A. Ad.

An unfigured species, referred to Aidone j as its type. It
comes from Rains' Island.
17

130 SWAINSONIA.

Section Swainsonia, H. and A. Ad.

Oliviform, smooth, polished, spire nearly as long as the
aperture.

M. ZONATA, Marryatt. PL 38, figs. 122, 126.

Yellowish brown, the lower half of the body-whorl chocolate-
brown, forming a narrow band on the spire. Length, 2 '5 inches.
Mediterranean ; deep water, in rocky places.

Petit, writing in 1869, says : " Cette coquille est le reve et en
meme temps le desespoir de 1'amateur, Elle n'a 6t6 trouvee,dit-on,
que deux fois." It has since become more common, and although
one of the rare species, all doubt as to its being really an inhabi-
tant of the Mediterranean Sea, has finally been dissipated. It
has been found at Toulon, on the North African Coast, near
Catania, in the Gulf of Naples, Leghorn, Sardinia, etc. M. Sant-
angeli, Maravigna (fig. 126), is founded on a worn example in
which the colors have faded to white and orange.

M. CASTA, Lam. PL 38, fig. 123.

Ivory-white, covered, except a narrow band at the suture and
another wider one at the base, by a persistent smooth, thin
chestnut- or olive-brown epidermis. Length, 1-25-2 inches.
Zanzibar ; Mauritius ; Polynesia, in sandy mud, laminarian zone.

Cabinet specimens usually preserve the epidermis, but when
specimens are weathered, they become uniformly polished white.
Mr. Sowerby makes M. Isevis, A. Ad., an unfigured species, a
synonym. I have preferred quoting Lamarck for this species
rather than Chemnitz or Solander,who used the name, less defi-
nitely, at an earlier date. M. bicolor, Swainson, is the young
shell of this species.

M. FILUM, Wood. PL 38, fig. 127.

White, with a very broad chestnut or olive-brown band, which
is finely streaked across with white, apex and base black tipped.

Length, '85 inch.

Zanzibar.

Kiener and Deshayes have erroneously identified with this
species M. bicolor, Swains., which is really the young of M. casta.
M. affinis, Lesson, an uafigured species from the Gambier Islands,
may be identical with it.

SWAINSONIA. 131

v M. OLIV^FORMIS, Swainson. PI. 38, fig. 131 ; PL 33, fig. 28.

Whorls encircled by punctate incised lines, which are usually
obsolete except around the upper part; yellowish or orange,
apex and base dark blue-black. Length, '65 inch.

Society Islands, gregarious, in sand inside the reefs.
M. dactyloidea, Anton (fig. 28), appears to be a young shell of
this species.

M. FORMOSA, Pease. PL 38, fig. 128.

Smooth, polished, transversely regularly punctate-striate ;
light flesh-color, spotted or striped longitudinally with white,
aperture yellowish. Length, 14 mill.

Ascension Isl.

Allied to M. filum, Wood.

M. NEWCOMBII, Pease.

Shell elongate, rather cylindrically fusiform ; spire short, acute ;
whorls flatly convex, transversely punctate-striate, striae becom-
ing sometimes obsolete 011 middle of last whorl ; spire and upper
part of last whorl decussated by longitudinal impressed striae ;
base distantly grooved and somewhat truncate ; columella five-
plaited, white, remotely punctured with reddish brown dots, last
whorl encircled with a broad dark brown band.

Length 21, diam. 8 mill.

Sandwich Isles.

Allied to M. filum, Wood, but somewhat larger. It is un-
figured, and I have not seen a specimen, but I suspect that it is
a variety of that species.

M. FISSURATA, Lam. PL 38, figs. 124, 125.

Smooth, polished, sometimes partly or wholly encircled with
distant, slightly impressed revolving lines ; pale pink-gray, with
a broad obscure darker band, overlaid with a china-crackle pat-
tern of white lines ; sometimes the band is bordered above by
brown ocelli, visible above the suture-line of the spire; livid
within the aperture. Length, 1-2 inches.

Red Sea ; Mauritius ; Zanzibar.

M. ocellata, Swainson (fig. 125), is the shell with the dark
spots ; it is not a distinct variety as these may be detected ob-
scurely marked on most specimens, and occasionally become
more or less prominent.

132 SCABRICOLA.

M. ZEPHYRINA, Duclos. PI. 38, figs. 129, 130.

Cylindrical oliviform, with distant, slightly impressed revolv-
ing lines ; .chestnut-brown, sometimes flecked with white in two

spiral series. Length, '15-1 inch.

Mauritius.

The variety without spots has been called M. Nevilli by Mr.
Hanley (fig. 130).

M. EBURNEA, Philippi. TJnfigured. Marquesas Islands.

Not included in the monographies, and unknown to me.

Section Scabricola, Swainson.

Mitre-shaped or pyramidal ; granulated or scabrous.
M. TESSELLATA, Martyn. PL 38, figs. 139, 136.

Pale yellow, with chestnut-brown longitudinal flames.

Length, 2'5-3'5 inches.

Polynesia ; Zanzibar f

The longitudinal plications sometimes become obsolete, on
which state M. terebralis, Lam. (fig. 136), is founded. It is
doubtful whether the latter form comes from Zanzibar ; at any
rate, I have before me examples of it from the Paumotus Islands.
Garrett says that the animal is cream-yellow ; the small triangular
foot is reddish brown above, and the siphon is varied with a
lighter shade of the same color. Philippi contends that
Lamarck's species terebralis is different from the figure bearing
that name in Reeve, and so calls the latter M. Reevei ; but
Deshayes, in Lamarck, refers to Kiener's figure, which is the
same as that of Reeve and Sowerby.

M. IMPRESSA, Anton. PL 38, fig. 132.

Yellowish or orange-brown ; sometimes slightly shouldered.

Length, 1-1-25 inches.

Japan.

So closely is this related to the M. granulosa,t\i&i, were it not
for the difference in locality, I would be disposed to consider it
a variety.

M. VITELLINA, Gould. PL 38, fig. 134.

Pale orange, with an imperfect white vitta adjacent to the
posterior revolving strias, a second at the anterior third of the

SCABRICOLA. 133

last whorl, and with the other parts of the shell slightly mottled
with white, except the sutural portion. Length, 1*75 inches.

Hab. uncertain ; probably East Indies.

Narrower than M. impressa, of which, nevertheless, it may be
only a variety.

M. GRANULOSA, Lam. PL 38, fig. 138.

Orange, or sometimes chestnut-brown ; occasionally obscurely
banded, or with the granules next the suture lighter colored.

Length, 1-1-5 inches.

West Indies ; on rocks.

M. ONISCINA, Lam. PI. 38, fig. 135.

Chocolate-brown, with a superior white band, and an inferior

one less distinct. Length, -6-1-2 inches.

East Indie*.

An obscure species figured by Kiener, and not recognized by
subsequent naturalists.

M. LENS, Wood. PL 38, figs. 133, 137 ; PL 39, figs. 140-142, 144.

Ashy violet or brownish white, covered with a dark epidermis,
varying from chocolate to nearly black. Length, 2-2 -5 inches.
Peru ; Panama ; Mazatlan ; Galapagos Is.

The dark color and very coarse, rude sculpture of this species
will readily distinguish it from all others ; there is, besides, on
well-grown specimens, two rows of very deep punctures, encir-
cling the middle of the whorls. The Peruvian locality is on the
authority of d'Orbigny, who has described a young shell as M.
inca (fig. 140). M. Dupontii, Kiener (fig. 137), is said to come
from the Red Sea, but I agree with Reeve and Sowerby that it
is a synonym of M. lens, and the habitat is very doubtful. M.
lignaria, Reeve (fig. 141), dredged at fourteen fathoms from
rocky ground, at St. Elena, W. Columbia, is merely a lighter
colored variety, somewhat narrower than the usual form. M.
rupicola, Reeve (fig. 144), obtained with the last, and unique in
the Cumingian Collection, is a M. lens, more shouldered than
usual ; I have before me shells somewhat like it. M. muricata,
Swainson (fig. 142), cannot be distinguished from a very usual
form of young specimens of M. lens ; Cuming obtained it at the
Galapagos Isles, from sandy mud, at six fathoms.

1 34 SCABRICOLA.

M. VULTUOSA, Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 143.

Orange-brown. Length, 1 inch.

Isl. of Capul, Philippines (found on the reefs).
Closely allied to M. impressa, Anton.

M. NUCLEOLA, Lam. PL 39, figs. 145-141, 151.

Fulvous yellow, Length, -75-1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

The figures given by Kiener (fig. 145 ), Reeve (fig. 146), and
Sowerby (fig. 147) for this shell, are so different that they seem
to represent distinct species. The first, which is presumably
from the type, if well drawn, has but little affinity with the
present group ; M. unifascialis, Lam., as figured by Kiener (fig.
151), certainly appears to be synonymous with it.

M. SPH^RULATA, Martyn. PI. 39, fig. 149.

Whitish, yellowish or light brown, variously stained with dark
chocolate or blackish spots on the granules ; aperture orange.

Length, 2-2 '5 inches.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

M. EBURNOSTOMA, Garrett.

Creamy white, sparingly mottled with brown. The sculpture
is almost precisely the same as in M. sphaerulata, but it may be
at once distinguished from that species by its paler color, more
slender form and pure white aperture.

Length 41, diam. 13 mill.

Paumotus Isles.

A very rare species, of which two examples were found buried
in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone. Its distinct-
ness from M. sphserulata may well be doubted ; it has not been
figured.

M. TEXTURATA, Lam. PL 39, figs. 150, 148.

Shell variegated with white and rusty brown.

Length, 1*25-1*5 inches.

Philippines, Viti Isles.
Var. LIFOUANA, Crosse. Fig. 148.

Distinguished from the type by its small size, stumpy form,
and uniform white coloring. Length, 16 mill.

Lifou, Loyalty Isles.

SCABRICOLA. 135

M. SUCCINCTA, Swainson. Habitat unknown.

M. SUBTEXTURATA, Garrett. Society Islands.

Unfigured species, said to be allied to M. texturata.

M. CRENIFERA, Lam. PL 39, figs. 152, 164, 165.

Yellowish or pinkish white, with two irregular clouded bands
of chestnut or chocolate color, or sometimes irregularly macu-
late ; the whole surface is closely decussated. Length, 2 inches.
Mauritius, Manilla, Red Sea, Indian Ocean.

This species is so well-known under its present name that it
would be injudicious to revive for it the previously given name
of M. clathrus, Gmelin. M.pretiosa, Reeve (fig. 164), is a young
shell of this species; M. Antoniae, H. Adams (fig. 165), is
synonymous with it.

M. SCABRIUSCULA, Linn. PI. 39, fig. 158.

Whitish, clouded with chestnut or chocolate-brown, often
appearing like interrupted spiral series on the revolving ridges.

Length, 2-2*5 inches.

Philippines ; Viti Islands, sandy stations.

A stouter species than M. crenifera, the prominent spiral
ridges alternating with impressed striae, the longitudinal sculp-
ture subordinate. The animal is diluted white, maculated with
numerous small opaque white spots.

M. HELVACEA, Phil.

An unfigured species, from China, said to be intermediate
between M. scabriuscula and M. Isabellina. Sowerby does not
allude to it, although published twenty years before the appear-
ance of his monograph, and I suppose it may be considered a lost
species. So much allowance must be made for the personal equa-
tion in descriptive and distinctive characters that in these days of
minute distinctions it is rarely worth while to attempt to identify
unfigured shells, or to reproduce the descriptions for the con-
founding of students. In nine cases out of ten a description can-
not be made sufficiently accurate to identify a species positively,
and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it is sufficiently indefi-
nite to secure a wrong identification from those who attempt to
fit it to their unnamed species. Conchologists have suffered more
than enough in endeavoring to acquiesce in the cheaply bought
glorification of naturalists ; it is full time to inaugurate a reform

136 SCABRICOLA.

by ignoring all unfigured species. As my purpose, distinctly
stated at the outstart, is to include in my monographs all pub-
lished species, I shall, at least mention them all ; although I
have been frequently disposed, as in the present case, to allow
them to remain in the oblivion into which they had sunk, rather
than bring them again to the notice of science.

M. PUNCTOLIRATA, A. Ad.

Described as a Scabricola. Unfigured. From Gotto /s., Japan.

M. EHRENBERGI, Jickeli. PI. 39, fig. 153.

Whitish, with two pale rosy bands, appearing within the aper-
ture. Length, 24 mill.

Red Sea.

Described from a single specimen.

M. HEMPRICHII, Jickeli. PI. 39, fig. 155.

Yellowish red, with two white bands. Length, 19 mill.

Rtd Sea.
Described and figured from a single dead specimen.

M. ARENACEA, Dunker. PI. 39. fig. 154.

Very closely and finely reticulated ; yellowish white, clouded
with chestnut. Length, 35 mill.

Habitat unknown.
M. GRACILIS, Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 156.

White, clouded orange or chestnut and obscurely banded, with
chestnut or chocolate spots on the granules ; revolving sculpture
most prominent. Length, 2 inches.

Me of Ticao, Philippines, sandy mud, at six fathoms.

Yery much like M. scabriuscula, Linn., but more slim; perhaps
only a variety of that species.

M. STRANGEI, Angas. PL 39, fig. 151.

Rather thin, white, closely spirally ridged, the ridges on the
last whorl alternately larger and smaller, crossed by very fine
longitudinal lines. Length, *6 inch.

Port Jackson, Australia.

M. CITHAROIDEA, Dohrn. PL 39, fig. 160.

White, with revolving ribs and longitudinal striae.
Length, 21 mill.

Habitat unknown.

SCABHICOLA. 137

This may possibly be an older individual of M. Strangei,
Angas ; if so, its name should have preference on account of
priority of publication.

M. NOEBISII, Reeve. PL 40, fig. 166.

White, under a black, thin, horny epidermis; surface very

finely decussated. Length, 3-4 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a unique specimen, thirty-five years ago ; no
others have been recorded.

M. NIVEA, Swainson. PL 40, fig. 167.

White, with obsolete, rather distant, orange-brown revolving
lines, and a few scattered brown spots next to suture ; encircled
with very fine, punctured, impressed striae. Length, 2*75 inches.

Kl. Annaa, on the reefs.

M. ISABELLA, Swainson. PL 40, figs. 168, 169; PL 39, figs. 159,

162.

Yellowish white, clouded and sometimes indistinctly banded
with orange-brown ; closety spirally ribbed, more or less clath-

rate by fine longitudinal lines. Length, 2*5-3*5 inches.

China.

Aperture small and narrow, shell contracted to a canal below.
M. Morclni, A. Ad. (fig. 169), is founded 011 an individual in
which the spiral sculpture is more, and the longitudinal less
prominent than in the usual form. M. Herklotsiana, Dohrn, an
un figured species from Japan, is said to have the longitudinal
sculpture more prominent than M. Isabella, crossing the spiral
ribs and cutting them into granules: it is probably not distinct.
Perhaps this is like M. loricata, Reeve (fig. 162), described without
locality, and which is very plainly a variety of M. Isabella. I
find no distinctive characters in M. Peasei, Dohrn (fig. 159),
described as from Australia, and said by Sowerby to come from
Sandwich Islands.

M. HEBES, Reeve. PL 39, fig. 161.

Whitish or yellowish, slightly shouldered.

Length, 1-25-1-5 inches.

Habitat unknown.
18

138 CANCILLA.

M. FORMOSA, A. Ad. PI. 39, fig. 163.

Whitish, clouded with chestnut ; slightly round-shouldered.

Length, 1*4 inches.

Moluccas.

I have not seen either this or the preceding species: the
figures look much alike, and the difference in coloring is of little
account, but M. formosa appears to have finer sculpture.

Section Cancilla, Swainson.

Shell fusiform, slender ; with revolving, linear, elevated ridges,
and no longitudinal ribs; outer lip thin, not dentate within.

M. FILARIS, Linn. PI. 40, figs. 174-176, 180.

Pinkish white or yellowish white, with elevated, narrow, brown,
beaded ridges. Length, 1'25-1'75 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, Polynesia.

Mr. G-arrett considers M. nexilis, Martyn, a distinct species ;
it is a shorter, stouter form than the type, but intermediate con-
ditions are not wanting. Philippi considers M. filosa, Born
(= filar is, L.), the equivalent of the obese form, and makes of
the narrow form a var. gracilis, whilst a small race is designated
as var, Bernardiana.

Yar. NEXILTS, Martyn. Fig. 174.
Yar. BERNARDIANA, Phil. Fig. 180.
Yar* CIRCULATA, Kiener. Fig. 176.

The ridges are uncolored, sharper, devoid of granules ; in
some specimens the intermediate revolving strise are most prom-
inent, others are cancellated between the ridges, and others again
show mostly the longitudinal inter-costal striae. M. circulata
has usually been considered a distinct species, but even in the
coloring of the ribs there is a gradual change from the uncolored
typical M. circulata to the full-colored M. filaris.

M. CREBRILINEATA, Sowb. PL 40, fig. 170.

This little shell resembles filosa (=. filaris), but is narrower,
and has more numerous and finely beaded ridges. Length, -8 inch.

Mauritius.

Probably not distinct from filaris, but I have not seen a
specimen.

>

CANCILLA. 139

M. TATHN^, Jickeli. PL 40, fig. 178.

Whitish or yellowish white. Length, 18-20 mill.

Red Sea.
I do not know the species ; two specimens were collected.

-M. SULCATA, Swainson. PI. 40, figs. 171, 177, 182-184.

Brownish white or light brown, under a chestnut or chocolate
epidermis. Length, 1-3-25 inches.

W. Coast of Central America.

I unite under this, the oldest name, several species agreeing
with it in color and sculpture but varying somewhat in form and
considerably in size ; the}^ are all inhabitants of the same region.
The largest of these is M. gigantea, Swn. (fig. 177), then come
in order of size, M. Hindsii, Reeve (fig. 182), M. attenuata, Swn.
(fig. 184), M.funiculata, Reeve (fig. 183).

M. LINEATA, Swains., PL 40, fig. 172.

Whitish, longitudinal!}* stained with chestnut, ridges chestnut.

Length, 1 inch.

W. Coast of Central America.

Stouter, with a more acute shoulder than the last species, and
differently colored ; yet I suspect that it is only a variety of it.

M. BELCHERI, Hinds. PL 40, fig. 179.

Whitish, under a dark chocolate epidermis ; sculpture con-
sisting of flat, broad ribs and narrow, deeply cut intervening
grooves. Length, 4-5 inches.

W. Coast of Central America ; in mud, at 17 fathoms. —Hinds.

M. ^GRA, Reeve. PL 40, fig. 181.

Whitish, clouded with yellowish brown; ridges smooth and
close, interstices punctured. Length, 1*7 inches.

Habitat unknown.
M. PIA, Dohrn. PL 41, fig. 189 ; PL 40, fig. 173.

Yellowish white. Length, 2'25 inches.

Australia.

The locality is somewhat doubtful. M. multilirata, A. Ad.
(fig. 173), said to be from the China Sea, may possibly be a
juvenile example of it.

M. CARNICOLOR, Reeve. PL 40, fig. 185 ; PL 41, figs. 186, 187.
Whitish to yellowish brown, light pink or white within the

140 CANCILLA.

aperture; slightly shouldered, ridges close, with longitudinal

striae. Length, 1-1*25 inches.

Philippines.

Approaches too closely to the stouter varieties of M. filaris,
L., in form and sculpture. M. incarnata, Reeve (fig. 186), and
M. pura, A. Ad (fig. 187), are synonyms.

M. STRAMINEA, A. Ad. PL 41, fig. 188.

Thin, light yellowish white. Length, -9 inch.

Habitat unknown.

M. FLAMMEA, Quoy. PL 41, figs. 190-193, 195-197, 199, 200.

White, stained and maculated with orange-brown ; sometimes
smaller ridges are developed between the principal ones ; longi-
tudinal striae close, distinct. Length, 1-1*25 inches.

China, Philippines) Australia, Polynesia, Sandwich Islands.

This is not the M. flammea figured by Reeve, = Philippina-
rum. The principal synonyms are M. flammigera, Reeve (fig.
191), M. interlirata, Reeve (fig. 192), M. tornata, Reeve (fig. 196),
M. avenacea, Reeve (fig. 193), M. rufilirata, Ad. and Reeve (fig.
197), M. Novae-Hollandise, Sowb. (fig. 199), M. hystrix, Montr,
(fig. 200).

M. ROBOREA, Reeve. PL 41, fig. 201.

Pyramidal, brown, corded throughout with narrow white ridges,
columella two-plaited, plaits somewhat indistinct.

Length, '75 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Judging from the figure, this little shell is a Latiru* rather
than Mitra.

M. DUPLILIRATA, Reeve. PL 41, fig. 202.

Whitish, longitudinally flamed with reddish brown ; revolving-
ribs duplicate. Length, 1-15 inches.

Habitat unknown.

M. ANNTJLATA, Reeve. PL 41, figs. 203, 205-209.

Yellowish white, spotted, or clouded with chestnut or choco-
late. Revolving ridges sharp ; with sometimes intermediate
lirse, and longitudinal striae in the interstices, sometimes smooth.

Length, '75-1 inch.

Red Sea, Ceylon, Philippines, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

CANCILLA. 141

It has a shorter spire than M.flammea, Quoy. The synonyms
include M. nitens, Kiener (not of Risso or Blainv.), M. insculpta,
A. Ad. (fig. 205), M. amcena, A. Ad. (fig. 206), M. Fischeri,
Souverb. (fig. 201). The latter is nnsculptured between the
ridges : I have specimens which are plain between some of the
ridges and well sculptured between others. Equivalent forms are
M. rosacea, Reeve (fig. 208), and M. acuta, Sowb. (fig. 209). M.
rufesceiiSjA. Ad., an unfigured species, is probably synonymous
with annulata.

M. ACUTILIRATA, Sowb. PI. 41, fig. 204.

Tnle rose, encircled with angular ridges, painted on the angles
with interrupted red-brown lines, longitudinally striated between

[the ridges. Length, 1'4 inches.

Habitat unknown.

M. PHILIPPINARUM, A. Ad. PI. 41, figs. 210, 211.

Whorls encircled with rounded ridges, and usually narrow sulci
between them ; light olive or yellowish white, with irregular
chestnut or chocolate markings. Length, 1-1-2 inches.

Andaman Is., Philippines, Polynesia.

This species was first figured by Reeve, in mistake for M.
flammea, Quoy. Sowerby also seems to have mistaken it, his
Philippinarum being an entirely different species ; in consequence
of this error he has re-described and figured it as M. semiconica
(fig. 211).

M. STRIGILLATA, Sowb. PI. 41, fig. 212.

Whitish, longitudinally flamed with brown. Length, '9 inch.

Habitat unknown.

I am not acquainted with this species ; it seems to be very
like M. Philippinarum, Ads.

M. BACILLUM, Lam. PI. 41, fig. 213 ; PI. 58, fig. 692. *

Grooved towards the base; brown, with longitudinal, white,

waved streaks. Length, *9 inch.

Malacca, Australia.

There is some confusion regarding this species. The figure
given by Deshaj'es does not correspond well with that in Reeve's
Iconica. Mr. Sowerby makes bacillum. Reeve, not Lam. = his
M. strigillata ; but then he figures a shell similar to Reeve's

142 CANCILLA.

illustration for bacillum. Deshayes' figure appears to me to be
very like M. Philippinarum, A. Ad.

M. PRUINOSA, Reeve. PL 41, fig. 215.

Pale brown, with short, narrow snow-like streaks, rather irreg-
ularly descending or striking out from the sutures ; decussately
engraved with longitudinal and transverse impressed lines.

Length, '9 inch.

Habitat unknown.
A doubtful species.

M. FULGETRUM, Reeve. PL 41, figs. 216, 21?, 198.

Transversely impressedly grooved, grooves narrow, very
finely punctured ; reddish chestnut, with conspicuous waved
longitudinal white streaks. Length, 1 inch.

Isl. of Burias, Philippines ; under stones at low water ;

New Caledonia.
Yar. BOISSACI, Montrouzier (fig. 21*7).

Has the same sculpture, and differs only in presenting a series
of quadrangular chestnut spots, appearing like interrupted longi-
tudinal bands : they are the bands of fulgetrum, in fact, but
interrupted by the impressed striae. M. Cyri, Dohrn (fig. 198),
is the same as M. Boissaci.
M. HANETI, Petit. PL 41, fig. 194.

Light yellowish. Length, 23 mill.

Hab. unknown (supposed to be not far from Mazatlan,

W. Coast of Mexico}.
M, MALLETI, Petit. PL 42, fig. 218.

Light chestnut or olive-brown ; longitudinally striated between

the angular revolving costae. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Possibly only a well-grown, fresh specimen of M. Haneti.

M. CARINATA, Swainson. PL 42, figs. 219-223, 241.

Yellowish, olive or chestnut-brown; shoulder of whorls ob-
tusely or sharply angulated or carinated ; with distant impressed
revolving striae, sometimes covering a portion only of the body-
whorl, sometimes altogether obsolete.

Length, 1—1*5 inches.

Cape Verd Isles ; Sierra Leone, W. Coast of Africa.

M. Senegalensis, Reeve (fig. 221), appears to be a rude, dis-

CHRYSAME. 143

torted growth of this species, and M. Gambiana, Dohrn (fig.
222), a non-shouldered and perhaps the normal form. I figure
from Sowerby's Thesaurus (fig. 223), a shell called M. Gambiana,
but which is decidedly of the carinata type. M. astyagis, Dohrn
(fig. 241), is probably a color variety only.

M. TELESCOPIUM, Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 225.

Whorls rudely shouldered, with impressed, punctured revolv-
ing striae, often partially obsolete ; chestnut-brown, with a
superior white band, above which the color is lighter.

Length, '75-1 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

Very similar to the preceding species in form, but differing in
coloration, etc. It appears to be a monstrosity, yet four speci-
mens before me all agree closely with the heretofore published
figures.

M. M^STA, Reeve. PL 42, fig. 226.

With revolving impressed striae, yellowish brown to chestnut.
Length, '85 inch.

Isle of Corrigidor, Philippines; in coral sand at ten

fathoms — Cuming ; Andaman Islands — E. A. Smith.

This also appears to be a distorted shell : I am not acquainted
with it.

M. CINGULATA, A. Ad. Habitat unknown.

M. SPIRIPUNCTA, Garrett. Viti Islands.

Both unfigured species, apparently belonging to this section.

Section Chrysame, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, spire and aperture usually about equal in length;
whorls encircled by rounded ribs ; inner lip with a few strong
transverse plaits ; outer lip with the margin crenate.

M. CUCUMERINA, Lam. PL 42, figs. 227-229.

Orange-red, with an interrupted band of white spots, and occa-
sional white strigations. Length, '75-1*25 inches.

Polynesia, on reefs.

Garrett remarks that Paumotus examples, which are much
larger than obtained elsewhere, are sometimes nearly pure white.
The animal is whitish with creamy yellow dots, Mr. Pease

144 CHRYSAME.

mentions a uniform dark red variety of the shell as occurring;
at Ralick Island. ^M.fraga, Quoy (fig. 229), may be the young
of this variet}^ ; it can scarcely be synonymous with M. peregra.
Reeve, as supposed by Sowerby.

M. ADAMSONI, Gray. PL 42, figs. 230, 231, 240.

Longitudinally granulosely plicated, crossed by revolving
impressed striae. White or yellowish white, clouded with large
reddish brown or orange-red blotches ; a narrow superior white
band ; aperture brownish red, lip and columella deeper.

Length, 1-1*4 inches.

Philippines ; Mauritius.

Yery close to M. cucumerina, and may be only a variety of
that species in which the occasional longitudinal folds become
regular and rib-like.

M. Antoni, Kiister (fig. 231), described without locality, from
an immature shell, appears to be closely related, if not identical ;
in the latter case it would have priority.

M. TORNATELLOIDES, Reeve. -PI. 42, fig. 232. /

Shell encircled by somewhat indistinctly punctured grooves ;

chestnut or reddish brown, with a white zone and longitudinal

waved streaks. Length, -5 inch.

Philippine Islands.
Evidentty an immature shell ; perhaps a young cucumerina.

M. CHRYSALIS, Reeve. PL 42, fig. 233.

Yellowish brown, with an interrupted band of white. -

Length, -G--85 inch.

Polynesia ; Bay of Islands, New Zealand.

Yery closely allied to cucumerina, but differs in its smaller
size, more compressed form and lighter color.

M. TURGIDA, Reeve. PL 42, figs. 234, 235.
Uniform pale luteous. Length, -65-1 inch.

Philippines; Polynesia.

^ J/. indentata, Sowb. (fig. 235), is the usual form and size of
this species, Reeve's type being a specimen of extraordinary size.

M. PEREGRA, Reeve. PL 42, figs. 236-238, 224.

Dark red, revolving ridges tuberculate, tubercles white.
Length, -f5-l inch. Philippines; Polynesia.

CHRYSAME. 145

Sowerby considers this species as well as M. nucleola, Lam.,
identical with M. fraga, Qnoy. The latter is apparently the
young of M. cucumerina ; the former is more like this shell in
form but has not its markings, and the sculpture appears to be
different.

M. porcata, Humph, (fig. 237), appears to be a synonym, and
M. miniata, Anton (fig. 238), as figured by Kiister can scarcely
be different. M. spadicea, Dunker (fig. 224), is placed in the
S}monymy by Garrett ; it is darker and smaller than the
type, but usually spotted with white on the tubercles, although
not so represented in the figure, copied from Sowerby. It may
be considered a variety.

^*

M. GRACILIOR, Carpenter. PI. 42, fig. 239.

Red-brown, with sharp revolving lines, decussated at the upper
part of the whorls -by longitudinal riblets ; plications of the
columella inconspicuous. H., -2 inch.

San Diego, Gal, on kelp-roots in deep water.

Dr. P. P. Carpenter named but did not describe this minute
species ; he. referred it to Mitromorpha, a group belonging to the
family Pleurotomidse. Mr. Henry Hemphill, of San Diego, Cal.,
collected the original lot and it is from one of these that the
figure is drawn. It is one of several similarly sculptured minute
species occurring on the California coast. I figure it here to call
attention to the group, as they may be Mitrids, although most
probably Pleurotomae.

M. NUCLEOLA, Lam. PL 3^, figs. 145-147.

Dark red ; the revolving ribs decussated by longitudinal sculp-
ture. Length, 1 inch.

Indian Ocean ? Java ?

As already mentioned, Sowerby makes this species equivalent
to M. fraga, Quoy, and M. peregra, Reeve : from the former it
differs in form, from the latter in color and sculpture. Reeve's
figure of it is so different from that in Kiener, that I doubt if it
belongs to the same species. That Kiener's figure is not a good
one^is self-evident ; still it is the only authentic illustration, and
I have therefore copied it.

146 CHRYSAME.

M. TURBEN, Reeve. PL 42, fig. 242.

Closely and finely longitudinally ribbed, crossed by revolving
impressed striae. Orange-yellow. Height, *t5 inch.

Philippine Islands.

All the specimens collected by Mr. Guming had the lower part
of the outer lip absorbed or worn away, as in the figure.

M. TABANULA, Lam. PI. 42, figs. 243-247.

Reddish chestnut to chocolate-color ; whorls encircled by ele-
vated keel-like ridges, varying in number, so that sometimes the
interstices are as wide as the ridges, on other specimens merely
narrow deeply engraved lines. Length, '5-* 6 6 inch.

Andaman Isles ; Philippines ; Polynesia.

I unite with this species several others, the types of which
show some differences, but the series of specimens before me
clearly indicates their indentity. Fig. 243 is the typical taba-
nula: to which I add M. pediculus, Lam. (fig. 244) ; M. minor,
Sowb. (fig. 245), and M. rotundilirata, Reeve (fig. 246). M.
Caledonica, Petit (fig. 24f ), can scarcely be distinguished from
the short form of tabanula, such as M. pediculus, Lam.

M. HANLEYI, Sowb. PL 43, fig. 248.

Yellowish white, Length, '5-*t inch.

China Seas.
M. SOLANDRI, Reeve. PL 43, figs. 249-251.

Light chestnut to chocolate. Length, 1-1 -3 inches.

Red Sea.

Reeve's original specimen was probably worn and faded. The
relative width of ridges and grooves appears to vary as in M.
tabanula ; in the type (fig. 249), the former are narrower than
the latter, whilst in Mr. Sowerby's specimen (fig. 250), they are
more nearly equal ; a dark shell of this stage is M. Ruppellii,
Reeve (fig. 251) ; finally well-grown specimens have broad, some-
what flattened ribs = M. planilirata, Reeve.

M. VEXILLUM, Reeve. PL 43, figs. 253, 254.

Bright reddish orange, the incised lines which separate the
rounded, slightly raised revolving ribs, are darker— -sometimes
chestnut-colored. Sometimes the ribs are obsolete, when the
grooves are scarcely marked, except by the persistent color.

Length, 1-1-2 inches. Philippines.

CHRYSAME. 147

Closely allied to the preceding species. M. crassicostata ,
Sowb. (fig. 254), is evidently the same.

M. AURANTIA, Gmelin. PI. 43, figs. 255-258.

Orange to chestnut or light chocolate color, upper part of
whorl encircled by a white band. Length, 1-1*5 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, New Zealand, Polynesia.

M. nanus, Reeve (fig. 257), is a small variety or stunted
growth, with the revolving ribs usually finer. M. Michelinii,
Guerin (fig. 258), is a probable synonym; Sowerby's figure of it
is, however, a M. limbifera.

M. PROSCISSA, Reeve. PI. 43, figs. 259-262.

Whitish or yellowish, longitudinally stained with orange-
brown, sometimes obscurely white-banded in the middle ; inter-
stices of the revolving ribs cancellate.

Length, 1'25-1'5 inches. Mauritius, New Caledonia.

M. rubiginea, A. Ad. (fig. 260), M. carinilirata, Souv. (fig.
261), and probably M. consolidata, Sowb. (fig. 262), are syno-
nyms— the latter is described from a single specimen, without
locality.

M. ORASSA, Swainsoii. PL 43, figs. 263-265 ; PL 44, figs. 270, 272.

Chestnut or chocolate color, usually white-banded above ;
whorls faintly striate throughout, striae developing into ribs
towards the base. Length, '8-1-25 inches.

Philippines, on reefs, at low water, Polynesia.

It is easy to connect M. Ticaonica, Reeve (figs. 264, 265,270),
with this species, and I fear that it is allied too closely with
aurantia, as well as with other species of the group. Material
collected especially to show the extent of variation of a species
rarely comes into the hands of the conchologist, the collector
usually working with the desire to secure as many species as
possible. M.jcoeligena, Reeve (fig. 272), is probably a synonym
of crassa, the only difference being the possession of occasional
white spots, promiscuously scattered over the surface.

M. AMBIGUA, Swainson. PL 43, figs. 266, 267, 268.

Orange-brown, indistinctly white-banded above ; the incised
.revolving lines are punctate. Length, l'5-2'5 inches.

Philippines, Viti Isles ; under coral and stones, at low water.

148 CHRYSAME.

Var. FULVA, Swainson. Fig. 267.

Chestnut- or chocolate-brown, with usually an irregular faint
superior band ; whorls encircled by punctured, engraved lines,
sometimes with scattered white dots. Length, l'75-2'5 inches.

Polynesia.

The animal, according to Garrett, is chestnut-brown, the
creeping disk white, siphon pale brown, ocular region and tips
of the tentacles white.

M. fulva appears to connect with M. ambigua in such a man-
ner as to have justified Kiener in considering it a S3rnonym. In
deference to conchological opinion, I separate it as a variety, the
typical examples being somewhat different in form from M.
ambigua. M. attenuata, Reeve (fig. 268), is synonymous.

M. ADUSTA, Lam. PL 43, fig. 269 ; PL 44, fig. 276.

Variegated with chestnut- or chocolate-brown and yellowish,
disposed in longitudinal flames, or nearly uniform brown, lighter
on the periphery; upper part of the whorls compressed, making
a sharp, crenulated ridge next the sutures ; the impressed
revolving lines are rarely punctate.

Polynesia, under coral, at low water.

A species which might almost as well be placed with the typi-
cal Mitrse as here ; analogies of coloration 'and the succession of
intermediate forms connecting it with the typical Chryxame,
induce me to prefer for it the present position.

M. TAHITENSIS, Garrett.

An unfigured species, evidently allied to M. adusta, of which
a single specimen, 37 mill, long, was found at Tahiti, Society
Islands.

M. FULVESCENS, Swainson. PL 44, fig. 271.

Pale 3^ellowish brown ; whorls encircled with punctured incised
lines. Length, 1-25 inches.

Isle of Annaa, on the reefs.

M. striata, Gray, is doubtfully referred here by Reeve,, but
evidently belongs to the genus or group Strigatella.

-j M. CORONATA, Lam. PL 44, figs. 273-275, 277, 281-283 ; PL 58,
fig. 687.

Orange-brown to chocolate, dotted occasionally with white,

CHRYSAME. 149

suture crenulations white-tipped, and white spots, sometimes
confluent into an irregular band, below the sutures ; revolving
incised lines strongly punctate, sometimes obsolete on the middle
of the body whorl. Length, 1 '25-1*75 inches.

Red Sea ; Philippines to Sandwich Isles ; Mauritius.
M. aurora, Dohrn (tig. 277) is, I think, a synonym, although
Mr. Garrett considers it distinct ; it is a beautifully bright-
colored form from Polynesia. M. tiarella, A. Ad. (fig. 275), is
only a small form of M. coronata, and M. assimilis, Pease (fig.
281), is a young shell. Pease mentions the want of crenations
at the sutures as the principal distinction from M. coronata, but
the specimen sent to me by Mr. Pease shows these sutural
nodes, and they are minutely white-tipped ; although small, they
ought not to have escaped his scrutiny. M. marginata, Sowb.
(fig. 282), described from a single specimen, without locality, is
probably also a young coronata. M. floridula, Sowb. (fig. 283),
from Mauritius, has the engraved striae deeper, the punctations
wider than in the type form ; the consequence is that the inter-
mediate spaces appear more like revolving, broad ribs. I cannot
agree with Sowerby that these differences are specific.

M. DIGITALIS, (Chemn.) Dillw. PI. 44, fig. 278.

Yellowish, clouded with yellowish brown, sutural nodes white-
tipped, surface irregularly spotted with white, larger spots, some-
times forming a more or less interrupted central band ; incised
striae deeply punctate. Length, 1-5-2' 25 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

M, LUGUBRIS, Swainson. PI. 44, figs. 284-287.

Reddish chestnut to chocolate color, white beneath the sirtures,
and sometimes at base ; encircled by impressed, punctured striae
crossed by close, rough growth-lines ; sutures crenulated.

Length, -8-1 '4 inches. Polynesia.

Mr. Garrett thinks M. lacunosa, Reeve (PI. 33, fig. 13), identical,
but I can scarcely agree to this, as it appears to be totally
dissimilar — in fact to belong to a different group (p. 113). M.
albofasciata, Sowb. (fig. 286) said, perhaps erroneously, to come
from So. Africa, appears to be a narrow, somewhat smoother
form of lugubris. M. coriacea, Reeve (fig. 287) is probably a
young lugubris.

150 CHRYSAME.

M. PICEA, Pease. PL 58, fig. 685 ; PL 44, fig. 288.

Decussated by longitudinal ribs and revolving striae ; chestnut-
brown with a superior narrow white band. Length, 7-9 mill.

Paumotus, Sandwich Islands.

Sowerby figures a shell (fig. 288), under the same name, but
without author, which may be a dark, unbanded specimen of
this species ; if distinct, it must receive a new name.

M. UZIELLIANA, Crosse. PL 44, fig. 289.

Uniform yellowish brown ; cancellated. Length, 1 inch.

f Tahiti.

Sowerby thinks this may be synonymous with M. lugubris,
but it seems to have characters of sculpture and color which
should distinguish it — at least until better known to con-
chologists.

M. FERRUGINEA, Lam. PL 44, figs. 279, 280, 290.

Yellowish or whitish, longitudinally stained with chestnut-
brown, the markings interrupted so as to show a light band on
the periphery. Length, 1*5-2-25 inches.

Philippines ; Polynesia, coral reefs ; Mauritius.

The animal is cinereous or pale luteous and slightly varied
with reddish brown. M. rubritincta, Reeve (fig. 280), is a short,
stout form, connecting with ferrugwea, by a series of transi-
tional forms. M. clara, Sowb. (fig. 290), an immature specimen,
with a slight shoulder, appears to be merely a slender variety.

M. PUDICA, Pease. PL 44, figs. 291, 292.

With revolving ridges and longitudinal striae ; whitish or
yellowish, variegated with smoky brown. Length, '7-- 9 inch.

Sandwich Island*.

With this I unite M. nuxavellana, Dohrn, an unfigured species
which its author concedes to be a synonym ; also M. subrostrata,
Sowb. (fig. 292 \ These are all immature shells, and are evidently
related to M. ferruginea.

M. CANDIDA, Reeve. PL 44, figs. 293, 294.

Whitish to chestnut, closely ridged, finely longitudinally
striated between the ridges. Length, -8 inch.

La Guayra, So. America.

CHRYSAME. 151

Possibly identical with the next species. The locality needs
confirmation.

M. CRENATA, Swainson. PL 44, fig. 295.

Yellowish brown, encircled throughout with rather distant,
slightly elevated lines. Length, '75 inch.

Bdy of Xipixapf, W. Columbia ; sandy mud at six fathoms.

M. LIENARDI, Souverb. PI. 44, fig. 296.

Whitish, longitudinally flamed with light chestnut.

Length, '8 inch.

New Caledonia.

A much narrower shell than those which precede it.
M. WILLIAMSI, Newcomb. PL 44, fig. 297.

Whitish, with longitudinal orange flammules ; finely longitu-
dinally striate between the revolving ribs. Length, '6 inch.

? Philippine Islands.

Described from a unique specimen.

M. LUCTUOSA, A. Ad. PL 44, fig. 298.

Brownish, with a white band near the suture ; whorls flattened,
with revolving lirse, the interstices clathrately punctate.

China Seas.

An obscure species, collected by the Samarang expedition
many years ago.

M. RUTILA, A. Ad. PL 44, fig. 299.

Orange-red, sparsely maculated with white, a white band,
spotted with orange next the suture. Length, 1*5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

M. PELLIS-SERPENTIS, Reeve. PL 44, fig. 300 ; PL 45, figs. SOS-
SOT, 314; PL 58, fig. 690.

Yellowish brown ; surface decussated by longitudinal and
revolving ribs. Length, *9-l'25 inches.

Philippines Mauritius, Polynesia.

Specimens in which the revolving ribs are most prominent,
but cut into obtuse granules by the rugose growth-lines, have been
called M. granata, Reeve (^fig. 690). M. brumalis, Reeve (fig.
314), and M. microstoma, Sowb. (fig. 303), are narrow forms, with

152 CHRYSAME.

the typical sculpture— a white variety of these has been distrib-
uted by the late Mr. Pease as a new species, M. reticulata (fig.
304) = M. cretacea, Sowb. (fig. 306). Mr. Reeve has called a
slightly shouldered specimen M. suturata (fig. 305), and M.
Recluz has figured and described a faded specimen as M.
Grelloisi (fig. 307).

M. NASSOIDES, Sowb. PI. 45, fig. 308.

Shell yellowish white, reticulately sculptured.

Length, 1*5 inches.

Mauritius.

A stouter shell than the typical M. pellis-serpentis ; yet it may
be only a well-grown state of that species.

M. SEROTINA, A. Ad. PL 45, fig. 309.

Yellowish, with two obscure darker bands ; surface reticulated.

Length, '9 inch.

Marquesas (Adams) ; Mauritius (Sowerby).

M. DEALBATA, A. Ad. PI. 45, fig. 311.

White ; whorls planulate, distantly sulcate spiralty, sulci
evanescent in the middle of the body-whorl. Length, 1-2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

M. SEMIFERRUGINEA, Jonas. PI. 45, fig. 310.

Whorls encircled by narrow, granulated ridges, interstices
punctured ; yellowish, upper part of body with longitudinal

chestnut flames. Length, '8 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Described thirty-five years ago from a single immature speci-
men in the Royal Cabinet at Copenhagen ; it remains uncon-
firmed by additional specimens.

Unfigured Species.

M. CINGULATA, Phil. (Related to M. peregra, Rve.)

Hob. unknown.

M. P^TELI, Dohrn (Related to M. nanus, Reeve.) N. Africa?
M. PROPINQUA, Garrett. Society Islands.

M. PUSTLLA, King. Habitat unknown.

STRTGATELLA. 1 53

Section Striga'ella, Swainson.

This group is very generally recognized as a distinct genus,
but it will be better to regard it simply as a section of Mitra ;
indeed no sharp line separates it from many of the species
ranged under the preceding section ; the principal distinctive
characters being a more decidedly columbelliform appearance, a
smooth surface, single color or with brown longitudinal flames
and maculations. Of the two subgenera heretofore assigned
here, the first, Mitreola, contains those species which connect
the typical form with the last section of Mitra; the second,
Zier liana, includes a number of species having a peculiar
character of the aperture, and readily distinguishable from the
other groups. Moreover the species of Strigatella, so-called,
which possess the dentition differing so widely from Mitra,
belong to this group Zierliana, which may therefore well be
separated as a subgenus. Of the group Strigatella as thus
restricted, the dentition remains unknown.

M. ACUMINATA, Swainson. PL 45, fig. 312.

Yellowish, sometimes with a lighter band in the middle,
frequently invested with a slight epidermis. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

M. COARCTATA, Swainson. PL 45, fig. 313.

Yellowish, longitudinally clouded with chestnut.

Length, -9 inch.

Isle of Annaa.

Only distinguishable by its painting from M. acuminata. It
is very likely a variety.

M. BRUNNEA, Pease. PL 45, fig. 301.
Yellowish brown, spire rather obtuse.

Length, '75-1 '10 inches.

Polynesia.
The animal is milk-white.

M. NIGRICANS, Pease.

An unfigured species, blackish with a light band, and lead-
colored aperture. Length, 20 mill.

Polynesia.

This species has not been identified by Mr. Garrett.
20

154 STRIGATELLA.

1 M. ASTRICTA, Reeve. PI. 45, figs. 315-318.

Whitish, under a light olive, smooth epidermis, or yellowish
obsoletely banded with brown, sometimes sparingly strigate.

Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Sandwich Islands.
^ M. Samuelis, Dohrn (fig. 31*7), is identical.

M. AURICULOIDES, Reeve. PI. 45, fig. 319.

Chocolate-brown, with a whitish band on the upper part of
the body-whorl, and sometimes white-dotted. The whole surface
is encircled with fine punctated, incised lines, which are some-
times obsolete on the middle of the body. Length, '8-1*1 inches.

Polynesia.
M. FASTIGIUM, Reeve. PI. 45, fig. 320.

Light yellowish brown, faintly banded. Length, -15 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Possibly a variety or faded example of M. auric uloides. I
am not aware of the existence of any specimens besides the
type.

M. MOLLERI, Kiister. PI. 45, fig. 321.

Whitish, longitudinally flamed with chestnut.
Length, '66 inch.

Habitat unknown.

An immature shell, described from a cabinet specimen at
Gotha ; I shall not attempt its identification.

j M. LIMBIFERA, Lam. PI. 45, figs. 322-32G.

Chestnut- or chocolate-brown, usually with white or yellowish
patches on the upper part of the body-whorl, forming a more or
less continuous band; frequently with scattered light spots else-
where ; aperture columbelliform. Length 1-1-6 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

The shells are usually covered by a thin olive-yellow epidermis.
The animal is rich chestnut-brown with a diluted-white creeping-
disk. Head slightly varied with white. The peculiar character
of the outer lip of the shell increases in importance with age ;
-J M. CfilumbellseformiH, Kiener (figs. 323, 324), being its adult or
._» aged state. M. striata, Gray (fig. 325), is probably a synonym,
as is also M. Mitchelini of Sowerby, not Petit (fig. 326).

r
t

STRIGATELLA. 155

M. MACULOSA, Reeve. PI. 45, figs 327, 328.

Chestnut color under a deciduous corneous epidermis, a broad
white band above the middle, and brown revolving lines, punctate
with white towards the base. Length, 15-21 mill.

Red Sea, Australia, Polynesia.

M. Arabica, Dohrn (fig. 338), does not differ. Topically it is
distinct enough from M. litter ata, but there are varieties which
certainly approach extreme examples of that species very closely.

. TRISTIS, Swainson. PI. 45, fig. 329.
Shell white or light-chocolate, under a persistent, smooth dark
olivaceous or black-brown epidermis, with a yellowish band at
the top of the whorls; frequently slightly round-shouldered, and
rudely folded at the sutures, forming obsolete tubercles ; aper-
ure chocolate-colored. Length, *75-l'25 inches.

Galapagos Is. ; Panama to Mazatlan.

M. CHRYSOSTOMA, Swaiuson. PL 46, figs. 330, 331.

Whitish or yellowish, tessellated or strigated longitudinally
with orange-brown or chocolate, interrupted by a white, irregu-
lar band on the periphery. Length, l'35-2 inches.

Polynesia, Philippines, Mauritius.

Kiener has figured this species in error for M. contracta, Swn.
(= abbatis), and Phillippi, discovering that this figure did not
represent Swainson 's species, has called it M. Kieneri.

M. SCUTULATA, Lam. PL 46, figs. 332-33T.

Chocolate-browrn, sometimes with merely an. irregular, or
interrupted yellowish or whitish band below the sutures ;
sometimes irregular small spots of the same color are on the
lower portion of the body-whorl ; sometimes these spots unite
longitudinally into strigations above and below, but always
leaving a central chocolate space — which thus becomes defined

as a broad bund. Length, 1-1'75 inches,

Philippines, Polynesia.

M.amphoreUa, Lam. (fig. 334 \ M. decurtata, Reeve (fig. 335),
and M. oieacea. Reeve (fig. 336), and M. sertum, Duval (fig. 337),
are synonyms.

M. LITTERATA, Lam. PL 46, figs. 338, 339.

Yellowish or whitish, with irregular, longitudinal chocolate

156 STRIGATELLA.

markings, sometimes appearing like rude letters, and interrupted
more or less by revolving bands. Length, *75-l inch.

Red Sea, Java, Mauritius, So. Africa, Philippines, Polynesia.
In many specimens the dark color so predominates as to
appear to be the ground-color, upon which are superimposed the
yellowish spots and letters ; I figure a shell which Sowerby has
called M. maculosa, Reeve (fig. 339) which shows this variety
pretty well. As already stated, the true maculosa closely
approaches this form.

M. PAUPERCULA, Linn. PI. 46, fig. 340.

Chocolate, with uninterrupted whitish or yellowish longitudi-
nal strigations. Length, 1-1 '4 inches.

Red Sea, E. Africa, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia.

M. VIRGATA, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 341.

Color and markings as in M. paupercula, but distinguished by
smaller size, more abbreviate, Columbella-like form and conspi-
cuous revolving grooves at the base of the shell.

Length, *75-'9 inch.

Mr. Reeve included two species in his M. virgata, his first
figure being a species previously described by Lamarck, and
which immediately follows this description. Some specimens of
virgata have the Melampus-like form of M. return, but they
appear to be constantly distinguished by the want of the white
band and fewer and larger color flames.

M. RETUSA, Lam. PI. 46, figs. 342-344.

Surface covered with revolving striae ; dark chocolate, with
rlne close, thread-like undulating longitudinal yellow or white
lines, and superiorly a narrow yellow or white revolving band.

Length, -75-1 inch.

Polynesia.

M. virgata, Reeve (fig. 341), in part, is synonymous with M.
return, and M. capillata, Gould (fig. 344), is probably a juvenile
of it.

M. ZEBRA, Garrett.

An unfigured Polynesian species, the description of which
accords tolerably with M. virgata.

ZIERLIANA. 157

M. TIGRINA, A. Ad. PL 46, figs. 348, 347.

Glandiniform, with revolving striae ; longitudinally finely
strigate with chocolate and yellowish or whitish, aperture
chocolate. Length, 1-8 inches.

Mauritius.

A giant edition of M. retusa, but proportionally narrower
than that species. M. jucunda, Tapparone-Canefri (fig. 347), is
identical with it.

M. ANAIS, Lesson.

An unfigured species from the Gambier Islands. It evidently
belongs to the present group.

[. FUSCESCENS, Pease. (Unfigured.) Sandwich Islands.

Subgenus Zierliana, Gray.

In the introductory remarks upon the Strigatella section of
Mitra (p. 153), I have stated the reasons which induce me to
merge that group in the Mitras and to separate from it Zier-
liana, which H. and A. Adams and their successors have con-
sidered as a subgenus of Strigatella.

M. ZIERVOGELIANA, Gmelin. PL 46, figs. 345, 346, 349, 350.

Dark chocolate-brown, aperture and columella white or slightly
tinged with light chocolate. Length, -9-1-1 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

Sometimes the ribs are denuded of epidermis, and give a
zebra-like coloration to the species.

Yar. ROBUSTA, Reeve, Fig. 346.

Not so coarsely sculptured, with less shoulder and somewhat
higher spire. This is the ordinary Polynesian form. It is
littoral, under lava stones on rocky coasts.

Var. WOLDEMARII, Kiener. Pig. 349.

Still more finely sculptured and with higher spire than var.
robusta; with which it insensibly connects.

Yar. SOLIDULA, Reeve. Fig. 350.

Sculpture fine, lightly impressed, more or less obsolete in the
middle portion of the body-whorl. The young shell which

158 ZIERLIANA.

Quoy described as M. nigra (= M. Quoyi, Desh., p. 122), may
possibly be intended for this variety.

M. ^ETHIOPS, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 351.

Dark brown or olive-black, finely decussated. Length, 1 inch.

Solomon's Islands, Philippines.

Very much narrower than any of the forms of M. Ziervoge-
liana ; yet it may be only a variety of that species. M. creni-
plicata, A. Ad. (unfigured) is said by Mr. Sowerby to be a
synonym.

M. ANTHRACINA, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 352.

Shell covered by a smooth, black epidermis. Length, 1 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines, on reefs at low water.— Cuming.
Differs from M. JEthiops only in the want of sculpture.

L. CHOAVA, Reeve. PL 46, fig. 353.

Blackish, smooth. Length, 'f 5 inch.

Isle of Johanna, Mozambique Channel — Hennah.
I do not know the species ; except in being smooth, it
resembles closely a juvenile of the typical M. Ziervogeliana.

M. ALBOMACULATA, A. Ad. PL 46, fig. 354.

Chocolate-brown, maculated with white next the sutures.

Length, *5 inch.

Habitat unknown.
I do not know the species.

M. COLUMBELLINA, A. Ad. PL 46, fig. 355.

Variegated with chestnut and white, with obsolete revolving
lines.

Hob. unknown.

Mr. Sowerby 's figure of this species shows a tuberculated
shoulder, a character not referred to in the original description.

Undetermined Species of Mitra.

M. GRANULIFERA, OBLIQUATA, CLAVULUS, CONULARIS, CREBRALIS, of

Lamarck.

M. CINEREA, APICATA, Reeve. H. & A. Adams' Genera.
M. OBSCURA, Button. New Zealand.

M. FUSOIDES, A. Adams. Sowerby, Thes. Conch. Index.
M. HANLEYANA, Dunker. Japan.

THALA.

M. SEMISTRIATA, Krynicki. Uaspian Sea.

M. ORDINATA, Pease (ubi) Pastel's Catalogue.

Sandwich Islands.

M. SECTILIS, M. PALLIDA, Pease. Sandwich Islands.

M. OBSCURA, Humphrey ; M. MUTELINA, Duclos ; M. GLOBOSA,

Ghemii. ; 'M. CINCTA, Meuschen. H. & A. Adams' Genera of

Shells.
M. TASMANICA, LEGRANDI, SCALARIFORMIS, SEMILIVIDA, FRANCIS-

CANA, GRANATINA, Tenisoii-Woods. Tasmania.

M. RUSSA, Gould. China Seas.

M. SECALINA, Gould. Ousima.

M. L^TA (China Seas); M. DELICATA (Cape York, Australia);

M. ASPERULATA, (Australia); M. RETICULATA (Port Essing-

ton, Australia) ; M. PALLID A (Marquesas) ; M. ( YOLUTOMITRA)

CINNAMOMEA (Natal); M. PUNCTOSTRIATA (Ceylon). All of

Arthur Adams.
M. ANTONI (Sandwich Islands) ; M. GIBBA (New Caledonia) ; M,

AUTUMNALIS (New Caledonia), of Dohrn.

M. LEUCOSTOMA, Swainson. No locality.

M. INTERSCULPTA, Sowerby. . Mauritius.

M. HUMERALIS, Garrett. Paumotus Is.

Genus THALA, H. and A. Adams.

Mr. Garrett remarks * that some of the species included in
this genus are Pleurotomoid shells ; that the wrinkles or folds on
the columella are not true plaits, but simply more or less irreg-
ular transverse rugosities, precisely of the same structure as
observed in certain species of Clathurella and Cithara. Some of
the species which he declares should be excluded from Mitridae,
appear to me to possess the character of the family, whilst in
others, so minute are the specimens that it is difficult to decide
whether they have plaits or not — the difficulty being enhanced
by the poor state of preservation of several individuals. M.
todilla, Mighels is one of the excluded species, yet it possesses
them, as mentioned by Dr. von Martens. Of course the difficulty
of deciding is enhanced with those species of which figures only
are accessible. Unfortunately the animal is unknown ; this is

* Leeds Jour, of Conch., iii, 2.

1 60 THALA.

one of those cases where the dentition would be of much collat-
eral value. I have preferred to retain all the species in Mitridse
rather than attempt to divide them upon insufficient data.

T. FOVEATA, Sowb. PL 47, tig. 356.

Cancellated, chocolate-brown. Length, -5 inch.

Hob. unknown.
T. ROSEATA, A. Ad. PL 47, fig. 357.

Cancellated, pinkish white. Length, *4 inch.

Hob. unknown.
Yery closely allied to T. foveata.

T. SOLITARIA, C. B. Ad. PL 47, fig. 358.

Cylindrically fusiform, cancellated, brown. Length, *4 inch.

Panama.

A single specimen obtained by the discoverer; I have not
heard of its being found since.

T. EXILIS, Reeve. PL 47, fig. 359.

Yiolet-purple with a darker band ; granosely decussated
throughout with minute ridges. Length, *66 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines ; under stones at low water.

T. TODILLA, Mighels. PL 47, fig. 360.

Whitish or light violet, sometimes obscurely banded or
spotted ; surface tuberculately cancellated. Length, *35 inch.

Sandwich Islands.

Described as a Pleurotoma, the columellar plaits being indis-
tinct.

T. MILIUM, Reeve. PL 47, fig. 361.

Chestnut-brown, cancellated. Length, -35 inch.

Hab. unknown.

The figure is somewhat different from that of T. todilla, yet it
may be that species.

T. BECURVA, Reeve. PL 47, fig. 362.

Pinkish or violet, minutely dotted here and there with brown ;
longitudinally sculptured, tranversely impressly striate.

Length, -35 inch.

Island of Capul> Philippines ; under stones at low water.

Certainly very closely allied to T. todilla.

THALA. 161

T. GRATIOSA, Reeve. PI. 47, fig. 363.

Pink or violet, minutely decussated. Length, *4 inch.

Galapagos Islands.
T. MIRIFICA, Reeve. PI. 4T,'fig. 364.

Pink or light violet, somewhat transparent, sometimes with a
narrow white zone. Length, -3 inch.

Philippines. — Cuming ; Paumotus. — Pease.

Said to be thinner and more slender, with finer sculpture than
T. gratiosa, but the specimens before me va,ry so much that it
would be difficult to separate some of them from the figures of
that and other species.

T. CERNICA, Sowb. PI. 47, figs. 365-369.

Shell rosy orange. Length, '65 inch.

Mauritius.

T. angustata, Sowerby (fig. 366), from same locality, presents
no valid differences,

Yar. ANGIOSTOMA, Pease. Fig. 367.

White, shaped like T. mirifica, but larger, with somewhat
stouter and coarser sculpture. Length, 12 mill.

Paumotus.

Yar. FUSUS, Souverbie, figs. 368, 369.

Slightly stouter than the type, light violet, or pink-white,
obscurely banded. Length, 10 mill.

New Caledonia.

The above are from widely separated localities, and as there
are slight differences, they may be distinguished as varieties for
the present.

T. BREVICULA, Souv. PI. 47, fig. 370.

Light violet. Length, 7 mill.

New Caledonia.

T. ADUMBRATA, SoUV. PI. 47, fig. 371.

irt}^ white, maculate with chestnut, forming an interrupted
band. Length, 10 mill.

New Caledonia.

Distinguished by its cylindrical form and very fine sculpture.

162 MITROIDEA.

Unfigured Species.
T. JACULANDA, Gould. Allied to T. recurva, Reeve, but the

sculpture is much more delicate. China Seas.

T. SALTATA, Pease. Polynesia.

T. EXQUISITA, Garrett. Polynesia.

T. VIOLACEA, Garrett. Polynesia.

Genus MITROIDEA, Pease.

The peculiar tubular and recurved anterior portion of the
columella, the truncate outer lip, the numerous small columellar
plaits, the smooth surface and outer lip will distinguish this
genus upon conchological characters, although the animal and
its dentition do not differ from Mitra. Mitroidea has four years'
priority over Mauritia, A. Adams. The two species which H. and
A. Adams included in their subgenus Mutyca, also belong here.
If Mutyca had a sufficient diagnosis it would be entitled to
precedence over Mitroidea on account of priority of publication,
but its authors only perceived a portion of the characters of the
group and made it an artificial section of Mitra. Mitroidea is
closety allied to Dibaphus, but the latter has a shorter spire and
is without columellar plaits.

M. MULTIPLICA/TA, Pease. PI. 47, figs. 372, 373.

White, solid, polished under a thin light olive epidermis, with
distant brown revolving lines and band-like maculations.

Length, 1-2 inches.

Polynesia ; Mauritius

Mr. Pease's species has never been figured, but the careful
descriptions by himself and Garrett and the fact that he, like
Adams, made his species the type of a new genus, leaves no
doubt that M. Barclayi, H. Adams is synon3^mous with it.
Dibaphus Lcebbeckeanus, Weinkauff (fig. 373), is the juvenile of
this species. Sowerby, who does not mention Pease's prior
name, changed M. Bar clay i to M. Dibaphiformis, on account of
the alleged prior publication of Mitra Barclayi, Hanley.

M. ANCILLIDES, Swainson. PI. 47, fig. 374.

Pale fulvous yellow, or creamy white ; upper whorls minutely
granulated. Length, 20 mill.

Paumotus Isles.

DIBAPHUS. 163

M. EBURNEA, Garrett.

Closely allied to M. Ancillides, but may be distinguished by
its ivory-white color, more contracted base, smaller size and

more robust form. Length, 12 mill.

Paumotus Isles.

I do not know this species ; it has not been figured.

M. BELLULA, A. Adams. PI. 47, fig. 375.

White, polished, with revolving striae, upper whorls cancel-
lated, a necklace-like row of reddish spots near the sutures.

Length, '75 inch.

Isle of Capul, Philippines ; on the reefs, low water.

Described from a young and possibly abnormal specimen ;
may it not = Ancillidesl

M. TELUM, Sowb. PI. 47, fig. 376.

Yellowish brown, lower half of body-whorl darker, smooth.

Length, 1*1 inches.

Mauritius.

I have not seen this species. The figure is very like M.
multiplicata (Barclayi , which also inhabits Mauritius, but the
columella does not show so many plications.

M. INFECTA, Reeve. PI. 47, figs. 377-380.

Yellowish, marbled with chestnut-brown, sometimes forming
two interrupted bands ; revolving striae inconspicuous or distinct.

Length, 1*25-1 '5 inches.

Mauritius. Paumotus.

Sowerby says that Reeve's figure is erroneous, as it does not
show the revolving striae, and he gives another figure (fig. 378),
which differs somewhat in form and coloring. Reeve's figure is
probably from a worn specimen — Dohrn says, from the original
specimen of M. nebulosa, Swains. ; but nebulosa, as first figured
by Reeve, is a very different species and = M. versicolor,
Martyn. No doubt M. Barclayi, Hanley, not H. Adams, (figs.
379-380), is a synonym.

Genus DIBAPHUS, Philippi.

Differs from Mitroidea in the columella being without plaits.
It resembles in general form Conus mitratus, as well as, more
distantly, Strombus terebellatus, and Adams, Crosse, and others

164 TCRRICULA.

formerly assigned to it a position between Conus and Mitra.
The animal was first made known to science by Mr. A. Garrett
in 1872,* who, after a careful study could not detect any
difference between it and a Cylindra. On plunging a living
example in alcohol, the spirit became much discolored, of a fine
purple, the same as when any other Mitridse are placed in
spirits.

D. PHILIPPII, Crosse. PL 47, fig. 381.

Yellowish brown, or whitish, clouded with chestnut in the
form of two interrupted irregular bands. Length, 1-1*75 inches.

Polynesia ; Mauritius.

The earlier specific name D. edentulus, Swainson, has been
displaced because the character indicated by it has become
generic.

Genus TTJRRICULA, Klein.

The Turriculse, including the old sections Costellaria and
Callithea, are sand species ; the section Pusio, however, contains
reef-dwellers. The group is exclusively tropical and subtropical
in distribution, its metropolis being Central Polynesia.

T. BEGINA, Sowb. PI. 48, fig. 382.

Whitish or gray, with orange bands bordered by narrow
chocolate-colored stripes. Length, 2-3 inches.

Moluccas.
T. T^ENIATA, Lam. PL 48, figs. 383-390.

Yellowish or orange, with a broad white central band, partly
visible on the spire, bordered with narrow chocolate bands ; one
or two additional chocolate bands below, sometimes replaced by
a single broad one next below the white.

Length, 1-75-2-75 inches.

Philippines, Moluccas, Polynesia.

Has not the sharp angulation of the whorls of T. regina, but
is otherwise closely allied to that species. T. mttata, Swainson
(figs. 384-386), does not present any permanently distinctive
characters, and scarcely merits the name of variety. T. com-
pressa, Sowb. (fig. 387), is a narrow variety, not adult; like all
the young of this species the base is reflected more than in the

Zool. Proc., 843,

TURRICULA. 165

adult. T. coccinea, Reeve (fig. 390), is a color-variety in which
the chocolate bands have disappeared ; Sowerby has figured it
under the name of T. crocea. Reeve — which is a very different
species. T. Tayloriana, Sowb. (figs. 388, 389) is intermediate
between T. coccinea and the typical coloration.

T. DENNISONI, Reeve. PI. 48, fig. 391.

Yellowish or orange, stained with chocolate between the ribs,
with a median white zone. Length, 2-25 inches.

Philippines.— Cuming ; Red Sea. — Sowerby.

Sowerby figures a variety of this species which appears to
connect it too closely with the preceding one of this monograph.

T. JUCUNDA, Dunker. Plate 48, fig. 398.

Yellowish or orange brown, with a median, obscure white

band. Length, 61 mill.

Saigon.

There is a thin, deciduous, pallid corneous epidermis. More
finely sculptured and more regular in growth than the variety of
T. tseniata represented by coccinea, Reeve, there is nevertheless
considerable resemblance between them.

T. ELEGANS, Reeve. PI. 48, fig. 392.

Whitish or fleshy-brown, encircled with one or more narrow
chocolate lines. Length, 1*1 inches.

Phillippines.
T. SANGUISUGA, Linn. PI. 48, figs. 393-397.

Yellowish white to ash color, the ribs tipped with scarlet,
sometimes with one or more chocolate bands, base and apex
chocolate. Length, l'5-2'25 inches.

Philippines, Mauritius, Polynesia.

Mr. Cuming found it in coral sand at low water, at the Philip-
pines ; Mr. Garrett, in sandy mud, at the Yiti Isles — sometimes
buried to the depth of two feet. The color variations are
numerous ; two of them have received names.

Yar. STIGMATARIA, Lam. Figs. 396, 397.

Lighter colored, with the scarlet spots confined to two
revolving rows on the body-whorl, one on those of the spire.

Yar. GRANOSA, Chemn. Fig. 395.
Light colored, without scarlet spots.

166 TURRICTJLA.

T. STAINFORTHII, Reeve. PL 49, figs. 399, 400.

Whitish, base and apex ashy blue, ribs painted with square

scarlet spots. Length, 1*25 — 2-25 inches.

Philippines.

The distant, rounded ribs, crossed by close striae, and regular
painting seem to distinguish this species sufficiently from T.
sanguisuga. .

T. MELONGENA, Lam. PL 49, figs. 401, 402, 40T.

Chocolate or ash and white, in revolving bands and lines of

variable thickness. Length, l-5-2'5 inches.

Moluccas, Philippines.
T. LYRATA, Lam. PL 49, fig. 403.

Ribs narrow, sharp ; light olive or ash, with narrow dark
chocolate or blackish revolving bauds. Length, 1-5-2 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.
T. CURVILIRATA, Sowb. PL 49, fig. 404.

Yellowish white, with chestnut or chocolate bands.

Length, 1*25-1*T5 inches.

China f

Distinguished from T. melongena by its curved ribs and
painting, but may nevertheless be only a variety.

T. RADIUS, Reeve. PL 49, fig. 406.

Flesh color or brownish, with a brown band on the periphery.

Length, 1 inch.

Philippines ; Indian Ocean.

T. BALTEOLATA, Reeve. PL 49, fig. 405.

Spire and upper portion of body-whorl yellowish white, lower
portion of the latter orange ; a brown band separates the two
colors, and another one or two are situated inferiorly.
Length, 2*5 inches.

Moluccas, Philippines.
^ T. COSTELLARIS, Lam. PL 49, fig. 408.

Dark chocolate, with a superior narrow white band, and
occasionally an obscure, wider, lower one.
Length, 1-5-2 inches.

Philippines.
T. PEASET, Garrett.

An unfigured species from the Yiti Islands, has the coloring
of T. costellaris,. I do not know it.

TURRICULA. 167

T. VULPECULA, Linn. PI. 49, figs 410-413.

Whitish, obscurely banded with orange, and tipped with dark
chocolate at the sutures and base ; or orange, with sometimes an
obscure light band ; or orange with dark chocolate bands, some-
times covering nearly the entire surface. Shoulder obtuse or
sharply angulated. Length, 1*5-2 inches.

Moluccas, Philippines, Polynesia.

A variable species in form, sculpture and coloration. T.
umbrosa, Sowerby (fig. 414), is said to have the ribs more
defined than T. vulpecula, and raised into tubercles at the angle
of the whorls ; I might make several equally good species out of
the series of vulpecula before me.

T. CAFFRA, Linn. PL 49, fig. 409 ; PI. 50, fig. 424.

Dark chocolate, with two or three yellow zones, the upper
one visible on the spire. Length, 1-75-2-25 inches.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

T. bifasciata, Swainson, has long been recognized as a syno-
nym; T. zonaliSj Quoy (fig. 424), may be added. This species
approaches so near to the smoother forms of T. vulpecula, that
their specific identity is not improbable.

T. PLICATA, Lam. PI. 50, figs. 420-422.

Orange-yellow, with narrow superior and inferior brown
bands, interrupted by the ribs, and a broad central band; whorls
shouldered, with or without revolving striae.

Length, 1-5-1-75 inches.

Philippines.

Yar. PULLATA, Reeve. Figs. 421, 422.

Less shouldered, ribs rather closer, revolving striae more
distinct.

I use the name plicata, Klein, adopted by Lamarck, in
preference to plicaria, Linn, the former being so well known,
that it would be injudicious to displace it.

T. CINCTELLA, Lam. PI. 50, fig. 423.

Whitish and gray or lead or yellowish in alternate zones,
overlaid, on the body-whorl by one or several chestnut-colored

lines. Length, 1-15-2-25 inches.

Moluccas, Ceylon.

168 TURRICULA.

T. INTERMEDIA, Kiener. PL 50, fig. 430.

Alternately zoned with ashy or chocolate-brown and white.

Length, 2-2*5 inches.

Moluccas.

This species is entirely too intermediate for the satisfactory
separation of several other forms ; in its smoother varieties it
approaches very closely to chocolate-banded specimens of T.
vulpecula; its long, costate varieties are allied to T. costellaris,
Lam. and T. cinctella; its short, corrugated specimens are too
near to T. corrugata, Lam. (= T. rugosa, Grmel.).

T. CORRUGATA, Lam. PL 50, figs. 429, 428, 421.

Whitish or ash color, banded with chocolate.

Length, 1-25-1-15 inches.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia.

It is too late to revive Gmelin's .prior name (rugosa) for this
species. T. Jukesii, A. Ad. (fig. 428), is founded on juvenile
Australian specimens. T. fulvolirata, Sowb. (fig. 421), is very
close, if not identical.

T. BERTHS, Sowb. PL 49, fig. 417.

Ash or yellowish, encircled by narrow chocolate bands.

Length, 32 mill.

China Sea.

Appears to hold the same relation to T. corrugata that
cinctella does to costellaris.

T. GRUNERI, Reeve. PL 49, figs. 418, 419, 416.

White, more or less distinctly banded with ash, with a
superior, and sometimes one or two inferior narrow chestnut
revolving lines, shell smooth between the longitudinal ribs.

Length, •15-1-25 inches.

Ceylon, Philippines, Polynesia.

Resembles T. Berthse, but is distinguished by wanting its
revolving striae. T. cinctella, of which it might be suppposed
to be the young, has the earlier whorls closely ribbed, not
shouldered. It may be the young of a variety of T. plicata, a
species from which it is only distinguished by the character of
its narrow bands. T. modesta, Pease (fig. 419), of which the
type specimen is now before me is certainly identical ; and so is
T. Isevicostataj&owb. (fig. 416).

COSTELLARIA. 169

T. INTERRUPTA, A. Ad. PI. 50, fig. 426.

Whitish, interruptedly banded with chocolate.

Length, 1'4 inches.

North Australia.
Differs in form from T. corrugata.

T. ORNATA, A. Ad. PL 50, fig. 425.

White with chestnut bands, or dark colored with white bands ;
revolving striae between the ribs. Length, 1*25 inches.

Habitat unknown.

The ribs appear to be closer than in T. corrugala, but I fear
that it will prove to be a variety of that species.

Soction Coste'laria, Swainson.

Shell smaller, with elevated spire, body-whorl anteriorly
contracted, slightly ventricose in the middle, aperture some-
times internally striated.

T. ANGULOSA, Kiister. PI. 50, figs. 432, 431.

Yellowish white, stained or strigated with brown.

Length, 1*2-1 *8 inches.

Philippines, Mauritius, Polynesia.

T. mirabilix, A. Ad. (fig. 431) is a synonym.

Mr. Garrett says that Yiti Islands specimens are ashy-slate
color, with a more or less distinct pale band just beneath the
sutural angle.

T. NASUTA, Sowb. PI. 49, fig. 415.

Subfusiform, white, with thin sinuously curved, rather distant
ribs, and rather distant spiral striae. Length, *9 inch.

Habitat unknown.

I am not acquainted with this species.

T. DECORA, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 434.

White, with two brown bands. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Ribs more distant than in T. angulosa, but may be a variety
of it.

T. SALMONEA, Sowb. PL 50, fig. 433.

Yellowish white, clouded with salmon color.
Length, 15 inches.

Habitat unknown.
22

170 COSTELLARIA.

T. CUMINGII, Reeve. PL 50, figs. 435-439.

Longitudinal ribs rude, rounded ; crossed by revolving rounded
riblets, the interstices between the latter deeply impressed except
where they cross the ribs. Whitish, sometimes spotted with
brown, and usually brown-banded in the middle.

Length, 1—1 '5 inches.

Ceylon, Philippines, Polynesia, Mauritius.

Besides a copy of Reeve's type (fig. 435), I give one from
Sowerby's Thesaurus (fig. 436), which corresponds more nearly
with the richly-colored specimens lineated with brown, found by
Mr. Garrett at the Paumotus Isles. With this species must be
united T. clathrata. Reeve (fig. 438), and T. dimidiate, Sowb.
(fig. 437), which is now admitted by him to be a synonym.

T. rugosa, Sowb. (fig. 439), of which only a single specimen is
known, appears to differ only in the somewhat greater promi-
nence of the revolving sculpture on the body-whorl. I think it is
the same species : if it is, then its priority of publication must
cause the adoption of its name instead of that of Gumingii.

T. MONTROUZIERI, Souv. PI. 50, fig. 440.

Yellowish brown, lighter at the angle of the shoulder.

Length, 1 inch.

New Caledonia.
T. LUCIDA, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 441.

Ribs swollen at the upper part, transversely elegantly ridged ;
transparent white. Length, '66 inch.

Philippines.
T. NODULIFERA, A. Ad. PI. 50, fig. 442.

The figure given by Sowerby is white, but Mr. E. A. Smith
describes a specimen from the Solomon Islands as pale pinkish
with white ribs, the aperture orange. Length, 11-5 mill.

It possibly equals T. lucida.

T. MODESTA, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 443.

White, slightly tinged with pink towards the base, aperture
pink. Length, -8 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

"A very chaste pink-white shell, with a highly relieved latticed
sculpture."

COSTELLARIA. 171

T. PROPINQUA, Garrett.

An unfigured species resembling T. modesta, Reeve, but more
contracted at the base, with much smaller and more numerous
transverse ridges. Length, 15 mill.

Viti Islands.
T. CINERACEA, Reeve. PI. 51, figs. 444, 445.

Ashy gray, with an interrupted white band at the shoulder,

and white-tinged at the base. Length, '75 inch.

Philippines.
T. JUD^ORUM, Dohrn. PI. 51, fig. 446.

'Orange-brown, ribs and base white. Length, 22 mill.

Red Sea, Mauritius.

A longer, narrower shell than T. cineracea, but may be a
variety of it.

rT. MILITARIS, Reeve. PI. 51, figs. 447-455.

Yellowish brown, with a chestnut band. Length, 1 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

Perhaps not distinct from T. angulosa, Kiister, the difference
being principally in its straighter ribs.

Yar. ANTONELLI, Dohrn. Fig. 448.

Chocolate- or chestnut-brown, or dark gray, white-tinged or

banded above.

Red Sea, Mauritius, Polynesia.^

Specimens sent to me from the Yiti Islands by Mr. Andrew
Garrett, under the name of T. mutabilis, Reeve, are more slender
than Sowerby's figure, approaching the form of militaris very
closely.

Var. LUBENS, Reeve. Figs. 449-451.

Yellowish white, tinged with pink at apex and base.

Philippines.

T. compta, A. Ad (fig. 450), and T. turricula, A. Ad. (fig. 451),
are synonyms.

Yar. COPHINA, Gould. Fig. 453.

The figure of the type shows a shorter shell than the preced-
ing, but specimens before me serve to connect it directly with
var. lubens. A somewhat rounded instead of an angulated
shoulder is the only difference, and that not constant. To this
form may be referred the Sandwich Islands species T. bella.

172 COSTELLARIA.

Pease (fig. 452), yellowish white, interruptedly banded or marked
with light chestnut ; a faded, stumpy specimen of it was called
T. Wisemanni by Dohrn.

As there is some diversity of sculpture and coloration in the
typical shells above enumerated, I have thought it advisable to
retain their names as varieties, for the sake of those who, less
well provided with specimens than myself, may not be able to
convince themselves that they are mere individual stages or local
races perhaps, of one species. T. cimelium, Reeve (fig. 454), is
a young shell referable to this species. The shell which Sowerby
has erroneously determined as T. rorata, Gld. (fig, 455), may
also be placed here.

T. INTERSTRIATA, Sowb. PI. 51, fig. 456.

Longitudinal costae smooth, distant, the interstices with spiral
striae. White, banded with orange, maculated with chestnut

between the ribs. Length, 1'15 inches.

China Seas.

I have not seen this species, but think it will prove to be a
variety of T. militaris.

T. CORBIOULA, Sowb. PI. 51, fig. 457.

Yellowish white, shaded with yellowish brown, the tubercles
of the shoulder angle tipped with chestnut, forming a necklace-
like row ; interior of aperture light yellowish. Ribs and revolv-
ing riblets both close, forming granules. Length, '8-1 inch.

Mauritius.
T. SULUENSIS, Adams and Reeve. PI. 51, fig. 459.

Yellowish white, spotted with chestnut, forming two inter-
rupted bands. Length, 1 inch.

Sooloo Islands.
T. COLLINSONI, A. Adams. PL 51, figs. 458, 460, 461.

Whitish, stained with brown at the apex, obscurely banded
with bluish ash a little below the top of the whorls, and spotted
irregularly with brown in the same part, generally between the
costse ; lower half of the last whorl cinereous brown.

Length, -75-1 inch.

Japan.

Differs from T. Suluensis in having a non-turreted spire, finer
spiral sculpture, a shorter aperture, and in its color. The fore-

I

COSTELLAEIA. 173

going description indicates such close affinity with T. Suluensis,
however, that I think it would have been more prudent not
to separate it. T. fusco-apicata (fig. 460) and T. Gotoensis, E. A.
Smith, (fig. 461), are both synonymous, varying only slightly in
sculpture and marking from the type.

T. CRUENTATA, (Chemn.) Reeve. PL 51, figs. 462-466, 468, 469;

PI. 58, fig. 686.

Chestnut or chocolate-brown, with a superior narrow white
band, and occasionally an inferior one. Sometimes lighter
colored between the band and the suture. Length, '75-1 inch.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia..
A very variable species, which has received a number of names.

Var. PROXIMA, Nevill. Figs. 464-466, 468.

The usual Polynesian form ; when one-banded it has been
called var. Sandvichensis, Nevill. T. exarata, A. Ad. (fig. 465),
T. ligata, A. Ad. (fig. 466), and T. uibex, A. Ad. (PL 58, fig.
686) are synonyms. I think that T. larva, Lam. (fig. 468) may
also be placed here.

Var. ARMILLATA, Reeve. Fig. 467.

A narrow form, with spire drawn out, typically very different
from cruentata, var. proxima, but connected with it by Poly-
nesian specimens before me.

T. SCHOMBURGKII, Angas. PL 51, fig. 470.

Livid brown, with a broad, pale, suffused band on each whorl,
and four narrow, dark-brown lines encircling the last whorl, one
above and three below the band. Length, 10 mill.

So. Australia.

I am not acquainted with this species.

T. BUCCINOIDEA, Sowb. PL 51, fig. 467.

Yellowish white, with a white central band bordered with

chestnut on each side. Length, 4 inches.

Habitat unknown.

T. RAWSONI, Morch.

An unfigured species, from the West Indies, is said to resemble
T. cruentata.

174 COSTELLARTA.

T. FUSCONIGRA, Garrett.

An unfigured species, dark, brownish black, with a superior

white spiral line. Length, 18 mill.

Viti Isles.

Three dead specimens found. I am not acquainted with it ;
appears to be closely allied to the preceding species.

T. SEMIFASCIATA, Lam. PI. 51, figs. 472, 473.

Yellowish white or ash-gray on the upper part of the whorls,
darker ash or orange on the lower part, encircled by two or three
narrow chestnut lines. Length, *75-l'25 inches.

Red Sea, Philippines, Polynesia.

T. SEMISCULPTA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 51, fig. 474.

Ash color tinged with pink, with a light, narrow revolving

band on the periphery. Length, -9 inch.

Sooloo Isles, Japan.

\y T. MUCRONATA, Swainson. PL 51, figs. 475-479; PL 52, figs.

480-482.

Whitish or yellowish, stained, spotted or irregularly banded
with light chestnut. Length, 1-1*25 inch.

Bed Sea; Polynesia; in sand, inside the reefs, shallow water.

Mr. Garrett says the animal is a rich brown, irregularly dotted
with yellow on the back, the creeping disk cinereous, the siphon
dusky with yellowish spots.

The shell varies considerably in proportions and in the develop-
ment of the spinose tubercles; a smoother form is T. concentrica,
Reeve, (fig. 476). I add as synonyms T. fusiformis, Reeve, not
Kiener (fig. 477) ; T. obtusispinosa, Sowb. (fig. 478) ; T. ecliinata,
A. Ad. (fig. 479) ; T. nodilirata, A. Ad. (fig. 480) ; T. fusiformis,
Chemm. (fig. 481 ] ; a narrow variety, which, through T. Dohrni,
A. Ad. (fig. 482), approaches T. fusiformis, Kiener.

T.-VERRUCOSA, Reeve. PL 52, fig. 483.

Yellowish white, spotted or banded with pale brown.

Length, 1 inch.

Philippine*.

Closely allied to the preceding species, of which it may prove
to be a variety.

COSTELLARTA. 175

T. FUSIFORMTS, Kiener. PL 52, figs 484, 485, 487-489.
Yellowish white, spotted or banded with brown.

Length, 1 inch.

Philippines.

Kiener figured this as fusiformis, Chemnitz, but it does not
correspond with the illustrations in the Conchylien Cabinet ; the
latter represent a narrow form of T. mucronata, Swains. T.
spicata, Rve. (fig. 487) appears to be a synonym. T. turriger,
Reeve, (fig. 488) and possibly T. armiger, Reeve (fig. 489) are
also to be placed here.

T. PURPURATA, Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 490-492.

Ashy brown, with a conspicuous white zone; interstices of
the ribs strongly latticed. Length, -75 inch.

Red Sea ; Philippine*.

T. daedala, Reeve (fig. 491) and T. cineracea, Reeve (fig. 492)
are probably synonymous.

T. FIDICULA, Gould. PL 58, fig. 693.

Yellowish brown with a central white band ; ribs whitish,
sometimes a little nodular at the shoulder angle. Length, '75 inch.
Hob. unknown. — Gould ; Red Sea.— M' Andrew?

M'Andrew's identification of a Red Sea form with this species
is questionable.

T. OELATA, Reeve. PL 52, figs. 493-495.

Yellowish or chestnut-brown, with an indistinct lighter band.

Length, '5-'75 inch.

Philippines.

T. sculptilis, Reeve (fig. 494), appears to be the adult.
Probabty T. mica, Reeve (fig. 495), is a synonym.

T. INERMIS, Reeve. PL 52, fig. 496.

Chestnut, with a white band crossed by longitudinal brown

zigzag lines. Length, '75 inch.

Philippines; Japan.
Possibly a smooth variety of T. cselata.

T. RECTILATERIS, Sowb. PL 52, fig. 497.

Banded with chestnut and white ; spiral striae between the

ribs. Length, 1*2 inches.

Habitat unknown.

176 COSTELLARIA.

T. RUBELLA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 52, fig. 498.

Yellowish brown. Length, 1 inch.

Sooloo Archipelago.
T. SCITULA, A. Ad. PL 52, fig. 499.

Yellowish white, sparsely punctate with chestnut.
Length, '5 inch. China Seas.

A young shell, the position of which is not readily determin-
able.

T. INTERT^ENIATA, Sowb. PL 52, fig. 500.

Ash color with narrow chestnut bands. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.
Possibly — T rectilateris, Sowb.

T. RUSTICA, Reeve. PL 52, fig. 501.

Whitish, lower part of the shell ash color, with occasional
brown dots upon the middle of the whorl. Length, *75 inch.

Habitat unknown.

A species having no marked characteristics.

NI T. DESHAYESII, Reeve. PL 52, figs. 502-507, 486.

Turreted, with an angle at the shoulder, longitudinal ribs
small, rounded, interspaces wider, smooth ; white or ash color,
with chestnut revolving bands, usually tipping the ribs only and
thus appearing as rows of spots. Length, *75-l inch.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Polynesia.
First described from a poor specimen, in which the upper
portions of the ribs only are distinct, and the bands not well
defined. The shell which Reeve figures as T. rigida, Swainson
(fig. 504), is synonymous — the true rigida being equivalent to
T.semifasciata, Lam. Other synonyms are T. Michaudi, Crosse
and Fischer (fig. 505), proposed for T. rigida, Reeve, not
Swainson, T. Dunkeri, Schmeltz MSS., and T. alauda of Sowb.
(figs. 506, 507), not Quoy, Voy. Astrol. as quoted by Sowerby —
no such species occurring in that work. I figure also, a variety
of uniform dark chocolate color.

T. AMANDA, Reeve. PL 52, fig. 508.

Ribs crossed by fine revolving striae, a little nodulous next the
suture ; alternately banded with light chestnut and white.

Length, *5 inch.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia.

COSTELLARIA. 177

T. FESTIVA, Garrett.

[Jnfigured. Resembles Desfaiyesii, Reeve.

Viti Islands.

T. I'l LCIIKA. (JariVtl.

Untigurecl. Resembles Deshtty&sii^ Rervr.

Viti ai ul fruniHiit, lxl<inds.

T. < ASTA. H. Ad. PI. 52, fig. 509.

White. Length, '4-' 7 5 inch.

Red Sea.

The name being preoccupied in Mitra, Sowerby changed it to
hastata.

T. FILISTRIATA, Sowk PI. 52, fig. 514.

Fulvous, lower part of the body-whorl with pale brown flames.

Length, '9 inch.

Habitat unknoim.

Very prokiltly equivalent to the preceding species.

T. SUBULATA, Lam. PI. 52, figs. 510, 511.
Flesh-color clouded with orange-brown.
Length, 1-5-2-25 inches.

Polynesia.

The shoulder is not always distinctly marked. There is
frequently a Terebra-like appearance given to this shell by the
first incised revolving line below the suture, being deeper than
the others.

T. MACROSPIRA, A. Ad. PL 59, fig. 512.

Whitish or yellowish, with rows of chestnut spots.

Length, 2 inches.

ILibitat unknoirii..

This, like the preceding species, has the aspect of a Terebra,
but it is stouter than T. subulata.

T. LINCOLNENSIS, Angas. PL 52, fig. 513.

Whitish, with irregular longitudinal chestnut llames,:i narrow
band of interrupted spots on the centre of the whorls, lower
half of body-whorl chestnut, with a faint hand of reticulated
brown and white spots in the middle. Length, 7 lines.

Port Lincoln, So. Australia.
23

178 COSTELLARIA.

T. CATENATA, Swainson. PL 53, fig. 515.

White, with large irregular chestnut-brown spots, arranged in

bands. Length, *5 inch.

Me of An/t<i«, Polynesia.

An obscure shell, probably not adult.
T. LILACINA, Sowb. PL 53, fig. 516.

Shell finely decussated ; ash color, lighter at the suture.

Length, -6 inch.

Habitat unknown.
T. MARMOREA, A. Ad. PL 53, figs. 517, 518.

Olivaceous, marked with reddish brown ; longitudinally eostatr .
costse thick, subnodose above, interstices with revolving striae.

Length, '5 inch.

Isle of Negros, Philippines ; coarse sand, ten fathoms.

Sowerby's two illustrations, the only figures of this species
heretofore published, and which I cop}-, appear to represent two
different species.

T. ARRACANENSIS, Sowb. PL 53, figs. 519.
Brown, with a median white line, ribs lighter colored.
Length, '65 inch.

Arrac0n.
T. CREBRILIRATA, Reeve. PL 53, figs. 521-526, 530.

Light chestnut or olive, tops of ribs lighter, with usually a
narrow central brown band, and a superior white line ; ribs
narrow, interstices with close revolving striae.

Length, 1 '25-1 "75 inches.

Indian Ocean; Japan; Philippines ; Polynesia.

Reeve hesitated to describe this as a distinct species from his
M. polita, to which, he says, it bears the same relation that the
ribbed does to the smooth variety of M. ebenus-, I venture,
nevertheless, to locate the two species in distinct groups. I do
this, whilst expecting that Reeve's suspicion of their identity
will be confirmed, as it is a case paralleled by many others in
this genus, all pointing to the evanescent nature of the sculpture
and patterns of coloring. In fact, unless we set up an artificial
standard for the separation of species, in some genera, we should
have no species remaining, to speak of. T. rosea, Kiener, not
Duclos (fig. 522), T. tenuilirata, Sowb. (fig. 523), T. rubricata,
Reeve (fig. 524), T. subtruncata, Sowb. (fig. 525), T. Layardi,

COSTELLARIA. 179

A. Ad. (fig. 520), T. Japonica, A. Ad. (fig. 530), are all syno-
nyms.

T. /EHUENSIS, Reeve. PI. 53, figs. 527-529, 520.

Yellowish white, blotched or spotted irregularly with chestnut.

Length, 1-25-1 '5 inches.

Philippines; Polynesia. *

The synonyms are T. rorata, Gould (fig. 520), T. prsetexta,
Sowb. (fig. 529).

T. RUFOMACULATA, Souverbie. PL 53, fig. 531.

Whitish, with four revolving series of chestnut maculations ;
intervals of the ribs with punctate revolving striae.

Length, 1 inch.

New Caledonia.

Described and figured from a single specimen.

T. ACUPICTA, Reeve. PI. 53, figs. 532, 533.

White, tinged with yellowish or pink, profusely spotted and
maculated with chestnut or chocolate color. Length, 1*25 inches.
Red Sea, Andaman Isles, Cochin China, Zanzibar, Mauritius.

Sowerby figures a variety in which the ribs are less numerous
but more prominent than in the type.

T. PUNCTURATA, Sowb. PL 53, fig. 534.

Pink, maculate and flammulate with reddish brown ; interstices
of the ribs profoundly punctate. Length, 20 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a single specimen.

T. OBELISCUS, Reeve. PL 53, fig. 535.

Chestnut-brown, with a central white band, and sometimes an

inferior narrower one.

Andaman Islands, Philippines, Viti Islands.

Reeve's figure is from a faded specimen. G. and H. Nevill
have described a var. Andamanica, but it has no differential
characters. It is possible that T. obeliscus is a non-angulated
form of T. cruentata, Chemn.

T. MACANDREWI, Sowb. PL 53, fig. 530.

Fawn color, lighter on the periphery. Length, -0 inch.

Red Sea.

A juvenile shell with no distinctive features. It may be a
young obeliscus.

180 COSTELLABIA.

T. FLEXICOSTATA, Garrett.

An unfigured species, allied to T. obeliscus. Length, -6 inch.

Polynesia.
T. RADIX, Sowb. PL 53, fig. 531.

Like obeliscus, but the costse more distant, curved ; orange-
brown with a white superior band. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.
T. LONGISPIRA, Sowb. PI. 43, fig. 538.

Fawn-colored, light banded in the middle. Length, '9 inch.

Habitat unknown.

One of a number of very doubtful specimens, once forming
part of a private collection, and which, coming into the hands of
Mr. Sowerby, have been described by him as new species.

T. ^ETHIOPICA, Jickeli. PI. 53, fig. 539.

A miserable little young shell, the description of which is of

advantage to Mr. Jickeli, perhaps. Length, 4 mill.

Red Sea.
May be identified with anything.

T. CRISP A, Garrett. PL 53, fig. 540.

White or yellowish white, with usually a central darker band ;
ribs sharp, flexuous, somewhat distant, interstices foveolate, the
revolving ridges being thread-like and well raised.

Length, '65-'8 inches.

Samoa and Viti Isles.

T. EXASPERATA, Gmelin. PL 53, figs. 541-544 ; PL 54, figs. 545,
546.

Whitish or yellowish usually two-banded with chestnut to
dark chocolate, sometimes colored only on the ribs.

Length, *75-l inch.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Jar a, Philippines, Polynesia.

T. are nosa, . Lain. (figs. 545, 540), is a synonym, and not
entitled to varietal distinction as its typical form is connected
with exasperata by almost insensible gradations: Reeve's reason
for retaining it as a species is curious ; he says : " M. Kiener
regards this species as a variety of the following (exa^peratci),
but I do not think it expedient to follow his opinion. One-half
of the established species may be dispensed with were every one
of two that approximate abandoned upon the discovery of their
intermediate link." Mr. Garrett gathered thousands of living

COSTELLARIA. 181

specimens by digging in clear sand and sandy mud at the Tonga
and Yiti Isles. All the Mitres of this type bury themselves in
SMI id and only come to the surface during the night. The shell is
mimitety granulated by the crossing of the sculpture. The ribs
vary considerably in size and number, and are sometimes obso-
lete. The angle on the shoulder is also subject to variation and
is occasionally very indistinct. The color is white or cinereous,
and sometimes nearly uniform blackish brown. The ribs are
frequently lineated with light brown or blackish brown, the lines
often interrupted so as to form two transverse rows of linear
spots — which gradually merge into the conspicuously banded
and more closely ribbed variety which represents Lamarck's
arenosa. T. cadaverosa, Reeve, the description of which follows,
is possibly a marked variety only of this species.

T. CADAVEROSA, Reeve. PL 54, figs. 548-554.

Whitish, with a narrow chestnut or chocolate band, either
continuous or interrupted by the ribs. Length, -G5--9 inch.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippine*, Polynesia.

The shell is more stumpy, usually smaller, less disposed to
_u ran illation than T. exasperata, and its single band, when not
continuous, appears in the interstices of the ribs, unlike the
interrupted bands of exasperata, which appear on the backs of the
ribs : I am by no means certain that it is distinct, however. In
the Polynesian Islands it lives buried in the sand.

The synonyms are T. Pacifica. Reeve (fig. 550), T. Pharaonis,
Issel (fossil), T. mutabilis. Reeve (fig. 551), and T. brevicaudata,
Sowb. (fig. 552). T. Wisemanm, Dohrn, an unfigured species is
referred to this synonymy by Jickeli,* but I agree with Mr.
Pease that it agrees better with his T. bella (— militaris). T.
Appelli. Jickeli (= PJiaraonis, H. Ad., not Issel) is at most a
variety (fig. 553), and 7'. sitbquadrata, Sowh. (fig. 554), is syn-
onymous with it.

T. ASPERRIMA, Dohrn. PI. 54, fig. 547.

Orange-yellow, white upon the shoulder of the whorls.

Length, 22 mill.

Habitat unknown.

* Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, 37.

182 PUSTA.

Described from a specimen in the Hanley collection. Three
examples, without locality, are also in the collection of the
Philadelphia Academy.

T. SPRETA, A. Ad. PL 54, fig. 555.

Light yellowish brown. Length, '25 inch.

Japan.

A juvenile shell. It is not at all probable that it is distinct
from one of the previously described species : ju«lgin»- from the
figure it could be safely referred to any one of 1m If M, dozen
species, including the last.

T. ROSEOCAUDATA, Han ley. PI. 54, fig. 556.

Light yellowish brown. Length, '2 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Probably a starved, rugose, young specimen of T. cadawrosa.

T. LATERCULATA, Sowb. PI. 54, fig. 557.

Yellowish brown, with a central band, bordered on each side

by a row of brown spots. Length, '7 inch.

Habitat /////•//<>//•//.
T. ZELOTYPA, Reeve. PL 54, fig. 558.

Alternately banded with }^ellowish brown and white.
Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Section Pusia, Swainson.

Shell small, ovate, more or less ribbed or nodulous ; spire
usually -short, convex, with obtuse apex; outer lip sometimes
thickened.

T. DERMESTINA, Lam. PL 54, figs. 559-566.

Chestnut or chocolate-brown more or less spotted with yellow-
ish white on the ribs, with a superior interrupted white band and
an inferior narrower one. Length, '75 inch.

West Indies ; Paumotus ; Sandwich Islands ; Red Sea ?

The West Indian habitat of this species is established by
Morch, Krebs, Swift, etc. ; the Paumotus are given on the
authority of Hugh Cuming ; Mr. Pease reports it from the
Sandwich Islands, M' Andrew from the Red Sea. Probably the
latter is a mistaken identification ; but specimens from the two
oceans are alike and cannot be specifically distinguished. The

PUSTA. 183

synonyms are T. cavea. Reeve (tig. 560), reported by Beau from
Guadeloupe, \V. I..; T. Adamsi,Do\\rn ( lig. 561), described from
a worn specimen; 7'. i>//l<-Jir/la. Reeve, (fig. 562); T. pisolina,
Lain, (tig. .")('»3) ; T. ansulata, Sowb. (fig. 564); and T. histrio,
Reeve (lig. ;>C>5), a brilliantly colored form.

Var. coNSAN(ii;i\KA, Reeve, fig. 566.

Orange to brown, with a revolving row of white spots, and
scattered spots on the base and spire. Length, '75 inch.

It varies considerably in the length of the spire. It is fre-
quently confounded, says Mr. Garrett, with T. dermestina, with
which it is very closely allied.
T. TATEI. Angas. PI. 54, fig. 567.

Yellowish brown, with two chocolate bands. Length, 3 inches.

So. Australia.
T. MICRO/ONIAS, Lam. PI. 54, figs. 568, 569.

Dark chestnut or chocolate-brown, with a row of white spots
on the ribs at the periphery, forming an interrupted band or
necklace; sometimes an inferior narrow band.

Length, '5-* 7 5 inch.

West Indies ; Polynesia.

Morch, Krebs and Swift report it from the West Indies,
('inning and Garrett from Polynesia ; specimens from both local-
ities before me are precisely similar. The species is distinguished
with difficulty from varieties of T. dermestina, and will, I think,
prove to be S3'nonymous with it.

T. GEMMATA, Sowb. PI. 58, fig. 688.

Brown, usually slightly angular above the middle ; ribs distinct
on and above the angle, becoming obsolete below it ; angle with

a hand of white spots. Length, 8-10 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Three good specimens are before me ; with the general char-
acter of M. microzonias,ihey have a much narrower form.

T. I'ARDALis. Kiister. PI. 54, figs. 573-575.

Yellowish to chocolate-brown, with an interrupted or con-
tinent white band composed of irregular spots; the tops of the
longitudinal ribs lighter in color, sometimes white.

Length, "6 inch.

Red Sea; Philippines; Mauritius; Polynesia, on coral reefs.

184 PUSTA.

Krister described his species from young specimens ; there can
be no doubt, however, of its identity with the forms subsequently
characterized by Reeve as T. lauta (fig. 574), and T. leucodesma
(fig. 575). Reeve's figure of T. pardalis is a Columbella.

T. MEDCOMACULATA, Sowb. PI. 55, figs. 581, 582.

Somewhat indistinctly plicately ribbed, ribs smooth, wide,
close together, interstices with revolving striae ; sculpture alto-
gether obsolete on the back of the last whorl ; rich chestnut-
brown, broadly white-banded, with a row of square, regular
brown spots in the centre of the band. Length, -5 inch.

Mauritius.

T. Cernica, Nevill (fig. 582) is a synonym.

T. PUELLA, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 583.

Dark chestnut or chocolate with jagged flames or spots of
white, frequently confluent around the suture Surface polished,
with obsolete, minute, decussating sculpture. Length, '3-'4 inch.

West Indies.

T. TURTURINA, Souverbie. PL 55, fig. 584.

Smooth, polished, solid, columbelliform, with revolving striae;
dark chestnut, with small white revolving points or spots.

Length, *5 inch.

Loyalty /., New Caledonia.

Resembles the preceding species, differing in its columbelli-
form aperture, and the disposition of the spots.

T. CREMANS, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 585.

Dark chocolate, with an irregular white band, tending to
spread longitudinally on the tops of the distant folds or ribs,
these being sometimes obsolete ; irregularly white-banded near
the base ; when the shell is fresh, close, very fine spiral lines are

visible. Length, -5-'6 inch.

Philippines.

The figures of Sowerby and Reeve are both taken from smooth
uncharacteristic specimens. It is near T. pardalis. M. Timo-
rensis, Dohrn, an unfigured species, from the island of Timor,
is apparently synonymous.

T. ALVEOLUS, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 586.

Longitudinally finely ribbed, base with revolving grooves ;

PUSIA. 185

whorls dark chocolate, tessellated with white around the upper
p:irt, and on the spire. Length, *5 inch.

Habitat unknown . (Red Sea f )

I am not acquainted with the species; it may be a variation
of T.pardalis.

T. APERTA, Sowb. PI. 55, fig-. 581.

Slightly ribbed ; chocolate, with an irregular yellowish band.

Length, *7 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a single specimen in the late Taylor collection.
T. MILLECOSTATA, Swainson. PI. 55, fig. 588.

Closely, finely longitudinally ribbed, with impressed revolving
stria? at the base ; orange yellow to dark chestnut-brown, some-
times with two interrupted lighter bands. Length, *5 inch.

Island of Annaa.

T. LUCULENTA, Reeve. PI. 55, figs. 589-594.

Short pupjeform, with obtuse apex; or ventricose in the
body-whorl, with a more or less angulated periphery, and dis-
tantly irregularly folded or ribbed ; sometimes narrow. Color
alternate revolving bands of white or light yellowish and dark
chocolate or black. Length, -5 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesian Islands, on coral reefs.

A species of very variable form, and sculptured or smooth ;
the typical state is pupseform furnished with white bands as
wide or wider than the black ones (fig. 589) ; a more ventri-
cose shell with the black bands proportionately wider is T.
dichroa, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 590) ; a still more ventricose and
more usual form has been called by Mr. Crosse T. Graeffi (fig. 591);
it is ribbed, and the white bands are narrow; Sowerby has re-
described it under the name of T. nigrofasciata (fig. 592). A
narrower variety of the shell with narrow white bands Mr.
Sowerbjr calls T. Isemzonata (fig. 593). To complete the 83^11-
onymy, we may probably add T. tricolor, Montr, (fig. 594) in
which there are indistinct rufous bands in the middle of the
white bands ; this is not a constant character, as in a specimen
sent to me by M. Crosse, the rufous markings are not visible.
Tapparone-Canefri has changed the name to Montrouzieri, that
of tricolor being preoccupied. Mr. Garrett remarks of this
24

186 PUSIA.

species that " the}^ are usually found associated with Engina
mendicaria, which they resemble so closely in shape and color as
to be easily mistaken for small specimens of the latter species.
Mr. Crosse's figure, which is slightly enlarged, very correctly
represents the usual form. They, however, frequently differ in
being more slender, and the ribs are sometimes nearly obsolete.
Animal black. The foot is oblong, margined with yellow, slightly
auriculate in front, and about three-fourths the length of the
shell. Siphon rather long, irrorated with white. The pale ten-
tacles are marked by two black zones."

T. LOTA, Reeve. PL 54, fig. 570.

Pale reddish orange, variegated with brown. Length, '75 inch.

Me of Ticao ; Philippines.

A species of no determinate character, closely allied to or
identical with T. microzonias, Lam. Sowerby considers it a
synonym of T. pisolina, Lam., a species which I believe to be
identical witli T. dermestina.

T. GLANDIFORMIS, Reeve. PI. 54, fig. 571.

White, variegated with brown. Length, -5 inch.

Red Sea ; Indian Ocean.

Messrs. G. and H. Nevill say that T. dsedala, radius and this
species are identical, running together through intermediate
forms ; the types are so different, however, that having no series
of specimens by which to verify this for myself, I prefer to keep
them distinct.

T. CITHABA, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 599.

Light purple-brown with a narrow, pale hand. H., '75 inch.

Hob. unknown.

T. APPROXIMATA, Pease.

Shell ovate, turreted ; whorls convexly angulated at the sutures,
longitudinally ribbed, crossed by impressed striae ; interstices
punctured ; aperture striated within ; columella four-plaited.
Color white, banded and blotched irregularly with chestnut-
brown.

Sandwich Islands.

Not figured. Not seen by either Mr. (rarrett or myself.

:

PUSIA. 187

T. BRONNI, Bunker.

An unfigured species said to be very like T. ylandiformis,
Reeve, but much larger, narrower, paler in color, and somewhat
curved before. Length, 20 mill.

Japan.
T. KRAUSSI, Dunker.

An unfigured species, resembling the preceding, somewhat,
ami also recalling the narrow variety of T. microzonias. It is
found in the Japanese seas.

T. CROCATA, Lam. PI. 55, figs. 595-507.

I\ eddish orange or yellowish brown, with a superior narrow
white band. Length, '75— 1*25 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

The type figured by Kiener, fig. 595, is even larger than the
ize given in Lamarck's description — which is, length one and a
quarter inches. I have some doubt whether the shell usually
identified with T. crocata, and which is common enough in
cabinets, is really that species, for it is always much smaller and
less shouldered — sometimes without any superior angle on the
whorls. If this identification is correct, a large synonymy must
be added (principally on account of inconstant coloration),
including T. aureolata. venustula,flavescens. etc. I prefer to let
rrorata stand as a somewhat doubtful form, and include the
others under the name of T. aureolata. T. concinna, Reeve (fig.
597), is a smaller shell, varying only in the interstices of the
revolving ridges being darker colored.

T. PYRAMIDALIS, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 598.

Yellowish or orange-brown, with a white superior zone.

Length, 1 '25-1 '5 inches.

Isle of Annaa, Paumotus Group.

Garrett obtained a specimen which is white with two orange-
yellow bands. The spire is more elegated and less angular than
in T. crocata ; the ribs much more curved and more roughly
tuberculated. This is the aurantia of Swainson, not Gmelin,
and Garrett proposes to revive that name ; Gmelin's species
being a true Mitra and Turricula now generally accepted as a
distinct genus : in common parlance the Turricuhe, however, will
probably continue to be referred to as Mitrae, so that some con-
fusion might arise from reinstating T. aurantia.

188 PUS FA.

\I T. AUREOLATA, Swainson. PL 55, figs. 600-606.

Orange-brown, with a small white superior zone, and some-
times one or more thread-like inferior bands ; sometimes white
with an orange band below the suture and another at the base.

Length, *75 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

A very variable species in sculpture and coloration, and
therefore having a large synonymy. I have already, under T.
crocata, alluded to the fact that that species has usually been
identified with this ; it remains to figure the crocata of collectors
(fig. 600), which is a lemon-yellow variety of aureolata, with or
without a superior thread-like white band. T. multicostata,
Swains, (fig. 602), and T. crocea, Reeve (fig. 603), are examples
of shoulderless varieties of the type and of " crocata " respec-
tively ; they are both somewhat enlarged in the figures. In T.
venustula, Reeve (fig. 604), the revolving sculpture is darker
colored ; and in T.flavescens, Reeve (fig. 605), a portion of them
are so marked, giving the shell a bright, banded appearance.
T. affinis, Reeve (fig. 606), is also a synonym.

T. PLICATISSIMA, Schroter. PI. 55, fig. 607.

Grayish white, apex and base tinged with brown ; two dark
bands on the bod3^-whorl. Length, 20 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Perhaps a variety of T. aureolata.

T. RUBRA, Swainson. PL 55, figs. 608, 609.

Light pink and darker banded, or roseate with a light band,
sometimes interrupted by dark tints in the interstices of the

ribs. Length, '25 inch.

Paumotus ; New Zealand?

The specimens before me, as well as the figures, show that it
is not an adult shell. Sowerby's fig. 393 (fig. 608) represents
the shell described by Garrett as T. exquisita ; it is at most, a
mere variety.

T. BICOLOR, Garrett.

An unfigured species, cinereous with'two rose-colored bands.
Length, 8 mill.

Samoa and Paumotus Isles.

Appears to be closely allied to T. rubra.

PUSIA. 189

T. PALTGERA, Sowb. PL 55, fig. 610.

Yellowish white. interruptedly fasrinte with chestnut.

Length, '65 inch.

Hab. unknown.
T. INFALSTA, Reeve. IM. 55, iig. 576.

Fleshy straw-color, stained with chestnut. Length, '68 inch.

1*1. of Ticao, Philippines.

T. GARRETTII, (J. and U. Xevill.

Xanie proposed for Mitra assimilis* (Jarrett, not Pease; an
nn figured species, of a whitish color, with closely set, slightly
raised deep brown lines.

» Cook* 9, Samoa, and Viti Islands.

. FORTIPLTCATA. Pease. PL 55, fig. 57V.
Light chestnut, base ami apex whitish. Length, 8 mill.
Paumotits Is., in beach sand.

T. KM i U.K. Selmieltz. PI. 55, fig. 578.

Reddish chestnut, encircled by two or three narrow yellowish
bands. Length, 8 mill.

Pauittotus Is., in beach saiid.

Described by Mr. Pease as T. plicatula, a name preoccupied
for a fossil species.

T. ROSEA, Swainson. PI. 55. fig. 579.

Purple-rose, tipped with white on the ribs ; sometimes with a
row of dark spots between the ribs and below the shoulder.

Length, '5 inch.

Lord Hood's Island.
T. niscoLORiA, Reeve. PL 55, fig. 580.

Alternately banded with white and orange or reddish brown, or
chocolate. Usually the bands are much darker in color between
the ribs. Length, *5— • 65 inch.

Solomon Is. (Brazier); Philippines (Paetel) ; Viti Is. (Garrett).

T. AMABILIS, Keeve. PL 56, fig. 611.

Ashy or pinkish gray, with a broad white superior band, and
sometimes narrow white revolving lines below it.

Length, *35-'4 inch.

Red Sea; Philippines; Polynesia.

A coral reef species, widely distributed.

190 PUSIA.

T. NICOBARICA, Frauenfeld. PI. 56, fig. 612.

Shell chocolate-brown, aperture also chocolate. H., 16 mill.

Nicobar Isles.
T. FICULINA, Lam. PL 56, figs. 613-615.

Dark chocolate-brown, more or less shouldered and distantly
longitudinally ribbed, sometimes crossed by revolving striae,
which become more distinct towards the base ; aperture chocolate
within. Length, *7 inch.

Philippines ; Solomon Is. ; Australia ; Galapagos Is.

I refer to this species T. gausapata, Reeve (fig. 614), from the
Galapagos, and T. forticostata, Reeve (fig. 615) ; the latter without
revolving sculpture except at the base.

T. ZEBRINA, d'Orb. PL 56, figs. 630, 616.

Smooth, dark chocolate with white longitudinal strigations.

Length, 10-12 mill.

Canary Islands.

The type figured (fig. 630), is a narrower form than that
depicted by Sowerby ; the latter corresponds very well, however,
with a specimen before me, which I feel confident belongs to
this species.

T. SEMEk, Reeve. PL 56, fig. 618.

Smooth ; yellowish white and chestnut-brown in alternate
longitudinal narrow waved lines. Length, '5 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia : Sandwich hies.

I add the localities following the Philippines, believing that T.
flammulata, Pease, and T. zebrina, Garrett, both unfigured, will
prove to be synonymous with T. semen. It seems to be closely
allied to the typical form of T. zebrina, d'Orb., in coloring and
shape.

T. PUTILLUS, Pease. PL 56, fig. 617.

Finely granulated by decussating lines; dark chocolate, with
a narrow white superior band ; sometimes with a few white spots
on the upper half of the shell. Length, '4 inch.

Paumotus and Society Islands.

T. TRUNCULUS, Sowb. PL 56, fig. 619.

Polished, ventricose, chestnut-brown. Length, -25 inch.

Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen.

PUSTA. 191

T. MURICULATA, Lam. PL 56, fig. 020.

Orange yellow to dark chestnut, the shoulder and tubercles

whitish. Length '65— *8 inch.

Philippines ; Mauritius.

vT. PATRIABCHALIS, Lam. PI. 56, figs. 621, 622, 625; PI. 58, fig. 689.
Nodosely ribbed at shoulder of whorls, ribs becoming evanes-
cent lower down; spirally incised, the striae becoming stronger
towards the base, and occasionally raised into nodules or riblets ;
above, they cross the ribs. Color varying from light yellow,
through orange and red to dark chocolate, the ribs and usually
upper part of body-whorl and spire white, the base of the shell
with one or more interrupted white bands, or entirely suffused
with white. Length, '6— *75 inch.

Philippines ; Viti Islands.

T. tuberosa, Reeve (fig. 622) is the }^onng of this species, and
n. very immature specimen of it appears to be described and
figured by Kiister as T. elegantula (fig. 625).

T. PORPHYRKTICA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 626.

Smooth, plicately ribbed, ribs angular, three or four revolving
grauulous striae at base. Ash, chestnut, etc., with a broad white
/one around the suture, and narrower ones marking the basal
stria*, or entire base white. Length, *6 inch.

Philippines, Viti and Samoa Islands.

Differs from the preceding species in the longitudinal ribs
being continuous over the body-whorl, less tuberculate above,
closer and narrower, in the want of revolving sculpture except
at the base ; the coloring is essentially the same, and it may be
only a variety of T. patriarchalis.

T. OSIDIRIS, Issel. PI. 56, iigs. 627, 628.

White, with a central chestnut or chocolate band.

Length, '9 inch.

Red Sea.

With longer spire and somewhat different coloring, this is
very closely allied to the preceding species ; it differs from T.
cadaverosa by its broader band and want of revolving sculpture,
but appears to be intermediate between it and porphyretica. T,
umbonata, Sowb. (fig. 628). is a synonym.

192 PUSIA.

•
T. TUMIDA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 629.

Whorls swollen and angulated around the upper part, the
angle with a few large nodules ; yellowish white, orange or
reddish between the nodules and at the base, with a broad
central chocolate band. Length, 1'5 inch.

Australia.

So close to the preceding species that I hesitated about
separating them. The color is the same, but this shell is wider,
and the nodules are less numerous and larger, with a decided
shoulder on the whorls.

T. INTERRUPTA, Anton. PI. 56, fig. 631.

Whitish, with interrupted revolving lines of chestnut-brown,
forming a central band, with traces of an inferior one.

Length, '4 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Evidently immature. Not included in the genus by either
Reeve or Sowerby, and I am unacquainted with it.

T. NODULOSA, Pease. PI. 56, fig. 632.

White, interruptedly encircled with brown below.

Length, 10 mill.

Paumotus.

Appears to be very closely allied to, if not identical with T.
interrupta, Anton.

T. ENCAUSTA, Gould. PI. 56, fig. 633.

Ash-colored, with eight or nine coarse longitudinal ribs, and
deeply incised, regular revolving strise of a dusky color.

Length, -35 inch.

Fiji Islands.

A young shell, the affinities of which I cannot make out,
neither from the original figure and description, nor from an
authentic specimen before me.

T. SPECIOSA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 634.

Pinkish white, with a central reddish-brown band, appearing
only 011 the tops of the regular longitudinal ribs ; a row of spots
above, and another below it ; aperture pink within.

Length, '7 inch.

Philippines, Mauritius, Cook's and Paumotus Is.

1<K>

T. I'usio, Pliilippi.

Longitudinally costate, nodulous above, granular al base, with
revolving impressed strhx? ; white, with a narrow chestnut central

band interrupted by the ribs. Length, -35 inch.

Ifab. unknown.

An untigured species, omitted by the iconographers, and
unknown to me except by the short description.

T. VARIATA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 635.

Yellowish brown with a dark superior band, and a white band
with dark margins below the middle. Length, '1 inch.

Paumotus and Viti Islands, coral reefs.

Animal light brown, spotted with yellowish white. T. frater-
<-nla, Garrett, is a synonym.
T. DISCORS, Grandidier. PI. 56, figs. 636, 63?.

Spire and upper half of the body-whorl lilac or yellowish white,
periphery with a narrow white band, lower half of body-whorl

chestnut-brown. Length, '6 inch.

Caroline Islands (Pease).

I 4,mite with this species T. glabra, Pease (not Swains.),
changed by Pease to T. lubrica (fig. 637). The original descrip-
tion in Kiister has no locality, and the figure is poor, though
recognizable.
.T. NODOSA, Swainson. PI. 56, figs. 638-641.

White, sometimes with a central brown band or row of spots
interrupted by the tubercles, which cover the entire surface ;
upper part of body-whorl with close impressed revolving striae ;
aperture yellowish within. Length, '6--*l5 inch.

Red Sea, Philippines, China. Polynesia, Mauritius.

Mr. Garrett mentions a variety occurring at the Paumotus,
having a slate-colored band articulated with orange-yellow. I
unite with this species M. tuber culata, Kiener, M.fraga, Kiener
(tig. 640), not Quoy, M. pinguis, Reeve (fig. 641), which is a
juvenile, and M. cancellarioides, Anton.

T. TUSA, Reeve. PL 56, fig. 642.

Spire and upper portion of body-whorl white, with occasional
brown spots, lower portion of body-whorl brown.

Length, '4 inch. Philippines to Sandwich Is. ; Red Sea.

Animal greenish white, marbled with chocolate-brown.
25

194 PUSIA.

T. SEMITICA, Jickeli. PI. 56, fig. 623.

Gray, lower half of body-whorl ferruginous. Length, 16 mill.

Red N '/.

I only know this species through the original description and
figure.

T. FESTA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 624.

White, with a broad central brown band. Length, -5 inch.

Philippines.

Closely allied to, or perhaps synonymous with T. tusa,
Reeve.

T. PUPULA, Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 643.

Reddish brown, with a white superior band, appearing on the

spire. Length, *25 inch.

Somoan Islands.

Figured from an authentic specimen, received from the Grodef-
froy Museum.

T. ELEGANTULA, D unker.

Small, white maculated with reddish brown, forming a tessel-
lated series on the last whorl ; spire elate, whorls slightly
angulated ; plicated, the interstices with revolving striae.

Length, 15 mill.

Samoan Islands.

Has not been figured and the specimen before me is too
immature for illustration.

T. TRICOLOR, Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 644-646, 651.

Spire and upper portion of body-whorl distantly ribbed,
sometimes smooth ; yellowish to chocolate, with a white band,
and frequently maculated with red-brown or chocolate across or
on either border of the band ; occasionally a second maculated
band near the base. Length, -25-'35 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

A very variable little shell, of which T. Savignii, Payr. (fig.
644), may be considered the typical ribbed form, and T. picta,
Sandri, T. granum, Forbes (fig. 645), and T. littoralis, Forbes
(fig. 646), smooth varieties. To these must be added a costate
variety recently described by Issel, as var. pallida (fig. 651).
M. Lowei, Dohrn,an unfigured species, from the Canary Islands,
is probably a synonym.

PUSIA. 195

T. SEMICOSTATA, AlltOll.

Chestnut-brown, blotched with white on the spire.
Length, -5 inch.

Habitat unknown.

The sculpture appears to be different from that of T. tricolor:
it is a doubtful species.

T. COLUMBELLARIA, Scacchi. PI. 51, figs. 641, 653.

Yellowish to dark chocolate ; revolving striae becoming obso-
lete in the middle of the body-whorl ; columella with two plaits.

Length, -25 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

Referred by some authors to the genus Columbella. The
synonyms are T. obsoleta, Phil. ; T. olivoidea, Cantraine ; T.
clandestine/,, Forbes (fig. 647) ; T. leontocroma, Brusina ; T. stria-
tella, Calcara; T. Greci, Phil. (fig. 653), a Sicilian fossil.

Three little Mitras are published by Brusina without figures :
M. columbulse, M. striata, and M. typostigma, all from Dal-
matia ; they are possibly all referable to this species.

T. SUAVIS, Souverbie. PI. 51, fig. 648.

Rose-color, with a broad white band margined with chestnut.
Length, 5 '5 mill.

New Caledonia.

T. HANLEYI, Dohrn. PI. 51, fig. 654.

Gray, maculated and banded with chestnut ; closely plicate
longitudinally, with a median spiral sulcus, tuberculate at base.

Length, 5 '5 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Said to resemble T. Columbellaria, but distinguished by its
sculpture.

*
T. CORALLINA, Reeve. PI. 51, fig. 655.

Amber or coral-red, ribs whitish. Length, -6 inch.

Philippines.

T. PUSTLLA, A. Adams. PI. 51, fig. 649.
Yellowish white, banded above with orange or pink.

Length, -5 inch.

Habitat unknown.

196 CYLINDRA.

T. ARTICULATA, Reeve. PI. 57, fig. 656.

Pale pinkish scarlet, encircled with a small white brown-
articulated zone. Length, '75 inch.

Habitat unknown.

T. ^MULA, E. A. Smith. PL 57, fig. 650.

Blackish brown, with a narrow yellow line round the middle
of the whorls, and yellow at the upper margin, and a second
line on the last whorl rather below the middle ; clothed with an
olive epidermis obscuring the coloring ; aperture dark-brown
with two yellow bands, lirate far within. Length, 12 mill.

Japan.

Undetermined Species of Turricula.
T. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Ad. Japan.

T. CASTANEA, HOYTI, INSTRICTA, L^EVICOSTATA, MODICELLA, LUTEO-

FUSCA, UNILINEATA, of Garrett. Polynesia.

T. VIRGINALIS, Lesson. Tahiti.

T. SEMIPLICATA, Lam. Adams' Genera. Nab. unknown.

T. ELEGANTULA, Dunker. Samoan Islands.

T. OLIVACEA, Anton. California.

T. RUPOFILOSA, E. A. Smith. Solomon Islands.

Genus CYLINDRA, Schum.

C. NUCEA, Gronov. PI. 57, fig. 659.

Smooth, or with obsolete impressed spiral lines towards the
base. Yellowish white, with olive-black epidermal revolving
lines^ partly aggregated into two broad, somewhat interrupted
bands ; under the epidermis are six or eight spiral rows of
minute punctations,of chestnut color, scarcely visible, but show-
ing each a terminal dot on the margin of the lip ; aperture
smooth, rosy white within. Length, l'5-2'5 inches.

Polynesia.

The animal is diluted white, foot and siphon margined with
dashes of black and white. Reeve gives New Zealand as the
localit}T of the species, which is an error.

CYLINDRA. 1 97

VC. DACTYLUS, Linn. PI. 57, figs. 658, 664.

Spire decussated, body-whorl with sometimes a slight shoulder.

Whitish, clouded with chestnut-brown ; encircled with distant,
narrow, closely punctate, incised In-own lines.

Length, 1'25-1'75 inches.

Philippines; Polynesia ; sand or sandy mud inside the reefs.

C. obesa, Reeve, is a specimen covered with its greenish
epidermis, and C. Potensis, Montr, (fig. 661) is a small, more
cylindrical variety from New Caledonia.

C. ORNATA, Schuberth and Wagner. PL 57, fig. 660.

Thick, white, with close revolving series of red punctae.

Length, 1*5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

I have copied the poor figure of this species — which has been
passed over by both Reeve and Sowerby. Very probably it =
C. dactylus.

C. CRENULATA, Gmelin. PL 57, figs. 662-666.

Cylindrical, with impressed, closely pitted revolving lines ;
white, with waved clouds of chestnut-brown, frequently disposed
in two or more broad interrupted bands of large spots.

Length, 30-40 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines, Polynesia.

C. undulosa, Reeve (fig. 664), differs typically in six or eight
of the revolving lines being colored, and the form is not quite so
cylindrical ; it is connected by intermediate stages with G. crenu-
lata. In C. radula, Sowb. (fig. 665), the form, and in some cases
the coloring, of C. undulosa are preserved, but the growth-lines
are close and deep, decussating the revolving lines and forming
numerous little square tubercles at their intersection ; this also
gradually shades off into the smoother typical form. It is not
unlikely that this rough form will be found to be a connecting
link in a chain of variations uniting C. crenulata with C. fenes-
fru.ffi. C. arctata, Sowb. (fig. 660), is a variety witli more pro-
duced spire, and two interrupted brown bunds ; it is included in
the series of specimens before me.

198 CYLINDRA.

C. SINENSIS, Reeve. PL 57, figs. 668, 670.

Brownish white, marked with darker brown or uniform brown ;

revolving ridges grariose. Length, 1 '5-1*75 inches.

China.

Distinguished from C. crenulata by its elaborate sculpture.
C. lima, Sowerby (fig. 670) appears to be a smaller specimen of
the same species.

C. FENESTRATA, Lam. PL 57, figs. 671, 667.

Thick, rudely folded longitudinally, the ribs sometimes almost
obsolete ; crossed by regular, rather narrow revolving riblets and
intervening grooves, the riblets become nodulous on the longi-
tudinal folds ; color whitish or yellowish, revolving ribs very
dark chocolate usually, sometimes uncolored.

Length, 1-1*25 inches.

Philippines ; Polynesia, in sand, inside coral reefs.

C. glans, Reeve (fig. 667) has the revolving ribs uncolored.
There can be no doubt of its identity, as in most specimens of
C. fenestrata a portion of the whorl next the outer lip is pre-
cisely like glans, and a broken specimen before me has been
repaired with the orange-brown color characteristic of glans.

C. PUNCTATA, Swainson. PL 57, fig. 669.

Olive-brown, whorls encircled with engraved, punctate striae.

Length, 1*25 inches.

Habitat unknown.

This shell is unknown in collections.

C. NUX, Sowb. PL 57, fig. 657.

Orange or chestnut-brown, closely lineated by incised, minutely
punctured lines and irregularly spotted and clouded with white :

aperture chestnut within. Length, '75 inch.

Habitat unknown.

Mr. Sowerby has figured but not described this species ; it
appears to be distinct, and a very good specimen is included
in the Swift Collection in the Museum of the Philadelphia
Academy.

1MBKICAR1A. 199

Conns IMBRICARIA, Schumacher.

Distinguished l>y its (1onus-like shells, the colnmella with less
numerous plic:it ions than most of the species of Ct/Hndra. The
transition between this genus and the latter is gradual, some of
the species placed in Cylindra, such as C. dactylus, being almost
cone-shaped.

I. CONICA, Schumacher. PI. 58, fig. 673.

Yellowish or ash-color in darker and lighter clouds, encircled
l>v equidistant narrow brown lines, and mottled by quadrangular

white spots. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

Gregarious in sand in sheltered places inside the reefs. It is
lie Jfitra mannorata of Schuberth and Wagner, and the type of
Swainson's genus Gomelix.

I. CROUANI, Crosse. PL 58, fig. 674.

Violet flesh-color, with irregular longitudinal whitish streaks;

smooth. Length, 15 mill.

Gulapagos.

I. CONULUS, Lam. PL 58, fig. 6?2.

Smooth, distantly spirally grooved at the base; yellowish
brown, under a thin olivaceous epidermis, with revolving black-
ish or brownish lines. Length, 1-1'25 inches.

Philippines, in mud at the roots of mango trees.

I. CITRINA, Reeve. PL 58, fig. 675.

Smooth spire with rows of small tubercles; orange-brown,
stained with livid chestnut. Length. 1'5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

I. CARBONACEA, Hinds. PL 58, figs. 676, 617.

Spire smooth, body-whorl with a few engraved revolving lines
towards the base; black, with traces of darker revolving lines.

Length, *9 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.

Possibly equivalent to the preceding species. Very probably
/. Rollandi, Bernard! (tig. <> 77), described from a. somewhat worn
specimen, locality unknown, belongs here, although the spire is
somewhat different.

200 1MBRICARIA.

I. PUNCTATA, Swainson. PL 58, figs. 6*79-681.

Yellowish white, clouded with a darker shade, apex black ;
body-whorl encircled. with engraved, sometimes minutely punc-
tured lines.

Length, -5-'8 inch.

Society Islands.

With this species must be united M. conovula, Quoy, partly
(fig. 681), and M. ossea, Reeve, a name given because Swainson
had previously given that of punctata to a Mitra; M. truncata,
Kiener (fig. 680), a poorly figured shell, may also be placed here
for the present.

I. LINEATA, Swainson. PI. 58, fig. 678.

Yellowish, smooth, with revolving chestnut hair-like lines.

Length, 1 inch.

Inhabits the South Seas.

This species has not been recognized by the monographers.
It is described as smooth, yet I think it is merely a large punctata,
which it much resembles in the spire and upper part of aperture.

I. VIRGO, Swainson. PI. 58, fig. 683.

Yellowish white, apex and base tipped with black-violet, spire
much depressed, mucronate, upper portion of bodyrwhorl swollen.

Length, '6 inch.

Polynesia ? sand at low water.

Although so bulbous, I cannot help thinking that this will
prove to be an extreme variation of /. punctata.

I. YANIKORENSIS, Quoy. PI. 58, figs. 684, 682.

Encircled by closely punctured striae ; ashy, or reddish gray,
whitish towards top of body-whorl and on the spire, ornamented
with numerous minute white spots and streaks, edged with
chestnut ; aperture chestnut within. Length, '65-'9 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia, in sandy mud at low water.

I find no good reason for the separation from this species of
I. DeburgMx, Sowb. (fig. 682), recently described from Taheiti.

INDEX

To GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMY,

Abbatis (Voluta Mitra), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, f. 1709, 1710.
M. contracta, Swainson.

Abbreviata (Desmoulea), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3478 65

Abbreviata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 828, 1874 122

Abyssicola (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851 47

Abyssicola (Voluta), Adams & Reeve. Voy. Samar., 25, t. 7, f. 6 100

Abyssinica (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, 1877 63

Achatina (Bullia), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, 158. = B. digitalis, Meusch.
Aciculina, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 121.

= S. G. of Nassa, Mart 6

Acinosa (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 154, 1850; Moll. Wilkes' Exped.,

262, f. 329. — N. Gruneri, Bunker.

Acuminata (Mitra), Swains. Zool. 111., 2d ser., t. 128 153

Aeuminata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 78, 1880 63

Acupicta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 76, 1844 179

Acuta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 797, t. 48, f. 7, 8, 1878.

= M. annulata, Reeve.
Acuta (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 234, 1822.

= N. ambigua, Mont.
Acuta (Nassa), Carpenter (not Say). Mazat. Cat,, 497, 1857.

= M. pagoda, Rve.

Acutangula (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, 1877 - 63

Acuticostata (Nassa), Montr. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., iv, 273, t. 10, f. 8,

1864. = N. monile, Kiener, var. Jacksoniana.
Acutidentata (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 212, t. 20, f. 46, 1879... 46

Acutilirata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 129, f. 273, 274, 1874 141

Acutimargo (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 55, 1851 62

Adamsi (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 205, 1861. = M. dermestina, Lam.
Adamsiana (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, No. 1387.

= N. stigmaria, A. Ad.

Adamsoni (Mitra), Gray, Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 150, 1844 144

Adansonii (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 155, 1848. Undetermined.
Adansonii (Mitra), Kiener. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 173.

== M. Adamsonii, Gray.

Adinus, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 114. = S. G. of Bullia, Gray 6

Adumbrata (Mitra), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 379, t. 13, f. 6, 1876 161

Adusta (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 303 148

JEgra (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 252, 1845 139

.Euiula (Mitra), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 215, t. 20, f. 52, 1879 194

^Ethiopica (Turricula), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, 47, t. ii, f. 9, 1874. 180
.Ethiopica (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xii, 426, 1873. 64

JEthiopica (Melo), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1195 81

^Ethiops (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 324, 1845.

= M. Woldemarii, Kiener 158

Affinis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 26, f. 211, 1844.

= M. aureolata, Swn.

202 INDEX.

Affinis (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 142, 1842. ? = M. filum, Wood.

Africana (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc., i, t. 33, f. 3, 4, 1856 95

Afrum (Bucc.), Phil- Zeit. Mai., 56. 1851

Agapeta (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars., No. 1337 64

Aidone, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 172. = Mitra, Lam. 129

Alauda (Mitra), Quoy. Sowb , Thes. Conch., f. 134, 136, 158, 1874.

= T. Deshayesii, Reeve.

Alba (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 215, t. 15, f. 8, 1867 129

Alba (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., v, 212, 1826 50

Albescens (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 170, 1846; Phil., Abbild. Bucc.,

68, t. 2, f. 15 7 51

Albicostata (Mitra), C. B. Ad. Cont. Conch., 57, 1850.

= T. dermestina, Lam.

Albina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 137, 1851 129

Albipunctata (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 144, 1853. = N. fissilabris, A. Ad.
Albofasciata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 300, 1874.

— M. lugubris, Swn.

Albomaculata (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., f. 449, 1874 158

Albopunctata (Northia), Adams & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 33", t. 11, f. 21. 9
Alcithoe, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 164, 1853. = Voluta, Linn, sect... 94
Alectrion, Montfort. Conch. Syst.. ii, 566, 1810. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart.. 6
Algida (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 145, 1853. = N. picta, Dunker, var.. 36

Alveolus (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 334, 1845 184

Amabilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 274, 1845 189

Amanda (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 318, 1845 176

Ambigua (Mitra), Swains. Zool. 111., 2d ser., t. 30, f. 2 147

Ambigua (Nassa). Mont. Test. Brit., t. 9, f. 7 42

Americana (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 2, t 33, f. 1, 2, 1856 94

Amuena (Mitra), A. Ad. ' Zool. Proc., 137, 1851. = M. annulata, Reeve.

Amoria, Gray. Zool. Proc., 64, 1855. = Voluta, Linn, sect 92

Amphora (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc., 54, 1855.

— Melo diadema, Lam.

Amphorella (Mitra), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 316. = M. scutulata, Lam.
Ampullacea (Bullia), Deshayes. An. s. Vert., x, 293.

= B. globulosa, Kiener.

Anais (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 142, 1842 157

Analogica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 293, 1845.

? = M. funerea, Reeve.
Ancilla (Voluta). Kiener. Monog., t. 52. = V. Magellanica, Lam.

Ancilla (Voluta), Solander. Portl. Cat., No. 1873 97

Ancilloides (Mitra) Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 162

Andamanica (Turricula), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng.-, 99, t, 8,

f, 19, 20, 1875. = T. obeliscus, Rve.

Angasi (Voluta), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 29. = V. undulata, Lam.
Angiostoma (Thala), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 216, t. 15, f. 9, 1867.
= T. cernica, Sowb., var.

Angulata (Voluta) Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 3, 4 98

Angulata (Nassa), Thorpe. Marrat, Vars , No. 906 64

Angulifera (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 109, 1851. .

= N. pagoda, Reeve.

Angulosa (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 12, f. 8, 9 .' 169

Angustata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 671, 1874.

— M. cernica, Sowb.
Anna (Voluta), Lesson. Zool. Illust,, 1832. = L. costata, Swains.

Annellifera (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f, 168, 1853 40

Annulata (Bullia), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 156 14

* INDEX. 203

VAOE.

Aniuilata (Mitra), Reeve, Conch. Icon., t. IDS. 1814 140

Aiioinalum (Teinostoma), C. B. Ad. = Rotcllidio.
Ansulata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 3c8, 1874.

= T. dermestina, Lam,

Ainliracina (Mitra), Reeve. U-on.. 1. l:',7. 1814 158

Anthracina (Nassa), Garrett. Proc'. Tliilad. Ac-ad., ±>9. t. a, f. 57, 1873. 38
Antillarum (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 1:19, 1818. = N. vibex, Say.
Antillarum (Nassa), Orb. Moll. Tuba, ii, 141, t. 23, f. 1-3, 185:!.

= N. ambigua. Mont.
Antonelli (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860.

= M. militaris, Rve., var.

Antonue (Mitra), II. Adams. Zool. Proc.. 788, 1870. =M. pretiosa, Reeve.
Antonii (Mitra;, Kiister. Conch. Cab., 77, t. 14, f. 11-13, 1841.

? = M. Adamsonii, Gray.

Antonii (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860 159

Aperta (Bullia), Chemn. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, 76. = B. digitalis, Meusch.

Aperta (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. b20, 321, 1874 185

Apicata (Mitra), Reeve. H. & A.Adams' Genera, 1, 179 158

Appellii (Mitra), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, 39, 1874.

= T. cadaverosa, Reeve, var.

Approximata (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860 186

Approximata (Nassa), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 282, 272, t. 23, f 3,

1867. =N. taenia, Gmel.
Arabica (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 206, t. 26, f. 4? 1861.

= M. maculosa, Reeve.

Arabica (Voluta), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 52. = V. Pacifica, Soland.
Arausiaca (Voluta), Solander (ubi?), teste Gray. = V. vexillum, Lam.

Archeri (Voluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 55, t. 2, f. 4, 5, 1865 104

Archiepisccpalis (Mitra), Lam. Anim., vii, 302.

= M. -cardinalis, Gmelin.

Arctata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 188, 1874 196

Arcularia, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 126, 1807. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart. 6

Arcularia (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1200 24

Ardeola (Turbinella), Valenc. Observ. 283. = Vasum muricatum, Born.

Arenacea (Mitra), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 51, 1852 136

Arenosa (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 3-38.

= Turricula exasperata, Gmelin.

Areolatum (Bucc.), Tiberi. = Lachesis Lefebvrei, Marav.
Argentea (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, t. 1, f. 21, 1877.

•.' N. tenella. Reeve.
Armata (Melo), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 376. - M. diadema, Lam.

Armata (Bullia), Gray. Zool. Beechey Voy. 126, 1839 14

Armata (Turbinella), Brod. Zool. Proc., 8, 1833.

= Vasum ceramicum, Linn.
Armiger (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 288, 1845.

= T. fusiformis, Kiener.
Armillata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 315, 1845.

= T. cruentata, Chemn., var,

Arracanensis (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 473, 1874 178

Articulata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 302, 1845 194

Ascanias (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 173.

= Nassa incrassata, Strom.

Asperrima (Mitra), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt, viii, 138, 1862 181

Asperulata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc , 136, 1851 159

Asperulum (Buccinum), Phil. Moll. Sicil., 220. = N. incrassata, Strom.

204 INDEX.

Assimilis (Turricula), Garrett. Zool. Proc., 841, 1872.

= M. Garrettii, G. and H. Nevill.
Assimilis (Mitra), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., 211, t. 15, f. 1, 1867.

= M. coronata, Lam., juv.
Asteriscus (Cyclops), Michaud. Coll. = C. pellucida, Risso.

Astricta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 188, 1844 154

Astyagis (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860. = M. carinata, Swn., var.

Athleta, Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vi, 449, 1853 77

Attenuata (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 45, 1844.

= M. ambigua, Swn., var. fulva.
Attenuata (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835. = M. sulcata, Swn.

Attenuata (Nassa), Gray. Voy. Blossom, 127, 1839 62

Auguria (Voluta), Solander. = Cymbium Neptuni, Gmel.

Aulica (Voluta), Solander, Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., t. 6 87

Aulica (Voluta), Kiener. Monog., t. 47, f. 1. = V. rutila, Brod.
Aulica, Gray. H. and A. Adams (partim) Genera i, 160, 1853.

= Voluta, Linn., sect 87

Aurantia (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3454 147

Aurantia (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835.

^= T. pyramidalis, Reeve.
Aurantiaca (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 330. == M. aurantia, Gmelin.

Aureolata (Mitra), Swainson MSS. Reeve, Icon.,, f. 209, 1844 188

Auriculoides (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icgn., f. 228, 1845 ,. 154

Aurinia, H. and A. Adams' Genera, i, 166, 1853. = Voluta, Linn., sect... 101
Aurora (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 205, 1861. = M. coronata, Lam.
Ausoba, H; and A. Adams. Genera i, 160, 1853. = Valuta, Linn., sect... 99

Australia? (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., 643, t. 52, f. 1, 1871 91

Australis (Truncaria), Angas. Zool. Proc., 172, t. 26, f. 5, 1877 9

Australis (Nassa), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 272, 1851.. 63

Australis (Mitra), Sw?inscn. Zool. Illust., 1st ser., t. 18 126

Australis (Microvoluta), Angas. Zool. Proc.. 35, L 5, f. 2, 1877 105

Autumnalis (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860 159

Avenacea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 246, 1845. = M. flammea, Quoy.

Babylonica (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars. No. 922 64

Bacillum (Mitra), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 331 141

Badia (Mitra), Reeve. "Conch. Icon., f. 157, 1844. — M. testacea, Swains.
Badia (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. — N. tsenia, Gmel.
Balteata (Nassa), Lischke. Mai. Blatt, xvi, 107. 1869.

= N. tenuis, E. A. Smith.

Balteata (Nassa), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., v, 70, t. 8, f. 5, 1869 47

Balteolata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 1844 166

Barbadensis (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat, 3455 118

Barclay! (Mitra), Hani. Thes. Conch-., f. 225, 612, 1874.

= Mitroidea infecta, Reeve.
Barclayi (Mauritia), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 273, t. 19, f. 5, 1869.

= Mitroidea multiplicata, Pease.
Barclayana (Mitra), Robillard. Trans. Roc. Soc. Maurit., iii, 106.

= M. fulva, Swn., var.

Beata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 330, 1860 63

Beauii (Voluta), Fischer and Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser. i, 296,

t. 9, f. 1, 2, 1857 102

Beckii (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 43, 1847 97

Bednalli (Voluta), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii, 81, t. 8. f. 3. 89
Belangeri (Bullia), Kiener. Coq. Viv^ t. 14, f. 48 16

IN HEX. 205

PAGE.

Belcberi (Mitra), Hinds. Ann. Nat, Hist,, xi, 205; Voy. Sulphur, 40,

t. 11, f. 1, 2 139

Bella (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowb.. Thes., f. 377, 1874. = Turricula bells. Pease.
Bella (Turricula). Tease, /ool Proc., 145, 18GO.

= T. militaris, Reeve, var. cophina.

Bella (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa. 9, 1877 »'>:;

Bellula (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851. = N. leptospirn, A. Ad.

Bellula (Mitroidea). A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 138, 1851 163

Bernardina (Mitra filaris, var.), Phil. Zeit. Mai.. 20, 1850 138

Bertha (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 797, t. 48, f. 11, 1878 168

Bibalteata (Nassa), Pease. Marrat, Vars., No. 932 64

Bicallosa (Nassa), Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 543, t, 30, f. 1, 1876.

= N. picta, Bunker, var 36

Bicolor (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust. = M. casta, Lam., juv.
Bicolor (Nassa), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. au Pol. sud, 84, t. 21, f. 41, 42,

1854. = N. albescens, Dunker.

Bicolor (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit, Mai., 50, 1851 62

Bicolor (Turricula), Garrett, Jour, of Conch., iii, 38, 1880 , 188

Bifaria (Nassa), Baird. Curasoa, 436, t. 38, f. 1, 2: Zool. Proc , 187S,

808, t. 50, f. 7. = N. hirta, Kiener, var.
Bifasciata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust,, i, t. 35, ii, t. 88.

= M. caffra, Lam.
Bilineata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 294, 1845.

? = M. funerea, Reeve.
Bimaculosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.

= N. Thursites, Brug 25

Biplicata (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. = M. ebenus, Lam.

Birmanicum (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 57, 1851 62

Bizonalis (Columbella), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 209. = Mitra litterata, Lam.
Boissaci (Mitra), Montrouz. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 373, 1859; iv,

118, 1800. = M. fulgetrum, Reeve, var.
Bonellii (Nassa), d'Orb. Prodr., iii, 176. = N. mutabilis, Linn.

Bovei (Mitra). Kiener. Iconog., t. 2, f. 5 115

Bowerbanki (Buccinum), Michelotti. Foss. Mioc. It., 211.

= Nassa reticulata, Linn.

Brasiliana (Voluta), Solander. Portl. Cat., 186, No. %958 <>8

Brazieri (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., 568, t. 48, f. 8, 1873 100

Brevicaudata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 359.
= T. cadaverosa, Reeve.

Brevicula (Mitra), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 378, t. 13, f. 5, 1876 161

Broderipi (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 237, 1864.

= V. Turneri, Gray.
Broderipii (Melo), Gray. Griffith's Animal Kingdom, Suppl., t. 26.

= M. /Ethiopica, Linn., var.

Bronni (Mitra), Dunker. Mai. Blatt, vi, 229, 1860 187

Bronnii (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 137, 1848 ; Abbild., iii, Buc., t. 1, f. 17.

=s N. coronata, Brug 23

Brumalis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 280, 1845.

3= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Brunnea (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 215, 233, t, 15, f. 7, 1867. 153

Brychia (Nassa), Watson, Marrat, Vars., No. 722 64

Buccinanops, d'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., 1841. = S. G. of Bullia, Gray. ...5, l:J
Buccinata (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 653, t. 45 bis, f. 14, 15.

=: M. glabra, Swains.
Buccinoidea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 411, 1874 173

206 INDEX.

PAGE.

Bucculenta (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 79, 1880.

= N. glans, L., var. suturalis.
Bulimoides (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 224. 1845.

= M. testaeea, Swainson.
Bullata (Nassa), Marrat. NCAV Forms of Nassa, 5, 1877.

= N. monile, Kiener.

Bullata (Voluta), Swains. Zool. 111., ii 100

Bullia, Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 37, 1834 5, 10

Burchardi (Nassa), Dunker. Phil. Abbild., iii, t. 2, f. 14, 1849.

= N. Jonasi, Dunker 26

Cadaverosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 161, 1844 181

Cselata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851.

= N. Siquijorensis, A. Ad.

Cselata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 265, 1845 175

Cseligena (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 227, 1845.

? = M. crassa, Swainson.

Cserulea (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 81, 1880 63

Cserulea (Mitra), Reeve. Coneh. Icon., f. 113, 1844 114

Csesia, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 120. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart.
Caestus (Turbinella), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 8, 1833.

= Vasum muricatum, Born.

Caffra (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit, 12, 1192 167

Caffra (Voluta), Delle-Chiaje. Poli, iii, 36, t. 46, f. 52.

— Mitra ebenus, Lam.

Caledonica (Mitra), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, 248, t. 7, f. 7, 1853.

= M. tabanula, Lam.
Californica (Schizopyga), Conrad. Pac. R. R. Rept., vi, 69, t. 2, f. 1,

1856. ? = Nassa perpinquis, Hinds.

Caliginosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 121, 1844 120

Callipara, Gray. Zool. Proc., 62, 1855. = Voluta, Linn., sect 100

Callithea, Swainson. Malacol., 320, 1840. = Turricula, Klein 164

Callosa (Bullia), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl 11

Callosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851 26

Callosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 251, 1845 126

Callospira (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851. = N. callosa, A. Ad.
Callosum (Bucc.), Dujardln. Mem, Geol., ii, 298, t. 20, f. 5-7.

— Nassa mutabilis, Linn.

Calmeilii (Nassa), Payr. Moll. Corse., 160, t. 8, f. 7-9.

= N. corniculum, Olivi.
Canaliculata (Voluta), McCoy. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., iv, 34, t. 3,

f. 1, 2, 140, 1869 93

Canaliculata (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert. (Desh. Edit.), x, 161 31

Cancellaria (Nassa), Potiez et Mich. Gall, des Moll., 374, t, 32, f. 3, 4... 62
Cancellaroides (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839. = T. nodosa, Swn.
Cancellata (Nassa), Chemn. = N. reticulata, Linn.

Cancellata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 30, f. 98 117

Cancellata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust., 1st ser 119

Cancellata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851 26

Cancilla, Swainson. Malac., 320, 1840. = Mitra, Lam., section 138

Candei (Nassa), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 142, t. 23, f. 4-6, 1853.

= N. ambigua, Mont.

Candens (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulph., 35, t. 9, f. 6, 7, 1844 53

Candida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 328, 1845..... 150

Candidissima (Nassa), Ad. Bost. Proc., ii, 2, 1845 62

Canescens (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Pan. Cat. No. 43, 1852. = N. pagoda, Rve.

INDEX. 207

PAGE.

Capense (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit, Mai., 110, 1846 33

Capensis (Mitra), Dunker. Reeve, Icon., f. 268, 1845 125

Caperata (Nassa), Phil. Abbild. Bucc., t. 2, f. 18. = N. pauperata, Lam.
Capillata (Mitra), Gould. Bost, Proc., iii, 171, 1850. = M. retusa, Lam.

rapitellum (Vasum), Linn. Mus. Ulric., 633 73

Carbonacea (Imbricaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 41, t. 11, f. 9, 10, 1844. 198
Carbonaria (Mitra), Swains. Bligh Catal. Ex. Conch., App.

= M. melaniana, Lam.

Cardinalis (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458 Ill

Caricella, Conrad. Tertiary Foss., 44. 1835. = S. G. of Turbinella, Lam. 67

Carinata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. 111., 2d ser 142

Carinata (Fastigiella), Reeve. = Cerithiidae.

Carinilirata (Mitra), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., xi, 335, 1871 ;

xii, 49, 1872. = M. proscissa, Reeve.
Carneolata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 393. = V. musica, Linn.

Carnicolor (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 164, 1844 139

Cassidiforme (Turbinella), Val. Kiener, Monog., 20, t. 9, f. 1.

= T. rhinoceros, Gmel.

Cassidula (Voluta), Reeve. Icon., f. 60 103

Casta (Turricula), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 9, t. 3, f. 2, 1872 177

Casta (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 304 130

Casta (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 154, 1850; Moll. Wilkes' Exped.,

261, f. 328 _ 33

Castanea (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 42, 1880 195

Castanea (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851 127

Catenata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 178

Cathcartise (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 2, t, 33, f. 5, 6, 1856 88

Cavea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 149. = T. dermestina, Lam.
Cecillii (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 27, 1848, = Cantharus.

Ceramicum (Vasum), Linn. Mus. Ulric, 634 72

Ceraunia (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xx, 148, t. 4, f. 1, 1880.

= V. Riickeri, Crosse, var.
Cernica (Mitra), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asia*, Soc. Beng., 24, t. 1, f. 9,

1874. = T. mediomaculata, Sowb.

Cernica (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 670. 1874 161

Chalybeia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 59 116

Chelonia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 289, 1845. ? = M. ebenus, Lam.
Chilensis (Mitra), Gray. Kiener, Icon., 26, t. 10, f. 28.

= M. Maura, Swainson.

Chinense (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai , 57, 1851 62

Chinensis (Mitra), Gray. Beechey's Voy., 125, t. 35, f. 2, 1839 120

Chinensis (Fulgoraria), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst., 242, 1817.

= V. rupestris, Gmel.
Chlorosina (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 392. — V. musica, L.

Choava (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 135, 1844 158

Chrysalis (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 200, 1844 144

Chrysame, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 171. ;== Mitra, Lam., section 143

Chrysostoma (Voluta), Swainson. Exot. Conch., t. 45.

= V. luteostoma, Desh.

Chrysostoma (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Proc.. 1836 155

Cimelium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 260, 1845.

= T. militaris, Reeve.

Cincta (Mitra), Meuschen. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 169 1-7>

Cinctella (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851.

? = N. cinctella, Gld.
Cinctella (Mitra), Lam. An. sans Vert, vii, 309 167

208 INDEX.

Cinctella (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 154, 1850; Moll. Wilkes'

Exped., 260, f. 327 41

Cineracea (Turricula), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 311, 1845 171

Cineracea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 311, 1845.

? = M. daedala, Reeve.

Cinerea (Mitra), Reeve. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 177 158

Cingenda (Nassa), Marrat. Vars., No. 1451 64

Cingulata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851 143

Cingulata (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 28, 1850 152

Cinisculus (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog., f. 146, 1853. = N. vibex, Say.

Cinnamomea (Volutomitra), A, Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1854 159

Cinnamomea (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. = N. taenia, Gmel.
Circulata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 5, f. 13. = M. filaris, L., var.
Circumcincta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.

=i N. gibbosula, L. var 25

Cisium (Cymbium), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 380 79

Cithara (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 248, 1845 186

Cithara (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc. 54, 1855.

= Melo armata, Lam.

Citharoidea (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 203, 1862 136

Citrina (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 215, 1834 198

Clandestina (Nassa), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser., v, 426, 1870.

? = N. gaudipsa, Hinds.
Clandestina (Mitra), Forbes. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 263.

= T. Columbellaria, Sc.
Clara (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 652, 1874. = M. ferruginea, Lam.

Clara (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 7, 1877 63

Clathrata (Nassa), Kiener (not Lam.). Monog., t. 27, f. 108.

= N. globosa, Quoy 26

Clathrata (Nassa), Lam. Encyc., t. 394, f. 5. := N. gemmulata, Lam.

Clathrata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 71, 1844 170

Clathrata (Nassa), Born. Mus., 261. t. 9, f. 17, 18 , 58

Clathratula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851. = N. cinctella, Gould. 41
Clathrus (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3457. = M. crenifera, Lam.
Clavata (Turbinella), Wagner. Conch. Cab., xii, 99, t. 227, f. 4018.

— T. pyrum, Linn.

Clavulus (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 338 158

Cleryana (Voluta), Petit. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., i, 182, t. 6, f. 3, 4,

1856 ; 3 ser., xix, 5, 1879. = V. Americana, Reeve.
Coarctata (Nassa), Eichw. Lith., 923. = N. mutabilis. Linn.

Coarctata (Mitra), Swainson. Reeve, Icon., f. 145, 1844 153

Coccinea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 49, 1844 165

Coccinella (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 274. = N. incrassata, Strom.
Cochinensis (Nassa), Thorpe. Marrat, Vars., No. 908.

Cochlidium (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog., 10 13

Collaria (Nassa), Gould. C. B. Ad., Panama Shells, 59.

= N. scabriuscula, Powis.

Collinsoni (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 200, 1864 172

Colocynthis (Voluta), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, t. 175, f. 1695, 1696.

= V. Braziliana, Soland.
Coloratum (Buccinum), Eichw. Vollh. u. Pod., 122.

= Nassa reticulata, Linn.

Columbella (Voluta), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 260, f. 123 105

Columbellseformis (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 15, f. 46.

=• M. limbifera, Lam.
Columbellaria (Mitra), Scacchi. Cat., p. 10, f. 13 194

INDEX. 209

Columbellaria (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 660.
= M. Columbellina, A. Ad.

Columbellina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 141, 1851 158

Columbulrc (Mitra), Brusina. Verb. Zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, xv, 14, 18G5. 194
Compacta (Nassa), Angas. Zool. Proc., 154, 1865. = N. tringa, Souverb.

Complanata (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 96, 1835 33

Compressa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 50, 133, 1874.

— T. taeniata, Sowb.

Compta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851. =T. militaris, Reeve, var.
Compta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Concentrica (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 128, 1844.

= M. mucronata, Swains.
Concentrica (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xiii, 71, 1874;

New Forms, 7 48

Concinna (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 43, 1836; Crosse, Jour, de Conch.,

xix, 302, t. 12, f. 7 99

Concinna (Nansa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 95, 1835 - 48

Concinna (Nassa), Reeve (not Powis). Icon., f. 82.

= N. Concentrica, Marr.
Concinna (Mitra), Reeve. Conch: Icon., f. 203. = T. crocata, Lam.

Conferta (Nassa), Martens. Marrat, Vars., No. 1463 ; 64

Conica (Imbricaria), Schum. Essai Nov. Gen., 1817 .' 197

Coniformis (Voluta), Cox. Jour, de Conch., xix, t. 4, f. 1, 1871 100

Conoelix, Swainson. Zool 111., t. 24, 1821 ; Malac., 129, 321, 1840.

— Imbricaria, Schum.

Conoidalis (Nassa), Desh. Voy. Belang., 433, t. 3, f. 6, 7.

= N. gemmulata, Lam.

Conomitra, Conrad. Am. Jour, Conch., i, 25, 1865 109

Conovula (Mitra), pars, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 45, bis, f. 22.

= M. olivseformis, Swains.
Conovula (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 655, t. 45 bis, f. 18-21.

= Imbricaria punctata, Swn.
Consanguinea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 241.

= T. dermestina, Lam., var.
Consensa (Nassa), Ravenel. Proc. Philad. Acad., 43, 1861.

? = N. ambigua, Mont.
Consolidata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 271, 1874.

= M. proscissa, Reeve.

Conspersa (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 138, 1848 36

Contracta (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., 24, t. 9, f. 25. — M. chrysostoma, Swn.

Contracts (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Illust., 1 ser. i, t. 18 120

Conularis (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 338 158

Conulus (Imbricaria), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 329 197

Conus (Mitra), Reeve. Conch., Icon.,f. 73. = Imbricaria conulus, Lam.

Cookii (Mitra), Hanley. Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 78, f. 228, 1874 129

Cooperi (Nassa), Forbes. Zool. Proc., 273, t. 11, f. 4, 1850.

= N. mendica, Gld., var.
Cophina (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 171, 1850.

= T. militaris, Reeve, var.

Coppingeri (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 30. t. 4, f. 7, 1881 56

Corallina (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 330, 1845 194

Corbicula (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 258, 1870 172

Cordieri (Mitra), Marav. Rev. Zool., 325, 1840. = M. ebenus, Lam., var.
Coriacea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 231, 1845.

? = M. lugubris, Swn., juv.

27

210 INDEX.

Cornea (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. duMus., xvii, 241. = M. cornicula, Linn.

Cornicula (Mitra), Linnaeus. Edit., xii, 1191 122

Cornicula (Mitra), Kisso. Eur. Merid., iv, 242. = M. ebenus, Lam.
Cornicularis (Mitra), Lam. Ann. du Mus , xvii, 210.

= M. cornicula, Linn.
Cornicularis (Mitra), Costa. Cat. Syst., 73.

= M. ebenus, Lam., var. costata.

Corniculum (Nassa). Olivi. Zool. Adriat., 144 37

Cornigera (Turbinella), Lam. Hist. vii. 105. = Vasum turbinellum, Linn.
Corona (Voluta), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, 142, t. 148, f. 1387, 1388.

= V. cymbiola, Sowb.

Coronata (Nassa), Brug. Diet. No. 46; Lam., Edit. Desh., x, 180 23

Coronata (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim.. vii, 317 148

Coronata (Voluta), Kiener, t. 41, f. 1. = V. cymbiola, Sowb.
Coronata (Mitra), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst., 336, 1817.

• — M. crenulata, Gmelin.
Coronata (Nassa), Lam., var. "Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 11, 12.

= N. monile, Kiener.

Coronatum (Bucc.), Martyn. Univ. Conch. =V. Hebrsea, Linn.
Coronula (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 96, 1851. = N. tiarula, Kiener.
Corpulenta (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat, No. 45, 1852.

= N. dentifera, Powis.

Corrugata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851 63

Corrugata (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. of Nassa, Nos. 1298-1300 64

Corrugata (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 308 168

Corrugata (Mitra), Wood. Index Test. = M. exasperata, Gmelin.

Corruscans (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 58, 1851 62

Corticata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1.851.

= N. monile, var. Jacksoniana.

Costata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851. = N. hirta, Kiener.
Costata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851. = N. labiata, A. Ad.
Costata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851. = N. hirta, Kiener.

Costata (Lyria), Swains. Jour. Sci., 33, 1824 103

Costellaria, Swainson. MalacoL, 320, 1840. = Turricula, Klein, sect 169

Costellaris (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vii, 308 166

Costellifera (Nas-sa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851.

= N. cremata, var. margaritifeia, D. Kr.

Costulata (Nassa), Renieri. Conch. Adriat. = N. Cuvieri, Payr 52

Costulata (Nassa), Anton. Verzeichn., 92, 1839 62

Coturnix (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1853 ; Novit, Conch., 97, t. 32,

f. 7, 8. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Crassa (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851.

= D. pinguis, A. Ad.

Crassa (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust , 1st ser 147

Crassa (Nassa), Koch. Phil. Abbild., 43; Buccinum, t. 1, f. 4 42

Crassicostata (Nassa), Marrat, New Forms of Nassa, 6, 1877.

= Var. of N. Cuvieri, Payr., 63

Crassicostata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch. No. 285, f. 387, 1874.

= M. vexillum, Reeve.

Cratitia (Mitra), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 132, 1851 115

Crebralis (Mitra), Lamarck. H. and A. Adams' Genera, i, 170 158

Crebrilineata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 122, f. 626, 1874 138

Crebrflineata (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq., Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 81, t, 21,

f. 33, 34, 1853. = N. concinna, Powis.
Crebrilirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 92, 1844.

= M. polita, Reeve, var 178

LNDBX. 211

TAGS.

Crebristriata (Nassa), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 499, 1857.

= N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.

Cremans (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 242, 1844 184

Crernata (Nassa), Reeve (not Hinds). Icon., f. 26. a N. stigmaria, A. Ad.

(1remata (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 35, t. 9, f. 8, 9, 1844 53

Cremata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod. Zool. Proc., 1835 151

Crenellifera (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851.

= N. scalaris, A. Ad.

Crenicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 120 03

Crenifera (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 306 135

Crenilabris (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851. = M. astricta, Rve.
Crenilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Thes. Conch., No. 207. = M. .Ethiops, Rve.
Crenilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 331.

= M. creniplicata, A. Ad.

Crenilirata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc , 100, 1851 40

Creniplicata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851. = M. ^Ethiops, Rve.

Crenulata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3452.'. 196

Crenulata (Mitra), pars, Kiener. Icon., 105, a. = Cylindra Sinensis, Rve.
Crenulata (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Bucc., t. 14, f. 49.

= N. scalaris, iA. Ad.

Crenulata (Nassa). Brug. Encyc. Meth., t. 394, f. 6. ? = N. arcularia, L.
Creaulata (Nassa), Reeve (not Brug). Icon.s f. 2. = N. hirta, Kiener.
Cretacea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 577, 578, 1874.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Cribraria (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, t. 1, f. 20, 1877.

? = N. sinusigera. A. Ad.

Crispa (Turricula), Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad., 201, 1872 180

Crispata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 14, 1877 52

Crocata (Mitra), Auct. = T. aureolata, Swainson.

Crocata (Mitra) Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 307 187

Crocea (Mitra), Sowb. (not Reeve) Thes. Conch., f. 120.

= T. teeniata, Lam.

Crocea (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 320, 1845. = T. aureolata, Swn.
Crosseana (Turbinella), Souverbie. Jour. Conch, 297, 1875 ; 382, t. 13,

f. 1, 1876. ? = Vasum muricatum, Born.
Crouani (Imbricaria), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., viii, 274, t. 9,

f. 8, 1868 197

Cruentata (Mitra), Chemn. Reeve Icon., f. 126, 1844 173

Cryptochorda, Mo'rch, Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 43, 1858 78

Cucumerina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 332 143

Cucurbitina (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 27, 1850. = M. cucumerina, Lain.

Cumingiana (Bullia), Dunker Zool. Proc., 355, 1856 16

Cumingii (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 237, 1864.

— V. Turneri, Gray.

Cumingii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1844 170

Cumingii (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 33, 1832; Sowb., Thes., t. 55, f.

105-107; Am. Jour. Sci., xlix, 227 104

Cumingii (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851 55

Curta (Nassa), Gould. Otia, 69 ; Wilkes' Exp. Moll., 258, f. 326.

= N. murioata, Quoy.

Curvilirata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 128, 129, 1874 166

Cuvieri (Nassa), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, t. 8, f. 17, 18, 1824 :-!2

Cyclocyrtia, Agassiz. Nomen., 1847. =- Neritula, Plancus.
Cyclonassa, Swains. Malacol., 69, 300, 1840. = Neritula, Plancus.
Cyclops, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 370, 1810. = Neritula, Plancus.
Cylindra, Schumacher. Essai Nouv. Genera, 236, 1817 109, 195

212 INDEX.

Cylindracea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon,, f. 97. = M. variabilis, Reeve.

Cylindratus (Melo), Brod. 1855. = M. Miltonis, Gray.

Cylleniformis (Voluta), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 151, 1844; Thes. Conch.,

t. 55, f. 112. 113. = Lyria Cumingii, Brod.

Cymba, Brod. and Sowb. Genera of Shells, 1826. = Cyrabium, Klein.
Cymba (Voluta) Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 733.

===== Cyrabium proboscidale, Lam.

Cymbiola, Swains. Malacol., 317, 1840 = Voluta, Linn, sect (.»7

Cymbiola (Voluta), Chemn. Sowb., Tank. Cat., t. 3, f. 1 99

Cymbium, Montf. Conch". Syst., ii, 554, 1810. = Melo, Humph.
Cymbium (Cymbium), Gray, Brod. Adams, Sowerby's Thesaurus (not

Linn). = C. cisium, Lam.

Cymbium, Klein. Ostrac., 1753; H. & A. Ad. Genera, i, 158 75, 78

Cynodonta, Sebum. Essai d'un Nouv. Syst., 241, 1817. = Vasum, Bolt.
Cyri (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860. == M. fulgetrum, var.

Dactyloidea (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839.

= M. olivaeformis, Swainson.

Dactylus (Cylindra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1188 195

Dtedala (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 281, 1845 175

Damoni (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser.,xiv, 237, 1864.

= V. Turneri, Gray,

Darwini (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 95, 1853 62

Dealbata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 112, 1851. = N. fejtiva, Powis.

Dealbata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851 152

Deburghise (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 798, t. 48, f. 12, 1878.

= Imbricaria Vanikorensis, Quoy.

Declivis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 44 118

Decora (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 234, 1845 169

Decurtata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 154, 1844.

= M. scutulata, Lam.
Decussata (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 109, t. 30, f. 3. = N. pagoda, Rve.

Ueformis (Bullia), King. Zool. Jour., v, 349 11

Defrancii (Mitra), Payr. Moll, de Corse, t. 8, f. 21.

= M. ebenus, Lam., var. costata.

Delessertiana (Voluta), Petit. Mag. de Zool., t. 57 103

Delicata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 137, 1851 159

Delicata (Nassa), Rve. Icon., f. 163, 1853. ==- N. tenella, Rve.
Delicata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851. = N. tiarula, Kiener.
Deliciosa (Voluta), Montrouz. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 375, 1859; iv, 121. 102

Dennisoni (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 14. 1844 165

Densigranata (Nassa), Reeve. Icon , f. 181, 1854.

= N. splendidula, Dunker.

Denticulata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zeol. Proc., 110, 1851 47

Dentifera (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 95, 1835 46

Dermestoideum (Bucc.), Payr. Moll. Corse., 158. = N. corniculum, Olivi.

Dermestina (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., 76, 1811 182

Dermestina (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 331, 1860. = N. paupera, Gld.
Desetaugsii (Mitra), Kiener. Icon., t. 29, f. 94; Lienard, Jour, de Conch.,

3 ser., ix, 226, 1869 117

Deshayesiana (Nassa), Issel. Moll. Mission Italiana, 9, 1865, t. 1, f. 1, 2.

= N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq.
Deshayesii (Nassa) Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Tel., v, 76, t. 21, f.

11,12,1853. => N. pulla, Linn.

Deshayesii (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc.. 73, t. 26, 1854 88

Deshayesii (Nassa), Drouet. Moll. A9ores, 32, fig. 1858 50

INDEX. 213

I'AOK.

Drshayrsii i.Mitrai. Keevi1. Condi. Icon., 1'. 170 17<>

Desmonlea, (it-ay. /.u>'. Proc., 14.0, 1847 7, 65

Diadema (Mitra) Swains. Bligh Cat.: Exot. Conch. App.

== M. puncticulata, Lain.

Diadema (Melo), Lain. A'aim,, vi, :J7-"> 81

Dibaphiformis (Mitra), Sowb. Tbe-=. Conch., f. 300, 810, 1874.

= Mitroidea inultiplicata, Pease.

Dibaphus. Phil. Wiegm. Archiv., 61, 1847 109,163

Dichroa (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 27, t. 10, f. 20,

1848. = T. luculenta, Reeve.
Dichroma (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 315.

= M. dichroa, Ad. & Reeve

Digitalis (Mitra), Chemn. Dillw. Desc. Cat., i, 550 140

Digitalis (Bullia), Meusch en. Mus. Gevers , 206 12

Digna fVolutomitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1854.

= M. melaniana, Lam.

Diluta (Bull a), Krauss. Siidaf. Moll., 121 16

Dimidiata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc , 259, 1870. = T. Cumingii, Reeve.

Discoloria (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 230, 1845 180

Discors (Mitra), Grandidier. Kuster, Conch. Cab., 131, t. 17 d, f. 4.
Dispar (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 96, 1851. = N. picta, Dunker.
Distorta (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851. = N. monile, Kr.
Dohrni (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 2UO, 1864.

= T. mucrouaia, Swains.
Dominula (Nassa), Tapparone Cauefri. Voy. Magenta, 10, t. 1, f. 17,

1 874. = N. Roissyi, Desh.

Douoriana (Cyclops), Risso. Suppl. 271. = Neritula pellucida, Risso.
Dorsanum, Gray. Zool. Proc., 130, 1847. = Pseudostrombus, Klein.
Dorsuosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.

= X. Thersites, Brug

Dubia (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Jour., iii, 81 t. 3, f. 1 00

Ducalis (Melo), Lam. Edit. De^h., x, 377. == M. diadema, Lam., var.
Dufresnii (Voluta), Donov-tn. Nat. Repos., ii, t. 67.

= V. angulata, Swainson.

Dujardini (Nassa), Lam. Edit Desh., x. 241. = N. mutabilis, Linn.
Dunkeri (Mitra) Schmeltz. Cat. Godetfr. Mus., No. 4, 84.

= Turricula Deshayesii, Reeve.

Duplilirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 229, 1845 140

Dupontii (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog , 43, t. 1 s, f. 30 ; Jickeli, Jahrb. Mai.

Gesell., i, 20. = M. lens, Wood.

Ebenacea (Nassa), Gemari. Marrat, Vars of Nassa, No. 367.

= N. mutabilis, L., var.

Ebenus (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., xvii, No. 58 124

Eburnea (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch , iii, 15, 1880. = Mitroidea.. 163

Eburuea (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 20, 1850; 84, 1851 132

Eburnostoma (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 15, 1880 134

Echinata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 138, 1851. = M. mucronata, Swn.
Echinata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 101, 1851 ; Smith, Zool. Proc.,

810, 1878 44

Edentulus (Dibaphus), Swains. Reeve, Icon. Mitra, sp. 80, 1844.

= D. Philippii, Crosse.

Effusa (Mitra), Swainson. Brod. Zool. Proc., 1835 127

Ehrenbergi (Mitra), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 24, t. 2, f. 3, 1874 136

Eione, Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 171, 1826. = Arcularia, Link.

214 INDEX.

Elata (Nassa), Gould. Bost, Jour. N. Hist., v. 293, t. 24, f. 11, 1845.

= N. gaudiosa, Hinds 39

Elegans (Bucc.), Dujardin. Mem. Geol., ii, 298, t. 20, f. 3, 10.

= Nassa clathrata, Born.

Elegans (Nassa), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 199, 1842. = N. fossata, Gid.
Elegans (Nassa), Reeve (not Kiener). Icon., f 10. ? = N. taenia, Gmel.
Elegans (Bucc.), Costa. Cat. Sist, 80. = Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.

Elegans (Bullia), Dunker. Proc Zool. Soc., 355. 1856 16

Elegans (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Bucc., 56, t. 24, f. 97 27

Elegans (Mitra). Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 233, 1845 165

Elegantula (Mitra), Kuster. Conch. Cab., 103, t. 17, f. 6, 8.

— T. patriarchalis, Lam.

Elegantula (Turricula), Dunker. Mai. Blatt, 154, 1871 193

Ellioti (Voluta), Sowb. Jour. Conch., 3 ser., iv, 338, 1864, v, 25, t. 3,

f. 19, 1865. = V. Turner!, Gray.
Elongata (Voluta), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 20, 21.

— V. Pacifica Soland., var.

Elougata (Nassa), Marrat (not Sowerby). Ann. Mag. N. H., 4 ser., xiii,

70, 1874. = N. oriens, Marr 64

Elongatulum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn., 91, 1839. = Bullia 16

Emeta, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 167, 1853. = Lyria, Gray, sect 104

Encausta (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 172, 1850 192

Encaustica (Nassa), Brusina. Jour, de Conch., xvii, 233, 1869.

= N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Emersa (Nassa), Carp. Brit. Mus., Marr. Vars., No. 1065 64

Emilue (Turricula), Schmeltz. Cat. Godeff. Mus., No. 5, 119 189

Episcopalis (Mitra), Linneeus. Edit., xii, 1193 Ill

Ericea (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860 ; Am. Jour. Conch., v, 85.

= M. turgida, Reeve.
Erronea (Mitra), l)ohrn. Mai. Blatt, viii, 134, 1862.

= M. versicolor, Mart.
Eurytoides (Truncaria), P. P. Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser.,

xiv; 48. 1864 , , 10

Exarata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 133, 1851.

= T. cruentata, Chemn. (Reeve), var.

Exasperata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst, Nat., 3453 180

Exigua (Mitra). " Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 298."— Catlow Nomencl.

= M. rubra, Swainson.

Exilis (Thala), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 313, 1845 160

Exilis (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 95, 1835 32

Eximia (Nassa), H. Adams. Zool. Prdc., 14, t. 3, f. 28, 1872 48

Eximia (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1851 113

Exoptanda (Voluta), Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 22, 1849 91

Exquisita (Thala), Garrett. Cal. Proc., 202, 1872 ; Zool. Proc., 842,

1872 162

Exquisita (Turricula), Garrett. Zool. Proc., 842, 1872.

= T. rubra, Swn., var.

Fasciata (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 172 46

Fasciata (Voluta), Schub. et Wagn. Conch. Cab., t. 216, f. 3029, 3030.

= V. scapha, Gmel.

Fasciata (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., f. 20. = M. casta, Lam.
Fasciolata (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 272. = N. corniculum, Olivi.
Fastigiella, Reeve. = Cerithiidae.
Fastigium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 221, 1845.

? = M. auriculoides, Reeve, var 154

INDEX. 215

Fenestrata (Cylindra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 328 l'.»\<

Fenestrata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 10, 1877.

= N. albescens, Dunker.

Ferguson! (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 70, 71, 1874 116

Ferrugata (Mitra), Solander. Dillw., Desc. Cat., 535.

= M. cucumerina, Lam.

Ferruginea (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 303 150

Ferruginea (Mitra), var. b., Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 1305.

= M. contracta Swainson.
Ferruginea (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 78, 1880.

? = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Ferussaci (Nassa), Payr. Moll. Corse, 162, t. 8, f. 15, 16.

= N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Ferussaci (Voluta), Donovan. Nat. Rep., ii, 67, 1824.

= V. Brasiliana, Sol.

Festa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 303, 1845 193

Festiva (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 46, 1880 177

Festiva (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc , 95, 1835 46

Festiva (Voluta), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 404 95

Festiva (Voluta), d'Orb. (nee Lam.). Voy. 426. = V. Magellanica, Lam.

Ficulina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 336 190

Ficulopsis, Stoliczka. Pal. India, ii, 84. = Ficulidse 78

Fida (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 88, 1853. = N. vibex, Say.

Fidicula (Mitra), Gould. Bost, Proc., iii, 170, 1850 175

Filaris (Mitra), Linn. Mantissa, 548 138

Filistriata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 402, 1874 177

Filosa (Nassa), Gray. Reeve Icon., sp 35. = N. picta, Dunker.

Filosa (Truncaria), Ads & Rve. Voy. Samarang, 33, t. ll, f. 18 9

Filosa (Mitra), Born. Mus. Cass.. t. 9, f. 9, 10. — M. filaris, Linn.

Filum (Mitra), Wood. Ind. Test, Suppl., t. 3, f. 30 130

Fischeri (Mitra), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iv, 323, 1860.

= M. annulata, Reeve.

Fissilabris (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851 40

Fissurata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 322 131

Flammea (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 659, t. 45, f 23-25 140

Flammea (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 120, 1844.

= M. Philippinarum, Adams.

Flammeum (Buccinum), Brug. Dact., No. 32. = Bullia laevissima, Gmel.
Flamraigera (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 173. = M. flammea, Quoy.
Flammula (Voluta), Goodall. Wood, Index Test. Suppl., f. 5.

= V. cymbiola, Sowb.
Flam.mulata (Turricula), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 212, 1867.

= T. semen, Reeve.
Flava (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 6, 1877.

? = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Flavescens (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f 207, 1844.

= M. aureolata, Swn.

Flavicans (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3364 91

Flexicostata (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 46, 1880 180

Flexilabris (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 127, t. 24, f. 4, 1875 128

Flexuosum (Bucc.), Costa. Cat. Syst., 78. = Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.

Floccata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 16 115

Florida (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., vi, 13, 1856 116

Floridanum (Bucc.), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 237, 1842. = Nassa 62

Floridula (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 267, f. 283, 611.

= M. coronata, Lam.

216 INDEX.

Fluctuata (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc., 64, 1855.

= V. undulata, Lam.

Foliosum (Bucc.), Wood. Index Test., t. 22, f. 39. = N. mutabilis, Linn.
Pontainii (Nassa), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., 433, t. 77, f. 5, 6.

= N. exilis, Powis.
Foraminata (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 194, 1835.

= M. lens, Wood.

Forbesii (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit, Mai., 60, 1853 62

Formosa (Cylindra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 271, t. 23, f. 1, 18G7 131

Formosa (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 138, 1851 138

Forticostata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 238, 1844.

= T. Ficulina, Lam.
Fortiplicata (Turricula), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 213, t. 15 f. 3, 1867. 189

Fossata (Nassa), Gould. Otia, Conch., 67 55

Foveata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 213, f. 408, 1874. = Thala. 160
Foveolata (Mitra), Dunker. Novit. Conch., 46, t 15, f. 5, 6.

= flammea, Quoy.

Foveolata (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 63, 1847 34

Fraga (Vlitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 660, t. 45, bis, f. 28, 29.

? = M. cucumetina, Lam.

Fraga (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 27, f. 87. = T. nodosa, Swains.
Fraga (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 660, t. 45, bis, f. 28, 29.

? = M. cucumerina, Lam.
Fragum (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Astrol. et ZeL, v, 83, t. 21, f. 39, 40,

1854. = N. cremata, Hinds.

Franciscana (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 133, 1876. 159
Fratercula (Turricula), Garrett. Zool Proc., 482, 1872.

= T. variata, Reeve.

Fraterculus (Nassa), Dunker. Mai. Blatt, 230, 1850. ? = N. paupera, Gld.
Fraudulenta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, t. 1, f. 24, 1877.

= N. sinusigera, A. Ad.
Fretensis (Nassa) Perkins. Bost. Proc., xiii, 117, 1869. = N. vibex, Say.

Frigens (Nassa), von Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 134, 1878 62

Fulgetrum (Voluta), Sowb. Tank. Cat, App., 28, t. 4, f. 5, 1828 96

Fulgetrum (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 115, 1844 142

Fulgora (Voluta), Martini. Adams' Genera. = V. rupestris, Gmel.

Fulgoraria, Schum. Essai Syst., 242, 1817. = Voluta, Lina, sect 85

Fulgurita (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 61, 1844 118

Fulminata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 399. = V. rupestris, Gmelin.
Fulva (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 395. = V. virescens, Soland., var.
Fulva (Mitra), Swainsen. Zool. Illust., 2d ser. == M. ambigua, Swn., var.

Fulyescens (Mitra), Swaiuson. Zool. Proc., 1835 148

Fulvolirata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 797, t. 48, f. 9, 10, 1878.

? =T. corrugata, Lam.

Funerea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 108, 1874 126

Funiculata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 122, 1844.

= M. sulcata, Swainson.

Fusca (Mitra), Swains. Zool. 111., 2d ser 122

Fusca (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Astrol. et Tel., v, 74, t. 21, f. 7, 8, 1854.

= N. tsenia, Gmel.
Fuscata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 112, 1851.

= N. Tritoniformis, Kiener.
Fuscescens (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860; Am. Jour. Conch.,

iii, 233 157

Fuscoapicata (Mitra), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 214, 1879 173

Fuscolineata (Nassa), Smith. Ann. Mag., 4 ser., xv, 423, 1875 63

INDEX. 217

PAGE.

Fusconigra (Turricula), Garrett, Jour, of Conch., iii, 47, 1880 174

Fusiformis (Voluta), Kiener. Monog., 41, t. 49. = V. Beckii, Brod.
Fusiformis (Mitra), Reeve (nee Kiener.) Conch. Icon., f. 182, 1844.

M. mucronata, Swains.

Fusiformis (Mitra), Chemn. Sowb. Thes., f. 384, 1874.
= T. mucronata, Swains.

Fusiformis (Voluta), Swains. Bligh Cat. Ap , (.»5

Fusiformis (Mitra), Kiener. Inconog., t. 29, f. 97 175

Fusimitra, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 25, 1865 , 109

Fusoides (Mitra), A. Ad. Index Sowerby's Thesaurus 158

Fusus (Voluta), Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol., t. 44, f. 7, 8.

= V. Pacifica, Soland, juv.
Fusus (Mi4ra), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 376, t. 13, f. 3-4, 1876.

= M. cernica, Sowb., var.
Fusus (Turbinella), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., 15, 1825 71

Galilea (Nassa), Clark. Marrat. Varieties, No. 1353 64

Gallandiana (Nassa), Fischer. Jour. Conch., x, 37, xi, 82, t. 2, f. 6.

= N. corniculum, Olivi.
Gambiana (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 206, 1861. = M. carinata, Swn.

Garrettii (Mitra), G. £ H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 29, 1874 189

Gaudiosa (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 16, 17, 1844 34

Gausapata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 317, 1845. = T. ficulina, Lam.

Gayii (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 71, t. 21, f. 79 56

Gemma (Nassa), Phil. Abbild. Bucc., t. 1, f. 5. ? = N. complanata, Powis.

Gemmata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp., 334, 1874 183

Gemmellari (Nassa), Biondi. Atti Accad. Catan., xi, 1855 62

Gemmulata (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 169 55

Gemmulifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851 52

Gemmulosa (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, p. 61 62

Geuiculata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851.

= N. subspinosa, Lam.
Georginse (Melo), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t 34, 183:!.

— M. diadema, Lam., var. ducalis.

Gibba (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool Proc., 368 1860 159

Gibberula (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. No. 1205. = N. incrassata, Mull., var.
Gibbesii (Nassa), Cooper. Pac. R. R. Rept. App., 371.

= N. mendica, Gould.

Gibbosula (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1201 , 24

Gibbum (Buccinum), Dillw. Cat., ii, 602. = Nassa mutabilis, L.
Gigantea (Mitra), Swainson MSS. Reeve, Icon., f. 27, 1844.

= M. sulcata, Swainson.
Glabella (Nassa), Marrat (not Sowb.). New Forms of Nassa, t. 1, f. 7.

= N. laevigata, Marrat.

Glaberrima (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. Nos. 1203, 1204. = N. incrassata, var.
Glaberrima (Nassa), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Bucc. ? = N. conspersa, Phil.
Glabra (Mitra), Pease (not'Swains.). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 272, t. 23,

f. 2, 1867. = M. lubrica, Pease.
Glabra (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 241. == M. cornicula, Linn.

Glabra (Mitra), Swainson. Exot. Conch., 24, t. 18 117

Glabrata (Nassa), Sowb. Strombus, Thes. Conch., i, t. 8, f. 66, 67.

= N. obliqua, Kiener 27

Glabrata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851 38

Glandiformis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 310, 1845 186

Glans (Voluta), Gmelin. = Cymbium Neptuni, Gmel,

28

218 INDEX.

PAGE.

Glaus (Nassa), Linn, Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1200 27

Glans (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 192, 1841.

= Cylindra fenestrata Lam.

Glauca (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 61. 1852. = N. tegula, Reeve.
Glauca (Nassa), Bunker. Zeit. Mai., 125, 1852.

? = N. unicolorata, Kiener.
Globosa (Nassa), Sowerby. Genera of Shells, f. 6.

= Desmoulea abbrevnta, Gmel.

Globosa (Mitra), Chemn. H. £ A. Adams' Genera, i, 171 159

Globosa (Nassa), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 448, t. 32, f. 25-27 26

Globulosa (Bullia), d'Orb. (not Kieuer). Voy. Am., 435.

= B. deformis, King 11

Globulosa (Bullia), Kiener. Coq. Viv., t. 10, f. 33. : 11

Globulus (Cassis), Menke. Synopsis Moll., No. 806, 1828.

? := Desmoulea, Lam.

Globulus (Vasumj, Lam. Hist., vii, 107 73

Gosavia, Stoliczka. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lii, 1865 ; Pal. Indica, ii, 72.. 78
Gotoensis (Mitra), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 215, t. 20, f. 51, 1879.

= T. Collinsoni, A. Ad.

Gracilior (Mitra), Carpenter MSS 145

Gracilis (Cymba), Brod. Spec. Conch., 7, f. 8. = C. cisium, Lam.
Gracilis (Voluta), Gray. Griffith's Animal Kingdom, t. 40, f. 4.

= V. Pacifica, Soland.

Gracilis (Voluta), Swains. Jour. Sci., xvii, 52. = V. Pacifica, Sol., var.
Gracilis (Nassa), Pease, Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 273, t. 23, f. 4, 1867.

= N. leptospira, A. Ad.

Gracilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 31, 1844 136

Gradata (Bullia), Deshayes. Lam., An. s. Vert., x, 186.

= B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Grastfei (Mitra), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., vii, 297, 1867.

= Turricula luculenta, Reeve.
Graja (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 327. = M. cornicula, Linn.

Grana (Nassa), Lam. Hist. Nat., vii, 274 27

Granata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 271, 1845.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve. **

Granatina (Mitra), Swains. Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasm.,

133, 1876 159

Granatina (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 310. = M. scabriuscula, Linn.

Granifera (Nassa), Kiener. Monog., 100, t. 27, f. Ill 26

Granulatum (Bucc.), Phil., i, 226, i. 11, f. 2.

= Nassa incrassata, var., pygmsea. .
Granosa (Mitra), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 151, f. 1442, 1443.

= T. sanguisuga, Linn., var.

Granulifera (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 340 158

Granulosa (Bullia), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 250 14

Granulosa (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 304 133

Granulosa (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 80, 1880 63

Granum (Mitra), Forbes. JSgean Invert., 191, 1843.

= T. tricolor, Gmel.
Graphitera (Nassa), Beck. Hombr. et Jacq., Voy. au Pole sud, v, 80,

t. 21, f. 28, 29, 1853. = N. picta, Dunker.

Grata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 81, 1880 63

Gratiosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 277, 1845.... 161

Gravis (Voluta), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., i, 569. = Turbinella napus, Lrm.
Grayae (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xix, 287, 1871 91

INDEX. 219

PAGK.

Grayi (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 7, 1846. = B. Mauritiana. Gray.
Greci (Columbella), Phil, Moll. Sicil., ii, 194, t. 27, f. 18, 1844.

== Turricula Columbellaria, Scac.
Grelloisi (Mitra), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, 247, t, 7, f. 8, 1853.

= M. pellis serpentis, Reeve.

Grumlandica (Mitra), Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 106, 1844 124

Gruneri (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 119, 1844 168

Gruneri (Nassa), Reeve (not Dunker). Icon., sp. 75.

= N. muricata, Quoy.

Gruneri (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 171, 1846 44

Guadaloupensis (Nassa), Petit. = Phos (vol. iii).

Guildingii (Voluta), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 151, 1844; Thes. Conch ,

t. 55, f. 110, 111 105

Guinaica (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 393. = V. musica, Linn.
Gussoni (Bucc.), Calacara. = Nassa Tinei, Marav.

Guttata (Voluta), Reeve, Icon., f. 56, 1849 105

Guttata (Mitra), Swainson MSS. Reeve, Icon., f, 69, 1844 116

Haldemani (Buec.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 62, 1847 36

Hamillei (Mitra), Petit. Jour, de Conch,, ii, 259, t. 7, f. 9, 1851 117

Hamillei (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 sp., xvii, 115, 178, 1869;

xviii, t. 1, f. 5 ; t. 2, f. 1, 1870. = V. rupestris, Gmel.
Haneti (Mitra), Petit. Jour, de Conch., iii, 57, t. 2, f. 11, 1852.

Hanleyana (Mitra), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 70, 1877 158

Hanleyana (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 83, 1880 63

Hanleyanum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 63, 1847 62

Hanleyi (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 168, f. 661, 1874 146

Ilanleyi (Turricula), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt.. viii, 138, 1862 194

Harfordi (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., 358, t. 26, f. 2, 1869.

= V. canaliculata, McCoy.

Hargreavesi (Voluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 613, t. 42, f. 13, 1872 89

Harpa (Voluta), Barnes. Ann. N. Y. Lye., i, 139, t. 9, f. 4 104

Harpa (Harpula), Swains. Exot. Conch. = Voluta costata, Swn.
Harpoeformis (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 334.

= M. cruentata, Chemn.
Harpula, Swains. Malacol., 317. 1840. = Voluta, Linn, sect.

Harpularia (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, 1877 63

Hastata (Mitra), Sowb, Thes. Conch., f. 620, 632.

= Turricula casta, H. Adams.
Haustrum (Voluta), Solander MSS. Gray, Zool. Proc., 54, 1855.

= Melo tecsellata, Lam.

Hebes (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 292, 1845 137

Hebra, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 120. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart. 7
Hebn«a (Columbella), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 270.

= Milra litterata, Lam.

Hebraa (Voluta), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1194 84

Helvacea (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 84, 1851 135

Hemprichi (Mitra), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, 21, t. 2, f. 1, 1874... 136
Hepatica (Nassa), Mont. Test. Brit., 243. t. 8, f. 1. ? =N. monile, Kiener.
Herklotsiana (Mitra), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt., viii, 137, 1862.

? = M. Isabella, Swn.

Hermannseni (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 63, 1847. = Nassa 62

Hima, Leach. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H., xx, 1847. =S. G. of Nassa, Mart. 7
Hindsii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 165, 1844. = M. sulcata, Swn.
Hirta (Nassa), Kiener. Monog., 63, t. 19, f. 72 28

220 INDEX.

Hispida (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 101, 1851. =N. Gruneri, Bunker.
Histrio (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 144, 1844. = T. dermestina, Lam.
Horrida (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1847. = N. muricata, Quoy.
Hotessieri (Nassa), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba., ii, 142, t. 21, f. 40-42, 1853.

= N. ambigua, Mont.

Hoyti (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 47, 1880 195

Humeralis (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 18, 1880 159

Hybrida (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., 74, f. 69. = T. intermedia, Kiener.
Hystrio (Mitra), Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch , 3 ser., ii, 240, 1862.

= M. flammea, Quoy.

Icteria (BulHa), Soland. Adams' Genera, 114 16

Ignea (Voluta), Wood. Index Test. = Turricula subulata, Lam.

Ignobilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Ic , f. 152, 1844 119

Ilyanassa, Stimpson. Am. Jour Coneh., i, 61, 1865. = S. G. of Nassa 7

Imbricaria, Schumacher. Essai Nouv. Gen., 236, 1817 109, 197

Immersa (Nassa), Carp. Marrat, Vars., No. 1249. == N. bimaeulosa, A. Ad.

Imperiale (Vasum), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842 72

Imperialis (Voluta), Lam. Edit Desh., x, 385 88

Impressa (Mitra), Reeve (not Anton.) Conch. Ic., f. 130, 1844.

= T. rubricata, Reeve.

Impressa (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 67, 1839 132

Inca (Mitra), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., 427, t. 79, f. 1. = M. lens, Wood.
Incarnata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 299, 1845.

= M. carnicolor, Reeve.

Incisa (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 27, t. 10, f. 31, 1848. 114
Incisa (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch , iii, 63, 1880.

= T. Zebuensis, Reeve.
Incrassata( Nassa), Strom. Kongl. Vid. Selsk. Skr., iv, 369, t. 16, f. 25.... 49

Indentata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 173, f. 412, 1874...: 144

Indica (Voluta), Sowb. Thes. Conch. 1, 210, t. 51, f, 68-70.

= V. interpuncta, Martyn.

Indica (Melo), Gmel. Syst. Nat, 3467 80

Induta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 128, t. 24, f. 9, 1875 121

Inermis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 273, 1845 ; Zool. Proc., 216, 1879. 175

Infausta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 326, 1845 189

Infecta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75 = M versicolor, Mart 163

Inflata (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 270. — N. mutabile, Linn.
Inflata (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. = M. cornicula, Linn.
Infrafasciata (Mitra), Souverb. Jour de Conch., 3 ser., v, 155, t. 5, f. 7,

1865 122

Innexa (Voluta), Reeve Icon., f. 9, 1849; Brazier. Proc. Roy. Soc.

Tasmania, 171, 1876. — V. rutila, Brod., var.

Inquinata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 29, 1844 118

Insculpta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 133, 1851. = M. annulata, Reeve.

Insculpta (Na-sa), Cpr. Cal. Proc , iii, 223, 1866 38

Insignis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 132, 1851 129

Insignis (Nassodonta), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 445, 1866 37

Insolata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 77, f. 650, 1874 124

Instricta (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 48, 1880 -. 195

Insularis (Voluta), Solander. Portl. Cab. = V. Pacifica, Soland.
Interlirata (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 545, t. 30, f. 5,

1876 48

Interlirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 70. = M. flammea, Quoy.
Intermedia (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 22, f. 70 168

INDEX. 221

PAGE.

Intermedia (Nassa), Forbes. Kept JEg. In., v, 140.

= N. incrassata, Strom.
Intermedia (Nassa), Bunker Verb. Z. B. Soc. Vienna, xvi, 909, 1886.

= N. suturalis, Lam.

Interpuncta (Voluta), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 127 84

Interrupta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1851 169

Interrupta (.Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839 192

Intersculpta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 258, 1870 159

Interstincta (Nassa), Marratt. Quar. Jour. Conch., Vars. No. 1163 64

Interstriata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 259, 1870 172

Interstriata (Nassa), Conrad. Pac. R. R. Rept., v, t. 6, f. 49, 1856.

? = N. perpinguis, Hinds.

Intertreniata (Mitra), Sowb Thes. Conch., f. 154, 1874 176

Isara, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 171. Mitra, Lam.

Isabella (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust., 2d ser 137

Isabellei (Nassa), Reeve (not Orb.) Icon., f. 47. = N fenestrata, Marrat.

Isabellei (Nassa), d'Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., 423, t. 61, f. 18-21 33

Italica (Cyclonassa), Issel. Bull. Mai. Ital., ii, 79, t. 4, f. 9-11, 1869.

— C. neritea, Linn.

Jacksoniana (Nassa), Quoy. Astrolabe, ii, 452, t. 32, f. 28, 29.

= N. monile, Kiener, var.

Jacksoniana (Nassa), Kiener. Monog., 64, t. 19, f. 73. = N. monile, Kien.
Jaculanda (Mitra), Gould. Otia Conch., 129 ; Bost. Proc., vii, 332, 1860. 162
Jamrachi (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 236, 1864.

= V. Turneri, Gray.
Japonica (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 198, 1864.

= T. crebrilirata, Reeve.
Japonica (Nassa), Lischke. Mai. Blatt,, xv, 220. = N. bait eat a, Lischke.

Japonica (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc, 113, 1851 66

Japonica (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851.

? = N. tenuis, E. A. Smith.
Jonasi (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 171, 1846; Phil. Abbild. Bucc., iii,

66, t. 2, f. 10 26

Jucunda (Mitra), Tapparone-Canefri. Voy. Magenta, 27, t. 1, f. 3, 1874.

M. tigrina, A. Ad.
Jucunda (Mitra), Dunker. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., xix, 212, t, 9, f. 1,

1879 165

Judaxmim (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860 171

Jukesii (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851. s= T. corrugata, Lam.
Junonia (Voluta), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, t. 177, f. 1703, 1704 90

Kamieschi (Cyclops), Chemn. Marr. Conch., i, 165, f. 792-4 65

Kaupii (Voluta), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., x, 145, 1863 90

Keeni (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 15, 1877.

= N. albescens, Dunker, var.
Kieneri (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn., 92, 1830.

? 1= Nassa picta, Dunker.
Kieneri (Mitra). Phil. Zeit, Mai., 22, 1850. M. chrysostoma Swn.

Kieneri (Nassa), Desh. Moll. He Bourbon, 129, 1863 53

Kieneri (Mitra). Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 429, f. 324, 1874 124

Kingi (Voluta), Cox. Jour, de Conch., xix, 76, t. 4, f. 2, 1871 92

Kirki (Voluta), Hutton. N. Zeal. Cab., 18; Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xviii,

21, 1878 (--= -. V. flavicans, Gmel., teste Hutton in litt.) 99

Kochiana (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., Ill, 1846 58

Kraussiana (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., Ill, 1846 25

222 INDEX.

Kraussii (Turricula), Bunker. Mall. Jap., 8, 1861 187

Kreuslerae (Voluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 55, t 2, f. 3, 1865 94

Kurrachensis (Bullia), Angas. Zool. Proc., 529, t. 54, f. 6, 1877 15

Labecula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851. = N. Jonasi, Dunker.

Labiata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851 39

Labida (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., 179, 1854. = N. leptospira, A. Ad.
Labyrinthum (Buccinum), Qmelin. Syst. Nat., 3483.

? = B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Lacepedii (Buccinum), Payr. Moll. Corse, t. 7, f. 23, 24.

= Nassa incrassata, Strom.
Lachrymosa (Nassa), Reeve. Monog., f. 52, 1853, = N. monile, Kien.

Lachryma (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 258, 1845 125

Lactea (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, o!2. = M. cornicula, Linn.

Lactea (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. of Nassa, 80, 1880 63

Lacunosa (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 65. ? = M. variegata, Reeve.
Lacunosa (Mitra), Sowb. (nee Reeve). Thes., f. 171, 1874.

= M. eximia, A. Ad.

Laeta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1851 159

Laetum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 140, 1848 62

Laevicostata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 139, 1874.
= T. Gruneri, Reeve.

Laevicostata (Turricula), Garrett, Jour, of Conch., iii, 50,1880 195

Lsevigata (Nassa) Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 3, t. 1, f. 7, 1877 23

Laevigata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 394. : - V. musica, L.
Laevigata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3455. = M. cornicula, Linn.
Laevigata (Bullia), Mart, Conch. Cab., iv, t. 127, f. 1215, 1216.

= B. laevissima, Gmel.

Laevigata (Nassa), Pusch. Pol. Pal., 122, t. 11, f. 8. = N. mutabilis, Linn.
Laevis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 132, 1861. = M. casta, Lam.
Laevis (Mitra), E-ichwald. Zool. RUBS. Pol., 297, t. 5, f. 14.

= M. ebenus, Lam.
Laevis (Nassa), Chemn. H. & A. Adams' Genera, t. 12, f. 7.

= N. canaliculata, Lam.

Laevissima (Bullia), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3494.^ 11

Laevissimum (Nassa), Bronn. It. Tert., 25. := N. cornicula, Olivi.
Laevizonata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch, sp. 314, 1874.

= T. luculenta, Reeve.

Lamarckii (Mitra), Deshayes. Encyc. Meth., ii, 448 112

Lamarckii (Bullia), Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. 3, f. 6. = B. cochlidium, Kiener.

Lamberti (Mitra), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 284, t.-13, f. 3, 1875 126

Lapparia, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 24, 1865 109

Lapponica (Voluta), Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1195. := V. interpuncta, Mart,

Largilliertiana (Voluta), d'Orb. Rev. Zool., 210, 1841 101

Larva (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 339. = T. cruentata, Chemn.
Laterculata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 651, 1874.
Laticostata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, 1877.

? = N. arcularia, Linn 21

Latruncularia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 166, 1844 120

Lauta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 244, 1844. = M. pardalis Kiister.

Lauta (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. of Nassa, 82, 1880 63

Layardi (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1854. = T. crebrilirata, Rve.
Lecadrei (Nassa), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, 73, t. 6, f. 14, 1867.

= N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.
Lefebrei (Bucc.), Maravigna. Rev. Zool., 325, 1840. = Lachesis.

INDEX. 223

PAGE.

Le<rraudi (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Hoy. Soc. Tasm., 140, 1876;

34, 1878 169

Leioderma, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad , 184, 18t>.") 77

Leiodonms, Swirus. Malacol., 74, 8(2. 1840. = S. G. of Bullia, Gray.

Leptospira (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 103, 1851 ^r,

Lens (Mitra), Wood. Index Test. Suppl., t. 3, f. '28 133

Lens (Nassa), Chemn. Marrat, Vars., No. 1355. = N. nitidula, Linn.
Lentiginosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.

= N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Leontocroma (Mitra), Brusina. Contrib. No. 80.

= M. columbellaria, Scacehi.

Leucodesma (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 243, 1844.
= M. pardalis, Kiister.

Leucostoma (.Mitra). Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat. App.. 27, 1825 159

Leucozona (Mitra), Bellardi. Monog., 26. = M. ebenus, Lam.

Lienardi (Mitra), Sou v. Tbes. Conch., f. 239 151

Lifouana (Mitra texturata, var.), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xx, 74, 219,

1872 134

Ligata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851.

T. cruentata, Chemn., var. proxima.

Lignaria (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 64, 1844. = M. lens, Wood.
Lilacina (Nassa), Gould. Wilkes' Exp. .Moll., 265, f. 336, 1852.

= N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Lilacina (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 634, 1874 178

Lima (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 181, 1874.

- Cylindra Sinensis, Reeve.

Limata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 312 116

Limata (Nassa), Chemn. Conch Cab., xi, 87, t. 188, f. 1808-9.

= N. clathrata, Born.

Limbifera (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 329 154

Limicola (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1851 62

Limmuforrne (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 64. 1847. ? = Nassa (>2

Lincolnensis (Mitra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 313, t, 18, f. 10, 11, 1878 177

Lineata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 139

Lineata (Voluta), Leach. Zool. Misc., i, t. 12, f. 2. := V. zebra, Leach.
Lineata (Nassa), Pult. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 118 = Planaxis.
Lineatus (Conoelix), Swainson. Zool. 111., 1st ser.,i, t. 24. middle figures,

1821. = Imbricaria 198

Lineolata (Nassa), Phil. Marrat, Vars., No. 1356 64

Lineolata (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 173, f. 136.

= N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Lineolata (Voluta), Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 36, f. 6.

= V. vespertilio, Linn.
Lirata (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser., xiii, 70, 1874.

N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq.
Lirata (Nassa), Dunker. Moll. Jap., t. 1, f. 22 ; Mai. Blatt, 231, 1860.

= N. festiva, Powis.

Litterata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 339 155

Littoralis (Mitra), Forbes. Rep. .Egean Invert., 190, 1843.

= T. tricolor, Gmelin.
Littoralis (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. M. ebenus, Lam.

Livescens (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 135, 1848 54

Livida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 134.

- M. ebenus, Lam., var. costata.

Livida (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 10, 1846. = B. vittata, Linn... 15

224 INDEX.

Loebbeckeanus (Dibaphus), Weinkauff. Kiister, Pleurotorua, 2, t. A, f. 1.
— Mitroidea maltiplicata, Pease, juv.

Longispira (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 403, 1874 180

Loricata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 174, 1841. — M. Isabella, Swn.

Loroisi (Voluta), Valenc. Jour, de Conch., xi, 71, t. 1, f. 1, 1863 93

Lota (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 239, 1845 186

Lowei (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 203. 1862. ?= T. tricolor, Gmel.
Lubens (Mitra), Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 331, 1845.

— T. militaris, Rve., var.
Lubrica (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 85, 1868.

= T. discors, Grandidier.

Lucida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 266, 1845 170

Lucida (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, 4 ser.. xiii, 70, 1874 64

Lucida (Neritula), Ad. & Ang. Zool. Proc., 35, 1864.

= Callomphala (Trochidse).
Luctuosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.

? — N. gaudiosa, Hinds 151

Luculenta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 245, 1844 185

Lugubris (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. 111., 1st ser., t. 66.. 149

Lugubris (Voluta), Swains. — V. flavicans, Gmel.

Lurida (Nassa), Gld. Bost. Proc., iii, 153, 1849 ; Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. 325. 36

Lutea (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 650, t, 45, bis, f. 7-9.

= M. acuminata, Swn.

Luteofusca (Turricula), Garrett Proc. Zool. Soc., 842, 1872 195

Luteola (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 212, t. 20, f. 47, 1878.

? = N. paupera, Gld.

Luteostoma (Voluta), Deshayes, in Lamarck, x, 409 88

Luteostoma (Nassa), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, 376, 1829 39

Luteostoma (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. 110, t. 30, f. 1.

= N. luteostoma, Brod. and Sowb.
Lutescens (Mitra), Lamarck. Anc. du Mus., xvii, 210.

= M. cornicula, Linn,

Lymnaeana (Bullia), A. Ad. Genera, 113. = Volutharpa, vol, iii 15

Lyrseformis (Voluta), Swains. Zool. 111., t. 54; Brod., Zool. Jour., iii,

83, t. 3, f. 3 103

Lyraaformis (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 79, 1880 63

Lyraeformis (Voluta), Kiener (nee Brod.). Monog., 35, t, 42, f. 2

= V. megaspira, var. Prevostiana, Crosse.

Lyrata (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Bucc:,38,t.22, f. 88. =Cyllene (vol. iii).
Lyrata (Voluta), Humph. Sowb., Tank. Cat., 2140. = L. costata, Swn.

Lyrata (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert., vii, 308 166

Lyrella (Nassa), Beck. Reeve, Icon., f. 95. = N. pauperata, Lam.

Lyria, Gray. Zool. Proc., 1847; H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 116 76, 101

Lyriformis (Voluta), Vigors. Kiener, Monog., 35, t. 42, f. 2.

= V. megaspira, Sowb.

Macandrewi (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 421, 1874 179

Macgillivrayi (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., t. 47, f. 9, 1873,

= V. piperita, Sowb., var.
Macquariensis (Voluta), Petterd. Jour, of Conch., ii, 343, 1879.

= V. papillosa, Swn., var.

Macrospira (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc,, 138, 1851 ... 177

Macula (Buccinum), Mont. Test, Brit., 241, t. 8, f. 4.

= Nassa incrassata, Strom.

Maculata (Voluta), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 38 93

Maculata (Nassa), A. Ad? Zool. Proc., 114, 1861..,,., 38

INDEX. 225

PAQE.

Maouloea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 175 155

Maculosum (Bucc.), Costa. = Nassa incrassata, Strom.

Maderensis (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog , f 182, 1854. = N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Majxta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 323. 1845 143

Magellanica (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x,' 398 97

Magellanica (Voluta), Kiener (nee Lam.). Monog., t. 51.
= V. ancilla, Soland.

Magnifica (Voluta), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 397 89

Malabarica (Bullia), Hanley. Adams' Genera, 113.

= B. melanoides, Desh.

Malleti (Mitra), Petit, Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 58, t. 2, f. 1, 1853 142

Mamilla (Cymba), Gray. Sowb., Zool. Proc., 149, 1844; Zool. Proc., 34,

t. 45, 1859 101

.Mamillana. Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xix, 308, 1871. = Voluta, Linn., sect, 101
Mamillata (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Mer., iv, 178, f. 122.

= N. reticulata, Linn.

Mangelioides (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog., f. 152, 1853 26

Margaritifera (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 60, 1847.

— N. cremata, Hinds, var.
Margaritifera (Nassa), Reeve (non Dunker). Icon., f. 59.

= N. Kieneri, Desh.
Marginata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 311, 1874.

? — M. coronata, Lam,, juv.

Marginulata (Nassa), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, 278. =N. reticulata, Linn.
Marginulata (Nassa), Reeve (not Lam.), Icon., f. 43, 50, 51.

= N. Kieneri, Desh.

Mariae (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851. = M. incisa, Ad. & Rve.
Maria-Emma (Voluta), Gray. Zool. Proc., 230, t. 48, 1859.
= V. Grayoe, Crosse.

Marmorata (Nassa), Anton. Verzeichn., 92, 1839 62

Marmorata (Voluta), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 1 92

Marmorata (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Illust., t. 24.

= Imbricaria conica, Schum.
Marmorea (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851.

= Var. of N. picta, Dunker , 36

Marmorea (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851 178

Marquesana (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 270, 1851 114

Marratii (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 543, t. 30, f. 4;

Zool. Proc., 809, t. 50, f. 8, 1878. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Matronalis (Mitra) Schum. Nouv. Syst., 239, 1817. = M. casta, Lam.

Maura (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Proc., 193, 1835 , 121

Mauritia, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 273, 1869. = Mitroidea, Pease.

Mauritiana (Bullia), Gray. Zool. Beechey, p. 226, 1839 12

Mauritiana (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., 2, f. 610, 1874 114

Mazza, Klein. Ostrac., 62, 1753 ; H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 156.

= Turbinella, Lam.

Mazzalina, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 23, 1865. —Lagena (vol. iii).
Media (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. -= M. cornicula, Linn.
Mediolaris (Bullia), von Mart, Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, 137, t. 6, f. 4.
- Var. of B. diluta, Krauss,

Mediomaculata (Mitra), Sowb, Zool. Proc., 255,1870 184

Mediterranea (Nassa), Risso. Eur. Mer. iv, 170. = N. mutabilis, Linn.
Megaptygma, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., 563, 1862; Gabb. Philad.

Proc., 292, 1876. = Volutifusus, Conrad.
Megaspira (Voluta), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 150, 1844 95

29

226 INDEX.

Megaspira (Voluta), Adams. Ann. Mag., June, 1876. = V. Hamillei, Cr.
Melaleuca (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 657, t. 45, bis, f. 26, 27.

? = M. australis, Swn.

Melaniana (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., 212 127

Melanioides (Nassa), Rve. Iconog., f. 150, 1853 61

Melanoides (Bullia), Desh. Voy. Belang., 430, t. 2, f. 3, 4... 14

Melo (Voluta), Soland. = Melo Indica, Gmel.

Melo, Humphrey. Mus. Calonn., 1797; Sowerby, Genera, 1827 75, 80

Melongena (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vii, 309 166

Mendica (Nassa), Gould. Otia Conch., 70,1849 56

Mica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 314, 1845. = T. cselata, Reeve.

Micans (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 285, 1845 129

Micans (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Michaudi (Turricula), Crosse & Fisher. Jour, de Conch., 337, 1864.

=.M. Deshayesii, Reeve.

Microstoma (Nassa), Pease. Zool. Proc., 145, 1860. — N. paupera, Gould.
Microstoma (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch , f. 291, 1874.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.

Microvoluta, Angas. Zool. Proc., 34, 1877 76

Microzonias (Mitra), Schrenck. Moll. Amurl., 451.

? = M. Kraussii, Dunker.

Microzonias (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 320 183

Miga (Nassa), Brug. Diet., No. 41 42

Militaris (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 236, 1845 171

Milium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 257, 1845 160

Millecostata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 185

^Mitra), La
(Melo), Gray. Griffith's Animal Kingdom, t. 29.

Millepora (3
Miltonis CM

Lamarck. Ann., No. 5. == M. digitalis (Chemn.), Dillw.

= M. diadema, Lam , var.
Miniata (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 67, 1839. = M. peregra, Reeve.

Minor (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 14, 1877 63

Minor (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 167, f. 662, 1874.

= M. tabanula, Lam
Minutum (Buccinum), Pennant. Brit. Zool., iv, 122, t. 79.

= Nassa incrassata, Strom.
Mirabilis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851. = T. angulosa, Kiister.

Mirifica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 278, 1845 161

Mitch elini (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 259, 1874.

= M. limbifera, Lam.
Mitch elinii (Mitra), Guerin. Mag. de Zool., t. 38, 1830.

= M. aurantia, Gmelin.
Mitis (Turbinella), Lam. Auim. sans Vert., ix, 382.

= Vasum capitellum, Linn.
Mitis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, .'88. = V. vespertilio, Linn.

Mitra, Lamarck, Prodr., 1799; Syst,, 74, 1801 108, 109

Mitraeformis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 404; Proc. Zool. Soc., 54,

1864 103

Mitralis (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851 = N. tamia, Gmel.

Mitraria, Rafinesque. Anal. Nat., 1815. := Mitra. Lam.

Mitrella, Swainson (not Risso), Elem., 1835 ; Malacol., 129, 321, 1840.

= Swainsonia, H. & A. Ad.
Mitreola, Swainson, Elem., 1835 ; Malacol., 129, 320, 1840.

= Strigatella, Sw.

Mitroidea, Pease. Zool. Proc., 514, 1865 109, 162

Mitrolites, Krug. Urw., ii, 431, 1823. = Mitra, Lam.

INDEX. 227

PAGE.

Mitromorpha. A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., xv, 322, 1805.

= Pleurotomidse.
Mitropsis, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 211, 1867. — Columbellidse.

Modesta (Truncaria). Pow's. Zool Proc., 188*, p. 94 10

Modesta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 254, 1845 170

Modesta (Voluta), Wood. Cab. Suppl., f. 24. = V. flavicans, Gmel.
Modesta (Turricula), Pease (not Rve.) Am. Jour. Conch., 212, t. 15, f.

0, 1867. ^ T. Gruneri, Reeve.

Modicella (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 53, 1880 195

Moesta (Nassa), Hinds. Zool. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 18, 19, 1844.

- N. exilis, Powis.

Molleri (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab.. 109, t, 17a, f. 12-14 154

Molopophorus, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, 156, 1869. r^ S. G. of Bullia, Gray. 7

Moltkiana (Voluta), Mart. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 161 101

Monile (Nassa), Ki-ner. Bucc , 68, t. 11, f. 40 28

Monilifera (Mitra), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., 57, 1850.

= T. microzonias. Lam.
Moniliferum (Bullia), Val. Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. 3, f. 8.

— B. arrnata, Gray.

Monoceros, Fleming. Brit. An , 342, 1828. = Alectrion, Montf.
Montrouzieri (Mitra), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genera, vi, 1874.

= T. tricolor, Montr.

Montrouzieri (Mitra), Souverb. Jour, de Conch., 282, t, 13, f. 1, 1875. 170
M.irchii (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, t. 28, f. 5, 1854.

M. Isabella, Swn.

Morleti (Nassa), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xv, 445, 1867. =N. fossata, Gld.
Morrissii (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 60, 1847.

= Phos plicopus, Dunker (vol. iii).

Mozambicensis (Bullia), Smith. Zool. Proc., 719, t. 75, f. 18, 1877 14

Mucronata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851. = N.'monile, Kiener.

Mucronata (Mitra), Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,-f. 125, 1844 174

Mucronata (Melo), Brod. Sowb., 1855. = M. diadema, Lam., var. ducalis.
Multicostata (Voluta). Brod. Zool. Jour., iii, t. 3, f. 2.

V. Mitrasformis, Lam.
Multicostata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835.

= T. aureolata, Swn.

Multicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851 54

Multigranosa (Nassa), Dunk'.r. Zeit. Mai., 61, 1847.

- N. pauperatn, Lam.

Multilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1851.

Multilineata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 11,1877 63

Multiplicata (. \litroidea), Pease. Zool. Proc., 514, 1865: Garrett in Leeds

Jour. Conch., iii, 68.. 162

Munieriana (Nassa), Crosse. Jour. Conch., 345, t. 13, f. 6, 1864 57

Muricata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc.. 1835. = M. lens. Wood.
Muricata (Nassa), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, 450, t, 32, f. 32, 33... 44
Muricata (Turbinella), Encyc. Meth., t. 431, bis, f. 4.
= Vasum capitellum, Linn.

Muricatum (Vasum), Born. Mus. 233 71

Muriculata (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert. Edit. Desh., x, 333 191

Musica (Voluta), Linn. Syst, Nat. Edit , xii, 1194 8S

* Musica, Humphrey. Mus. Galon., 18, 1797; Fischer, Jour, de Conch.

105, 1879. = Voluta, Linn.

Musicalis (Voluta), Mart, H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 165.
= V. virescens, Solander.

228 INDEX.

Musiva (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 153, 1850. = N. picta, Bunker.
Mustelina (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 331, 1860.

? = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Mutabilis (Mitra), Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 235, 1845.

= T. cadaverosa, Reeve.

Mutabilis (Nassa), Linn, Syst. Nat Edit., xii, 1201.... 22

Mutellina (Mitra), Duclos. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 174 159

Mutyca, H. & A. Adams' Genera, i. 172. = Mitroidea, Pease.

Myristica (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 10, 11, 1844 45

Nana (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851. := N. Jonasi, Bunker.
Nana, Schum (pars.). Nouv. Syst. 225, 1817, = Neritula, Plancus.

Nana (Voluta), Anton. Verzeichn., 70, 1839 101

Nanina, Ri?so. Hist. Nat., iv, 1826. = Neritula, Plancus.
Nanus (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 194, 1844. — M. aurantia, Gmel.
Napus (Turbinella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, 377. = T. pyrum. Linn.
Nasica (Voluta), Schubert and Wagner, t. 217, f. 3031, 3032.

= V. angulata, Swains.

Nassa, Lamarck. Prodr., 71, 1799 .' 6, 17

Naesodonta, H Adans. Zool. Proc., 445, t. 38, f. 8, 1866.

? = Zeuxis, H. & A. Adams 6

Nassoides (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch, f. 631, 1874 152

Nassula (Buccinum), V. Salis. Reise, 367. = Nassa reticulata, Linn.

Nasuta (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 623, 1874 169

Natalensis (Bullia), Krauss. Siidaf. Moll., 121, t 6, f. 16.

= B. digitalis, Meusch., var 12

Nautica (Melo), Lam. Edit. Besh., x, 374. == M. .Ethiopica, Linn.
Navicula (Cymba), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3467. = C. Neptuni, Gmel.
Naytia, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 118.

= S. G. of Nassa, Mart 6

Nebularia, Swainson. Malacol., 319, 1840. = Mitra, Lam.
Nebulosa (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835.

= M. versicolor, Mart.
Nebulosa (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 3. = M. erronea, Bohrn.

Neptuni (Cymbium), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3467 80

Neritea (Neritula), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1201 64

Neritula, Plancus. Conch. Min. nob,, 27, 1739 7, 64

Nevillei (Mitra), Hanley. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 306, 1874.

= M. zephyrina, Bucl.

Newcombii (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 69, 1869 131

Nexilis (Mitra), Marty n. Univ. Conch., t. 22, = M. filaris, Linn., var.

Nicobarica (Mitra), Frauenfeld. Voy. Novara, 7, t. 1, f. 5, 1865 190

Nigella (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 173, 1854 61

Nigra (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 78, t. 21, f. 18,

19, 1853 41

Nigra (Mitra), Billwyn (not Chemn.). Besc. Cat., i, 553.

= M. melaniana, Lam.
Nigra (Mitra), Quoy. Reeve, Conch., Icon , f. 109.

= M. abbreviata, Sowb.

Nigra, (Mitra), Quoy. Astrol., ii, 644, t. 45, f. 16-18. =s= M. Quoyi, Besh.
Nigricans (Strigatella), Pease. Zool. Proc., 514, 1865; Am. Jour. Conch.,

215, 1867 153

Nigrofasciata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 313, 1874.

= T. luculenta, Reeve.
Niotha, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 117. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart. 7

INDEX. 229

PAGB.

Nisotum (Buccinum), Potiez et Michaud. Galerie, i, 378, 1838 62

Nitons (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 241. M. cornicula, Linn.

Nitens (Mitra), Kiener. Mitra, t. 29, f. 96. M. annulate, Reeve.

Nitida (Mitra). A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 189, 1851 122

Nitida (Nassa) Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iv, 349, 18(57.
N. reticulata, L., var.

Nitidula (Nassa), Ad. Jay's Catalogue 62

Nitidulum (Buccinum), Linn. Hanley. = N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Nivea (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 137

Nivea (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851 57

Nivifer (Nassa), Marrat. Vars., No. 1400 64

Nivosa (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, 1877 52

Nivosa (Voluta), Lam. Edit, Desh., x, 389 86

Nivosa (Mitra), Swains. Bligh Cat, Exot. Conch. App.

M. versicolor, Martyn.

Nobilis (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc., 02 1855.
V. scapha, Grael.

Nodata (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 14, 15, 1844 46

Nodicincta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851 63

Nodicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851. = N. fissilabris, A. Ad.
Nodifera (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc.. 95, 1835. ? = N. hirta, Kiener.
Nodilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851.
- T. mucronata, Swains.

Nodosa (Nassa), Marrat, Vars. of Nassa, 77, 1880 <;:!

Nodosa (Mitra), Swainson. Philos. Mag.. 401, 1823. 03

Nodulifera (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool Proc , 140, 1851 ; Jour. Linn. Soc., xii,

550 170

Nodulifera (Nassa), Phil. Zeit, Mai., 136, 1848; Abbild. Bucc., t, 1, f. 3.

? = N. echinata, A. Ad.

Nodulosa (Turricula). Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 214, 1867 192

Nodulosa (Mitra), var. B, Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3453.

= M. granulosa, Lain.
Nodulosa (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser.. xii, 426, 1873.

= N. granifera, Kiener.
Nodulosa (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 396.

= V. musica, L., var. polypleura.

Norrisii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 6, 1844 137

Norrisii (Voluta), Gray. Jardine's Annals, i, 414, 1838; Sowb., Zool,

Proc., 150, 1844 86

Northia, Gray. Zool. Proc., 140, 1847 5

Northiae (Buccinum), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 36, f. 3.

= Northia serrata Dufresne.
Novae-boracense (Nassa), Wood. Index Test. Suppl., t. 4, f. 26.

— N. obsoleta, Say.

Novte-Hollandiae (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 368, 417, 1874.

^= M. flammea, Quoy.

Novae-ZelandiaB (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 186, 1854.

? = N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq., var.

Nubila (Mitra), Gmel. (var. A). Syst. Nat., 3450. = M. versicolor, Mart

Nubila (Mitra), Gmel. (var. B). Syst, Nat., 3450.

— M. versicolor, Martyn.

Nucea (Nassa), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 70, t. 8, f. 7, 1870 61

Nucea (Cylindra), Gronovius. Zoophylacium, Pt. 3, t. 18, f. 11 195

Nucleola (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 337 134

Nucleola (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann., No. 64; Kiener, Iconog., 84, t. 26,
f. 83 ,. 145

230 INDEX.

Nucleolus (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 52, 1846 49

Nucleus (Lyria), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 405 102

Nux (Cylindra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 187, 1874 197

Nux-avellana (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860; Mai. Blatt., viii,

137. = M. pudica, Pease.
Nympha (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 249, 1845.

= M. variegata, Reeve.

Obeliscus (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 107, 1844 179

Obesa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 87, 1844.

= Cylindra dactylus, Linn.
Obesa (Nassa1), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 95, t. 5, f. 2, 3,

1875 '. 29

Obliqua (Nassa), Pease. Zool. Proc., 513, 1865. — N. granifera, Kiener.
Obliqua (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pol sud, v, 84, t. 21, f. 43,

44, 1854 = N. granifera, Kiener.

Obliqua (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Buccin., t. 31, f. 4 27

Obliqua (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 142, 1842 120

Obliquata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 339 158

Obliquata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.

? = N. picta, Bunker.
Obliqueplicata (Nassa), Bunker. Zeit. Mai., 61, 1847; Phil., Abbild.

Bucc.. t. 1, f. 13. = N. miga, Brug.
Obliquum (Bucc ), Brocchi. Conch, foss., ii, 336, t. 4, f. 16.

— N. mutabilis, Linn.

Oblonga (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 5 63

Obscura (Mitra), Humphrey Cat. H. & A. Ad Genera, i, 170 159

Obscura (Mitra), Hutton. Cat. N. Zeal. Moll., 19; Jour, de Conch., 3

ser., xviii,21, 1878 158

Obsoleta (Nassa), Say. Jour, Philad. Acad., ii. 232, 1822 60

Obsoleta (Mitra), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., 1, 230.

= M. Columbellaria, Scacchi.
Obtusispinosa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 373, 1874.

= T. mucronata, Swains.

Obtusata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851 40

Ocellata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool Illust., 2d ser. = M. fissurata, Lam.
Oleacea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 105, 1844. = M. scutulata, Lam.

Olivacea (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839 195

Olivacea (Nassa), Brug. Bict. No. 38. = N. tsenia, Gmel.

Olivaceum (Bucc.), Belle-Chiaje., t. 47, f. 14, 15. = N. corniculum, Olivi.

Olivaeformis (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust., 2d ser 131

Olivaria (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Besh., x, 309. = Cylindra nucea, Gron.
Olivaria (Mitra), Sowb. Index, Thes. Conch. = Cylindra nucea, Gronov.
Oliviforme (Buccinum), Kiener, t. 25, f. 99. = N. obsoleta. Say.
Olivoidea (Mitra), Cantraine. Bull. Acad. Brux., 391, 1835.

= M. Columbellaria, Scacchi.
Olla (Cymba), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1196 ; Reeve, Ann. Mag., Nat. Hist., 3

ser., vii, 273 80

Onerata (Nassa), Besh. Conch. He Bourbon, 130, t. 12, f. 24, 25, 1863.

i= N. granifera, Kiener.

Oniscina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Besh., x, 340 133

Optata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 331, 1860 63

Orbiculata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc , 102, 1851.

= N. Kraussiana, Bunker... 25

Ordinata (Mitra), Pease (ubi). Psetel Cat 159

Oriens (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. No. 552 , 64

INDEX. 231

PAGE.

Orientalis (Mitra), Gray. Griffith's Animal Kingdom, t. 40, f. 5, 1834.

= M. Maura, Swainson.-

Ornata (Mitra), Schub. & Wagn. Conchy 1., t. 225, f. 3098, 3099 195

Ornata (Mitra), Kiemr. Icon., t. 3, f. 8. = M. Rossiae, Reeve.

Ornata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1851 169

Ornata (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 80, t. 21, f. 83. = N. stolata, Gmel.

Osidiris (Mitra), Issel. Mai. Mar Rosso, 263, t. 3, f. 9, 1869 191

Ossea (Mitra), Reeve. Couch. Icon., f. 219, 1844.

= Imbricaria punctata, Swn.

Osseum (Buccinum), Menke. Cat. No. 624; Mai. Blatt, xviii, 126, 1871. 16
Otocheilus, Conr. Am. Journ. Conch., i, 24, 1865.

= Cithara (Pleurotornidae.) 78

Ovoidea (Turbinella), Kiener. Iconog., 7, t. 17, f. 1 70

Pacifica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 272. = T. cadaverosa, Reeve.

Pacifica (Voluta), Soland. Port, Cat., 190 94

Pseteli (Mitra), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt, vii, 125, 1861 152

Pagoda (Nassa), Reeve. Icon. Triton, f. 97, 1844 45

Paligera (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 515, 1874 189

Pallida (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860 159

Pallida (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851 150

Pallida (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 96, 1835 = Phos (vol. iii).
Pallida (Mitra), Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova, xi, 418, fig. 1, 1878.

= M. tricolor, Gmel. •
Pallida (Voluta), var., Kiener. Monog., t. 43 f. 12.

? := V. maculata, Swains.
Pallida (Voluta), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 30, f. 4, 1834.

— V. volva, Gmel.

Pallidula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Panamensis (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. No. 51 ; Carpenter, Second

Report, 179. = N. exilis, Powis.

Papalis (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit , xii, 1194 Ill

Papillaris (Voluta), Reeve. Icon., f. 10, 1849. = V. papillosa, Swains.

Papillaris (Voluta), Gmelin. = Cymbium olla, Linn.

Papillatum (Cymba), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst., 237. = C. olla, Linn.

Papillosa (Voluta), Swains. Bligh, Cat. App 96

Papilloea (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1200 30

Paranassa, Conrad. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 262, t. 19, f. 6, 1867.

= S. G. of Ptychosalpinx, Gill 8

Pardalis (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab.. 105, t. 17, f. 14, 15 183

Parva (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 83, 1880 63

Patriarchalis (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 318 191

Patula (Cymba), Brod. Spec. Conch., 5, f. 2, a, b. • Pouton, Zool. Proc.,

375, 1868. = C. Neptuni, Gmel.

Patula (Mitra). Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 333, 1845 125

Paucicostata (Nassa), Marrat, New Forms of Nassa, 11, 1877.

N. vibex, Say.
Paupera (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 155, 1850 ; Moll. Wilkes' Exp.,

262, f.330 ! 47

Pauperata (Nassa), Lam. Edit, Desh., x, 183 52

Paupercula (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., 12, 1190 156

Paupercula (Mitra), Schroeter. Einl., i, 217, 1. 1, f. 11. = M. retusa, Lam.
Paytense (Bullia), Val. Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. 6, f. 16.

= B. cochlidium, Kiener.

Peasei (Mitra). Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 366, 1860. = M. Isabella, Swn.
Peasei (Turricula) Garrett. Jour of Conch., iii, 57, 1880 166

232 INDEX.

Peculiaris (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f, 305, 1865.

? = M. typha, Reeve.

Pedersenii (Enseta), Verrill. Am. Jour. Sci., N. 8., xlix, 226, 1870 104

Pediculina (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 332, 1860 63

Pediculus (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. Mus., No. 80. = M. tabanula, Lam.

Pellis-serpentis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 1844 151

Pellis-serpentis (Voluta), Lam. Edit, Desh., i, 386 = V. vespertilio, Linn.

Pellucida (Neritula), Risso. Eur. Merid., 271 65

Pepo (Voluta), Solander, teste Gray. = Cymbium Neptuni, Gmel.
Perdicina (Voluta), Schub. et Wagner. = Lyria nucleus, Lam.

Peregra (Mitra), Reeve. Csnch. Icon., f. 186, 1844 144

Peritrema (Nassa), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc N. S. Wales, iv, 21,

t. 4, f. 5, 1879 48

Perlata (Nassa), Meuschen. = N. granifera, Kiener.

Perpinguis (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 12, 13 56

Perronii (Mitra), Lam. Ann., No. 71. = M. aurantia, Gmelin.

Persica (Bullia), E. Smith. Zool. Proc., 730, t. 46, f. 11, 1878 13

Persica (Cymba), Mart. = C. Neptuni, Gmel.

Persica (Nassa), von Martens. Vord. Asiat. Conch., 94, t. 5, f . 47.

= N. leptospira, A. Ad.
Pertusa (Mitra), Linn Syst. Nat. Edit., 12, 1193.

? = M. digitalis (Chemn), Dillw.
Pertusa (Mitra), Linn. ? Dillw., Desc. Cat., 558. = M. cardinalis, Gmel.

Petrosa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 314, 1874 124

Pfeifferi (Nassa), Phil. Abbild., iii, Buc.. 45, t. 1, f. 7.

= N. conspersa, Phil.
Pharaonis (Mitra), GSne". Issel, Mai. Mar. Risso, 119, t, 3, f. 8, 1869.

= T. cadaverosa, Rve.
Pharaonis (Mitra), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., 9, t. 3, f. 1, 1872.

= T. Appelii, Jickeli.

Philippiana (Mitra), Forbes. JEg. Invert., 191. = M. cornicula, Linn.
Philippii (Dibaphus), Crosse. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1860, t. 3, f. lf 1858.. 164

Philippinarum (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 141, 1851 141

Philippinarum (Cymba), Mart. = C. olla, Linn.
Phrontis, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 117.

= 8. G. of Nassa, Mart 6

Pia (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 366, 1860 139

Pica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 247, 184'5 *.... 125

Pica (Mitra), Chemn. Conch Cab., xi, 24, f, 1721, 1722.

? = M. paupercula, Linn.

Picea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 658, 1874 150

Picea (Strigatella), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860 150

Picta (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 172, 1846 35

Picta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 123, 1844.

— M. Barbadensis, Gmel.
Picta (Mitra), Danilo et Sandri. Brueina, Verh. Zool. Bot. Wien, xv,

15, 1865. = M. tricolor, Gmel.

Picturata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 78, 1880 63

Pigra (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 133, 1851 120

Pingue (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 61, 1851. = Nassa 62

Pinguis (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851 65

Pinguis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 304, 1845.
= T. nodosa, Swains.

Piperita (Voluta), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 150, 1844 87

Pisolina (Mitra), Lamarck. ±= T. dermestina, Lam., var.

INDEX. 233

PAOB.

Planaxis, Risso. Hist. Nat, iv, 172, 1826. =; Tritia, Risso.
Planilirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 184. = M. Solandri, Rve.

Planicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851 34

Plebecula (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., 332, 1860. = N. paupera, Gld.
Plebeja (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860; Mai. Blatt, viii, 137,

1862. = M. latruncularia, Reeve.

Pleioptygma, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., 563, 1862 78

Plicaria (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 732, 1758.

= T. plicata, Klein.

Plicata (Mitra), Klein. Reeve, Icon., f. 56 :... 167

Plicata (Nassa), Bolt. — N. pulla,. Linn.

Plicata (Nassa), Pease MSS. Carpenter, Z Proc., 516, 1865.

= N. taenia, Gmel.
Plicata (Voluta), Dillw. Desc. Cat., i, 563. = V. musica, L., var. sulcata.

Plicatella (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., viii, 280, 1862 63

Plicatella (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., iii, 1851 58

Plicatissima (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 119, t. 17 b, f. 11, 12 188

Plicatula (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 1867, t. 15, f. 4.

= Turr. Emilias, Schmeltz.
Plieatula (Mitra), Brocchi. Foss. Subap., ii, 318, t. 4, f. 7 ; Petit, Cat.

Test. Eur., 281. = M. ebenus, Lam.

Plicatula (Nassa), Dunker. Godeffroy Exped. Cat. — N. picta, Dunker.
Plicosa (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., iii, 1846; Marrat, No. 1309.

= Phos (vol. iii).

Plumbea (Mitra), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 332. = M. ebenus, Lam.
Plumbea (Mitra), Lamarck. Reeve, Icon., f. 156; Sowb., Thes.

— M. cornicula, Linn., var.

Polita (Mitra) Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 94, 1844 126

Polita (Bullia), Gray. Voy. Blossom, 126, 1839. := B. polita, Lam.
Polita (Bullia), Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, t. 3, f. 1, 2.

= B. Belangeri, Kiener 16

Polita (Bullia), Lam. An. s.Vert., x, 162 15

Polita (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 79, 1880.

? — N. gaudiosa, Hinds. I

Politum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. = Rotellidse.
Politum (Bucc.), Bivona. = Nassa cornicula, Olivi.
Polygonata (Nassa), var., Kiener. Buccin., 92, t. 27, f. 107.

= N. Jacksoniana, Quoy.

Polygonata (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 184. ? = N. vibex, Say.
Polygonata (Nassa), Reeve (not Lam.). Icon., f. 123.

= N. rufolineata. Marrat.
Polypleura (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 163, t. 5, f. 6, 1876.

— V. musica, L., var.

Polyzonalis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh , x, 394. = V. virescens, Soland.
Ponderosa (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 196, 1854.

= Desmoulea pinguis, A. Ad.

Pontificalis (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 300 Ill

Porcata (Mitra), Humphrey. Reeve, Icon., f. 187, 1844.

= M. peregra, Reeve.
Porcina (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 383.

= Cymbium proboscidale, Lam.

Porphyretica (Mitra), Keeve. Conch. Icon., f. 195, 1844 191

Potensis (Mitra), Montrouz. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 374, 1859; iv,

120, 1866. == Cylindra dactylus, Lam., var.
Prsecallosa (Nassa), Marrat, New Forms of Nassa, 11, 1877 63

30

234 INDEX.

Prsetexta (Voluta), Reeve. Icon., f. 29, 1849 94

Prsetexta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 258, 1870. = T. Zebuensis, Rve.
Pretiosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 116, 1844.

= M. crenifera, Lam., juv.
Prevostiana (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xviii. 165, 1878;

xix, 41, t. 1 ; t. 2, f. 1, 1879 95

Prismatica (Nassa), Brocchi. Conch, foss., ii, 337, t. 5, f. 7.

= N. clathrata, Born.
Prismatica (Nassa), Monterosato. Nuova Revista, 40; Aradas & Benoit,

292. = N. denticulata, A. Ad.

Prismatica (Nassa), Monterosato (non Brocchi). = N. renovata, Monts.
Pristis (Northia), Deshayes. An. s. Vert., x, 192.
= N. serrata, Dufresne.

Proboscidale (Cymbium), Lam. An. sans Vert. Edit. Desh., x, 382 79

Productum (Cymbium), Lowe. Linn., Proc., v, 169, 1860. = C. olla, Linn.

Prompta (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 77, 1880 49

Propinqua (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 58, 1880 152

Propinqua (Mitra), Sowerby (not A. Ad.). Thes , sp. 22, f. £9, 1874 112

Propinqua (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch , iii, 22, 1880 171

Propinqua (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 270, 1851. = M. versicolor, Mart, 112
Propinqua (Nassa), J. Sowb. Min. Conch. = N corniculum, Oliv.

Proscissa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 177, 1844 147

Proxima (Turricula), Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 98, 1875.

= Var. of T. cruentata, Chemn.

Proxima (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., No. 52, 1852.
= N. versicoior, Ad.

Pruinosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 171, 1844 142

Psephaea, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xix, 302, 1871.

= Voluta, Linn., sect 98

Pseudostrombus, Klein. Ostracol., 35, 1753. = S. G. of Bullia, Gray 6

Ptychoris, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 291, 1876 77

Ptychosalpinx, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 153, 1867; Conrad, Am.

Jour. Conch., iii, 261, 1867 7

Puella (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 276, 1845 184

Pugillaris (Turbinella). Lam. Hist., vii, 104.

= Vasum muricatum, Born.
Pulchella (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 142, 1844.

= T. dermestina, Lam.
Pulchella (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc,, 108, 1851.

— N. Capensis, Krauss, var.

Pulcherrima (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 10. t, 1, f. 15, 1871.
? — N. concinna, Powis.

Pulchra (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch , iii, 56, 1880 177

Pulchra (Desmoulea), Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist., i, 29, 1838 65

Pulchra (Voluta), Sowb. Tankerv. Cat., t. 3, f. 2 86

Pulla (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii. 1201 24

Pullata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 102, 1844. = T. plicata, Klein.
Pullus (Buccinum), Burrows. Elem., 147, t. 16, f. 4.

= Nassa gibbosula, Linn.

Pullus (Buccinum), Pennant. Brit. Zool., t. 72, f. 92.
= Nassa reticulata, L.

Pumilio (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 782, t. 75, f 11, 1871 57

Pumilio (Voluta), Brusina. Verh. Zool. Bot. Vereins, xv, 13, 1865 101

Punctata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851 35

Punctata (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Illust,, 2d ser 197

INDEX. 235

PAGE.

Punctata (Voluta), Swains. Zool. Illust., i, t. 161 89

Punctata (Voluta), Kiener. Monog. t. 46, f. 1. = V. flavicans, Gmel.
Punctatus (Conoelix), Swains. Zool. 111., 1st ser., i, t. 24, f. 3.

= Imbricaria 198

Puncticulata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit., Desh., x, 312, 115

Puncto-lirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 199, 1864 136

Punctostriata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc .. 134, 1854 159

Puncturata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 798, t, 48, f. 5, 1878 179

Pupinoides (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 162, 1853. = N. glabrata, A. Ad,

Pupula (Turricula), Bunker. Cat. Godeff. Mus., No. 4, 84 193

Pudica (Mitra), Pease. Zool, Proc., 146, 1860 150

Pura (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851. = M. carnicolor, Reeve.

Pura (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 13, 1877 63

Purpurata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 275 175

Pusia, Swainson. Malacol., 320, 1840. = Turricula, Klein, sect 182

Pusilla (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 82, 1880

Pusilla (Mitra), King. Zool. Journal, v, 349 152

Pusilla (Turricula), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 141, 1851 194

Pusilla (Lyria), Schrenck. Bull. St. Petersb., v, 514; Amur. L. Moll.,

445, t. 17, f. 13-15 103

Pusilla (Mitra), Bivona. Nuove Gen., 23, t. 8, f. 3. = M. tricolor, Gmel.

Pusio (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851 54

Pusio (Mitra), Phil. Zeit, Mai., 29, 1850; 85, 1851.

Pusio (Vroluta), Swains. Zool. Illust., t. 181. = V. virescens, Soland.

Pusiola (Nassa), Dunker. Marrat, Vars. of Nassa, No. 285 64

Putillus (Turricula), Pease. Zool. Proc., 1865; Am. Jour. Conch., 214,

t. 15, f. 24, 1867 190

Pygnuea (Nassa), Lam. Hist. Nat., vii, 154. = N. incrassata, Strom., var. 49
Pygmasa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 268, ; Catlow's Nomenclator.
M. Capensis, Dunker.

Pyramidalis (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851 66

Pyramidalis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 208, 1844 187

Pyramidella (Mitra), Brocchi. Foss. Subapp., ii, 318, t. 4, f. 5.

= M. ebenus, Lam.
Pyramidella (Turricula), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., ix, 297,

1862 195

Pyramis (Voluta), Wood. Index Test. = Mitra cancellata, Swains.
Pyrum (Turbinella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1195 68

Quadrata (Nassa), Marr. Vars., No. 1480, 1880. = N. stigmaria, A. Ad.

Quantula (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 331, 1860 63

Quercina (Nassa). Marrat, Vars. of Nassa, 80, 1880.

? = N. cornicula, Olivi.

Quinquecostata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 82, 1880 63

Quisquiliarum (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 62, 1851 62

Quoyi (Mitra), Deshayes. Lam., Edit., 2, x, 348 122

Quoyii (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pol sud, v, 79, t. 21, f. 20-22,

1854. := N. cremata, Hinds.

Radiata (Mitra), Schum. Essai, Nouv. Syst., 238, 1817.

— M. paupercula, Linn.
Radiata (Marginella), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 436. = Voluta zebra, Leach.

Radula (Cylindra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 183, 1874 196

Radius (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 309, 1845; Nevill, Jour. Asiat.

Soc. Beng., 100, 1875 166

Radix (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 552, 1874 180

236 INDEX.

Ramosa (Melo), Meuschen. H. and A. Adams' Genera.

= M. diadema, Lam.

Rapa (Turbinella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458. = T. pyrum, Linn.
Rapum, Humph. Mus. Gallon. (Swainson), 1797. = Turbinella, Lam.
Raricosta (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Merid., 174, f. 106.

= N. cornicula, Olivi.
Ravida (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851. := N. splendidula, Dkr.

Rawsoni (Turricula) Morch. Jour, de Conch., 373, 1876 173

Reata (Nassa), Gould. Marrat, Vars. of Nassa, No. 830. = N. beata. Gld.
Recediva (Nassa), Marr. Vars. of Nassa, No. 1463.

= Var. of N. conferta, Mart 64

Recdlateris (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 404, 1874.. 175

Recurva (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 297. 1845 160

Reeveana (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 62, 1847 ; Phil., Abbild. Bucc.,

t. 2, f. 3. = N. picta, Dunker.

Reevei (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 23, 1450. = M. tessellata, Martyn.
Reevei (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 109, 1.851. = N. fossata, Gld.
Reevei (Voluta), Sowb. Thes Conch., 269. := V. praetexta, Reeve.
Regia (Melo), Brod. Sowb., Thes. Conch., t. 83, f. 26, 27.

= M. Broderipii, Gray.
Regia (Melo), Schub. et Wagn. Conch. Cab., xii, 13, t. 218, f. 3038, 3039.

= M. ./Ethiopica, Linn, var.

Regina (Mitra), Sowb. Genera of Shells 164

Regularis (Nassa), Kiister. Buccinum, 68, t. 12, f. 23, 24.

= N. signata, Dunker.
Renovata (Nassa), Monterosato. Enum. e Synon., 43; Bull. Soc., Mai.

Ital., vi, 259. = N. denticulata, A. Ad.

Reposta (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 331, 1860 63

Reticosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851. = N. stigmaria, A. Ad.
Reticulata (Mitra), Pease. Thes. Conch., f, 290.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Keeve.
Reticulata (Nassa), Quoy (not Linn.) Voy. Astrol., ii, 444, t. 32, f. 16,

17. =N. cremata, var. margaritifera.

Reticulata (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 740 58

Reticulata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851 159

Reticulata (Voluta) Reeve. Zool. Proc., 144, 1843 94

Reticulata (Voluta), Sowb. (nee Reeve.) Thes. Conch., f. 47, 48.

== V. Reevei, Sowb.

Retusa (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 319 156

Retusa (Desmoulea), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 158 66

Rhinoceros (Vasum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458 71

Rhodia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 225, 1845 127

Rhodostoma (Bullia), Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 25, 1847.

= B. digitalis, Meusch.

Rigida (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. 111., i, t. 29. = T. semifasciata, Lam.
Rigida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 169. = T. Deshayesii, Reeve.

Ringens (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1851 62

Ringens (Desmoulea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc , 42, t. 27, f. 6, 1854 „ 66

Riparia (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Merid , 75. = N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Rissoides (Northia), Reeve. Iconica, Pleurotoma, f. Ill 9

Rissoides (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 14, t. 1, f. 25, 1877 48

Roadnightae (Voluta), M'Coy. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, ser. viii, 89, t.

7, f. 1,2, 1881 96

Roborea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 306, 1845 140

Robusta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 140.

= M. Ziervogeliana, Gmel., var.

INDEX. 237

PAGE.

Hoissyi (Nassa), Desh. Voy. Belanger, 482, t, 3, f. 3, 4, 1834 57

Holland! (Mit-a), Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., iv, 67, t. 2, f. 6, 7, 1853.

? Imbricaria carbonacea, Hinds.

Rorata (Turricula), Gould. Sowb. Thes.,f. 240. = T. militaris, Reeve,
llorata (Mitra), Gould. Bost Proc., iii, 171, 1850. = T. Zebuensis, Reeve.

Rosacea (Nassa). Reeve. Icon., f. 183, 1854 49

Rosacea ( Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f 321, 1845. M. annulata, Reeve.

Rosea (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 189

Rosea (Mitra), Kiener. Icon., 83, t. 23, f. 7-!. M. crebrilirata, Reeve.
Rosea (Mitra), Dticlos. = T. subulata, L-im.

Roseata (Thala), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1854 160

Roseo-caudata (Mitra), Hanley. Sowb.. Thes. Conch., f. 655, 1874 182

Rosettoo (Mitra), Angas, Zool. Proc., 55. t. 2, f. 6, 1865 121

Rossi nc (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 198, 1844. =± M. variegata, Reeve.
Rossiniana (Voluta), Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., vii, 377, 1859; viii, 127,

t. 1, 1860 88

Rostellit.es, Conrad. Emory's Mex. Bound. Surv. Rept., i, 158, 1855 77

Rotundicostata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, 1877 63

Rotundilirata (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 178, 1844.

M. tabanula, Lam.
Rubella (Mitra), Adams & Reeve. Moll. Voy Samarang, 27, t, 10, f. 30,

1848 '.v 176

Rubens (Nassa),* Kiister. Conch. Cab., Bucc., 25, t. 6, f. 7-9.

= Cantharus (vol. iii).
Rubigfnea (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1854. = M. proscissa, Reeve.

Rubiginosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 68, 1844 Ill)

Rubiginosa (Mitra), Button. Cat. N. Zeal. Moll. 20; Jour, de Conch., 3

ser., xviii, 22, 1878. = M. rubra, Reeve.

Rubiginosum (Cymbium), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 28 79

Rubra (Mitra), Swainson. Brod.. Zool. Proc., 1835 188

Rubra (Nassa), Potiez et Mich. Gall, des Moll., 381, t. 22, f. 17, 18. •

= Lachesis minima

Rubricata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., Index. = T crebrilirata, Rve.
Rubricata (Nassa), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc , iii, 155, 1850.

= N. Gayi, Kiener.
Rubritincta (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 147, 1844.

M. ferruginea, Lam.
Riickeri (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xv, 144, 1867 ; xvi, 97, t. 1,

f. 1. = V. piperita, Sowb., var.

Rudis (Voluta), Gray. Griffith's Cuvier, t. 30, f. 1, 1834.
V. Ferussaci, Donovan.

Rufa (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 59. 1847 62

Rufescens (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 137, 1851. ? = M. annulata, Reeve.
Ruffina (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., 12, 1192 ? == M. crenifera, Lam.
Ruffina (Voluta) , Linn. Dillw., Desc. Cat., i, 546. ? = Mitra adusta, Lam.
Rufilirata (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Samarang, 26, t. 10, f. 26, 1848.

= M. flammea, Quoy.

llufocincta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851. = M. Capensis. Dunker.
Rufocincta (Nassa) A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851.

= N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.

Rufofilosa (Turricula), E. A Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 518, 1876 195

Rufolineata (Nassa), Marr. Vars. of Nassa, No. 212.

= N. myristica. Hinds, var 45

Rufomaculata (Mitra), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser., iv, 321, t. 11,

f. 9, 1860 , 179

238 INDEX.

Rufula (Nassa), Reeve (non Kiener). Icon., f. 14, 1853.

— N. glans, L., var. elegans.

Rufula (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 89, t. 24, f. 95. = N. mutabilis, Linn.
Rufulum (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 89, t. 24, f. 95.

— N. mutabilis, Linn.

Rugata (Truncaria), Reeve. Bucc., f. Ill, 1847 10

Rugosa (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 5, 1877 63

Rugosa (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3456. == T. corrugata, Lam.
Rugosa (Mitra), Swains. Sowerby, Tank. Cat. App., 27, 1825.

? = T. Cumingii, Reeve.
Rumphii (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 75, t. 21, f.

9, 10, 1853. = N. pulla, Linn 24

Rupestris (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3464 ; Lischke, Jap. Meeres

Conch., Suppl., 59 85

Rupicola (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 53, 1844. = M. lens, Wood.
Riippellii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 179, 1844.

= M. Solandri, Reeve.

Russa (Mitra), Gould. Cost. Proc., vii, 332, 1860; Otia, 129 159

Rustica (Turricula), Sowb. (not Reeve). Thes. Conch., f. 143.

= T. Deshayesii, Reeve.

Rustica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 329, 1845 176

Rutila (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 137, 1851 151

Rutila (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Jour., ii, 30, t. 3 87

Rutilans (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog., f. 147, 1853.

= N. unicolorata, Kiener.

Sacerdotalis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851 120

Salmonea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 375, 1874 169

Saltata (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc. 512, 1865; Am. Jour. Conch., 216,

1867. = Thala 162

Samoenfiis (Nassa), Dunker MS. Marrat, Vars., No. 962.

. = N. paupera, Gould.

Samuelis (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860. •.= M. astricta, Rve.

Sanctse- Helena? (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851 40

Sandvichensis (Mitra), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 99, 1879.

= M. cruentata, Ch., var.

Sanguinolenta (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x. 305 113

Sanguisuga (Mitra), Linnseus. Syst. Nat. Edit., 12, 1192 165

Santangeli (Mitra), Maravigna. Guerin's Mag., t. 23, 1840.

— M. zonata, Marryatt.

Savignii (Mitra), Payraudeau. Moll, de Corse, t. 8, f. 22.

= M. tricolor, Gmelin.
Scabra (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 171, 1846; 59, 1847.

= N. horrida, Punker.

Scabricola, Swainson. Malaool., 319, 1840. = Mitra, Lam., section 132

Scabricula (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 1835 46

Scabriuscula (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th Edit., 1192 135

Scabriuscula (Mitra), Lamarck (not Linn.). Edit. Desh., x, 310.

= M. sphaerulata, Martyn.
Scabriuscula (Nassa), Ad. (not Powis). Panama Cat., No. 53, 1852.

= N. complanata, Powia.
Scalariformis (Nassa), Val. Kiener, Bucc., 79, t. 21, f. 80.

— N. clathrata, Born.

Scalariformis (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm, 140, 1875. 159
Scalarina (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, t. 1, f. 27, 1877.

= N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq.

INDEX. 239

PAGE.

Scalaris (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851 29

Scalpta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 5. = N. subspinosa, Lam.

Scapha (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3468 89

Scapha (Voluta), Solander. = Cymbium proboscidalis, Lam 89

Scapha, Gray (partim., not Klein nor Humph.). Zool. Proc., 131, 1847.

= Voluta, Linn., sect. Aulica.
Scaphella, Swains. Gray, Zool. Proc., 141, 1847.

= Voluta, L., sects. Aulica, Alcithoe, etc.
Schizopyga, Conr. Pacif. R. R. Rept., vi, t. 2, f. 1, 1856.

= Tritia, Risso.

Schomburgki (Mitra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 313, t. 18, f. 12, 13, 1878 173

Schroeteri (Mitra), Deshayes. Lam., Edit., 2, x, 322.

= M. cornicula, Lam., var.

Scita (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 141, 1875 128

Scitula (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 138, 1851 , 176

Scitula (Nassa), A. Ad. Gen., i, 119 63

Sclateri (Voluta), Cox. Proc. Zool. Soc., 358, t. 26, f. 3, 1869 92

Scolymus (Turbinella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat,, 3553 70

Scolymus, Swains. Malacol., 78, 304, 1840. = Vasum, Bolt.
Scrofa (Voluta), Solander (ubi ?), teste Gray. = V. flavicans, Gmel.

Sculpta (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 96, 1853 .' 62

Sculptilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 290, 1845. = T. cselata, Rve.

Scutulata (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vii, 3114 155

Secalina (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 120, I860; Otia, 129 159

Sectilis (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 271, 1867 159

Semen (Mitra). Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 256, 1845 190

Semiconic.i (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 132, f. 619, 1874.

= M. Philippinarum, A. Ad.
Semicostata (Nassa), Brocchi. Brusina, Verh. Z. B. Gesell., 12, 1865.

= N. Cuvieri. Payr.

Semicostata (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839 193

Semicostata (Nassa), Brusina. Contr., 66. — N. incrassata, Strom.
Semicostata (Xassa), M*rrat. Var. of Sculpt., 3.

= Var. of N. monile, Kien.

Semifasciata (Mitra), Lamarck. Desh., 335 174

Serniferruginea (Mitra), Jonas. Reeve, Icon., f. 222, 1845 '.... 152

Semiflammea (Bullm), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 17, 1846 1:5

Semigranosa (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 170, 1846.

= N. splendidula, Dkr.
Semigranulata (Nassa), Dkr. H. and A. Adams' Genera, i, 117.

? = N. semigranosa, Dunker.

Semilivida (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 31, 1877.... 159
Seminodosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 104, 1851.

= N. papillosa, Linn : 30

Seminulurn (Nassa), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Geneva, vii, 1029,

1875 62

Semiplicata (Xassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc.. 107, 1851 32

Semiplicata (Turricula), Lamarck. H. & A. Ad. Genera, i, 176 195

Semiplicata (Bullia), Gray. Beechey's Voy., 127, 1839 12

Semiplicata (Nassa), Dunker (not Adams). Zeit. Mai., 59, 1853.

= Nassa semisulcata, Dkr.
Semiplicata (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 197, 1835.

M. microzonias, Lam.

Semiplicatum (Bucc.), Costa. Cat., 91. Nassa cornicula, Olivi.
Semisculpta (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 27, t. 10, f.
28, 1848 174

240 INDEX.

PA«E.

. Semistriata (Mitra), Krynicki. Bull. Moscow, ii, 67, 1837 159

Semistriata (Nassa), Forbes. YEg. Invert., 140. = N. cornicula, Olivi.
Semistriata (Nassa), Brocchi. Conch, foss., 651, t. 15, f. 15.

=: N. cornicula, Olivi.
Semisulcata (Nassa), Bunker. Novit. Conch., 96, t. 32, f. 5, 6.

= N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Semisulcata (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 81, t. 21,

f. 30, 32, 1853. = N. crassa, Koch.

Semitica (Turricula), Jickeli. Jahrb., Mai. Gesell., i, 45, t. 2, f. 8, 1874.
Semiusta (Bullia), Reeve. Conch Icon., sp. 22, 1847.

= B. digitalis, Meusch.

SenegalensH (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 129, 1844 » 117

Senticosa (Melo), Bolt. H. & A. Adams' Genera. = M. armata, Lam.
Sesarma (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 13, t. 1, f. 14, 1877.

= N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

S'erotina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 132, 1851 152

Serotina (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851 39

Serpentina (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 390. = V. vespertilio, Linn.

Serpentina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 312 114

Serrata (Northica), Dufresne. Kiener, Bucc., 23, t. 9, f. 28 9

Serrata (Nassa), Brocchi. Sub. App. Foss., t, 5, f. 4.

? = N. reticulata, Linn.

Sertula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Sertum (Mitra), Duval. Jour, de Conch., iii, 160, t. 7, f. 1, 1852.

= M. scutulata, Lam.

Signata (Nassa), Dkr. Zeit. Mai. ,61, 1847 57

Signifer (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 232, 1847. = V. flavicans, Gmel.
Simplex (Nassa), E. A, Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 5 ser. vi, 319, 1880. 63

Simplex (Mitra), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., Ill, 1846 119

Sinarum (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 63, 1851 62

Sinensis (Cylindra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 190 b., 1844 196

Sinensis (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 4 63

Sinusigera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851 51

Siquijorensis (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851 30

Sistroidea (Nassa), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xliii, Pt.

2, t. -1, f. 6, 1874. = N. subpinosa, Lam.

Smithii (Nassa), Marrat. Quar. Jour. Conch., 1, 204, 1877 63

Solandri (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 172, 1844 146

Solida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 18, 1844; Angas, Zool. Proc.,

194, 1867 120

Solida (Teinostoma), Smith. Zool. Proc., 737, t. 75, f. 25, 1871.

= Rotellidse.
Solidula (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 133, 1844.

= M. Ziervogeliana, Gmel., var.
Solitaria (Mitra), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 44, 1852 ; Carpenter, Zool.

Proc., 341, 1863. — Thala 160

Sophise (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xviii, 431, 1846 87

Sophioe (Mitra), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., ii, 253, 1862 115

Sordida (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851 52

Sowerbyi (Voluta), Kiener. Monog., t. 50. = V. papillosa, pars.
Spadicea (Mitra), Dunker. Sowb., Thes., f. 478, 1874.
= M. peregra, Reeve, var.

Sparta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 11, t. 1, f. 22, 1877 34

Speciosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 148, 1844 192

Speciosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851.
== Phos plicosus, Krauss (vol. iii).

ouun:
Stear

Stear

INDEX. 241

PAGE.

Speciosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 209, 1844. = M. variata, Reeve.
Spectabilis (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst, Nat., 3468. = V. ancilla, Soland.

Spengleriana (Voluta). Mart. H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 161 101

Sph;i>nil->ta (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., f. 21 134

Spicata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 291, 1845.
= T. fusiformis, Kiener.

Spilus (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars. No. 772 64

Spinea (Voluta), Kiister. Conch. Cab., ii, t. 31, f. 3, 4.

= V. corona, Chemn.

Spiralis (Voluta). Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3464. = M. exasperata, Gmel.
Spirata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851.

X. glans, L., var. elegans, Kiener,

Spiripuncta (Mitra), Garret*. Jour, of Conch., iii, 27, 1880 143

Splendidula (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mai. 170,1846 52

Sprela (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars. No. 774 64

Spreta (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 201, 1864 182

Spurca (Nassa), Gould. Bost, Proc., vii, 332, 1860 63

Squalida (Bullia), King. Zool. Jour., v, 349. = B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Stainforthii (Mitra). Reeve. P. Z. S., 93. 1841 166

nsiana (Nassa), Garrett. Marrat, Vars. 89, 1880,
= N. crenolirata, A. Ad., var.

tearnsii (V'oluta), Ball. Calif. Proc., N. 270, t. 1, f. 1, 1872 97

Stigmataria (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 311. = T. sanguisuga, L., var,

Stigmaria, (Nas^a), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 96, 1851 54

Stimpsoniana (Nassa), C B. Ad. Panama Shells, 72.
— N. scabriuscula, Powis.

Stolata (Nassa), Gmel. Syst, Nat., 3496 45

Stoliczkana (Nassa), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 24, t. 1,
f. 8, 1874. = N. hirta, Kiener.

Stolid* (Nassa). A Ad. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851 31

Stragulata (Voluta), Miihlf. = V. zebra. Leach.

Strangei (Mitra). Angas. Zool. Proc , 110, t. 13, f. 4, 1867 136

Straminea (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc.. 132,1851 140

Striata (Xassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851. = N. glabrata, A. Ad.
Striata (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 289, 1852.

= N. vers;color, C. B. Ad.
StrUta (Mitra), Gray. Beechey's Voy., 135, t. 36, f. 7, 1839.

M. limbit'era. Lam.

Striata (Mitra), Brusina. Verb. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, xv, 14, 1865. 194
Striatella (Mitra), Calcara. = M. Columbellaria, Scacchi.
Striatula (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x. 323. — M. Barbadensis, Gmelin,

Strigata (Mitra), Swainson. Rrande's Jour. App., 1824 121

Strigatella, Swainson. Malacol, 319, 1840 , 108, 153

Strigillata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 190, 1874 141

Sturmii (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 135, 1848. =z N. vibex. Say.

Suavis (Mitra), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 183, t. 13, f. 2, 1875 194

Subdivisa (Mitra). Chemn., part. = T. costellaris, Lain.
Subdiaphanum (Hucc.), Bivona. = Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.
Subnodosa (VolnU), Leach. Zool. Misc., i, 24, f. 8.

V. Magellanica, Lam., var.

Subplicata (Voluta), Hutton. N. Zeal. Cat,, 18. = V. eracilis, Swn.
Subquadrata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 485, 18747

- T. cadaverosa, Rve., var
Subrostrata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 297, 1874.

M. pudica, Pease.

31

242 INDEX.

PAGE

Subspinosa (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 173 43

Subtexturata (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 26, 1880 135

Subtruncata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., iv, sp. 468, f. 405.

= T. crebrilirata, Rve.

Subulata (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert,, vii, 313 177

Subvariabilis (Nassa), d'Orb. Prodr., iii, 83. = N. mutabilis, Linn.

Succincta (Mitra), Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat. App., 26, 1825 135

Succincta (Na«sa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Sufflata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 330, 1860.

= N. tennis, E. A. Smith 23

Sulcata (Mitra), Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat. App., 26, 1825 139

Sulcata (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 14, t, 4, 1847 13

Sulcata (Mitra), Menke. Mo'rch, Nachr. Mai. Gesell., v, 70.

= M. peregra, Reeve.

Sulcata (Truncaria), Kiener. Buccinum, t. 13, f. 45 10

Sulcata (Voluta). Lam. Edit. Desh., x. 396. = V. musica, Linn.

Sulcifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851 24

Suluensis (Mitra), Ad. & Rve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 26. t. 10, f. 27, 1848. 172
Suluensis (Mitra). Smith (nee Ad. & Rve.). Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., 425,

1875. = M. fusco apicata, Smith.

Suturalis (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., x, 166. — N. glans, Linn, var.
Suturata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 282, 1845.

-.= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Swainsoni (Conoelix). Lesson. Voy. Coquille, ii, Pt. 1, 400, t. 11, f. 5,

1830. := Imbricaria conica, Schum.

Swainsoni (Mitra), Broderip. Zool. Proc., 1835 ; 121

Swainsonia, H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 180. = Mitra, Lam., section 130

Tabanula (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 323 146

Tabescens (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 81, 1880 08

Tsenia (Nassa), Grnel. Syst, Nat,, 3493 30

Treniata (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vii, 307 164

Tseniolatum (Buccinum), Phil. Archiv fur Naturg., i, 69, 1845 57

Tahiteusis (Bullia), Gmel. Syst, Nat,, 3490 16

Tahiterisis (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 30, 1880 148

Taiusiana (Bullia), Dunker. Moll. Guin., 19, 1853 16

Tasmanica (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 139, 1875.. 159
Tasmanica (Nassa), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania. 150, 1875.

? = N. monile, Kiener, var. Jacksoniana.

Tatei (Mitra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 861, t. 54. f. 8. 1878 183

Tathnae (Mitra), Jickeli Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, 25, t. 11. f. 4, 1874 139

Tayloriana (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 125, 153, 1874.

3= T. teeniata. Lam.

Tegula (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. i 8, 1853 39

Teinostoma, H. & A. Adams' Genera, i, 132. =c Family Umboniinre.
Telasco, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Kec. Moll, i, 119. = Zeuxis, H. & A. Ad.

Telescopium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 80, 1844 143

Telum (Mitroidea), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 613, 614, 1874 163

Tenella (Nassa), Reeve. Icon. Index, 1854 50

Temulirata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 407, 1874 178

Tennis (Bullia), Gaay. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 1, 1846 11

Tenuis (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xv, 423, 1875; Zool.

Proc., 211,1879 23

Tenuis (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 66, f. 327, 1874 .'.'..'.'. 129

INDEX. 243

PAGE.

Terebralis (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1885.

= T. subulata, Lam.
Terebralis (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 303.

M. tessellata, Martyn.

Terebroides (Nassa), Rve. Icon., f. 161, 1853. = N. labiata, A. Ad.
Teresine (.Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Hoy. Soc. Tasm., 140, 1875; 34,

1878 128

Teretiuscula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851 32

Tessellata (.Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., f. 19 132

Tessellata (.Mitra), Kiener. Icon., t. 13, f. 42. — M. Barbadensis, Gmel.

Tessellata (Melo), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 377 80

Tessellata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. 111., 2d ser. = M. Rossise, Reeve.
Tessellata (Nassa), Rve. Icon., f. 167, 170, 1853. = N. vibex, Say.
Tessellaturn (Bucc.), Scacchi. Cat., ii. = Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.
Tessellatum (Bucc.), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3479. = Nassa mutabilis, Linn.
Tesscllatum (P.uccinum), Olivi. Zool. Adriatica, 142, 1792.

N. reticulata, Linn, var.

'IVssellatus (Fusus), Schubert et Wagner, T. 219, f. 3048, 3049.
= Voluta dubia, Brod.

Te.stacea (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 127

Textilina (Nassa), Morch. Kreb's Catal. = Phos (vol. iii).

Texturata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 328 134

Thatcher! (Voluta), McCoy. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., i, 54, t. 2, f. 1, 18(iS :

Proc. Zool. Soc., 561, 1869; Jour, de Conch., 38, 1873 JM>

Thevsites (Nassa), Brug. Encyc. Meth., t. 394, f. 8 25

Thiurella, Swainson. Malacol. 130, 1840. := Mitra, Lam*
Thiarella (Voluta), Lam. Edit, Desh., x, 392. = V. musica, Linn.
Tiara, Swainson. Malacol., 129, 319, 1840. = Turricula, Klein.
Tiarella (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 133, 1851. ±= M. coronata, Lam.

Tiarula (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., iii, t. 30, f. 4 41

Ticaonica (Mitra), Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 181, 1844. = M. crassa, Swn.

Tigrina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 132, 1851 157

Tiraorensis (Mitra), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt, 56. 1864. ? = T. crem<ms, Rve.
Tinei (Nassa), Maravigna. Atti Soc. Groenia, 1841.

? = Var. of N. cornicula, Olivi.
Tissotiana (Voluta), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xv, 195, t. 6, f. 1, 1867.

= V. flavicans, Gmel., var.
Todilla (Thala), Migh. Bost. Proc., ii, 24, 1845; Pease, Am. Jour.

Conch., iii, 216, 1867 160

Tornata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 269, 1845. = M. flammea, Quoy.

Tornatelloides (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 316. 1845 144

Torulosa (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh , x, 334. := M. exasperata, Gmelin.
Tranquebarica (Bullia), Bolten. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, 77.
B. Belangeri, Kiener.

Tricarinata (Nassa), Lam. Anim., x, 171 62

Tricolor (Mitra), Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., i, 272, 1861.
- T. luculenta, Reeve, var.

Tricolor (Mitra), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3476 l'.'^

Trifaseiata (Truncaria), A. Adams. Genera of Recent, Mollusca, i, 11±. 10
Trifasciata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851. = NT. cornicula, Olivi.
Trifasciata (Nassa), Gmel. Syst, Nat,, 3489. ? = N. unicolorata, Kiener.
Trinpa (Nassafl, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., iv, 272, t. 10, f. 7,

1864 47

Trinodosa (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 545, t. 30, f. 2,

1876. = N. tiarula, Kiener.

244 INDEX.

Tristis (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Soc. Proc., 134, 1835 155

Tritia, Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 172, 1826. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart 7

Tritiaria, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 21, 1865; Conrad, A. J. C., iii,

264. = S. G. of Ptychosalpinx, Gill '. 8

Tritonella, A. Adams. Genera, i, 121. == Hima, Leach.

Tritoniformis (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 108. t. 30, f. 2 45

Tritonis (Cymba). Brod. Spec. Couch., 5, f. 3, a, b. — C. Neptuni, Gmel.
Tritonium (Bucc.), Blainv. Fanne Franc., 121.

= Nassa incrassata, var. pygmsea, Lam.

Trivittata (Nassa), Say. Jour. Phil. Acad., ii, 231, 1822 60

Truncaria, Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 33, 1848 6

Truncata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 30, f. l(Jl.

? — Imbricaria punctata, Swainson.

Truncata (Hullia), Keeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 15, 1846 16

Trunculus (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. .,12, 1874 190

Tryoni (Desmoulea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xvii, 409, 1869.

= D. ret usa, Lam.
Tschudii (Nassa), Troschel. Archiv..Naturg., i, 173, t. 5, f. 4, 18-V2.

— N. dentifera, Powis.

Tuberculata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog. Index. = M. nodosa, Swn.
Tuberculata (Voluta), Swainson. Exot. Conch., ix, t. 6.

— V. Magellanica, Lam., var.
Tuberculatum (Bucc.), Turton. Diet., 16.

= Nassa incrassata, var. pygmsea.
Tuberosn, (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 237, 1844.

= T. patriarchal is, Lam.
Tubigera (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeichn., 70, 1839.

? i= Vasum imperiale, Reeve.

TumMa (Mitra), Reeve. Couch. Icon., f. 51, 1844 192

Turben (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 213, 1844 , 146

Turbinata (Voluta). Kiener. Monog , t. 26, f. 2. = V. hebraea, Linn., var.
Turbinea (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Jour. N. H , v, 292, t. 24, f. 10, 1845... 57

Turbinella, Lam. Prodr., 73 ; Syst. An., 83, 1801 67

Turbinella (Vasum), Linn. Mus. Ulric., 634 72

Turgida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f 273, 1845 144

Turneri (Voluta), Gray Griffith's An. Kingd., t, 40, f. 1 92

Turricula, Klein. Ostrac., 74, 1753 109, 164

Turricula (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851.

= T. militaris. Reeve, var.
Turricula (Nassa), Pease MSS. Carpenter, Zool. Proc., 616, 1865.

= N. paupera, Gld.
Turriger (Mitra), Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 262, 1845.

= T. fusiformis, Kiener.
Turris, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 539, 1810. = Turricula, Klein.

Turrita (Bullia), Gray. Zool. Beechey Voy., 126, 1839... 14

Turrita (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851. = N. clathrata, Born.
Turturina (Mitra), Souv. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xv, 43, 297, 1875; 3

ser., xvii, 73, t. 1, f. 2, 1877. 184

Tusa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 283, 1845

Typha (Mitra). Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 267, 1845 128

Typostigma (Mitra), Brusina. Weinkauff, ii, 33 194

Umbilicata (Melo), Brod. Sowb., Genera of Shells.

— M. diadema, Lam., var.
Umbonata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 259, 1870. = T. Osidiris, Issel.

INDEX. 245

PAGE.

Umbrosa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 123, 1874. = T. vulpecula, Linn.

Undata (Nassa), M Mi-rat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, 1877 63

Undata. (Volut-i), Martyn. Univ. Conch. • = V. interpuncta, Mart.

Urdulata (Volttta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 401 92

Ui.dulosa (Cyliidni), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. H>2, 1844 196

Unicincta (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad.. v, 211, Ib26.

'.' Pints QaudeloupensU, Petit (vol. iii).
Unicolor (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et ZeL, v, 76, t. 21, f.

13--15, 18 •")•'!. = N. unicolorata, Kiener.

Unicolorata (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Bucc., 60, t. 19, f. 69 31

Unidentata (Nassa), Powis. Kilter, Bucc., 24, t. 6, f. 4-6.

— N. dentifera, Powis.

Unifiscial's (Columbella), Chenu. ~ M auriculoides, Keeve.
Unif'ascialis (Mitra). Lamarck. Edit. Desh.. x, 337. = M. nucleola, Lam.
Unifa-cial's (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68. M. Antonii, Kiister.

Unifasciata (Voluta), Wood. Index Test. — T. Cumingii, Reeve.
Unifasciata (Nassa), Kien. Bucc , 76, t. 14, f. 50. - N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Unifasciata . (Cyclonassa), Kisso. = Neritula neritea, Linn.
Unifasciata '(Nassa), Pease MSS. Carpenter, Zool. Proc., 516, 1865.
, = N. paupera, Gld.

Unilinenta ( 1'urricu'a), Garret*. Jour, of Conoh., iii, 60, 1880 195

Ustulata (Mitva), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 89r 1844 ... 119

Uzielliana (Mitra). Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., i, 285, 1861 ; ii, 50,

1862 150

Uzita, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec., Moll., i, 120. = S. G. of Nassa, Mart. 7

Valida (Bullia), Dunker. Zeit. Mai., 191, 1852; Novit., 33, t. 10, f. 1, 2.

= Pusionella.

Vanikorensis (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol.. ii, 649, t. 45, bis, f. 5, 6 199

Variahilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 95. 1844 119

Variabilis (Nassa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 221. = N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Varians (Nassa), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., vi, 231, 1860 62

Variata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2o9, Index.

Varicifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., H>8, 1851: Smith, Zool. Proc.,

210, 187» 31

Varicosa (Nassa), Turton. Zool. Jour., ii, 365, t. 13, f. 7.

— N. iuc?-assata, var. pygmaea, Lam.

Variegata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3457. = M. serpentina, Lam.
Variegata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851. = N. gemmulata, Lam.

Variegata ( Vlitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. Ill, 1844 113

Vai-iolaria ( furbinella), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 380.

Vasum turbiuella, Linn.
Vasum, Bolt. Mus., 1798. Link. Beschreib., iii, 119. 1807; Z. P., 231,

1851 67, 71

Velata (Bullia), Gould. • Otia Conch., 67 ; Wilkes' Exp., 252, f. 319.

= Nassa gaudiosa, Flinds 16

Velicata (Nassa), Meusch. Marrat. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Ventricosa (Desmoulea), Lam. H. & A. Ad-ims' Genera.

= N. mutabilis, Linn.

Ventricosa (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 168. =N mutabilis, Linn.
Venusta (Nassa), Dkr. Zeit. Mai., 59, 1847.

= N. cremata, var. margaritifera.
Venustula (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 204. = M. aureolata, Swn.

Verrucosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 232, 1845 174

Verrucosa (Nassa), Gniel. Syst. Nat., 3497.

246 INDEX.

Verrucosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851 54

Versicolor (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., f. 23 112

Versicolor (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. 66, 1852 50

Versicolor (Mitra), Kiener. Iconosr., t, 7, f. 18. = M. erronea, Dohrn.

Vespertilio (Voluta), Linn Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1494 86

Verpertilio, Klein. Ostrac., 76, 1753. = Voluta, Linn, sect 86

Vexillulum (Turbinella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 1842.

= Vasum ceramicum. Linn.

Vexillum (Mitra), Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 183, 1844 146

Vexillum (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 402 85

Vexillum, Bolten. Mus., 1798. = Turricula, Klein.

Vibex (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad , ii, 231, 1822 ; Am. Conch.,

t. 57, f. 2... 42

Vibex (Nassa), Reeve (not Say). Icon., f. 81. = N. subpinosa, Lam.
Vibex (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851.
= T. cruentata, Chemn., var. proxima.

Vincta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, 1877 63

Vincta (Mitra), A Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1854. = M. Capensis, Dunker.

Violacea (Thala), Garrett. Cal. Proc., 202, 1872 162

Virescens (Voluta), Solander. Dillw., Desc. Cat., i, 562 84

Virgata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 197, b 156

Virgata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 197, a. = M. retusa, Lam.

Virginalis (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 143, 1842 195

Virgo (Imbricaria), Swainson. Zool. Proc., 1835 198

Vitellina (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 170, 1850 132

Vitiensis (Na-sa), Hombr et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 79, t. 21, f.

23-25, 1853. = N. hirta, Kiener.

Vitrea (Nassa), Phil. Kritisches Register, No. 2 62

Vitrea (Nassa), Gray. Am. Nat. Hist., i, 28, 1838 ,, 62

Vitrea (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp 20, 1846. •— B. polita, Lam... 15
Vittata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851. = N. maculata, A. Ad.

Vittata (Bullia), Linn. Edit., 12, 1206 15

Vittata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. 111., 1st ser. = M. tseniata, Lam.
Vittatum (Buccinum), Kiener. Monog., 25, t. 9, f. 30

— Bullia granulosa, Lam.

Vitulina (Voluta), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., i, 553. = Mitra ferruginea, Lam.
Votuta, Linn, (emend). Syst. Nat., x, 729; xii, 1186; Gray, Zool. Proc.,

59, 1855 75, 82

Volutella, d'Orb (nee. Swains.). Voy. Amer., 424, 1840.

= Voluta, Linn., sect 98

Volutella, Perry. Conch., t. 26, 1811. = Vasum, Bolt.

Volutifusus, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, 67, 1866 77

Volutilithes, Swains. Malacol., 318, 1840. = Voluta, Linn, sect 100

Volutoconus, Crosse Jour, de Conch , xix, 306, 1871.

= Voluta, Linn, sect 100

Volutoderma, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 289, 1876 77

Volutolyria, Crosse Jour, de Couch., 3 ser., xvii, 99, 1877 76

Volutomitra, Gray. Guide Brit. Mus., 36, 1857. = Mitra, Lam., section ? 108

Volutomorpha, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 290, 1876 77

Volva (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3457 93

Volvacea (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh , x, 403. — V. volva, Gmel.
Volvacea (Voluta), Lam Edit. Desh., x, 403. = V. flavicans, Gmel.
Vulgatum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3496. := Nassa reticulata, L.
Vulpecula, Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat., xxxi, 106, 1824. = Turricula, Klein.
Vulpecula (Mitra), Linn. Edit., 12, 1193 167

INDEX. 247

PAGE.

Vultuosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 270, 1845 134

Webbei (Nassa), Petit. Jour, de Conch., i, 404, t. 13, f. 8, 1850.

= N. Uruneri, Dunker.

Weldii (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 31, 1877 125

Williamsii (Mitra), Newcomb. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 163, t. 17, f. 1, 1869. 161
Wilsoni (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 67, 1852.

= M. complan-ita, Powis.
Wisemani (Voluta), Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc., 108, 1870; Jour.de

Conch , 78, t. 5, f. 1, 1871. = V. pulchra, Sowb., var.
Wisemani .(Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860. = Turr. bella, Pease.
Woldemarii (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 17, f. 55.

M. Ziervogeliana, Gmel., var.
Woodwardi (Nassa), Forbes. Zool. Proc., 273, t, 11, f. 3, 1850.

-- N. mendica, Gould.
Wrighti (Mitra), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., xviii, 57, t. 1, f. 1,

1878. ^ M. inquinata, Reeve.

Xanius, Bolten. Mus., 1798; Link, Beschreib., iii, 116, 1807.

\Uzz;i, Bolt.
Xantbostoma (Nassa), Gray. Beechey's Voy., t. 36, f. 3.

N. luteostoma, Brod. and Sowb.

Yetina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 141. 1847. — Cymbium, Klein.
Yetus, Adamson. Gray, Zool. Proc , 141, 1847; H. & A. Ad. Genera, i,
138. = Cymbium, Klein.

Zaphon, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 121. Zeuxis, H. & A. Ad.

Zebra (Mitra), (iarrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 35, 1880 156

Zebra (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. Mus., 21 5. M. paupercula, Linn.

Zebra (Voluta), Leach. Zool. Misc., i, t. 12 f. 1 93

Zebrina (Mitra), Garrett. Zool. Proc., 842, 1872. —Turr. semen, Rve.

Zebrina (Mitra), d'Orbigriy. Moll. Can., 86, t. 6, f. 29-31 190

Zehuensis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 73, 1844 179

Zelotypa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 325, 1845 182

Zephyrina (Mitra), Duclos. Sowb., Thes. Conch., No. 29, 1874 132

Zeux'is, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 119.

= S. G. of Nassa, Mart 6, 30

Ziba. H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 179. Mitra, Lam.

Zidona, H. & A. Adams. Genera i, 161, 1853. Volutella, d'Orb.

Zierliana, Gray. Zool. Proc., 141, 1847. .= Strigatella, Sw., sect. ..109, 157

Ziervogeliana (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3457 157

Zonalis (Mitra), Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, 654, t. 45 bis, f. 16, 17.

T. catt'ra, Linn.

Zonalis (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. == N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Zonalis (N?issa), Drug. Encyc. Meth. Vers., 271.

V N. granifera, Kiener.
Zonsita (Mitra), Marryatt, Linn. Trans., xiii, t. 10, f. 1, 2, 1817; J. B.

Mill. Gesell., i, 227, t, 11, f. 3, 4 130

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 1 (Frontispiece).

FIGURES. PAGE.

1. Bullia achatina, Lam. (= digitalis, Meusch). Quoy, Voy. Astrol.,

t. 31, f. 17 12

2. Bullia Isevigata, Mart. (= laevissima, Gm.). Quoy, Voy. Astrol.,

t. 31, f. 14 11

3. Cymba Neptuni, Gmel. Kiener, Iconog. Voluta, t. 1 80

Plate 2.

Lingual Dentition.

1. Vasum cornigerum, Lam. Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, ii,

t, 8, f.5 67

2. Cymbium olla, Linn. Troschel, t. 5, f. 1 75

3. Melo nautica, Lam. Troschel, t. 5, f. 2 a 75

4. Voluta scapha, Gmelin. Troschel, t. 5, f. 3 75

5. Amoria Turneri, Gray. Troschel, t. 5, f. 5 75

6. Voluta musica, Linn. Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 4, 1879 84, 76

7. Lyria deliciosa, Montrouz. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 7, 1867 102, 76

8. Volutomitra Groeulandica, Gray. Troschel, t. 5, f. 5b 1' 8

9. Mitra cornea, Lam. Troschel, t. 6. f. 5 108

10. Mitra (Nebularia) adusta, Mart. Troschel, t. 6, f. 7 108

11. Mitra (Chrysame) fraga, Quoy. Troschel, t. 6, f. 8 108

12. Zierliana Woldemarii, Kiener. Troschel, t. 9, f. 11 109

13. Turricula corrugata, Lam. Troschel, t, 9, f. 13 109

14. Imbricaria conica, Schum. Troschel, t, 8, f. 6.... 109

15. Cylindra nucea, Meusch. Troschel, t. 5, f. 7 109

16. Marginella elegans, Gmelin. Troschel, t. 5, f. 6. See vol. v.

17. Volvaria Philippinarum, Redfield. Troschel, t. 5, f. 8. See vol. v.

18. ' Persicula clandestina, Brocc. Troschel, t. 5, f. 11. See vol. v.

19. Cystiscus Capensis, Stimpson. Troschel, t. 5, f. 10. See vol. v.

Plate 3.

Lingual Dentition.

20. Bullia rhodostoma, Gray. Troschel, Gebiss, ii, t, 8, f. 7 5

21. Pseud ostrombus vittatus, L Troschel, t, 8, f. 10 5

22. Nassa arcularia, L. Troschel. t. 8, f. 15 6

23. Nassa thersites, Brug. Troschel, t. 8, f. 14 6

24. Nassa cornicula, Olivi. Troschel, t. 8, f. 13 6

25. Ilyanassa obsoleta, Say. Troschel, t. 8, f. 22 7

26. Neritula neritea, L. Troschel, t. 8, f. 11 7

Fossil Genera.

27. Molopophorus striata, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, t. 26, f. 36 7

28. Ptychosalpinx altilis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 153 7

29. Ptychosalpinx scalaspira, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 19, f. 4. 7

30. Paranassa granifera, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 19, f. 6 8

(248)

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 249

I-IGURK. PAOE>

31 Tritiaria peralta, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t. 19, f. 5 8

32. Schizopyga Californica, Conr. Pac. R. R. Rept., vi, t. 2, f. 1 55

33, 34 Indian Bracelet, made from Turbinella pyrum, and saw u>ed for

cutting the shell. Simmond's Commercial Products of the Sea

f. 20, 21 69

35. Caricella pnettnuis, Conrad. Tert. Fossils, t. 17, f. 1 67

30. Volutifusus typus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, t. 3, f. 2 77

3.7. Athleta Tuomeyi, Conrad. Jour A. N. S. Philad., iv, t. 47, f. 35... 77

38. Leioderma leioderma, Conr. Jour. A. N S. 1'lnlad., iv, t. 46, f. 32. 77

39. Crvptochorda Stromboides, Gmel. Sowb. Genera, Bucc., f . 8 78

40. Fusimitra cellulifera, Conr. Jour. Philad. Acad., 2 ser. i, t. 12, f. 3. 109

41. Conomitia Fusoides, Lea. Cpntrib. Geol., t. 6, f. 176 109

42. Voluti'lla (Microspira) oviformis, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, t. 5,

f. 3. See vol. v.

43. Lapparia dumosa, Conr. Wailes' Geol. Miss., t. 15, f. 4 109

Plate 4.

Fossil Genera.

44. Volutoderma Navarroensis, Gabb. Pal. Calif., i, t, 19, f. 50 77

45. Volutomorpha Conradi, Gabb. Jour. Phil. Acad., iv., t. 48, f. 10.... 77
4ii. Rostellites Texana, Conrad. Emory's Mex. Bound. Surv., i, t. 14,

f. 2 b 77

47. Ptychoris Purpuriformis, Forbes. Pal. Indica, ii, t. 8, f. 5 77

48. Pleioptygma Carolinensis, Conrad. Tuomey & Holmes, Pleioc. Foss.

S. C., t. 27, f. 9 ' 78

49. Gossavia Indica Stol. Pal. Indica. ii, t. 6, f. 7 78

Plate 5.

50. Northia pristis, Desh. ( serrata). Reeve. Bucc., f 39 9

51. Noithia serrata, Dufresne. H. & A. Adams' Genera, t. 12, f. 1 a 9

52. Northia albopunctata, Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 1. 11, f. 21. 9

53. Northia Rissoides, Reeve. Icon. Pleurotoma fig. Ill 9

54. Truncaria filosa, Ad. & Reeve. Voy.*Samarang, t. 11, f. 18 9

55. Truncaria Australia, Angas. Zool. Proc.. t 26, f. 5, 1877 9

56. Truncaria rugata, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. Ill 10

57. Truncaria modesta, Powis. Reeve, Bucc., f. 19 10

58. Truncaria sulcata, Kiener. Iconog., Bucc., t. 13, f. 45 10

59. Bullia Isbvigata, Mart. (= Isevissima, Gm.). Reeve, Bullia, f. 6 11

60. Bullia globulosa Kiener. Reeve, Icon , f 5 11

61. Bullia deformis, King. Reeve, Icon., f. 21 11

O'J. Bullia tenuis, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 1 11

03. Bullia callosa, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 24 , 11

64. Bullia Mauritiana, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 12 b 12

65. Bullia Grayi, Reeve (= Mauritiana) Icon., f. 7 12

66. Bullia semiplicata, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 18 a 12

67. Bullia digitalis, Meuschen. Reeve, Icon., t. 4, f. 4 12

68. Bullia semiusta, Reeve (= digitalis). Icon., f. 22 12

69. Bullia rhodostoma, Gray (— digitalis). Reeve, Icon., f 25 12

70. Bullia Persica, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 46, f. 11, 1878 13

71. Bullia sulcata. Reeve. Conch. Icon . t. 4, f. 14 13

72. Bullia Natalensis, Krauss (= digitalis, var.). Kiister, t. 14, f. 2.... 12

73. Bullia cochlidium. Kiener. Iconog. Bucc., t. 6, f. 17 13

74. Bullia annulata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 13 14

75. Bullia semiflammea, Reeve, Icon., f, 17 • 13

32

250 REFERENCE 'TO PLATES.

Plate 6.

FIGURE. PAGE.

76. Bullia cochlidium, Kiener. Reeve, Bullia, f. 23 13

77. Bullia gradata, Desh. (— cochlidium). Reeve, Bullia, f. 3 13

78. Bullia Lamarckii, Kiener (== cochlidium). Iconog., t. 3, f. 6 13

79. Bullia Paytense, Kiener (= cochlidium). loonog., t. 6, f. 16 13

80. Bullia squalida, King (— cochlidium). Reeve, f. 26 13

81. Bullia labyrintbum, Gm. (= cochlidium). Kiister, t. 10, f. 11 13

82. Bullia armata, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 2 b 14

83. Bullia moniliferum, Val. (= armata, Gray). Kiener, t. 3, f. 8 14

84. Bullia turrita. Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 16 14

85. Bullia Melanoides, Desb. Voy. Belanger, t. 2, f. 3 14

86. Bullia Mozambicensis, Smith (= Melanoides). Zool. Proc. t, 75,

f. 18. 1877 14

87. Bullia vittata, Linn. Reeve, Iconog., f. 9 15

88. Bullii polita, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 19 15

89. Bullia vitrea, Reeve (= polita). Conch. Icon., Bullia, f. "20 15

90. Bullia Kurrachensis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 54, f. 6, 1877 lo

91. Bullia vittata, Kiener (= granulosa, Lam.). Iconog., t. 9, f. 30 14

92. Bullia livida, Reeve (= vittata). Icon., f. 10, b 15

93. Bullia Taheitensis, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 11 15

94. Bullia BeUngeri, Kiener. Reeve, Icon., f. 8 b 16

95. Bullia polita, Desh. (= Belangeri). Voy. Belang., t. 3, f. 1 16

96. Bullia diluta, Krauss. Kiister, Buccinum, t 14, f. 5 16

97. Bullia mediolaris (=-- diluta, var.), Von Martens. Jahrb. Mai., 1,

t. 6, f. 4 16

98. Bullia truncata, Reeve. Icon., f. 15 16

Plate 7.

1. Nassa mutabilis, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 6 b 22

2. ' Nassa mutabilis, Linn. Poli, Test. Sicil., iii, t. 47, f. 6.. 22

3. Nassa rufula, Kiener (== mutabilis). Iconog. Bucc., t. 24, f. 95 22

4. 5. Nassa balteata, Lischke (= tenuis, Smith). Jap. Meeres Conch.,

t, 5, f. 10, 11 A 23

6. Nassa Isevigata, Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, f. 7 23

7. Nass-i coronata, Brug. Reeve, Icon., f. 20 c 23

8. Nassa Bronni, Phil. (= coronata). Reeve, Icon., f. 149 23

9. 10. Nassa arcularia, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 3, 4, 1 24

11. Nassa sulcifera, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 24 a 24

12. Nassa pulla, L'nn. Reeve, Icon., f. 22 b 24

13. Nassa Rumphii, Hombr. and Jacq. (= pulla). Astrol. et Zel.,

t. 21, f. 9 24

14. Nassa Deshayesii, Hombr. and Jacq. (= pulla). Astr. etZel., t. 21,

f. 11 24

15. 16. Nassa gibbosula, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 64 a, b 24

17. Nassa circumcincta, A. Ad. (= gibbosula). Reeve, f. 71 a 24

18. Nassa Kraussiana, Dunker. Krauss, Siidaf. Moll., t. 6, f. 18 25

19. Nassa orbiculata, A. Ad. (— Kraussiana). Reeve, Icon., f. 154 b... 25

20. Nassa Thersites, Brug. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 22 25

21. Nassa Thersites, Brug. Reeve, Icon., f. 65 25

22. Nassa bimaculosa, A. Ad. (= Thersites). Reeve, f. 61 25

23. Nassa dorsuosa, A. Ad. (= Thersites). Reeve, f. 141, a 25

24. Nassa leptospira, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 84 25

25. Nassa gracilis, Pease (= leptospira). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t 23,

f. 4.... . 25

REFERENCE -TO PLATES. 251

FIGURE. PAGE.

26. Nassa bellula, A. Ad. ( leptospira). Reeve, Icon., f. 184 25

27. Nassa labida, Reeve ( leptospira). Icon., f. 17i» 25

28. Nassa Persica, Martens ( leptospira). Vord. As. Conch., t. 5, f. 47. 25

Plate 8.

29. Nassa Jonasi, Dunker. Philippi, Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 10 26

30. Nassa Burchardi, Dunker ( Jonasi). Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 14. 26

31. Nassa labecula, A. Ad. ( Jonasi). Reeve, Icon., f. 166 26

32. Nassa nana, A. Ad. (= Jonasi). Reeve, Icon., f. 164 26

33. Nassa callosa, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 185 a 26

34. Nassa callospira, A. Ad. ( callosa). Reeve, Icon., f. 66 b 26

35. Nassa cancellata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 155 b 26

36. Nassa Mangelioides, Reeve. Icon., f. 152 b 26

37. Nassa globosa, Quoy. Voy. Astrol , t. 32, f. 25 26

38. Nassa clathrata, Kiener (== globosa). Iconog., t. 27, f. 108 26

39. Nassa granifera, Kiener. Reeve, Iconog., f. 72 26

40. Nassa obliqua, Hombr. et Jacq. (= granifera). Voy. Astr. et Zel.,

t, 21, f. 44 .... 26

41. Nassa onorata, Desh. (:_= granifera). He Reunion, t. 12, f. 24 26

42. Nassa glabrata, Sowb. Thes. Coach., i. t. 8, f. 66 27

43. Nassa obliqua, Kiener (— glabrata). Iconog., Bucc., t. 31, f. 4 27

44. Nassa gratia, Lam. Kiener, Bucc., t. 16, f. 58 27

45. Nassa glans, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 5 27

46. Nassa plans, var. lata, nob 27

47. Nassa elegans, Kiener (= glans, var.). Iconog., Bucc., t. 24, f. 97.. 27

48. Nassa rufula, Reeve (-_— glan?, var. elegans). Icon., f. 14 27

49. Nassa spirata, A. Ad. (= glans, var. elegans). Icon., f. H b 27

50. Nassa costata, A. Ad. (— hirta, Kiener). Reeve, Icon., f. 142 28

51. Nassa hirta, Kiener. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f . 1 28

52. Nassa intermedia, Dunker (= glans, var. suturalis). Voy. Novara,

t. 1, f. L> : 27

53. 54. Nassa suturalis, Lam. (= glans, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 4, 11... 27

55. Nassa uodifera, Povvis (= hirta?). Reeve, Icon., f. 23 28

56. Nassa crenulata, Reeve (= hirta). Icon., f. 2 b 28

57. Nassa Viiiensis, Hombr. et Jacq. (= hirta). Voy. Astr. et Zel., t.

21, f. 23 28

58. Nassa Stoliczkana, Nevill (= hirta). Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xxiv,

t. 1, f. 8 28

59. Nassa bifaria, Baird (= hirta). Voy. Curacea, t. 38, f. 1 28

Plate 9.

60. Nassa monile, Kiener. Reeve, Icon., f. 38 28

61. Nassa pauperata. Lam. (= monile). Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 5. 28

62. Nassa lachrymosa, Reeve (= monile). Icon., f. 52 28

63. Nassa Jacksoniana, Quoy (= monile, var.). Kiener, t. 19, f. 73.... 28

64. Nassa Jacksoniana, Quoy (= monile, var.). Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 29. 28

65. Nasga acuticostata, Montr. (= monile, var. Jacksoniana). Jour..de

Conch., 3 ser. iv, t. 10, f. 8 28

66. Nassa corticata, A. Ad. (= monile, var. Jacksoniana). Reeve,

Icon., f. 189 28

67. Nassa mucronata, A. Ad. (--: monile). Specimen 28

68. Nassa distorta, A. Ad. (= monile). Reeve, Icon., f. 32 b 28

69. Nassa scalaris, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 21 29

252 REFERENCE- TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

70. Nassa crenulata, Kiener (== scalaris) Bucc., t. 14, f. 49 29

71. Nassa seminodosa, A. Ad. (— papillaris). Reeve, Icon., f. 3 30

72. Nassa Siquijorensis, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 53 b 30

73. Nassa caelata, A. Ad. (= Siquijorensis). Reeve, Icon., f. 133 30

74. Nassa papillosa. Linn. Reeve, f. 12 30

?;">. Nassa crenellifera, A. Ad. (:=: scalaris). Reeve, f. 49 a 29

76. Nassa olivacea. Brug (= tsenia, Gmel). Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32,

f. 13 30

77. Nassa olivacea, Brug (= i aenia, Gmel.). Reeve, f. 19 30

78. Nassa fusca, Hombr. et Jacq. (= tsenia). Astr. et Zel., t, 21, f. 7 ... 30
7(.». Nassa mitralis, A. Ad (= tsenia). Reeve, Icon., f. 128 30

80. Nassa cinnamomea, A Ad. (— taenia). Reeve, f. 126 30

81. NassH badia, A. Ad. (= tsenia). Reeve, f. 124 30

82. Nassa elegans, Reeve (= ttenia). Icon., f. 10 30

83. Nassa canaliculata, Lam. Kiener, Bucc.. t. 23, f. 89 31

84. Nassa canaliculata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 18 a . 31

85. Nassa canaliculata, Lam. Marrat, New Forms, t. I, f. 12 31

86. Nassa laevis, Chemn. (= canaliculata). H. & A. Adams' Genera, t.

12, f. 7 31

Plate 10.

87. Nnssastolida, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 31 31

88 Nassa unicolorata, Kiener. Reeve, f. 17 al

89. Nassa unicolor, Hombr. et Jacq. (=-- unicolorata). Astr. et Zel., t.

21, f. 15 31

90. Nassa rutilans, Reeve (= unicolorata). Icon , f. 147 31

91. Nassa varicifera. A. Ad. Reeve, f. 118 b 31

92-94. Nassa Cuvieri, Payr. Kieuer, t. 20, f. 74-76 32

95. Nassa variabilis, Phil. (== Cuvieri). Reeve, Icon., f. 129 a 32

96. Nassa unifasciata, Kiener (= Cuvieri). Bucc., t. 14, f. 50 32

97. Na-sa Maderensis, Keeva (-=.= Cuvieri). Icon , f. 182 b 32

98. Nassa semiplicata. A. Ad. Reeve, f. 78 a 32

99 Nassa teretiuscula, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 104 b 32

100. Nassa exilis, Powis. Reeve, f. 101 a 32

101. Nassa moesta. Hinds (= exilis). Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f 18 32

102. Nassa Foi.Uinei, d'Orb. (= exilis). Voy. Am., t. 77, f. 5 32

103. Nasta casta, Gould. Wilkes' Exp., t. 19, f. 328 33

104. Nassa Isabellei, d'Orb. Voy. Aiuer., t. 61, f. 19 33

105. Nas-a complanata, Powis. Reeve, Icon., f. Ill b 33

106. Nassa Wilsoni, C. B. Ad. (~- compl-inata). Reeve, f. 158 b 33

107. Nassa gemma, Phil. ( -- complana'a). Abb'.ld. iii, Bucc., t. 1, f. 5.. 33

108. 109. Massa Capense, Dunker. Kilter, Bucc., t. 12, f. 14, 15

110. Nassa pulchella, A. Ad. (= Capense). Reeve, Icon., f. 90 a 33

111. Nassa foveolata, Dunker. Rveve, Icon., f. 83 b 34

112. Nassa planicostata, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 96 b 34

113. Nassa sparta, Marrat New Forms, t. 1, f. 22 34

114. Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t, 9, f. 17 34

115. Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 48 34

116. Nassa sertula, A. Ad. ( -- gaudio^a). Reeve, f. 89 34

117. Nassa semisulcata, Dunker (= gaudiosa). Novitates, t. 32, f. 6... 34

118. Nassa zonalis, A. Ad. (— gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 93 34

119. Nassa succincta, A. Ad. (•= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 80 b 34

120. Nassa Marratii, E. A. Smith (= gaudiosa). Zool. Proc., t. 50, f. 8,

1878..., 34

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 253

Plate 11.

FIGURE. PAGE.

121. Nassa punctata, A. Ad. (== gaudiosa). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 54.. 34

22. Nassa compta, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 106 a :',4

123. Nassa velata, Gould (= gaudiosa). Marrat, New Forms, f. 9 34

124. Nassa velata, Gould (= gaudiosaj. Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. 319, a.. 34
12"). Nassa elata, Gould. Bost. Jour., v, t. 24, f. 11 39

126. Nassa luctuosa, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 109.. 34

127. Nassa lemiginosa A. Ad. (.= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 15 34

128. Nassa lilacina, Gould (= gaudiosa). Wilkes' Exped., f. 336 34

129. Nassa coturnix, Dunker (= gaudiosa). Novit, Conch., t. 32, f. 8.. 34

130. Nassa sesarma, Marrat (= gaudiosa). New Forms, f. 14 34

131. Nassa pallidula, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 108 b 34

132. Nassa micans, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 140 34

133. Nassa picta, Dunker. Reeve, Icon., f. 9 36

134. Nassa filosa, Gray (= picta). Reeve, f. 35 b 35

135. Nassa graph itera, Beck (= picta). Hombr., Voy. Astrol. et Zel.,

t. 21, f. 29 35

136. Nassa Reeveana, Dkr. (= picta). Phil., Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 3. 35

137. Nassa dispar, A. Ad. (= picta). Reeve, f. 45 35

138. Nassa lurida, Gould (= picta). Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. 325 35

139. Nassa musica, Gould (= picbt). Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. 324 35

140. Nassa marmorea, A. Ad (— picta, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 7 35

141 Nassa algida, Reeve (=: picta, var.). Icon., f. 145 a 35

142. Nassa bicallosa, Smith (=:- picta, var.). Jour. Linn. Soc., xii,

t. 30, f. 1 35

[43. Nassa conspersa, Phil. Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1, f. 6 36

144. Nassa Pfeitferi, Phil (^conspersa). Ibid., t. 1, f. 7 23,36

145. Nassa Haldemani, Dunker. Ibid., t, 2. f, 4 36

146. Nassa Haldemani, Dunker. Specimen 36

147. Nassa insignis, H. Adams. Zool. Proc , t. 38, f. 8, 1866 37

148. 149. Nassa fasciolata, Lam. (--cornicula). Kiener, Bucc, t. 17.

f. 01, 62 37

150. Nassa semistriata, Brocc. (= cornicula). Conch. Foss., t. 15,

f. 15 b 37

Plate 12.

151. Nassa Calmeilii, Payr. (= cornicula). Moll. Corse., t. 8, f. 7 37

152. Nasisa Gallandianum, Fischer (= cornicula). Jour, de Conch., xi,

t 2, f. 6 37

153. Nassa Tinei. Marav. (= cornicula). Guerin's Mag., t. 24, 1840... 37

154. Nassa insculpta. Carp. Specimen. 38

Uo. Nassa anthracina, Garrett. Proc., Philad. Acad., t. 3, f. 57, 1873. 38

l">ti. Nassa glabrata, A. Ad. Reeve. Icon, f. 157 38

157. Nassa Pupinoides, Heeve (= glabrata). Icon., f. 162 38

158. Nassa maculata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 103 38

159. Nassa vittata, A. Ad. (~ maculata). Reeve, f. 160 a 38

160. Nassa serotina, A. Ad, Reeve, Icon. f. 107 39

161. Nassa labiata, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 159 39

162. Nassa Terebroides, Reeve (-- : labiata). Icon., f. 161. ..« 39

163. Nassa luteostoma, Kiener. Voy. Bouite, t. 41, f. 5 39

164. Nassa luteostoma, B. and S. Reeve, Icon., f 63 39

165. Nassa xanihostoma, Gray (= luteostoma). Zool. Beechey's Voy.,

t, 36, f. 3 39

166. Nassa tegula, Reeve. Icon., f. 98 39

167. Nassa glauca, C. B. Ad. (—tegula). Reeve, Icon., f. 139 a 39

254 REFERENCE TO PLATES'

FIGURE.

168. Nassa annellifera, Reeve. Icon., f. 168

169. Nassa Sanctse Helense, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 1886 ,

170. Nassa obtusata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 135

171. Nassa fissilabris, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 138

172. Nassa nodicostata, A. Ad. (= fissilabris). Reeve, t. 97 b

173. Nassa albipunctata, Reeve (= fissilabris. Icon., f. 144 40

174. Nassa tiarula, Kiener. Icon. Bucc.. t. 30, f. 4

175. Nassa tiarula, Kiener. Reeve, Icon., f. 92 a 41

176 Nassa coronula, A. Ad. (= tiarula). Reeve, f. 99 a 41

177- Nassa delicata, A. Ad. (= tiarula). Reeve, f. 180 b

178. Nassa trinodosa, Smith (= tiarula). Jour. Linn. Soc , xii, t. 30, f.2. 41

179. Nassa crenolirata, A. Ad. (— fissilabris). Reeve, Icon., f. 165 40

Plate 13.

180. Nassa cinctella, Old. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 327 41

181. Nassa cinctella, A. Ad. (= cinctella, Gld.). Reeve, Icon., f. 176... 41

182. Nassa clathratula, A. Ad. (= cinctella). Reeve, f. 125 a 41

183. Nassa nigra, Hombr. et Ja^q. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., t, 21, f. 18

184. Nassa lirata, Marrat (== nigra). Specimen 41

185. Nassa De^hayesiana, Issel (= nigra). Conch. Pers., t. 1, f. 2 41

186. Nassa scalarina, Marrat (= nigra). New Forms, f. 27 41

187. Nassa Novae-Zelandiae, Reeve (== nigra, var.). Icon., f. 186 a 41

188. Nassa crassa, Koch. Phillippi, Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1, f. 4 42

189. Nassa crassa, Koch. Reeve, Icon., f. 67 42

190. Nassa semisulcata, H. & J. (= crassa). Voy. Astr. et Zel., t.

21, f. 30 42

191. Nassa miga, Brug. Kiener, Bucc., t. 22, f. 87 42

192. Nassa miga, Brug. Reeve. Icon., f. 86 42

193. Nassa obliqueplicata, Dunker (= miga). Phil., Abbild iii, Bucc.,

t. 1, f. 13 42

194. Nassa Antillarum, d'Orb. (= ambigua). Moll. Cuba., t. 23, f. 1... 42

195. Nassa Candei, d'Orb (= ambigua). Ibid., t. 23, f. 4 42

196. Nassa Hotessieri, d Orb. (= ambigua). Ibid., t. 21, f. 41 42

197. Nassa acuta, Say. (= ambigua). Am. Conch., t. 57, f. 3 42

198. Nassa vibex*, Say. Am. Conch., t. 57, f. 2 42

199. Nassa Antillarum, Phil. (= vibex). Abbild. iii, Bucc., t 1, f. 2 ... 42

200. 201. Nassa Antillarum, Phil. (= vibex). Reeve, f. 77, 115 42

202. Nassa Sturmii, Phil. (= vibex) Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1, f, 1 42

203. Nassa fida, Reeve (= vibex). Icon., f. 88 42

204. Nassa tessellata, Reeve (= vibex). Conch. Icon., f. 167 b 42

205. Nassa cinisculus, Reeve (= vibex). Icon., f. 146 b 42

206. Nassa Fretensis, Perkins (= vibex). Bost., Proc., xiii, 117 42

207. Nassa polygonata. Lam. Kiener, t, 29, f. 119 42

208 Nassa subspinosa, Lam. Kiener, t. 2ti, f. 103 43

209. Nassa vibex, Reeve ( = subspinosa) Icon., f. 81 43

210. Nassa geniculata, A. Ad. (= subspinosa). Reeve, Icon., f. 171 43

211. Nassa sistroidea, Nevill (= subspinosa). Jour. As. Soc. Bengal.

xliii, t, 1, f. 6 43

212. Nassa scalpta, Marrat (— subspinosa). New Forms, f. 30 .'. 43

213. Nassa ambigua, Mont. Reeve, Icon., f. 187 a 42

Plate 14.

214. Nassa muricata, Quoy. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. 73, b 44

215. Nassa muricata, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 32 44

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 255

FIGURE. PAGE.

216. Nassa horrida, Dunker ( -muricata). Philippi, Abbild , iii, Bucc.,

t. 2, f. 8 .- 44

'-'I7. Nassa Gruneri, Reeve (= murieata). Icon., f. 75 44

218. Nassa curta, Gould (= murioita). Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. 326 II

I'll). Nassa Gruneri, Dunker. Philippi, Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 2 44

220. Nnssa hispida, A. Ad. i - Gruneri). lleeve, Icon., f. 37, b 44

221. Nassa Webb i, Petit (= Gruneri). Jour de Conch., i, t. 13, f. 8.. 44

222. Nassa acinosa, Gld. (= Grurferi). Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. ;]29 11

223. Nassa echinata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon , f. 131 44

224. Nassa nodulifera, Phil. (.= echinata). Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1, f. 3.. 44
22"). Nassa ornata. K'ener (---_- stolata, Gniel.). Iconog. Bucc., t. 21, f. 83. 45

220. Nassa pagoda, Reeve. Conch. Icon., Triton, f. 97 45

227. Nassa decussata, Kiener (= pagoda). Iconog., Bucc., t. 30, f. 3... 45

22^. Nassa angulifera, A. Ad. (= pagoda). RtM-ve, Icon., f. 34 45

22'.». Nassa Tritoniformis. Kiener. Iconog.. Bucc , t. 30, f. 2 45

2->0. Nassa fuscata, A. Ad. (= Tritoniformis). Reeve, Icon., f. 127 b.. 45

231. Nassa myristica, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f. 10 45

232. Nassa rufolineata, Marr. (.-- myristica, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 123. 45
'>;>>. Nassa scabriuscula, Powis. Reeve, Icon., f. 174, b 46

J34. Nassa collaria, Gould ( — scibriuscula), Reeve, Icon., f. 169 a 46

Nassa Stirapsoniana, C. B. Ad. (— scabriuscula). Reeve, Icon.,

f. 143, a 46

2:!6. Nassa nodata, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f 15 46

237. Nassa f .sciata, Lam. Hombr. et Jacq .Voy. Astrol., t. 21, f. 35.... 46

248. Nassa fasciata, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrol.. t. 32, f. 18 46

219. Nas<a festiva. Powis. Reeve, Icon., t' 117 46

240. Nassa lirata, Dunker (— festiva). Moll. Japon., t. 1, f. 22. 46

241. Nassa dealbata, A. Ad. (= festiva). Reeve, Icon., f. 105 46

242. Nassa acutidentata, E. A. Smith (= festiva). Zool. Proc., t. 20, f.

46, 1879 46

243. Nassa dentifera. Powis. Reeve, Icon., f. 130 46

244. Nassa unideniata, Powis (.— dentifera). Kiister, Bucc., t. 6, f. 5.. 46

245. Nassa Tschudii, Troschel ( — dentifera). Archiv Naturg. , t. 5. f.

4 a, 1852 45

Plate 15.

246. Nassa paupera, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 330 47

247. Nassa microstoma. Pse. (— paupera). Specimen 47

248. Nassa balteata Pse. (-— pan pern). Am. Jour. Conch., v, t. 8, f. 5.. 47

249. Nassa fraterculus. Dkr. (= paupera?). Moll. Japon, t. 1, f. 15.. 47

250. Nas.*a luteola, Smith (== paupera). Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 47, 1879. 47

251. Nas^a tringa, Souv. Jour, de Conch , 3d ser., iv, t. 10, f. 7 47

252. Nassa compncta, Angas (= tringa). Specimen 47

2.V!. Xassa Rissoides, Marr. New Forms, t. 1, f. 25 48

254 Nassa denticulata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 55 47

255. Na<si abyssicola, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 175 a 47

256. Nassa concinna, Powrs. Reeve, Icon., f. 91 48

257. Nassa eximia, II. Adams. Zool. Proc.. t a, f. 28, 1872 48

258. Nassa crebrilinenta, Hombr. et Jacq. (— concinna). Voy. Astr. et

Zel , t. 21, f. 33 48

259. Nassa pulcherrima, Marr. (= concinna). New Forms, f. 15 48

260. Nassa concinna, Reeve (= concentrica, Marr.). Icon., f. 82 48

261. Nassa interlirata, Smith. Linn, Trans., xii, t. 30, f. 5 48

262. Nassa nucleolus, Phil. Reeve, Icon., f. 178, b 49

263. 264. Nassa incrassata, Strom. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 11,

f. 1 ; t. 108, f. 2 49

256 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGB.

265. Nassa incrassata, var. pygmtei. Ibid., t. 108, f . 5 49

266. Nassa incrassata, Reeve. Icon. , f . 114 49

267. Nassa rosacea, Reeve. Icon., f. 183 49

268. Nassa delicata, Rve. (— teriella). Icon , f. 163 50

269. Na«sa Deshayesii, Drouet. Moll. Azores, f. 4 50

270. Nassa versicolor, C. B. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 110 50

271. Nassa striata, C. B. Ad (— versicolor). Reeve, Icon., f. 177 50

272. Nassa rufocincta, A. Ad (= versicolor). Reeve, Icon., f. 112 50

273. Nassa argentea, Marr. (? = tenella). New Forms, t. 1, f. 21 50

274. Nassa sinusigera, A Ad. Reeve, Icon., t'. 113 h 51

275. Nassa Lecadrei. Folin (= versicolor). Meleagrin, t. 6. t. 14 50

276. Nassa cernica, Nevills (—sinusigera, var.). Jour. As. Soc. Beng.,

t. 1, f. 7, 1874 51

277. Nassa fraudulenta, Marr. (? = sinusigera). New Forms, f. 24 51

278. Nassa cribraria, Marr. (? = sinusigera). New Forms, f. 20 51

Plate 16.

279. Nassa albescens, Dunker. Reeve, Icon , f. 100 51

280. Nassa bicolor, Hombr. (= albescens). Voy. Astr. et Zel., t. 21,

f. 41 51

281. Nassa Isabellei, Rve. (= Kieneri) Icon., f. 47 51

2b2. Nassa Keenii, Marr. (— albescens). Specimen 51

283. Nassa geoimulifera, A. Ad. (= albescens). Reeve, Icon., f. 130 a. 51

284. Nassa splendidula, Dunker. Phil , Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 16... 5£f

285. Nassa semigranosa, Dunker (= splendidula). Ibid., t. 1 f. 9 a.... 52

286. Nassa ravida, A. Ad (= splendidula). Reeve, Icon., f. 68 52

287. Nassa densigranata, Reeve (— splendidula). Icon., f. 181 52

288. Nassa pauperata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 27 52

289. Nassa lyrella, Beck (= pauperata). Reeve, Icon., f. 95 52

290. Nassa multigranosa, Dkr. (= pauperata). Phil., Abbild. iii, Bucc.,

t. 2, f. 13 52

291. Nassa caperata, Phil. (= pauperata). Ibid , f. 18 52

292 Nassa sordida, Reeve. Icon., f. 96 52

293. Nassa candens, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f., 39 b 53

294. Nassa candens, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f. 7 63

295. Nassa cremata, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f, 8 53

296. Nassa Quoyii, Hombr. et Jacq. (== cremata). Voy. Astr. et Zel.,

t. 21, f. 20 53

297. Nassa fragum, Hombr. et Jacq. (= cremata). Voy Astr. et Zel.,

t. 21, f. 39 ..1 53

298. Nassa margaritifera, Dunker (= cremata, var.). Phil., Abbild. iii,

Bucc., t. I, f. 12 53

299. Nassa venusta, Dunker (= cremata, var. margaritifera). Ibid.,

t. 2, f. 1 53

300. Nassa costellifera, A. Ad. (= cremata, var. margaritifera). Reeve,

Icon., f. 58 b 53

301. Nassa marginulata, Reeve (= Kieneri, Desh.). Icon., f. 51 a...... 53

302. Nassa margaritifera. Reeve (= Kieneri, Desh.). Icon , f. 59....... 53

303. Nassa Isabellei, Reeve (= Kieneri, Desh.). Icon., f. 47. See fig.

281 : ;. f. 53

304. Nassa livescens. Phil. Lischke, Jap. Meeres' Conch. Suppl.,

t. 4, f.,2 .:.... 54

305. Nassa pusio, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 172 a 54

306. Nassa multicostata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 136 a 54

307. Nas>sa verrucosa, A, Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 36 54

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 257

FIGURE. PAGE.

308. Nassa stigmaria, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 42 b 54

309. Nassa cremata, Reeve ( stigmaria). Icon., Nassa, f. 26 b 54

310. Nassa retecosa, A. Ad. (— stigmaria). Icon., f. 28-b 54

Plate 17.

oil. Nassa Cumingii, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. 30 a 55

312. Nassa gemmulata, Lam. Reeve, f. 29 55

313. Nassa clathrata, Lam. ( = gemmulata). Encyc. Meth., t. 394, f. 5 b. 55

314. Nassa variegata, A. Ad. (~ gemmulata). lleeve, Icon., f. 70 55

315. Nassa conoidalis, Desh, (— gemmulata). Voy. Belanger, t. 3, f. 7. 55
310. Nassa fossata, Gld. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 321 a 55

317. Nassa elegans, Reeve (= fossata, Gld.). Conch. Syst., ii, t. 268, f. 3. 55

318. Nassa Morleti, Crosse (== foasata). Jour, de Conch., xvi, t. 6, f. 3. 55

319. Nassa perpinguis, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f. 12 56

320. Nassa mendica, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 331 50

321. Nassa Woodward!, Forbes (= mendica). Zool. Proc., t. 11, f. 3,

1850 56

322. Nassa Cooperi, Forbes (= mendica). Zool. Proc., t. 11, f. 4, 1850. 50

323. Nassa Cooperi, Forbes (= mendica). Marrat, New Forms, f. 13... 56

324. Nassa Gayi, Kiener. Reeve, Icon., f. 87 b 56

325. Nassa rubricata, Gould (== Gayi). Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 332... 56
32(5. Nassa nivea, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 122 a 57

327. Nassa signata, Dunker. Philippi, Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 2, f. 17 57

328. Nassa regularis, Kiister (= signata). Conch. Cab., Bucc., 1. 12, f. 24. 57

329. Nassa turbinea, Gould. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., v, t. 24, f. 10 57

330. Nassa Roissyi, Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, t. 3, f. 3 57

331. Nassa Munieriana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3 ser. iv, t. 13, f. 6... 57

332. Nassa dominula, Tapparone-Canefri (= Roissyi). Voy. Magenta,

t. 1, f. 17 a 57

888. Nassa pumilio, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 75, f. 11, 1871 57

334. Nassa Kochiana, Dunker. Kiister, Bucc., t. 12, f. 12 58

3: '.">. Nassa plicatella, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 56 b 58

3,;r>. Nassa clathrata, Born. Museum, t. 19, f. 17 58

3:17. Nassa prismatica, Brocchi (= clathrata). Conch, foss., ii, t. 5, f. 7. 58

335. Nassa turrita, A. Ad. (= clathrata). Marrat, New Forms, t. 1, f. 17. 58

339. Nassa scalariformis, Val. (= clathrata). Kiener, Iconog., t.

21, f. 80 t 58

Plate 18.

340. Nassa nitida, Jeffreys (= reticulata), Brit. Conch., v, t. 87, f. 4... 58

341. Nassa reticulata, Linn. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 11, f. 3... 58
H42. Nassa reticulata, Linn. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 198, f. 2.. 58
343-345. Nassa cancellata, Chemn. ( reticulata). Meyer & Mobius,

Kielerbucht, ii, t. 42, f. 3, 8, 13 58

346. Nassa trivittata. Say. Binney's Edit, of Gould, f. 632 60

347. Nassa obsoleta, Say. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 79 60

348. Nassa oliviforme, Kiener (= obsoleta). Iconog , t. 25, f. 99 60

349. Nassa obsoleta, ova-capsules. Am. Jour. Conch., t. 9, f. 12 60

350. Nassa Melanoides, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 150 b 61

351. Nassa nigella, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 173 a 61

352. Nassa nucea, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, t. 8, f. 7 61

353-354. Neritula neritea, Linn. Reeve, Nassa, f. 153 64

355-356. Neritula Italica, Issei ( neritea). Bull. Mai. Ital., ii, t. 4, f. 47. 6 I

357-358. Neritula Kamieschi, Chenu. Manuel, i, f. 792, 7(.»3 65

33

258 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

359. Neritula neritea, Linn. Reeve, Adams' Genera, t. 12, f. 8 61

360. Neritula pellucida, Risso. Reeve, Nassa, f. 151 65

361. Desmoulea abbreviate, Gmelin. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. 194 65

362. Desmoulea pinguis, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. 193 a 65

363. Desmoulea pinguis, operculum. H. & A. Adams' Genera, t. 12,

f. 6, a fir.

364. Desmoulea ponderosa, Reeve (— pinguis). Icon., Nassa, f. 196.... 65

365. Desmoulea retusa, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., Bucc., t. 24, f. 94 66

366. Desmoulea retusa. Reeve Icon., Nassa,. f. 195 b 6(5

367. Desmoulea Tryoni, Crosse (== retusa). Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 3,

1871 KG

368. Desmoulea Japoni.ca, A. Ad. Reeve, Nassa, f. 192 66

369. Desmoulea pyramidalis, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 191 b 66

370. Desmoulea ringens, A. Ad. Reeve, Nassa, f. 190 66

371. Nassa peritremia, T, Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iv, t:

4, f. 5 48

372. Nassa Coppingeri, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 7, 1881 56

373. Nassa tseniolata, Phil. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 8, 1881 57

Plate 19.

1. Turbinella py rum, Linn (Junior). Kiener, Iconog., t. 7 68

2. Turbinella pyrum, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 15 68

3. Turbinella napus, Lam. (= pyrum). Kiener, Iconog., t. 6 68

4. Turbinella ovoidea, Kiener. Reeve, loon., f. 23 70

5. Turbinella rapa, Gmel. (= pyrum). Kiener, t. 5 68

6. 7. Turbinella napus, Lam. (= pyrum). Monstr., Ann. Soc. Mai.,

Belg., x, t. 2, f. 4, 5 68

25. Vasum mitis, Lam. (= capitellum, L.). Kiener, t. 12, f. 2 73

Plate 20.

8. Turbinella scolymus, Gmel. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2 70

9. Turbinella fusus, Sowb. Reeve, Icon , f. 54 71

10. Vasum armatum, Brod. (= Ceramicum, Linn.). Reeve, Turbinella,

f. 29 72

11. Vasum muricatum, Born. Reeve, Icon., f. 35, a 71

12. Vasum coestus, Brod. (= muricatum). Reeve, Turbinella, f. 34 a... 71

Plate 21.

13. Vasum Rhinoceros, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 33 71

14. Vasum Cassidiforme, Val. (= Rhinoceros). Reeve, f. 32 71

15. Vasum vexillulum, Reeve (=•- Ceramicum). Reeve, f. 31 72

16. Vasum variolaria, Lam. (= turbinellum, juv.). Kiener, t. 21, f. 1.. 72

17. Vasum globulus, Lam. Reeve, Turbinella, f. 11: 78

18. Vasum Ceramicum, Linn. Reeve, f. 46 72

19. Vasum Crosseana, Souv. (== muricatum). Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f.

1, 1876 71

20-22. Vasum cornigerum, Lam. (= turbinellum). Kiener, t. 1 72

23. Vasum imperiale, Reeve. Icon., Turbinella, f. 28 72

24. Vasum capitellum, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 30 73

Plate 22.

1, 2, Cymba proboscidale, Lam. Sowb., Thesaurus, i, t. 80, f. 22, 27. 79
3, 4. Cymba porcinum, Lam. (— proboscidale). Sowb., Thes., i, t. 79,

f. 5; t. 80, f. 20 79

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 2 .V.I

KKil'KK. 1'AQK.

6. Cyniba rubiginosum, Swn. Sowb., Thes., t. 80, f. 19 79

7. Cymba cymbium, Sowb. ( cisium, Lam.). Thes., t. 80, f. 21 79

5, 8. Cymba gracile, Brod. ( cisium, Lam.). Thes., t. 79, f. 15; t.

80, f. 24 79

'.». Cymba Neptuni, Gmel. Thes., t. 79, f. 14 80

10. Cymba Tritonis, Brod. ( Neptuni). Thes., t. 79, f. 8 80

11. Cymba patula, Brod, ( Neptuni). Sowb., Thess., t. 79, f. 7 SO

ll'. Cymba navicula, Gmel. (- Neptuni). Reeve, Cymba, t. 24, f. 15... 80

13. Cymbia olla, Linn. Sowb., Thes , t. 79, f. 4 ". 80

Plate 23.

14. Melo Indica, Gmel. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 81, f. 1 80

15. 10. Melo tessellata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 81, f. 8, 7 80

17. Melo .Kthiopica, Linn. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 262, f. 33 81

18. Melo regia, Sch. & Wagn. (= .Ethiopica, var.). Thes., t. 262, f. 31. 81

19. Melo nautica, Linn. (= .Ethiopica, var.). Sowr., Thes., i, t. 82,

f. 11 81

20. 21. Melo Broderipii, Gray (= .Ethiopica, var.). Sowb., t. 83, f,

26, 27 81

22, 23. Melo diadema, Lam. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 82. f. 16, 17 81

•J I. 25. Melo armata, Lam. (= diadema). Sowb., Thes., t. 83, f. 21, 22. 81.

26. Melo umbilicata, Brod. (= diadema, var.). Sowb., t. 83, f. 30 81

27. Melo mucronata, Brod. (= diadema, var. ducalis).. Sowb., t. 83,

f. 23 81

28. Melo Miltonis, Gray (= diadema, var.). Sowb., t. 83, f. 25 81

Plate 24.

29. 30. Voluta musica, Linn. Sowb., Thesaurus, i, t. 49, f. 41, 40 83

8.1. Voluta thiarella, Lam. (: musica). Sowb., Thes., t. 49, f, 39 83

32. Voluta Guinaica, Lam. (— musica). Sowb., Thes., t. 49, f. 38 83

33. Voluta sulcata, Lam. (— musica). Sowb., Thes., t. 53, f. 87 83

34. Voluta polypleura, Crosse (r= musica, var.). Jour, de Conch., t. 5,

f. 6, 1876 83

35. Voluta virescens, Solander. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 52, f. 78 84

06. Voluta pusio, Swains. (— virescens). Thes., t. 55, f. 119 84

37. Voluta Hebrrca, Lam. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 54, f. 96 84

38. Voluta musica, Linn (animal). Fischer, Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 1,

1879 83

39. Voluta Indica, Sowb. (.-.- interpuncta, Mart.). Sowb., t. 51, f. 68... 84

40. Voluta turbinata, Kiener (= Hebrsoa, var.). Iconog., t. 26, f. 2.... 84

41. Voluta Hamillei, Crosse (= fupestris, Gmel.). Jour, de Conch., t.

1, f. 5, 1870 85

42. Voluta fulminata, Lam. (= rupestris). Sowb., Thes., t. 50, f. 51... 85

Plate 25.

43. 44. Voluta vespertilio, Linn. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 47, f. 15, 21......... 86

45. Voluta vespertilio, reversed. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 51, f. 67 86

46. Voluta pellis-serpentis, Lam. (— vespertilio). Sowb., t. 47, f. 20... 86

47. Voluta serpentina, Lam. (-. vespertilio). Sowb., t. 47, f. 23 SO

48. Voluta vespertilio, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 44, f. 8 86

4<.t. Voluta mitis, Lam. (= vespertilio). Sowb., t, 47, f, 18

50. Voluta pulchra, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 54 a 86

260 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

51. Voluta Wisemani, Brazier (= pulchra). Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 1,

1871 86

52. Voluta lineolata, Kiister (= vespertilio). Conch. Cab., t. 38, f. 6...

53. Voluta nivosa, Lara. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 51, f. 64 !

54. Voluta innexa, Reeve (= rutila). Sowb., Thes.. iii, t. 261, f. 137... 87

55. Voluta Norrisii, Gray. Sowb., Thes., i, t, 51, f. 65 86

56. Voluta rutila, Brod. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 46, f. 6 87

57. Voluta Sophi ee, Gray. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 261, f. 132 87

58. Voluta luteostoma, Desh. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 61, f. 59

59. Voluta maculata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 53, f. 86 93

Plate 26.

60. Voluta piperita, Sowb. Thes., i, t. 51, f. 62 87

61. 62. Voluta aulica, Sol. Sowb., t, 46, f. 10, 11 87

63. Voluta Deshayesii, Reeve. Sowb., iii, t. 261, f. 134

64. Voluta Rossiniana, Bernardi. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 261, f. 135 :

65. Voluta imperials, Lam. Sowb., i, t. 54, f. 102 88

66. Voluta Bednalli, Brazier. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 1, 1880 89

67. Voluta Junonia, Chemn. Sowb., i, t. 49, f. 44 90

68. Voluta scapha, Gmel. Sowb., i, t. 48, f. 35 89

69. Voluta Kaupi, Dunker. Novit, Conch., t. 22, f. 1 90

70. Voluta magnifica, Lam. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 54, f. 103 89

71. Voluta volvacea, Lam. (= flavicans, Gmel.). Sowb., t. 46, f. 3 91

72. Voluta exoptanda, Sowb. Thes. Conch., iii, t. 261, f. 136 91

73. Voluta Australia, Cox. Zool. Proc., t. 52, f. 1, 1871 91

74. Voluta Maria-Emma, Gray (= Grayae, Crosse). Sowb., Thes., iii,

t. 261, f. 133 91

Plate 27.

75. Voluta Riickeri, Crosse (= piperita, var.). Jour de Conch., t. 1, f. 1,

1868 87

76. Voluta Macgillivrayi, Cox (— piperita, var.). Zool. Proc., t. 48, f.

9, 1873 87

77. Voluta dubia, Brod. Jahrbuch Mai. Gesell., vi, t. 4, f. 1 90

78. Voluta Ceraunia, Crosse (= piperita, var.). Jour, de Conch., t. 4,

f. 1, 1880 87

79. Voluta Cathcartitc, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t. 33, f. 6, 1856 88

80. Voluta punctata, Swains. Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 2, 1871.... 89

81. Voluta dubia, Brod. (juv.). Sowb., Thes. Conch , i, t. 55, f. 115.... 90

82. Voluta Hargreavesi, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 42, f. 13, 1872 89

83. Voluta Sclateri, Cox. Zool. Proc., t. ,26, f. 3, 1869 92

84. Voluta Tissotiana, Crosse (= flavicans). Jour, de Conch., t. 6, f. 1,

1867 91

85. Voluta Turneri, Gray. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 260, f. 129 92

86. Voluta Kingi, Cox. Zool. Proc., t. 34, f. 4, 1871 92

Plate 28.

87. Voluta Angasi, Sowb. (= undulata, Lam.). Thes. Conch., i,

t. 48, f. 29 92

88. Voluta undulata, Lam. Sowb., i, t. 48, f. 28 92

89. Voluta marmorata, Swn. Sowb., i, t. 46, f. 8 92

90. Voluta pallida, Gray (= volva, Gmel.). Sowb., i, t. 53, f. 91 93

91. Voluta zebra, Leach. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 53, f. 83 93

REFERENCE TO PLATES. *2(\\

FIGURE. VAGUS.

92. Voluta Loroisi, Val. Sowb., Thes., iii.t, 201, f. 188 9:1

!»:!. Voliit.'iprtllida., Gray, var. ( reticulata. Kve.). Sowb., i, t. 68, f. 94. 94

'.14. Voluia puotextn, Reeve. Conch. Iron., f. 29 b 94

95. Voluta Ilarfordi, ("ox ( canaliculata, McCoy). Zool. Proc., t. 20,

f. "2, 1809 93

9ii. Voluta reticulata, Sowb. ( pnutexta). Thes., i, t 49, f. 47 94

97. Voluta Pacifica, Soland. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 48, f. 20 94

9S. Voluta fusus, Quoy ( Pacifica, juv.). Voy. Astrol., t. 44, f. 8.... 91

99. Voluta gracilis, Swn. ( Pacifica). Thes. Conch., i, t. 55, f. 117.. 91

100. Voluta Americana, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t. 33, f. 2, 1850 94

101. Voluta Cleryana, Petit ( Americana). Jour, de Conch., 2 ser, i,

t. 0, f. 4 91

102. Voluta megaspira, Sowb. Thes., i, t. 48, f. :{•_> 95

103. Voluta fusiformis, Swains. Sowb., t. 54, f. 100 95

104. 10"). Voluta fulgetrum, Sowb. Thes., i. t, 48, f. 33, 34 95

100. Voluta papillosa, Swn. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 48, f. 30 95

Plate 29.

107. Voluta ancilla, Sowb. ( Magellanica, Lam.). Thes., i. t. 54, f. 101. 91

108. Voluta subnodosa, Leach ( Magellanica). Thes., t. 47, f. 24 97

109. Voluta Beckii, Brod. Sowb., i, t. 54, f. 104... 97

110. Voluta Magellanica, Sowb. ( ancilla). Thes., t. 54, f. 99 97

111. Voluta rudis, Gray ( Brasiliana). Thes., t. 40, f. 7. No color. 98

112. Voluta angulata, Swains. Sowb., t. 47, f. 13 98

113. Voluta Brasiliana, Soland. Orb., Voy. Am., t. 60, f. 4 9S

114. AToluta concinna, Brod. Sowb., t. 51, f. 00 99

115. Volut i Brasiliana, Sol. Sowb., Thes., i. t, 54, f. 98 98

110. Voluta bullata, Swains. Sowb., t, 53, f. 88 100

117. Voluta Brazieri, Cox. Zool. Proc.. t. 48, f. 8, 1873 100

118. Voluta cymbiola, Sowb., Thes , t. 52, f. 75 9'.)

119. Voluta corona, Chemn. (-.-.- cymbiola). Sowb., t. 55, f. 120 99

120. Voluta abyssicola, Ad. & Rve. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 200, f. 124 100

121. Voluta angulata, Swains. Orb., Voy. Am., t, 00, f. 2 98

122. Voluta mamilla, Gray. Sowb., i, t. 50, f. 57 101

Plate 30.

123. Voluta Kllioti, Sowb. ( Turneri, Gray). Thes., iii, t, 200, f. 127. 92

124. Voluta Kreuslcnu Angas. Zool. Proc., l. 2, f. 3, 1805 94

12"). Voluta festiva, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 28, c 95

12U. Voluta Thatcberi, McCoy. Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 1, 1873 90

127. Voluta Africana, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t, 33, f. 3, 1856 95

128. Voluta RoadnighUu, McCoy. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., t. 7, f. 2, 1881. 96

129. Voluta coniformis, Cox. Jour, de Conch., t. 4, f. 1, 1871 100

130. Voluta Stearnsii, Dall. Calif. Proc., iv, t. 1, f. 1 97

131. Voluta Ferussaci, Don. ( Brasiliana). Reeve, Icon., f. 23 98

132. Voluta Prevostiana, Crosse (= megaspira, var.). Jour, de Conch.,

t. 1, f. 1, 1879 95

Plate 31.

133. Lyria deliciosa, Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser.,iv, t. 2, f. 7. 102

134. 135. Lyria deliciosa, Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 3, 4, 1867. a, foot;

b, siphon, cut open; c, mantle; d, c, branchiae ; g, rectum: /,-,
appendages of the siphon ; Z, prerectal glands ; m, penis ; n, ten-
tacles ; o, lateral appendages of the neck ; p, visceral sac 102

262 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

136. Lyria nucleus, Lam. Reeve, Icon. Voluta, f. 41, b 102

137. Lyria Beaui, Fischer & Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., 2 ser. i, t. 9,

f. 1 102

138. Lyria cassidula, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 260, f. 130 103

139. Lyria pusilla, Schrenck. Amur Landes Moll., t, 17, f. 15 103

140. Lyria Delessertiana, Petit. Sowb., i, t, 52, f. 74 103

141. Lyria Lyraeformis, Swn. Sowb., i, t. 49, f. 45 103

142.' Lyria costata, Swains. Sowb., t. 52, f. 71 103

143. Lyria Mitrreformis, Lam. Sowb., t. 52, f. 82 103

144. Lyria Archeri, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 2, f. 5, 1865 104

145. Lyria harpa, Barnes. Sowb., i, t. 55, f. 114 104

146. Lyria Cumingii, Brod. Sowb., t, 55, f. 105 104

147. Lyria Cylleniformis, Sowb. (= Cumingii). Thes., t. 55, f. 113 104

148. Lyria Guildingii, Sowb. Thes., t. 55, f. 110 105

149. Lyria guttata, Reeve. Icon., f. 56 105

150. Lyria Columbella, Sowb. Thes., iii, t. 260, f. 123 105

151. 152. Microvoluta Australis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 5, f. 2, 1877 105

153. Voluta vexillum, Lam. Sowb., Thes., t. 50, f. 54 85

Plate 32.

1. Mitra episcopalis, Linn. Kiener. Mitra, t. 1, f. 1 Ill

2. Mitra papalis, Linn. Sowb., Thesaurus, f. 6 Ill

3. Mitra pontificalia, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 1 Ill

4. Mitra cardinalis, Gmel. Sowb., Thes., f. 32 Ill

5. Mitra Lamarckii, Desh. Sowb., Thes., f. 58 112

6. Mitra versicolor, Martyn. Sowb., Thes., f. 44 '... 112

7. Mitra versicolor, Martyn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, f. 18 112

8. Mitra nebulosa, Swains. (— versicolor). Reeve, Icon., f. 3 112

Plate 33.

9. Mitra variegata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. Ill 113

10. Mitra variegata, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 162 .....* 113

11. Mitra propinqua, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 59 112

12. Mitra nympha, Reeve (= variegata). Icon., f. 249.... 113

13. Mitra lacunosa, Reeve (= variegata). Conch. Icon., f. 65 113

14. Mitra Rossiae, Reeve (= variegata). Sowb., Thes., f. 113 113

15. Mitra sanguinolenta, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 14, f. 45 113

16. Mitra eximia, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 266 113

17. Mitra lacunosa, Sowb. (= eximia). Thes. Conch., f. 171 113

18. Mitra crcrulea, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 232 114

19. Mitra Mauritiana, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 610 114

20. Mitra incisa, Ads. & Reeve. Thes. Conch., f. 292 114

21. Mitra Marias, A. Ad. (= incisa). Smith, Zool. Proc., t. 50, f. 14,

1878 114

22. Mitra serpentina, Lam. Sowbi", Thes., f. 73 114

23. Mitra Marquesana, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 575 114

24. Mitra Bovei, Kieuer. Sowb., Thes., f. 60 115

25. Mitra puncticulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 9 115

26. Mitra Sophias, Crosse. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 546 115

27. Mitra cratitia, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 545 115

28. Mitra dactyloidea, Anton (= Olivaaformis). Kuster, t. 14, f. 2 131

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 203

Plate 34.

KM JUKE. PAOK.

29. Mitra floccata, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 180 115

:!(). Mitra chalybeia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 50 11(5

31. Mitra guttata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 166 110

:'.'J. Mitra Ferguson!, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 70 llfi

•".8. Mitra limata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 312 lir,

34. Mitra Desetangsii, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., f. 18:5 117

3-~>. Mitra florida, Gould. From type specimen llfi

30. Mitra cancellata, Kiener. Iconog., t. SO, f. 98 117

37. Mitra Hamillei, Petit. Jour, de Conch., ii, t. 7, f. 0, 1851 117

88. Mitra Senegalensis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 347 117

39. Mitra declivis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 272 US

40. Mitra inquinata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 20 US

11. Miira declivis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. z72 US

42. Mitra glabra, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 54 117

43. Mitra fulgurita, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 03 118

§ Mitra Wrightii, Crosse (= inquinata). Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 1,

1878 118
i

Plate 35.

. Mitra striatula, Lam. (= Barbadensis, Gmel.). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 07, 374 118

47. Mitra variabilis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 184 119

4S. Mitra tessellata, Kiener (= Barbadensis). Iconog., f. 42 118

49. Mitra picta, Reeve (.— Rarbadensis). Conch. Icon., f. 123 US

50. Mitra simplex, Punker. Krauss, Sudafr. Moll., t. 6, f. 20 1 10

51. Mitra ustulata, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 227 110

52. Mitra ignobilis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 110 119

53. Mitra abbatis, Chemn. (= contracta, Swn.). Reeve, Icon., f. 91 120

54. Mitra rubiginosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 167 119

55. Mitra cancellata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. GO 119

56. Mitra cylindracea, Reeve (= variabilis). Sowb., Thes., f. 188 119

57. Mitra solida, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 105 120

58. GO. Mitra pigra, A. Ad. Sowb , Thes., f. 177, 325 120

59. Mitra latruncularia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 166 120

61. Mitra caliginosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 75 120

62. Mitra sacerdotalis A. Ad. Sowb , Thes., f. 79 120

63. Mitra strigata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 330 121

04. Mitra Rosettoe, Angas. Sowb., Thes., f. 330 121

Plate 36.

65. Mitra Chinensis, Gray. Sowb , Thes., f. 81 120

66. Mitra Chinensis, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 36 120

67. Mitra orientalis, Gray ( = maura, Swn.). Sowb., Thes., f. 40 121

08. Mitra Swainsoni, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 4 121

09. Mitra abbreviata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 328 122

70. Mitra induta, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 24, f. 9, 1875 121

71. Mitra nigra, Quoy (= Quoyi, Desh.). Voy. Astrol., t. 45, f. 17 122

72. Mitra infrafasciata, Souv. Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 7, 1865 122

73. Mitra nitida, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 637 122

74. Mitra cornicula, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 523 122

75. Mitra fusca, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 301 122

76. Mitra cornicularis, Lam. (— cornicula). Kiener, Iconog., t. 12, f. 38. 122

77. Mitra Philippiana, Forbes (= cornicula). Sowb., Thes., f. 524 122

264 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

78. Mitra graja, Reeve (= cornicula). Sowb., Thes., f. 525 122

79. Mitra lactea, Lam. (— cornicula, var.). Sowb., Thes., f. 102 1

80. Mitra plumbea, Reeve (— cornicula, var,). Conch. Icon., f. 156.... 12'2

81. Mitra Schroeteri, Desh. (= cornicula, var.). Thes., Conch., f. 529.. 122

82. Mitra insolata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 650 1

83. Mitra Groenlandica, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 106 124

84. 85, 87. Mitra ebenus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. £29, 334, 335... 124

86. Mitra Kieneri, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 324 , 1

88. Mitra Defrancii, Payr. (= ebenus, var. costata). Reeve, Icon., f. 159. 124

Plate 37.

89. Mitra livida, Reeve (•= ebenus, var. costata). Conch. Icon., f. 134 b. 124

90. Mitra chelonia, Reeve (? = ebenus). Conch. Icon., f. 281) 124

91. Mitra patula, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 333 125

92. Mitra rufocincta, A. Ad. (= Capensis). Sowb., Thes., f. 653 125

93. Mitra lachryma, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 258 125

94. Mitra vincta, A. Ad. (= Capensis). Sowb., Thes., f. 520 125

95. Mitra Capensis, Dunker. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 654 125

96. Mitra pica, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 247 125

97. Mitra albina, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 547 129

98. Mitra flexilabris, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t, 24, f. 4, 1875 128

99. Mitra petrosa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 314 124

100. Mitra funerea, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 108 126

101. Mitra funerea, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 114 126

102. Mitra bilineata, Reeve (— funerea). Conch. Icon., f. 294 126

103. Mitra analogica, Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 293 126

104. Mitra Australis, Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 118 126

105. Mitra melaleuca, Quoy (= Australis). Voy. Astrol., t, 45 bis, f. 26. 126

106. Mitra Lamberti, Souv. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 3, 1875.. 126

107. Mitra polita, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 94 126

108. Mitra callosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 105 126

109. Mitra effusa, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 100 127

110. Mitra testacea, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 98 127

111. Mitra bulimoides, Reeve (= testacea). Conch. Icon., f. 224 127

112. Mitra badia, Reeve (== testacea). Sowb , Thes. Conch., f. 181 127

113. Mitra typha, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 323 128

114. Mitra rhodia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 225 127

115. Mitra castanea, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 205 127

116. Mitra peculiaris, Reeve (= typha). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 322... 128

117. Mitra tenuis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 327 129

118. Mitra nigra, Chemn. (= Melaniana, Lam.). Sowb., Thes., Conch.,

' f. 4 127

119. Mitra digna, A. Ad. (= Melaniana). Sowb., Thes., f. 115 127

120. Mitra micans, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 588 129

•121. Mitra Cookii, Hanley. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 228 129

Plate 38.

122. Mitra zonata, Marryatt. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 62 130

123. Mitra casta, Lam. Sowb., Thes Conch, f. 46 i:!0

124. Mitra fissurata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 90 131

125. Mitra ocellata. Swains. (= fissurata). Sowb., Thes., f. 85 131

126. Mitra Sant&ngeli, Marav. ( zonata). Guerin's Mag., t. 23, 1840. 130

127. Mitra filum, AVood. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 305 130

128. Mitra formosa, Pease. Am, Jour. Conch, iii, t, 2:>, f. 1 131

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 205

FTfUTRK PAOK.

12'.». Milra zephyrina, Duclos. Sowb.. Thes. Conch., f. 308 132

130. Mitra Nevillei, Hanley ( zephyrina). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 300. 132

131. Mitra Olivtvformis, Swains, lloeve, Conch. Icon., f. 212 l:'.l

132. Mitra impressa. Anton. Sowb., Thes., Conch., f. 10G ... .. 132

13:\ Mitra lens, Wood. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 28 133

134. Mitra vitellina, Gould. Moll. Wilkes' Exped., f. 352 132

135. Mitra oniscina, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 25, f. 79 133

13(1. Mitra terebralis, Lam. ( tessellata. Mart.). Sowb., Thes., f. 94. 132

137. Mitra Dupontii, Kiener (= lens). Iconog., t. 13, f. 39 133

13S. Mitra granulosa, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 90 133

121). Mitra tessellata, Marty n. Sowb., Thes., f . 97 132

Plate 39.

140. Mitra Inca, d'Orb. (= lens). Voy. Am. Merid., t. 77, f. 1 133

141. Mitra lignaria, Reeve (-= lens). Conch. Icon., f. 64 133

142. Mitra muricata, Swains. (= lens). Sowb., Thes., f. 558 133

143. Mitra vultuosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 270 134

144. Mitra rupicola, Reeve (= lens). Conch. Icon., f. 53 133

145. Mitra nucleola, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 26, f. 83 134

140. Mitra nucleola, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 226 134

147. Mitra nucleola, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 397 134

148. Mitra Lifouana, Crosse (= texturata, var.). Jour, de Conch., t.

13, f. 5, 1872 134

149. Mitra sphserulata, Martyn. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 38 134

150. Mitra texturata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 84 134

151. Mitra unifascialis, Lam. (= nucleola). Kiener, Iconog., t. 26,

f. 84 * 134

152. Mitra. crenifera, Lam. Reeve, Conch., Icon., f. 38 135

153. Mitra Ehrenbergi, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 1, t. 2, f. 3 136

154. Mitra arenacea, Dunker. Novit. Conch., t. 10, f. 3 136

155. Mitra Hemprichii, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 1 136

156. Mitra gracilis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 187 136

157. Mitra Strangei, Angas. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 289 130

158. Mitra scabriuscula, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 35 135

1 V.i. Mitra Peasei, Dohrn (= Isabella). Sowb.. Thes., f. 76 137

100. Mitra cytharoidea, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 567 136

161. Mitra Hebes, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 230 137

162. Mitra loricata, Reeve (= Isabella, Swn.). Sowb., Thes., f. 147.... 137

103. Mitra fqrmosa, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 235 138

104. Mitra pretiosa, Reeve (= crenifera). Conch. Icon., f. 110... 135

105. Mitra Antonice, H. Ad. (= crenifera). Thes. Conch., f. 245 135

Plate 40.

100. Mitra Norrisii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 68 137

107. Mitra nivea, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 77 137

168. Mitra Isabella, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 42 137

109. Mitra Murchii, A. Ad. (= Isabella). Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 5, 1854.. 137

170. Mitra crebrilineata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 626 138

171. Mitra sulcata, Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 176 139

172. Mitra lineata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 554 139

173. Mitra multilirata, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 556 139

174. Mitra nexilis, Mart, (= filaris, Linn.). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 83. 138

175. Mitra filosa, Born. (= filaris, Linn.). Sowb , Thes , f. 82 138

176. Mitra circulata, Kr. (= filaris, var.). Sowb., Thes., f. 87 138

34

266 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

177. Mitra gigantea, Swains. (= sulcata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 95.. 139

178. Mitra Tathnte, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 4 139

179. Mitra Belcheri, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 80 139

180. Mitra Bernardiana, Phil. (— filaris, var.). Specimen 138

181. Mitra segra, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 112 139

182. Mitra Hindsii, Reeve (= sulcata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 95..... 139

183. Mitra funiculata, Reeve (= sulcata). Conch. Icon., f. 122 139

184. Mitra attenuata, Swains. (— sulcata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 194. 139

185. Mitra carnicolor, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 549 139

Plate 41.

186. Mitra incarnati, Reeve (— carnicolor). Sowb., Thes., f. 551 139

187. Mitra pura, A. Ad. (= carnicolor). Sowb.. Thes., f. 566 139

188. Mitra straminea, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 561 140

189. Mitra pia, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 550 139

190. Mitra flammea, Quoy. Sowb., Thes , f. 173 140

191. Mitra flammigera, Reeve (= flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 108 140

192. Mitra interlirata, Reeve (= flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 369 140

193. Mitra avenacea, Reeve (— flammea). Conch. Icon., f. 246 140

194. Mitra Haneti, Petit. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 624 142

195. Mitra foveolata, Dunker (.-= flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 371 140

196. Mitra tornata, Reeve (— flammea). Conch. Icon., f. 269 140

197. Mitra rufilirata, Ad. & Reeve (= flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 572.. 140

198. Mitra Cyri, Dohrn (= fulgetrum). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 576... 142

199. Mitra Novse Hollands, Sowb. (= flammea). Thes. Conch., f. 368.. 140

200. Mitra hystrix, Montrouz. (= flammea). Jour, de Conch., 3 ser., ii,

t. 9, f. 8, 1862 140

201. Mitra roborea, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 306 140

202. Mitra duplilirata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 229 140

203. Mitra annulata, Reeve. Thes. Conch., f. 92 140

204. Mitra acutilirata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 274 141

205. Mitra insculpta. A. Ad. (= annulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 568 140

206. Mitra amoena, A. Ad. (= annulata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 244. 140

207. Mitra Fischeri, Souv. (= annulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 573 140

208. Mitra rosacea, Reeve (= annulata). Conch. Icon., f. 321 140

209. Mitra acuta, Sowb. (= annulata). Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 7, 1878 140

210. Mitra flammea, Reeve (= Philippinarum). Conch. Icon., f. 120... 141

211. Mitra semiconica, Sowb. (= Philippinarum). Thes. Conch., f. 619. 141

212. Mitra strigillata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 248 141

213. Mitra bacillum, Lam. Mag. de Zool., t. 7, 1831 141

214. Mitra Hindsii, Reeve (= sulcata). Thes. Conch , f. 196 139

215. Mitra pruinosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 565 142

216. Mitra fulgetrum, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 115 152

217. Mitra Boissaci, Montr. (= fulgetrum). Sowb., Thes., f. 574 142

Plate 42.

218. Mitra Malleti, Petit. Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 2,'f. 1 142

219. 220. Mitra carinata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 246, 247 142

221. Mitra Senegalensis, Reeve (= carinata). Sowb., Thes., f. 347 142

222. Mitra Gambiana, Dohrn (= carin»ta). Novit. Conch., t. 15, f. 11. 142

223. Mitra Gambiana, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 579 142

224. Mitra spadicea, Dunker (.-— peregra). Sowb.,. Thes. Conch , f. 478.

225. Mitra telescopium, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 304 143

226. Mitra mocsta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 323 143

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 267

KKU'llK. 1'AGE.

"I'll. Mitra cucumerina, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 201 I |:;

22S. Mitra cucumerina, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 277 1 \'.\

22'. i. Mitra traga. Quoy (? cucumerina). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis, f. 29. Mo

2>0. .Mitra Adamsonii, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 627 144

231. Mitra Antonii, Ktister ( Adamsonii). Conch. Cab., t. 14, f. 12... 144

2-'!2. TVlitra Tornatelloides, Reeves. Conch. Icon., f. 310 144

I':;::. Mitra chrysalis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 200 144

2::i. Mitra turgida, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 273 144

235. Mitra indentata, Sowb. ( turgida) Thes. Couch., f. 412 144

236. Mitra peregra, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 186 144

2:17. Mitra porcata. Humphr. ( peregra). Conch. Icon., f. 187 144

2:!S. Mitra miniata, Anton ( peregra). Riister, t. 14, f. 9 144

2-".9. Mitra gracilior, Carpenter. Specimen , 145

2-10. Mitra Adamsonii, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 150 M-l

241. Mitra astyagis. Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 367 , 142

212. Mitra turben, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 213 1 I'.

24:;. Mitra tabanula, Lam. Reeve, Iconog., f. 325 146

I'll. Mitra pediculus, Lam. ( tabanula). Kiener, Iconog., t. 16, f. 53. Mi;

245. Mitra minor, Sowb. ( tabanula). Thes. Conch., f. 662 Mr,

246. Mitra rotundilirata, Reeve ( tabanula). Conch. Icon., f. 178 146

217. Mitra Caledonica, Recluz ( tabanula). Joifr. de Conch. ,iv. t. 7, f. 7. 146

Plate 43.

248. Mitra Hanleyi, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 661 ..-. 146

iM'.t. Mitra Solandri, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 172 lid

250. Mitra Solandri, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 265 146

251. Mitra Ruppellii, Reeve ( Solandri). Conch. Icon., f. 179 146

263. Mitra vexillum, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 270 146

251. Mitra crassicostata, Sowb ( vexillum, Rve.). Thes. Conch., f. 387. 146
255, 256. Mitra aurantia, Gmelm. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 250 147

257. Mitra nanus, Reeve ( aurantia). Conch. Icon., f 194 147

258. Mitra Michelini, Gueriu. Mag. de Zool., t. 38, 1830 147

259. Mitra proscissa, Reeve. Sowb., Thesaurus, f. 282 147

2C,o. Mitra rubiginea, A. Ad. (.-- proscissa). Thes. Conch., f. 257 147

261. Mitra carinilirata, Souv. ( proscissa). Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f.

1, 1872 147

2H2. Mitra consolidata, Sowb. (? ^ proscissa). Thes. Conch., f. 271.... 147

26:]. Mitra crassa, Swains. Sowb., Thes, Conch., f. 66 147

252, 264. Mitra Ticaonica, Reeve (-.--• crassa). Conch. Icon., f. 181 147

265. Mitra Ticaonica, Reeve (= crassa). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 252.. 147

266. Mitra ambigua, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 5 147

267. Mitra fulva, Swains. (•=- ambigua, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 24 147

26S. Mitra attenuata, Reeve (— fulva). Conch, Icon., f. 45 147

269. Mitra adusta, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 16 148

Plate 44.

270 Mitra Ticaonica, Reeve (= crassa). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 253... 147

271. Mitra fulvescens, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 452 148

272. Mitra cocligena Reeve (? == crassa). Sowb., Thes., f. 222 147

27::. Mitra coronata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 104 a • 148

271. Mitra coronata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 220 148

275. Mitra tiarella, A. Ad. ( coronata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 56... 148

276. Mitra adusta, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 17 148

277. Mitra aurora, Dohrn (= coronata, Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 223... 148

268 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

KK;UUK. PAGE.

278. Mitra digitalis, Dillw. Sowb., Thes. Concb.. f. 207 H'.i

279. Mitra ferruginea, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 15 150

2SO. Mitra rubritincta, lleeve ( ferruginea). Conch. Icon., f. 147,... 150

281. Mitra assimilis, Pease (•.- - coronata). Am. Jour. Conch., iii,

t. 15, f. 1 - 148

282. Mitra marginata, Sowb. (?-.— coronata). Thes. Conch., f. 311 148

28:!. Mitra floridula, Sowb., (= coronata). Thes. Conch , f. 28:5 118

281,285. Mitra lugubris, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 200. 201 149

280. Mitra albofasciata, Sowb. (= lugubris). Thes. Conch., f. 300 149

287. Mitra coriacea, Reeve (= lugubris, juv.). Conch. Econ , f. 231 149

288. Mitra picea, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 658 150

289. Mih-a U/ielliana, Crosse. Thes. Conch., f. 455 150

290. Mitra clara, Sowb. (— ferruginea). Thes., f. 652 150

291. Mitra pudica, Pease. Sowb , Thes. Conch., f. 296 150

292. Mitra subrostrata, Sowb. (— pudica). Thes. Conch., f. 297 150

2',):;, 294. Mitra Candida, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 288, 562 150

295. Mitra crenata. Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 563 151

290. Mitra Lienardi, Souverb. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 239 151

297. Milra Williams!, Newcomb. Am. Jour. Conch., v, t. 17, f. 5 151

29S. Mitra luctuosa, A. Ad.. Sowb., Thes., f. 229 151

299. Mitra rutila, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 221 151

300. Mitra pellis-serpentis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 66 151

Plate 45.

301. Mitra brunnea, Pease. Specimen 153

302. Mitra brumalis, Reeve (= pellis-serpentis). Sowb., Thes., f. 210.. 151

303. Mitra microstoma, Sowb. (== pellis-serpentis). Thes., f. 291 151

304. Mitra reticulata, Pease (= pellis-serpentis). Sowb., Thes. f. 290.. 151

305. Mitra suturata, Reeve (= pellis-serpentis). Conch. Icon., f. 272... 151

306. Mitra cretacea, Sowb. (== pellis-serpentis). Thes., f. 578 151

307. Mitra Grelloisi, Recluz (= pellis-serpentis). Jour, de Conch., iv,

t. 7, f. 8 151

308. Mitra Nassoides, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 631 152

309. Mitra serotina, A. Ad., Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 216 152

310. Mitra semiferruginea, Jonas. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 222 a 152

311. Mitra dealbata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch., f. 571 152

312. Mitra acuminata, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 88 153

313. Mitra coarctata, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., -f. 99 153

314. Mitra brumalis, Reeve (pellis-serpentis). Sowb., Thes., f. 210 151

315. Mitra astricta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 188 15.4

316. 318. Mitra astricta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 208, 224 154

317. Mitra Samuelis, Dohrn (= astricta). Novit., t. 15, f. 1 154

319. Mitra Auriculoides, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 449 154

320. Mitra fastigium, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 435 154

321. Mitra Molleri, Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 17 a, f. 13 154

322. Mitra limbifera, Lam. Sowb., Thes. f. 262 154

323. 324. Mitra ColumbellEeformis, Kiener (—limbifera). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 255, 256 154

325. Mitra striata, Gray (= limbifera). Beechey's Voy., t, 36, f. 7 154

;',2tt. Mitra Mitchelini, Sowb. (= limbifera). Thes. Conch., f. 259 154

327. Mitra maculosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 175 155

328. Mitra Arabica, Dohrn (= maculosa). Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. 4, 1861. 155

329. Mitra tristis, Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 194 155

REFERENCE TO PLATES. wJli'J

Plate 46.

KKM'IIK. 1'AGE.

880, 331. Mitra chrysoslomu, Swains. Sowl.., Tlu-s.. I. S, f. 95, '.H) 15ft

332, 333. M;tra scutulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 430, 431 155

334. .M lira ainplmrella. Lam. ( scutulata). Sowb., Thes , f. 432 155

885. Mitra decurtata, Rccvc ( scutulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 460 155

880. Mitra oleacea, Reeve ( scutulata). Conch. Icon . f. 105 155

337. Mitra sertum, Duval ( scutulata). Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 7, f. 1. 155

:'3S. Mitra litterata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 480 155

389. Mitra maculosa, Reeve ( litterata). Sowb , Thes., f. 442 155

3-10. Mitra paupercula, Linn. Reeve, C®nch. Icon., f. 84 156

•'Ml. Mitra virgata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 197 b 15b

3I'J. Mitra re'usa, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 198 150

3-1,°). Mitra virgata, Rt eve ( retusa, Lam.). Conch. Icon., f. 197 a 150

344. Mitra capillata, Gould (= retusa). Wilkes Exped., f. 351 150

345. Mitra Ziervogeliana, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 136 167

340. Mitra robusta, Reeve (-- Ziervogeliana, var.) Icon., f. 140 157

347. Mitra jucunda ( tigrina). Tapparone-Canefri, Vov. Magenta, 1. 1,

f. 3'. '. 157

IS. Mitra tigrina, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 438 157

49. .Mitra Woldemarii. Kien (= Ziervogeliana, var.). Iconog., f. 139. 157

350. Mitra solidula. Reeve ( Ziervogeliana, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 133. 157

351. Mitra .Kthiops, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 324 158

352. Mitra anthracina, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 137 158

353. Mitra choava, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 135...*.. 158

54. Mitra albomaculata, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 449 158

355. Mitra Columbellaria, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 660 168

Plate 47.

350. Thala foveata, Sowb. Thes. Conch, f. 408 160

357. Thala roseata, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 604 10o

35S. Thala solitaria, C. B. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 665 160

359. Thala exilis, Reeve. 'Sowb., Thes., f. 67 li 100

300. Thala todilla, Mighels. Sowb.. Thes., f 073 100

801. Tliala milium, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 251 160

30± Thala recurva, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 297 160

503. Thala g'ratiosa, Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 277 161

804. Thala mirifica, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 278 161

365. Thala cernica, Sowb. Thes. Conch,, f. 070 161

36H. Thala augustata, Sowb. (= cernica). Thes. Conch., f. 671 161

307. Thala angiostoma, Pease (------ cernica, var.). Am. Jour. Conch., iii,

t. 15, f. 9 161

368, 369. Thala fusus, Souverb. (— cernica, var.). Jour, de Conch., t.

13, f. 3, 4, 1876 161

370. Thala brevicula, Souverb. Jour, de Conch., t. 13. f. 5, 1876 161

371. Thala adumbrata, Souverb. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 6, 1876 161

372. Mitroidea Barclayi, Adams (= multiplicata, Pse.). Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 310 162

373. Mitroidea Lo3bbeckianus,Weink. (-- multiplicata). KUster, Pleurot,

t. a, f. 1 102

374. Mitroidea Ancillides, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 100 162

375. Mitroidea bellula, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 593 163

376. Mitroidea telum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 614 163

377. Mitroidea infecta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75 163

378. Mitroidea infecta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 007 163

2 TO REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

379, 380. Mitroidea Barclay!, Hanley (== infecta). Thes. Conch., f. 225,

612 1W

381. Dibaphus Philippii, Crosse. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 008 164

Plate 48.

382. Turricula regina, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 53 164

383. Turricula taeniata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 52.. 164

384. 385. Turricula vittata, Swains. (= tieniata). Keeve, Conch.,

Icon., f. 50, b, c 164

386. Turricula vittata, Swains. (= tteniata). Sowb., Then. Conch., f. 121. 164

387. Turricula compressa, Sowb. (= tgeniata). Thes. Conch., f. 50 164

388. 389. Turricula Tayloriana, Sowb. (= tseniata). Thes. Conch., f.

125,153 164

390. Turricula coccinea, Reeve (= taeniata). Conch. Icon., f. 49, 164

391. Turricula Dennisoni, Reeve. Sowb.. Thes. Conch., f. 61 165

392. Turricula elegans, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 142 165

393. Turricula sanguisuga, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 91 165

394. Turricula sanguisuga, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 99 165

395. Turricula stigmataria, Lam. (--= sanguisuga, var. granosa). Sowb.,

Thes., f. 47 165

396. 397. Turricula stigmataria, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 48, 49 165

398. Turricula jucunda, Dunker. Journal de Conch., t. 9, f. 11, 1879.. 105

Plate 49.

399. Turricula Stainforthii, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 13 166

400. Turricula Stainforthii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 136 166

401. 402. Turricula melongena, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 132, 18 166

403. Turricula lyrata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 46 166

x 404. Turricula curvilirata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 129 166

405. Turricula balteolata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 54 166

406. Turricula radius, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 309 166

407. Turricula melongena, Lam Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 47 a 166

408. Turricula costellaris, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 25 166

409. Turricula caffra, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 20 167

410-413. Turricula vulpecula, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 10, 11,

13, 14 167

414. Turricula umbrosa, Sowb. (= vulpecula). Thes., f. 123 167

415. Turricula nasuta, Sowb. Thes , f. 623 169

416. Turricula Iscvicostata, Sowb. (— Gruneri). Thes. Conch., f. 139... 168

417. Turricula Berth se. Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 11, 1878 168

418. Turricula Gruneri, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 131 168

419. Turricula modesta, Pease (— Gruneri). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t.

15, f. 6 168

Plate 50.

420. Turricula plicata, Kiener. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 26 167

421. Turricula pullata, Reeve (= plicata, var.). Conch. Icon., f, 102... 167

422. Turricula pullata, Reeve (== plicata, var.). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 43 167

423. Turricula cinctella, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 63 167

424. Turricula zonalis, Quoy (= caffra). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis, f. 16... 167

425. Turricula ornata, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 117 169

426. Turricula interrupta, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 118.. 169

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 271

FIGURE. PAGE.

427. Turricula fulvolirata (— : corrugata). Sowb., Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 9,

1878 169

428. Turricula Jukesii, A. Ad. (-. = corrugata). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 116 , 168

429. Turricula corrugata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., i. 42 168

430. Turricula intermedia, Kiener. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 60 168

431. Turricula mirabilis, A. Ad. (_— angulosa). Sowb., Thes., f. 629... 159

4:52. Turricula angulosa, Kuster. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 534 169

433. Turricula salmonea, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 375 169

4:54. Turricula decora, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 234 169

435. Turricula Cumingii, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 67 170

436. Turricula Cumingii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 503 170

437. Turricula dimidiata, Sowb. (— Cumingii). Thes. Conch , f. 396... 170

438. Turricula clathrata, Reeve (= Cumingii). Conch Icon., f. 71 170

439. Turricula rugosa, Sowb. (?= Cumingii). Reeve, Icon., f. 101 170

440. Turricula Montrouzieri, Souverb. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 1, 1875. 170

441. Turricula lucida, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 541 170

442. Turricula nodulifera, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 530 170

443. Turricula modesta, Reeve. Conch. Icon.^ f. 254 170

Plate 51.

444. 445. Turricula cineracea, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 491, 495. 171

446. Turricula Judteorum, Dohrn. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, t, 2, f. 7 171

447. Turricula militaris, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 236 b 171

448. Turricula Antonelli, Dohrn (= militaris, var.). Thes. Conch.,

f. 586 171

446. Turricula lubens, Reeve (— militaris, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 331. 171

450. Turricula compta, A. Ad. (= militaris, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 540. 171

451. Turricula turricula, A. Ad. ( militaris). Sowb., Thes., f 647,... 171

452. Turricula bella. Pease ( militaris, var.). . Sowb., Thes., f. 376 — 171

453. Turricula cophina, Gould (= militaris, var.). Wilkes' Exped.,

f. 335 171

454. Turricula cimelium, Reeve (= militaris). Sowb., Thes., f. 643 171

455. Turricula rorata, Gould (= militaris). Sowb.. Thes. Conch., f. 240. 171

456. Turricula interstriata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 392 172

457. Turricula corbicula, Sowb. Tbes. Conch., f. 538 172

458. Turricula Collinsoni, A. Ad Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 50, 1879 172

459. Turricula Suluensis, Ad. and Rve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 606 172

4(10. Turricula fuscoapicata, Smith ( Collinsoni). Zool. Proc., t. 20,

f. 49, 1879 172

461. Turricula Gotoensis, E. A. Smith (= Collinsoni). Zool. Proc., t. 20, 172

f 51, 1879 172

462, 463. Turricula cruentata, Chemn. Sowb., Thes. Conch , f. 138, 144. 173

401. Turricula cruentata, var proxima. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 12ft 173

405. Turricula exarata, A. Ad. (^ cruentata, var.). Sowb., Thes.

Conch., f. 602 173

466. Turricula ligata, A. Ad. (= cruentata, var.). Sowb., Thes., f. 584. 178

467. Turricula buccinoidea, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 411 17-°.

468. Turricula larva, Lam. (= cruentata, var.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 26,

f. 82 173

469. Turricula armillata, Reeve ( cruentata, var.). Conch. Icon.,

f.315 . 173

470. Turricula Schomburgki, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 18, f. 12, 1878 17:'.

471. Turricula alba, Pease. Specimen 129

272 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

472, 473. Turricula semifasciata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 131 a, b. 174

474. Turricula semisculpta, Ad. & Rve. Sowb., Thes.. f. 159 174

475. Turricula mucronata, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 377 174

476. Turricula concentrica, Reeve (== mucronata). Conch. Icon., f. 128. 1

477. Turricula fusiformis, Reeve (= mucronata). Conch. Icon , f. 132 b. 114

478. Turricula obtusispinosa, Sowb. (= mucronata). Thes. Conch.,

f. 373 174

479. Turricula ecbinata, A. Ad. (= mucronata). Sowb., Thes., f. 379.. 174

Plate 52.

480. Turricula nodilirata, A. Ad. (— mucronata). Sowb., Thes., f. 385. 174

481. Turricula fusiformis, Chemn. (= mucronata). Sowb., Thes., f. 384. 174

482. Turricula Dohrnii, A. Ad. (= mucronata). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f 131 174

483. Turricula verrucosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 232 174

484. 485. Turricula fusiformis, Kiener. Iconog., t. 29, f. 97 175

486. Turricula rustica, Sowb. (== Deshayesii). Sowb., Thes., f. 143 187

487. Turricula spicata, Reeve (—fusiformis). Sowb, Thes. Conch.,

f. 383 175

488. Turricula turriger, Reeve (= fusiformis). Conch. Icon., f. 262.... 175

489. Turricula armiger, Reeve (= fusiformis). Conch. Icon., f. 288 175

490. Turricula purpurata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 275 175

491. Turricula clredala, Reeve (= purpurata). Conch. Icon., f. 281 175

492. Turricula cineracea, Reeve (= purpurata). Conch. Icon., f. 311.. 175

493. Turricula caelata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 265 175

494. Turricula sculptilis, Reeve (= caelata). Conch. Icon., f. 290 175

495. Turricula mica, Reeve (= caelata, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 314 175

496. Turricula inermis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 279 175

497. Turricula .rectilateris, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 404 175

498. Turricula rubella, Ad. and Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 594 170

499. Turricula scitula, A. -Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 418 176

500. Turricula intertaeniata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 154 176

501. Turricula rustica, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 329 176

502. Turricula Deshayesii, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 170 176

503. Turricula Deshayesii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 618 176

504. Turricula rigida, Reeve (= Deshayesii). Conch. Icon., f. 169 176

505. Turricula Michaudi, Cr. & Fischer (= Deshayesii). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 157 176

506. 507. Turricula alauda, Quoy (— Deshayesii). Sowb., Thes., f. 134,

158 I... 176

508. Turricula amanda, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 318 176

509. Turricula casta, H. Adams. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 632 177

510. 511. Turricula subulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes, Conch., f. 149, 150... 177

512. Turricula macrospira, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 146 177

513. Turricula Lincolnensis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 18, f. 10, 1878 177

514. Turricula filistriata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 402 , 177

Plate 53.

515. Turricula catenata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 259 178

516. Turricula lilacina, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 634 178

517. 518. Turricula marmorea, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 635, 636 178

519. Turricula Arracanensis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 473 178

520. Turricula rorata, Gould (= Zebuensis). Moll. Wilkes' Exp., f. 354. 179

521. Turricula crebrilirata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 92 178

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 27.3

FIGURE. PAGE.

522. Turricula rosea, Kiener (= crebrilirata). Iconog., t. 23, f. 73 178

528. Turricula tenuilirata, Sowb. (= crebrilirata). Thes. Conch., f. 407. 178

524. Turricula rubricata, Reeve (== crebrilirata). Conch. Icon., f. 130. 178

525. Turricula subtruncata, Sowb. (= crebrilirata). Thes. Conch., f. 405. 178
"•L'r,. Turricula Layarcli, A. Ad. (= crebrilirata). Sowb., Thes., f. 590.. 178

527. Turricula Zebuensis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 73 179

528. Turricula Zebuensis. Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 192 179

52U. Turricula proetexta, Sowb. (= Zebuensis). Thes. Conch., f. 198... 179

5:;o. Turricula Japonica, A. Ad. (= crebrilirata). Thes Conch., f. 156. 178

531. Turricula rufomaculata, Souv, Jour, de Conch., 2ser., iv, t. 11, f. 9. 179

•"> '.!'. 533. Turricula acupicta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 372, 548.. 179

534. Turricula puncturata. Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 5, 1878 179

586. Turricula obeliscus, Reeve. Thes. Conch., f. 127 179

536. Turricula MacAndrewsi, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 421 179

,>'.7. Turricula radix, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 552 180

Turricula longispira, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 403.. 180

5:','.i. Turricula .Ethiopica, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 9 180

540. Turricula crispa, Garrett. Specimen 180

541. Turricula exasperata, Gmel. Gould, Moll., Wilkes' Exped., f. 350. 180
542-544. Turricula exasperata, Gmel. Sowb, Thes. Conch., f. 419,

424, 425 180

Plate 54.

545, 546. Turricula arenosa, Lam. (= exasperata). Sowb., Thes., f.

322,427 180

447. Turricula asperima, Dohrn. Dunker, Novit. Conch., t. 15, f. 3 181

548. Turricula cadaverosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 160 181

549. Turricula cadaverosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 628 181

550. Turricula Pacifica, Reeve (= cadaverosa). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 388 181

551. Turricula mutabilis, Reeve (= cadaverosa). Conch. Icon , f. 235. 181

552. Turricula brevicaudata, Sowb. (•— cadaverosa). Thes. Conch., f.

410 181

553. Turricula Pharaonis, H. Ad. (= cadaverosa, var.). Zool. Proc.,

t. 3, f. 1, 1872 181

554. Turricula subquadrata, Sowb. (= cadaverosa, var.). Thes. Conch.

f 485 , 181

555. Turricula spreta, A. Ad. Sowby., Thes. Conch., f. 648 182

556. Turricula roseocaudata, Hanley. Sowb., Thes., f. 655 182

557. Turricula latercula, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 651 182

558. Turricula zelotypa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 510 182

55'.). Turricula dermestina, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 143 182

560. Turricula cavea, Reeve (= dermestina). Icon., f. 149 182

561. Turricula Adamsi, Dohrn (= dermestina). Novit. Conch., t. 15,

f. 10 182

562. Turricula pulchella, Reeve (= dermestina). Conch. Icon., f. 142.. 182

563. Turricula pisolina, Lam. (= dermestina). Kiener, Iconog., f. 90.. 182

564. Turricula ansulata, Sowb. (= dermestina). Thes. Conch., f. 474... 182

565. Turricula histrio, Reeve (= dermestina). Conch. Icon., f. 144 182

o'li'i. Turricula consanguinea, Reeve (= dermestina, var.). Icon., f.

241 182

567. Turricula Tatei, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 54, f. 8, 1878 1

568. Turricula microzonias, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 185 1

569. Turricula microzonias, Lam., var. Reeve, Icon., f. 202 183

35

274 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE;

570. Turricula lota, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 239 186

571. Turricula lota, Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 310 186

573. Turricula pardalis, Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 17, f 14 183

574. Turricula lauta, Reeve (= pardalis). Conch. Icon., f. 244 .. 183

575. Turricula leucodesma, Reeve (= pardalis) Conch. Icon., 243 183

Plate 55.

576. Turricula infausta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 513 189

577. Turricula fortiplicata, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, iii, t. 15, f. 3 189

578. Turricula plicatula, Pease (= Emiliee, Schm ). Am. Jour. Conch.

iii, t. 15, f . 4 189

579. Turricula rosea, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 300 189

580. Turricula discoloria, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 516 189

581. Turricula mediomaculata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 472 184

582. Turricula cernica (= mediomaculata), Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc.

Beng., t. 1, f. 9, 1874 184

583. Turricula puella, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 276 184

584. Turricula turturina, Souverb. Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 2, 1877 184

585. Turricula cremans, Reeve. Specimen 184

586. Turricula alveolus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 334 184

587. Turricula aperta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 321 185

588. Turricula millecostata, Swains Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 301 185

589. Turricula luculenta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 245 185

590. Turricula dichroa, Ad. & Rve. (= luculenta). Voy. Samarang, t.

10, f. 29 185

591. Turricula Graffei, Crosse (= luculenta). Jour, de Conch., t, 11,

f. 6, 1867 185

592. Turricula nigrofasciata, Sowb. (= luculenta). Thes. Conch., f. 468. 185

593. Turricula lamzonata, Sowb. (= luculenta). Thes. Conch, f. 469.. 185
494. Turricula tricolor, Montrouz. (= luculenta). Jour, de Conch., t.

11, f. 2, 1861 185

595. Turricula crocata, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 27, f. 85 187

596. Turricula crocata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 206 187

597. Turricula concinna, Reeve (— crocata). Conch. Icon., f. 203 187

598. Turricula pyramidalis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 390 187

599. Turricula cithara, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 248 186

600. Turricula aureolata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 210 180

601. Turricula crocata, Auct. (== aureolata). Specimen 186

602. Turricula multicostata, Swains. (— aureolata). Reeve, Icon., f.

J322 185

603. Turricula crocea, Reeve (== aureolata). Conch. Icon., f. 320 186

604. Turricula venustula, Reeve (= aureolata). Sowb., Thes., f. 501.. 186

605. Turricula flavescens, Reeve (— aureolata). Conch. Icon., f. 207... 186

606. Turricula affiois, Reeve (= aureolata). Conch. Icon., f. 211 186

607. Turricula plicatissima, Schroter. Kiister, t. 17 b, f. 11 188

608. 609. Turricula rubra, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 203, 394 188

-610. Turricula paligera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 515 189

Plate 56.

611. Turricula amabilis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 274 189

612. Turricula Nicobarica, Frauenf. Voy. Novara, t. 1, f. 5. 190

613. Turricula ficulina, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f 141 ,.. 190

614. Turricula gausapata, Reeve (= ficulina). Conch. Icon., f. 317 190

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 275

FIGURE. PAGE.

G15. Turricula forticostata, Reeve ( = ficulina). Conch. Icon., f. 238... 190

616. Turricula zebrina, d'Orb. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 481 190

617. Turricula putillus, Pease. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 482 190

618. Turricula semen, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 256 190

619. Turricula trunculus, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 319 190

620. Turricula muriculata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 205 191

621. Turricula patriarchalis, Lam. Reeve, Conch, Icon., f. 146 b 191

622. Turricula tuberosa, Reeve (= patriarchalis). Conch Icon., f.

237 a 191

623. Turricula semitica, J ickeli. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 2, f. 8 194

624. Turricula fe^ta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 303 194

625. Turricula elegantula, Kiister (= patriarchalis). Conch. Cab., t.

17, f. 7 191

626. Turricula porphyretica, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 195 191

627. Turricula Osidiris, Issel. Sowb., Thes. Conch , f, 488 191

628. Turricula umbonata, Sowb. (= Osidiris). Thes., f. 400 191

629. Turricula tumida, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 65 192

630. Turricula zebrina, d'Orb. Moll. Canaries, t. 6, f. 31 190

631. Turricula interrupta, Anton. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 15, f. 2 192

632. Turricula nodulosa, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, iii, t. 15, f. 5 192

633. Turricula encausta, Gould. Moll., Wilkes' Exped., f. 356 192

634. Turricula speciosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 415 192

635. Turricula variata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 209 193

636. Turricula discors, Grand. Kuster, Conch. Cab., t. 17 d, f. 4 193

637. Turricula glabra, Pease (== discors). Am. Jour. Conch, iii, t. 23,

f. 2 193

638. 639. Turricula nodosa, Swains. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 269, 268.. 193

640. Turricula fraga, Kiener (— nodosa). Iconog., t. 27, f. 87 193

641. Turricula pinguis, Reeve (— nodosa). Conch. Icon., f. 304 193

642. Turricula tusa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 283 193

Plate 57.

643. Turricula pupula, Dunker. Specimen 194

644. Turricula Savignyi, Payr. (= tricolor, Gmel.). Reeve, Icon., f. 307. 194

645. Turricula^ranum, Forbes (— tricolor). Reeve, Conch., Icon.,

f. 261 .- 194

646. Turricula littoralis, Forbes (= tricolor). Reeve, Icon., f. 296 194

647. Turricula clandestina, Forbes (= Columbellaria). Sowb., Thes.,

f. 6, 641 195

648. Turricula suavis, Sowerb. Jour, de Conch., t. 13, f. 2, 1875 195

649. Turricula pusilla, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 644 195

650. Turricula remula, Smith Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 52, 1879. 196

651. Turricula pallida, Issel (= tricolor). Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, xi,

419 194

652. Turricula Columbellaria, Scacchi. Kuster, Conch. Cat., t. 17 e, f. 19. 195

653. Turricula Greci, Phil. (= Columbellaria). Moll Sicil., ii, t. 27,

f. 18 195

654. Turricula Hanleyi, Dohrn. Novit. Conch., t. 15, f. 7 195

655. . Turricula corallina, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 330 a 195

656. Turricula articulata, Reeve. Iconica, f. 302 196

657. Cylindra nux, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 348 198

658. Cylindra dactylus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f 346 197

659. Cylindra nucea, Gronov. Sowb , Thes., f. 360 196

660. Cylindra ornata, Sch. & Wag. Kuster, Conch. Cat., t. 9, f. 12 197

2Y6 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

6G1. Cylindra Potensis, Montr. (= dactylus). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser.,

iv, t. 2, f . 2 197

662, 663. Cylindra crenulata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 354, 355.. 197

664. Cylindra undulosa, Reeve (= crenulata). Conch. Icon., f. 102.... 197

665. Cylindra radula, Sowb. (= crenulata). Thes. Conch., f. 358 197

666. Cylindra arctata, Sowb. (= crenulata). Thes. Conch., f. 317 197

667. Cylindra glans, Reeve (= fenestrata). Sowb., Thes., f. 352 198

668. Cylindra Sinensis, Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 190 b 198

669. Cylindra punctata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 168 198

670. Cylindra lima, Sowb. (= Sinensis). Thes. Conch., f. 353 198

671. Cylindra fenestrata, Lam. Sowb/, Thes., f. 363 198

Plate 58.

672. Imbricaria conus, Reeve (— conulus Lava). Icon., f. 83 199

673. Imbricaria marmorata, Swn., (— conica Schum). Quoy, Voy.

Astrol., t. 45 bis, f. 1 199

674. Imbricaria Crouani, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 9, f. 6, 1868 199

675. Imbricaria citrina, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 367 199

676. Imbricaria carbonacea, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 11, f. 10 199

677. Imbricaria Rollandi, Bern. (==? carbouacea). Jour, de Conch., iv,

t. 1, f. 7 199

678. Imbricaria lineata, Swains. Zool. Illust., 1st ser., i 200

679. Imbricaria ossea, Reeve (= punctata, Swn.). Icon , f. 219 200

680. Imbricaria truncate, Kiener (?= punctata). Iconog., t. 30, f. 101. 200

681. Imbricaria conovula, Quoy (= punctata). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis,

f. 19 200

682. Imbricaria Beburghias, Sowb. (— Vanikorensis). Zool. Proc., t.

48, f. 12, 1878 200

683. Imbricaria virgo, Swainson. Sowb., Thes. Conch,, f. 313 200

684. Imbricaria Vanikorensis, Quoy. Reeve, Icon., f. 220 200

685. Mitra picea, Pease Specimen 150

686. Mitra vibex, A. Ad. (= cruentata, var.). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 599 173

687. Mitra coronata, Sowb. Ibid., f. 217 148

688. Mitra gemmata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 649 » 150

689. Mitra tuberosa, Reeve- (= patriarchalis). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

f. 267 191

690. Mitra granata, Reeve (=pellis-serpentis). Conch. Icon., f. 271... 151

691. Mitra modesta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 539 170

692. Mitra bacillum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 312 141

693. Mitra fidicula, Gould. Moll. Wilkes1 Exped., f. 353 175

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