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BIUKEIEY  \ 

LIEHARY 

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mm-       EARTH 

LIBRARY        SCliNCES 


EART 


MANUAL 


OF 


ONCHOLOGY; 


STRUCTURAL  AND  SYSTEMATIC. 


WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS    OF    THE    SPECIES. 


BY  GEORGE  W,  TRYON,  JR. 

CONSERVATOR  OF  THE  CONCHOLOGICAL  SECTION   OF  THB  ACADEMY  OF   NATURAL 
SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 

j&  ^ 

&-- 

VOL.    VII. 

;^T;,,  Li*  "••  '>4» :>> 
TEREBKID^E,    CANCELLARTID^,    STROMBiD^E,   CYPR^ID^E, 

OVULID^E,    CASSIDID^E,    DOLIIDJE. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
Published  by  the   Author, 

ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES,  COR.  I9TH  &  RACE  STS. 

1885. 


UBRAKT 


y 


Wm.  P.  Kildare,  Printer,  734  $•  736  Sansom  St.,  Phila. 


MANUAL  OF  CONCHOLOGY. 


FAMILY  TEREBEID^E. 


Shell  long,  solid,  narrow,  many-whorled,  whorls  flattened, 
suture  superficial;  the  aperture  small,  notched  in  front,  columella 
without  plaits.  Operculum  horny,  annular,  with  apical  nucleus. 

Animal  having  the  foot  rounded  in  front,  elongated  behind ; 
head  rather  large,  with  short,  small  tentacles  furnished  with  eyes 
at  their  tips ;  between  the  tentacles  extends  anteriorly  a  rather 
long  cylindrical  trunk.  Teeth  subulate,  arcuate,  in  two  lateral 
rows  (1-0-1);  PL  12,  fig.  40. 

The  family  is  now  restricted^  the  Single  genus  Terebra  (auger- 
shells),  including  about  170  living  species  ;  the  genus  Pusionella, 
formerly  referred  to  Terebridae,  being  now  included  in  the  Pleuro- 
tomidae.  Troschel,  however  (Gebiss  der  Schnecken,  ii,  28 ),  found 
so  much  difference  in  the  mouth-parts  of  the  few  species  of  Tere- 
bridae examined  by  him,  that  he  would  have  separated  them  into 
three  families,  notwithstanding  the  close  relationship  of  their 
shells,  had  he  not  been  deterred  by  the  paucity  of  material  for 
study.  His  three  types  are  as  follows  : — 

1.  The  mouth-mass  at  the  end  of  the  proboscis  furnished  with 
arrow-like  teeth,  as  in  Conus,  and  a  poison-gland. 

Hastula  cserulescens. 

2.  No  teeth,  no  venom-gland.  Acus  muscaria. 

3.  The  mouth  contains  a  true  radula,  supported  by  a  lingual 
cartilage,  with  two  rows  of  side-teeth  ;  no  venom-gland. 

Myurella  duplicate,.     PI.  12,  fig.  40. 

Finally  in  examining  a  specimen  of  T.  subulata  (representative 
of  the  restricted  group  Terebra),  Troschel  only  obtained  negative 
results  ;  seeing  no  teeth,  although  the  poison-gland  was  present. 


About  25  fossil  species  are  known,  commencing  with  the 
Eocene.  Conrad's  genera  Pyramitra,  Caelatura  and  Terebri- 
fusus,  referred  by  him  to  Terebridse,  are  not  members  of  the 

group* 

The  geographical  distribution  of  Terebra  is  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical, and  the  species  appear  to  be  inhabitants  of  shallow 
water  principally  ;  indeed,  none  have  occurred,  so  far,  at  great 
depths. 

Gray,  in  1834  (Zool.  Proceedings,  59),  enumerates  42  species, 
excluding  those  subsequently  referred  to  Bullia  ;  half  of  these 
were  first  described  in  his  paper.  He  thus  groups  them  :— 

I.  Whorls  with  a  posterior  spiral  sulcus,  inner  lip  thin,  con- 
cave.    30  species. 

II.  Whorls  with  posterior  spiral  sulcus,  inner  lip  thickened, 
subelevated.     7  species. 

III.  Whorls  without  posterior  sulcus.     5  species. 

Kiener's  monograph  in  his  "  Coquilles  vivantes,"  contains  35 
species. 

Hinds  described  many  species  in  the  Zoological  Proceedings 
for  1843,  and  he  monographed  the  genus  in  Sowerby's  Thesaurus 
Conchyliorum  (i,  p.  141  bis  to  190,  PI.  41  to  45)  ;  enumerating 
and  figuring  109  species. 

Hinds  remarks  that  "  The  only  sectional  division  of  the  genus 
that  has  been  attempted,  is  that  of  Mr.  Gray  in  the  above  Pro- 
ceedings. This  division  is  three-fold  ;  the  two  first  of  these 
depend  on  the  presence  of  the  peculiar  girdling  or  division  of 
the  whorls,  and  which  is  very  conspicuous  in  many  species,  but 
practically  I  fail  to  carry  it  out  in  detail.  Some  species  also 
are  so  excessively  variable  in  this  character,  that  M.  Kiener  has 
described  T.  castanea  as  having  girdled  whorls,  but  has  figured 
it  without  them.  The  latter  writer  has  not  attempted  any 
grouping  of  the  species  in  his  monograph,  and  as  he  has  done  so 
in  most  cases,  we  may  venture  to  infer  that  he  did  not  see  room 
for  it  here. 

"  It  cannot  be  denied  that  among  the  numerous  species  are 
several  shells  which,  taken  by  themselves,  would  furnish  good 
grounds  for  sectional  or  even  subgeneric  divisions.  And  if  we 
take  T.  maculata  as  the  proper  generic  type,  then  T.  lanceata, 


TEREBRID^E.  5 

T.  armillata  and  T.  commaculata,  seem  to  offer  strong  points  of 
difference,  and  good  grounds  for  sectional  heads.  But,  with  every 
wish  to  establish  some  such  divisions,  I  have  found  it  impracti- 
cable so  to  group  the  species  that  there  shall  be  little  or  no  doubt 
which  section  they  belong  to  ;  and  unless  this  object  is  attained, 
I  do  not  see  any  use  in  a  division  ;  science  would  not  be  bene- 
fitted  merely  by  selecting  the  salient  points  and  strong  grounds 
of  the  exceptions,  and  leaving  the  crowd  to  follow  as  they  may." 

H.  and  A.  Adams,  in  their  "  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca," 
include  in  the  family  Terebridse  the  two  subfamilies  Terebrinae 
and  Pusionellinse  (the  shells  composing  the  latter  are  now  con- 
sidered a  group  of  the  family  Pleurotomidse). 

They  divide  the  subfamily  Terebrinse  into  two  genera : — 

Acus,  Humphrey.  Animal  with  eyes  on  the  tips  of  the  ten- 
tacles. Whorls  without  posterior  band;  aperture  emarginate 
anteriorly,  not  produced  into  a  canal ;  columella  simple,  incurved, 
not  tortuous  ;  outer  lip  simple,  acute,  without  anterior  sinus. 

A.  maculata.  Linn. 

TEREBRA,  Adanson.  Eyes  at  the  outer  bases  of  the  tentacles. 
Whorls  with  spiral  groove  forming  a  posterior  band ;  aperture 
very  small,  canaliculated ;  columella  tortuous ;  outer  lip  anteriorly 
sinuous.  T.  babylonia,  Lam. 

These  characters  of  the  shell  shade  off  into  each  other  by 
gradual  transitions,  so  that  they  afford  no  good  grounds  of  divi- 
sion, and  the  position  of  the  eyes  is  at  the  tips  of  the  tentacles 
in  all  the  species  that  have  been  examined.  The  eyes  were 
erroneously  figured  by  Quoy  and  Gaimard,  in  T.  KubulaM,  at  the 
base  of  the  tentacles,  and  this  supposed  peculiarity  Messrs. 
Adams  have  made  one  of  the  points  of  distinction  between  their 
two  genera.  In  the  figure  of  the  animal  of  T.  subulata,  in  Gould's 
Moll.  U.  S.  Expl.  Exped.,  the  eyes  are  correctly  placed. 

In  the  genus  Acus,  Messrs.  Adams'  have  the  following  sub- 
genera  : — 

ABRETIA,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Whorls  longitudinally  ribbed  ; 
columella  simple,  straight,  produced.  A.  cerethina,  Lam. 

HASTULA,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Whorls  smooth ;  columella 
simple,  straight,  produced  anteriorly.  A.  albula,  Menke. 

EURYTA,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Turreted,  subfusiform,  smooth  ; 
whorls  nodosely  plicate,  the  last  rather  ventricose  ;  columella 


6  TEREBRID^E. 

spirally  twisted,  forming  a  false  umbilicus,  pervious  to  the  apex 
of  the  spire,  much  produced  anteriorly;  aperture  somewhat 
effuse.  A.  aciculata,  Lam. 

Under  Terebra,  they  admit  the  subgenus  :— 

MYURELLA,  Hinds.  Whorls  furnished  posteriorly  with  a  tuber- 
culated  zone,  anteriorly  transversely  sculptured,  or,  very  rarely, 
smooth ;  columella  tortuous  and  produced  anteriorly. 

T.  affinis,  Gray. 

To  complete  the  group  of  subgenera  proposed  in  Terebridae,  I 
here  add  : — 

IMPAGES,  Smith.  Shell  subulate,  whorls  entire,  more  or  less 
longitudinally  striate  or  punctate,  suture  indistinctly  separated, 
with  a  narrow  callous  band  above  it.  This  name  is  substituted 
for  LeiodomuSj  Gray,  not  Swainson  ;  Swainson's  group  belonging 
to  Bullia.  The  character  usually  (but  not  always)  obtains  in 
the  typical  T.  caerulescens,  but  in  the  other  species  quoted  by 
Mr.  Smith  as  members  of  this  group  it  is  mostly  absent. 

M.  Deshayes,  in  1857,  described  a  number  of  new  species  in 
the  "Journal  de  Conchyliologie,"  and  in  J859  he  published,  in 
Zool.  Proc.  London,  "A  General  Review  of  the  Genus  Terebra, 
and  a  Description  of  New  Species."  Excluding  doubtful  and 
unidentified  forms,  221  species  are  enumerated,  of  which  90  are 
described  by  this  author. 

In  the  systematic  arrangement  of  the  species  Deshayes  mainly 
follows  H.  and  A.  Adams,  thus  (I  add  characteristic  examples)  : 

First  Division.     (Acus,  Humphrey.) 

A.  Shell  buccinoid.     (S.  G.  EURYTA,  Ad.).       T.  aciculata;  Lam. 

B.  Shell  elongated,  subulate.  T.  Senegalensis,  Lam. 
G.  Shell  subulate,  whorls  flattened,  usually  striate  at  the  suture. 

a.  Aperture  narrow. 

1.  Finely  striate  at  the  suture.  T.  cuspidata,  Hinds. 

2.  Plications  continuous  from  whorl  to  whorl. 

T.  concinna.  Desh. 

b.  Aperture  dilated  at  the  base. 

1.  Whorls  smooth  or  finely  striate.         T.  cxrulescens,  Lam. 

2.  Plications  continuous  from  whorl  to  whorl. 

T.  strigilata,  Linn. 


TEREBRID.E.  7 

D.  Shell  having  the  aperture  oblong,  narrow,  the  whorls  numer- 
ous, grooved,  plicated  or  cancellated.    (MYURELLA,  Hinds.) 
a.  A  spiral  groove  nearly  equally  dividing  the  whorls. 

T.  duplicata,  Lam. 
6.  Sutural  portion  (or  band)  narrow.  T.  dislocata^  Say. 

Second  Division.     (TEREBRA,  Adams.) 
(No  subdivisions).  T.oculata,  Lam. 

Reeve,  who  monographed  Terebra  in  1860,  in  his  "  Concho- 
logia  Iconica,"  admits  155  species  ;  a  considerable  reduction  on 
the  number  enumerated  by  Deshayes,  nearly  half  of  whose 
species  are  here  made  synonyms,  after  examining  their  types  in 
the  Cumingian  Collection.  Mr.  Reeve  says  :  "  M.  Deshayes  was 
induced  to  undertake  the  investigation  of  the  genus  under  circum- 
stances hardly  favorable  to  the  proper  discrimination  of  the 
species.  Specimens  were  transmitted  to  him  in  Paris,  from  the 
Cumingian  Collection,  and  his  means  of  comparison  with  the 
types  of  Mr.  Hinds'  species  being  necessarily  limited,  many 
that  were  already  named  were  described  by  him  as  new,  and 
many  were  described  by  him  as  new  that  a  more  extended  series 
of  specimens  would  have  shown  to  be  merely  varieties.  Out  of 
221  species  cited  by  Deshayes,  in  his  recent  memoir,  I  have 
before  me  the  original  types  and  series  of  types  of  214.  All 
the  figures  of  this  monograph  are  drawn  from  the  types  them- 
selves, and  no  subsequently  described  species  is  quoted  as  a 
synonym,  except  as  resulting  from  an  actual  comparison  with 
the  types."  Mr.  Reeve's  monograph  is  certainly  worked  up 
with  more  than  usual  care  and  judgment ;  nevertheless,  he  has 
made  some  erroneous  identifications,  as  will  be  apparent  in  the 
course  of  the  following  pages. 

In  the  present  monograph,  notwithstanding  the  additional 
species  described  and  figured  since  1860,  the  synonymy  is  much 
enlarged,  and  the  admitted  species  reduced  to  about  120;  exclu- 
sive of  about  50  species,  described  but  not  figured,  and  there- 
fore not  susceptible  of  identification. 

Agreeing  with  Mr.  Hinds  that  the  species  of  Terebra  cannot 
be  advantageously  divided  into  subgenera  (with  the  exception 
of  Euryta),  1  have  essayed  a  classification  by  sections  and  sub- 


g  TEREBRA. 

sections  which  will  perhaps  assist  in  grouping  the  species, 
although  the  presence  of  transitional  forms  makes  the  bounda- 
ries rather  vague. 

Genus  TEREBRA,  Adanson. 

A.  Whorls   smooth,  with   or  without  a  smooth  sutural   band, 

defined  by  a  sulcus. 

B.  Shell  with  plicate  or  tuberculate   band   below  the   sutures, 

defined  by  a  sulcus. 
*  Whorls  plicate. 
**  Whorls  smooth. 

***  Cylindrically  many-whorled ;  whorls  with  revolving 
sculpture,  with  or  without  less  prominent  longitu- 
dinal striae. 

C.  No  sutural  band  ;  whorls  closely  plicate  or  striate  next  the 

suture,  elsewhere  plicate  or  smooth. 

Subgenus  EURYTA,  Adams. 


Genus  TEREBRA,  Adanson. 

A.  Whorls  smooth,  with  or  without  a  smooth  sutural  band  defined 

by  a  sulcus. 

T.  CRENULATA.  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  1,  2,  6. 

Whorls  obtusely  noduled  below  the  sutures  ;  carneous  cream- 
color,  streaked  with  chestnut  irregular  lines  between  the  nodules, 
and  with  three  revolving  rows  of  small  chestnut  spots  below, 
two  of  which  appear  on  the  spire-whorls.  Length,  3-5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean — Central  Polynesia. 

T.fimbriata,  Deshayes  (fig.  2)  is  a  variety  only,  retaining  the 
juvenile  characters  shown  by  the  upper  whorls  of  this  and  other 
smooth  species  of  Terebra,  namely,  longitudinal  plications  and 
a  strongly  marked  sutural  band.  T.  interlineata,  Desh.  (fig.  6), 
is  another  example  of  the  long  persistence  of  juvenile  characters, 
and  may  be  equally  referred  here. 

T.  TIARELLA,  Desh.     PI.  12,  figs.  38,  39. 

First  few  whorls  plicate,  the  rest  smooth,  with  spiral  impressed 
striae,  sutural  margin  a  little  swollen  and  conspicuously  nodu- 
lous; fulvous  fawn  or  chocolate-colored.  Length,  28-33  mill. 

Cape  of  Good 


TEREBRA.  <) 

T.  DIMIDIATA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  13,  4. 

Reddish  orange,  banded  with  oblong  spots  on  a  white  ground, 
sutural  band  orange-red ;  upper  whorls  longitudinally  plicate, 
lower  ones  smooth.  Length,  3-5-5  inches. 

Singapore,  Philippines,  Central  Polynesia. 

T.  splendens,  Desh.  (fig.  4),  from  the  China  Sea,  appears  to  be 
a  small  variety,  the  figure  being  natural  size. 

T.  MACULATA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  9,  10. 

Flesh-white,  broadly  banded  with  fawn-color,  the  bands  often 
broken  up  into  oblong,  close  markings,  with  a  band  of  longitu- 
dinal black-purple  strigations  next  the  sutures,  and  below  it  a 
second  much  smaller  band  of  spots  or  hieroglyphic  markings ; 
early  whorls  often  longitudinally  plicate ;  balance  smooth. 

Length,  4'5-6'5  inches. 

Moluccas,  Australia,  Philippines — Central  Polynesia. 

Sometimes  a  spiral  impressed  line  divides  off'  as  a  sutural 
band,  the  upper  row  of  strigations. 

The  Polynesians  eat  the  animal,  and  use  the  shell  shaped  to  a 
chisel  in  making  canoes. 

T.  MUSCARIA,  Lam.     PI.  1,  fig.  12. 

Yellowish  white,  with  a  row  of  oblong  bright  chestnut  spots 
on  a  sutural  band,  and  two  (on  the  body-whorl  three)  similar 
rows  below  it ;  the  spots  are  smaller  and  more  widely  separated 
than  in  the  preceding  species,  and  the  form  of  the  shell  is  nar- 
rower. Length,  3-6  inches. 

Japan,  Philippines — Central  Polynesia. 

Mr.  Tapparone-Canefri's  variety  callichloros  is  founded  on  a 
narrow,  brightly  colored  specimen  figured  by  Quoy  in  the  Voy. 
Astrolabe  ;  there  is  no  good  reason  for  giving  it  a  name. 

T.  CONSORS,  Hinds.     PL  3,  figs.  32-34. 

Shell  smooth,  the  sutural  band  distinct  and  obsoletely  plicate  ; 
whitish,  with  light  chestnut  obliquely  longitudinal  flames,  inter- 
rupted on  the  periphery  of  the  last  whorl,  below  which  they 
sometimes  coalesce  into  a  broad  revolving  band. 

Length,  2*75  inches.  Society  Islands. 

T.  uirginea,  Desh.  (fig.  33),  and  T.  glabra,  Desh.  (fig.  34),  are 
both  described  from  worn  specimens  in  which  the  coloring  is  no 


1 0  TEREBRA. 

longer  very  apparent,  although  Reeve  has  discovered  traces  of 
it  upon  the  types. 

T.  SUBULATA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  fig.  3  ;  PI.  3,  fig.  35. 

Light  flesh-color  or  yellowish,  with  two  spiral  series  (on  the 
last  whorl  three),  of  quadrangular  distant  chestnut  or  chocolate 
spots ;  upper  whorls  longitudinally  plicate,  and  with  a  sutural 
band  ;  in  the  later  whorls  this  band  is  lost,  but  sometimes  the 
whorls  are  somewhat  swollen  just  beneath  the  sutures,  although 
the  impressed  line  defining  the  band  is  obsolete  ;  surface  smooth, 
or  with  impressed  (sometimes  minutely  punctate)  revolving 
lines.  Length,  4-6  inches. 

Japan,  Moluccas,  Philippines,  Society  Islands,  etc. 

Yar.  CONSOBRINA,  Desh.     PI.  3,  fig.  35. 

More  conically  subulate  than  the  type,  with  the  spots  smaller, 
the  surface  distantly  encircled  by  punctate  grooves,  a  sutural 
band  slightly  indicated. 

Red  Sea. 
Barely  distinguishable  as  a  variety. 

T.  TIGRINA,  Gmelin.     PI.  1,  fig.  11. 

Shell  white,  with  a  single  row  of  chestnut  spots  just  above  the 
sutures,  two  rows  on  the  last  whorl,  of  which  the  lower  one, 
near  the  base,  is  smaller;  surface  smooth,  an  unornamented 
band  below  the  sutures  is  defined  by  an  impressed  line. 

Length,  2-3  inches. 

Sandwich  Islands,  Central  Polynesia. 

Reeve's  locality,  West  Indies,  is  erroneous. 

T.  OCULATA,  Lam.     PI.  2,  fig.  20  ;  PI.  3,  fig.  36. 

Orange-brown,  with  a  row  of  large  white  spots  just  below  the 
sutures,  and  a  second  row  below  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl  • 
whorls  somewhat  constricted  in  the  middle. 

Length,  3*5-5  inches. 

Moluccas—  Viti  Islands. 

According  to  Reeve,  who   has   seen   the   type,  T.  nebulosa 
Lorois  (fig.  36),  is  the  young  of  the  species  ;  the  name  being  pre- 
occupied,  Deshayes  changed  it  to  T.  Loroisii 


TEREBRA.  ]  I 

T.  ARGUS,  Hinds.     PL  2,  fig.  24. 

Earlier  whorls  with  a  sutural  band  ;  whitish,  with  three  rows 
of  regularly  disposed  oval  light  fawn-colored  spots,  four  rows  on 
the  body-whorl.  Length,  3-4-5  inches.  Marquesas,  Tahiti. 

This  is  T.  nebulosa,  Kiener,  not  Sowerby. 

T.  ROBUSTA,  Hinds.     PI.  2,  figs.  16,  17,  25. 

Shell  stout,  with  rugose  growth-lines,  earlier  whorls  plicate 
and  with  a  sutural  band ;  whitish,  with  longitudinal  chestnut 
flammules,  interrupted  by  a  central  white  line  so  as  to  form  two 
spiral  series,  with  an  additional  basal  series  on  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  4-5'5  inches.  W.  Coast  of  Central  America. 

T.  Loroisi,  Guerin  (not  Desh.)  =  this  species,  and  T.  incom- 
parabilis,  Desh.,  is  probably  a  3'oung  individual.  T.  lingualis, 
Hinds  (fig.  17),  is  also  not  fully  grown,  and  is  a  narrow  variety 
in  which  the  juvenile  characters  persist  longer  than  usual.  T. 
insignis,  Desh.  (fig.  25)  =  it. 

T.  CHLORATA,  Lam.     PI.  11,  fig.  21. 

Shell  smooth,  whorls  somewhat  flattened, finely  crenate  towards 
the  apex,  sutural  band  defined  by  a  superficial  groove ;  yellowish 
white,  with  longitudinal  splashes  of  milky  chocolate  on  and  below 
the  band,  and  two  interrupted  bands  of  spots  of  the  same  color 
upon  the  body-whorl.  Length,  3-4  inches. 

Malacca,  Seychelles,  Mauritius,  Sandwich  Is. 

T.  Knorri,  Gray,  is  a  synonym. 

T.  ALBIDA,  Gray.     PI.  12,  fig.  29. 

Whorls  smooth,  with  a  sutural  band  separated  by  a  narrow 
depression  ;  ivory-white,  sometimes  faintly  stained  with  rust- 
color.  Length,  2  inches.  Australia. 

T.  FLAMMEA,  Lamarck.     PI.  2,  fig.  26. 

Shell  somewhat  more  slender  than  the  preceding  species,  the 
oblique  growth-lines  ridge-like ;  usualty  a  shallow  broad  groove 
in  the  middle  of  the  whorls ;  with  occasional  impressed  spiral 
lines,  of  which  one  which  divides  the  space  above  the  central 
groove  is  more  prominent ;  j^ellowish  white,  interruptedly  stri- 
gate  with  chestnut,  often  forming  two  interrupted  bands  on  the 
spire  whorls  and  three  on  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  3'5-5  inches.      Indian  Ocean, China  Sea,  Madagascar. 


12  TEREBRA. 

T.  ORNATA,  Gray.     PL  2,  fig.  28. 

Shell  stout,  sutures  crenulated  towards  the  apex,  with  a  well- 
defined  sutural  band  ;  yellowish  white,  with  three  spiral  series  of 
regular  chestnut  spots,  four  on  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  4'5  inches. 

Galapagos  Is. 
T.  FORMOSA,  Desh.     PI.  2,  fig.  27. 

Shell  rather  slender,  with  a  somewhat  swollen  sutural  band 
not  clearly  separated  from  the  whorls  by  an  impressed  line ; 
upper  whorls  longitudinally  plicate ;  yellowish  white,  with  small 
chestnut  spots  on  the  band,  and  larger  longitudinal  markings 
below  it,  a  third  inferior  series  on  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  2'75  inches. 

Panama. 

Described  from  a  single  specimen,  and  is  possibly  a  young 
variety  of  T.  robusta. 

T.  STRIGATA,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  fig.  29. 

Whorls  divided  by  a  median  groove,  the  upper  ones  plicate; 
yellowish  white,  longitudinally  striped  with  chestnut. 

Length,  3*5-5  5  inches. 

Panama,  Realejo. 

Reeve  gives  Philippines  (Gaming)  and  Moluccas  as  additional 
localities — which  need  confirmation.  It  is  T.  elongata,  Wood, 
T.  zebra,  Kiener,  and  T.  flammea.  Lesson. 

T.  CERETHINA,  Lam.     PL  2,  fig.  30,  14. 

Upper  whorls  densely  plicate,  lower  ones  becoming  smooth, 
with  a  sutural  band  bounded  by  an  indistinct  impressed  line ; 
flesh-white,  rather  closely  longitudinally  strigate  with  flesh-color 
or  orange,  crossed  by  several  distant  narrow  revolving  lines  of 
the  same  color.  Length,  2-3  inches. 

Philippines  to  Society  Is. 

T.  pulchra,  Hinds  (fig.  14),  is  a  synonym. 

T.  LANCEATA,  Linn.     PL  11,  fig.  10. 

Whorls  smooth,  flattened,  a  little  swollen  below  the  sutures, 
earlier  whorls  plicated  ;  white,  crossed  by  narrow  chestnut  longi- 
tudinal streaks,  interrupted  at  the  periphery  of  the  body-whorl 
by  a  white  band.  Length,  2-2-5  mill.  • 

Taheiti,  Moluccas,  Mauritius. 


TEREBRA.  13 

T.  PENICILLATA,  Hinds.     PI.  11,  fig.  11. 

Stouter  with  more  convex  whorls  than  the  preceding  species, 
the  longitudinal  chestnut  lines  crowded,  much  more  numerous 
than  in  T.  lanceata.  Length,  2  inches. 

Seychelles,  Mauritius. 

Kiener  figured  both  this  and  the  succeeding  varieties  as  T. 
lanceata,  and  von  Martens,  in  his  "  Conchology  of  Mauritius,"  has 
recently  so  considered  them  :  my  material  does  not  support  this 
view  ;  yet  their  substantial  identity  is  not  improbable. 

Yar.  VENOSA,  Hinds.     PI.  11,  figs.  12,  13. 

White,  banded  with  light  chocolate,  with  chestnut  longitudinal 
lines ;  first  whorls  plicate,  the  others  smooth,  divided  at  the 
upper  part  by  a  row  of  punctures  ;  sometimes  all  the  whorls  are 
plicate.  Length,  1-1-5  inches.  Indian  Ocean. 

Reeve  remarks  that  "  when  plicately  ribbed  throughout,  the 
shell,  like  the  granulated  varieties  of  Cones,  is  smaller  than  when 
it  is  smooth."  One  of  these  small,  plicated  shells  has  been 
described  by  Deshayes  as  T.  Crossei  (fig.  13).  When  the  shell 
is  plicate  upon  the  lower  whorls  it  appears  to  be  the  result  of  the 
impression  of  the  chestnut  streaks,  which  form  the  interstices  of 
the  plicae. 

T.  BRAZIERI,  Angas.     PL  11.  fig.  14. 

Narrow,  smooth,  first  whorls  plicate,  the  others  somewhat 
tumid  or  very  shortly  obsoletely  plicate  below  the  sutures ; 
whitish,  promiscuously  longitudinally  veined  with  chestnut,  the 
strigations  more  numerous  on  the  upper  part  of  the  whorls ; 
body-whorl  with  a  white  band  on  the  peripher}T,  and  below  it  a 
row  of  chestnut  spots,  sometimes  coalescing  into  a  chestnut 

band.     Length,  1-1 '5  inches. 

New  South  Wales,  Tasmania. 
This  is,  perhaps,  a  variety  of  T.  lanceata. 

T.  ciRCUMCiNCTA,  Deshayes.     PL  11,  figs.  8,  9. 

White,  with  a  few  irregular  yellowish  streaks ;  whorls  flatly 
convex,  with  four  to  six  equidistant,  pricked,  linear  revolving 
grooves.  Length,  40  mill. 

Red  Sea  (Deshayes);  Port  Curtis,  Australia  (Stutchbury;. 

Reef  e's  figure  (fig.  9)  does  not  agree  well  with  his  description, 
nor  with  the  figure  given  by  Deshayes. 


j^  TEREBRA. 

B.  Shell  with  plicate  or  tuberculate  band  below  the  sutures, 
defined  by  a  sulcus. 

*  Whorls  plicate. 

T.  AFFINIS,  Gray.     PI.  2,  figs.  22,  18. 

Whorls  with  distinct  subsutural  band,  covered  with  flat  longi- 
tudinal ribs,  separated  by  narrow  impressed,  often  punctate  lines ; 
flesh-color,  sparingly  mottled  with  light  chocolate  or  chestnut 
oblong  markings  and  with  a  few  distant  revolving  lines  of  the 
same  color.  Length,  l'5-2'25  inches. 

Philippines,  Seychelles,  Viti  Isles. 

It  is  T.  eburnea,  Hinds  (fig.  18),  T.  striata,  Quoy,  T.  pertusa, 
Kiener,  var. 
T.  VARIEGATA,  Gray.     PL  2,  figs.  15,  19,  21,  23;    PL  1,  figs.  5,  7, 

8;  PL  3,  figs.  31,37,38. 

-Spirally  grooved,  more  or  less  longitudinally  plicate  on  the 
upper,  sometimes  on  all  the  whorls,  sometimes  becoming  granular 
at  the  intersections  of  the  sculpture,  a  swollen  callous  band  below 
the  sutures ;  whitish,  marked  with  chestnut  between  the  plica- 
tions of  the  band,  strigated  with  chestnut  below  it,  with  a 
central  white  band  on  the  body-whorl,  beneath  which  is  a  second 
series  of  strigations.  Length,  2*5-3'25  inches. 

Mazatlan,  Guaymas,  Lower  and  Southern  California, 

Panama,  Galapagos  Is.,  China,  Sea,  W.  Africa. 
T.  armillata,  Hinds  (figs.  21,23),  T.  Hupei,  Lorois  (fig.  5), 
T.  aspera,  Hinds  (fig.  7),  T.  Petiveriana,  Desh.  (fig.  31),  and  T. 
glauca,  Hinds  (fig.  19),  are  synonyms.  The  following  unfigured 
species,  described  by  P.  P.  Carpenter,  and  which  are  smaller  than 
the  type,  being  but  little  over  an  inch  in  length,  may  constitute 
a  minor  variety.  They  occur  at  Mazatlan  and  extend  northwards 
to  Southern  California :  T.  albocincta,  T.  Hindsi,  T.  subnodosa, 
T.  rufocinerea;  T.  simplex,  from  Sta.  Barbara  and  S.  Pedro,  Cal. 
Yery  probably  the  more  northern  distribution  of  this  form  of  an 
essentially  tropical  genus  will  account  for  the  smaller  size  of  the* 
specimens  occurring  on  the  California  Coast ;  they  are  precisely 
like  T.  variegata  of  the  same  size  and  number  of  whorls,  but 
seem  not  to  grow  larger. 

To  the  above  numerous  synonyms  from  the  West  Coast  of 
America  are  to  be  added  T.  albicostata,  Adams  and  Reeve  (fig. 


TEREBRA.  1  o 

8),  from  China  Sea,  and  T.  Africana,  Gray,  T.  intertincta,  Hinds 
(tig.  37),  and  T.  marginata,  Desh.  (fig.  38),  from  West  Africa. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  of  the  identity  of  these  species  with 
T.  variegata,  and  of  the  extensive  distribution  thus  indicated — it 
is  paralleled  in  other  species  of  the  genus  as  will  be  seen 
hereafter. 

T.  GOULDI,  Desh.     PL  3,  fig.  39. 

Whorls  with  a  subsutural,  nodulous  band,  closely  longitu- 
dinally plicate  below  it ;  yellowish  white,  two-banded  with  very 
pale  chestnut,  three  bands  on  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  2-5  inches.  Sandwich  Islands. 

T.  aciculina,  Kiener,  var.  (t.  7,  f.  13  a),  is  probably  a  young 
shell  of  this  species. 

T.  CONCINNA,  Desh.     PI.  12,  figs.  31,  32. 

Longitudinally  finely  plicated  throughout,  with  a  suturai  band 
defined  by  a  groove ;  yellowish  flesh-cplor,  the  ribs  lighter,  with 
a  row  of  chestnut  spots  below  the  suture.  Length,  40  mill. 

Japan. 

T.  Dillwyni,  Desh.  (fig.  32),  is  a  synonj^m.  Reeve  erro- 
neously made  T.  concinna  a  synonym  of  T.  strigilata,  Linn., 
and  Pease  changed  the  name  to  T.  divisa  on  account  of  Euccinum 
concinnum,  Dillwyn. 

T.  MARMORATA,  Desh.       PI.  12,  fig.  34. 

Longitudinally  plicate,  pricked  in  spiral  series  in  the  inter- 
stices, the  upper  and  more  profound  row  indicating  a  suturul 
band  ;  whitish,  somewhat  tessellated  with  large  chestnut  blotches, 
darker-spotted  on  the  suturai  margin,  with  a  white  band  on  the 
periphery  of  the  body-whorl.  Length,  1 '25-1*5  inches. 

Port  Curtis,  Australia  (Stutchbury). 

T.  BADIA,  Desh.     PI.  3,  fig.  40. 

Chocolate-colored,  including  the  interior;  longitudinally  pli- 
cated, including  a  subsutural  band,  body-whorl  somewhat  ven- 
tricose,  with  several  spiral  granular  striae  on  the  lower  part. 

Length,  2'5  mill. 

China. 

It  is  T.  castanea,  Hinds,  not  Kiener;  altered  by  Deshayes  as 
above,  and  by  Reeve  to  T.  ligneola. 


16  TEREBRA. 

T.  SENEGALENSIS,  Lam.     PL  3,  figs.  41-45  ;  PL  12,  fig.  33. 

Shell  with  a  subsutnral  band,  surface  varying  from  nearly 
smooth,  showing  only  longitudinal  flexuous  growth-stria?,  to 
longitudinally  plicate;  yellowish  white,  more  or  less  inter- 
ruptedly three-banded  with  pale  or  dark  chestnut  or  chocolate, 
four  or  five  bands  on  the  body-whorl;  sometimes  the  darker 
coloring  suffuses  the  entire  surface.  Length,  3-4  inches. 

Senegal,  etc.,  West  Africa. 

It  is  T.  striatula,  Lam.,  T.  fu.scomacula.ta,  Sowb. ;  probably 
T.  pugio,  Gmel.,  T.  f estiva,  Desh.  (fig.  45),  T.  speciosa,  Desh. 
T.  raphanula,  Lam.  (PL  12,  fig.  33),  said  to  occur  at  Amboina, 
has  the  markings  somewhat  tessellately  arranged  ;  a  good  series 
of  specimens  easily  connect  it  with  the  typical  coloring. 

T.  CINGULA,  Kiener.     PL  12,  figs.  2T,  28. 

First  whorls  plicately  ridged,  the  rest  smooth,  with  a  more  or 
less  defined  sutural  band  ;  light  fawn-color,  encircled  by  two  or 
three  rows  of  chestnut  blotches,  forming  interrupted  bands. 

Length,  3  inches. 

Senegal  (Kiener) ;  St.  Christopher,  W.  I.  (Miller). 

Closely  allied  to,  and  perhaps  only  a  variety  of,  the  preceding 
species.  It  is  T.  fatua,  Hinds  (fig.  28),  the  latter  being  simply 
more  faded  in  coloring. 

T.  PURA,  Deshayes.     PL  12,  fig.  30. 

Whitish,  shining;  obsoletely  banded  at  the  suture  by  an 
impressed  groove,  obliquely  longitudinally  plaited,  plaits  rather 
distant,  thin,  gradually  fading  towards  the  aperture. 

Length,  2*5  inches. 

m  Zanzibar. 

T.  TROCHLEA,  Desh.     PL  12,  fig.  35. 

Longitudinally  plicate,  a  depressed  sutural  band  separated  by 
a  broad,  profound  sulcus,  from  the  rest  of  the  whorl,  which  is 
convex,  this  band  is  nodulous,  the  nodules  becoming  evanescent 
on  the  last  whorl;  maculate  and  flammulate  with  chestnut  and 
white.  Length,  65  mill. 

T.  DUSSUMIERI,  Kiener.     PL  3,  figs.  46-48. 

Closely  narrowly  longitudinally  plicate,  the  ridges  becoming 
partially  obsolete  on  a  subsutnral  band;  pale  chestnut  with  a 


TEREBRA.  17 

white  band  below  the  middle  of  the  whorls,  and  whitish  on  and 
just  below  the  band.     Length,  3-4  inches. 

China,  Japan. 

Too  close!}'  allied  to  T.  duplicata,  Lam.  The  white  band, 
however,  is  rather  broader,  the  plications  narrower,  sharp-edged 
and  partially  obsolete  on  the  band — which  is  somewhat  concave. 
T.  evoluta,  Deshayes  (fig.  47),  described  from  a  single  specimen 
in  the  Cumingian  Collection,  appears  to  be  only  a  slight  varia- 
tion of  the  typical  form  ;  another  variety  is  T.  Bernardii,  Desh. 
(fig.  48). 

T.  DUPLICATA,  Linn.     PL  4,  figs.  49-51. 

Flatly  longitudinally  ribbed,  divided  by  an  impressed  line 
below  the  sutures,  forming  a  sutural  band  ;  grayish  or  blush- 
white  to  chestnut  or  chocolate,  with  a  single  narrow  median 
white  band.  Length,  2'5-3*5  inches. 

Moluccas,  Singapore,  Zanzibar,  Madagascar, 

China  to  Viti  Islands,  etc. 
T.  Eee^ei,  Deshaj'es  (fig.  50;,  is  a  colorless  example. 

Yar.  JJAMARCKII,  Kiener.     Fig.  51. 

The  white  band  filleted  with  chestnut  or  purplish  spots  in  a 
single  somewhat  distant  series. 

T.  ANOMALA,  Gray.     PL  12,  fig.  36. 

Smooth,  polished,  whorls  plicate  above,  divided  by  an  im- 
pressed, punctate  line  near  the  suture;  cinereous  or  fawn-color, 
lighter  on  the  sutural  band,  with  a  whitish  band  on  the  periphery. 

Length,  1*5  inches. 

Singapore,  7  fms.  (Cum ing). 

Reeve  confounded  this  species  with  the  shell  which  he  erro- 
neously refers  to  aciculina,  Lam.,  and  which  must  stand  as 
wirulina,  Reeve — Lamarck's  shell  being  a  synonym  of  T. 
dnerea,  Born.  The -present  species  is  readily  distinguished  by 
its  sutural  band. 

T.  SPECTABILIS,  Hinds.     PL  4,  figs.  52-57. 

Ribs  distant,  thin,  subnodulous  above  and  below  a  deep 
groove  which  divides  oft'  a  sutural  band  ;  leaden  or  chestnut- 


I  g  TEREBRA. 

brown,  usually  nearly  white  on  the  sutural  band,  and  with  a 
central  white  band  on  the  body-whorl.     Length,  1-25-2  inches. 
Guinea  (Humphreys);  Sumatra  (Cuming); 

Tasmania  (Woods). 

T.  Jukesii,  Desh.  (fig.  54),  appears  to  me  to  be  a  synonym; 
as  are  also  T.  addita,  Desh.  (fig.  55),  T.  geminata,  Desh.  (unfig- 
ured),  probably   T.   Kieneri,  De^h.  (fig.  56),  and    T.  gracilis, 
Reeve,  not  Gray  (fig.  57). 
T.  LONGISCATA,  Desh.     PI.  4,  fig.  58. 

With  a  sutural  band  defined  by  a  groove,  strongly  plicately 
ribbed,  the  ribs  rather  angular,  the  interstices  with  elevated 
revolving  striae  ;  livid  fuscous  gray.  Length,  27  mill. 

Philippines  (Cuming). 
T.  USTULATA,  Desh.     PI.  4,  fig.  59. 

Sutural  band  depressed,  longitudinally  ribbed  ;  pale  chestnut 
or  whitish,  the  depressed  band  and  lower  half  of  the  body-whorl 
darker  brown.  Length,  32-38  mill.  Tasmania. 

In  coloring  and  form  somewhat  like  the  next  species. 

T.  GEMMULATA,  Kiener.     PI.  4,  figs.  61,  62. 

Shell  longitudinally,  narrowly,  distantly  plicate,  plicae  curved, 
terminating  in  nodules  below  the  groove  of  the  sutural  band, 
the  band  also  bearing  a  single  row  of  nodules  ;  yellowish  white, 
the  lower  row  of  nodules  white,  with  a  rather  broad  white  band 
on  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl,  below  which  the  whorl  is 
smooth  and  chestnut-colored.  Length,  45  mill.  Chili. 

Reeve,  who  saw  the  original  specimen  of  the  unfigured  T. 
Chilensis,  Desh.,  adds  it  to  the  synonymy.  Yery  probably  T. 
Patagonia,  d'Orb.  (fig.  62),  should  be  added  as  a  colorless 
specimen. 

T.  DISLOCATA,  Say.     PI.  4,  figs.  63-67,  69  ;  PI.  12,  fig.  31. 

Longitudinally  plicate,  spirally  grooved ;  sometimes  the 
grooves  are  only  perceptible  between  the  plicae,  in  others  they 
decussate  the  latter  into  granules  ;  sutural  band  nodulous  ;  colu- 
mella  recurved,  ridged  ;  gray,  brownish  white  or  light  yellowish, 
with  usually  a  white-banded  periphery.  Length,  25-35  mill. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies. 

The  certain  synonyms  are  T.  rudis,  Gray  (fig.  69),  T.  Petiti. 


TEREBRA.  19 

Kiener  (fig.  64),  and  T.  Souleyeti,  Desh.  (fig.  65).  I  think  it 
probable  that  T.  larvaeformis,  Hinds  (figs.  66,  67),  of  the  West 
Coast  of  Central  America,  should  also  be  here  referred  ;  I  cannot 
detect  any  specific  differences.  T.  Sowerbyana,  Desh.  (PL  12, 
fig.  31),  from  West  Africa,  appears  to  be  also  identical. 

T.  MARIESI,  E.  A.  Smith.     PL  4,  fig.  68. 

Longitudinally  costate,  with  traces  of  spiral  lines,  the  costse 
ending  in  tubercles  below  the  also  tuberculate  sutural  band ; 
yellowish  brown,  variegated  with  reddish  brown. 

Length,  45  mill. 

Japan . 

Very  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species,  but  narrower. 
The  aperture  appears  to  be  imperfect  in  the  specimen  figured. 

T.  JEFFREYSII,  E.  A.  Smith.     PL  4,  fig.  60. 

Longitudinal  riblets  about  20,  fine,  oblique,  decussated  by 
spiral  striae,  about  5  on  a  whorl,  the  two  uppermost  strife  widest 
apart  forming  two  nodulous  bands  next  the  suture ;  yellowish, 
dotted  with  light  brown  between  the  two  series  of  nodules,  and 
streaked  with  the  same  color  beneath,  body-whorl  with  a  pale 

central  zone.     Length,  25  mill. 

Japan. 

This,  the  preceding  and  following  species,  should  probably 
be  united. 

T.  SUBTEXTILIS,  Smith.     PL  4,  fig.  70. 

White ;  with  about  twenty  costse,  and  ten  spiral  strise,  three 
of  the  latter  upon  the  nodulous  sutural  band.  Length,  37  mill. 

Japan. 

See  remarks  under  preceding  species. 

T.  BIFRONS,  Hinds.     PL  4,  fig.  71. 

Fawn-brown,  obscurely  rufous-banded  ;  whorls  somewhat  con- 
vex, encircled  with  four  rows  of  pale  granules,  last  whorl  many- 
grained  ;  sutural  band  only  faintly  indicated  by  a  concavity, 

instead  of  a  groove.     Length,  2  inches, 

Japan. 

T.  AMCENA,  Deshayes.     PL  5,  fig.  73. 

Turreted,  rather   narrow  ;    yellowish,  with  red    spots  on  the 


2Q  TEREBRA. 

sutural   band ;    longitudinally  closely  plicate,   spirally  linearly 
grooved,  the  sutural  band  separated  by  a  pricked  groove. 

Length,  35  mill. 

China  (Desh.) ;  A7.  Caledonia  (Brazier). 

T.  BLANDA,  Desh.     PI.  5,  fig.  72. 

Shell  transparent  white,  dotted  with  chestnut  on  the  sutural 
band,  apex  purple;  no  revolving  sculpture;  aperture  somewhat 

fusiformly  produced  below.     Length,  30  mill. 

Japan. 
T.  PULCHELLA,  Deshayes.     PI.  5,  fig.  74. 

Light  yellowish  brown,  stained  with  rust-color,  with  a  white 
peripheral  band;  whorls  concave,  arcuately  plaited,  without 
spiral  striae,  subsutural  groove  crenate.  Length,  43  mill. 

China. 
T.  TEXTILIS,  Hinds.     PL  5,  figs.  75,  76. 

Yellowish  white ;  closely  plicated,  with  fine  spiral  lines,  with 
two  bands  of  plicae  below  the  suture.  Length,  35  mill. 

Japan  ;  Sts.  Macassar  ;  Sandwich  Islands. 
T.  nodularis,  Desh.  (fig.  76),  is  a  synonym. 

T.  CCELATA,  Adams  and  Reeve.     PI.  5,  fig.  77. 

Surface  sharply  granulated  by  longitudinal  and  spiral  sculp- 
ture ;  transparent  white.  Length,  41  mill. 

China. 

Has  the  form  of  the  preceding  species,  from  which  it  is,  per- 
haps, insufficiently  distinguished  by  the  non-development  of  the 
inferior  band  of  tubercles. 

T.  TORQUATA,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     PI.  5,  fig.  78. 

Longitudinal  plicae  narrow,  raised,  interstices  spirally  striate- 
latticed  ;  next  the  suture  are  two  nodulous  bands,  separated  by 
a  sulcus,  the  periphery  is  subangulated  and  slightly  nodulous  on 
the  angle,  between  this  and  the  sutural  band  the  surface  is  some- 
what concave  ;  fawn-colored,  the  sculpture  lighter,  a  white  band 
below  the  periphery.  Length,  44  mill.  * 

Japan. 
A  very  distinct,  beautiful  species. 

T.  BICINCTA,  Hinds.     PI.  5,  fig.  79. 

White ;  with  thin  longitudinal  plicae,  and  no  spiral  sculpture  ; 


TEREBRA.  21 

sutural  band  tuberculate,  and  with  the  plicae  below  it  cut  into  a 
couple  of  revolving  rows  of  tubercles.     Length,  28  mill. 

Habitat  unknown. 
Described  from  a  unique  specimen  in  the  Cumingian  Collection. 

T.  COPULA,  Hinds.     PL  5,  fig.  80. 

Chestnut  or  olive-brown,  plications  paler,  sutural  band  with 
oblique  chestnut  spots  ;  no  revolving  sculpture  ;  periphery  with 
two  indistinct  narrow  white  bands.  Length,  35  mill. 

Guinea. 
T.  EXIGUA,  Desh.     PL  5,  fig.  89. 

Shell  chestnut  or  chocolate-brown,  strongly  latticed  by  close 
sculpture ;  sutural  band  distinctly  marked  ;  aperture  rather  pro- 
duced below.  Length,  15-18  mill. 

E.  Coast  of  Australia;  Andaman  Is. 

T.  VENILTA,  Tenison-Woods.     PL  5,  fig.  88. 

Yellowish  white,  zoned  with  a  pale  chestnut  line ;  whorls  sub- 
coronate,  with  narrow  oblique  curved  plications,  and  more  or 
less  indistinct  fine  spiral  striae. ;  subsutural  area  divided  by  a 
punctate  groove.  Length,  42  mill. 

Port  Jackson,  N.  S.  Wales. 

T.  ROSEATA,  Adams  and  Reeve.     PL  5,  fig.  90. 

Interstices  of  the  ribs  linearly  grooved,  sutural  band  defined 
by  a  punctate  groove  ;  columella  laminated,  twisted  ;  rose-color. 

Length,  28  mill. 

Soolo  and  China  Sea. 
T.  SWAINSONI,  Deshayes.     PL  5,  fig.  81. 

Light  roseate,  nearly  white  on  the  sutural  band,  the  interstices 
of  the  ribs  smooth,  or  obscurely  striate,  polished. 

Length,  20-32  mill. 

Sandwich  Islands. 

Possibly  identical  with  the  preceding  species.  Pease  has 
described  a  variety  inflexa.  The  same  author  has  described 
(but  not  figured)  a  T.  sulcata,  which  he  sa}rs  may  prove  to  be  a 
distant  form  of  T.  Swainsoni. 

•m 

T.  ELATA,  Hinds.     PL  5,  fig.  82. 

Spirally  linearly  grooved  between  the  longitudinal  plications, 
the  beaded  sutural  band  separated  by  a  well-impressed  groove ; 


22  TEREBRA. 

chestnut-white  or  brownish  white,  with  a  darker  band  below  the 
periphery.     Length,  23  mill. 

Panama  and  Bay  of  Montija,  Cent.  Am. 

T.  CANCELLATA,  Quoy.     PI.  5,  figs.  83,  84,  86  ;  PI.  6,  figs.  92-97, 
100-3,  6. 

Yellowish  white,  orange,  chestnut  or  chocolate-color,  the  nodu- 
lous sutural  band  white,  often  with  a  white  band  below  the 
periphery;  plications  close,  rounded,  curved,  the  narrow  inter- 
stices closely  striate ;  margins  of  aperture  as  well  as  the  interior 
often  stained  with  a  darker  color.  Length,  44  mill. 

Moluccas,  Philippines,  Viti  Isles,  Sandwich  Isles. 

M.  Deshayes,  supposing  that  the  figure  in  the  Thes.  Conch, 
(fig.  83)  does  not  represent  this  species,  has  called  it  T.  undatella. 
T.  livida, Reeve  (fig.  86), appears  to  me  to  be  a  form  of  this  species ; 
it  comes  from  the  Philippines.  T.  subangulata,  Desh.  (fig.  92), 
described  from  a  single  specimen,  also  probably  belongs  here. 

A  slight  variety  is  T.  columellaris,  Hinds  (fig.  93),  of  which 
T.  areolata,  Adams  and  Reeve  (fig.  94)  is  probably  a  synonym — 
as  stated  by  Reeve,  although  Deshayes  considers  the  two  forms 
distinct. 

I  add  as  synonyms  T.  flavescens,  Desh.  (fig.  95)  ;  T.  approxi- 
mata,  Desh.  (fig.  96),  which  has  ruder  coarser  sculpture,  and  is  a 
stouter  shell ;  T.flava,  Gray  (fig.  6),  an  immature  shell ;  T.  lutes- 
cens,  E.  A.  Smith  (fig.  97),  founded  on  Sowerby's  figure  of  T. 
flava  in  the  Thes.  Conch.,  which  Mr.  Smith  considers  specifically 
distinct  from  the  figure  in  Reeve's  Iconica;  T.  puncticulata, 
Desh.  (fig.  100) ;  T.  Peasei,  Deshayes  (unfigured) ;  T.  Hindsi, 
Desh.  (fig.  1)  ;  T.  Bruguieri,  Desh.  (fig.  2)  ;  and  T.  difficilis, 
Desh.  (fig.  3.) 

T.  UNDULATA,  Gray.     PI.  6,  figs.  4,  8. 

Ribs  rather  large,  rounded,  close,  with  spiral  stria*  on  the 
narrow  interstices,  sutural  band  well-marked,  forming  a  slight, 
nodulous  shoulder  to  the  whorls ;  yellowish  or  orange,  the  inter- 
stices deeper-colored,  appearing  as  though  longitudinally  stri- 
gate,  band  white,  sometimes  white-banded  on  the  periphery  ; 
aperture  rather  narrow,  the  lips  often  stained  with  orange-red. 

Length,  41  mill.  Viti  Isiands^  philippines. 

Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  preceding.     T.  picta,  Hinds  (fig.  8), 


TEREBRA.  23 

is  probably  a  synonym.      T.  cinctella,  Desh.,  an  unfigured  spe- 
cies, is  added  by  Reeve. 

T.  PERTUSA,  Born.     PL  6,  figs.  5,  7. 

Longitudinally  finely  plicate,  interstices  punctate  spirally; 
orange-brown,  the  interstices  of  the  tubercles  on  the  sutural 
band  chocolate.  Length,  3  inches. 

Darnley  Isl.,  Australia. 

T.  Bermonti,  Lorois  (fig.  7),  is  a  synonym.  It  is  said  to  in- 
habit Tahiti. 

T.  NEBULOSA,  Sowb.     PI.  6,  fig.  9. 

Longitudinal  ribs  rounded  obtuse,  close,  curved,  interstices 
spirally  grooved,  sutural  band  defined  by  a  punctate  groove; 
longitudinally  clouded  with  reddish  orange  and  white,  with  a 
white  band  on  the  periphery.  Length,  3  inches.  Zanzibar. 

T.  ALVEOLATA,  Hinds.     PI.  5,  fig.  87. 

Longitudinal  plicre  curved,  the  interstices  spirally  striate ; 
flesh-color,  stained  with  orange-brown,  with  a  row  of  alternate 
chestnut  and  white  spots  on  the  sutural  band,  and  another  on 
the  white-banded  periphery.  Length,  31  mill. 

Straits  of  Malacca  ;  Japan. 
Var.  GOTOENSIS,  Smith.     PI.  5,  figs.  85,  91. 

Sculpture  said  to  be  finer  than  in  T.  alveolata,  the  band  on  the 
periphery  unspotted.  From  Japan.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether 
to  these  forms  ought  not  to  be  united  T.  amcena,  Desh. 

T.  POLYGYRATA,  Desh.     PL  7,  fig.  10. 

Closely  ribbed,  interstices  linearly  grooved,  sutural  band  de- 
fined by  a  pricked  groove  ;  fulvous  orange,  white  at  the  sutures, 
with  a  white  band  on  the  periphery.  Length,  13  mill. 

Philippines  (Cuming)  ;  Japan  (Smith). 

A  small  shell  with  numerous  whorls,  perhaps  not  distinct  from 
T.  cancellata. 

T.  POLYGONIA,  Reeve.     PL  7,  fig.  15. 

Strongly  varicosely  ribbed,  ribs  rather  distant,  interstices 
concave,  spirally  linearly  grooved,  sutural  band  distinct ;  fulvous 
brown.  Length,  10  mill. 

Hab.  unknown  (Taylor  Coll.). 

I  am  not  acquainted  with  this  species. 


24  TEREBRA. 

T.  RADULA,  Hinds.     PL  7,  fig.  17. 

Sutural  band  and  whorls  strongly  tuberculated  by  decussating 
sculpture ;  reddish  chestnut,  white  at  the  suture,  with  a  white 
periphery-band.  Length,  40  mill. 

Puerto  Portrero,  W.  Coast  of  Central  America, 

13  fms.  (Cuming). 
Described  from  a  unique  specimen  in  the  Cuiuingian  Collection. 

T.  VARICOSA,  Hinds.     PI.  T,  fig.  12. 

Varicosely  distantly  ribbed,  interstices  striately  grooved  ; 
whorls  convex,  constricted  around  the  upper  part,  sutural  band 
smooth  or  tuberculate ;  olive-brown,  chocolate  or  white,  banded  on 
the  periphery.  Length,  28  mill. 

Gulf  of  Papagayo,  W.  Coast  of  Central  America, 

mud,  at  23  fms.  (Hinds). 
T.  TUBERCULOSA,  Hinds.     PI.  7,  fig.  31. 

Shell  rather  thin,  transparent  ash,  livid  purple  towards  the 
apex,  obscurely  red-spotted  next  the  suture ;  whorls  slopingly 
flattened,  conspicuously  tuberculate  on  the  sutural  band,  then 
smooth,  and  finally  longitudinally  tuberculated,  forming  an 
anguiated  periphery.  Length,  2  inches. 

Panama  (Cuming) ;  San  Bias  (Hinds). 
T.  PLICATA,  Gray.     PI.  7,  fig.  20. 

Yellowish  flesh-color;  whorls  slopingly  flattened,  the  last 
swollen,  longitudinally  thinly  plicated,  spirally  very  finely 
prickly-grooved,  sutural  band  distinct.  Length,  2  inches. 

Guayaquil,  7  fms.,  sandy  mud  (Cuming). 

Appears  to  be  distinguished  chiefly  by  its  stout  form. 

T.  SPECILLATA,  Hinds.     PI.  7,  fig.  18. 

Latticed  by  longitudinal  and  spiral  sculpture,  whitish,  with  a 
few  large  chestnut  maculations ;  sutural  margin  irregularly 
chestnut-spotted.  Length,  2  inches. 

San  Bias,  W.  Coaxt  of  Mexico. 

Very  closely  allied  to  T.  dislocata,  Say,  and  to  T.  cancellata, 
Quoy,  which  are  possibly  identical. 

T.  CONSPERSA,  Hinds.     PI.  7,  fig.  13. 

Whitish,  irregularly  chestnut-spotted  on  the   sutural    band, 


TEREBRA.  25 

and  chestnut-banded  at  the  base  ;  plications  thin,  the  interstices 
closely  striate  spirally.     Length,  1  inch.  -Philippines. 

T.  FICTILIS,  Hinds.     PL  7,  figs.  14,  11. 

Whitish,  purple-ash  below  the  periphery,  the  latter  appearing 
as  a  narrow  band  at  the  base  of  the  spire-whorls. 

Length,  15  mill.  Australia. 

A  beautiful  little  species,  well  distinguished  by  its  contrasted 
coloring.  T.  bicolor,  Angas  (fig.  11;,  is  a  synonym. 

T.  TAYLORI,  Reeve.     PI.  7,  fig.  22. 

Rather  stout  towards  the  base,  purple  ash-color,  livid, 
obscurely  banded  ;  sutural  band  yellowish.  Length,  26  mill. 

Torres  Straits,  Australia. 

The  form  is  swollen  below,  resembling  the  preceding  species. 

T.  MORBIDA,  Reeve.     PI.  7,  fig.  23. 

Stoutly,  closely  plicate,  the  sutural  band  broadly  defined  by 
a  groove ;  purplish  flesh-color,  encircled  by  faint  red  spots. 

Length,  15  mill.  Hab.  unknown. 

The  spots  do  not  appear  upon  Reeve's  figure.  The  type  speci- 
men was  in  the  Taylor  Collection. 

T.  BREVICULA,  Desh.     PL  7,  fig.  24. 

Sutural  band  swollen,  scarcely  crenatecl,  defined  by  a  broad 
concave  depression,  below  it  the  body-whorl  is  slopingly  convex, 
somewhat  angulated  on  the  periphery,  where  it  is  somewhat 
distantly  plicately  tuberculated  ;  lead-color,  white-banded  at  the 
suture  and  on  the  periphery,  the  latter  filleted  with  chestnut  on 
both  margins.  Length,  23  mill.  Tasmania. 

T.  PROTEXTA,  Conrad.     PL  6,  fig.  98. 

Whorls  rather  convex,  with  curved,  sharp,  numerous  small 
plications,  the  interstices  smooth  or  very  minutely  spirally 
striate,  a  sutural  band  is  sometimes  obscure^  indicated,  but  is 
usually  absent;  chocolate,  or  dark  brownish  white,  chocolate 
within  the  aperture.  Length,  18-25  mill. 

West  Coast  of  Florida. 
T.  CONCAVA,  Say.     PL  7,  figs.  25,  26. 

Shell  white ;  with  a  prominent  row  of  nodules  below  the 
suture,  and  a  less  prominent  row  above  it,  the  last  forming  a 


26  TEREBRA. 

peripheral  row  on  the  last  whorl ;  between  these  two  the  surface 
is  concave,  obsoletely  ribbed  and  finely  spirally  striated. 

Length,  20  mill.  So-  Carolina. 

T.  frigata,  Hinds  (fig.  26),  is  probably  a  synonym  ;  it  is 
ascribed  to  Africa  (Gray),  and  Galapagos  Is.  (Cuming) :  both 
localities  need  confirmation. 

**  Whorls   smooth. 

T.  CORRUGATA,  Lam.     PL  7,  figs.  21,  28,  32. 

Fulvous  cream  or  ash-color,  with  two  or  three  bands  of  chest- 
nut spots  ;  sutural  band  often  lighter-colored,  with  small  chestnut 
spots,  tuberculate.  Length,  2'25-3  inches. 

Loanda,  W.  Africa. 

The  synonyms  are  T.  regina,  Desh.  (fig.  28),  T.  bitorquata, 
Desh.  (fig.  32',  and  T.  punctata,  Gray. 

T.  TESSELLATA,  Gray.     PL  7,  figs.  27,  19. 

Shell  whitish,  with  two  rows  of  oblong  chestnut  or  chocolate 
spots  ;  whorls  concavely  flattened,  decussated  by  fine  ridges,  the 
spiral  ones  stronger,  suture  bordered  by  two  tuberculated  bands. 

Length,  35  mill.  Marquesas  (Hinds). 

The  description  is  drawn  up  from  T.  ligata,  Hinds  (fig.  19), 
which  appears  to  be  the  typical  form.  T.  tessellata,  Gray,  no 
locality,  is  from  a  single  specimen  in  the  British  Museum ;  the 
whorls  are  said  to  be  smooth,  but  the  resemblance  to  Hinds' 
species,  over  which  it  has  priority  of  description,  is  striking. 
T.  DECORATA,  Desh.  PL  7,  fig.  16. 

Whitish,  with  two  series  (on  the  body-whorl  three)  of  chest- 
nut quadrangular  spots;  whorls  smooth,  longitudinally  striated, 
marginal  band  tuberculated.  Length,  28  mill. 

Pidang,  Sumatra. 

Reeve  figures  this  species  under  the  name  of  T.  tessellata, 
Gray,  which  has  a  double  band  of  tubercles. 
T.  HISTRIO,  Desh.     PL  7,  fig.  29. 

Yellowish,  with  waved  longitudinal  chestnut  stripes,  interrupted 

at  the  periphery ;  longitudinally  striate,  the  stria  becoming  pli- 
cations upon  the  sutural  band,  where  the  surface  is  variegated 
with  chestnut  lines.  Length,  45  mill.  Hab.  unknown 


TEREBRA.  27 

***   Cylindrically  many  whorled,  whorls  with  revolving  sculp- 
ture, with  or  without  less  prominent  longitudinal  stride. 

T.  MYUROS,  Lam.     PI.  7,  fig.  30. 

Whorls  flattened,  closely  scabrously  latticed  with  striae,  the 
revolving  striae  much  the  most  prominent,  above  with  two 
obliquely  plicate  sutural  bands,  the  inferior  one  of  which  is 
often  more  or  less  obsolete  ;  light  yellowish  brown,  usually  lon- 
gitudinally striped  with  broad  chestnut  maculations. 

Length,  4-5  inches. 

Moluccas,  New  Ireland. 

This  may  be  T.  strigilata,  Gmel.,  in  part,  and  is  possibly  also 
T.  commaculata,  Gmel.  T.  scabrella,  Lam,,  is  undoubtedly  a 
synonym. 

T.  PRETIOSA,  Reeve.     PI.  8,  figs.  33,  34. 

Whorls  convexly  flattened,  arcuately  striated  by  growth-lines, 
the  interstices  latticed,  double-banded  and  tuberculated  below 
the  suture  ;  yellowish,  with  broad  chestnut  longitudinal  blotches. 

Length,  5'5  inches. 

China* 

I  think  that  T.  lima,  Deshayes  (fig.  34),  from  same  locality,  is 
identical. 

T.  CINGULIFERA,  Lam.     PI.  8,  figs.  35-38. 

Shell  smooth,  distantly  spirally  superficial!}'  grooved,  grooves 
often  minutely  punctate,  the  upper  groove  a  little  deeper,  indi- 
cating a  sutural  band,  upon  which  the  growth-lines  become 
oblique  and  subplicate  ;  yellowish  flesh-color. 

Length,  3*25  inches. 

Philippines,  New  Ireland,  Viti  Islands,  China. 

The  synonyms  are  T.  Chinensis,  Desh.  (unfigured),  T.  colum- 
naris,  Desh.  (unfigured),  T.pallida,  Desh.  (fig.  36),  T.  crenifera, 
Desh.  (unfigured),  T.  punctatostriata,  Gray  (unfigured),  and  T. 
punctulata,  Sowb.  (unfigured).  T.  Isevigata,  Gra}-  (fig.  37),  is  a 
rather  narrow  form,  and  T.  obsoleta,  Desh.  (fig.  38),  is  a  wider 
specimen  than  usual,  with  a  very  faint  indication  of  a  brown 
band  near  the  base. 

T.  TRICOLOR,  Sowb.     PI.  8,  fig.  39. 

Shell  smooth,  yellowish  flesh-color  with  three  distant  orange- 


28  TEREBR\. 

red  revolving  lines,  one  of  them  defining  a  sutnral  band,  which 

is  often  white.     Length,  2  inches. 

Friendly  Islands. 

Closely  related  to  both  the  preceding  and  following  species- 
winch  may  need  to  be  united  when  we  know  more  about  them. 
T.  tseniolata,  Quoy,  is  a  synonym. 

T.  BABYLONIA,  Lamarck.     PL  8,  figs.  40,  41. 

Flesh-red,  overlaid  more  or  less  with  white  ;  smooth  or  spirally 
striated,  with  distant  grooves,  becoming  closer  at  the  base  of 
the  body-whorl,  the  grooves  often  darker  -  colored  ;  aperture 

orange-brown.     Length,  2'5  inches. 

China,  Viti  Islands. 

T.  Deshayesii,  Reeve  (fig.  41),  is  a  synonym. 

T.  STRAMINEA,  Gray.     PI.  8,  figs.  42-45,  47,  48. 

Yellowish  brown  or  livid  ash-color,  the  upper  sutural  band 
generally  lighter -colored  ;  surface  crossed  by  revolving  grooves 
and  striae,  the  latter  sometimes  granulated  by  the  intersection 
of  growth-lines,  the  former  rather  distant;  with  two  sutural 
bands,  the  upper  one  swollen,  the  inferior  one  much  smaller,  and 
both  covered  by  oblique  plications.  Length,  2-5  inches. 

Philippines,  China. 

Will  probably  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  the  preceding  species. 
It  is  T.  Babylonia,  var.,  of  Kiener,  T.  circinata,  Desh.  (fig.  44), 
T.  acuta,  Desh.  (fig  45),  and  T.  monilis,  Quoy  (figs.  47,  48). 

T.  CUMINGII,  Desh.     PI.  8,  fig.  49. 

Sharply  granosely  cancellated  throughout,  with  two  tubercu- 
lated  bands  next  the  suture,  the  lower  one  much  the  smallest ; 
straw-colored.  Length,  3'75  inches. 

China. 
Probably  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding  species. 

T.  FENESTRATA,  Hinds.     PI.  8,  fig.  46. 

Strongly  latticed  throughout,  with  a  crenated  sutural  baud  ; 
transparent  fulvous  or  fulvous  brown.  Length,  35  mill. 

Ifab.  unknown. 

This  shell  does  not  appear  to  have  any  marked  specific  char- 
acter. 


TEREBRA.  29 

T.  L;JBBECKEANA,  D linker.     PL  8,  fig.  50. 

Whitish,  tinged  with  light  yellowish  brown,  with  a  wide,  faint 
band  of  the  latter  color ;  subgranose  by  rather  faint  intersecting 
striae  ;  sutural  band  slightly  separated  by  a  groove. 

Length,  75  mill.  Japan. 

T.  SUCCINEA,  Hinds.     PL  8,  fig.  51. 

Whorls  doubly  banded  below  the  suture,  orange-red  with  two 
distant  rows  of  small  chestnut  spots  ;  closely  arcuately  wrinkled. 

Length,  3*75  inches. 

Philippines. 

Dr.  von  Martens  (Mauritius,  231)  makes  this  a  synonym  of  T. 
monilis,  Quoy,  to  which  it  does  not  appear  to  me  to  be  very 
closely  related. 

T.  FORTUNEI,  Deshayes.     PL  8,  fig.  52. 

White,  with  slightly  convex  whorls,  strongly  longitudinally 
ribbed,  the  interstices  latticed  with  spiral  ridges,  sutures  deep, 
below  them  a  band  indicated  by  a  pricked  spiral  groove. 

Length,  69  mill. 

China  Sea. 
A  unique  shell  in  the  Cumingian  Collection. 

T.  SEROTINA,  Ads.  and  lleeve.     PL  8,  fig.  53. 

Light  brown,  whorls  spirally  striately  ridged,  with  two  bands 
of  nodules  below  the  suture,  the  upper  band  the  largest. 

Length,  2  inches.  Japan. 

T.  FUNTCULATA,  Hinds.     PL  9,  fig.  60. 

Shell  light  chestnut-brown,  sharply  and  closely  spirally  ridged, 
the  two  ridges  nearest  the  suture  wider.  Length,  2  inches. 

Marquesas  Islands  (Curning). 

T.  Archimedis,  Desh.  (unfigured),  is  a  synonym  according  to 
Reeve. 

T.  ALBOMARGINATA,  Desll.       PL  9,  fig.  54. 

Whorls  flat,  bright  orange,  upper  part  white,  divided  by  a 
groove,  each  side  of  which  is  crenated,  below  the  groove  spirally 
ridged,  the  interstices  pricked.  Length,  1*75  inches. 

China. 
T.  EXIMTA,  Desh.     PL  9,  fig.  55. 

Yellowish  white,  the  sutural  band  dotted  with  orange-chestnut 


30  TEEEBRA. 

and  somewhat  noduled  ;  below  the  band  are  three  granular  ridges 
with  pricked  interstices ;  lower  part  of  body-whorl  striate. 

Length,  1-75  inches. 

Hab.  unknown. 

Described  from  a  unique  specimen. 

T.  AMANDA,  Hinds.     PI.  9,  fig.  61. 

Orange-colored,  with  two  white  bands  of  tubercles  below  the 
suture,  balance  of  the  surface  punctate,  grooved.  Length,  1  inch. 

Straits  of  Macassar. 

Described  from  two  immature  specimens.     Perhaps  =  T.  stra- 
minea,  Gray. 
T.  TRTSERIATA,  Gray.     PL  9,  figs.  56,  57. 

Fulvous  white  or  straw-color,  narrow,  whorls  numerous,  flatly 
concave,  spirally  ridged,  sometimes  decussated  by  longitudinal 
sculpture,  with  two  bands  of  nodules  below  the  suture,  and  a 
single  smaller  row  on  the  periphery  of  the  last  whorl. 

Length,  2-4  inches. 

Philippines  (Cuming),  Port  Curtis,  Australia  (Stutchbury). 

The  latter  locality  is  for  T.  prselonga,  Desh.  (fig.  57),  which 
does  not  appear  to  me  to  differ. 

C.    No  sutural  band,  closely  striate  or  plicate  next  the  suture; 
balance  of  whorl  smooth  or  plicate. 

T.  C^RULESCENS,  Lam.     PI.  10,  figs.  75-77  ;  PL  9,  fig.  66. 

Shell  smooth,  without  infra-sutural  band,  but  usually  with  a 
narrow  callous  •  deposit  forming  a  more  or  less  defined  band  above 
the  narrow  sutural  groove;  whitish,  spotted  or  clouded  with 
chocolate  below  the  suture,  the  clouds  sometimes  forming  a  wide 
band,  or  covering  the  upper  half  of  the  body- whorl,  or  even 
extending  to  the  base ;  when  well  covered  with  chocolate  there 
is  often  a  lighter  band  upon  the  periphery. 

Length,  1-5-2-5  inches. 

Australia;  Philippines;  Polynesia;  Mauritius ;  Red  Sea. 

The  whorls  are  flattened,  and  scarcely  impressed  at  the  sutures. 
This  species  is  the  type  of  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith's  subgenus  Impages, 
characterized  by  the  callous  deposit  above  the  sutures  ;  but  this 
peculiarity  is  not  even  constant  in  this  species,  and  is  rare  or  not 


TEREBRA. 


8. 


developed  in  the  other  species  which  Mr.  Smith  refers  to 
group. 

It  is  T.  niveum  and  Tf  edentulum,  of  Gmelin,  T.  bifasciatum, 
Dillw.,  T.fusca,  Martyn  (in  part),  T.  Otaiens'is,  Lesson,  T.hecti- 
cum,  Linn,  (teste  Hanley).  Von  Martens  calls  Kiener's  fig.  12  d 
var.  fl&mmulata ;  another  variety  is  T.  nimbosa,  Hinds,  from  the 
Red^Sea  (fig.  66). 

T.  CINEREA,  Born.     PI.  9,  figs.  67,  58,  59,  62-65,  68-74;  PI.  10, 
fig.  78. 

Shell  smooth,  but  closely,  minutely  longitudinally  plicated 
beneath  the  sutures  ;  yellowish  ash-color,  lighter  upon  the  sutural 
plications — where  there  are  sometimes  light  chestnut  spots 
arranged  in  a  single  series,  usually  faintly  whitish-banded  at  the 
periphery  ;  aperture  light  chestnut-color,  showing  the  light  band. 

Length,  l'5-2'25  inches. 

W.  Africa,  West  Indies,  Japan,  Philippines,  Polynesia. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  nearly  world-wide  in  warm 
seas.  I  have  endeavored  in  vain  to  find  distinguishing  charac- 
teristics for  the  species  which,  under  various  names  have  been 
assigned  to  distant  localities,  but  I  am  compelled  to  follow  Reeve 
in  classing  them  all  as  synonyms.  This  large  synonymy  includes 
T.  Jamaicensis,  C.  B.  Ad.  (fig.  58);  T.  strigilata,  var.,  Gmel. : 
T.  stylata,  Hinds  (fig.  59),  from  Philippines  ;  T.  laurina,  Hinds 
(fig.  63),  from  W.  Africa  ;  T.  castanea,  Kiener  (fig.  68), also  from 
W.  Africa  ;  T.  aciculina,  Lam.  (not  of  Reeve  or  Hinds)  ;  T.  mi- 
cans,  Hinds  (fig.  64 j,  Reeve,  in  part — some  of  his  figures  repre- 
senting T.  cuspidata,  Hinds  ;  T.  Adansoni,  Desh.  (unfigured,  but; 
said  by  Reeve,  who  saw  the  type,  to  =  micans)  ;  T.  apicina, 
Desh.  (fig.  69),  from  Singapore ;  T.  dispar,  Desh.  (fig.  70) ;  T. 
Philippiana,  Desh.  (fig.  62),  Philippines  ;  T.  bacillus,  Desh.  (figs. 
65,  71),  Sandwich  Isles,  and  T.  lactea,  Desh.  (fig.  72),  a  colorless 
state  of  the  same  ;  T.  acuminata,  Gr&y  (fig.  73)  ;  T.  Salleana, 
Deshayes  (fig.  78),  Mexico,  Haiti;  and  T.  parva,  Baird  (fig.  74), 
from  New  Caledonia.  The  figure  of  the  last-named  species  does 
not  show  the  superior  plications,  but  the  text  describes  them. 

Var.  CUSPJDATA,  Hinds.     PI.  10,  figs.  80,  79. 

Whitish  or  tinged  with   light  yellow,  the  light  band  on  the 


32  TEREBRA. 

periphery    scarcely    distinguishable,  but    below   it    a    narrow 
chestnut  band.  ^  ^^  Q/  ^.^ 

T.  Traillii,  Desh.  (fig.  79),  from  the  Indian  Ocean,  is  a  very 
similar  shell,  and  may  connect  this  variety  with  the  type. 
T.  ACICULINA,  Reeve.     PL  10,  figs.  81,  82. 

Shell  evenly  plicate,  the  plicaB  small,  short,  or  usually  covering 
the  entire  shell ;  aperture  peculiarly  broadly  dilated  at  the  base  ; 
usually  chocolate  or  ash-color,  white-banded  at  the  suture,  and 
on  the  periphery  of  the  body-whorl,  the  interstices  of  the  plica- 
tions reddish  chestnut  on  the  margins  of  the  bands,  as  if  fasci- 
culated ;  sometimes  the  general  color  is  pale,  almost  white, 
deepened  here  and  there,  especially  below  the  peripheral  white 
band,  so  as  to  appear  like  a  colored  band  ;  interior  chestnut-red, 
white-banded.  Length,  1*5  inch. 

Singapore,  Manilla,  Marquesas,  Sandwich  Ides. 

Usually  distinguished  by  color,  longer  plications,  broad  base, 
smaller  size,  from  the  preceding  species.  Reeve  has  figured  and 
described  it  as  T.  aciculina,  Lam.,  but  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  has 
shown  that  Lamarck's  species  is  really  T.  cinerea,  Born.  Hinds, 
on  the  other  hand,  has  referred  the  present  species  to  T.  cinerea, 
for  which  he  figures  it.  Mr.  Smith  has  thought  fit  to  impose  a 
new  name,  T.  confusa,  which  appears  to  me  to  be  quite  unnec- 
essary, as,  even  if  the  name  aciculina  cannot  be  used,  as  of 
Reeve,  not  Lamarck,  there  is  another,  older  name  given  to  the 
species,  T.  inconstans,  Hinds  (fig.  82).  I  prefer  to  retain  aci- 
culina, because  the  species  is  universally  known  under  that 
name.  The  unfigured  T.  Matheroniana,  Desh.,  was  referred  by 
Reeve,  in  his  Iconica,  both  to  this  species  and  to  T.  strigilata, 
but  in  his  index  he  removes  it  from  the  synonymy  of  the  latter. 
Pease  considers  it  a  synonym  of  strigilata,  and  not  of  aciculina, 
and  Smith  believes  it  to  be  a  distinct  species.  In  the  absence 
of  a  figure,  I  have  no  means  of  arriving  at  a  judgment  upon  the 
matter,  further  than  that  the  description  appears  to  apply  best 
to  T.  stricjilata.  T.  anomala,  Gray,  was  here  referred  by  Reeve, 
but  it  differs  in  having  a  sutural  band,  defined  by  a  groove. 
T.  LUCTUOSA,  Hinds.  PI.  10,  fig.  83. 

Shell  narrowly  subulate,  smooth,  with  fine  spiral  stride  under 


TEREBRA.  33 

the  lens,  puckered  at  the  sutures  into  close,  small  longitudinal 
plications  ;  deep  chocolate-colored,  including  the  interior  of  the 
aperture.  Length,  1-25-1-75  inches. 

Gulf  of  Nicoya  to  Mazatlan,  W.  Coast  of  N.  America. 

Reeve  makes  this  a  synonj'm  of  T.  cinerea,  Born ;  but  it  is 

more  subulate,  the  color  uniform,  the  plications  smaller,  closer, 

longer   and  more  waved.     None   of   the  specimens  before  rne 

show  any  bands. 

T.  STRIGILATA,  Linn.     PL  10,  figs.  84.  85,  88. 

Shell  highly  polished,  regularly  flatly  longitudinally  plicate, 
the  plicae  usually  extending  below  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl ; 
fawn  or  ash-color,  white-banded  at  the  suture,  with  a  row  of 
square  chestnut  spots  on  the  band  ;  body-whorl  white-banded  at 
the  periphery  and  darker-colored  below  the  band ;  aperture 
rather  narrowed  below ;  chestnut,  with  a  median  white  band. 

Length,  1/25-1 '7 5  inches. 

Polynesia,  Sandwich  Islands. 

A  narrower,  more  cylindrical  species  than  T.  cinerea^  from 
which  it  differs  also  in  its  regular,  longer,  coarser  plications,  and 
brighter  coloring.  It  has  several  synonyms :  T.  strigilata 
(striatula) ,  Kiener,  in  part,  T.  Argenvillei,  Desh.  (unfigured), 
T.  acumen,  Desh.  (unfigured),  T.  modesta,  Desh.  (unfigured), 
mouth  of  the  Indus;  all  made  S3'nonyms  by  Reeve,  who 
examined  the  types ;  T.  concinna,  Dillwyn  (not  Deshayes), 
T.  Verreauxi,  Desh.  (fig.  85),  T.  Mather oniana,  Deshayes  (see 
remarks  p.  32).  T.  lepida.  Hinds  (fig.  88),  must  also  be  added, 
although  Hinds  thought  it  sufficiently  distinguished  b}^  the 
absence  of  a  white  sutural  band,  and  by  its  sharper  plications. 

T.  LAUTA,  Pease.     PL  10,  fig.  91. 

Stibcylindrical,  longitudinally,  straight!}'  plicate,  the  plicae 
regular,  sharp,  extending  across  the  whorls,  the  interstices  with 
a  single  row  of  punctures  near  the  suture  ;  leaden  gray  to 
orange-brown,  polished,  banded  with  yellow,  bearing  a  row  of 
chestnut  spots  at  the  suture,  with  a  pale  peripheral  band, 
beneath  which  the  body-whorl  is  chestnut-colored. 

Length,  1  inch. 

Sandwich  Islands. 

Figured    from  a  t37pe-specimen.     It    may   be    only  a    strong 
3 


34  TEREBRA. 

variety  of  T.  strigilata,  but  has  sharp  plications  and  the  line  of 
punctures  which  indicate  a  sutural  space,  although  no  division 
is  defined  upon  the  ribs. 

lo 

T.  HASTATA,  Gmelin.     PI.  10,  fig.  87  ;  PI.  ^  fig.  86  ;  PI.  10,  figs. 
89,  90,  94,  95,  92. 

Elongately  cylindrical,  somewhat  acuminated  towards  the 
apex;  closely  plicated,  forming  crenulated  sutures,  the  plicae 
sometimes  on  the  upper  part  of  the  whorls  only,  sometimes 
covering  the  whorls  to  the  base;  whitish,  two-  or  three-banded 
with  fawn-color  to  orange-brown,  the  bands  sometimes  broken 
up  into  large  blotches ;  the  entire  surface  occasionally  uniform 
orange-brown.  Length,  1-1*2  inches. 

West  Indies;  Wext  Africa. 

T.  costata,  Menke  (unfigured)  is  a  synonym ;  as  is  also  the 
West  African  T.  Knockeri,  Smith  (fig.  86.) 

Yar.  ALBULA,  Menke.     PI.  10,  figs.  89,  90,  94,  95. 

Shell  narrower  in  proportion  to  its  length,  more  subulate,  the 
plications  short. 

Australia,  Philippines,  Straits  of  Malacca. 

As  the  specimens  usually  occur  this  variety  presents  sufficient 
distinctness  of  form  for  specific  rank,  but  sometimes  the  West 
Indian  shells  are  found  exactly  like  it.  Reeve,  who  does  not 
even  make  a  varietal  distinction,  includes  also  the  unfigured  T. 
crassula,  T.  biparlita,  and  T.  incolor  of  Deshayes,  and  as  he  has 
examined  the  types,  he  is  probably  correct.  T.  casta,  Hinds 
(fig.  90",  and  T.  mera,  Hinds  (figs.  94,  95)  are  synonyms. 

Var.  SOLIDA,  Deshayes.     PL  10,  fig.  92. 

The  plications  are  described  as  only  indicated  by  impressed 
striae  on  the  last  whorl,  which  is  encircled  by  three  translucently 
yellowish  lines. 

Japan. 

Reeve  adds  that  the  shell  is  tessellately  enameled  throughout 
with  square  opaque  white  blotches  on  a  fawn-cream  color  surface ; 
which  appears  to  me  to  be  but  an  exaggerated  way  of  describing 
the  characteristics  exhibited  by  the  figure. 


TEREBRA.  35 

T.  NiTiDA,  Hinds.     PI.  10,  figs.  93,  96. 

Shell  narrowly  subulate,  whitish  or  fawn-color,  coarsely  plicate, 
the  plicae  narrow,  the  interstices  with  a  single  row  of  punctures 
below  the  sutures.  Length,  1  inch. 

Marquesas  Is.  •  Australia. 

T.  plicatella,  Desh.  (fig.  96),  is  a  synonym. 

T.  CALTGINOSA,  Desh.     PL  10,  fig.  97. 

Shell  slender,  varicosely  ribbed  ;  dark  chocolate. 

Length,  1'25  inches. 

Philippines. 

Founded  on  a  single  specimen  in  the  Cumingian  Collection. 
It  may  =  the  preceding,  but  punctured  interspaces  are  neither 
figured  nor  described. 

Dr.  von  Martens  refers  here  the  unfigured  T.  Kirki,  Hutton, 
of  Xew  Zealand. 

T.  VIOLASCENS,  Hinds.     PI.  10,  fig.  98. 

Slenderly  'turreted.  whorls  flatly  convex,  obliquely  flexnosely 
plicated  ;  spirally  striate  in  the  interstices,  suture  rather  deeply 
impressed;  whitish,  pale  violaceous  or  yellowish,  brown-stained 
at  the  suture.  Length,  *83  inch. 

Philippines. 

Reeve  remarks  that  Hinds'  original  figure  in  the  "Thesaurus" 
is  inaccurate,  representing  a  sutural  band — of  which  there  are  no 
indications  on  any  of  the  specimens. 

T.  TANTILLA,  E.  A.  Smith.     PI.  11,  fig.  4. 

Longitudinally  arcuately  ribbed,  subtuberculate  at  the  sutures; 
yellowish,  with  a  sutural  chestnut  band,  and  another  on  the 

periphery  of  the  last  whorl.     Length,  6'5  mill. 

Japan. 

Mr.  Smith  makes  his  T.  pumilio  (unfigured)  a  synonym  of  the 
above.  It  appears  to  me  to  be  too  closely  related  to  the  next 
species. 

T.  TENERA,  Hinds.     PI.  10,  fig.  99. 

Distantly,  strongly  varicosely  ribbed,  interstices  concave, 
shining;  yellowish  brov.n,  chestnut-banded  at  the  sutures  and 

on  the  periphery.     Length,  8  mill. 

Ceylon,  Straits  of  Malacca. 


36  TEREBRA. 

T.  TRISTIS,  Deshayes.     PL  10,  fig.  100. 

Whorls  convex,  plicately  ribbed  ;  yellowish  white  with  a  chest- 
nut band  at  the  suture,  and  another  at  the  periphery. 

Length,  18  mill. 

Japan. 

The  unfigured  T.  Antarctica.  Smith,  is  referred  here  by  Mr. 
Gillies,  who  makes  it  a  New  Zealand  shell ;  he  also  adds  to  the 
synonymy  T.  Kirki,  Button — which  Dr.  von  Martens  refers  to 
T.  caliginosa,  Reeve. 

T.  ASSIMTLIS,  Angas.     PI.  11,  fig.  1. 

Whorls  somewhat  convex,  broadly  arcuately  ribbed,  ribs 
ceasing  at  the  periphery  of  the  last  whorl;  yellowish  brown, 
chestnut-banded  at  the  suture,  lower  part  of  body-whorl  chestnut. 

Length,  11  mill. 

Port  Jackson,  Australia. 
T.  PYGM.EA,  Hinds.     PL  11,  fig.  2. 

Shell- solid,  closely  ribbed  ;  yellowish  brown,  chestnut-banded 
at  the  sutures  and  on  the  periphery.  Length,  7  mill. 

Straits  of  Malacca,  17  fathoms,  mud  (Hinds). 

T.  NANA,  Deshayes.     PL  11,  fig.  3. 

Yellowish  white,  with  two  interrupted  bands  of  chestnut 
spots,  one  of  them  visible  on  the  spire,  distant^-  ribbed,  the  ribs 
gradually  disappearing.  Length,  10  mill. 

Mouth  of  the  Indus. 
T.  METCALFEI,  Reeve.     PL  11,  fig.  5. 

Shell  cylindrically  oblong,  whitish,  faintly  tinged  with  pale 
white-dotted  orange  flames,  red-dotted  at  the  sutural  margin  ; 
whorls  convex,  the  first  ribbed,  ribs  soon  fading. 

Length,  12  mill. 

West  Indies  ? 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  collected  by  Rev.  L.  Guilding. 

T.  OBESA,  Hinds.     PL  11,  fig.  6. 

Cylindrically  subulate,  whorls  convex,  the  first  ribbed,  ribs 
soon  disappearing ;  shining  white,  with  longitudinal  orange 
blotches,  interrupted  by  a  white  band  on  the  p  .M  ery. 

Length,  12  mill. 

Hob.  unknown. 


TEREBRA.  37 

T.  PLUMBEA,  Quoy.     PI.  11,  fig.  7. 

Longitudinal^  plicate,  plications  straight ;  fawn  or  lead-color, 
white-banded  at  the  suture;  sometimes  a  white  band  at  the 
periphery  of  the  last  whorl,  below  which  the  color  is  darker. 

Length,  1  inch. 

Moluccas,  Philippines,  China,  Australia. 

The  unfigured  T.  Bourguignati,  Desh.,  is  referred  here  by 
Reeve. 

T.  LISCHKEANA,  Bunker.     PI.  12,  fig.  22. 

Distantly  costate  throughout,  with  an  obsolete  sutural  band, 
barely  defined  by  a  narrow  sulcus,  and  punctations  in  the  inter- 
stices of  the  ribs  ;  yellowish,  banded  with  chestnut. 

Length,  34  mill. 

Japan. 

Connects  this  group  with  those  species  having  a  sutural  band, 
and  is  evidently  closely  related  to  T.  plumbea,  etc. 

Subgenus  EURYTA,  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

T.  ACICULATA,  Lam.     PI.  11,  figs.  15-17. 

Spire  and  upper  part  of  body-whorl  plicate  and  shelving, 
usually  doubly  nodose,  the  two  rows  separated  by  a  sulcus  on 
the  middle  of  the  shelf,  sometimes  the  lower  row  of  nodules  are 
developed  into  spines,  lower  part  of  body-whorl  with  revolving 
striae  ;  white,  or  broadly  or  narrowly  banded  with  chocolate,  or 
uniform  chocolate,  or  with  close  zigzag  longitudinal  markings. 

Length,  '75-1  inch. 

Mazatlan,  Cape  St.  Lucas,  Panama,  West  Indies, 

?  W.  Coast  of  Africa,  ?  Mediterranean  Sea. 
The  American  localities  are  certain,  but  the  several  records  of 
Mediterranean  specimens  refer  to  beach-worn  shells,  and  it  is 
probable  that  they  were  introduced  accidentally,  and  that  the 
species  does  not  live  there.  The  figures  will  show  how  variable 
the  shell  is  in  its  sculpture  and  coloring.  It  is  by  no  means 
certain  that  it  is  really  the  species  intended  by  Lamarck,  although 
it  is  thus  generally  identified  ;  neither  is  its  generic  position 


38  TEREBRA. 

fixed;   as  von  Martens  remarks  (Don   BI'MO..  21)  it  may  very 
well  be  a  Columbella. 

It  is  Bucc.  pulchellum,  Calcara  ;  Mitra  Liunei,  Eichwald  ; 
Bucc.  Linnei,  Payr. ;  T.  Cosentini,  Phil. ;  T.  nodosoplicata, 
Dunker. 

T.  FULGURATA,  Phil.     PI.  11,  figs.  18-20. 

Narrowly  fusiform,  spire  acuminated,  whorls  plicate  above, 
but  not  shouldered,  with  lightly  marked,  rather  distant  spiral 
stria? ;  whitish,  with  zigzag  longitudinal  chestnut  lines. 

Length,  14  mill. 

Mazallan,  Acapulco,  L.  California. 

T.  arguta,  Gould,  and  T.  rustwa,  Hinds  (figs.  19,  20),  are 
synonyms  ;  the  coloring  of  the  latter  is  often  seen  in  the  species, 
as  well  as  orange-brown  and  even  clear  white  without  markings. 
Another  usual  state  has  the  upper  half  of  the  whorls  white,  the 
lower  half  of  the  body-whorl  only  showing  the  lightning-streaks 
or'  chestnut. 

T.  NASSOIDES,  Hinds.     PI.  12,  fig.  23. 

Whorls  varicosely  ribbed,  spirally  minutely  striated  ;  pinkish 
ash,  banded  with  lead-color,  margin  below  the  suture  white. 

Length,  13'5  mill. 

Red  Sea  (Lord  Mountnorris). 

Appears  to  be  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species.  I  have 
not  seen  it. 

T.  TRILINEATA,  Adams  and  Angas.     PL  12,  fig.  24. 

Thin,  slender,  with  long,  narrow  aperture,  distantly  plicate 
and  encircled  with  thread-like  lines ;  yellowish  white,  with  lon- 
gitudinal pale  undulating  chestnut  markings,  a  series  of  chest- 
nut spots  near  the  suture,  and  on  the  body-whorl  three  revolving- 
chestnut  lines,  one  of  which  appears  also  on  the  spire. 

Length,  14  mill. 

New  South  Wales ,  Australia. 

T.  ANGASI,  Try  on.     PI.  12,  figs.  25,  26. 

Olivelliform,  with  small,  rather  close  plications,  disappearing 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  body-whorl ;  whitish,  shining,  with  three 


TEREBRA.  39 

fulvous  bands  upon  which  are  longitudinal  light  chestnut  zigzag 
markings.     Length,  10-12  mill. 

Rapid  Bay,  So.  Australia  ;   N.  S.  Wales. 

Described  by  Adams  and  Angas  under  the  name  of  Euryta 
pulchella,  preoccupied  in  Terebra  by  Deshayes.  T.  Brazieri, 
Angas  (fig.  26),  appears  to  be  only  a  slightly  differently  colored 
specimen.  Angas  has  himself  preoccupied  this  specific  name  in 
Terebra. 


Un figured  and  Undetermined  Species  of  Terebra. 

BUCCTNUM  ACUS,  Gmel.  (Acus  SARTORIA,  Martini) ;  B.  SUCCINC- 
TUM,  Gmel. ;  B.  OBLIQUUM,  Gmel. :  B.  CHALYB^EUM,  Gmel. ;  B. 
SINUATUM,  Linn. ;  B.  PROXIMATUM.  Linn. ;  B.  HECTICUM,  Gmel. ; 
B.  GEMINUM,  Linn. ;  B.  MONILE,  Linn. ;  B.  MURINUM,  Linn.  (= 
Triton  ?).  Most  of  these  are  Terebrse,  but  indeterminable. 

T.  ELEGANS,  Kiister  ;  T.  COSTATA,  Kiister  ;  T.  SANDWIZENSIS(?). 
T.  LINEOLATA,  Sowb.  ;  T.  GRANULOSA,  Lam. ;  T.  POLITA,  Gray  ; 
T.  BUCCINULUM,  Desh. ;  T.  BUCCINOJDEA,  Blainv. ;  T.  LINEOLATA, 
Chemii.,  are  all  species  of  Bullia. 

T.  NUBECULATA,  Sowb. ;  T.  CANCELLATA,  Gray ;  T.  ALBA,  Gray. 

The  following  are  described  (but  not  figured)  by  Mr.  E.  A. 
Smith  : — 

T.  FUSCOBASIS,  T.  MACANDREWI,  T.  PERSICA,  T.  PELLYI,  T.  TRI- 
CINCTA,  T.  COGNATA,  T.  FUScociNCTA  (all  from  the  Persian  Gulf}] 
T.  RUFOPUNCTATA  (Hab.  unknown)  ;  T.  BATHYRAPHE,  T.  ALBOZO- 

NATA,    T.  MELANACME,    T.    JAPONICA,    T.  GRANULOSA  (=  T.  PUSTU- 

LOSA),  T.  ADAMSI  (all  from  Japan) ;  T.  BRASILIENSIS  (Eio  Janeiro)-, 
T.  AUSTRALIS  and  T.  TURRITA  (N.  Australia) ;  T.  CAPENSIS  ( Cape 
of  Good  Hope);  T.  MIRANDA  (Malacca);  T.  MACGILLIVRAYI  (N. 
Guinea ;•;  T.  FEJIENSIS  and  T.  PAUCISTRIATA  (Fiji  Islands);  T. 
BELCHERI  =  GUAYAQUILENSIS  (Guayaquil) ;  T.  GRAYI  (for  T.  GRA- 
CILIS,  Gray),  T.  CONCOLOR,  T.  CONTRACTA,  T.  SIMILIS  (habitats 
unknown). 

\V.  II.  Pease  has  described  : — 

T.  SUFFUSA,  T.  SCULPTIL1S,  T.  ROSACEA,  T.  ASSIM1LIS  (  =  T.  CON- 

TKJUA),  T.  PROPINQUA,  T.  COSTELLIFERA  (all  Sandwich  Islands). 


40  TEREBRA. 

T.  DUNKERI,  T)esli.  ( T.  eburnea,  Dunker,  not  Hinds),  Hab.? 
T.  CONTINUA,  Desh.,  Hab.?  Reeve's  figure  does  not  correspond 
with  the  description. 

T.  BELCHERI,  Phil. ;  T.  SUBDIVISA,  Phil. ;  T.  DECUSSATA,  Phil. 
(hab.  unknown). 

T.  TUBEROSA,  Hinds,  Hab.?     The  figure  appears  to  represent  a 

Cerithium  with  imperfect  aperture. 

T.  BEDDOMEI,  Petterd.  Tasmania. 

T.  BIPARTITA,  Gould  (Hakodadi) ;  T.  PROLIXA,  Gld.  (China). 
T.  L^EVIS,  Gray.     Worn  and  indeterminable. 
T.  PACHYZONA,  Morch.  Real  Llejos. 

T.  LAURETAN^E,  Tenison-Woods.  Port  Jackson,  Australia. 


INDEX  AND  SYNONYMY. 

TEREBRID^. 


PAGE. 

Abretia,  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera  Recent  Moll.,  i,  225, 

1853, 5 

Aciculata  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert.,  x,  p.  175,  .  .  37 
Aciculatum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin,  p.  3503,  No.  145. 

=  Terebra  cerithina,  Lam. 
Aciculina  (Terebra),  var.,  Kien.     Ic.,  pi.  7,  f.  13  a. 

=  T.  Gouldii, ...     15 

Aciculina  (Terebra), Lam.  (not  Reeve  or  Hinds).  An.  s.  Yert., 

vii,  287.     =  T.  cinerea,  Born,  31 

Aciculina  (Terebra),  Reeve  (not  Lam.)    Con.  Ic.,  xii,  f.  121 

d,  var.  c.  and  f.  ........     32 

Acumen  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  287. 

=  T.  strigilata,  Linn. .     33 

Acuminata  (Terebra),  Gray.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  143. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,  .         .         .         .         .         .         .31 

Acus,  Humphrey.  Mus.  Calonn.,  1797.  =  Subula,  Schum.  5 
Acus  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3502,  No.  141,  .  39 
Acuta  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  100,  pi.  iv, 

f.  4-5.     =  T.  straminea,  Gray, 28 

Adamsii  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  264,  39 

Adansonii  (Terebra).  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  291. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .31 

Addita  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour.  Conch.,  1859,  p.  293. 

=  T.  spectabilis,  Hinds .         .18 

Affinis  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  60,  .  14 
Africana  (Terebra).  Gray.  Griffiths'  ed.  Cuv,,  t.  23,  f.  5. 

=  T.  variegata,  Gray,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .15 

Alba  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  60,  .  •  39 
Albicostata  (Terebra),  Adams  and  Reeve.  Zool.  Yoy. 

Samar.,  p.  30,  pi.  10,  f.  21  (1848).  =  T.  variegata,  Gray,  14 
Albida  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  63,  .11 
Albocincta  (Myurella),  Carpt.  Cat.  Maz.  Moll.,  p.  384,  No. 

450.  =  Terebra  variegata,  Gray,  .  .  .  .  .14 
Albomarginata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p. 

314, 29 


42  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Albozonata  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.    Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1875, 

415;  1877,  xix,  p.  226,          .                          ....  39 

Albula  (Terebra),  Menke.     Moll.  Nov.  Holl.,  p.  30. 

=  T.  hastata,  Gmelin,  var.          ......  34 

Alveolata  (Terebra ),  Hinds.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  151  23 

Amanda  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  154  30 

Amoena  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour.  Conch.,  1859,  p.  297,  19 

Angasi  (Terebra),  Try  on, 38 


Anomala  (Terebra),  Gray.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  62, 


17 


Antarctica  (Abretia),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 

xi,  270,  1873 ;  Gillies,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.,  xiv,  169. 

==  T.  tristis,  Desh 36 

Apicina  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  284. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    . 31 

Approximata  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p. 

299.     =  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, .22 

.Archimedis    (Terebra),   Desh.     Proc.  Zool.   Soc.,   1859,  p. 

314.     =  T.  funiculata,  Hinds, 29 

Areolata  (Terebra),  Adams  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Samar.,  p. 

30,  pi.  x,  f.  23.     =  T.  columellaris,  Hinds,        .         .         .     22 
Areolrttns  (Vertagus),  Link.     Reeve,  C.  Ic.,  t.  iii,  f.  9. 

=  Terebra  muscaria,  Lam. 
Argenvillei  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  286. 

=  T.  strigilat-i,  Linn. 33 

Ar<rus  (Terebra',  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  160,  .  11 
Arirnta  (Terebra),  Gould.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  vii,  p. 

330.     =  T.  fulgurata,  Phil 38 

Armillata  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  154. 

=  T.  variegata,  Gray,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .14 

Aspera  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  154, 

=r  T.  variegata,  Gray,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .14 

Assimilis  (Terebra)  Angas.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1867,  p.  3,  pi. 

13,  f.  8,  36 

Assimilis    (Terebra),  Pease.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  67, 

1869.     ==  T.  contigua,  Pease.     Am.  J.  Conch.,  vii,  p.  20,     39 
Australe  (Buccinum),  Sowb.     Gray,  Zool.  Proc.,  168,  1843. 

=  Bullia  Tahitensis,  Gmel.     Man.,  vol.  iv. 
Australia  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  264,   .  ....     39 

Babylonia,  var.  (Terebra),  Kien.     Coq.  viv.,  pi.  14,  f.  35  a. 

=  T.  straminea,  Gray,  .         .         .         .         .         .28 

Babylonia  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vol.  x,  p.  243,  2S 
Bacillus  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  285. 

=•  T.  cinerea,  Born,     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .31 

Badia  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  300,  .  15 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  43 

PAGE. 

Bathyrhaphe  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H., 

xv, 415, 1875;  1877,  xix,  p.  226,  .  .  .  .39 

Beddomei  (Terebra),  Petterd.  Jour,  of  Conch.,  iv,  142, 

1884,  .  .  . 40 

Belcheri  (Terebra),  Philippi.  Zeit.  f.  Mai.,  1851,  p.  123,  .  40 
Belchen  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  267.  =  M.  Gnayaquilensis,  Smith.  .  .  .39 

Bermonti  (Terebra),  Lorois.  J.  C.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  389,  1857. 

=  T.  pertusa,  Born.    .....  .     23 

Bernardii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1857,  p.  84, 

pi.  iv,  f.  10.  =  T.  Dussumieri,  Kien 17 

Bicincta  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843.  p.  150,  20 
Bicolor  (Acus),  Angas.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1867,  p.  HI,  pi. 

13,  f.  7.  =  T.  fictilis,  Hinds, 25 

Bifasciatuin  (Buccinum),  Dillwyn.  Cat.,  ii,  p.  651,  No.  155. 

=  Terebra  caerulescens,      .         .         .         .         .  .31 

Bifrons  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  155,  19 
Bipartita  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  284. 

=  T.  hastate,  Gmelin, 34 

Bipartita  (Terebra),  Gould.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  vol.  vii,  p.  330  40 
Bitorquata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  313. 

=  T.  eorrugata,  Lam.         .......     26 

Blanda  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  298,  .  20 
Bourguignati  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p. 

288.  =  T.  plumbea,  Quoy  and  Gaimard,  .  .  37 

Brasiliensis  (Abretia^  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H., 

1873,  xi,  p.  271 39 

Brazieri  (Baryta),  Angas.  Proc.  Z.  S.,  1875,  p.  390,  t.  xlv, 

f.  5,  5  a 39 

Brazieri  (Terebra),  Angas.  Zool.  Proc.,  1871,  p.  16,  pi.  1, 

f.  15, 13 

Brevicula  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1852,  p.  296,  25 
Bruguieri  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  297. 

=  T.  cancellatn,  Quoy 22 

Buccinoidea  (Terebra),  Blainville.  Desh.,  Zool.  Proc.,  316, 

1859.  =  Bullia,  Manual,  iv, 39 

Buccinulum  (Terebra  s  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  92,  pi. 

v,  f.  12.     =  Bullia  turrita,  Gray.     Manual,  iv,  14,    .         .     39 

Crelata  (Terebra),  Adams  and  Reeve.     Moll.  Yoy.  Samar., 

30,  pi.  x,  f.  22,     .                                                                          .  20 

Cailatura,  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  28,         ...  4 

Caerulescens  (Terebra),  Lam.     Anim.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  245,     .  30 

Caliginosa  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  287,  35 
Callichloros  (Terebra  muscaria,  var.),  Tapparone-Canefri. 

Ann.  Mus.  Civ.  Genoa,  viii,  326, 9 


44  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Cancellata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  62,  39 
Cancellata  (Terebra),  Quoy  and  Gaimard.  Voy.  de  1'Ast. 

Moll.,  vol.  ii,  471,  pi.  36,  f.  27-28,  .  .  22 

Candidum  (Buccinum),  Born.  Mus.,  p.  263,  t.  10,  f.  8. 

=  Terebra  crenulata,  Linn.         ......       8 

Capensis  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H  ,  1873, 

xi,  p.  269, 39 

Carnea  (Terebra),  Perry,  v.  16,  f.  1.  =  T.  dimidiata,  Linn.  9 
Casta  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  156. 

=  T.  hastata,  Gmelin,  var.  albula,  .  .  .  .  .34 
Castanea  (Terebra),  Hinds  (not  Kien.).  Thes.  Con.,  i,  p. 

161,  pi.  43,  f.  59.  =  T.  badia,  Desh/  .  .  .  15 

Castanea  (Terebra),  Kien.  Coq.  viv.,  pi.  7,  f.  14. 

=  T.  cseruleseens,  Lam.     .......     31 

Cerithina  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  v,  vii,  p.  288,  .  12 
Chalybeum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3504,  No. 

158, 39 

Chalybeus  (Terebra),  Martini.  Conch.  Cab. 

=  T.  duplicata,  Linn 17 

Chilensis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Pro.  Zoo.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  295. 

=  T.  gemmulata,  Kien.       .......      18 

Chinensis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Zool.  Proc.,  309,  1859. 

=  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.        .......     27 

Chlorata  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vol.  x,  p.  246,  .  11 
Cinctella  (Terebra),  Desh.  Zool.  Proc.,  305,  1859. 

=  T.  undulata,  Gray, 23 

Cinerea  (Terebra),  Born.  Mus.  Yind.,  p.  267,  pi.  10,  f.  11 

and  1^, 31 

Cinerea  (Terebra),  Hinds  (not  Born).  Thes.  Conch.,  i,  pi. 

45,  f.  130.  =  T  aciculina,  Reeve, 32 

Cingula  (Terebra),  Kiener.  Ic.  coq.  viv.,  p.  28,  pi.  8,  fig.  16,  16 
Cingulifera  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  x,  p.  247,  .  27 
Circinata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  99,  pi.  iv, 

f.  6-7.  =  T.  straminea,  Gray, 28 

Circumcincta  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  77, 

pi.  iii,  fig.  9, 13 

Cognata  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877, 

xix,  p.  229, 39 

Columellaris  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p. 

151.  =  T.  cancellata,  Quoy,  var 22 

Columnaris  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  310. 

=  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.       .         .         .         .         .         .         .27 

Commaculifera  (Terebra),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3502. 

=  T.  myuros,  Lam.    ........     27 

Concava  (Terebra),  Say.  Jour.  Phila.  Acad.,  v,  207,  1826,  25 
Concinna  (Terebra),  Desh.  J.  C.,  1857,  p.  99,  pi.  3,  f.  10,  .  15 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  45 

PAGB. 

Concinnum  (Buccinum).  Dillwyn.     Cat.,  p.  647. 

=  Terebra  stri«'ilata,  Linn.         ......     33 

Concolor  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  265, 39 

Confusa  (Terebra),  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877,  p.  229, 

xix.     =  T.  aciculhm,  Reeve,      ......     32 

Consobrina  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  308. 

=  T.  subulata,  Linn .10 

Censors  (Terebra',  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  150.  9 
Conspersa  (Terebraj,  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  153,  .  24 
Contigua  (Terebra),  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vii,  p.  20,  .  39 
Continua  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  286,  40 
Contracts  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H., 

1873,  xi,  p.  268, 39 

Copula  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  151,  .  21 
Corrugata,  var.  junior  (Terebra),  Kien.  Ic.  coq.,  p.  25, 

note,  pi.  13,  f.  31  a.  =  T.  bitorquata,  Desh.  .  .  .26 
Corrugata  (Terebra),  Lam.  Auim.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  244,  .  26 
Cosentini  (Terebra),  Phil.  Euum.  Moll.  Sicil.,  i,  p.  227,  pi. 

ll,f.  29.  =  T.  aciculata,  Lam 38 

Costata  (Terebra \  Kiister.  Desh.,  Zool.  Proc.,  317,  1859,  39 
Costata  (Terebra),  Menke.  Syn.  Mus.,  p.  84. 

=  T.  hastata,  Gmelin, 34 

Costellifera  ( Terebra j,  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  66, 

1869, 39 

Crassula  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  282. 

=  T.  hastata,  Gmeliu, 34 

Crenifera  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  298. 

=  T.  cingulifera,  Lain.        .......     27 

Crenulata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1205,  .  .  8 

Crossei  (Terebra),  Dtsh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  289. 

=  T.  venosa,  Hinds, 13 

Cumingii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc..  1859,  p.  311  ; 

Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  66,  pi.  iii,  f.  1,  .  .  .  .28 
Cuspidata  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  157. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,  var.     .         .         .         .         .         .         .31 

Decorata  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  75,  pi. 

iv,  f.  13, 26 

Decussata  (Terebra),  Philippi.  Zeit.  f.  Mai.,  1851,  p.  124,  40 
Deshayesii  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  f.  45,  1860. 

=  f .  Babylonia,  Lam 28 

Difflcilis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  304. 

=  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, 22 

Dillwynii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Zool.  Proc.,  279,  1859. 

=  T.  concinna,  Desh.  .....*.     15 


46  INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Dimidiata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1206,  ...  9 
Dislocata  (Terebra),  Say.  Jour.  Ac.  N.  S.  Phil.,  ii,  p.  236,  18 
Dispar  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  284. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    ........     31 

Divisa  (Terebra),  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  124,  1868,  15 
Dunkeri  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p,  285,  .  40 
Duplicata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1206,  .  .  .  17 
Duplicata,  var.  /9  (Terebra),  Gmelin,  p.  3501. 

=  T.  pertusa,  Born. 
Dussumieri  (Terebra),  Kien.     Icon.  coq.  viv.,  p.  31,  pi.  8, 

f.  17, .16 

Eburnea  (Terebra),  Dunker.     Zeit.  f.  Mai.,  1853,  p.  96. 

=  T.  Dunkeri,  Desh. 40 

Eburnea  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  153. 

=  T.  affinis,  Gray, 14 

Edentulum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin,  p.  3505,  No.  155. 

=  Terebra  cserulescens,  Lam.    ......     31 

Elata  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  156,  .  21 
Elegans  (Terebra),  Kiister.  Chemn.,  2d  ed.,  p.  31.  Desh., 

Zool.  Proc.,  317,  1859, 39 

Elongata  (Terebra),  Wood.  Index  Suppl.  (pi.  13,  f.  25?). 

=;  T.  strigata,  Sow.     ...  ....     12 

Euryta,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Genera  Recent  Moll.,  i,  225, 

1853, 5,  37 

Evoluta  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  292. 

=  T.  Dussumieri,  Kiener, 17 

Exigua  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  301,  .  21 
Eximia  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  314,  .  29 

Fatua  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  150. 

=  T.  cingula,  Kien. 16 

Faval,  Adanson.  Hist.  Nat.  Senegal. 

=  Terebra  Senegalensis,  Lam.  .         .         .         .         .         .16 

Fejiensis  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  266, 39 

Felinum  (Buccinum),  Dillwyn.  Cat.  Shells,  p.  644. 

=  Terebra  tigrina,  Gmelin,        ......     10 

Fenestrata  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  153,  28 
Ferruginenm  (Buccinum),  Born.  Mus.,  p.  263,  t.  10,  f.  7. 

=  Terebra  dimidia'ta,  Linn.        ......       9 

Festiva  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  74,  pi.  iii, 

f.  4.  =  T.  Senegalensis,  Lam 16 

Fictilis  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  45,  f.  109,  110,  25 
Fimbriata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1857,  p.  71, 

pi.  5,  f.  1.     =  T.  crenulata,  Linn 8 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  47 

PAOK. 

Flammea  (Terebra),  Lam.     Anim.  s.  Yert.,  x,  p.  239,  .         .11 
Flammca  (Terebra),  Lesson.     111.  de  Zool.,  t.  48. 

=  T.  strigata,  Sowb 12 

PlammulaU  (Terebra),  Martens.     Mauritius,  1880,  p.  230, 

pi.  20,  f.  5.     =  T.  caerulescens,  Lam.,  var.         .         .         .31 
Flava  (Terebra),. Gray.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  60. 

=  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, 22 

Flavescens  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  299. 

=  T.  cancellata.  Quoy, 22 

Formosa  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  1857,  p.  65,  pi. 

iii,  fig.  6.     ...  ....  .12 

Fortunei  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  1857,  p.  79,  pi. 

iv,  f.  1 29 

Frigata  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  162. 

=V  concava,  Say, 26 

Fulgurata  (Terebra),  Phil.     Zeit.  fur  Mai.,  1846,  p.  53,  and 

1^47,  p.  181, 38 

Funiculata  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  153,     29 
Fusca  (Limax),  Martyn  (part).     Univ.  Conch.,  iv,  pi.  121,  f. 

on  left.     =  Terebra  cserulescens,  Lam 37 

Fusca  (Terebra),  Perry.     Conchology,  t.  16,  f.  3. 

=  T.  subulata,  Linn.  .......     10 

Fuscobasis  (Myurella),  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877,  xix, 

p.  227,          .' 39 

Fuscocincta    (Myurella),   Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877, 

xix,  p.  228,  .  39 

Fuscomaculata  (Terebra),  Sowb.     Tank.  Cat.,  p.  23. 

=  T.  Senegalensis,  Lam.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .     16 

Geminata  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  296. 

=  T.  spectabilis,  Hinds, 18 

Geminum    (Buccinum),   Linn.      Mantissa,   550.      Undeter- 
mined,        ..........     39 

Gemmulata  (Terebra).  Kiener.     Ic.  coq.  viv.,  p.  15,  pi.  5,  f. 
11  and  11  a,         .         .       '  .         .         .         ...         .18 

Glabra  (Terebra),  Deshayes.     Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  pi.  v,  f.  13, 
p.  101.     =  T.  consors,  Hinds,    .         .         .         .  -      .         .9 

Glauca  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  150. 

=  T.  variegata,  Gray, 14 

Gotoensis  (Terebra),  Smith.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1879,  p.  183, 
pi.  xix,  f.  1  and  la.     =  T.  alveolata,  Hinds,  var.      .         .     23 

Gouldi  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  278,       .     15 

Gracilis  (Terebra),  Gray.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc..  1834,  p.  61. 

=  T.  Grayi,  Smith,    .         .         .  .         .         .39 

Gracilis  (Terebra),  Reeve  (not  Gray).     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  131. 
=  T.  spectabilis,  Hinds, 18 


48  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Granulosa  (Terebra),  Lam.     Anim.  s.  Vert.,  v.  vii,  p.  291. 

=  Bullia,  Manual,  iv,  .  .39 

Granulosa  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H., 

1873,  p.  2(18  (xi).  ==  Terebra  pustnlosa,  Smith,  .  .  39 
Grayi  (Terebra),  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877,  xix,  p.  227,  39 
Guayaquilensis  (Myurella),  Smith.  P.  Z.  S.,  1880,  p.  481,  .  39 
Guttatum  (Epitonium),  Bolten.  Mus.  Bolt. 

=  Terebra  oculata,  Lam.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .10 

Hastata  (Terebra),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3502,  .  .  34 
Hastula,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Genera  Recent  Moll.,  i,  225, 

1853, 5 

Hecticum  (Buccinum),  Chemn.  (not  Linn). 

=  Terebra  dimidiata,  Linn.        ......       9 

Hecticum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Desh.,  Zool.  Proc.,  318, 

1859.  Undetermined, 39 

Hecticum  (Buccinum),  Linn.  Hanley,  Linn.  Conch.,  260. 

=  Terebra  caerulescens,  Lam.    .         .         .         .         .         .31 

Hindsi  (T.  Myurella),  Carpt.  Cat.  Maz.  Moll.,  p.  385,  No. 

451.  =  Terebra  variegata,  Gray,  .  .  .  14 

Hindsi  (Terebra),  Desh.  (not  Carpt.).  Jour.  Conch.,  1857, 

p.  81,  pi.  v,  f.  5.  =  T.  cancellata,  Quoy,  .  .  .  '.  22 
Histrio  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  308; 

Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  7K,  pi.  iv,  f.  11,  .  ,  .26 

Hupci  (Terebra),  Lorois.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  p.  388 

(1857),  pi.  xii,  f.  1.     =  T.  variegata,  Gray,        .  .     14 

Impages,  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  and  Mag.,  xi,  1873,  p,  263,  .  6 
Incomparabilis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p. 

307.  =  T.  robusta,  Hinds, 11 

Incolor  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  283. 

=  T.  hastata,  Gmelin, 34 

Inconstans  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  156. 

=  T.  aciculina,  Lam. 32 

Inflexa  (Terebra  Swainsoni,  var.),-  Pease.  A.  J.  C.,  v,  pp. 

64,  86,  .  .  21 

Insignis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  70,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  2.  =  T.  lingualis.  Hinds,  .  ....  11 

Interlineata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Pro.  Zoo.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  277. 

=  T.  crenulata,  Linn.          .......       8 

Intertincta  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  155. 

=  T.  variegata,  Gray, 14 

Jamaicensis  (Terebra),  C.  B.  Adams.     Contr.  Conch.,  p.  58. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    ........     31 

Japonica  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  265, 39 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  49 

PAGE. 

Jeffreys!!  (Terebra),  Smith.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1879,  p.  184, 
pi.  xix,  f.  2,  19 

Jukesii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  185*7,  p.  95,  pi.  vi, 
f.  9.  =  T.  spectabilis,  Hinds, 18 

Kieneri  (Terebra),  Desh.     Pro.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  294. 

=  T.  spectabilis,  Hinds,     .......     18 

Kirki  (Terebra),  Hutton.  Cat.  Mar.  Moll.  N.  Zeal.,  27; 

Manual,  Moll.  N.  Zeal.,  42.     =  T.  caliginosa,  Reeve. 

=  T.  tristis,  Desh.  Gillies,  Trans,  N.  Zeal.  Inst.,  xiv.  169.  35,  36 
Knockeri  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  P.  Z  S.,  1871,  p.  730,  t. 

75,  f.  7.  =  T.  hastata,  Gmel 34 

Knorri  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  59. 

=  T.  chlorata,  Lam 11 

Lactea  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  285. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    ........     31 

Laevigata  (Terebra),  Gray.     Pro.  Zoo.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61. 

=  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.,  var.        ......     27 

Laevis  (Terebra),  Gray.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61 ;  Desh., 

Zool.  Proc  ,  1859,  318, 40 

Lamarckii  (Terebra),  Kien.     Ic.  coq.  viv.,  p.  30,  t.  9,  f.  19. 

==  T.  duplicate,  Linn.         .......     17 

Lanceata  (Terebra),  Kien.     Coq.  viv.,  pi.  10,  f.  22  b. 

—  T.  venosa,  Hinds,  13 

Lanceata  (Terebra),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1206.    .         .         .12 
Lanceolata  (Terebra),  Lam.     Gray  in  Zool.  Proc.,  63,  1834. 

Undetermined. 
Larvaeformis  (Terebra),  Hinds.    Proc.  Zool,  Soc.,  1843, 155. 

=  T.  dislocata,  Say, 19 

Lauretanse  (Terebra),  Woods.     Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W., 

ii,  262, 40 

Laurina  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  152. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born, 31 

Lauta  (Terebra),  Pease.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  66,  1869,     33 
Leiodomus,  Gray  (not  Swainson).     Synopsis  Brit.  Museum. 

=  Impages,  Smith,     ........     30 

Lepida  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158. 

=  T.  strigilata,  Linn. 33 

Ligata  (Terebra).  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  153. 

=  T.  tessellata,  Gray 26 

Ligneola  (Terebra),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  25. 

=  T.  badia,  Desh 15 

Lima  (Terebra),  Desh,     Jour,  de  Conch.,  1857,  p.  69,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  2, 27 


50  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 


Lineolata  (Terebra),   Chenm,,   iv,   t.    155,  f.  1463;  Wood, 

Index  Suppl.  (P.  Z.  S  ,  1843,  p.  168). 

=  Bullia  vittata,  Manual,  iv,  .  .  .  .  .39 

Lineolata  (Terebra),  Sow.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  23. 

=  Bullia  Bellangeri,  Kr.,  Manual,  iv,  .  .  .  .39 
Lingualis  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  153. 

=  T.  robusta,  Hinds,  var.  ......     11 

Linnei  (Mitra),  Eichwald.  Fauna  Casp.-Caucas.,  245. 

=  Terebra  aciculata,  Lam.          .  ....     38 

Linnei  (Buccinum),  Payraudeau.  Cat.  Mol.  Isl.  Corse,  1826, 

p.  161,  pi.  8,  f.  10,  11,  12.  Terebra  aciculata,  Lam.  .  38 

Lischkeana  (Terebra),  Dkr.  Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  p.  74,  .  37 

Livida  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  116,  1860. 

=  T.  cancellata,  Quoy,  var.         ......     22 

Loebbeckeana  (Terebra),  Dkr.  Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  p.  74,  .  29 
Longiscata  (Terebra).  Desh.  Proc.,  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  294,  18 
Loroisii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  313. 

=  T.  oculata,  Lam.     ........     10 

Loroisii  (Terebra),  Guer.  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1854,  p.  218,  pi.  4, 

f.  5.     =  T.  robusta,  Hinds,         .         .         .         .         .         .11 

Luctuosa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  157,  32 
Lutescens  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.,  xi,  1873, 

p.  263.     =  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, 22 

Macgillivrayi  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H., 

1873,  xi,  p.  267, 39 

MacAndrewii  (Terebra),  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877, 

xix,  p.  228,  .  .  . 39 

Maculata,  var.  f)  (Terebra),  Gmelin,  p.  3499,  No.  130. 

=  T.  chlorata,  Lam.   .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .11 

Maculata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1205,  ...  9 
Maculata  (Terebra),  Perry.  Conchology,  t.  16,  f.  2. 

=  T.  crenulata,  Linn. 9 

Marginata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  86,  pi. 

iv,  f.  8.  =  T.  variegata,  Gray,  .  .  .  .  .15 

Mariesi  Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1880,  p. 

480,  pi.  xlviii,  f.  5, 19 

Marmorata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  279,  15 
Matheroniana  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p. 

287.     =  T.  aciculina,  Lam.,  Reeve,  Icon.      =  T.  strigi- 

lata,   Linn.,   Pease,  Am.  J.   C.,  iv,   p.    123.     Good,   sp., 

Smith,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873,  p.  263,  ...  32,  33 
Melanacme  (Terebra),  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1875,  415  ; 

1877,  xix,  p.  224, 39 

Mera  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158. 

=  T.  hastata,  Gmelin,  var.  albula,      .         .-        .         .         .34 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  51 

PAGE. 

Metcalfei  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  139,  1860,  .  .  36 
Micans  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  181. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born 31 

Miranda  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

p.  267, 39 

Modesta  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  288. 

=  T.  strigilata,  Linn. 33 

Monile  (Buccinum),  Linn.  Mantissa,  550.  Undetermined,  39 
Monilis  (Terebra),  Quoy  and  Gaim.  Yoy.  de  1'Astrol.,  ii, 

p.  467,  pi.  36,  f.  21  and  22, .28 

Morbida  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  133,  1860,  .  .  25 
Murinum  (Buccinum),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1206. 

Undetermined,    .........  39 

Muscaria,  var.  (Terebra),  Kien.  Coq.  viv.,  pi.  3,  f.  4  b. 

=  T.  tigrina,  Gmelin, 10 

Muscaria  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert.,  vol.  x,  p.  241,  .  9 

Myurella,  Hinds.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  i,  171,  1844,  .  .  56 

My uros  "(Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert.,  x,  p.  247,  .  .  27 

Nana  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  291,  .  3.6 

Nassoides  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158,  38 
Nebulosa  (Terebra),  Kien.  (not  Sow.).  Ic.  coq.  viv.,  23,  t. 

10,  f.  22.  =  T.  Argus,  Hinds, 17 

Nebulosa  (Terebra),  Lorois.  Jour.  Conch.,  1858,  p.  90,  pi. 

1,  f.  4.  =  T.  Loroisii,  Deshayes, 10 

Nebulosa  (Terebra),  Sowerby.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  25,  .  23 
Nimbosa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  151. 

=  T.  cserulescens,  Lam.,  var.      .         .         .         .         .         .31 

Nitida  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  152,  .  35 
Niveum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Linn.,  ed  xiii,  p.  3504. 

=  Terebra  cserulescens,  Lam.    ......  31 

Nodosoplicata  (Terebra),  Dunk.  Zeit.  f.  Mai.,  1853,  p.  110. 

=  T.  aciculata,  Lam.           .......  38 

Nodularis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  296. 

=  T.  textilis,  Hinds,  .         .         .         .         .         .         .20 

Nubeculata  (Terebra),  Sowb.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  25. 

Desh.,  Zool.  Proc.,  319,  1859,     ...                  .         .  39 

Obesa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158,  .  36 

Obliquuin  (Buccinum),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3504,  No.  157,  39 
Obsoleta  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  310. 

=  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.,  var.,      ......  27 

Oculata  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert ,  x,  p.  242,  .  .  10 

Ornata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  62r  .  12 
Ornatum  (Buccinum),  Martyn.  Univ.  Conch. 

=  Terebra  oculata,  Lam.   .         .         .         .         .         .         .10 


52  INDEX    ANr    SYNONYMY. 

PAGB. 

Otaitensis  (Terebra),  Lesson.     Yoy.  Coq.,  i\  pt.  1,  p.  407. 

=  Yar.  of  T.  caerulescens.  Lam.         .....  131 

Pachyzona  (Terebra),  Morch.  Mai.  Blatt.,  vii,  p.  105,  .  40 
Pallida  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  87,  pi.  iv, 

f.  3.  =  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.  .  .  .  .  27 

Parva  (Terebra),  Baird.  Cruise  Cura§oa,  Brenchley,  435, 

pi.  37,  f.  5-0.  ==  T.  cinerea,  Born,  ...  .31 

Patagonica  (Terebra),  d'Orb.  Yoy.  Amer.  mer..  pi.  62,  f.  1. 

=  T.  gemmulata,  Kien 18 

Paucistriata  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H., 

1873,  xi,  p.  269, 39 

Peasii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  302. 

=  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, 22 

Pellyi  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877, 

xix,  p.  226 39 

Penicillata  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  157,  13 
Persica  (Terebra),  E.  A,  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1877, 

xix,  p.  225, 39 

Pertusa  (Terebra),  Born.  Mus.,  p.  267,  pi.  10,  f.  13,  .  .  23 
Pertusa  (Terebra),  Kien.  Ic.  coq.  viv.  var.,  t.  11,  f.  24  b. 

=  T.  affinis,  Gray, 14 

Pertusa  (Terebra),  Kien.  (part).  Ic.  coq.  viv.  var.,  t.  11, 

f.  24  c.  =  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, 22 

Petitii  (Terebra),  Kien.  Coq.  viv.,  p.  37,  t,  13,  f.  32. 

=  T.  dislocata,  Say, 18 

Petiveriana  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  pi.  v,  f. 

10,  p.  85.  =  T.  variegata,  Gray, 14 

Philippiana  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  289. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    ........     31 

Picta  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  156. 

=  T.  undulata,  Gray, 22 

Plicata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61,  .  24 
Plicatella  (Terebra).  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  96,  pi. 

iii,  f.  5.  =  T.  nitida,  Hinds,  ...  .  35 

Plumbea  (Terebra),  Quoy  and  Gaimard.  Moll.  Yoy.  Astr., 

p.  470,  pi.  36,  f.  29,  30, .  37 

Polita  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,,  1834,  p.  63. 

=  Bullia,  Manual,  iv, 39 

Polygonia  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  154,  1860,  .  .  23 
Polygyrata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  301,  23 
Ptrolonga  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  315. 

=  T.  triseriata,  Gray, 30 

Pretiosa  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Pro.  Zoo.  Soc.,  1842,  p.  200,  .  27 
Prolixa  (Terebra),  Gould.  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  N.  H.,  vii,  p. 

330, 40 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  53 

PAGE. 

Propinqna  (Terebra),  Pease.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  66, 

1869, .39 

Protexta  (Terebra).  Conrad.  Proc.  Philad.  Aead.,  iii,  26, 

1843, 25 

Proximatum  (Buccinum),  Linn.  Gray,  Zool.  Proc.,  168, 

1843.  Undetermined, .39 

Pugio  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  3505,  No.  163. 

=  Terebra  Senegalensis  ?  (young),  .  .  .  .  .16 
Pulchella  (Euryta),  Ad.  and  Ang.  "  Zool.  Proc.,  1863,  p.  418, 

pi.  37,  f.  14.  =  T.  Angasi,  Try  on, 39 

Pulchella  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  94,  pi.  v, 

f.  4,      .  ....  .         .     20 

Pulchellum  (Buccinum),  Calcara.  Cenni  Moll.  Sicil.,  t.  4, 

f.  33.     =  Terebra  aciculata,  Lam.      .         .         .         .         .37 

Pulchra  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  151. 

=  T.  cerithina,  Lam. 12 

Pumilio  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873,  xi, 

p.  269.  =  T.  tantilla,  Smith, 35 

Punctata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61. 

=  T.  corrugata,  Lam 26 

Punctatostriata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834, 

p.  61.     =  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.  ......     27 

Puncticulata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p. 

280.  =  T.  cancellata,  Quoy, 22 

Punctulata  (Terebra),  Sowb,  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  24. 

=  T.  cingulifera,  Lam.       .......     27 

Pura  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  82,  pi.  v,  f.  8,  16 
Pustulosa  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  P.  Z.  S.,  1879,  p.  185,  .  39 
Pygmsea  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158,  36 
Pyramitra,  Conrad.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  28,  1865,  .  .  4 

Radula  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  155.  .  24 
Raphanula  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  246, 

=  T.  Senegalensis,  Lam. 16 

Reevei  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  88,  pi.  iv,  f. 

14.        =  T.  duplicata,  Linn 17 

Regina  (Terebra),  Desh.     Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  67,  pi.  iii, 

f.  7.     =  T.  corrugata,  Lam 26 

Robusta  (Terebra).  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  149,  11 
Rosacea  (Terebra),  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  65, 1869,  39 
Roseata  (Terebra),  Adams  ;ir<l  Reeve.  Moll.  Voy.  Sam., 

p.  30,  pi.  x,  fig.  24, .21 

Rudis  (Terebra),  Grny.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  60. 

.    =  T.  dislocata,  Say,  . 18 

Rufocinerea  (Terebra),  Carpenter.     Mazat.  Cat.,  386. 

=  T.  variegata,  Gray,         .  .....     14 


54  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Rufopunctata  (Hastula),  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  xix,  p. 

229,  1877, 39 

Rustica  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158. 

=  T.  fulgurata,  Phil 38 

Salleana  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  287. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,    ........     31 

Sandwizensis  (Terebra)  —  ?  Hinds.  Thes.  Conch.,  186,  .  39 
Sartoria  (Acus),  Martini,  t.  4,  f.  1451. 

=  Buccinum  acus,  Gmel.   .......     39 

Scabrella  (Terebra),  Lam.  An.  s.  Yert.,  2d  ed.,  x,  p.  248. 

Note.  =  T.  myuros,  Lam 27 

Sculptilis  (Terebra),  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  65, 

1869, .39 

Senegalensis  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert.,  x,  p.  244,  .  16 
Serotina  (Terebra),  Adams  and  Reeve.  Moll.  Yoy.  Samar., 

p.  30,  pi.  10,  f.  20, 29 

Similis  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873,  xi, 

p.  265,  .  .  .  39 

Simplex  (Myurella),  Carpenter.  Ann.  Mag.,  1865,  xv,  p. 

395, 14 

Sinuatum  (Buccinum),  Linn.  Gray,  Zool.  Proc.,  168,  1843. 

Undetermined, .  39 

Solida  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  78,  pi.  iii,  f. 

11.  ==  T.  hastata,  Gmel.,  var -34 

Souleyeti  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  303. 

=  T.  dislocata,  Say,  .         .         .         .  .         .         .19 

Sowerbyana  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  93, 

pi.  iii,  fig.  8.  =  T.  dislocata,  Say, 19 

Specillata  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  155,  24 
Speciosa  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  279. 

=  T.  Senegalensis,  Lam.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .16 

Spectabilis  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  150,  17 
Spicatus  (Limax),  Martyn.  Univ.  Conch.,  1784,  pi.  121. 

=  Terebra  duplicata,  Linn.        .         .         .         .         .         .17 

Splendens  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  73,  pi.  v, 

fig.  11.  =  T.  dimidiata,  Linn. 9 

Straminea  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  62,  .  28 
Striata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  60. 

=  T.  Babylonia,  Lam 28 

Striata  (Terebra),  Quoy  (not  Basterot).  Yoy.  de  1'Astr.,  p. 

468,  t.  36,  f.  23,  24.  '=  T.  affinis,  Gray.  .  .  .  .  14 
Striatula  (Terebra),  Kien.  Ic.  coq.  viv. 

=  T.  strigilata,  Linn.  .  .  .  .33 

Striatula  (Terebra),  Lam.  Anim,  sans  Yert.,  v.  vii,  p.  288. 

=  T.  Senegalensis,  Lam.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .16 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  55 

PAGB. 

Strigata  (Terebra),  Sowerby.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  25,  .  12 
Strigilata  (Terebra),  var.,  Kiener.  Ic.  viv.,  p.  29,  f.  18  a,  6,  c. 

=  T.  aciculina,  Reeve,        .......     32 

Strigilata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1206,  .  .  .  33 
Strigilatum  (Bucciimm),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat. 

=  Terebra  myuros,  Lam.   .......     27 

Strigilatum,  var.  (Buccinum),  Gmel.,  p.  3501. 

.    =  Terebra  cinerea,  Born,  .......     31 

Stylata  (Terebra),  Hinds.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  152. 

—  T.  cinerea,  Born, 31 

Subangulata  (Terebra),  Desk.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  300. 

=  T.  cancellata,  Quoy,       .......     22 

Subdivisa  (Terebra),  Philippi.  Zeit.  f.  Mai.,  1851,  p  96,  .  40 
Subnodosa  (Myurella),  Carpt.  Cat.  Maz.  Moll.,  p.  386,  No. 

452.  =  Terebra  variegata,  Gray,  .  .  .  .  .14 
Subtextilis  (Terebra),  Smith.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1879,  p.  185, 

t.  xix,  f.  3,  . 19 

Subula,  Schumacher.     Essai  nov.  Gen.,  233,  1817. 

=  Acus,  Humphrey,  ........       5 

Subulata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  1205,  ...  10 
Subulata  (Terebra),  Linn.  Enc.  Meth. 

=  T.  muscaria,  Lam. 9 

Succinctum  (Buccinum),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3502,  .  .  39 
Succinea  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  149,  29 
Suffusa  (Terebra),  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v.  p.  65,  1869,  39 
Sulcata  (Terebra),  Pease.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  p.  67. 

?  =  T.  Swainsoni,  Desh.,  var.     .         .         .         .         .         .21 

Swainsoni  (Terebra),  Desh.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  299,     21 

Taeniolata  (Terebra),  Quoy.     Toy.  de  1'Astrol.,  p.  466,  t.  36, 

f.  25,  26.  =  T.  tricolor,  Sow 28 

Tahitensis  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  63. 

=  Bullia  Tahitensis,  Gmel.  Manual,  vol.  iv,  .  .  .  39 
Tantilla  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith  Ann.  Mag.  N.  Hist.,  1873, 

xi,  p.  270.  Proc  Zool.  Soc.,  185,  1879.  ....  35 
Taylori  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  124,  1860,  .  .  25 
Tenera  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  158,  .  35 
Terebra,  Adanson.  Hist.  Nat.  Senegal,  49,  1757,  .  5,  3 

Terebrarius,  Dum.  Zool.  Anal.,  166,  1806. 

r=r/Ferebra,  Adanson,          .......       3 

Terebrifusus,  Conr.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  28,  1865,  .  .  4 
Terebrum,  Montfort.  Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  430,  1810. 

=  Terebra,  Adanson,          .......       3 

Tessellata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61,  .  26 
Teasel lata  (Terebra),  Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,  sp.  88,  1860. 

=  T.  decorata,  Desh 26 


56  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PACK. 

Textilis  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  156,  .  20 
Tiarella  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  91,  pi.  v, 

fig.  7, 8 

Tigrina  (Terebra),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  2G02,  .  .10 

Torquata  (Terebra),  Adams  and  Reeve.  Moll.  Yoy.  Sam., 

30,  pi.  10,  f.  13, .  .  20 

Trajana  (Acus  columna),  Humphreys.  Mus.  Calonn.,  p.  31, 

No.  865.  =  Terebra  maculata,  Linn 9 

Traillii  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  285. 

=  T.  cinerea,  Born,  var.     .         .         .         .         .  .32 

Tricincta  (Terebra),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1817, 

p.  225,  xix, '  .  .  .39 

Tricolor  (Terebra),  Sowb.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  24,  .  .  27 
Trilineata  (Euryta),  Ad.  and  Ang.  P.  Z.  S.,  1863,  p.  418, 

pi.  xxxvii,  f.  13,  .  . 38 

Triseriata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proo.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61,  .  30 
Tristis  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  306,  .  36 
Trochlea  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1857,  p.  89,  pi. 

v,  fig.  6, 16 

Tuberculosa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  154,  24 
Tuberosa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  152  ; 

Thes.  Conch.,  183,  t.  45,  f.  99, 40 

Turrita  (Myurella),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1873, 

p.  266  (xi),  .  .  .40 

Undata  (Terebra),  Defrance.     Diet,  des  Scien.  Nat. 

=  T.  pertusa,  Born, .  .23 

TJndatella  (Terebra),  Desh.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  300. 

=  T.  cancellata,  Quoy  and  Gaimard,  .  .  .  .22 
Undulata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  60,  .  22 
Ustulata  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  97,  pi.  iii, 

f.  12, .18 

Yaria  (Terebra),  Meuschen.     Mus.  Gronov. 

=  T.  oculata,  Lam.     .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .10 

Yaricosa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  152,  24 
Yaricosum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin,  p.  3505,  No.  165. 

=  Terebra  crenulata,  var.,  Linn 8 

Yariegata  (Terebra),  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1834,  p.  61,  .  14 
Yarium  (Buccinum),  Martyn.  Univ.  Conch. 

=  Terebra  subulata,  Linn. 10 

Yenilia  (Terebra),  Woods.  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales, 

1879,  vol.  iv,  p.  23,  pi.  4,  f.  2  and  2  a 21 

Yenosa  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  157. 

=  T.  penicillata,  Hds.,  var 13 

Yerreauxi  (Terebra),  Desh.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  95,  pi. 

v,  f.  3.     =  T.  strigilata,  Linn 33 


REFERENCE    TO   PLATES.  57 

PAQB. 

Yiolascens  (Terebra),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  184B,  p.  154,  35 
Yiro-inea  (Terebra),  Deshayes.  Jour.  Conch.,  1857,  p.  83, 

pi.  iv,  f.  12.  =  T.  censors,  Hinds,  .  .  .  .  .9 
Yittata  (Terebra),  Lam.  Enc.  Meth.,  pi.  402,  f.  4  a-b. 

=  Bullia,  Manual,  vol.  iv, 39 

Zebra  (Terebra),  Kien.     Ic.  coq.  viv.,  p.  5,  pi.  3,  fig.  5. 

=  T.  strigata,  Sowb., 12 


REFERENCE   TO   PLATES. 


TEREBRID^. 


PLATE  1. 

FIGURE.  PAQB. 

1.  Terebra  crenulata,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  18,  .       8 

2.  Terebra    fimbriata,   Desh.    (=  crenulata).      Jour,   de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  5,  f.  1, 8 

3.  Terebra  subulata,  Lara.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  39,         .         .     10 

4.  Terebra  splendens,  Desh.  (=   dimidiata).      Jour,  de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  5,  f.  11,      .  ...       9 

5.  Terebra  Hupei,  Lorois  (=  variegata).  Ibid.,  t.  12,  f.  1,     14 

6.  Terebra   inteiiineata,   Desh.    (=  crenulata}.      Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  51,     .         .         .         .         .         .         .8 

7.  Terebra  aspera,  Hinds  (=  variegata).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  44,  ....  14 

8.  Terebra  albicostata,  Ad.  and  Reeve  (—variegata).  Yoy. 

Samarang,  t.  10.  f.  21, 14 

9.  Terebra  maculata,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  33,  .9 

10.  Terebra  maculata,  Linn.     Kiener,  Terebra,  t.  1.  f.  1,  .       9 

11.  Terebra  tigrina,  Grael.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  30,  .     10 

12.  Terebra  muscaria,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  41,         .  .       9 

13.  Terebra  dimidiata,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  8,         .  .9 

PLATE  2. 

14.  Terebra  pulchra,  Hinds  (==  cerethina).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  129, 12 

15.  Terebra  variegata,  Gray.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  53,      .         .     14 
IB.  Terebra  robusta.  Hinds.     Ibid.,  f.  35,    .         .  .11 

17.  Terebra  lingualis,  Hinds  (=  robusta).     Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  15, 11 

18.  Terebra  eburnea,  Hinds  (=affinis).  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  123,     14 


58  REFERENCE    TO   PLATES. 


19.  Terebra  glauca,  Hinds  (=  variegata).     Sowb.,  Thes., 

f.  85, 14 

20.  Terebra  oculata,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  31,  .     10 

21.  23.  Terebra  armillata,  Hinds  (==  variegata).      Reeve, 

Icon.,  f.  72,  6,  a,  .         .         .  .         .         .14 

22.  Terebra  affmis,  Gray.     Thes.,  f.  78,        ....     14 

24.  Terebra  Argus,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  64,          .         .     11 

25.  Terebra  insignis,  Desh.  (=  robusta).   Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  3,  f.  2, 11 

26.  Terebra  flammea,  Lam.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  36,         .         .11 

27.  Terebra  formosa,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  49,          .         .     12 

28.  Terebra  ornata,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  14,       .     12 

29.  Terebra  strigata,  Sowb.     Thes.,  f.  10,   .         .         .         .     12 

30.  Terebra  cerethina,  Kiener.     Iconog.,  t.  11,  f.  25,  .12 

PLATE  3. 

31.  Terebra  Petiveriana,  Desh.  (=  variegata).     Jour,  de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  5,  f.  10, 14 

32.  Terebra  consors,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  26,  .       9 

33.  Terebra  virginea,  Desh.  (=  consors).  Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  4,  f.  12, 9 

34.  Terebra  glabra,  Desh.  (=  consors).     Ibid,,  t.  5,  f.  13,       9 

35.  Terebra  consobrina,  Desh.  (=  subulata,  var.).     Reeve, 

Icon.,  f.  23, .     10 

36.  Terebra  nebulosa,  Lorois  (=  oculata).  Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  Hi,  t.  1,  f.  4, 10 

37.  Terebra  intertincta,  Hinds  (—  variegata).    Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  81,      . 14 

38.  Terebra  marginata,   Desh.    (==  variegata).      Jour,   de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  4,  f.  8,         .         .         .         .         .  14 

39.  Terebra  Gouldi,  Desh.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  24,       .  15 

40.  Terebra  ligneola  (=  badia).     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  25,          .  15 
41-44.  Terebra  Senegalensis,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  12-15,  16 

45.  Terebra   festiva,   Desh.    (=  Senegalensis).     Jour,   de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  3,  f.  4, 16 

46.  Terebra  Dussumieri,  Kiener.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  9,  .     16 

47.  Terebra  evoluta,  Desh.  (—  Dussumieri).    Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  55, 16 

48.  Terebra  Bernardii,  Desh.  (Dussumieri).     Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  56, 16 

PLATE  4. 

49.  Terebra  duplicata,  Linn.     Reeve,  Terebra,  f.  3  a,          .     17 

50.  Terebra  Reevei,  Desh.  (=  duplicata).    Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  4,  f.  14,  17 


REFERENCE    TO    PLATES.  59 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

51.  Terebra   dnplicata,   var.    Lamarcki.     Reeve,   Terebra, 

f.  36, 17 

52,  53.  Terebra  spectabilis,  Hinds.    Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  88,  89,     17 

54.  Terebra  Jukesii,  Desh.  (=  spectabilis).     Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  97, 17 

55.  Terebra  addita,  Desh.  (=  spectabilis).     Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  94, 17 

56.  Terebra  Kieneri,  Desh.  (=  spectabilis).  Reeve,  Terebra, 

f.  110,         ....  ....     17 

57.  Terebra  gracilis,  Reeve  (=  spectabilis).  Reeve, Terebra, 

f.  131, 17 

58.  Terebra  longiscata,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  103,    .         .     18 

59.  Terebra  ustulata.  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser,,  ii, 

t.  3,  f.  12, 18 

60.  Terebra  Jeffreysii,  Smith.     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  19,  f.  2, 1879,  19 

61.  Terebra  gemmulata,  Kiener.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  92,         .  18 

62.  Terebra    Patagonica,   d'Orb.    (=  gemmulata).      Yoy. 

Am.  Merid.,t.  62,  f.  1, 18 

63.  Terebra  dislocata,  Say.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  32,  •       .         .18 

64.  Terebra  Petiti,  Kiener  (=  dislocata).  Kiener,  Terebra, 

t.  13,  f.  32, 18 

65.  Terebra  Souleyeti,  Desh.  (=  dislocata).    Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  78, 18 

66.  67.  Terebra  larvaeformis,  Hinds  (=  dislocata).    Sowb., 

Thes.,  f.  47,46, 18 

68.  Terebra  Mariesi,  E.  A.  Smith.     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  48,  f.  5, 

1880, 19 

69.  Terebra  rudis,  Gray  (=  dislocata).    Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  60,  18 

70.  Terebra  subtextilis,  Smith.  Zool.  Proc.,  1. 19,  f.  3, 1879,  19 

71.  Terebra  bifrons,  Hinds.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  57,        .         .  19 

PLATE  5. 

72.  Terebra  blanda,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  117,          .         .     20 

73.  Terebra  amoena,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  80,  .         .19 

74.  Terebra  pulchella,  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t. 

5,  f.  4, 20 

75.  Terebra  textilis.  Hinds.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  130,      .         .     20 

76.  Terebra  nodularis,  Desh.  (=  textilis).    Reeve,  Terebra, 

f.  105, 20 

77.  Terebra  cselata,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  64,     20 

78.  Terebra  torquata,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     Yoy.  Samarang, 

t.  10,  f.  13, 20 

79.  Terebra  bicincta.  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes..  f.  72,       .         .     20 

80.  Terebra  copula,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  926, 

81.  Terebra  Swainsoni,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  118,   .         .21 

82.  Terebra  elata,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  128,  .         .     21 


60  REFERENCE   TO   PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

83.  Terebra  cancellata,  Quoy.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  80,    .         .     22 

84.  Terebra  cancellata,  Quoy.     Reeve,  Terebra,  f.  58  6,      .     22 

85.  91.  Terebra    Gotoensis,    Smith.      Zool.    Proc.,  t.    19, 

f.  la,  1,1879,     .         . 23 

86.  Terebra  livida,  Reeve  (—  cancellata).     Icon.,  f.  116,    .  22 

87.  Terebra  alveolata,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  120,   .         .  23 

88.  Terebra  venilia,  Tenison-Woods.     Specimen,        .         .  21 

89.  Terebra  exigua,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  t.  xxvi,  f.  84,       .  21 

90.  Terebra  roseata,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  104,  21 

PLATE  6. 

92.  Terebra  subangulata,    Desh.   (==  cancellata).     Reeve, 

Icon.,  f.  87, 22 

93.  Terebra  columellaris,  Hinds  (=  cancellata,  var.).  Rve., 

Icon.,  f.  113.  .  22 

94.  Terebra  areolata,  Ads.  and   Rve.  (—  cancellata,  var.). 

Yoy.  Samarang,  t.  10,  f.  23,  .         .    -.    .         .     22 

95.  Terebra  flavescens,  Desh.  (  =  cancellata).   Conch.  Icon., 

f.  59, .         .22 

96.  Terebra  approximata,  Desh.  (=  cancellata).      Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  83 ,         .22 

97.  Terebra  lutescens.  Smith  (=  cancellata).  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  75,  .         ..- 22 

98.  Terebra  protexta,  Conrad.     Specimen,  .         .         .25 

99.  Terebra  plumbea,  Quoy.     Conch.  Icon.,  f. -Ill,     .         .     37 
100.  Terebra  puncticulata,  Desh.   (==  cancellata).      Reeve, 

Icon.,  f.  99,  ......     22 

1.  Terebra  Hindsii,  Desh.  (=  cancellata).  Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  5,  f.  5, 22 

2.  Terebra  Bruguieri,  Desh.  (=  cancellata).    Rve.,  f.  82,  .     22 

3.  Terebra  difficilis,  Desh.  (=  cancellata).     Conch.  Icon., 

f.  86,  .  22 

4.  Terebra  nndulata,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  84,  .  22 

5.  Terebra  pertusa,  Born.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  43,          .         .  23 

6.  Terebra  flava,  Gray  (=  cancellata).  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  126.  22 

7.  Terebra  Bermondii,   Lorois    (==  pertusa).      Jour,   de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  12,  f.  2,      .         ;'•,_.         .         .     23 

8.  Terebra  picta,  Hinds  (=  undulata).     Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

1126, 22 

9.  Terebra  nebulosa,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  51,       .         .     23 

PLATE  7. 

10.  Terebra  polygyrata,  Desh.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  146,  .     23 

11.  Terebra  bicolor,  Angas  (=  fictilis).     Zool.  Proc.,  1. 13, 

f.  7,  1867, 24 

12.  Terebra  varicosa,  Hinds.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  120,     .         .     24 


REFERENCE   TO    PLATES.  61 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

13.  Terebra  conspersa,  Hinds.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  74,  .         .  24 

14.  Terebra  fictilis,  Hinds.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  109,       .         .  24 

15.  Terebra  poly gonia,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  154,  .  23 

16.  Terebra  decorata,  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii, 

t.  4,  f.  13, .26 

It.  Terebra  radula,  Hinds.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  95,         .         .     24 

18.  Terebra  specillata.  Hinds.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  116,  .         .     24 

19.  Terebra  ligata,  Hinds  (=  tessellata).      Sowb.,  Thes., 

f.  118, 26 

20.  Terebra  plicata,  Gray.     Thes.,  f.  61,      .         .         .         .  24 

21.  Terebra  corrugata,  Lam.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  62,      .         .  26 

22.  Terebra  Taylori,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  124,     .         .  25 

23.  Terebra  morbida,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  133,     .         .  25 

24.  Terebra  brevicula,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  119,  .         .  25 

25.  Terebra  concava,  Say.     Specimen,         .         .         .         .25 

26.  Terebra  frigata,  Hinds  (—  concava).      Thes.  Conch., 

f.  71, .         .         .25 

27.  Terebra  tessellata,  Gray.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  124,   .         .     26 

28.  Terebra  regina,  Desh.  (=  corrugata).    Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,ii,  t.  3,  f.  7,     . 26 

29.  Terebra  histrio,  Desh.     Ibid.,  t.  4,  f.  11,        .  .  26 

30.  Terebra  myuros,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  37,  .         .  27 

31.  Terebra  tuberculosa,  Hinds.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  61,         .  24 

32.  Terebra    corrugata,  var.   bitorquata,   Desh.      Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  13,  f.  31  a, 26 

PLATE  8. 

33.  Terebra  pretiosa,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  30  a,   .         .     27 

34.  Terebra  lima,  Desh.  (=  pretiosa,  Rve.).  Jour  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  4,  f.  2, 27 

35.  Terebra  cingulifera,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  24,     27 

36.  Terebra  pallid  a,  Desh.  (=  cingulifera).  Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  4,  f.  3,     .         .         .    '     .         .         .         .27 

37.  Terebra  laevigata,  Gray  (=  cingulifera).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  93, 27 

38.  Terebra  obsoleta,  Desh.  (=  cingulifera).     Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  107, .27 

39.  Terebra  tricolor,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  82,         .         .     27 

40.  Terebra  babylonica,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Tlies.  Conch.,  f.  67,     28 

41.  Terebra  Deshayesii,  Reeve  (==  babylonica).      Reeve, 

Icon.,  f.  45,         .         .         .         .    '     .         .         .         .28 

42.  43.  Terebra  straminea,  Gray.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  22,  23, 28 

44.  Terebra  circinata, Desh.  (=straminea).  Jour.de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  4,  f.  6,       .         .         .  .         .         .28 

45.  Terebra  acuta,  Desh.  (=  straminea).     Ibid.,  t.  4,  f.  4,  .     28 


62  REFERENCE   TO    PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE, 

46.  Terebra  fenestrata,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  114,  .         .     28 

47,  48.    Terebra    monilis,    Quoy    (=   straminea).      Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  65,  66, 28 

49.  Terebra  Cumingii,  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii, 

t.  3,  f.  1, .         .         .28 

50.  Terebra  Lobbeckiano ,  Dunker.     Moll.  Mar.  Japon.,  t.  5, 

f.  17,  .         . 29 

51.  Terebra  succinea,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  40,  .  29 

52.  Terebra  Fortunei,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  53,        .         .  29 

53.  Terebra  serotina,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  66,  29 

PLATE  9. 

54.  Terebra  albomarginata,  Desh.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  65,       .  29 

55.  Terebra  eximia,  Desh.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  106,     .  29 

56.  Terebra  triseriata,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  119,  30 

57.  Terebra  praelonga,  Desh.  (=  triseriata).     Conch.  Icon., 

f.  28, 30 

58.  Terebra  Jamaicensis,  C.  B.  Ad.  (=  cinerea).    Specimen,  31 

59.  Terebra  stylata.  Hinds  (=  cinerea).  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  79,  31 

60.  Terebra  funiculata,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  63,  29 

61.  Terebra  amanda,  Hinds.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  100,     .         .  30 

62.  Terebra  Philippiana,  Desh.  (—  cinerea).    Conch.  Icon., 

f.  153, 31 

63.  Terebra  laurina,  Hinds   (=  cinerea).      Thes.   Conch., 

f.  27, .         .         .31 

64.  Terebra  micans,  Hinds   (=  cinerea).      Thes.   Conch., 

f.  125, .         .     31 

65.  Terebra  bacillus,  Desh.  (=  cinerea).     Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

134  a, 31 

66.  Terebra  nimbosa,  Hinds  (=  caerulescens,  var.).  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  37,         .         .• 30 

67.  Terebra  cinerea,  Born.     Reeve,  Conch.,  Icon.,  f.  35,     .     31 

68.  Terebra  castanea,  Kiener  (—  cinerea,  var.).     Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  7,  f.  14,      .         .         .         .  .         .31 

69.  Terebra  apicina,  Desh.  (—  cinerea).     Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

136  a, 31 

70.  Terebra  dispar,   Desh.    (=  cinerea).     Reeve,   Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  137, 31 

71.  Terebra  bacillus,  Desh.  (—  cinerea).     Reeve,  Icon.,  f. 

134  6, 31 

72.  Terebra  lactea,   Desh.    (=   cinerea).      Reeve,   Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  134  c, 31 

73.  Terebra  acuminata,  Gray  (=  cinerea).     Reeve,  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  143, 31 

74.  Terebra  parva,  Baird  (=-.  cinereaX     Yoy.  Cura9oa,  t. 

37,  f.  6,       .         .         .         .        '.         .         .         .         .     31 


REFERENCE  TO  PLATES.  63 
PLATE  10. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

75-71.  Terebra  caerulescens,  Lam.    Kiener,  Icon.,  t.  6,  f.  12,  30 

78.  Terebra  Salleana,  Desk.  (=  cinerea).     Conch.  Icon., 

f.  129,         .  .31 

79.  Terebra   Traillii,   Desh.    (=   cinerea,  var.   cuspidata). 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  142, 31 

80.  Terebra  cuspidata,   Hinds    (=   cinerea,  var.).      Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  128,    ...                  ....  31 

81.  Terebra  cinerea,  Hinds  (=  aciculina).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  130, 32 

82.  Terebra   inconstans,    Hinds    (—   aciculina).      Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  121  6, 32 

83.  Terebra  luctuosa,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  121,  32 

84.  Terebra  strigilata,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  122,  33 

85.  Terebra  Yerreauxi,  Desh.   (=   strigilata).      Jour,   de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  5,  f.  3,        .         .    '     .         .         .33 

86.  Terebra  Knocked,  Smith   (=  hastata).      Zool.  Proc., 

t.  75,  f.  7,  1871 34 

87.  Terebra  hastata,  Gmelin.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  87,      .         .  34 

88.  Terebra  lepida,  Hinds  (=  strigilata).     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f. 

102, 33 

89.  Terebra  albula,  Menke  (=  hastata,  var.).  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  126, .  34 

90.  Terebra  casta,  Hinds  (=  hastata,  var.).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  84,  .         . 34 

91.  Terebra  lauta,  Pease.     Specimen,  .  .33 

92.  Terebra  solida,   Desh.    (=   hastata,  var.).      Jour,   de 

Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  3,  f.  11, 34 

93.  Terebra  nitida,  Hinds.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  103,    .  35 

94.  95.  Terebra  mera,   Hinds   (=  hastata,  var.).      Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  108,  114, 34 

96.  Terebra  plicatella,  Desh.  (=  nitidaV     Jour,  de  Conch., 

2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  3,  f.  5, .35 

97.  Terebra  caliginosa,  Desh.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  100,  35 

98.  Terebra  violascens,  Hinds.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  125,  35 

99.  Terebra  tenera,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  148,    .  35 
100.  Terebra  tristis,  Desh.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  102,      .  36 

PLATE  11. 

1.  Terebra  assimilis,  Angas.     Zool.  Proc.,  1867,  t.  13,  f.  8,  36 

2.  Terebra  pygnuea,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  149,  36 

3.  Terebra  nana,  Desh.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  138.         .  36 

4.  Terebra  tantilla,  Smith.     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  19,  f.  4,  1879,  .  35 

5.  Terebra  Metcalfei,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  139,  .         .  36 

6.  Terebra  obesa,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  140,     .  36 

7.  Terebra  plumbea,  Quoy.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  70,  .  37 


64  REFERENCE   TO    PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

8.  Terebra  circumcincta,  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser., 

ii,  t.  3,  f.  9, 13 

9.  Terebra  circumcincta,  Desh.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  TO,     13 

10.  Terebra  lanceata,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  52,    .     12 

11.  Terebra  penicillata,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  98,  .         .     13 
12-  Terebra  venosa,  Hinds  (=  penicillata).     Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  95  6,        •         ....  .         .     13 

13.  Terebra  Crossei,  Desh.   (=  venosa).     Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

95  a,  .         . 13 

14.  Terebra  Brazieri,  Angas.     Zool.  Proc.,  1871,  t.  1,  f.  15,  13 

15.  Terebra  aciculata,  Lam.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  150,      .         .  31 

16.  17.  Terebra   Cosentini,  Phil.   (=  aciculata).     Reeve, 

Icon.,  f.  152  a,  6, 37 

18.  Terebra  fulgurata,  Phil.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  151,  .     38 

19,  20. .Terebra  rustica,   Hinds    (=  fulgurata).      Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  147  a,  b,         .         .         .  .         .         .     38 

21.  Terebra  chlorata,  Lam.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  11,          .         .11 

PLATE  12. 

22.  Terebra  Lischkeana,Dunker.    Moll.  Mar.  Jap.,  t.  5,  f.  14,     37 

23.  Terebra  nassoicles,  Reeve.,    Conch.  Icon.,  f.  144,  .         .     38 

24.  Terebra  trilineata,  Ad.  and  Angas.     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  37, 

f.  13,  1863,          .         .         ., 38 

25.  Terebra  pulcbella,  Ad,  and  Angas  (=  Angasi).     Ibid., 

t.  37,  f.  14, 38 

26.  Terebra  Brazieri,  Angas  (=  pulchella).     Zool.  Proc., 

t.  45,  f.  5,  1875,  .         .......     38 

27.  Terebra  cingnla,  Kiener.     Iconog.,  t.  8,  f.  16,        .         .     16 
2x  Terebra  fatua,   Hinds    (==   cingula).       Sowb.,    Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  28,      .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .16 

29.  Terebra  albida,  Gray.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  56,  .         .         .     11 

30.  Terebra  pnra,  Desh.    Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t.  5,  f.  8,     16 

31.  Terebra  Sowerbyana,   Desh.    (—   dislocata).      Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  63, 18 

32.  Terebra  Dillwynii,  Desh.  (=concinha).     Conch.  Icon., 

f.  74, 15 

33.  Terebra  raphanula,  Lam.  (=  Senegalensis).      Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  77, .16 

34.  Terebra  marmorata,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  91  6, .         .     15 

35.  Terebra  trochlea,  Desh.     Jour,  de   Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii, 

t.  5,  f.  6, .16 

36.  Terebra  anomala,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  97,    .     17 

37.  Terebra  concinna,  Desh.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  2d  ser.,  ii,  t. 

3,  f.  10,  .         .         .         .         .      '    .         .         .15 

38.  39.  Terebra  tiarella,  Desh.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  109  a,  6,    .       8 
40.  Terebra  duplicata,  var.  Lamarckii.  Dentition.  Troschel, 

Gebiss,  ii,  pt.  i,  f.  2,  f.  13, 3 


FAMILY  CANCELLARIIDjE. 

In  the  "Structural  and  Systematic  Conchology,"  ii,  180,  I 
have  given  diagnoses  of  the  family,  of  the  genera  Cancellaria 
and  Admete,  and  of  the  several  subgenera.  The  latter,  as  far 
as  the  recent  groups  are  concerned,  are  the  same  as  given  by 
H.  arid  A.  Adams  in  their  "  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusfca,"  a 
classification  mainly  original  with  those  authors.  Several  fossil 
subgenera  are  also  described  and  illustrated  in  my  above-named 
work,  and  need  not  be  reproduced  here;  among  the  present 
illustrations,  however,  will  be  found  one  of  a  lingual  tooth  of 
Admete,  as  a  type  of  the  dentition  of  the  family  (PI.  7). 

As  is  frequently  the  case  with  the  subgenera  of  Messrs. 
Adams,  the  study  of  extensive  suites  of  species  of  Cancellariidse 
proves  these  to  possess  little  value  for  classification.  Dr.  Paul 
Fischer  in  his  excellent  u  Manuel  de  Conchyliologie  "  has  recog- 
jiized  this  fact,  and  has  reduced  several  of  these  subgenera  of 
Messrs.  Adams  to  the  rank  of  sections. 

Fischer  proposes  the  following  classification  : 

Subgenus  CANCELLARIA,  s.  stricto.  Shell  cancellated,  aper- 
ture oval,  canal  very  short ;  columellar  plications  nearty  central, 
strong,  oblique  (G.  cancellata,  Linn.). 

Sections,  I.  EUCLIA.  Shell  smooth  (G.  solida,  Sowb.).  II. 
NARONA.  Shell  cancellated,  basal  canal  rather  long  (C.  Milrae- 
formis,  Sowb.).  III.  MASSYLA.  Shell  fusiform,  retracted  in 
front  ( C.  corrugata,  Hinds). 

Subgenus  MERFCA,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Shell  oval,  whorls 
reticulated;  aperture  oval,  lip  not  contracted  in  front,  columella 
obliquely  truncate  at  the  base,  imperforate  (C.  melanostoma, 
Sowb.).  The  subgenus  APHERA  only  differs  by  its  thicker  lip 
and  more  spreading  columellar  callosity  (G.  tessellata,  Sowb.). 

Subgenus  TRIGONOSTOMA,  Blainv.  Shell  widely  umbilicated, 
whorls  angulated,  aperture  trigonal,  lip  not  contracted  in  front 
(C.  trigonoxtoma,  Desh.\  The  genus  Turbinopsis,  Conrad, 
differs  from  Trigonostoma  in  having  a  single  basal  plication  of 
the  columella. 

5  (65) 


66  CANCELLARIA. 

Subgenus  ADMETE,  Kroyer.  Shell  oval,  thin,  diaphanous,  with 
epidermis,  spire  sharp,  last  whorl  slightly  ventricose ;  aperture 
oval,  feebly  sinuated  in  front,  columella  obliquely  truncate,  sub- 
plicate  in  front,  lip  sharp  (A.  viridula,  Fabr.). 

Subgenus  ADMETOPSIS,  Meek.  Anterior  plication  of  the  colu- 
mella more  elevated  than  the  posterior  one ;  lip  thick ;  shell 
otherwise  resembling  Aclmete  (A.  gregaria,  Meek). 

In  the  present  work  I  have  ranged  all  the  groups  under  one 
genus  Cancellaria,  regarding  Admete  as  the  only  recent  sub- 
genus.  The  typical  Cancellarise  are  thus  classified  : 

Section  CANCELLARIA  (=  S.  G.  Cancellaria  and  Merica  of 
Fischer). 

Subsections  EUCLTA  ;  MERICA  (including  Massyla  and  Aphera); 
NARONA. 

Section  TRIGONOSTOMA  (=  S.  G.  Trigonostoma  of  Fischer). 

Descriptions  of  the  animals  of  Cancellaria  '  Spengleriana, 
C.  cancellata,  and  Admete  viridula,  will  be  found  under  those 
species  in  my  text. 

Seventy-eight  recent  species  are  enumerated  by  Messrs. 
Adams;  thirty  by  Kiener  (Coq.  vivantes) ;  sixty-eight  by 
Sowerby  (Thesaurus  Conchyliorum) ;  eighty-three  by  Reeve 
(Conchologica  Iconica)  ;  Crosse  ("  Etude  sur  le  genre  Cancel 
Claire,"  Jour,  de  Conch.,  220,  1861)  has  ninety-three  recent  and 
eighty-one  fossil  species.  Kobelt  has  commenced  a  monograph 
of  the  genus  in  Kiister's  Conchylien  Cabinet ;  only  a  few  pages 
and  figures  have  as  yet  appeared. 

One  hundred  and  seventy-four  specific  names  enter  into  the 
present  work,  of  which  seventy-seven  are  recognized  as  valid 
species,  twenty-three  are  classed  as  doubtful  and  unidentified  ; 
the  balance  are  considered  synonyms. 

Genus  CANCELLARIA.  Lam. 
Section    CANCELLARIA,   «.  stricto. 

C.  CASSIDIFORMIS,  Sowb.     PI.  1,  fig.  1. 

Orange-fulvous  or  flesh-color,  often  indistinctly  light-banded 
on  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl.  Length,  1 '5-2*5  inches. 

Panama  to  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


CANCELLARTA.  67 

C.  SPENGLERTANA,  Desh.     PI.  1,  figs.  2,  3,  4,  5. 

Whorls  spirally  linearly  grooved  ;  yellow-brown,  tinged  with 
chestnut,  particularly  on  the  shoulder,  body-whorl  often  light- 
banded  in  the  middle.  Length,  r.5-2'25  inches. 

China,  Japan,  Philippines,  Australia. 

The  synonyms  are  C.  Tritonis,  Sowb.  (fig.  3),  and  C.  undu- 
lata,  Sowb.  (figs.  4,  5).  The  latter  has  usually  been  considered 
a  distinct  species,  but  in  a  series  of  specimens  the  differential 
characters  merge.  « 

The  animal  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Arthur  Adams  :  u  Tenta- 
cles broad,  flat,  triangularly  subulate,  wide  apart,  separated  by 
the  base  of  the  retractile  proboscis.  The  eyes  are  small  and 
black,  and  are  placed  on  slight  tubercles  at  the  outer  bases  of 
the  tentacles.  The  mantle  is  furnished  with  a  small  siphonal 
fold.  The  foot  is  large,  flat,  truncate  in  front,  with  short  side- 
angles,  and  acuminate  and  produced  behind. 

"  The  tentacles  of  this  species  are  rendered  dark  nearly  as  far 
as  the  eyes  by  close-set  small  red-brown  dots ;  the  siphonal  fold 
of  the  mantle  is  sparsely  spotted  with  the  same ;  both  dorsum 
and  sole  of  the  foot  are  reticulate  with  red-brown  lines,  and 
dotted  with  the  same  color. 

"  The  animal  is  very  shy,  rarely  showing  more  than  the  tips 
of  the  tentacles  beyond  the  front  edge  of  the  shell.  It  has  the 
power  of  considerably  extending  the  fore  part  of  the  foot, 
using  it  as  an  exploring  organ  "  (Ann.  Mag.  N.  Hist.,  3d  ser., 
xiii,  143). 

C.  BUCCINOIDES,  Sowb.     PI.  1,  figs.  6-8. 

Flesh-color  to  dark  chocolate,  frequently  white-banded  on  the 
middle  of  the  body-whorl ;  rudely  decussated  by  longitudinal 
and  spiral  ribs,  the  intersections  often  nodulous. 

Length,  1-5-2  inches. 

West  Coast  of  Central  America. 

C.  CORROSA,  Reeve.     PI.  1 ,  fig.  9. 

Whorls  latticed  by  longitudinal  and  spiral  ridges,  the  inter- 
sections prickly,  narrowly  umbilicated.  Light  fulvous. 

Length,  23  mill.  China  Seas. 

This  wae  originally  described  by  Adams  as  C.  clathrata,  a 
name  preoccupied  by  Lamarck. 


68  CANCELLARIA. 

C.  NODULIFERA,  Sowb.      PI.  1,  fig.  10,  11. 

Yellowish  or  orange-brown,  often  with  a  narrow  white  band 
towards  the  base;  plaits  very  small.  Length,  l'75-2  inches. 

Japan. 
This  is  C.  imperialis^  Michelin  (fig.  11). 

C.  CUMINGIANA,  Petit.     PI.  1,  fig.  12  ;  PI.  2,  fig.  13. 

Orange-brown;  undulately  obsoletely  thick-ribbed  longitu- 
dinally, spirally  ridged  and  grooved.  Length,  1 -25-1 '7 5  inches. 

Payta,  Peru. 

An  interesting  dwarf  form  with  thick  shell  is  figured  by 
Crosse  (fig.  13) ;  it  apparently  connects  this  with  the  next 
species. 

C.  OBTUSA,  Desh.     PI.  2,  fig.  14. 

Longitudinally  somewhat  obsoletely  plicate,  regularly  spirally 
grooved  and  ridged  ;  yellowish  fawn-color.  Length,  28  mill. 

Nab.  unknown. 

The  unique  specimen  formed  part  of  the  Cumingian  Collec- 
tion. Morch  has  evidently  mistaken  its  characters  in  referring 
it  to  C.  solida,  Sowb.  See  remark  under  preceding  species. 

C.  SEMPERIANA,  Crosse.     PI.  2,  fig.  15. 

Flesh-brown,  faintly  light  banded  at  the  periphery  and  base ; 
the  longitudinal  costse  small,  distant  and  somewhat  irregular. 

.      Length,  37  mill. 

New  Caledonia. 

Crosse  compares  it  to  C.  undulata  (==  Spengleriana,  var.),  but 
it  appears  to  be  sufficiently  distinct. 

C.  GRANOSA,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  fig.  16. 

Slightly  shouldered,  clathrate  and  granose ;  orange-fawn  to 
chestnut-color.  Length,  34  mill. 

Southeast  and  South  Coast  of  Australia. 

C.  OBESA,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  figs.  17-19. 

Whorls  spirally  flat-ribbed  and  grooved,  the  sculpture  fading 
out  on  the  body-whorl  of  adult  shells,  the  earlier  whorls  decus- 


CANCELLARTA.  69 

sated  by  fine  longitudinal  ribs  ;  columellar  plaits  very  prominent ; 
orange-brown,  often  indistinctly  bifasciate  with  a  lighter  tint. 
Length,  1-5-2-25  inches. 

West  Coast  of  Central  America,  northwards 

to  Gulf  of  California. 

The  synonyms  are  C.  ovata,  Sowb.  (fig.  18),  and  C.  acuminata, 
Sowb.  (fig.  19).  The  latter  figure  shows  a  more  exserted  spire, 
but  there  are  intermediate  forms  connecting  the  three. 

C.  URCEOLATA,  Hinds.     PI.  2,  tig.  20. 

Slightly,  narrowly  shouldered  ;  fulvous  straw-color  to  orange- 
brown.  Length,  34  mill. 

West  Coast  of  Central  America  to  Mazatlan. 

Appears  to  differ  from  the  preceding  species  mainly  bv  the 
development  of  fold-like  ribs,  which  traverse  the.  body-whorl  as 
well  as  the  spire. 

C.  CANDIDA,  Sowb.     PL  2,  fig.  21. 

Whorls  slightly  round-shouldered  at  the  suture ;  yellowish 
white.  Length,  32  mill. 

Polynesia. 

C.  AUSTRALIS,  Sowb.     PL  2,  tig.  22. 

# 
Whorls  rounded,  decussated  by  close-set  oblique  longitudinal 

ribs,  and  spiral  ridges  ;  plaits  three,  moderate  ;  yellowish  white. 
Length,  23  mill. 

New  South  Wales. 
C.  ALBIDA,  Hinds.     PL  2,  fig.  23. 

Whorls  slantingly  shouldered,  reticulated  by  corded  ridges; 
whitish ;  columella  with  the  two  superior  plaits  prominent. 
Length,  31  mill. 

West  Coast  of  Central  America. 

C.  GEMMULATA,  Sowb.       PL  2,  fig.  24. 

Globosely  ovate,  solid,  whorls  scarcely  angulated  above  ;  plaits 
three,  subequal,  moderate  ;  whitish.  Length,  1  inch. 

West  Coast  of  Central  America. 

C.  RETICULATA,  Linn.     PL  2,  figs.  25,  26. 

Whorls  spirally  grooved  and  ribbed,  the  ribs  low,  flat,  alter- 
nately narrower  and  wider,  crossed  by  less  prominent  obliquely 
longitudinal  ribs,  sometimes  forming  obtuse  granulations  at  the 


70  CANCELLARIA. 

intersections;  sometimes  the  longitudinal  ribs  are  more  distant, 
or  give  place  to  undulations,  which  are  more  prominent  near  the 
suture ;  plaits  two,  strong,  raised,  narrow ;  yellowish  white, 
banded  and  variegated  with  rust-brown.  Length,  l'5-2'5  inches. 

West  Indies,  Florida. 

I  think  that  G.  Eburnaeformis,  Reeve  (fig.  26),  described 
without  locality,  is  only  a  rather  smooth  form  of  this  species. 

C.  DECUSSATA,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  figs.  27,  28. 

Cancellated  by  narrow,  prominent,  corded  ridges ;  columella 
with  three  moderate  plaits ;  fawn-color  to  reddish  brown. 

Length  1*5  inches. 

West  Coabt  of  Central  America. 

C.  ventricosa,  Hinds  (fig.  28)  is  a  synonym. 

C.  INDENTATA,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  fig.  29  ;  PL  3,  figs.  30,  32. 

Somewhat  squarely  oblong,  narrowly  shouldered,  scarcely 
umbilicated,  latticed  by  longitudinal  and  spiral  narrow,  raised 
ridges  ;  plaits  two,  prominent ;  deep  orange-brown. 

Length,  1*25  inches. 

Panama. 

C.  cremata,  Hinds  (fig.  29),  appears  to  be  a  variety;  Reeve 
has  described  it  or  a  similar  form  as  C.  affinis  (tig.  32).  This 
latter  agrees  well  with  the  description  of  an  unfigtired  species 
described  also  under  the  name  of  C.  affinis,  by  Prof.  C.  B. 
Adams,  and  obtained  by  him  at  Panama. 

C.  GRAYI,  Tryon.     PI.  3,  fig.  33. 

Spire  exserted ;  rudely  decussated  with  rough  ridges  and 
spiral  striae ;  reddish  brown,  the  body-whorl  obscurely  two- 
banded  with  white ;  columella  with  three  moderately  strong 
plaits.  Length,  1*75  inches. 

Baclayon,  Island  of  Bohol,  Philippines ; 

17  fms.  (Cuming). 

Confounded  by  Sowerby  with  C.  asperella,  Lamarck,  an  error 
repeated  by  Reeve.  I  have  named  it  after  Dr.  ,T.  E.  Gray,  one 
of  the  earlier  monographers  of  the  genus  Cancellaria. 

C.  CANCELLATA,  Linn.     PL  3,  fig.  34. 

Cancellated  bj'  distant,  narrow,  prominent  ribs,  occasionally 
varicose,  and  thread-like  spiral  ridges  ;  whitish,  with  two  chest- 


CANCELLARIA. 

nut  bands  on  the  body-whorl,  one  of  which  is  frequei 
visible  on  the  spire.     Length,  1-1-5  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea ;  W.  Coast  of  Africa. 

Weinkauff  (Jour,  de  Conch.,  iii  ser.,  iv,  13),  gives  some  inter- 
esting particulars  of  the  habits  and  appearance  of  this  animal. 
He  says  that  it  lives  upon  a  sandy  bottom,  almost  completely 
deprived  of  marine  plants,  although  Deshayes  supposed  it  to  be 
phytophagous ;  it  was  mostly  obtained  at  a  depth  of  25  to  30 
feet,  although  some  were  found  in  shallower  water.  The  animal 
can  develop  itself  until  the  head  and  neck  are  as  long  as  the 
shell,  and  the  foot  longer.  Its  movements  are  slow.  A  quantity 
of  fine  sand  adheres  to  the  foot,  so  that  when  the  animal  retires 
into  its  shell  the  aperture  appears  as  though  filled  with  sand, 
The  exterior  of  the  shell  is  also  covered  with  fine  sand,  requiring 
a  brush  to  remove  it,  and  indicating  possibly  a  burrowing  habit. 

C.  SIMILIS,  Sowb.     PL  3,  fig.  35. 

Very  narrowly  umbilicated ;  strongly,  narrowly,  distantly 
ridged,  cancellated  by  spiral  closer  ridges  ;  occasionally  varicose ; 
whitish,  tinged  with  chestnut,  usually  imperfectly  narrowly  two- 
banded  with  chestnut.  Length,  1-1'25  inches. 

Senegal. 

A  thicker,  more  globose  and  smaller  species  than  the  pre- 
ceding, of  which  it  is  made  a  synonym  by  Weinkauff  (Conch. 
Mittelm.,ii,  171). 

C.  PULCHRA,  Sowb.     PL  3,  fig.  36. 

Umbilicus  wide,;  shell  slightly  shouldered  and  coronated, 
spinosely  cancellated  ;  whitish,  banded  and  lineated  with  chest- 
nut. Length,  1*25  inches. 

St.  Elena,  W.  Columbia  (sandy,  8-10  fms.),  Cuming. 

C.  CHRYSOSTOMA,  Sowb.     PL  3,  figs.  38,  37,  39. 

Whorls  but  slightly  angled  above,  rudely  decussated  by  thick 
ribs  and  revolving  ridges  ;  whitish,  sparingly  dotted  and  lineated 
with  chestnut ;  the  umbilical  ridge  bears  a  single  series  of 
chestnut  spots,  and  the  narrow  shoulder  is  sometimes  chestnut- 
tinged;  columella,  and  sometimes  the  margin  of  the  outer  lip, 
orange-color.  Length,  1-1-25  inches. 

Panama  and  St.  Elena,  Cent.  America. 


72  CANCELLARIA. 

Var.  H^EMASTOMA,  Sowb.     Figs.  37,  39. 

Rudely  angled  above,  with  regular  distant  thick  rounded  ribs, 
decussated  by  spiral  ridges ;  }<ellowish  white,  blotched  and 
banded  with  chestnut ;  columella  and  margin  of  aperture 
orange-red.  Length,  1-1-25  inches. 

Galapagos  Is.  (sandy,  10-16  fms.),  Cuming. 

The  ribs  are  smaller  and  more  distant  tlnn  in  the  t}*pical 
shell.  Some  specimens  are  entirely  white. 

C.  RUGOSA,  Lam.     PI.  3,  fig.  40. 

Solid,  imperforate,  whorls  obtusely  angled  above ;  distantly 
ribbed,  and  spirally  ridged;  pale  straw-color  or  whitish,  tinged 
with  light  chestnut,  especially  on  the  shoulder,  and  sometimes 
chestnut-banded  ;  columella  spreading,  white. 

Length,  -75-1  inch. 

West  Indies. 

The  locality  "China,"  given  by  Reeve  and  others,  is  erroneous. 

C.  UNALASHKENSTS,  Dall.     PL  3,  fig.  41. 

Whorls  6,  somewhat  turreted,  with  strong  revolving  ridges, 
decussated  on  the  spire,  and  upper  portion  of  the  body-whorl 
by  longitudinal  riblets,  the  intersections  of  the  riblets  and 
ridges  nodulous ;  white,  with  traces  of  a  nut-brown  epidermis. 

Length,  '75  inch. . 

Unalashka,  Aleutian  Is.  (30-60  fins.,  stony  mud). 

C.  CIRCUMCINCTA,  Dall.     PL  3,  fig.  42. 

Whorls  6,  thin  and  delicate,  slightly  shouldered,  crossed  by 
very  faint  irregular  longitudinal  riblets,  most  evident  on  the 
apical  whorls,  and  .evanescent  on  the  body-whorl,  sculptured 
with  strong  revolving  ridges,  slightly  granulated  on  the  upper 
whorls  ;  outer  lip  thin  and  delicate,  the  sculpture  of  the  exterior 
showing  through  ;  columella  with  two  or  three  very  faint  plicae  ; 
rose-pink,  strongest  on  the  ridges.  Length,  '82  inch. 

Popoff  Strait,  Shumagin  Islands  (10  fms.,  stony  mud). 

Perhaps  would  be  better  referred  to  the  S.  G.  Admete. 

C.  TURRITA,  Sowb.     PL  3,  fig.  43. 

Slightly  shouldered  ;  columella  with  three  small  folds ;  flesh- 
color.  Length,  28  mill. 

Habitat  unknown. 


CANCKLLARIA.  73 

C.  PARVA,  Philippi.     PI.  3,  tig.  44. 

Subimpeiforate,  columella  biplicate,  outer  lip  plicate  within  ; 
white  (bleached).  Length,  11  mill. 

Coast  of  Atacama,  Chili. 
C.  MINIMA,  Reeve.     PL  3,  fig.  45. 

Obliquely  ribbed,  ribs  obtusely  noduled  at  the  upper  part, 
interstices  neatly  cancellated,  columella  obsoletety  two-plaited  ; 
white,  sometimes  brownish.  Length,  4*5  mill. 

Hab.  unknown. 
C.  PUSILLA,  H.  Adams.     PL  3.  fig.  46. 

Whorls  5,  whitish  ;  longitudinally  obtusely  nodulosely  plicate, 
with  remote  spiral  threads  ;  aperture  scarcely  canaliculate  below  ; 
outer  lip  lirate  within,  columella  with  two  plicae. 

Length,  6  mill. 

Canary  Islands. 

I  have  not  seen  the  species ;  the  figure  scarcely  represents  a 
typical  Cancellaria. 

C.  JAPONICA,  E.  A.  Smith.     PL  3,  fig.  47. 

White,  thickish;  whorls  7,  divided  by  a  deep  suture,  longitu- 
dinally 13-ribbed  and  spirally  lirate,  6  or  7  lirae  on  the  penulti- 
mate and  12  on  the  last  whorl ;  columella  with  two  small  plaits. 

Length,  12  mill. 

Japan. 

Subsection  EUCLIA,  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

C.  SOLIDA,  Sowb.     PL  3,  figs.  48,  49. 

Imperforate,  solid,  smooth,  earlier  whorls  decussately  ridged, 
body-whorl  broadly  shallow-grooved  below  ;  columella  with  two 
somewhat  prominent  plaits  ;  orange-fawn  color,  interior  white. 

Length,  1'25-1'5  inches. 

Panama,  Heal  Llejos,  Central  America. 

It  is  C.  obtusa  of  Kiener,  not  Lamarck.  C.  bulbulus,  Sowb. 
(fig.  49),  appears  to  me  to  be  a  not  fully  developed  large 
specimen. 

C.  PYRUM,  Adams  and  Reeve.     PL  3,  fig.  50. 

Solid,  imperforate,  spire  very  short,  slightly  immersed,  strongly 
cancellated,  last  whorl  smooth,  striated  at  the  base;  columella 
broadly  callous  above,  granosely  wrinkled  at  the  base,  plaits  three, 


74  CANCELLARIA. 

the   uppermost   sharp  and   prominent;    fulvous   brown,  lighter 
within  the  aperture.     Length,  1/5  inches. 

China  Sea. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  but  the  figure  is  too  close  to  C. 
bulbulus. 

C.  LACTEA,  Desh.     PI.  3,  fig.  51. 

White,  smooth,  thin,  translucent,  columella  three-plaited ; 
cream-colored.  Length,  22  mill. 

Hob.  unknown. 
C.  L^VIGATA,  Sowb.     PL  3,  fig.  52. 

Rather  solid,  whorls  narrowly  obtusely  angled  at  the  upper 
part,  obsoletely  plicate  on  the  spire  and  angle,  otherwise  smooth  ; 
whitish,  obscurely  tinged  with  flesh-brown,  blotched  with  chest- 
nut on  the  shoulder ;  plaits  three,  prominent. 

Length,  1-1-25  inches.  New  South  Wales. 

Possibly  identical  with  the  preceding  species. 

Subsection  MERICA,  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

C.  ASPERELLA,  Lam.     PI.  4,  figs.  53,  50-52,  54  ;  PI.  3,  fig.  53. 

Thick,  imperforate,  everywhere  granosely  reticulated,  very 
narrowly  angulated  at  the  suture  ;  whitish,  banded  with  orange- 
brown  or  entirely  brown  or  chocolate-colored ;  columella  three- 
plaited.  Length, -1/25-1/75  inches. 

China,  Japan,  Philippines. 

A  variety  of  this  species  was  first  described  by  Sowerby  as 
C.  elegans  (fig.  53),  a  name  preoccupied  by  Deshayes  for  a  fossil 
species  of  the  Paris  basin,  and  therefore  changed  by  Crosse  to 
C.  Reeueana  ;  however,  C.  Sinensis,  Reeve  (fig.  50),  representing 
a  not  fully  developed  shell,  has  priority  over  the  latter  name. 
Kobelt  has  described  vars.  subsinensis  (fig.  51),  with  less  im- 
pressed suture,  and  laticosta  (fig.  52),  with  more  distant  ribs 
and  umbilical  region  more  strongly  defined.  Another  variety, 
connecting  the  form  Sinensis  with  the  type  is  G.  melanostoma, 
Sowb.  (fig.  54). 

C.  BIFASCIATA,  Desh.     PL  4,  fig.  55. 

Whorls  very  narrowly  shouldered,  densely  decussated ;  orange- 
brown,  with  two  whitish  bands.  Length,  1'25— 1/5  inches. 

Straits  of  Macassar. 


CANCELLAR1A.  75 

C.  PURPURIFORMJS,  Yal.       PI.  4,  fig.  56. 

Longitudinally  obsoletely  plicate,  spirally  linearly  grooved ; 
brownish  white.  Length,  *75  inch. 

Ha b.  unknown. 
C.  CORRUGATA,  Hinds.     PI.  4,  fig.  57. 

Oblong  pear-shaped,  imperforate,  longitudinally  obsoletely 
wrinkled,  decussated  with  spiral  impressed  lines ;  aperture 
ridged  within,  columella  two-plaited  ;  fulvous  olive. 

Length,  22  mill. 

Buy  °f  Guayaquil. 

This  is  the  type  of  the  S.  G.  Massyla,  H.  and  A.  Adams,  but 
it  may  as  well  go  in  this  group,  the  distinctive  characters  being 
of  little  value. 

C.  TESSELLATA,  Sowb.     PI.  4,  figs.  58-60. 

Whorls  granosely  decussated;  whitish, banded  and  sometimes 
tessellated  with  chestnut.  Length,  1  inch. 

West  Coast  of  Central  America,  7-10  fms.,  sandy 

mud  (Cuming);  La  Paz,  Gulf  of  California  (Stearns). 

The  type  of  S.  G.  Aphera,  H.  and  A.  Adams,  but  having  no 

good  characters  by  which  to  separate  it  from  the  present  group. 

Subsection  NARONA,  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

C.  CLAVATULA,  Sowb.     PL  4,  fig.  61. 

Obtusely  longitudinally  ribbed,  here  and  there  irregularly 
varicose,  spirally  striated ;  columella  two-plaited  ;  chestnut- 
color,  narrowly  white-banded  at  the  shoulder  angle  and  on  the 
middle  of  the  body-whorl.  Length,  25-35  mill. 

Panama. 
C.  UNIPLICATA,  Sowb.     PI.  4,  figs.  62,  63. 

Spire  turreted,  whorls  concavely  shouldered,  closely  decus- 
sated by  nodulous  ridges,  the  spiral  ones  forming  a  serrated 
outer  lip  ;  coluraella  one-  or  obscurely  two-plaited  ;  chestnut  or 
chocolate-color,  interior  purplish  chocolate. 

Length,  1 '25— 1*75  inches. 

Panama. 

C.  Mitrxformis,  Sowb.  (fig.  62),  is  identical;  Mr.  Crosse 
changed  its  name  to  C.  Sowerbyi,  because  the  former  name  is 
preoccupied  by  Brocchi  for  a  fossil  species. 


76  CANCELLARIA. 

C.  T^NIATA,  Sowb.     PI.  4,  fig.  64. 

Turreted,  whorls  narrowly,  flatly  shouldered,  longitudinally 
narrowly  ribbed,  faintly  spirally  ridged  ;  colurnella  two-plaited  ; 
reddish  brown,  with  darker  spiral  lines.  Length,  15-20  mill. 

Hob.  unknown. 

Scarcely  a  member  of  the  group. 

C.  ELATA,  Hinds.     PI.  4,  fig.  65. 

Strongly  ribbed,  spirally  ridged;  columella  three-plaited; 
brownish  yellow.  Length,  16  mill. 

Panama  (30  fms.),  Hinds. 
C.  COOPERI,  Gabb.     PL  4,  fig.  66. 

Shell  turreted,  with  shouldered  whorls,  the  angle  of  the 
shoulder  slightty  coronated  by  the  terminations  of  narrow, 
distant  longitudinal  ribs,  the  interstices  closely  spirally  striate ; 
columellar  plications  small ;  yellowish  brown,  darker  on  the 
shoulder,  with  rather  regular  narrow  spiral  chestnut  lines. 

Length,  2*5  to  nearly  4  inches. 

Monterey  and  San  Diego,  Gal. 

The  largest  species  of  the  genus.  It  is  perhaps  identical  with 
C.  taeniata,  Sowb.;  that  is,  supposing  the  latter  to  be  a  young 
specimen.  I  owe  to  R.  E.  C.  Stearns,  Esq.,  the  opportunity  of 
figuring  the  type.  He  has  also  sent  me  a  drawing  of  a  very  large 
specimen  in  the  Hermann  Collection,  San  Francisco. 

C.  MACROSPIRA,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     PI.  4,  fig.  67. 

Occasionally  varicose,  decussately  finely  ridged,  suture  exca- 
vated ;  whitish,  semipellucid.  Length,.  1  inch. 

Borneo  ;  China  Sea. 
C.  CORONATA,  Scacchi.     PL  4,  fig.  68. 

Turreted,  excavated  below  the  suture,  longitudinally  distantly 
costate,  ribs  projecting  at  the  shoulder  angle,  spirally  striate. 

Length,  '75  inch. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Described  as  a  fossil  species,  but  recently  recorded  by  Dr.  J. 
Gwyn  Jeffreys  as  living  in  the  Mediterranean.  C.  varicosa, 
Phil.,  is  a  synonym. 

C.  ANGASI,  Crosse.     PL  4,  fig.  69. 

Imperforate, thin, subscalariform,  flat-shouldered,  with  a  carina 
at  the  angle,  another  carina  below  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl, 


CANCELLARIA.  77 

narrowly  distantly  longitudinally  ribbed,  spiralty  striate  ;  lip  not 
lirate  within,  columella  biplicate  ;  whitish.     Length,  15  mill. 

Habitat  unknown. 

Section  TRIGONOSTOMA,  Blainville. 

C.  PISCATORTA,  Gmelin.     PI.  4,  fig.  70. 

Coarsely  reticulated  by  longitudinal  and  spiral  ridges  and 
prickly  at  the  interstices,  shoulder  smooth ;  white  tinged  with 
light  chestnut  or  brown,  and  usually  showing  a  central  white 
band ;  interior  of  aperture  orange-brown,  with  the  white  band. 

Length,  1-1*25  inches. 

West  Coast  of  Africa. 

A  peculiarity  of  this  species  is  the  single  plait  situated  about 
the  middle  of  the  inner  lip.  It  is  C.  nodulosa,  Lam. 

C.  SPIRATA,  Lam.     PL  4,  fig.  71  ;  PI.  5,  fig.  72. 

Whorls  deeply  excavated  around  the  suture,  smooth,  longitu- 
dinally ribbed  near  the  apex,  superficially  spirally  grooved  on 
the  body-whorl ;  aperture  closely  ridged  within,  columella  with 
three  plaits;  light  yellowish  brown  or  yellowish  white  with  a 
band  or  orange-brown  spots  encircling  the  shoulder  angle. 

Length,  1  inch, 

So.  Australia,  Tasmania. 

C.  excavata,  Sowb.  (fig.  72),  is  a  light-colored  variety.  The 
species  has  much  the  form  of  a  miniature  Eburna  Australis. 

C.  FOVEOLATA,  Sowb.     PI.  5,  figs.  73,  74. 

Turriculated,  whorls  slantingly  excavated  at  the  sutures, 
forming  a  sharp  keel,  smooth,  or  distantly  obsoletely  longitu- 
dinally ribbed  ;  flesh-brown,  blotched  with  orange-brown  about 
the  keel,  sometimes  with  an  interrupted  light  central  chestnut 
band ;  sometimes  lineated  with  chestnut.  Length,  12-20  mill. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
C.  SEMIDISJUNCTA,  Sowb.     PI.  5,  fig.  75. 

Broadly  umbilicated,  the  excavation  defined  by  a  sharp  angle, 
whorls  broadly  excavately  angled  at  the  suture ;  spirally  ridged 
and  grooved,  the  ridges  and  grooves  divided  by  striae,  obsoletely 
distantly  longitudinally  ribbed  ;  columella  two-plaited  ;  yellowish 


78  CANCELLARIA. 

white,   tinged  with   light   chestnut,  especially  upon  the  ribs — 
which  thus  become  more  apparent.     Length,  -75-1  inch. 
Cagayan,  Isl.  of  Mindanao,  Philippines, 

sandy  mud,  25  fms.  (Cuming). 

C.  TUBERCULOSA,  Sowb.     PI.  5,  figs.  76-78. 

Deeply  umbilicated,  concavely  shouldered  around  the  suture, 
which  is  coronated  with  blunt  tubercles  at  the  angle,  below  it 
are  two  or  three  somewhat  equidistant  spiral  rows  of  tubercles, 
with  spiral  striae  in  the  interspaces ;  columella  obliquely  pro- 
duced below,  with  two  small  plaits ;  yellowish  white,  tubercles 
often  tinged  with  chestnut,  forming  somewhat  interrupted 
narrow  bands.  Length,  1/25— 1'5  inches. 

Iquiqui,  Peru,  7  fms.  (Cuming)  ;   Gulf  of  Nicoya, 

Central  America,  12  fms.  (Cuming). 

The  latter  locality  is  that  of  G.  bullata,  Sowb.  (fig.  78),  which 
is  certainly  a  synonym. 

C.  TRIGONOSTOMA,  Lam.     PL  5,  fig.  79. 

Scalariform,  the  angles  of  the  shoulder  and  of  the  wide 
umbilical  excavation  both  spinose,  obsoletely  longitudinally 
ribbed,  spirally  ridged;  flesh-color,  sometimes  lineated  with 
chestnut.  Length,  35  mill. 

? Ceylon;  ?  Moluccas. 

A  very  rare  shell,  first  described  by  Lamarck  as  a  Delphinula. 

C.  GONIOSTOMA,  Sowerby.     PL  5,  figs.  80-85. 

Excavately  shouldered,  widely  umbilicated,  distantly  strongly 
ribbed,  the  ribs  crossing  the  shoulder  to  the  suture,  rather 
coarsely  spirally  ridged,  the  intersections  often  bluntly  nodose  ; 
aperture  ridged  within,  columella  two-  or  obscurely  three- 
plaited  ;  yellow,  yellowish  brown,  or  light  chocolate-color,  inter- 
ruptedly lineated  spirally  with  chestnut.  Length,  1-1-4  inches. 
West  Coast  of  Central  America,  northward  to  Mazatlan. 

The  following  are  synonyms:  C.  brevis,  Sowb.  (fig.  82),  a 
small,  worn  specimen  ;  C.  costata,  Gray  =C.  rigida,  Sowb.  (figs. 
83-85),  said  to  come  from  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia,  by 
Sowerby,  but  referred  by  Reeve,  on  the  authority  of  Cuming, 
to  Puerto  Portrero,  Central  America. 


CANCELLARIA.  79 

C.  BICOLOR,  Hinds.     PI.  5,  fig.  86  ;  PI.  6,  figs.  89,  90. 

Shouldered,  longitudinally  distantly  costate,  crossed  at  regular 
distances  by  slightly  elevated  lines;  aperture  ridged  within, 
columella  triplicate ;  umbilicus  large ;  yellowish  white,  banded 
or  clouded  or  nearly  covered  with  chestnut  or  chocolate. 

Straits  of  Macassar  (Hinds)  ;  Philippines  (Cuming). 

Hinds'  figure  (fig.  86)  represents  a  shell  only  half  an  inch 
long,  yet  in  his  description  he  states  that  the  species  is  larger 
than  C.  rigida,  Sowb.  The  figures  given  by  Reeve  and  Sowerby 
are  much  larger  than  that  of  Hinds,  and  may  not  represent  the 
same  species.  Hinds'  figure  much  resembles  C.  costifera,  Sowb. ; 
the  others  are  nearly  related  to  C.  goniostoma,  Sowb. 

C.  STIMPSONII,  Calkins.     PI.  5,  fig.  87. 

Whorls  shouldered,  the  angle  nodulous,  surface  below  it 
covered  with  irregular  nodules,  which  do  not  appear  to  be 
developed  in  the  lines  of  longitudinal  ribs,  but  rather  from 
revolving  sculpture  ;  columella  with  two  plaits,  whitish.  • 

Length,  17  mill. 

Cape  Sable,  Florida  (Calkins). 

C.  ANTIQUATA,  Hinds.     PI.  5,  fig.  88. 

Broadly  excavated  below  the  suture,  widely  and  deeply  um- 
bilicated,  keeled  and  spinose  at  the  shoulder  and  umbilicus  ;  the 
spines  being  the  terminations  of  sharply  plicate  ribs ;  otherwise 
smooth;  columella  rather  obsoletely  biplicate;  blush  or  yellowish 
white.  Length,  -75  inch. 

New  Guinea,  22  fms.,  coarse  sand  (Hinds). 

S.  SCALARINA,  Lam.     PL  6,  fig.  91. 

Umbilicated,  distantly  ribbed,  spirally  finely  striate  ;  yellowish 
white,  more  or  less  clouded  with  light  chestnut,  with  frequently 
a  central  white  band.  Length,  1-1/25  inches. 

Isle  of  France. 

Sowerby  and  Reeve  have  figured  the  next  species  for  this. 

C.  THOMASIANA,  Crosse.     Pi.  6,  figs.  92-94. 

Scarcely  umbilicated,  turreted,  whorls  excavated  at  the  suture, 
border  sharply  spinosely  keeled,  obliquehr,  narrowly,  distantly 


80  CANCELLARIA. 

ribbed  ;  columellar  plaits  three,  small ;  fulvous  fawn-color,  with 
a  central  white  band.     Length,  28  mill. 

?  West  Indies ;    China  ;  Japan. 

This  is  the  C.  scalarina  of  Sowerby  and  Reeve ;  its  West 
Indian  locality  is  very  doubtful,  and  I  think  it  not  unlikely  that 
it  will  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  C.  scalarina  after  all.  C.  Man- 
gelioides,  Reeve  (fig.  94),  is  a  depauperate  shell  which  may  well 
be  referred  here;  if  identical,  its  name  will  have  precedence. 
Another  synonym  is  C.  Bocageana,  Crosse  and  Debeaux  (fig. 
92),  a  Chinese  species,  which  Lischke  considers  identical. 

C.  SCALARIFORMTS,  Lam.     PI.  6,  fig.  95. 

Narrowly  umbilicated,  flat  shouldered,  distantly  narrowly 
ribbed,  the  ribs  crossing  the  shoulder,  closely  spirally  striate  ; 
columella  two-plaited  ;  chestnut  ash-color.  Length,  1  inch. 

East  Indies. 

This  species  is  omitted  from  the  monographs  of  Sowerby  and 
Reeve.  Kiener  thinks  that  Sowerby's  C.  coxtifera  and  C. 
articularis  are  varieties  of  it ;  to  these  might  be  added  several 
others,  if  the  species  were  well  determined — which  I  am  afraid 
it  is  not. 

C.  CRTSPATA,  Sowb.     PI.  6,  fig.  96. 

Imperforate,  whorls  narrowly  angled  above,  obliquely  longi- 
tudinally thick-ribbed,  ribs  projecting  at  the  shoulder  angle, 
decussated  with  spiral  striae  ;  whitish,  with  chestnut-brown  bands 
and  lines.  Length,  1  inch. 

Philippines  (Cuming);  Red  Sea  (Tapparone-Canefri). 

Allied  to  the  next  species,  from  which  it  is  chiefly  distin- 
guished by  its  very  thick  ribs  and  want  of  umbilicus. 

C.  CRENIFERA,  Sowb.     PI.  6,  figs.  97-99. 

Deeply  umbilicated,  whorls  flatly  excavated  at  the  suture, 
obliquely  ribbed,  the  ribs  spinosely  hooked  above  the  shoulder 
angle,  spirally  crenately  ridged  ;  columella  three-plaited,  aper- 
ture ridged  within ;  livid  fawn-color  or  yellowish  white,  often 
white-banded  in  the  middle.  Length,  1  inch. 

Philippines;  Indian  Archipelago. 

This  and  several  other  allied  species  are  probably  only 
varieties  of  C.  scalarina,  Lam.  C.  lamellosa,  Hinds  (fig.  98) 


CANCELLARIA.  81 

and  C.  serrata,  Reeve  (fig.  99),  are  83-110113-1118.  The  latter  name 
being  preoccupied  b3'  Bronn  fora  fossil  species,  Semper  changed 
it  to  C.  Grossei. 

C.  HYSTRIX,  Reeve.     PI.  6,  fig.  100. 

Imperforate,  globosely  ovate,  whorls  narrowly  shouldered, 
obliquely,  longitudinally,  closely  ribbed,  ribs  erect,  narrow, 
prickly  serrated  l>v  spiral  lines,  shoulder  angle  spiny;  whitish, 
faintty  tinged  with  livid  brown  ;  columellar  plaits  three;  irregu- 
lar, interior  of  aperture  red-lined.  Length,  1  inch. 

Mauritius. 
C.  OBLTQUATA,  Lam.     PL  6,  fig.  1. 

Globosety  ovate,  ventricose,  narrowly  deeply  umbilicated ; 
whorls  excavately  shouldered,  obliquely  thinly  ribbed,  the  ribs 
slightly  prickly  at  the  shoulder  angle,  spirally  elevately  striated, 
the  intersections  slightly  nodulous  ;  yellowish  white,  stained  and 
spotted  with  chestnut.  Length,  1  inch. 

Philippines,  Zanzibar. 

This  shell  probably  passes  into  C.  scalala,  Sowb.,  a  form  with 
more  exserted  spire ;  Sowerby's  figure  82,  intended  for  C.  obli- 
quata,  represents  one  of  these  transition  forms. 

C.  SCALATA,  Sowb.     PI.  6,  figs.  3-9  ;  PL  t,  fig.  11. 

Narrowly  umbilicated,  excavately  shouldered,  nodulous 
throughout  b3r  the  intersection  of  longitudinal  close  ribs  and 
spiral  elevated  lines  ;  yellowish  white  to  chestnut-color. 

Length,  1-1*25  inches. 

Red  Sea,  Ceylon,  Mauritius,  Moluccas,  New  Caledonia. 

Differs  (not  sufficiently)  in  form  principal^,  from  the  pre- 
ceding species,  the  body-whorl  being  less  ventricose  and  the  spire 
longer.  C.  textilis,  Kiener  (fig.  3),  C.  articular  is,  Sowb.  (fig.  4), 
C.  contabulata,  Sowb.  (fig.  5),  C.  puxilla,  Sowb.  =  young  C. 
contabulata  (fig.  6),  G.  Forestieri,  Montr,  (fig.  7),  and  C.  Rou- 
yeyroni,  Souv.  (fig.  11),  from  New  Caledonia,  are  synonyms. 
C.  Montrouzieri,  Souverb.  (fig.  8),  is  mainly  distinguished  from 
the  last  named,  by  the  shoulder  being  biplanate  and  carinate  at 
the  angle ;  I  believe  it  to  be  a  merely  accidental  variety ;  it  is 
also  New  Caledonian.  C.  tenuis,  A.  Adams  (fig.  9),  appears  to 
be  founded  on  a  not  fully  grown  individual  of  the  normal  form. 


82  CANCELLAHTA. 

C.  WILMERT,  Sowb.     PI.  7,  fig.  10. 

Turrictilated, the  shoulder  narrowly  excavated, nodosely  closely 
cancellated  ;  columella  triplicate  •  dark  chestnut-color,  faintly 
banded  with  white  on  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  11  mill. 

Andaman  Islands. 

Has  a  longer  spire  than  the  preceding  species. 

C.  COSTIFERA,  Sowerby.     PI.  7,  figs.  12,  13. 

Umbilicus  narrow,  whorls  somewhat  flatly  shouldered,  the 
angle  bluntly  spinose  ;  ribs  elevated,  compressed  ;  distant  revolv- 
ing sculpture  faint  or  obsolete ;  columella  triplicate ;  yellowish 
brown  to  chocolate-colored,  with  narrow  red  revolving  lines. 

Length,  -5-1  inch. 

Philippines,  New  Caledonia. 

The  painting  and  wide  spaces  between  the  ribs,  and  want  of 
prominent  spiral  sculpture  are  the  distinctive  features  of  this 
species.  C.  Souverbiei,  Crosse  (fig.  13),  is  a  S3Tnonym ;  it  comes 
from  New  Caledonia. 

C.  LAMBERTI,  Souverbie.     PL  7,  fig.  14. 

Umbilicus  moderate,  ribs  distant,  spirally  subcostulate  ;  dirty 
white.  Length,  13  mill. 

New  Caledonia. 

The  umbilicus  and  spiral  sculpture  are  more  developed  than 
in  C.  costifera,  to  which  the  species  is  very  closely  allied.  The 
specimens  before  me,  as  well  as  those  from  which  the  original 
description  was  made,  are  not  in  a  fresh  state. 

C.  NITIDA,  A.  Adams.     PL  7,  fig.  16. 

Superficially  umbilicated,  narrowly  angled  at  the  suture,  ribs 
compressed  and  very  prominent,  sharp,  with  the  interstices 
smooth  ;  fleshy  white.  Length,  9  mill. 

Philippines. 
C.  VERREAUXII,  Kiener.     PL  7,  fig.  15,  17. 

Narrowly,  deeply  umbilicated,  obtusely  angled  near  the  suture, 
rudely  nodosely  ribbed,  and  spirally  ridged  ;  orange-brown. 
Length,  11  mill. 

Habitat  unknown. 

C.  coctilis,  Reeve  (fig.  17)  appears  to  be  the  same  species,  not 
fully  grown. 


OANGELLARIA.  83 

C.  LlTTORlN^EFORMIS,  Sowb.       PI.   17,  fig.   18. 

Rather  thin,  deeply  umbilicated,  whorls  narrowly  tingled 
above,  thinly  decussately  striated  throughout.  Length,  1  inch. 

Ceylon. 
C.  SEMIPELLLCIDA,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     PI.  7,  figs.  19,  20. 

Ovately  ventricose,  rather  thin,  minutely  umbilicated,  suture 
deeply  impressed,  whorls  somewhat  round-shouldered,  longi- 
tudinally obliquely  plicate,  spirally  finely  ridged  ;  aperture  ovate, 
attenuated  at  the  base,  smooth  within,  columella  three-plaited  ; 
fulvous,  subpellucid.  Length.  12-15  mill. 

Soeloo  Sea. 

The  plications  are  sometimes  more  or  less  obsolete  on  the 
back ;  it  appears  to  form  a  passage  to  Admete. 

C.  FUNICULATA,  Hinds.     PI.  7,  figs.  21,  22. 

Umbilicated,  excavated  at  the  suture,  round-shouldered  ;  ribs 
compressed,  distant,  crossed  by  delicate  spiral  ridges  and  alter- 
nate raised  lines  ;  transparent  white,  tinged  with  orange-brown. 

Length,  '75  inch. 

?  Magdalena  Bay,  L.  California; 

sandy  mud,  7  fms.  (Hinds). 

A  single  specimen  is  reported  to  have  been  obtained  at  the 
above  locality,  which,  as  well  as  the  following,  may  be  erroneous. 
C.  lyrata,  Ads.  and  Reeve  (fig.  22),  to  which  Mr.  Arthur  Adams 
assigns  the  locality,  China  Sea,  is  evidently  the  same  species. 


Unfigured  and  Unidentified  tipecies  of  Cancellaria. 

C.  TASMANICA,  Tenison-Woods.  Tasmania. 
C.  TRAILLI,  Button.  New  Zealand. 
C.  MITROIDES,  Fischer  (Mus.  Demidoff).  Hab.  unknown. 
C.  MULTIPLICATA,  Lesson,  Hah.  unknown. 
C.  NASSA,  Roissy.  Hab.  unknown. 
C.  ASPERULA,  Desh.  Hab.  unknown. 
C.  DECUSSATA,  Nyst.  Hab.  unknown. 
This  species  is  probably  poorly  figured  ;  it  has  been  over- 
looked by  previous  monographers.  Possibly  it  equals  C. 
bifasciata,  Desh. 


84  ADMETE. 

C.  PYGM^EA,  C.  B.  Adams.  Panama. 
C.  CANDEI,  d'0rb.=  Phos  Guadeloupensis,  Petit  (Manual, iii,  219). 

C.  TENERA,  Phil  Hab.  unknown. 

C.  MODESTA,  Carpenter.  Vancouver's  Island. 

C.  IMBRICATA,  Watson.  Off  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

C.  FISCHERI,  A.  Adams.  Strait  of  Corea. 

C.  CRENULATA,  A.  Adams.  China  Sea. 

Subgenus  ADMETE,  Kroyer. 

C.  viRiDULA,  Fabr.     PI.  7,  figs.  23-28. 

Very  thin,  whitish,  yellowish  or  greenish  white,  or  very  light 
brown,  suture  rather  deeply  impressed,  whorls  rounded, 
wrinkled  costate  above,  encircled  throughout  with  equidistant 
raised  lines  ;  columella  obliquely  truncate  and  minutely  triplicate, 
outer  lip  smooth  within. 

Length,  12-15  mill.  (var.  grandis,  15-30  mill). 
Massachusetts  Bay,  Maine,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 

Labrador,  Iceland,,  Arctic  Norway,  White  Sea, 

Spitzbergen,  Behring's  Strait,  N.  Japan. 

A  circumpolar  species,  inhabiting  from  shore  to  690  fathoms 
(dredged).  It  is  extinct  in  the  British  seas. 

Jeffreys  thus  describes  the  animal : — 

"Body  milk-white;  head  furnished  with  a  long  and  promi- 
nent veil ;  tentacles  contractile,  thread-shaped,  rather  long  and 
slender,  smooth,  with  blunt  tips,  diverging  at  an  angle  of  45°  ; 
eyes  placed  on  the  top  of  short  stalks,  at  the  outer  base  of  the 
tentacles,  with  which  the  eye  stalks  are  united;  foot  large, 
triangular  and  long,  squarish  and  double-edged  in  front,  and 
bluntly  pointed  behind,  edges  uneven  ;  pallial  fold  (lining  the 
basal  groove  of  the  shell)  very  short  and  thick.  No  operculum. 
Active ;  crawls  out  of  the  water.  It  emits  a  greenish  liquid  on 
being  touched  with  a  camel's-hair  brush." 

It  is  G.  subangulosa  of  Wood's  "  Crag  Mollusca;"  C.  crispa. 
Moller;  C.  Buccinoides,  Couthouy  (=C.  Coulliouyi,  Jay);  C. 
costellifera,  Sowb. 

Like  many  other  circumboreal  species,  the  shell  varies  con- 


ADMETE.  85 

siderably  in  its  characters;  two  forms  of  it  have  been  described 
as  varieties  by  Leche. 

Var.  UNDATA,  Leche  (fig.  27). 

Yar.  L^EVIOR,  Leche  (fig.  28  =  var.  grandis^Morch). 

Yar.  ELONGATA,  Leche  (fig.  25). 

Yar.  DISTINCTA,  Leche  (fig.  26). 

C.  ARCTICA,  MiddendorflT.     PI.  7,  fig.  29. 

AVhorls  encircled  by  rounded  ribs,  the  interstices  with  close 
zigzag  longitudinal  striae.  Length,  30  mill. 

Behring^s  Strait. 
C.  TABULATA,  Sowb.     PL  7,  fig.  30. 

Whorls  narrowly  tabulate,  granular  from   decussating  ribs; 
white,  under  a  brownish  epidermis  ;  columella  minutely  plicate. 
Length,  22  mill. 

Arctic  Ocean. 

C.  LIMNJEIFORMIS,  E.  A.  Smith.     PI.  7,  fig.  31. 

Smooth,  thin,  diaphanous,  whorls  3.     Length,  2'5  mill. 

Kerguelen  Island. 

Mr.  Smith  writes  of  this  species  that  it  has  the  appearance  of 
a  minute  Limnaea  with  the  columella  truncated  a  little  below  the 
middle.  "Although  this  is  a  very  curious  form  for  an  Admete, 
I  am  not  acquainted  with  any  other  genus  which  it  more  resem- 
bles. The  character  of  the  truncation  of  the  columella  is  similar, 
and  the  absence  of  an  operculum  is  also  congeneric.  From  the 
fewness  of  the  whorls  and  the  thinness  of  the  shell  it  may  be 
conjectured  to  be  but  the  young  of  some  larger  species.  This 
may  be  the  case,  but  at  present  I  am  unable  to  identify  it  as  the 
fry  of  any  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted." 


Un figured  Species. 

C.  BOREALIS,  A.  Adams.  Melville  Inland. 

C.  AUSTRALTS  and  C.  SCHYTIIEI,  Philippi.  St.  of  Magellan. 

C.  COST  AT  A,  Calcara.  Sicily. 

C.  OVATA  and  GLOBULARIS,  E.  A.  Smith.  Japan. 

C.  UNDATOCOSTATA,  Verkruzeh.  Arctic  Norway. 

C.  SPECULARIS  and  C.  CARINATA,  Watson.  Kerguelen  Is. 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 


CANCELLARIID^. 


Abnormis    (Cancellaria),    Gray.     Adams,    Gen.,   i,   p.   278, 

Morch,  Moll.  Spitzbcrgen,  No.  35. 

?  =  Admete  viridula,  var.  grandis.    .         .         .         .         .84 

Acuminata  (Cancellaria  \  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p. 

53.  =  C.  obesa,  Sowb.  ...<..  .69 

Admete,  Kroyer.  Moller,  Naturhist.  Tidskr,  iv,  88  ;  Index 

Moll.  Groenl.,  1842.  =  S.  G.  of  Cancellaria,  .  .  66,  84 
Admetopsis,  Meek.  Ann.  Hep.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  509, 

1873.  =  Section  of  Admete, 65 

Aflinis  (Cancellaria),  C.  B.  Adams.  Panama  Shells,  132, 

1852.  ?  =  C.  indentata,  Sowb .70 

Affinis  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  39.  1856. 

=  C.  indentata,  Sowb 70 

Albida  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p.  47,  69 
Angasi  (Cancellaria),  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  3d  ser.,  iii, 

p.  64,  pi.  ii,  f.  8,  1863,  .  ....  76 

Antiquata  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.  Moll.  Voy.  Sulphur,  p.  43, 

p.  12,  f.  17  and  18,  ..  .  79 

Aphera,  EL  and  A.  Adams.  Genera,  i,  277, 1853.  =  Merica,  65,  75 
Arctica  (Cancellaria),  Midd.  Bitr.  v,  ii,  pi.  9,  f.  11.  12  and  L5. 

(=  Trichotropis,  Ball.  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  vii,  525, 1885),  85 
Articularis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  sp.  34,  f.  32. 

=  C.  sealata,  Sowb. .81 

Asperella  (Cancellaria),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  402,  .  74 
Asperella,  var.  (Cancellaria),  Desh.  in  Lam.,  Hist.  Nat. 

ed.  2,  Bd.  ix,  p.  402,  (not  Lam.)  =  C.  Sinensis,  Reeve,  .  74 
Asperella  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  (not  Lam.)  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

38.  =  C.  Grayi,  Try  on, 70 

Asperula  (Csuicellaria)',  Desh.  Enc.  Meth.,  p.  187,  No.  17,  83 
Australia  (Cancellaria),  Philippi.  Mai.  Blatt.,  1857,  p.  164, 

Crosse,  J.  C.,  3d  ser.  iii,  p.  68,    .         .         .         .         .         .85 

Australis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  Ill:,  sp.  24,  f.  23,  .  69 

Bicolor  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.      Voy.  Sulph.  Moll.,  p.  43,  pi. 

12,  f.  13,  14,  .  79 

Bifasciata  (Cancellaria),  Desh.  Enc.  Meth.  Vers.,  ii,  p. 

181,  .  74,83 

(86) 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  87 

PAGE. 

Bocageana  (Caricellaria),  Crosse  and  Debeaux.     J.  C.,  1863, 

p.  63,  77,  263.  =  C.  Thomasiana,  Crosse,  .  .  .80 
Borealis  (Cancellaria),  A.  Adams.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1855, 

p.  122, 85 

Brevis  (Cancellaria),  Sowerby.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  f. 

52.     =  C.  goniostoma,  Sowb.     ......     78 

Baccinoides  (Cancellaria),  Couthouy.  Bost.  J.  Nat.  Hist., 

ii,  p.  105,  pi.  3,  f.  3.  =  C.  viridula.  Fab 84 

Buccinoides  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832, 

p.  54, 67 

Bulbulus  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool  Soc.,  1832,  p.  55, 

=  C.  solida,  Sowb.      ........     73 

Bullata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc..  1832,  p.  51. 

=  C.  tuberculosa,  Sowb 78 

Cancellaria.  Lam.  Prodr.,  1799, 65 

Cancellata  (Cancellaria),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  12th  ed.,  p.  1191,  70 
Candei  (Cancellaria),  d'Orb.  Moll.  Cuba,  ii,  p.  129,  t.  21, 

f.  23-25.  =  Phos, ...  84 

Candida  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  sp.  2,  f.  1  .  .69 
Carinata  (Cancellaria),  Watson.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.,  xvi,  p. 

327, ...  85 

Cassidiformis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832, 

p.  53,  .  .  .  .  • 66 

Chrysostoma  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool  Soc.,  1832, 

p.  54,.  .  .  71 

Circumcincta  (Cancellaria),  Dall.  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.,  v,  p.  59, 

pi.  ii.  f.  2,    .         .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .     72 

Clathrata  (Cancellaria),  Adams.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1855,  p. 

123.  =  C.  corrosa,  Reeve,  67 

Clavatula  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  Ih32,  p. 

52,  .  , 75 

Coctilis  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  79,  1856. 

=  C.  Verreauxii,  Kiener, 82 

Contabulata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  f.  28. 

=  C.  scalata,  Sowb.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .81 

Cooperii  (Cancellaria),  Gabb.  Proc.  Cal.  Ac.  N.  S.,  vol.  iii, 

p.  186,  ....  .76 

Coronata  (Cancellaria),  Scacchi.  Notiz.,  34,  t.  1,  f.  15,  .  76 
Corrosa  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  64,  1856,  .  .  67 
Corrugata  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc  ,  1843,  p. 

48,       .......  .  .75 

Costata  (Cancellaria),  Calcara.  Aradas  and  Benoit,  Conch. 

viv.  marina,  259,          ........     85 

Costata  ^Cancellaria),  Gray.  Sowb.,  Conch.  111.,  f.  42. 

=  C.  ooniostoma,  Sowb.    .......     78 


88  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAOK. 

Costellifera  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.     Hancock,  Ann.  and  Mag., 

1864.  =  C.  viridola,  Fab 84 

Costifera  (Canceilaria?,  Sowerby.  Conch.  111.,  sp.  33,  f. 

31, 80,  82 

Couthouyi  (Canceilaria),  Jay.  Catalogue,  1839. 

=  C.  viridula,  Fab. 84 

Cremata  (Canceilaria),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p. 

48.  =  C.  indentata,  Sowb :  70 

Crenifera  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  fig.  29,  .  .  80 
Crenulata  (Canceilaria \  A.  Adams.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1855, 

p.  124,  ...  84 

Crispa  (Admete),  Moller.  Ind  Moll.  Grcenl.,  p.  15. 

=  Canceilaria  viridula,  Fab.      ......     84 

Crispa  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  Illus.,  p.  12,  f.  30. 

=  C.  crispata,  Sowb. 80 

Crispata  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  96,  f.  89,  .  80 
Crossei  (Cnncellaria),  Semper.  Palseont.  (Jntersuch.,  91; 

Crosse,  Jour,  de  Conch.,  3d  ser.  iii,  61. 

=  C.  crenifera,  Sowb.         .......     81 

Cumingiana  (Canceilaria),  Petit.  Guer.  Mag.  Zool.  .  .  68 
Cumingii  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.  Adams,  Gen.,  vol.  i,  p.  271. 

?  —  C.  Cumingiana,  Petit, 68 

Decussata  (Canceilaria^,  Nyst.     BuN.  Ac.  Brux.,  1838,  v,  p. 

115,  pi.  i,  f.  5,      .         .         .  .  .         .83 

Distincta  (Admete  viridula,  var.),  Leche.     K.  Sv.  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.,  xvi,  48,  . 85 

Eburngeformis  (Canceilaria),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  21,  1856. 

=  C.  reticulata,  Linn.         .......     70 

Elata  (Canceilaria),  Hinds.  Moll.  Yoy.  Sulph.,  p.  42,  pi. 

12,  f.  3  and  4, 76 

Elegans  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.  Gen.  Shells,  f.  3. 

=  C.  asperella,  Lam.  ........     74 

Elongata  ( Admete  viridula,  var.),  Leche.  K.  Sv.  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.,  xvi,  48, 85 

Euclia,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Genera,  i,  277,  1853. 

=  Subsection  of  Canceilaria,  .....  65,  73 
Excavata  (Canceilaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  137- 

=  C.  spirata,  Lam 77 

Fischeri  (Canceilaria).  A.  Adams.  Ann.  Mag.,  1860,  3d 
ser.,  vol.  v,  p.  411,  .  .  .  .  .  .  .84 

Forestieri  (Canceilaria),  Montr.  J.  C.,  3d  ser.,  iii,  161,  t.  5, 
f.  7,  1863.  =  C.  scalata, 81 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  89 

PAGE. 

Foveolata   (Cancellaria),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p. 

137, 77 

Funiculata  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.     Voy.  Sulph.,  p.  43,  pi.  12, 

f.  5  and  6, 83 

Gemraulata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p. 

55, 69 

Globularis  (Admete),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist., 

4th  ser.,  xv,  p.  426,     .  .  ....     85 

Goniostoma  (Cancellaria),  Sowerby.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc. ,1832, 

p.  51, .  78 

Grandis  (Admete  viridula,  var.),  Morch.  Moll.  Spitzbergen, 

Xo.  35,  .  .  .  ' 84 

Granosa  (Cancellaria),  Angas.  Zool.  Proc.,  208,  1867. 

=  C.  undulata,  Sowb.     Brazier,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W., 

viii,  226 67 

Granosa  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  f.  16  and  17,  .  68 
Grayi  (Cancellaria),  Tryon, 70 

Haemastoma  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832, 

f.  54.     =  C.  chrysostoma,  Sowb.,  var 72 

Hystrix  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  67,  1856,     .         .     81 

Imbricata  (Cancellaria),  Watson.     Linn.  Soc.  Jour.   Zool., 

xvi,  p.  325.  .  .  84 

Imperialis  (Cancellaria),  Michelin.  Guer.  Mag.,  pi.  16, 1832. 

=  C.  nodnlifera,  Sowb 68 

Indentata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p. 

54, ....  70 

Indentata,  var.  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  80. 

=  C.  affinis,  Reeve, .70 

Japonica  (Cancellaria),  E.  A.  Smith.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1879, 
p.  216.  pi.  xx,  f.  54,     .         .  t 73 

Lactea  (Cancellaria),  Desh.  Encyc.  Meth.,  p.  180,  .  .  74 

Lrevigata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  f.  24,  .  .  74 
Lrcvior  (Admete  viridula,  var.),  Leche.  K.  Sv.  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.,  xvi,  48,            ....                  ...  85 

Lamberti  (Cancellaria),  Souv.  J.  C.,  iii  ser.,  x,  428,  1870,  82 
Lamellosa  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.  Voy.  Sulph.  Moll.,  p.  43, 

pi.  12,  f.  15  and  16.  =  C.  crenifera,  Sowb.,  .  .  .  80 
Laticosta,  var.  (Cancellaria),  Kobelt.  K  lister,  t,  taf.  2,  f. 

7-9.       =  Yar.  C.  Sinensis,  Reeve,       .         .         ."  .74 


90  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Limnaeiformis  (Admetc),  E.  A.  Smith.     Trans.  Roy.  Soc., 

vol.  168,  p.  172,  pi.  9,  f.  4,  .85 

Littorinseformis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.     Conch.  111.,  f.  14,       .     83 
Lyrata  (Cancellaria),  Adams  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Samar.,  42, 
pi.  x,  f.  4.     =  C.  funiculata,  Hinds,  .,        .         .         .         .83 

Macrospira  (Cancellaria),  Adams  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Sama- 

rang,  pi.  10,  f.  2, .     76 

Mangellioides  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  69,  1856. 

?  =  C,  Thomasiana,  Crosse, 80 

Massyla,  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera,  i,  278,  1853. 

=  *Merica 65,     75 

Melanostoma  (Cancellaria),  »Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1845, 

p.  137.     =  C.  asperella,  Lam.,  var.    .         .         .         .         .74 

Merica,  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera,  i,  277,  1853. 

=  Subsection  of  Cancellaria,     .....     65,     74 
Middendorffiana  (Admete),  Dall.     Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus., 

vii,  525,  1885.     Proposed   for  A.  viridula  of  Middendorff 

(Mai.  Ross.),  not  Fab. 

Minima  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  77,  1856,  .  .  73 
Mitrseformis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832, 

p.  51.     =  C.  uniplicata,  Sowb.  .         .         .         .         .75 

Mitroides  (Cancellaria),  Fischer.  Mus.  Demidofl',  .  .  83 
Modesta  (Cancellaria),  Carpenter.  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  3d 

ser.,  xv,  p.  32,     ....  .84 

Montrouzieri    (Cancellaria),  Souv.      J.  C.,  iii  ser.,  p.   163, 

1863,  t.  5,  f.  8.     =  C.  scalata,  Sowb.  .         .         .         .81 

Multiphcata  (Cancellaria),  Lesson.     Rev.  Zool.  Cuv.  Soc., 

1841,  p.  37,  ......  .83 

Narona,  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera,  i,  277,  1853. 

=  Subsection  of  Cancellaria 65,  75 

Nassa  (Cancellaria),  Roissy.  Buffon,  Moll.,  v.  6,  p.  13,  No.  3 

(Seba.,  53,  f.  42),  .  .  83 

Nitida  (Cancellaria),  A.  Adams.'  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1855,  p. 

123, 82 

Nodosa  (Nassa),  Martini.  =  Cancellaria  piscatoria,  Gmelin,  77 
Nodulifera  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  15, 

1825, .68 

Nodulosa  (Cancellaria),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  vii,  113. 

=  C.  piscatoria,  Gmelin,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .77 

Obesa  (Cancellaria),  Sowb,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  52,  .  68 
Obliquata  (Cancellaria),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert.,  ix,  p.  408,  .  81 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  91 

0 

PAGE. 

Oblonga  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.     Conch.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p. 

15.     =  C.  bifasciata,  Desh.         ......     74 

Obtusa  (Cancellaria),  Desh.  Enc.  Meth.  Yers.,  vol.  ii,  p.  1ST,  68 
Obtusa  (Cancellaria),  Kiener  (non  Lam.).  Iconog.,  t.  3, 

f.  2.  =  C.  solida,  Sowb 73 

Ovata  (Admete),  E.  A.  Smith.  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  xv, 

426,  1875, .85 

Grata  (Cancellaria),  Menke.  Zeit.  Mai.,  181,  1850. 

?  =  C.  urceolata,  Hinds 69 

Ovata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Sec..  1832,  f.  53. 

=  C.  obesa,  Sowb .         .69 

Parva  (Cancellaria),  Philippi.     Reise  Wueste  Atacama,  p. 

187,  pi.  vii,  f.  18,  1860, 73 

Piscatoria  ^Cancellaria),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3496,  No. 

116, 77 

Pulchra  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  50,  71 
Purpuriformis  (Cancellaria),  Valenciennes.  Kiener,  Iconog., 

pi.  7,f.  4, 75 

PtisUla  (Cancellaria),  A.  Adams.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1869.  p. 

274,  pi.  xix,  f.  12, 73 

Pusilla  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Thes.,  pi.  93,  f.  19. 

=  C.  contabnlata,  Sowb.  (young),  .  .  .  .  .81 
Pygmaea  (Cancellaria),  C.  B.  Adams.  Pan.  Shells,  No.  160,  84 
Pyrum  (Cancellaria),  Adams  and  Reeve.  Voy.  Samarang, 

pi.  x,  f.  1C,  .     73 

Reeveana  (Cancellaria),  Crosse.     Jour.  Conch.,  ix,  p.  237, 

1861.  =  C.  asperella,  Lam 74 

Reticulata  (Cancellaria),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  12th  eel., p.  1190,  69 
Rigida  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  53. 

=  C.  goniostoma,  Sowb.  .  .  .  .  ,  .  .78 

Rosea  (Cancellaria),  Beck.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  453. 

=  C.  obliquata,  Lam.          .         .         .         .         .         .         .81 

Rougeyroni  (Cancellaria),  Souv.  J.  C.,3d  ser.,  x,  427, 1870. 

=  C.  scalata,  Sowb 81 

Rugosa  (Cancellaria),  Lam.  Anim.  s.  Yert.,  ix,  p.  408,  .  72 

Scabriculus  (Murex),  Linn.    =  Cancellaria  cancellata,  Linn.  70 
Scalare  (Buccinurn),  Gmelin.     S\st.  Nat. 

=  Canceilaria  scalarina,  Lam.    ......  80 

Scalariformis  (Cancellaria),  Lam.    Anim.  sans  Yert.,  vii,  113,  80 

Scalarina  (Cancellaria),  Lam.  .Anim.  s.  Yert.,  ix,  p.  403,  .  79 
Scalarina  (dancellaria),  Sowb.  et  Reeve  (non  Lam.). 

=  C.  Thomasiana,  Crosse, 80 


92  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

* 

PAGE. 

Scalata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  f.  27,  .  .  .81 
Schythei  (Cancellaria),  Philippi.  Mai.  Blatt.,  1857,  p.  164,  85 
Semidisjuncta  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848, 

p.  137,  .  .  77 

Semipellucida  (Cancellaria),  Adams  et  Reeve.  Voy.  Samar. 

Moll.,  p.  42,  pi.  10.  f.  3,  ....  83 

Semperiana  (Cancellaria),  Crosse.  J.  C.,  3d  ser.,  iii,  p.  65, 

pi.  ii,  f.  7,  1863,.         ...  .         ...     68 

Serrata  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  63,  1856. 

=  C.  Crossei,  Semper 81 

Similaris  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  f.  10. 

=  C.  similis,  Sowb.    ........     71 

Similis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  No.  42,  f.  38,  .  71 
Siriensis  (Cancellaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  35,  1856. 

=  C.  asperella,  Lam.,  var. 74 

Solida  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  52,  .  73 
Souverbiei  (Cancellaria),  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch,  272,  t.  9, 

f.  5,  1868.  =  C.  costifera,  Sowb 82 

Sowerbyi  (Cancellaria),  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  3d  ser.,  i, 

242.     =  C.  uniplicata,  Sowb.      ....         .         .     75 

Specularis  (Cancellaria),  Watson.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.,  xvi,  p. 

325, 85 

Spengleriana  (Cancellaria),  Desh.  Enc.  Meth.  Yers.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  185, -67 

Spirata  i  Cancellaria),  Lam,  An.  s.  Yert.,  ix,  p.  408,  .  .  77 
Stimpsonii  (Cancellaria),  Calkins.  Proc.  Daven.  Ac.  N.  S., 

1878,  p.  250,  pi.  8,  f.  4-5, 79 

Striata  (Galea),  Klein.  =  Cancellaria  reticulata,  Linn.  .  69 
Subangnlosa  (Cancellaria),  Wood.  Crag  Moll.,  i,  p.  66,  t. 

vii,  i'.  20.  =  C.  viridula,  Fab .84 

Subsinensis  (Cancellaria),  Kobelt.  Kiister,  Can.  7,  Taf.  2, 

f.  3.     =  Yar.  of  C.  Sinensis,  Reeve,  .         .         .         .74 

Tabulata  (Admete),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1875,  128,  pi. 

24,  f.  3, .85 

Tgeniata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  137,  76 
Tasmanica  (Cancellaria),  T.  Woods.  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Tas., 

1875, p.  150,  .  . 83 

Tenera  (Cancellaria),  Phil.  .  Menke,  Zeit.,  1848,  p.  24,  No. 

94, 84 

Tennis  (Cancellaria),  A.  Adams.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1855,  p. 

123.  =  C.  scalata,  Sowb. 81 

Tessellata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  51,  75 
Textilis  (Cancellaria^,  Kiener.  Coq.  Yiv.,  pi.  7,  f.  1. 

==  C.  scalata,  Sowb 81 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  93 

PAGE. 

Thomasiana  (Cancellaria),  Crosse.    Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  ix,  p. 

231,1861, 79 

Trailli  (Cancellaria),  Hutton.  Marine  Moll.  N.  Zeal.,  p.  26,  83 
Trigonostoma,  Blainv.  Manuel  de  Malacol.,  1825. 

=  Section  of  Cancellaria,  ......        65,17 

Trigonostoma  (Cancellaria),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert ,  ix,  p.  88,  .  78 
Tritonis  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Conch.  111.,  f.  15. 

=  C.  Spengleriana,  Desh 67 

Ttiberculata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  457. 

=  C.  tuberculosa,  Sowb.     .         .         .         .         .         .         .78 

Tuberculosa  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832, 

p.  51,  .  .  .  .         .  .     78 

Turbinopsis,  Conrad.  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  So.,  n.  s.,  iv,  289, 

1860, 65 

Turrita  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1873,  p.  721, 

t.  lix,  f.  12, .72 

Unalashkensis  (Cancellaria).  Dall.     Proc.  Cal.  Ac.,  v,  p.  58, 

pi.  ii,  f.  1,  .  . 72 

Undata  (Admete  viridula,  var.),  Leche.  Kongl.  Sv.  Yet. 

Akad.  Hand.,  Bd.  16,  No.  2,  p.  47. 

=  Cancellaria  viridula,  Fab.,  var.       .         .         .         .         .85 

Undato-costata  (Admete),  Verkriizen.  Jahrb.,  ii,  p.  237,  85 
Undulata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p. 

136.     Brazier,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  viii,  226. 

=  C.  Spengleriana,  Desh.  .......     67 

Uniplicata  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  .  75 
Urceolata  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.  Voy.  Sulph.  Moll.,  41.  pi. 

12,  f.  7-8, .         .         .  '      .     69 

Varicosa  (Cancellaria),  Phil.  Moll.  Sicil.,  i,  201,  1836;  ii, 
177,1844.  =  C.  coronata,  Sc 76 

Yentricosa  (Cancellaria),  Hinds.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1843,  p. 
47.  =  C.  decusata,  Sowb.  ......  70 

Yerreauxii,  (Cancellaria)  Kiener.     Iconog,  pi.  8,  f.  3,  .         .     82 

Viridula  (Cancellaria),  O.  Fab.  Fauna  Grounl.,  402  ;  Jeffreys, 
Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  xix,  322,  1877,  .  .  .  .  .84 

Wilmeri  (Cancellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1881,  p.  637, 
pi.  Ivi,  f.  2,  . 82 


REFERENCE  TO   PLATES. 


CANCELLARIID^. 


PLATE  1. 

FIGURE  PAGE. 

1.  Cancellaria  Cassidiformis,  Sowb.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  15, 66 

2.  Cancellaria  Spengleriana,  Desh.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  29,  .         .  .  67 

3.  Cancellaria  Tritonis,  Sowb.  (=  Spengieriana).     Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  15, 67 

4.  5.  Cancellaria  undulata,  Sowb.   Thes.  Conch.,  f.  12,79,     67 
6,  7.  Cancellaria  Bnccinoides,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  10, 

11 .  .67 

8.  Cancellaria  Bnccinoides,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon., 

t.  18,  f.  15  d, 67 

9.  Cancellaria  corrosa,  Reeve,     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  64  6,         .     67 

10.  Cancellaria  nodulifera,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  57,      .     68 

11.  Cancellaria  imperialis,  Michelin  (=  nodnlifera).    Gne- 

riii's  Magazine,  t.  16,  1832, 68 

12.  Cancellaria  Cnmingiana,  Petit.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  1  a,    .     68 

PLATE  2. 

13.  Cancellaria  Cnmingiana,  Petit.     Jonr.  de  Conch.,  xi, 

t.  2,  f.  9, 68 

14.  Cancellaria  obtnsa,  Desh.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  37  a,  .         .     68 

15.  Cancellaria  Semperiana,  Crosse.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  xi, 

t.  2,  f.  7,      ...  .  .68 

16.  Cancellaria  granosa,  Sowb.    Sowb.,  Conch.  Illust.,  f.  17,     68 

17.  Cancellaria  obesa,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  7,     .     68 

18.  Cancellaria  ovata,  Sowb.  (=  obesa).    Thes.  Conch.,  f.  2,     69 

19.  Cancellaria  acuminata,  Sowb.  (=obe£a).  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  1,     .         . 69 

20.  Cancellaria  nrceolata,   Hinds.     Reeve,    Conch.    Icon., 

f.  23  6,         ...  •  .69 

21.  Cancellaria  Candida,  Sowb.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  46  6,     69 

22.  Cancellaria  australis,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  73,          .     69 

23.  Cancellaria  albida,    Hinds,  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,f.  45  fr,     69 

24.  Cancellaria  gemmnlata,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  48ft,         .         , 69 

(94) 


REFERENCE    TO    PLATES.  95 

FIGURE.  VAGK. 

25.  Cancellaria  reticulata,  Linn.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  17,   '      .     69 

26.  Cancellaria  E  burn  ae  form  is,  Rve.  (=  reticulata).  Conch. 

Icon.,f.  21  a,      . '.70 

27.  Cancellaria   decussata,   Sowb.     Reeve,    Conch.    Icon., 

f.  22  a, ,     .         .70 

28.  Cancellaria  ventricosa,   Hinds   (==  decussata)    Reeve. 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  47  a,          .         .         .         .         .         .70 

29.  Cancellaria    cremata,    Hinds    (=  indentata).      Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  80, 70 


PLATE  3. 

30.  Cancellaria    indentata,    Sowb.     Reeve,    Conch.    Icon., 

f.  41  6, 70 

32.  Cancellaria  affinis,  Reeve  (=  indentata).    Conch.  Icon., 

f.  39  a.         .         . -TO 

33.  Cancellaria  asperella,  Sowb.  (=  Grayi).    Thes.  Conch., 

f.  38, '     .         .  .70 

34.  Cancellaria   cancellata,   Linn.     Reeve,    Conch.    Icon., 

f.  136,         ...  ....  70 

35.  Cancellaria  similis,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  10  6,  71 

36.  Cancellaria  pulchra,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  41,  .         .  71 

37.  39.  Cancellaria  hsemastoma,    Sowb.    (=  chrysostoma, 

var.).     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  55,  53,  ....     72 

38.  Cancellaria  chrysostoma,  Sowb.     Thes   Conch., -f.  39,  .     71 

40.  Cancellaria  rugosa.  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  44,  72 

41.  Cancellaria  Unalashkensis,  Dall.  Calif.  Proc.,  v,  t.  2,  f.  1,  72 

42.  Cancellaria  circumcincta,  Dall.    Calif.  Proc.,  v,  t.  2,  f.  2,  72 

43.  Cancellaria  turrita,  Sowb.    Zool.  Proc.,  t.  69,  f.  12, 1873,  72 

44.  Cancellaria   parva,    Phil.      Philippi,    Reise    Atacama, 

t.  7,f.  18,  .  .  .  73 

45.  Cancellaria  minima,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  77  a,        •  73 

46.  Cancellaria  pusilla,  A.  Ad.    Zool.  Proc.,  1. 19,  f.  12, 1869,  73 

47.  Cancellaria  Japonica,  Smith.     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  20,  f.  54, 

1879, .73 

48.  Cancellaria  solida,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  4,  .73 

49.  Cancellaria  bullmlus,  Sowb.  (=  solida).    Thes.  Conch., 

f.  64,  ...  .  .     73 

50.  Cancellaria  pvrum,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Samarang, 

t.  10,  f.  16,"          .         . 73 

51.  Cancellaria  lactea,  Desh.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  82,  .     74 

52.  Cancellaria   Irevigata,    Sowb.       Reeve,    Conch.    Icon., 

f.  34  a,         . .74 

53.  Cancellaria    elegans,    Sowb.    (=  Sinensis).       Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  12" .74 


96  REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 

FIGUBK.  "LATE  4. 

50.  Cancellaria  Sinensis,  Reeve  (=  asperella,  var.).    Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  356,      ...  .74 

51.  Cancellaria   subsinensis    (=  Sinensis,   var.).     Kiister, 

Monog.,  t.  2,  f.  3,        .         .         .  .         .         .     74 

52.  Cancellaria  laticosta  (=  Sinensis,  var.).     Kiister,  t.  2, 

f .  7 74 

53.  Cancellaria  asperella,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  74,     74 

54.  Cancellaria   melanostoma.    Sowb.  (=  asperella,  var.). 

Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  26  6,       .  .74 

55.  Cancellaria    oblonga,    Sowb.    (==  bifasciata).       Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  25,      .         .  ...  .74 

56.  Cancellaria  Purpuriformis,  Val.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  766, 75 

57.  Cancellaria  corrugata,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

726,    ....  .         .  .75 

58.  59.  Cancellaria  tessellata,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  70  a,  6, 75 

60.  Cancellaria  tessellata,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  32,         .     75 

61.  Cancellaria  clavatula,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

526,'.         .  ...  .         .     75 

62.  63.  Cancellaria    Mitraeformis,   Sowb.    (=  uniplicata). 

Thes.  Conch,,  f.  24,  35,       .         .         .         .         .         .     75 

64.  Cancellaria  taeniata,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  75,  .         .     76 

65.  Cancellaria  elata.  Hinds.     Voy.  Sulphur,  t.  12,  f.  4,      .     76 

66.  Cancellaria  Cooperi,  Gabb.     Specimen,          .         .         .76 

67.  Cancellaria   macrospira,  Adams   and    Reeve.     Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  50  6,  .         .  .         .     76 

68.  Cancellaria  coronata,  Scacchi.     Philippi,  Moll.  Sicil.,  ii, 

t.  25,  f.  27, .76 

69.  Cancellaria  Angasi,  Crosse.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  t.  2,  f. 

8,  1863, .  76 

70.  Cancellaria  piscatoria,  Gmel.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

33, .     77 

71.  Cancellaria  spirata,  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,f.  56  «,     77 

PLATE  5. 

72.  Cancellaria  excavata, Sowb.  (  =  spirata).   Reeve,  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  53  a, .         .77 

73.  Cancellaria  foveolata,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

71  a,    .         . 77 

74.  Cancellaria  foveolata,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  30,         .  77 

75.  Cancellaria  semidisjuncta,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  63,  77 

76.  Cancellaria  tuberculosa,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  52,     .  78 

77.  Cancellaria  tuberculosa,  Sowb.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  1, 

,f.  2, .78 


REFERENCE    TO    PLATES.  97 

FIOURB.  PAGE. 

78.  Cancellaria    bullata,   Sowb.    (=  tuberculosa).      Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  56, .78 

79.  Cancellaria  trigonostoma,  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.. 

f.  51  6,         ....  ....  78 

80.  Can.-ellaria  goniostoma,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  40,     .  78 

81.  Cancellaria  goniostoma,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  32  a,  .  78 

82.  Cancellaria    brevis,    Sowb.    (=  goniostoma  \      Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  21,      ...  ....     78 

83.  84.  Cancellaria  costata,  Grajr  (—  goniostoma).     Thes. 

Conch. ,f.  61,  60, 78 

85.  Cancellaria   rigida,    Sowb.    (=  goniostoma).      Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  336, 78 

86.  Cancellaria  bicolor,  Hinds.     Yoy.  Sulphur,  t.  12,  f.  14,  79 

87.  Cancellaria  Stimpsoni.     Calkins,  Shells  of  Florida,      .  79 

88.  Cancellaria  antiquata,  Hinds.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,f. 

74ft, 79 

PLATE  6. 

89.  90.  Cancellaria  bicolor,  Hinds.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

49,  50,      .         .         . 79 

91.  Cancellaria  scalarina,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  5,  f.  3,     79 

92.  Cancellaria  scalarina,  Sowb.  (=  Thomasiana^.    Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  256, 79 

93.  Cancellaria  Bocageana,C.  &D.  (=  Thomasiana).    Jour. 

de  Conch.,  t.  9,  f.  3,  1863, 79 

94.  Cancellaria    Mangelioides,    Reeve    (=   Thomasiana). 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  69  6,          .         .         .         .         .         .79 

95.  Cancellaria  scalariformis,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  5, 

f .  4 80 

96.  Cancellaria  crispata,  Sowb.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  43  6,  80 

97.  Cancellaria  crenifera,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  84,         .  80 

98.  Cancellaria  lamellosa,  Hinds    (—  crenifera).      Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  65  6, 80 

98.  Cancellaria   serrata,    Reeve    (=  crenifera).       Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  63  a, 80 

100.  Cancellaria  hystrix,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  67  6,         .     81 

1.  Cancellaria  obliquata,  Lam.      Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

61  a, 81 

2.  Cancellaria  scalata,  Sowb.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  19  a,  81 

3.  Cancellaria  textilis,  Kiener  (=  scalata)      Ibid.,  f.  286,  81 

4.  Cancellaria    articnlaris,    Sowb.     (=  scalata  .       Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  91, .     81 

5.  Cancellaria  contabulata,    Sowb.   (=  scalata).      Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  42  a,  ....  .81 

6.  Cancellaria   pusilla,   Sowb.    (=  scalata.  juv.).     Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  19,      ..  81 

7 


98  REFERENCE    TO    PLATES. 

FI0URR.  PAGE. 

7.  Cancellaria  Forestieri,  Souverb.  (=  scalata).     Jour.de 

Conch,,  t.  5,  f.  7,  1863,       .  ...     81 

8.  Cancellaria  Montrouzieri,  Souverb.  (=  scalata).    Ibid., 

t.  5,  f.  8, .81 

9.  Cancellaria  tennis,  A.  Ad.  (=  scalata).    Reeve,  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  75  a, 81 

PLATE  7'. 

10    Cancellaria  Wilmeri,Sowb.    Zool.  Proc.,  t.  56,  f.  2, 1881,     82 

11.  Cancellaria  Rougeyroni,  Souverb.  (=  scalata).     Jour. 

de  Conch  ,  t.  14*  f.  1,  1870, 81 

12.  Cancellaria  costifera,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  66,          .     82 

13.  Cancellaria    Souverbiei,  Crosse  (=  costifera).      Jour. 

de  Conch.,  t.  9,  f.  5,  1868,  .  .82 

14.  Cancellaria  Laraberti,  Souverb.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  t.  14, 

f.  2,  1870,    . 82 

15.  Cancellaria  Yerreauxi,  Kiener.       Conch.  Icon.,  f.  596,  82 

16.  Cancellaria  nitida,  Ads.      Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  78  6,  82 

17.  Cancellaria  coctilis,  Reeve   (=  Verreauxi).     Ibid.,  f. 

796, 82 

18.  Cancellaria  Littoriniformis,  Sowb.     Ibid.,  f.  62  6,          .     83 

19.  20.  Cancellaria  seraipellucida.     Ibid.,  f.  73  a,  6,    . 

21.  Cancellaria  funiculata,  Hinds.    Yoy.  Sulphur.,  1. 12,  f.  6,     83 

22.  Cancellaria    lyrata,   Ad.   and    Reeve    (=  funiculata). 

Voy.  Sanuirang,  t.  10,  f.  4,          .  ...  84 

23.  Admete  viridula,  Fabr.     Reeve,  Cancellaria,  f.  85,       -  84 

24.  Admete  Couthouyi,  Jay  (=  viridula).     Ibid.,  f.  86,      .  84 

25.  Admete  viridula,  var.  elongata.     Leche,  K.  Vet.  Aktid. 

Handl.,  xvi,  t.  1,  f.  13  a,     . 

26.  Admete  viridula,  var.  distincta.  Leche,  Ibid.,  1. 1,  f.  14a,     84 

27.  Admete   viridula,   var.    undata.      Middendorff,   Beitr. 

Mai.  Ross.,  t.  10,  f.  4,  ...     85 

28.  Admete  viridula,  var.  laevior,   Leche.      Middendorff, 

Ibid.,  t.  10,  f.  2,          .  85 

29.  Admete  arctica,  Middendorff.   Middendorff,  Ibid.,  t.  9, 

f.  12,  . 85 

30.  Admete  tabulata,  Sowb.      Zool.  Proc.,  t.  24,  f.  3,  1875,     85 

31.  Admete    Lymn<Teiformis,   Smith.      Trans.    Roy.    Soc., 

clxviii,  t.  9,  f.  4, 85 

32.  Admete   viridula,  Fabr.     H.  and   A.  Adams,  Genera, 

t.  29,  f.  5,  .      '  .  .  .85 

33.  Admete  crispa  (==  viridula).  Fischer.    Man.  de  Conch., 

p.  595,  .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .65 


FAMILY  STROMBIDjE. 

Shell  itn perforate,  usually  solid,  with  turriculated  spire,  and 
more  or  less  dilated  or  winged  lip;  the  lip  frequently  digitated, 
with  usually  a  sinus  near  the  base  for  the  protrusion  of  the  head 
of  the  animal ;  aperture  mostly  canaliculated  at  each  extremity, 
the  columella  callous,  without  plaits.  Operculum  corneous, 
small,  generally  unguiculatc,  sometimes  oval,  with  apical  nucleus. 

Animal  with  sessile  or  pedunculated  eyes,  slender  tentacles, 
contractile  annulated  proboscis,  short  siphon,  varying  foot. 
Dentition  taenioglossate. 

Corresponds  with  the  family  Alata  of  Lamarck. 

Subfamilies. 

Subfamily  STROMBIN^E.  Animal  furnished  with  large  eyes, 
placed  on  thick  cylindrical  peduncles;  the  iris  highly  colored, 
often  in  concentric  zones,  tentacles  slender,  rising  from  the 
middle  of  the  eye-peduncles;  foot  narrow,  adapted  for  leaping 
rather  than  walking;  siphon  very  short,  not  extending  beyond 
the  anterior  canal  of  the  shell ;  mantle  with  an  extension  laying 
in  the  posterior  canal;  penis  long,  narrow,  with  a  hook-like  or 
bifurcated  extremity.  Dentition.  Central  tooth  multicuspid, 
short;  Literals,  one  on  each  side,  sub  trigonal,  with  crenulated 
margins;  marginals  falciform,  narrow,  sharp-pointed,  with  finely 
denticulated  margin  (PI.  1,  fig.  1). 

Shell  with  expanded,  entire,  or  shortl}'  digitated  lip,  with  an 
anterior  marginal  sinus,  and  usually  a  posterior  prolongation; 
aperture  canaliculated  anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  Operculum 
narrow,  unguiculate. 

Subfamily  AroRRHAiN^E.  Eyes  small,  sessile  at  the  outer 
bases  of  the  narrow,  subulated  tentacles;  foot  rather  small, 
oblong,  adapted  for  walking.  Operculum  suboval.  Dentition  : 
central  tooth  subquadrangular.  the  edge  multicuspid  ;  laterals 
transverse,  with  entire  margins  ;  marginals  elongated,  narrow, 
curved,  shnrp,  with  entire  margins  (PI.  11,  fig.  25). 

Shell  with  turriculated  spire,  the  lip  much  dilated,  usually 
digitated,  with  an  incomplete  canal  or  notch  in  front. 

(99) 


100  STROM  BID^E. 

Differs  from  Strombiiise  in  the  form  and  adaptation  of  the 
foot  and  in  the  dentition;  the  shell  differs  in  the  absence  (in 
most  of  the  genera)  of  a  labial  sinus,  but  is  closely  related  with 
the  Pterocera  of  the  Strombirise,  and  a  little  remotely  with  the 
Cerithiidse. 

Subfamily  STRUTHIOLARIIN^E.  Tentacles  slender,  rather  short, 
with  the  eyes  on  short  pedicels  at  their  external  bases  ;  foot 
oval,  adapted  for  swimming ;  proboscis  long  ;  siphon  scarcely 
perceptible.  Operculum  shortly  unguiculate.  Dentition:  5-M-1-5; 
central  tooth  subquadrangular,  with  multicuspid  edge,  the 
laterals  oblong,  multicuspid;  marginals  falciform,  sharp,  narrow, 
with  crenulated  margins  (PI.  12,  fig.  42). 

Shell  bucciniform,  the  aperture  angular,  shortly  subcanalicu- 
lated  below;  lip  thickened,  sinuous,  entire;  columella  thickened, 
polished,  subtruncate  below. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 

The  Strombidse  abound  in  fossil  forms,  some  of  them  of  very 
bizarre  appearance  ;  as  these  are  all  described  and  illustrated  in 
the  u  Structural  and  Systematic  Conchology,"  they  will  be 
simply  named  here,  with  references  to  that  work. 

Subfamily  StromlnntK. 
Genus  STROMBUS,  Linn..  1758. 

Shell  ovate,  turretecl  or  subfusiform,  often  tuberculated  or 
spinose,  imperforate,  covered  by  a  thin,  horny  epidermis,  solid  ; 
aperture  long,  narrow,  emarginate  or  with  a  short  canal  in  front, 
canaliculated  or  channeled  posteriorly;  outer  lip  usually  dilated, 
thickened,  often  lobed,  with  a  sinus  near  the  front ;  columellar 
lip  simple,  callous.  Operculum  narrowly  unguiculate,  the  margins 
denticulated,  or  rugose.  In  the  young,  the  lip  of  the  shell  is 
not  expanded,  so  that  it  appears  something  like  a  Conus. 

Section  I.  STROMBUS  (sensu  stricto}.  Lip  with  entire  margin, 
widely  expanded,  not  prolonged  upon  the  spire  behind  ;  inner 
lip  not  restricted  or  defined.  S.  gigas,  Linn. 

Section  II.  EUPROTOMUS,  Gill,  em.,  1869.  Lip  widely  expanded, 
ascending  the  spire,  the  outer  margin  folded  in  and  thickened, 
the  posterior  margin  subdigitate  or  plain.  8.  lacimatus,  Chemn. 


STROMBIDJE.  101 

Section  III.  MONODACTYLUS,  Klein,  1753.  Lip  with  a  pos- 
terior, narrow,  much  produced  lobe.  S.  Pacificus,  Swainson. 

Section  IV.  GALLINULA,  Klein,  1753.  Lip  somewhat  dilated, 
not  digitate,  frequently- descending  the  spire  behind ;  inner  lip 
restricted,  defined.  S.  succinctus,  Linn. 

Section  V.  CANARIUM,  Schum.,  1817.  -Lip  not  dilated,  pos- 
terior canal  short  or  obsolete.  S.  urceus,  Linn. 

Section  VI.  CONOMUREX,  Bayle,  1884.  .Shell  cone-shaped, 
with  short  spire,  aperture  narrow,  with  subparallel  lips,  the 
outer  lip  not  dilated.  S.  Luhuanns,  Linn. 

Section  VII.  ONCOMA.  Mayer,  187(5.  Fossil,  Eocene  of  Europe. 
S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii,  190. 

Subgenus  PUGNELLUS,  Conrac^  1860. 

Fossil  only,  Cretaceous  U.  S.  S.  and  S.  Conchology,  ii,  190,  t. 
60,  f.  71,  72. 

Section  GYMNARUS,  Gabb,  1868.  Fossil.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii, 
190,  t.  60,  f.  73. 

Subgenus  PEREIR^EA,  Crosse,  1867. 

Fossil  only.  Miocene  of  Spain  and  Portugal.  S.  and  S. 
Conch.,  ii.  1&4,  t.  60,  f.  87. 

Genus  PTEROCERA,  Lamarck,  1799. 

Outer  edge  of  the  mantle  digitated.  Operculum  as  in  Strom- 
bus.  Shell  ovate,  spire  turriculated,  aperture  narrow,  elongated, 
outer  lip  much  expanded,  tubularl}-  digitate,  with  a  sinus  near  the 
base,  a  long,  straight  or  curved  anterior  canal,  and  a  posterior 
canal  ascending  and  sometimes  surpassing  the  spire. 

The  young  shell,  like  Strombus,  is  coniform,  with  the  outer  lip 
straight  and  simple;  the  claws  or  digitations  being  gradually 
formed  with  the  growth  of  the  shell.  At  first  they  are  short, 
open  canals,  and  afterwards  close  and  become  solid. 

Section  I.  PTEROCERA  (sensu  stric.to}.  Anterior  canal  straight 
or  curved  to  the  right,  posterior  canal  ascending  the  spire. 

Subsection  I.  (Heptadactylus,  Klein).     Lips  smooth,  digi- 
tations not  numerous.     P.  lambis,  Linn. 

Subsection  II.  (MiHipes,  Klein).     Lips  rugose  or  corru- 
gated, digitations  more  numerous.     P.  scorpio,  Linn. 


102  STROMBID^. 

Section  II.  HARPAGO,  Klein,  1753:  Anterior  and  posterior 
canals  both  curved  to  the  left,  the  latter  at  first  crossing  the  shell 
transversely.  P.  rugosa,  Sowb. 

Subgenus  PHYLLOCHEILUS,  Gabb,  1868. 

(Melaptera,  Piette,  1876).  Fossil  only.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii, 
191,  t.  60,  f.  74. 

Subgenus  HARPAGODES,  Gill,  1869. 
Jurassic  and  Cretaceous.     S.  and  S.  Conch. ,ii,  195,  t.  60,  f.  93. 

Genus  ROSTELLARIA,  Lamarck,  1799. 

Animal  similar  to  Strombus.  Operculum  not  serrated  on  the 
edge.  Shell  fusifonn  with  elevated  spire,  whorls  numerous, 
smooth,  or  slightly  ribbed;  aperture  continued  into  a  narrow, 
usually  long,  straight  or  slightly  curved  anterior  canal,  and  a 
shorter  posterior  canal  ascending  the  spire,  outer  lip  thickened, 
not  much  expanded,  shortly  digitated  in  the  typical  group.  The 
(restricted)  Rostellarias  belong  to  the  present  epoch  or  extend 
at  most  only  into  the  more  recent  tertiaries ;  but  a  number  of 
fossil  groups  are  usually  considered  as  belonging  to  the  genus. 
J?.  curia,  Sowb. 

?  Section  MITR^EFUSUS,  Bcllardi,  1871.  Miocene.  Structural 
and  Syst.  Conch.,  ii,  128,  t.  47,  f.  80.  This  has  been  considered 
a  member  of  the  family  Fusidae,  but  Dr.  Fischer  calls  attention 
to  its  close  resemblance  to  a  young  Rostellaria. 

Subgenus  RIMELLA,  Agassiz,  1840. 

Shell  cancellated,  anterior  canal  short,  posterior  canal  rather 
long,  applied  to  the  spire  ;  lip  but  little  dilated,  usually  rugose, 
and  having  an  exterior  rib,  not  digitated.  R.  crispata,  Sowb. 

The  few  recent  species  belong  to  the  Philippine  Island  fauna ; 
there  are  also  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  species. 

?  Section  ISOPLEURA,  Meek,  1864.  A  cretaceous  group,  having 
no  posterior  canal,  and  perhaps  not  belonging  to  this  family.  S. 
and  S.  Conchology,  ii,  192,  t.  60,  f.  76. 

?  Section  STROMBOLARTA,  Gregorio,  1880.  An  eocene  fossil 
which  seems  to  possess  the  essential  characters  of  Isopleura ;  it 


STROMBID^E.  103 

is  ribbed  longitudinally,  occasionally  varicose,  and  without  pos- 
terior canal.     R.  crucis,  Bayan. 

Section  CYCLOMOLOPS,  Gabb,  1868.  Eocene.  S.  and  S.  Conch., 
ii,  192,  t.  60,  f.  77. 

Subgenns  HIPPOCHRENES,  Montfort,  1810. 

Eocene  of  Europe  and  America.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii,  191,  t. 
60,  f.  75. 

Section  ORTHAULAX,  Gabb,  1873.  Tertiary.  S.  and  S.  Conch., 
ii,  192. 

Section  LEIORHINUS,  Gabb,  1860.  Eocene,  Ala.  S.  and  S. 
Conch.,  ii,  191,  t.  60,  f.  92. 

Section  CALYPTROPHORUS,  Conrad,  1857.  Eocene,  U.S.;  Cre- 
taceous, India.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii,  192,  t.  60,  f.  78. 

Snbgenus  PTERODONTA,  d'Orbigny,  1851. 
Cretaceous.     S.  and  S.  Conchology,  ii,  190,  t.  88,  f.  56. 

Genus  TEREBELLUM,  Klein,  1753. 

Anterior  part  of  foot  very  small,  posterior  part  oval,  com- 
pressed ;  eyes  on  the  ends  of  peduncles;  no  tentacles;  siphon 
rudimentary;  mantle  with  a  posterior  filiform  appendage,  laying 
in  the  sutural  canal.  Operculum  small,  narrow,  digitated. 

Shell  elongate,  subc}'lindrical,  spire  rather  short,  apex  obtuse  ; 
aperture  narrow,  broadly  notched  in  front ;  lip  simple,  columella 
truncated. 

Section  I.  TEREBELLUM  (sensu  stricto}.  Shell  smooth,  spire 
rather  short,  with  channeled  suture.  T.  xubulatum,  Linn. 

Section  II.  TEREBELLOPSIS,  Leymerie,  1844.  Nummulitic.  S. 
and  S.  Conch.,  ii,  193,  t.  60,  f.  81. 

Section  III.  SERAPHS,  Montfort,  1810.  Spire  concealed  under 
a  callous  covering.  Eocene.  T.  convohitum,  Lam. 

Section  IV.  MAURYNA,  Gregorio,  1880.  Surface  longitudinally 
folded.  Nummulitic.  T.  plicatum,  d'Arch. 

Subfamily  Aporrhainae. 
Genus  APORRHAIS,  Dillwyn,  1823. 

Shell  fusiform,  spire  turreted,  with  a  short  canal  in  front,  and 
a  posterior  canal  running  up  the  spire ;  outer  lip  of  adult  expanded. 


104  STROMBID^E. 

thickened,  and  2-3  digitated,  the  digitations  continued  as  carinse 
on  the  back  of  the  shell.  A.  pcs-pelecani ,  Lam.  4  recent  species, 
N.  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  fossil,  Jurassic — . 

Section  I.  APORRHAIS  (sensu  stricto).  Lip  bi-  or  tri-digitate, 
posterior  digitation  canaliform,  running  up  the  spire,  the  ex- 
tremity free. 

Section  II.  ARRHOGES,  Gabb,  1868.  Shell  with  expanded, 
simple  lip,  with  a  posterior,  obtuse,  lobe-l;ke  extension,  the 
anterior  sinus  nearly  obsolete  ;  anterior  canal  short  and  obtuse  ; 
posterior  canal  very  short.  A.  accident  alis,  Beck. 

Section  III.  GONIOCHILA,  Gabb,  1868  (Alipes,  Conrad,  1865, 
without  description).  Eocene.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii,  193,  t.  60, 
f.  82. 

Section  IV.  CERATOSIPHON,  Gill,  1870.  Cretaceous.  S.  and 
S.  Conch.,  ii,  196,  t.  60,  f.  94. 

Section  V.  CYPHOSOLENUS,  Piette.  1876.  Jurassic.  L.  c.,  ii, 
193. 

Section  VI.  TESSAROLAX,  Gabb,  1864.  Cretaceous.  L.  c.,  ii, 
195,  t.  60,  f.  89. 

Section  VII.  PTEROCERELLA,  Meek.  Cretaceous.  L.c.,ii,  195, 
t.  60,  f.  90. 

Section  VIII.  LISPODESTHES,  White,  1875.  Cretaceous.  L.  c., 
ii,  194,  t.  60,  f.  86. 

Section  IX.  HELICAULAX,  Gabb,  1868.  Cretaceous.  L.  c.,  ii, 
194,,t,  60,  f.  85. 

Section  X.  DIMORPHOSOMA,  Gardner,  1875.  Cretaceous.  L.  c., 
ii,  194. 

Section  XI.  MONOCYPHUS,  Piette,  1876.  Lip  palmated,  widely 
separated  from  the  spire  and  canal,  with  an  anterior  sinus ; 
anterior  canal  short.  Jurassic.  A.  camellus,  Piette.  (Brachy- 
stoma,  Gardner,  1876,  appears  to  be  founded  on  an  imperfect 
Aporrhais,  having  a  very  long  spire.  B.  angulare,  Seeley.  Gault). 

Genus  DIARTEMA,  Piette,  1864. 

Shell  Ranelliform,  with  continuous  varices  on  each  side  of  the 
spire ;  lip  thick,  dilated  with  a  simple  or  slightly  undulating 
margin,  and  a  slight  anterior  sinus  ;  anterior  canal  short,  straight, 
posterior  canal  small.  Jurassic. 


STROMBID^:.  105 

Section  CYPHOTIFER,  Piette,  1876.  Jurassic.  S.  and  S.  Conch., 
ii,  195. 

Genus  ALARJ^\.,  Morris  and  Lycett,  1850. 

Jurassic.     S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii,  105,  t.  CO,  f.  91. 

Section  I.  ALARIA  (sensu  stricto).     Varicose. 

Section  II.  DICROLOMA,  Gabb,  168.  No  varices,  lip  two-  or 
three-digitate.  Jurassic,  Cretaceous.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii.  194, 
t.  60,  f.  88. 

Section  III.  ANCHURA,  Conrad,  1860.     L.  c.,  ii,  194,  t.  60,  f.  84. 

Subgenus  DIEMPTERUS,  Piette,  1876. 
Jurassic.     Structural  and  Syst.  Conchology,  ii,  195. 

Subgenus  SPINIGERA,  d'Orb.,  1850. 
Jurassic.     Structural  and  Syst.  Conch.,  ii.  192,  t.  60,  f.  79,  80. 

Subfamily  Struthiolariinse. 
Genus  STRUTHIOLARIA,  Lam.,  1812. 

Animal  with  the  outer  mantle-margin  simple,  tentacles  cylin- 
drical ;  eye  pedicels  short,  adnate  with  the  tentacles  externally  ; 
foot  broad  and  short.  Operculum  short,  claw-shaped,  with  an 
apical  projection. 

Shell  imperforate,  oval  oblong  ;  spire  turreted  ;  aperture  trun- 
cated in  front;  lip  entire,  thickened,  sinuous,  prominent  in  the 
middle,  inner  lip  callous,  expanded.  Southern  Seas.  S.  nodulosa, 
Mart. 

Section  I.  STRUTHIOLARIA  (sensu  stricto). 

Section  II.  PELICARIA,  Gray,  1857.  Spire  of  adult  covered 
with  enamel ;  outer  lip  sinuous,  thin.  S.  scutulata,  Mart. 

Section  III.  LOXOTREMA,  Gabb,  1878.  S.  and  S.  Conch.,  ii, 
196,  t.  60,  f.  95. 

?  Section  IV.  DOLOPHANES,  Gabb,  1872.     L.  c.,  ii,  196. 


106  STROMBUS. 

Subfamily  Strombin  as. 

Genus  STROMBUS,  Linn.,  1758. 

The  Strombs  are  powerful,  active  mollusks,  having  extraor- 
dinary visual  powers  for  gastropods,  the  eyes  being  large,  with 
the  iris  usually  colored  in  concentric  zones.  Their  foot  is  not 
adapted  for  ordinary  locomotion,  but  enables  the  animal  to 
progress  in  a  series  of  awkward  leaps,  and  even  to  right  itself 
by  a  somersault  if  placed  on  its  back.  The  strong  teeth  and 
thick  quadrangular  corneous  jaws  indicate  carnivorous  habits, 
yet  the  animal  is  supposed  to  feed  only  on  dead  flesh. 

Upon  the  eyes  of  Strombus,  see  an  excellent  paper  by  Dr. 
Paul  Fischer,  Jour,  de  Conch.,  213,  1861. 

They  usually  inhabit  shallow  waters,  and  occur  plentifully. 
The  distribution  is  tropical,  and  rather  restricted  for  some  of 
the  species,  whilst  others  have  a  very  extensive  range — as 
might  be  expected  for  the  whole  group  considering  that  the 
larva  is  a  free  swimming  animal  provided  with  six  ciliated  arms 
(Macdonald,  Linn.  Trans.,  xxiii,  72). 

Strombus  has  existed  since  cretaceous  times,  and  is  repre- 
sented as  late  as  the  quarternary  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
although  not  now  living  in  that  sea.  The  fossil  forms  belonging 
to  the  family  far  exceed  in  number  those  now  existing,  besides 
showing  a  variability  contrasting  with  the  fixed  and  readily  dis- 
tinguished characters  of  most  of  the  recent  species. 

Strombus  gigas,  the  largest  species  is  still  eaten  at  the  island 
of  Barbadoes,  and  numerous  ancient  weapons  and  implements 
made  from  its  shell  have  been  dug  up  on  that  island  and  else- 
where. It  is  a  common  mantel,  hearth  and  garden  ornament  in 
the  coast  portions  of  the  United  States.  In  England  it  is 
extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  finer  kinds  of  porce- 
lain ;  300,000  have  been  imported  into  Liverpool  in  one  year, 
chiefly  for  this  purpose.  It  sometimes  produces  a  beautiful 
pink  pearl ;  but  in  jewelry  it  is  principally  used  for  carving  into 
cameos  for  brooches,  a  purpose  for  which  it  is  well  fitted  by  the 
different  colored  layers  of  which  its  shell  is  composed. 

"  The  perfect  development  of  the  large,  fine,  pedunculated 
eyes  of  Strombus,  together  with  its  very  elongated,  powerful, 
muscular  foot  and  body,  and  claw-shaped,  stout,  jagged,  horny 


RTROMBUS.  107 

operculum,  constitute  it  one  of  the  most  active  and  intelligent 
of  mollusks.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  most  sprightly  and  energetic 
animal,  and  often  served  to  amuse  me  by  its  extraordinary 
leaps  and  endeavors  to  escape,  planting  firmly  its  powerful 
narrow  operculum  against  any  resisting  substance,  insinuating 
it  under  the  edge  of  its  shell,  and  by  a  vigorous  effort,  throwing 
itself  forwards,  carrying  its  great  heavy  shell  with  it,  and 
rolling  along  in  a  series  of  jumps,  in  a  most  singular  and 
grotesque  manner  "  (Arthur  Adams,  Narrative  Voij.  Samarang, 
11,493). 

The  classification  herein  adopted  for  the  subfamily  differs  but 
little  from  that  of  Messrs.  Adams'  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca. 
The  fossil  groups  have  been  carefully  studied  b}^  the  late  Wm. 
M.  Gabb,  in  his  "Attempt  at  a  Revision  of  the  families  Strom- 
bidse  and  Aporrhaidae,''  published  in  the  American  Journal 
of  Conchology,  1868. 

The  monographs  of  the  recent  species  of  Strombus  include 
the  magnificent  folio,  "  Illustrations  Conchyliologiques "  of 
Chenu,  Reeve's  "  Iconica,"  Kiener's  "  Coquilles  Vivantes," 
Sowerby's  "Thesaurus,"  and  Kiister's  "  Conchylien  Cabinet." 
Reeve's  monograph,  the  most  recent  of  these,  was  published  in 
1851,  and  contains  56  species.  That  the  thirty-three  years 
since  that  period,  usually  so  prolific  in  conchological  discovery, 
have  failed  to  add  materially  to  the  number  of  species,  is  a 
significant  fact,  taken  in  connection  with  the  ancient  history  of 
the  family. 

Section  I.  STROMBUS  (srnsu  stricto). 

S.  GIGAS,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  2-4. 

Epidermis  light  yellowish  brown,  beneath  which  the  color  is 
fawn-white,  interior  polished,  rose-color.     Length,  9-12  inches. 
West  Indies,  Florida,  N.  South  America. 

Chisels  and  other  implements  manufactured  of  this  shell  are 
found  in  the  Florida  shell-mounds.  It  lives  in  2-3  fathoms 
water,  on  sand  ;  eats  Sphaerococcus  confer  voides,  Agard.  The 
young  shell  (fig.  4)  is  S.  lucifer,  Linn. 

S.  GOLIATH,  Chemn.     PI.  1,  fig.  5. 

Whorls  spirally  grooved  in  double  rows,  plicate^  tubercled 


108  STROMBUS. 

round    the    upper    part,   tubercles    rounded,   obtuse ;    orange- 
brown,  aperture  similar  in  color,  becoming  deeper  within. 

Length,  8-10  inches. 

West  Indies. 

A  rare  shell,  closely  related  to,  perhaps  a  variety  of  S.  gigas. 

S.  GALEATUS,  Swainson.     PL  1,  fig.  6. 

Yellowish  white,  under  an  olive-brown  epidermis ;  aperture 
whitish,  the  lip  and  columella  tinged  with  orange-brown. 

Length,  8-10  inches. 

Panama  to  Mazatlan,  Acapulco. 

It  is  S.  galea,  Wood,  and  S.  crenatus,  Sowb. 

S.  COSTATUS,  Gmelin.     PI.  1,  figs.  7,  8. 

Indistinctly  banded  and  marbled  with  chestnut  and  white 
under  a  yellowish-brown  epidermis ;  aperture  whitish,  tinged 
with  light  orange  or  pink.  Length,  5-6  inches. 

West  Indies. 

Better  known  under  the  subsequently  published  name  of  S. 
accipritrinuSj  Lam.  S.  inermis,  Swains,  (fig.  8),  is  merely  a 
state  of  the  species  with  less-developed  spines.  S.  latus,  Ginel. 
(—dilatatus,  Lam.,  not  Swains.)  is  probably  the  same  form. 

S.  BUBONTUS,  Lam.     PI.  2,  fig.  11. 

Spire  with  coarse  impressed  spiral  striae,  shortly  tuberculate 
at  the  sutures ;  body-whorl  with  a  shoulder-row  of  short  spines 
or  tubercles,  with  usually  two  somewhat  obsolete  inferior  rows 
of  knobs,  and  coarse  revolving  riblets ;  orange-brown  or  pink- 
brown,  marbled  with  white,  under  a  brown  epidermis,  aperture 
white,  tinged  with  light  brown  on  the  lips  and  columella. 

Length,  4  inches. 

Senegal  and  Cape  Verd  Island*. 

It  is  S.  fasciatus,  Gmelin,  not  Born,  /S.  coronatus,  Defrance. 
It  is  a  fossil  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

S.  INTEGER,  Swainson.     PI.  2,  fig.  12. 

Shell  ventricose,  solid,  white;  spire  elongated,  conical ;  last 
whorl  nodulose  behind ;  lip  thick,  rounded,  white. 

The  above  is  the  original  description,  and  reference  is  made  to 
Lister,  pi.  856.  This  represents  an  immature  shell,  rather  diffi- 
cult to  identify,  and  which  all  the  monographers  have  agreed  to 


STROMBUS.  109 

consider  a  doubtful  species.  Prof.  Morch,  however,  considers  it 
a  good  species  and  says  :  "  In  1869  I  obtained  from  Mr.  Lan- 
dauer  at  Frankfurt,  a  specimen  from  a  French  collection  marked 
'  &.  inermis,  Florides,'  exactly  corresponding  to  Lister's  figure. 
It  is  the  only  one  I  recollect  to  have  seen."  Mai.  Blatt., 
xxiv,  17 
S.  PUGILIS,  Linn.  PI.  2,  figs.  13-15  ;  PL  1,  figs.  9,  10. 

Spire  and  lower  part  of  body-whorl  spirally  striate,  the  spire- 
whorls  and  shoulder  of  body-whorl  sharply  spinose ;  deep 
orange-brown,  covered  by  a  thin  epidermis,  with  an  indistinct 
median  lighter  band  ;  aperture  and  wide  columellar  callus 
orange  or  carnelian-red,  or  sometimes  purple  towards  the  base 
of  the  lip.  Length,  8  inches. 

So.  Carolina — West  Indies,  Brazil. 

There  are  varieties  with  the  spines  horizontally  (fig.  14)  and 
vertically  (fig.  15)  compressed. 

Var.  ALATCS,  Gmelin.     Figs.  9,  10. 

Spire  nodulous,  not  spinose,  body-whorl  also  without  spines, 
the  shoulder  indistinctly  nodulous  or  smooth  ;  color  yellowish 
white  and  dark  chestnut,  marbled  or  disposed  in  zigzags,  some- 
times light-banded  in  the  middle ;  epidermis  thin,  aperture  and 
columella  deep  orange  to  ear  u  el  i  an,  more  or  less  tinged  with 
dark  purple. 

The  above  describes  a  typical  example  of  this  variety,  and  its 
characters  are  usually  sufficiently  permanent  for  its  distinction, 
even  as  a  species ;  but  intermediates  between  it  and  S.  pugilin 
so  completely  connect  the  two,  that  those  who  have  had  the  best 
opportunities  for  studying  them,  consider  them  synonymous. 
S.  pyrulatus,  Lam.  (fig.  10),  is  identical  with  S.  alatus.  S.  dubius, 
Sowb.  (fig.  16)  is  a  young  shell. 

S.  GRACILIOR,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  fig.  17. 

Pale  yellowish  or  orange,  with  a  thin  epidermis,  sometimes 
faintly  white-banded  in  the  middle;  aperture  whitish,  or  pink- 
white,  the  lip  often  margined  with  orange.  Length,  3  inches. 

Panama  to  Mozatlan  ;  La  Paz^  L.  California. 

Lighter  in  color,  thinner,  smoother  ( scarcely  striate  on  the 
spire),  with  closer,  smaller,  shorter  spines  than  S.  pugilis;  yet 
evidently  derived  from  the  same  parent  stock. 


110  STROMBUS. 

S.  CANARIUM,  Linn.     PI.  2,  figs.  18-20  ;  PI.  3,  fig.  21. 

Densely  longitudinally  marked  with  zigzag  alternate  white 
and  chestnut  lines  ;  aperture  white.  Length,  2-2*5  inches. 

Red  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  Philippines. 

It  is  S.  VanicorensiSi  Quoy. 

Var.  ISABELLA,  Lam.     Figs.  20,  21. 

Yellowish  or  orange-brown,  not  lineated  ;  sometimes  obscurely 
doubly  broad-banded  with  light  chocolate. 

The  banded  state  is  S.  tseniata,  Quoy  (fig.  21).  Occasionally 
a  specimen  occurs  combining  the  coloring  of  type  and  variety. 

S.  GRANULATUS,  Gray.     PI.  3,  fig.  22. 

Spire-whorls  each  with  a  single,  body-whorl  with  three  rows 
of  nodules ;  white,  with  interrupted  zigzag  markings  and  macu- 
la tions  of  chestnut,  aperture  white,  the  outer  lip  granulated 
within  the  margin,  inner  lip  yellowish  brown.  Length,  3'5  inches. 

Panama  to  Mazatlan  ;   Galapagos  Is. 

Section  II.  EUPROTOMUS,  Gill. 
S.  LENTIGINOSUS,  Linn.     PI.  3,  figs.  23,  24. 

White,  maculated  and  coarsely  reticulated  with  chocolate, 
chestnut  or  grayish  brown,  often  with  several  indistinct  bands 
of  spots ;  aperture  yellowish  white,  often  blush-red  or  orange- 
brown  farther  within,  outer  lip  smooth,  much  thickened  on 
the  edge  and  crossed  by  broad  yellowish  brown  or  chestnut 
bands.  Length.,  3-4  inches. 

Philippines,  New  Caledonia  to  Viti  Islands;  Zanzibar. 

Not  the  most  characteristic  species  of  the  section,  but  I 
commence  with  it  because  of  its  relationship  in  form  with 
S.  granulatus — which  I  have  placed  at  the  end  of  Section  I. 

S.  PAPILIO  (Chemn.),  Dillwyn.     PL  3,  fig.  25. 

Shell  noduled  throughout  in  revolving  rows,  and  coarsely 
spirally  striate  and  granose,  strongly  tuberculated  on  the 
shoulder  and  spire  ;  whitish,  blotched  and  lineated  with  chest- 
nut; columella  carnelian-tinted;  aperture  purplish  or  nearly 
black  with  revolving,  irregular,  close  narrow  threads ;  outer  lip 
thick-margined,  with  chestnut  broad  cross-bands. 

Length,  2-3  inches.  Philippines ;  Zanzibar. 

It  is  S.  exustus,  Swainson,  and  S.  adustus.  Swainson,  of  Reeve. 


8TROMBU8.  1  1 1 

S.  LACINIATUS  (Chemn.),  Dillwyn.     PI.  3,  fig.  26. 

Whitish,  marbled  in  a  zigzag  manner  with  chestnut,  indis- 
tinctly ligl it-banded  beneath  the  markings  ;  margin  of  outer  lip 
thickened,  crossed  by  broad  chestnut  bands;  aperture  yellowish 
or  orange-white,  becoming  rich  dark  crimson  within. 

Length,  4  inches. 

Moluccas,  Philippines,  New  Caledonia  to  Viti  Islands. 

S.  cristatus,  Lam.,  is  a  synonym. 

S.  LATISSIMUS,  Linn.     PI.  3,  fig.  27. 

Orange-brown,  irregularty  longitudinally  strigate  with  chest- 
nut, with  white  maculations,  forming  several  revolving  bands ; 
aperture  flesh-white ;  outer  lip  broadly  inflected  with  orange- 
brown  bands  crossing  the  margin.  Length,  6-8  inches. 

Amboina,  Japan,  Philippines,  Viti  Is. 

S.  alata,  Schum.,  is  a  synonym. 

S.  PONDEROSUS,  Phil.     PI.  3,  fig.  28. 

Obsoletely  spirally  ribbed  and  striate,  nearty  smooth,  spire 
nodulous  ;  whitish,  variously  longitudinally  shaded,  striped  and 
spotted  with  chestnut,  and  tinted  with  light  violaceous,  espe- 
cially on  the  callous  expansion  of  the  inner  lip;  aperture  and 
eolumc'lla  pale  carnelian,  inflected  margin  of  outer  lip  broadly 
chestnut-banded.  Length,  5-6  inches. 

New  Caledonia  (Brazier);  Society  Islands  (Schmeltz). 

S.  Ther sites,  Gray,  is  a  synonym. 

S.  TAURUS,  Reeve.     PI.  4,  fig.  34. 

Yellowish  white,  maculated  and  strigated  in  a  zigzag  manner 
with  yellowish  chestnut,  expansion  of  columellar  lip  bright 
orange-brown,  interior  of  aperture  purple-tinted,  margin  of 
outer  lip  with  light  chestnut  square  spots.  Length,  3*5  inches. 

Admiralty  Islands. 

"  This  remarkable  shell,"  says  Reeve,  "  is  curiously  inter- 
mediate in  its  generic  characters  between  Strombus  and  Ptero- 
cera.  In  detail  of  pattern  and  sculpture  it  resembles  S.  laciniatus, 
but  there  is  a  large  central  oblique  tubercle  on  the  back,  and  the 
lip  is  thickened  into  two  very  large  or-tuse  oblong  tubercles,  the 
npper  part  being  produced  into  two  decided  Pterocera  claws. 


112  STROMBUS. 

one  of  which  is  prolonged  in  a  curved  manner  to  the  extent  of 
an  inch  and  a  half.  ,  The  specimen  has  rather  the  appearance  of 
being  malformed  ;  but  notwithstanding  this  seeming  irregularity 
of  growth,  there  is  no  doubt  whatever  of  its  being  specifically 
distinct  from  any  hitherto 


Section  III.  MONODACTYLUS,  Klein.  M»AA*JM~VW«*« 

Laxu^k  /&*> 
S.  PERUVIANUS,  Swainson.     PL  3,  fig.  29. 

Whorls  spirally  ribbed,  obtusely  angled  and  tuberculated  on 
the  shoulder,  middle  tubercle  on  the  back  very  prominent  ; 
yellowish  chestnut,  sometimes  a  little  tessellated,  aperture  and 
columella  yellowish  or  orange-brown,  deepening  in  the  interior 
to  a  deep  orange-red.  Length,  5-7  inches. 

Peru  to  W.  Columbia,. 

In  old  specimens  the  interior  of  the  outer  lip  is  often  radiately 
ridged. 

S.  TRICORNIS,  Lam.     PI.  3,  figs.  30,  31. 

Nearly  smooth,  very  obsoletely  spirally  ribbed,  the  shoulder  and 
spire  tuberculated,  dorsal  tubercle  of  body-whorl  long,  laterally 
compressed,  very  prominent,  two  other  dorsal  tubercles  also 
somewhat  enlarged  ;  whitish  closely  irregularly  lineated  with 
orange-chestnut;  aperture  blush-white  or  rosy. 

Length,  4'5  inches. 

Red  Sea,  Isle  of  Bourbon,  Seychelles,  Philippines. 

Is  a  smaller,  lighter  species  than  the  preceding,  with  the  lip 
more  narrowty  produced  into  a  lobe  behind,  interior  always 
smooth,  spire  longer,  aperture  light  violaceous  instead  of  orange- 
red.  It  is  not  West  Indian,  as  supposed  by  Sowerby.  It  is  S. 
orientalis,  Johnston,  and  S.  pertinax,  Duclos. 

S.  BITUBERCULATUS,  Lam.     PL  4,  figs.  32,  33. 

Grayish  white,  marbled  and  banded  with  chestnut  or  chocolate, 
aperture  yellowish  white,  deepening  to  rose-color. 

Length,  3  inches. 

West  Indies;  N.  South  America. 

It  is  S.  lobatus,  Swainson,  S.  quadratics,  Perry,,  S.  raninus, 
Gmelin.  The  lattei;  name  has  priori  t}',  of  course,  but  I  prefer 
to  retain  the  name  under  which  the  species  has  become  so  well- 
known. 


8TROMBUS.  113 

S.  GALLUS,  Linn.     PI.  4,  figs.  35,  36. 

Yellowish  white,  clouded  and  maculated  with  chestnut ;  aper- 
ture whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange-brown. 

Length.  4-6  inches. 

West  Indies. 

Reeve  and  some  earlier  authors  have  given  the  Red  Sea  as 
locality  for  this  species,  which  is  an  error;  probably  originally 
caused  by  confounding  it  with  S.  tricornis. 

S.  AURIS-DJAN.E,  Linn.     PL  4,  figs.  37,  38. 

Shell  varying  from  nearly  smooth  to  roughly  nodulous,  the 
nodules  developed  here  and  there  upon  revolving  rounded  ribs, 
spire-whorls  and  upper  part  of  body-whorl  angulated  and  nodose 
on  the  angle,  callus  of  the  inner  lip  far-spreading,  sometimes 
mounting  the  spire  to  near  its  apex,  interior  of  outer  lip  with 
posterior  radiating  ridges ;  orange-brown  or  light  chestnut, 
speckled  and  marbled  with  white,  polished ;  lip  and  columella 
callus  whitish,  more  or  less  tinged  and  deepening  within  the  aper- 
ture to  bright  carnelian.  Length,  3  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Mauritius,  Philippines  to  Society  Islands. 

The  synonyms  include  S.  Lamarckii,  Gray;  S.  guttatus, 
Martini ;  S.  striatogranosus,  Morch.  Attempts  have  been  made 
to  separate  the  smoother  form  as  S.  guttatus,  Mart.,  but  any  con- 
siderable collection  embracing  specimens  from  several  localities 
will  demonstrate  its  identity  with  the  more  nodose  forms. 

Var.  MELANOSTOMUS,  Swainson.     Fig.  38. 

Shell  tinged  with  black  or  burnt  chocolate  color,  on  the  margin 
of  the  lip.  and  its  posterior  lobe,  and  on  the  posterior  part  (or 
sometimes  covering  the  whole)  of  the  columellar  callus. 

S.  PACIFICUS,  Swainson.     PI.  4,  figs.  39,  40. 

Shell  with  revolving  rounded  ribs  and  nodules,  and  angulated 
whorls,  nodulous  on  the  angle,  as  in  the  preceding  species — 
which  it  also  resembles  in  exterior  coloration,  but  the  spire  is 
longer,  more  convex,  and  the  body-whorl  narrower.  The  aper- 
ture differs  in  the  lip  being  radiately  ridged  throughout  instead 
of  at  the  posterior  end  only  ;  in  the  typical  form  the  interior  and 
8 


114  STROMBUS. 

columella-callus  are  yellowish,  or  ochre-brown,  darker  between 
the  radiating  ridges,  tinged  on  the  callus  with  dark  chocolate. 
Length,  3  inches. 

Japan,  Australia,  Society  Islands. 

This  is  S.  Novse-Zelandise,  Chemn.,  S.  acutus,  Perry,  S.  aratrum, 
Morch,  S.  Chemnitzii,  Pfr. 

Yar.  AUSTRALIS,  Sowb.     Fig.  40. 

Barely  distinguishable  by  its  usually  shorter  lobe,  the  inter- 
stices of  the  lip  ridges  not  darker  colored,  and  the  margin  of 
the  lip  as  well  as  part  of  the  columellar  callus  painted_  deep 
chocolate. 

Section  IV.  GALLINULA,  Klein.'1  A/WM** 

S.  VITTATUS,  Linn.     PI.  4,  figs.  41-44. 

Body-whorl  usually  smooth,  sometimes  rudely  longitudinally 
plicate  in  continuation  of  the  ribs  of  the  spire  ;  there  is  a  smooth 
sutural  band,  more  or  less  defined  \)y  a  groove  below  it ;  whitish 
clouded  or  reticulated  with  light  yellowish  or  chestnut,  often 
with  several  revolving  bands  of  darker  reticulations ;  aperture 
white.  Length,  3-4  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  China,  Philippines. 

S.  turritus,  Lam.  (fig.  43),  is  a  slender  form,  with  the  spire 
more  drawn  out,  and  the  lip  not  so  much  expanded ;  S.  sulcatus, 
Chemn.  (fig.  44)  is  probabty  only  a  malformed  specimen  of  this 
species. 

S.  LISTERI,  Th.  Gray.     PI.  4,  fig.  45. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  species  in  the  lobe-like  posterior 
expansion  of  the  lip  and  its  large  anterior  sinus,  in  the  inner 
face  of  the  lip  being  smooth  instead  of  radiately  ridged,  in  the 
absence  of  the  sutural  band,  and  in  its  much  larger  size. 

Length,  6  inches. 

Ceylon. 

It  may  be  a  monstrosity  of  S.  vittatus,  but  until  we  have 
further  evidence  on  the  subject  it  had  better  be  regarded  as  a 
distinct  species.  It  was  known  to  Lister,  who  figured  it  (PI. 
855)  nearly  two  centuries  before  Sowerby's  publication  of  it  as 
S.  mirabilis,  in  1870.  Gray's  description  of  it  in  1852,  although 
in  a  periodical  of  wide  circulation,  appears  to  have  been  entirely 
overlooked. 


STROMBUS.  1 1  5 

XsJ^UFQR 
S.  CAMPBELLI,  Gray.     PI.  5,  fig.  46. 

Resembling  S.  vittatus  in  coloration,  but  with  shorter  spire, 
the  sutural  band  closely  plicate, instead  of  smooth  as  in  vittatus; 
body-whorl  smooth,  except  the  revolving  grooves  at  the  base. 

Length,  2-2'5  inches. 

North  and  East  Australia. 

Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  S.  vittatu*. 

S.  DILATATUS,  Swainson.     PI.  5,  fig.  47. 

Spire  finely  longitudinally  plicate,  all  the  whorls  with  close 
spiral  striae,  no  sutural  band,  interior  of  lip  radiately  ridged; 
yellowish  brown  or  light  chestnut,  with  somewhat  obscure 
whitish  maculations,  and  narrow  bands,  interstices  of  the  ribs 
on  the  inside  of  the  lip,  dark  chestnut  or  purplish. 

Length,  2-2'5  inches. 

Zanzibar,  New  Caledonia,  Japan. 

Reeve  changed  the  name  to  S.  Swainsoni,  on  account  of  S. 
dilatatus,  Lam. — but  the  latter  is  a  synonym  of  S.  bubinius, 
Linn.  The  shell  figured  by  Lischke  for  S.  Japonicus  appears  to 
me  to  =  this  species. 

S.  JAPONICUS,  Reeve.     PI.  5,  fig.  48. 

Longitudinally  finely  ribbed  towards  the  apex,  everywhere 
closely  regularly  spirally  grooved,  upper  part  of  whorls  slant- 
ingly concave,  with  the  angle  obscurely  nodose;  whitish, 
stained  and  variegated  with  chestnut,  encircled  with  narrow 
white  zones  sagittately  marked  with  chestnut;  interior  white, 
lip  radiately  ridged.  Length,  2-25  inches. 

Japan. 

Closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species,  but  is  narrower,  with 
longer  spire,  the  whorls  are  concavely  shouldered,  etc. 

S.  COLUMBA,  Lamarck.     PI.  5,  figs.  49,  50. 

Closely  spirally  grooved,  spire  longitudinally  closely  ribbed, 
whorls  concavely,  slantingly  shouldered,  the  angle  tuberculated  ; 
variegated  and  banded  with  orange-brown  and  white,  columella 
and  interior  of  outer  lip  both  closely  ridged,  and  stained  deep 
chestnut.  Length,  2  inches. 

?  Red  Sea,  Zanzibar,  Philippines,  Pelew  Is. 

Differs  from  S.  dilatatus  by  its  ridged  inner  lip,  angulated. 


116  STROMBUS. 

nodulous  whorls,  by  the  outer  lip  being  more  produced  behind, 
with  a  narrow,  deep  sinus  anteriorly.  S.  orosminus,  Duclos 
(fig.  50),  is  a  variet3^  with  uncolored  aperture. 

S.  LABIOSUS,  Gray.     PI.  5,  fig.  51. 

Spire  closely  longitudinally  ribbed,  whorls  subangulated  and 
nodose  at  the  angle,  everywhere  closely  spiral^  grooved,  lip 
strongly  winged,  and  excavated  above,  ascending  the  spire  but 
little,  radiately  ridged  within,  inner  lip  smooth ;  yellowish 
brown,  interior  white,  interstices  of  ridges  within  the  lip  often 
deep  chestnut.  Length,  2  inches. 

Australia,  Philippines. 
S.  DEFORMIS,  Gray.     PL  5,  fig.  52. 

Sculpture  same  as  in  preceding  species,  the  shell  thinner,  the 
lip  not  so  lobular  behind,  and  decidedly  ascending  the  spire; 
coloring  as  usual  in  this  group,  marbled  and  tessellated  with 
orange-brown  and  white,  with  faint,  marbled  bands. 

Length,  2-2 '5  inches. 

Eed  Sea,  Philippines,  Australia. 

Notwithstanding  the  differences  above  pointed  out,  I  have 
some  doubts  of  the  distinctness  of  this  and  the  preceding  species. 

S.  MARQINATUS,  Linn.     PL  5,  figs.  53,  54. 

Distinguished  at  once  by  its  short,  conical  spire  and  sharply 
angulated  whorls,  the  angle  closely  minutely  nodulous,  the 
whorls  everywhere  spirally  grooved,  interior  of  outer  lip 
ridged ;  marbled  with  orange-chestnut  and  white,  with  some 
narrow  white  bands  covered  by  chestnut  markings,  aperture 
white.  Length,  2  inches. 

China,  Philippines,  Formosa. 

S.  robustus,  Sowb.  (fig.  54),  is  a  synonym. 

S.  EPIDROMIS,  Linn.     PL  5.  fig.  55. 
• 

Body-whorl  smooth,  spirally  grooved  below  ;  yellowish  white, 

minutely  marbled  and  freckled  with  light  orange-brown ;  aper- 
ture smooth  within,  white.     Length,  2*5-3  inches. 

China,  Philippines,  New  Caledonia. 
S.  SUCCINCTUS,  Linn.     PL  6,  figs.  56,  57. 

Upper  part  of  spire  minutely  longitudinally  plicate,  spirally 
closely  grooved,  body-whorl  smooth,  spirally  grooved  towards 


STROMBUS.  117 

the  base,  with  a  hump  or  nodule  on  the  back,  near  the  suture; 
yellowish  white  and  orange-brown  in  longitudinal  irregular 
zigzag  lines,  with  several  narrow  white  bands  crossed  by  brown 
markings,  interior  white,  radiately  ridged  within  the  outer  lip. 
Length,  2  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Philippines. 
Tar.  SEPTIMUS,  Duclos.     Fig.  57. 

Spire  more  exserted,  showing  a  closely  nodulous  angle  on  the 
whorls,  body-whorl  less  distinctly  or  not  at  all  humped  on  the 
back,  lip  more  expanded  at  the  shoulder. 

S.  FUSIFORMIS,  Sowb.     PI.  6,  fig.  58. 

Smooth,  spirally  grooved  at  base  and  behind  the  outer  lip, 
spire  occasionally  varicose,  narrow  ty  margined  below  the  suture; 
inner  lip  callous,  narrow,  ridged  across,  interior  of  outer  lip 
radiately  ridged  ;  lip  exteriorty  thickened,  scarcely  expanded  ; 
interrupted ly  marbled  and  banded  with  orange-brown  and  white, 
aperture  white  or  tinged  with  dark  chestnut. 

Length,  1*5  inches. 

?  Red  Sea,  Australia. 
S.  VARIABILIS,  Swainson.     PL  6,  figs.  59-61. 

Spire  plicate,  the  whorls  angulated  and  nodose  on  the  angle, 
the  plicae  on  the  body-whorl  short,  body-whorl  narrowly  grooved 
at  the  base,  lip  smooth  within  ;  white,  or  yellowish  with  orange- 
chestnut  zigzag  markings,  and  four  narrow  white  bands,  also 
crossed  by  the  markings,  or  }Tellowish  white,  with  chestnut 
bands,  aperture  white,  columellar  lip  sometimes  with  a  central 
chocolate  blotch.  Length,  2  inches. 

Zanzibar,  Philippines,  Australia,  Samoa  Is.,  etc. 

S.  athenius,  Duclos  (fig.  61),  is  a  synonym. 

S.  MINIMUS,  Linn      PI.  6,  fig.  62. 

External  coloring  and  sculpture  same  as  in  the  preceding 
species,  but  usually  smaller,  the  inner  lip  narrow,  thickly  cal- 
lous, running  up  the  spire  as  far  as  the  outer  lip,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  a  narrow  channel ;  interior  white,  deepening 
within  to  golden  yellow.  Length,  T25-l;5  inches. 

Philippines,  Viii  Is. 

I  have  considerable  doubt  whether  the  distinctive  characters 
are  sufficiently  reliable  to  separate  this  from  the  preceding  species. 


118  STROMBUS. 

•S.  SIBBALDI,  Sowb.     PL  6,  figs.  63,  64. 

Whorls  angulated,  spirally  grooved,  angle  nodulous,  concave 
above  Jt,  body-whorl  swollen,  lips  of  aperture  ridged;  zigzagged 
with  orange-brown  over  a  yellowish  surface  and  lighter  bands, 
aperture  white,  the  columellar  lip  partially  stained  deep  chest- 
nut. Length,  1-5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean. 

S.  deformis,  Kiener  (in  part)  and  Duclos  (fig.  64),  to  which 
Tapparone-Canefri  has  given  the  name  of  S.  Kieneri,  is  a 
synonym. 

Section  V.  CANARIUM,  Schum.,  1817. 

S.  URCEUS,  Linn.     PI.  6,  figs.  65-67. 

Shell  smooth,  with  tuberculated  shoulder-angle,  narrowly 
spirally  grooved  at  the  base  ;  whitish  or  yellowish,  banded  and 
speckled  with  chestnut,  often  tinged  with  chocolate  at  the  base ; 
interior  of  outer  lip  (and  often  the  upper  part  of  the  callous 
narrow  inner  lip)  radiately  ridged  ;  lip,  aperture  and  columella 
deep  orange-brown,  or  chestnut,  or  more  usually  deep  chocolate 
or  black.  Length,  l*75-2'5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Philippines,  Australia. 

This  i§  S.  ustulatum,  Schum.,  S.  incisus.  Wood,  S.  anatellus, 
Duclos  (fig.  67). 

S.  DENTATUS,  Linn.     PI.  6,  figs.  68-70  ;  PI.  7,  figs.  67-72. 

Whorls  strongly  plicate,  the  plicae  usually  becoming  obsolete 
about  the  middle  of  the  body-whorl,  forming  tubercles  where 
they  cross  the  angle  of  the  shoulder  ;  closely  spirally  striate, 
but  the  striae  usually  obsolete  about  the  middle  of  the  body- 
whorl  ;  columellar  lip  narrowly  callous  and  with  the  interior  of 
the  outer  lip  radiately  ridged;  whitish  to  }^ellowish  brown, 
generally  speckled  and  banded  with  gray,  light  olive,  orange  or 
chestnut;  columellar  lip  and  interior  orange-brown  to  purple- 
chocolate.  Length,  1-5  inches. 

Red  Sea  to  Philippines, 

New  Caledonia —  Viti  Islands,  Mauritius. 

The  sculpture,  like  the  coloring  varies;  sometimes  the  body 
whorl  is  smooth  below  the  strong  shoulder-tubercles,  sometimes 
theae  are  not  so  strong,  and  continue  below  as  flexuous  plica- 


STROMBU8.  119 

tions — and  these  plications  are  distant  or  close,  varying  in 
number. 

S.  plicatus,  Lam.  (PI.  7,  fig.  70),  and  S.  olydius,  Duclos  (PI. 
6,  fig.  68),  arc  synonyms. 

The  difference  between  this  species  and  S.  urceus  is  so  slight, 
and  there  is  so  much  variation  in  the  shells,  that  it  is  very 
doubtful  whether  their  separation  can  be  maintained ;  several 
distinguished  modern  conehologists  have  united  them. 

Yar.  ERYTHRINUS,  Chemn*     Figs.  69,  71. 

Shell  smaller  and  narrower,  tUe  spire  generallj'  more  exserted  ; 
the  swollen  outer  border  of  the  aperture  is  usually  darker  than 
the  rest  of  the  exterior  surface.  Length,  1-1-5  inches. 

Red  Sea,  Australia. 

S.  elegans,  Sowb.  (fig.  71),  is  a  synonym  of  this  variety. 

Yar.  RUGOSUS,  Sowb.     Fig.  72. 

Ribs  and  spiral  sculpture  both  strong,  extending  over  the 
body-whorl,  which  is  rugose  throughout. 

Corea  to  Polynesia. 

S.  corrugatus,  Ads.  and  Reeve,  is  a  synonym. 

Yar.  PULCHELLUS,  Reeve.     Fig.  70. 

Shell  wider,  the  outer  lip  well  expanded,  particularly  behind, 
forming  a  rather  broad  shoulder ;  surface  very  rugose,  usually 
with  a  second  inferior  band  of  small  tubercles  on  the  body-whorl. 

Length,  1-1-25  inches. 

Philippines. 
L.  FLORIDUS,  Lam.     PI.  7,  figs.  73-76,  80,  83. 

Whorls  smooth  or  obsoletely  spirally  striate,  grooved  at  the 
base  of  the  bod3r-whorl ;  spire  short,  composed  of  round- 
shouldered  whorls,  obtusely  tuberculate;  body-whorl  with  usually 
only  two  or  three  compressed  tubercles  on  the  back,  at  the 
shoulder,  columella  and  interior  closely  ridged ;  white  and 
yellowish,  brown  or  chocolate  variegated  in  interrupted  bands ? 
maculations  and  spots ;  aperture  and  columellar  lip  white,  with 
the  ridges  colored  pink  or  chocolate.  Length,  1-1 '5  inches. 

Zanzibar,  Japan,  Australia  to  Vili  Islands. 

Sometimes  the  surface  color  is  almost  entirely  yellowish 
brown,  chestnut  or  chocolate. 

The  synonyms  are  S.  Jfammeus  (Link),  Morch,  S.  mutabilis, 


120  STROMBUS. 

Swainson,  S.  flosculosus,  Morch,  8.  gibberulus,  Meuschen  (not 
Linn.),  and  S.  epimellus,  Duclos  (figs.  80,  83),  the  latter  some- 
what singularly  marked  with  color. 

S.  H^MASTOMA,  Sowb.     PI.  7,  fig.  78. 

Closely  longitudinally  ribbed  throughout,  and  occasionally 
varicose,  shoulder  tuberculated,  closely  spirally  striated,  aperture 
and  columella  ridged  ;  pinkish  or  yellowish  white,  indistinctly 
maculated,  columellar  lip  and  interior  deep  orange-red  or 
chestnut.  Length,  15-18  mill. 

Mauritius. 
S.  HELLII,  Rousseau.     PI.  7,  fig.  79. 

Broadly  oval,  regularly  ribbed,  crossed  by  spiral  stride, 
columellar  lip  and  interior  closely  ridged ;  yellowish  brown, 
interior  and  columeila  purplish.  Length,  1  inch. 

Zanzibar. 

Reeve  supposed  this  to  be  a  possible  variet^y  or  monstrosity 
of  S.  hsemastoma. 

S.  SCALARIFORM1S,  Duclos.       PI.   7,  fig.  81. 

Sculptured  and  colored  like  the  preceding  species,  but  differing 
widely  in  form.  Length,  23  mill. 

China. 

I  know  nothing  about  this  or  the  preceding  species,  except 
from  the  original  descriptions  and  figures. 

S.  FASCIATUS,  Born.     PL  7,  figs.  82,  77. 

Whorls  nearly  smooth,  sharply  tuberculated  at  the  shoulder ; 
whitish,  often  delicately  freckled  with  pale  yellowish  brown, 
with  revolving  rows  of  dark  chestnut  or  chocolate  sagittate 
characters;  interior  orange-red.  Length,  l-5-2'25  inches. 

Red  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  Philippines? 

The  synonymy  includes  S.  polyfascialm,  Chemn.,  S.  Persicus, 
Swainson,  S.  xubulatus,  Herbst,  S.  flavigula.  Meuschen,  and 
S.  lineatus,  Lam.  S.  ismarius,  Duclos  (fig.  77),  appears  to  be 
a  specimen  (perhaps  old  and  worn)  in  which  the  markings  are 
indistinct. 

S.  MACULATUS,  Ntittall.  '  Pi'.' 7.  fig-  '84. 

Shell  smooth,  slightly  finely  spirally  striate  on  the  spire  and 
upper  part  of  bod3r-whorl,  the  latter  narrowly  grooved  at  the 
base  ;  white  clouded  and  maculated  with  chestnut  and  chocolate, 


STROMBU8.  1  2 1 

or  yellow  or  orange-brown,  maculated  with  darker  shades,  and 
with  a  maculated  white  band  ;  aperture  white. 

Length,  -75-1-25  inches. 

Sandwich ,  Paumoius  and  Friendly  Islands. 

"Well  characterized  by  its  form,  swollen  posteriorly  and  not 
tuberculate. 

S.  GIBBERULUS,  Linn.     PI.  8,  fig.  85. 

Shell  gibbous,  smooth,  spire  occasionally  varicose,  body-whorl 
grooved  at  the  base ;  columella  smooth,  interior  of  aperture 
radiatelv  striate ;  mottled  and  hieroglyphic-ally  marked  with 
yellowish  brown  and  white,  the  markings  often  arranged  in  a 
few  or  numerous  interrupted  revolving  bands ;  aperture  tinged 
violaceous,  scarlet,  dark  purplish  brown,  etc. 

Length,  1*5-2-5  inches. 

Zanzibar,  Natal,  Red  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  Mauritius, 

Philippines,  Neiv  Guinea,  Viti  Islands,  Paumotus,etc. 

The  synonymy  includes  S.  MauritianiA,  Issel,  and  var. 
rhodottonius,  Morch. 

S.  BULBULUS,  Sowb.     PI.  8,  fig.  86. 

Smooth,  sulcate  at  the  base ;  marbled,  freckled  and  sometimes 
interruptedly  banded  with  chestnut  and  white,  the  white  often 
tinged  with  light  violaceous,  aperture  and  columella  dark  purplish 
chocolate.  Length,  1-5-1-75  inches. 

Philippines  to  Viti  Islands. 

S.  TEREBELLATUS,  Sowb.       PI.  8,  fig.  87. 

Smooth,  obsoletely  grooved  at  the  base,  outer  lip  radiately 
ridged  within  ;  yellowish  white,  with  clouds  and  zigzag  markings 
of  orauge-brown  or  chestnut,  interior  ridges  chestnut. 

Length,  1 '5-1*75  inches. 

Philippines  to  Viti  Islands. 

S.  SAMAR  (Chemn.),  Dillw.     PI.  8,  fig.  88. 

Smooth,  polished,  plicate,  obsoletely  grooved  at  the  base, 
margin  of  lip  tridentate  anteriorly,  interior  of  aperture  radiately 
ridged ;  marbled  and  speckled  with  orange-brown  or  chestnut 
and  white,  int?rior  tinged  with  purplish  chocolate.:,  .'.'..'••  -  .  '..• 

Length,  1-75  inches. 

Philippines,  Australia,  Society  Is,,  Paumoius  Is. 

The  S3*uonymy  includes  S.  tr  id  en  tains.  Lam.,  S.  Samarensi$, 


122  STROMBUS. 

Reeve.     Some  authorities  identify  this  species  with  S.  dentatus, 
Linn.;  I  have  otherwise  interpreted  the  latter. 


S.  CATLLTAUDT,  Jay.     Manual,  vi,  PL  34,  fig.  18. 

Shell  spirally  striate,  chocolate-brown,  interior  of  aperture 
tinged  with  the  same  color.  Length,  40  mill. 

Hob.  unknown. 

Probably  a  young  Strombus,  although  described  as  A  Conus. 
I  am  not  able  to  identify  it.  I  have  figured  it  in  the  sixth  volume 
of  this  work,  as  above. 

Section  VI.  CONOMUREX,  Bayle,  1884. 
S.  MAURITIANUS,  Lam.     PI.  8,  figs.  89,  90. 

White,  with  chestnut  or  chocolate  longitudinal  interrupted 
zigzag  lines  and  spots,  arranged  in  revolving  bands,  aperture 
ridged  within,  carnelian  or  rose-red.  Length,  2-2*5  inches. 

%  Mauritius. 

S.  cylindricus,  Swainson,  and  S.  coniformis,  Sowb.  (fig.  90), 
are  synonyms ;  the  latter  retaining  obtuse  nodules  which  gener- 
ally are  only  seen  upon  young  specimens. 

S.  LUHUANUS,  Linn.     Pi.  8,  figs.  91,  92. 

Shell  often  covered  with  a  dark  epidermis,  under  which  the 
markings  are  the  same  as  in  the  preceding  species,  the  calumella 
very  dark  chocolate  or  nearty  black.  Length,  2-2-5  inches. 

Philippines,  Australia,  New  Guinea,  Viti  Is.,  etc. 

No  differences  of  form  which  have  been  pointed  out  as  distin- 
guishing this  and  the  preceding  species,  hold  good  when  an 
extensive  suite  is  examined ;  the  only  real  distinction  is  the 
narrow  black  deposit  overlaying  the  columella  in  S.  Luliuanus, 
of  which  S.  Mauritianus  never  appears  to  show  even  a  trace.  I 
figure  a  very  curious  anomalous  growth  of  this  shell  (fig.  92), 
preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  University  of  Ghent. 

S.  labrosus  and  S.  Isevilabris  of  Menke,  are  synonyms. 


Unidentified  Species  of  Strombus. 

S.  TUBERCULARIS,  S.  PUSILLUS,  S.  PERUANUS,  S.  ELATUS,    S.  CRASSI- 

LABRUM,  all  of  Anton.  No  locality. 

S.  GLABRATUS,  Sowb.  =  Nassa  obliqua,  Kiener.     Manual,  iv,  27. 
S.CANCELLATUS,  Pease.  Sandwich  Islands. 


PTEROCERA.  123 

Genus  PTEROCERA,  Lara.,  1799. 

Properly  speaking  there  is  only  a  difference  of  convenience 
between  this  species  and  Strombus ;  that  is,  no  important  struc- 
tural differences  are  involved.  Pterocera  is  a  stromb  having 
the  outer  lip  on  the  shell  prolonged  into  long  digitate  processes 
resulting  from  similar  digitatrons  of  the  mantle-margin  of  the 
animal.  Certain  of  the  strombs,  those  of  the  section  Eupro- 
tomus,  for  instance,  have  a  tendency  to  digitation,  yet  do  not 
bridge  the  gap  between  the  two  groups.  The  Pteroceri  as  thus 
defined,  consist  of  ten  species,  rather  constant  in  character, 
confined,  as  to  recent  distribution,  to  the  tropical  seas  of  the 
Indo-Pacific,  Australian  and  Polynesian  provinces,  and  not  cer- 
tainly found  in  a  fossil  state. 

The  genus  has  been  carefully  reviewed  by  Prof.  Theo.  Gill 
(Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  120),  and  I  have  followed  him  mainly  in  the 
synonymy,  and  descriptions.  As  will  be  seen  by  referring  to  p. 
101  of  this  monograph,  I  have  adopted  two  sections  for  the  genus 
Pterocera;  these  correspond  to  genera  in  Prof.  Gill's  arrange- 
ment, the  last  containing  two  species  (S.  chiragra  and  S.  rugosa), 
whilst  the  first  is  synoptically  tabulated  by  him  as  follows: 

I.  Lips  smooth  (my  Subsection  I.  Heptadactylus). 

I  a.  13ody-whorl  tuberculated  at  the  angle. 
Lip  reflected  ;  columella  with  callus'diffused,  P.  lambis. 

Lip  inflected  ;  columella  with  callus  stratified,         P.  crocata. 

I  6.  Body-whorl  unarmed  at  angle,  P.  bryonia. 

II.  Lips  rugose  (my  Subsection  II.  Millipes). 

II  a.  Intercalary  digitations  none. 

Posterior  digitation  with  a  basal  lobe,  P.  scorpio. 

Posterior  digitation  simple,  P.  pseudoscorpio. 

II  b.  Intercalary  digitations  developed. 

Posterior  digitation  simple,  P.  millepeda. 

Posterior  digitution  with  a  basal  lobe 

Labml  digitations  eight ;  labial  wrinkles  very  distinct, 

P.  ehngata. 
Labral  digitations  ten  ;  labral  wrinkles  faint,    P.  violacea. 

The  Pterocerae  have  been  monographed  also  by  Reeve,  Sowerby 
and  Kiener. 


124  PTEROCEBA. 

Section   I.    PTEROCERA   (sensu  stricto). 

Subsection  I.  Heptadactylus,  Klein. 
P.  LAMBIS,  Linn.    .PL  8,  figs.  1-3. 

Angular  fasciole  or  revolving  rib  carinatecl  on  spire,  on  the 
body-whorl  provided  with  two  enlarged,  compressed  tubercles ; 
inner  lip  with  the  callus  spreading;  outer  lip  with  the  margin 
(normally)  somewhat  reflected,  with  the  digitations  bending  out- 
ward and  rather  small,  and  with  the  antesinual  lobe  undulated  ; 
lips  and  aperture  whitish  or  yellowish  brown,  becoming  more  or 
less  sanguineous  within.  Length,  6-8  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Zanzibar,  Philippines,  New  Guinea, 

Society  Islands,  etc. 
P.  ATJRANTTIA,  Lam.     PL  9,  fig.  5. 

Angular  fasciole  carinated  on  spire,  and  on  the  last  whorl  armed 
with  two  enlarged  tubercles;  inner  lip  with  the  callus  somewhat 
restricted,  folded  near  the  aperture ;  outer  lip  with  its  margin 
somewhat  inflected,  the  digitations  successively  more  recurved, 
and  the  antesinual  lobe  tridentate ;  lips  more  or  less  orange  or 
saffron-colored.  Length,  5-6  inches. 

Philippine*,  Mauritius,  etc. 

P.crocala,  Link,  has  priority,  but  it  is  unnecessary  to  displace 
a  well-established  name  in  favor  of  a  recently  resurrected  one, 
published  very  obscurely. 

P.  BRYONIA,  Gmelin.     PL  8,  fig.  4 ;  PL  9,  fig.  8. 

Angle  coronated  or  tuberculaf  ed  on  spire,  unarmed  on  the  last 
whorl ;  inner  lip  with  diffused  callus, outer  lip  with  erect  margin, 
with  six  moderate  digitations,  and  with  the  antesinual  lobe  little 
undulated  ;  lips  whitish  or  luri'd.     Length,  10-15  inches. 
Red  Sea,  Indian  Ocean ,  Mauritius,  Japan, 

Philippines,  Australia,  Society  Islands. 

The  synonymy  includes  P.  truncata,  Lam.,  Pi/rula  Bengalina, 
Grat.  (juvenile),  P.  Sebae,  Yal.,  and  P.  Sowerbyi,  Morch.  Morch 
has  distinguished  the  two  latter  as  species,  but  they  do.  not 
present  any  claim  to  even  varietal  rank  ;  not  only  is  the  species 
very  variable  within  its  usually  recognized  limits,  but  certain 
specimens  before  me  indicate  a  transition  to  P.  lambis. 


PTEROCERA.  125 

Subsection  II.  Millipes,  Klein,  1753. 
P.  SCORPIO,  Linn.     PI.  9,  fig.  6. 

Labrum  with  a  prominent  internal  transverse  white  ridge  in 
front  of  the  concavity  of  the  dorsal  tubercle;  laterally  inllectcd, 
ribbed  between  the  spines,  and  with  a  dentated  margin ;  the 
spines  nodose,  and  the  posterior  one  auriformly  lobed  at  the  left 
base  ;  aperture  oiange-red,  the  transverse  ridges  within  the  outer 
lip  and  on  the  inner  lip  whitish,  their  interstices  purple  or  nearly 
black.  Length,  5-6  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Philippines. 

It  is  P.  nodosa,  Swains. 

P.  PSEUDOSCORPIO,  Lam.     PI.  9,  fig.  7. 

Labrum  with  no  distinct  internal  ridge  behind,  and  with  the 
concavity  of  the  tubercle  mostly  in  advance  of  the  columellar 
fold;  moderately  inflected,  with  single  dentiform  lobes  between 
the  angular  and  median,  and  median  and  postsinual  digitations ; 
the  latter  obsolete^  or  not  at  all  nodose,  and  the  posterior 
without  basal  lobe.  Color  as  in  .preceding  species. 

Length,  6-7*5  inches.  Zanzibar.  Indian  Ocean. 

P.  MILLEPEDA,  Linn.     PL  9,  fig.  9. 

Digitations  separated  by  secondary  ones  intercalated  at  the 
right  margin  ;  angle  armed  with  four  digitations,  the  uppermost 
(rarely  absent)  being  an  intercalated  one ;  posterior  digita- 
tion  simple  ;  laterals,  especially  the  primary,  much  recurved ; 
wrinkles  on  the  lips  moderately  developed,  interstices  not  so 
deeply  colored  as  in  the  preceding  species.  Length,  5-6  inches. 
Indian  Ocean,  Mauritius,  N.  Guinea,  Philippines. 

P.  ELONGATA,  Swainson.     PI.  9,  fig.  10. 

Angle  armed  with  the  three  normal  digitations ;  posterior 
digitation  furnished  with  a  lobe  at  its  left  base;  lateral  digita- 
tions straight ;  lips  with  well-developed  wrinkles ;  color  as  in 
preceding  species.  Length,  5-6  inches. 

Indian  Ocean. 

P.  crocea,  Sowb.,  is  a  synonym. 

P.  -VIOLACEA,  Swains.     PI.  9,  fig.  11. 

Angle   armed    with   three   digitations;    a   posterior   and   an 


126  PTEROCEBA. 

anterior  median  fascicle  in  place  of  the  normal  single  fascicle ; 
posterior  digitation  with  an  elongated  lobe  at  its  left  base ; 
lateral  digitation 8  straight  or  little  curved  ;  all  the  digitations 
open,  channeled;  wrinkles  within  the  labrum  prominent,  on  the 
labium  faint,  often  obsolete  anteriorly  ;  aperture  whitish  or 
orange-stained,  violaceous  only  within  the  throat. 
Length,  4-5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Zanzibar. 

Undetermined  Species. 

P.  YOLDII,  Morch.  Hab.  unknown. 

P.  ROBUSTA,  Swains.  Hab.  unknown. 

Section  II.  HARP  AGO,  Klein,  1753. 

P.  CHIRAGRA,  Linn.     PI.  10,  fig.  13. 

Angular  fascicle  or  revolving  rib  tuberculated,  the  others 
almost  unarmed,  the  antesinual  with  a  compressed  tubercle  near 
the  base  of  the  digitation  ;  lips  rosaceous,  with  faint  wrinkles ; 
sutural  digitation  with  a  canal  open  at  base,  the  outer  border 
being  bent  outwards  and  attached  above  the  angle  of  the  body- 
whorl,  on  which  the  digitation  is  chiefly  bent  and  accumbent. 

Length,  6-10  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Philippines,  N.  Caledonia,  Polynesia. 

P.  Kochii,  Freyer,  is  a  synonym. 

P.  RUGOSA,  Sowerby.     PI.  10,  fig.  12. 

Revolving  fascioles  except  the  sutural  and  anterior  with  prom- 
inent tubercles ;  lips  with  very  prominent,  often  white  wrinkles 
strongly  contrasting  with  the  deep  purplish  or  blackish  ground- 
color; basal  posterior  digitation  with  its  canal  closed  by  the 
reflection  of  its  margins,  and  accumbent  on  the  middle  of  the 
spire.  Length,  5-7  inches. 

Zanzibar,  Society  Islands,  etc. 

Probably  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding  species.  It  is  P. 
chiragra,  Lam.,  in  part,  and  P.  arthritica,  Morch. 


ROSTELLARIA.  127 

Genus  ROSTELLARIA,  Lamarck,  1799. 

"  Rostellaria  has  all  the  habits  of  the  Strombidoe,  progressing 
by  means  of  its  powerful  and  elastic  foot  which  it  places  under 
the  shell  in  a  bent  position,  when  suddenly, by  a  muscular  effort, 
it  straightens  that  organ,  and  rolls  and  leaps  over  and  over.  It 
is,  however,  far  more  timid  and  suspicious  than  Strombus,  which 
has  a  bold  disposition.  On  the  low  sandy  beach,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Lundu  River,  in  Borneo,  dead  shells  of  Rostellaria  recli- 
rostris  are  numerous,  but  generally  in  very  imperfect  condition. 
At  the  small  fishing  village  of  Samahitan  I  inspected  a  large 
heap  of  these  shells,  which  the  Malays  had  brought  together  for 
the  purpose  of  turning  them  into  lime.  On  inquiring  of  these 
poor  fishermen  whether  it  were  possible  to  obtain  them  in  a  living 
state,  we  were  informed  that  they  never  procured  them  in  their 
nets,  but  that  they  lived  in  deep  water  at  a  considerable  distance 
from  the  shore.  The  animal  of  Roxtellaria  fissa  does  not  differ 
from  that  of  Strombus,  and  is  of  a  dull  brown  color,  varied  with 
lighter  brown.  It  is,  however,  one  of  the  most  lively  among 
mollusks,  jumping  several  inches,  and  throwing  itself  about  with 
the  most  astonishing  activity.  It  has  none  of  the  extreme 
timidity  of  the  former  mentioned  species." — Arthur  Adams, 
Narrat.  Vo}'.  Samarang,  ii,  492. 

R.  CURVIROSTRIS,  Lam.     PI.  10,  figs.  14-16 ;  PL  11,  fig.  26. 

Upper  portion  of  the  spire  longitudinally  plicate,  the  rest  of 
the  shell  smooth  ;  lower  part  of  lip-margin,  six-  or  seven-dentate  ; 
yellowish  brown,  aperture  white.  Length,  6-8  inches. 

Red  /Sea,  Moluccas. 

R.  magna,  Schroter,  has  considerable  priority  of  publication, 
but  I  decline  to  depose  a  very  well-known  name  in  its  favor.  It 
is  R.  dentula,  Perry, R.  breviro&tra,  Schum.,  and  R.fusus,  Gmelin, 
not  Linn. 

Var.  CURTA,  Sowb.     Fig.  15. 

The  canal  straight. 
Var.  LUTEOSTOMA,  Angas.     Fig.  16. 

Aperture  golden  yellow,  lip-margin  with  five  digitations,  canal 
curved. 


128  ROSTELLARIA. 

R.  FUSUS,  Linn.     PI.  10,  fig.  17  ;  PL  11,  fig.  21. 

Much  more,  slender  than  the  preceding  species,  the  spire  and 
canal  longer,  lip-margin  toothed  throughout,  with  five  or  six, 
strong,  well-marked  short  digitations  ;  yellowish  brown,  aperture 
white.  Length,  6-8  inches. 

China. 

It  is  R.  clavus,  Gmel.,  E.  rectirostris ,  Lam.,  E.  subulata,  Scfhnm., 
E.  unicornis,  Dillw. 

Yar.  MELANOCHEILUS,  A.  Ad.     Fig.  21. 

Lip  between  the  digitations,  and  sometimes  the  interior  of  the 
aperture  stained  purple-black. 

R.  POWISII,  Petit.     PL  11,  fig.  22. 

Closely  spirally  ridged,  the  interstices  longitudinally  striate, 
canal  short,  lip-margin  five-toothed,  exteriorly  thickened,  yellow- 
ish, or  orange-brown,  aperture  white.  Length,  2-2*5  inches. 

China. 

A  somewhat  rare  shell ;  a  specimen  was  sold  a  few  years  ago 
for  200  francs  (Jour,  de  Conch.,  228,  1877). 

R.  FISSA,  Dillw.     PL  11,  fig.  23. 

This  shell,  figured  b}^  Chemnitz,  has  not  been  found  in  any 
European  collection,  and  nothing  is  known  of  its  locality.  It  is 
E.  Favanni,  Pfr.,  and  E.  serrata,  Perry. 

R.  DELICATULA,  Nevill. 

Thin,  translucent,  pale  ochraceous  brown,  lineated  on  the  last 
whorl  with  four  narrow  white  bands  each  of  which  terminates  in 
one  of  the  four  digitate  processes  of  the  lip,  canal  shorter  than 
in  the  other  species,  first  three  or  four  whorls  smooth,  the  next 
three  or  four  faintly  but  regularly  spirally  striated,  the  striae 
becoming  obsolete  on  the  last  two  whorls,  except  at  the  base  of 
the  body-whorl.  L.  76  mill.,  of  canal  6'5  mill. 

Arracan,  dredged  in  deep  water. 

Unfigured  and  unknown  to  me  except  by  the  original  descrip- 
tion published  four  years  ago. 

R.  MARTINII,  Marrat.     PL  11,  fig.  24. 

Whorls  with  close  punctate  revolving  striae  throughout,  bi- 


ROSTELLARIA.  129 

sulcate  near  the  suture  ;  lip  five-  or  six-dentate ;  orange-brown, 
obscurely  livid-banded  near  the  suture.     Length,  6'25  inches. 

Philippines. 
Two  specimens  known. 

Subgenus  RIMELLA,  Agassiz,  1840. 

R.  CANCELLATA,  Lam.     PI.  10,  figs.  18,  20. 

Whorls  cancellated,  occasionally  varicose,  posterior  canal  pro- 
duced upon  the  spire,  which  it  ascends  in  a  curved  line,  interior 
of  outer  lip  dentate;  pale  yellowish  brown, 'indistinctly  banded 
with  pale  chestnut.  Length,  1-1-25  inches. 

Philippines. 
R.  CRISPATA,  Sowb.     PI.  10,  fig.  19. 

Shell  cancellated  by  rather  sharp  narrow  ribs,  and  revolving 
riblets,  occasionally  varicose ;  posterior  canal  short,  curved 
strongly  to  the  right ;  yellowish  white,  pale  chestnut-banded. 

Length,  1  inch. 

Philippines,  China. 

Distinguished  from  R.  cancellata  by  its  more  ventricose  form, 
and  short  posterior  canal. 

R.  SPECIOSA,  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

Shell  reticulated,  more  lanceolate  than  £.  cancellata,  not 
ending  anteriorly  in  a  recurved  beak,  with  the  varix  of  the  outer 
lip  plain  externally,  and  with  the  posterior  canal  of  the  aperture 
faintly  developed  and  only  extending  as  far  as  the  penultimate 
whorl.  Length,  1  inch. 

Hob.  unknown. 

An  unfigured  species.     Is  it  R.  crispata  ? 

R.  TYLERI,  H.  and  A.  Adams. 

Cancellated,  posterior  canal  extending  to  the  third  whorl  and 
curved,  outer  lip  corrugately  plicate  within,  with  an  anterior, 
conspicuous,  sharp  tooth  ;  yellowish  with  four  chestnut  bands. 

Length,  21  mill. 

China  Sea. 

Unfigured. 


130  TEREBELLUM. 

Genus  TEREBELLUM,  Klein,  1753. 

Mr.  Arthur  Adams,  in  his  Narrative  of  the  Voyage  of  the 
"  Samarang,"  makes  the  following  remarks  upon  this  mollusk : 

"  In  its  habits  the  animal  of  the  Terebellum  is  exceedingly 
shy  and  timid,  retracting  its  body  into  the  shell  on  the  slightest 
alarm.  It  will  remain  stationary  for  a  long  time,  moving  its 
tentacles  about  cautiously  in  every  direction,  when,  suddenly,  it 
will  roll  over  with  its  shell,  and  continue  again  perfectly  quiet. 
They  appear  to  have  all  the  muscular  energy,  vivacity,  and, 
doubtless,  predatory  boldness  possessed  by  the  Strombi,  which 
they  also  resemble  in  their  perfectly  organized  eyes,  and  quick- 
ness of  vision.  Mr.  Cuming  informs  me  that  he  has  seen  them 
leap  several  inches  from  the  ground,  exactly  as  I  have  seen  the 
animal  of  Strombus  gibber-ulu.s.  On  one  occasion,  a  beautiful 
specimen  was  lost  to  the  above-mentioned  enthusiastic  collector, 
by  the  animal  suddenly  leaping  into  the  water,  as  he  was  holding 
and  admiring  it  in  the  palm  of  his  hand.  Those  I  kept  in  con- 
finement died  in  a  few  days,  and  appear  to  be  of  a  more  delicate 
constitution  than  the  hardy  Strombus.  There  appears  to  be  a 
very  trifling  muscular  connection  between  the  animal  and  its 
shell. 

u  From,  my  observations  on  the  animal  of  Terebellum,  I  should 
imagine  the  spotted  variety  to  be  perfectly  distinct  as  a  species. 
In  this,  which  may  be  called  T.  maculosum,  the  proboscis  is  of  a 
whitish-brown. color,  reddish  towards  the  tip  ;  the  body  is  of  an 
opaque  pearly  white,  the  mantle  transparent ;  the  foot  semi- 
pellucid  white;  the  ocular  peduncles  are  mottled  with  dark  red, 
and  the  pupil  black.  The  front  of  the  mantle,  edging  the  anterior 
part  of  the  shell,  is  colored  with  a  black  line,  forming  its  margin. 

"  In  the  common  species,  T.  subulatum,  the  eye-peduncles  are 
punctulatecl  with  red-brown,  as  is  likewise  the  upper  and  under 
part  of  the  fore-portion  of  the  body.  The  bod^y  is  opaque  pearly 
white,  with  three  large,  irregular-shaped  red-brown  blotches  on 
the  fore-part.  The  under  surface  of  the  foot  is  light  brown,  with 
a  white  cross-like  marking  of  a  deeper  brown.  Doubtless,  when 
the  animal  of  the  variety  covered  with  zigzag  markings  shall 
have  been  discovered,  it  will  also  be  found  to  be  specifically 
distinct." 


APORRHAIS.  131 

A  difference  in  the  color-markings  of  the  animal  has  precisely 
the  same  value  as  if  upon  its  shell,  and  the  variations  of  the 
latter,  in  the  present  instance,  are  so  unstable  as  to  preclude 
the  possibility  of  separating  species,  with  sufficiently  distinctive 
characteristics.  The  genus  has  but  one  recent  representative, 
the  species  described  below.  It  is  related  to  the  Strombs 
through  Strombus  tervbellatus. 

T.  SUBULATUM,  Lam.     PI.  11,  figs.  27-30. 

Shell  smooth,  shining,  suture  linearly  grooved,  enamelled  ; 
yellowish  white,  with  chestnut  or   chocolate  dots,  freckles  or 
zigzag  lines,  often  somewhat  indistinctly  banded. 
Length,  2-3  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Java,  China  Sea,  Philippines, 

New  Caledonia,  Viti  Is.,  Mauritius. 

It  is  Bulla  terebellum,'  Linn.,  T.  punctatum,  Chemn.,  T.  macu- 
losum,  Ads.,  etc. 

Subfamily  Aporrhainx. 

Genus  APORRHAIS,  Dillwyn,  1823. 
Section  1.  APORRHAIS  (sensu  stricto}. 

A.  PES-PELECANI,  Linn.     PI.  12,  fig.  31. 

Yellowish  white  to  light  brown.     Length,  2  inches. 

Seas  of  Europe,  Iceland. 

This  is  the  Cochlea  pentadactylus  of  Pliny,  Vespertilio  spinosa 
of  Seba,  and  R.  quadrifidus,  Da  Costa.  Jeffreys  says  of  it  (Brit. 
Conch.,  iv,  251 1 :  "  Habitat:  Coralline  zone  (occasionally  the  deep- 
sea  zone  also)  on  all  our  coasts.  This  common  shell  has  been 
recorded  from  the  upper  miocene,  pliocene,  and  almost  every 
newer  tertiary  and  quaternary  deposit  in  Europe,  from  the  sea- 
level  to  1360  feet  above  it.  It  is  sl^,  slow,  and  awkward  in  its 
movements,  twisting  about  its  long  neck  and  foot  in  order  to 
gain  a  creeping  posture.  Among  other  fanciful  names  given  to 
this  odd-looking  shell,  are  *  blobber-lipt  Edinburgh  whilk '  of 
Petiver,  '  ailc  de  chauve-sauris  femelle '  or  '  patte  d'oye '  of 
D 'A vila,  and  '  Zamarugola  '  of  the  Venetians,  by  the  poorer  class 
of  which  people  the  animal  was — perhaps  is  still — eaten.  Ac- 


132  APORRHAIS. 

cording   to   Mr.  Couch,  Solaster  papposus  also    reckons   it   an 
agreeable  kind  of  food  ;  when  the  soft  portion  has  been  digested, 
the  empty  shell  is  rejected,  and  becomes  the  habitation  of  a 
Sipunculus,   which   narrows    the   too   capacious    entrance    with 
agglutinated  sand.     Specimens  from  deep  water  are  smaller  than 
those  from  the  coast.     The  top  of  old  but  living  shells  which 
had  lost  their  upper  story,  is  sometimes  closed  by  a  semispiral 
plug  or  septum  of  new  shelly  matter ;  the  apex  is  very  seldom 
perfect  in  full-grown  specimens.     When  the  outer  lip  is  complete 
the  subsequent  growth  takes  place  by  adding  fresh  layers  inside, 
so  that  the  age   of  the   individual  is   probably  shown    by  the 
number  of  such  layers.     In  immature  specimens  the  commence- 
ment of  the  pterygoid  or  wing-like  flap  of  the  outer  lip  is  defined 
by  a  bit  of  enamel  along  the  mouth,  which  likewise  lines  the 
canal  at  the  base  as  well  as  the  upper  process  of  the  flap.     Still 
younger  specimens,  before  any  sign  of  the  flap  appears,  have  the 
outer  lip  flexuous,  with  a  wide  and  deep  sinus  at  the  upper  part, 
and  a  long  straight  canal  at  the  base.     In  this  stage  of  growth 
they  strongly  resemble  Fusi.     The  fry  form  a  short  cylinder. 
Monstrosities  are  not  uncommon,  especially  in  the  shape  and 
relative  size  of  the  digitated  processes  ;  the  basal  point,  however, 
is  always  formed  like  a  spear-head." 

According  to  Morch  Chiropteron  semilunare  of  Sars  is  prob- 
ably the  larval  stage  of  Aporrhais. 

A.  SERRESIANUS,  Michaud.     PI.  12,  fig.  32. 

Whitish,  or  light  yellowish  brown.  Differs  from  the  preceding 
species  by  its  long  posterior  and  anterior  canals,  and  by  the 
outer  lip  being  three-spined.  Length,  2  inches. 

Europe,  from  Norway  to  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Perhaps  more  generally  known  under  the  name  of  A.  pes- 
carbonis,  Brong.,  which  is,  however,  a  wrong  identification,  the 
latter  being  a  fossil  and  different  species.  Dr.  Gwyn  Jeffreys 
gave  it  the  name  of  A.  Macandreoe. 

A.  SENEGALENSIS,  Gray.     (Un figured'.)  Senegal. 

The  (insufficient)  description  indicates  close  affinity  or  identity 
with  A. 


STRUTHIQLARIA.  133 

Section  II.  ARRHOGES,  Gabb,  1868. 
A.  OCCIDENTALTS,  Beck.     PL  12,  fig.  33. 

The  longitudinal  ribs  of  the  spire,  and  absence  of  tuberculated 
angles  on  the  whorls,  as  well  as  the  entire  but  greatly  expanded 
lip,  will  readily  distinguish  this  species.  Length,  2-2'5  inches. 

Labrador,  Newfoundland. 

Subfamily  Struthiolariinae. 
Genus  STRUTHIOLARIA,  Lam.,  1812. 

The  synonymy  of  the  few  species  of  this  New  Zealandic  genus 
was  very  much  involved  until  1876-7,  when  the  Marchioness 
Paulucci  (Bull.  Soc.  Mai.  Ital.,  ii,  iii),  critically  studied  them 
and  g-ave  them  essentially  the  nomenclature  which  follows. 

Section  L  STRUTHIOLARIA  (».  stricto). 
S.  PAPULOSA.  Marty n.     PI.  12,  fig.  34. 

Whorls  strongly  nodose  on  the  angle;  yellowish  brown,  indis- 
tinctly longitudinall}7  chestnut-striped.  Length,  3  inches. 

New  Zealand. 

This  is  Murex  stramineus,  Gmelin ;  S.  nodulosa,  Lam. ;  S.  papil- 
/o.sa,  Gray  ;  S.  coronarium,  Soland. ;  S.  nodosa,  Gray. 

S.  VERMIS,  Mart.     PL  12,  figs.  35,  36. 

Shoulder  obtuse,  obsoletely  nodose,  suture  somewhat  ex- 
cavated. Length,  1-75  inches. 

New  Zealand. 

The  synonyms  are  S.  australis,  Gmelin  ;  S.  scutulata,  Hutton; 
S.  inermis,  Sowb. 

Var.  CRENULATA,  Lam.     Fig.  35. 

The  sutural  channel  deeper,  the  numerous  nodules  of  the 
shoulder-angle  small  but  more  distinct.  S.  canaliculate,  Speng., 
is  a  synonym. 

S.  GIGAS,  Sowb.     PL  12,  figs.  37,  38. 

Less  sharply  angled,  the  nodules  smaller,  the  suture  slightly 
channeled,  the  striae  alternately  larger  and  smaller,  the  lip  more 
solidly  thickened  than  in  S.  papulosa.  Very  like  a  gigantic  S. 


134  STRUTHIOLARIA. 

vermis,  and  appearing  to  connect  that  species  with  S.  papulosa. 
These  three  will  probably  prove  to  be  varieties  only  of  a  single 
species. 

New  Zealand. 

S.  sulcata,  Jonas  (fig.  38)  is  simply  an  individual  having  the 
revolving  sulci  stronger  than  usual,  with  the  shoulder  and  its 
nodules  almost  obsolete.  Its  locality,  China,  is;  of  course  erro- 
neous. The  specific  name  has  priority  over  c/igas,  but  besides 
the  fact  that  it  has  been  overlooked  by  all  the  monographers,  the 
specimen  upon  which  the  description  is  based,  although  recog- 
nizable as  this  species,  is  not  normal  in  its  characters. 

Section  II.  PELICARIA,  Gray,  1857. 

S.  SCUTTJLATA,  Martyn.     PL  12,  figs.  39,  40. 

Yellowish  fawn-color,  longitudinally  more  or  less  streaked 
with  a  darker  shade;  sutures  callous.  Length,  1*5-2  inches. 

New  Zealand. 

S.  oblita,  Sowb.,  is  a  synonym. 

S.  MIRABILIS,  Smith.     PI.  12,  fig.  41. 

Shell  thin,  white,  under  a  very  thin,  deciduous  olivaceous 
white  epidermis,  spire  and  upper  part  of  body-whorl  sharply 
cancellate,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  body-whorl  the  longitudinal 

ribs  become  obsolete.     Length,  42  mill. 

Kerguelen  Islands. 

Has  the  aspect  of  a  Buccinum,  but  the  operculum,  animal,  and 
the  dentition  especially,  show  it  to  be  a  true  Struthiolaria. 
Kerguelen  has  representatives  of  other  New  Zealand  genera, 
showing  similar  variation  in  being  more  fragile.  S.  costulata, 
von  Martens,  is  a  synonym ;  it  was  published  only  about  three 
weeks  after  Mr.  Smith's  name. 

S.  microscopia,  Gray.     This  is  a  species  of  Sinusigera. 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY, 


STROMBfD/E. 


Accinctus  (Strorabus),  Born.     Mus.  Caes.  Yind. 

=  S.  succinctns,  Linn 116 

AcMpiter  (Strombtis),  Dillw.     Cat.,  p.  665. 

=  S.  accipitrinus,  Lam.      .......  108 

A cci pi trin us  (Strombus),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  687. 

=  S.  costatus,  Gmelin, 108 

Acutus  (Strombus),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  12,  f.  2. 

=  S.  Pacificus,  Swains.       .         .         .         .         .         .         .114 

Adustus  (Strombus), Chemn.  Conch., x,  pi.  156, f.  1487-1404, 

=  S.  melanostomus.  Swains.      .         .         .         .         .         .113 

Adustus  (Strombus),  Swains.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  29. 

=  S.  papilio,  Chemn.          .         .         .         .         .         .         .110 

Alaria,  Morris  and  Lycett.     Moll.  Gr.  Oolite,  i,  1850,  .   105 

Alata  (Pterocera),  Schum.     Essai  nov.  gen.,  1817. 

=  Strombus  latissimus,  Linn Ill 

Alatus  (Strombus  >,  Gmelin,  p.  3513,  No.  14. 

=  S.  pugilis,  Linn.,  var.     .......   109 

Alipes,  Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  1865. 

=  Gonochila,  Gabb,    ....  ...   104 

Anatellus  (Strombus  \  Duclos.      Chenu,  Illust.  Conch.,  5, 

t.  4,  f.  11,  12;  t.  21,  f.  8,  9.     =  S.  urceus,  Linn.         .         .   118 
Anchura,  Conrad.     Jour.  Philad.  Acad.  [2j,iv,  1860,  .  105 

Aporrhainae  (Subfamily),  .  .  .  ".  .  .  .99 
Aporrhais.  Dillw.  Philos.  Trans.,  ii,  395,  1823,  .  .103,131 
Aratrum  (Monocondylaea),  Morch.  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  62, 

=  Strombus  Pacificus,  Swain.    .         .         .         .         .         .114 

Arrhoges,  Gabb.  Am.  Jour.  Conch. ,  iv,  144, 1868,  .  104,  133 
Arthritica  (Pterocera),  Morch.  Cat.  Yoldi.  p.  60. 

=  P.  rugosa,  Sowb 126 

Athenius  (Strombus),  Duclos.     Chenu,  Illust.  Conch.,  t.  11, 

f.  1,2.     ==  S.  variabilis,  Swn. 117 

Anrnntia  (Pterocera),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.  (Desh.  ed.),  ix, 

p.  675,          . .124 

Auris-Dianse  (Strombus),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  edit,  xii,  1209,  113 

(185) 


136  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGB. 

Australia  (Strombus  \  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  39,  f.  96,  97. 

=  S.  Pacificus,Swn.,  var.  .......   114 

Australis  (Struthiolaria),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  13th  ed.,  3542. 

=  S.  vermis,  Marty n. 133 

Bengalina  (P37rula),  Grat.,  1840.  =  Pterocera  bryonia,  Gmel.  124 
Bituberculatus  i  Strombus),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  690.  112 
Brachystoma,  Gardner.     Geol.  Mag.  [2],  iii,  1876,        .         .104 
Brevirostra  (Rostellaria),  Sebum.     Nouv.  Syst.,  223,  1817. 
=  R.  curvirostris,  Lam.     .         .         .         .  .         .127 

Bryonia  (Pterocera),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3520,  .  .  124 
Bubonius  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  692,  .  108 

Bulbulus  (Strombus),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1842,  p.  144.  121 

Cailliaudii  (Conus),  Jay.     Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.,  iv,  p.  169,  pi.  x, 

f.  Sab,  1846,  .  122 

Calyptrophorus,  Conrad,  1757.  Gabb,  Am.  Jour.  Conch., 

iv,  142, 103 

Cainelus  (Strombus),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab., x,t.  155,  f.  1478. 

=  Pterocera  lambis,  Linn.          .         .         .         .         .         .124 

Campbelli  (Strombus),  Gray.  Griff.  An.  Kingd.,  pi.  25,  .  115 
Campbelli  (Strombus),  Ku'ster.  Conch.  Cab.,  2d  ed.,  p.  69, 

t.  15,  f.  2.  =  S.  deformis,  Gray, 116 

Canaliculata  (Struthiolaria),  Spengler.  Naturf.,  24,  1782. 

=  S.  crenulata,  Lam. 133 

Canarium  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1211,  .  .110 
Canarium,  Sebum.  Essai  nov.  gen.,  219,  1817,  .  .  101,  118 
Cancellata  (Rimella),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.  (Desh.  ed.),  ix,  p. 

710, 129 

Cancellatus  (Strombus),  Pease.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1860,  p.  398,  122 
Ceratosiphon,  Gill.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  139,  1869,  .  .  104 
Chemnitzii  (Strombus),  Pfr.  Krit.  Reg.,  p.  2. 

=  S.  Pacificus,  Swain 114 

Chenopus,  Philippi.  Enum.  Moll.  Sicil.,  i,  214,  1836. 

=  Aporrhais,  Dillw.   ........  103 

Chiragra  (Pterocera),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  12th  ed.,  p.  1207,  126 
Chiragra  (Pterocera),  part,  Lam.  Hist.  N.,  An.  s.  Vert.,ed. 

2,  ix,  675.  =  P.  rugosa,  Sowb.  .  ...  126 

Chiropteron,  Sars 132 

Clavus  (Strombus),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat. 

=  Rostellaria  fusus,  Linn. 128 

Columba  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  702,  .  .115 
Coniformis  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.,  t.  7,  f.  55-61. 

=  S.  Mauritianus,  var.  .......  278,  122 

Conomurex,  Bayle.  Fischer,  Manuel  de  Conch.,  617.  101,  122 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  137 

PAGE. 

Cornutus  (Strombus),  Perry.     Conch.,  t.  xi,  f.  4. 

=  S.  pugilis,  Linn.      ........  109 

Coronarium  (Buccinum).  Soland.  Catal.  Portl.  Mus. 

=  S.  papulosa,  Mart. .  133 

Coronata  (Strombus),  Defrance.  =  S.  bubonius,  Lam.  .  108 
Corrugatus  (Strombus),  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Voy.  Samarang, 

p.  35,  t.  10,  f.  19.  =S.  rugosus,  Sowb 119 

Costatus  (Strombus),  Gmelin,  p.  35'20,  ....  108 

Costulata  (Struthiolaria ),  Martens.  Ber.  Ges.  Nat.  Freunde, 

Berlin,  1875,  p.  66.  =  S.  mirabilis,  Smith,  .  .  .134 
Crassilabrum  (Strombus),  Anton.  Yerz.,  87,  2820,  1839,  .122 
Crenatus  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  19. 

=  S.  galeatus,  Swain. 108 

Crenulata  (Struthiolaria),  Lam.  An.  s.  Yert.,  vii,  p.  148. 

=  S.  vermis,  Mart.,  var.     .......  133 

Crispata(Rimella),Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  p.  26,  pi.  8,  f.  62, 63,  129 
Cristatus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Yert.,  ix,  p.  691. 

=  S.  laciniatus,  Ghemn Ill 

Grocata  (Pterocera),  Link.  Yerz.  Nat.  Sarnml.  Rostock? 

=  P.  aurantia,  Lam.  ........   124 

Crocea  (Pterocera),  Sowb.  Thes.,  t.  11,  f.  4. 

=  P.  elongata,  Swain 125 

Cuphotifer,  Piette,  1876, 105 

Gurta  (Rostellaria),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1842. 

=  R.  curvirostris,  Lam.,  var.      ......  127 

Curvirostris  (Rostellaria),  Lam.  An.  s.  Yert.  (Desh.  ed.) 

ix,  p.  654,  ....  127 

Cyclomolops,  Gabb.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  142,  1868,  .  103 
Cylindricus  (Strombus),  Swain.  Zool.  111.,  pi.  53,  f.  1,2. 

=  S.  Mauritianus,  Lam 122 

Cyphosolenus,  Piette,  1876, 104 

Cyphotifer,  Piette,  1876,  .  .  .  105 

Decumana  (Cornuta),  Rump.    Amb.  Rarit,  p.  110,  t.  35,  f.  Z>, 

t.  36,  f.  G.  =  Pterocera  lambis,  Linn 124 

Deformis  (Strombus),  Gray.  Griff.  An.  Kingd.,  pi.  25,  .116 
Deformis  (Strombus),  Kiener  (non  Gray\  Ic.  Coq.,  p.  58, 

t.  32,  f.  2.  =  S.  Sibbaldi,  Sowb 118 

Delicatula  (Rostellaria),  Geof.  Nevill,  Jour.  As.  Soc.  Beng., 

1881,  262 *  .  .  .  128 

Dentatus  f  Strombus),  Kien.,  t.  19,  f.  2  (non  Wood). 

=  S.  terebellatus,  Sowb.     .  ...  .121 

Dentatus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1213,  .  .  118 
Dentula  (Rostellaria),  Perry.  Conch.,  t.  10,  f.  3. 

=  R.  curvirostris,  Lam.     .......  127 

Diartema,  Piette,  1864, 104 


138  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Dicroloma,  Gabb.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  146,  t.  14,  f.  16-17, 

1868, .105 

Diempterus,  Pictte,  1876, 105 

Dilatatus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  792. 

=  S.  costatus,  Gmel.,  var.  inermis. 108 

Dilatatus  (Strombus),  Swains.  Zool.  Illust.,  .  .  .  115 
Dimorphosoma,  Gardner.  Geol.  Mao;.  [U]5  ii?  1875,  .  .  104 
Dolophanes,  Gabb.  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  xv,  234,  1872,  105 
Drepanocheilus,  Meek.  Check  List,  Invert.  Foss.,  35,  1864. 

=  Anchura,  Con.  Gabb,  A.  J.  C.,  iv,  145,  .  .  .105 
Dubius  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  t.  9,  f.  30. 

=  S.  alatus,  Gmel.,  juv 109 

Elatus  (Strombus).  Anton.  Yerz.,  85,  2799,  .  .  .122 
Elegans  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  t.  7,  f.  43,  48. 

=  S.  dentatus,  L.,  var.  erythrinus,  .....  119 
Elongata  (Pterocera),  Swains.  Ex.  Conch.  App.  p.  32,  .  125 
Epidrornis  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1211,  .  .  116 
Epimellus  (Strombus),  Duclos.  Chemn.,  p.  3,  pi.  16,  f.  11, 

12;  pi.  22,  f.  5,  6.  =  S.  floridus,  Lam 120 

Erythrinus  (Strombus).  Chemn.,  xi,  146, 1. 195  a,  f.  1874-75. 

=  S.  dentatus,  Linn.,  var. 119 

Euprotomus,  Gill.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  131,  1869,  .  100,  110 
Expansa  (Strombus),  Martini.  Conch.  Cab.,  iii,  p.  lll,t. 

79,  f.  821.  =  S.  epidromis,  Linn.  .  .  .  .116 

Exustus  (Strombus  \  Swain.  Zool.  111.,  i,  pi.  134,  f.  1. 

=  S.  papilio,  Chemn.          .         .         .         .'        .         .         .110 

Fasciatus  (Strombus),  Born.  Mus.  Caes.  Vind.,  p.  278,  .  120 
Fasciatus  (Strombus),  Gmel.,  p.  3510.  =  S.  bubonius,  Lam.  108 
Favanni  (Rostellaria),  Pfeiffer.  Crit.  Register,  106,  1840. 

=  R.  fissa,  Dillw 128 

Fissa  (Rostellaria),  Dillw.  Desc.  Cat.,  656,  1815,  .  .  128 
Fissurella  (Rostellaria),  Sowb.  Thes.,  pi.  8,  f.  64,  65  (non 

Linn.).  =  Rimella  cancellata,  Lam.  .  .  .  .129 
Flammeus  (Strombus),  Link.  Beschreib.  Mus.  Rostock, 

1807  ;  Morch,  Yoldi  Cat.,  pt.  i,  63.  =  S  floridus,  Lam.  .119 
Flavigula  (Alata),  Meuschen.  Mus.  Gevers.,  p.  338. 

=  Strombus  fasciatus,  Born,      .         .         .         .         .         .120 

Floridus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  707,  .  .119 
Flosculosus  (Strombus),  Morch.  Cat.  Conch.  Yoldi,  part 

1  a,  p.  63.  =  S.  floridus,  Lam. 119 

Fusiformis  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.,  pi.  9,  f.  91,  92,  .  .117 
Fusus  (Rostellaria),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  3506. 

=  R.  curvirostris,  Lam.      .......  127 

Fusus  (Rostellaria),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (12  ed.),  p.  1207,  .  128 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  139 

PAGE. 

Galea  (Strorabus),  Wood.     Ind.  Test.  Supp.  Lara.,  4,  f.  13, 

1828.     =  S.  <raleatus,  fewain 108 

Galeatus  (Strombus),  Swain.  Phil.  Mag.,  1823,  p.  401,  .  108 
Gallinula,  Klein.  Tent.,  56,  1753,  .  .  .  .101,114 
Gallus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1209,  .  .  .113 
Gibberulus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1210,  .  121 

Gibberulus  «.  Strombus),   Meuschen    (non    Linn.).      Mb'rch, 

Yoldi  Cat.,  63.     =  S.  floridus,  Lam 120 

Gigas  (Strombus ^,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1210,  .  .  .107 
Gigas  (Struthiolaria),  Sowb.'  Thes,  Conch.,  pi.  5,  f.  17,  .  133 
Glabratus  ( Strombus  \  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  pi.  8,  f.  66,  67. 

==  Nassa  obliqna,  Kr 122. 

Gladius,  Klein.     Tent.  Ostrac.,  59,  1753. 

=  Rostellaria,  Lam.  ........  102 

Goliath  (Strombus),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  xi,  pi.  195,  .  107 
Goniocheila,  Gabb.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  144,  1868,  .  .  104 
Gracilior  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Tank.  Cat.,  p.  20,  .  .  109 

Granulatus  (Strombus),  Gray.     Wood,  Ind.  Test.  Suppl.,  t. 

4,  f.  21,  . 110 

Guttatus  (Strombus),  Mart.     Conch.  Cab.,  Hi,  p.  126,  pi.  84, 

f.  840.  ==  S.  auris-Dianse,  Linn.  .  .  .  .  ,113 
Gymnarus,  Gabb.,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  139,  1868,  .  .  101 

Hffimastoma  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.,  pi.  7,  f.  51,  .  .120 
Halia,  Risso.  Manual,  vi.  Placed  in  Struthiolarinae  by 

Gabb,  A.  J.  C.,  iv,  147. 

Harpngo,  Klein.  Tent.  Meth.  Ostrac.,  1753,  p.  79,  .  102,  126 
Harpagodes,  Gill.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  v,  138,  1869,  .  .102 
Helicaulax,  Gabb.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  145,  t.  14,  f.  15, 

1868 104 

Hellii  (Strombus),  Rousseau.  Kien.  Iconog.,  t.  13,  f.  2,  .  120 
Heptadactylus  (Alata),  Mart.  Conch.  Cab.,  Hi,  p.  150,  t.  36, 

f.  *55,  t.  90,  f.  884.  *  =  Pterocera  lambis,  Linn.  .  .  124 
Heptadactylus,  Klein.  Ostrac.,  99,  1753,  .  .  .101,124 
Hippochrenes,  Montf.  Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  522,  1810,  .  .  103 

Incisus  (Strombus),  Wood.     Ind.  Test.  Supp. 

=  S.  urceus,  Gmel .118 

Inermis  (Strombus),  Swains.     Exot.  Conch., p.  36. 

5.  costatus,  Gin.,  var.          .......  108 

Inermis  (Struthiolaria),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  p.  23,  pi.  5, 

f.  12,  13  and  19.  =  S.  vermis,Mart.  .  133 

Integer  (Strombus),  Swain.  Gray,  Desc.  Cat.,  June,  1832, 

p.  2 .  .108 

Isabella  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  700. 

=  S.  canarium,  Linn.,  var.         .         .         .         .         .         .110 


140  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Ismarius  (Strombus),  Duclos.     Chenu,  Conch.  Illust.,  5,  t. 

7,  f.  1-2.     =  S.  fasciatus.  Born,  .         .         .         .120 

Isopleura,  Meek.     Check  List  Invert.  Foss.,  36,  1864,          .  102 

Japonicus  (Strombus),  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  42, 1851,        .  115 
Japonicus  (Strombus),  Reeve.     Lischke,  Jap.  Meeresconch. 
Suppl.,  30,  t.  5,  f.  7.     =  S.  dilatatus,  Swains.    .         .         .115 

Kieneri  (Strombus),  Tapparone-Canefri.      Ann.  Mus.  Civ. 

Genoa,  viii,  346.     =  S.  Sibbaldi,  Sowb 118 

Kochii  (Pterocera),  Freyer.     Sitz.  der  K.  Akad.  der  Wiss. 

Vien..  xv,  p.  22,  1852.     =  P.  chiragra,  Linn.     .         .         .126 

Labiosus  (Strombus),  Gray.  Wood,  Ind.  Test.  Suppl.,  t.  4,  lift 
Labrosus  (Strombus),  Menke.  Verzeichniss,  No.  1209 ; 

Morch,  Mai.  Blatt.,  xviii,  127.  —  S.  Luhuanus,  L.  .  .122 
Laciniatus  (Strombus),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  x,  t.  158,  f. 

1506-7  ;  Dillwyn,  Desc.  Cat.,  ii,  663,  .  .  .  .111 
Laevilabris  (Strombus),  Menke.  Syn.,  p.  71. 

=  S.  Luhuanus,  Linn.         .......  122 

Lamarckii  (Strombus  ,  Gray.  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  35. 

=  S.  auris-Dianae,  Linn.     .         .         .         .         .         .         .113 

Lambis  (Pterocera),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (12th  ed.),  p.  1208,  .  124 
Latissimus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1211,  .  .  Ill 
Latus  (Strombus),  Gmel.,  p.  3520. 

=  S.  costatus,  Gmel.,  var.  inermis,  .....  108 
Leiorhinus,  Gabb.  Jour.  Philada.  Acad.  [2],  iv,  1860,  .  103 
Lentiginosus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1208,  .  .  110 
Lineatus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  708. 

=  S.  fasciatus,  Born,  .         .         .         .         .         .         .120 

Lispodesthes,  White.  Rep.  Geol.  100th  Merid.,  iv,  191, 1875,  104 
Listeri  (Strombus),  T.  Gray.  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.  H.,  x,  p. 

430,  1852,  .  .  .114 

Lituratus  (Strombus),  Menke.  Verzeichniss,  No.  1205; 

Morch,  Mai.  Blatt.  xviii,  127.  =  S.  variabilis,  Swains.  .  117 
Lobatus  (Strombus),  Swains.  Zool.  111.,  t.  3,  pi.  153. 

=  S.  bituberculatus,  Lam. 112 

Longus  (Turbo),  Jonston.  Hist.  Nat.,  t.  11. 

=  Rostellaria  curvirostris,  Lam.        .         .         .         .         .127 

Loxotrema,  Gabb.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  147,  1868,  .  .  105 
Lucifer  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  x,  n.  414 ;  xii,  n.  503. 

=  S.  gigas,  Linn.        ........   107 

Luhuanus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1209,  .  .  122 
Luteostoma  (Rostellaria),  Angas.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1878, 

p.  313,  pi.  xviii,  f.  8-9.     —  R.  curvirostris,  Lara.,  var.      .  127 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  141 

PACK. 

Macandreae  (Aporrhais),  Jeffreys.     Brit.  Conch.,  iv,  p.  252  ; 

v,   t.   Ixxx,   f.   2.      =  A.    Serresianus,   Mich.      Jeffre3rs, 

Proc.  Roy.  Soc.,  xxv,  189, 132 

Maculatus(Strombns),  Nuttall.  Sowb.  Thes.,  pi.  7,  f.  53,  .  120 
Maculosum  (Terebellum),  Ad.  Narr.  Voy.  Saraa rang,  vol. 

ii,  358.     ==  T.  subulatum,  Lam 131 

Magna  (Rostellaria),  Schroter.     Conch.  Cab.,x,  p.  38, 1788. 

=  R.  curvirostris,  Lam.     .......  127 

Marginatus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1209,  .  .116 
M  arm  ore  us  (Murex),  Jonston.  Hist.  Nat.,  pi.  2,  f.  3. 

=  Strombus  pugilus.  Linn.         ......   109 

Martinii  (Rostellaria),  Marrat.     Jour,  of  Conch.,  i,  p.  244, 

pi.  1 128 

Mauritianus  (Strombus),  Issel.     Malak.  Mar.  Rosso.,  p.  130. 

=  S.  gibberulus,  Linn.        .         .         .         .         .         .         .121 

Mauritianus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  699,  .  122 
Mauryna,  Gregorio,  1880.  Fischer,  Man.  de  Conch.,  673,  .  103 
Melanocheilus  (Rostellaria),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1854, 

p.  42.     =  R.  fusus,  Linn.,  var 128 

Melanostomus   (Strombus),   Swains.     Ex.  Conch.,  p.  10,  t. 

47.     =  S.  auris-Dianas,  Linn.,  var.     .         .         .         .         .113 

Melnptcra,  Piette,  1876.  =  Phyllocheilus,  Gabb,  .  .102 
Microscopica  (Struthiolaria),  Gray.  Zool.  Beechey.  Voy., 

p.  108, ' 134 

Millepeda  (Pterocera),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (12th  cd.),p.  1208,  125 
Millipes,  Klein.  Ostrac.,  99,  1753,  .  .  .  .101,125 
Minimus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Mantissa.,  p.  549,  .  .  .117 
Mirabilis  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1870,  p. 

257,  pi.  xx i,  f.  4.    •=  S.  Listeri,  Gray,        .         .         .         .114 
Mirabilis  (Struthiolaria),  Smith.    Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  4th  ser., 

xvi,  i).  67.  1875  ;  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  168,  p.  170,  pi.  ix,  f.  3,  134 
Mitrafusus,  Bellardi.     Moll.  foss.  Piern.,  1871,     .         .        .102 

Mouocyphus,  Piette,  1876, 104 

Monod'actylus,  Klein.  Ostrac  ,  98,  1753,  .  .  .101,112 
Multipes  (Pterocera),  Desh.  Lamarck,  id.  2,  ix,  677. 

=  P.  violacea,  Swains.        .         .         .         .         .         .         .125 

Mutabilis  (Strombus),  Swain.     Zool.  Illus.,  t.  71,  f.  1. 

=  S.  floridus,  Lam 119 

Nebulosum  ( Terebellum \  Blainv.  Dufo.,  Ann.  Sc.  Nat., 
1840,  p.  178.  =  T.  subulatum,  Lam.  .  .  131 

Xodosa  (Pterocera),  Swains.  Brng.,  Enc.  Meth.,  pi.  410,  2. 
=  P.  scorpio,  Linn.  ........  125 

Noclosa  (Struthiolaria),  Gray,  in  Yates'  N.  Zeal.,  p.  308. 
—  S.  papulosa.  Mart.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .133 


142  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Nodulosa  (Struthiolaria"),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  2d  ed.,  ix,  p. 

534.  =  S.  papulosa,  Martyn, 133 

Novre-Zelandiae  (Strombus  \  Chemn.,  x,  pi.  156,  f.  1485- 

1486.  S.  Pacificus,  Swains. 114 

Novem-dactylis  instructus  (Pterocera),  Chem.  Conch.  Cab., 

x,  p.  207,  pi.  155,  f.  1479-1480.      =  P.  elongata,  Swains.,  125 

Oblita  (Struthiolaria),  Sowb.      Tank.  Cat.,  App.,  p.  xviii, 

=  S..scutulata,  Mart. 134 

Occidentalis  (Aporrliais),  Beck.  Mag.  de  Zoo!.,  1836,  pi.  72,  133 
Olydius  (Strombus),  Duclos.  Chenu,  Illust.  Conch.,  4,  t. 

5,  f.  7.  =  S,  dentatus,  Linn 119 

Oncoma,  Mayer.  Bull.  Soc.  Geol.  France,  [3],  iv,  1876,  .  101 
Orientalis  (Strombus),  Jonston.  Nat.  Hist.,  pi.  11,  f.  2; 

Chenu,  111.  Conch.,  t.  18,  f.  1,  2.  =  S.  tricornis,  Lam.  .  112 
Orosminus  (Strombus),  Duclos.  Chenu,  Conch.  Illus.,  6,  t. 

10,  f.  10,  11.     =  S.  columba,  Linn.    .         .         .         .         .115 

Orthaulax,  Gabb.  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.,  xv,  234, 1873,  103 

Pacificus  (Strombus",  Swains.  Ex.  Conch.,  p.  10,  t.  17,  .  113 
Papilio  (Strombus),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,x,  t.  158,  f.  1510 

and  1511  ;  Dillwyn.,  Desc.  Cat-,  ii,  661.  .  .  .  .110 
Papillosa  (Struthiolaria),  Gray.  Guide  Moll.  B.  Mus.,  p.  76. 

=  S.  papulosa,  Mart.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .133 

Papulosa  (Struthiolaria),  part,  Desh.  An.  s.  Vert. 

=  S.  gigas,  Sowb.  .  .  . 133 

Papulosa  (Struthiolaria), Martyn.  Univ.  Conch.,  1784, pi.  54,  133 
Pelicaria,  Gray.  Guide  to  the  Moll.  B.  Mus.,  p.  77, 

1857, 105,  134 

Pentadactylus  (Cochlea),  Pliny. 

=  Aporrhais  pes-pelicani.  Linn.          .....   131 

Perch-sea,  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  xv,  464,  1867y  .  .101 
Perissoptera,  Tate.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Repertory,  1865. 

=  Anchura,  Con.  Gabb,  A.  J.  C.,  iv,  145,  .  *  .105 
Persicus  (Strombus),  Swain.  Zool.  111.,  pi.  53. 

=  S.  fasciatus,  Born.  .  120 

Pcrtmax  (Strombus),  Duclos.  Chenu,  Illus.  Conch.,  15,  t. 

29,  f.  1,2.  ='S.  tricornis,  Lam 112 

Peruanus  (?  Strombus),  Anton.  Verz.  85,  No.  2810,  1839,  122 
Peruvianus  (Strombus),  Swain.  Zool.  Illus.,  pi.  39.  Kobelt, 

50.  Reeve,  6.  Sow.,  110.  Kiener,  viii  and  xxxiv,  f.  1,  var.  112 
Pes-carbonis  (Aporrhais),  Forbes  and  Hanley  (non  Broug.). 

Brit.  Moll.  =  Rostellaria  Serressiana,  Mich.  .  .  .  132 
Pes-pelicani  (Rostellaria),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  (12th  ed.),  p. 

1207, .131 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  143 

PAGE. 

Pes-struthiocameli    (Murex),    Chemn.      Conch.   Cab.,  x,  f. 

1520-1521.  =  S.  papulosa,  Martyn,  .  .  .  .133 
Phyllocheilus,  Gabb.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  140,  1868,  .  102 
Platyoptera,  Conrad.  Proc.  Phila.  A  cad.,  257,  1855. 

=  Rostellaria,  Lam.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .102 

Plicatus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  706,  .  .119 
Polydactylus  (Alata),  Mart.  Conch.  Cat.,  iii,  p.  160,  pi.  88, 

f.' 8(11-8(52.  =  Pterocera  millipeda,  Linn.  .  .  .125 
Polyfasciatus  (Strombus),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  x,  t.  155, 

f.*  1483-84.  =  S.  fasciatus,  Born 120 

Ponderosns  (Strombus),  Philippi.  Abb.  i,  taf.  2,  3,  .  .111 
Powisii  (Rostellaria),  Petit.  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1842,  pi.  53,  .  128 
Pseudo-scorpio  (Pterocera),  Lam.  An.  s  Yert.  (Desh.  ed  ), 

ix,  p.  674,  .  . 125 

Pterocera,  Lamarck.  Prodr.,  1799,  ....  101,  123 
Pterocerella,  Meek.  Check  List  Invert.  Foss.,  36,  1864,  .  104 
Pterodonta,  d'Orb.  Pal.  Franc.  Terr.  Cret.,  ii,  320,  .  .103 
Pujiilis  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1207,  .  .  .109 
Puonellus,  Conrad.  Jour.  Philad.  Acad.  [2],  iv,  1860,  .  101 
Pulcliellus  (Strombus),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  52,  1851. 

=  S.  dentatus,  Linn.,  var. 119 

PiuictMtum  (Terebellum),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  x,  124. 

=  T.  siibulatum,  Lam.        .         .         .         .         .         .         .131 

Purpurascens  (Pterocera),  Swains.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  43. 

=  P.  violacea,  Swains.        .         .         .         .         .         .         .125 

Ptisillus  (Strombus),  Anton.  Verz.,  86,  No.  2812,  1839,  .  122 
Pyramis,  Bolten.  Mus.  Bolt.,  1798. 

=  Strombus,  Linn.,  juv.   .......     100 

Pyrulatus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  696. 

=  S.  alatus,  Gm 109 

Quad  rat  us  (Strombus),  Perry.     Conch.,  t.  xii,  f.  1. 

=  S.  bituberculatus,  Lam.          .         .         .         .         .         .112 

Quadriiidus  (Rostellaria),  Da  Costa.     Brit:  Shells. 

=  Aporrhais  pes.pelicani,  Linn 131 

Radians  (Strombus),  Duclos.     Chenu,  Illust.  Conch.,  5,  t. 

4,  f.  15.  16.     =  S.  nrceus,  Linn 118 

Rauiuus  (Strombus),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3511. 

=  S.  bituberculatus,  Lam.  .         ,  .         .         .112 

Rectirostris  (Rostellaria),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.  (Desh.  ed.), 

p.  65f>.     =  R.  I  us  us,  Linn. 128 

Rhodostomus  (Strombus  gibberulus.  vnr.),  Mb'rch.     Decken, 

Reisen,  iii,  1,  64.     =  S.  jribberr.lus,  Linn.  .         ,         .  127 

Rimella,  Agassiz.     Sowb.,  Min.  Conch,  ed.  Germ.,  137,  1840, 

102,  129 


144  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PA  OK. 

Robusta  (Pterocera),  Swains.  Ex.  Conch.,  p.  32,  1833,  .  126 
Robustus  (Strombus),  Sow.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1874,  p.  599, 

pi.  72,  f.  3,  3  a  —  S.  marginatus,  Linn 116 

Rostellaria,  Lam.  Prodr.,  1799 102,  127 

Rostellum,  Montfort.  Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  518,  1810. 

=  Rostellaria,  Lam.,  1799,  .  ,  102 

Rugosa  (Pterocera),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch..  pt.2,t.  11,  f.  9, 10,  126 
Rugosns  (Strombus),  Sowb  Tank.  Cat.  A  pp.,  p.  20. 

=  S.  dentatns,  Linn.,  var. 119 

Riippellii  (Strombus),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  13,  1850. 

=  S.  dentatus,  var.  erythrinus,  .         .         .         .         .         .119 

Samar  (Strombus),  Chemn.     Conch.  Cab.,  x,  t.  157,  f.  1503  ; 

Dillw.  Cat..ii,  674, .,121 

Samarensis  (Strombus),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  xix,  f.  53. 

=  S.  Samar,  Chemn. 121 

Scalariformis  (Strombus),  Duclos.  Mag.  Zool.,  p.  27,  t.  27, 

1833 120 

Scorpio  (Pterocera),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  12th  ed.,  p.  1208,  .  125 
Scutulata  (Struthiolaria),  Hutton.  Cat.  Mar.  Mol.  N.  Z., 

Jour,  de  Conch  ,  25,  1872.  =  S.  vermis,  Martyn,  .  .133 
Scutulata  (Struthiolaria), «Martyn.  Univ.  Conch.,  pi.  55,  .  134 
Sebae  (Pterocera^,  Valen.  Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  2,  t.  4,  f.  2. 

=  P.  bryonia,  Gmelin,        .......  124 

Semilunare  (Chiropteron),  Sars.  Beskrivelser  og  Jag  1835, 

t.  14,  f.  38 ;  Morch,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  1865,  xvi,  p.  78. 

?  —  Larva  of  Aporrhais,     .......   132 

Senegalensis  (Aporrhais),  Gray.  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.  H., 

1838,  i,  p.  27,  .  .  132 

Septimus  (Strombus),  Duclos.  Chenu,  111.  Conch.,  7,  t.  13, 

f.  9,  10;  t.  15,  f.  11  ;  t.  26,  f.  2.  =  S.  succinctus,  L.,  var.  117 
Seraphs,  Montfort.  Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  374,  1810. 

=  Terebellum,  Klein,  Sect 103 

Serrata  (Rostellaria),  Perry.  Conch.,  t.  11,  f.  2. 

=  R.  fissa,  Dillw 128 

Serresianus  (Aporrhais),  Mich.  Bui.  Soc.  Linn.  Bord.,  2,  p. 

120,  f.  3-4.  1828, 132 

Sibbaldi  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.,  t.  7,  f.  10-11.  .  .  118 
Sloanii  (Strombus),  Leach.  Miscel.,  pi.  22,  f.  1. 

=  S.  pugilis,  Linn.,  var.      .         .         .         .         .         .         .  109 

Sowerbyi  (Pterocera),  Morch.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1872,  p.  131. 

=  P.  bryonia,  Gmel. 124 

Speciosa  (kimella),  H.  and  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1863, 

p.  428, 129 

Spinigera,  d'Orb.,  1850.  Gabb,  A.  J.  C.,  iv,  141,  .  .  105 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  145 

PAGE. 

Spinosa  (Vespertilio),  Seba.     Mas. 

=  Rostellaria  pes-pelicani,  Linn.        .....  131 

Stramineus  (Murex)',  Gmelin.  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  13th  ed. 

=  S.  papulosa,  Marty n,      .         .         .         .         .         .         .133 

Striatogranosus  (S trombus),  Morch.  Martens,  Mauritius, 

277.  =  S.  auris-DLanae,  Linn.  .  .  .  .  .  .113 

Strombidae  (Family), 99 

Strombidea,  Swainson.  Malacol.,  HO,  310,  1840. 

=  Canarium,  Schmn. 101 

Strombinae  (Subfamily), 99 

Strombolaria,  Gregorio,  1880, 102 

Strombus,  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  742,  1758,         .         .         .100,106 
Struthiolaria,  Lamarck.     Extr.  d'un  Cours,  1812,         .  105,  133 
Struthiolariinae,       .........  100 

Subulata  (Rostellaria),  Schum.  Essai  Nouv.  Syst. 

=  R.  fusus,  Linn. 128 

Subulatum  (Terebellum),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.  (edit.  Desk.), 

x,  584, .131 

Subulatus  (Strombus),  Herbst.  Hist.  Verm.,  t.  48,  f.  8. 

=  S.  fasciatus,  Born.  .         .         .  .         .         .120 

Suceinctus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1212,  .  .116 
Sulcata  (Struthiolaria),  Jonas.  Arch.  f.  Nat.,  1839, i,  p.  342, 

pi.  ix,  f.  5.  =  S.  gigas,  Sowb 134 

Sulcatus  (Strombus),  Anton.  Verz  ,  85,  No.  2798. 

=  S.  alatus,  Gm.  .  . 109 

Sulcatus  (Strombus),  Chem.  Conch.  Cab.,  xi,  t.  195,  f. 

1870-71.     =  S.  vittatus,  Linn.  .         .         .         .         .         .  114 

Swainsonii  ( Strom  bus  )f  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  28. 

=  S.  dilatatus,  Swain.         .......  115 

Tseniata  (Strombus),  Quoy.     Voy.  Astr.,  ii,  t.  51,  f.  14-15. 

=  S.  Isabella,  Lam. 110 

Tankervillii  (Strombus),  Swains.     Teste  Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  26. 

=  S.  columba,  Lam 115 

Taurus  (Strombus),  Reeve.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1857,  p.  207, 

t.  37,  f.  3,    .  Ill 

Terebellatus  (Strombus),  Sowb.  Thes.,  pi.  9,  f.  84,  85,  .  121 
Terebeliopsis,  Leymerie.  Bull.  Soc.  Geol.,  1844,  .  .  103 
Terebellum,  Klein.  Tent,  Ostrac.,  38,  1753,  .  .  103,  130 
Terebellum  (Bulla),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1185. 

=  Terebellum  punctatum,  Chemn 131 

Tessarolax,  Gabb.  Geol.  Survey  Cal.,  1864,  .  .  .104 
Thersites  (Strombus),  Gray.  Sow.,  Thes.,  pi.  10,  f.  109, 

=  S.  ponderosus,  jPhil Ill 

Tricornis  (Strombus),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  689,  .         .  112 

10 


146  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAOK. 

Tridactylus,  Gardner.     Geol.  Mag.,  1875. 

=  Dicroloma,  Gabb 105 

.A-^-Tridentatus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  704. 

=  S.  Samar,  Chem .  .  120 

Troglodytes  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  703. 

=  S.  minimus,  Linn.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .117 

Truncata  (Pterocera),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  vii,  p.  195. 

=  P.  bryonia,  Gm 124 

Tubercularis  (Strombus),  Anton.  Yerz.,  86,  No.  2813, 1839,  122 
Turritus  (Strombus),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  ix,  p.  706. 

=  Var.  S.  vittatus,  Linn. 114 

Tyleri  (Rimella),  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1863, 

p.  428,  .  129 

Undulatus  (Strombus),  Chemn.     Kuster,  t.  4  6,  f.  3-4. 

=  S.  alatus,  Gm 109 

Unicornis  (Strombus),  Dillw.  Desc.  Cat. 

=  Rostellaria  fusus,  Linn.          ......   128 

Urceus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1212,  .  .  .118 
Urceus  (Strombus),  var.  Schreiber's  Conch.,  i,  p.  187. 

=  S.  dentatus,  Linn. 118 

Ustulatum  (Canarium),  Schum.  Nouv.  Syst.,  p.  219,  1817. 

=  Strombus  urceus,  Linn.          .         .         .         .         .         .118 

Vanicorensis  (Strombus),  Quoy.     Voy.  Astr.,  t.  51,  f.  7-9. 

=  S.  canarium,  Linn.          .......  110 

Variabilis  (Strombus),  Swains.  Zool.  111.,  i,  t.  10,  .  .117 
Ventricosus  (Fusus),  Humph.  Mus.  Calonn.,  p.  35. 

=  Rostellaria  curvirostris,  Lam.        .....  127 

Vermis  (Strnthiolaria),  Martyn.  Univ.  Conch.,  pi.  53,  .  133 
Vermis  (Struthiolaria),  Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  4. 

=  S.  gigas,  Sowb 133 

Violacea  (Pterocera),  Swains.  Exot.  Conch.  App.,  33,  .  125 

.Vittatus  (Strombus),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1211,  .  .  114 

Yoldii  (Pterocera),  Morch.     Yoldi  Cat.,  p.  60,  1852,    .         .  126 


REFERENCE  TO   PLATES. 


STROMBID^E. 


PLATE  1. 
FIGURE  PAOE. 

1.  Strombus  florid  us,  Lam.     Dentition.     Fischer,  Manuel 

de  Conch.,  f.  428,  p.  669, 99 

2.  Strombus  gigas,  Linn.     Chenu,  Manuel  de  Conch.,  i,  f. 

1570,.    :/.'•..  ...  107 

3.  Strombus  gigas,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  117,    .  107 

4.  Strombns  gigas,  juv.     Kiener,  Icon.,  t.  33,  f.  1,   .         .  107 

5.  Strombus  Goliath,  Chemn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch,  f.  118,  107 
fi.  Strombus  galcatus,  Swains.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  114,         •  108 

7.  Strombus  accipitrinus,    Lam.   (=   costatus).      Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  12, 108 

8.  Strombus  inermis;  Swains.  (=  costatus\     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  11H 108 

9.  Strombus  alatus  (=  pugilis,  var.).    Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  75,  .         .         .     '   . 109 

10.  Strombus  pyrnlatus,  Lam.  (=  alatus).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  72,  .  109 

PLATE  2. 

11.  Strombus  bubonius,  Lam.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  27,     .         .   108 

12.  Strombus  integer,  Swains.     Lister.  Hist.  Conch.,  t.  856,  108 

13.  Strombus  pugilis,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  74,        .         .109 

14.  Strombus  pugilis,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Genera,  t.  10,  f.  2,       .   109 

15.  Strombus  pugilis,  Linn.     Chenu,  Manual,  f.  1582,         .109 

16.  Strombus  dubius,  Sowb.  (=  pugilis).     Thes.   Conch., 

f.  80, 109 

17.  Strombus  gracilior,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  73,  .         .  109 

18.  Strombus  canarium,  Linn.     Kiener,  Icon.,  t.  29,  f.  1  a,  110 

19.  Strombus  canarium,  Linn.     Quoy.  Voy.  Astrol.,  t.  51, 

f.  10, 110 

20.  Strombus  Isabella,  Lam.  (=  canarium,  var.).     Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  25,  f.  2 110 

(147) 


148  REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 

PLATE  3. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

21.  Strombtis  tseniata,  Quoy  (=  Isabella).     Voy.  Astrol., 

t.  51,  f,  14, 110 

22.  Strombus  granulatus,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

32a, 110 

23.  Strombus  lentiginosus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

79,       ...  ......  110 

24.  Strombus  lentiginosus,  Linn.     Kiener,  Icon.,  t.  18,  f.  1,  J10 

25.  Strombus  papilio,  Dillw.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  44,  .  110 

26.  Strombus  laciniattis,  Dillw.     Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  25,  111 

27.  Strombus  latissimiis,  Linn.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  112,  111 

28.  Strombus  Thersites,  Gray  (=ponderosus,  Phil.).  Sowb., 

Thes.  Conch.,  f.  109, Ill 

29.  Strombus  Peruvianus,  Lam.     Chenu,  Manuel,  f.  1587,  112 

30.  31.  Strombus  tricornis,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconqg.,  t.  7; 

t.  33,  f.  3,    .         .         .  .         .         .         .         .112 

PLATE  4. 

32.  Strombus    lobatus,    Swn.    (=  bituberctilatns,   Lam  ). 

Thes.  Conch.,  f.  76,     ....  .   112 

33.  Strombus  bitubenulatus,  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  306, 112 

34.  Strombus  taurus,  Reeve.     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  37,  f.  3,  1857,  111 

35.  Strombus  gallus,  Linn.     Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  18,      .  1.13 

36.  Strombus  gallus,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  33,  f.  2,      .  113 

37.  Strombus  auris-Dianse,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., f.  88,  113 

38.  Strombus   melanostoma,  Swn.    (=  auris-Dianse,  var.), 

Thes.  Conch.,  f.  89, 113 

39.  Strombus  Pacificus,  Swn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  86,  113 

40.  Strombus  australis,  Sowb.  (=  Pacificus,  Swn.).     Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  97,      ...  ....   114 

41-43.  Strombus  vittatus,  Linn.     Thes.  Conch. ,f.  28,29,30,  114 

44.  Strombus  sulcatus,  Chemn.  (— vittatus,  Linn.).  Kiister, 

Monog.,  t.  13,  f.  8, 114 

45.  Strombus    mirabilis,    Sowb.    (==    Listeri,    T.    Gray). 

Zool.  Proc..  t.  21,  f.  4,  1870,      .         .         .         .     "   .  114 

PLATE  5. 

46.  Strombus  Campbelli,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  45,  115 

47.  Strombus  Swainsoni,  Rve.  (=  dilatatus,  Swn.).  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  286,       .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .115 

48.  Strombus  Japonicus,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  42,         .  115 

49.  Strombus  columba,  Lam.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  26  6,   .         .  115 

50.  Strombus  orosminus,  Duclos  (=  columba).      Chenu, 

Conch.  Illust.,  t.  10,  f.  11, 115 


REFERENCE    TO    PLATES.  149 

FIOURB.  PAGB. 

51.  Strombus  labiosus,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  50,  116 

52.  Strombus  deformis,  Gray.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  55  6,  .         .116 

53.  Strombus  marginatus,  Linn.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  49,  116 

54.  Strombus    robustus,    Sowb.     (=  marginatus).      Zool. 

Proc.,  t.  72,  f.  5  a,  1874, .116 

55.  Strombus  epidromis,  Linn.     Kiener,  fconog.,  t.  26,  f.  1,  116 

PLATE  6. 

56.  Strombus  succinctus,  Linn.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  43,  .  116 

57.  Strombus  Septimus, Duclos  (=  succinctus,  var.).  Chenu, 

Conch.  Illust;,,  t.  13,  f.  9, 117 

58.  Strombus  fusiformis,  Sowb.    Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  28,  f.  2,  117 

59.  60.  Strombus  variabilis,  Swn.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  21  c,  a,  117 

61.  Strombus   athenius,   Duclos    (=  variabilis).      Chenu, 

Illust.,  t.  ll,f.  2, 117 

62.  Strombus  troglodytes,  Lam.  (=  minimus,  L.).  Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  31,  f.  2 117 

63    Strombus  Sibbaldi,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  48,  118 

64.  Strombus    deformis,    Kiener   (=  Sibbaldi).     Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  32,  f.  2,      .         .         .         ,         .         .         .  118 

65,  66.  Strombus  urceus,  Linn.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  246,  c,    .  118 

67.  Strombus  anatellus,  Duel.  (=  urceus).   Chenu,  Conch., 

Illust.,  t.  21,  f.  9, 118 

68.  Strombus  olydius,  Duel.  (  =  dentatus).     Chenu,  Illust , 

t.  5,  f.  7, 118 

69.  Strombus   Riippelli,   Reeve    (=  erythrinus).     Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  13  a, 119 

70.  Strombus  pulchellus,  Reeve  (=  dentatus,  var.).  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  52, .119 

PLATE  7. 

67.  Strombus  radians,  Duel.  (=  dentatus).    Chenu,  Conch. 

Illus.,  t.  4,  f.  16,          .  118 

68.  Strombus  dentatus,  Linn.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  17,     .         .  118 

69.  Strombus  dentatus,  Linn.      Chenu,  Conch.  Illus.,  t.  5, 

f.  6,     ....  .  .   118 

70.  Strombus  plicatus,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  31,  f.  1.  .  119 

71.  Strombus    elegans,    Sowb.    (—erythrinus).       Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  41  a,  .  .  .119 

72.  Strombus   corrugatus,  Ad.  and    Reeve    (==  dentatus, 

var.).     Voy.  Samarang,  t.  10,  f.  19,  .         .         .'        .  119 

73.  Strombus  floridus,  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  11  a,  119 

74.  Strombus  floridus,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  32,  f.  1, 

1  c,  1  a. 119 


150  REFERENCE    TO    PLATES. 

FIGURE.  ,  PAGE. 

77.  Strombus  ismarius,  Duel.  (=  fasciatus').    Chenu,  Conoh. 

Illust.,  t.  7,  f.  2,  .  .  120 

78.  Strombus  ksemastoma,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

56,     ....  .  .120 

79.  Strombus  hellii.  Rousseau.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  1. 13,  f.  2,  120 

80.  Strombus  epimellus,  Duel.  (=floridus).    Chenu,  Illus., 

t.  16,  f.  12 119 

81.  Strombus  scalariformis,  Duel.  Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  14,  f.  3,  120 

82.  Strombus  fasciatus.  Born.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  30,  f.  1,  120 

83.  Strombus    epimellus,    Duel.    (=    floridus).       Chenu, 

Conch.  Illust.,  t.  22,  f.  6,    .  .         .  .119 

84.  Strombus    maculatus,  Nuttall.     Reeve,    Conch.  Icon., 

f.  23,  .         .         .         .         .         .  .         .         .120 

PLATE  8. 

85.  Strombus  gibberulus,  Linn.    Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  28,  f.  1,  121 

86.  Strombus  bulbulus,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  8  a,  121 

87.  Strombus  terebellatus,  Sowb.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  10  a,    .  121 

88.  Strombus  Samar,  Chemn.    Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  53  6,  121 

89.  Strombus  Mauritianus,   Lam.     Sowb.,   Thes.    Conch., 

f.  59, ....  122 

90.  Strombus  conifonnis,  Sowb.  (==  Mauritianus).     Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  55, 122 

91.  Strombus  Luhuanus,  Linn.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  54,  .         .122 

92.  Strombus    Luhuanus,    monstrosity.      Ann.    Soc.    Mai. 

Belgique,  x,  t.  2,  f.  1 122 


1,  2.  Pterocera  lambis,  Linn.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  5,  7, 
3.  Pterocera  lambis,   Linn.,  juv.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.   9 
f.  2,     . 


124 
124 


4.  Pterocera  truncata,  Lam.  (=  bryonia\  Gmel.).     Ibid. 

t.  l,f.  1,        .  .  124 

PLATE  9. 

5.  Pterocera  aurantia,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  7,   .         .  124 

6.  Pterocera  scorpio,  Linn.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  3,          .         .  125 

7.  Pterocera  pseudoscorpio,  Lam.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  4.       .125 

8.  Pterocera  truncata,  Lam.  (=  bryonia),  Gmel.).     Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  13,  .         .      '  .         .  .124 

9.  Pterocera  millepeda,  Linn.      Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  9,  f.  1,  125 

10.  Pterocera  elongata,  Swainson.    Chenu,  Manuel,  f.  1617,  125 

11.  Pterocera  multipes  (=violacea,  Swn.).    Chenu,  Manuel, 

f.  1614, 125 


REFERENCE  TO  PLATES.  151 

PLATE  10. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

12.  Pterocera  chiragra,  Chenu  (=  rugosa,  Sowb.),  Chenu, 

Mannelif.  1612, 126 

13.  Pterocera  chiragra,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  12,  126 

14.  Rostellaria  curvirostris,  Lam.     Thes.  Conch.,  t.  5,  f.  9,  127 

15.  Rostellaria  curta,  Sowb.  (=  curvirostris,  var.).     Thes. 

Conch.,  t.  5,  f.  7, 127 

16.  Rostellaria  luteostoma,  Angas  (=  curvirostris,  var.). 

Zool.  Proc.,  t.  18,  f.  8,  1878, 127 

17.  Rostellaria  rectirostris,  Lam.  (—  fusus,  Linn).     Thes. 

Conch.,  t.  5,  f.  8, .128 

18.  Rimella  fissurella  (=  cancellata).     Thes.  Conch.,  t.  8, 

f.  65, 129 

19.  Rimella  crispata,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  t.  8,  f.  62.         .  129 

20.  Rimella  cancellata,  Lam.     Reeve,  Rostellaria,  f.  10  6,     129 

PLATE  11. 

21.  Rostellaria  rectirostris,  var.  melanostoma,  Sowb.   Thes. 

Conch.,  t.  5,f.  10, 128 

22.  Rostellaria  Powisii,  Petit.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  4  6,    .         .  128 

23.  Rostellaria  Favannii,  Pfr.  (=  fissa,  Dillw.).     Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  3,  f.  2 128 

24.  Rostellaria  Martinii,  Marrat.     Jour,  of  Conch.,  i,  t.  1,  128 

25.  Aporrhais  pes-pelicani,  Linn,    Troschel,  Gebiss,i,  t.  17, 

f .  3 99 

26.  Rostellaria  curvirostris,  Lam.,  juv.     Thes.  Conch.,  t.  5, 

f.  11 .127 

27.  Terebellum  subulatum,  Lain.    Voy.  Samarang,t.  9,f.  6,  131 
28-30.  Terebellum  subulatum,  Lam.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  1,  b. 

9,f.     .  .         .  131 

PLATE  12. 

31.  Aporrhais  pes-pelicani,  Linn.    Reeve,  Rostellaria,  f.  3  a,  131 

32.  Aporrhais  pes-carbonis,  Rve.  (=  Serresianus).     Ibid., 

f.  1  6, .132 

33.  Aporrhais  occidentalis,  Beck.     Ibid.,  f.  6  6,  .  .  133 

34.  Struthiolaria   straminea,   Sowb.   (=  papulosa).     Thes. 

Conch.,  t.  5,f.  18,  ...  133 

35.  Struthiolaria  crenulata,  Lam.  <  =  vermis,  var.).    Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  2,  f.  3,  -  133 

36.  Struthiolaria  inermis,  Sowb.  (==  vermis).  Thes.  Conch., 
f.  12,        . 

37.  Struthiolflria  gigaa,  Sowb,     Thes.  Conch.,  t.  5,  f.  17,    .  133 


152  REFERENCE    TO    PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAQB. 

38.  Struthiolaria    sulcata,  Jonas   (—  gigas).      Archiv  fiir 

Naturg.,  t.  9,  f.  5,  1839,      .  ....   134 

39,  40.  Struthiolaria  oblita,  Sowb.  (=  scutulata).     Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  15,  14, 134 

41.  Struthiolaria    mirabilis,    Smith.      Trans.    Roy.    Soc., 

clxviii,  t.  9,  f.  3, 134 

42.  Struthiolaria  costulata,  Martens.      Fischer,  Man.  de 

Conch.,  f.  442, 99 


MONOGRAPH  OF  THE   FAMILY 
Prepared   expressly   for   the   "  Manual   of  Conckology," 

BY  S.  RAYMOND  ROBERTS, 

Member  of  the  Concliological  Section  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia. 


FAMILY 

(Cowries.) 

Animal  having  tentacles  usually  long  and  stout,  the  eyes 
situated  on  a  thickened  portion  about  one-third  the  distance 
from  the  base  ;  mantle  produced  into  two  lobes  capable  of 
covering  the  shell,  and  furnished  with  warts,  or  forked  or 
pointed  filaments,  sometimes  papillose  as  in  Trivia. 

Head  obtuse,  cylindrical;  siphon  broad,  short,  sometimes 
fringed  at  the  edge  or  bordered  with  papilla)  similar  to  those 
on  the  mantle  ;  foot  large,  simple,  oblong-ovate,  in  ample  folds, 
more  or  less  acuminated  at  the  extremities,  sometimes  truncate 
in  front  ;  in  Trivia  it  extends  posteriorly  far  beyond  the  shell 
and  terminates  obtusely. 

Color  of  mantle  extremely  variable  ;  foot,  head  and  siphon 
usually  pale  orange. 

Individuals'  bisexual  ;  male  organ  very  large. 

Lingual  riband  rather  long,  with  seven  series  of  teeth, 
arranged  .'H*3,  each  row  being  composed  of  one  broad  quadrate 
uncinated  rachidian  tooth  flanked  on  each  side  by  three  hooked 
laterals  (PI.  15,  fig.  8;  PI.  20,  lig.  41).  Jaw  corneous  (PI.  20, 
fig.  64). 

No  operculum. 

Shell  ovate,  varying  from  cylindrical  to  pyriform,  sometimes 
ribbed  or  pustulate,  but  mostly  smooth  and  possessing  a  high 
11  (153) 


154  CYFRJEWJE. 

polish  and  brilliant  coloring;  spire  nearly,  if  not  entirely, 
covered  by  the  body-whorl  which  envelops  it ;  aperture  nearly 
central,  narrow  and  longitudinal ;  lip  and  columella  more  or 
less  toothed  the  entire  length  ;  occasionally,  but  rarely,  without 
teeth. 

The  young  shell  differs  in  being  Bulla-shaped  ;  the  columella 
is  smooth,  the  outer  lip  thin,  and  the  color  diffused  in  bands  or 
waved  lines.  As  the  animal  grows,  the  lip  and  columella 
thicken,  teeth  begin  to  develop  and  the  shell  becomes  more 
solid.  The  two  unequal  lobes  of  the  mantle  extend  one  from 
either  side  of  the  aperture,  and  meet  upon  the  dorsal  surface  of 
the  shell,  producing  at  the  point  of  contact  what  is  known  as 
the  "  dorsal  line  "  or  "  sulcus."  The  function  of  the  mantle  is 
to  deposit  the  calcareous  substance  which  forms  the  richly 
colored  enamel  of  the  shell. 

The  cowries  are  shy  and  move  slowly ;  they  inhabit  the  warm 
seas  of  the  tropics,  though  a  few  species  occur  farther  north, 
notably  Trivia  Europsea,  which  has  been  found  on  the  coast  of 
Norway,  and  is  abundant  on  the  shores  of  Great  Britain, 
ranging  from  the  verge  of  low-water  to  as  deep  as  fifty  fathoms. 
The  highest  northern  station  on  the  west  coast  of  America^  at 
which  any  representation  of  the  Cypraeidae  has  been  detected,  is 
Bodega  Head,  Cal.,  in  lat.  about  38°  north  (Stearns). 

They  feed  largely  upon  coral  animals.  Those  found  on  some 
of  the  islands  near  New  South  Wales  are  usually  seen  lying 
upon  deep  beds  of  dead  shells  of  the  genus  Pectunculus. 
•Fossil,  the  Gyprseidse  commenced  in  the  Cretaceous,  and  have 
augmented  in  the  number  of  species  to  the  present  time.  One 
species  is  reported  from  the  Upper  Jurassic  of  Sicily.  From 
the  fact  that  in  many  species  of  Cyprsea  small  shells  are  found 
fully  adult,  while  larger  examples  appear  less  matured,  theories 
about  casting  or  dissolving  and  renewing  the  shell  at  different 
periods  of  the  animal's  existence  have"  been  advanced  by  several 
eminent  authorities.  Bruguiere  first  expressed  this  opinion. 
His  belief  was  that  the  animal  left  its  shell  to  form  a  new  one, 
after  the  manner  of  crabs.  Lamarck  coincided  with  this  view, 
but  Deshayes  doubted  the  ability  of  the  animal  to  secrete  a  new 
shell  complete  in  all  parts,  after  it  had  reached  an  advanced 
condition  of  existence,  and  considered  the  difference  in  size  was 


155 

due  to  local  influences.  In  1844  Lieut.  J.  B.  Hankey,  of  the 
English  Xavy,  in  a  letter  to  Lovell  Reeve,  stated  that  he  .sv//>- 
the  cowry  dissolve  its  shell  and  in  a  short  time  secrete  a  thin 
layer  of  glutinous  matter,  which  in  a  few  days  attained  the  con- 
sistency of  shellac,  its  form  being  that  of  the  Cymba.  In 
consequence  of  this  extreme  fragility,  he  was  not  able  to 
preserve  any  of  the  specimens. 

Unfortunately  this  observer  does  not  say  anything  regarding 
the  interior  structure  of  the  renewed  shell,  neither  has  there 
been  any  new  light  thrown  upon  this  important  matter  by  later 
writers,  and  the  only  literature  referring  to  the  subject  is  that 
the  substance  of  which  is  here  given. 

While  the  statement  of  Lieut.  Hankey  is  strong  evidence.  :md 
it  is  a  recognized  fact  that  the  cowry,  like  many  other  mollusks, 
does  dissolve  away  portions  of  the  interior  structure  of  its  shell 
when  more  room  is  wanted,  yet  I  am  not  prepared  to  fully  accept 
his  statement,  but  rather  favor  the  views  expressed  by  Deshayes 
and  attribute  the  difference  in  size  to  local  causes.  Possibly  the 
larger  shells  ma}'  be  those  of  the  female. 

The  cowries  are  generally  the  first  to  attract  the  attention  of 
the  amateur,  mainly  on  account  of  their  rich  and  brilliant 
coloring ;  and  examples  of  the  commoner  species,  principally  C. 
tigris,  manufactured  into  a  great  variety  of  articles,  are  to  be 
found  in  many  households.  The  natives  of  the  Orient,  especially 
those  belonging  to  the  South  Pacific  Islands,  use  them  largely 
for  personal  adornment.  In  India  the}'  are  used  as  trimmings 
to  various  trappings  for  elephants  and  horses.  The  Cuprsea 
moneta,  or  money-cowry,  sometimes  called  the  "  prop  shell," 
passes  current  almost  exclusively  in  some  parts  of  Africa.  For 
this  purpose  many  tons  have  been  shipped  from  the  Indian 
Ocean,  where  the  shell  occurs  abundantly.  Mr.  John  C.  Hertz 
has  published  a  memoir  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  Geographical 
Society  of  Hamburg,"  on  the  use  and  diffusion  of  the  cowry 
shell  as  a  medium  of  exchange.  His  father  dispatched  a  vessel 
to  the  Maldive  Islands  in  1844,  for  a  cargo  of  cowries  to  be  sold 
to  merchants  for  use  in  the  West  African  trade.  Xot  finding  as 
many  shells  there  as  they  had  anticipated,  they  completed  their 
cargo  with  the  larger  and  less  valuable  species  of  Zanzibar, 
where  the  cowries  are  burned  into  lime.  Several  cargoes  of 
cowries  were  sent  annually  to  Whydah  and  Lagos,  where  they 


156  GYTRJEIDJE. 

were  exchanged  with  the  slave-traders  for  the  Spanish  doubloons 
they  received  from  the  sale  of  slaves.  The  Hamburg  ship- 
captains  dispatched  this  money  home  from  Cape  Town.  The 
cowry-trade  continued  to  extend  as  the  slave-trade  nourished, 
till  Brazil  took  measures  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  African 
slaves.  Simultaneously  with  the  extinction  of  the  slave-trade 
began  the  introduction  of  palm-oil,  and  a  new  trade,  in  which 
that  product  took  the  place  of  the  Spanish  doubloons,  that 
grew  as  the  use  of  palm-oil  was  extended.  It  flourished  greatly 
during  the  Crimean  War,  when  the  Black  Sea  tallow  was  excluded 
from  the  markets.  With  it  also  flourished  the  trade  in  cowries, 
which  thus  appears  to  be  connected  with  so  many  historical 
events  that,  considered  from  that  point  of  view,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  in  some  sort  a  measure  of  historical  development — 
a  view  which  received  another  exemplification  in  1852,  when 
England  blockaded  the  coast  of  Dahomey,  and  the  trade  in 
cowries  was  stopped.  In  1845  the  Sultan  of  Bornoo  reformed 
his  currency,  and  introduced  Spanish  doubloons  in  place  of  the 
cotton-cloth  that  had  hitherto  served  as  money,  with  cowries,  at 
the  rate  of  four  thousand  to  the  dollar,  for  small  change.  A  large 
demand  for  cowries  sprang  up,  and  the  trade  in  them  was  stim- 
ulated to  such  an  excess  that  the  market  was  glutted,  and  it  after- 
ward languished  for  several  years.  The  present  demand  is  quite 
lively.  The  cowry-shell  is  used  as  currency  principally  in  the 
countries  near  the  Niger,  except  in  Ashantee,  where  gold-dust  is 
the  medium  of  exchange.  North  of  Ashantee,  gold-dust  and  the 
gera  or  cola-nut  (Sterculia  acuminata)  are  used  with  cowries,  a 
load  of  sixty  pounds  of  the  nuts  being  considered  equivalent  in 
value  to  about  fifteen  thousand  cowries.  The  shells  have  been 
used  as  a  medium  of  exchange  from  a  high  antiquity.  Marco 
Polo  found  them  circulating  in  Yunnan  in  the  thirteenth  century; 
and  they  have  been  discovered  in  prehistoric  graves  in  the  Baltic 
countries.  Dr.  Ruschenberger,  U.  S.  N.,  says  they  are  not  used 
as  money  in  the  Maldive  Islands. 

On  the  authority  of  Mr.  P.  L.  Simmonds,  in  "  The  Commer- 
cial Products  of  the  Sea,"  a  young  wife  in  Africa  costs  from 
60,000  to  100,000  shells,  while  an  ordinary  one  may  be  had  for 
20,000,  valuing  the  shells  at  about  4000  to  the  dollar.  It  is  also 
stated  that  a  house  built  by  an  English  gentleman,  in  Cuttack, 
was  paid  for  in  cowries,  sixteen  millions  being  used. 


157 

In  order  to  give  some  idea  of  the  prices  paid  for  the  rarer 
species  of  Cyprsea,  it  is  reliably  stated  that  the  second  specimen 
of  C.  umbilicata  sent  home  by  the  collector,  Mr.  Roland  Gunii, 
of  New  South  Wales,  was  sold  for  £30.  Good  specimens  can  now 
be  had  for  about  $2.50  each. 

A  specimen  of  C.  guttata,  of  which  the  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  possesses  a  fine  example,  was  sold  at  auction 
a  few  years  ago,  and  cost  the  purchaser  £42.  This  species  is 
still  extremely  rare.  Other  species  range  in  price  from  $2.50  to 
$25.00  each :  notwithstanding  this,  a  good  collection  of  the  species 
can  be  obtained  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  $25.00. 

A  number  of  monographs  and  catalogues  of  the  Cypraeidie  have 
been  published,  the  most  important  being  the  following  : — 

Gray.  J.  E. — Zoological  Journal,  1824  to  1829.  A  monograph, 
including  113  species,  some  of  which  are  figured. 

Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Shells,  1832,  in  which  are  enumer- 
ated and  described  121  species. 

Sowerby,  G.  B. — Conchological  Illustrations,  1837.  Colored 
figures  of  143  species,  a  number  of  which  are  described. 

Kiener,  L.  C. — Coquilles  vivantes  (no  date).  A  monograph  in- 
cluding 145  species  with  colored  figures. 

Reeve,  Lovell. — Conchologia  Iconica,  1845.  Monograph  with 
colored  figures  of  154  species. 

Roberts, S.  R. — Catalogue  and  Synonymy  of  Porcellanidae.  Amer. 
Jour.  Conchology,  v,  1869. 

The  species,  197  in  all,  are  alphabetically  arranged  with  the 
synonymy  and  bibliography  fully  indicated.  The  names  pro- 
posed by  authors  prior  to  Linnaeus,  when  binomial,  are  here 
recognized. 

Sowerby,  G.  B.,  Jr. — Thesaurus  Conchyliorum,  1870.  Mono- 
graph, including  189  species,  with  colored  figures. 

Weinkauffj  H.  C. — In  the  Systematisches  Conchilien-Cabinet  of 
Kiister,  1881,  185  species  are  described  and  figured,  the  notes 
added  to  some  of  the  descriptions  being  often  quite  compre- 
hensive. This  author  also  enumerates  the  species,  with  par- 


158  CYPFUEID^E. 

tial  synonymy  and  bibliography  in  the  "  Jahrbiicher  der 
Deutschen  Malakozoologischen  Gesellschaft  "  for  the  same 
year. 

According  to  Woodward,  97  fossil- species  have  been  deter- 
mined. 

The  subdivision  of  the  Cyprseidre  into  groups,  is  attended 
with  considerable  difficulty,  inasmuch  as  many  of  the  species 
which  appear  distinct  when  the  types  only  of  each  are  compared, 
are  found  to  be  closely  connected  by  intermediate  forms.  For 
instance,  take  the  series  of  shells  of  which  G.  staphylsea  and  C. 
polita  are  the  extreme  examples  : 

The  former  is  dark  in  color,  pustulate,  and  the  teeth  extend 
entirely  over  the  base  of  the  shell,  in  the  form  of  ridges,  while 
the  latter  is  cream-tinted,  perfectly  smooth,  the  teeth  being  con- 
fined to  the  margin  of  the  aperture  except  for  a  short  distance 
at  the  extremities  of  the  columella,  and  I  do  not  hesitate  to 
place  it  in  the  same  group  with  the  beautiful  C.  Listeri,  Gray. 
Yet  it  is  possible  to  connect  them.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
many  other  well-recognized  antipodal  species.  Again,  local 
causes  have  produced  variations  in  well-known  species  and  these 
have  received  new  names,  thereby  swelling  the  synonymy.  This 
is  noticeable  in  the  case  of  the  New  Caledonian  forms  which 
frequently  occur  rostrate  and  show  a  tendency  to  melanism. 
Quite  in  contrast  is  this  with  the  pale  coloring  exhibited  in  num- 
erous Sandwich  Islands  specimens  of  other  well-known  species. 
It  has  been  observed  that  the  pale  coloring  peculiar  to  the 
shells  from  the  latter  locality,  is  confined  to  the  Cypraeidde. 

Of  the  New  Caledonian  forms,  over  forty  species  are  found 
at  Mauritius,  and  Dr.  Jousseaume  remarks  as  a  consequence 
that  this  representation  in  so  widely  separated  and  completely 
isolated  localities  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  views  of  the 
advocates  of  geographical  provinces. 

Various  classifications  have  been  proposed,  the  most  promi- 
nent being  those  of  Gray,  H.  and  A.  Adams,  Sowerby,  Troschel, 
Weinkauff,  and  Jousseaume. 

Dr.  Gray  recognized  six  genera :  Cyprasa,  Luponia,  Cypriro- 
vula,  Trivia,  Erato,  Ovulum ;  subdividing  the  first  into  sub- 
genera  Cypraea,  Aricia,  Naria.  His  descriptions  are  as  follows  : 


GYPRJEIDJE.  159 

I.  Cypraea. 

Subgenus    Cypraea — Front    of    columella    broad,    deeply 

impressed  ;  shell  mostly  smooth. 
Subgenus  Aricia — Front  of  columella  flat  or  nearly  so,  back 

of  shell  smooth. 
Subgenus  Naria — Front  of  columella  narrow,  dilated  into  a 

sharp-toothed  ridge  ;  shell  smooth. 

II.  Luponia — Shell  like  cowry,  but  front  end  of  the  columellar 
lip  crossed  by  several  irregular  ridges  without  any  dis- 
tinct marginal  one ;  internally  narrow,  flat,  shell  pear- 
shaped,  smooth  or  ribbed. 

III.  Cypraeovula — Like    cowry,  but    front   end    of    columella 
covered  with  regular  cross-ribs  like  rest  of  base,  inter- 
nally produced  into  an  acute  toothed  ridge,  shell  pear- 
shaped  and  ribbed. 
IY.  Trivia— Like  Cypraeovula,  but  front  of  columella  internally 

concave,  ribbed,  shell  subglobular,  cross-ribbed. 
(Erato  and  Ovulum  are  now  excluded  from  this  family.) 

The  Messrs.  Adams  modified  these  groups  and  added  others, 
as  follows : 

Cypraea,  representing   the  cylindrical   forms,  with  Naria  as  a 

subgenus. 

Aricia,  shells  with  flattened  base. 
Luponia ;  Cypraeovula ;  Trivia,  with  Pustularia  as  a  subgenus 

for  pustulate  forms  ;  and  Epona. 

Under  this  arrangement,  C.  carneola  would  be  entitled  to  a 
place  in  Aricia  as  well  as  in  Cypraea. 

Sowerby  in  "  Thesaurus  Conchyliorum  "  makes  two  divisions  : 

A.  Cypraea,  proper.     Columella  ending  in  a  lobe  and  plait. 

B.  Cypraea,  subgenus  Trivia.     Columella  without  distinct  lobe 

or  plait. 

He  attempts  to  arrange  the  species  in  the  order  of  their 
nearest  allies. 

Dr.  Troschel  named  two  families :  Cypraeacea,  Triviacea, 
basing  his  subdivisions  upon  differences  in  dentition;  but  as 
these  differences  do  not  agree  with  those  of  the  general  charac- 
ters of  the  shell,  they  need  not  be  further  considered.  The  first 


160 

family  he  subdivided  into  sections  C}Tpra3a,  Aricia,  Pustularia, 
and  the  last  into  Trivia  and  Erato.  He  further  subdivided, 
Cyprsea  into  Talparia,  Tigris,  Lyncina  and  Mauritia ;  and 
Aricia  into  Erronea,  Erosaria  and  Monetaria.  Erato  having 
been  monographed  by  Mr.  Tryon  with  his  "  Marginellida*," 
leaves  but  one  section  in  the  second  family. 

Weinkauff,  in  1881,  proposed  seven  divisions,  viz. :  Cyprrea, 
Aricia,  Luponia,  Ocellaria,  Pustularia,  Epona,  Cyproeovula. 
He  makes  Trivia  a  subgenus  and  endeavors  to  show  how  these 
subdivisions  run  into  each  other.  While  this  arrangement  coin- 
cides somewhat  with  that  of  Messrs.  Adams,  the  author  makes 
the  restriction  that  what  are  called  genera  and  subgenera,  with 
him  are  simply  sections  to  which  he  has  subjoined  the  Adams' 
names. 

He  very  properly  remarks  that  Pustularia  is  more  nearly 
related  to  Cyprsea  than  to  Trivia ;  and  follows  Sowerby  in 
separating  Ocellaria,  holding  that  the  eye-markings  and,  still 
more,  the  impressions  upon  the  sides  of  the  shell  are  of  sufficient 
consequence  to  allow  this  group  a  separate  place. 

In  a  study  of  the  Cypneidae,  published  in  the  "  Bull,  de  Soc. 
Zool.  France,"  for  1884,  Dr.  F.  Jousseaume  proposes  to  subdivide 
the  family  into  thirty-six  generic  groups,  twenty-five  of  which  are 
new  to  science,  the  remaining  eleven  being  adaptations  of  those 
of  previous  authors,  as  follows  :  — 

Bernaya,  Jouss.  (Fossil).     Type  B.  (Gyp.)  media,  Desh. 

Gisortia,  Jouss.  Types  G.  (Ovula)  gisortiana^sil.;  G.  (Gyp.) 
mus,  Linn. 

Mandolina,  Bayle  MSS.  (Fossil).  Type  M.  (Gyp.)  gibbosa, 
Borson. 

Zoila,  Jouss.     Type  Z.  (Gyp.)  Scotti,  Brod. 

Mauxiena,  Jouss.     Type  M.  (  Gyp.)  Mauritiana,  Linn. 

Trona.  Jouss.     Type  T.  (Gyp.)  stercoraria,  Linn. 

Umbilia,  Jouss.     T>  pe  U.  (  Gyp.)  umbilicata,  Sowb. 

Vulgusella,  Jouss.  Type  V.  (Gyp.)  tigris,  Linn.  G.  lynx, 
Linn.,  is  here  included. 

Arabica,  Jouss.     Type  A.  (Gyp.)  Arabica,  Linn. 

Cyprsea,  Linn.     Type  Gyp.  cervus,  Linn. 


161 

Porcellana,  Klein.     Type  P.  ( Cyp.)  argus,  Linn. 

Luria,  Jouss.     Type  L.  (Cyp.)  lurida,  Linn. 

Lnponia,  Gray.     Type  L.  (Gyp.)  Algoensis,  Gray. 

Cypnvovula,  Gray.     Type  G.  Capensis,  Gray. 

Zonaria,  Jouss.     Type  Z.  (Cyp.)  zonata,  Chem. 

Adusta,  Jouss.  Type  A.  (Cyp.)  adusta,  Chem.  =  G.  onyx, 
Linn. 

Erronea,  Troschel.     Type  E.  (Cyp.)  errones,  Linn. 

Stolida,  Jouss.     Type  S.  (Cyp.)  stolida,  Linn. 

Cribraria,  Jouss.     Type  G.  (Cyp.)  cribaria,  Linn. 

Naria,  Gray.     Type  N.  (Cyp.)  irrorata,  *Sol. 

Basterotia,  Bayle  MSS.  (Fossil).  Type  B.  (Gyp.)  leporina, 
Lam. 

Ponda,  Jouss.  Type  P.  (Cyp.)  achatina,  Sol.  =  ventriculus, 
Lam. 

Monetaria,  Troschel.     Type  M.  (Gyp.)  moneta,  Linn. 

Erosaria,  Troschel.     Type  E.  (Gyp.)  erosa.  Linn. 

Staphyloea,  Jouss.     Type  S.  (Cyp.)  staphylcea,  Linn. 

Tessellata,  Jouss.     Type  T.  (Cyp.),  tessellata,  Swn. 

Ipsa,  Jouss.     Type  7.  (Cyp.)  Childreni,  Gray. 

Cypraedia  Swainson  (Fossil).  Types  C.  (  Cyp.)  cancellata,  Swn.; 
C.  Adamsoni,  Gray. 

Pustularia,  Swainson.     Type  P.  (Gyp.)  cicercula,  Linn. 

Nuclearia,  Jouss.     Type  N.  (Cyp.)  nucleus,  Linn. 

Jenneria,  Jouss.     Type  J.  (Cyp.)  pustulata,  Lam. 

Pustula,  Jouss.     Type  P.  (Cyp.)  radians,  Lam. 

Triviella,  Jouss.     Type  T.  (Cyp.)  oniscus,  Lam. 

Trivia,  Gray.     Type  T.  Europaea.  Mont. 

Niveria,  Jouss.     Type  N.  (  Trivia)  nivea,  Gray. 

Trivirostra,  Jouss.  Type  T.  (  Trivia)  scabriuscula,  Gray  —  T. 
oryza,  Lam. 

No  objection  can  be  raised  to  any  plan  of  grouping  that  will 
aid  the  student  in  his  study  of  this  family,  but  when  it  comes  to 
giving  each  group  a  title,  as  has  been  done  in  this  instance,  there 
is  an  unnecessary  swelling  of  the  already  too  large  list  of  generic 
names. 

In  my  catalogue,  published  in  1869,  I  followed  the  Messrs. 
Adams,  with  the  addition  of  the  genus  Gaskoinia,  proposed  by 


162 

me  for  a  group  of  shells  of  which  the  Gyp.  edentula,  Gray,  is  the 
only  example  at  present  known. 

With  regard  to  Erato,  although  its  animal  possesses  much  in 
common  with  that  of  Trivia,  particularly  in  the  dentition  (if  cor- 
rectly figured),  yet  I  agree  with  Mr.  Tryon  that  "  the  balance  of 
characters  seems  to  indicate  a  rather  closer  relationship  "  with 
Marginella,  where  he  has  placed  it.  At  any  rate,  the  genus  is 
already  monographed  in  this  work,  vol.  v,  p.  1. 

Besides  these,  the  following  fossil  genera  have  been  estab- 
lished :  Cypraeorbis  and  Sulcocyprsea,  named  by  Conrad,  but  not 
described,  and  Cyprsedia,  Swainson.  Pseudocassis,  Pictet,  erro- 
neously referred  as  a  synonym  to  Gaskoinia,  Roberts,  in  Try  on 's 
Structural  and  S}rstematic  Conchology,  scarcely  belongs  to  the 
family. 

The  following  arrangement  is  suggested  after  careful  study  as 
being  that  best  attainable  by  me,  but  on  account  of  the  great 
variability  of  form  and  other  characters.  I  am  convinced  that  no 
scheme  of  classification  can  be  presented  that  will  positively 
determine  the  position  of  all  the  species.  In  using  the  sub- 
generic  terms  here  given,  I  do  not  recognize  in  them  any  syste- 
matic value  except  in  the  case  of  Trivia,  which  is  sufficiently 
well  characterized  to  entitle  it  to  the  position  of  a  subgenus. 

Genus  CYPRJ3A,  Linn. 

Section      I.  Shell  cylindrical,  or  nearly  so. 
Group  A.  Not  margined. 

*  Spotted,  teeth  brown-tinted. 
**  Not  spotted,  teeth  whitish. 

Group  B.  Margined. 

*  Margins  not  spotted. 

**  Margins  spotted,  teeth  small. 
Section    II.  (Aricia,  Gray,  pars.) 

Shell  ovate,  thick,  margined  with  flattened  base. 
Group  A.  Shell  smooth. 

*  Not  spotted. 

**  Dorsal  surface  spotted. 
^*^  Spots  extending  over  the  base. 
Group  B.  Shell  sometimes  nodose  or  tuberculated. 


CYPR-ffilD^E.  163 

Section  III.  (Luponia,  Gray,  pars.) 

Shell  pyriform  or  pyriformly  ovate,  usually  spotted. 
Group  A.  Shell  smooth,  not  margined. 

*  More  or  less  ventricose  or  inflated. 
**  More  or  less  oblong  or  sub-pyriform. 

Group  B.  Shell  smooth,  margined. 

*  Margins  not  pitted. 

**  Margins  more  or  less  pitted,  dorsal  spots  usually 

ocellated. 

Group  C.  (Gaskoinia,  Roberts.)     Shell  smooth,  edentulate. 
Group  D.  (Cypneovula,  Gray.)     Shell  ribbed  transversely. 
Group  E.  (Pustularia,  Swn.)     Shell  pustulate  or  nodulous. 
Section  IV.  (Epona,  H.  and  A.  Adams.) 

Shell  globose,  back  either  smooth  or  with  devated 
tubercles,  extremities  produced. 

Subgenus  TRIVIA,  Gray. 

Shell  subglobular,  cross-ribbed,  front  of  columella  internally 
concave,  ribbed. 

Group  A.  Shell  generally  thin,  aperture  wide,  outer  lip  narrow, 

margined. 
Group  B.  Shell  thick,  usually  margined,  aperture  narrow  and 

more  or  less  central. 

a.  Having  a  dorsal  impression. 

*  Shell  white. 

**  Shell  usually  pinkish,  spotted. 
**  *  Shell  brownish. 

b.  Having  no  dorsal  impression. 

*  Shell  white. 

**   Shell  pinkish,  sometimes  spotted. 
**£  Shell  brown. 

The  material  of  this  monograph  has  been  prepared  under  some 
disadvantages,  during  the  few  odd  hours  of  leisure  occurring  in 
an  active  mercantile  life ;  this  will  explain,  if  it  does  not  excuse 
its  errors  and  omissions.  The  author  takes  this  opportunity  to 
acknowledge  valuable  aid  rendered  by  a  number  of  conchological 
friends  at  home  and  abroad,  while  prosecuting  this  labor  of  love. 


164  CYPR^EA. 

Genus  CYPR^EA,  Linn. 
Section  I.     Shell  cylindrical  or  nearly  so. 

Group  A.     Not  margined. 
*  Spotted,  teeth  brown-tinted. 

C.  ARGUS,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  1,  2. 

Pale  brown,  back  three-banded,  covered  with  numerous  brown 
rings,  base  ornamented  with  four  large  dark  chestnut  spots,  two 
on  each  side  of  the  aperture.  Length,  2'5-4  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  New  Caledonia,  New  Hebrides. 

C.  CER\US,  Linn.     PI.  2,  figs.  11,  12. 

Shell  more  or  less  inflated  ;  brown,  ornamented  with  numerous 
somewhat  small  white  spots,  base  usually  dark  brown. 

Length,  2-6  inches. 

Panama. 

Reported  from  the  West  Indies  as  well  as  the  west  coast  of 
America,  by  several  authors,  but  the  true  locality  seems  still 
in  doubt.  Prof.  Miirch,  while  including  it  in  his  West  Indian 
Cyprseas,  says  he  has  seen  no  specimen  with  authentic  locality. 

The  young  cervus  is  transverse^  radiated  with  four  bluish 
lead-colored  bands. 

C.  EXANTHEMA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  3,  4,  5  ;  PI.  2,  figs.  13,  14. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  less  inflated,  more  elongate 
and  solid.  It  is  of  heavier  growth,  the  spots  are  usually  larger 
and  are  ringed.  Length,  3-4  inches. 

West  Indies,  Florida;  Panama  to  Mazatlan  (var.  cervinetta}. 

One  specimen  of  this  shell  was  found  at  Fort  Macon,N.  Caro- 
lina. Previous  monographers  have  generally  given  this  species 
an  East  Indian  habitat;  it  is  decidedly  West  Indian,  while  C. 
cervus  probably  belongs  to  the  West  Coast  of  America.  This 
view  coincides  with  that  of  Prof.  Morch. 

C.  cervinetta,  Kiener  (figs.  3,  13,  14)  is  a  small  variety,  more 
cylindrical  and  of  a  deeper  hue,  the  teeth  on  the  coluinella  are 
also  of  a  richer  dark  brown.  It  belongs  to  the  Panama  and 
Mazatlan  regions,  and  appears  to  be  the  West  Coast  representa- 
tive of  C.  exanthema. 


CYPR.-KA.  165 

C.  SCURRA,  Chemn.     PI.  2,  figs.  19,  20,  21. 

Ashy  blue,  obscurely  banded,  and  covered  with  an  open  net- 
work of  brown,  sides  brownish,  sprinkled  with  smoky  black 
spots  ;  teeth  fine,  aperture  narrow.  Length,  1*25-2  inches. 

Annaa  I.;  Australia. 
C.  TESTUDINARIA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  9,  10. 

Milky  brown,  back  clouded  and  spotted  with  fulvous  and 
chestnut-brown,  and  profusely  sprinkled  with  minute  white 
scurf-like  specks,  base  flesh-colored,  teeth  white. 

Length,  4-6  inches. 

Ceylon;  Neiv  Caledonia  (rare). 

In  the  young  shell  there  are  several  bands  of  interrupted 
chestnut-brown  blotches,  more  or  less  obscure ;  they  begin  to 
change  iu  the  second  stage  of  growth,  and  disappear  entirely  in 
the  third. 

**  Not  spotted,  teeth  whitish. 

C.  ISABELLA,  Linn.     PL  1,  figs.  6,  T. 

Asli3r  fulvous,  obscurely  three-banded,  marked  longitudinally 
with  inky  black  dashes,  extremities  saffron-red,  base  white, 
teeth  very  fine  and  numerous.  Length,  '75-1*5  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

C.  controver sa,  Gray,  first  described  as  a  species,  was  after- 
wards identified  by  its  author  as  a  variety  of  Isabella. 

C.  LURIDA,  Linn.     PI.  3,  figs.  22,  23. 

Bluish  olive,  obscurely  banded,  base  whitish,  extremities 
stained  on  each  side  with  a  rich  blackish-brown  blotch. 

Length,  1-2  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Fossil  in  the  conglomerate  of  Santiago,  C.  Verd. 

C.  PULCHRA,  Gray.     PI.  2,  figs.  17,  18. 

Differs  from  the  above  in  having  a  narrower  aperture  and  much 
smaller  teeth,  which  are  nearly  obsolete  and  tinted  brownish,  the 

base  is  ruddy  olive.     Length,  about  2  inches. 

-  Eed  Sea. 

This  species  was  first  called  pulcliella  by  Dr.  Gray,  but  on 
finding  the  name  preoccupied,  he  changed  it  to  pulchra. 


166  CYPR^EA. 

C.  CINEREA,  Gmel.     PL  2,  figs.  15,  16. 

Ash-brown,  sometimes  longitudinally  painted  with  jet-black 
dashes,  sides  flesh-tinged  and  similarly  painted,  base  cream-white, 
interstices  between  the  teeth  generally  pinkish  flesh-color. 

Length,  1-1  -75  inches. 

West  Indies. 

Fossil,  common  in  the  Pliocene  clay  beds  of  Costa  Rica  (W. 
M.  Gabb). 

C.  CLARA,  Gask      PI.  1,  fig.  8. 

Very  closely  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with  the  above.  The 
main  difference  lies  in  the  teeth,  which  are  smaller. 

Length,  about  l£  inches. 

Bab.? 
C.  REEVEI,  Gray.     PI.  3,  figs.  24,  25. 

Differs  from   C.  cinerea,  Gmel.,  in  being  bluish  lavender  in 
color,  with  the  extremities  delicately  tinted  pink.      The  shells 
usually  present  an  undeveloped  appearance. 
Length,  about  1*5  inches. 

Swan  R.,  Australia. 
Group  B.  Margined. 

*  Margins  not  spotted. 
C.  CARNEOLA,  Linn.     PL  3,  figs.  26-30. 

Pale  flesh-color,  ornamented  with  four,  occasionally  five,  bands 
of  a  deeper  tint ;  base  and  sides  pale  fulvous;  teetli  and  interstices 
deep  purple.  Animal  red.  Length,  1-3  inches. 

Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans. 

This  species  is  extremely  variable  both  in  size  and  shape,  and 
some  specimens  are  quite  like  the  group  in  which  the  C.  arenosa 
has  been  placed.  Mr.  Sowerby,  in  Thes.  Conch.  Cypneida^,  calls 
attention  to  a  variety  in  which  the  teeth  are  not  purple-tinted. 
This  is  probably  the  G.  Loebbeckeana  of  Weinkauff  (figs.  29,  30), 
but  Weinkauff  says  of  his  species,  that  in  addition  to  this,  there  is 
also  the  absence  of  the  bands  of  color  on  the  back,  whilst 
Sowerby's  figure  indicates  their  presence.  Very  large  specimens 
of  C.  carneola,  from  the  Isle  of  Pines,  have  been  confounded 
by  non-scientific  collectors  with  C.  aurantium,  Martyn. 

Fossil,  the  species  is  common  in  the  clay  beds  of  Costa  Rica 
(Gabb). 


CYPR.EA.  167 

C.  TALPA,  Linn.     PL  3,  figs.  31-33. 

Pale  yellow,  obscurely  two-  or  three-banded,  extremities,  sides 
and  base  blackish  brown ;  interstices  of  the  teeth  whitish.  .  The 
animal  is  black.  Length,  2-3  inches. 

Pacific  and  Indian  Oceans. 

The  young  shell  is  entirely  yellow,  with  brown-tinged  bands ; 
the  rich  basal  coating  of  dark  enamel  is  the  last  deposit  in  its 
formation. 

C.  EXUSTA,  Sowb.     PI.  3,  figs.  34,  35. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  more  pyriform,  the  teeth 
are  finer  and  merely  marginal  in  the  outer  lip.  Its  aperture  is 
also  much  narrower.  Length,  2-3  inches. 

Eed  Sea. 

C.  INTERBUPTA,  Gray.     PL  3,  figs.  36,  37  ;  PL  4,  figs.  38,  39. 

Shell  slightly  umbilicated,  back  freckled  with  olive-green, 
and  ornamented  with  three  bands  of  square  dark  olive  spots, 
sides  and  base  white,  teeth  small.  Length,  '5-'75  inch. 

Ceylon. 

C.  rhinoceros.  Souv.  (PL  4,  figs.  38,  39),  is  an  abnormal 
variety  from  New  Caledonia,  in  which  there  is  a  callous  swelling 
of  the  anterior  terminal  deposit. 

C.  QUADRIMACULATA,  Gray.     PL  4,  figs.  40,  41,  42. 

Attenuately  beaked  at  each  cud,  back  minute]}'  freckled  with 
olive-brown,  extremities  ornamented  with  a  blackish-brown  spot 
on  each  side,  base  white.  Length,  about  "75  inch. 

Borneo,  Indian  Ocean. 

C.  pallidula,  Gask.  (fig.  42),  is  a  small  variety  without  the 
spotted  beaks. 

**   Margins  spotted,  teeth  small. 

C.  IRRORATA,  Sol.     PL  4.  figs.  50,  51. 

Pale  purplish  blue,  obscurely  banded,  copiously  sprinkled 
with  fulvous-brown  spots  which  are  darker  in  color  at  the  sides, 

mities  sometimes  spotted  light  brown. 
Length,  about  '5  inch. 

Elizabeth  /.,  Paumotus. 


168  CYPR^EA. 

C.  GOODALLI,  Gray.     PI.  4,  figs.  43,  44. 

Delicate  snowy  white,  conspicuously  stained  with  a  large, 
irregular  orange-brown  blotch.  Length,  -5  inch. 

Lord  -Hood's  /.,  Paumotus. 

C.  FUSCOMACULATA,  Pease.     PL  20,  fig.  47. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  the  extremities  painted 
with  a  large  conspicuous  dark  chestnut-brown  spot  on  each  side. 
These  are  never  absent  even  in  specimens  most  weathered. 

Length,  -37-'5  inch. 

/.  Apaian. 
C.  ADELINE,  Roberts.     PL  4,  figs.  46,  47. 

More  depressed  than  C.  Goodalli^nd  the  canary-colored  base  is 
more  flattened,  back  bluish.  The  marginal  spots  extend  some- 
what over  the  base.  Length,  -5  inch. 

HabJ 

This  shell  was  described  and  figured  by  Sowerby  in  Thes. 
Conch,  as  C.  fuscomaculata,  Gray  MSS.  Pease  having  preoccu- 
pied the  name,  1  have  changed  it  as  above. 

This  species  seems  to  be  the  connecting  link  between  C. 
Goodalli,  and  C.  contaminata. 

C.  CONTAMINATA,  Gray.     PL  4,  figs.  48,  49. 

Pale  purple,  ornamented  with  a  large  chestnut  blotch,  base 
orange,  a  few  of  the  marginal  spots  extend  over  the  base. 
Length,  -5-*6  inch. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

C.  FIMBRIATA,  Gmel.     PL  5,  figs.  7&-7S. 

Pale  slate-color,  minutely  freckled  with  olive-brown, and  orna- 
mented with  a  brown  central  band  which  sometimes  appears 
double,  and  at  other  times  as  an  indistinct  blotch ;  extremities 
conspicuously  stained  with  violet,  the  marginal  spots  are  not 
numerous  and  extend  somewhat  over  the  base,  which  is  whitish. 

Length,  -5-1  inch. 

Indian  Ocean,  Australia,  Paumotus, 

A  species  which  is  extremely  variable  in  size,  but  always  dis- 
tinguishable by  the  violet  painting  of  the  extremities.  The 
young  shell  is  dull  pink  and  the  central  band  is  more  marked. 


UNI 


,,„,, 

N^C 

C.  MICROUON,  Gray.     PI.  5,  figs.  74,  75. 

Resembles  somewhat  the  small  varieties  of  C.  fimbriata.  It  is 
however,  narrower  and  the  teeth  are  very  minute.  The  back  is 
three-banded,  the  bands  being  composed  of  waved  orange-brown 
lines.  Length,  -4  inch. 

Loyalty  I.,  New  Caledonia,  Philippines,  Mauritius. 

C.  MACULA,  Adams.     PI.  4,  figs.  71,  72. 

Shell  more  pyriform  than  C.  fimbriata,  the  teeth  are  coarser, 
the  marginal  spots  are  uniformly  larger,  and  the  painting  of  the 
extremities  is  brownish  purple,  even  in  small  and  worn  speci- 
mens. It  is  closely  allied  to  the  larger  forms  of  C.  fimbriata. 

Length,  '6--9  inch. 

Japan,  Australia. 
C.  FELTNA,  Gmel.     PI.  4,  figs.  52-55,  59,  60. 

Greenish  blue,  freckled  all  over  with  olive,  sid^s  and  base 
yellowish,  spots  on  the  sides  large  and  black,  teeth  strong. 

Length,  '5-*75  inch.  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Var.  "  a,"  G.  ursellus,  Gmel.  (figs.  54,  55),  is  smaller,  the  base 
is  whitish  and  more  flattened. 

Tar.  "6,"  C.  fabula,  Kiener  (figs.  59,  00),  shell  shortened, 
gibbous,  back  elevated. 

The  animal  of  C.  felina  is  pale,  black-dotted. 

C.  HIRUNDO,  Linn.     PI.  4,  figs.  56,  57.  " 

The  olive  freckles  of  the  preceding  are  here  supplanted  by 
minute  brown  dots,  and  the  extremities  are  painted  with  blackish- 
brown  spots  ;  base  white,  teeth  conspicuous. 

Length,  *6-'8  inch.  Xew  Caledonia,  Australia,  Indian  0. 

C.  OWENI,  Sowb.     PL  4,  figs,  45,  58,  68-70  ;  PI.  5,  fig.  73. 

Shell  generally  broader,  and  more  margined  than  C.  hirundo, 
marginal  dots  more  numerous;  the  teeth  are  smaller  and  extend 
more  over  the  base  of  the  shell. 

From  a  careful  comparison  of  specimens  of  this  shell  with 
those  of  C.  Menkeana,  Desh.  (PI.  4,  figs.  69,  70,  from  Deshayes ; 
PI.  4.  fig.  58  ;  PI.  5,  fig.  73,  from  Sowerby),  both  of  which  were 
received  from  Mr.  Sowerby,  I  do  not  hesitate  to  place  the 
latter  as  a  synonym.  The  only  noticeable  difference  is  in  the 
marginal  dots,  which  in  Menkeana  sometimes  run  together, 
12 


'170  CYPILEA. 

giving  a  solid  brown  appearance.  Specimens  of  C.  Oweni, 
received  from  Mr.  J.  F.  Bailey,  of  Melbourne,  Victoria,  are 
rather  elongate,  yellowish,  and  have  a  faded  appearance,  but 
decorticated  shells  are  fawn-color. 

C.  NEGLECTA,  Sowb.     PI.  4,  figs.  61,  62,  63,  66,  67. 

Differs  from  C.  hirundo,  in  the  teeth,  which  are  smaller,  more 
numerous,  and  extend  over  the  base  of  the  shell.  The  back  is 
usually  ornamented  with  a  brown  blotch. 

Length,  *5-*75  inch.  Australia,  Mauritius. 

C.  coffea,  Sowb.  (figs.  66,  67)  is  a  small  variety,  the  teeth 
of  which  continue  over  the  dorsal  margin  of  the  posterior 
extremity. 

C.  CYLINDRICA,  Born.     PL  5,  figs.  79,  80,  81. 

Bluish,  freckled  with  minute  fulvous-chestnut  specks,  and  a 
large  misshapen  central  blotch ;  extremities  painted  on  each  side 
with  a  conspicuous  blackish-chestnut  spot;  the  marginal  dots  are 
very  few  in  number,  and  are  confined  to  the  left  side ;  aperture 
anteriorly  dilated,  outer  teeth  large,  inner  line,  and  elongated 
partially  across  the  base ;  teeth  and  base  whitish. 

Length,  1 '2-1*5  inches. 

Ceylon,  Australia,  New  Caledonia. 

C.  subcylindrica,  Sowb.  (fig.  81),  is  a  more  ovate  variety,  with 
teeth  less  strong,  those  on  the  columella  being  confined  to  its 
margin ;  the  marginal  dots  are  nearly  obsolete. 

C.  TABESCENS,  Sol.     PI.  5,  figs.  82,  83,  84. 

Whitish,  freckled  with  pale  j-ellowish  brown,  three-banded 
with  semilunar  spots  of  a  little  deeper  shade.  Spire  depressed , 
teeth  and  base  whitish.  Length,  -7-l'5  inches. 

New  Caledonia,  Loyally  Is.,  Australia. 

C.  TEEES,  Gmel.     PI.  5,  figs.  86,  87.- 

The  gradation  is  fine  from  the  more  slender  forms  of  C. 
tabescens  to  this  species,  but  the  more  sudden  bend  of  the 
aperture,  more  produced  extremities  and  the  increased  number 
of  teeth  are  sufficient  to  distinguish  it.  Length,  -75-'9  inch. 

Ceylon. 

Weinkauff,  believing  that  the  C.  tabescens  of  authors  is  the 
true  C.  teres,  Gmel.,  has  named  this  species  C.  subteres. 


CYPRyEA.  171 

C.  CAURICA,  Linn.     PI.  5,  figs.  88,  89,  90. 

Whitish,  mottled  with  minute  yellowish-brown  specks,  sides 
whitish  to  pale  orange,  ornamented  here  and  there  with  dark 
conspicuous  spots,  base  orange  tinged  with  gray,  teeth  very 
strong,  whitish,  extending  partially  over  the  base  on  each  side. 

Length,  -D-1'8  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Ocean*. 

A  most  abundant  species,  varying  from  long  and  rounded 
forms,  with  thin  sides,  to  those  short  and  depressed,  with 
thickened  sides.  The  dorsal  surface  is  frequently  ornamented 
with  a  reddish-brown  spot.  A  blackish-brown  variety  from 
New  Caledonia  is  the  C.  obscura,  Rossiter. 

C.  ORUENTA,  Gmel.     PL  6,  fig.  97. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  delicate  dorsal  coloring, 
which  is  interrupted  by  more  or  less  distinct  white  spots  of 
unequal  size ;  the  side  spots  are  purple  and  the  interstices  of  the 
teeth  bright  red  ;  the  teeth  on  the  columella  are  usually  confined 
more  to  the  margin  of  the  aperture.  Length,  -8-1-8  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  N.  S.  Wales. 

C.  STOLIDA,  Linn.     PI.  5,  figs.  91,  92,  85  ;   PI.  6,  fig.  7. 

Bluish,  painted  with  minute  chestnut  dots,  with  a  large  brown 
central  square  spot  connected  with  half-square  spots  of  the 
same  color  at  each  corner,  base  paler  blue,  teeth  and  extremities 
dark  orange,  the  teeth  extend  somewhat  over  the  base,  mar- 
ginal dots  very  small.  Length,  1-1-1-5  inches. 

Ceylon,  Borneo,  Sandwich  Is.  (?),  N.  Caledonia. 

C.  breridentuta,  Sowb.  (fig.  85),  is  a  variety  in  which  the 
teeth  are  short,  rounded  and  fewer  in  number;  the}'  are  con- 
fined to  the  margin  of  the  aperture,  and  are  not  tinted;  the 
dorsal  appearance  is  like  incompletely  colored  specimens  of 
stolida. 

C.  Crossei,  Marie  (PI.  6,  iig.  7),  is  another  variety  in  which 
the  extremities  are  greatly  produced  and  curve  upward,  the 
cent  nil  spot  of  the  typical  stolida  is  here  extended  into  a  band 
and  the  whole  shell  has  the  distorted  appearance  so  peculiar  to 
many  of  the  species  from  New  Caledonia.  The  teeth  are  large, 
white  and  extend  over  the  base  of  the  shell. 


172  CYPRjEA. 

C.  ERYTHR^ENSIS,  Beck.     PL  5,  figs.  93,  94. 

Differs  from  C.  stolida  in  the  absence  of  the  four  corner 
lateral  spots,  the  colorless  teeth,  the  narrower  and  more 
tapering  form,  and  the  uniform  smallness  of  the  shell. 

Length,  *65-*85  inch. 

Red  Sea. 
C.  CHRYSALIS,  Kien.     PL  4,  figs.  64,  65. 

Canary,  obscurely  banded,  with  extremities  tinted  deep 
orange,  teeth  very  fine ;  no  spots  or  other  markings  on  the 
shell.  Length,  -65  inch. 

Habitat  ? 

Believed  to  be  the  young  form  of  some  other  species.  I  do  not 
know  this  species,  nor  can  I  get  any  further  information  than 
that  derived  from  Kiener. 

Section  II.  (Aricia,  Gray,  pars)  Shell  ovate,  thick,  margined, 
with  flattened  base. 

Group  A.    Shell  smooth. 
*  Not  spotted. 

C.  VENTRICULUS,  Lam.     PL  6,  figs.  95,  96. 

Shell  rather  angulated,  back  bluish  white,  ornamented  with 
four  carnelian  bands,  sides  dark  chestnut,  tinged  above  with  red, 
smoky  white  beneath,  with  a  number  of  very  fine  striae  rising  on 
the  margin ;  base  livid  white.  Length,  l'8-2'2  inches. 

Annaa  /.,  Pacific  0. 

The  younger  shell  is  pale  fulvous,  encircled  with  four  carnelian 
bands,  and  the  adult  is  a  truly  solid  mass  of  enamel. 

C.  ARENOSA,  Gray.     PL  6,  figs.  1,  2. 

Base  more  convex  than  the  preceding,  the  back  has  a  similar 
ornamentation,  but  the  margins  are  ash-brown,  arenaceously 
striated  above,  and  the  base  is  ivory-white ;  teeth  fine  and 
numerous.  Length,  1-1-1-5  inches. 

Annaa  /.,  Central  Pacific. 

The  young  shell  is  pale  brown,  with  four  carnelian  bands. 

C.  SULCIDENTATA,  Gray.     PL  6,  figs.  3,  4. 

Differs  from  C.  arenosa  in  the  teeth,  the  interstices  of  which 
are  deeply  excavated,  the  colors  are  duller  and  the  base  is  smoky 


CYPR^EA.  173 

white ;  some  specimens  are  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  with  the 
bands  dark  butt'.     Length,  1-8  inches. 

Australia,  South  Seas,  Sandwich  Is. 

C.  TESSELLATA,  Swn.     PL  6,  figs.  5,  6. 

Back  yellowish  brown,  with  three  broad  bands,  sides  tessellated 
with  square  brown  and  white  spots,  the  two  upper  spots  on  both 
sides  chestnut ;  base  variegated  brown  and  white,  teeth  small, 
numerous  and  tinged  orange.  Length,  1-2  inches. 

New  Zealand,  Sandwich  Is.  (?) 

**  Dorsal  surface  spotted. 
C.  MAURITIANA,  Linn.     PI.  7,  figs.  8,  9,  10,  11. 

Back  humped,  brown,  covered  with  light  brown  or  white  spots 
of  irregular  size,  sides  and  base  dark  brown,  almost  black  ;  teeth 
prominent,  margin  angulated.  Length,  2'3-4  inches. 

Samoa,  New  Caledonia,  Borneo,  Ceylon. 

The  3'oung  shell  (fig.  11)  is  first  fulvous-brown,  with  bands 
of  a  yellowish  hue  arranged  in  waves,  later  the  waves  become 
massed,  leaving  the  yellow  in  triangular  flame-like  spots ;  the 
margins  do  not  thicken  and  become  angulate  until  after  the 
development  of  the  teeth. 

This  mollusk  must  possess  great  muscular  power,  for  its  shell 
is  the  heaviest  and  most  solid  of  the  genus. 

C.  CAPUT-SERPENTIS,  Linn.     PI.  6,  figs.  98-100;  PL  23,  fig.  59, 

1 1  eddish  or  blackish  brown  ;  the  spots  on  the  back  having  the 
appearance  of  snow-white  specks  of  unequal  size ;    extremities 
tipped  with  white  ;  base  grayish  white,  teeth  conspicuous,  white. 
Length.  '95-1-35  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

The  young  shell  (fig.  100)  is  ashy  blue,  with  a  single,  rather 
broad  central  band.  A  more  elongate  variety  (PL  23,  fig.  59)  of 
a  uniformly  darker  color  and  with  margins  less  angular,  has  been 
wrongly  identified  by  authors  as  the  C.  caput-anguis,  Phil.  Com- 
pared with  caput-serpentis,  P<  s  it  is  smaller  in  size,  and 
the  spots  are  smaller,  but  specimens  labeled  caput-anguis  and 
sent  to  the  Philada.  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences  by  Mr.  Brazier,  who 
collected  them  at  Ballenger  River.  X.  S.  \\.,  are  fully  as  large  as 
the  typical  form.  The  animal  of  C.  caput-serpentis  is  brown, 
tentacula  red-spotted. 


174  CYPR^EA. 

***  Spots  extending  over  the  base. 
C.  MAPPA,  Linn.     PI.  7,  figs.  12-14  ;  PL  8,  fig.  1 7. 

Back  violet-brown,  arranged  in  longitudinal  lines  of  a  hiero- 
glyphic character,  dorsal  line  whitish  and  peculiarly  branched  ; 
sides  and  base  whitish  to  pink,  teeth  saffron-red,  numerous,  and 
confined  to  the  interior  of  the  aperture ;  base  sometimes  orna- 
mented on  the  columellar  side  with  a  violet  blotch. 

Length,  2-3-3-4  inches. 

Xcw  Caledonia,  Java,  Indian  0. 

C.  nigricans,  Montr.  (PI.  8,  fig.  17),  is  a  rostrate  variety  from 
New  Caledonia,  the  dorsal  surface  of  which  is  black. 

Length,  3'85  inches. 

C.  ARABICA,  Linn.     PL  8,  figs.  18,  19,  23,  24. 

Back  livid  brown,  with  a  line  ornamentation  similar  to  C. 
mappa,  the  dorsal  line  is  straight  and  the  spots  more  numerous, 
those  on  the  sides  being  dark-brown,  base  tinged  brownish  ;  teeth 
reddish  brown;  extremities  blackish.  Length,  1-6-3  inches. 

Samoa,  New  Caledonia,  Australia,  Indian  Ocean. 

Young  shell  bluish,  banded  with  brown  waves.  Animal  black- 
brown,  with  a  yellow  edge  to  the  foot.  C.  ct/la/ifina,  Duel.  (fig. 
24),  is  a  grayish  variety  with  white  spots,  improperly  credited 
to  California. 

An  oblong,  rostrate,  dark-brown  or  nearly  black  form,  with 
black  spots  and  a  whitish  base  and  beaks,  found  at  New  Cale- 
donia, has  been  incorrectly  identified  as  cyhiHtina.  For  this 
variety  I  propose  the  name  niger  (fig.  23). 

C.  RETICULATA,  Martyn.     PL  8,  figs.  20-22. 

Differs  from  C.  Arabica,  its  nearest  ally,  in  being  broader 
and  having  more  thickened  sides,  the  dorsal  spots  are  more 
crowded  and  sometimes  run  together,  presenting  a  clouded  sur- 
face ;  base  dull  milky-white  to  bluish,  the  columellar  side  orna- 
mented with  a  dark  reddish  brown  blotch  near  the  middle  of 
the  shell ;  teeth  stronger  than  those  of  C.  Arabica,  but  similarly 
colored  ;  aperture  wider.  Length,  1-4-3  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

This  species  sometimes  very  closely  resembles  the  preceding. 
It  can,  however,  be  distinguished  by  the  increased  number  of  the 


CYPR.EA.  175 

spots,  and  the  comparative  absence  of  the  hieroglyphic  markings 
so  peculiar  to  the  typical  C.  Arabica. 

The  young  shell  is  very  much  like  that  of  Arabica.  The  small 
variety,  C.  intermedia,  Gray  (fig.  20),  differs  in  having  a 
creamy-white  base  without  the  brown  blotch,  it  being  ornamented 
instead  with  numerous  small  brown  spots  that  extend  over  the 
margins ;  the  dorsal  spots  are  much  smaller.  Length,  1—1*8  inches. 

By  an  error  of  the  printer  the  illustration  of  fig.  20  is  marked 
rj  natural  size.  The  figures  should  be  erased. 

* 

C.  HISTRIO,  Meusch.     PI.  8,  figs.  25,  26. 

More  pyriform  than  C.  reticulata,  sides  less  thickened,  base 
white,  without  the  brown-blotch  ornamentation. 

Length,  2*5-3  inches. 

Tonga  Tabou ;  Indian  Ocean. 

Although  some  monographers  have  placed  this  with  the 
synonomy  of  C.  reticulata,  yet  I  have  always  been  able  to  sepa- 
rate the  two.  There  is,  however,  a  close  relationship  between 
Arabica,  reticulata  and  histrio,  but  not  more  so  than  is  to  be 
found  in  many  other  groups  belonging  to  this  interesting  family. 

C.  ARABICULA,  Lam.     PI.  9,  figs.  35,  36. 

Bluish  green,  very  closely  reticulately  painted  with  brown; 
margins  reddish  brown  and  spotted  with  black,  extremities  pro- 
duced angularly,  base  whitish,  teeth  fine,  deeply  cut. 

Length,  '9-1 '2  inches. 

Acapulco ;  Gulf  of  California  (Stearns). 

C.  GEMMULA,  Weink.     PI.  7,  figs.  15,  16. 

Grayish  yellow,  longitudinally  closely  lined  with  chestnut- 
brown  ;  margins  like  those  of  the  preceding  species. 

Length,  about  '8  inch. 

Red  Sea. 

Weinkauff  says  of  this  species  that  it  presents  on  the  dorsal 
surface,  the  appearance  of  C.  Arabica  in  miniature,  while  its 
base  resembles  arabicula. 

C.  STERCORARIA,  Linn.     PI.  9,  figs.  27,  28. 

Greenish  blue,  the  brown  spots  frequently  running  together, 


170  .  CYPR^EA. 

giving  the  back  a  clouded  appearance ;  sides  and  base  brown ; 
teeth  whitish.     Length,  1-8-3-2  inches.         . 

West  Africa. 

Young  shell  ashy  brown,  banded.  When  the  shell  presents  a 
humped  appearance  on  the  back,  it  forms  the  C.  rattus,  Lam., 
which  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  even  a  variety,  since  the  young 
shells  of  stercoraria  are  all  more  or  less  humped. 

C.  SCOTTT,  Brod.     PI.  9,  figs.  29,  30. 

Pale  ashy  blue,  clouded  with  yellowish  brown  ;  sides  and  base 
very  dark  brown  ;  aperture  narrow  ;  teeth  small,  nearly  obsolete 
on  the  columellar  side.  Length,  2-8-3*5  inches. 

West  Australia. 

A  peculiar  oblong  boat-shaped  shell  with  the  extremities  pro- 
duced and  curved  upwards. 

C.  TIIERSITES,  Gask.     PI.  9,  figs.  31,  32. 

Shorter  and  more  gibbous  than  G.  Scotti,  teeth  on  the  outer 
lip  much  stronger ;  the  colors  are  deeper  and  the  dorsal  spots 
are  more  clouded  ;  base  near  the  aperture  white. 

Length,  2'75-3  inches. 

South  Australia. 

Specimens  of  this  richly-colored  shell  have  been  found  painted 
almost  jet-black. 

C.  MARGINATA,  Cask.     PL  9,  figs.  33,  34. 

Very  light  brown,  some  of  the  dorsal  spots  running  together, 
giving  an  irregular  lined  appearance.  Length,  2'25  inches. 

A  u  sir  alia. 

This  shell  has  such  an  immature  look  that  it  is  most  likely  the 
young  of  C.  ther 'sites.  It  is  very  rare. 

C.  DECIPIENS,  E.  A.  Smith.     PI.  10,  figs.  39,  40. 

Smaller  than  C.  ther  sites,  back  higher  and  more  humped, 
base  flatter  and  of  a  rich  orange-red  color,  which  extends  over 
the  sides  of  the  shell ;  body-whorl  within  the  aperture,  white. 

Length,  2-25  inches. 

North  Australia. 
C.  VENUSTA,  Sowb.     PL  10,  figs.  44,  45. 

Cream-color  with  a  cinnamon  tinge,  variegated  with  rather 
large  orange-brown  spots  of  irregular  size,  and  irregularly  dis- 


CYPR^EA.  177 

tributed,  the  cinnamon  tinge  slightly  deeper  at  the  extremities, 
base  white  ;  teeth  thick  and  faint  purplish  white. 

Length,  3  inches. 

Dampier's  7s.,  West  Australia. 

This  shell,  which  Dr.  J.  C.  Cox  has  lately  published  under  the 
name  C.  Thatclieri,  was  fully  described  in  the  Annals  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  1849,  by  Mr.  G.  B.  Sowerby,  notwithstanding 
the  statement  in  Thes.  Conch,  that  "  no  publication  strictly  so- 
called  "  of  C  venusta,  "  can  now  be  proved."  The  species  is  very 
rare. 

Group  B.     Shell  sometimes  nodose  or  tuberculated. 
C.  MUS,  Linn.     PL  10,  figs.  41,  42,  43. 

Shell  oval,  marbled  with  olive-brown,  especially  near  the  sides, 
which  are  but  faintl}r  margined  ;  dorsal  line  pale,  and  bordered 
with  brown  spots,  which  are  sometimes  scattered  over  the  dorsal 
surface ;  posterior  extremity  ornamented  with  a  large  brown 
spot,  base  ash-brown,  teeth  brown,  nearly  obsolete  on  the*  colu- 
mella,  which  is  stained  dark  brown.  Length,  1'25-1'75  inches. 

Atlantic  0.,  Mediterranean. 

Fossil  near  Plaisantin. 

The  name  C.  bicornis  (fig.  43)  lias  been  suggested  for  the 
nodose  examples. 

Young  shell,  ventricose,  pale  ash-brown,  and  longitudinally 
peculiarly  waved. 

C.  LEUCOSTOMA,  Gask.     PI.  10,  figs.  37,  38. 

Differs  from  C.  mus  in  being  more  solid;  the  dorsal  line  is 
branched,  and  the  spots  on  the  sides  are  more  numerous  and 
distinct,  the  base  is  white  and  the  teeth  are  nearly  obsolete. 

Length,  2  inches. 

Mocha,  Arabia. 

C.  MONETA,  Linn.     PI.  10,  fig.  40;  PI.  11,  figs.  51-54;  PI.  23,  figs. 

00-00. 

Color  varying  from  white   to   deep  yellow,  back   sometimes 
encircled  with  a  faint  orange  or  red  ring,  margins  very  thick, 
base  tuberculated  to  smooth,  teeth  obtuse. 
Length,  -0-1 '5  inches. 

Maldive  /s.,  Australia,  Taheiti,  Japan. 


178  CYPR^A. 

C.  icterina,  Lam.  (PI.  23,  fig.  62),  is  a  smooth,  elongate 
variety. 

C.  Barthelemyi,  Bernard!  (PI.  11,  figs.  53,  54),  is  a  distorted 
variety  from  New  Caledonia.  Length,  1'45  inches. 

C.  ethnographica,  Rochebr.  (PI.  23,  fig.  63),  is  a  small  tuber- 
culated  form,  ornamented  with  a  }7ellow  ring. 

G.  mercatorium,  Rocliebr.  (PI.  10,  fig.  40;  PI.  11,  fig.  52),  is 
dirty  yellowish,  lightly  olive-tinted,  and  not  so  strongly  tuber- 
culated. 

G.  atava,  Rochebr.  (PI.  23,  figs.  64,  65),  is  a  small  example  of 
G.  mercatorium. 

G.  pleuronectes,  Rochebr.  (PI.  23,  figs.   66,  67),  resembles 
somewhat  the  G.  icterina. 

G.  vestimenti,  Rochebr.,  is  another  name  for  the  distorted 
variety  Barthelemyi. 

C'.  camelorum,  Rochebr.  (PL  23,  fig.  68),  is  a  small  smooth 
oval  form,  which  Dr.  Rochebrune  says  he  has  collected  alive  in 
large  quantities  on  the  West  Coast  of  Africa. 

G.  plumaria,  Rochebr.  (PI.  23,  fig.  69),  is  a  narrow-banded 
form,  credited  to  the  Sandwich  Is.  It  appears  to  be  a  less 
developed  ataua. 

Dr.  Rochebrune,  in  a  monograph  of  the  mollusks  of  Cape 
Yerd  Is.,  says  he  has  fished  G.  moneta  alive  at  Senegal. 

'  The  species  is  found  fossil  in  the  conglomerate  of  Santiago, 
C.  Verd. 

C.  ANNULUS,  Linn.     PL  11,  figs.  57-61 ;  PL  23,  figs.  70-72. 

Smooth,  smoky  white ;  dorsal  surface  ornamented  with  a  deep 
orange  ring,  which  encircles  a  bluish  or  grayish  centre ;  teeth 
strong,  base  smooth.  Length,  '45-1 -2  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Fossil  in  the  Tertiary  of  Southern  Europe.  Dr.  Layard  found 
specimens  in  the  ruins  of  Nimrod,  which  had  the  appearance  of 
having  been  used  for  adornment. 

G.  Noumeensis,  Marie  (fig.  59),  is  a  New  Caledonian  variety 


CYPR^EA.  •  179 

having  double  orange  lines  on  the  dorsal  surface.  Length,  1*2 
inches. 

C.  Hamyi,  Rochebr.  (PI.  23,  fig.  70),  is  a  rosy  white,  yellowish- 
tinted  and  spotted  shell  from  Zanzibar ;  it  is  probably  a  small 
a  a  mi  lux.  The  spots  referred  to  are  not  shown  on  the  figure 
given  by  Dr.  Rochebrune,  but  appear- on  that  of  an  nidus. 

C.  Harmandiana,  Rochebr.,  is  well  represented  by  figs.  60,  Cl. 

C.  Per  rieri,  Rochebr.  (PI.  23,  figs.  71 ,  72 ),  is  one  of  those  forms 
connecting  annul  us  with  obvelata. 

In  the  report  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Samarang,  Mr.  Arthur 
Adams  says  that  while  at  Singapore,  he  observed  the  fry  of  G. 
annulus  (fig.  58)  adhering  to  the  mantle  and  other  parts  of  the 
animal  in  conglomerated  masses  of  minute  transparent  shells, 
which,  when  placed  in  a  watch-glass  of  salt  water,  became  dis- 
integrated, and  detached  individuals  were  observed  quitting  the 
rest  and  moving  in  rapid  gyrations  by  means  of  two  winged 
membranous  expansions.  When  at  rest  they  returned  to  the 
mass  or  adhered  to  the  edge  of  the  watch-glass. 

This  and  the  following  species  are  probably  only  varieties  of 
C.  moneta,  but  the  differences  are  usually  so  well  marked  that 
they  can  be  easily  separated.  The  museum  of  the  Acad.  Nat. 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  however,  contains  a  series  of  these 
shells  showing  how  they  pass  from  one  to  another  in  regular 
gradation. 

Dr.  Rochebrune,  who  has  studied  this  group  with  a  view  to 
differentiation  (Monograph  of  the  genus  Monetaria,  Bull.  Soc. 
Malac.,  France,  1884).  has  selected  a  certain  number  of  these 
transitory  forms  for  specific  description,  the  names  of  which 
have  been  given  above;  it  would  be  easy  to  multiply  them  to 
almost  any  extent. 

C.  OBVELATA,  Lain.     PI.  11,  figs.  55,  56. 

Sides  thickened  and  putled   out,  giving  the  dorsal  surface  an 
oval,  intrenched  appearance;  back  blue,  teeth  very  strong. 
Length,  *G-1  inch. 

New  Caledonia,  Samoa,  Australia. 


180  I  CYPR^EA. 

Section  III.     (Luponia,  Gray,  pars.}     Shell  pyriform  or  pyri- 
formly  ovate,  usually  spotted. 

Group  A.     Shell  smooth,  not  margined. 

*  More  or  less  ventricose  or  inflated. 
C.  AURANTIUM,  Martyn.     PI.  11,  fig.  48. 

Shell  unspotted,  back,  teeth  and  interstices  bright  orange, 
base,  sides  and  extremities  white.  Length,  3*6  inches. 

Fiji  Is.,  Solomon  Is.,  Loyalty  Is. 

The  large  and  finely  colored  specimens  come  from  the  Loyalty 
Is.,  while  those  from  the  Fijis  are  smaller.  This  species,  though 
an  old  one,  is  yet  quite  rare ;  good  specimens  costing  about 
$10.00  each.  The  highest  order  of  dignity  among  the  Friendly 
Islanders,  is  typified  by  the  permission  to  wear  this  shell  as  an 
ornament. 

C.  PRINCEPS.  Gray.     PL  11,  fig.  47. 

Yellowish,  tinged  with  rose-purple,  fainter  towards  the  base, 
profusely  painted  in  the  middle  with  waved  yellowish-brown 
hieroglyphic  markings,  clouded  on  each  side  with  a  large  rhom- 
boidal  dark-clouded  blotch ;  extremities  adorned  with  three 
irregular  concentric  brown  lines,  the  middle  of  which  is  the 
strongest,  on  the  posterior  extremity  are  several  finer  light 
brown  concentric  stride ;  sides  ornamented  with  blue  and  brown 
spots,  more  or  less  distinct ;  base  and  teeth  white. 

Length,  3'9  inches. 

Persian  Gulf,  New  Guinea. 

Though  one  of  the  oldest,  this  species  is  still  of  the  greatest 
rarity,  and  for  a  long  time  the  British  Museum  possessed  the 
only  specimen  known  to  exist.  Lately  Dr.  J.  C.  Cox,  of 
Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  has  secured  a  fine  example,  which  he  states 
was  found  on  the  southern  shore  of  New  Guinea. 

C.  TIGRIS,  Linn.     PL  11,  figs.  49,  50  ;  PL  15,  fig.  8,  (Dentition). 

Whitish  or  yellowish,  sometimes  clouded  with  chestnut-brown, 
promiscuously  painted  with  rather  large  blackish  blue  clouded 
spots ;  base  white ;  teeth  large,  sometimes  bifurcate. 

Length,  2'5-4  3  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Young  shell  (fig.  50)  chestnut  to  whitish,  ornamented  with 


CYPR^EA.  181 

interrupted  bands  or  zigzag  rusty -brown  flashes.  In  its  growth, 
this  species  exhibits  a  curious  variety  in  the  style  of  coloring. 
It  is  first  chestnut,  the  color  then  breaks  up  into  close-set  waved 
blotches,  then  a  coating  of  white  follows,  upon  which  is  deposited 
a  series  of  zigzag  flames.  There  is  a  second  layer  of  white 
enamel  which  nearly  obscures  these  zigzag  markings,  and  a 
number  of  dark  spots  are  deposited.  These  are  again  over- 
spread by  a  third  white  coating  intermixed  with  numerous  rich 
black  and  brown  spots.  The  soft  parts  adhere  so  firmly  to  the 
shell  that  they  cannot  be  removed  until  decomposition  has  taken 
place. 

C.  PANTHERINA,  Soland.     PI.  12,  figs.  62,  63. 

Whitish  to  chestnut-red,  profusely  adorned  with  small 
blackish-brown  spots,  which  sometimes  run  together,  sides  and 
base  whitish,  aperture  gaping  anteriorly,  teeth  small. 

Length,  2-3  inches. 

Red  Sea. 

The  last  coating  of  enamel  is  sometimes  dark  reddish  brown. 
Younger  shell  ashy  green,  mottled  with  red  and  yellow. 

C.  UMBILICATA,  Sowb.     PL  12,  figs.  65,  66. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  more  depressed  anteriorly, 
the  extremities  are  more  produced  and  beaked,  and  the  aperture 
is  more  sinuous;  spire  deeply  umbilicated,  teeth  brownish- 
tinted  ;  dorsal  spots  light  brown.  Length,  3  to  3*6  inches. 

New  South  Wales. 

Dr.  J.  C.  Cox,  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  X.  S.  W.,  for  1879,  reported 
an  almost  pure  white  variety  from  Circular  Head,  X.  S.  W.,  for 
which  he  proposed  the  varietal  name  alba. 

C.  LEUCODON,  Brod.     PL  12,  figs.  69,  70. 

Reddish  or  yellowish  brown,  sprinkled  here  and  there  with 
rather  large  round  white  spots,  base  pale  brown,  marked  trans- 
versely with  fine  striae,  teeth  white,  strong  on  both  sides. 

Length,  3-4  inches. 

Habitat  ? 

The  only  specimen  known  is  in  the  British  Museum.  The 
broad  teeth  and  deeply  undercut  interstices  are  very  like  those 
of  C.  sulcidentata. 


182  CYPR^EA. 

C.  VITELLUS,  Linn.     PL  13,  figs.  72,  73. 

Fulvous  bay-color  sprinkled  with  snow-white  spots  of  various 
sizes,  sides  olive-brown,  arenaceous,  striated,  base  and  teeth 
whitish.  Length,  l'2-2'7  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Australia,  New  Caledonia. 

Young  shell  olive-ash,  obscurely  banded,  unspotted.  This 
species  is  strongly  characterized  by  the  sand-like  striae  of  the 
sides. 

C.  NIVOSA,  Brod.     PI.  12,  figs.  67,  68. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  more  oblong  form,  more 
irregular  and  confused  arrangement  of  spots,  and  entire 
absence  of  the  sand-like  striae ;  the  teeth  and  base  are  yellowish 
white,  and  the  pale  brown  color  of  the  back  extends  around  the 
sides  of  the  shell.  Length,  about  2*4  inches. 

Mauritius. 
C.  BRODERIPII,  Gray.     PI.  12,  fig.  64. 

Differs  from    C.  nivosa  in  being  more  ovate  and  delicately 
tinted  rose-pink.     The  aperture  is  wider  and  the  teeth  longer. 
Length,  3  inches. 

Madagascar. 
A  beautiful  species  of  great  rarity. 

C.  CAMELOPARDALIS,  Perry.     PI.  13,  fig.  76. 

Differs  from  C.  vitellus  in  the  absence  of  the  sand-like  stria} ; 
the  interstices  between  the  columellar  teeth  are  stained  purple- 
black,  the  extremities  are  prominent,  and  the  sides  are  white 
and  sometimes  slightly  margined.  Length,  l'7-2  inches. 

Red  Sea. 
C.  BARCLAYI,  Reeve.     PL  12,  fig.  71 ;  PL  13,  fig.  82. 

White,  profusely  ornamented  with  orange-buff  dots^of  different 
degrees  of  tone,  extremities  and  teeth  bright  orange ;  teeth 
strongly  developed,  those  on  outer  lip  extending  over  the  base. 

Length,  1'05  inches.  /.  Diego  Garcia,  Mauritius. 

A  deep-water  species. 

**  More  or  less  oblong  or  subpyriform. 
C.  SPADICEA,  Swn.     PL  13,  figs.  78. 

Chestnut-brown,  clouded  towards  the  sides  with  burnt  brown, 
sides  pinkish  white,  base  and  teeth  white.  Length,  1*3-2  inches. 

Sta.  Barbara — S.  Diego,  Gal. 


CYPRA'A.  1 83 

C.  ONYX,  Linn.     PL  13,  figs.  77,  79,  80,  81. 

Whitish,  with  two  obscure  zones  ;  extremities,  base  and  sides 
jet-Mack,  edged  above  with  orange-brown.  Length,  1*1-2  inches. 

Ceylon,  Japan,  Philippine  Is. 

This  species  presents  three  distinct  varieties  of  coloring.  In 
addition  to  the  above,  there  are  the  uniformly  orange-cream  and 
the  chestnut-brown  painting,  the  extremities,  base  and  sides  in 
each  case  being  of  a  deeper  shade. 

C.  PYRUM,  Gmel.     PL  13,  figs.  83-85. 

Yellowish,  four-banded,  richly  marbled  with  chestnut-brown, 
sides  brownish  or  deep  orange-red,  faintly  spotted,  base  and 
extremities  orange,  teeth  whitish.  Length,  1-4-2  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  Atlantic  Coast  of  S.  Europe  and  Africa. 

Occurs  fossil  under  the  name  of  C.  porcellus,  Brocc. 

The  C.  Petitiana,  Crosse  and  Fischer  (figs.  85),  credited  to 
Senegal,  appears  to  be  a  dwarfed  variety  of  pi/rum. 

C.  PHYSIS,  Brocchi.     PL  13,  figs.  74,  75. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  having  a  whitish  base  and  more 
minute  teeth ;  the  back  is  confusedly  painted  with  reddish  and 
yellowish  dashes.  Length,  1-2  inches. 

Sicily. 

Fossil  in  the  Pliocene  as  C.  pyrula,  Mich. 

C.  LYNX,  Linn.     PL  14,  figs.  86,  87,  98. 

Whitish  to  brownish,  profusely  spotted  and  clouded  with 
fulvous-brown  and  blue,  interspersed  with  unequal  dark  blackish- 
brown  spots ;  sides,  teeth  and  base  whitish,  interstices  between 
the  teeth  bright  blood-red.  Length,  '85-2'4  inches. 

Indian  0.,  Australia,  New  Caledonia,  Red  Sea. 

Young  shell  white,  faintly  banded  and  profusely  spotted  with 
light  brown. 

An  extremely  variable  species,  sometimes  slightly  margined, 
The  distorted  variety  (fig.  98),  from  New  Caledonia,  has  been 
named  C.  Cale<l<>ni<-a  by  Mr.  H.  Crosse. 

C.  ERRONES,  Liun.     PI.  14,  figs.  88,  89,  7. 

Bluish  green,  faintly  banded,  freckled  with  minute  light-brown 
specks;  sometimes  painted  in  the  centre  with  a  large  chestnut 
blotch ;  anterior  extremity  occasionally  ornamented  on  each 


184  CYPR^EA. 

side  with  a  brown  spot,  sides  white  to  yellowish,  sometimes 
slightly  margined,  base  whitish.     Length,  -8-1-35  inches. 

China,  Australia,  N.  Caledonia,  Indian  0. 

C.  SOPHIA,  Brazier.     PI.  14,  figs.  3,  4. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  errones,  from  which  it  differs  in  being  bright 
orange  between  the  teeth,  base  fulvous-yellow.  Length,  1  inch. 

San  Christoval  I. 
C.  Coxi,  Brazier.     PI.  14,  figs.  96,  97. 

Light   orange-yellow,  or  cream-color,  ornamented    with    two 
faint  yellowish-white  bands,  teeth  thick,  yellowish  white. 
Length,  -83  inch. 

Dupuch's  /.,  N.  W.  Australia. 
Appears  to  be  a  young  shell. 

C.  SUBVIRIDIS,  Reeve.     PL  14,  figs.  99,  100. 

Differs  from  C.  errones,  in  being  more  p3rriform,  and  strongly 
umbilicated  at  the  spire.  It  is  sometimes  slightly  margined. 

Length,  1-4-2-5  inches. 

Australia,  New  Caledonia. 

The  largest  specimens  are  reported  from  New  Caledonia. 

C.  PALLIDA,  Gray.     PL  14,  figs.  90,  91. 

Greenish  yellow,  minutely  freckled  with  brown,  sides  spotted 
here  and  there  with  chestnut,  base  whitish  ;  dorsal  surface  some- 
times ornamented  with  a  chestnut  blotch.  Length,  -8-1  inch. 

Japan. 
C.  PULCHELLA,  Swn.     PL  14,  figs.  92,  93. 

Whitish,  minutely  dotted  with  fulvous  specks,  with  two  bands 
of  semilunar  blotches,  or  a  large  irregular  chestnut-brown  splash, 
teeth  and  ridges  red.  Length,  1*5  inches. 

China. 

An  elegant,  pear-shaped  shell,  well  characterized  by  the  pecu- 
liar extension  of  columellar  teeth  in  ridges  across  the  base. 

C.  PYRIFORMIS,  Gray.     PL  14,  figs.  5,  6,  94,  95. 

The  anterior  extremity  is  not  so  attenuated  as  in  C.  pulchella, 
and  the  teeth  on  the  outer  lip  are  white ;  those  on  the  columella 
are  red,  but  do  not  extend  so  far  over  the  base  as  in  C.  pulchella. 

Length,  1-3  inches. 

Australia,  Borneo,  Ceylon. 

The  variety  Smithi,  Sowb. ^(figs.  94,  95),  is  smaller;  the  back 


CYPR^EA.  185 

looks  like  C.  macula,  but  the  teeth,  which  on  the  inner  lip  are 
reddish  brown,  have  the  peculiar  appearance  of  those  of  C.  pyri- 
forw  /s. 

C.  WAUvKKi.  Gnu.     PL  15,  figs.  10,  14,  15;  PL  17,  fig.  68;  PL 
14,  ligs.  1,2. 

Bluish  white,  three-banded,  freckled  with  minute  yellowish 
In-own  specks,  sides  yellowish,  brown-spotted,  base  and  inter- 
stices between  the  teeth  purple-violet,  teeth  small,  those  on  the 
inner  lip  numerous.  Length,  -75-l'2  inches. 

Australia  (rare),  New  Caledonia,  New  Guinea. 

Mr.  John  Brazier  believes  this  to  be  a  deep-water  species. 

The  variety  Bregeriana,  Crosse  (PL  15,  figs.  14,  15),  has  an 
orange-red  base  and  the  extremities  are  spotted,  margins 
besprinkled  with  line  white  specks,  imbedded  in  the  enamel 
similar  to  those  in  C.  tedudinaria. 

C.  amabilis,  Jousseaume  (PL  14,  figs.  1,  2),  is  a  variety,  the 
extremities  of  which  are  more  produced  and  somewhat  recurved, 
the  bands  are  narrower,  and  the  marginal  spots  fewer  in  number, 
the  purple  tinting  is  confined  to  the  inner  lip.  Length,  '75  inch. 

The  figure  here  given  is  copied  from  a  drawing  kindly  com- 
municated by  Dr.  Jousseaume. 

Group  B.  -  Shell  smooth,  margined. 
*   Margins  not  pitted. 

C.  NIGROPUNCTATA,  Gray.     PL  15,  figs.  18,  19. 

Bluish,  freckled  with  pale  fulvous-brown,  sides  closely  dotted 
with  black,  base  yellowish,  teeth  sharply  cut. 

Length,  1-35-1-55  inches.  Galapagos  Is. 

\\KIUJYI,  Kien.     PL  15,  fig.  9. 

Whitish,  obscurely  four-banded,  closely  painted  with  unequal 
cln-st nut-brown  spots,  sides  and  base  brownish  yellow,  sides  and 
extremities  dotted  blackish  brown,  teeth  whitish. 

Length,  1'2-lMJ  inches.  Gulf  of  California. 

The  C.ferrwjinosa  of  the  same  author  is  an  inferior  example 
of  this  species. 

This  species  has  been  incorrectly  credited  to  the  Gambia  R., 
W.  Africa,  and  the  Cape  Yerd  Is. 
13 


186  CYPR^EA. 

C.  LENTIGINOSA,  Gray.     PL  15,  figs.  20,  21. 

Bluish  white,  with  three  obscure  bands  of  waved  blotches, 
freckled  with  yellowish-  or  reddish-brown  spots,  extremities 
blackish  brown ;  teeth  large,  somewhat  distant ;  base  whitish. 

Length,  1 -3-1*45  inches. 

Ceylon. 
C.  ZONATA,  Chemn,     PL  15,  figs.  22,  23,  11. 

Bluish  or  greenish,  zoned  across  the  middle  with  more  or  less 
distinct  waved  spots,  marbled  fulvous-brown,  sides  and  base 
smoky  brown,  spotted  with  black,  extremities  painted  black  on 
both  sides;  teeth  strong.  Length,  '95-1-3  inches. 

Mouth  of  the  Gambia  Eiver. 

G.  nebulosa,  Kiener  (fig.  11),  is  a  variety  having  a  white  base ; 
the  dorsal  surface  has  a  weathered  appearance,  and  the  marginal 
spots  are  pale  reddish  brown. 

C.  PICTA,  Gray.     PL  15,  figs.  30,  31. 

Distinguished  from  the  preceding,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied, 
by  its  angular  form  and  depressed  base ;  the  teeth  are  not  so 
strong,  those  on  the  inner  lip  being  small  and  confined  to  the 
inside  of  the  aperture.  Length,  1-1-3  inches. 

Gambia;   Cape  Verd  Is. 

C.  SANGUINOLENTA,  Gmel.     PL  15,  fig.  16,  17. 

Ashy  purple,  freckled  with  olive  or  light  brown,  and  orna- 
mented with  a  central  brown  blotch,  sides  and  base  purplish 
white,  covered  with  purple  spots ;  columellar  teeth  confined  to 
the  inside  of  the  aperture.  Length,  1  inch. 

Gambia. 
C.  XANTHODON,  Gray.     PL  15,  figs.  24,  25. 

Bluish,  dotted  with  minute  orange  specks,  sides  orange, 
spotted  with  brown  ;  teeth  and  base  fulvous  yellow. 

Length,  1*2-1-4  inches. 

Australia. 

Mr.  John  Brazier  believes  this  to  be  a  deep-water  species ; 
some  of  his  specimens  are  nearly  jet-black,  with  a  dark  olive 
interior. 

C.  PUNCTULATA,  Gray.     PL  15,  figs.  28,  29. 

Pale  bluish,  freckled  with  chestnut-brown,  sides  salmon-yellow, 


CYPR^EA.  187 

sometimes  smoky  and  spotted  with  blackish  brown  ;  base  white  ; 
teeth  strong.     Length,  '8-1-2  inches. 

Mazatlan — Panama. 
C.  UNDATA,  Lam.     PI.  16,  fig.  33. 

Rich  plum  to  chestnut,  ornamented  with  two  or  more  zigzag 
zones  of  white ;  sides  and  base  white,  dotted  with  brown ; 
anterior  extremity  edged  dark  chestnut. 

Length,  '65-1 '2  inches. 

Philippines,  Mauritius. 
C.  ZIGZAG,  Linn.     PL  15,  figs.  12,  13. 

Whitish,  ornamented  with  longitudinal  zigzag  yellow  lines, 
sides  and  base  yellow,  spotted  with  reddish  brown,  the  spots 
forming  a  circle  around  the  posterior  extremity. 

Length,  '55-1  inch. 

Mozambique,  Ceylon. 

There  is  a  variety  of  this  well-known  species  in  which  the 
zigzag  lines  resolve  themselves  into  distinct  bands. 

C.  LUTEA,  Gronovius.     PL  16,  figs.  35,  36. 

Yellowish  or  brownish,  profusely  dotted  with  brown ;  base 
somewhat  like  that  of  C.  ziczac.  Length,  '15-1  inch. 

New  Caledonia,  Australia. 

Younger  shell  olive-brown,  faintly  spotted,  with  two  narrow 
milky  blue  zones.  The  fully  matured  shell  was  named  C. 
Humphreysi  by  Dr.  Gray. 

C.  ASELLUS,  Linn.     PL  16,  fig.  34. 

Ivory-white,  ornamented  with  three  broad  bands  of  reddish  or 
chocolafe-brown  ;  sides  and  base  white.  Length,  -55-1  inch. 

Australia,  Samoa,  Red  Sea  (?). 

The  young  shell  is  entirely  encircled  by  the  characteristic 
dark  bands. 

C.  CLANDESTINA,  Linn.     PL  16,  figs.  37-40,  61. 

Pinkish  cream  to  pale  bluish,  faintly  banded,  ornamented  with 
extremely  faint  reddish-brown  hair-lines,  converging  here  and 
there  to  a  point ;  sides  and  base  white  ;  teeth  strong. 

Length,  '5-'75  inch. 

Ceylon,  Japan,  Australia. 

C.  Candida,  Pease  (figs.  39,  40),  is  a  pure  white  variety.     C. 


188  CYPR^A. 

Artuffeli,  Jouss.  (fig.  61),  is  apparently  another  variety,  of  a 
yellowish-brown  color,  without  the  characteristic  faint  hair-lines. 
Future  investigation  may  prove  this  to  be  a  distinct  species. 

C.  SAUL^E,  Gask.     PL  16,  figs.  41,  42. 

Light  fawn,  dotted  with  a  few  small  chestnut-brown  spots, 
with  larger  ones  on  the  margin,  and  a  large  blotch  of  the  same 
color  on  the  back ;  base  light  reddish  yellow  to  whitish ;  beaks 
and  interstices  between  the  teeth  more  or  less  orange  ;  teeth 

prominent.     Length,  -87  inch. 

Bay  of  Manilla. 

According  to  Brazier,  found  .also  in  the  Torres  Straits  at  6 
fathoms. 

C.  GRACILIS,  Gask.     PL  16,  figs.  43,  44. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  more  pyri form,  the  central 
blotch  is  wanting,  as  are  also  the  smaller  dorsal  spots,  the  base 
is  sparsely  dotted  with  reddish  brown,  the  teeth  are  finer  and 
there  is  an  absence  of  color  between  them.  Length, *65—*85  inch. 

Isl.  Bourbon;  China  Sea  (?). 

C.  PUNCTATA,  Linn.     PL  16,  figs.  51,  52;  PL  15,  figs.  26,  27,  32. 

Whitish  to  cream-color,  spotted  with  brown,  teeth  and 
extremities  golden  yellow.  Length,  -5-'9  inch. 

Isl.  Bourbon;  Philippines;  Borneo. 

C.  stercus-muscarum,  Lam.  (PL  15,  figs.  26,  27),  is  a  variety 
having  finer  spots  and  smaller  teeth,  which  are  colorless,  those 
on  the  inner  lip  being  confined  more  to  the  margin  of  the 
aperture. 

C.  trizonata,  Sowb.  (PL  15,  fig.  32),  is  a  more  cylindrical 
variety  having  a  zoned  appearance. 

C.  ANGUSTATA,  Gmel.     PL  16,  figs.  47,  48,  45,  46. 

Yellowish  or  chocolate-brown,  sides  whitish,  marked  with 
large  chestnut-brown  spots,  extremities  painted  on  each  side 
with  a  chestnut-brown  spot,  base  whitish  to  reddish,  teeth  small. 

Length,  1-1 '2  inches. 

So.  Australia. 

C.  Comptoni,  Gray  (figs.  45,  46),  is  a  variety  with  a  convex, 
pale  or  nut-brown  base. 


CYPR^A.  189 

C.  DECLIVIS,  Sowb.     PI.  16,  fig.  53. 

Creamy  white,  freckled  with  brownish,  giving  the  shell  the 
appearance  of  having  been  dusted  over  with  capsicum  pepper. 
Marginal  spots  few  in  number,  dorsal  line  broad,  base  similar  to 
G.  angustata.  Length,  -9-1-2  inches. 

Portland,  Victoria. 

Referring  to  C.  angustata,  Dr.  Gray  says  :  "  When  complete, 
the  back  of  the  shell  is  pale  whitish  brown,  with  a  broad  sub- 
central  dorsal  line,  and  minutely  freckled  with  brown  specks." 
As  this  description  corresponds  closely  with  that  of  declivis,  it 
is  quite  possible  that  the  two  species  are  identical. 

C.  PIPERITA,  Soland.     PI.  16,  figs.  49,  50,  58. 

Pale  chestnut-brown,  obscurely  minutely  dotted  and  orna- 
mented with  four  narrow  interrupted  bands,  base  white,  teeth 
small,  sides  brown-spotted.  Length,  -65-1  inch. 

Australia. 

The  variety  bicolor,  Gask.  (fig.  58),  is  usually  three-banded, 
and  presents  sometimes  a  zigzag  appearance,  occasioned  by  the 
coalescence  of  the  central  bands.  Worn  shell,  pale  flesh-color. 

C.  PULICARIA,  Reeve.     PI.  16,  figs.  59,  60. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  more  cylindrical,  the 
bands  are  more  broken  up  into  spots,  and  the  dots  on  the  back 
are  more  conspicuous.  Length,  -65-1  inch. 

Australia. 
C.  ALGOENSIS,  Gray.     PL  16,  figs.  56,  51. 

Yellowish,  sides  and  back  dotted  with  reddish  brown,  base 
white,  teeth  on  outer  lip  strong,  those  on  inner  lip  nodular, 
aperture  rather  wide.  Length,  1-1-2  inches. 

Algoa  Bay. 
C.  FUSCO-DENTATA,  Gray.     PI.  16,  figs.  54,  55. 

Dirty  drab,  covered  with  rufous-brown  close  spots,  like  those 
on  G.  errones,  but  larger,  and  more  suffused ;  teeth  brown, 
rugose,  ridged  across  the  base.  Length,  1-4-1-6  inches. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Young  shell  somewhat  ribbed  across  the  back. 

('.  siMiLis,  Gray.     PL  16,  figs.  62,  63  ;  PL  IT,  fig.  69. 

Yellowish  to  rich  chestnut-brown,  covered  with  blotches  of  a 
deeper  shade,  teeth  orange,  those  on  the  outer  lip  strong  and 


190  CYPR^EA. 

elongated  across  the  base,  the  inner  ones  small  and  confined 
to  the  aperture.     Length,  1*4-1  '85  inches. 

Gape  of  Good  Hope. 

This  shell  in  a  perfect  condition  is  the  C.  castanea,  Higgins 
(PL  17,  fig.  G9).  The  specimens  usually  fourid  in  collections, 
however,  are  of  a  yellowish  color  and  are  without  any  dorsal 
ornamention  except  around  the  spire,  where  it  is  sometimes 
brownish. 

**   Margins  more  or  less  pitted,  dorsal  spots  usually  ocellated. 
C.  CRIBRARIA,  Linn.     PL  17,  figs.  71,  72. 

Yellowish  brown,  dorsal  spots  round,  white,  sides  and  base 
white,  teeth  numerous,  those  on  the  inner  lip  confined  to  the 
interior  of  the  aperture.  Length,  -7-l'l  inches. 

Ceylon,  New  Caledonia,  New  Ireland. 

Mr.  Rossiter,  of  New  South  Wales,  reported  having  obtained 
specimens  of  a  blackish-brown  color,  showing  but  few  of  the  white 
spots,  and  1*5  inches  long. 

Although  this  species  may  be  said  to  possess  no  marginal 
spots,  yet  out  of  a  large  number  of  specimens  examined  I  have 
found  one  with  a  slight  indication  of  their  presence. 

C.fallax,  E.  A.  Smith,  is  an  unfigured  variety,  credited  to 
West  Australia.  It  differs  from  the  normal  shell  in  being 
larger,  more  pyriform,  white  spots  smaller  and  less  clearly 
defined  ;  they  appear  to  blend  into  the  fawn-color  of  the  dorsum, 
which  is  paler  than  in  C.  cribraria. 

C.  CRIBELLUM,  Gask.     PL  17,  figs.  66,  67. 

Smaller  and  more  cylindrical  than  C.  cribraria,  extremities 
more  obtuse,  aperture  wider,  margins  spotted.  Length,  *7  inch. 

Mauritius. 
C.  COXENI,  Cox.     PL  17,  figs.  64,  65. 

Differs  from  C.  cribraria,  in  the  dorsal  ornamentation,  which 
is  in  irregular  elongated  dark  chestnut  markings,  teeth  coarser 
and  prominently  produced  a  little  more  than  half-way  across  the 
base.  Length,  *92  inch. 

Solomon  Islands. 
C.  ESONTROPIA,  Duel.     PL  17,  figs.  76,  77,  75. 

Yellowish  to  light  brown,  spotted  with  white,  margins  deli- 


CYPR.EA.  191 

cately  dotted  with  reddish-brown,  the  dots  extending  somewhat 
over  the  base.     Length,  -70-1  inch. 

Philippines,  Sandwich  Is. 

Sowerby  calls  the  pale  yellow  variety  from  the  Sandwich 
Islands  C.  Peasei  (fig.  75). 

C.  GASKOINI,  Reeve.     PI.  17,  figs.  73,  74. 

Yellowish,  ornamented  with  small  white  eyes,  encircled  with 
pale  brown  rings,  sides  dotted  with  chestnut,  base  white,  teeth 
strong.  Length,  -6-'8  inch. 

Hab.? 
C.  CUMINGI,  Gray.     PI.  17,  fig.  78,  79,  70. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  more  attenuately  drawn 
out  anteriorly,  extremities  produced,  teeth  extremely  minute, 
especially  those  on  the  inner  lip.  Length,  -4--8  inch. 

Society  Is. 

C.  compta,  Pease  (fig.  70),  is  a  variety  in  which  the  spots  on 
the  back  are  not  ocellated,  and  the  dorsal  line  is  flexuose. 

C.  BECKI,  Gask.     PL  17,  figs.  86,  87. 

Yellow,  spotted  with  large  and  small  white  eyes,  the  large 
ones  pupilled  with  chestnut,  sides  dotted  with  chestnut ;  teeth 
small,  those  on  the  outer  lip  strong  and  tinted  with  chestnut- 
brown.  Length,  -5  inch. 

Red  Sea,  Eben  I.  ? 
C.  MACANDREI,  Sowb.     PL  17,  figs.  88,  89. 

Probably  only  a  variety  of  the  preceding.     Length,  '7  inch. 

Red  Sea. 

C.  MARGARITA,  Sol.      PL  17,  figS.  81,  82. 

Pale  straw-color,  white-spotted,  base  white  unspotted,  teeth 
very  minute,  extending  into  the  aperture  near  the  extremities 
in  fine  ridges.  Length,  -4--6  inch. 

Annaa  I. 

A  very  delicate  little  shell,  possessing  some  few  characters 
which  belong  to  Section  IV ;  its  general  affinities  are  here. 

C.  GUTTATA,  Gray.     PL  17,  figs.  83,  84. 

Yellowish  or  reddish  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  spots  of 
various  sizes ;  the  teeth  extend  across  the  base  and  over  the 


192  CYPR^EA. 

sides  in  bright  saffron-red  ridges  which  are  somewhat  irregular, 
and  are  here  and  there  forked.     Length,  2'6  inches. 

New  Britain,  N.  S.  Wales  (Hobson),  Red  Sea  (Jickeli). 
An  extremely  rare  and  beautiful  species,  of  which  the  Acad. 
Nat.  Sciences  Philada.  possesses  a  fine  specimen,  the  gift  of  the 
late  Dr.  Thos.  B.  Wilson. 

C.  LAMARCKI,  Gray.     PI.  18,  figs.  96,  97. 

Yellow,  varying  from  orange  to  greenish,  profusely  covered 
with  white  spots,  the  larger  of  which  are  sometimes  ocellated  ; 
sides  marked  with  reddish-brown  spots,  and  the  extremities  with 
lines  ;  base  white,  teeth  strong.  Length,  1'2-1'T  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 
C.  MILIARIS,  Gmel.     PI.  IT,  fig.  80. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  narrower,  the  dorsal  spots 
are  smaller  and  never  ocellated,  and  the  sides  are  white. 

Length,  1*2-1  *5  inches. 

Japan,  N.  S.  Wales. 
C.  EBURNEA,  Barnes.     PI.  IT,  fig.  85. 

Differs  from  C.  Lamarcki,  Gray,  in  being  pure  ivory-white. 
Length,  1-5-1*9  inches.  Philippines. 

C.  TURDUS,  Lam.     PI.  18,  fig.  91. 

Whitish,  sprinkled  with  small  reddish-brown  dots,  those  on 
the  anterior  extremity  appearing  sometimes  as  dashes,  base 
white,  and  rather  flattened .  Length,  -T-l-5  inches. 

Persian  Gulf. 

Sowerby  in  Thes.  Conch.  Monog.  Cypru-ida.',  calls  attention  to 
an  elongated  variety  for  which  he  suggests  the  iijimo.  pyriformis. 

C.  EROSA,  Linn.     PI.  18,  figs.  90,  100,  1. 

Pale  bluish  to  citron-yellow,  thickly  covered  with  wfiite  specks, 
and  sprinkled  with  ocellated  brownish  ones;  sides  white,  stained 
in  the  middle  with  a  square  brownish-black  spot ;  extremities 
ridged  with  chestnut-brown;  teeth  strong,  outer  ones  extending 
across  the  base  and  frequently  over  the  side,  base  white,  some- 
times spotted  and  streaked  with  chestnut-brown. 

Length,  '8-1  '8  inches.  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

An  abundant  and  extremely  variable  species,  which  sometimes 
occurs  very  much  flattened;  the  large  brownish  black  square  spots 
on  the  sides  are  peculiarly  characteristic. 


CYPR^A.  193 

C.  OCELLATA,  Linn.     PI.  18,  figs.  92,  93. 

Reddish  yellow,  profusely  covered  with  white  spots,  some  of 
which  are  ocellated,  with  black  sides  and  base  whitish,  dotted 
with  brown ;  teeth  strong,  those  on  outer  lip  tinged  with 
brownish  at  the  base.  Length,  -6-1-2  inches. 

Ceylon. 

There  appear  to  be  two  forms  of  this  well-marked  species,  the 
one  broad,  with  swollen  sides,  and  the  other  more  elongate  and 
slender. 

C.  LISTERI,  Gray.     PL  18,  figs.  94,  95. 

Pale  olive,  ornamented  with  white  spots,  some  of  which  are 
ringed  with  brown,  sides  and  base  delicately  tinted  with  violet, 
dashed  and  dotted'with  purple,  teeth  numerous,  rather  strong. 

Length,  '75-1-2  inches. 

Philippines. 
C.  PORARIA,  Linn.     PL  18,  figs.  2,  3. 

Brownish  purple,  ornamented  with  white  spots,  most  of  which 
are  encircled  with  brownish  rings,  sides  and  base  violet,  teeth 
white.  Length,  -7-'9  inch. 

Fiji  Is.,  Australia, -New  Caledonia. 

Some  of  the  specimens  from  New  Caledonia  are  dark  purple, 
and  destitute  of  white  spots  (Brazier).  According  to  W.  H. 
Pease,  this  species  occurs  semi-fossil  in  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

C.  ALBUGINOSA.  Mawe.     PL  18,  figs.  98,  99. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  more  elongate,  the  extrem- 
ities are  rather  more  produced,  and  the  marginal  pittings  almost 
obsolete,  ne.-trly  all  the  dorsal  spots  are  ocellated,  and  the  base  is 
white,  violet-tinged  at  the  margin.  Length,  '8-1 '2  inches. 

Gulf  of  California. 
('.  un'ALLosA,  Gray.     PL  18,  figs.  5,  ('»,  4,  7. 

I'nitonnly  reddish  sjiHron.  back  variously  clouded  and  mottled 
with  chestnut,  extremities  furnished  with  a  more  or  less  conspic- 
uous callus,  teeth  strong.  Length,  1 -2-1-4  inches. 

/.  St.  Vincent,  W.  I. 

C..  inyloria,  Crosse  (fig.  4),  credited  to  Africa,  is  a  rather  more 
inflated  variety,  with  extremities  not  quite  so  produced,  and  mar- 
gins less  pitted,  but  the  general  coloring  of  the  shell  is  similar. 

The  var.  Aubrey  ana,  Jouss.  (fig.  7),  is  larger  and  still  more 


194  CYPPUEA. 

inflated,  the  colors  are  paler,  there  is  an  absence  of  the  pittings, 
and  a  partial  obliteration  of  the  callosities.  Length,  1/9  inches. 
By  an  error  of  the  printer,  the  illustration  of  (7.  ingloria  is 
marked  f  natural  size — these  figures  should  have  been  placed 
beside  C.  Aubreyana. 

C.  HELVOLA,  Linn.     PL  19,  figs.  8,  9. 

Pale  bluish  or  olive-brown,  ornamented  with  white  and  brown 
spots,  sides  and  base  saffron-red,  color  darker  above  the  edge ; 
extremities  violet ;  teeth  strong,  partially  elongated  across  the 
base.  Length,  '55-1  *1  inches. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Specimens  from  Mauritius  are  very  deep  in  color,  and  the 
extremities  are  rich  purple,  while  those  from  the  Sandwich 
Islands  are  often  pale  yellow,  faintly  spotted,  with  a  whitish  base 
and  extremities.  Young  shell  pale  bluish,  faintly  banded,  teeth 
brownish. 

C.  CITRINA,  Gray.     PL  19,  figs.  10,  11. 

Differs  from  C.  helvola  in  its  more  delicate  coloring  ;  the  dorsal 
surface  is  uniformly  olive-brown,  and  the  extremities  are  deep 
orange;  teeth  fine,  numerous.  Length,  -75-1  inch. 

Ceylon  ;  Mauritius;  N.  W.  Australia  (Bailey). 

C.  POLITA,  Roberts.     PL  19,  figs.  12,  13. 

Creamy  white,  thickly  covered  with  minute  white  spots,  pit- 
tings  orange,  particularly  those  on  the  extremities  ;  base  ivory- 
white,  teeth  small,  more  or  less  tinted  with  yellowish,  those  on 
the  columellar  side  confined  to  the  aperture,  except  for  a  short 

distance  from  each  end.     Length,  -55-1  inch. 

Sandwich  Islands. 

Younger  shell,  bright  citron  ;  when  the  last  coating  of  enamel 
is  being  deposited  it  has  a  half  clouded  appearance.  Closely 
allied  to  the  following. 

C.  SEMIPLOTA,  Mighels.     PL  19,  figs.  37,  36,  31. 

Light  brown  with  numerous  minute  white  spots;  base  tumid, 

white,  aperture  yellowish,  narrow.     Length,  -3-'4  inch. 

Oahu. 

Mr.  Mighels  described  the  immature  shell  as  G.  spadix  (fig. 
36).  G.  Ann&,  Roberts  (fig.  31),  is  a  broad  flattened  variety, 


CYPR^EA.  1 95 

rather  more  solid,  and  of  a  grayish  white  color.  A  little  shell 
figured  by  Sowerby  in  Thes.  Conch.,  as  C.  fimbriatula,  appears 
to  be  a  fair  illustration  of  C.  semiplota. 

C.  THOMASI,  Crosse.     PI.  19,  figs.  14,  15. 

Yellowish  brown,  spotted  whitish  and  brownish,  base  white ; 
teeth  small,  those  on  the  columella  rather  obscure. 

Length,  -7  inch. 

Hab.? 
C.  SPURCA,  Linn.     PI.  19,  figs.  16,  17. 

Dirty  white,  clouded  and  spotted  with  yellowish  brown,  pits 
brown,  base  white  to  pale  yellowish  brown  ;  teeth  strong. 

Length,  -75-1-25  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  E.  Atlantic  0. 

Fossil  in  the  Pleistocene.  This  species  is  reported  as  occur- 
ring in  Australia,  but  specimens  sent  to  Philadelphia  so  labeled, 
proved  to  be  G.faveola,  Linn.,  and  G.  cernica,  Sowb. 

C.  FLAVEOLA,  Linn.     PI.  19,  figs.  22,  20,  21. 

Yellowish  brown,  profusely  ornamented  with  white  spots  of 
various  sizes,  which  sometimes  have  a  bluish  cast ;  margins 
stained  and  dotted  with  blackish  brown,  base  white,  teeth  some- 
what elongated.  Length,  -8-1-2  inches. 

Japan,  Australia. 

The  variety  labrolineata,  Gask.,  is  of  a  pale  stone-color,  with 
teeth  smaller  and  more  numerous.  No  illustration  of  this  variety 
having  been  given,  and  not  having  had  the  privilege  of  seeing 
specimens  of  C.  Jlaveola  at  the  time,  I  was  led  into  the  error  of 
describing  it  as  C.  Helense  (figs.  20,  21). 

C.  CERNICA,  Sowb.     PI.  19,  figs.  23,  24. 

Yellow,  dorsal  spots  white,  numerous,  those  on  the  margins 
reddish-brown,  extending  around  the  extremities,  which,  together 
with  the  base,  are  white  ;  outer  teeth  strong.  Length,  '75-1  inch. 

Mauritius. 
Closely  allied  to  C.flaveola,  Linn. 

C.  QANGRANOSA,  Soland.     PL  19,  figs.  18,  19,  25-28. 

Differs  from  G.  Jlaveola,  Linn.,  in  having  in  addition  to  the 
white  dorsal  spots,  which  are  very  small,  occasional  brown  eyes 


196  CYPB^lA. 

sprinkled  over  the  surface ;  the  marginal  spots  are  nearly  obso- 
lete, and  the  under  side  of  both  extremities  is  stained  orange. 

Length,  -6-1  inch. 

Ceylon,  China. 

C.  Boivini,  Kiener  (figs.  25,  26),  is  a  milky-white  variety  with 
white  extremities,  usually  presenting  a  worn  appearance.  C. 
Reentsi,  Dunker  (figs.  27,  28),  is  another  form  with  the  dorsal 
surface  lined  transversely,  and  the  extremities  spotted  with 
reddish-brown  ;  it  looks  like  a  young  shell. 

Group  C.     (Gaskoinia,  Roberts.)     Shell  smooth,  edentulate. 
C.  EDENTULA,  Sowb.     PL  19,  figs.  29,  30. 

Shorter  and  more  inflated  than  C.  Algoensis,  from  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  the  absence  of  teeth.  Length,  1  inch. 

Southern  Africa. 

Group  D.    ( Cyproeovula,  Gray.)    Shell  ribbed  transversely. 
C.  ADAMSONT,  Gray.     PI.  19,  figs.  32,  33. 

White,  conspicuously  blotched  with  orange-brown. 
Length,  -5--T  inch. 

Philippines,  I.  Bourbon. 

C.  CAPENSIS,  Gray.     PL  19,  figs.  34,  35. 

Yellowish  or  reddish  brown,  deeply  umbilicated,  the  ridges 
extend  over  the  base  of  the  shell.  Length,  1-1-4  inches. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Group  E.     (Pustularia,  Sum.)     Shell  pustulate  or  nodulous.     T 

C.  STAPHYLJEA,  Linn.     PL  20,  figs.  39-44. 

Grayish  to  brownish,  pustules  whitish,  small,  numerous ; 
extremities  tipped  with  reddish  brown,  base  dirty  white  to 
brown,  teeth  extended  across  the  base  on  each  side. 

Length,  '5-'9  inch. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

Young  shell  usually  brown,  without  pustules.  C.  interstincta, 
Wood  (figs.  42,  43,  44),  is  a  whitish  or  brownish  variety  with 
larger  and  less  numerous  pustules,  which  are  sometimes  partially 
obsolete,  the  teeth  are  coarser,  darker  in  color,  and  do  not 
always  extend  entirely  across  the  base. 


CYPILEA.  19t 

In  his  description  of  G.  limacina,  Lamarck  refers  to  two 
figures,  tlie  one  from  Lister  being  a  well-marked  C.  staphyleea, 
while  the  other  corresponds  to  C.  interstincta. 

C.  PUSTULATA,  Lam.     PI.  20,  fig.  45,  46,  52. 

Lead-color,  covered  with  transverse  striae,  and  armed  with 
numerous  prominent  reddish  pimples,  those  in  the  middle  being 
the1  largest ;  base  chocolate,  teeth  extending  across  the  base  in 
conspicuous  ridges,  ribs  whitish.  Length,  '5--0  inch. 

Panama,  Mazatlan. 

Younger  shell  (fig.  52)  with  the  back  cancellated  but  destitute 
of  pimples,  which  do  not  appear  until  the  teeth  have  become 
considerably  developed. 

C.  NUCLEUS,  Linn.     PI.  20,  figs.  48,  49. 

Whitish,  nodules  dull  brown,  the  lateral  ones  united  together 
by  fine  ridges.  Length,  '55--tl5  inch. 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans. 

C.  MADAGASCARIENSIS,  Gmel.     PI.  20,  figs.  65,  66  ;  PL  19,  fig.  38. 

Larger  and  much  more  depressed  than  the  preceding,  pustules 
larger  and  less  numerous;  the  ridges  on  the  outer  lip  are  alter- 
nately larger  and  smaller.  Length,  1-1-3  inches. 

Madagascar ;  Sandwich  Is.  (Pease). 

G.  granulata,  Pease  (PI.  19,  tig.  38)  is  a  younger  example  of 
this  species ;  in  it,  the  basal  ridges  are  fewer,  and  do  not  extend 
to  the  margin,  but  usually  become  obsolete  as  they  approach  it ; 
in  some  specimens  the  dorsal  ridges  are  also  wanting. 

Section  IV.     (Epona,  II.  and  A.  Ad.)     Shell  globose,  back  either 
smooth  or  with  elevated  tubercles,  extremities  produced. 

C.  ANNULATA,  Gray.     PI.  20,  figs.  50,  51. 

Ivory-white,  smooth,  irregularly  painted  with  round  yellow 
spots,  encircled  with  rings  of  a  deeper  tint,  teeth  very  minute, 
base  white.  Length,  '6  inch. 

Ma  u rit ins,  Philippines. 

C.  CICERCULA,  Linn.     PI.  20,  figs.  55-58,  61,  62. 

Yellowish,  granulose,  irregularly  blotched  with  brown,  sides 


198  TRIVIA. 

dotted  with  brown,  base  conspicuously  painted  with  four  chestnut 
spots,  teeth  usually  elongated  across  the  base. 

Length,  -5-"9  inch. 

Mauritius,  Borneo,  New  Caledonia. 

This  species  sometimes  presents  an  unusually  humped  appear- 
ance, the  basal  spots  being  often  obsolete  and  the  extremities 
greatly  produced ;  such  shells  are  mostly  whitish  and  strongly 
granulose,  with  the  dorsal  line  well  marked. 

I  can  see  no  reason  for  separating  either  C.  Lienardi  (figs.  57, 
58),  or  G.  tricornis  (figs.  61,  62),  both  of  which  were  described 
by  Dr.  Jousseaume  ;  a  careful  examination  of  specimens  of  these 
received  from  Mauritius,  showing  scarcety  a  varietal  difference. 

Dr.  Jousseaume  himself  admits  that  Lienardi  is  the  veritable 
cicercula. 

C.  GLOBULUS,  Linn.     PL  20,  figs.  59,  (>0. 

Very  closely  allied  to  C.  cicercula  ;  the  main  difference  lies  in 
its  more  oblong  form ;  the  dorsal  line  is  absent,  as  are  also  the 
granulations  and  the  chestnut  spots.  Length,  *8  inch. 

Mauritius,  Borneo,  New  Caledonia. 

I  believe  future  investigation  will  prove  the  identity  of  this 
with  C.  cicercula. 

C.  CHILDRENI,  Gray.     PL  20,  figs.  53,  54. 

Pale  yellowish  brown,  transversely  ribbed  throughout,  ribs  a 
shade  darker,  extremities  carinately  winged  beneath,  teeth 
minute.  Length,  -5-'6  inch. 

Annaa  I.,  Borneo,  New  Caledonia. 

This  is  the  only  species  at  present  known  possessing  the 
peculiar  winged  projections  at  the  base  of  the  extremities. 

Subgenus  TRIVIA,  Gray. 

Shell  subglobular,  cross-ribbed,  front  of  columella  internally 
concave,  ribbed. 

Group  A.     Shell  generally  thin,  aperture  wide,  outer  lip  narrow, 

margined. 

T.  ONISCUS,  Lam.     PL  21,  figs.  67,  68. 

Brownish  or  pinkish  flesh-color,  base  whitish,  ribs  bifurcated 
or  wrinkled,  dorsal  line  broad,  smooth,  flat. 

Length,  '7 5-* 9  inch.  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


TRIVIA.  199 

T.  OVULATA.  Lam.     PL  21,  figs.  69,  70. 

Differs  from  the  preceding  in  being  smooth  throughout ;  the 
teeth  on  the  inner  lip  are  very  small.  Length,  -7-'9  inch. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
T.  COSTATA,  Gmel.     PL  21 ,  figs.  71,72. 

Differs  from  G.  oniscus  in  having  rather  finer  ribs,  and  in  the 
absence  of  a  dorsal  impression.  Length,  '6--7  inch. 

West  Indies  (Krebs),  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (?) 

This  species  was  described  by  Gray  as  T.  carnea,  and  by- 
Wood  as  G.  rosea. 

-  T.  VESICULARIS,  Gask.     PL  21,  figs.  73,  74. 

Much  smaller  than  G.  oniscus,  dorsal  striae  finer,  more  numer- 
ous and  regular ;  no  dorsal  impression.  Length,  -5  inch. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Group  B.     Shell  thick,  usually  margined,  aperture  narrow  and 
more  or  less  central. 

a.  Having  a  dorsal  impression. 

*  Shell  white. 
T.  SULCATA,  Gask.     PL  21,  figs.  75,  76. 

Ventricose,  ribs  coarse,  prominent,  spire  perceptible,  inner  lip 
ending  posteriorly  in  a  sharp  edge.  Length,  -45  inch. 

Manilla. 
T.  CICATROSA,  Sowb.     PL  21,  figs.  77,  78. 

Subglobose,  outer  lip  expanded  posteriorly,  dorsal  impression 
short  and  very  deep.  Length,  '3  inch. 

Hab.  (?) 
T.  NIVEA,  Gray.     PL  21,  figs.  80,  81. 

Globose,  extremities  very  obtuse,  ribs  narrow,  wrinkled. 

Length,  -35-'45  inch. 

West  Indies. 

There  has  been  some  confusion  regarding  this  species,  caused 
partly  by  the  name  "  nivea  "  having  been  first  given  by  Dr.  Gray 
to  a  shell  which*  was  afterwards  recognized  us  a  white  variety  of 
C.  turdus.  Later  he  adopted  the  same  name  from  Solander  MSS. 
for  what  the  eminent  conchologist  Gaskoin,  as  well  as  myself, 
believed  to  be  Lamarck's  oryza ;  but  the  characters  given,  and 


200  TRIVIA. 

the  different  distribution  are  sufficient  to  separate  the  two,  and 
I  follow  later  monographers  by  adopting  T.  nivea. 
This  species  is  the  T.  scabriuscula,  Kien.,  not  Gray.  - 

T.  ORYZA,  Lam.     PL  21,  figs.  82,  83,  79. 

Ovate,  extremities  produced,  ribs  fine,  dorsal  impression 
long.  Length,  '30-'45  inch. 

Sandwich  /s.,  Australia,  Philippines. 

Dr.  Dunker  in  "  Mai.  Blatt."  for  1861,  refers  to  a  small  variety 
from  the  Red  Sea,  having  only  a  faint  dorsal  sulcus. 

T.  scabriuscula,  Gray  (fig.  79)  is  a  variety  characterized  by 
rather  more  produced  rostrated  extremities  and  a  shorter  dorsal 
impression. 

T.  oryza  is  as  peculiarly  East  Indian  as  T.  nivea  is  West 
Indian. 

T.  GRANDO,  Gask.     PI.  21,  figs.  86,  87. 

'  Smaller  and  more  globose  than  the  preceding,  ribs  extremely 
fine  and  delicate,  aperture  rather  wide,  spire  prominent. 
Length,  '26  inch. 

Manilla. 
T.  INSECTA,  Mighels.     PL  21,  figs.  84,  85. 

Elongate  ovate,  subrostrate,  ribs  very  fine,  back  depressed, 
dorsal  sulcus  long.  Length,  -1--2  inch. 

Sandwich  Islands,  Australia. 
Kiener  called  this  species  C.  hordacea. 

T.  VITREA,  Gask.     PL  21,  figs.  88,  89. 

Globose,  aperture  rather  narrow,  and  slightly  curved  inwards, 
ribs  coarse,  texture  pellucid.  Length,  '25  inch. 

Philippines. 
Weinkauff  thinks  this  species  and  T.  sulcata  belong  together. 

T.  GLOBOSA,  Gray.     PL  21,  figs.  92,  93. 

Round  like  a  pea,  aperture  very  narrow,  dorsal  impression 
sharply  cut  and  reaching  to  the  extremities.  Length,  -1--2  inch. 

West  Indies ;  Sandwich  Is.;  Australia. 

Described  by  Kiener  as  T.  pilula  and  by  Mighels  as  T. 
sphserula. 

Weinkauff  separates  T.  pilula,  giving  this  name  to  the  shell 


TRIVIA.  201 

from   the   Pacific  region,  and  retains  T.  globosa  for  the  West 
Indian  form,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  separate  the  two. 

T.  subrostrata,  var.  alba,  Krebs,  is  most  likely  T.  globosa;  the 
two  species  are  very  similar  in  form. 

T.  PAUCILIRATA,  Sowb.     PI.  21,  figs  98,  99. 

Ovate,  ribs  coarse,  dorsal  impression  conspicuous. 

Length,  -25  inch.  Hab.  (?) 

**  Shell  usually  pinkish,  spotted. 
T.  PEDICULUS,  Linn.     PL  21,  figs.  94-97. 

Fleshy  white  marbled  with  pale  brown,  especially  towards  the 
sides,  margin  ridged,  dorsal  spots  black,  ribs  coarse,  nodular, 
interior  of  colnmella  white.  Length,  '25-'6o  inch. 

Florida,  West  Indies. 

A  species  presenting  considerable  variation. 

T.  labiosa,  Gask.  (fig.  97),  is  a  variety  in  which  the  marginal 
ridge  is  exaggerated  ;  the  ribs  are  fewer  in  number  and  of  a 
whitish  color,  while  in  T.  cimex,  H.  Owen  (fig.  96),  there  is  an 
increased  tendency  to  crenulation  in  the  dorsal  ribs,  and  an 
amalgamation  of  the  dark  spots  on  the  right  side  into  one 
blotch. 

Fossil,  T.  pediculus  occurs  in  the  Pliocene  clay  beds  of  Costa 
Rica  (W.  M.  Gabb). 

T.  SUFFUSA,  Gray.     PL  21,  figs.  1,  2,  100, 

0  blong  ovate,  ribs  fine,  promiscuously  variegated  and  sprinkled 
with  brown,  extremities  pink,  base  whitish.  Length,  *3-*5  inch. 

West  Indies. 

Described  by  Duclos,  under  the  name  T.  Armandina. 

T.  pullata,  H.  Owen  (fig.  100),  presents  the  peculiarity  of  the 
spots  being  amalgamated  into  a  single  tint. 

T.  PACIFICA,  Gray.     PL  21,  figs.  3,  4. 

.More  attenuated  than  the  preceding,  with  more  produced 
extremities ;  the  ribs  are  finer  and  the  dorsal  spots  alternate  on 
each  side  of  the  sulcus.  Length,  -3-'4  inch. 

Gulf  of  California  (Stearns),  Acapulco,  Galapagos  Is. 

T.  QUADRIPUNCTATA,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  5,  6. 

llotundly  ovate,  back  ornamented  with  four  conspicuous  red 
14 


202  TRIVIA. 

dots,  two  on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  groove,  alternating  one  with 
the  other ;  ribs  fine.     Length,  '20-'35  inch. 

The  T.  rotunda,  Kiener.  West  Indies,  Florida. 

T.  EXIGUA,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  9,  10,  17. 

Ovate, .extremities  produced,  beaked,  white,  stained  and  varie- 
gated with  bright  rose,  ribs  fine.  Length,  -15--2  inch. 

Sandwich  Islands,  New  Caledonia. 

A  most  beautiful  little  shell,  described  also  by  Duclos,  as  T. 
tremeza,  and  by  Dr.  Gould,  as  T.  gemmula. 

T.  corrugata,  Pease  (fig.  11),  differs  in  having  fewer  and 
stronger  ribs  ;  the  pink  color  is  not  so  persistent,  some  of  the 
specimens  being  pure  white. 

5^*^  Shell  brownish. 
T.  RADIANS,  Lam.     PL  22,  figs.  13,  14,  11,  12. 

Rotundly  ovate,  sides  dilated,  dorsal  impression  broad,  nodose 
on  each  side,  the  ribs  diverging  from  the  nodules,  back  stained 
with  a  dark  blotch,  base  depressed.  Length,  -65-'8  inch. 

Lower  California,  Ecuador. 

T.  rota,  WeinkaufF  (figs.  11,  12),  is  a  distant  variety  with  a 
color  more  diffused  and  nearer  T.  Solandri. 

T.  SOLANDRI,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  15,  16. 

More  rounded  at  the  base  than  the  preceding,  from  which  it 
can  be  easily  distinguished  by  its  minute  row  of  outer  teeth, 
there  being  an  intermediate  one  between  each  of  those  termi- 
nating the  ribs.  Length,  -55--80  inch. 

Santa  Barbara,  Cal. — Acapulco. 

T.  COSTIS-PUNCTATA,  Gask.     PL  22,  figs.  7,  8. 

Closely  allied  to  T.  radians.  Its  color  is  that  of  the  ordinary 
T.  pediculus,  the  ribs  are  spotted,  and  the  dorsal  groove  is 
narrow,  the  base  is  rounded.  Length,  *6  inch.  Hob.  (?) 

T.  CALIFORNIA,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  18,  19,  20,  3T. 

Ovate,  rather  globose  ;  ribs  distant,  dorsal  impression  faint, 
whitish  ;  teeth  whitish.  Length,  '35-'55  inch.  California. 

The  animal  is  vivid  orange-scarlet,  reddish  brown  at  the  end 
of  the  proboscis.  When  the  mantle  is  extended  over  the  back 
of  the  shell  its  color  is  neutralized  by  the  purple  of  the  latter. 
T.  depauperata,  Sowb.  (fig.  31),  was  described  from  a  worn 
specimen. 


TRIVIA.  203 

T.  MAUGERI,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  23,  24. 

Pyrifonnly  ovate,  fulvous  rose-color,  closely  ribbed,  ribs 
somewhat  flexuose,  dorsal  line  narrow,  back  obscurely  stained 
with  a  large  faint  brown  blotch,  right  side  pink. 

Length,  about  '7  inch. 

Galapagos  Is. 
T.  PISUM,  Gask.     PI.  22,  figs.  29,  30. 

Spheroidal,  light  fawn,  ribs  large,  prominent;  aperture  rather 
wide,  extremities  slightly  produced,  dorsal  impression  long. 

Length,  about  -45  inch. 

Ceylon. 
T.  SANGUINEA,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  21,  22. 

Ovate,  purple-brown,  back  stained  in  the  middle  with  a  blood- 
red  spot,  whitish  at  each  end,  ribs  whitish,  dorsal  impression 
almost  obsolete.  Length,  -35-'5  inch. 

California — Ecuador. 

Described  by  Dufresne  as  T.  lathy rus. 

T.  FUSCA,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  35,  36. 

Smaller,  narrower  and  more  produced  than  the  preceding, 
ribs  finer  and  of  the  same  color  as  the  shell. 

Length,  -15--30  inch.  Galapagos  Is. 

T.  SUBROSTRATA,  Gray.     PL  22,  figs.  38,  39. 

Globose,  dark  chocolate-brown,  extremities  slightly  beaked, 
dorsal  line  well  marked.  Length,  -15--3  inch. 

West  Indies. 

Locality  given  in  Mazatlan  Catalogue  by  Dr.  Carpenter  is 
improbable.  As  before  stated,  the  white  variety  of  this  species 
mentioned  in  Krebs'  Catalogue  is  most  likely  T.  globosa,  Gray. 

b.  Having  no  dorsal  impression. 

*  Shell  white. 
T.  CANDIDULA,  Gask.     PL  22,  figs.  33,  34. 

Globosely  ovate,  ribs  strong,  rather  conspicuous. 
Length,  -25  inch. 

Canary  Is.,  Azores,  Spanish  Coast  (Hidalgo),  Mexico. 
Credited  also  to  several  Pacific  localities,  the  correctness  of 
which  is  somewhat  doubtful. 

This  species  was  almost  simultaneously  described  by  Duclos 
as  T.  olorina,  and  by  Beck  as  T.  approximans. 


204  TRIVIA. 

T.  PRODUCTA,  Gask.     PL  22,  figs.  25,  26. 

Ovate,  sides  a  little  dilated,  extremities  peculiarly  produced, 
ribs  fine.  Length,  -5  inch. 

Borneo  ;  Agulhas  Bank,  S.  Africa ;  Australia. 

T.  PELLUCTDULA,  Gask.     PL  22,  figs.  31,  32. 

Ovate,  extremities  produced,  ribs  very  fine,  aperture  narrow 
and  nearly  straight.  Length,  '18--3  inch. 

Pacific  Ocean. 

T.  BREVISSIMA,  Sowb.     PL  21,  figs.  90,  91. 

Differs  from  T.  globosa,  which  it  closely  resembles,  in  having 

no  dorsal  impression.     Length,  -2  inch. 

Hab.  (?) 

**  Shell  pinkish,  sometimes  spotted. 

T.  RUBINICOLOR,  Gask.     PL  22,  figs.  27,  28. 

Ovate,  extremities  obtusely  produced  and  tinged  rose-red, 
ribs  fine.  Length,  -25-'4  inch. 

Ceylon,  Borneo. 
T.  AFFINIS,  Marrat.     PL  23,  figs.  40,  41. 

Oblong-ovate,  pale,  with  indications  of  color,  extremities  pro- 
duced, broad,  ribs  rather  coarse.  Length,  *3  inch. 

Hab.  (?) 

The  type  specimens  were  found  in  a  dealer's  stock  of  West 
Indian  shells,  but  as  no  collectors  have  reported  it  from  that 
locality,  and  as  the  shell  closely  resembles  T.  Pacifica,  except 
in  the  absence  of  any  dorsal  impression,  I  am  inclined  to  think 
it  belongs  to  a  Pacific  fauna. 

T.  RUBESCENS,  Gray.     PL  23,  figs.  42,  43. 

Globosely  ovate,  pale  pinkish  or  reddish,  ribs  fine. 
Length,  -3-'4  inch. 

Galapagos  I. 
Somewhat  of  the  form  of  T.  candidula,  Gask. 

T.  FORMOSA,  Gask.     PL  23,  figs.  44-47. 

Globose,  thin,  rather  inflated ;  whitish,  delicately  suffused 
with  rose,  ribs  and  teeth  numerous,  fine.  Length,  about  *5  inch. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

T.  multilirata,  Sowb.  (figs.  46,  47),  credited  to  the  Adriatic, 


TRIVIA.  205 

the  author  says  was  first  figured  for  T.  formosa.  It  resembles 
a  more  adult  shell  than  our  illustration  of  the  latter,  copied 
from  Thes.  Conch.,  and  is  quite  likely  the  same. 

Dr.  Weinkauff  believes  T.  formosa  to  be  close  to  T.  Europsea, 
Mont.,  if  not  identical. 

T.  EUROP^A,  Montagu.     PI.  23,  figs.  48-51. 

Ovate,  flesh-color,  tinged  with  fulvous,  sparingly  spotted  with 
brown,  closely  ribbed,  base  white.  Length,  -3-'5  inch. 

Mediterranean  Sea  to  Norway. 

Found  fossil  to  the  Miocene,  it  being  common  in  the  Red  Crag. 

The  fossil  form  was  described  as  T.  sphsericulata  by  Lam., 
and  T.  coccinelloides  by  Sowb. 

While  the  shell  of  T.  Europsea  is  plain,  the  animal  presents  a 
striking  contrast,  it  being  predominantly  yellow,  brown  and 
pink ;  the  mantle  is  very  large  and  more  or  less  studded  with 
wart-like  processes  of  a  pale  orange-brown  with  white  or  3rellow 
papillae,  occasionally  variegated  by  red  spots  and  a  few  purplish 
blotches. 

It  is  found  on  stony  and  coral  ground  from  low-water  mark 
to  100  fathoms. 

According  to  I)r.  J.  Gwyn  Jeffreys,  the  northern  specimens 
are  usually  unspotted,  while  those  found  south  are  smaller  and 
more  frequently  spotted. 

T.  arctica,  Montagu,  is  the  unspotted  form  ;  T.  bullata,  of  the 
same  author,  represents  the  young  shell  (fig.  50).  Bulla 
diaphana,  -Montagu  (fig.  51),  is  a  very  young  example  of  the 
same ;  so  is  the  Bulla  Candida,  Macgillivray.  The  species  was 
also  described  by  Lamarck  as  T.  coccinella,  and  by  Sars  as  T. 
Norvegica,  while  Risso  gave  it  the  name  T.  Mediterranea. 

The  late  Chas.  Kingsley,  Canon  of  Westminster,  in  a  letter  to 
his  friend  H.  P.  GoSse,  January  3d,  1854,  says:  "I  have  seen 
T.  Europxa  during  the  last  few  days  suspend  itself  from  the 
under  side  of  low-tide  rocks  by  a  glutinous  thread  an  inch  or 
more  in  length,  and  when  in  captivity  float  on  the  surface  by 
means  of  a  similar  thread  attached  to  a  glutinous  bubble." — 
(Life  of  Chas.  Kingsley.) 


206  CYPELEID.E. 

T.  NAPOLINA,  Duclos.     PI.  23,  fig.  52. 

Much  narrower  and  more  produced  than  the  preceding,  its 
ribs  are  rather  finer  and  more  convergent ;  its  color  is  a  dingy 
white,  and  it  has  only  two  spots,  one  at  each  end  of  the  dorsum. 

Length,  -35-'45  inch. 

Senegal,  N.  W.  Australia. 

Credited  also  to  St.  Vincent,  Cape  Verd,  by  M.  de  Cessac. 
Described  by  Gaskoin  as  T.  obscura. 

T.  AUSTEALIS,  Lam.     PI.  23,  figs.  53,  54. 

Oblong-ovate,  rather  thin,  irregularly  painted  with  light  brown 
blotches,  ribs  fine,  nearly  obsolete  on  the  back,  extremities 
tinted  with  rose,  base  white.  Length,  -4--15  inch. 

New  South  Wales. 

Common  at  this  locality,  living  in  from  10  to  15  fms. 

**£  Shell  brown. 

T.  PULEX,  Soland.     PI.  23,  figs.  55,  56. 

Ovate,  ribs  fine,  smooth  or  obsolete  on  the  back,  sides  and 
base  white.  Length,  '3  inch. 

Azores,  Mediterranean  Sea. 
Fossil  in  the  Pleistocene. 

T.  PULLA,  Gask.     PI.  23,  figs.  57,  58. 

Ovate,  extremities  slightly  produced,  ribs  fine. 
Length,  -25  inch. 

Galapagos  Is.,  Gulf  of  California  (Stearns). 
Is  probably  the  Trivia  mentioned  in  the  Mazatlan  Catalogue 
as  being  T.  subrostrata. 


Unidentified  Species  of  Gyprseidae. 

C.  CAPUT-ANGUIS,  Philippi. 

An  unfigured  species  without  known  locality,  less  than  one- 
half  inch  in  length,  brown  between  the  teeth,  and  white-spotted 
at  the  extremities.  Said  to  present  a  dorsal  surface  similar  to 
G.  caput-serpenlis,  Linn.,  which  has  led  authors  to  incorrectly 
place  it  in  the  synonomy  of  that  species. 


CYPFLEID^E.  20f 

C.  PARVULA,  Philippi. 

Another  unfigured  species,  locality  unknown;  said  to  belong 
to  the  group  containing  G.  fimbriata,  Gmel. 

C.  CASTANEA,  Anderson. 

Shell  ovate,  ventricose,  chestnut-brown,  with  two  wide  obscure 
bunds,  margins  thickened,  white  spotted  with  brown,  aperture 
at  extremities  rosy  red. 

Hab.? 

C.  TRTGONELLA,  Dufr. 

Shell  oval,  a  little  inflated,  aperture  narrow,  dorsal  surface 
crimson-reddish,  margin  white,  spotted  with  blackish  brown. 

New  Holland. 
TRIVIA  ACUT-IDENTATA,  Gask. 

Ovate  globular,  dull  white  with  a  faint  dorsal  impression,  ribs 
rather  thick,  prominent  but  not  crowded,  columellar  side  more 
gibbous  than  the  outer,  teeth  more  numerous  on  the  lip  than  on 
the  columella. 

Bay  of  Guayaquil. 

Its  nearest  ally  in  shape  is  T.  exigua. 

The  original  type  of  this  species  was  accidentally  broken  by 
Mr.  Gaskoin  after  description,  and  the  fragments  preserved  in 
the  collection  of  Miss  Saul  are  too  incomplete  for  recognition. 


INDEX   AND    SYNONYMY. 


Achatidea  (Cypraea),  Gray.     C.  111.,  f.  179,  1837. 

=  C.  physis,  Brocchi. 
Achatina  (Cypraea),  Sol.  MSS.     Dillw.  Cat.,  i,  p.  446,  1817. 

=  C.  ventriculus,  Lain. 
Acicularis  (Cypraea),  Grael.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1790. 

=  C.  spurca,  Linn. 
Acutidentata  (Trivia),  Gask.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  201,  1835. 

Unidentified,       .    '     . 207 

Adamsoni  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Desc.  Cat.  Gyp.,  p.  7,  1832,     .  196 
Adelines  (Cypraea),  Roberts,          .         .         ...         .         .168 

Adusta,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  93, 1884,  .  161 
Adusta  (C}rpr8ea),  Ckem.     Conch.  Cab.,  x,  p.  106,  pi.  145, 

f.  1341,  1 7 90.     =  C.  onyx,  Linn. 
Affinis  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3420,  1790. 

=  C.  globnlus,  Linn. 
Affinis  (Trivia),  Marratt  (non  Gmel.)    Ann.  Mag.  N.  II.,  xx, 

p.  215,1867,         .         .         . 204 

Albella  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  404,  1822. 

=  C.  caput-serpentis,  Linn. 
Albida  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404,  1790. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 
Albuginosa  (Cypraea),  Mawe.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  510,  pi.  7, 

12,  f.  2,  1824, 193 

Alga  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  23,  f.  1,  1811. 

=  C.  mappa,  Linn. 

Algoensis  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  498,  1824,      .  189 
Amabilis  (Cypraea),  Jouss.     Le  Naturaliste,  p.  349,  1881. 

=  C.  Walkeri,  Gray,  .         .         .         .  .         .         .185 

Ambigua  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3409. 

=  C.  tigris,  jr.,  Linn. 
Amethystea  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  1174,  1767. 

=  C.  Arabica,  Linn. 

Angustata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1790,         .  188 

(208) 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  209 


Anna'  (Cyprrea),  Roberts.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  p.  250, 

pi.  15,  f.  4-6,  1868.  =  C.  semiplota,  Migh.  .  .  .104 
Annulata  (Cvprrca),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.  88,  1829,  .  1(.>7 
Annulus  (Cypraja),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1179,  1767,  .  .  178 

Annulus  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Fry  of, 179 

Aperta  (Trivia),  Swn.     Zool.  jour.,  iii,  p.  571,  1828. 

=  C.  oniscus,  Lain. 
Approximans  (Trivial,  Beck.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  201,  1835. 

=  C.  candidula,  Gask 203 

Arabica,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France, ix,  p.  90,1884,  160 
Arabica  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1173,.1767,  .  .174 
Arabicula  (Cypraea),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  399,  1822,  175 
Arctica  (Trivia),  Sol.  MSS.  Test.  Brit.,  i,  p.  201,  1803. 

=  C.  Europaea,  Mont 205 

Arenosa  (Cypraea),  Gra}-.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  147,  pi.  7,  12, 

f.  6,  1824, 166,  172 

A; -us  (Cypra>a),Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1173  (12th  ed.),  1767,  164 
Argus  (Porcellana),  Humph.  Amb.  llarit.,  pi.  38,  f.  I),  1705. 

=  C.  Argus,  Linn. 

Aricia,  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  7,  1832,  .  .159,  162,  172 
Arlequina  (Cypraea),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  x,  p.  145,  f. 

1346-7,  1790.     =  C.  histrio,  Meusch. 
Armandina  (Trivia),  Duclos.     Coq.  Viv.,  p.  140,  pi.  46,  f.  2. 

=  T.  suflusa,  Gray, 201 

Artuffeli,  Jouss.     Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  81,  1876. 

=  C.  clandestina,  Linn.      .......  188 

Asdli  (Porcellana),  Humph.     Amb.  Rarit.,  t.  39,  f.  M,  1705. 

=  C.  asellus,  Linn. 

Asellus  (Cjpraea),  Linn.  SysL.  Nat.,  p.  1178,  1767.  .  .  187 
Atava  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.  Bull  de  Soc.  Malac.  France, 

p.  83,  pi.  1,  f.  4,  1884.  =  C.  moneta,  Linn.  .  .  .178 
Atheroma  (Cyprsea),  Meusch.  Mus.  Gevers,  p.  402,  1787. 

=  C.  cervus,  Linn. 
Atomaria  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3412,  1790. 

=  C.  punctata,  Linn, 
Aubreyana  (  Cypraea),  Jouss.     Revue  et  Mag.  Zool.,  p.  348, 

pi.  18,  f.  1-3,  1869.  =  C.  bicallosa,  Gray,  .  .  .193 
Aurantium  (Cypraea),  Martyn.  Univ.  C.,  ii,  f.  59,  1782,  .  180 
Aurora  Solandri  (Cypraca),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  xi,  pi.  180, 

f.  1737,  1738,  1795.     =  C.  aurantinm,  Mart. 
Australis  (Trivia),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  404,  1822,  206 
Autumnalis  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  21.  f.  2,  1811. 

=  C.  mus,  Linn. 

Badia  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3414,  1790,  uniden- 
tified. 


210  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAOE. 

Bandata  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  20,  f.  2,  1811. 

=  C.  arabica,  jr.,  Linn. 
Barclay!  (Cypraea),  Reeve.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  208,  pi.  38,  f.  4, 

1857,  .....' 182 

Barthelemyi  (Cypraea),  Bernardi.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  p.  48, 

pi.  1,  1861.     =  C.  moneta,  Linn.        ...  .178 

Basterotia,  Bayle  MSS.      Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France1,  ix,  p. 

95,  1884, 161 

Becki  (Cyprsea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  205,  1835,  .  .191 
Bernaya,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  88,  1884,  160 
Bicallosa  (Cypraea),  Gray.  C.  111.,  sp.  50,  f.  10,  1837,  .  .  193 
Bicolor  (Cyprsea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  92,  1848. 

=  C.  piperita,  Sol.      .  .  ...  189 

Bicornis  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  Index,  1870. 

=  C.  mus,  Linn.          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .177 

Bifasciata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.  p.  3405. 

=  C.  exanthema,  Linn. 
Boivini  (Cypraaa),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  66,  pi.  18,  f.  2. 

=  C.  gangraenosa,  Sol.        .         • 196 

Bregeriana  (Cvprsea),  Crosse.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  xvi,  p.  277, 

1868;  xvii,  pi.  1,  f.  2,  1869.       =  C.  Walkeri,  Gray,   .         .  185 
Brevidentata  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  30, 

f.  325,  326,  1870.     =  C.  stolida,  var.          .         .         .         .171 
Brevissima  (Trivia),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  168,  f. 

523,524,  1870, .         .204 

Brocchi  (Cypraea),  Desh.     An.  sans  Vert.,  x,  p.  575,  1844. 

=  C.  annulus,  fossil. 

Broderipi  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.,  p.  3,  No.  18,  1832,  .  182 
Bullata  (Cypraea),  Pultney.  Test.  Brit,  i,  p.  202.  pi.  6,  f.  1, 

1803.     =  Trivia  Europaea,  Mont.       .         .         '.         .         .205 

Caledonica  (Cypraea),  Crosse.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  xvii,  p.  41, 
pi.  1,  f.  1,  1869.     =  C.  lynx,  Linn 183 

California  (Trivia),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  365,  1827,    .  202 

Camelopardalis  (Cyprsea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  19,  f.  5,  1811.  182 

Camelorum  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.  Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  France, 
p.  86,  t.  1,  f.  7,  1884.     =  C.  moneta,  Linn.        .         .         .178 

Cancellata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3414,  1790.  Un- 
identified. 

Candida  (Bulla),  Macgill.     Moll.  Aberd.,  pp.  68,  188,  1843. 
=  T.  Europaea,  Mont 205 

Candida  (Cypraea),  Pse.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  515,  1865. 

=  C.  clandestina,  var.         .......  187 

Candidula  (Trivia),  Gask.     Zool.  Proc,,  p.  200,  1835,  . 

Capensis  (Cypraeovula),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  573. 1828,  196 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  211 

PAOB. 

Caput-anguis  (Cypnea),  Philippi.     Menke  and  Pfr.,  p.  24, 

1849, 173,  206 

Caput-serpentis  (Cypnea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1175,  1767,  173 
Carnea  (Trivia),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  569,  1828. 

=  Trivia  costata,  Gmel .199 

Carneola  (Cypnea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1174,  1767,  .         .166 
Carneola  (Cypnea),  Martyn  (non  Linn.).     Univ.  C.,  pi.  14, 

1782.     =  C.  ventriculus,  Lam. 
Carneola  (Porcellana),  Rumph.     Amb.  Rarit.,  pi.  38,  f.  K, 

1705.     —  C.  carneola,  Linn. 
Castanea  (Cypnea),  Anderson.     Archiv  fiir  Nat.,  ii,  p.  271, 

1837.     Unidentified 207 

Castanea  (Cypnea),  Higgins.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  178,  pi.  14,  f. 

1,  1868.     =  C.  similis,  Gray,     .         .         .         .         .         .190 

Caurica  (Cypnea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1179,  1767,     .         .171 
Cauteriata   (Cypraea),   Chemn.     Conch.   Cab.,  x,  pi.   144,  f. 

1332,  1788.     =  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 
Cernica  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  132,  f. 

238-240,  1870,     .....  .195 

Cervina  (Cyprsea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Yert.,  vii,  p.  375,  1822. 

—  C.  cervus,  Linn. 
Cervinetta  (Cyprsea),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  74,  pi.  6,  f.  1,  2. 

=  C.  exanthema,  Linn 164 

Cervus  (Cypnea),  Linn.     Mantissa,  p.  548,  1771,          .         .  164 
Chalcedonia  (Cypnea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  19,  f.  6,  1811. 

=  C.  helvola,  Linn. 

Children!  (Cyprsea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  518,  1824,       .  198 
Chinensis  (Cypnea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.  p.  3421,  1790. 

=  C.  lynx,  Linn. 

Chrysalis  (Cyprsea),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  92,  pi.  54,  f.  4,     .  172 
Chrysostoma  (Cypnea),  Brazier. 

=  C.  Sophia,  ibid.,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  p.  445,  1880. 
Cicatrosa  (Trivia),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  160,  f. 

458,459,  1870, 199 

Cicercula  (Cyprsea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1181,  1767,  .         .  197 
Cimex  (Trivia),  H.  Owen.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  index, 

1870.     =  T.  pediculus,  Linn 201 

Cincta  (Cypnea),  Sol.  MSS.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  446,  1824. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 

Cinerea  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3402, 1790.     .         .  166 
Cinnamoma3a  (Cypraea),  Oliv.     Zool.  Adriat.,  p.  134. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmei. 
Citrina  (Cypnea),  Gray   (non   Kiener).      Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p. 

509,  1824, .194 

Citrina  (Cypnea),  Kien.  (as  of  Gray).     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  70,  pi. 

43,  f.  4.     =  C.  helvola,  Linn. 


212  INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY. 


Clandestina  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1177,  1767,  .  187 
Clara  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  13,  1851,  .  .  .166 
Coccinella,  Leach.  Adams'  Genera,  i,  p.  268,  1858. 

=  Trivia,  Gray. 
Coccinella  (Trivia),  Lam.     An.  sans  Yert.,  vii,  p.  404,  1822. 

=  T.  Europaea,  Mont.         .         .  .         .         .         .  205 

Coccinelloides  (Trivia),  Sowb.     Min.  Conch.,  t.  378,  f.  1. 

=  T.  Europaea,  Mont.,  fossil, 205 

Ccerula  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  22,  f.  8,  1811. 

=  C.  moneta,  Linn. 
Coffea  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  No.  26,  f.  359, 

360,  1870.  =  C.  neglecta.  Sowb.  .  '  .  .  .  .170 
Comma  (Cypraea),  Perry.  Conch.,  pi.  21,  f.  5,  1811. 

=  C.  cribraria,  Linn. 
Commixta,  Mawe.     Wood,  Index  Supp.,  f.  11,  1828. 

=  C.  lutea,  Gronov. 
Compta  (Cypraea),  Pse.      Zool.  Proc.,  p.  189,  pi.  51,  f.   1, 

1860.     =  C.  Cumingi,  Gray, 191 

Comptoni  (Cypraea),  Gray.    Juke's  Yoy.,  ii,  p.  356,  t.  1,  f.  3, 

1847.     =  C.  angustata,  Gray, .188 

Concava  (Cypraea),  H.  Owen.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,f.  318,319, 

1870.     =  Distorted  C.  caurica,  Linn. 
Conoidea  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3414,  1790. 

=  Oniscia  tuberculosa. 
Conspnrcata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3405,  1790. 

=  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 

Con taminata  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  11, 1832,  168 
Contrastriata  (Cypraea),  Perry.  Conch.,  pi.  20,  f.  3,  1811. 

=  C.  carneola,  Linn. 
Controversa  (Cypraea),  Gray.      Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  144  ;  iv,  p. 

71.     =  C.  Isabella,  Linn 165 

Corrosa  (Cypraea),  Gron.     Zooph.,  p.  129,  1783. 

=  C.  caurica,  Linn. 
Corrugata  (Trivia),  Pse.      Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  p.  95,  pi. 

11,  f.  14,  15,  1868.  =  T.  exigua,  Gray,  .  .  .  .202 
Costata  (Trivia),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3418,  1790,  .  .  199 
Costispunctata  (Trivia  \  Gask.  MSS.  Sowb.  Thes.  Cyp., 

No.  148,  f.  452,  453,  1870, 202 

Coxeni  (Cypraea),  Cox.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  568,  pi.  48,  f.  10, 

1873, 190 

Coxi  (Cypraea),  Brazier.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  617,  pi.  44,  f.  3, 

1872, 184 

Crassa  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1788. 

=  C.  carneola,  Linn. 
Crebricostata  (Trivia),  Sowb.     Thes.  Cyp.,  p.  51,  1870. 

=  T.  formosa,  Gask. 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  2l3 

PAGE. 

Cribellum  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  22,  1849,  .  .  190 
Cnbraria,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.,  France,  ix,  p.  94, 1884,  161 
Cnbraria  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1178,  1767,  .  .  190 
Crossei  (Cypwea),  Marie.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  xvii,  p.  16,  pi. 

l,f.  3,  1869.     =  C,  stolida,  Linn 171 

Cruenta  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3420,  1790,  .  .  171 
Cumingi  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  No.  41,  1832,  191 
Cylindrica  (Gypraea),  Born.  Mus.,  p.  184,  pi.  8,  f.  10,  1780,  170 
Cylindrica  (Cyppea),  Wood.  Cat.,  pi.  17,  f.  17,  1828. 

=  C.  tabescens,  Sol. 

Cypraea,  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1172,  1767,  .  .  .  159,  160 
Cyprreacea  (Fam.j,  Troschel.  Gebiss,  i,  p.  201,  1863,  .  159 

Cypraedia,  Swn.     Malac.,  p.  325,  1840. 

=  Luponia,  Gray,       . 161,  162 

Cypraeidae  (Fam.), 153 

Cypraeinse  (Sub-Fam.),  Swn.     Malac.,  324,  1840. 
Cypraeorbis  (Sub-Gen.),  Conrad.     Amer.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  p. 

31,1865  (Fossil), 162 

Cypraeovula,  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  75,  1824,  159. 161, 163,  196 
Cypriarius,  Dumesil.  Zool.  Anal.,  p.  166,  1806. 

=  Cypraea,  Linn. 

Dama  (Cypraea),  Humph.     Gal.  Cat.,  No.  118,  1779. 

=  C.  vitellus,  Linn. 
Dama  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  23,  f.  3,  1811. 

=  C.  nivosa,  Brod. 
Decipiens  (Cypraea),  E.  A.  Smith.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  482,  pi. 

48,  f.  8,  1880, 176 

Declivis  (Cypra?a),  Sowb.     Thes   Conch.  Cy'p.,  No.  103,  f. 

287,  328*, 329*,  1870,  ....  .   189 

Dentex  (Cypraea),  Humph.     Cal.  Cat.,  No.  116,  1779. 

=  C.  canrica,  Linn. 
Depauperata  (Trivia),  Sowb.      C.  111.,  sp.  130,  f.  49,  1837. 

=  T.  Californica,  Gray,      .         .         .         .         .         .         .202 

Derosa  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3416,  1790. 

=  C.  caurica,  Linn. 
Derosa  (Cypraea),  Risso.      Hist.  Nat,  de  1'Europe  Merid., 

iv,  p.  238.     =  C.  helvola,  Linn. 
Diaphana  (Bulla),  Montagu.     Test.  Brit.,  p.  205,  t.  7,  1.  8, 

1808.        =  T.  Europaea,  Mont.     .  .  .205 

Diluculum  (Cypraea),  Rve.     Icon.,  pi.  14,  sp.  65,  1845. 

=  C.  undata,  Lam. 
Dracaena  (Cypraja),  Born.     Mus.,  p.  189,  1780. 

=  C.  caurica,  Linn. 
Dubia  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3405. 

=  C.  exanthema,  Linn. 


214  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Eburnea  (Cypraea),  Barnes.    Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.,  i,  p.  133,  pi.  9, 

f.  2,  1824 .192 

Eburnea  (Cypraea\  Konig.     Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.  72,  1828. 

=  C.  cinerea  (Fossil). 

Edentula  (Cyprsea),  Sowb.     C.  111.,  sp.  102,  f.  26*,  1837,      .  196 
Eglantina  (Cypraea),  Duel.     Guer.  Mag.,  p.  28,  1833. 
"=  C.  arabica,  Linn.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .174 

Eglantina  (Cyprsea),  Sowb.  (as  of  Duclos).     =  C.  niger, 

Roberts.     =  C.  arabica,     .......  174 

Elongata  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Coneh.,  pi.  22,  f.  5,  1811. 

=  C.  caurica,  Linn. 
Epona,  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera  Recent  Mollusca,  i,  p. 

269,  1858, .  163,  197 

Erato,   Risso.      Eur.    Merid.,  iv,   1826.     Now   referred   to 

Marginellidae, 162 

Erosa  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat,  p.  1179,  1767,  .  .  192 
Erosaria,  Trosch.  Gebiss  i,  p.  210,  1863. 

=  Aricia,  Gray, 160,  161 

Erronea,  Trosch.     Gebiss  i,  p.  210,  1863. 

=  Aricia,  Gray, 160,  161 

Erronea  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3411,  1790. 

=  C.  errones,  Linn. 

Errones  (Cypraea),  Linn,     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1178,  1767,    .         .183 
Erythraea,  Barrelier.     Icon.,  1714.     =  Cyprasa,  Linn. 
Erythraeensis  (Cypraea),  Beck  MSS.     Reeve,  Icon.,  pi.  14, 

sp.  63,  1845, !  172 

Esontropia  (Cypraea),  Duel.     Mag.  Zool.,  p.  26,  1833,  .  190 

Ethnographica    (Monetaria),    Rocheb.      Bull.   Soc.  Malac. 

France,  p.  78,  pi.  1,  f.  2,  1884.       =  C.  moneta,  Linn.          .  178 
Europaea    (Trivia),   Montagu.       Test.    Brit.    Supp.,   p.   88, 

1808, 154,  205 

Exanthema  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1172,  1767,  .  164 
Exigua  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  15,  1832,  .  .  202 
Eximia  (Cypraea),  Sowb.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  124,  1849.  Fossil. 

Close  to  C.  umbilicata,  Sowb. 
Exusta  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     C.  111.,  sp.  25,  f.  2*,  1837,     .         .167 

Fabula  (Cypraea),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  97,  pi.  54,  f.  3. 

=  C.  felina,  Gmel .169 

Fallax  (Cypraea),  E.  A.  Smith.     Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,  5th  series, 

viii,  p.  441.     =  C.  cribraria,  Linn.     .         .         .         .         '190 
Fasciata  (Cypraea),  Chemn.     Conch.  Cab.,  x,  pi.  144,  f.  1334, 

1788.     =  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 
Fasciata  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  22,  f.  9, 1811. 

=  C.  erosa,  Linn. 
Felina  (Cypraea).  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3412,  1790,       .         .  169 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  215 

PAGB. 

Feminea  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3409, 1790. 

=  C.  tigris,  Linn. 
Ferruginea  (Cypraea),  Humph.     Gal.  Cat.,  No.  1.13,  1779. 

=  C.  stolida,  Linn. 
Femigiiiosa  (Cypraea),  Combes'  MSS.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  385, 

1824.     =  C.  errones,  Linn. 
FuiTuginosa  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst,  Nat.,  p.  3403,  1790. 

=  C.  erosa,  Linn. 
Ferruginosa  (Cypraea),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  37,  pi.  56,  f.  3. 

—  C.  Sowerbyi,  Kien 185 

Fimbriata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3420,  1790,  .  168 
Fimbriatula  (Cypraea),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  No.  138, 

f.  518,  1870.      =  C.  semiplota,  Mighels 195 

Flammea  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3408,  1790. 

=  C.  tigris,  Linn. 
Fhiveola  (Cypraea),  Born,  (non  Linn.).     Mus.,  p.  190,  1778. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmel. 
Flaveola  (Cypraea),  Lam.  (non  Linn.).     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii, 

p.  394,  1822.     =  C.  spurca,  Linn. 

Flaveola  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1179,  1767,  .  .  195 
Formosa  i  Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p  198,1835,  .  .204 
Fragilis  (Cypraea),  Born.  Mus.,  p.  179,  pi.  8,  f.  6,  1780. 

=  C.  Mauri tiana,  Linn. 
Fragilis  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat,  1175,  1767. 

=  C.  Arabica,  jr.,  Linn.    . 
Friend  i  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Desc.  Cat.  Cvp.,  p.  5,  1832. 

=  C.  Scotti,  Brod. 
Fuliginosa  (Cypraea),  Perry,     Conch.,  pi.  22,  f.  1. 

=  C.  Mauritiana,  Linn. 
Fulva  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p   3413,  1790. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmel. 

Fusca  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Gyp.,  p.  15,  1832,  .  .  203 
Fusco-dentata  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  499,  1824,  189 
Fuscomaculata  (Cypraea),  Graj-  MSS.  (non  Pease).  Sowb., 

Thes.  Cyp.,  No.  90,  f.  372,  373,  1870. 

=  C.  Adelinae,  Roberts 168 

Fuscomaculata  (Cypraea),  Pse.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  515,  1865,   .  168 

Gangraenosa  (Cypraea),  Sol.  MSS.  Dilw.  Cat.,  i,  p.  465, 1817,  195 
Gaskoinia,  Roberts.  Cat.  Porcellanidae,  p.  201,  Amer.  Jour. 

Conch.,  v,  1869, 161,163,  196 

Gnskoini  (Cypraea),  Reeve.  Zool.  Proc..  p.  23,  1846,  .  .  191 
Gaskoini  (Trivia),  Roberts.  Cat.  Porcellanidae, p.  20(5,  Am. 

Jour.  Conch.,  v,  1869.     =  T.  sulcata.  Gask. 
Gemmosa  (Cypr^a),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  23,  f.  5,  1811. 

=  C.  nucleus,  Linn 


216  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Gemmula  (Trivia),  Gld.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  ii,  p.  27,  1845. 

=  T.  exigua,  Gray,     .  .         .         ...         .202 

Gemmula  (Cypraea/,  Weink.     M.  Ch.  ed.,  ii,  pi.  1C,  f.  1,  9, 

1881, .         .175 

Gibba  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3403,  1790. 

=  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 

Gisortia,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  88, 1884,  160 
Globosa  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  14,  1832,  .  200 
Globuli  (Porcellana),  Rumph.  Amb.  Rarit,  pi.  39,  f.  L,  1705. 

=  C.  globulus,  Linn. 

Globulus  (Cypnea),  Linn.-  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1181,  1767,  .  .  198 
Goodali  (Cyprsea),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  10,  1832,  .  108 
Gracilis  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  93,  1848,  .  .188 
Grando  (Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  96,  1848,  .  .  200 
Grando  (Trivia),  Duel.  Potiez,  Gal.  des  Moll.,  i,  p.  481, 

1838.     Fossil.     Probably  grando,  Gask. 
Granulata  (Cypraea),  Pse. '  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  278,  1862. 

=  C.  Madagascariensis,  Gmel.    .         .         .         .         .         .197 

Granulata  (Cypnea),  Humph.     Cal.  Cat.,  p.  105,  1779. 

=  C.  staphylsea,  Linn. 
Grayi  (Cyprsea),  Kien.     Coq.  Viv.,  p.  20,  pi.  26,  f.  3. 

=  C.  physis,  Brocchi. 
Gnimmulus  (Cypraea),  Humph.     Cal.  Cat.,  No.  112,  1779. 

=  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 
Guttata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3402,  reference  to 

Mart.  Conch.,  i,  pi.  25,  f.  252,  253.       =  C.  guttata,  Gray. 
Guttata  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.,  p.  3402,  reference  to  Lister,  pi. 

676,  f.  23.     =  C.  tigris,  Linn. 

Guttata  (Cypraea),  Gray,  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  511,  1824,  157,  191 
Guttata  (Cyprsea),  Lam.  (non  Gray).  Ann.  du  Mus.,  xv,  p. 

453,  1810.     ==  C.  pantherimi,  Sol. 
Guttata  (Porcellana),  Rumph.     Amb.  Rarit.,  pi.  38,  f.  A, 

1705.     =  C.  tigris,  Linn. 

Hamyi  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.     Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  France,  p. 

88,  t.  2,  f.  5,  1884.  =  C.  annulus,  Linn 179 

Harmandiana  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.  Bull.  Soc.  Malac. 

France,  p.  90,  t.  2,  f.  4.  =  C.  annulus,  Linn.  .  .  179 

Helena  (Cyprsea),  Roberts.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  p.  250, 

pi.  15,  f.  7,  10,  1868. 

=  C.  flaveola,  Linn.,  var.  labrolineata,  Gask.  .  .  .195 
Helvola  (Cyprsea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1180,  1767,  .  .  194 
Hirundo  (Cyprsea).  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.  p.  1178,  1767,  .  .  169 
Histrio  (Cypraea),  Meusch.  Mus.  Gevers,  p.  404,  1787,  .  175 
Hordacea  (Trivia),  Kien.  Coq.  Viv.,  p.  149,  pi.  54,  f.  5. 

=  T.  insecta,  Mighels, 200 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  ,  217 


Humphreys!  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  480,  1824. 
=  C.  lutea,  Gronov  .........   187 

Icterina  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  387,  1822. 

=  C.  moneta,  Linn.    ........  178 

Indica  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p  3412,  1790. 

=  C.  scurra,  Chemn, 
Ingloria  (Cypraea),  Crosse.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  xxvi,  p.  166, 

pi.  3,  f.  2,  1878.  =  C.  bicallosa.  Gray,  .  .  .  .193 
Insecta  (Trivia),  Mighels.  Proc.  Boat.  Soo.,  ii,  p.  24,  1845,  200 
Intermedia  (Cyprsea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  77,  1824. 

==  C.  reticulata,  Mart.         .         .         .         .  .         .175 

Intermedia  (Trivia),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  pi.  54,  f.  1. 

=  T.  scabriuscula,  Gray  =  T.  oryza,  Lam. 

Interrupta  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  376,  1824,  .  167 
Interstincta,  (Cypraea),  Wood.  Index  Supp.,  pi.  3,  f.  9,  1828. 

=  C.  staphylaea,  Linn  ........  196 

Ipsa,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  97,  1884,  .  161 
Irescens  (Cypraea),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.  Index,  1870. 

=  C.  macula,  Ad. 
Irina  (Cypraea),  Kien.     Coq.  Yiv.,  p.  35,  pi.  56,  f.  2. 

=  C.  ni^ropunctata,  Gray. 

Irrorata  (Cyprsea),  Sol.  MSS.  Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.  80,  1828,  167 
Isabella  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1177,  1767,  .  .  165 
Isabella  Porcellana),  Rumph.  Amb.  Rarit.,  pi.  39,  f.  G,  1705. 

=  C.  Isabella,  Linn. 

Jemieria,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  98,  1884,  161 
Jenningsia  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  19,  f,  4,  1811. 
=  C.  guttata,  Gray. 

Kiinthi  (Cypraea^,  Audouin.     Savigny,  Desc.  de  1'Egypt,  ed. 
ii,  vol.  22,  p.  190,  pi.  6,  f.  27,  1828.     =-C,  lurida,  Linn. 

Labiolineata  (Cypraea),  Sowb.  (as  of  Gask.).     Thes.  Conch. 

Gyp.,  f.  231,  1870.     ==  C.  gangraenosa,  Sol. 
Labiosa  (Trivia),  Gask.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  202,  1835. 

=  T.  pediculus,  Linn  .....  .  201 

Labrolineata  (Cypraea),  Gask.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  97,  1848. 

=  C.  flaveola,  Linn.    .         .         .         .         .  •         .195 

Lacrymalis  (Cypraea),  Menke.     Synop.,  p.  83,  1828. 

=  Trivia  pulex,  Sol. 
Lactea  (Cypraea),  Wood.     Supp.,  pi.  3,  f.  2.  1838. 

=  C.  eburnea,  Barnes. 
Lamarcki  (Cyprsea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  506,  1824,       .  192 

15 


218  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Lathyrus  (Cypraea),  Dufr.     Blainv.,  Diet.   Sci.   Nat.,  xliii, 

p.  25,  1826.     =  C.  sanguinea,  Gray, 203 

Lentiginosa  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  489,  pi.  7, 

12,  f.  1,  1824, 186 

Leopardalis  (Cypraea),  Humph.     Cat.  Call.  No.  130,  1179. 

=  C.  tigris,  Linn. 
Leucodon  (Cypraea),  Brod.     Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.   163,  pi.  6, 

1828, .         .         .181 

Leucogaster  (Cypmea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413,  1790. 

=  C.  lurida,  Linn. 
Leucopis  (Cypraea),  Shaw.     Misc.,  xv,  pi.  619. 

==  C.  exanthema,  Linn. 

Leucostoma  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p,  25,  1843,  .  177 
Leiicostoina  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413,  1790. 

=  C.  lynx,  Linn. 
Lienardi  (Cypraea),  Jouss.     Revue  et  Mag.  Zool.,  p.  11,  pi. 

1,  f.  1,  2,  1874.     —  C.  cicercula,  Linn 198 

Limacina  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  400,  1822. 

=  C.  staphylaea,  Linn 197 

Lineata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413,  1790. 

=  C.  ziczac,  Linn. 

Listeri  (Cypnea),  Gray.  Zool  Jour.,  i,  p.  507,  1824,  .  .  193 
Livida  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3403, 1790. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 
Lrebbeckiana  (Cypraea),  Weink.    M.  Oh.,  ii,  p.  82,  pi.  24,  f.  2, 

3,1881.     ==  C.  carneola,  Linn 166 

Lota  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1175,  1759. 

=  C.  spurca,  Linn. 

Luponia,  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  12,  1832,  159,  160,  163,  180 
Luria,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  92,  1884,  .  161 
Lurida  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1175,  1767,  .  .  165 
Lutea  (Cypraea),  Gronov.  Zoophylac.  fasc.,  3,  pi.  19,  f.  17, 

1781, 187 

Lyncina,  Trosch.     Gebiss,  i,  p.  208,  1863. 

=  Cypraea,  Linn.         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .160 

Lynx  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1176,  1767,  .  183 

Macandrei  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  129*, 

f.  537,  538,  1870, 191 

Macula  (Cypraea),  A.  Ad.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  206,  1867,  .  .  169 
Maculata  (Cypraea),  Barnes.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.,  i, p.  132, 1824. 

=  C.  reticulata,  Marty n. 
Maculata  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  389,  1824. 

=  C.  zonata,  Chem. 
Maculata  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  20,  f.  5,  1811. 

=  C.  angustata,  Gray. 


INDEX   AND    SYNONYMY.  219 

PAGE. 

Maculosa  (Cypraea),  Grnel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3412,  1790. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmel. 
Madagascariensis   (Cypraea),  Gmel.      Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3419, 

1790,  .         .  197 

Mandolina,  Bayle  MSS.      Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p. 

89,  1884,     . 160 

Mappa  (Cyprsea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1173,  1767,  .  .  174 
Margarita  (Cyprsea),  Sol.  MSS.  Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.  87, 1828,  191 
Marginata  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  91, 1848,  .  .  176 
Marmorata  (Cyprsea),  Blainv.  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  xliii,  p.  26, 

1826.     =  C.  carneola,  Linn. 

Maugeri  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  13,  1832,  .  203 
Mauritia,  Troschel.  Gebiss,  i,  p.  208,  1863. 

=  Cyprsea,  Linn.        .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .160 

Mauritiana  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1176,  1767,       .  173 
Mauxiena,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  89, 1884,  160 
Mediterranea  (Trivia),  Risso.     Eur.  Merid.,  p.  239,  1826. 

=  T.  Europaea,  Mont.         ...  .  205 

Melanostoma  (Cypraea),  Leathes.     Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  31, 

1825.     =  C.  camelopardalis,  Perry. 
Menkeana  (Cypraea),  Desk.     Conch.  I.  Reunion,  p.  139,  pi. 

13,  f.  21,  2-2,  1863.     =  C.  Oweni,  Sowb 169 

Mercatorium   (Monetaria),   Rochebr.      Bull.    Soc.    Malac. 

France,  p.  80,  pi.  1,  f.  3,  1884.  =  C.  moneta,  Linn.  .178 
Miciodon  (Cypra-a),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.  71,  1828,  .  169 
Miliaris  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3420,  1790,  .  .  192 
Minima  (Cypraea),  Dunker.  Index  Moll.,  p.  30,  pi.  4,  f.  5, 

6,  1853.     =  C.  lurida,  Linn. 
Misella  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  23,  f.  6,  1811. 

=  C.  ziczac,  Linn. 
Modesta  (Cyprsea),  H.  Owen.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  512; 

1870.     =  C.  Menkeana,  Desh.  =  C.  Oweni,  Sowb. 
Moneta  (Cyprasa).  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1178,  1767,     .  155,  177 
Monetaria  (Subgenus),  Troschel.     Gebiss,  i,  p.  212,  1863. 

=  Aricia,  Gray, 160,  161 

Moniliaris  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Yert.,vii,  p.  396,  1822. 

=  C.  clandestina,  Linn. 
Montosa  (Porcellana),  Humph.     Amb.  Rarit.,  p.  114,  pi.  38, 

f.  B,  1705.     —  C.  mappa,  Linn. 
Morbillosa  (Cyprsea),  Sol.  MSS.     Dillw.,  Cat.,  p.  461.  1817. 

=  C.  cruenta,  Gmel. 
Multilirata  (Trivia),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f.  427,  428, 

521,522,1870.     =  T.  formosa,  Gask 204 

Mus  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1176,  1767,  .  .  177 

Napolina  (Trivia),  Duel.  Coq.  Viv.,  p.  144,  pi.  53,  f.  3,  .  206 
Naria,  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  12,  1832,  .  r  .  .  159,  161 


220  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Nebulosa  (Cypreeft),  Gmel.  (non   Kiener).      Syst.  Nat.,  p. 

3413,  1790.'     —  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 
Nebulosa  (Cypraea),  Kien.     Coq.  Viv.,  p.  63,  pi.  32,  f.  3. 

=  C.  zonata,  Chem.    .  186 

Nebulosa  (Cypraea),  Sowb.  (as  of  Kien.).      Thes.    Conch. 

Gyp.,  f.  354,  355,  1870. 

=  C.  Petitiana,  Crosse  and  F.     =  C.  pyrum,  Gmel.,  var. 
Neglecta  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Conch.  111.,  sp.  66,  f.  12*,  1837,  170 
Niger    (Cypraea),   Roberts   =   C.   eglantina,    Sowb.    (non 

Duclos^Thes.  Conch.,f.  282,283,1870.  =  C.arabica,Linn.,  174 
Nigricans  (Cypraea),  Montrouzier.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  p.  220, 

pi.  8,  f.  5,  pi.  9,  f.  3,  1875.       =  C.  mappa,  Linn.  .  174 

Nigropunctata  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  p.  81,  1828,  185 
Nivea  (Cypraea),  Gray  (non  Sol.).  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  420, 

511,  1824.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  98,  1848. 

=  C.  turdus,  Lam 199 

Nivea  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  15,  1832,  .  .  199 
Nivea  (Cypraea),  Mawe.  Wood,  Index  Suppl.,  f.  12,  1828. 

=  C.  lutea,  Gronov. 
Nivea  (Cyprsea),  Sol.     Dillw.  Cat,  i,  p.  466,  1817. 

=  Trivia  nivea,  Gray. 
Niveria  (Genus),  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p. 

100,  1884,    ....  161 

Nivosa  (Cypraea),  Brod.     Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  84,  pi.  4,  f.  1, 

1827, 182 

Norvegica  (Trivia),  Sars.  =  T.  Europaea,  Mont.  .  .  205 
Notata  (Cypraea),  Gill.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.,  vi,  p.  255,  pi.  9, 

f.  1-3,  1858.     ==  C.  macula,  Ad. 
Noumeensis  (Cypraea),  Marie.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  xvii,  p.  18, 

pi.  2,  f.  6,  1869.     =  C.  annulus,  Linn 178 

Nuclearia  (Genus),  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix, 

p.  98,  1884, 161 

Nucleus  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1181, 1767,  .  .  197 
Nymphaea  (Cyprrea),  Duel.  ?  =  C.  onyx,  Linn. 

Oblonga  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3416,  1790. 

=  C.  errones,  Linn. 
Obscura  (Trivia),  Gask.     Zool.  Proc.,  p.  94,  1848. 

=  T.  napolina,  Duel 206 

Obscura  (Cypraea),  Rossiter.     Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W., 

p.  821,  1881.     =  C.  caurica.  Linn 171 

Obtusa  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  19,  f.  1,  1811. 

=  C.  pantherina,  Sol. 

Obvelata  (Cypraea),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  401,  1822,  179 
Ocellaria  (Section),  Weink.  Jahrb.  Malak.,  1881,  .  .  160 
Ocellata  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1180,  1767,  .  .193 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  221 

PAGE. 

Ochroleuca  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413. 

=  Ovulum  verrucosum,  Linn. 
Oculata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3403,  1790. 

=  C.  cervus,  Linn. 
Olivacea  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3408,  1790. 

=  C.  stercoraria,  Linn. 
Olivacea  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  392,  1822. 

=  C.  errones,  Linn. 
Olorina  (Cypraea),  Duel.     Zool.  Proc.,  1835,  p.  201. 

=  Trivia  candidula,  Gask.          .         ....         .         .  203 

Oniscus  (Trivia),  Lam.  Ann.  du  Mus.,  xvi,  p.  103,  1810,  .  198 
Onyx  (Cyprsea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1177,  1767,  .  .  183 
Oryza  (Trivia),  Lam.  Ann.  du  Mus.,  xvi,  p.  104,  1810,  .  200 
Otaheitensis  (Cypraea),  Sch.  et  Wag.,  p.  108,  pi.  228,  f. 

4029-30,  1829.     =  C.  carneola,  Linn. 
Ovata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3405,  1790. 

=  C.  errones,  Linn. 
Ovata  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  21,  f.  3,  1811. 

=  C.  turdus,  Lam. 

Ovulata  (Trivia),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  398,  1822,  .  199 
Ovum  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3412,  L790. 

=  C.  errones,  Linn. 
Oweni  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     C.  111.,  sp.  64,  f.  12**,  1837,  .  169 

Pacifica  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc,  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  15,  1832,  .  201 
Pallida  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  287,  1824,  .  .  184 
Pallidula  (Cyprsea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  97,  1848. 

=  C.  quadrimaculata,  Gray, 167 

Pantherina  (Cypraea),  Sol.  MSS.  Dillw.  Cat.,  i,  p.  449, 1817,  181 
Pardalina  (Cypraea),  Dunker.  Zeit.  fur  Malak.,  p.  126,  1852. 

Probably  C.  turdus,  Lam.,  var. 
Pardalis  (Cypraea),  Shaw.     Nat.  Misc.,  vi,  pi.  193. 

=  C.  tigris,  Linn. 
Parvula  (Cypraea),  Philippi.     Zeit.  fur  Malak.,  p.  24,  1849. 

Unidentified 207 

Pancilirata  (Trivia),  Sowb.    Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  175*,  f. 

502,526,  1870, ".  201 

Peasei  (Cypraea),  Sowb.      Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  113,  f. 

167,  168,  1870.  =  C.  esontropia,  Duel.  .  .  .  ,191 
Pediculus  (Trivia),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1180,  1767,  .  .  201 
Pediculus  (Trivia),  Linn,  (in  part).  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1180, 

1767.     =  T.  oryza,  Lam. 
Pediculus  (Trivia),  Mont.     Test.  Brit.,  i,  p.  200,  1803. 

=  T.  Europaea.  Mont. 
Pediculus    (Cypraea),   Rumph.     Amb.  Rarit.,  pi.  39,  f.  P, 

1705.     =s  Trivia  oryza,  Lam. 


222  INDEX   AND   SYNONYMY. 


Pellucidula  (Trivia;,  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  23,  1846,  .  .  204 
Peribolus,  Adans.  Moll.  Hist.  Nat.  Senegal,  1757. 

=  Cypraea,  Linn. 
Perrieri  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.    Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  France,  p. 

92,  t.  2,f.  6.     =  C.  annulus,  Linn.     ......   179 

Petitiana  (Cypraea),  Crosse  and  F.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  xx,  p. 

213,  1872.     =  C.  pyrum,  Gmel 183 

Physis    (Cypraea),   Brocchi    (in   aet.   foss.).      Conch,   foss. 

Subapp.,  ii,  p.  284,  pi.  2,  f.  3,  1814, 183 

Picta  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  389,  pi.  7,  12,  f. 

10,  1824,      .         .         ,         .         .         .•  .         .         .186 

Picturata  (Trivia),  Morch.     Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  p.  49,  1877. 

=  T.  pediculus,  Linn. 
Pilula  (Trivia),  Kien.     Coq.  Viv.,  p.  151,  pi.  54,  f.  2. 

=  T.  globosa,  Gray, .200 

Piperita  (Cypraea),  Sol.  MSS.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  498,  1824,  189 
Pisum  (Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  24,  1846,  .  .  .203 
Pleuronectes  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Malac. 

France,  p.  85,  t.  1,  f.  5,  1884.  =  C.  moneta,  Linn.  .  '.  178 
Plumaria  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Malac. 

France,  p.  87,  t.  2,  f.  2,  1884.  ==  C.  moneta,  Linn.  .  .  178 
Plumbea  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3403,  1790. 

=  C,  exanthema,  Linn. 
Polita  (Cypraea),  Roberts.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  p.  70,  pi. 

15,  f.  1-3,  1868, 194 

Ponda,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  95,  1884,  .  161 
Poraria  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1180,  1767,  .  .  193 
Poraria  (Cypraea),  Mart,  (non  Linn.)  Conch.,  i,  p.  394,  pi. 

30,  f.  324,  325,  1768.     =  C.  gangrsenosa,  Sol. 
Porcellana,  Klein.     Tenta.  Cochel.,  p.  83,  1753. 

=  Cypraea,  Linn 161 

Porcellanidae  (Family),  Roberts.     Catalogue  in  Am.  Jour. 

Conch.,  v,  1869.     =  Cypraeidae,  Linn. 
Porcellus  (Cypraea),  Broc.     Conch.  Foss.  Subap.,  ii,  p.  283, 

t.  2,  f.  2,  1814.  =  C.  pyrum.,  Gmel.,  fossil,  .  .  .183 
Princeps  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  75,  1824,  .  180 
Producta  (Trivia),  Gask;  Zool.  Proc.,  1835,  p.  200,  1848,  .  204 
Pseudo-cassis  (Genus),  Pictet.  Pal.  Suisse,  ser.  iii,  pt.  2, 

361,  1863, 162 

Pulchella  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  143,  1824. 

=  C.  pulchra,  Gray,  ibid,  p.  380, 165 

Pulchella  (Cypraea),  Swn.  Phil.  Mag.,  Ixi,  p.  376,  1823,  .  184 
Pulchra  (Cyprgea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,i,  p.  380,  pi.  7, 12,  f.  9,  165 
Pulex  (Trivia),  Sol.  MSS.  Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  368,  1827,  .  206 
Pulicaria  (Cypraea),  Reeve.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  23,  1846,  .  .  189 
Pulla  (Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  1846.,  p.  24;  1848,  p.  97,  206 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  223 


Pulla  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3412,  1790. 

=  C.  onyx,  Linn. 
Pnllata  (Trivia),  H.  Owen  MSS.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp. 

Index,  f.  446,  447,  1870.  =  T.  suffusa,  Gray,  .  .  .201 
Punctata  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Mantissa,  p.  548,  1771,  .  .  188 
Punctulata  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  387,  1824,.  .  18G 
Punctulata .(Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404,  1790. 

=  C.  C3rlindrica,  Linn. 
Purpurascens  (Cypraea),  Swn.     Phil.  Mag.,lxi,  p.  376, 1823. 

=  C.  sanguinolenta,  Gmel. 
Purpurascens  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404,  1790. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 
Purpurata  (Cypraea),  Sol.  MSS.     Dillw.  Cat.,  i,  p.  445, 1817. 

=  C.  sanguinolenta,  Gmel. 
Pusilla  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1790. 

=  C.  clandestina,  Linn. 

Pustularia,  Swainson.  Malacology,  p.  324, 1840,  159,161,163,  196 
Pustulata  (Cyprae),  Lam.  An.  du  Mus.,  xv,  p.  101,  1810,  .  197 
Pusiila,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  99,  1884,  .  161 
Pyriformis  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  371,  1824,  .  184 
Pyriformis  (Cypraea),  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f.  284, 

1880.     =  C.  turdus,  Lam 192 

Pyrula  (Cypraea),  Mich,  (non  Lam.).   Fossil.   Mioc.  It.  Sept., 

p,  329.  =  C.  physis,  Broc.,  fossil,  .  .  .  .  .  183 
Pyrum  (Cypra3a),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3411,  1790,  .  .  183 

Quadrimaculata  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  376, 1824,  167 
Quadripunctata  (Trivia),  Gray?  Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  368, 1827,  201 

Radians  (Trivia),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  402,  1822,  .  202 
Rattus  (Cypraea),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  380,  1822. 

=  C.  stercoraria,  Linn.       .....  .  176 

Reentsi  (Cypraea),  Dkr.     Menke  and  Pfr.,  1852,  p.  189,  and 

Nov.  Conch.,  pi.  9,  f.  3,  4,  1858.  =  C.  gangraenosa,  Sol.,  196 
Reevei  (Cypraea),  Gray.  C.  111.,  sp.  15*,  f.  52,  1837,  .  .  166 
Regina  (Cypraea),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab.,  x,  p.  101,  1788. 

=  C.  Mauritiana,  Linn. 
Regina  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3406,  1790. 

=  C.  Mauritiana,  Linn. 

Reticulata  (Cypnea),  Martyn.  Univ.  C.,  pi.  15,  1782,  .  174 
Reticulum  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3407,  1790. 

=  C.  caput-serpentis,  Linn. 
Rhinoceros  (Cypraea),  Souv.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  p.  156,  pi.  5, 

f.  1,  1865.     =  C.  interrupta,  Gray,     .         .      .  .         .         .167 

Rosea  (Trivia),  Duel.     Potiez,  Gall,  des  Moll.,  p.  477,  1838. 

=  T.  Australis,  Lam. 


224  INDEX   AND    SYNONYMY. 


Rosea  (Cypraea),  Wood.     Index  Supp.,  pi.  3,  f.  15,  1828. 

=  Trivia  costata,  Gmel 199 

Rota  (Trivia),  Weink.     M.  Ch.,  ii,  t.  38,  f.  13,  16, 1881. 

=  T.  radians,  Lam 202 

Rotunda  (Trivia),  Kien.     Coq.  Viv.,  p.  141,  pi.  53,  f.  2. 

=  T.  quadripimctata,  Gray,       .         .         .         .         .         .  202 

Rubescens  (Trivia),  Gray.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  185,  1832,  .  .  204 
Rubiginosa  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3420,  1790. 

=  C.  stolida,  Linn. 

Rubinicolor  (Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  200,  1835,  .  204 
Rufa  (Cyprsea),  Lam.  An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  388,  1822. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmel. 
Rufescens  (Cypraaa),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 

Salita  (Porcellana),  Rumph.     Arab.  Rarit.,  pi.  38,  f.  L,  1705. 

=  C.  vitellus,  Linn. 
Sandwichensis  (Trivia),  Sowb.     Thes.  Gyp.  Index,  1870. 

=  T.  scabriascula,  Gray. 

Sanguinea  (Trivia),  Gray.  Pesc.  Cat.  Gyp.,  p.  14,  1832,  .  203 
Sanguinolenta  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3406,  J790,  186 
Saulse  (Cyprsea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  23,  1843,  .  .  188 
Scabiosa '(Cypraea),  Humph.  Cat.  Call.,  No.  103, 1779. 

=  C.  gangraenosa,  Sol. 
Scabriuscula  (Trivia),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  364,  1827. 

==  T.  oryza,  Lam.        .         .         .         .         .  .         .200 

Scabriuscula  (Trivia),  Kien.  (non  Gray).     Coq.  Viv.,  pi.  43, 

f.  3.     =  T.  nivea,  Gray, 200 

Scottii  (Cypraea),  Brod.  Zool.  Jour.,  v,  p.  330,  pi.  14,  1831,  176 
Scurra  (Cyprsea),  Chemn.  Conch.  Cab  ,  x,  p.  103,  pi.  144, 

f.  1338,1788, .165 

Semiplota  (Cypraea),  Mighels.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  ii,  p.  24, 

1848,   ....  .  .194 

Siciliana  (Cypraea),  Salis.     Reisen  Neapol.,  i,  p.  364,  1793. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmel. 

Similis  (Cypraea).  Gray.  Zool.  Miscel.,  p.  36,  .  .  .189 
Similis  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1790. 

=  C.  erosa,  Linn. 
Smithi  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Zool.  Proc.,  1881,  p.  638,  pi.  56, 

f.  8.     =  C.  pyriformis,  Gray, 184 

Solandri  (Trivia).  Gray.  C.  111.,  sp.  128,  f.  43,  1837,  .  .  202 
Sophias  (Cypraea),  Brazier.  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  i, 

p.  7,  1875, .  .184 

Sordida  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  387,  1822. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 
Sowerbyi  (Cypraaa),  Kien.     Coq.  Viv.,  p.  38,  pi.  7,  f.  3,        .  185 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  225 

PAGE. 

Sowerbyi  (Cypraea),  Anton.     Yerzeich.  der  Conch.,  p.  97, 

1839.     =  C.  carncola.  Linn. 
Sowerbyi  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Desc.  Cat.  Cyp.,  p.  9,  1832. 

=  C.  neglecta,  Sowb. 

k    Spadicea  (Cypraea),  Swn.     Phil.  Mag.,  bri,  p.  876,  1823,       .182 
Spadix  (Cypraea),  Mighels.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  ii,  p.  25,  1848. 

=  C.  semiplota,  Mighels,  .......  194 

Sphaerieulata  (Trivia),  Lam.     Ann.  du  Mus.,  No.  14,  1810. 

=i  T.  Europaea,  Mont.,  fossil,     ......  205 

Sphaerula  (Trivia),  Mighels.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  ii,  p.  24,  1848. 

=  T.  erlobosa,  Gray, .  200 

Spurca  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.  p.  1179,  1767,       .         .  195 
Spurca  (Cypraea),  Linn.,  var.   flaveola,  Sowb.     Thes.  C3Tp., 

f.  121,  1870.     =  C.  Cernica,  Sowb.,  pars. 
Squalina  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3420,  1790. 

=  C.  l}'nx,  Linn. 
Staphylaea,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.   France,  ix,  p.   96, 

1884, 161 

Staphyhea  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1181,  1767,        .  196 
Stellata,  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  22,  f.  2,  1811. 

=  C.  erosa,  Linn. 
Stellata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413,  1790. 

=  C.  cinerea,  Gmel. 
Stellata  (Cypraea),  Humph.     Cal.  Cat.,  No.  107,  1779. 

=  C.  helvola,  Linn. 

Stercoraria  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1174,  1767,       .  175 
Stercus-ranscarum  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p. 

396,  1822.     =  C.  pimctata,  Linn 188 

Stolida,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  94,  1884,  161 
Stolida  (Cypraea  ^,  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3416,  1790. 

=  C.  caurica,  Linn. 

Stolida  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1180,  1767.     .         .  171 
Striata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1790. 

Probably  C.  Staphylaea,  Linn. 
Subcylindrica  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  No.  21, 

f.  269,  270,  1870.     =  C.  cylindrica,  Born.          .         .         .170 
Subflava  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413,  1790. 

=  C.  errones,  Linn. 
Subfuscula  (Cypraea),  Marty n.     Univ.  Conch.,  pi.  96,  1782. 

=  C.  vitellus,  Linn. 

Subrostrata  (Trivia),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  iii,  p.  363,  1827,  .  203 
Subrostrata  (Cypraea),  Gray.     Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  369,  1824. 

Fossil,  undetermined. 
Subteres  (Cypraea),  Weink.     M.  Ch.,  ii,  pi.  8,  f.  4  ;  pi.  13,  f. 

1,4,1881.     =  C.  teres,  Gmel .170 

Subviridis  (Cypnea),  Rve.     Icon.,  pi.  12,  sp.  48,  1845,        .  184 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 


Succincta  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1177,  1767. 

=  C.  onyx,  Linn. 

Suffusa  (Trivia),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.  Gyp.,  p.  16,  1832,  .  .  201 
Sulcata  (Trivia),  Dillw.  (non  Gask.).  Cat.,  i,  p.  466,  1817. 

=  T.  pediculus,  Linn. 

Sulcata  (Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  95,  1848,  .  .  199 
Sulcidentata  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  148,  1824,  .  172 
Sulcocypraea,  Conrad.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  p.  31,  1865. 

=  Cypraeovula,  Gray, 162 

Surinamensis,  (Cypraea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  20,  f.  4,  1811. 

=  C.  nebulosa,  Kien.  =  C.  zonata,  Chem. 

Tabescens  (Cyprsea),  Sol.  MSS.  Dillw.  Cat.,  i.  p.  463,  1817,  170 
Talpa  (Cypraea),  Humph.  Cal.  Cat.,  No.  135,  1779. 

=  C.  testudinaria,  Linn. 

Talpa  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1174,  1767,  .  .  167 
Talpa  (Porcellana),  Rumph.  Amb.  Rarit.,  pi.  38,  f.  i,  1705. 

=  C.  talpa,  Linn. 

Talparia,  Trosch.  Gebiss,  i,  p.  206,  1863,  .  .  .  .160 
Teres  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3405,  1790,  .  .  170 
Teres  (Cypraea),  Wood.  Index  (Hanley's  ed.),  f.  1?,  1856. 

Unidentified. 
Tessellata,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.   Zool.   France,  ix,  p.  97, 

1884,  • .161 

Tessellata  (Cypraea),  Swn.  Zool.  Jour.,  i,  p.  150,  1824,  .  173 
Testudinaria  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1173,  1767,  .  165 
Testudinoea  (Cypnea),  Perry.  Conch.,  pi.  22,  f.  7,  1811. 

=  C.  testudinaria,  Linn. 
Thatcheri  (Cypraea),  Cox.     Zool.  Proc.,  1869,  p.  358,  pi.  26, 

f.  1.     =  C.  venusta,  Sowb.          .         .         .         .         .         .177 

Thersites  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  90,  1848,  .  .176 
Thomasi  (Cyprsea),  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  xiii,  p.  57,  pi. 

6,  f.  3,  1865, 195 

Tigrina  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404,  1790. 

=  C.  tigris,  Linn. 
Tigrina  (Cypraea),  Lam.  (non  Gmel.).     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii, 

p.  383,  1822.     =  C.  pantherina,  Sol. 

Tigris  (Subgenus),  Trosch.  Gebiss,  i,  p.  207,  1863,  .  .160 
Tigris  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1176,  1767,  .  .  180 
Translucens  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404,  1790. 

=  C.  cincrea,  Gmel. 
Tremeza  (Trivia),  Duel.     Mag.  de  Zool.,  pi.  25,  1833. 

=  T.  exigua,  Gray,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .202 

Tricornis  (Cypraea),  Jouss.     Revue  et  Mag.  Zool.,  p.  9,  pi. 

1,  f.  3,  4,  1874.     ==  C.  cicercula,  Linn 198 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  227 

PAGE. 

Trifasciata  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  3405,  1790. 

=  C.  Mauritiana,  Linn. 
Trigonella  (Cypraea),  Dufr.     Blainv.,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  xliii,  p. 

25,  1826.     Unidentified, 207 

Triticea  (Trivia),  Dufr.     Blainv.,  Diet.,  xliii,  p.  25,  1826. 

=  T.  costata,  Gmel. 
Trivia,  Gray.     Desc,  Cat.  Gyp.,  p.  13,  1832,     159,  161,  163,  198 

Triviacea,  troschel.     Gebiss,  i,  1863, 159 

Triviella,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  99,  1884,  161 
Trivirostra,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  100, 

1884 161 

Trizonata  (Cyprsea),  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  No.  951,  f. 

361,  362,  1880.     =  C.  punctata,  Linn 188 

Trona  (Genus),  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p. 

89,  1884,      .         . 160 

Turbinata  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3404,  1790. 

=  C.  Mauritiana,  Linn. 
Turdus  (Cyprsea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  392,  1822,  192 

Umbilia,  Jouss.     Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  90,  1884,  160 
Umbilicata  (Cypraea),  Sowb.     Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  30,  pi.  7, 

1825, 157,  181 

Undata  (Cyprsea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  393,  1822,  187 
Undulata  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  3406,  1790. 

=  C.  Mauritiana,  Linn. 
Undulata  (Cyprsea),  Wood  (non  Gmel.).     Supp.,  p.  S7,  pi. 

17,  f.  16,  1828.     =  C.  ziczac,  Linn. 
Unifasciata  (Cyprsea),  Mighels.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  ii,  p.  25, 

1848.     =  C.'fimbriata,  Gmel. 
Ursellus  (Cyprsea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3411,  1790. 

=  C.  felina,  Gmel 169V 

Ursellus  (Cyprsea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  19,  f.  2,  1811. 

=  C.  hirundo,  Linn.  (?) 

Valentia  (Cyprsea),  Perry.     Conch.,  pi.  23,  f.  2,  1811. 

=  C.  princeps,  Gray. 
Vanelli  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1175,  1767. 

=  C.  lynx,  Linn. 
Variolse  (Porcellana),  Rumph.     Amb.  Rarit,  pi.  38,  f.  0, 

1705.     =  C.  cruenta,  Gmel. 
Variolaria  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  sans  Vert.,  vii,  p.  387, 1822. 

=  C.  cruenta,  Gmel. 
Variolosa  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3413. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Gmel. 

Ventriculus  (Cypraea),  Lam.     An.  du  Mus.,xvi,  p.  452, 1810,  172 
Venusta(Cypra3a),Sowb.    Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.,xix,p.  346, 1847,  176 


228  INDEX  AND  SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Yenusta  (Cypr^aa),  Gask.  MSS.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp., 

p.  19,  1870.     =  C.  venusta,  Sowb. 

Vesicuiaris  (Cypraea),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  203,  1835,  .  199 
Vestimenti  (Monetaria),  Rochebr.  Bull.  Soc.Malac.  France, 

p.  81,  t.  1,  f.  6,  1884.     ==  C.  raoneta,  Linn.         .         .         .178 
Vinosa  (Cypraea),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3421,  1790. 

=  C.  pantherina,  Sol. 

Vitellus  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1176,  1767,  .  .  182 
Vitrea  (Trivia),  Gask.  Zool.  Proc.,  p.  95,  1848,  .  .  .200 
Vulgusella,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  90,  1884,  160 

Walked  (Cypraea),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.,  p.  11,  1832,  .  .  185 
Xanthodon  (Cyprsea),  Gray.  Desc.  Cat.,  p.  10,  1832,  .  .  186 

Zebra  (Cypraea),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1174. 

=  C.  exanthema,  Linn. 

Ziczac  (Cypraea),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat., p.  1177,  1767,  .  .  187 
Ziczac  (Cyprsea),  Dillw.  (non  Linn.).  Wood  Index  (Hanley 

ed.),  f.  33,  1856.     =  < '.  undata,  Lam. 

Zoila,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  89,  1884,  .  160 
Zonaria,  Jouss.  Bull,  de  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ix,  p.  92,  1884,  161 
Zonaria  (Cypraea),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3414,  1788. 

=  C.  zonata,  Chemn. 
Zonata  (Cypraea),  Chemn.     Conch.  Cab.,  x,  pi.  145,  f.  1342, 

1788,   . 186 


REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 


PLATE  1. 

FIGURE.  PAOB. 

1,  2.  Oypraea  Argus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  14,  15,    .  164 

3.  Cypraea  cervinetta,  Kien.  (=  exanthema).     Icon.,  t.  6, 

f.  2,     •         . 164 

4,  5.  Cypraea   exanthema.   Linn.     Sowb.,   Thes.   Conch., 

f.  182,  183, 164 

6,  7.  Cypraea  Isabella.  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp., 

f.  16,  17,     . 165 

8.  Cypraea  Clara,  Gask.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  f.  91*,  166 

9,  10.  Cypraea  testudinaria,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  83,  84,  165 

PLATE  2. 

11,  12.  Cypraea  cervus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  89*, 

90*, 164 

13,  14.  Cypraea   cervinetta,    Kien.    (=  exanthema,    var.). 

Icon.,  t.  6,  f.  1, .  164 

15,  16.  Cyprsea  cinerea,  Gmel.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  92*,  93,  .  166 
17,  18.  Cypneapulchra,Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,f.  62,  63,  165 
19,  20,  21.  Cypraea  scurra,  Chem.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

-f.  53,54,  55, 165 

PLATE  3. 

22,  23.  Cypraea  lurida,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  64,  65,  .165 
24,  25.  Cyprsea  Reevei,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  40,  41,  166 
26,  27,28.  Cypraea  carneola,  Linn.  Kien.,  Icon.,  t.  37,  f.  3, 

t.  l,f.  2, .  .  .166 

29,  30.  Cypraea  Loebbeckeana,  Weinkauff  (=  carneola). 

Kiister,  t.  24,  f.  2;  3, 166 

31,  32,33.  Cypraaa  talpa,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  74,  75,  76,  167 
34,  35.  Cyprsea  exusta,  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  77,  78,  .  167 
36,  37.  Cypra3ainterrupta,Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.^71,  272,  167 

(229) 


230  REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 

PLATE  4. 

FIGURE.  0  PAGE. 

38,  39.  Cyprsea   rhinoceros,  Boav.  (=  interrupts).     Jour. 

de  Conch.,  1866,  t.  5,  f.  1, 167 

40,  41.    C37preea    quadrimaculata,    Gray.        Sowb.,    Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  276,  277, 167 

42.  Cyprsea  pallidula,  Gask.  (=  quadrimaculata).'    Sowb., 

Thes.,f.  275, 167 

43,  44.  Cyprsea  Goodalli,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,f.  309, 

310,    .         .         .         .    ' 168 

45.  Cyprsea  Ow.eni,  Sowb.     Specimen,          .         .         .         .169 

46,  47.  Cyprsea  Adelinse,  Roberts  (=fuscomaculata,  Gray, 

non  Pease).  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  372,  373,  .  .  .168 
48,  49.  Cyprsea  contaminata,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  331, 

332,  . 168 

50,  51.  Cypraea  irrorata,  Soland.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  304, 

305, 167 

52,  53.  Cyprsea  felina,  Gmel.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  392, 

395, 169 

54,  55.  Cypraea  ursellus,  Gmel.  (=  felina).  Kien.,  Icon., 

t.  33,  f.  4,  .  .  169 

•56,  57.  Cyprsea  hirundo,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  382,  383, 169 

58.  Cyprsea  Menkeana,  Desh.  (=  Oweni).     Sowb.,  Thes., 

f.  333.         .........  169 

59,  60.  Cyprsea  fabula,  Kien.  (=  felina).     Icon.,  t.  54,  f.  3,  169 
61,  62,  63.  Cyprsea  neglecta,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  375, 

377,378, .  .170 

64,  65.  Cyprsea  chrysalis,  Kien.  Icon.,  t.  54,  f.  4,  .  .172 
66,  67.  Cyprsea  coffea,  Sowb.  (==  neglecta).  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  359,  360,          . 170 

68.  Cypraea  Oweni,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f.  367,        .  169 

69,  70.  Cyprsea  Menkeana,  Desh.   (=  Oweni).     Conch.  I. 

Reunion,  t.  13,  f.  21,  22, 169 

71,  72.  Cyprsea  macula,  Adams.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  380,  381,  169 

PLATE  5. 

73.  Cyprsea  Menkeana,  Desh.  (=  Oweni).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  333.     (Duplicated  figure), 169 

74,  75.  Cyprsea  microdon,  Gray.   Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Cyp., 

f.  385,  386,  . .169 

76,  77,  78.  Cyprsea  fimbriata,  Gmel.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  389,  390,  391, 168 

79,  80.  Cypraea  cylindrica,  Born.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  266,267,  170 
81.  Cyprsea  subcylindrica,  Sowb.  (=  cylindrica).  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  269,    .         . 170 


REFERENCE   TO    PLATES.  231 

FIGTJRB.  PAGE. 

82,  83,  84.  Cypraea  tabescens,  Sol.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f,  261,  263,  2U4,  .  .         .  .         .  170 

85.  Cypraea  brevidentata,  Sowb.  (=  stolida).     Thes.  Gyp., 

f.  326, Hi 

86,  87.  Cypraea  teres,Gmel.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,f.  259, 260,  170 
88,  89,  90.  Cypraea  caurica,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  188/189,  191, 171 

91,  92.  Cypraea  stolida,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  327, 

328,     .  .  ....  171 

93,  94.  Cypraea  Erythraeensis,  Beck.   Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  323,  324, .   172 

PLATE  6. 

95,  96.  Cypraea  ventricnlus,  Lam.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,f.  3,  4,  172 

97.  Cypraea  cruenta,  Gmel.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  187,  .  171 

98,  99,  100.  Cypraea  caput-serpentis,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes., 

f.,  72,  73,  539, .173 

1,  2.  Cypraea,  arenosa,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  9,  10,  172 
3,  4.  Cypraea  sulcidentata,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes  ,  f.  21,  22,  172 
5,  6.  Cypraea  tessellata,  Swn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  99, 100,  173 

7.  Cypraea  Crossei,  Marie  (=  stolida).     Jour,  de  Conch., 

1869,  t.  1,  f.  3, 171 

/  PLATE  7. 

8.  Cypraea  Mauritiana,  Linn.     Voy.  Astrolabe,  t.  48,  f.  2,  173 

9.  10.  Cypraea  Mauritiana,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  51,  52,  173 

11.  Cypraea  Mauritiana  (jr.).  Linn.     Reeve,  Icon.,f.  1  a,    .   173 

12,  13,  14.  Cypraea  mappa,  Linn.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  26, 

27,28, 174 

15,  16.  Cypraea  gemmula,  Weink.     Kiister,  M.  Ch.,  t.  16, 

f.  1,       .  175 

PLATE  8. 

17.  Cypraea    nigricans,    Mont.    (=    mappa).      Jour,    de 

Conch.,  1875,  t.  9,  f.  3, 174 

18,19.  Cypraea  Arabica,  Linn.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  60,  61,  174 

20.  Cypraea  intermedia,  Gray  (=  reticulata),  Sowb.    Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  68  (full  size) 175 

21,  22.  Cypraea  reticulata.  Mfirtyn.    Thes.  Conch.,  f.  66,  67,  174 

23.  Cypraea  niger,  Roberts  (Arabica,  var.).    Thes.  Conch., 

f.  282,          ....  ....  174 

24.  Cypraea  eglantina,  Duel.  (=  Arabica).      Guer.  Mag., 

1833,  t.  28, 174 

25.  26.  Cypraea  histrio,  Meusch.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

57,58, 175 


232  REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 

PLATE  9. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

27,  28.  Cypraea  stercoraria,  Linn.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  97,  98, 175 

29,  30.  Cypraea  Scotti,  Brod.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  47,  48,  176 
31,32.  Cypraea  thersites,  Gask.  .Thes.  Conch.,  f.  49,  50,  .  176 
33,  34.  Cypraea  marginata,  Gask.  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  45,  46,  176 
35,  36.  Cypraea  arable ula,  Lam.  Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  60  a,  6,  .  175 

PLATE  10. 

37,  38.  Cypraea  leucostoma,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f 

36,37, 177 

39,  40.  Cypraea  decipiens,  E.  A.  Smith.  Zool.  Proc.,  1880 

t.  48,  f.  8,  8  a, 176 

41,  42.  Cyprsea  mus,  Linn.     Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  f.  29,  30,      177 

43.  Cypraea  bicornis  (?==  mus),  Sowb.    Thes.  Conch.,  f.  321    177 

44,  45.  Cyprsea  venusta,  Sowb.     Zool.  Proc.,  1869,  t.  26 

f.  1,  1  a,      .  ....  .  176 

46.  Cyprsea  moneta,  Linn.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  245,         .  177 

PLATE  11. 

47.  Cypraea  princeps,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  2,      .  180 

48.  Cypraea  aurantium,  Martyn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  8,  180 

49.  50.  Cypraea  tigris,  Linn.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  12  a,  6,         .  180 
51,52.  Cypraea  moneta,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  246,  247,  .  177 
53,  54.  Cyprsea   Barthelemyi,    Bern.    (==  moneta,    Linn.). 

Jour,  de  Conch.,  1861,  t.  1,  f.  3,  4,       .         .         .         .178 
55,  56.  Cypraea  obvelata,  Lam.     Sowb,,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  254, 

255, 179 

57.  Cypraea  annulus,  Linn.     Voy.  Astrolabe,  t.  48,  f.  14,   .  178 
'58.  Cypraea  annulus  (fry).     Voy.  Samarang,  t.  5,  f.  4  a,     .   179 

59.  Cypraea  Noumeensis,  Marie  (=  annulus).      Jour,  de 

Conch.,  1869,  t.  2,  f.  6, 178 

60,  61.  Cypraea  annulus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  252, 

253, 178 

PLATE  12. 

62,  63.  Cypraea  pantherina,  Sol.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

69,  70, 181 

64.  Cypraea  Broderipi,  Gray.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  88,  182 

65,  66.  Cypraea  umbilicata,  Sowb.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f. 

43,  44, 181 

67,  68.  Cypraea  nivosa,  Brod.  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  f. 

89,  90, 182 

69,  70.  Cypraea  leucodon^  Brod.  Thes.  Conch.  Gyp.,  f. 

19,*20 181 

71.  Cypraea  Barclay!,  Reeve.  Zool.  Proc.,  1857,  pi.  38,  f.  4,6,  182 


REFEEENCE   TO   PLATES.  233 

PLATE  13. 
FIGURE.  PAGB. 

72,  73.  Cyprsea  vitellus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  32,  33,  182 
74,  75.  Cypraea   physis,   Brocchi.     Sowb.,  Thes.    Gyp.,   f.' 

200,  201,     . .183 

76.  Cyprsea  camelopardalis,JPerry.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  34,   .  182 

77.  79,  80,  81.  Cypraea  onyx.  Linn.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f. 

208,212,211,209,       .' 183 

78.  Cyprsea  spadicea,  Swn.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f.  82,         .  182 

82.  Cyprsea  Barclayi,  Reeve.     Zool.  Proc.,   1857,  pi.  38, 

f.  4  a, .         .         .         .182 

83,  84.  Cyprsea  pyrum,  Gmel.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  202,  203,  .  183 

85.  Cyprsea  Petitiana,  C.  and  F.  (=  pyrum).     Jour,  de 

Conch.,  t.  11,  f.  6, 183 

PLATE  14. 

86,  87.  Cyprsea  lynx,  Linn.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  86*,  87*,  183 
80,  89,  7.  Cyprsea  errones,  Linn.      Sowb.,  Thes.    Cyp.,   f. 

15fi, 157, 158,  .183 

90,  91.  Cyprsea  pallida,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  159, 

160, .184 

92,  93.  Cyprsea  pulchella,  Swn.  Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f.  148, 

149,  .  . 184 

94,  95.  Cyprsea  Smithi,  Sowb.  (=  pyriformis,  var.).  Zool. 

Proc.,  1881,  f.  8, 184 

96,  97.  Cyprsea  Coxi,  Braz.  Zool.  Proc.,  1872,  t.  44,  f. 

3,  3  a,          .         . 184 

98.  Cyprsea  Caledonica,  Crosse  (==  lynx,  var.).     Jour,  de 

Conch.,  18S9,  t.  1,  f.  1, 183 

99,  100.  Cyprsea  subviridis,  Reeve.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  177,  178, 184 

1,2.  Cyprsea  amabilis,  Jouss.  (=:  Walked,  var.),  From 

sketch  by  author, 185 

3,  4.  Cyprsea  Sophise,  Brazier.  Specimen,  .  .  .  184 
5,  6.  Cyprsea  pyriformis,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

145,  146, .184 

PLATE  15. 

8.  Cyprsea   tigris,   Linn.      Lingual   dentition.      Trosch., 

Gebiss,  t.  17,  f.  6, 153 

9.  Cyprsea  Sowerbyi,  Kien.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  40,       .         .  185 

10.  Cyprsea  Walkeri,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  123, .  185 

11.  Cvpraea   nebulosa,  Kiener   (=  zonata,   var.).     Sowb., 

"Thes.  Cyp.,f.  198, .186 

12.  13.  Cyprsea  ziczac,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  135, 

136, .  187 

16 


234  REFERENCE    TO   PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGB. 

14,  15.  Cypraea    Bregeriana,   Crosse    (=  Walkeri,   var.). 

J.  C.,  18G9,  t.  l,f.  2,    . 185 

16,17.  Cypraea  sanguinolenta,  Gmel.    Sowb.,Thes.  Conch., 

f.  194,  195,          .  186 

18,  19.  Cypraea  nigropunctata,  Gray.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp., 

f.  94,  95,      .         .         .         .    '     .         .  .  '       .  185 

20,  21.  Cypraea  lentiginosa,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

152,  153, ...  186 

22,  23.  Cyprsea   zonata,  Chem.      Sowb.,  Thes.   Conch.,  f. 

126,  127, 186 

24,  25.  Cyprsea  xanthodon,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

196,  197, 186 

26,  27.  Cypraea  stercus-muscarum,  Lam.  (—punctata,  var.). 

Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  364,  365, 188 

28,  29.  Cypraea  punctulata,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

154,  155, 186 

30,  31.  Cypraea  picta,  Gray.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.  Cyp., 

f.  179,  180, 186 

32.  Cypraea  trizonata,  Sowb.  (=  punctata,  var.).     Thes., 

f.  361,          .  188 

PLATE  16. 

33.  Cypraea  undata,  Lara.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  131,         .  187 

34.  Cypraea  asellus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  207,         .  187 

35.  36.  Cypraea  lutea,  Gronov.      Sowb.,  Thes.   Conch.,  f. 

142,  143, 187 

37,  38.  Cypraea  clandestina,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

139,  141, 187 

39,  40.  Cypraea  Candida,  Pease  (=  clandestina).  Am. 

Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  pi.  11,  f.  12, 187 

41,  42.  Cypraea  Saulae,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  85,  86,  .  188 
43,  44.  Cypraea  gracilis,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  315, 

316, •  .  .  *  .  .188 

45,  46.  Cypraea  Comptoni,  Gray  (==  angustata).  Sowb., 

Thes.,  f.  294,  295, 188 

47,  48.  Cypraea  angustata,  Gmel.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

296,297, 188 

49,  50.  Cyprsea  piperita,  Sol.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  285, 

286, 189 

51,  52.  Cyprsea  punctata,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  279, 

280, 188 

53.  Cypraea  declivis,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,  f.  328*,    .  189 

54,  55.  Cypraea  fuscodentata,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  298, 

299, 189 

56,  57.  Cypraea   Algoensis,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.   Cyp.,  f. 

311,312, 189 


REFERENCE   TO   PLATES.  235 

PIGTTRK.  PAGE. 

58.  Cypraaa  bicolor,  Gask.  (=  piperita).     Sowb.,  Thes.  f. 

289, 189 

59,  60.  Cypraea  pulicaria,  Rve.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  290, 

291,     . 189 

61.  Cypraea  Artuffeli,  Jouss-.  (=  clandestina,  var.).    Sowb., 

Thes.,  f.  327*, 188 

62,  63.  Cypraea  similis,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  300, 

301, 189 

PLATE  It. 

64,  65.  Cypraea  Coxeni,  Cox.    Zool.  Proc.,  1873,  t.  48,  f.  10,  190 
66,  67.  Cypraea  cribellum,  Gask.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Gyp.,  f.  1&5, 

166, .         .         .190 

68.  Cypraea  Walkeri,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  125,  .  185 

69.  Cypraea  castanea,  Higgins  (=  similis).     Zool.  Proc., 

1868,  t.  14,  f.  1, 190 

70.  Cypraea   compta,  Pease    (=   Cumingi,    var.).      Zool. 

Proc.,  1860,  t.  51,  f.  1,  ...  191 

71.  72.  Cypraea  cribraria,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

163,  164, 190 

73,  74.  Cypraea   Gaskoini,   Reeve.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

352,  353, .191 

75.  Cypraea  Peasei,  Sowb.  (=  esontropia).     Sowb.,  Thes., 

f.  167, 191 

76,  77.  Cypraea  esontropia,  Duel.     Sowb.,  Thes.   Cyp.,  f. 

169,  170, .  .190 

78,  79.  Cypraea  Cumingi,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

349,  350, 191 

80.  Cyprsea  miliaris,  Gmel.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  109,      .  192 

81,  82.  Cypraea  margarita,  Sol.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  337, 

338, 191 

83,84.  Cypraea   guttata,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.    Conch.,  f. 

104,  105, 191 

85.  Cypraea  eburnea,  Barnes.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch. ,  f .  108,  192 

86,  87".  Cyprsea  Becki/  Gask.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  341, 

342, 191 

88,  89.  Cypraea   Macandrei,   Sowb.      Thes.    Conch.    Cyp., 

f.  537,  538, 191 

PLATE  18. 

90,  100,  1.  Cypraea  erosa,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  Ill, 

112,  115, 192 

91,  Cypraea  turdus,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  128,         .  192 

92,  93.  Cypraea  ocellata,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

102,  103, '   .         -193 


236  REFERENCE  TO  PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

94,  95.  Cypraea   Listeri,   Gray.      Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

241,242, .  .  .193 

96,  97.  Cypraea  Lamarcki,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch. 

Cyp.,  f.  106,  107, 192 

98,  99.  Cypraea  albuginosa,  Mawe.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f. 

256,  257, 193 

2,  3.  Cypraea  poraria,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  236, 

237, 193 

7.  Cypraea  Atibreyana,  Jouss.   (=  bicallosa),  (|  natural 

size).  Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  1869,  t.  18,  f.  1,  .  .  193 
5,  6.  Cypraea  bicallosa,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

220,  221,  .  . 193 

4.  Cj'praea  ingloria,  Crosse  (=  bicallosa),  full  size.  Jour. 

de  Conch.,  1878,  t.  3,  f.  2  a, 193 

PLATE  19. 

8,  9.  Cypraea  helvola,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  214, 

215, 194 

10,  11.  Cypraea  citrina,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  218,- 

219, .  194 

12,  13.  Cypraea  polita,  Roberts.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  1868, 

t.  15,  f.  1,3, 194 

14,  15.  Cypraea  Thomasi,  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1865, 

t.  6,f.  3,  .  .  . 195 

16,  17.  Cypraea  spurca,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f,  118, 

119, 195 

18,  19.  Cypraea  gangraenosa,  Sol.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

234,235, 195 

20,  21.  Cypraea  Helenae,  Roberts  (—  labrolineata,  Gask. 

— 'flaveola).     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  1868,  t.  15,  f.  8,  9,  195 

22.  Cypraea  flaveola,  Linn.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  95,  .         .  195 

23,  24.  Cypraea  Cernica,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.  Cyp.,f.  239, 

240, .  195 

25,  26.  Cypraea  Boivini,  Kien.  (=  gangraenosa,  Sol.).  Coq. 

Yiv.,  t.  18,  f.  2, .  196 

27,  28.  Cypraea  Reentsi,  Dunker  (=  gangraenosa).  Novit. 

Conch.,  f.  3, 196 

29,  30.  Cypraea  (Gaskoinia)  edentula,  Sowb.  Reeve,  Icon., 

f.  85,  .         . 196 

31.  Cypraea  Annae,  Roberts  (=  semiplota).     Amer.  Jour. 

Conch.,  1868,  t.  15,  f.  4, 194 

32,  33.  Cypraea   (Cypraeovula)  Adamsoni,  Gray.      Sowb., 

Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  401,  402,  ....  .196 

34,  35.  Cypraea  (Cypraeovula)  Capensis,  Gray.  Sowb., 

Thes.  Conch.,  f.  306,  308,  .  .  .  .  .196 

36.  C}^pra3a  spadix,  Mighels  (=  semiplota).  Specimen,  .  194 


REFERENCE   TO   PLATES.  237 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

37.  Cypraea  semiplota,  Mighels.     Specimen,        .         .         .  194 

38.  Cyprsea   (Pustularia)    granulata,  Pease  (=  Madagas- 

cariensis).     Specimen,       .         .         .         .         .         .197 

PLATE  20. 

39.  40.  Cypraea    (Pustularia)    staphylsea,    Linn.      Sowb., 

Thes.,  f.  228,  229, 196 

41.  Cypraea     (Pustularia)     staphylaea,    Linn.     Dentition. 

Trosch.,  Gebiss,  i,t.  17,  f.  18, 153 

42,  43,  44.  Cypraea    (Pustularia)    interstincta,  Wood  (= 

staphylsea).     Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  223,  224,  227,      .         .  196 
45,  46.  Cypraea  (Pustularia)  pustulata,  Lam.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,f.  396,397,  197 

47.  Cyprsea  fuscomaculata,  Pease.     Amer.  Jour.   Conch., 

1868,  t.  11,  f.  11,  168 

48,  49.  Cypraea  (Pustularia)  nucleus,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  399,  400,    .  ....  197 

50,  51.  Cypraea  (Epona)  annulata,  Gray.      Sowb.,  Thes. 
•      Cyp.,  f.  339,  340,        .......  197 

52.  Cypraea   (Pustularia)    pustulata,  young  shell.     Sowb. 

Thes.  Conch.,  f.  398,  .  .  197 

,  53,  54.  Cypraea  (Epona)   Children!,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  403,  404,        .         .  ....  198 

55,  56.  Cypraea  (Epona)    cicercula,  Linn.      Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  345,346, 197 

57,  58.  Cypraea  (Epona)  Lienardi,  Jouss.  (=  C. cicercula). 

Mag.  de  Zool.,  1874,  t.  1,  f.  1,  2,         .         .         .         .198 
59,  60.  Cypraea  (Epona)   globulus,  Linn.      Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  347,  348 198 

61,  62.  Cypraea  (Epona)  tricornis,  Jouss.  (==  C.  cicercula). 

Mag.  de  Zool.,  1874,  t.  1,  f.  3,  4,          .         .         .         .198 

63.  Cypraea     (Trivia)      Europaea,  Montagu.       Dentition. 

Trosch.,  Gebiss,  i,  t.  18,  f.  4. 

64.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  Europaea,  Montagu.     Portion  of  jaw. 

Trosch.,  Gebiss,  i,  t.  18,  f.  3,      ...  .153 

65.  66.  Cypraea     (Pustularia)     Madagascariensis,    Grael. 

Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  406,  407, 197 

PLATE  21. 

67,  68.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  oniscus,  Lam.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  416,  417, 198 

69,  70.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  ovulata,  Lam.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  410,  411,  . 199 

71,  72.  Cypraea  (Trivia )  costata,  Gmel.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  414,415, 199 


238  REFERENCE    TO   PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

73,  74.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  vesicularis,  Gask.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  412,  413, 199 

75,  76.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  sulcata,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  454,  455, 199 

77,  78.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  cicatrosa,  Sowb.  Thes.  Monog. 

Cyp.,  f  458,459,         ...  ...  199 

79.  Cvpraea  (Trivia)  scabriuscula,  Gray  (=oryza).    Sowb., 

"  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  472,  .         .         .         .         .         .         .200 

80,  81.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  nivea,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  468,  4(59, .199 

82,  83.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  oryza,  Lam.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  474,  475, 200 

84,  85.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  insecta,  Mighels.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  478,  479, 200 

86,  87.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  grando,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  470,471, 200 

88,  89.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  vitrea,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  456,  457,  .  . 200 

90,  91.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  brevissima,  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch. 

Cyp.,  f.  523,  524, 204 

92,  93.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  globosa,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp..  f.  466,467,  .  .  200 

94,  95.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  pediculus,  Linn.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  429,431,  ...  .201 

96.  Cy praea  (Trivia )cimex,H.  Owen  (=  pediculus).  Sowb., 

Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  436, .201 

97.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  labiosa,  Gask.  (=  pediculus).    Sowb., 

Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  435,      .  .  201 

98.  99.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  paucilirata,  Sowb.      Thes.  Conch. 

Cyp.,  f.  502,  526,         . 201 

100.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  pullata,  H.  Owen  (=  suffusa).  Sowb., 

Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  446,      .  201 

1 ,  2.  Cypraea  (Trivia;  suffusa,  Gray.    Sowb,,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  444,  445,          .         . 201 

3,  4.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  Pacifica,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Tbes.  Cyp., 

f. '441,442, 201 

PLATE  22. 

5,  6.  Cypraea    (Trivia)    quadripunctata,    Gray.      Sowb., 

Thes.  Conch.,  f.  460,  461,  ....  .201 

7,  8.  Cypraea    (Trivia)    costis-punctata,    Gask.      Sowb., 

Thes.  Cyp..  f.  452,  453, 202 

9,  10.  Cypraea    (Trivia)    exigua,    Gray.      Sowh.,    Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  510,511,       .         .         .         .         .         .         .202 

11,  12.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  rota,  Weink.  (=  radians).  Kiister, 

M.  Oh.,  t.  38,  f.  13,  16,       .         .  .         .         .202 


REFERENCE   TO   PLATES.  239 

FIOURB.  PAGE. 

13,  14.  Cypraea    (Trivia)    radians,   Lam.      Sowb.,    Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  420,  422, 202 

15.  16.  Cypnea    (Trivia)    Solandri,  Gray.      Sowb.,   Thes. 

Cyp.,f.  418,419, 202 

17.  Cyprsea  (Trivia)  corrugata,  Pease  (=  exigna).    Amer. 

Jour.  Conch.,  1868,  t.  11,  f.  14,  .         .         .         .  202 

18,  19.  Cyprsea  (Trivia)  Californica,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  425,426, 202 

20.  Cypraea    (Trivia)    Californica,    Gray.     Animal.     Am. 

Naturalist,  vi,  p.  733,  f  146,       .    '     .         .         .         .202 

21,  22.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  sanguinea,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  483,  485, 203 

23,  24.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  Maugeri,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  450,451, 203 

25,  26.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  producta.  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  495,496, 204 

27,  28.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  rubinicolor,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  500,501, 204 

29,  30.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  pisum,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

448,  449, 203 

31,  32.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  pellucidula,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  498,  499, 204 

33,  34.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  caudidula,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  508,  509, 203 

35,  36.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  fusca,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  487,  488,          .         . 203 

37.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  depauperata,  Sowb.  (=  Californica). 

Thes.  Cyp.,  f.  423,      .  .  .202 

38,  39.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  subrostrata,  Gray.     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  480,  481, 203 

PLATE  23. 

40,  41.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  affinis,   Marratt.      Sowb.,   Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  464, 465,  .  ....  204 

42,  43.  Cyprasa  (Trivia)  rubescens,  Gray.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  506,  507, .204 

44,  45.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  formosa,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  518*,  519, .204 

46,  47.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  multilirata,  Sowb.  Sowb.,  Thes. 

Cyp.,  f.  427,521, 204 

48,  49.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  Europaea,  Mont.  Sowb.,  Thes.  • 

Cyp.,  f.  503,504, .205 

50,  51.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  Europaea,  Mont.  (Young  Shells). 

Sowb.,  Thes.,  f.  527,  528, 205 

52.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  napolina,  Duel.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  505, 206 


240  REFERENCE    TO   PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

53,  54.  Cyprsea  (Trivia)   Australis,  Lam.     Sowb.,   Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  439,  440, 206 

55,  56.  Cyprsea  (Trivia)  pulex,  Sol.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  493,  494, 206 

57,  58.  Cypraea  (Trivia)  pulla,  Gask.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Cyp., 

f.  490,  491,          .         .         .         .         .    '     .         .         .206 

59.  Cypraea,  caput-anguis,  Phil.,  of  authors  (=  C.  caput- 

serpentis).     Specimen,       .         .         .         .         .         .  173 

60,  61.    Cyprsea     (Monetaria)     Harmandiana,      Rochebr. 

(=  moneta).     Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  1,  f.  1,  .         .  177. 

62.  Cyprsea  ( Monetaria)  icterina, Lam.  (=  moneta).  Kiener, 

Icon.,  t.  34,  f.  3, .  178 

63.  Cypraea  (Monetaria)  ethnographica,  Rochebr.  (=  mo- 

neta).    Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  1,  f.  2,      .         .         .178 

64.  65.  Cypraea  (Monetaria)  atava,  Rochebr.  (=  moneta). 

Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  1,  f.  4,  .         .         .         .178 

66,  67.    Cyprsea      (Monetaria)      pleuronectes,      Rochebr. 

(==  moneta \     Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  1,  f.  5,  .        .  178 

68.  Cyprsea  (Monetaria)  camelorum,  Rochebr.  (=  moneta). 

Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  1,  f.  7,  .         .         .         .  178 

69.  Cypraea  (Monetaria)  plumaria,  Rochebr.  (=  moneta). 

Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  2,  f.  2 178 

70.  Cypraea   (Monetaria)  Hamyi,  Rochebr.   (=  annulus). 

Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  2,  f.  5,          .         .         .         .  179 

71.  72.  Cypraea (Monetaria)Perrieri, Rochebr. (=annulus). 

Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  Fr.,  t.  2,  f.  6,  .         .         .         .179 


Families  Pedicular iidae  and  Omdidse. 
FAMILY  PEDIC  ULARIID^E. 

Shell  small,  limpet-like,  irregular,  with  a  short  spire  which 
becomes  concealed  with  the  growth,  the  surface  rad lately  ribbed 
when  young ;  mouth  large  and  wide,  subcanaliculated  in  front, 
the  lips  irregular,  simple  in  the  adult,  the  inner  one  callously 
excavated,  no  operculum. 

Animal  with  small  foot,  mantle-margin  thickened,  not  reflected 
over  the  shell,  siphon  not  produced,  eyes  sessile  at  the  external 
base  of  the  tentacles.  Dentition  3*1  *3,  the  central  tooth  sub- 
quadrangular,  multicuspidate,  the  laterals  transverse,  multi- 
cuspidate,  the  marginals  long  and  narrow,  with  three  profound 
digitations  ;  exterior  to  the  marginals  is  a  small  supplementary 
plate  (PI.  1,  fig.  1). 

Young  shells  have  the  regular  form  of  Trivia  (to  which  the 
dentition  approximates),  with  a  plicate  columella  and  dentate 
lip,  but  its  parasitic  habits  (on  polyps)  cause  subsequent  irregular 
growth,  so  that  its  relationships  were  for  a  long  period  very 
uncertain.  The  dentition  fixes  its  place  between  Cyprseidae  and 
Ovulidte. 

Genus  PEDICULARIA,  Swainson,  1840. 

Characters,  those  of  the  family.  Very  few  species  are  known, 
but  the  geographical  range  of  the  genus  is  world-wide  in  warm 
seas.  Fossil,  miocene  of  Sicily. 

The  subgenus  Dentiora,  Pease.  186'2,  which  is  founded  on  a 
shell  three  and  a  half  millimetres  in  length,  is  probably  a  juvenile 
Pedicularia  ;  it  is  said  to  be  ovate,  with  subinflected  lip,  which 
is  lirate,  the  columella  plane  or  excavated,  ridged  above,  com- 
pressed below  and  sharply  dentate,  the  outer  surface  spirally 
subgranosely  striated.  Thy  re  us,  Phil.,  is  a  synonym  of  Pedicu- 
laria. 

FAMILY  PEDIGULARIID^. 

Genus  PEDICULARIA,  Swainson,  1840. 
P.  SICULA,  Swainson.     PI.  1,  figs.  2,  3. 

Adult  irregular,  more  or  less  compressed  at  the  sides,  having 
a   limpet-like    appearance,  and  modified    as   to    outline  by  the 
surface  upon  which  it  lives  ;  the  spiral  lines  of  the  young  shell 
17  (241) 


'242  PEDICULARIA. 

are  usually  persistent  on  a  portion  of  the  back  of  the  adult; 
whitish,  tinged  with  brown  within.     Length,  10  mill. 

Sicily,  Isle  of  Hyeres,  France ;  on  polyps. 
Thyreus  paradoxus,  Phil.,  and    probably   Gadinia  lateralis, 
Requien,  are  synonyms. 

P.  CALIFORNICA,  Newcomb.     PL  1,  fig.  4. 

Depressly  globose,  crimson-colored,  minutely  transversely 
striated,  above  rounded,  below  broadly  rounded  ;  lip  expanded, 
semicircular;  columella  thick,  dilated  within,  straight ;  aperture 
elongately  subovate  ;  extremities  broadly  notched. 

Length,  10  mill.  Southern  California,  on  coral. 

P.  JAPONICA,  Dall.     PI.  1,  fig.  5.  . 

Elongated,  sinuated  ;  whitish,  irregularly  suffused  with  rose- 
pink,  apex  yellowish  pink,  interior  darker,  livid  pink;  exter- 
nally rather  coarsely  grooved  and  striated ;  apex  somewhat 
mammillated,  vertex  umbilicated ;  columella  straight,  incon- 
spicuous ;  lateral  margins  much  produced,  concave,  effuse, 
extremities  narrow,  canaliculate.  Length,  -5  inch. 

Niphon,  Japan,  60  fms.,  on  Gorgonia. 

Is  more  coarsely  striate  than  P.  Pacifica,  and  umbilicated,  also 
differing  in  color.  P.  Californica  is  shorter  and  more  globose, 
with  a  thicker  columella. 

P.  PACIFICA,  Pease.     PI.  1,  figs.  6,  7. 

Rather  solid,  oblong,  much  contracted  in  the  middle,  irregular 
in  shape  ;  radiately  ornamented  with  elevated  granulose  striae, 
decussated  by  concentric  striae;  apex  straight,  involute,  im- 
mersed ;  wholly  of  either  reddish,  violet,  purple  or  yellowish 
color.  Length,  8  mill.  Ins.  Apaian. 

Smaller  than  the  next  species,  the  apex  oblique  and  not  con- 
tracted in  the  middle. 

P.  ELEGANTISSIMA,  Desh.       PI.   1,  figS.  8,  9. 

Ovate  oblong,  very  convex  on  the  back,  elegantly  transversely 
striate,  apex  umbilicate  ;  vivid  violaceous.  Length,  6  mill. 

Isle  of  Bourbon,  Mauritius. 
P.  Lienardi,  Robillard,  is  a  synonym. 


P.  DECUSSATA,  Gould.     (Unfigured).  Off  Coast  of  Georgia. 

P.  ALBIDA,  Dall.     (Unfigured).  West  Indies. 

P.  (DENTIORA)  RUBIDA,  Pease.     (ITnligiuvd).    Sandwich  Islands. 


FAMILY  OVULID&. 

Shell  ruin t  I'd  closely  to  the  Cypnuidte  in  general  form,  but 
diHering  in  being  involute  in  all  stages  of  growth,  whilst  the 
Cowries  exhibit  a  short  spire  when  young,  which  becomes 
involute  and  more  or  less  concealed  by  the  enlargement  of  the 
body-whorl  with  ndvancing  age;  there  is  no  epidermis,  and  the 
porcellanons  surface  is  usually  smooth  (sometimes  lightly  spirally 
striate),  sometimes  gibbous,  or  transversely  snbcarinated,  whitish 
or  not  richly  colored  ;  extremities  more  or  less  beaked,  canalic- 
ulated  or  emarginated  ;  aperture  the  entire  length  of  the  shell, 
rather  narrow,  the  inner  lip  smooth,  the  outer  lip  usually  toothed 
or  plicate,  sometimes  smooth,  inflexed.  Operculum  none.  Animal 
covering  the  shell  with  its  mantle-lobes  after  the  manner  of 
Cyprsea,  but  the  head  furnished  with  a  contractile  snout  rather 
than  a  retractile  proboscis.  Dentition  3' 1*3,  the  central  tooth 
being  subtiiangular,  with  several  cusps,  the  laterals  falciform, 
with  dentate  margin,  the  marginals  subflabelliform  with  finely 
pectinated  margins  (PI.  1,  fig.  10). 

Genus  OYULA,  Bruguiere,  1789. 

The  characters  are  those  of  the  family.  H.  and  A.  Adams,  in 
their  "  Genera  of  Recent  Mollusca,"  have  characterized  a  few 
genera  which  it  is  convenient  to  retain,  giving  them  the  lower 
rank  of  subgenera,  however,  as  the  main  tVature  distinguishing 
them  is  the  greater  or  less  extension  of  the  rostrated  extremities, 
a  character  of  somewhat  gradual  development  through  the  series. 
The  typical  group,  which  .Messrs.  Adams  have  distinguished  as 
Amphiperas,  Gronov.,  has  a  Cyprseiform  shell,  ovoid,  ventricose, 
with  but  slightly  rostrated  extremities.  The  animal  has  a  large 
foot  and  the  mantle-margin  is  simple.  0.  ovum,  Linn. 

There  are  fifty  recent  species,  distributed  throughout  the  world, 
in  warm  latitudes  only.  A  few  cretaceous  species  have  been 
described;  all  of  which,  with  a  single  exception  (0.  antiquata, 
d'Orb.,  Cret.  of  India),  are  either  Cyprajas  or  doubtful.  The 
genus  is  moderately  represented  in  the  tertiary. 

The  genus  Simula,  Risso,  is  characterized  by  its  sharp  outer 
lip,  and  is  still  retained  b}-  authors,  although,  as  first  shown  by 


244  OVULID^E. 

myself  (Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  95),  and  afterwards  confirmed  by 
the  late  Dr.  J.  Gwyn  Jeffreys  and  others,  the  animal,  under 
favorable  circumstances,  sometimes  completes  its  shell  by  the 
addition  of  a  thickened  lip,  when  the  distinction  from  the  typical 
group  disappears.  Ordinarily  Simnia  has  the  sharp  lip  and  it 
may  be  considered  a  case  of  arrested  growth,  paralleled  by  that 
of  Planorbis  trivolms — which  only  in  northern  waters  takes  on 
its  expanded  lip  along  with  more  vigorous  growth  and  larger  size. 

Subgenus  CYPHOMA,  Bolten,  1798. 

Back  of  shell  with  a  median  transverse  obtuse  ridge,  lip 
smoothish  or  feebly  crenulated.  0.  gibbosa,  Linn. 

Ultimus,  Montfort,  and  Carinea,  Swainson,  are  synonyms. 

Subgenus  VOLVA,  Bolten,  1798. 

Shell  ventricose  in  the  middle,  both  extremities  prolonged  into 
canals,  aperture  narrow,  lip  inflected  and  margined  exteriorly, 
without  teeth,  no  columellar  plication. 

Mantle-margin  with  glandular  tubercles,  foot  narrow,  folded 
lengthwise  on  itself,  adapted  for  creeping  on  the  narrow,  rounded 
branches  of  gorgonise  and  corals — on  which  it  is  supposed  to  feed. 

Birostra,  Swains.,  and  Radius,  Montf.,  are  synonyms. 

Subgenus  NEOSIMNIA,  Fischer,  1884. 

Shell  resembling  in  form  the  preceding  group,  but  the 
extremities  less  prolonged,  the  columella  furnished  behind  with 
an  oblique  callous  plication.  The  habits  of  the  animal  appear  to 
be  the  same  as  Yolva. 

?  Subgenus  CRITHE,  Gould,  1860. 

Shell  ovuliform,  rostrated  at  the  extremities,  aperture  narrow, 
arcuated  ;  outer  lip  simple,  base  with  transverse  ridges  passing 
into  the  aperture  and  making  teeth  on  the  columellar  lip.  Animal 
with  a  long  foot,  truncate  anteriorly,  obtuse  posteriorly,  .tentacles 
broad,  short,  triangular,  with  minute  eyes  at  their  exterior  base. 
Described  from  a  single  minute  species  obtained  by  Stimpson 
in  the  China  Sea.  It  is  probably  a  juvenile,  and  must  remain 
a  doubtful  group  until  rediscovered — the  types  having  been 
destroyed. 


245 

Subgenus  CALPURNUS,  Montfort.  1810. 

Shell  gibbous,  subcarinated  across  the  back,  with  at  either 
extremity  a  dorsal  tubercle  encircled  by  a  groove,  outer  lip 
dentate  on  the  margin. 

Animal  having  a  large  foot,  the  mantle  not  tuberculate  and 
covering  only  a  portion  of  the  back  of  the  shell. 

Apparently  rather  closely  related/to  Cyprsea,  but  the  dentition 
being  unknown,  its  definite  place  remains  uncertain. 


In  addition  to  the  above,  the  following  fossil  forms  have  been 
described  : — 

TRANSOVULA,  Gregorio,  1880.  Shell  oval,  slightly  rostrated, 
lip  denticulated,  columellar  margin  crenulated.  0.  Schefferi, 
Eocene  of  Sicily. 

DIAMEZA,  Deshayes,  1865.  Shell  elongated,  mucronated  be- 
hind, lip  sharp,  aperture  oblong,  hardly  narrowed  in  front.  0. 
media.  Desh.  Eocene,  Paris  basin.  Somewhat  resembles  Tere- 
bellum. 

GISORTIA,  Jonsseaume,  1884.  Described  as  a  group  of  Cyprse- 
idse,  but  placed  doubtfully  under  Ovula  by  Fischer.  It  includes 
recent  as  well  as  Eocene  species,  and  I  think  its  affinities  most 
decidedly  with  Cyprsea,  rather  than  with  Ovula. 

Several  monographs  of  Ovula  have  been  published  : — 

L.  C.  Kiener.     Coquilles  vivantes,  23  species. 

G.  B.  Sowerby.     Thesaurus  Conchyliorum,  ii,  1855,  48  species. 

Lovell  Reeve.     Conchologia  Iconica,  1865,  66  species. 

H.  C.  Weinkauff.     In  Kiister's  Conchylien  Cabinet,  72  species. 

Also  catalogues  by  : — 

S.  R.  Roberts.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  1865,  72  species. 

II.  C.  Weinkauff.     Jahrb.  Malak.  Gesell..  1882,  66  species. 

The  differences  between  Ovula  and  Cyprrea  are  carefully  indi- 
cated in  a  paper  by  Prof.  Theodore  Gill,  entitled  "  On  the  rela- 
tions of  the  Amphiperasidae,"  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vi,  183. 


246  OVULA. 

Genus  OVULA,  Brug.,  178.9. 

Typical  Group. 
0.  OVUM,  Linn.     PL  1,  figs.  11,  12. 

White, brownish  red  within  the  aperture.  Length, 2"5-4'5  inches. 
East  Africa,  Indian  Ocean,  Japar>,  Society  Is.,  etc. 
The  animal  is  blackish,  the  mantle  beset  with  short  filaments. 
It  is  0.  oviformis,  Lam.  (fiir.  12)  and  0.  alba,  Schimi.  In  full 
dress  many  of  the  Pacific  Islanders  are  decked  out  with  large 
white  Ovulum  shells,  appended  to  the  waist,  elbows,  and  ankles. 
Throughout  the  islands  inhabited  by  the  crisp-haired  Papuan 
race,  a  large  species  of  Ovulum  of  a  very  pure  white  color, 
resembling  porcelain,  is  employed  with  great  effect  by  the 
natives  in  decorating  their  houses,  temples  and  canoes. —  Sim- 
monds,  Commercial  Products  of  the  Sea. 

0.  TORTILIS,  Marty n.     PL  2,  figs.  19,  20. 

Smaller  and  more  angularly  ventricose  than  the  preceding 
species ;  white,  the  interior  of  the  aperture  rose-color. 

Length,  2  inches.  Zanzibar,  Moluccas,  Friendly  Is. 

The  synonyms  are  0.  imperialis,  Dillw.;    0.  columba,  Schub. 
and  Wagn.;    0.  angulosa,  Lam.;    0.  costellata,  Lam.;   0.  ovum, 
var.  /?,  Gmel. 
0.  MARGINATA,  Sowb.     PL  1 ,  figs.  13,  14,  15;  PL  2,  figs.  21,  22. 

Rather  thin,  semitransparent,  white,  encircled  with  an  orange 
line  at  the  margin,  very  obscurely  decussated,  interior  milk- 
white.  Length,  21-30  mill.  Hongkong. 

Described  without  locality.  0.  Sinensis,  Sowb.  (figs.  21,  22), 
from  Hongkong,  appears  to  be  merely  a  larger  shell  of  the  same 
species.  0.  brevis,  Reeve  (not  Sowerby)  and  Weinkanff  (fig.  15), 
is  probably  identical ;  the  back  seems  to  be  angulated  in  this 
latter  species,  or  else  lightly  marked  with  narrow  bands. 

O.  PATULA,  Pennant.     PL  1,  figs.  16-18. 

White,  thin,  semitransparent,  a  little  produced  at  the  extremi- 
ties, with  very  fine  revolving  striae,  almost  microscopic,  lip- 
margin  rarely  thickened  in  English  specimens,  more  usually 
thickened  and  slightly  dentate  in  Mediterranean  examples; 
columella  with  a  posterior  callous  fold  when  adult. 

Length,  1  inch.  Europe. 


OVULA.  247 

Fig.  17  represents  the  typical  0.  i><it"la;  iigs.  1(1,  18,  the  0. 
Adriatic  a,  Sowb.  Additional  synonyms  are  Bulla  virginea, 
Cantr.,  and  0  Nicaenxis,  Risso. 

The  typical  0.  patula,  is  the  typo  of  the  genus  Simnia,  Risso, 
a  liadl}*  characterized  group  (see  p.  243). 

0.  LACTKA,  Lam.     PL  2,  figs.  23-28. 

Rather   solid,   white,   back    finely    transversely    ribbed,   with 
several  more  or  less  distinct  angles.     Length,  20-25  mill. 
East  Africa,  Mauritius,  Japan, 

Philippines^  N.  Caledonia. 

0.  semistriata,  Pease  (figs.  25,  26),  from  central  Polynesia, 
appears  to  be  only  a  variety  having  the  striae  a  little  stronger, 
obsolete  on  the  middle  of  the  back.  The  type  is  a  smaller  and 
more  solid  shell,  but  I  have  before  me  authentic  specimens 
which  are  larger,  less  solid  and  with  the  angles  of  0.  lactea. 

0.  cristallina,  Kiener  (figs.  27,  28),  is  smaller  and  narrower 
than  the  0.  lactea,  but  may  be  only  a  variety  thereof.  The 
species  has1  not  been  identified  by  any  author,  and  the  habitat  is 
unknown. 

0.  PUDICA  A.  Ad.     PL  2,  figs.  29-31. 

Pinkish  white,  smooth ;  columella  plicate  below,  callously 
ridged  above.  Length,  18  mill. 

N.  Caledonia. 

0.  Caledonica,  Crosse  (fig.  31),  appears  to  be  a  synonym. 

0.  NUBECULATA,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     PL  2,  figs.  41,  42. 
Pinkish,  with  three  clouded  pink-brown  bands. 
Length,  18  mill. 

Isl.  of  Basilan. 
May  be  only  a  banded  variety  of  the  preceding  species. 

0.  PYRIFORMIS,  Sowb.     PL  2,  figs.  43-45. 

Yellowish  white  or  pinkish,  with  three  clouded  darker  bands, 
extremities  a  little  produced.  Length,  21  mill. 

Australia,  Japan. 

Distinguished  (perhaps  not  sufficiently)  from  the  preceding 
species  by  its  more  pyriform  contour  and  produced  extremities. 
Reeve's  figure  (fig.  45),  probably  from  a  worn  specimen,  has  no 
bands. 


248  OVULA. 

0.  BREVIS,  Sowb.     PL  2,  figs.  32,  33. 

Thin,  globosely  inflated',  whitish  or  purplish  white,  columella 
plicate  in  front,  with  a  callous  ridge  behind,  and  a  connecting 
longitudinal  deposit.  Length,  12  mill. 

Australia. 

The  figures  given  by  Reeve  and  Weinkauff  do  not  represent 
this  species,  but  0.  marginata. 

The  shell  is  somewhat  closely  related  to  0.  margarita,  Sowb. 

0.  MARGARITA,  Sowb.     PI.  2,  figs.  34-40. 

White,  extremities  somewhat  beaked.     Length,  10-13  mill. 

Singapore,  Japan,  Philipjjines,  Australia. 

Less  inflated,  narrower,  with  more  beaked  extremities  than 
0.  brevis.  0.  bulla,  Ad.  and  Reeve  (figs.  36,  37),  is  a  little 
heavier  form,  and  0.  umbilicata,  Sowb.  (figs.  38,  39),  appears 
to  be  not  quite  adult ;  they  do  not  seem  to  have  any  really  dis- 
tinctive characters.  0.  ovoidea,  H.  Ad.  (fig.  40  ,  from  the  Red 
Sea,  is  only  known  by  a  short  description  and  a  figure  of  the 
base  of  the  shell ;  I  do  not  find  distinctive  characters  in  either. 

0.  BIMACULATA,  A.  Ad.     PL  2,  figs.  46,  47. 

Livid  white,  obsoletely  three- banded,  back  transversely 
striate,  extremities  of  aperture  stained  with  red  within. 

Length,  13  mill. 

New  Caledonia. 
0.  CARNEA,  Poiret      PL  2,  figs.  48-52. 

Yellowish,  reddish  or  violet  flesh-color,  transversely  striated, 
with  frequently  several  angles  or  planes  on  the  back,  extremities 
beaked,  somewhat  produced,  lip  thick-margined,  finely  dentate, 
columella  excavated  below,  with  a  callous  ridge  above,  extremi- 
ties of  aperture  often  pink-tinged.  Length,  12-15  mill. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

0.  lacteat  and  0.  triticea,  Costa,  are  synonyms ;  0.  triticea, 
Lam.,  remains  a  somewhat  doubtful  species,  the  figures  a;iven  by 
Kiener  and  Sowerby  resembling  0.  rhodia,  Ads.,  whilst  those 
of  Reeve  (figs.  51,  52)  and  Kiister  are  like  carnea.  Reeve's  figure 
of  0.  carnea  looks  more  like  0.  rhodia.  The  locality  of  0. 
triticea  is  supposed  to  be  West  Coast  of  Africa.  Punker  iden- 
tifies a  Japanese  shell  with  it,  but  he  has  used  Sowerby 's  figures 
for  comparison.  0.  lepida,  Dillw.,  is  a  synonym  of  triticea. 


OVULA.  240 

O.  RIIODIA,  A.  Ad.     PI.  3,  figs.  53,  54. 

Shell  rather  narrow,  produced  at  the  extremities,  flesh  pink; 
columella  excavated  below,  with  a  conspicuous  white  callus 
above,  lip  whitish.  Length,  13  mill. 

Japan. 

See  remarks  under  preceding  species. 

0.  FRUTICUM,  A.  Ad.     PL  3,  figs.  55,  56. 

Shell  smooth,  broadly  banded  with  pinkish  flesh-color,  lip 
thick,  varicose,  extremities  rotundately  emarginated,  columella 
callously  ridged  above  and  below,  strongly  one-plaited. 

Length,  10  mill. 

Malacca. 

I  am  not  acquainted  with  this  species. 

0.  PYRULINA,  A.  Ad.     Pi  3,  figs.  57,  58. 

Pear-shaped,  constricted  and  produced  at  the  extremities,  back 
rather  gibbous  in  the  middle ;  columella  callously  ridged  above, 
lip  moderately  plicate ;  yellowish-  or  livid-white.  Length,  1 2  mill. 

New  Caledonia. 
0  CONCINNA,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     PI.  3,  figs.  59,  60,  74. 

Angularly  prominently  gibbous  in  the  middle,  constricted  at 
the  extremities  ;  white,  or  fleshy-white.  Length,  9  mill. 

Philippines,  Japan. 
0.  Gumingii,  Morch  (fig.  74),  is  a  synonym. 

0.  PUNCTATA,  Duclos.     PI.  3,  figs.  61-64,  73. 

Rather  solid,  transversely  striate,  whitish,  with  three  rows  of 
orange  or  carneous  spots.  Length,  10-11  mill. 

China,  Japan,  Philippines^  Australia,  Isl.  Bourbon. 
0.  alabaster,  Reeve  (fig.  64),  has  the  spots  very  faint. 

Var.  PULCHELLA.  H.  Ad.  (fig.  73). 

The  spots  connected  longitudinally  by  waved  bands  of  color. 
One  of  Sowerby's  figures  of  jwnctata  represents  this  variety. 

Mauritius. 
0.  ADAMSI,  Reeve.     PI.  3,  figs.  65,  66. 

Ovate,  inflated,  whitish  ;  back  rather  elevated  in  the  middle, 
transversely  incisely  striated ;  extremities  rather  obtuse ;  lip 


250  OVULA. 

moderately  thickened  ;  aperture  curved,  rather  broad,  columella 
scarcely  plicated.     Length,  8  mill. 

New  Caledonia. 

A  delicate,  rather  inflated  bubble-shaped  shell,  elaborately 
sculptured  with  engraved  stride.  The  foregoing  is  Reeve's 
diagnosis,  the  species  being  unknown  to  me.  It  is  0.  marginata 
of  A.  Ad.,  not  Sowerby,  and  changed  by  Eeeve  as  above. 

0.  BULLATA,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     PI.  3,  figs.  67-70. 

Pinkish  or  purplish  or  yellowish  white,  somewhat  gibbous  on 
the  back — which  is  smooth  or  transversely  incisely  striated  ;  lip 
strongly  margined,  flesh-brown,  somewhat  squarely  produced  at 
the  extremities.  Length,  8  mill. 

Singapore,  Japan,  New  Caledonia. 

0.  scitula,  Ads.  (figs.  69,  70),  is  a  synon}rm. 

0.  STRIATULA,  Sowerby.     PI.  3,  figs.  75-80. 

Back  strongly  angularly  gibbous  in  the  middle,  attenuately 
produced  at  the  extremities,  striate  or  smooth ;  lip  strongly 
margined  ;  pinkish-  or  yellowish-white.  Length,  10  mill. 

Straits  of  Malacca,  Loo  Choo  Is.,  Philippines,  Japan. 

I  unite  with  this  0.  dorsuosum,  Hinds  (figs.  77,  78),  and 
0.  dentata,  Ad.  and  Reeve  (figs.  79,  80).  The  following  species 
is  also  probably  a  synonym. 

0.  FRUMENTUM,  Sowerby.     PL  3,  figs.  71,  72. 

Smaller  than  the  preceding,  of  which  it  may  be  a  variety ;  the 
form  is  similar,  but  the  back  does  not  show  the  angle,  although 
evidently  gibbous.  Length,  6  mill. 

Hab.  unknown. 
Subgenus  CYPHOMA,  Bolten,  1798. 

0.  GIBBOSA,  Linn.     PI.  3,  figs.  81,  82. 

Rather  thick,  smooth,  polished ;  pale  straw-color  or  whitish, 
stained  on  the  sides  with  fawn-color;  extremities  obtuse;  lip 
callously  margined,  scarcely  dentate.  Length,  1-1  '25  inches. 

Florida,  West  Indies. 

Lamarck  probably  confounded  0.  intermedia,  Sowb.,  with  this 
species  in  giving  Brazil  as  habitat,  and  Cuming  in  referring  it  to 
Panama  very  likely  mistook  the  next  species  for  it.  It  is 
0.  pharetra  of  Perry  and  0.  dorsata,  Bolten. 


OVULA.  251 

0.  EMARGINATA,  Sowl).       PL  3,  figS.  83,  84. 

Flesh-white  or  whitish,  the  ridge  sharper  than  in  the  preceding 
species  and  white,  lip  heavily  margined,  also  white,  extremities 
rostrate,  narrower.  Length,  1  inch. 

Panama. 

The  back  is  often  finely  transversely  striate. 

0.  INTERMEDIA,  Sowerby.      PI.  3,  figs.  85,  86. 

Rather  solid,  smooth,  polished,  whitish  or  tinged  with  yellow- 
ish brown  ;  hack  gibbous,  with  faint  indication  of  a  transverse 
ridge  or  angle,  and  often  showing  a  still  fainter  anterior  one; 
extremities  narrowly  produced  ;  lip  strongly  margined,  scarcely 
dentate  ;  columella  with  a  callous  posterior  plication. 

Length,  1-1-5  inches. 

Brazil,  West  Indies. 

Smaller  specimens  show  the  angle  very  plainly;  sometimes  in 
these  it  is  consp:cuously  sh-irp.  The  shell  connects  this  group 
with  Xeosimnia  in  such  manner  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  where 
it  ought  to  be  placed.  0.  oblonga  of  Martini,  and  0.  spelta, 
Dillwyn.  are  synonyms. 

O.  OBTUSA,  Sowb.     PL  3,  figs.  87-89. 

Yellowish-  or  pinkish-white,  obtusely  angulated  on  the  back, 
extremities  produced,  lip  callously  margined.  Length,  16  mill. 

China,  Japan. 

Something  like  a  miniature  0.  intermedia.  0.  Indica,  Reeve, 
(fig.  89),  from  Bombay,  appears  to  be  a  minor  form. 

0.  TRAILLT,  A.  Ad.     PL  3,  figs.  90,  91. 

Flesh-colored,  smooth,  back  strongly  angularly  gibbous,  ex- 
tremities narrowly  produced.  Length,  11  mill. 

Malacca. 
0.  FORMOSA,  Adams  and  Reeve.     PL  4,  figs.  15,  16. 

Gibbous, slightly  angulated  across  the  back. transversely  striate, 
purplish  orange,  the  extremities  orange-tipped  ;  aperture  narrow, 
but  little  widened  below,  the  columella  callous  above,  the  outer 
lip-margin  conspicuously  dentate.  Length,  12  mill. 

Borneo,  Japan. 

0.  SEMPERT,  WeinkaurT.     PL  4,  figs.  17,  18;  PL  5,  fig.  19. 

Purplish  yellow  or  orangefred,  the  margin  orange-red  ;  back 


252  OVULA. 

angulated  above  the  middle,  lip  conspicuously  dentate,  columella 
dentate  above.     Length,  13  mill. 

Borneo,  Viti  Isles. 

The  aperture  is  wider  below,  the  angle  of  the  back  more  pos- 
terior than  in  the  preceding  species,  of  which  it  may  nevertheless 
be  only  a  variety.  It  is  0.  hordacea  of  Sowerby  and  Reeve,  not 
Lamarck. 

Subgenus  VOLVA,  Bolten,  1198. 

O.  VOLVA,  Linn.     PI.  4,  figs.  94,  95. 

Pinkish  or  brownish  flesh-color,  back  transversely  incisely 
striated,  extremities  with  raised  striae,  lip  thickly  margined, 
nearly  smooth,  interior  flesh-colored  or  brownish. 

Length,  3-5  inches. 

China,  Philippines,  Japan. 

0.  LONGIROSTRA,  Sowb.     PI.  4,  figs.  92,  93. 

Yellowish  white,  moderately  gibbously  angled  in  the  middle, 
lip  callously  reflected.  Length,  l'75-2'5  inches. 

Isl.  of  Bourbon. 
O.  RECURVA,  Adams  and  Reeve.     PI.  4,  figs.  96,  97. 

White,  transversely  minutely  striated,  gibbously  angled  in 
the  middle,  lip  callously  margined.  Length,  22  mill. 

China,  Japan. 
Possibly  a  minor  variety  of  0.  longirostra. 

0.  GRACILIS,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     PI.  4,  figs.  98,  99. 

Pale  fulvous,  maculated  with  red  next  the  margin  of  the 
thickened  lip.  Length,  11  mill. 

East  Coast  of  Borneo. 

0.  PHILIPPINARUM,  Sowb.     PI.  4,  figs.  100-9. 

Livid  flesh-color,  rather  thin,  thickened  margin  of  lip  yellowish 
white.  Length,  *75-l'25  inches. 

Philippines,  Japan,  Australia. 

With  this  species  I  unite  as  synonj-ms  0.  Carpenteri,  D linker 
(fig.  2)  ;  0.  Angasi,  A.  Ad.  (figs.  3,  4),  and  0.  depressa,  Sowb. 
(fig.  5),  with  its  variety  rosea,  Rositer,  from  Australia  ;  0.  sub- 
reflexa,  Ad.  and  Reeve  (figs.  6,  7) ;  0.  deflexa,  Sowb.  (fig.  8),  and 
the  Japanese  0.  Adamsii,  Dunkcr  (fig.  9),  which  differs  in  no 
appreciable  degree  from  Angasi. 


OVULA.  253 

O.  BTROSTRIS,  Linn.     PI.  4,  figs.  10-14. 

Reddish   flesh-color,  sometimes  pale-banded   in   the    middle, 
smooth,  shining,  thickened  lip-margin  yellowish  white. 
Length,  1'5  inches. 

Singapore,  Japan,  Philippines. 

Larger,  and  wider  in  proportion  than  the  last  species ;  yet  I 
doubt  their  distinctness.  The  synonymy  includes  0.  brevirostris, 
Schum.;  0.  aperta,  Sowb.  (fig.  12),  a  young  shell,  and  0.  rosea, 
A.  Ad.  (figs.  13,  14). 

0.  LANCEOLATA,  Sowb.       PI.  5,  figS.  20,  21. 

Xarrowly  compressed,  back  densely  transversely  striated, 
extremities  rather  blunt ;  orange-pink ;  lip  and  columella  cal- 
lously involute,  aperture  very  narrow.  Length,  21  mill. 

Philippines. 
O.  COARCTATA,  Adams  and  Reeve.     PL  5,  fig.  22. 

Elongated,  ventricose  in  the  middle,  fulvous,  back  transversely 
minutely  striated,  extremities  contracted,  columella  rather 

depressed.     Length,  7  mill. 

Straits  of  Sunda. 

This  may  possibly  be  a  minor  variety  of  the  preceding  species, 
which  it  closely  resembles  in  form. 

0.  ACICULARIS,  Lam.     PI.  5,  figs.  23-25. 

Yellowish  to  purplish,  thin,  smooth,  narrow,  extremities 
rather  bluntly  produced,  lip  thinly  margined,  with  a  callous 
margin  on  the  columella.  Length,  15  mill. 

West  Indies,  South  Carolina,  Florida. 

It  is  0.  secale  of  Dillwyn's  Catalogue. 

Subgenus  NEOSIMNIA,  Fischer,  1884. 
O.  SOWERBYANA,  Weinkauff.     PI.  5,  figs.  26,  27. 

Somewhat  ventricose,  short  beaked,  rosy  flesh-color,  sometimes 
obscurely  banded,  rather  thin,  lip-margin  thickened,  smoothish, 

yellowish.     Length,  1-1-25  inches. 

South  Sea. 

This  is  0.  spelta  of  Sowerby  and  Reeve,  not  Lamarck. 


254  OVULA. 

0.  SECALIS,  Sowb.     PL  5,  figs.  28-30. 

Purplish  white,  extremities  rather  blunt,  lip-margin  yellowish 
white.  Length,  15  mill. 

Eastern  Seas,  Friendly  Isles. 

The  distinction  between  this  and  the  preceding  species  is  so 
slight  that  I  think  they  will  prove  identical.  0.  seminulum, 
Sowerby  (fig.  30),  from  Friendly  Islands,  is  a  synonym. 

0.  BORBONICA,  Desh.     PI.  5,  fig.  31. 

Rosy  white,  ventricose  in  the  middle,  thin,  translucent,  trans- 
versely striate,  aperture  very  narrow.  Length,  7  mill. 

Isle  of  Bourbon. 
I  am  not  acquainted  with  this  species. 

0.  ACUMINATA,  Ad.  and  Reeve. 

Rather  stout,  yellowish  white,  lip  thickened.     Length,  8  mill. 

East  Indies,  Japan. 
Perhaps  a  small  variety  of  the  preceding  species. 

O.  SPELTA,  Linn.     PL  5,  figs.  32,  33. 

Whitish  or  flesh-color,  smooth,  polished,  aperture  rather  wide 
anteriorly,  lip-margin  and  extremities  of  shell  callously  thick- 
ened. Length,  15-20  mill. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  Canary  Is. 

This  is  not  0.  spelta  of  Sowb.  and  Reeve  (see  Sowerbyana, 
above).  The  synonymy  includes  0.  kordacea,  Costa;  0.  pur- 
purea,  Risso,  and  0.  Leathesi  of  Wood's  Crag  Mollusca. 

0.  HORDACEA,  Lamarck.     PL  5,  figs.  34-38. 

Yellowish  red  to  purplish,  smooth,  extremities  obtuse. 
Length,  12  mill. 

Coast  of  Africa?  Philippines. 

Differs  subgenerically  from  the  species  which  Sowerby  and 
Reeve  have  figured  under  this  name,  and  which  Weinkauff  calls 
0.  Semperi.  O.formicaria,  Sowb.  (figs.  37, 38),  may  be  included. 

0.  UNIPLICATA,  Sowb.     PL  5,  figs.  39-50. 

Yellowish  white  to  purplish,  rather  thin,  transversely  very 
minutely  incised,  or  smooth,  polished  ;  narrow,  with  the  extrem- 


OVILA.  255 

ities  bluntly  produced  ;    lip  narrow  margined  ;  posterior  plica- 
tion prominent.     Length,  15-18  mill. 

North  Carolina  to  West  Indies,  Brazil, 

Panama  to  California  (Var.) 

In  this  species  the  color  of  its  shell  changes  to  correspond  with 
that  of  the  gorgonia  on  which  it  feeds,  either  }rellowish  white  or 
purple.  The  synonymy  includes  0.  Antillarum,  Reeve  (tig.  41); 
0.  Canadiensis,  Morch  ;  0.  Carolinensis,  Morch  ;  0.  subrostrata, 
Sowb.  (fig.  42) ;  0.  arcuata,  Reeve  (fig.  43).  The  following  species 
occurring  on  the  West  Coast  of  America  are  added,  as  I  can  find 
no  distinctive  characters.  It  may  be  remarked,  however,  that  so 
far  as  I  am  able  to  judge  from  the  figures  and  numerous  speci- 
mens, these  West  Coast  representatives  are  always  dark  purple 
with  a  lighter  purple  lip-margin — coloring  which  somewhat  rarely 
obtains  with  the  East  Coast  individuals  ;  on  this  account  they  may 
be  grouped  under  the  best  known,  but  not  earliest  name,  as  : — 

Var.  VARIABILIS,  C.  B.  Adams  (fig.  44). 

With  this  I  include  0.  Calif ornica,  Reeve  (fig.  45);  0.  aequalis, 
Sowb.  (fig.  46),  0.  livida,  Reeve  (fig.  47);  0.  rufa,  Sowb.  (fig. 
4^  ;  0.  inflexa,  Sowb.  (fig.  49),  and  0.  Loebbeckeana,  Weink. 
(fig.  5d),  which  probably  does  not  come  from  Vancouver's  Island. 

0.  AVENA,  Sowb.     PI.  5,  figs.  51-55. 

Light  purplish  or  rosy,  wider  than  the  preceding  species,  the 
extremities  shorter,  often  orange-tipped,  lip-margin  rosy-white. 
Length,  12-20  mill. 

Panama  to  Monterey,  Gal. 

The  synonyms  are  0.  similis,  Sowb.  (figs.  52,  53),  perhaps  0. 
neglecta,  C.  B.  Ad.  (fig.  54),  and  0.  Vidleri,  Sowb.  (fig.  55). 

Subgenus  CRITHE,  Gould,  1860. 

0.  ATOMARIA,  Gould. 

Very  minute,  gloss}-  white,  somewhat  acute  at  the  extremities, 
with  a  delicate  groove  at  the  summit ;  aperture  very  narrow,  and 
uniformly  so  ;  rostrum  short,  slightly  recurved  ;  ventral  laminae 
directly  transverse,  about  eight  in  number,  as  they  pass  into  the 
a  pert  urc,  li'ivino-  the  appearance  of  course  denticles  on  the  pillar. 


256  OVULA. 

Animal  citron-colored,  viscera  slate-colored,  eyes  reddish  black, 
very  small.     L.  5  mill.,  diam.  3  mill. 

China  Seas  (Stirnpson). 
Unfigured,  and  the  specimens  destroyed  by  fire. 

Subgenus  CALPURNUS,  Montfort,  1810. 
0.  VERRUCOSA,  Linn.     PL  5,  figs.  56-58. 

White,  with   fine   incised    transverse  striae,  extremities   rosy 
tipped.     Length,  1*25  inches. 

East  Africa,  Indian  Ocean,  Philippines,  N  Caledonia. 


Unfigured  and  Doubtful  Species. 

O.  BULLATA.  Gould  (sp.  name  preoccupied).  Hob.  unknown. 

O.  ALBA  and  O.  NIGERRIMA,  Dufo.  Seychelles. 

0.  (CYPHOMA)  ELONGATA,  A.  Ad.  Japan. 

0.  (BIROSTRA)  MoCoYi,  Tenison-Woods.  Australia. 

0.  GALLINACEA  and  0.  CORRUGATA,  Hinds.    =  ERATO,  Manual,  v, 
10,  11. 


257 


FAMILY  DOLIID^E. 

Shell  thin,  ventricose,  ovate  or  subglobose,  spire  short,  the 
body-whorl  very  large,  with  revolving  ribs  or  decussated.  No 
opereulum  in  the  adult. 

Animal  very  large  ;  the  mantle  dilated  ;  head  wide,  bearing  two 
elongated  distant  tentacles,  dilated  at  the  base,  and  having  eyes 
near  the  base  ;  proboscis  cylindrical,  greatly  developed,  extensi- 
ble and  flexible  ;  foot  lobed  and  dilated  in  front,  with  a  horizontal 
groove. 

Dentition.  Central  tooth  short,  wide,  with  an  elongated 
central  and  some  shorter  lateral  cusps,  lateral  and  first  marginal 
with  simple  or  denticulated  margin,  sharp-pointed,  outer  marginal 
tooth  sharp,  simple  (PI.  1,  fig.  1).  Jaw  (PL  1,  fig.  2), 

Some  species  at  least,  of  Macgillivrayia,  are  known  to  be  the 
larva  of  Dolium.  They  have  four  tentacles,  and  the  foot  is  pro- 
vided with  a  float  resembling  lanthina ;  the  shell  has  a  thin, 
corneous  operculum,  afterwards  lost. 

The  family  resembles  Cassididse  rather  closely,  but  differs  by 
the  want  of  varices  on  the  shell  'and  the  absence  of  an  opercu- 
lum ;  but  the  subgenus  Malea  of  this  family,  having  a  ringent 
mouth,  has  much  analogy  with  C3'prsecassis  of  the  Cassididse, 
which,  according  to  Stutchbury,  is  equally  deprived  of  an  oper- 
culum. The  family  Oocorythidse,  containing  a  single  species, 
may  be  placed  between  the  two  ;  it  is  in  shell  characters  essen- 
tially an  operculate  Dolinm.  Prof.  Morch  and  others  place  the 
Tritonidie  in  intimate  relation  with  the  foregoing  families  on 
account  of  a  similar  dentition  ;  and  Morch  points  out  that  certain 
species  of  Triton  possess  the  revolving  ribs  and  somewhat  of  the 
form  of  Dolium.  Oocorys  itself  is  thought  by  Fischer  to  be 
somewhat  closely  allied  with  Tritonid«?.  The  relations  of  Triton 
with  Murex  are  also  evident.  Thus  it  is  that  transition  forms, 
and  complex  relationships  everywhere  baffle  the  naturalist  who 
attempts  to  classify  in  a  lineal  series.  The  shells  are  mostly  of 
quite  large  size,  and  the  species  are  few  in  number,  inhabiting 
warm  seas  ;  fossil,  a  cretaceous  form  is  known,  with  some  tertiary 
species. 
18 


258  DOLTID^E. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 
Genus  DOLIUM,  Lam.,  1801. 

Shell  thin,  ventricose,  globosely  oval ;  spire  short,  whorls  with 
spiral  depressed  ribs  ;  mouth  very  large,  the  lip  crenulated,  sil- 
lonated  within,  columella  canaliculated,  anterior  end  of  aperture 
not  produced  obliquely,  widely  sillonated. 

About  fifteen  species  occur  in  the  seas  of  China,  Philippines, 
Australia,  Mediterranean,  West  Indies,  etc. 

The  section  Perdix,  Montfort,  1810,  has  been  used  for  the 
separation  of  species  with  open  umbilicus  and  (so-called)  simple 
lip,  but  the  gradual  gradation  from  this  form  to  those  with  closed 
umbilicus,  and  more  strongly  crenulated  lip  appears  to  deprive 
the  group  of  any  real  value.  Another  section,  Doliopsis  (pre- 
occupied by  Conrad),  has  been  proposed  by  Monterosato  for  a 
single  Mediterranean  species,  imperforate,  with  expanded  den- 
ticulated lip. 

Subgenus  DOLIOPSIS,  Conrad,  1865. 

The  figure  of  the  type  has  a  short  canal,  and  appears  inter- 
mediate between  Dolium  and  Pyrula.  Two  Oregon  fossils  subse- 
quently referred  to  the  group  by  Conrad  are  very  similar  to 
recent  Dolium. 

DOLIOPSIS  QTJINQUECOSTA,  Conrad  (PL  5,  fig.  32).      Eocene,  Miss. 

Subgenus  MALEA,  Val.,  1833, 

Form  of  Dolium,  but  the  lip  thickened,  somewhat  reflected 
and  strongly  denticulated  the  inner  lip  with  two  calloused  plicate 
prominences.  Cadium,  Link,  1801,  is  said  to  equal  this  group. 

The  animal  differs  from  Dolium  by  its  foot  being  less  dilated 
in  front,  not  angular  laterally,  and  by  its  branchiae,  which  are 
nearly  equal. 

Genus  PYRULA,  Lamarck,  1799. 

Shell  imperforate,  thin,  pear-shaped,  spirally  ribbed,  or  decus- 
sated, terminating  anteriorly  in  a  moderate,  open  canal ;  spire 
very  short ;  lip  thin,  smooth  on  the  margin.  No  operculum. 
Dentition  (PL  6,  fig.  38). 

Animal  with  a  very  large  foot,  truncated  in  front,  produced 
at  the  front  angles,  acuminated  behind  ;  head  and  neck  narrow 


259 

:ni(l  long,  tentacles  Mibulati1,  with  eves  at  their  exterior  base  ; 
mantle-lobes  large,  n.  fleeted  over  the  shell;  siphon  very  long 
and  narrow. 

A  few  species  inhabit  the  West  Indies,  Panama,  Indian  Ocean, 
Philippines,  etc.  The  genus  appeared  in  the  cretaceous,  and 
became  widely  spread  in  the  tertiary,  remains  being  found  in 
North  and  South  America,  Europe  and  Asia. 

The  generic  name  has  been  made  to  include  a  number  of  groups, 
such  as  Hemil'usus,  Melongena,  etc.,  which  have  but  little  in 
common  with  the  present  genus.  The  type  cited  by  Lamarck  is 
Bulla  jictin,  Linn.,  which  tixes  its  pertinence  to  the  genus  now 
under  consideration,  and  degrades  to  the  synonymy  such  names 
as  Fiats,  Klein,  Ficula,  Swains.,  and  Sycotypus,  H.  and  A. 
Adams,  not  Browne. 

Mr.  Arthur  Adams  writes  : — 

"  The  employment  of  the  dredge  gave  me  an  opportunity  of 
here  first  observing  the  animal  of  Ficula,  which  very  much 
resembles  that  of  Dolium  in  the  large,  thin,  flattened  foot, 
rounded  in  front,  with  two  sharp,  angular,  lateral  processes,  and 
extended  and  acuminated  behind  ;  in  the  long,  recurved  siphon, 
and  slender,  tapering  tentacula ;  in  having  a  long,  extensile  and 
retractile  proboscis  ;  in  the  position  of  the  organs  of  vision  ;  and 
in  the  general  shape,  structure,  and  lightness  of  the  shell;  while 
the  singular  fact  of  the  mantle  covering  the  sides  of  the  shell, 
would  seem  to  approximate  it  to  Calpurnus,  Ovulum,  Marginella 
and  the  Cowries. 

""Although  exceedingly  timid  and  sensitive,  the  Ficula  is  a 
very  lively  animal,  when  observed  in  its  native  waters,  crawling 
along  with  considerable  velocity,  and,  owing  probably  to  the 
lightness  of  its  shell,  able  to  ascend  with  facility  the  sides  of  a 
glass  vessel,  which  held  it  captive.  The  proboscis  is  rarely 
exserted  when  the  animal  is  in  motion ;  but  the  long,  tapering 
tentacles  are  stretched  out  to  their  full  extent,  and  the  siphon  is 
directed  more  frequently  forwards  than  over  the  back  of  the 
animal.  The  animal  of  Ficula  ficoide*  is  light,  marbled  violet, 
and  the  head  and  tentacles  are  white ;  six  white,  opaque  spots 
are  arranged  round  the  upper  surface  of  the  edge  of  the  foot ; 
the  rest  of  the  body  is  light  delicate  pink,  with  marbled  mark- 
ings of  a  darker  pink. 


260  DOLTID.E. 

"  In  another  species  which  I  observed,  and  of  which  I  also 
made  a  drawing  (the  Ficula  Isevigata,  Reeve),  the  mantle  is 
bright  pink,  mottled  with  white  and  deeper  pink,  the  under 
surface  of  the  ventral  disc  being  of  a  dark-chocolate  color,  with 
yellow,  scattered  spots ;  the  head  and  neck  are  pink,  and  also 
colored  with  3Tellow  spots. 

"The  Ficula  shells,  seen  in  cabinets,  convey  but  a  poor  idea  of 
these  handsome  mollusks,  observed  in  the  living  state,  crawling 
rapidly  along,  bearing  their  light,  elegantly  formed  shells,  easily 
and  gracefully,  with  their  siphons  erect,  their  foot  expanded,  like 
a  broad  flattened  disc,  and  their  bodies  ornamented  with  delicate 
colors,  beautifully  marbled,  and  moving  their  long,  flat  heads, 
and  peering  about  with  their  large,  black  eyes,  in  a  manner 
which  is  surprising,  when  one  considers  the  position  these 
animals  occupy  in  the  scale  of  creation,  arid  that  but  a  very 
small  share  of  intelligence  is,  in  general,  supposed  to  be  the  lot 
of  most  mollusca." — Narrat.  Voy.  Samarang,  ii,  358. 

Subgenus  PTYCHOSYCA,  Gabb,  1876. 

Shell  shaped  like  Pyrula ;  inner  lip  with  one  anterior  very 
oblique  fold. 

P.  inornata,  Gabb.  Cretaceous,  Georgia  (Fig'd  S.  &  S.  Conch., 
t.  62,  f.  39). 

Dr.  Fischer  thinks  it  allied  to  Liostoma. 

Subgenus  FICULOPSIS,  Stoliczka,  1867. 

Pyriform,  attenuated  in  front,  inflated  behind ;  spire  very 
short ;  surface  spirally  and  transversely  striate  or  costulate ; 
columella  thick,  angulated,  plicate. 

P.  Pondicherriensis,  Forbes,  Cretaceous,  So.  India  (Fig'd  S. 
&  S.  Conch.,  t.  62,  f.  38). 

The  family  has  been  monographed  by  Reeve,  Kiener  and 
Kiister  (Conchylien  Cabinet).  Kobelt  has  also  published  a 
catalogue  of  the  species  of  Dolium  in  Jahrb.  Mai.  Gesell.,  ii,  263, 
and  Hanley  another,  in  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  491,  1859. 
Sowerby  monographed  Ficula  in  the  Thesaurus,  iv,  1880,  and 
Kobelt  catalogued  it  in  the  Jahrbiicher,  359,  1875,  and  published 
a  monograph  in  Kiister's  Conch.  Cab.,  1874. 


DOLIl'M.  261 

Genus  DOLIUM,  Lam.,  1801. 
D.  GALEA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  fi-.  3. 

Thin,  narrowly  uinbilicated,  spire  short,  with  sunken  sutures; 
whorls  seven,  spirally  ribbed,  the  ribs  flatty  convex,  close-set, 
often  with  an  intervening  ridge  on  the  upper  portion  of  the 
whorls;  columolla  somewhat  twisted;  pale  fulvous,  inner  margin 
of  lip  stained  with  chocolate-brown,  upper  part  of  columella  and 
the  apex  of  the  spire  often  chocolate  also.  Length,  8-9  inches. 
Mediterranean  Sea,  Beaufort,  N.  (7.,  to  West  Indies,  Brazil. 

D.  tenue,  Menke,  is  the  juvenile  shell;  it  is  also  Buccinum 
olearium,  Linn,  (not  D.  olearium,,  Brug.).  Morch  has  described 
another  juvenile  as  D.  Antillarum.  Gregorio  has  recently 
described  three  varieties  (spirintrorsum,terdina  and  epidermata) 
from  the  vicinity  of  Palermo. 

D.  MELANOSTOMA,  Jay.     PI.  1,  figs.  4,  5. 

Ribs  about  half  the  number  of  those  of  D.  galea,  and  much 

broader,  with  narrow  intervening  smaller  ridges  and  grooves; 

fulvous  white,  columellar  callus  and  a  broad  interior  margin  of 

the  outer  lip  both  stained  dark  chocolate-brown.  Length,  9  inches. 

Elizabeth  Reef,  So.  Pacific  0.  (Brazier); 

Friendly  Island*  ( J&\) ;  Hawaiian  Islands  (Pease). 

The  shell  which  Reeve  (fig.  5)  has  figured  for  this  species 
appears  to  be  more  nearly  allied  to  the  preceding,  but  possibly 
the  ribs  are  variable  in  number  according  to  the  size  of  the  shell. 
Tease  saw  a  specimen  35  inches  in  circumference,  and  says  that 
those  measuring  24  inches  are  usual.  As  Brazier  refers  to 
Reeve's  figure  it  is  very  likely  that  he  has  mistaken  the  species ; 
as  has  also  Kiister,  who  copies  the  figure  in  Reeve.  The  true 
melanostoma  may  =  the  succeeding  species,  and  if  so,  has  priority 
of  publication. 

D.  LUTEOSTOMA,  Kiister.     PI.  1,  fig.  6  ;  PL  2,  fig.  7. 

Bod}^-wrhorl  with  fifteen  to  eighteen  revolving,  wide  ribs  and 
narrow  interstices,  the  latter  1  earing  small  ribs,  paired  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  whorl ;  yellowish  brown,  variegated  with 
chestnut  maculations  ;  interior  of  aperture  deep  yellowish  brown. 

Length,  7-8  inches. 

Japan. 

The  description  is  made  from  D.  Japonicum,  Dunker  (fig.  7), 


262  DOLIUM. 

which  appears  to  he  the  usual  fresh  state  of  the  species. 
Kiister's  earlier  diagnosis  was  prepared  from  a  faded  or  varietal 
form  in  which  the  maculations  have  disappeared  or  are  but 
feebly  shown.  One  of  the  figures  (t.  63,  f.  1)  given  by  Kiister 
for  D.  variegatum,  appears  to  represent  this  species  ;  which  is 
certainly  very  closely  allied  to  D.  melanostoma. 

D.  VARIEGATUM,  Lam.     PI.  3,  figs.  13,  14. 

Umbilicated,  whorls  7,  the  last  bearing  fifteen  to  eighteen 
spiral  ribs,  the  interstices  nearly  as  wide,  the  upper  ones  bearing 
an  intermediate  smaller  rib  ;  whitish,  maculated  with  chestnut 
on  the  ribs,  often  with  one  or  two  ribs  more  yellowish  in  color, 
upon  which  there  are  no  maculations.  Spire  more  elevated,  and 
suture  less  impressed  than  in  the  preceding  species. 

Length,  4-9  inches.  North  Australia. 

D.  Kieneri,  Phil.,  is  a  synonym. 

Var.  CHINENSE,  Dillwyn.     Fig.  14. 

Smaller,  of  lighter  structure  and  more  contracted  growth, 
most  of  the  interstices  of  the  eighteen  to  twenty  ribs  bearing  a 
smaller  rib.  Pine  specimens  are  usually  alternately  banded 
spirally  with  light  yellow  and  whitish,  the  ribs  of  the  latter  only 
showing  chestnut  maculations. 

China. 

This  is  D.  australe  of  Morch. 

D.  OLEARIUM,  Brug.     PI.  2,  figs.  8-11. 

Spirally  broadly  ribbed,  with  very  narrow,  shallow  interstices  ; 
fulvous  chestnut  maculated  with  white  ;  suture  deep. 

Length,  3-5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Philippines. 

A  very  frequent  state  of  this  species  has  the  surface  worn  so 
that  the  grooves  are  indicated  more  by  darker  spiral  lines  than 
by  their  very  shallow  depression. 

Var.  CUMINGU,  Hanley.     PI.  2,  fig.  9. 

Ribs  more  numerous  and,  with  the  groove,  more  distinct, 
whorls  not  so  deep-sutured,  maculations  interrupted  with  spiral, 

longitudinally  lineated  bands. 

Philippines. 
Var.  DESHAYESII,  Reeve.     PI.  2,  fig.  10. 

Sutmv    slightly    impressed;    pale    fulvous    chestnut,    painted 


DOLTUM.  263 

with   bands  of  rather  distant  conspicuous  white  spots,  shaded 

with  brown. 

Philippines. 

My  specimens  indicate  the  pertinence  of  these  forms  to  D. 
olearium.  Bulla  canaliculata,  Linn.,  is  the  young  shell,  as 
determined  by  Hanley,  from  the  type. 

Yiir.  TESTARDT,  Montr.     PL  2,  fig.  11. 

Ribs  about  twenty-three,  with  distinct  narrow  intermediate 
grooves;  pale  fulvous,  longitudinally  clouded  with  darker  color. 

New  Caledonia. 
D.  ZONATUM,  Green.     PI.  3,  fig.  17. 

Yellowish  chestnut-color,  ribs  with  an  intermediate  ridge, 
which  is  divided  into  three  ridges  between  the  upper  ribs. 

Length,  4-7  inches. 

China.  Japan. 

Allied  to  D.  galea,  but  differs  in  the  intermediate  ridges.  D. 
crenulatum,  Phil.,  is  a  synonym. 

D.  CROSSEANUM,  Monterosato.     PI.  2,  fig.  12. 

Yellowish  brown ;  with  thirty-six  ribs,  the  interstices  with 
from  one  to  three  lirse  ;  lip  brownish  flesh-color. 

Length,  81  mill. 

Near  Palermo,  Sicily. 

I  cannot  count  nearly  thirty-six  ribs  on  the  figure  of  the 
unique  example  of  this  species,  and  I  am  very  much  disposed 
to  believe  it  a  synonym  of  the  preceding,  and  that  it  has  acci- 
dentally become  mixed  with  Mediterranean  shells. 

D.  FAsciATUM,Brug.     PL  3,  fig.  10. 

Interstices  of  the  ribs  without  ridges;  white,  five-banded 
with  chestnut.  Length,  4-5  inches. 

Philippines,  China,  Japan. 

D.  sulcosum,  Dillw.,  is  a  synon3Tm. 

D.  COSTATUM,  Menke.     PL  4,  figs.  19-22  ;  PL  3,  fig.  18. 

Ribs  distant,  prominent,  nine  to  thirteen  or  fourteen  in 
number,  the  interstices  broader,  smooth,  or  faintly  ridged  in  the 
middle  ;  yellowish  white,  flesh-color  or  brownish. 

Length,  3*5-6  inches.   . 

East  Indies,  Philippines,  Mauritius. 


2fi4  DOLIUM. 

It  is  D.  fasciatum,  var.,  of  Kiener  (fig.  19);  D.  lactescens, 
Martyn ;  D.latesulcatum,'M.a.rt\n\}  D.ampullaceum,  Phil.  (tig.  20). 

Var.  MACULATUM,  Lam.     PI.  4,  fig.  21. 

The  costee,  nine  to  eleven  in  number,  maculated  somewhat 
regularly  with  chestnut.  This  has  been  regarded  as  a  distinct 
species,  but  a  series  before  me  connects  the  two  ;  intermediates 
also  connect  this  variety  with 

Yar.  FIMBRIATUM,  Sowerby.     PI.  4,  fig.  22  ;  PI.  3,  fig.  18. 

The  ribs  usually  vary  in  number  from  twelve  to  fourteen, 
tessellated  with  chestnut.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  fim- 
briated  margin  of  the  outer  lip,  but  this  is  common  to  all  the 
varieties  wrhen  fully  grown. 

Senegal,  Manilla,  Japan. 

If  these  two  varieties  had  not  been  recognized  very  generally 
as  distinct  species,  I  would  not  have  separated  them  as  even 
varietal  forms,  as  their  features  want  constancy.  D.  cassis 
(Bolten),  Morch;  Buccinum  dolium,  Linn.;  D.  minjac,  Adan- 
son,  and  D.  tessellatum,  Encyc.  Meth.,  are  names  given  to  the 
two  varieties,  but  not  readily  assignable  to  either  separately. 
The  Senegal  locality  is  given  on  the  authority  of  Adanson.  D. 
Lischkeanum,  Kiister  (fig.  18  ,  is  a  full  S37nonyn  of  var.  fimbri- 
atum,  as  are  probably  the  unfigured  D.  JReevei,  Hanley,  and 
possibly  D.  Favannei  (likewise  unfigured)  of  the  same  author, 
and  D.  marginatum,  Philippi  (unfigured). 

D.  PERDIX,  Linn.     PI.  3,  fig.  15  ;  PI.  4,  figs.  23-25. 

Shell  thin,  inflated,  with  about  twenty  low  ribs,  and  rather 
narrow  shallow  intervening  grooves ;  fulvous  brown  or  light 
reddish  bay,  more  or  less  plentifully  marked  with  whitish  lunate 
spots  or  maculations.  Length,  5-9  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Mauritius,  Polynesia, 

\]re,sf  Africa,  West  Indies,  Brazil. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  immense  distribution  of  this 
species.  Dr.  Jacob  Green,  many  years  ago  described  a  shell  as 
D.  plumatum  which  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  West  Indian 
D.  perdix,  and  Prof.  Morch  has  called  it  D.  pennatum;  it  has  no 
distinctive  features.  Other  synonyms  are  Perdix  reticulatus, 
Montfort;  Dolium  mfurn,  Bl.iinv.  Fischer  has  described  find 


PYRULA.  265 

figured  c'mbryonic  and  young  shells,  in  Jour,  de  Conch.,  147, 
1808  (fig*.  23,  24);  they  were  diagnosed  by  Prof.  C.  B.  Adams, 
in  error,  as  Heli.r  sulphured. 

Subgenus  MALEA,  Vol.,  1833. 
D.  POMUM,  Linn.     PI.  5,  fig.  26. 

Ribs  low,  about  twelve  in  number,  with  shallow  interstices; 
columella  plicate,  excavated  in  the  middle,  lip  thickened  within 
and  plicate ;  fulvous  bay,  clouded  and  maculated  with  white. 
Length,  3  inches. 

Red  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  Philippines,  Society  Islands. 
This  shell  is  Cassis  labrosa,  Martini. 

D.  RINGENS,  Swainson.     PL  5,  fig.  27. 

Globose,  rather  thick,  with  about  sixteen  spiral  ribs,  the 
interstices  sometimes  obscurely  single  ridged ;  columella  plicate, 
excavated  in  the  middle;  outer  lip  wide-margined  and  dentate; 
light  fulvous,  obscurely  maculated  with  white  when  young. 

Length,  4-8  inches. 

Peru,  Panama,  Mazatlan. 

The  synonymy  includes  D.  dentatum,  Barnes;  D.  crasxilabris 
and  D.  latilabris,  Val. ;  D.  personatum  and  D.  plicosum,  Menke. 


Un figured  Species  of  Dolium. 
D.  BAIRDII,  Verrill  and   Smith.      Dredged  living  off   Martha's 

Vineyard,  and  off  Delaware  Bay,  U.  S. 

D.  AMPHORA,  Philippi.  Hob.  unknown. 

D.  DUNKERI,  Hanley.     (Juvenile.)  Natal. 

D.  ALBUM,  Conrad.     (Allied  to  D.  perdix.)  Nab.  unknown. 

Genus  PYRULA,  Lam.,  1799. 
P.  RETICULATA,  Lam.     PI.  5,  fig.  28  ;  PL  6,  fig.  33. 

Cancellated  by  rather  close,  sharp,  small  longitudinal  and  spiral 
ridges,  the  latter  often  alternately  larger  and  smaller;  yellowish, 
clouded  with  light  brown,  with  about  five  obscure  whitish  bands 
bearing  chestnut  maculations.  Length,  -J'5-3'5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  East  Indies,  Japan. 

Sowerby  has  in  error  figured  this  species  as  P.  decussata,^Nood. 
It  is  P.ficoides,  Lam.  (fig.  28);  P.  clathrata,  Rousseau  (fig.  33); 
F.fortinr,  Morch  (assigned  to  West  Indies  in  error). 


266  PYRULA. 

P.  DECUSSATA,  Wood.     PI.  6,  fig.  34. 

Spiral  ribs  small,  distant,  the  wide  interstices  with  three  or 
four  revolving  threads,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  usually  more 
prominent;  closely  longitudinally  ridged,  interrupted  by  the 
spiral  ribs;  yellowish  brown,  maculated  with  chestnut  on  the 
ribs.  Length,  3-5  inches. 

Panama  to  Cape  St.  Lucas,  L.  Gal. 

A  common  and  beautiful  species,  of  which  a  short,  swollen 
variety  was  described  by  Sower  by  as  P.  ventricosa.  Reeve  gives 
no  habitat,  and  in  the  Thesaurus,  whvre  it  is  figured  in  error  as 
P.  reticulata,  it  is  assigned  to  the  Indian  Ocean. 

P.  PAPYRATIA,  Say.     PL  6,  fig.  35. 

Shell  slimmer  than  P.  reticulata,  similarly  but  more  delicately 
sculptured  ;  brownish  white,  or  blush  white,  deeper  brown  within 
the  aperture,  sometimes  faintly  longitudinally  strigate  with  yel- 
lowish brown,  but  always  without  maculations. 

Length,  3-4  inches. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  to  West  Indies. 

A  common  species  on  our  Southern  Coast.  It  is  not  figured 
either  in  Reeve's  Iconia  or  the  Thesaurus,  but  Sowerby  figures 
it  in  his  "  Genera  of  Shells  "  in  error  for  P.  reticulata,  Lam.  It 
is  P.  gracilis,  Phil. 

P.  FICUS,  Linn.     PL  5,  fig.  29  ;   PL  6,  figs.  3(>,  37. 

Abbreviately  pyriform,  closely,  minutely,  spirally  flat-ribbed, 
longitudinal  sculpture  minute,  scarcely  visible;  whitish,  inter- 
ruptedly maculated  and  clouded  with  faint  chestnut,  interrupted 
by  several  faint  white  spiral  bands  upon  which  there  are  darker 
chestnut  maculations;  interior  brownish  or  purplish. 

Length,  3-4  inches. 

lied  Sea,  Indian  Ocean,  Singapore. 

Reeve  changed  the  name  to  laevigata,  because  Linnaeus  in- 
cluded P.  reticulata  in  his  original  description. 

Var.  PELLUCIDA,  Desh.     PL  6,  fig.  37. 

Orange-brown,  with  five  or  six  equidistant  spiral  series  of  small 
distant  chestnut  spots,  somewhat  regularly  arranged. 

P  DUSSUMTERI,  Valeric.     PL  5,  fig.  30. 

Narrowly  pyriform,  encircled  by  numerous  small  spiral  flat- 


OOCORYTHID^E.  267 

topped  ridges,  and  nearly  equal  interspaces,  the  latter  longitudi- 
nally striate  :  pule  fawn-color,  with  undulating,  longitudinal 
darker  streaks.  Length,  3-6  inches. 

China. 
P.  elongata,  Gray,  is  probably  a  synonym. 

P.  TESSELLATA,  Kobelt.     PI.  5,  fig.  31. 

Pyriform,  spire    subimmersed,   clathrate ;    whitish,  regularly 
distantly  spotted  with  chestnut  in  spiral  series. 

Length,  1-5-1-75  inches. 

Rosemary  Is.,  Australia. 

A  beautiful  species,  of  which  a  fine  series  is  before  me. 


FAMILY   OOCORYTHlDjE,  Fischer,  1884. 

Shell  bucciniform,  aperture  semioval,  lip  varicose  externally, 
columella  obliquely  truncate  at  base.  Opercnlum  corneous, 
paucispiral. 

Animal  with  broad  head  and  large,  sharp  tentacles,  no  eyes, 
siphon  short,  foot  short  and  wide,  obtuse  behind,  with  an  anterior 
marginal  excision,  branchiae  very  unequal.  Dentition  2*l*l'l*2, 
the  central  tooth  multicuspid.  the  laterals  multicuspid,  arcuated, 
the  marginals  simple  and  sharp  (PL  6,  fig.  39).  Appears  to  con- 
nect Dolium  with  the  Linatella  group  of  Triton. 

Genus  OOCORYS,  Fischer,  1884. 

Characters  those  of  the  family.  Benthodolium,  Yerrill  and 
Smith,  is  a  synonym. 

O.  SULCATA,  Fischer.     PI.  6,  figs.  42,  40,  41. 

Shell  ventricose,  thin,  spirally  closely  sculptured,  with  growth- 
lines  crossing  both  ribs  and  interspaces ;  epidermis  thin,  brownish- 
yellow,  not   hairy ;    color   white   and    translucent   beneath   the 
epidermis,  inner  lip  thinly  callous.     Length,  45  mill. 
Deep  Sea,  off  Southern  Coast  of  Neiv  England. 

Off  West  Africa  and  Azores,  from  1258  to  4000  metres. 
Benthodolium  abyssorum,  Verrill  and  Smith  (figs.  40,  41),  is  a 
synonym. 


268  CASSIDID^E. 


FAMILY  CASSIDID^. 

Shell  solid,  sttbglobular  or  triangular,  with  short  spire  ;  whorls 
sometimes  varicose ;  aperture  terminating  anteriorly  in  a  short, 
recurved  canal ;  columella  callous,  spread  out,  usually  plicate ; 
outer  lip-margin  thickened,  dentate  within. 

Operculum  corneous,  concentric,  elongated,  semilunar,  the 
nucleus  at  the  centre  of  the  inner  margin  (PL  1,  fig.  43). 

Animal  with  large  head,  eyes  at  the  exterior  base  of  the  ten- 
tacles, proboscis  cylindrical,  extensible,  mantle  and  foot  large. 
Dentition  (PL  1,  fig.  44\  The  Cassides  are  active  and  voracious, 
living  in  sandy  localities  and  preying  on  bivalve  mollusks.  The 
varices  of  the  shell  persist  in  its  interior. 

Synopsis  of  Genera. 
Genus  CASSIS  (Klein,  1753),  Lamarck,  1799. 

Shell  usually  rather  solid  and  thick,  with  the  last  whorl  very 
large,  often  varicose ;  aperture  longitudinal,  narrow ;  outer  lip 
with  a  thickened,  reflected  margin,  and  dentate  within ;  inner  lip 
rugosely  plicate.  On  the  use  of  species  of  Cass'S  in  cameo  cut- 
ting, see  Structural  and  Systematic  Conchology,  ii,  200.  About 
twenty-five  species  are  known,  inhabiting  warm  seas.  The  genus 
first  appeared  in  the  tertiary. 

Section  1.  CASSIS  (sensu  stricto  =  Goniogalea,  Morch,  1857). 

Spire  short,  mouth  narrow,  dentate,  lip  externally  margined, 
columella  plicate.  C.  Madagascar iensis,  Lam. 

Section  II.  LEVENIA,  Gray,  1847. 

Shell  oval,  subcylindrical,  spire  short,  conic  ;  aperture  narrow, 
contracted  in  the  middle,  columellar  lip  plicate  throughout,  outer 
lip  without  external  rib,  dentate,  inflected  above.  C.  coarctata, 
Gray. 

Section  III.  CYPR^CASSIS,  Stutchbnry,  1837. 

Shell  ovate,  spire  short ;  mouth  narrow,  subcanaliculate  behind, 
columella  plicate  its  entire  length  ;  varices  none  or  obsolete.  ?  No 
operculum.  C.  rufa,  Linn. 

Subgenus  SEMICASSTS  (Klein,  1753),  Morch,  1852. 
Spire  moderate,  sharp ;   shell  oval  with   revolving  sulci ;  lip 


CASSIDID^E.  269 

reflected,  plicate ;  coluinella  obliquely  plicate.  C.  saburon, 
Adanson. 

Caxsidea,  Swains.,  is  reiiTred  to  this  group. 

Section  1.  SEMICASSIS  (xcnxtt  stricto). 

Section  II.  BEZOARDICA.,  Schum..  1817. 

Shell  varicose,  angular  behind,  oval,  with  moderate  spire ; 
outer  lip  often  spinously  dentated  in  front.  C.  glauca,  Linn. 
Phalium,  Link,  is  another  name  for  this  section. 

Section  I  IT.     CASMARIA,  H.  and  A.  Adams,  1853. 

Shell  smooth  or  longitudinally  subplicate,  spire  moderate  ; 
inner  lip  smooth,  callous;  outer  lip  margined,  smooth  or  slightly 
crenulated  on  the  inner  edge.  C.  pyrum,  Lam. 

Genus  CASSIDARIA,  Lam.,  1812. 

Shell  nodulous,  not  varicose,  ovate  or  oval-oblong,  somewhat 
attenuated  in  front  to  a  moderate,  reflected,  subascending  canal; 
inner  lip  more  or  less  spread  over  the  body-whorl,  tuberculated 
or  plicate,  outer  lip  reflected,  ribbed,  plicate  within.  Operculum 
corneous,  the  apex  median  and  marginal,  outer  edge  sinuous. 

Animal  similar  to  Cassis. 

The  few  species  are  Mediterranean  and  West  Indian.  The 
genus  appeared  in  the  cretaceous  period,  and  reached  its  maxi- 
mum in  the  tertiary.  Murio,  Montfort,  1810;  Echiriora,  Schum., 
1817  ;  Galeodaria,  Conrad,  1865,  and  Galeodea,  Link,  1807,  are 
synonyms.  C.  echinophora,  Linn. 

Subgenus  SCONSIA,  Gray,  1847. 

Shell  oval-fusiform,  with  revolving  stride,  and  a  single  longi- 
tudinal varix  opposite  the  aperture;  aperture  long,  canal  short 
and  slightly  reflected ;  inner  lip  regularly  plicate ;  outer  lip 
rather  thick,  subreflected.  plicate  within.  Animal  and  operculum 
unknown.  A  single  recent,  and  some  cretaceous  and  tertiary 
species.  C.  striata,  Lam. 

Genus  ONISCIA,  Sowerby,  1824. 

Shell  cylindrical,  with  short,  conical  spire  and  canal  reflected 
at  the  base,  surface  tuberculated,  mouth  linear,  lip  reflected, 
thickened  and  plicate  within,  columella  plicate. 

These  little   shells   are   known    by  their   transversely  ribbed 


270  CASSIS. 

nodulous  whorls,  and  prominent,  recurved  siphonal  canal ;  when 
fresh  the  surface  is  covered  with  a  fine  velvety  epidermis. 
Morum,  Bolten,  1798 ;  Ersina,  Gray,  and  Lambidium,  Link,  are 
synonyms. 

The  few  species  occur  in  the  West  Indies,  Galapagos,  China, 
etc.  It  is  found  in  the  eocene  of  Europe  and  miocene  of  N. 
America. 

Section  I.  ONISCIA  (sensu  stricto).  0.  oniscus,  Linn.  Plesio- 
niscia,  Fischer,  1884,  should  be  considered  synonymous. 

Section  II.  ONISCIDIA,  Swainson,  1840.    *0.  cancellata,  Sowb. 

Genus  PACHYBATHRON,  Gaskoin,  1853. 

Shell  small,  subcylindrical,  longitudinally  striated  ;  spire  very 
short,  but  with  sharp  apex  ;  aperture  narrow,  very  long,  the  inner 
lip  spread  over  the  body-whorl  and  transversely  plicate,  the  outer 
lip  thickened  and  denticulated  within.  2  sp.  West  Indies.  P. 
marginelloideum,  Gask. 

Some  conchologists  place  this  group  in  the  family  Marginel- 
lidae  ;  the  dentition  is  unknown. 


Genus  CASSIS  (Klein,  1753),  Lamarck,  1799. 

Section  I.  CASSIS,  sensu  stricto. 
C.  CORNUTA,  Linn.     PL  2,  fig.  49  ;  PI.  1,  figs.  45,  46. 

Honey-combed  between  the  revolving  ridges,  with  three  spiral 
rows  of  distant  compressed  tubercles — those  of  the  shoulder  the 
most  prominent ;  yellowish  white,  more  or  less  tinged  with  yel- 
lowish brown,  varices  and  belts  sometimes  brown-spotted  ;  colu- 
mellar  and  lip  expansion  much  produced  and  rounded  behind, 
yellowish  cream-color,  orange-brown  within  the  aperture  and 
between  the  teeth,  which  are  whitish.  Length,  8-12  inches. 
Indian  Ocean,  Tranquebar,  Mauritius,  Japan, 

Philippines;  West  Indies. 

Conrad  distinguishes  the  West  Indian  specimens  under  the 
name  of  C-  labiata,  Chemn.,  as  being  more  oblong,  with  the  lip 
more  widely  expanded  posteriorly  into  a  flattened  plane;  the 
suite  of  specimens  before  me  does  not  confirm  this  distinction. 


CASSIS.  271 

Other  synonyms   tire  C.   Amboinensis,  Petiver,  and    Buccinum 

hr>' ri  rostrum,  Petiver. 

C.  CAMEO,  Stimpson.     PI.  2,  fig.  50. 

This  fine  species  has  the  same  ground-coloring  as  C.  cornuta, 
but  may  be  recognized  at  once  by  the  interstices  of  the  teeth  and 
ridges  on  the  lip  and  colnmella  being  deep  chocolate-brown. 
The  outer  suriace  is  irregularly  spirally  ridged  like  C.  cornuta, 
but  is  not  honey-combed.  Length,  7-10  inches. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  to  West  Indies. 

First  described  by  Lamarck  as  C.  Madagascariensis,  but  there 
is  no  evidence  that  it  inhabits  oriental  waters, 

C.  TUBEROSA,  Linn.     PI.  2,  fig.  51. 

Triangularly  ovate,  spirally  ridged,  and  very  closely  longitu- 
dinally minutely  plicate-striate,  with  three  rows  of  distant  spiral 
tubercles;  yellowish  brown,  thickly  marbled  and  spotted  with 
chestnut  and  chocolate  color,  enameled  face  of  columella,  and 
outer  lip  flesh-white,  the  former  chocolate  between  the  plicae, 
with  a  bright  chocolate  stain  in  the  centre,  the  latter  with  choco- 
late transverse  blotches.  Length,  6-8  inches. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.,  to  West  Indies,  Brazil. 

Said  to  have  been  collected  by  Cuming,  at  the  Philippine 
Islands,  and  I  have  a  specimen  before  me  stated  to  have  been 
obtained  in  Japan  ;  yet  these  eastern  localities  must  be  considered 
very  doubtful.  It  is  Bucc.  striatum,  Gronov. ;  C.  undulata, 
Humph.;  C.  rotiindata,Periy. 

C   FLAMMEA,  Linn.     PI.  1,  figs.  47,  48. 

Oblong-oval,  with  three  or  four  spiral  rows  of  distant,  large, 
obtuse  tubercles,  spire,  and  body-whorl,  usually  at  the  base  only, 
distinctly  rudely  longitudinally  ridged;  cream-colored,  clouded 
and  crescent-marked  with  chestnut  and  chocolate;  these  markings 
are  often  apparent  on  the  face,  which  is  stained  with  chocolate 
in  the  middle  and  between  the  ridges,  interstices  of  teeth  on  the 
outer  lip  also  chocolate-stained,  lip  sometimes  banded  across. 

Length,  4-6  inches. 

West  Indies. 

This  species  has  also,  like  some  of  its  predecessors  been 
ascribed  to  East  Indian  localities — probably  in  error. 


272  CASSIS. 

C.  SPINOSA,  Gronov.     PI.  4,  fig.  62. 

Shoulder  with  small,  short,  rather  close  spinous  tubercles, 
occasionally  slightly  indicated  in  two  or  three  rows  on  the  body- 
whorl,  which  else  is  smooth,  or  marked  by  rugose  growth-lines ; 
above  the  shoulder  are  one  or  two  necklace-like  rows  of  small 
tubercles,  appearing  on  the  spire-whorls  also ;  fleshy  or  orange- 
white,  with  obscure  whitish  bands,  bearing  lunate,  shaded  choco- 
late spots  ;  shell  rather  thin,  the  columellar  callus  transparent, 
showing  the  color-markings  beneath  it.  Length,  4-8  inches. 

West  Africa,  Australia. 

The  synonyms  are  C.  Rumphii,  G.  tessellata  and  G.  maculosa, 
of  Gmelin,  and  C.fasciata,  Brug. 

C.  FIMBRIATA,  Quoy.     PI.  3,  fig.  55. 

More  strongly  longitudinally  ridged  by  growth-lines  than  the 
preceding  species ;  it  has  the  same  shoulder-row  of  spines,  but 
has  none  above,  whilst  below,  on  the  body-whorl  are  two  rows  of 
rather  prominent  rude  tubercles  ;  flesh-white,  marbled  with  light 
chocolate,  with  several  distant  rows  of  interrupted  chocolate  or 
chestnut  lines  ;  the  latter  show  through  the  columellar  callus, 

and  the  outer  lip  is  chocolate-banded.     Length,  3-4*5  inches. 

Australia. 
C.  bicarinata,  Jonas,  is  a  synonym. 

Section  II.  LEVENTA,  Gray,  1847. 
C.  COARCTATA,  Gray.     PI.  2,  fig.  52. 

Shell  with  three  or  four  spiral  rows  of  obtuse  tubercles,  and 
intermediate  spiral  ridges,  which  are  sometimes  broken  up  into 
granules;  whitish,  thickly  marbled  and  spotted  with  chestnut; 
columellar  callus  thin  above,  showing  the  color-markings  beneath, 
below  stained  with  orange-brown,  as  is  also  the  toothed  lip-margin. 

Length,  2'5-3'5  inches. 

Galapagos  7s. ,  Panama. 

Distinguished  at  once  by  its  outer  lip,  without  external  varix 
or  expansion,  and  contracted  above. 

Section  III.  CYPR^ECASSIS,  Stutchbmy,  1837. 
C.  TENUIS,  Gray.     PI.  2,  fig.  53. 

Rather  thin,  whorls  nodulous  on  the  shoulder,  smooth,  or 
indistinctly  nodose  in  spiral  series  below,  spirally  regularly 


r 


CASSIS.  273 

grooved,  groove's  usually  in  pairs,  the  interstices  obsoletely 
longitudinally  ridged,  strongly  so  at  the  base;  whitish,  thickly 
clouded  and  streaked  with  orange-brown  or  chestnut,  often  with 
four  somewhat  obscure  bands  of  brown,  with  white  lunate  spots; 
columellar  callus  transparent  above,  orange-brown  below,  lip 
banded  across  with  orange-brown.  Length,  3-5  inches. 

Galapagos  Is. 

When  young,  this  species  has  a  lip  somewhat  approximating 
to  C.  coarctata;  when  adult  it  is  fully  reflected.  It  is  C.  Masseuse, 
Kiener. 

C.  TESTICULUS,  Linn.     PL  2,  fig.  54  ;  PI.  4,  fig.  63. 

Shell  strongly  longitudinally  ridged,  the  ridges  cut  by  regular 
spiral  grooves ;  flesh-color,  spotted  with  chocolate  upon  the 
interspaces  of  the  grooves ;  columella  plicate  its  whole  length, 
outer  lip  strongly  dentate,  both  yellowish  white,  the  iirst  shaded 
with  orange-brown  below,  the  latter  cross-banded  with  orange- 
brown,  external  lip-margin  marked  with  dark  chocolate. 

Length,  2-3  inches. 

West  Indies. 

C.  CHUMENA,  Brug.     PI.  3,  fig.  56. 

Spiral  snlcations  obsolete,  upper  part  of  body-whorl  with  one 
or  two  rows  of  low  tubercles. 

West  Africa,  Cape  Verd  Is.,  West  Indies. 
Is  probably  a  variety  only  of  C.  testiculus. 

C.  RUFA,  Linn;     PL  3,  figs.  57,  58. 

Shell  cowiy-shaped,  very  thick,  with  three  or  four  spiral  rows 
of  prominent  nodules,  and  incised  lines  between  them,  decus- 
sated by  longitudinal  ridges  ;  whitish  or  purplish  flesh-color, 
stained  and  marbled  with  orange-red  or  chocolate  ;  both  lips 
very  thick,  yellowish  or  salmon-colored,  orange-red  to  chocolate 
in  the  interstices  of  the  ridges.  Length,  5-7  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Mauritius,  Japan. 

It  is  fiuccw'im  pennatum  and  B.  ventricosum,  of  Gmelin;  B. 
,  of  l>orn  ;  the  first  and  last-named  for  the   juvenile  shell. 
19 


274  CASSIS. 

Subgenus  SEMICASSIS  (Klein,  1153),  Morch,  1852. 

Section  I.  TYPICAL. 
C.  SULCOSA,  Bruguiere.     PI.  4,  fig.  64-67  ;  PL  3,  figs.  59,  01. 

Whorls,  usually  without  varices,  but  often  with  rugose  or 
tuberculate  growth-lines,  especially  on  the  spire  and  upper  part 
of  body-whorl,  equidistantly  spirally  groved ;  yellowish  while, 
longitudinally  streaked  with  light  chestnut,  sometimes  the 
streaks  are  interrupted,  forming  spiral  bands  of  tessellations; 
columella  rugose  and  granulate,  outer  lip  plicate-dentate,  often 
enormously  thickened.  Length,  3-4  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  Portugal,  W.  Coast  of  Africa, 

West  Indies,  Brazil,  W.  Coast  N.  America 

from  Panama  to  Guaymas. 

A  somewhat  variable  species  as  to  form  and  sculpture,  giving 
rise  to  several  specific  names — some  of  which  I  have  retained  in 
n.  varietal  sense,  although  these  forms  grade  one  into  another. 
The  typical  sulcosa  has  a  somewhat  elevated  spire,  the  whorls 
well-rounded  above.  It,  as  well  as  the  varieties,  occurs  at  all  the 
localities  for  the  species.  It  is  C.  undulata  and  C.  gibba, 
Gmelin ;  C.  decussata,  Pennant ;  and  Brugnonia  pulohella, 
Jeffreys,  is  probably  the  fry.  Possibly  Buccinum  inalum,  B. 
cepa  and  B.  globulus,  Bolten,  are  also  synonyms. 

Var.  INFLATA,  Shaw.     PI.  4,  fig.  65. 

Somewhat  thinner  and  more  inflated  than  the  t}^pe,  often 
singly  varicose,  the  lip  not  so  much  thickened,  coloring  more 
generally  in  tessellations,  frequently  one-varicose. 

This  variety  is  the  usual  form  of  the  West  Indies,  although  it 
occasionally  occurs  in  Mediterranean  specimens.  It  is  C.  gran- 
ulosa,  Brug. ;  C.  tessellata,  Pfr. ;  C.  trifasciata,  Gmelin  ;  C.  Isem- 
gata,  Menke ;  C.  cicatricosa,  Gronov. ;  C.  granulata,  Born  ;  C. 
ventricosa,  Mart. 

Var.  ABBREVIATA,  Lam.  PI.  3,  figs.  61,  59;  PI.  4,  figs.  66,  67  ; 
PI.  5,  fig.  71. 

Spire  shorter,  the  upper  part  of  the  whorls  nodulous  and 
somewhat  angular. 

This  variety  is  very  characteristic  of  specimens  from  the  West 
Coast  of  North  America,  but  it  also  occurs  in  the  West  Indies 


CASSIS.  27f> 

and  Europe.  It  is  G.  granulosa,  var.,  and  G.  lactea  (fig.  59), 
Kiener;  G.  injlata,  var.  /9,  of  Reeve;  G.  minuta,  Menke  ;  C. 
biline.ata,  Gmelin,  and  G.  <-c))(i<//iadrata,  Yal. 

G.  recurvirostrum,  Wood  (figs.  66,  67),  said  to  conic  from 
Australia,  varies  between  this  variety  and  var.  inflata. 

Var.  LEVILABIATA,  Gregorio.     Unfigured.     Mediterranean. 

C.  SEMIGRANOSA,  Wood.       PI.  3,  fig.  60. 

Upper  portion  of  whorls  granose,  lower  part  obsoletely  spi- 
rally grooved,  outer  lip  smooth  within,  columella  obliquely 
plicate  below  ;  whitish  or  ilesh-color,  often  stained  with  fulvous 
rust-color.  Length,  2  inches. 

So.  Australia,  Tasmania. 

C.  CANALICULATA,  Bruguiere.     PI.  5,  figs.  72,  73. 

Suture  broadly,  deeply  channeled,  whorls  without  varices, 
spirally  engraved,  columella  plicately  ridged  below,  lip  toothed 
within  ;  whitish  or  flesh-colored,  with  four  rows  of  light  chest- 
nut tessellations,  often  obsolete.  Length,  1-5-2  inches. 

Ceylon,  Philippines. 
C.  SABURON,  Adanson.     PI.  5,  figs.  74-78. 

Shell  with  pretty  close,  engraved  spiral  grooves,  lip  irregu- 
larly dentate  within  ;  columella  rugosely  ridged  below ;  flesh  or 
brownish  white,  with  four  or  five  spiral  rows  of  square  chestnut 
spots,  sometimes  obsolete.  Length,  2  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  Atlantic  Coast  of  Spain  to  Senegal. 

It  is  C.  pomum,  Wagner;  G.  nucleus,  K  lister ;  C.  reticulata, 
Bellardi  ;  C.  striatella  and  C.  incrassala,  Grateloup ;  C.  texta, 
Bronn.  ;  and  C.  tlilurri,  G.  injtnlu  and  G.  sfriata,  Serres. 

Var.  PI  LA,  Reeve.     PI.  5,  fig.  7.r>. 

Appears  to  differ  only  in  being  thinner,  and  usually  smaller. 

China,  Philippines,  Australia. 
Var.  J.vi'ONicA,  Reeve.     PI.  5,  tigs.  76,  77. 

Very  like  the  type,  but  usually  varicose,  the  interstices  of  the 
grooves,  especially  on  the  spire  and  upper  part  of  the  body- 
whorl  somewhat  granular.  Length,  2-2-5  inches. 

Japan. 

C.  Pfeifferi,  Hidalgo  (fig.  77),  is  a  not  unusual  form  of  this 
variety,  with  somewhat  depressed  spire  and  deep  suture. 


276  CASSIS. 

Yar.  BISULCATA,  Schub.  et  Wagn.     PI.  5,  fig.  78. 

Thin  and  swollen  like  var.  pila,  with  the  granular  spire  of  var. 
Japonica,  the  shoulder  of  the  body-whorl  with  a  couple  of  strong, 
shallow  grooves. 

Philippines. 

Section  II.  BEZOARDICA,  Schum.,  1817. 
C.  GLAUCA,  Linn.     PI.  6,  figs.  79,  80. 

Whorls  sraoothish,  malleated,  angulated  above,  the  angle  de- 
fined by  a  row  of  short  spines,  upper  whorls  decussated,  last 
whorl  one-varicose;  columella  plicately  wrinkled  below;  outer 
lip  toothed  within,  four-spined  at  the  base ;  livid  glaucous, 
sometimes  indistinctly  banded,  lips  cream-color  to  orange-brown, 
interior  light  chestnut-color.  Length,  3-4  inches. 

Singapore,  Philippines. 

This  was  re-named  by  Schumacher  Bezoardica  vulgaris. 

C.  CORONULATA,  Sowerby.     PL  6,  fig.  81. 

Smooth,  not  malleated,  spinous  processes  of  the  base  of  the 
lip  only  faintly  indicated;  color  yellowish  flesh,  irregularly, 
undulately  banded  longitudinally,  and  regularly  so  spirally  with 
light  chestnut,  the  intersections  of  the  bands  forming  darker- 
colored  tessellations.  Length,  2'5-3'5  inches. 

Japan,  Philippines,  Australia. 

Is  possibly  a  well-marked  variety  only  of  the  last  species. 

C.  EXARATA,  Reeve.     PL  6,  figs.  82,  83. 

Whorls  one -varicose,  smooth,  regularly  spirally  grooved, 
slantingty  shouldered,  shoulder  and  spire  nodulous;  whitish, 
with  five  rows  of  square  chestnut  spots.  Length,  3  inches. 

Isl.  Bourbon  (Deshayes). 
C.  AREOLA,  Linn.     PL  G,  fig.  84. 

Whorls  one-varicose,  obtusely  concavely  shouldered,  smooth, 
shining,  spire  decussated,  body-whorl  with  incised  lines  towards 
the  base  ;  lip  toothed  within,  columella  rugosely  plicate  below  ; 
whitish  or  purplish  flesh-color,  five-banded  with  large  square- 
lunate  chestnut  or  chocolate  spots.  Length,  2'5-3'5  inches. 

Indian  Ocean,  Philippines,  N.  S.  Wales. 
C.  STRTGATA,  Gmelin.     PL  7,  fig.  85. 

Whorls  encircled  throughout,  or  only  at  the  base  by  engraved 
lines,  one-varicose,  striated  and  decussated  on  the  spire  and 


CASSIS.  277 

shoulder  of  the  body-whorl ;  yellowish  white,  with  longitudinal 
streaks  of  chestnut.     Length,  3-3'5  inches. 

Moluccas,  China,  Japan,  Philippines. 

The  synonyms  are  C.  zebra,  Lam. ;  G.  undata,  Desh. ;  C.  areola, 
v;i  r.,  Brug. ;  C.  rugosa,  Gmelin. 

C.  PLICATA,  Linn.     PI.  7,  fig.  86. 

Spire  and  shoulder  of  body-whorl  decussated,  rest  of  body- 
whorl  longitudinally  plicate,  encircled  by  engraved  lines,  usually 
obsolete  except  towards  the  base,  one-varicose ;  whitish,  longi- 
tudinally undulately  strigate  with  pale  chestnut,  the  varices  with 
chestnut  macnlations  ;  interior  chestnut-brown. 

Length,  2'5-3  inches. 

Moluccas. 

It  is  G.  plicaria,  Lam.;  C.fimbria,  G-mel. 

C.  DKCUSSATA,  Lam.     PI.  7,  figs.  87,  88. 

Decussated  throughout  by  elevated  longitudinal  strife,  and 
engraved  spiral  lines,  one  varicose,  the  varices  spinous  on  the 
shoulder;  yellowish  flesh-color,  with  longitudinal  streaks  or 
quadrate  spots  of  chestnut.  Length,  2  inches. 

Habitat  ? 

Tnite.s  the  coloring  of  C.  areola  and  C.  strigata  with  the  form 
of  C.plicata;  varies  from  either  in  the  sculpture,  and  spinous 
varices,  from  the  two  former  in  form. 

Section  III.  CASMARIA,  II.  and  A.  Adams,  1853. 

C.  YIBEX,  Linn.     PL  7,  figs   89-91. 

Shell  smooth,  without  varices,  lip  four-spined  at  the  base ; 
fleshy  ash-color,  obscurely  banded,  and  painted  longitudinally 
with  light  chestnut  flames  continued  from  darker  sutural  mark- 
ings; lip  tessellated  with  chocolate  externally;  sometimes  the 
body-whorl  is  encircled  by  indistinct  series  of  short  chocolate 
lines;  interior  orange-brown.  Length,  2-3  inches. 

Mauritius,  Philippines,  Society  Islands,  Paumotus. 

Var.  ERINACEA,  Linn.     PL  7,  fig.  90. 

Shell  thicker,  smaller, with  a  tuberculate  shoulder  and  plications 
descending  below  them. 

The  synonyms  include  Buc.  nodulosum,  Gmel.,  and  B.  bianna- 
turn,  Dillw. 


278  CASSIS. 

Var.  KALOSMODIX,  Melvill.     PI.  7,  fig.  91. 

Smooth  as  in  typical  vibex,  but  without  the  spines  :it  the  base 
of  the  outer  lip.  The  shell  is  obscurely  three-banded,  with 
numerous  longitudinal  chestnut  stripes,  which  become  darker  in 
crossing  the  bands,  and  arise  from  darker  sutural  flames ;  lip 
externally  tessellated  with  brown.  Length,  3'75  inches. 

C.  TORQUATA,  Reeve.     PL  7,  figs.  92,  93. 

Smaller  and  wider  than  G.  vibex,  the  volutions  less  oblique, 
smooth,  without  varices  ;  lip  sparsely  spinose  throughout ;  flesh- 
color,  with  a  row  of  square  chestnut  spots  at  the  suture  and- 
another  near  the  base,  back  of  lip  tessellated  with  chestnut. 

Length,  1-35-1-75  inches. 

Port  Jackson,  Australia. 

This  is  perhaps  only  an  extreme  variety  of  0.  vibex  ;  like  that 
species,  it  lias  a  spi nose-shouldered  variety. 

C.  ACHATINA,  Lam.     PI.  8,  figs.  94-98  ;  PI.  9,  fig.  7. 

Smooth,  without  vjiric-es ;  flesh-colored,  longitudinally  flamed 
with  dark  chestnut,  often  with  narrow  spiral  bands  of  chestnut 
and  white  articulations  ;  lip  dentated  throughout,  or  only  below, 
externally  banded  with  chocolate.     Length,  2'5  inches. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  (Cuming)  ;  Mauritius; 

Australia,  N.  Zealand,  Philippines. 

C.  turgida,  Reeve  (fig.  95),  is  a  slight  variety  having  a  lighter 
shell,  and  which  has  not  the  articulations  sometimes  found  on 
the  type. 

Var.  PYRUM,  Lam.     PJ.  8,  figs.  96-98  ;  PI.  9,  fig.  7. 

Smooth,  often  thick,  with  a  superior  line  of  more  or  less  promi- 
nent nodules  ;  these,  when  well  developed,  sometimes  define  a 
regular  shoulder,  and  in  such  cases  there  are  often  inferior  lines 
of  less  developed  nodules;  coloring  much  as  in  the  type,  the 
revolving  bands  of  maculations  usually  more  prominent,  the 
longitudinal  streaks  less  so. 

Australia,  Mauritius,  Natal,  Cape  Verd  Is.  (Dunker). 

This  holds  the  same  relationship  to  C.  achatina  that  the  var. 
erinacea  does  to  the  typical  vibex. 

The  synonyms  are  C.  paucirugis,  Menke  (fig.  7);  C.zelanica, 
Lam.;  C.  striata,  Hutton,  and  C.  nivea,  Brazier  (fig.  98),  a  white 
variety. 


CASSIKAIMA.  279 

C.  SOPHIA,  Brazier.      I'l.  8,  lig.  99. 

Globosely  inflated,  rather  solid,  tabulately  sliouldered,  spi- 
rally engraved,  more  distinctly  so  at  the  base ;  white,  with 
several  rows  of  distant,  large  chestnut  blotches. 

Length,  2'75  inches. 

N.  S.  Wales,  Australia. 
C.  GLABRATA,  Duiikcr.     1*1.  9,  fig.  8. 

Rather  thin,  without  varices,  smooth ;  white,  with  rare  light 
chestnut  flames  at  the  suture.  Length,  2*75  inches. 

Zanzibar. 

Appears  to  be  sufficiently  distinguished  by  its  narrow  form, 
elevated  spire,  coloring,  and  especially  the  absence  of  brown 
maculations  on  the  lip  varix. 


Un figured  Species  of  Cassis. 

C.  DOLIATA,  Yal.  W.  Coast  Central  America. 

C.  CORRUGATA,  Swauison.  Galapagos  Is. 

C.  NANA,  Tenison-Woods.  Australia. 

C.  THOMSONI,  Brazier.  N.  S.  Wales. 

C.  UMBIUCATA,  Pease.  Sandwich  Islands. 

(1.  YKXiLLUM,  Kiener.  =  Vexilla  (Purpurae). 

C.  GLOBULUS,  Menke.  =  Desmoulea. 

C.  SCROBICULATA,  C.  TENUiLABRis,  C.  MURiCATA,  Menke.        Java. 

Genus  CASSIDARIA,  Lam.,  1812. 
C.  ECIIINOPIIORA,  Linn.     PL  9,  figs.  9-11. 

Globosely  ovate,  with  five  or  six  spiral  tuberculated  ribs  on 
the  body-whorl,  and  two  or  three  smaller  spiral  ridges  between 
each  rib  ;  light  fulvous  white,  more  or  less  stained  with  rusty 
bi-own  ;  lip  dentate  within,  and  with  the  columellar  callus  white, 
interior  of  aperture  rusty  brown.  Length,  2'5-4*25  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Varieties  occur  with  two  to  four  rows  of  tubercles,  thus  con- 
necting it  more  closely  with  C.  Tyrrhenes,  which  has  no 
tubercles — or,  at  most,  a  single  superior  row — and  in  which  the 
revolving  riblcts  are  sulu'qual,  numerous  and  cord-like. 

It  is  Buccwum  ru<jo*uin,  Linn,  a  variety  with  a  single  nodose 
band;  (7.  <l<'prc**a,  Phil.  (fig.  10),  a  variety  with  the  prominent 
ribs  not  tuberculate  ;  C.  tuberculosa,  Schum.;  C.  Tyrrhena,  Sowb. 


280  CASS1DA11IA. 

Gcncrti ;  B.  nodosum,  Dillw.;  B.  strigos-unij  Gmi'lin  ;  Pi/ruld  pru- 
vincialis,  Martin  (fig.  11),  is  an  abnormal  form.  The  opcrciilum 
differs  from  that  of  Cassis  in  not  having  radiating  ridges. 

C.  CORONADOI,  Crosse.     PL  <),  figs.  12,  13. 

Globose  oval,  rather  thin,  with  rather  close  spiral  riblets,  two 
or  three  of  which  are  a  little  more  prominent  than  the  others, 
and  distantly  tuberculate  ;  yellowish  brown,  lip,  columellar  callus 
and  interior  whitish.  Length,  4  inches. 

Matanzas,  Cuba. 

A  single  specimen  only  is  known.  Mr.  Crosse  has  described 
it  as  a  Cassis,  although  recognizing  its  resemblance  to  C.  echi- 
nophora. 

C.  DESHAYESII,  Duval.     PL  9,  fig.  6. 

Ovate  ventricose,  strongly  shouldered,  longitudinally  plicate, 
spirally  sulcate,  tuberculate  on  the  shoulder  ;  violaceous  brown, 
with  chestnut  lines  and  spots  ;  spire  acute,  mucronate  ;  aperture 
white,  lip  dentate  within,  columella  rugose  above  and  below. 

Length,  32  mill. 

W.  Coast  of  Africa. 

The  unfigured  C.  acuta,  Gray,  may  be  the  same  species. 

C.  TYRRHENA,  Lam.     PL  10,  fig.  14. 

Pear-shaped,  thin,  regularly  corded  with  ridges  with  nearly 
equal  interstices,  sometimes  an  obscure  shoulder  is  defined  by  a 
tuberculated  ridge,  yellowish  brown  ;  lip  obsoletely  plicate,  and 
with  the  columellar  callus,  white.  Length,  3-5'5  inches. 

Mediterranean  Sea,,  Atlantic  Coast  of  France  and  Spain. 

Is  supposed  by  some  conchologists  to  be  a  variety  only  of 
C.  echinophora.  It  is  Buccinum  ochroleucum,  Gmel. 

Subgemw*  SCONSIA,  Gray,  1847. 

C.  STRIATA,  Lam.     PL  10,  figs.  15,  16. 

Closely  spirally  thread-striate,  decussated  into  nodules  above 
and  on  the  spire  by  rugose  growth-lines,  lip  and  columella  both 
strongly  plicate  throughout ;  whitish  or  brownish,  showing  a 
few  light  chestnut  quadrangular  spots  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
columellar  callus.  Length,  2-2'5  inches.  West  Indies, 

C.  Isevigata,  Sowb.,  and  C.  subl&uigata,  Guppy,  are  fossil 
representatives  of  this  shell. 


oN'IsriA.  281 

G'.  (Ird'ji.  A.  Ad.  (fig.  1(5).  is  said  to  be  thinner  and  more 
vent  ricose,  more  finely  grooved,  the  spire  less  acute,  outer  lip 
not  so  much  thickened  and  inflexed,  and  plicate,  not  eremite 
internally.  I  suspect  that  it  is  a  synonym  ;  and  probably  the 
next  species  is  at  most  only  a  variet}7. 

C.  BAIUJUDKNSIS,  Higgins  and  Marrat.     PI.  10,  fig.  17. 

Ovate,  light  yellowish  brown,  with  longitudinal  light  chestnut 
flames;  indistinctly  spirally  striate,  decussated  towards  the  lip 
and  varix.  Differs  from  G.  striata  in  the  plications  of  the  inner 
lip  being  confined  to  the  anterior  portion,  in  the  striations,  which 
are  not  crenulated  above,  and  in  its  flamed  color  pattern. 

Length,  2  75  inches. 

Isl  of  Barbuda,  W.  I. 

A  single  empt3T  shell  dredged  in  fifteen  fathoms.  Possibly 
only  a  variety  of  G.  striata. 

Genus  ONISCIA,  Sowb.,  1824. 
Section  1.    ONISCIA,  *>r/w  strirlo. 

O.  ONISCUS,  Linn.     PI.  10,  figs.  18,  19. 

With  three  spiral,  tuberculated  ribs,  and  a  number  of  spiral 
raised  lines  between  them,  the  ribs  cut  by  revolving  impressed 
lines;  columellar  callus  minutely  tuberculate,  outer  lip  denticu- 
lated within  ;  whitish,  dotted  and  spotted  with  chestnut  or  choco- 
late, the  dots  sometimes  approaching  blue-black,  lip  white. 

Length,  1-1  '2o  inches. 

West  Indies. 

0.  triseriata,  and  perhaps  0.  quadriseriata,  Menke,  are  syno- 
nyms. 

Yar.  LAMARCKI,  Desh.     PL  10,  fig.  19. 

Columellar  callus  rose-pink,  the  grannies  upon  it  white,  outer 
lip  often  peppered  with  chestnut  spots. 

It  is  Cyprs&a  conoidea  of  Scopoli. 

O.  TUBEBCULOSA,  Sowb.     PL  4,  figs.  68,  69. 

Whorls  encircled  by  five  rows  of  large  blunt  tubercles  and 
numerous  intermediate  ridges;  columellar  lip  finely  granulated, 
outer  lip  somewhat  contracted  in  the  middle,  dentate  within ; 


282  ONTSCIA. 

t 

marbled  and  reticulated  with  chestnut  or  chocolate  and  white, 
interior  white  or  sometimes  bright  saffron-colored. 

Length,  1-25-1-5  inches. 

Galapagos  Js.,  Mazatlan,  La  Paz,  L.  C. 

0.  xanthostoma,  A.  Ad.,  is  a  synonym,  being  the  variety  with 
yellow  aperture. 

0.  STROMBIFORMIS,  Reeve.     PI.  4,  fig.  70. 

Spire  elevated,  pointed,  whorls  angulated  above,  encircled  by 
numerous  narrow  nodulous  ridges ;  columellar  lip  minutely 
granulated,  outer  lip  ridged  within,  with  a  short  interrupted  rib 
in  the  interstices  ;  white,  dotted  and  spotted  with  chestnut,  lips 
white.  Length,  22  mill. 

West  Indies. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species. 

Section  II.  ONISCIDIA,  Swainson,  1840. 
O.  DENNISONI,  Reeve.     PI.  10,  fig.  20. 

Whorls  angulated  above,  longitudinally  compressly  plicated, 
crossed  and  cut  into  short  spines  by  numerous  revolving  riblets; 
columellar  lip  minutely  granulated,  outer  lip  irregularly  denticu- 
lately ridged  ;  whitish,  obscurely  three-  or  four-banded  with 
chestnut,  lips  orange-red,  with  the  granules  and  plications 
whitish.  Length,  2  inches. 

Guadeloupe,  W.  I.  (Beau). 

I  find  no  other  authority  for  the  habitat  of  this  very  beautiful 
species. 

O.  CANCELLATA,  Sowb.       PI.  10,  fig.  21. 

Whorls  rounded  above,  longitudinally  narrowly  plicated, 
decussated  by  regular  equidistant  revolving  riblets,  the  inter- 
stices spinose  ;  whitish  or  brownish  white,  three-banded  with 
light  chestnut,  aperture  white.  Length,  1-5-2-5  inches. 

China. 
0.  EXQUISITA,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     PL  8,  fig.  100. 

Whorls  shouldered,  encircled  by  rows  of  papillary  tubercles, 
with  intervening  ridges;  whitish,  sparingly  dotted,  and  behind 
the  lip  three-spotted  with  orange-brown,  lips  pink,  the  granules 
and  plications  white.  Length,  1*5  inches. 

Sooloo  Sea;  Australia. 

0.  ponder  osa,  Hanley  (PI.  10,  fig.  22),  is  a  synonym. 


283 

of  Otiiscia. 

().  (iiiAXDis,  A.  Ad.  (perhaps  =  exquisita).  China  Sea. 

().  (MTU  AHA,  Watson.  Ke  Inlands,  W.  of  Papua. 

O.  LAMAHCKII,  Lesson.  Australia. 

Genus  PACHYBATHRON,  Gaskoin,  1853. 
P.  CASSIDI FORME,  Gaskoin.     PI.  8,  figs.  1-3. 

White,  with  three  ash-colored  bands,  longitudinally  plicately 
striate,  whorls  ridged  around  the  suture.  Length,  G  mill. 

7s.  of  St.  Vincent,  Bonaire,  Cura^oa,  West  Indies. 

P.  MAIKJINELLOIDEUM,  Gaskoin.     PL  8,  figs.  4,  5. 

Yellowish  white,  with  three  or  four  spiral  rows  of  chestnut- 
colored  sagittate  markings  ;  whorls  smooth  at  the  suture,  chest- 
nut margined.  Length,  5  mill. 

West  Indies. 

In  Chen  u 's  "Manuel"  the  names  of  the  species  illustrated 
have  been  transposed. 


I1SDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 


PEDICULARIID^E,  OVULID^E,  DOLIID^E,  CASSIDIDJ]. 


PAGE. 

Abbreviata  (Cassis),  Lam.     An.  s.  Yert.,  x,  p.  30. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Born.,  var.    .......  274 

Abyssorum    (Benthodolium),  Verrill   and    Smith.      Trans. 

Conn.  Acad.,  vi,  177,  1884.  =  Oocorys  sulcata,  Fischer,  267 
Achatina  (Cassis),  Lam.  An.  s.  Yert.,  x,  p.  33,  .  .  .  278 
Acicularis  (Ovula),  Lam.  An.  du  Mus.,  xvi,  p.  102,  .  .  253 
Acnminata  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Yoy.  Sam.,  p.  21,  pi. 

6,  f.  1,  1850, .         .         .254 

Acuta  (Cassidaria),  Gray.  Zool.  Beechey's  Yoy.,  p.  121,  .  280 
Adamsi  (Ovula),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  24,  1865,  .  .  .249 
Adamsii  (Yolva),  Dunk.  Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  p.  75,  1877. 

=  C.  Philippinarum,  Sowb.        .         .         .         .         .         .252 

Adriatica  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Thes.,  ii,  p.  470,  pi.  99,  f.  13-14. 

=  .0.  patula,  Pennant,         .......  246 

yEqualis  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  174. 

=  0.  variabilis,  C.  B.  Ad 255 

Alabaster  (Ovula),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  23,  1865. 

=  O.  punctata,  Duclos,      .......  249 

Alba  (Cassis),  Perry.  Conch.,  t.  33,  f.  2.  =  C.  flammea,  Linn. 
Alba  (Ovula),  Schum.     Nouv.  Syst.,  p.  258,  1817. 

=  0.  ovum,  Linn 246 

Albida  (Pedicularia),  Ball.     Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  ix,  39, 

1881, 242 

Album  (Dolium),  Conrad.  Proc.  A.  N.  S.  Phila.,  1854,  p.  31,  265 
Album  (Ovulum),  Dufo.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  1840,  p.  186,  .  256 
Amboinensis  (Cassis),  Petiv.  Gaz.,  t.  151,  f.  14. 

=  C.  cornuta,  Linn.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .271 

Amphiperas,  Gronov.     Zooph.,  293,  1781.     =  Ovula,  Brug. 
Amphora  (Dolium),  Phil.     Abb.,  iii,  p.  12,    .         .         .         .265 

Ampullaceum  (Dolium),  Phil.    Zeit.  Mai,, 1845, 147  ;  Abbild., 

iii,  t.  2,  1849.  =  D.  costatum,  Menke,  .  .  .  .264 
Angasi  (Ovula),  A.  Ad.,  MS.  Reeve,  Conch.  Ic.,  No.  43, 

1865.     =  O.  Philippinarum,  Sowb 252 

(284) 


INDEX   AND   SYNONYM*.  285 

PAGE. 

Ano-nlosa  (Ovula),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  vii,  361. 

=  0.  tortilis,  Mart 246 

Antillarum  (Dolium),  Morch.     Mai.  Blatt..  xxiv,  p.  41. 

=  D.  galea,  Linn .         .         .261 

Antillarum  (Ovula),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  64,  1865. 

=  O.  nniplicata,  Sowb.       .......  255 

Aperta  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Thes.,  ii,  p.  418, pi.  101,  f.  106,107. 

=  O.  birostris,  Linn 253 

Arcuata  (Ovula),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  58,  1865. 

=  0.  uniplicata,  Sowb.       .......  255 

Areola  (Cassidea),  var.,  Brug.  =  Cassis  strigata,  Gmel.  .  277 
Aivola  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1199,  .  .  276 
Areolata  (Bezoardica),  Schum.  Nouv.  Syst.,  p.  248,  1817. 

=  Cassis  areola,  Linn. 

Atomaria  (Crithe),  Gould.  Bost.  Proc.,  vii,  385,  1860,  .  255 
Australe  (Dolium),  Morch.  Cat.  Yoldi. 

=  D.  Chinense,  Dillw 262 

A  vena  (0  vnla),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,1832,p.  173;  Conch. 

111.,  p.  17,    .  .  255 

Bairdii   (Polium\  Verrill  and  Smith.     Am.  Jour.  Sc.,   .-id 

ser.,  xxii,  p.  299,  1881  ;  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  v,  515  ;  Proc. 

Nat.  Mus.,  329,  1882, 265 

Barbu<.U»nsis  (Cassidaria),  Higgins  and  Marrat.     Liv.  Mus., 

Rep.  i,   pi.  1,   f .  1  ;    Proc.    Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  Liverpool, 

xxxi,  411, 281 

Benthoclolium,  Yerrill.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  vi,  177,  1884. 

=  Oocorys,  Fischer, 267 

Bezoardica,  Schum.  Essai  Nouv.  Gen.,  248,  1817,  .  269,  276 
Biarmatum  (Buccinum),  Dill.  Cat.,  t.  2.  p.  599. 

=  Cassis  vibex,  L.,  var.  erinacea,       .....  277 
Bicarinata  (Cassis).  Jonas.     Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  1839,  i,  p.  343, 

t.  10,  f.  2.     =  C.  fimbriata,  Quoy, 272 

Bilineatum  (Buccinum),  Gmel.     P.  3476,  No.  23. 

=  Cassis  sulcosa,  Brug.,  var.      ......  275 

Bimaculata  (Ovula),  A.  Ad.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1854,  131,    .  248 
Binovoluta,  Schliit,     Verz.,  24,  1838.     =  Cyphoma,  Bolt. 
Birostra,  Swainson.     Malacol.,  325.  1840.     =  Radius,  Montf. 
Birostris  (Ovula),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1182,  1767,      .         .  253 
Bisulcata  (Cassis),  Schub.  and  Wagner.     Forts.,  xtii,  t.  22:5, 

f.  3081,3082.     =  C.  saburon,  Adans,  var.          .'       .         .276 
Borbonica  (Ovula),  Desh.     Moll.  Reunion,  p.  136,  pi.  13,  f. 

18-20,  1863,  .254 

Brcvirostris  (Ovula),  Sclmni.     Nouv.  Syst.,  p.  2f>9,  1817. 

=  O.  birostris,  Linn.  .......  253 


286  INDEX   AND  SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Brevirostrum  (Buccinum),  Petiv.     Gaz.,  t.  151,  f.  9. 

=  Cassis  cornuta,  Linn.     .         .         .         .         .         .         .271 

Brevis  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Thes.,  ii,  p.  169,  pi.  101,  f.  70,  71,  .  248 
Brevis  (Ovula),  Reeve.  Icon  ,  sp.  5  (not  of  Sowb.),  1862. 

=  0.  marginata,  Sowb. 
Brugnonia,'  Jeffreys.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  xi,  399,  xii,  67, 

1883.     ?=  Cassis,  fry. 
Bulla  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Yoy.  Sam.,  p.  21,  pi.  6,  f.  5, 

1850.     =  O.  margarita,  Sowb 248 

Bullata  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Sam.,  p.  23,  pi.  6, 

f.  13,  1850,    ' 250 

Bullata  (Ovula),  Gould.     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.,  vii,  p.  385,          .  256 

Cadium,  Link.  Rost.  Samml.,  iii,  113, 1807.  =  Malea,Val.  258 
Caledonica  (Ovula),  H.  Crosse.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1871,  p. 

206;  1872,  p.  62.     =  0.  pudica,  A.  Ad 247 

Californica  (Ovula),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  50,  1865. 

=  0.  variabilis,  Ad.  .         .         . 255 

Californica  (Pedicularia),  Newcomb.     Calif.  Proc.,  iii,  121, 

1864;  iv,  322,  t.  1,  f.  9,       .  .  .  242 

Galpurna,  Fleming.     Brit  An.,  331,  1828.    =  Simnia,Risso. 
?  Calpurnus,  Montfort.     Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  638,  1810,     .  245,  256 
Cameo  (Cassis),  Stimps.     Sillim.,  Am.  Journ.,  1860,  p.  443,  271 
Canadiensis  (Amphiperas),  Morch.      Weink.,  Jahrb.   Mai. 

Gesell.,  178,  1882.     =  Ovula  uniplicati,  Sowb.          .         .  255 
Canaliculata  (Bulla),  Linn.    Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x  ;  Hanley,  Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.,  489,  1859.  =  Dolium  olearium,  Brug.  .  .  263 
Canaliculata  (Cassis),  Brug.  Diet.  No.  7,  .  .  .  .  275 
Cancellata  (Oniscia),  Sowb.  Genera  of  Shells,  .  .  270,  282 
Carinea,  Swains.  Malacol.,  326, 1840.  =  C3'phoma,Bolten. 
Carnea  (Ovula),  Poiret.  Voy.  en  Barb.,  ii,  p.  21,  1789,  .  248 
Carolinensis  (Ovula),  Morch.  Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  54,  1877. 

=  0.  uniplicata,  Sowb. 255 

Carpenteri  (Yolva),  Dkr.     Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  75,  1877. 

=  0.  Philippinaru-m,  Sowb.        ......  252 

Casmaria,  H.  and  A.  Adams.  Genera,  i,  216,  1853,  .  269,  277 
Cassidaria,  Lain.  Extr.  d'un  Cours,  1812,  .  .  268,  269,  279 
Cassidea  (Pars),  Bruguiere.  Encyc.  Meth.,  1,  414,  1789. 

=  Cassis,  Lam. 
Cassidea,  Link.     Rost.  Samml.,  iii,  111,  1807. 

=  Cypraecassis,  Stutchb. 
Cassidea,  Swainson.     Malacol.,  66,  299,  1840. 

=  Semicassis,  Mo'rdi,          ...  ...  209 

Cassidiforme    (Pachybathron),  Gask.      Ann.   Mag.   N.   IT., 

1S53,  p.  2,  t.  12,  f.  1-3, 283 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  287 

PAGE. 

Cassidiformis  (Pacbybathron),  Chenu.     Manuel,  f.  1142. 

==  P.  Margin  elloideum,  Gask. 
Cassis  (Dolium),  Bolten.     Morch,  Cat.  Yoldi,  p.  111. 

:  D.  fimbriatum,  Sowb 204 

Cassis  (Klein,  1753),  Lamarck.  Prodr.,  1799,  .  .208,270 
Centiquadrata  (Cassis),  Valen.  Voy.  Humb.  and  Bonp.,  p. 

183,  No.    320.       =  C.  sulcosa,  var.  abbreviata,  Lam.          .  275 
(Ypa  (Bucciuum),  Bolt.     Mus.,  No.  372. 

=  Cassis  sulcosa,  Brag.     .......  274 

Cepa  (Dolium),  Martini.     Conch.  Cat.,  iii,  p.  401,  pi.  117,  f. 

1076  and  1077.     =  D.  olearium,  Brug. 
Chinense  (Dolium),  Dillvv.     Cat.,  p.  585. 

=  D.  variegatum,  Lam.,  var.     .         .         .         .         .         .  262 

Cicatricosa    (Cassis).    Gronov.     Zoopli.,    Fasc.    3,    p.    303; 

Meusch.,  1778,  n.  1158.  =  C.  sulcosa,  Brug.  .  .  .274 
Cithara  (Oniscia),  B.  Watson.  Jour.  Linn.  Soc.,  xv,  266,  .  283 
Clathrata  (Ficus),  Rousseau.  Chenu,  111.  Conch,  iii,  pi.  2, 

f.  3.     =  Pyrula  reticulata,  Lam.        .....   265 

Coarctata  (Cassis),   Gray.     Wood,   Ind.  Test.   Supp.,  t.  4, 

f.  5,     ....  268,  272 

Coarctata  (0 vula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     V<oy.  Samarang,  f.  2,  p. 

21,  pi.  6, .  253 

Coccineus  (Calpurnus),  Ad.     Reeve,  Icon.,  sp.  21. 

=  0 vula  concinna,  Ad.  and  Reeve. 
Colnmba  (Ovula),  Sch.  et  Wag.     Suppl.,  40,  43,  40,  44. 

=  0.  tortilis,  Mart.    .  246 

Concinna-  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Yo3r.  Sam.,  p.  22,  pi.  6, 

f.  8,  1850, .249 

Conoidea  (Cypnea),  Scopoli.    Delic.  Insubr.,  1786,  t.  24,  f.  3. 

=  Oniscia  Lamarcki,  Desh.        ......  281 

Cornuta  (Cassis),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12.  p.  1198,  .  .  270 

Coronadoi  (Cassis),  Crosse.     Jour.  Conch.,  xii,  1867,  p.  64, 

t.  iv,  v,  f .  1 280 

Coronulata  (Cassis),  Sowb.  Tank.  Cat.  App.,  p.  20,  .  .  276 
Corrugata  (Cassis),  Swainson.  Exotic  Conchology,  p.  35,  .  27(.) 
Corrugatum  (Ovuluni),  Hinds.  Moll.  Voy.  Sul.,  pi.  16, 

f.  5,^6.  =  Erato.  Manual  Conch.,  v,  11,  .  .  .250 
Costatum  (Dolium),  Menke.  Syn.  Meth.,  1828,  .  .  263 

Costellata  (Ovula),  Lam.     An.  du  Mus.,  xvi,  p.  110,  1810. 

=  0.  tortilis,  Mart 246 

Crassilabris  (Dolium),  Yal.     Humb.  and  Bonpl.,  livr.  14. 

=  D.  ringens.  Swains.         .......  265 

Creiiulatum  (Dolium),  Phil.     Zeit.  Mai.,  1845,  p.  148  ;  Abb., 

t.  l,f.  1.  =  D.  zonatum,  Green,  .  .  .  .  .263 
Cristallina  (Ovula),  Kien.  Coq.  viv.,  14,  pi.  iv,  f.  :j,  .  .  247 
Critho,  Gould.  Bost.  Proc.,  vii,  .'{84,  1X00,  .  .  .  254,  255 


288  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Crosseanum  (Dolium),  Allery  de  Mont.     J.  C.,  xvii,  p.  228, 

t.  12,  f.  1,  1809, 263 

Crumena  (Cassis),  Brag.  Diet,  No.  12,  .  .  .  .273 
Cumingii  (Dolium),  Hanley.  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  sp.  13, 

1849.  =  D.  olearium,  Brug.,  var 262 

Cumingi   (Ovula),  Morcli.      Cat.  Kjerulf,  p.  30,  t.  1,  f.  11, 

1850.  =  0.  concinna,  Ad.  and  Reeve,      ....  249 

Cypboma,  Bolten.     Mas.,  1798, 244,  250 

Cypraecassis,  Stutchbury.     London's  Mag.  N.  H.,  N.  S.,  1, 

214,  1837, 268,  272 

Cypraella,  Swains.     Malacol.,  325,  1840. 
=  Calpurims,  Montf. 

Decussata  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1199,  .  277 
Decussata  (Pedicularia),  Gould.  Bost.  Proc.,  v,  126,  1855,  242 
Decussata  (Pyrula),  Wood.  Ind.  Test.  Supp.  .  .265,266 
Decussatum  (Buccinum),  Pennt.  Brit.  Shells,  t.  79,  f.  2. 

=  Cassis  sulcosa,  Brug.,  var.     ......  274 

Deflexa  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  136. 

=  0.  Philippinarum,  Sowb.        ......  252 

Dennisoni  (Oniscia),  Ree,ve.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1842,  p.  21,  282 
Dentata  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Voy.  Sam.,  p.  21,  pi.  6,  f. 

4,  1850.  =.0.  striatula,  Sowb 250 

Dentatum  (Dolium),  Barnes.  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lyceum,  i,  p.  135, 

pi.  ix,  f.  3.     =  D.  ringens,  Swains.     .....  265 

Dentiora,  Pease.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  240,  1862. 

=  Pedicularia,  Swains .241 

Depressa  (Cassidaria),  Philippi.  Enum.  Moll.  Sic.,  pt.  ii, 

pi.  27,  f.  3.  =  C.echinophora,  Linn 279 

Depressa  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1875,  p.  128,  pi. 

xxiv,  f.  1.  =0.  Philippinarum,  Sowb.  ....  252 
Deshayesii  (Cassidaria),  Duval.  Rev.  Zool.  Soc.  Cuv.,  1841, 

p.  278;  Jour,  de  Conch.,  70,  t.  1,  f.  9,  1863,  .  .  .280 
Deshayesii  (Dolium),  Reeve.  Conch.  lc.,  sp.  15,  1849.  .  262 
Diameza,  Deshayes.  Foss.  bassin  de  Paris,  iii,  572,  t.  105, 

f.  9-10,  1865, 245 

Diluvii  (Cassis),  Serres  (fossil).  =  C.  saburon,  Ad:  .  .  275 
Doliata  (Cassis),  Val.  Voy.  Humb.  and  Bonpl.,  p.  183, 

No.  320, 279 

Doliidtc, 256,  257 

Doliopsis,  Conrad.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  141,  150,  18(55,  .  258 

Doliopsis,  Monterosato,  1872, 258 

Dolium,  Lam.  Syst.  an.,  79,  1801.  .  .  .  .  258,  261 
Dolium  (Buccinum),  Linn.  (Morch).  =  D.  maculatum,  .  264 
Dorsnta  (Cyphoma),  Bolt.  Mus.,  p.  15,  n.  254. 

=  Ovula  gihbnsa,  Linn.     .......  250 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  289 

PAOK. 

Dorsuosa  (Ovula),  Hinds.  Toy.  Sulphur,  p.  47,  pi.  16,  f.  3,  4, 
1844.     =  0.  striatula,  Sowb.      .         .         .         .         .         .250 

Dunkeri  (Dolium),  Hanley.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  431,  265 
Dnssumieri  (Pyrula),  Valenciennes.    Kien.,Coq.  Viv.,  p.  25, 
pi.  11,  ...  266 

Echinophora  (Cassidaria),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  p.  735,  269 
Echinora,  Sebum.  Essai  nouv.  gen.,  249,  1817. 

=  Cassidaria,  Lam .  .  .  269,  279 

Eleuantissima  (Pedicularia),  Desh.  Moll.  Reunion,  50,  t.  6, 

f.^23-26,  1863, 242 

Elongata  (Ficula),  Gray.  Zool.  Beech.,  p.  115. 

?  =  Pyrula  Dnssumieri,  Val 267 

Elongatum  (Cyphoma),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.,vii,  p.  96,  256 
Emarginata  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  C.,  pt.  1,  p.  7,  f.  54,  55, 

1830, 251 

Epidermata  (Dolium  galea,  var.),  de  Gregorio.  Bull.  Soc. 

Mai.  Ital.,x,  115,  1884, 261 

Erinacea  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1199. 

=  C.  vibex,  var.  Linn 277 

Ersina,  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  137, 1847.  =  Oniscia,  Sowb.  270 
Exarata  (Cassis),  Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,  sp.  32,  1848,  .  .  276 
Exquisita  (Oniscia),  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Voy.  Samarang,  p.  35, 

pi.  5,  f.  3  o-&,      .  .  282 

Fasciata  (Cassis),  Brug.  Diet.  No.  14.  =  C.  spinosa,  Gronv.  272 
Fasciatum  (Dolium),  Brug.  Diet.  No.  5,  .  .  263 

Fasciatum  (Dolium),  var.,  Kien.,  t.  4,  f.  6. 

=  D.  costatum,  Menke.  Ku'ster,  2,  .  .  .  .  .  264 
Favannei  (Dolium),  Hanley.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1859,  p.  430. 

?  =  D.  costatum,  Menke,  var.  fimbriaturn,  .  .  .  264 
Ficoides  (Pyrula),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  vol.  ix,  p.  511. 

=  P.  reticnlata,  Lnm •  2(55 

Ficula,  Swainson.  Malacol.,  85,  307,  1840.  =  Pyrula,  Lam.  259 
Ficulopsis,  Stoliczka.  Pal.  Indica,  84, 1867,  .  .  .260 
Ficus,  Klein  (in  part).  Ostrac.,  78,  1753.  =  Pyrula,  Lam.  259 
Ficus  (Pyrula),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  12th  ed.,  p.  1184,  .  .  266 
Fimbria  (Buccinum),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat,,  p.  3479. 

=  Cassis  plicata,  Linn.       .......  277 

Fimbriata  (Cassis),  Quoy  and  Gaim.  Voy.  Astr  ,  p.  596, 

t.  42,  f.  7-8, .272 

Fimbriatum  (Dolium),  Sowb.  Genera,  f.  2,  .  .  .  264 
Flammea  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1199; 

Kiener,  2, 271 

Fonnicaria  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Sp.  Conch.,  pt.  1,  p.  8,  f.  39, 

1830.     =  0.  hordacea,  Lam.      .  ...  254 

20 


'290  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGK. 

Formosa  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Toy.  Sarnarang,  p.  22, 

pi.  6,  f.  6, 251 

Fortior  (Ficus),  Mo'rch.  Mai.  Blatt.,  xxiv,  43. 

=  P.  reticulata,  Lam 2(55 

Frumentum  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  Conch.,  pt.  1,  p.  f ,  f.  37, 

1830,  . 250 

Fruticnm  (Ovula),  Ad.,  MS.  Reeve,  Conch.  Ic.,  No.  16, 

18G5, 249 

Galea  (Dolium),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1197,  .  .  261,  268 
Galeodaria,  Conrad.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i,  26,  1865. 

=  Cassidaria,  Lam 269 

Galeodea  (Link),  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera,  i,  216,  1853. 

=  Cassidaria,  Lam.    ........  269 

Gallinaceum  (Ovulum),  Hinds.     Voy.  Sulphur,  p.  47,  pi.  16, 

f.  1-2.     =  Erato.     Manual  Conch.,  v,  10,          .         .         .256 
Gibba  (Cassis),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  3476,  n.  24. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Brug.    ........  274 

Gibbosa  (Ovula),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1183,  1767,  .  244,  250 
?  Gisortia,  Jousseaume  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  88,  1884,  245 
Glabrata  (Cassis),  Dunk.  Menke,  Zeit.,  1852, p.  62  ;  Novit., 

p.  35,  t.  11,  f.  1,2, '       .         .         .  279 

Glauca  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat..  12  ed.,  p.  1200,  .  269,  276 
Globulus  (Cassis),  Bolt.  Mus.,  1798,  p.  22,  n.  371. 

?  =  C.  sulcosa,  Brug.  .......  274 

Globulus  (Cassis),  Menke-     Syn.,   edit.  1,  No.  807,  1828. 

=  Desmoulea   ventricosa,    Lam.       Mo'rch.,   Mai.    Blatt., 

xviii,  126, 279 

Goniogalea,  Mo'rch.     Cat.  Svensen,  21,  1857. 

=  Cassis,  Lam. 
Gracilis   (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Kct've.     Voy.  Sam.,  p.  22,  pi.  6, 

f.  11,  1848, 252 

Gracilis  (Pyrula),  Philippi.     Zeits.  fur  Malak.,  v,  1848,  p. 

97.     =  P.  papyratia,  Say, 266 

Grandis  (Oniscia),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1853,  p.  185,  .  283 
Granulata  (Cassis),  Born.  Index,  1778,  p.  239. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Brug.,  var.  ......  274 

Granulosa  (Cassis),  Brug.     Diet.,  No.  5. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Born,   ........  274 

Granulosa,  var.  (Cassis),  Kien.,  t.  16,  f.  34. 

=  C.  snlcosa,  Born,  var.  abbreviata,  ....  275 

Grayi  (Sconsia),  A.  Adams.     Zool.  Proc.,  136,  1854. 

?  =  C.  striata,  Lam.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .281 

Hordacea  (Ovula),  Costa.     Arad.  et  Ben.,  Moll.  Sicil.,  303. 
'=  0.  spelta,  Linn 254 


INDEX   AND   SYNONYMY.  291 

PAGE. 

Hordacea  (Ovula),  Lam.  (non  Reeve  nee  Sowb.).     Ann.  du 
Mus.,xvi,p.  112,  1810, 254 

Hordaceum  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Spec.  Conch.,  p.  10,  f.  53. 

==  0.  Semperi,  Weink.       .  .  ...  252 

Imperials  (Ovtilura),  Dill.     Cat.,  p.  473,  1815. 

=  0.  tortilis,  Mart ...  246 

Incrassata  (Cassis),  Grat.     =  C.  saburon,  Ad.     .         .         .  275 
Indica  (Ovula),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  47,  1865. 

=  0.  obtusa,  var.,  Sowb 251 

Intiata  (Cassis),  p.  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  f.  22  a,  b. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  var.  abbreviata,  Lam.  ....  275 

Inflata  (Cassis),  Serres.     (Fossil.)     =  C.  saburon,  Ad. 
Innata  (Cassis),  Shaw.     Nat.  Misc.,  v,  22,  pi.  959, 1789. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Born,  var.     .         .         .         .         .         .         .274 

Inflexum  (Ovulum),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  173; 

Conch.  111.,  p.  18.     =  0.  variabilis,  C.  B.  Ad.  .         .         .255 
Intermedia  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Spec.  Conch.,  pt.  1,  p.  9,  f.  32, 

33, .  250,  251 

Japonica  (Cassis),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  fig.  23,  1848. 

=  C.  saburon,  Adanson,  var.      ......  275 

Japonica  (Pedicularia),  Dall.  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vii,  121, 

t.  16,  f.  12,  1871, .  242 

Japonicum  (Dolium).  Dunk.  Novit.  Conch.,  t.  35,  36. 

=  D.  luteostomum,  Kiist 261 

Kalosmodix  (Cassis),  Melvill.     Jour,  of  Conch.,  vol.  iv,  43, 
1883.     =  C.  vibex,  Linn.,  var 278 

Kieneri  (Dolium),  Phil.     Abb.  Neuer  Conch.,  iii,  p.  36. 

=  D.  variegata,  Lam.          .         .         .         .         .         .         .  262 

Labiata  (Cassis),  Chem.     Conch.  Cab.,  xi,  p.  71,  t.  184,  185  ; 

Conrad,  Jour.  Acad.  Philad.,  2d  ser.,  i,  211. 

=  C.  cornuta,  Linn 270 

Labrosa  (Cassis),  Mart.     Conch.  Cat.,  ii,  t.  36,  f.  370,  371. 

=  Dolium  pornum,  Linn.    .......  265 

Lactea  (Bulla),  Costa.     Arad.  et  Benoit,  Moll.  Sicil.,  302. 

=  Ovula  carnea,  Poir.         .......  248 

Lactea,  (Cassis),  Kien.     Coq.  viv.,  t.  16,  f.  35. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  abbreviata,  Lam.  .....  275 

Lactea  (Ovula),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  vii,  368,  1822,      .         .  247 
Lactescens   (Dolium),  Mart.     Univ.   Conch.,  teste  Kobelt, 

Jahrb.,  ii.  204.     =  D.  costatum,  Menke. 
Laevigata  (Cassis),  Menke.     Syn.,  1828,  p.  87. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Brug 274 


292  INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Lrevigata  (Ficula),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  pi.  i,  f.  4. 

=  Pyrula  ficus,  Linn 250 

Laevigata  (Sconsia),  Sowb.  Geol.  Jour.,  vi,  p.  47,  t.  x,  f.  2. 

=  S.  striata,  Lam 280 

Lamarckii  (Cassidaria),  Lesson.  Rev.  Zool.,  1840,  p.  212,  .  282 
Lamarckii  (Oniscia),  Desh.  An.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  12. 

=  Oniscia  oniscns,  Linn.   .......  281 

Lambidium,  Link.  Rost.  Samml.,  iii,  112,  1807. 

=  Oniscia,  Sowb 270 

Lanceolata  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  135,  253 
Lateralis  (Gadinia),  Requien.  Moll.  Corse,  39. 

?  =  Pedicnlaria,  Sicula,  Swains.         .....  242 

Latesulcatum  (Dolinm),  Mart.  Conch.  Cab.,  iii,  p.  396, 

f.  1072,  1082.  =  D.  costatnm,  Menke,  .  .  264 

Latilabris  (Dolium),  Yal.  Humb.  and  Bonpl.,  livr.  14. 

=  D.  ringens,  Swain.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  265 

Leathesi  (Ovula),  Wood.  Crag  Moll.,  p.  14,  t.  2,  f.  1. 

=  0.  spelta,  Linn.,  var.      .......  254 

Lepida  (Ovula),  Dill.  Cat.,  p.  474,  1815.  =O.  triticea,Lam.  248 
Levenia,  Gray.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  137,  1847,  .  .  268,  272 
Levilabiata  (Cassis  undulata,  var.),  de  Gregorio.  Bull.  Soc. 

Mai.  Ital.,  x,  113,  1884.  =  C.  sulcosa,  Born.,  var.  .  .  275 
Lienardi  (Pediculnria),  Robillard.  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Maur., 

v,  1871.  ?  =  P.  elegantissima,  Desh.,  .  .  .  .242 
Lischkeanum  (Dolium),  Kiister.  Conch.  Cab.,  71.  t.  62,  f.  1. 

=  D.  costatum,  var.  iimbriatum,  Sowb.  ....  264 
Livida  (Ovula),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  63,  1865. 

=  0.  variabilis,  C.  B.  Ad 255 

Loebbeckeana  (Ovula),  Weink.  Kiist.,  197,  t.  50,  f.  6,7,  1881. 

=  0.  variabilis,  C.  B.  Ad 255 

Longirostrata  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  C.,  pt.  1,  f.  46,  t.  48, 

1830, .  252 

Luteostomum  (Dolium),  Kiister.  Conch.  Cab.,  66,  t.  58,  f.  2,  261 

Macgillivrayia,  Forbes   (in   part).    Voy.  Rattlesnake  App., 

383.  1851.     =  Larval  condition  of  Dolium. 
Maculatum  (Dolium),  Lam.     Anim.  sans  Vert.,  Edit.  Desh., 

x,  p.  140.  =  D.  costatum,  Menke,  var.  ....  264 
Maculosa  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  iii,  78. 

=  Cassis  spinosa,  Gronov.         .         .         .         .         .         .272 

Madagascariensis  (Cassis),  Lam.     Edit.  Desh.,x,  p.  20. 

=  C.  cameo,  Stimpson,       .         .         .         ...         .         .  268 

Malea,Valenciennes.  Zool. Voy.  Humboldt,ii,  324,1833,  258,  265 
Malum  (Cassis),  Bolt.  Mus.,  p.  222,  N.  370. 

=  Cassis  sulcosa,  Brug 274 

Margarita  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Thes.,  ii,  p.  469,  pi.  101,  f.  93,  94,  248 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  293 

PACK. 

Marginata  (Ovula),  Ad.  (non  Sowb.).  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1854, 

p    130.     =  Amphiperas  Adamsii,  Reeve,  .         .         .  250 

Marginata  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  C.,pt.  l,p.  5,  f.  15,  16,  1830,  240 
Marginatum  (Dolium),  Phil.     Zeit.  Mai.,  1845,  p.  147. 

=  D.  fimbriatum,  Sowb.    '.         .        .         .         .         .         .  204 

Marginelloideum  (Pachybathron),  Chenu.     Man.,  f.  1141. 
.     =  P.  Cassidiformis,  Gask. 
Marginelloideum  (Pachybathron),  Gask.     Ann.  and  Mag., 

1853,  p.  2,  t.  12,  f.  4-0,        .  .  .  270,  283 

Marmoreum  (Dolium),  Schroter.     Index  to  Mart. 

=  D.  oleariuni,  Linn. 
Masseme  (Cassis),  Kien.     Iconog,  t.  S,  f.  14. 

==  C.  tennis,  Gray,      .  .  .  273 

McCoyi    (Bi rostra),   Tenison-Woods.      Trans.    Roy.    Soc. 

Victoria,  xiv,  50,  1878, 250 

Melanostoma  ( Dolium),  Jay  Cat.,  1839,  p.  124,  t.  8, 9 ;  Brazier, 

Zool.  Proc.,  585,  1871 ;  Pease,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vii,  23,  201 
Minjac  (Dolium),  Adanson.     Seneg.,  t.  7,  f.  0. 

=  D.  fimbriatum,  Sowb.     .......  204 

Minuta  (Cassis),  Menke.     Syn.,  1828  ;  Morch,  Mai.  Blatt., 

xviii,  120.     =  Young  C.  sulcosa,  var.  abbreviata,  Lam.    .  275 
Morio,  Montfort.     Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  478,  1810. 

=  Cassidaria,  Lam.    ........  209 

Morum,  Bolten  Mus,  1798.     =  Oniscia,  Sowb.      .         .         .270 

Mnricata  (Cassis),  Menke.     Synopsis,  80,  1828,   .         .         .279 

Nana  (Cassis),  Tenison-Woods.     Proc.  Linn.  S.  N.  S.  W., 

iv,p.  108, 279 

Neglecta  (Ovula),  C.  B.  Ad.     Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.,  v,  p.  255, 

1850.     =  0.  avena,  Sowb.          .         .         .         .         .         .255 

Neosimnia,  Fischer.     Manual  de  Conch  ,  004,  1884,      .  244,  253 
Nicaensis  (Ovula),  Risso.     Eur.  Merid,  iv,  p.  235,  f.  150. 

=  O.  patula,  Penn 247 

Nigerinum  (Oviilum),  Duib.     Ann.  Sc.  Nat.,  1840,  p.  180,   .  250 
Nivea  (Cassis),  Bra/k-r.     Proc   Zool.  Soc.,  1872,  p.  GIG,  pi. 

xliv,  f.  1.     =  C.  achatina,  var.  pyrum,       ....  278 
Nodosum  (Buccinum),  Dillw.     Cat.  2,  p.  580.  nr.  10. 

=  Cassidaria  echinophora,  Lam.         .....  280 

Nodulosum  (Buccinum),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3479. 

=  Cassis  vibcx,  Linn.,  var.  erinacea,  Linn.        .         .         .  277 
Nodosus  (Rhomboides),  Petiv.  Guzophyl.,  t.  48,  f.  10. 

=  Oniscia  Strombiformis,  Reeve. 
Nubeculata  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Samarang,  p. 

23,  pi.  0,  f.  12,  1850, 247 

Nucleus  (Cassis),  Kiist.     Mart.,  Ch.  ii,  t.  52,  f.  3,  4. 

=  C.  saburon,  Ad 275 


294  INDEX   AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Oblonga  (Bulk),  Mart.     Conch.  Cab,,  1,  f.  215,  216. 

=  Ovula  intermedia,  Sowb.        ......  251 

Obtusa  (Ovula),  Sowb.    Spec.  Conch.,  pt.  1,  p.  8,  f.  34,  1830,  251 
Ochroleucum  (Buocinum),  Gmelin.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3477. 

=  Cassidaria  Tyrrhena,  Lam.    .  *  .         .         .         .  280 

Olearium  (I)olium),  Brug.     Diet.  No.  1  (non  Linn).     .         .  262 
Olearium  (Buccinum),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  xii,  p.  1196. 

=  Dolium  galea,  Linn.        .......  201 

Oniscia,  Sowb.     Genera  of  Shells,  1824.         .         .  269,  270,  281 
Oniscidia,  Swainson.     Mai.,  70,  299,  1840.     .         .         .  270,  282 

Oniscus  (Oniscia),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1210.       .         .  270,  281 
Oocorys,  Fischer.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  3  ser.,  xxiii,  392, 1884.     267 
Otus,  Risso.     Hist,  i,  122,  1826.     =  Pyrula,  Lam. 
Oviformis  (Ovula),  Lam.     Ann.  du  Mus.,  xvi,  110,  1811. 

=  0.  ovum,  Linn.       ........  246 

Ovoidea  (Ovula),  H.  Ad.     Proc.  Zool,  Soc.,  1872,  p.  10,  t.  3, 

f ,  4 248 

Ovula,  Brugulere.     Enc.  Meth.,  1,  xv,  1789.          .         .  243,  246 

Ovulidte 243 

Ovulum,  Sowerby.     Zool.  Jour.,  iv,  145,  1828. 

=  Ovula,  Brug. 
Ovum  (Ovula),  var.  f),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.  Ed.,  xiii,  p.  3422. 

=  0.  tortilis,  Martyn 246 

Ovum  (Ovula),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1181,  1767.  .  246 

Pachybathron,   Gaskoin.      Ann.   Mag.   N.    Hist.,   xi,   356, 

1853 ...  270,  283 

Pacifica  (Peducularia),  Pease.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  516,  1865  ; 

Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  96,  1868. 242 

Papyratia  (Pyrula),  Say.    Jour.  Philad.  Acad.,  ii,  238,  1822.  266 
Paradoxus  (Thyreus),  Philippi.     Moll.   Sicil.,  ii,  92,  1844. 

=  Pedicularia  Sicula,  Swains.    ...  .  242 

Patula  (Ovula),  Pennant.     Biit.  Zool.,  iv,  p.  117,  pi.  70,  f. 

85,  1777 246 

Paucirugis  (Cassis),  Menke.     Moll.  Nov.  HolL,  sp.  p.  23, 

No.  107.  =  C.  achatina,  var.  pyrum.  ....  278 
Pedicularia,  Swainson.  Malacol.,  245,  357,  1840,  .  .  241 
Pellucidus  (Ficus),  Deshayes.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1856,  p.  184, 

pi.  6,  f.  1,  2.     =  Pyrula  ficus,  var.  Linn 266 

Pennata  (Cochlea),  Rumph.,  t.  27,  f.  6. 

=  Dolium  perdix,  Linn. 
Pennatum  (Buccinum),  Gmel.     Linn.,  p.  3476,  No.  21. 

=  Cassis  rufa,  Linn.,  juv. 273 

Pennatum  (Dolium),  Morch.     Cat.  Yoldi,  2058. 

=  D.  perdix,  Linn 264 

Perdix,  Montfort.     Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  447,  1810,     .         .         .  258 


INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY.  295 

PAGE. 

Perdix  (Dolium),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1197,  .  .  .264 
Personatum  (Dolium),  Mke.  Syn.,  ed.  2,  1830. 

=  D.  ringens,  Swains.         .         .         .....  265 

Pu-ifleri  (Cassis),  Hidalgo.  Jour.  Conch.,  1871,  p.  226  ;  1872, 

p.  143,  t.  7,  f.  2.     =  C.  saburon   var.  Japonica.          .         .  275 


Phalium,  Link.     Rost.  Sam  ml.,  iii 

=  Bezoardica,  Schum.,  1817. 
Pharctra  (Ovula),  Perry.     Conch. 


112,  1807. 
t.  53,  f.  2. 


269 
250 


=  0.  gibbosa,  Linn. 
Philippinarum  (Ovula),  Sowb.    Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1848,  p.  136,  252 
Pila  (Cassis),  Reeve.     Conch.  Ic.,  sp.  21,  1848. 

==  C.  saburon,  Ad 275 

Plesioniscia,  Fischer.     Man.  de  Conch.,  660,  1884. 

=  Oniscia,  Sowb 270 

Plicaria  (Cassia,  Lain.  An.  s.Vert.,  x,  25.  =  C.  plicata,  Linn.  277 
Plicata  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1198,  .  .  277 
Plicosum  (Dolium),  Mke.  Zeit.  fur  Mai.,  1845. 

=  D.  ringens,  Swains.         .......  265 

Plumatum  (Dolium),  Green.     Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  i,  132. 

=  D.  perdix,  Linn 264 

Pomum  (Cassis),  Wa^n.     Conch.   Cab.  Forts.,  xii,  t.  223, 

f.  3084  and  3085.     =  C.  saburon,  Ad 275 

Pomum  (Dolium),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1197,  .  .  .265 
Ponderosa  (Oniscia),  Hanley.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1858,  p.  225, 

pi.  xlii,  f.  9,  10.       =  O.  exquisita,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     .         .  282 
Provincialis  (Pyruln),  Martin.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  ii,  p.  249, 

pi.  8,  fig.  4,  1851.  Abnormal  (\issidaria  echinophora, 

Linn. 280 

Ptychosyca,  Gabb.  Proc.  Philad.  Acad.,  294,  1876,  .  .  260 
Pudica  (Ovula),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1854,  p.  131,  .  247 
Pulchella  (Brugnonia),  Jeff.  Ann.  Mag.,  xi,  399;  xii,  67, 

1883.     ?  =  Cassis  sulcosa  (fry),  Brug 274 

Pulchellus  (Amphiperas),  H.  Ad.     P.  Z.  S.,  1873,  p.  206, 

pi.  23,  f.  5.     =  0.  punctata,  Duclos,  var.  .         .         .249 

Pullum  (Buccinum),  Born.     Mus.  C.V.,  p.  245. 

=  Cassis  rufa,  Linn.,  juv.  ......  273 

Punctata  (Ovula),  Duclos.  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1830,  p.  7,  pi.  7,  f.  1,  249 
Purpurea  (Ovula),  Risso.  Kur.  Merid.,  iv,  p.  235,  1826. 

=  0.  spelta,  Linn 254 

Pyriformis  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Spec.   C.,  pt.  1,  p.  5,  f.  21-23, 

1830, 247 

Pyrula,  Lamarck.     Prodr.,  1799, 258 

Pyrulina  (Ovula),  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc..  1854,  p.  131,  249,  265 
Pyrum  (Cassis),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  p.  33. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Lam.,  var 278 


296         .  INDEX   AND    SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Quadriseriata  (Oniscia),  Menke.     Syn.,  p.  145. 

?  =  0.  oniscus,  Linn.          .......  281 

Quinquecosta    (Doliopsis),    Conrad.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  i, 

141,  1865, 258 

Radius,  Montfort.     Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  626,  1810. 

==  Yolva,  Bolt 244,  252 

Recurva  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Voy.  Sam.,  p.  21,  pi.  6, 

f.  3,  1848, 252 

Recurvirostrum  (Cassis),  Wood.  Ind.  Test.,  t.  22,  f.  30,  .  275 
Reevei  (Dolium),  Hanley.  Zool.  Proc.,  493,  1859. 

?  =  D.  costatum,  Menke.,  var.  fimbriatum,  .  .  .  264 
Reticulata  (Cassis),  Bell  (fossil).  =  C.  saburon,  Ad.  .  275 
Reticulata  (Pyrula),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  vol.  ix,  p.  510,  .  265 
Reticulata  (Pyrula),  Sowb.  Genera  of  Shells,  f.  1. 

=  Pyrula  papyratia,  Say,  .         .         .         .         .         .  266 

Reticulatus  (Perdix),  Montf.,  ii,  p.  447. 

=  Dolium  perdix,  Linn.     .......  264 

Rhodia  (Ovula),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1854,  p.  130,  248,  249 
Ringens  (Dolium),  Swains.  Sowb.,  Tank.  Cat.,  p.  21,  '.  265 
Rosea  (Ovula).,  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  130,  1854. 

=  0.  birostris,  Linn.  .......  253 

Rosea  (Ovulum  depressum,  var.),  Rossi ter.  Proc.  Linn. 

Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  vii,  323,  1882.  =  0.  Philippinarum,  Sowb.  252 
Rubida  (Dentiora),  Pease.  Proc.  Zool.  Sot.,  240,  1862,  .  242 
Rotundata  (Cassis),  Perry.  Conch.,  t.  33,  f.  1. 

=  C.  tuberosa,  Linn.          .         .         .         .         .         .         .271 

Rufa  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat,  ed.  12,  p.  1198,  .  268,  273 
Rufa  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1832,  p.  173  ;  Conch. 

111.,  p.  17.  =  0.  variabilis,  C.  B.  Ad 255 

Rufum  (Dolium),  Blainv.  Die.  Sc.  Nat.  livr.,  p.  503. 

=  D.  perdix,  Linn.,  var.     .......  264 

Rugosum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3476,  nr.  127. 

=  C.  strigata,  Gmel. 277 

Rugosum  (Buccinum),  Linn.  Mantissa,  549. 

=  Cassidaria  echinophora,  Linn.        .         .         .         .         .  279 

Rumphii  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  3476. 

=  Cassis  spinosa,  Gronv.  ......  272 

Saburon  (Cassis),  Adanson.  Seneg.,  t.  7,  f.  8,  .  .  .  275 
Scitula  (Ovula),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1854,  p.  131. 

=  0.  bullata,  Ad.  and  Reeve,  .  .  .  .  .  250 

Sconsia,  Gray.  Zool.  Proc.,  137,  1847,  .  .  .  269,  280 
Scrobiculata  (Cassis),  Menke.  Synopsis,  86,  1828,  .  .  279 
Scymnia,  Leach.  Risso,  438  ;  Adams'  Genera. 

=  Simnia,  Risso. 


INDEX    AND    SYNONYMY.  297 

PAOE. 

Secale  (Bulla),  Dill.     Cat.,  i,  p.  474,  1815. 

=  Ovula  acicularis,  Lam 253 

Secalis  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  Conch.,  pt.  i,  f.  36,  1830,  .  254 
Semicassis  (Klein,  1753),  Morch.  Yoldi  Cat.,  112,  1852, 

268,  269,  274 

Semigranosa  (Cassis),  Wood.  Ind.  Test.,  pi.  4,  f.  2,  .  .  275 
Semiimlum  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  Conch.,  pt.  i,  f.  40,  p.  8, 

1830.     ==  0.  secalis,  Sowb 254 

Semiporcellana,  Da  Costa.     Elem.,  176,  297,  1776. 

=  Ovulum,  Brug. 
Semistriata  (Ovula),    Pease.      Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv,  p.  96, 

pi.  11,  f.  16,  also  P.  Z.  S.,  1862,  p.  241. 

=  0.  lactea,  Lam.,  var.       .......  247 

Semperi   (Ovula),  Weink.     Kiister,  p.  190,  t.  48,  f.  14,  15, 

1882, 251,  254 

Sicula  (Pedicularia),  Swainson.  Treatise,  245,  1840,  .  .  241 
Similis  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  136,  1848. 

=  0.  avena,  Sowb 255 

Simula,  Leach.     Risso,  Hist.  Nat.,  iv,  235,  1826. 

=  Ovulum,  Brug 243 

Sinensis  (Ovula),  Sow.  P.  Z.  S.,  1874,  p.  599,  pi.  Ixxii,  f.  1,  .  246 
Sophia  (Cassis),  Brazier.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1872,  p.  617, 

pi.  xliv,  f.  2, 279 

Sowerbyana  (Ovula),  Weink.     Kiister,  202,  t.  51,  f.  10-11, 

1881,   .         .         .    • 253 

Spelta  (Bulla),  Dill.,  2,  p.  775,  9,  1815. 

=  Ovula  intermedia,  Sowb.         ......  251 

Spelta  (Ovula),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  1182,  1767,  .  254 

Spelta  (Ovula),  Sowb.  (non  Linn.).     Spec.  Conch.,  p.  2,  f.  43. 

1830.     =  0.  Sowerbyana,  Weink 253 

Spinosa  (Cassis),  Gronov.  Zooph.,  p.  302,  t.  19,  f.  9,  1781,  272 
Spirintrorsum  (Dolium  galea,  var.),  de  Gregorio.  Bull.  Soc. 

Mai.  Ital.,  x,  114,  1884,       ....  .261 

Striata  (Cassidaria),  Lam.      An.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  10  ;    Gabb, 

Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  361,  1875,      .         .         .         .         .269,280 
Striata  (Cassis)  Hutton.     Cat.  Mar.  Moll.  N.  Zeal.,  8. 

=  C.  p3rrurn,  Lam.,  juv.      .......  278 

Striata  (Cassis),  Serres  (fossil).  =  C.  saburon,  Ad.  .  .  275 
Striatella  (Cassis),  Grat.  (fossil).  =  C.  saburon,  Ad.  .  275 
Striatella  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Spec.  C.,  pt.  i,  p.  7,  pi.  38,  1830,  250 
Striatum  (Buccinum),  Gronov.  Zoophyl.,  p.  302,  t.  19,  f.  18. 

=  Cassis  tuberosa.  Linn.    .         .         .         .         .         .         .271 

Strigata  (Cassis),  Gmel.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3477,       .  .  276 

Strigosum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3472. 

=  Cassidaria  echinophora,  Lam.        .....  280 


298  INDEX    AND   SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Strombiformis  (Oniscia),  Reeve.     Proc.   Zool.   Soc.,  1842, 

p.  91, 282 

Subleevigata   (Sconsia).   Guppy.     Geol.  Jour.,  xxii,  p.  287, 

pi.  19,  f.  10.     =  S.  striata,  Lam.  .         .         .         .  280 

Subreflexa  (Ovula),  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Voy.  Sam.,  p.  22,  pi. 

6,  f.  10.     =  0.  Philippinarum,  Sovvb 252 

Subrostrata  (Ovula),  Sowb.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  136,  1848. 

=  O.  uniplicata,  Sowb. 
Sulcuta  (Oocorys),  Fischer.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  3  ser.,  xxiii, 

392,  1884,    .' 267 

Sulcosa  (Cassis),  Brug.     Diet.,  No.  6, 274 

Sulcosum  (Buccinum),  Dillw.     Cat.,  2,  p.  584,  nr.  5. 

=  Doliuin  fasciatum,  Brug.         ......  263 

Sulphurea  (Helix),  Ad.     Contr.  Conch.,  33,  41,  98. 

=  Fry  of  Dolium  perdix,  L 265 

Sycotypus,  H.  and  A.  Adams.     Genera,  i,  198,  1853. 

=  Pyrula,  Lam.  ........  259 

Symnia  (Risso),  Kiener.     Iconog.  Ovulum,  24. 

=  Simnia,  Leach. 
Syninia  (Risso),  Deshayes.     Anim.  s.  Vert.,  x,  474,  1844. 

=  Simnia,  Leach. 

Tardina  (Dolium  galea,  var.),  de  Gregorio.     Bull.  Soc.  Mai. 

Ital.,  x,  114,  1884, 261 

Tenue  (Dolium),  Menke.  Syn.,  ed.  ii,  p.  143,  1830. 

=  D.  galea,  Linn 261 

Tenuilabris  (Cassis),  Menke.  Synopsis,  p.  87,  1828,  .  .  279 
Tenuis  (Cassis),  Gray.  Wood,  Ind.  Test.  Supp.,  t.  4,  f.  5,  .  272 
Tessellata  (Cassis),  Gmelin.  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3476. 

=  C.  spinosa,  Gronv.          .......  272 

Tessellata  (Cassis),  Pfr.  Register,  p.  viii. 

=  C.  sulcosa,  Born,  var.  inflata, 274 

Tessellata  (Pyrula),  Kobelt.  Kiister,  Conch.  Cab.  Pyrula, 

t.  2,  f.  3,  1874, 267 

Tesellatum  (Doliurn).  Encycl.,  t.  403,  f .  3  a  and  b. 

Pars  =  D.  fimbriatum,  Sowb. 

Pars  =  D.  maculatum,  Lain 264 

Testardi  (Doliuin),  Montr.  Jour.  C.,  1863,  p.  75  and  166, 

t.  5,  f.  6.  =  D.  olearium,  Linn.,  var.  ....  263 
Testiculus  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1199,  .  273 
Texta  (Cassis),  Bronn.  (fossil).  =  C.  saburon,  Ad.  .  .  275 
Thomson!  (Cassis),  Brazier.  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  W.,  i,  279 
Thyreus,  Philippi.  Moll,  Sicil.,  ii,  92,  1844. 

=  Pedicularia,  Swains.       ...         .         .         .         .         .241 

Torquata  (Cassis),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  *p.  1,  1848,  .  .  278 
Tortilis  (Ovula),  Martyn.  Univ.  Conch.,  pi.  60,  1782,  .  246 


INDUX    AND    SYNONYMY.  29$ 

PA  OK. 

Trailli  (0 vnla),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  222,  1855,  .  251 
Tmnsovula,  Gregorio,  1880,  ...  .  245 

Trifasciata  (Buccinura),  Gmelin.     Syst.  Nat.,  p.  3477,  nr.  30. 

=  Cassis  sulcosa,  var.  inflata,  Shaw,          ....  274 
Triseriata  (Oniscia),  Menke.     Syn.,  p.  G4. 

=  O.  oniscus,  Linn 281 

Triticea  (Bnlla),  Costa.     Arad.  et  Benoit,  Moll.  Sicil.,  302. 

=  Ovula  carnea,  Poir.         .......  248 

Triticea  (Ovula),  Lam.  An.  du  Mus.,  xvi,  p.  Ill,  1810,  .  248 
Tuberculosa  (Cassidaria),  Schumacher.  Nouv.  Syst.,  p. 

240.     =  C.  echinophora,  Brug. 279 

Tuberculosa  (Oniscia),  Sowb.  Gen.  Shells,  Oniscia,  p.  2,  .  281 
Tuberosa  (Cassis),  Linn.  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1198,  .  .271 
Turgida  (Cassis),  Reeve.  Conch.  Ic.,  f.  25,  1848. 

=  C.  achatina,  Lam.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .278 

Tyrrhena  (Cassidaria),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  vol.  vii,  p.  8,  .  280 
Tyrrhena  (Cassidaria),  Sowb.  Gen.  Shells,  f.  2. 

=  C.  echinophora,  Lam 279 

Ultimus,  Montfort.     Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  642,  1810. 

=  Cvphoma,  Bolten. 

Umbilicata  (Cassis),  Pease.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1800,  p.  436,  279 
I'mbilicata  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  135,  1848. 

=  0.  margarita,  Sowb.        .......  248 

Undata  (Cassis),  Desh.      Lam.,  Hist.  Nat.,  ed.  ii,  Bd.  10, 

S.  28,  Note.     =  C.  strigata,  Gmelin 277 

Undulata  (Cassis),  Humphr.,  p.  19,  n.  317. 

=  C.  tuberosa,  Linn.  .         .         .         .         .         .         .  271 

Undulata  (Cassis),  Gmel.  Syst.  Nat.  =  C.  sulcosa,  Brug.  274 
rniplieata  (Ovula),  Sowb.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  p.  135,  1848,  .  254 

Variabilis  (Ovula),  C.  B.  Ad.     Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.,  v,  p.  255, 

1850, 255 

Vuriegatum  (Dolium),  Kiister.     Conch.  Cabinet,  t.  63,  f.  1. 

=  D.  luteostornum,  Kiist.  .......  262 

Vanegiitum  (Dolium),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  edit.  Deshayes,  x, 

p.  143, 262 

Ventricosum  (Buccinum),  Gmelin,  p.  3476,  nr.  25. 

=  Cassis  rufa,  Linn 273 

Ventricosa  (Cassis),  Mart.,  2,  1771,  f.  344-45. 

=  C.  suk-ata,  Brug ...  274 

Ventricosa  (Ficula),  Sowb.     Tank.  Cat.,  xvii. 

=  Pyrula  decussata,  Wood 266 

Verrucosa  (Ovula),  Linn.  Syst,  Nat.,  p.  1182,  .  .  .256 
Vexillum  (Cassidaria),  Kien.  Coq.  Viv.,  pi.  ii,  f.  6. 

=  Vexilla  vexillum,  Chenu,  Manuel,  ii,  181.      .         .         .  279 


300  INDEX   AND   SYNONYMY. 

PAGE. 

Yibex  (Cassis),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  12,  p.  1199,        .         .  277 
Vidleri  (Ovulum),  Sowb.      Proc.  Zool.  SQC.,  1881,  p.  038, 

pi.  Ivi,  f.  1.       =  0.  avena,  Sowb 255 

Virginea  (Bulla),  Cantraine.     =  Ovula  Adriatica,  Sowb.     .  247 

Volva,  Bolten.     Mus.,  1798, 244,252 

Volva,  Fleming.     Hist.  Brit.  Anim.,  331,  1828. 

=  Sirania,  Risso. 

Volva  (Ovula),  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.  p.  1182,  1767,  .         .         .252 
Vulgaris  (Bezoardica),  Schnm.     Nouv.  Syst.,  p.  248,  1817. 

=  Cassis  glauca,  L.    ........  276 

Xanthostoma  (Oniscia),  A.  Ad.  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  1853,  p.  174. 
=  0.  tuberculosum,  Sowb. 282 

Zebra  (Cassis),  Lam.     An.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  28. 

=  C.  strigata,  Gmel 277 

Zelanica  (Cassis),  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  x,  p.  33. 

=  C.  pyrum,  Lam 278 

Zonatum  (Dolium),  Green.  Trans.  Alb.  Inst.,  i,  p.  131,  pi.  4,  263 


REFERENCE   TO    PLATES. 


OVULID^E,  DOLIID^E  AND 


PLATE  1. 

KHJKKK.  1'AQB. 

1.  Pedicularia    Sicula,    Swainson.     Dentition.     Fischer's 

Manual,  pt.  7,  f.  425, 241 

2,  3.   Pedicularia  Sicula,  Swains.     Adams'  Genera,  t.  29, 

f.  3,  3  a,    .         .         .         .  .         .         .         .241 

4.  Pedicularia  Californica,  Newc.     Proc.  Cal.  Acad.,  iv, 

t.  l,f.  9,    . 242 

5.  Pedicularia  Japonica,  Dall.     Am.   Jour.    Conch.,   vii, 

t.  16,  f.  12, .  242 

6.  7.  Pedicularia  Pacifica,  Pease.     Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  iv, 

t.  11,  f.  17,  18,  .......  242 

8,  9.  Pedicularia   elegantissima,   Desh.     Moll.    Jleunion, 

t.  ('.,  f.  23,  24. 242 

10.  0 vula  gibbosa,  Linn.     Dentition.     Fischer's  Man.  de 

Conch.,  pt.  7,  f.  420, 243 

11.  Ovula  ovum,  Linn.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch,  f.  2,      .         .  246 

12.  Ovula  oviformis,  Lam.  (=  ovum).  Kiener,  Iconog.,t.  1,  246 

13.  14.  Ovula  marginata,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  9,  10,     .  246 

15.  Ovula  brevis,  Rve.  (=  marginata).  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  5  6,  246 

16.  18.  Ovula  Adriatica,  Sowb.  (=  patula).    Thes.  Conch., 

f.  13,  14, 247 

17.  Ovula   patula,  Pennant.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  30  a,  246 

PLATE  2. 

19,  20.  Ovula  tortilis,  Martyn.    Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  4,  5,  246 
21,  22.  Ovula  Sinensis,  Sowb.  (=  marginata).  Zool.  Proc., 

t.  72,  f   I,  1874, 246 

23,  24.  Ovula  lactea,  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  1,        .  247 

(301) 


302  REFERENCE   TO   PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGB. 

25,  26.  O vula  semistriata,  Pease  (=  lactea).     Am.  Jour. 

Conch.,  iv,  t.  11,  f.  16,  ....  .  247 

27,  28.  Ovula  cristallina,  Kiener  (=  lactea).  Kiener, 

Iconog.,  t.  4,  f.  3, 247 

29,  30.  Ovula  pudica,  A.  Ad.  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon  ,  f.  6,  .  247 

31.  Ovula  Caledonica,  Crosse  (=  pudica).  Jour,  de  Conch., 

t.  2,  f.  1,  1872, 247 

32,  33.  Ovula  brevis,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  70,  71,          .  248 
34,  35.  Ovula  margarita,  Sowb.     Ibid.,  f.  93,  94,         .         .  248 
36,  37.  Ovula  bulla,  Ad.  and  Rve.  (=  margarita).    Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  20 .248 

38,  39.  Ovula  nmbilicata,  Sowb.  (==  margarita).  Reeve, 

Ibid.,  f.  14,        ....  .  .  248 

40.  Ovula  ovoidea,  H.  Ad.  (=  margarita).  Zool.  Proc., 

t.  3,f.  4,  1872 248 

41,42.  Ovula  nubeculata,  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  12, 247 

43,  44.  Ovula  pyriformis,  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  72,  73,  .  247 

45.  Ovula  pyriformis,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  9  a,  247 

46,  47-  Ovula  bimaculata,  A.  Ad.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  11, 248 

48-50.  Ovula  carnea,  Poiret.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

74-76, 248 

51-52.  Ovula  triticea,  Lam.  (=  carnea).  Reeve,  Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  51,  52,         . 248 

PLATE  3. 

f>:5,  54.  Ovula  rhodia,  A.  Ad.  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  18  a,  6,  249 
55,  56.  Ovula  fruticum,  A.  Ad.  Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  16  a,  6,  .  249 
57,  58.  Ovula  pyrulina,  A.  Ad.  Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  19  a,  6,  .  249 
59,  60.  Ovula  concinna,  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Reeve,  Ibid.,  f. 

21  a,  6, 249 

61-63.  Ovula  punctata,  Duclos.  Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

90-92, 249 

64.  Ovula  alabaster,  Reeve  (==  punctata).     Conch.  Icon., 

f.  23  6, 249 

65,  66.  Ovula  Adamsi,  Reeve.     Ibid.,  f.  24  a,  ft,  .         .  249 
67,  68.  Ovula  bullata,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Ibid.,  f.  26  a,  6,      .  250 
69,  70.  Ovula  scitula,  Adams.  (=  bullata).     Reeve,  Ibid., 

f.  29  a,  6, 250 

71,  72.  Ovula  frumentum,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  25  a,  6,  .  250 

73.  Ovula   pulchella,   H.    Ad.   (=  punctata,   var.).     Zool. 

Proc.,  t.  23,  f.  5,  1873, 249 

74.  Ovula  Cumingi,  Morch    (=  concinna).      Morch,  Cat. 

Kjerulf.,t.  l,f.  11, 249 


REFERENCE   TO   PLATES.  303 

FIGUKK.  PAGE. 

75,  76.  Ovula  striatula,  Sowerby.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

28  a,  6, 250 

77,  78.  Ovula  dorsuosum,  Hinds.  (=  striatula).  Ibid.,  f. 

27  a,  ft, 250 

79,  80.  Ovula  dcntata,  Ad.  and  Reeve  (=  striatula).  Ibid., 

f.  36  a,  ft, 250 

81,  82.  Ovula  gibbosa.  Linn.  Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  32  a,  ft,  .  250 

83.  84.  Ovula  emargirfata,  Sowb.  Reeve,  Ibid.,f.  34  a.  ft,  .  251 

85,  86.  Ovula  intermedia,  Sowb.  Ibid.,  f.  33  a,  ft,  .  .  2.~>1 

87,  88.  Ovula  obtusa,  Sowb.  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  22,  23,  .  251 
89  Ovula  Indiea,  Reeve  (==  obtusa,  var.).  Conch.  Icon., 

f.  47ft, 251 

90,  91.  Ovula  Trailli,  A.  Ad.  Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  38  a,  ft,  .  251 

PLATE  4. 
92,  93.  Ovula  longirostra,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

40  a,  c, 252 

1)4,95.  Ovula  volva,  Linn.  Thes  Conch.,  f.  67,  .  .  252 
96,  97.  Ovula  recurva,  Ads.  and  Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

54  a,  ft, 252 

98,  99.  Ovula  gracilis,  Ads.  and  Reeve.     Ibid.,  f.  61  a, ft,  .  252 
100,  1.  Ovula  Philippinarum,  Sowb.    Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  46  a, ft,    252 
2.  Ovula  Carpenteri,  Du-nker  (=  Philippinarum).     Moll. 

Maris  Japon.,  t.  13,  f.  1, 252 

o,  4.  Ovula  Angasi,  A.  Ad.  (=  Philippinarum).     Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  48  a,  ft, 252 

5.  Ovula  depressa,  Sowb.  (=  Philippinarum).  Zool.  Proc., 

t.  2-1,  f.  1,  1875, 252 

6,  7.  Ovula  subreflexa,  Ad.  and  Reeve  (==  Philippinarum). 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  55  a,  ft, 252 

8.  Ovula  deflexa,  Sowb.  (  =Philippinarum).    Ibid.,  f.  56  ft,  252 

9.  Ovula  Adamsii,  Bunker  (=  Philippinarum).    Moll.  Ma- 

ris Japon.,  t.  13,  f.  3,  ....  253 

10,  11.  Ovula  birostris,  Linn.  Reeve, Conch.  Icon.,f.  45  a,  ft,  253 

12.  Ovula  aperta,  Sowb.  (= birostris).    Thes.  Conch.,  f.  107.  253 

13,  14.  Ovula  rosea,  A.  Ad.  (=  birostris).     Reeve,  Conch. 

Icon.,f.  44  a,  ft, 253 

15,  16.  Ovula  Formosa,  Ad.  and  Reeve.  Ibid.,  f.  39  a,  ft,  .  251 
17.  18.  Ovula  hordacea(=Semperi,Weink.).  Reeve,  Ibid., 

f.  37,o,6,          .  ...  251 

PLATE  5. 

19.  Ovula  hordacea  (=  Semperi,  Weink).     Thes.  Conch., 

f.  112, 251 

20,  21.  Ovula  lanceolata,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

59,  a,  6, 253 


304  REFERENCE   TO    PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

22.  Ovula  coarctata,  Ad.  and  Reeve.     Ibid.,  f.  57  a,  .         .  253 

23.  Ovula  acicularis,  Lain.     Sowb.,  Thes.  Conch.,  f.  43,      .  253 

24.  25.  Ovula  acicularis,  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  53 

a,  6, 253 

26.  Ovula  spelta  (=  Sowerbyana,  Weink.).     Ibid.,  f.  42,  6,    253 

27.  Ovula  spelta  (=  Sowerbyana,  Weink.).     Sowb.,  Thes. 

Conch.,  f.  63, 253 

28.  29.  Ovula  secalis,  Sowb.     Ibid.,  f.  26,  27,      .         .         .  254 

30.  Ovula  seminulum,  Sowb.  (=  secalis).     Conch.  Icon.,  f. 

48  a, 254 

31.  Ovula  Borbonica,  Deshayes.    Moll.  Reunion,  t.  13,  f.  18,  254 

32.  33.  Ovula  spelta,  Linn.     Kiener,  Coq.  viv.,  t.  5,  f.  4,     .  254 
34-36.  Ovula  hordacea,  Lam.     Ibid  ,  t.  6,  f.  6,    .         .         .  254 
37,  38,  Ovula    formicaria,    Sowb.    (=  hordacea).      Conch. 

Icon.,f.  52  a,  6, 254 

39.  Ovula  uniplicata,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Ibid.,  f.  51  a,     .         .  254 

40.  Ovula  uniplicata,  Sowb.     Thes.  Conch.,  f.  31,        .         .  254 

41.  Ovula  Antillarum,  Reeve  (=  uniplicata).    Conch.  Icon., 

f.  64  a, 254 

42.  Ovula  subrostrata,  Sowb.  (=  uniplicata).  Thes.  Conch., 

f.  39, .  255 

43.  Ovula   arcuata,  Reeve  (=  uniplicata).     Conch.   Icon., 

f.  58  6,  255,       .  255 

44.  Ovula  variabilis,  C.  B.  Ad.  (=  uniplicata,  var.).     Kiis- 

ter,  Conch.  Cab  ,  t.  53,  f.  2,      .         ...         .  255 

45.  Ovula  Californica,  Reeve.  (=  uniplicata,  var.).     Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  50  6,  255, 255 

46.  Ovula  iequalis,  Sowb.  (=  uniplicata,  var.).     Conch.  111. 

Cypraea,  f.  61,  .  255 

47.  Ovula  livida,  Reeve  (==  uniplicata,  var.).    Conch.  Icon., 

f.  63  6, 255 

48.  Ovula  rufa,  Sowb.  (=  uniplicata,  var.).    Conch.  111.  Cy- 

praea, f.  58, '  .  255 

49.  Ovula  inflexa,  Sowb.  (  =uniplicata,  var.).     Ibid.,  f.  (50,  255 

50.  Ovula  Lobbeckeana,  Weink  (  =  uniplicata,  var.).    Kiis- 

ter,  Conch.  Cab.,  t.  50,  f.  7, 255 

51.  Ovula  avena,  Sowb.     Conch.  111.  Cyprrea,  f.  59,    .         .  255 

52.  Ovula  sirailis,  Sowb.  (=  avena).     Thes,  Couch.,  f.  29,      255 

53.  Ovula  similis  (=  avena).     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  49  a,    255 

54.  Ovula  neglecta,  C.  B.  Ad.  (=  avena).     Reeve,  Ibid.,  f. 

62  a, .  255 

55.  Ovula  Vidleri,  Sowb.  (=  avena).     Zool.  Proc.,  t.  56,  f. 

1,  1881 255 

56.  57.  Ovula  verrucosa,  Linn.     Sowb.,   Thes.  Conch.,  f. 

78,  79, .  25(5 

58.  Ovula  verrucosa,  Linn.     Quoy,  Yoy.  Astrol,  t.  47,  f.  8,  256 


REFERENCE    TO  PLATES. 

D  O  L  I  I  D 

i 

FIGURE.  PAGE. 

1.  Dolium   perdix,  Linn.     Dentition.      Troschel,    Gel 

. 
ix,  Linn.     Jaw.     Ibid.,  t.  19,  f.  1,      .         .  257 

3.  ;  a,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,t.  2,  f.  2,   .         .  261 

4.  Dolium  i  .  Jay.     ,'  .,  3d  edit.,  t.  9,  .  261 
Dolium   melanostom:                          e,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  2,  261 

•:  •oiu-h.  Cab.,  t.  58,  .         .  261 

PL  A 

Dolium  Japonicum,  Dunker  (=luteostoma).     Dunker, 

Novitates  Conch.  261 

Dolium  olearium,  Br  ner,  Iconog.,  t.  1,  f.  1  a,  .  262 

im  Cunr  ;um).    Conch.  Icon., 

f.  3,  -  -  -         -  262 

rium,  var.).    Conch. 

tt.,  f.  13  tf,    ...  .  .262 

11.  Dolium  Testardi,  Morch  (=  olearium,  var.).     Jour,  de 

Conch.,  t,  5,  f.  6,  1863,      .  .262 

•iterosato.     Ibid.,  t.   12,  f.  1, 

.  263 

PLA; 

>im,  Lam.      K<  rve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  7  6,  262 
Dolium    Chinense,    Dilhv.    (=  variegatum). 

. 

17.  L2a,  263 

,rum,  var.  fhnbri- 
.,  t.  02,  f.  1,  .  264 

PJ 

Doliuni(  .i:\tum). 

t.  i 

20.  Dolium    ampull:1  ",    Men! 

Neii-  •  2113 

21.  Dolium  >or, 

Icoiio.u'.,  t.  3,  f.  4, 

22.  Dolium  ' 

Icon.,  f 


306 


REFERENCE   TO    PLATES. 


FIGURE.  PAGE. 

23,24.  Dolium  perdix,  Linn.    Embryo  and  young.    Fisci 

Jour,  de  Conch.,  t.  6.  f.  7,  1863, 
25.  Dolium  perdix.  Linn.     Quoy,  Voy.  Astrol.,  t.  41,  f.  1, 

PLATE  5. 

2(>.  Dolium  pomum,  Linn3    Reeve,  Conch.,  Icon.,  f.  6, 

27.  Doliurn 

t.  4,  f.  7,   . 

28.  Pyr  (=  reticulata,  Lam.),     Ibid., 

. 

29.  Pyrula  ficus,  Linn.     Ad:  1!1g)t.  9, 

Dussumieri,  Yal.     Reeve,  Icon.,  Ficula,  f.  2,     . 

llata,  Kobelt.     K  la,  t,  2,  f.  3,   .  2«7 

32.  Doliopsis  quinquecosta,  Coin  -lour.  Conch.,  i, 


t.  10,  f.  15, 


33.  Pyrula  clathrata  Rouss.  (=  roticulata).      Chenu,  111. 

Conch.,  t.  2,  f.  3, 

34.  Pyrula   ventricosa,   Sowb.   (=  decussaata).      Kiei; 

Pyrulajt.  12,  f.  2, 

35.  Pyrula  reticulata,  Lam.  (==  papyratia).     So^vb.,  G< 

Shells,  Pyrula,  f. 

36.  Pyrula  ficus,  Linn.  '  So\vb.,  Thcs.  Conch.,  iv,t.  423,  f.  4,  206 

37.  Pyrula  pellucida,  Desh.  (-.  Jour.  deCon< 

ier.,i,  t  6,  f.  1,   .        .        . 

38.  Pyrula    licoides,    Lam.    (=    reticulata).      Dentition. 

schel,  Gebiss  Schneck.,  t.  20,  f.  1*2,     .         .         .258 
39-41.  Ooeo  d  Smith  (=  sulcati 

Trans'.  Conn.  Acad.,  vi,  t.  31,  f.  12, 
42.  Oocorys  sulcata,  .Fischer.     Manuel  de   Co  8, 

•36, .267 


REFERENCE   TO    PLATES.  307 

CASSIDID^E. 


PLATE  1. 

'IOURE.  PAGE. 

43.  Opcrculum  of  Cassis.     Fischer's  Manuel,  pt.  7,  f.  413,  .  268 

44.  Cassis  saburon,  Adans.      Dentition,  Fischer's  Manuel, 

pt.  7,  f.  412, i>fi8 

45.  46.  Cassis  cornuta,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  2,  f.  3,    .  270 
47,  48.  Cassis  flammea,  Linn.     Ibid.,  t.  3,  f.  5,     .         .         .271 

PLATE  2. 

40.  Cassis  cornuta,  Linn.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  2,      .         .         .  270 

50.  Cassis  cameo,  Stimpson.     Tryon,  Am.  Mar.  Conch.,  t. 

8,  f.  67, 271 

51.  Cassis  tuberosa,  Linn.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  7,         .271 

52.  Cassis  coarctata,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  14,     •  272 

53.  Cassis  tennis,  Gray.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  13  c,        .  272 

54.  Cassis  testiculus,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  9,  f.  17,    •  273 

PLATE  3. 

55.  Cassis  fimbriata,  Quoy.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  4,  f.  6,       .  272 
50.  Cassis  crumena,  Brug.     Reeve,  Icon.,  f.  10  a,        .         .  273 
57,  58.  Cassis  rufa,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  7,  f.  12,       .  273 

59.  Cassis    lactea,   Kiener    (=  sulcosa,   var.    abbreviata). 

Ibid.,  t.  16,  f.35, 274 

60.  Cassis  semigranosa,  Wood.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  3,  275 

61.  Cassis  abbreviata,  Lam.  (=sulcosa,  Brug.).  Ibid.,f.  18a,  274 

PLATE  4. 

62.  Cassis  spinosa,  Gronov.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  96,   .  272 

63.  Cassis  testiculus,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  9,  f.  17,     .  273 

64.  Cassis  sulcosa,  Brug.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  30,         .  274 

65.  Cassis  inflata,  Shaw  (=  sulcosa,  var.).     Ibid.,  f.  22,      .  274 

66.  67.  Cassis   recurvirostrum,  Wood    (=  sulcosa,  var.). 

Ibid.,  f.  16  a,  6, 274 

68,  69.  Oniscia  tuberculosa,  Sowb.     Ibid.,  f.  5  6,         .         .281 

70.  Oniscia  Strombiformis,  Reeve.     Ibid.,  f.  2,  .         .         .  282 

PLATE  5. 

71.  Cassis   abbreviata,  Lam.    (=  sulcosa,   Br.).      Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  186,         .         .         .         .         .         .274 

72.  Cassis  canaliculata,  Brug.     Ibid.,  f.  8,  .         .         .         .  275 

73.  Cassis  canaliculata,  Brug.  Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  14,  f.  28,  275 


308  REFERENCE    TO    PLATES. 

FIGURE.  PAOB. 

74.  Cassis  saburon,  Adans.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  11  a,  .  275 

75.  Cassis  pila,  Reeve  (=  saburon.  var.).     Ibid.,  f.  21,       .275 

76.  Cassis  Japonica,  Reeve  (=  saburon,  var.).  Ibid.,  f.  23,  275 

77.  Cassis  Pfeifferi,  Hidalgo  (=  saburon,  var.).     Jour,  de 

Conch.,  t.  T,  f.  2,  1872, 275 

78.  Cassis  bisulcata,  Schub.  et  Wagn.  (=  saburon,  var.). 

Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  ('»  b,  ...  275 

PLATK  0. 

79.  Cassis  glauca,  Linn.     Reeve.  Conch.  Icon.,f.  33,  .         .  276 

80.  Cassis  glauca,  Linn.     Quoy,  Voy.  Astrol  ,  t.  43,  f.  9, ,  276 

81.  Cassis  coronulata,  Sowb.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  31,  .  276 

82.  83.  Cassis  exarata,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  32,    .         .276 

84.  Cassis  areola,  Linn.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  10,  f.  19,         .  276 

PLATE  7. 

85.  Cassis  zebra,  Lam.  (=  strigata).     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t. 

10,  f.  18, 276 

86.  Cassis  plicaria,  Lam.  (=  plicata).     Ibid.,  t.  6,  f.  11,     .  277 

87.  88.  Cassis   decussata,   Lam.     Reeve,   Conch.   Icon.,  f. 

46,c-,         . 277 

89.  Cassis  vibex,  Linn.     Ibid.,  f.  156,          .         .         .         .277 

90.  Cassis  vibex,  var.  erinacea,  Linn.     Ibid.,  f.  15  d,  .  277 

91.  Cassis   vibex,  vnr.    kalasmodix,    Melvill.        Author's 

drawing, •    .         .         .  278 

92.  93.  Cassis  torquata,  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  1  6,  c,      .  278 

PLATE  8. 

94.  Cassis  achatina.  Lam.     Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  286,     .  278 

95.  Cassis  turgida,  Reeve  (=  achatina).     Ibid,  f.  25  c,       .  278 

96.  97.  Cassis  pvrum,  Lam.   (=  achatina,  var.).     Ibid.,  f. 

29  a,  &, ,         .         .278 

98.  Cassis  nivea,  Brazier  (=  achatina,  var.  pyrum).     Proc. 

Zool.  Soc.,  t.  44,  f.  1,  1872, 278 

99.  Cassis  Sophia,  Brazier.     Ibid.,  t.  44,  f.  2,  1872,     .         .  279 
100.  Oniscia   exquisita,   Ad.    and    Reeve.      Reeve,   Conch. 

Icon.,  f.  3, 282 

1-3.  Pachybathron  Cassidiforme,  Gaskoin.  Ann.  Mag. 

Nat.  Hist.,  t.  12,  f.  1-3,  1853,  .  .  .  .283 

4,  5.  Pachybathron  Margin elloideum,  Gaskoin.  Ibid.,  t. 

12,  f.  4,  0, 1853, 283 


REFERENCE  TO  PLATES.  309 

PLATE  9. 

FIGURE.  PAGB. 

('..  Cassidaria  Deshayesii,  Duval.  Jour,  de  Conch.,  t.  1, 

f.  9,180:*.  .  280 

7.  Cassis  paiutiruiyis,  Mke.  (=  achatina,  var.  pyrum). 

Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.,  f.  19  a,  .  .  .  '  .  .278 

s.  Cassis  glabrata,  Bunker.     Novit.  Conch.,  t.  11,  f.  1,    .  279 

9.  Cassidaria  echinophora,  Linn.   Kiener,Iconog.,t.  l,f.  2,  279 

10.  Cassidaria  echinophora,  Linn.     Kiister,  Conch.  Cab.,  t. 

54,  f.  5, 279 

11.  Cassidaria  provincialis,  Martin  (=  echinophora,  mon- 

str.).     Jour,  de  Conch.,  ii,  t.  8,  f.  4,          .         .         .  279 

12.  13.   Cassidaria  Coronadoi,  Crosse.     Jour,  de  Conch.,  t. 

4,  f.  1;  t.  5,  f.  1,  1807, 280 

PLATE  10. 

14.  Cassidaria  Tyrrhena,  Lam.     Kiener,  Iconog.,  t.  1,  f.  1,  280 

15.  Cassidaria  striata,  Lam.     Ibid.,  t.  2,  f.  3,      .         .         .280 

16.  Cassidaria   Grayi,   A.    Ad.  (=  striata,    Lam.).     Zool. 

Proc.,  1854,  t.  28,  f.  6, 280 

17.  Cassidaria(  Barbudensis,  Higgins  and  Marrat.     Proc. 

Lit.  Philos.  Soc.  Liverpool,  xxxi,  t.  1,  f.  1,     .         .281 

18.  Oniscia  oniscus,  Linn.     Kiister,  Conch.  Cab.,  t.  55,  f.  5,  281 

19.  Oniscia    Lamarckii,  Desh.  (=  oniscus,  var.).     Reeve, 

Conch.  Icon.,  f.  1, 281 

20.  Oniscia  Dennisoni,  Reeve.     Ibid.,  f.  6,  ...  282 

21.  Oniscia  cancellata.  Sowb.     Ibid.,  f.  4,    .         .         .         .  282 

22.  Oniscia  ponderosa,  Hanley  (=exquisita).    Zool.  Proc., 

1858,  t,  42,  f.  10,       .  " 282 


TEREBRID^E. 


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TEREBRID^E. 


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97 


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PLATE   7. 


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PLATE  8. 


TEREBRIDJE. 


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54 


69 


70 


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TEREBRID^E. 


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10 


13 


18 


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TEREBRIDJE. 


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10. 


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19 


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28. 


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PLATE   7. 


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STROMBLDJE. 


PLATE    1O. 


STROMBIDJE. 


PLATE    11. 


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CYPR^EID^E. 


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31 


CYPR^IDJE. 


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70 


CYPR^ETD^E. 


PLATE   13. 


CYPRJEIDJE. 


PLATE    15. 


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PLATE    16. 


59 


62 


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CYPR^EID^E. 


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35 


PLATE   2O. 


CYPR^EIDvE. 


67 


0 


77 


82 


71  72 


78 


89 


94  95 


69 


84-  85 


90  91 


98  99 


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96 


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t  • 

9  10 


18  19 


23 


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CYPRJETD^E. 


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TJNH        SITY 


CASSIDID^E. 


PLATE    8. 


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PLATE    3. 


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14  DAY  USE