Manual of conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species

'BERKELEY
JBRARY

JNIVERS1TY OF
CALIFORNIA

EARTH

SCIENCE

11BRARV

B e R K E L

LIBRA!

UNIVERSITY
CALIFORH

EARTH

SCIENCE
LIBRARY

MANUAL

OF

ONCHOLOGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH nj^USTKATIOXS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W.^RYON,) JR.

CONTINUATION BY ^/

HENRY A. PILSBRY,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OP
SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Vol. XV.

POLYPLACOPHORA,

(Chitons.}

ACANTHOCHITID.E, CRYPTOPLACID^E AND APPENDIX.
TECTIBRANCHIATA.

PHILADELPHIA :
3?u.blish.ed by Concliological Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

OF PHILADELPHIA.

1893.

EARTH
SCIENCE*

UBRARt

PREFACE.

Iii this volume are contained monographs of two families of POLY-
PLACOPHORA : Acantlwehitidce and Cryptoplacidce, with an Appendix,
and an Index to the entire group. The APLACOPHORA are then
described ; and the remainder of the volume is devoted to the various
groups of spiral shelled TECTIBRANCHIATA.

As it is not proposed to include the NUDIBRANCHIATA^ in the
MANUAL, the present volume will complete the First Series, as orgin-
ally projected by its illustrious founder.

The Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences
contemplates the commencement of a Third Series of the Manual of
Conchology, to include the Marine bivalve Molluslcs. The continued
support of the subscribers to the First Series is earnestly desired, for
without their liberal aid this great enterprise cannot be undertaken.

E. J. NOLAN, M. D.,}

ANGELO HEILPRIN, ( Publication Committee.

J. H. BEDFIELD.

H. A. PILSBRY, Editor.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

MONOGRAPH OF THE POLYPLACOPHORA.

(CONCLUDED.)

Acanthochitoid Phylum.

The systematic position and genesis of this stock of chitons has
been indicated on pages xxiv and xxvii of the preceding volume of
this work. Two families, Acanthochitidce and Cryptoplacidce, are
recognized, both containing some peculiarly modified forms.

The following diagram expresses the approximate relationships
and phytogeny of the genera. It must be remembered that those
genera which have undergone the greatest modification are in this
phylum distinctly degenerate in character, and represented by but
few species of restricted range.

The reverse is true of the most modified genera of Chitonidas.

u ><

C CS

Cryptochiton.

Amicula.

Cryptoplacidse.

Choneplax.

Acanthochitoid Phylum.

Cryptoplax.

6 ACANTHOCHITID^.

Family ACANTHOCHITID^E Pilsbry.

Chitons in which the valves are more or less immersed in the
smooth or hairy (never scaly) girdle; the tegmentum or outer layer
therefore being much smaller than the articulamentum or inner layer,
and having the exposed surface (when present) divided into dorsal (or
jugal) and latero-pleural areas, the latter formed by the union of the
lateral areas with the sides of the central areas. Insertion teeth
sharp, nearly smooth. Body not vermiform. Posterior valve either
slit similarly to the head-valve or having a posterior median sinus ;
the mucro submedian.

Besides the positive and negative characters given above, the species
of this family generally have 5 slits in the head-valve, and median
or short gills.

It is difficult to quote synonymy for the family name, as genera
grouped here by me are scattered throughout the two grand divisions
of the Carpenterian arrangement, being included in the Ischnoidea,
Acanthoidea, Nopaloidea and Cryptoidea of his classification.

The descent of this family from the primitive Ischnochitonidce can
safely be affirmed, although no existing genus affords a clue to the
exact branch of that family which gave rise to this peculiar series-
The general prevalence of a short gill-row, the simplicity of the
insertion-plates and teeth, and the low development of sense-organs
in the shell, all indicate an ancestral stock not far removed above
the LepidopleuridcR except in the development of slits and teeth.

The genera of Acanthochitince are closely linked together by inter-
mediate forms, although the superficial modification is considerable,
The more normal forms (Leptoplax, Spongiochitori) have the tail
valve many-slit, like the head valve, and perfectly "regular" in
form ; these lead to forms with the posterior teeth uneven and
vertical (Loboplax, Notoplax, Katharina), and then to those in which
the posterior teeth are obsolete and lost, their place being excavated
into a tail-sinus (Acanthoehites). So far, the course of development
has been parallel to that followed by the Mopaliidce ; but the pro-
gressive envelopment of the valves by the girdle, brings another
factor into play at this point : viz., the backward growth of the pos-
terior covered margins of the valves. This tendency is very clearly
seen in the more covered species of Acanthoehites , etc., but it becomes
much more pronounced in such forms as Oryptoconchw and Amicula;
and in Cryptochiton the development of posterior lobes, as well as the
burying of the valves themselves, reaches its culmination.

ACANTHOCHITES. 7

The Chitonellidce betray unquestionable proofs of descent from a
stock distinctly Acanthochitoid in its organization ; but their special
characters render it useful to treat that group as a separate, though
closely allied, family.

See Vol. XIV, p. xxxii, paragraph bb for synopsis of genera.

Subfamily ACANTHOCHITIN^E.
Genus SPONGIOCHITON Carpenter.

See Vol. XIV, p. 26. This is probably a valid genus, allied to
Acanthochites but distinguished by the anterior dilation of the girdle
and the more regular slitting of the tail valve.

Genus (?) LEPTOPLAX Carpenter.

See Vol. XIV, page 25, where this genus was erroneously included
in the Ischnochitonince. Specimens should be critically examined
now that it is placed next to Acanthochites, for it may prove to be a
subgenus or section of the latter, near JVotoplax.

Genus ACANTHOCHITES Risso, 1826.

Acanthochites, Acanthochcetes and Acanthochiton of authors, +
Phakellopleura Guild, (haud Shuttlw. \),-}-Phacellopleura, Macan-
drellus and Stectoplax of Carpenter, -{-Notoplax Ad.,-{- Cryptoconchus
(Blainv.) Guild.

Valves partially buried in or covered by the girdle, the exposed
part consisting of a smooth or striated dorsal band, and granulated
side-areas, the latter sometimes lacking. Anterior valve with 5 sym-
metrically placed slits ; median valves with 1 slit on each side ; pos-
terior valve with two or several slits. Girdle varying from densely
hairy to naked, but always having four bristle-bearing pores around
the head valve, and a single series of pores on each side placed at
the sutures. Gills short, extending forward from one-third to three-
fourths the length of the foot.

This genus is distinguished from Leptoplax, Spongiochiton and
Katharina by the presence of bristle-bearing pores at the sutures,
and from the first two moreover by the less regular slitting of the
posterior valve. The genus Katharina differs from Acanthochites
further in the more numerous, unsymmetrical anterior slits, and in
the gill-row, which is as long as the foot.

Acanthochites is the only genus (of more than one species) in which

8 ACANTHOCHITES.

the girdle-pores seem to be a constant generic character ; and even
in this genus some species have them very small, or even subobsolete
(A. floridanus). The pores are normally 18 in number, but rarely
one or two additional pores are developed behind the posterior
valve.

A number of sections have been proposed, based on the degree of
covering of the valves, and the denticulation of the posterior valve.
Part of them have been ranked as genera by authors, but the more
I see of the species, the less rank I am disposed to accord these minor
groups. Their differential characters are trivial, and intermediate
forms may be expected to occur between any of them.

Synopsis of sections,

A. Anterior valve without radiating ribs; not obviously lobed
around the lower edge of tegmentum.

b. Tail valve with one slit on each side, and a wide, shallow
sinus between ; girdle covered with spicules and having well
developed tufts, Acanthochites.

bb. Tail valve with several slits behind ; girdle encroaching at
sutures on the valves. Notoplax.

bbb. Tail valve with several slits ; girdle naked, leathery, covering
the valves except for a linear band at the ridge ; tufts small,
the pores sometimes raised on tubercles, sometimes sub-
obsolete, hardly visible, Cryptoconchus.
AA. Anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs, its lower margin
5-lobed ; tail valve multifissate ; girdle nearly naked, having
small pore tufts, Loboplax.

Section Acanthochites Risso, 1826.

Acanthochites BJSSO (as of Leach ms.), Hist. Nat. de 1'Eur. Merid.,
iv, p. 268 (first species A. communis,==^ A. discrepans ; second
species A. carinatus=A.fascicularis L.). — GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 66,
69.—Acanthochetes LEACH (MS. 1819) in GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p.
169 ; Guide, p. 186.— SOWB., Conch. Man., edit. 2, p. 57 (1842).—
Acanthochiton HERRMANNSEN, Indicis Generum Malacozoorum
Primordia, i, p. 2 (vid. ibid., " Acanthochitus"). — Acanthochiton of
CARPENTER and many modern authors. — Acanthochistes COSTA,
Faun. Reg. Nap., p. 2. — Phakellopleura GUILDING, Zool. Journ. v,

ACANTHOCHITES. 9

p. 28(1829); type Ch. fascicularis Sow. Gen., f. 3. — Stectoplax
CPR. in BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, pp. 284, 288, 289, 291
(1882) ; type S. porrecta CPR.

Valves partly covered, the anterior lacking radiating ribs; the
posterior valve having the insertion-plate with a single slit on each
poster o- lateral edge, and a ivide, toothless sinus in the middle behind.
Girdle with large, dense tufts of glistening spicules. Type, C. fasci-
cularis L.

In this, the typical section, the tail valve has been further differ-
entiated from the primitive type than in the other sections. The
hairs of the girdle, and especially the tufts, are more exuberantly
developed than in any othe'r group of Chitons. The valves vary
greatly in the degree to which they are buried in the girdle. The
species are numerous, but owing to the similarity of the sculpture
they are very hard to distinguish, even when well described.

(1) Species of European and African Seas.

A. FASCICULARIS Linne. PI. 4, figs. 77, 78, 79.

Shell elongated, moderately convex, more or less distinctly car-
inated. Surface dull, varying much in color, "brown, chocolate,
orange, yellow, pinkish or red, now and then mottled or streaked
with white, pale green or brown."

Median valves broadly subtriangular (seen detached), the beak
slightly projecting, latero-anterior outline of tegrnentum convex.
Latero-pleural areas covered with flat or concave granules, which are
ovate-oblong or drop-shaped and rather remote. Dorsal areas tri-
angular, not abruptly defined at the edges, rather flattened and
longitudinally obsoletely striated. Anterior valve granulated, the
lower edge of the tegmentum slightly and obsoletely angular. Pos-
terior valve with subcentral elevated mucro.

Interior greenish, often roseate along the cavity. Insertion-plate
of posterior valve having between the two slits a small posterior
wave or sinus with a slight lobe on each side.

Girdle moderately broad, more or less closely covered with short
spicules which are usually tawny or grayish ; and a thick tuft of
greenish or whitish bristles at each suture, four such tufts around the
head valve. Periphery of girdle fringed with spines longer than
those covering the rest of the girdle, but shorter than those of the
tufts.

10 ACANTHOCHITES.

Length 25, breadth 11, mill.; divergence 110.°

Length 15, breadth 7 mill.

Finmark and Great Britain, south to Mogador ; off the Strait of
Gibraltar, (and perhaps the Canaries} ; Mediterranean and Adriatic
Seas. On rocks, stones and oyster shells from low tide to 25 fms.

Chiton fascicnlaris LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1106 (1766), and of
many authors, including LAM., PAYRAUDEAU, PHILIPPI, WEIN-
KAUFF, FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., t. 59, f. 5. — JEFFREYS,
Brit. Conch, iii, p. 211 ; v, p. 197, t. 55, f. 3 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
1870, p. 10; P. Z. S. 1882, p. 666, WOODWARD, Man. of Moll., t.
11, f. 30.— Sows., Conch. Illustr., f. 87, 87a.— AUDOUIN, Ex. PI.
Savigny, p. 127; Savigny, pi. 3, f. 5. — Acanthochites fascicularis
SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 117. — Anisochiton (Acanthochiton)
fascicularis FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 881, f. 623 (bad). —
Anisochiton (Acanthochites} fascicularis BUQ., DAUTZ. and DOLLF.,
Moll. Rouss. i, p. 502, t. 61, f. 17-20; t. 62, f. 6.— Acanthochites car-
inatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid, iv, p. 269 (1826).— Acantho-
chcetes vulgaris LEACH, Synops. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 229 (1852). —
Chiton crinitus PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 7J , t. 36, f. 1, Al (1777) ;
edition of 1812, vol. iv, p. 142.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t.'26, f. 176.
Not Ch. crinitus SOWB. — ? Chiton globulosus CHIEREGHINI MS.,
Brusina's Ipsa Chier. Couch., p. 43, 1870.

This species is smaller than A. discrepans and the valves are much
more coarsely granulated, the granules being ovate, at least toward
the beaks. The median smooth area is wider than in discrepans,
and less raised ; the tufts are larger, and the girdle is fringed at the
margin.

Var. attenuata Jeffr. Much longer and narrower in proportion to
the breadth. England.

A. ^NEUS (Risso) Monts.

This Chiton resembles the other species of the group, but is more
arched, reddish or bright colored, having distinct granules, and with
the hairs of the tufts copper colored ; border thick and spinous.
This beautiful species belongs to the laminarian zone, and has
occurred at various points in the Mediterranean. The A. fascicularis
is littoral, smaller, black with the keel chalky white ; and moreover
its granulations are less numerous and more prominent. A. discre-
pans Brown is also littoral, is larger and better known. Its colora-
tion is ordinarily greenish, its granules minute and numerous; the
hair-tufts are a beautiful silvery green. (Monts.')

ACANTHOCHITES. 11

Back subcarinated, blackish ; margin wide, tuberculate ; tufts
white, bronzed. The back is oblong, blackish, bordered by a wide
tuberculous band ornamented with bunches of white or bronze hairs.
Length 15 mill. Animal light red ; head rounded, gills reddish, etc.
(jRiwo.)

Balearic Is. (Hidalgo) ; Nizza (Risso) ; Genoa (Issel) ; Gorgona
(Caifassi); Naples; Palermo (Monts.)

Acanthochites ceneus Risso, Hist. Nat. de 1'Eur. Merid. iv, p. 269
(1826). — CARTJS, Prodromus Faunae Mediterranese ii, pt. 1, p. 182
(1889). — Chiton (Acanthochites^ ceneus MONTEROSATO, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1878, p. 147. — Chiton gracilis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. Hist.
(3), iii, p. 106, t. 3, f. 9a, b (1859).— SOWB., Illustr. Index Brit. Sh.,
t. 10, f. 6. — C. fascicularis var. gracilis JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iii,
p. 212.

With this form Monterosato identifies C. gracilis Jeffreys, the
description which follows :

" C. fascicularis var. gracilis Jeffr. PI. 4, fig. 83.

Longer than usual, with finer sculpture; girdle broader and
membranous, sparsely set with spines and mostly having an extra
tuft (occasionally two) at the tail.

Weymouth and off Milford Haven. Dredged in deep water.

Differs from A. fascicularis in being slender, the girdle more
sparsely pilose, and having one or two tufts behind the posterior
valve, 19 or 20 tufts in all. The granulation of valves is finer than
in fascicularis, coarser than in discrepans. As I have seen no
Mediterranean specimens I cannot affirm their identity with those of
the south of England ; but they are probably the same. The
Mediterranean form has not been figured. Jeffreys in his later writ-
ings considered this a delicate deep-water form of fascicularis, a con-
clusion with which I am disposed to coincide. Further study with
abundant material from the Mediterranean and Atlantic is necessary
to establish the true status of the form.

The form described by Rochebrune as A. hamatus is probably a
synonym of A. ceneus. The original description follows:

Acanthochites hamatus Rochebr. Shell elongated, ovate, roseate,
intensely carinated, the carina very high, linear, rugulose, posteriorly
acute. Anterior valve rounded, intermediate valves with the lateral
areas intensely granulated all over, the grains polygonal, flattened,
subumbilicated. Marginal ligament pale rufous, with 9 shining

12 ACANTHOCHITES.

whitish bunches. Length 17, breadth 8 mill. Oran, Algeria,
collected by Deshayes' expedition of 1842; types in the Paris
Museum. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1881-1882, p. 191.)

A. DISCREPANS Brown. PI. 4, figs. 80, 81, 82.

Shell oblong,, rather elevated, carinated. Color grayish, variously
mottled with dull reddish-brown ; the ridge often marked with lilac
or blackish.

Median valves, when detached, showing a broadly triangular
tegmentum, slightly beaked in the middle of the subconcave poste-
rior margin, the latero-anterior margin sigmoid, convex at the outer,
concave or subconcave toward the anterior termination ; length of
tegmentum contained If times in its breadth, except the 2nd valve,
which is longer. Latero^leural areas sculptured with very fine and
numerous round flat-topped granules, arranged in curving slightly
irregular series, radiating from the beaks. Dorsal area narrowly
triangular, elevated at the edges, somewhat convex, finely striated
longitudinally. Anterior valve granulated, its lower margin feebly
scalloped. Posterior valve with central, slightly projecting mucro;
the tegmentum oval, wider than long.

Interior white, faintly tinged with blue, and more or less suffused
with lilac-pink along the middle of the cavity. Sinus rather deep
angular. Posterior valve having no posterior sinus or wave in the
insertion-plate, which has the usual single slit on each side, sometime,
doubled on one side.

Girdle broad, grayish, covered with a thick velvety pile, and hav-
ing ttffts of white, yellowish or greenish spiculesat each suture, with
four additional around the anterior valve ; periphery of girdle not
furnished with a fringe of spicules longer than those covering the sur-
face.

Length 36, breadth 19 mill. ; divergence 105°-115°.

Channel Islands to Morocco and Madeira; Mediterranean and
A driatic Seas. Low water to 25 fnis., on stones.

Chiton discrepans BROWN, 111. Conch. Gt. Brit, p. 65, t. 21, f. 20
(1827).— FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 396, t. 58, f. 4.
— SOWB., Illustr. Index Brit. Sh., t. 10, f. 7. — JEFFREYS, Brit.
Conch, iii, p. 214; v, p. 198, t. 55, f. 4 ; P. Z. S. 1882, p. 667.—
WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. Mittelm ii, p. 413. — Chiton fascicularis var.
major PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 108, t. 7, f. 2 ; ii, p. 83.— C.
fascicularis (part) DESH., in Lam., An. s. Vert. (2), vii, p. 492, and
of POT. & MICH., REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 53, PETIT, Journ.

ACANTHOCHITES. 13

de Conch. 1852, p. 71, WEINKAUFF, /. c., 1862, p. 333, et al — Chiton
crlnitus Sows., Conch. Illustr., p. 2, f. 88, 88a, 93.— THORPE, Brit.
Mar. Couch., p. 251, 1844 ; not of Pennant. — Anisochiton discrepans
BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 505, t. 61, f. 21-25 ; t. 62,
f. 7. — ? Acanthochites commwiis Risso, Hist. Nat. de TEur. Merid.,
iv, p. 269.

Smith (P. Z. S. 1891, p. 392) reports this species from Aden, and
remarks that he cannot separate 0. scutiger Ad. & Rv., Corean
Archipelago, and C. carinatus A. Ad. & Ang. from Port Jackson,
from this species.

A. discrepans is readily distinguished from A. fascicularis by its
larger size, the much smaller, more numerous and round instead of
oval granules ; the less conspicuous tufts, etc.

A. ADANSONI Rochebrune. PL 8, figs. 33, 34.

Shell elongated, whitish-violaceous, with black and green spots;
anterior valve semilunar ; posterior valve small ; intermediate valves
triangular, nearly concealed, closely and very minutely squamulose ;
anterior areas of valves narrow, very smooth and longitudinally strio-
late ; marginal ligament wide, pilose, hairs coarctate, generally red-
dish, and with 9 bunches of glossy, roseate, slightly yellowish bristles.

Length 20, breadth 8 mill. (Rocliebr.}

Strait of Santiago ; Saint Vincent, Cope Verde Archipelago ;
Goree and Dojcar, West Africa.

Acanthochites adansoni ROCHEBR., Journ. de Conchyl. (3) xxi,
p. 44 (1881); Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris, 1880-'81, p. 116;
Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2), iv, p. 238, t. 17, f. 9a, b.—Kalison
ADANSON, Voy. au Senegal, pt. 2, p. 42, t. 2. f. 11 (young individual,
teste Rochebr.)

The posterior valve is excessively narrow, rounded, almost entirely
covered by the girdle ; median valves triangular, carinated, the
carina obtuse, covered with ovoid scales regularly arranged in
radiating lines ; middle of the valves narrow, very finely striated
longitudinally. (Rochebr?)

The notes given under A. bouvieri on Rochebrune's figures of that
species, apply also to this. They are false in most particulars.

A. BOUVIERI Rochebrune. PI. 3, figs. 65, 66.

Shell elliptical, carinated, black. Anterior valve elongated ; pos-
terior valve rounded ; median valves triangular, wide, beaked,
covered with minute points ; anterior area very narrow, transversely

14 ACANTHOCHITES.

most minutely radiate. Marginal ligament wide, black or brownish,
having 9 dense, elongated bunches, whitish or reddish.

Length 15, breadth 9 mill. (Rochebr.}

Strait of Saint Lucie ; Santiago, Cape Verde Archipelago.

A. bouvieri ROCHEBK., Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 45 ; Bull.Soc.
Philom. 1880-'81, p. 117 ; Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2) iv,p. 239, 1. 17,
f. 10a, b.

The front valve is triangular, the posterior valve quite wide,
rounded. It occurs also at Dakar and Goree, on the mainland of
Africa, living with A. adansoni.

The artist who drew Rochebrune's figures omitted the slits in the
insertion-plates ; he supplied several extra girdle-tufts ; and finally,
he represented only seven valves, and these are very incorrect at the
sutures. To what extent the figures may be otherwise faulty I can-
not tell, but I have very grave doubts about the correctness of the
sculpture of the dorsal areas represented in the detail figure.

A. GARNOTI Blainville. PI. 14, figs. 11-16.

Shell elongated, rather depressed, not carinated. Brownish, with
two slightly diverging whitish stripes bounding the dorsal area.

The median valves are rather beaked when not eroded. The
tegmen turn varies on different valves from subpentagonal to sub-
quadrangular. Latero-pleural areas closely and evenly covered with
elongated granules. Dorsal areas triangular, rather wide in front,
not sharply defined at the sides, closely striated longitudinally, the
striae coarser at the sides, and becoming transformed into the gran-
ulation of the side areas. Posterior valve small, the tegmentum
broader than long. Posterior sinus shallow, with a slight lobe and
on each side a slit. Mucro behind the middle.

Interior a rather dark blue-green, the cavity and central callus of
each valve purple-brown. Sinus wide and rounded; sutural lamince
very large, well rounded at their anterior extremities, about equal in
area to the tegmentum, side slits inconspicuous, posterior.

Girdle "dirty-green, closely covered with clear or dark-green
bristles, white at the periphery, and having 18 bunches of numerous
radiating bristles, which are dirty-green, hyaline, very brittle and
over 2 millim. in length."

Length 20, breadth 10 mill, (specimen.)

Length 1 inch, 6 lines, breadth 1 inch (Quoy & Gaim.)

Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope.

AC A NTHOCHITES. 1 5

Chiton garnoti BLAINV., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 552 (1825). —
QCOY & GAIMARD, Voy. de 1'Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 401, t. 73, f. 9-14.
—LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 517. — KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll.,
p. 42._ ? Chiton danielli Sows., Conch. Illustr., p. 7, f. 48.

The valves are more or less encrusted or eroded in most adult
adult specimens. The Ch. danielli of Sowerby, figured in the Con-
chological Illustrations, but never described, has been considered
synonymous on account of its locality ; but as Krauss has pointed
out, the figure represents that species with an additional pair of well
developed tufts behind the tail-valve. It may prove distinct; but
as the figure was drawn from a badly eroded example and in other
respects agrees well with garnoti, it may be left here for the present.

A. penicillatus differs from this species in both coloring and
sculpture, v. Martens reports garnoti from Mauritius and Reunion
(Mobius' Reise, p. 300.)

A. PENICILLATUS Deshayes. PI. 4, fig. 84 ; -pi. 8, figs. 29, 30.

Shell elongated, moderately elevated, carinated, the side-slopes
nearly straight. Surface lusterless, varying from uniform cream-
white to heavily blotched and maculated with blackish.

Median valves slightly beaked. Dorsal areas not elevated at the
edges, rather narrow, closely and finely longitudinally striated.
Latero-pleural areas covered with rather coarse, flat or subconcave
scale-like granules, varying from drop-shaped to angularly oblong
in form, arranged in radiating rows, and less obviously in serie
parallel to the outer-anterior contours of the tegmentum (fig. 81).
Posterior valve having the tegmentum small, round, and equal in
length and breadth, the mucro moderately elevated and near the pos-
terior margin.

Interior white ; sinus broad and angular. Slits of side insertion-
plates posterior and small. Posterior valve having a slight upward
wave behind, at each side of which there is a projection or angle ;
the plate straight or concave from this angle to the lateral angles.
Slits as usual. Girdle covered with short pile, having a rather
small bunch of white spicules at each suture, four bunches around
the head valve, and a fringe of similar long glassy spicules at the
periphery.

Length 22, breadth 11 mill.; divergence 110°.

Reunion (Desh.) ; Mauritius ( V. Robillard.)

Chiton penicillatus DESH., Moll. Reunion, p. 41, t. 6, f. 8-10 (1863).
— Accinthochcetes p., MARTENS in Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der

16 ACANTHOCHITES.

Insul Mauritius u. der Seychellen, (Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius),
p. 300 (1880.)

This species may be readily known by the light ground-color, the
proportions of the posterior valve, and the fringe of long peripheral
spicules, when these are retained. The sculpture differs markedly
from the Cape species, the pustules being notably elongated, of a
narrowly drop-shaped contour, averaging one-fifth of a mill, in
length.

(2) Species of New Zealand and Australia.

A. ZELANDICUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 14, figs. 9, 10.

Shell elongated, moderately elevated, hardly carinated. Greenish
or gray, or " yellowish dotted with brown, some valves with a black
line at the summit."

The median valves are hardly beaked. Latero-pleural areas
covered with closely -crowded, ovate, flattened granules. Dorsal
areas narrowly triangular, closely and finely striated longitudinally.
Posterior valve having the tegmentum small, transversely oval,
decidedly wider than long.

Interior dark blue-green, often stained with purple along the
cavity. Sinus very wide and squarish. Posterior valve obtusely^
biangular behind, the edge of the insertion-plate, between the slits,
minutely and distinctly crenulated.

Girdle rather narrow (in the dried state), greenish, covered with
very short spicules, and having a marginal fringe of longer spicules,
and 18 tufts of light blue spicules.

Length 28, breadth 12 mill.

Length 25, breadth 10 mill.

Pass of France (Q. & G.) ; Auckland to Dunedin (Hutton), New
Zealand, on stones below low water-mark.

Chiton zelandicus Q. & G., Zool. Voy. de 1'Astrol., iii, p. 400,
t. 73, f. 5-8 (1834).— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 58,—Acanthochites
zealandicus HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 117 (1880). — Acantho-
chcetes hookeri GRAY, in Dieffenback's Travels in New Zealand, ii
p. 262 (1843.)

This species has been reported from Japan (Schrenck, Amurl.
Moll., p. 273) but incorrectly, the Japanese species being distinct.

The coloring is variable. Hutton writes : Mantle brown ; spines
pale green ; valves generally greyish-black, more or less varied with

ACANTHOCHITES. 17

yellowish ; often yellowish or reddish on the dorsal Hue ; occasion-
ally greenish. The spines on the mantle vary from green to brown.
Green is the more common color in the north, while brown appears
to be universal in Otago.

It is by no means certain that but one species of Acanthochiles
exists in New Zealand. Especial attention should be given to the
form and denticulation of the tail valve of specimens from different
New Zealand localities, in order to settle this question. Specimens
before me seem to indicate a second species, but they are not per-
fectly preserved.

A. CARINATUS Adams & Angas.

Shell elongated ; valves moderate, strongly carinated, beaked
behind ; whitish maculated with reddish-brown ; very closely pustu-
lose, in the middle smooth and black-brown ; lateral areas indistinct.
Girdle beset with minute white spicules, and bunches of pale spicules.

Length 30, breadth 16 mill. (A. & A.}

Port Jackson, New South Wales (Angas.)

Aeanthochites carinatus AD. & ANG., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 194. —
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 224.

A single specimen was collected by Angas. Mr. E. A. Smith has
expressed the opinion that it is the same as the European species A.
discr pans (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1891, p. 392), but this view needs
confirmation, being founded probably on a study of the external
characters only.

A. ASBESTOIDES Carpenter. PI. 2, fig. 55.

Shell small, greyish-brown, with a pale line on each side of the
middle of the central valves, slig-htly converging behind, leaving a
dark-wedge shaped space between them. Surface covered with a
coarseish granulation, the granules being somewhat flattened and
those at the vertex of the central valves rather smaller than the rest.
The lateral areas are not defined in these valves; the posterior
curved margins are produced in the middle, at times almost forming
a right angle; their insertion plates are large, thin, produced ante-
riorly with a very slight notch quite close to the hinder margin on
each side ; the sinus between them in front is deep and arcuate.
The first valve has a straighter posterior margin than the succeeding
ones, and a semicircular outline in front ; the lamina of insertion is
rather deep, thin, feebly striated exteriorly, and interrupted by five
very small subequidistant notches. The last valve is conspicuously
' 2

UXZVBBBIX1

18 ACANTHOCHITES.

small, transversely subovate, depressed- conical, with a nearly central
mucro; insertion-plate very large, laterally produced, with only two
notches behind. Interior of the valves bluish. Mantle very
minutely spinulose, bearing very conspicuous compact tufts of silky
spicules along the sides, not at all unlike in their fibrous texture that
of asbestos. Length 15 millim., width of the broadest central valve
5i (Smith.*)

Flinder's Island, J3ass' Straits (Jos. Milligan) ; Port Molle, Queens-
land (Coppinger), Australia.

Chiton (Acanthochiton) asbestoides Cpr. MS., SMITH, Zool. Coll.
H. M. S. 'Alert,' p. 83, t. 6, f. G (1884.)

Numerous specimens are before me from the collection of the
Canada Geological Survey. The species is characterized by the
density of the narrow white asbestos-like tufts, well shown in the
figure.

(3) Species of Japan, China, and the Sandivich Is.

A. RUBROLINEATUS Lischke. PL 2, fig. 50.

Shell oblong-ovate, convex, very minutely granose, dull flesh-
colored, here and there brown, having a wedge-shaped olive spot in
the middle of the valves, and painted with obliquely longitudinal red
lines. Sides of valves in large part covered by the girdle, the free
portion about as long as wide. Anterior valve regularly convex ;
posterior valve small, obtusely beaked ; the rest having a narrow
smooth median area, slightly excavated on each side. Girdle clothed
with minute, irregular spines, and 18 pores bearing dark bristles.

Length 34, breadth 20 mill. (Lischke.)

Nagasaki, Japan.

Chiton rubro-lineaius LISCHKE, Malak. Blatt. xxi, p. 24 (June,
1873) ; Japonische Meeres-Conchylien, iii, p. 73, t. 5, f. 12 (1874.)

Described from a single specimen. Compare A. achates.

A. ACHATES Gould.

Shell narrow, elliptical ; sooty, with a yellow streak on each side
Valves scale-shaped, beaked and carinated, at the apices smooth and
ebony colored, elsewhere scaly-granulated. Anterior valve semi-
oval ; posterior valve small, triangular, the mucro subterminal ;
interior glaucous. Ligament wide, provided with short, unequal
opines and bunches of spicules.

ACANTHOCHITES. 19

Length 30, breadth 20 mill. (Gl'd.}

Kikaia and Hakodadi Bay, Japan (Stimpson.)

C. (Acanthooficetes') achates GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii,
p. 165 ; Otia Conch., p. 118.

One of the orginal specimens of this species is before me, but it is
so eroded that the characters are quite obscured.
A. DEFILIPPII Tapparone Canefri. PL 2, figs. 45-48.

Shell ovate, the valves small ; girdle closely hairy, very wide.
Valves heart-shaped, narrowed in front, dilated, and somewhat
beaked in the middle behind; last valve small, subrotund.
Umbones obscurely transversely striated, areas minutely and closely
granulated. Girdle much dilated, thick, densely covered with short
haiis, and having two series of setigerous pores. Color of the valves
black-brown, sometimes variegated with white ; girdle olive-brown,
the pore tufts black. (7.-C.)

Yokohama, Japan.

Amycula de-filippii T.-C. Zool. del Viaggio intorno al globo della
R. Fregata ' Magenta,' Malacologia, p. 78, t. 1, f. 15, 15a-2c. (1874).
— Stectoplax porrecta CPR., MS. and in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1881, p. 288 (no description.)

Canefri's figure of this species shows but seven valves, probably a
mistake of the artist.

The species described by Carpenter seems to be identical. Car-
penter's name was applied some years before the appearance of the
Zoology of the 'Magenta/ but unfortunately was never published.
The Carpenterian species is evidently what Tapparone-Cauefri
alludes to as a species of " Stretochiton " in the collection " del sig.
E. Adams." Carpenter's description is as follows :

A. porrectus Carpenter. (PL 2, figs. 36-44). Valves two-thirds
immersed, brown-olive ; exposed part of the posterior valve rounded,
the mucro a little behind the middle; anterior valve semicircular;
median valves trilobed, projecting far forward at the ridge. Dorsal
area smooth, in the young shell longitudinally striate and granulose.
Side areas conspicuously granose.

Interior : posterior valve mopaloid, slightly sinuated behind, hav-
ing one slit at each side. Anterior valve having 5 slits; median
valve 1 slit (or sometimes abnormally 2 on one side) ; posterior
teeth long, the rest very long ; eaves minute. Jugal sinus very deep,
wide, smooth, sutural laminae separated.

20 ACANTHOCHITES.

Girdle produced in front, covered with countless minute whitish
glassy spines, and having tufts of hairs at the margins of the valves.

Length 44, breadth 27? mill.; divergence 120°.

Japan (Cuming Coll., no. 97.)

This curious shell may be described as a Katharina with the nor-
mal tail-plate of Acanthochites, and a pore-bearing girdle. The
hairs in the pores are horny, but over the surface white and nearly
translucent. (Cpr.)

This species was made the type of Carpenter's subgenus Stectoplax,
on account of the valves being two-thirds covered ; but some species
of Acanthochites have them even more immersed (such as A. exqui-
situs Pils.), and others form a perfect transition to the less covered
forms.

A portion of girdle and valves is shown of the natural size in fig.
44. Figures 41-44 were drawn by Mr. E. A. Smith from the type
in the British Museum. Figs. 36-40 were drawn by Emerton from
Carpenter's specimens, collected by Arthur Adams.

A. CIRCELLATUS Adams & Reeve. PI. 2, figs. 53, 54.

Shell oblong ovate, valves somewhat produced posteriorly, smooth,
peculiarly sculptured with circular grooves. Jet black. Ligament
densely beset with short bristles spreading over the sides of the
valves, and furnished with small tufts of spicules. (Rve.~)

This is the largest of the tufted species, and quite peculiar in its
style of sculpture ; the valves in all others are minutely granulated,
but in this they are smooth and characterized by a number of fine
grooves radiating in concentric order from the umbones. (Rve.")

Island of Quelpart, Corean Archipelago (A. Adams.)

Chiton circellatus Adams & Reeve, REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 27, f.
180 (Oct., 1847.J

A. SCUTIGER Adams & Reeve. PI. 2, figs. 51, 52.

Shell elongated, narrow ; valves smoothly keeled in the middle,
slightly beaked, minutely and very closely granulated ; peculiarly
burnt- red color. Ligament densely bristled, spread over the sides
of the valves, and furnished with small tufts of spicula. (Reeve.}

Island of Quelpart, Corean Archipelago (A. Adams.)

Chiton scutiger Ads. & Rve., REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 27, f. 178
(Oct., 1847). Probably not Acanthochites scutiger ANGAS, P. Z. S.
1865, p. 188, and 1867, p. 224.— Of. Cooke, Ann. Mag. K H.
1885, p. 276, and Smith, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 392.

ACANTHOCHITES. 21

The figures of Reeve indicate that this is a form in which the
girdle encroaches much at the sutures, and the valves are coarsely
granulated, somewhat as in A.rhodeus. Mr. E. A. Smith's inability
to separate it from the minutely granulated A. discrepans is there-
fore not easy to understand.

A. ARMATUS Pease.

Shell ovate, slightly oblong, elevated-convex. Greenish irre-
gularly maculated with black, pale in the middle, with two longitu-
dinal black lines. Lateral areas granulose, central longitudinally
striated, not beaked. Girdle leathery, narrow, with shining white
spicules, and having tufts of silvery-white, glassy spicules.

Length 10, breadth 6 mill. (Pse.')

Oahu, Sandwich Is.

(/) Acanthochites armatus PSE., Amer. Journ. of Conch, vii, p. 195
(l&HJ—Aconthochites bceticus CPU. MS.

A single specimen of this species before me is too much eroded for
illustration. The species is quite similar to Gould's A. achates in
general aspect.

A. viRiDis Pease.

Shell oblong ovate, but slightly elevated, green, with a pale or
whitish line down the middle. The valves are semi-lunar in shape,
the posterior side being straightly transverse or nearly so. They are
without a ridge or umbonal elevation in the centre, where they are
smooth ; the sides minutely granulose. The valves of insertion are
entire plates on which the dorsal valves are set or imbedded. They
extend from the sides of the dorsal valves, and produced anteriorly,
the edges being smooth and rounded at their termination. On the
posterior terminal valve, they are produced laterally, and are trun-
cate at their termination. On the anterior terminal valve, they are
produced at an equal distance around the front and sides. They
are smooth and of a light bluish color. The ligamental border is
covered with close-set short spiculaB. The spiculse of the tufts are
dense, vitreous and dark green. (Pse.)

Length 40, breadth 14 mill.

Kauai, Sandwich Is. (Pse.)

(/) Acanthochites vir id-is PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 194
(1871.)

22 ACANTHOCHITES.

(4) Species of the West Indies and West America.
A. SPICULOSUS Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 60, 61, 62.

Shell some what elongately ovate, valves semilunar, rough through-
out ; blackish-brown ; ligament horny, furnished with thick tufts of
bright olive glassy spiculse. (Reeve.')

West Indies.

Chiton spiculosa REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 9, f. 47 (Feb., 1847). —
Acanthochiton spiculosus CPU. MS.

This form is probably merely a dark specimen of the species after-
ward described by Reeve as C. astriger. Mr. E. A. Smith has
expressed his belief that this is the case, in Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.
xx, p. 497.

Var. ASTRIGER Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell oblong, rather depressed, not carinated. Valves variously
colored, green or olive-green, usually tinged with brown on the sides,
often marked with rather wide white stripes at the sides.

The valves are generally more or less encrusted. Dorsal areas
narrow, slightly raised at the edges, convex and shining, marked by
delicate longitudinal striae and transverse growth-lines. Latero-
pleural areas very minutely and evenly granulated, the granules
rounded. Posterior valve small, its tegmentum slightly longer than
broad, the mucro near the posterior margin.

Interior blue-green ; sinus wide, deep and subanguiar ; sutural-
laminse large, blue-green. Insertion-plate of the posterior valve visible
behind, as well as at the sides of the tegmentum when viewed from
above ; posterior outline bilobed, having a median sinus, and slits
outside of the lobes.

Girdle minutely velvety, olive-green, having 18 very large con-
spicuous tufts of greenish-white spicules ; the periphery bearing a
fringe of spicules.

Length 20-22, breadth 9 mill.

Florida Keys to Barbados, West Indies.

Chiton astriger REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 18, f. 109 (April, 1847).
— Phakellopleura (Acanthocliites) astrigera SHUTT., Bern. Mittheil.
1853, p. 79. — Acanthochiton astriger DALL, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus.
p. 174. — Chiton (Acanthochiton') astriger SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond. xx, p. 496 (1890.)

Additional localities are : Guadeloupe (Swift} ; St. Thomas
(Blauiier); Tortugas (Dali~), and Fernando Noronho (Ridley and
Ramage.)

ACANTIIOCHITKS. 23

In astriger the pustules are very minute, crowded, and rounded,
each with a small central pit, as shown in fig. 56. The dorsal, areas
are wide, triangular and closely striated longitudinally.

A. PYGM.EUS Pilsbry, P. sp. PI. 13, figs. 58, 59.

Small, oblong, elevated, carinated, the side-slopes flat. Uniform
cream-white or olive-green, or variegated.

Intermediate valves broad, somewhat beaked. Dorsal areas wide,
triangular, sculptured with longitudinal striae. Latero-pleural areas
evenly covered with rather large flattened pustules, which are
rounded or but slightly ovate, and average one-tenth of a mill, in
greatest diameter. Posterior valve having the tegmentum oval, wider
than long ; mucro prominent, subcentral.

Interior blue or flesh-white. Posterior valve nearly semicircular
in outline behind, having a slit on each side, and a very slight
upward wave behind. The insertion-plate is short behind.

Girdle narrow, having 9 small tufts of silver-white spicules on
each side, and an irregular fringe at the edge.

Length 8, breadth 4 mill. ; divergence 100°.

Cedar Keys and Key West, Florida (Hemphill.)

This is the smallest species of the genus known to me. It differs
from A. spieulosus in the smaller size, and high, roof-like form, in the
smaller tufts, comparatively much longer tegmenta, and in the shape
of the pustules, which are as coarse as in spieulosus, although the
shell is so much smaller. The posterior valve differs widely from
that of spieulosus.

A. EXQUISITUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 44, 45, 46, 47.

Oblong, the visible portion of the valves very narrow, generally less
than one-fourth the entire width of the dried animal ; depressed.
Valves dark olive color; girdle of dried specimens light green, the
tufts very large and either green, pink or bronze colored. In well-
preserved alcoholic specimens the girdle is very fleshy and wide,
light yellow with green pubescence.

The median valves are but slightly beaked, the tegmentum being
extremely narrow, its area far less than that of one of the sutural-
lamince. Dorsal area a rather narrow, longitudinally striated band,
wider in front. Side areas narrow, sculptured with separated, flat-
topped granules, round posteriorly, ovate or drop-shaped and con-
cave toward the anterior of each valve (fig. 47). Exposed portion
of anterior valve much shorter than the front slope of the insertion-

24 ACANTHOCHITES.

plate. Posterior valve having the tegmentum very small, ovate,
narrower in front, longer than wide, mucro situated at the posterior
third.

Interior blue, darker along the cavity ; sinus narrow, deep, sub-
angular. Sutural lamime very large. Posterior valve biangular
behind, strongly contracted on the latero-posterior sides.

Girdle very wide, covering all but a narrow shield of each valve ;
covered with a close, short velvety pile which has a longer fringe
around each valve ; bearing 18 unusually large, dense tujts of exces-
sively fine spicules, vsually 5-7 mill. long.

Length 25-30, breadth 15-18 mill.

La Paz, Lower California (W. N. Lockington.)

This is one of the largest as well as the most beautiful species of
the genus. The valves are more covered than in any other known
form, and the bunches of shining bristles are larger. A large
number of individuals preserved in alcohol and dry were presented to
the Academy by Mr. W. N. Lockington, (no. 60107.)

One specimen before me has the girdle pubescence of a pale buff
tint, and the tufts are silvery, a trifle bronzed.

Yar. AMPULLACEUS Pilsbry. PI. 4, fig. 85.

Similar to the preceding, but exposed portion (tegmentum) of
intermediate valves much broader behind, flask-shaped ; the lateral
borders sigmoid. Tegmentum of anterior valve also larger.

A. AVICULA Carpenter.

Shell very similar to A. arragonites in form, size, girdle and
general habit; but the sculpture and terminal laminae are different.
Dorsal ridge having about 6 longitudinal grooves, the intervals
appearing flatly scaled ; umbones wide ; diagonal areas hardly
defined ; sides ornamented with oval, flattened scales, large for the
size of the shell, and in indistinct diverging series. Mucro small,
situated in front. Color livid and olivaceous-brown variously
stained. Plates of insertion at sides as in A. arragonites; anterior
plate with 5 slits.

Length 4, breadth 2£ mill. (Q;r.)

Catalina Island, 10-20 fins. ; rare (Cal. State Coll., no. 1072.
Cooper.)

Acanthochites avicula CPE., Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, p. 211
(Feb., 1866.)

Like A. arragonites, but valves sculptured in large snake-skin
pattern. ( Q;r.)

ACANTHOCHITES. 25

Var. DIEGOENSIS Pilsbry, n. var. PL 12, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell oblong, rather elevated, carinated, the side-slopes straight.
Color buff or light gray, mottled on the sides with olive or olive-
black ; girdle light green with whiter sutural tufts.

The intermediate valves are rather minutely and acutely beaked
when not eroded ; are wide posteriorly, tapering anteriorly, but the
girdle does not encroach much at the sutures. Dorsal areas nar-
rowly triangular, having about a dozen flattened longitudinal striae
separated by narrower grooves. Latero-pleural areas covered with
a rather coarse but regular scale-like granulation, the granules flat,
oblong. Posterior valve having the tegmentum covering the greater
part of the articulamentum, somewhat diamond shaped, wider than
long, with the prominent mucro at the posterior third.

Interior blue-green ; sinus rather wide, angular; sutural laminae
moderate sized, rounded. Posterior valve obscurely bilobed behind,
gently curved upward in the middle of the posterior insertion plate.

frirdle (fig. 53) densely clothed with rather long, light green spicules,
and having 18 or 20 tufts of longer whiter spicules, the tufts usually
not very conspicuous, and sometimes a few of them are lacking.

Length 19, breadth 9 mill; divergence 110°.

Length IS-}, breadth 8 mill.: divergence 110°.

Length 11, breadth 6 mill. ; divergence 110°.

San Diego, California (Hemphill.)

This may prove to be the adult form of Carpenter's A. avicula;
but on account of the obvious discrepancy between my specimens
and his description, it seems best to retain it under a separate name
pending the re-examination of Carpenter's type.

The covering of the whole girdle is more developed than in most
species, resembling velvet with a deep pile ; and the tufts are less
conspicuous than usual. The pustules are all drop-shaped and flat-
topped. Black ones are scattered among the others, which are light
colored, often almost whitish. The ridge has ten or a dozen excep-
tionally deep longitudinal striae (fig. 54.)

A. ARRAGONITES Carpenter.

Shell slqngated, elevated (at an angle of 110°), pale brown,
variedly painted with rose and olivaceous.

Intermediate valves strongly beaked, the interstices strongly
diverging from the beaks ; dorsal area wide, pale, very delicately
longitudinally granulate-striate, transversely most minutely corru-
gated; lateral areas indistinct; surface all strongly granulated,

26 ACANTHOCH1TES.

furnished with an elegant pattern of spheroidal tubercles and chains
of granules in lines diverging from the ridge. Posterior valve hav-
ing the mucro subcentral and subconspicuous.

Interior roseate or white ; the acute and lobed margins of the
valves not separated, large, with a single slit on each side, the lobes
angulate ; sinus large, flat ; very delicately wrinkled in the cavity
of the ridge, laminated under the beaks. Posterior valve hexagonal,
with two posterior slits.

Girdle copiously adorned with translucid, erect spicules, and at
the front and hind ends and sutures having tufts of spicules or
needles. (Cpr.)

Length 4, breadth U, alt. £ mill.

Mazatlan, on Spondylus calcifer (Liverpool Coll.)

Acanthochites arragonites CPU., Catal. of Mazatlan Shells, p. 198
(1857.)

Whether the varied coloring of this shell, its elegant sculpture,
the bird-like form of the medial or hexagonal shape of the bifissured
terminal valves, or the adornment of the mantle with the transparent
needle-like hairs, rising now in tufts, now in irregular crystals, be
examined under the microscope, it would be difficult to find any
shell of such surpassing beauty. Only one perfect specimen was
found, but fresh valves belonging to several other individuals were
detected among the Spondylus washings. The valves in the same
shell greatly differ in color as in L. albolineatus. The posterior
valve is peculiarly exquisite in its form, color and sculpture. There
is considerable variation in the size of the tubercles and in the stria-
tion of the j ugum. ( Opr.)

A. RHODEUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 12, figs. 48, 49, 50, 51.

Oblong, the exposed portion of the valves about one-third the
entire width of the animal. Valves depressed, obtusely carinated,
brown, the eroded apices roseate.

The intermediate valves appear almost separated by the encroach-
ment of the girdle at the sutures; a heart-shaped or subtriangular
area remaining exposed. Dorsal band sharply defined and strongly
differentiated from the side areas, very narrow, shining, having slight
growth-lines but no longitudinal strice. Latero-pleural or side areas
sculptured with rounded-oval concave-topped elevations arranged in
rows subparallel to the ridge, becoming radial and then irregular at

.U ANTIIOCHITES. 27

the sides. Posterior valve having the tegmentiun drop-shaped, nar-
•roicer in front, longer than wide; mucro at the posterior fourth.

Interior deep rose red, paler at the edges of each valve. Slits
rather deep and narrow, arranged as usual. Insertion jrtates of all
valves very distinctly rugose outside. Posterior valve normally slit ;
not noticeably bilobed behind.

Girdle wide and fleshy in alcoholic specimens, having 18 con-
spicuous tufts.

Gills extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot.

Length 28, breadth 15 mill, (alcoholic specimen.)

Panama (McNeill Expedition.)

Described from an alcoholic specimen which has lost the cuticle
and hairs from its girdle leaving a smooth whitish surface pitted at
the sutures. The salient specific characters are (1) that the girdle
encroaches much at the sutures ; (2) that the substance of the valves
is rose-red ; and (3) that the sculpture is altogether peculiar. The
insertion-plates are uncommonly rugose outside. It differs from A.
hemphilli in the normal 2-slit posterior insertion-plate.

The pustules (pi. 12, fig. 49 x 60) are mainly rounded or short
drop-shaped, and are arranged in regular rows. They become some-
what more spaced and less regularly arranged at the sides, and the
valve illustrated has suffered erosion toward the beak. The individ-
ual pustules (fig. 49) are seen to be decidedly concave. The dorsal
area is narrow, elevated and smooth except for growth stripe. The
insertion and sutural plates are distinctly and sharply striated.

A. HIRUDINIFORMIS Sowerby. PI. 2, figs. 56, 49.

Shell oblong, flattened, blackish-green. Valves rounded, granu-
lose ; central areas elongated, acuminate behind, smoothish. Girdle
very densely pilose, velvety, with 9 concolored bunches of hairs.

Length 25, breadth 14 mill. (Sowb.~)

Ancon, Lobos Island and Payta, Peru ; Chatham Island, Galap-
agos, under stones at low water.

Chiton hirudiniformis SOWB., P. Z. S. 1832, p. 59 ; Conch. Illustr.
f. 23, 142.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 54.

A. STYGMA Rochebrune. PI. 8, figs. 31, 32.

Shell ovate-elliptical, the shell quite wide, pale brown, each valve
regularly encircled with a wide concentric black band. Anterior
valve rounded; posterior small, somewhat swollen; intermediate
valves having the central and lateral areas most minutely punctic-

28 ACANTHOCHITES.

ulate, surrounded by a wide smooth band. Girdle tawny, ornamented
with gleaming white, glassy tufts.

Length 35, breadth 20 mill. (Rochebr.}

Strait of Magellan.

Acanthochiton stygma ROCHEBR., Miss. Sci. du Cap Horn, vi,
Zool., p. 134, t. 9, f. 2a, 2b (1889). Not C. stigma Costa.

It is evident that but little dependence can be placed on the
figures of this species.

A. BISULCATUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 4, figs. 86, 87.

Oblong, elevated, carinated, the side-slopes flat and straight.
Buff, maculated with olive-green and dark green, or greenish with
dark green and blackish mottling.

Anterior valve having the evenly granulated tegmentum extend-
ing two-thirds of the distance to the edge of the teeth. Intermediate
valves (fig. 87) having a very broadly heart-shaped tegmentum ;
the dorsal area triangular, convexly raised, longitudinally striated.
Later o-pleural areas distinctly concave or hollowed out on each side of
the dorsal area; covered with rather thickly distributed, drop-
shaped flat or concave pustules (fig. 86) averaging about one-sixth
of a mill. long. Posterior valve having the tegmentum symmetrically
oval, the long axis of the oval transverse to that of the animal ;
mucro prominent, subcentral.

Interior bluish. Insertion-plates and teeth normal. Tract behind
the sinus spongy. Posterior valve having one slit on each side, but
hardly a perceptible sinus behind.

Girdle rather wide, densely clothed with whitish spinelets, and
having 9 tufts on each side.

Length about 22, breadth about 9 mill.; divergence 100°-110°.

Habitat unknown.

Although the habitat of this species is unknown to me, I antici-
pate no difficulty in its recognition. The shallow but distinct sulcus
on each side of the dorsal area is a diagnostic feature, but unfortu-
nately is not shown in the figure.

(5) Undetermined, and unrecognizable species of Acanthochites.

ACANTHOCHITES TRisTis Rochebr. Shell broad, ovate, sooty,
carinated, subumbonate. The anterior valve rounded, posterior
swollen ; intermediate valves having the central areas transversely
roughened ; lateral areas with sparse, wide tubercles. Girdle wide,

ACANTHOCHITES. 29

sooty, with 9 whitish tufts. Length 25, width 14 mill. (Rochebr.,
in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-'82, p. 194.)

Neiv Holland (Dussumier; Paris Mus.)

ACANTHOCHITES TURGIDUS Rochebr. Shell small, ovate-oblong,
pale buff. Anterior valve elongated, posterior rounded, nearly con-
cealed ; intermediate valves rounded, covered throughout with
swollen tubercles. Girdle gray, with 9 blue tufts. Length 10,
breadth 6 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 194).
New Holland (Peron & Lesueur ; Paris Mus.)

ACANTHOCHITES JUCUNDUS Rochebr. Shell ovate-elongate, buff,
with emerald-green lines and spots. Central areas of intermediate
valves smooth ; lateral areas sculptured with radiating beaded lines.
Girdle wide, roseate, with 9 green tufts. Length 24, breadth 13
mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 194.)

Xrw Holland (Belligny) ; Cook's Straits (Filhol). Not common ;
Paris Mus.

ACANTHOCHITES STERCORARIUS Rochebrune. Shell elliptical
rather flat, dull olivaceous ; anterior valve rounded ; posterior
small, swollen ; intermediate valves with the central area rugose,
lateral areas covered with wide, concentric imbricating sulci. Girdle
wide, t%hick, shistaceous, with 9 greenish bunches. Length 22,
breadth 13 mill. (Rochebrune, in Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris,
1883-'84, p. 32, 1884.)

Cape Roxo, west coast of Africa (Paris Mus.)

ACANTHOCHITES BELLIGNYI Rochebrune. Shell elongated ;
ashen, marbled with white and tawny. Anterior valve rounded
elliptical, posterior very minute; intermediate valves having the
central areas smooth, lateral areas concentrically scaly, scales
spatuliform. Marginal ligament rather wide, brown, with 9 blue
bunches. Length 15, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc.
Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 37, 1884.)

New Caledonia (Paris Mus.)

ACANTHOCHITES DAKARIENSIS Rochebr. Shell elongated, buff,
with a conspicuous black spot ; anterior valve broad, rounded ; pos-
terior valve nearly covered, semi-lunate; intermediate valves
rounded, scale-shaped, beaked behind, granulose, the granules sub-
imbricated ; anterior area of the valves wide, longitudinally sulcate,
the sulci chain-like. Marginal ligament wide, pilose, blackish, beset

30 ACANTHOCHITES.

very densely with whitish hairs; bunches 9, glassy, intense green.
Length 35, breadth 12 mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philomath.
1880-'81, p. 116 ; Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 44.)

Rocks of Dakar, west Africa (Paris Mus.)

ACANTHOCHITES JOALLESI Kochebr. Shell elongated, thick,
almost always covered with a calcareous incrustation ; anterior valve
semilunar ; posterior valve rounded, small ; intermediate valves
rounded in front, semi-lunate behind ; lightly scaly at the base
only. Marginal ligament very broad, olivaceous, having sparse,
whitish long hairs ; 9 wide greenish bunches. Length 24, breadth
14 mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81, p. 117 ;
Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 45.)

Coast of Joalles ; rocks of Rufisque, West Africa (Mus. Paris.)

CHITON ECHINOTUS Blainv. (Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 552). A
species said to be from the Ocean coast (of France), figured in the
Encyclop. Meth., pi. 163, f. 14, 15, copied from Chemnitz, vol. x,
pi. 173, f. 1688. It is practically unidentifiable, but the figures were
in all probability drawn from Acanthochites discrepans.

CHITON POLYCHETUS Blainville. Body very small, oval ; girdle
provided with 9 closely placed pairs of large tufts, the spicules equal,
silvery. Shell very small ; the disc of the intermediate valves quite
large and having 5 nearly equal sides; plates of insertion moderate,
unifissate far backward ; that of the posterior valve with 3 nearly
equal lobes. Color greenish-brown. • (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi,
p. 553.)

Seas of New Holland.

CHITON ROSEUS Blainville. Body oval, a little elongated, sub-
vermiform ; girdle much extended, covered with a very great
quantity of crowded hairs, concealing the very small tufts of bristles.
Bodies of the intermediate valves subtriangular, the anterior
summits truncated ; covered with flat tubercles at the sides. Color
of the shell rose; the rest of a gray black. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat.
xxxvi, p. 553.)

New Holland.

Probably a species of Notoplax.

CHITON SUEURII Blainv. Body small, oval, Oniscus-like. Girdle
with 9 pairs of tufts of quite small bristles. Intermediate valves
having the body trapezoidal, with a brush-like group of stride in the

. ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX. 31

middle, the plates of insertion of medium size. General color gray-
ish. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.)

Port of King George.

CHITON SCABER Blainv. Body oval, elongated, a little vermiform
having the girdle very thick and very wide, covered with quite fine
hairs and small tufts. Shell small, occupying only a third of the
back, formed of 8 thin, fragile valves, the intermediate ones larger
than the terminal, exposed portion triangular and very small in
comparison with the plates of insertion, which are wing shaped.
Insertion-plate of the anterior valve especially large, 6-lobed ; that
of the posterior valve patelliform, with 4 lobes. General color of
the shell whitish gray. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 553.)

Seas of New Holland.

Section Notoplax H. Adams.

Notoplax AD., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 385 (type N. speciosa H. Ad.).—
Macandrellus CPR. MS. in DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1381, pp.
284, 288 (type M. plumeus Cpr.)

Acanthochites in which the posterior valve has the insertion -plate
grooved outside and denticulate at the edge, between the usual two
latero-posterior slits. Tegmentuin reduced in size by the encroach-
ment of the girdle at the sutures, the valves nearly or wholly
separated there. Anterior valve not distinctly ribbed radially, or
lobed around the edge.

A rather weakly characterized section, probably artificial, but
decidedly convenient at present as a means of splitting the large
mass of Acanthochites. It is intermediate between typical Acantho-
chites and Cryptoconchus in characters. The girdle has the tufts
rather smaller than in the more typical Acanthochites, and the
spicular covering of th*e whole surface varies from nearly obsolete to
a dense clothing.

The true nature of the girdle in Notoplax was not known to Dr.
Dall when he wrote the notes upon the group in Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. xviii, p. 417. In the typical species, N. speciosa, it exhibits
all the characters of the girdle of Acanthochites. There seems to be
no character of more than specific value separating Notoplax and
Macandrellus. As to Stectoplax, which Dall (I. c.) thinks may prove
to equal Notoplax, it is absolutely nothing but a genuine Acantho-
chites.

32 ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX.

The type of Macandrellus is not M. costatus Ad. & Aug., as stated
by Ball in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 299, but I/, plumeus Cpr.,
teste Ball, 1. c. 1881, p. 288. The first use of the name, being
unaccompanied by a diagnosis, will fall. At the time Carpenter
established the group for M. plumeus, he had never seen the species
coxtatun.

A. SPECIOSUS H. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26.

Shell elongated ; valves acutely heart-shaped, olivaceous maculated
with brown ; each valve with a wide, smooth dorsal ridge, the side
areas coarsely granulose, the lateral area indicated by a raised line.
Girdle brown, spinulose ; pores moderate sized, encircled by con-
spicuous spicula.

Length 72, breadth 24 mill. (H. Ad.}

Tasmania (Mus. Cuming) ; Flinders Island (Jos. Milligan.)

Cryptoplax (Notoplax) speciosa H. AD., P. Z. S. 1861, p. 385.

This species resembles A. exquisitus Pils. in the narrowness of the
exposed portion of the valves, but in typical specimens of that form
the tegmentum is decidedly narrower. In A. hemphilli Pils. from
Florida, which is a Notoplax in its apparently separated valves and
denticulate tail-plate, the speciosus differs in the longer, narrower
tegmentum, etc.

The figures of my plate were drawn by Mr. E. A. Smith from the
types. Carpenter gives the following useful notes on the specimens
in the British Museum : The lateral areas are distinctly marked
off" by larger granules along a raised diagonal line. The mucro of
the posterior valve is raised, at an angle of about 160°, and situated
at the posterior third of the tegmentum. The jugular areas are
both smooth and raised ; the scales of the sides are also smooth flat
and raised. The girdle is entirely covered by a dense mass looking
spongy, but consisting of spicules of moderate length and extremely
crowded. There are conspicuous pores but the hairs in them are
not longer than the rest, and therefore it is difficult to distinguish
them. The sinus is very narrow and deep. Slits all very short.
The anterior valve has grooves with raised edges extending from
eaves to the slits. Posterior valve having side slits, situated as in
Acanthochites, but the posterior plate is pretty regularly grooved
radially, so as to crenate the margin, almost amounting to little nicks
from slit to slit.

ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX. 33

A. FORMOSUS Reeve. PL 1, figs. 12, 13 (enlarged.)

Shell oblong, rather narrow; valves very finely longitudinally
striated at the summit, granulated at the sides. Bright scarlet.
Ligament horny, thickly beset with shining white spicula at the side
of each valve. Length £, breadth T3s inch. (Reeve.}

Cape Rivers, N.- W. Celebes ; one specimen.

Chiton formosus REEVE, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 25 ; Conch. Icon., t. 26,
f. 173.— ADAMS & REEVE, Zool. ' Samarang,' t. 15, f. 8.

Carpenter believed his MS. species Macandrellus plumeus to be the
same as this, although he had not, I believe, compared the types.

His description is as follows :

A.plumeus Carpenter. Shell subelongate, subelevated, the dorsal
ridge acute, mucro submedian, hardly raised, the slope behind it
concave. Roseate at the sides, olivaceous in the middle. Exposed
part of the valves small. Posterior valve subrotund ; anterior valve
pectinated and 5-angled around the margin ; central valves strongly
angular, beaked ; sutures deeply encroaching on the side-areas.
Dorsal areas delicately and closely sublongitudinally lirulate ; lateral
areas distinctly defined, sunken ; central and lateral areas scaly in
radiating, somewhat plumose pattern.

Interior : posterior valve hardly sinuated behind, having a slit at
each side, the plate between them deeply grooved outside and sub-
dentate, shallowly slit at the edge. Anterior valve having 5 slits,
the teeth angular at the slits. Girdle leathery, smooth, sometimes
somewhat spongy, having minute hairlets, and small tufts of hairs
at the sutures. Length 21, breadth 11 mill. ; divergence 120°.

Habitat nnknoivn (Mus. Cuming, no. 108.)

Macandrellus plumeus CPU. MS. ; and in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1881, p. 288 (no description.)

The irregular, rugose lobes of the tail plate, behind, almost
amount to teeth. The head valve is hexagonal. The sculpture
resembles the feathers of a bird. The lateral areas are distinct, but
sunken instead of raised. (Cpr.)

A. ACUTIROSTRATUS Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 27, 28.

Shell elongated, elevated in the middle, somewhat compressed at
the sides ; valves obtusely keeled at the summit, smooth ; very closely
flatly grained on each side ; umbones produced, sharply beaked ;
lateral areas of the valves small, rather indistinct, concave. Whit-

3

34 ACANTHOCHITES-NOTOPLAX.

ish, stained here and there along the summit with black. Ligament
horny, furnished at the side of each valve with a small crest of
spicula. (Rve.)

Cape Rivers (Belcher.)

Chiton acutirostratus REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 26, f. 137. July,
1847. Voy. Samarang, Moll., t. 15, f. 10.

An elongated species of somewhat compressed growth, remarkably
distinguished by the sharply beaked structure of the umbones ; the
flat-grained sculpture of the valves approaches that of C. hirudini-
formis, to which it offers a singular contrast of color. (Reeve.)

A. HEMPHILLI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 65, 66, 67.

Elongated, the valves somewhat exceeding one-third the total
width in dried specimens. Valves rather elevated, carinated ; red,
more or less maculated with white. Girdle rust-brown.

The intermediate valves are not beaked, being somewhat produced
backward on each side of the apex ; tegmentwn reduced to a heart-
shaped area by the encroachment of the girdle at the sutures, leaving
the valves in contact by only a small point at the ridge. The dorsal
band is very narrow, parallel sided, slightly elevated, and having a
few longitudinal striae. The latero-pleural or side areas are sculpt-
ured with fine flattened pustules, those on the posterior portion of
each valve being concave. Posterior valve elevated, the tegmentwn
small, somewhat pear-shaped, narrow in front, longer than wide, mucro
at about the posterior third.

Interior light green at the sides, deep rose-red in the middle and at
the posterior margin of each valve. Sutural-plates light greenish,
the slits minute. Posterior valve not bilobed behind, having the usual
two slits, and between them a number (6-8) of smaller, irregular and
unequal slits or nicks ; posterior sinus obsolete.

Girdle wide, rusty-brown, sparsely clothed with short microscopic
hyaline spicules, having a fringe of longer spicules at the periphery,
and 18 rather small tufts of whitish bristles.

Length 24, breadth 11 mill. ; divergence about 115°.

Key West, Florida (Henry Hemphill.)

This species is allied to A. rhodeus in the peculiarly narrow
dorsal band, the great encroachment of the girdle at the sutures,
etc. ; but it differs in the less developed side slits, the higher and
narrower tail valve and its peculiar multiple-slitting, and in other
features. It was collected by Mr. Hemphill at Key West. There

ACANTHOCHITES-CRYPTOCONCHUS. 35

are other specimens in the collection of the Geological Survey of
Canada, without locality.

The pustules are rounded, flat-concave topped, crowded, and
arranged in distinct series. The dorsal area projects anteriorly
beyond the latero-pleural areas ; it is narrow, elevated and longitu-
dinally striated, the stride mostly rather indistinct and subgranulated.
The white and crimson pattern gives an appearance of great elegance
to the valves.

A. CARPENTERI Pilsbry, n. sp. PL 1, figs. 14-22.

A series of drawings left by Dr. Carpenter, represent an unnamed
new species of Macandrellus, of which he had prepared no descrip-
tion. It is so strongly marked, however, that the recognition of the
form will be easy. Its prominent features are : (1) the broad, ante-
riorly produced, slightly asperulate girdle with minute pore-tufts ;

(2) the slightly scalloped border of the anterior valve (tegmentum) ;

(3) the coarse scale-like granulation of the side areas ; and (4) the
distinct slitting of the posterior insertion-plate into even, vertical
teeth. Length 41, breadth 23 mill.

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

The figures of detached valves are double natural size. Compare
Spongiochiton.
A. INVOLUTUS Carpenter, n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 27-35.

An unpublished species, of which excellent figures by Emerton
were prepared for Carpenter. These are reproduced upon my plate,
and are sufficient for the recognition of the species, although the
sculpture is represented upon the head valve only. All the figures
are magnified two diameters. Carpenter gives only the following
notes : There are only six stumpy [branchial] leaflets on each side
of the tail ; vent inconspicuous ; foot slight and very thin. Head
very small, with copious " veil " and neck lappets, outside of which
there is a sort of hood around the head, extending backward to the
gills (fig. 33), without epidermis, like the foot; outside of all is the
large girdle covered inside with granular epidermis."

Zanzibar (Mus. Comp. Zool.)

The figures were drawn from alcoholic specimens.

Section Cryptoconchus Blainville & Guilding, 1829.

Cnjptoconchus (BLAINVILLE MS. in Brit. Mus. ; BURROW, Elem.
Conch., p. 190), GUILDING, Zool. Journ. v,p.28 (1829).— GRAY, P.
Z. S. 1847, p. 66, 69, 169. Type C. porosus.

36 ACANTHOCHITES-CRYPTOCONCHUS.

Valves entirely covered by the girdle except a linear area at the
ridge of each. Posterior valve having the insertion-plate with several
(5-7) slits, anterior valve 5-slit. Girdle leathery, naked, bearing a
series (18) of sutural tufts on tubercles, or pores, sometimes sub-
obsolete, along the sides of the valves. Gills extending along the
posterior half of the foot.

This subgenus cannot in fairness be dated from the time of its
pullication in Burrow's Elements, for in that work it is in no way
defined and is disowned as a valid genus. Burrows simply says that
Blainville has affixed the names Cryptoconchus porosus and C. larvce-
formis to two specimens in the British Museum. The latter belongs
of course to Chitonellus. In 1829, Guilding adopts Cryptoconchus
as a genus, and gives a generic diagnosis. Blainville himself ignores
the name in his publication on Chitons in 1825, believing it a
synonym of Chitonellus.

This group is much more closely allied to Acanthochites than to
Amicida ; its valves being exactly the form which would be pro-
duced by a little further covering of the side areas in a species like
A. (Notoplax) hemphilli. The backward prolongation of the sides
into posterior lobes is just as great in that species ; the main differ-
ence being that in Notoplax these posterior lobes are not covered by
the girdle. The structure of the tail valve is practically the same in
Notoplax, Loboplax and Cryptoconchus.

A. POROSUS Burrow. PI. 3, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62.

Shell elongated, all but a linear dorsal area of each valve covered
by the integument continued upward from the girdle, but in the
dried state showing through it the posterior outlines of the valves.
Color when dry dark reddish or blackish-brown. »

The outer layer of each intermediate valve is reduced to a narrow
dorsal area, shaped like an exclamation point without the dot (') ;
upon each side of the apex, the posterior margin of each valve is pro-
duced backward in a rounded lobe, showing plainly through the con-
tracted outer skin. A more or less developed groove extends to the
lateral slits. Head and tail valves with minute circular exposed
dots.

Interior light blue-green. Anterior valve having 5, median
valves 1, posterior 5-7 slits.

Girdle reddish- or blackish-brown in the dried condition, naked,
smooth, leathery ; bearing a series of prominent tubercles each with a

ACANTHOCHITES-CRYPTOCONCHUS. 37

bunches of short bristles, situated near the sutures upon the sides of
the valves, and four around the head valve.

Length 34, breadth 14 mill, (dried specimen.)

Length 38, breadth 20 mill. ( Q. & G.)

Dunedin to Auckland, New Zealand.

Chiton porosus BURROW, Elements of Conchology, p. 189, t. 28,
f. 1 (1815). — Cryptoconchus porosus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll,
iii, t. 55, f. 4.— CHENU, Manuel, i, f. 2884.— HUTTON, Man. N. Z.
Moll., p. 118 (1880). — Chiton monticularis QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy.
de 1'Astrol., p. 406, t. 73, f. 30-35, (1834).— SOWB., Conch.
Illustr., f. 129.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 57.— Chiton leachi
BLAINVILLE, Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 554 (1825). — ? Cryptoplax
depressus BLAINV., I. c., vol. xii, p. 124 (1818). — ? Cryptoconchus
stewartia?ius ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris, 1881-1882,
p. 194.

The girdle varies from bright orange to light brown in the living
animal (figs. 57, 58). The gills are posterior.

A. FLORIDANUS Dall. PL 3, figs. 63, 64.

Elongated and narrow ; black, purple-black or light brown, with
a linear white space along the summit of each valve.

Valves entirely covered except a round dot at the apex of the first,
and a narrow band along the ridge of the other seven, the band slightly
dilated at the apex of each valve. These exposed portions are whit-
ish or purplish, smooth or showing faint transverse growth striae.
The posterior edges of each valve, seen through the dried skin, are
produced backward in wide but not deep rounded lobes on each side
of the apex. Posterior valve with subcentral mucro.

The disconnected valves are white or pink and purple ; the inter-
mediate valves being rectangular in general shape, with a sinus
before and behind, the posterior sutural lobes rather narrower than
the anterior ; and there is one slit on each side. The posterior valve
has a gentle wide upward wave posteriorly, with a single Mopaloid
slit on each side, and several (4) unequal slits between them. Ante-
rior valve having 5 slits.

Girdle rather wide, leathery, naked ; when fresh having the color
and "texture of a moist prime" ; bearing at each suture a minute
bristle-pore, and four such pores around the head valve ; each pore
bearing some short bristles, scarcely projecting above the surface ;
pores and bristles always inconspicuous, frequently invisible
(aborted?).

38 ACANTHOCHITES-LOBOPLAX.

The gills extend forward half-way to the head.

Length 21, breadth 7* mill, (dry specimen.)

Length 24, breadth 13 mill, (large alcoholic specimen.)

Key West and Key Largo, Florida, on the reefs near low tide
(Heinphill); Dry Tortugas (Dr. E. Palmer); Cape Florida
(Wurdeman.)

Notoplax floridanus DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, Report on
the ' Blake ' Mollusca, p. 416, (1889.)

This species attracts the attention at once by its dark, glistening
girdle, and the long line of white strokes along the median line, like
exclamation points without the dots ('). It resembles no known
species but A. porosus Burrow, of New Zealand ; but the latter differs
in having the dorsal stripes slightly more reduced, and in having a
row of projecting pore-hillocks along each side. In floridanus the
pores are extremely indistinct even in alcoholic specimens, and in
dried examples they can only be detected by looking through the
specimen at a strong light.

One of the specimens before me, collected by Hemphill lacks
black pigment in the girdle, being of a light brown tint. It is prob-
ably an albino. Dall says that the portion of the tail plate between
the (two) notches is not serrate, but in my specimens it is very dis-
tinctly slit. The number of pores around the front margin of the
head valve is not 5, but 4, as is the rule in Acanthochites and its sub-
genera ; this of course does not include the two at the suture.

Section Loboplax Pilsbry, 1893.

Phacellopleura CPU. MS., not Phakellopleura Guilding.

Valves partly covered, the anterior valve having 5 radiating ribs,
and the same number of lobes along the margin ; the posterior valve
having the insertion-plate grooved outside, notched and slit along the
edge, between the usual postero-lateral slits. Girdle leathery, having
minute sutural tufts. Gills (of A. molaceus} extending along the
posterior two-thirds of the foot.

In the nakedness of the girdle and the form of the individual
valves, as well as the strong denticulation of the posterior valve,
this group recalls Katharina ; but in that genus there are no sutural
girdle-pores or tufts whatever, and the tail valve is quite distinctly
sinused behind. Loboplax differs from Notoplax in the lobed and
ribbed head valve, the more distinct posterior slits, and more naked
girdle.

ACANTHOCHITES-LOBOPLAX. 39

Carpenter considered " Phacellopleura " (porphyretica, violacea) a
genus of Ischnoid Acanthopleuroids, but he describes A. costatus in
Acanthochites. I cannot give the group generic rank because
Notoplax connects it with Acanthochites.

A. VIOLACEUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 3, figs. 67-73.

Elongated, rather depressed ; the valves all of the same width
except the last which is narrower. Color typically a rich, dark
purple-brown, the girdle darker, varying to violet with a buff tri-
angle at the ridge of each valve enclosing a purple stripe or series of
spots ; or sometimes ashy whitish, faintly tinged with purple along
the middle.

Intermediate valves (fig. 68) having the tegmentum trilobate, much
narrowed in front by the encroachment of the girdle at the sutures ;
beaks small. Dorsal areas triangular, wide in front, convex, polished,
sculptured with elongated punctures along the sides. Latero-pleural
areas sculptured with pebble-like low granules, coarser and often con-
fluent along a diagonal line from the beak to the outer -anterior angle.
Anterior valve (fig. 67) having 5 prominently projecting lobes, corre-
sponding to radiating rounded ribs ; the scale-granules of the sur-
face coalescing more or less on these ribs. Posterior valve (figs. 69,
70) having the tegmentum slightly broader than long, the mucro
low, slightly post-median.

Interior light blue-green, fading on the sutural-larninse. Sinus
deep, angular. Anterior valve with 5, median valves 1 slit. Poste-
rior valve having a deep Mopaloid slit on each side, and about 4
shallower slits between, the teeth vertical, deeply grooved outside and
lobed at the edge.

Girdle wide, leathery, smooth except for a minute pore at each suture
and 4 around the head valve ; each pore bearing a small tuft of
white spicules, usually broken short.

Length 50, breadth 23 mill.; divergence of tegmentum 140°.

Length 35, breadth 18 mill. ; divergence of tegmentum 130°.

Length — breadth — (specimen rolled) ; divergence of tegmen-
tum 150°.

New Zealand at Tasman Bay (Q. & G.) ; Auckland (Hutton,
Wright) ; Dunedin ; Cook Strait (Hutton.)

Chiton violaceus Q. & G., Voy. de 1'Astrol. iii,p. 403, t. 73, f. 15-
20.— GOULD., U. S. Expl. Exped Moll., p. 331, f. 420. Not Chiton
violaceus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 41. — Chiton porphyreticus REEVE,

40 ACANTHOCHITES-LOBOPLAX.

Conch. Icon., t. 10, f. 56 (April, 1847). — Phacellopleura porphyre-
tiea CPU. MS.

This species has a wide range of variation in coloring, in the
angle of divergence of the valves, and to a less extent in the contours
of the valves.

A. COSTATUS Adams & Angas. PL 3, fig. 74.

Shell elongated ; valves carinated, angularly heart- shaped, gran-
ulated, pale brown. Lateral areas separated from the dorsal areas
by a prominent rib ; dorsal areas smooth and whitish in the middle.

Girdle beset with short, white, evanescent spicules, and having
bunches of long white spicules.

Length 18, breadth 7 mill. (A. & A.~)

Port Jackson, New South Wales, Australia.

Acanthochites costatus A. & A., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 194. — ANGAS, I.
c. 1867, p. 224. — Macandrellus costatus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
i, p. 81, f. 40 (dentition). — Chiton (Macandrellus) costatus E. A.
SMITH, Zool. Coll. « Alert/ p. 83, t. 6, f. F.

Smith gives the following notes on the specimen collected by
Coppinger : " The single specimen before me, preserved in spirit,
shows the girdle to be of a pale buff color, thick, fleshy, the outer
margin being delicately ciliated with a minute fringe of white
spicules. The tufts of spicules are seven in number along each side,
and four surrounding the front valve. The middle of the central
valves is occupied by a raised, transversely substriated flattened
ridge, on each side of which the surface is granulated or rather
squamose, the scales being flat, imbricating, rather large, and dis-
posed in rather regular series. The lateral areas are well defined by
a .raised keel. The front valve has five radiating costse, and
apparently the same number of slits in the thin lamina of insertion
of which the three central are quite distinct and the two outer ones
only feebly indicated. The single notch on each side the inter-
mediate valves is also very slight. The posterior valve has a raised,
somewhat excentric and pointed mucro, from which six more or less
distinct radiating ridges descend to the margin, beneath which the
lamina^f insertion is scalloped by a similar number of notches."

A. TRIDACNA Rochebrune.

Shell ovate-elongate, white, shining. Anterior valve rounded,
strongly 7-lirate radially, the line thick, rounded, scaly, elevated in
front. Intermediate valves broadly triangular, the central areas

KATHARINA. 41

longitudinally striated at the apices, scaly at the sides ; lateral areas
bi-lirate, the lirse scaly. Posterior valve very small, nearly con-
cealed, subquadrate, bi-lirate. Girdle wide, gray, pilose, clothed
with whitish down ; tufts 9, white, glassy.

Length 27, breadth 16 mill. (Rochebr.}

New Caledonia (Presented to the Paris Mus. by the Colonial
Museum.)

Acanthochites tridacna ROCHEBR., in Bull. Soc. Philomathique de
Paris, 1880-'81,p. 121.

This is evidently a form allied to A. violaceus and A. costatus.
The seven anterior ribs mentioned evidently include the sutural
margins, the number five being constant in this group.

Genus KATHARINA Gray, 1847.

Katharina GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 65. Type C. tunicatus Wood.
— CPR. in DALL, Proc. U. S. Mus. 1878, p. 312.

Valves two-thirds covered by the expanded girdle, the exposed
portion divided into dorsal and side areas, instead of central and
lateral. Insertion plates sharp, extremely long, thrown forward ;
that of the head valve with 7-8 slits ; sinus deep, spongy. Tail valve
with a wide caudal emargination or sinus, and several slits, often
partly obsolete, on each side. Girdle broad, smooth, poreless,
leathery. Gills extending the whole length of the foot.

The poreless girdle, the long (ambient) gills, and the abnormally
large number and irregularly placed slits of the head valve, all
separate this well-founded genus from related groups. The irre-
gularly placed anterior slits it shares with Amicula and Cryptochiton.
The long gills are also a character of the last-named genus ; but in
the multifissate posterior insertion-plate and the naked girdle it
resembles Cryptoconchus and Loboplax. There is but one species
known.

K. TUNICATA Wood. PL 1, figS. 1-11.

Shell oblong, elevated, the valves mainly covered by the black,
leathery girdle, a small cordate or flask-shaped area of a dark brown
color, remaining exposed.

The exposed portion is about one-third the entire width of the
valve; it is broad behind, and often hollowed out by erosion ; nar-
rowing in front like the neck of a flask. The surface when not
eroded shows a distinct, smooth and shining dorsal band, the sides

42 AMICULA.

(which are not divided into pleura and lateral areas) being micro-
scopically densely punctate. Anterior valve (figs. 3, 4) densely
punctate and having a few feeble radii. Posterior valve (figs. 8-11)
small.

Interior white. Sutural plates enormously produced ; the sinus
very deep, squared and notched at the sides, exposing a projecting
lobe of the extremely porous outer layer. Anterior valve having 7
or 8, central 1 slit, the insertion-plates extremely long, grooved out-
side from the short slits to the eaves. Posterior border of the black
tegmentum broadly reflexed inward. Posterior valve (figs. 8-11)
elevated, vertical behind, with a broad median notch or sinus and a
variable number (1-4) of small slits on each side.

Girdle leathery, smooth, black.

Length 60-75, breadth 32-40 mill.'

Length 50, breadth 20 mill.

Kamchatka; Aleutian Is.; on the north side of the peninsula of
Alaska to Port Hotter, on the south side east to Cook's Inlet and
south to Catalina Island, California ; low water (chiefly) to 20 fms.

Chiton tunicatus WOOD, Gen. Conch., p. 11, t. 2, f. 1 (1815) ; Ind.
Test., Chiton, t. 1, f. 10 (1828).— SOWERBY, in Beechey's Voy., Zool.
p. ]5, t. 61, f. 15.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 61.— Chiton (Phceno-
chiton, Hamachiton, PLatysemus) tunicatus MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p.
98, t. 10, f. 1, 2.—Katharina tunieata GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69 ;
Guide Syst. Dist., p. 185.— H. & A. AD., Genera Rec. Moll, i,
p. 479 ; iii, t. 54, f. 8.— CPR., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 648.
— DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 3l3.—Katharina dougla-
sice .GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69.

" This unmistakeable shell, characterized when fresh by its broad,
shining black girdle and almost covered valves, is eaten raw by the
natives of the northwest coast, and is said to act as an aphrodisiac"
(Dall). The K. douglasice of Gray is founded upon a specimen
dried with the girdle flatter and wider. It has no specific or varietal
characters. The contour of the exposed portion of the valves, and
the number of slits in the tail-valve, vary considerably. The soft
parts are of a salmon color in the Northern specimens.

Genus AMICULA Gray, 1847.

Amicula GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 66, 69, 169 ; Guide, p. 187 (and
earlier in Syn. contents Brit. Mus. 42d. edit., 1840, pp. 127, 153,

AMICULA. 43

without diagnosis; no species mentioned). Type C. vestitus Sowb.
— Symmetrogephyrus MIDD., part, 1847.

Valves almost covered by the extention of the girdle over them,
leaving only a small rounded or heart-shaped portion exposed at
the apex of each ; posterior borders of valves produced backward in
rounded lobes at each side, the lobes completely separated by a
posterior sinus having the tegmentum at its apex. Posterior valve
having a posterior sinus and one slit on each side. Girdle more
or less pilose, often having pore rows.

The essential features of Amicula are its small exposed portion or
tegmentum, situated at the posterior edge, and not extending for-
ward to the sinus, its Mopaloid posterior valve, short contour and
short gills.

Dall has divided the genus into two subgenera thus :

Amicula Gray s. s. Gills median, type A. vestita.

Chlamydoconcha Dall. Gills ambient, type A. amiculata.

On account of the doubt attaching to the identity of Ch. amicula-
tus Pallas, we may well suspend judgment pending the receipt of
fuller data.

The presence or absence of tuft-bearing pores is a very mutable
feature and of no specific or varietal valve in Amiula. As the same
has been shown to be true of Mopalia (q. v.~) Plaxiphora, etc., it need
occasion no surprise in this case.

A. VESTITA Sowerby. PL 8, figs. 23-26.

Oval, rather elevated, the valves nearly covered by a brown (or
when young, yellow) skin continued upward from the girdle, but
their outlines are plainly visible through this integument.

The small exposed portion of each median valve is broadly heart-
shaped, and situated at the posterior margin of the valve; it is
sculptured with strong concentric grooves and a more or less distinct
granulation. There is no differentiation into areas. The exposed
portion of the posterior valve is heart-shaped, with the mucro incon-
spicuous, near but slightly behind the middle.

Interior pure white. Anterior valve having 6-8 irregularly
spaced and unequal slits; posterior valve having a deep sinus
behind, and a single small mopaloid slit on each side. Jugal sinus
rather small ; sutural laminae rather less projecting forward than the
posterior rounded lobes on each side.

44 AMICULA.

Girdle thin, smooth ; adults generally having more or less devel-
oped, but always sparsely scattered, small bunches of hairs.

Length 50, breadth 35 mill.

Arctic Ocean, extending southward in the Pacific region to Hag-
meister and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea; in the Atlantic to Cape
Cod, Massachusetts, in 5-30 fms., mud and stones.

Chiton vestiius BROD. & SOWB., Zool. Journ. iv, p. 368 (1829) ;
Conch. Illustr., f. 128, 128a; Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 150, t. 41, f.
l4.—Amicula vestita GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.— H. &
A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 480 ; iii, t. 55, f. 2.— STIMP., Sh. of N.
Engl., p. 29.— CPR., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155.— DALL, Proc.
U.S.Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 307; p. 299, f. 43 (dentition).— Chiton
emersonii COUTHOUY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 83, t. 3, f. 10
(1838).— Amicula emersonii GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69.— BINNEY'S
edit, of GOULD, Invertebrata of Mass., p. 264, f. 527. — Chiton emer-
sonianus GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 151, f. 19. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
t. 11, f. 62. — Stimpsoniella emersonii CPR., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p.
155; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xiii, p. 122 (1874).— Chiton amiculatus
REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 11, f. 59, not C. amiculatus Pallas.

The relations existing between vestitus, emersonii and pallasii have
been clearly stated by Dall, who writes as follows : " Much has been
said about the presence or absence of pores and hair-tufts. I find
from examination of a series that the young emersonii is usually
smooth, the large ones always setiferous. These setse are, as
described by Dr. Gould, in two rows on each side, or rather six in
all if we count the pretty constant tufts behind the exposed apices of
the shell. These rows are (1) two behind the shell points as above;
(2) two, one on each side at the posterior angle of the submerged
expansion of the valve; (3) a series, more or less irregular, along
the margin of the girdle. Beside this, in old ones, there are irre-
gular tufts all over the girdle, and some of the regular tufts may be
missing."

" This species is very close to A. pallasii, but is distinguishable by
the larger and laterally much more expanded exposed portions of
the valves, by its flatter form, and proportionally sparser and longer
setee. When dry, the whole form of the valves is visible in vestita
from above, like the bones of a Peruvian mummy; in pallasii, how-
ever, the integument is so much more coriaceous and thick, that in
dry specimens hardly anything of these outlines is visible."

AMICULA. 45

The locality given by Sowerby for Ch. vestitus is " Arctic Ocean " ;
but from our knowledge of Beechey's voyage it must have been
collected on the American shore, north or north-east of Bering
Strait.

Var. ALTIOR Carpenter.

Shell similar to emersonii, but much longer, narrower, higher ; the
exposed part larger in proportion to the size of the valves, and wider,
trilobate on the central valves and conspicuously rugose-granulate,
hardly lirate around the margins. Inside normal; posterior valve
unknown ; central valves with 1, anterior 8 short slits, with
delicate grooves extending to the eaves.

Length of a central valve 7£, breadth 3f mill.; divergence 90°.
(Cpr.)

Pleistocene Drift, Lower Canada (Mus. Dawson.)

Only one anterior and two central valves have been found of this.
On a careful comparison with the corresponding valves of the living
species, it appears that the shape more resembles Crypto conchus ;
that the exposed part was nearly as large (in the head-valve
decidedly larger) as in a specimen of emersonii nearly double its
breadth, and that the ribbed frame-work of the shield was wanting.
(Cpr.)

A. PALLASII Middendorff. PI. 5, figs. 1-11.

Shell nearly concealed by the girdle, a somewhat heart-shaped
tegmenturn only being visible at the apex of each valve; elevated
at an angle of 98°-110° in the young, 120° in large adults ; oval,
elongated. Valves white, smooth, fragile, the tegmentum cordiform,
posterior. Slits in anterior valve 6-8, posterior valve 2.

Girdle roundly covering the entire back of the animal, except for
8 small rounded holes along the median line ; color dingy buff; dorsal
surface bearing all over unequal bunches of reddish hairs, appearing
to be sparser in the young. Branchia? extending forward two-thirds
the length of the foot.

Length 67, breadth 48, alt. 21 mill.

Okhotosk Sea (Midd.) ; Pribiloff, Aleutian and Shumagin Is.
(Dall), in 3-10fms.

Chiton pallasii MIDD., Bull, de la Classe physico-mathem. de
1'Acad. de St. Petersb., vi, p. 117 (1847).— Chiton (Phcenechiton,
Dichachiton, Symmetrogephyrus) pallasii MIDD., in Middendorff's
Reise in den iiussersten norden und osten Siberiens, ii, Zool. pt. 1, p.

46 AMICULA.

163, t. 13, f. 1-9; t. 14, f. 1-6; Mai. Rossica i, p. 98.— Amicula
pallasii H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 481. — CHENU, Manuel,
i, p. 383.— DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. SW.—Stimpsoniella
pallasii CPU., Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155.

Although closely allied to A. vestita, this species differs in the
more hairy, thicker girdle, the less exposed tips of the valves, which
are smaller and less transverse. The figures do not represent dried
specimens. The description is from Middendorff.

A. AMICULATA Pallas. PL 5, figs. 15, 16.

This species was described by Pallas from a dried specimen
measuring 4 inches in length. Figures 15, 16, are copied from his
plate. The following note contains all that is useful in his descrip
tion : Valves covered with cartilage, scabrous and subverrucose out-
side, the part surrounding the valves being thick, harsh, cartilaginous.
The 8 valves are white and very fragile, the first being nearly horse-
hoof shaped, crenulated on the front margin ; the intermediate
valves are shaped as if made of two circular disks, and have a trans-
verse obsolete swelling above. The first 7 valves have a pentagonal
sharply margined piece (tegmentum), truncated behind, at the
angle of the posterior sinus. The 8th valve is angular, as if formed
of two pentagons, excavated behind.

Pallas' figures of the upper surface (26, 27) do not differ from that
of A. emersonii except that the exposed portions of the valves are
smaller and of a different shape. His figure of the ventral surface
(28) shows the gills to extend from the top of the head completely
along both sides and uninterruptedly around the tail ! There can
be no reasonable question that this is a mistake in the drawingjust
as the omission of lateral slits in the intermediate valves is. The
gills are probably short, as in vestita and pallasii.

Kuril Is. (Pallas.)

Chiton amiculatus PALLAS, Nova Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropo-
litan*, ii, p. 235, t. 7, f. 26-30 (1786).— GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p.
3206.— WOOD, Gen. Conch, p. 13.— MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p. 96.

Not C. amiculatus SOWB.J Conch. Illustr., f. 80, nor of Gray, P. Z. S.
1847, pp. 65, 69, 169=P. stelleri Midd. Not C. amiculatus WOOD,
Index, Test., f. 12, nor of Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 59— J.. vestita
Sow.

? Chamydochiton amiculatus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878,
pp. 1, 310.

AMICULA. 47

? Chiton pallasii MIDD., see below.

It would be a distinct advantage to science if the attempt to
identify Chiton amiculatus could be given up. The figures of Pallas
indicate a species externally very similar to A. vestita in the dry
condition, except that the exposed portion of the valves, and as far
as known their entire structure, accords completely with that of A.
2)allasii Midd. There is not much doubt in my mind that the A.
pallasii really is the same as the original amiculatus, notwith-
standing its apparently thicker and more hairy integument.

Carpenter identified as amiculatus a form collected by Dr. New-
comb on the Farallones Is., off San Francisco Bay. He describes it
as follows :

" Amicula amiculata (? Pallas). PI. 5, figs. 12, (13, 14 ?).

Shell externally resembling a young C. stelleri, but the apices of
the valves are present and rounded ; inside the insertion plate of the
posterior valve is Mopaloid, having one slit on each side, like the
intermediate valves; the caudal sinus is wide and deep. The ante-
rior valve has . . . . ? slits. The anterior sutural-laminse of each
valve are moderately connected across the broad sinus ; the posterior
sutural-laminse are larger, regularly arcuate, hardly sinuated out-
wardly, having a broad deep sinus behind, flat behind the apex
and hardly laminated. Slits grooved up to the apices. Girdle
coriaceous, smoothish, with two series of larger pores at sutures and
margin, and series of smaller pores placed between the valves and
irregularly, sparsely scattered over the girdle ; setae of the pores few,
long, hardly spicular."

"The shell here described must have been about 3 inches long
when living, and rather more than half the breadth. It accords
sufficiently nearly with the very brief description of Ch. vestitus
Brod. & Sby. in the Zoological Journal, but not with the figure of the
specimen there described in Conchological Illustrations. Moreover
the gills of Ch. vestitus are median, of this (as far as I can judge from
the dried remains) ambient, which is the character of Ch. amiculatus,
teste Midd. It was sent by Dr. Newcomb to Dr. Gould as the young
of Ch. amiculata Sby. (==stelleri') ; from which it differs (1) in the
round mucro, which represents in fact the jugular, central and side
areas squeezed up into a knob which alone projects at the posterior
part of each of the 7 anterior, and the middle of the hind valve ; (2)
in the posterior sutural laminae being a curved continuation behind
of the side laminae not separated by waves at the sides, but separated

48 CRYPTOCHITON.

by a deep posterior sinus reaching the external knob ; (3) in the
long hairs of the bunches which are disposed in regular pores along
the margin and across the,sutures, as well as irregularly over the
surface."

Middendorffhad never seen specimens of amiculatus, his informa-
tion being derived wholly from Pallas' description and figures.

Dall has given Carpenter's description in his paper on the Chitons
of the north-west coast (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 310), and
proposes the name Chlamydochiton for the species, on account of its
ambient gills. See also under Cryptochiton stelleri.

Subfamily CRYPTOCHITONIN^E.

Genus CRYPTOCHITON Middendorff & Gray, 1847.

Cryptochiton MIDD., Bulletin de la Classe Phys.-math.de 1'Acad.
des Sci. de St. Petersb. vii, no. 8, p. 116 (separate copies distributed
in Spring of 1847) ; Beitrage zur einer Malacozoologia Rossica, i,
p. 33. — Cryptochiton GRAY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xx, pp. 70, 134
(July and August, 1847) ; P. Z. S. Lond. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.

Valves entirely concealed in the leathery girdle, and lacking
tegmentum ; their posterior margins produced backward in a deep
lobe on each side, the lobes united across the median line, causing
the apices of all valves to be removed inward from the posterior
edge. Slits subobsolete or lacking in the intermediate valves.
Girdle covered with minute tufts of short bristles. Gills extending
the entire length of the foot.

This genus differs from Amicula, and from all other known
Chitons, in the union of the posterior lobes of the valves across the
median line, causing the apices of the median and anterior valves to
bes placed subcentrally or at the posterior third, instead of at the
posterior margin.

C. STELLERI Middendorff. PI. 7, figs. 7-13 ; pi. 6, fig. 6.

Oblong, rather depressed, the bilobed posterior outlines of the
valves (in dry specimens) showing through the leathery integument,
which completely covers the valves. Color a dull ferruginous or
brick-red, very well preserved specimens being rendered much
brighter by the closely placed fascicles of brilliant vermilion spines.

CRYPTOCHITON. 49

The valves are wholly concealed, white or flesh-colored, entirely
lacking the outer colored layer (tegmentum) of other Chitons ; their
edges are more or less thinned and crenulated by radial stride.
Anterior valve (figs. 8, 9) having the apex at the posterior third,
and with 4 to 7 slits. Intermediate valves (figs. 12, 13) having the
apex near the posterior third ; formed of two large anterior lobes
expanded at the sides, and two smaller, narrow posterior lobes.
Posterior valve (figs. 10, 11) having the mucro posterior or near the
posterior third ; deeply sinused in the rear, and usually having a
slit on each side of the sinus.

Girdle leathery, thick, red, densely covered with countless minute
fascicles of vermilion spinelets*(pl. 6, fig. 6.)

Length 15 to over 20 cm.

Endermo Harbor, south of Jesso, Japan ; Salcalin Island ; Kuril
Is.; southern extremity of Kamchatka ; Aleutian Is. ; Alaska and the
whole American coast southivard to Monterey and the Santa Barbara
Is.; just below tide mark.

Chiton stelleri MIDD., Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vi, p. 116
(1846). — Chiton ( Cryptochitori) stelleri MIDD., Mai. Ross, i, p. 93,
t. 1-9 ; Mem. de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., 6me Ser., vi, p. 101,
157, 1849 (full account of anatomy). — SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll.,
p. 271. — Cryptochiton stelleri GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M.,
p. 185 (1857).— H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 479 ; iii, t. 55,
f. 1.— CPR., Suppl. Rep., etc., Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 648.— GABB.,
Palseontol. Cal. ii, p. 87.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 159.—
SMITH, Ann. Mag. K H. 1875, xvi, p. 115.— BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1878, p. 311; p. 299, t. v, f. 44 (dentition).— Cryptochiton
stelleri var. violacea NORDMANN, Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes de
Moscou, xxxv, 1862, p. 329, t. iv. — Chiton amiculatusSowE., Conch.
Illustr., f. 80, SObis., and GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169. NOT
of Pallas. — Chiton sit kensis REEVE, Conch. Icon., Chiton, t. 10, f.
55; t. 11, f. 55b (1847); not C. sitkensis Midd.— Chiton ehlamys
REEVE, /. c., t. 11, f. 60. — Chiton calif ornicus PRESCOTT, Amer.
Journ. Sci. and Arts (2), xxxviii, p. 185, fig. in text. (Sept., 1864).
— ? ? Chiton giganteus Kamtschaticus TILESIUS, Me*m. de 1 'Acad. St.
Petersb. ix, 1824, p. 473, t. 16, f. 1, 2 ; t. 17, f. 3-8 (in part).—
Cryptochiton asm us in the Dorpat Collection, testeMidd., Mai. Ross
i, p. 40.

The foot and softer parts of this species are eaten raw by the
Aleuts and Indians.

50 CRYPTOCHITON.

Occasional individuals are variegated with gray-white or pinkish
patches, the specimen figured being one so marked, received from
Mr. Newcomb, of the Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Col-
umbia. The valves of this specimen are of a beautiful pink color
inside. The largest specimen I have seen is in the collection of Mr.
John Ford ; if straightened out it would measure over 82 inches in
length. Some other specimens before me are yellow on the back,
but a minute examination shows that they have lost the red bunches
of minute bristles.

The number of slits, and even their presence varies greatly.
Valves ii and vii are usually provided with slits, but the other inter-
mediate valves lack them. The posterior valve generally has slits,
even in individuals quite adult ; but sometimes they are obsolete,
being filled in by an excessive thicken ing of the posterior edge of the
valve. The mucro of each valve is in most cases quite inconspicuous,
but on some valves of occasional specimens it is raised in a minute
point, or marked by a puncture ; in either case being still covered
by the general integument.

It is by no means certain whether any true varieties or geographic
races exist ; but the following may be accepted provisionally.

Var. VIOLACEUS Nordmanu. PI. 6, figs. 1-5. (Living spec-
imen.)

Beautiful violet colored when living, fading in alcohol to a dark
brick-red, with large rounded light gray spots. A dried individual
is dirty gray-reddish above. Largest specimen measures along the
convex back 152 mill. ; the smaller individual figured measures 90
by 63 mill.

Sachalin I.

The colors of the living animal are thus described by Arthur
Nordmann : Cryptochiton stelleri varies much in its coloration ; in
some examples the ground-color of the convex back is clear brownish-
red; in others yellowish-red; in still others, but rarer, beautiful
dark violet with lighter streaks undulatingly passing outward from
the median line, and indicating the number of valves. * * *
The under side is dirty yellowish, the foot sometimes butter-yellow,
the long, narrow girdle of gills (consisting of 140-150 leaflets) being
reddish.

Var. APICALIS Pilsbry.

All characters as in C. stelleri except that the apices of the valves
are distinctly projecting as small circular elevations; substance of

CRYPTOPLACID.E. 51

valves pinkish. Length of valves, measured around back of a
curled specimen 117, breadth of widest valve 31? mill.

Japan (no. 61399 U. S. Nat. Mus.)

Family CRYPTOPLACID^ Dall.

Elongated or vermiform Chitons, having proportionally small
valves; tegmentum of each valve (except the first) divided into two
latero-pleural areas and a dorsal area. Insertion and sutural plates
strongly drawn forward, sharp, smooth, the anterior valve with 3-5
slits, the other valves with one slit on each side or none. Posterior
valve having the mucro far posterior, insertion plate continuous
behind, not sinused nor slit there. Girdle very thick and wide,
spiculose, generally with small sutural tufts and four around the
head valve. Gills occupying the posterior third of the parapodial
grooves.

This family is evidently a comparatively modern branch from the
Acanthochitoid stock, differing in the degeneration of the valves in
size, consequent upon the adoption of a life in burrows and holes.
The number of slits is greatly reduced; and the insertion-plate of
the tail-valve has no sinus or upward wave behind. The short gill-
row is an inheritance from the Aeanthochitidce, which in turn
inherited this feature from the low Ischnoid or high Lepidopleuroid
stock from which they sprung; short, posterior gills being char-
acteristic of the lowest Chiton stocks, as well as of the Aplacophora.

The zoological rank of the Cryptoplacidce has been ably discussed
by Haddon (Challenger Polyplacophora p. 46, 47), who concludes
that " the genus Cryptoplax is a highly specialized branch of a low
group of Chitons." To this it should be added that the specializa-
tion has been in the direction of degeneration ; the gills are shorter
than in the parent stock Aeanthochitidce ; the foot and valves are
notably reduced in size and functional capacity, and the nervous
system shows unmistakeable traces of reversion.

Two genera, not very diverse in characters, are distinguishable :

CRYPTOPLAX Blainv., in which the body is vermiform, the
anterior valve having 3 slits, the others none ; valves disjointed or
merely touching.

CHONEPLAX Cpr., more like an ordinary Chiton, but much
elongated, the valves all strongly overlapping or imbricating.

52 CRYPTOPLAX.

Genus CRYPTOPLAX Blainville, 1818.

Cryptoplax BLAINV., Diet, des Sci. Nat. xii, p. 124, for C. larvi-
formis and depressus. — Chitonellus LAMARCK, An. sans Vert, vi, p.
317, for C. Icevis and striatus (1819.) — Ametrogephyrus MIDD., Mai.
Ross, i, p. 33, (1847).

Much elongated, distinctly vermiform, the valves not nearly cover-
ing the entire dorsal surface, the posterior ones either separated from
one another or in contact merely at their tips. Insertion and sutural
plates very strongly drawn forward, the anterior valve having three
slits, the other valves none. Girdle minutely setose, generally hav-
ing minute sutural pore-tufts. Gills occupying the posterior third
of the branchial groove.

Distribution, Philippines to Tasmania and Polynesia.

In this genus the sutural-laminse of each valve are entirely
separated from the valve next forward, although they are deeply
inserted in the muscular integument of the back. The number of
slits is more reduced than in any other forms having insertion-plates,
approaching in this respect the Lepidopleuridce.

Only four species of this genus are recognized by Haddon, in his
revision of the genus in the Report on the Polypi acophora collected
by the Challenger Expedition. They may be recognized by these
marks : ,

C. striatus Lam. Large or medium sized, convex above, flat below,
the valves all in contact or nearly so, conspicuously wrinkle-sulcate
at the sides, with a smooth dorsal band. Pores present or absent,
the girdle densely spiculose, without a ventral bounding fringe.

(?. burrowi Sm. Small ; valves iv, v, vi and vii very small and
very widely separated from one another ; grooved at the sides, with
smooth central bands. Pores minute.

C. oculatus Q. & G. Smaller, having the latter four valves
separated, longitudinally grooved at the sides, having triangular
smooth dorsal areas. Pores wanting. Several front valves sur-
rounded with fringes of black and of white bristles.

C. larvceformis Blv. Large, cyclindrical, having the latter four
valves widely separated, sculptured with grooves con verging forward
to a dorsal sulcus, sometimes ill-defined. Minute pore-bunches
generally present ; having a fringe of spicules bounding the ventral
surface. Anterior several valves eroded, not surrounded with black
and white fringes of spicules.

CRYPTOPLAX. 53

C. STRIATUS Lamarck. PI. 9, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15; pi. 11, figs.

37-39.

Elongated, vermiform, very convex above, flat below ; hoary gray
maculated with rust-brown ; when dry, dull reddish-brown. The
valves are in contact with one another, or the posterior four may be
separated by short intervals, always much shorter than the valves.

Anterior valve having the tegmentum longer than wide, more than
twice as long as the anterior teeth ; its surface cut into a coarse,
irregular granulation by peculiar zigzag impressions [very badly
rendered in pi. 9, fig. 11]. Median valves (fig. 13) sagittate, widest
at about the posterior third, tapering forward ; sculptured with
several deep, finely and irregularly zigzag grooves at the sides
(sometimes transformed into a pattern of v-shaped granules) ; the
dorsal area narrow, raised, smooth except for slight growth lines.
Posterior valve (fig. 14) like the median valves externally, but
having a short vertical granulose slope below the mucro.

Interior light olive-green, generally becoming pink on the sutural-
laminse and teeth. Anterior valve having 3 slits, other valves
none ; posterior valve having the insertion-plate continuous, but
somewhat emarginate behind.

Girdle wide, fleshy, densely covered with minute calcareous spine-
lets, and in most good specimens showing minute pores at some or
all of the sutures, and four around the head-valve.

Length 55, breadth 12 mill, (average dry specimen.)

Length 61, breadth 22 mill, (alcoholic specimen.)

Chitonellus striatus LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 317, 1819. — DESH. in
Lam. vii, p. 481, 1836.— SOWB., Genera of Shells 1. 139, f. 4; Conch.
Illustr., f. 62.— BLAINV.,. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 551, 1825.—
REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 1 ; Conch. Icon., f. 4. — Chitonellus
gunnii RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1847. — Ch. rostratus RVE., L c., f. 6.
Ch. oculatus RYE., 1. c., f. la, b (not of Q. & G.). — Cryptoplax striata
+gunni-\-rostrata H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 484. —
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 224, 225.— Chiton (Chitonellus] striatus
SMITH, Zool. Coll. 'Alert,' p. 84. — Cryptoplax striatus HADDON,
Chall. Rep. xv, p. 39, t. 1, f. 9 ; t. 3, f. 9a-9m.

Raines Island, Torres Straits (Reeve, for C. rostratus and C.
striatus), Port Lincoln (J. B. Harvey), Newcastle (Dr. Dieffenbach),
Port Jackson (Coppinger, Richardson, Jukes, King), Flinders
Island (J. Milligan) ; Tasmania (Reeve, C. gunnii) ; Tasmania
(Macgillivray and Gunn).

54 CRYPTOPLAX.

In one (alcoholic) specimen before me, figured on pi. 11, figs. 37,
38, 39, pores are completely absent. Figure 37 represents a portion
drawn from the edge of the ventral surface, which, though minutely
roughened is not spiculose. The figure is magnified 25 diameters.

Var. GUNNII Rve. PL 8. fig. 14.

" The variety gunnii, from South Australia and Tasmania, may be
recognized by the valves being narrower, with the exception of the
first two. This form also appears to attain a larger size than spec-
imens from New South Wales and other localities further north. A
specimen in spirit, from the mouth of the river Tamar, Tasmania,
presented to the British Museum by J. Macgillivray, exceeds four
inches in length. The mantle of the southern form also appears to
be rather less densely covered with the minute conical spines. The
number of gills on each side varies with age, and even in individual
specimens I have found 30 or 31 on each side in specimens of equal
size from both regions — that is, north and south ; and in the largest
specimen before referred to there are 27 on the right side and 34 on
the left, and there is no appearance of any having been removed. "
(Smith.)

C. BURROWI Smith. PL 9, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

This curious species is known by the small size of the valves, the
remoteness from one another of the fourth, fifth and sixth, and the
excessively short and densely packed spines on the mantle. The
single specimen in spirit, from Port Molle, is of a buff color,
copiously mottled with green : this accords with a specimen (also in
spirit) mentioned by Reeve, collected by Capt Belcher in the Straits
of Macassar. The dried specimens are greyish, more or less rose-
tinted. The sculpture of the valves is very like that of C. striatus,
consisting of a central smoothish ridge, with two or three finer and
more or less wrinkled ones on each side, the front valve of course
being wrinkled throughout and lacking the central smooth ridge.
They are yellowish at the mucro or posteriorly, and pinkish red in
front. The plates of insertion are like those of C. striatus, and of a
pale greenish color. (Smith.)

Chitonellus burrowi has pores, and is therefore a Cryptoplax.
There is no trace of them externally, and they are only discernible
by removing the outer scaly coat ; they are then seen (but not dis-
tinctly as in the other species) upon the white skin beneath in just

CRYPTOPLAX. 55

the same position and to the same numbers as in Cryptoplax larvce-
formis and Cryptoplax striatus. (Haddon.)

Port Adelaide (Eve.) and Port Nolle (Coppinger) ; Straits of
Macassar (Belcher.)

Chitonellus larvceformis REEVE, (not of Burrow or Blainv.),
Conch. Icon., f. 3, 1847. — Chiton (Chitonellus) burrowi SMITH, Zool.
Coll. H. M. S. < Alert/ p. 85, 1884.— Cryptoplax burrowi HADDON,
' Challenger' Polyplac., p. 42, t. 3, f. lla-llm.

The gill-rows are very short, occupying less than a third the total
length, and there are 22 branchiae on each side.

C. OCULATUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 9, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

A chiton with the body small, equally hairy, roseate, and
encircled with two black bands; valves glaucous, longitudinally
furrowed, the front three ovate, encircled by black and white hairs.

A small species which is separated from C. fasciatus, as well as
from the two indicated by Lamarck, by its less cyclindrical form,
less obtuse extremities and greater flatness ; by having the body
covered with longer bristles and more crowded than in the above-
mentioned species; finally it differs in having the anterior three
valves oval, sea-green, surrounded by a circle of black bristles and
another, outside of that, of white ones ; giving the appearance of eyes
to these valves. The other valves are narrower, separated, claw-
shaped, and red-brown colored. All except the first are parallel-
grooved longitudinally, with a smooth triangle in the middle.

It is probable that the plates of insertion are the same as in Ch.
fasciatus, but we have not examined them in the single individual
in our possession. The color is reddish, with two black transverse
bands, confluent on the back. The ventral surface is yellowish.
The mouth is encircled by a oval, fringed veil. The branchiae
occupy a little less than the posterior third of the body ; there are
20 lamellae on each side.

Length 2 inches, 6 lines ; circumference 1 inch, 5 lines. ( Q. &
G.)

f New Guinea or Vanikoro (Q. & G.) ; Samboangan, Philippines
in 10 fms. (Challenger) ; Friendly Is. (Brit. Mus. Coll.)

Chiton oculatus Q. & G., Voy. Astrol., Zool. iii, p. 410, t. 73, f.
37, 38, (1834). — Chitonellus oculatus DH. in Lam. An. s. Vert., vii,
p. 482 (1836). — Cryptoplax oculatus HADDON, Challenger Polyplac.
p. 41, t. 1, f. 10; t. 3, f, 10a-10m.— Chitonellus fasciatus REEVE,

56 CRYPTOPLAX.

Conch. Syst. ii, t. 135, f. 5 (only). — ? Chitonellus Icevis LAM. Not
Ckitonellus oculatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 7a, 7b.= C. striatus.

This species is peculiar in the circles of black and white bristles
surrounding the anterior valves. The well-defined dorsal smooth
areas, and the apparent lack of pores. These characters readily
separate it from C. larvceformis, a species otherwise rather similar.
It should be noted however, that some individuals of larvceformis
lack pores.

C. LARVCEFORMIS (Blainv.) Burrow. PI. 11, figs. 31-36, 40-43.

Cylindrical and vermiform, wider posteriorly. Color pale buff,
clouded and maculated with reddish, and having two or several
transverse bands and a median dorsal line of the same ; the ventral
surface of a uniform pale tint, separated from the lateral and dorsal
integument by a distinct line of longer white spicules. The first four
valves are in contact and eroded, the hinder four are widely separated,
the greatest space being between valves vi and vii.

Anterior valve having the tegmentum about twice as long as the
anterior teeth, much eroded, the worn portion generally pink and
dull white (the pink sometimes replaced by olive) ; the unworn
outer rim smooth except for growth-lines, and usually reddish.
Tegmentum of second valve somewhat pentagonal, broadest in front
of the middle, eroded. The other median valves are sagittate, the
posterior 3 or 4 being generally but little eroded, and showing a
sculpture of coarse, uneven longitudinal furrows, converging forward
toward a dorsal sulcus. Posterior valve (figs. 42, 43) having the
mucro produced far backward ; cavity shallow.

Interior of valves white, generally marked with pink in each
valve, but sometimes suffused with pale green. Anterior valve with
three slits, other valves having none.

Girdle clothed with minute calcareous spicules, mostly red in color,
but white on the light patches ; the spicules very short on the ante-
rior part of the body, with some longer ones intermingled, longer on
the posterior part (pi. 11, fig. 33). On the ventral surface the
spicules are extremely short and blunt ; and at the junction of base
and sides there is a crowded row of white spinelets (fig. 32). At each
suture there is a minute bunch of white spinelets (fig. 34), and
around the head-valve four such pore-bunches are found. In some
specimens some of the posterior pores are absent, and others lack all
pores.

CRYPTOPLAX. 57

Length 105, breadth 24, thickness 19 mill, (alcoholic specimen.)
ViH Islands (A. Garrett !) ; Tonga Tabu, Friendly Is. (Q. & G.) ;

Kandavu, Fiji, (Challenger Exped.) , Dalaquete, Zebu, Philippines

(Cuming.)

Cryptoconchus larvceformis BLV. in Burrow, Elem. of Conch, p.

190, 1815 (no description). — Chiton larvceformw BURROW, 1. c., p.

191, t. 28, f. 2, 3, 4.— BLAINV., Manuel de Mai., p. 603, t. 87, f. 6,
1825. — Cryptoplax larvceformis HADDON, Challenger Polyplac., p. 37,
t. 3, f. 12. — Cryptoplax larvceformis BLV., Diet. Sci. Nat. xii, p. 124,
1818. — ADS., Gen. Kec. Moll, i, p. 484. — Chiton ehitonellus BLAINV.,
Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p. 550. — Chiton vermiformis BLAINV., /. c., p.
553. — Chiton fastiatu* QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. de 1'Astrol., Zool.
iii, p. 408, t. 73, figs. 21-29. — Chitonellus fasciatus DESH. in Lam.,
An. s. Vert, vii, p. 482.— REEVE, Conch. Syst., t. 135, f. 3,4;
Conch. Icon., f. 2.— GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 333, atlas, t. 28,
f. 429. — Cryptoplax fasdata ADS., Genera, t. 55, f. 6, 6a. — Chitonellus
Icevis REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, 1. 135, f. 2. — Chiton eruciformis SOWB.
Gen. Shells, t. 139, f. 5 (1820-1825.)

Readily distinguished from C. burrowi by the form of the poste-
rior valve and the absence of a raised smooth dorsal band on the
valves. This latter feature seems to separate it also from C. oculatus,
in which, besides, the longitudinal grooves on the sides of the valves do
not converge forward. There is also a difference in, the profile of
the tail-valve, in the spicules surrounding the anterior valves, and
in the size.

On plate 11, fig. 31, 40-43, represent the largest specimen before
me. It was collected by Garrett at the Viti Is. Figures 32-34 were
also drawn from this specimen, fig. 34 representing a single pore-
bunch ; fig. 33 a square mill, from near the posterior valve, and fig.
32 a portion of the marginal row of spiuelets showing the minute
spicules of the base below, the dark-colored spicules of the side of the
animal above. This example shows the 18 minute bunches of
white spinelets characteristic of the species, although the posterior
ones are very minute. Another specimen (fig. 35) is somewhat
differently marked, and lacks all pores or pore-bunches. As this
example is excellently preserved in spirit, and not wrinkled, the
absolute absence of pores can be affirmed with confidence. I can
see no differences in the valves between this example and the Viti
Island specimens. Part of the dried specimens before me seem to
lack pore-bunches, but this cannot be determined with certainty.

58 CRYPTOPLAX.

Haddon found the posterior pair of tufts wanting in one of the spec-
imens collected by the Challenger. He further remarks : " The
only conclusion at which we can arrive in this species is that nor-
mally nine pairs of tufts are present, but that in some specimens
more or fewer of the posterior pairs may be absent. This further
leads us to the supposition that they may be entirely absent,
although we have at the present time no direct evidence in support
of the last alternative."

False and insufficiently defined Cryptop laces.

The following descriptions are of course worthless for purposes
of identification. They are introduced here simply to save students
the trouble of looking them up in the original publication. No
information other than that here given has been published.

Cryptoplax montanoi Rochebrune. Corpus ovoideum, crassum,
antice rotundatum, intense villosum, aurantiaco fulvum, fasciis nigris
luteo marginatis, cinctum ; valvis medianibus minutis, rostratis
lateraliter striatulatis ; area centralis subsquamosa, squamis rectis,
acutis ; valvis anticis rotundatis, rugosissimis. Ligamento marginis,
pilis brevissimus obsito. Long. 0,045 ; lat. 0,016. (Rochebrune, Bull.
Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-'82, p. 190.)

Borneo; Lucon (Drs. Montano and Rey). Rare. Paris Mus.

This is probably a synonym of C. striatus.

Cryptoplax peroni Rochebrune. Corpus angustum, antice
rotundatum, rugosum, violaceum, fasciis albidis passim cinctum ;
valva antica subtriangularis ; valvis centralibus ovatis, elevatis,
radiatim sulcatis, postica lata. Long. 0,022 ; lat. 0,007. (Rocliebr.y
Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 193.)

New Holland (Peron and Lesueur). Rare. Paris Mus.

Cryptoplax torresianus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, antice
posticseque rotundatum, pilosissimum, luteo rufuni, valva antica
rotundata, subfodiata, valva? centrales elongate, intense umbonatse,
antice macula nigra pictse ; areis lateralibus longitudinaliter gran-
ulose striatis, granulis squamiformibus; valva postica umbonata,
umbone prealto, conico, obtusissimo. Long. 0,060 ; lat. 0,004.
(Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1881-'82, p. 195.)

Torres Straits. Rare. Paris Mus.

Cryptoplax caledonicus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, insuper
spinossimum, antice acuminatum, postice rotundatum, luteolum,

CHONEPLAX. 59

maculis caeruleis marmoratum; valva antica elliptica rugosa;
valvarum intermediarum area centralis angusta, rotundata, squamis
imbricatis sculpta; areis lateralibus, sulcis divaricatis, rugosis, orn-
atis. Ligamento marginis fimbriato. Long. 0,040; iat. 0,008.
(Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-82, p. 196.)

Koue, New Caledonia (MM. Beaudoin and Heurtel). Not common.
Paris Mus.

Cryptoplax heurteli Rochebrune. Corpus ovatum, villosum, antice
posticeque rotundatum ; luteo roseum fasciis 2 latis, rubris cinctum ;
valva antica rotundata, Isevis; valvis centralibus viridescentibus,
minutissimis, areis medianis hevibus, lateralibus longitudinaliter
striatis, striis denticulatis. Ligamento marginis, setis longis vestito.
Long. 0,028 ; Iat. 0,009. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82,
p. 196.)

New Caledonia (M. Heurtel) ; Rare ; Mus. Paris.

Cryptoplax unciniferus Rochebrune. Corpus elongatum, antice
attenuatum, postice latum, glaberrimum, luteofuscum ; valvis
coeruleis, antice subquadrata, postice intense umbonate, umbone
acuto ; ceteris angustis, unciniferis ; area centrales minute punctata ;
lateralibus circulariter sulcatis sulcis imbricatis, nodosis. Long.
0,068; Iat. 0,010. (Rochebr.). Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82,
p. 197.

New Caledonia (Museum of the Colonies ; M. Heurtel). Common.
Paris Mus.

Genus CHONEPLAX Carpenter, 1882.

Choneplax CPR. in Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, no. 49,
p. 285, 288 (Jan. 20, 1882). Type C. strigatus Sowb—Chitoniscus
CPR. (part) I. c., no. 49a, p. 285, 288. Types " Chitonellus striatus
and strigatus Sowerby, Conch. 111., figs. 62 and 63."

Much elongated, somewhat vermiform. Valves subequal in size
and all strongly overlapping, the mucro of the tail valve projecting
far backward. Insertion and sutural plates all strongly drawn for-
ward, the anterior valve with 3-5 shallow slits, the other valves hav-
ing one slit on each side or none. Girdle minutely setose, and hav-
ing sutural tufts, sometimes obsolete. Gills posterior.

Distribution, West Indies.

This genus, whilst closely allied to Cryptoplax, differs in the strong
imbrication of all the valves, and their much greater comparative

60 CHONEPLAX.

size. The slits of the insertion-plates are less obsolete than in
Cryptoplax.

C. LATUS Guilding. PL 8, fig. 15.

Elongated, narrow, vermiform ; the valves strongly imbricating,
eroded, generally dirty white with a dull brown median band or
area, the unworn side margins brown. Interior of valves bluish or
gray, generally black in the cavity.

The intermediate valves are squarish, very blunt behind, and
when unworn are minutely granulated at the sides, with an indis-
tinctly defined dorsal smooth band. Posterior valve smaller, with
posterior mucro.

Interior dark colored, the median valves having the sinus very
narrow, deep and square. Anterior valve having 3 slits, other
valves none. Posterior valve having a long sharp insertion plate,
directed forward ; much hollowed out.

Girdle wide, brownish, covered with minute spicules, having a
fringe of longer white spinelets around the border of the ventral sur-
face, and provided with 9 small tufts of brown spinelets on each side.

Length about 25 mill.

St. Thomas and Guadaloupe (R.Swift! in Coll. Phila. Acad.) ;
St. Vincent (Guilding !) ; Portorico (Blauner !).

Chitonellus latus GUILDING, Zool. Journ. v, p. 28 (1829). — Chiton
strigatus SOWB., Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840, p. 289 ;
Conch. Illustr., f. 63. — Chitonellus strigatus REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii,
t. 135, f. 6. — Phakello pleura (Acanthochites) strigata SHUTTLW.,
Bern. Mittheil. 1853, p. 80. — Chitonellus Icevis REEVE, Conch. Icon,
f. 1. Not of Lamarck. — Choneplax serpens CPR. MS., olim. — Chone-
plax strigatus CPR. MS.

The name latus is not preoccupied in the Cryptoplacidce and being
the earliest published it must be accepted. The valves of this
species are greatly eroded in all the specimens I have seen.

C. HASTATUS Sowerby. PL 8, figs. 16-22.

Shell small, granulated ; valves reclining, acute, the first five very
narrow, the latter three wider ; the last having a pointed terminal
apex ; margin thick, rude, having minute red tufts at the valves.

Length 9, breadth 3 mill. (Sowb.)

Habitat unknown.

Chiton hastatus SOWB., Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840,
p. 290, Suppl. pi. 16, f. 4; Conch. Illustr. f. 127.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 1 66. — Choneplax hastatus CPR., MS.

CHONEPLAX. 61

This may prove to be the young of C. latus, the pointed shape of
the valves being due to their non-eroded condition ; but the slits
seem to be more strongly developed. Figs. 16, 17, 18, 19 are from
Sowerby's illustrations; figs. 22 are from sketches made by Car-
penter from the type.

Carpenter writes of the type specimen : I cannot see the very
long hairs figured by Sowerby, but here and there are a few very
fine dark hairs, looking like pores, and occasionally but not always
sutural ; round the margin there are a great many extremely minute,
rather distinct hairs. Jugular areas long and narrow, in some valves
sculptured and colored like the rest, only finer and with long
lyrulse ; in others they are worn and dark colored ; in two last
valves dark bordered with white, with fine granules over it. Central
and side areas not divided, having about 10-12 rows of granules
branching out. Inside : anterior valve having 4 slight slits at the
end of very long teeth ; central valves with one little slit, near the
sculptured part ; posterior valve with one very decided slit on each
side.

62 LEPIDOPLEURUS-TRACHYDERMON.

APPENDIX I.

The following pages contain the descriptions of certain species
omitted in the body of this monograph, and additional descriptive
and bibliographic matter relating to other forms.

Family LEPIDOPLEURID^ (Vol. XIV, p. 1.)
Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso.

L. ALGESIRENSIS Capellini. PI. 14, figs. 20, 21.

Shell oval, not carinated ; whitish-tawny ; end valves and lateral
areas ornamented with concentric folds ; central areas smooth to the
naked eye, but longitudinally striated when viewed under a lens.
Girdle with moderate scales.

Length 16, breadth 10 mill. (Capellini,}

Algesiras, Andalusia (Tarnier) ; Coast of Provence (Martin) ;
Marseilles (Marion) ; Civitavecchia (Donati) ; Sicily (Calcara, Ara-
das, Monterosato) ; Palermo (Monterosato).

Chiton algesirensis CAPELLINI, Journ. de Conch., June, 1859, p.
327, t. 12, f. 3, a'", V", c"'.— CARUS, Prodromus Faunae Mediterra-
nepe, ii, p. 180. — Leptochiton granoliratus CPU., MS.

There can be no doubt of the identity of Capellini's species with
the L. granoliratus of Carpenter, described from Mogador, which I
have described and figured (vol. xiv, p. 14), from examples collected
by McAndrew.

Family ISCHNOCHITONID^E (Vol. XIV, p. 253.)
Genus TRACHYDERMON, Carpenter.

Trachydermon Cpr., PILS., Manual XIV, p. 67.

Craspedochiton SARS, type C. marginatus Penn.— cmerews L.

Boreochiton SARS, part (C. ruber and marmoreus).

Lophyrus Sars, (C. albus L. and exaratus Sars). — THIELE, Das
Gebiss ii, p. 379. (L. albus L).

Adriella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 391, 1893.
Type A. variegata, Phil.

Icoplax THIELE, 1. c., p. 392. Type J. punicea Couth.

Shell oval, carinated. Valves delicate, the lateral areas indis-
tinct ; surface minutely granulated, the granulation rather even and

TRACK YD ERMON. 63

generally in quincuncial pattern. Insertion plates short and sharp,
having slits. Eaves solid or slightly porous. Girdle densely
clothed with very minute rounded or elongate papillae. Type T.
flectens Cpr.

This group was formerly considered a subgenus of Ischnoehiton
by me ; but a critical review of the species, with the use of power
adequate to thoroughly reveal the structure of the girdle, causes me
to reinstate it as a genus. It differs from Ischnochiton, — even the
smallest species and specimens — in the nature of the girdle cover-
ing ; and the same is true of its relations with Chcetopleura, Callo-
chiton and Tonieia. The first of these three is also distinguished by
its peculiar sculpture ; the second by its continuous sutural laminae.
Tonieia is the genus most allied to Trachydermon ; and it was no
doubt derived from Trachydermon at no remote time.

The types selected by previous authors for this group are in no
case tenable. Carpenter's original list of Trachydermons comprised
reteporoms, interstinctus, trifidus, dentiens, gothieus, hartivegii, nut-
tatlii and flectens. Of these the first three are Ischnochitons ;
hartwegii and nuttallii belong to Cyanoplax ; leaving only dentiens,
gothieus and flectens available for the choice of a type. The last has
been selected.

Within Trachydermon three sections may be distinguished, but
their differential characters are of little value.

I. Trachydermon s. sir. (type flectens Cpr). Valves thin ; gills
extending forward f to f the length of the foot.

II. Boreochiton Sars (type ruber L.). Valves variegated ; gills
median. Species, T. ruber, T.punicea, T. steinenii.

III. Cyanoplax Pils. (type hartwegii Cpr.). Valves solid, thick ;
eaves wide, pitted ; gills as long as the foot. Species, T. hartwegii,
T. bipnnctata.

Besides these, a subgenus (Spongioradsia) has been created for
two divergent forms.

The genus is one of great antiquity, being the least differentiated
of the Ischnochitonidce. The girdle is unspecialized, being clothed
with minute bodies which cannot be called either scales or spines,
for they are of an intermediate character. See pi. 15, figs. 26
(dentiens) ; 25 (ruber) ; and 37 (flectens).

Thiele has proposed the " genus " Adriella for one of the typical
forms, founding it on a very slight difference in dentition, the value

64 TRACHYDERMON.

of which he is himself undecided on. Another " genus," leoplax,
he proposes for the Cape Horn species punicea ; this group also has
slight peculiarities of dentition, and if such minute subdivision is
desirable, it might be retained as a section.

T. ALBUS Linne. (Vol. XIV, p. 70).

Var. wfuscatus Schneider.

Sculpture, girdle and radulaas in the type, but color yellow-brown
or brown-black.

West coast of Prince Charles' Promontory ; Spitsbergen, Quaenan-
genfjord, Norway.

See SCHNEIDER, Tromso Museums Aarshefter, vol. 4, 1881, p.
57, and KRAUSE Zool. Jahrb., 1892, p. 348.

T. FLECTENS Cpr. PI. 15, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37.

For original description see Vol. XIV, p. 75.

Shell small, ovate-oblong, moderately elevated. Roseate or deep
blood red, more or less maculated with blue, especially along the
sutural margin ; the blue sometimes predominating on some valves.

Median valves squared and slightly beaked ; minutely granulated
all over, more closely on the lateral areas, which are otherwise scarcely
defined (fig. 36). Mucro somewhat anterior, rather projecting (fig.
34).

Interior of a beautiful deep rose color. Anterior valve having 8,
median valves 1-1, posterior valve 7 slits. Eaves narrow, short
and solid. Sinus slightly laminate.

Girdle rather densely covered with minute, elongated but scarcely
imbricating scales (fig. 37), and fringed with hyaline spinelets. Gills
extending forward two-thirds or three-fourths the length of the foot.

Length 12,"breadth 7 mill. ; divergence 110°

Puget Sound (Cpr.) ; off Victoria, British Columbia (Newcombe,
1892) ; 8. Pedro (Cooper).

This is a beautiful little species, the examples before me from
Victoria, B. C., being especially remarkable for their deep colors.
The sculpture and the spotting of the sutural margins reminds one
of T. dentietis, which is evidently its nearest of kin.

TRACHYDERMON. 65

T. GOTHICUS Cpr. PI. 15, figs. 28, 29.

The original description will be found on p. 74, vol. xiv.

The type of this little shell was collected at Catalina Island by Dr.
Cooper. It is an exceptionally elevated species, the dorsal ridge
being acute, and the angle of divergence about 80°. The type (Mus.
Smiths. Inst. 16271) having been glued to a glass tablet formerly,
is not in very good condition, but Carpenter's excellent description
and the figures here given (representing the half of a median valve
and a profile of the tail valve), will readily identify it.

T. RUBER L. PL 15, fig. 25 (girdle-scales, x 125).
T. DENTIENS Gld. PL 15, fig. 26 (girdle scales, x 250.)
Subgenus SPONGIORADSIA Pilsbry, 1894 (n. s.-g.)

Trachyradsia CPR. in part, exclusive of its type Ch. fulgetrum.

Valves smoothish, having two or several side slits, and extremely
spongy eaves and sinus, the latter squared. Girdle sparsely beset with
minute elongated scales. Type Tr. aleutica.

It is somewhat doubtful whether this group should rank under
Callochiton or Traehydermon ; but as the girdle, sinus and gills more
resemble the latter, I have placed it here. The spongy eaves and
radsioid valves resemble Trachyradsia (plus Stereochiton), but the
sinus in that group, as in typical Callochiton, is bridged by a lamina
extending across from one sutural lamina to the other.

But two species are known to belong here : aleutica Dall and multi-
dentata Cpr.

T. ALEUTICA Dall. PL 15, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33.

The original description is given on p. 84, vol. xiv.

This is a small, dull purplish-red species, much elevated but
rounded at the ridge, valves broadly v-shaped, the anterior border
of each being concave, the lateral areas a trifle raised but
indistinct, whole surface obsoletely punctulated by the comparatively
large megal aesthetes, and showing some lines of growth.

The most prominent characters are presented by the interior of
the valves, which are flesh-colored, rather thick, and have the pos-
terior border of the tegmentum broadly reflexed. The wide eaves
are coarsely and densely spongy, the teeth being reduced to very
slight prominences or wholly obsolete on some valves ; but the num-
ber of punctate slit-rays shows that the side-slits if developed would

5

66 TONICELLA.

be several in number. The sinus is very wide and very spongy
(fig. 33) ; the sutural laminae are high and narrow.

The girdle is somewhat sparsely clothed with blunt white processes,
between spines and scales in form, and some of them show under the
lens an excessively fine longitudinal striation (fig. 30.)

Gills extending forward two-thirds the length of the foot.

The length is about 6 mill. ; divergence 90°-100°.

Aleutian Is.

Views of outside and interior of a median valve, and interior of
the head valve are here given. The pores of the eaves and sinus are
obviously more than sufficient to afford egress to the minute trunks
innervating the megalsesthetes and micrsesthetes ; and they probably
serve in large part for the attachment of the valves to the girdle, being
occupied by connective tissue. This accessory means of attachment
is perhaps the cause of the great degeneration of the insertion- plates,
which are deprived of their main function.

Tr achy r ads ia multidentata Cpr., from the Bonin Is., is evidently
closely allied, but it is described as having more strongly developed
teeth.

Genus TONICELLA Carpenter.

Vide vol. xiv, p. 40.

Toniciella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, p. 389.

Key to speeies of Tonicella.

a. Shell small, less than 10 mill, long ; central areas red, lateral
areas white, saccharina.

aa. Shell larger, much variegated.

b. Speckled and maculated with red ; minutely granulated ;
dorsal angle 90°-100°, marmorea, vol. xiv, p. 41.

bb. Having oblique reddish lines ; dorsal angle 110°-130.°
c. Very minutely granulated; angle 120°-130°,

submarmorea, vol. xiv, p. 42.
cc. Not granulated ; angle 110°-125°, lineata, vol. xiv, p. 42.

T. SACCHARINA Ball. PI. 15, figs. 22, 23, 24.

See vol. xiv, p. 44.

Figures are here given of a curled specimen, kindly supplied by
Dr. W. H. Dall. The girdle is blackish and smooth outside, having
a fringe of delicate spicules at the edge, which is curled up in the spec-

CALLOCHITON. 67

imen illustrated. The median valves have an obtuse, projecting beak,
the back margin being concave on each side of it, and they are nar-
rowly rounded at the sides, broadly con cave in the middle in front (fig.
22). The granulation is hardly visible; the lateral areas are white,
central areas red. The dorsal angle is blunt ; divergence about
110°. The T. sitchensis Midd., which has not been identified since
MiddendorfTs time, should be compared with this species.

Genus CALLOCHITON Gray.

See vol. xiv, p. 48. Add to synonymy of the genus: Clathro-
pkura TIBERI (part), Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. iii, p.-136, 1877. First
species C. Icevls.

C. L^EVIS Montagu. Vol. xiv, p. 49.

As an additional synonym, is probably to be ranked Chiton
euplcece O. G. Costa, Cat. Syst. e Rag. Test, due Sicil., p. i, iv, t. 1,
f. 4, 1829.

C. CROCINUS Reeve. Vol. xiv, pi. 10, fig. 7.

Shell ovate; terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest concen-
trically sculptured with waved wrinkles, the surface being most
minutely punctured ; central areas undulately decussated with
minute ridges. Saffron yellow, stained in the middle with light
purple. Ligament horny, tessellated. A species most peculiar in
color, and not less in sculpture ; the surface of the central areas hav-
ing the appearance of coarse cloth or canvas. (Eve.)

Habitat / (Rve.); (New Zealand (Greenwood, et al.~)

C. crocinus Rv., Conch. Icon., t. 22, f. 146, 1847. — Lepidopleurus
empleurus HUTT., Tr. N. Z. Inst. iv, p. 178 ; Man. N. Z. Moll. p.
113, 1880, teste Hutton in private letter.

This, if really from New Zealand, is probably distinct from C.
platessa Gld. ; but Dr. Carpenter believed them to be identical.

C. SANGUINEUS Deshayes. PI. 10, fig. 27, 28.

Shell small, regularly ovate, much depressed, equally obtuse at
the two ends ; blood red all over ; end valves semi-lunar ; inter-
mediate valves narrow, tripartite, most minutely granulated when
viewed under a lens. Marginal girdle narrow, clothed with small
scales, regularly articulated with brown spots.

Length 8, breadth 5, height 1 mill. (Desk.)

Inlands of Reunion and Mauritius.

68 CALLOCHITON.

Chiton sanguineus DESH., Catalogue des Mollusques de File de
Reunion, p. 40, t. 6, f. 4-7. — Chiton (Lepidopleurus) sanguineus
MARTENS in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 300. — Callochiton
sanguineus THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 392, t. 32, f. 9 (denti-
tion.)

Figure 27 is much enlarged. Deshayes compares this species to a
dried drop of blood.

Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr., 1878.

Trachyradsia CPR. in Dall, (part) 1878, type Ch. fulgetrum Rve.
vide Manual, xiv, p. 83. — Stereochiton CPR. in Dall, 1882, type Ch.
castaneus Wood ; vide Manual xiv, p. 52.

Valves almost smooth, but minutely granulated or punctulate
having several slits in each side insertion-plate, very spongy eaves,
and shallow sinus, across which the sutural laminae are connected
(see vol. xiv, pi. 9, fig. 90). Girdle bearing minute downy scales.
Distribution S. Africa and Tasmania.

This group, as here reformed, claims kinship with Callochiton ;
and so close is the alliance that it has been by Carpenter and myself
ranked as a subgenus or section under that genus. The North
Pacific forms formerly referred here have been given place under the
genus Traehydermon, in the section Spongioradsia.

C. DENTATUS Spengler. ( C. fulgetrum Reeve. Vol. xiv, p. 83).

The Chiton planatus Spengler (Skrivter af Naturhist.-Selsk. iv, p.
91), is probably the same as C. dentatus of the same author (I. c.,
p. 88), and both seem to agree with C. fulgetrum Reeve. Both are
said by Spengler to be from the Cape of Good Hope. See also Mai.
Bl. xvii,p. 113.

C. CASTANEUS Wood. (Vol. xiv, p. 52.)

Spengler's Chiton bicolor (I. c., p. 90, p. 6, f. 18) is this species, and
the name has priority, but cannot fairly be adopted on account of
the previous use of the name bicolor by Gmelin, for a smooth species
apparently different and distinct.

C. INORNATUS Tenison- Woods. PI. 13, figs. 63, 64.

" Shell oval, thin, depressed, of a uniform deep brown, very finely
dotted all over with minute depressions like the top of a thimble ;
valves of a uniform width, keeled, slightly beaked ; lateral areas very
little elevated, with obsolete radiate striations ; central areas finely

CH^ETOPLEURA. 69

marked with concentric striae ; terminal valves not large, obscurely
ribbed with broad rounded ribs ; margin membranaceous, covered
with scattered short silvery hairs.

" The distinction of this species is its very uniform ornamentation.
In most of the Chitons there is some marked difference between the
lateral and central areas of the valves, but here all seems uniform in
the color as well as in the ornament. The lateral areas have con-
centric lines like those of growth. The minute dots with which the
surface is pitted is a feature which this species shares with many
others in Australia, but the marks are finer and more shallow than
usual. The species is very rare." ( Tenison- Woods.')

Length 40, breadth 25, alt. 5 mill.

Northern Tasmania.

Chiton inornatus T.-W., Trans, and Proc. of the Roy. Soc. of
Victoria, xvii, p. 82, pi., figs. 8, 9 (May 10, 1881).— Callochiton
(Stereochiton) lobatus CPR.

The representation of the sutural laminae upon the posterior,
instead of the anterior border of the single valve illustrated in Mr.
Tenison- Wood's drawing, is of course on error ; but it is difficult to
to see how such a mistake could occur.

I believe that this species is the same as Callochiton (Stereochiton)
lobatus Cpr. (Manual xiv, p. 53) ; and it is upon this ground that I
place the form in this genus and section. Teuison-Woods' descrip-
tion and figure give no clue to its generic position. C. lobatus Cpr.
becomes a synonym.

CHITON FESTIVUS Blainville. Shell quite elongated, carinated ;
valves narrow, angular like a roof, very finely granulated through-
out; lateral areas little indicated; anterior plates of insertion
(suture laminae) narrow, the end plate quadridentate. Color varied
with brown, red and flesh color outside; white with a dash of
rose within. (Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 541.)

Seas of Australia.

This is a Callochiton of the Section Trachyradsia, and may be
either C. fulgetrum, Rv., C. castaneus Wood or inornatus T.- Woods ;
The coloration described resembles the first of these. The locality
assigned is not to be trusted.

Genus CH^TOPLEURA Shuttleworth.

Vide vol. xiv, p. 27. Add to synonyms : Ehyssoplax THIELE,
Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 368, 1893. — (R. janeirensis Gray

70 CH^ETOPLEURA.

.and segmentata Eve.). — Helioradsia THIELE, t. c.t p. 385 (H. gemma
Carp.).

The valves are solid, porcellanous within, having rather long sharp
teeth and squared sinus. Externally they are sculptured with longitu-
dinal beaded riblets on the central areas, and pustules or pustulose
ribs on the lateral areas. Mucro in front of the middle. Girdle
having corneous hairs, sometimes rising from a dense mass of chaffy
scales.

Chcetopleura is closely allied to Pallochiton in sculpture and valve
structure generally, but Pallochiton has the mucro far to the rear.
Thiele has subdivided the genus, but his divisions are based upon
trivial features of the radula, which characterize single species or
groups of species of less systematic rank than the assemblages called
" sections " in the present work.

The species, although few in number, are found in most warm and
temperate seas.

C. HENNAHI var. JASPIDEA Gould. PI. 10, figs. 29, 30.

Shell broad-ovate, thin and light, somewhat strongly carinated ;
under a magnifier it is found to be everywhere punctured in quincunx.
It is generally dark liver-red clouded with longitudinal pencillings
of more or less deep rose red colors; central areas closely and
minutely marked with granulated, longitudinal lines ; lateral areas
small, distinguished by their greater smoothness, and having four or
five rather imperfect granular lines upon them ; terminal valves with
radiating lines of distant granules, the posterior one excavated and
with a transverse ridge, and strongly marked with the lines of
growth. Margin coriaceous, covered with short hoary down.
(Old.)

Callao.

Chiton jaspideus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 143,
July, 1846; Expedition Shells, and Otia Conch, p. 4; U. S. Expl.
Exped., p. 325, atlas f. 414, 414a. — Chwtopleura jaspidea THIELE,
Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 380, t. 31, f. 12 (dentition.)

This is probably a mere form or variety of C. hennahi, distin-
guished by the greater prominence of the pustules upon the lateral
areas.

C. ASPERRIMA (Couthouy) Gld. PI. 14, figs. 1, 2.

.Shell elongated-oval, narrowed anteriorly, moderately convex, sub-
carinate, brownish-olive along the back, with a lilac bloom at the

CH^ETOPLEURA. 71

margin ; posterior valves semi-lunar ; lateral areas large, extending
quite to the anterior edge of the valves, ornamented with irregularly
scattered, cylindrical eminences, which are easily detached, leaving
a scar ; the central areas have thick-set, longitudinal ranges of similar
eminences. Margin coriaceous, covered with short and scattered
seise. (Old.)

Length one inch ; breadth two-fifths of an inch.

Ilha do Pai, at the entrance of Eio Janeiro Harbor (U. S. Expl.
Exped.)

Chiton asperrimus Couth. MS., GOULD, U. S. Exploring Exped.
Moll., p. 326, f. 418 a-b.

This is evidently a Chcetopleura of the C. apiculata group. Gould's
figures do not show the girdle satisfactorily. Gould compares the
granules to little cylindrical pedestals.

C. TEHUELCHA Orbigny. Vol. xiv, p. 205.

This seems to be a Chcetopleura, allied to C.fulva, rather than a
Tonicia. I have not seen specimens.

C. FULVA Wood. Vol. xiv, PL 44, figs. 62, 63, 64.

. Shell oval or oblong, elevated, acutely carinated, solid. Color

pale buff suffused with rich orange-red toward the apices of the

valves, or dull reddish all over, with white threads on the central

areas.

Valves strong, somewhat beaked ; central areas sculptured with
white longitudinal beaded threads, separated by flat dark spaces;
the threads are irregular at the jugum, often divaricating or anasto-
mosing. Lateral areas slightly raised, having several subobsolete
radii ; end valves obsoletely radiated.

Interior white, having faint brown streaks diverging from the
apices. Sutural plates rounded ; sinus angular, not toothed. Ante-
rior valve having 9-11, central 1, posterior 9-11 slits; teeth con-
spicuously, coarsely, pectinated outside, crenulated at their tips, and
rather obtuse. Eaves short, solid, narrowly grooved along the teeth.

Girdle leathery, light brown, bearing small, scattered and whitish
hairs. Length 33, breadth 19 mill.

Portugal.

Chiton fulvus WOOD, General Conchology, p. 7, t. 1, f. 2. — Sow-
ERBY, Conch. Illustr., f. 53, 83.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 39.—
Chcetopleura fulva ROCHEBRUNE, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, p. 137. —
THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 381, t. 31, f. 16 (dentition).—

72 CH,ETOPLEURA.

Tonicia fulva GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 67, and of CPR., MS.— Ch.
fulvus " var. f (yelatus)" SOWB., Conch. Illustr. no. 69, f. 53 (no
desc.).

Doubtful synonyms : Chiton angulatus SPENGLER, Skiivter af
Naturhist. Selsk. iv, p. 71. — Chiton ferruginem SPENG., 1. c., p. 72.
Cf. Morch, Mai. Blatter, xvii, p. 111. — Chiton lusitanicus TILESIUS,
Jahrbuch der Naturgeschichte i, p. 221, t. 6, f. 3, 4, 5, (Leipzig,
1802). — Chiton candisatus gaditanus CHEM., Conch. Cab., x, p. 374,
t. 173, f. 1691.

Wood has given a perfectly recognizable portrait of this species ;
and I have therefore hesitated to disturb the current use of his speci-
fic name in favor of those proposed by either Spengler or Tilesius,
about which there is more or less uncertainty.

This species has hitherto been classed in Tonicia, but the total
absence of eye-spots, the hairy girdle and the less obtuse teeth show
it to belong rather to Chcetopleura.

Said to have been taken at Cape Horn on ships cable, but this
locality requires confirmation.

C. PAPILIO Spengler. Vol. XIV, pi. 44, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60, 61.

Shell oval, rather elongated, elevated, the dorsal ridge obtuse. Of
a deep chestnut color.

Valves deeply indented at the sutures ; lateral areas moderately
raised, and (with the end valves) generally marked with delicate
radii ; central areas having some delicate longitudinal striae. Pos-
terior valve with the mucro central and rather elevated.

Interior: posterior valve having 8-10, central valves 1-1, ante-
rior valve 8-10 slits ; teeth acute ; sinus rather wide, flat, laminate,
with a slit at each side. Eaves solid.

Girdle wide, clothed with rather stout and long curling black
hairs.

Length 63, breadth 33 mill. ; divergence about 105°.

Cape of Good Hope.

Chiton papilio SPENGLER, Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, iv,
p. 86, t. 6, f. 15. — Ch. castaneus QUOY & GAIMARD, Zool. Astrol. p.
387, t. 74, f. 33, 34.— Ch. watsoni SOWB., Mag. of Nat. Hist. 1840,
p. 288; Conch. Illustr., f. 81, 82, 130.— KRAUSS, DieSiidafrik. Moll,
p. 41. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, iv, t. 6, f. 32a, b. — Chcetopleura watsoni
THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 380, t. 31, f. 15 (dentition.)

CH^ETOPLEURA. 73

The following names are probably to be considered synonymous,
but I have not seen the types, which alone can fix their identity.

Chiton fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3204, founded upon
Chiton Linter Indice orientalis Chemnitz, Conchylien Cab. viii, p.
279, pi. 95, f. 799, 800. This name, if it really belongs to the species,
will take precedence of papilio, being anterior in date. The spec-
imens figured by Chemnitz were from the cabinet of the Gesellschaft
naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin.

Chiton linter REEVE, Conch. Icon, iv, pi. 13, f. 72 (March,
1847), identified by Reeve with Ch. linter Indice orientalis Chemn.,
in ignorance of Gmelin's prior binomial for the same Chemnitzian
form. Reeve's description is as follows: "Shell oblong, a little
attenuated anteriorly, valves swollen in the middle, smooth or very
minutely impressly striated throughout ; yellowish-brown, painted
along the middle of each valve with a remarkable triangular brown
spot, yellowish on each side ; ligament horny, transparent, beset
with rather distant rough horny grains. Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.,
vol. viii, p. 279, pi. 95, f. 799. Hab. East Indies. This is another
interesting species of Chiton which I have the pleasure of restoring
from the obscurity in which it has remained since the publication of
the ' Conchylien Cabinet/ in 1785."

Reeve's figure is copied on pi. 49, fig. 35 of vol. xiv. It is prob-
ably a worn specimen of papilio.

C. PUSTULATUS Krauss. PL 10, figs. 23, 24, 25, 26.

Shell oblong-ovate, convex, beautifully painted with spots of white,
yellow, rufous and brown, banded in the middle with white.

Anterior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve, and lateral
areas of the intermediate valves very delicately punctulate and
sparsely sculptured with elevated, cylindrical pustules. Central areas
longitudinally subgranose and cancellated.

The insertion-plate of the anterior valve is weakly striated, pro-
jects widely beyond the eaves, and has 9 slits. Middle valves with
1 slit, posterior insertion-plate much shorter, having 8 slits.

Girdle reddish-yellow, sparsely clothed with long brownish hairs.

Length 13, breadth 8 mill.

Natal, on the shore (Wahlberg.)

Chiton pustulatus KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 42, t. 3, f. 7.

I have not seen this pretty Chcetopleura, the description of which
is translated from Krauss' excellent book.

74 CHjETOPLEURA-ISCHNOCHITON.

C. ASPERIOR Carpenter. PL 15, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41.

Shell small, acutely keeled, the side-slopes straight. Buff-white,
marked with purple-black at each side of the dorsal ridge, and at
the outer extremity of each valve. Girdle tessellated light and
dark.

The median valves are squared, minutely beaked ; lateral areas
slightly raised, and sculptured with about three radial rows of sparsely
placed pustules, subject to considerable irregularity. Central areas
having 7-9 longitudinal series of beads on each side, those near the
middle converging and smaller. Anterior valve having 18 radial
rows of white pustules standing on slight, dark, narrow riblets. Pos-
terior valve having the mucro slightly in front of the middle, poste-
rior slope concave, with sparsely scattered pustules.

Interior white, slightly stained under the beaks. Anterior valve
having 8, median 1-1, posterior valve 9 slits ; teeth long and sharp ;
eaves short and solid. Sinus narrow, supplied with a narrow con-
cave-edged lamina, notched at each side.

Girdle densely clothed with minute chaffy scales, with occasional
long corneous hairs (fig. 38).

Length 11 mill. ; divergence 130°.

Off East Asia.

"/ Trachydermon" asperior CPR. MS. ; vide Pilsbry, Manual xiv,
p. 77.

The type of this species is a single specimen (Smiths. Inst. Mus.
24121) in excellent preservation. Valves i, vii, and viii are detached,
the latter two being illustrated on my plate. It is somewhat surpris-
ing that Carpenter called this a Trachydermon, for it is an unequi-
vocal Chcelopleura in girdle, eaves, sculpture and indeed the whole
aspect. It belongs to the group of Ch. gemmea.

Genus ISCHNOCHITON Gray (Vol. XIV, p. 53).
Ischnochiton GRAY and authors, type longicymba.

Radsiella THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken ii, p. 3G8, for punc-
tulatissimus Sowb., concinnus Sowb., capensis Gray, caliginosus Rv.,
tessellatus Q. & G., rugulatus Sowb. Not Radsiella Pilsbry, Man.
Conch, xiv, p. 54, 139 (July 25, 1892).

Stereoplax THIELE, t. c., p. 383, for " multicosiata " C. B. Ad.

Rhodoplax THIELE, t. c., p. 384, for squamulosa C. B. Ad. and
erythronotus C. B. Ad.

ISCHNOCHITON. 75

Lophyrlscus THIELE, t. c., p. 377, for textilis and oniscus.

Beanella THIELE (not Dall !) t. c., p. 388 for rissoi Payr. and
cajetana Poll !

Dr. Thiele has added a considerable number of synonyms to this
genus. His group Radsiella consists of small subtypical Ischno-
chitons and one true Chiton (capensis). His Stereoplax is founded
upon the type of the Ischnoid section Ischnoplax Cpr. (see Vol. XIV,
p. 64, 65) ; and he has placed the same species under another name
in his " Stenoplax." He fails completely to understand the true
characters of Stenoplax Cpr., including Lepidozonas only under that
name. Rhodoplax contains two small species of Ischnochiton.
Beanella is an odd compound of Ischnochiton and the type of Lepid-
opleurus. The true Beanella belongs to Nuttallina, q. v.

I. PURPURASCENS C. B. Ad. (Vol. XIV, p. 58.)

Has been collected at Bermuda by Goode, I am informed by
Dr. W. H. Dall.

I. RADIANS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 48, 49.

Shell oval, rather depressed, carinated, the side-slopes straight.
Surface lusterless. Color olive-purplish, radially streaked with whitish
dashes or flames, having some purple patches, and on the diagonal
line a few snow white spots ; ridge of valves purple or white.

Median valves smooth to the naked eye, the lateral areas indis-
tinct, not raised, having a few subobsolete radial riblets. Entire sur-
face of all valves evenly, densely and most minutely granulated. End
valves having narrow, low, indistinct, numerous radial riblets hardly
visible except toward the periphery. Mucro in front of the middle,
moderately prominent ; the posterior valve being shaped as in J.
retiporosus.

Interior dark blue. Anterior valve having 10, central valves 1-1,
posterior valve 10 slits. Sinus squared, the sutural-plates not con-
tinued across it.

Girdle speckled, densely covered with shining, rather weakly
striated convex scales measuring about J- or } of a mill, in width.

Gill row as long as the foot.

Length about 12, breadth 7 mill; divergence 120°.

Monterey, Cal. ; San Pedro (Cooper.)

The original description will be found on p. 121 of vol. xiv. Car-
penter's type was from Monterey, and was a larger specimen than
that here figured and described, which is Mus. Smiths. Inst., 19470.

76 ISCHNOCH1TON.

The prominent specific characters are the coloration, which is much
like typical Mopalia lignosa Gld., and the apparently smooth surface,
seen under a lens to be very densely, evenly granulated throughout,
and having fine, low, subobsolete riblets on the lateral areas and end
valves. These riblets are hardly visible unless viewed under a cross
light with a good lens

I. SCABRICOSTATUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 55, 56.

Shell oval-oblong, rather elevated, the dorsal ridge strongly car-
inated ; side-slopes slightly convex. Orange colored, with a few
darker spots along the riblets of the lateral areas and the posterior
margin of each valve.

Median valves slightly and obtusely beaked (when not eroded),
having slightly raised lateral areas, which are weakly, almost obsoletely
tricostate, and bear a few inconspicuous low nodules, more numerous
on the posterior riblet ; the entire lateral areas being covered with
a granulation similar to that of the central areas. Central areas
closely and minutely scaly -granulose in the middle, ribbed at the sides,
the granulation extending over the riblets, crenulatiug them and
causing the interstices to appear pitted.

Anterior valve granulated, and having many (about 24) delicate
riblets, which are obsoletely pustulose. Posterior valve smaller than
the anterior, having the mucro slightly in front of the middle, sculp-
tured like the head-valve, but with less distinct radii.

Interior flesh colored. Anterior valve with 10, median valves 1-1
slits. Sinus wide, squared.

Girdle orange colored, densely covered with very minute, unusu-
ally wide and short, striated scales, each measuring about one-ninth of
a mill, in width.

Length about 7£, breadth about 4J mill.; divergence 95°.

Catalina Island, California.

Carpenter's description, given on p. 121 of vol. xiv, is misleading
in the account of the sculpture. It has no " rows of prominent gran-
ules." The entire surface is shagreened, the second valve (drawn in
figure 56) has several short radiating riblets in the front of the
dorsal tract ; the other valves have longitudinal riblets developed on
the pleura only. The scale-like granulation of this species is
coarse, when we consider the size of the shell, but the girdle scales
are unusually small, very short and broad.

But one specimen is known to have been found, this being no.
16268 of the Smiths. Inst. Coll.

ISCHNOCHITON. 77

I. RETEPOROSUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 47, 50, 51, 52, 53.

The original description will be found on p. 75 of vol. xiv.

The shell is rather elevated, distinctly carinated, the side-slopes
nearly straight. The color is either (1) dull buffish gray white
touched with reddish orange at each beak, or (2) a very pretty shade
of reddish-purple, uniform or with a white dorsal stripe and some faint
light spots ; in either case the girdle is of the same color as the valves,
with or without black scales scattered over it. The valves are parti-
ally covered by a black deposit in all of the individuals seen.

The slight beaks of the median valves do not modify the slightly
concave contour of the posterior border. The lateral areas are not
raised; sculpture consisting of a variable number (generally 4-7) of
rather acute radiating riblets (spreading somewhat like those of a
Pinna) bearing sparsely scattered, minute pustules which are often
lacking on some or all valves ; the intervals between riblets finely
granulated. Central areas sculptured with a very beautiful and
clearly-cut pattern of squarish pits or cells formed by the crossing of
fine forward-converging riblets by others curving in a radial direction
(fig. 47). Anterior valve having many narrow radial riblets, like
those of the lateral areas, some of them generally with minute pust-
ules. Posterior valve (figs. 51, 52) having the mucro in front of the
middle.

Interior bluish-white or pink. Anterior valve having 11, median
valves 1 -1, posterior valve 1 1 slits. Sutural lamince low and rounded,
continuing in a narrow lamina across the shallow, wide, gently rounded
sinus.

Girdle covered with solid rather flattened scales measuring about
one-sixth of a mill, in breadth, and coarsely, deeply striated (fig. 50).

Length 15, breadth 8 mill.; divergence 95-100°.

San Pedro, California (Cooper) ; Victoria B. C., 15 fms. (C. F.
Newcombe.)

The type (Mus. Smiths. lust, 14917) is a light colored specimen,
touched with orange at the beaks, as first described above. Others
before me from Victoria B. C. have the same coloration, but most of
those I have seen from Victoria are purple. The small acute pust-
ules of the lateral areas are very variable, often entirely wanting.
The delicate riblets of the lateral areas are generally more numerous
than shown in fig. 47, which is drawn from Carpenter's type ; they
have a strong tendency to split.

78 ISCHNOCHITON.

Var. PUNCTATUS Whiteaves.

Sculpture as in reteporosus, but the riblets of en'd valves and
lateral areas are more delicate, subobsolete; and the network of the
central areas is shallower. Color pale cream, nearly white, with a
spot of orange-brown on the ridge of valves ii to viii, and a few irre-
gular spots of reddish on the white girdle.

Length about 8 mill.; divergence 100° (specimen somewhat
curled).

Discovery Passage, at Duncan Bay, Vancouver Island, 10-20 fms.
(Dawson).

Leptochiton punctatus WHITEAVE:*, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, iv,
Sect, iv, p, 125, figs. 1886.

This very pretty form may for the present be retained distinct as
a color-variety, but intermediate specimens must be expected. The
occasional, rather spaced growth lines are more marked than in the
typical reteporosus. I am indebted to J. F. Whiteaves F. G. S. for
an opportunity of examining the type specimen (at present unique),
which is the property of the Canada Geological Survey.

I. SERRATUS Cpr. PI. 16, figs. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46.

The original description is given on p. 122, vol. XIV.

The shell is moderately elevated, bluntly angled along the ridge,
side-slopes nearly straight. Color light buff, with small olive spots
sparsely scattered along the dorsal ridge and the posterior margins
of each valve, and having some irregular orange maculae on the
pleura of some valves.

The intermediate valves are very minutely and densely granulated
throughout ; lateral areas raised, composed of 2-3 (on one side of
valve ii, 5) wide rounded ribs ; the hind border of each valve very
unevenly toothed (fig. 43). Central areas having about 12 longitu-
dinal low riblets on each side, crossed by several transverse riblets, pro-
ducing a shallow and not very distinct appearance of grating. The
head and tail valves each have about 20 low ribs, like those of the
lateral areas. Tail valve with subcentral mucro (figs. 42, 44.)

Girdle faintly tessellated with delicate green and whitish, clothed
with solid, somewhat flattened scales, averaging one-sixth of a mill,
in width, and when unworn they are very delicately striated (fig. 45,
x 150 diameters). The individual scales are dull bluish, fading at
the edge.

Length 8*, breadth 5£ mill.

Cape St. Lucas.

ISCHNOCHITON. 79

The type of this species (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 16204) is a pale little
Chiton, the color spots being very inconspicuous. The "grating"
of the central areas is rather shallow ; the pits are mostly squarish.
The posterior denticles of the valves are unequal and irregularly
spaced. The girdle-scales have a stony appearance, and only reveal
the stride under strong magnification, and some scales do not show it
at all.

I. COXCINNUS Sowerby. PL 10, figs. 21, 22.

Shell oval, wide, subdepressed, most minutely granulated, sub-
carinated : valves straight ; lateral areas inconspicuous ; margin
wide, minutely scaly.

Length one-half, breadth three-eighths inch. (Sowb.*)

A very neat, small, dark colored species ; granulated, but so
minutely as to appear smooth. It is distinctly keeled, yet depressed.
The lateral areas are not very distinctly separated from the central.
The margin is broad and scaly ; the color dark olive, in some spec-
imens nearly black ; inside green. (Soivb.}

Chonos (Mus. G. B. Sowerby, Sen.) ; Beloncabi (Dr. R. A. Phil-
ippi).

Chiton concinnus SOWB., Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist. (n.
ser.) iv, June, 1840, p. 293 ; Conch. Illustr., f. 117, llS.—Radsiella
concinna THIELE, Das Gebiss d. Schn. ii, p. 369, t. 30, f. 19
(dentition).

This form seems to be nearest to I. punctulatissimus Sowb. (vol.
xiv, p. 115). I have not seen specimens.

I. INCA d'Orbigny. Vol. XIV, PI. 27, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell oblong, whitish, depressed, subcarinated ; evenly and very
minutely granulated. Length 9 mill. This species is remarkable
for its uniform white tint, for its much depressed, subcarinated form,
the surface evenly marked with very small points throughout except
on the median line, the lateral areas slightly indicated. The margin
is very finely scaly. ( Orb.)

Islay, Peru, in deep water.

Chiton inca ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 486, t. 65, f. 20-
24.

Probably belongs to the group of Iseh. punctulatissimus. The
gills are represented as ambient.

80 ISCHNOCHITON.

I. BERGOTI Velain. Vol. XIV, PL 27, %. 51.

Shell elongated, quite narrow, oval, convex and subangulated on
the median line, perceptibly narrower in front ; color a rather deep
brown-grayish.

Intermediate valves unequal, rather wide, ornamented with trans-
verse lines impressed in the thickness of the shell, subimbricating,
very strong in front and on the lateral portions, where they gener-
ally number 3 or 4. The upper portions are smooth or marked with
irregular punctations only. End valves semilunar, having impressed
striae like the others, but more numerous, stronger and concentric ;
anterior valve much narrower and more angular than the posterior ;
intermediate valves unequal, with the lateral areas narrow, not
distinctly indicated ; dorsal [central] areas wide, finely punctate.
Border of the mantle yellowish, but little developed, without scales
or spines, marked by fine granulations only. ( Velain.')

Length 15, breadth 7, alt. 4£ mill.

Island of St. Paul, on rocks in the littoral zone, rare. (French
Transit of Venus Expedition to St. Paul and Amsterdam, 1874).

Chiton bergoti VELAIN, Comptes Rendus de 1'Acad. des Sci., vol.
83, p. 285, July 24, 1876 (name only) ; Arch. Zool. Exper. et Gen.
vi, p. 123, t. 4, f. 21, 22. 1877.

The prominent features of this species seem to be the several con-
centric grooves along the anterior and lateral borders of each of the
valves, the surface elsewhere punctate. It is probably an Ischno-
chiton, although Velain says that the girdle is not scaly but papillose,
which suggests Trachydermon. It was collected only within the
Crater. The surface is generally corroded, and covered with cal-
careous incrustations and Serpulse.

I. CONSTANTI Velain. Vol. XIV, PL 27, fig. 49.

Shell oblong, quite thin, uncolored or yellowish-white, equally
obtuse at the two ends. Terminal valves unequal, semilunar, the
anterior more acute at the summit than the posterior ; both orna-
mented with concentric strise, as in the preceding species (bergoti).
Intermediate valves narrow and equal; lateral areas elongated,
moderately developed but little prominent or distinct. External
surface little convex, with a median angle more or less pronounced ;
apparently smooth, but with a strong lens seen to be ornamented
with fine granules in very regular series. Border of the mantle nar-
row, whitish or gray, and distinctly scaly.

Length 8-9, breadth 4-5, alt. 2£ mill. (Velain).

ISCHNOCHITON. 81

Islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam (French Transit of Venus
Exped., 1874).

Chiton constanti VELAIN, 1. c., p. 124, t. 4, f. 21, 22.

This species is abundant throughout the littoral zone of both
islands, especially within the crater of St. Paul, where it covers some
rocks.

I. CESSACI Rochebrune. PI. 10, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

Shell ovate-oblong, subcarinated, painted with various colors.
Anterior valve and posterior area of the posterior valve lightly con-
centrically lineated, the lines most minute ; intermediate valves hav-
ing the central areas stria tulate, striae interrupted ; lateral areas very
delicately undulated. Marginal ligament narrow, scaly.

Length 18, breadth 8 mill. (Rochebr.)

Strait of Santiago, Cape Verde Archipelago, (Cessac and Bouvier.)

Lepidopleurus cessaci ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881, p. 118 ;
Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2) iv, p. 241, t. 17, f. 11, a-e. — Leptochiton
cessaci ROCHEBR., Journ. de Conch. 1881, p. 43.

This species is evidently allied to I. rissoi Payr.

In the great number of specimens from Cape Verde and the whole
west coast of Africa (Bank of Argain, Dakar, Goree, Rufisque and
Madeline Is.), twelve color varieties are found, as follows.

1. Greenish yellow with a brown median line, mantle white.

2. Deep yellow orange ; mantle light yellow.

3. Dark brown with a white median line ; mantle gray.

4. Dark violet; mantle blue.

5. Light violet ; marbled with white ; mantle rose.

6. Olive ; mantle white or black.

7. Uniform gray ; mantle blue.

8. Gray-white ; mantle orange.

9. Gray marbled with orange ; mantle violaceous.

10. Rose ; mantle gray.

11. Rose, marbled with green ; mantle yellow.

12. Finely marbled with red, blue, yellow on a gray or rose ground.

I. RUGULATUS Sowb. (Vol. XIV, p. 110.)

The name was spelled " regulatus " in the text, by typographical
error.

82 ISCHNOCHITON.

I. VIRGATUS Reeve. (Vol. XIV, p. 78.)

This is a smooth-scaled Ischnochiton, grouping with /. smarag-
dinus and J. lentiginosus.

I. LENTIGINOSUS SoWCrby.

See Vol. XIV, p. 135. This species has been rediscovered by Dr.
J. C. Cox at Port Hacking, N. S. Wales. It is a smooth form, with
convex, polished girdle-scales, and is remarkable for the coloration
of blue spots on an orange, orange-brown or olivaceous ground. It
is apparently distinct from I. cyaneopunctatus Kr.

Section HETEROZONA Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 65).
H. CARIOSA Cpr. PL 14, fig. 8.

A figure is here given of a larger specimen from the collection of
the Geological Survey of Canada. It has the girdle scales more
unequal than shown in pi. 24, fig. 21, and they are narrower and
more elongated. The granulation of the central areas shown in fig.
20 is much too coarse. A considerable number of specimens received
from Dr. J. C. Cox, show great variation in the girdle covering, fully
covering the differences between figs. 21 and 23 of pi. 24.

Section Lepidozona Pilsbry.

Ischnochitons having the girdle-scales strongly convex, smooth or
sftriated ; valves with a lamina across the sinus, separated from the
sutural laminae by a notch, and often denticulate ; teeth subrugose ;
mucro low, inconspicuous, nearly flat, subcentral. Sculpture consist-
ing of pustules or graniferous ribs on lateral areas and end valves,
and longitudinal riblets on the central areas, the interstices usually
latticed.

This section, as here amended, is a very useful one, comprising
Ischnochitons of the mertensii group on the west coast of America,
and^the coreanicus group on Sino-Japonic shores.

I. CULTRATUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 57, 58, 59.

The original description is given on page 131 of vol. XIV.

The shell is rather elevated and rather sharply carinated, the side-
slopes nearly straight. Color whitish or light green, indistinctly
mottled and spotted with dark green.

Intermediate valves squared, not in the least beaked. Lateral
areas raised, having four low rounded ribs separated by rather acute
interstices, each rib bearing widely spaced, elevated pustules of a red-
dish-brown color, the posterior border of the valve having an addi-

ISCHNOCHITON. 83

tional series of pustules which dentate the sutures. Central areas hav-
ing about 16 acute, narrow, elevated longitudinal ribs, becoming
divergent at the outer angle; those at the dorsal ridge smaller and
more crenulated ; the deep and wide interstices being finely, irregu-
larly wrinkled across. Anterior border oftegmentum elegantly scal-
loped. Anterior valve having about 13 (or more) low rounded ribs,
bearing brown pustules, like the lateral areas ; many of the ribs
splitting into two or more toward the peripheral margin, the rows
of pustules doubling to correspond. Posterior valve having the mucro
flat, and a trifle in front of the middle; the posterior profile of the
valve sloping regularly down from the front margin (fig. 59.)

Interior white, with a wide dark green ray on each side behind,
and a green patch on each side in front of the valve-callus. Anterior
valve having 8, median 1-1, posterior 9 slits; teeth acute, but finely
roughened inside and out toward the edge. Sinus straight, not
denticulate, having a narrow lamina separated from the sutural-
laminse by a notch on each side (fig. 58.)

Girdle covered with convex, weakly striated scales, averaging '37
mill, in width (fig. 57).

Length about 17, breadth about 12 mill. ; divergence 108°.

Hakodadi, Japan.

The specimen figured is one of the original lot, no. 24144 of the
Smiths. Inst. Mus. The comparisons given on p. 132, of vol. xiv,
readily distinguish this from the allied forms.

The riblets of the second valve diverge at the ridge.

I. BISCULPTUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 60, 61.

The original description is given on p. 119, vol. xiv.

The shell is thin, small, elevated, acutely carinated, the side-slopes
nearly straight. Pale green or yellow, maculated with dull green.

Intermediate valves (fig. 61) squared, not beaked. Lateral areas
raised, very minutely granulated, showing a shalloiv sulcus down the
middle, and bearing three (on valve ii, four) irregular radial series of
sparsely placed pustules; the posterior ones few, and somewhat
dentatiug the sutures ; the median series often reduced to very few
pustules. Central areas having on each side about 10 narrow,
elevated longitudinal lirce, their interstices wide and finely, densely,
latticed across ; the ridge of each valve free or nearly free of ribs,
minutely granulated. Anterior valve minutely granulated, and

84 ISCHNOCHITON.

having about 18 radiating, irregular series of pustules. Posterior
valve having the mucro subcentral, much depressed.

iDterior whitish, but showing through the white layer the tints of
the exterior. Anterior valve having 11, median valves 1-1, poste-
rior valve 7 slits ; teeth short. Sinus with a concave, smooth lamina,
separated from the sutural laminae by a notch at each side (fig. 61.)

Girdle alternately gray -blue and whitish, densely clothed with
scales, unequally but generally rather deeply striated, and measuring
•2 to '25 mill, in width (pi. 17, fig. 60).

Gills slightly over f the length of the foot.

Length 11, breadth 6 mill. ; divergence 100° to 110°.

Hong Kong, China.

This types of the species (Mus. Smiths. Inst. 24117) are before
me. The shell closely resembles J. cultratus in general characters,
sharing with that species its general plan of sculpture, depressed
mucro, etc. But it differs in the partial or total absence of ribs at
the dorsal ridge ; in the concave lamina across the sinus; in the
fewer pustules, and the smaller girdle-scales; but this last feature
may be partly due to the fact that the specimens are much smaller
than those of cultratus. The sculpture upon the ridge of the second
valve is divergent, as in the other species of Lepidozona.

I. CRATICULATUS Gould. PI. 17, figs. 62, 63.

See p. 130, vol. xiv.

Shell elevated and carinated, the side-slopes slightly convex.
Color light olive-gray, with rather small dark blue-green spots,
mainly visible on the central areas and along the sutural margins.

Median valves squared. Lateral areas a trifle raised, sculptured
with 8-10 low radial rib lets bearing elevated rounded pustules; the
riblets fewer in young shells ; posterior row of pustules dentating
the sutures. Central areas having 18-22 narrow longitudinal
elevated threads, divergent on the ridge of each valve, their interstices
minutely latticed. Anterior valve having about 50 pustuliferous
riblets. Posterior valve elevated, high at the front margin, the
the mucro central and inconspicuous.

Interior bluish or greenish-white, each intermediate valve having
a pair of wide posterior rays of olive-green, and a small patch of the
same color at the bases of the sutural lamince. Anterior valve having
10, median valves 1-1, posterior valve 11 slits; the teeth unequal,
and in the head valve distinctly notched or nicked at the edges and

ISCHNOCHITON. 85

deeply, coarsely grooved outside. Sinus with a somewhat concave
lamina, a trifle denticulate in some valves, and nicked at each side.

Girdle gray, covered with convex, striated scales measuring *33
to '37 mill, in width (fig. 63).

Length 25 mill. ; divergence about 95°.

China Seas or Japan.

The type is a well-grown specimen, evidently adult, and complete
except that valve vii has been lost. Valves i, vi and viii are
detached, and the last has lost its sculpture posteriorly from an ill-
judged cleaning with some sharp instrument. The remaining valves
and the girdle are perfect.

This is a well-characterized species, being separated from other
allied Lepidozonas by the more numerous radii of lateral areas and
end valves. It must, however, be carefully compared with I. corea-
nicus A. & R. (Vol. XIV, p. 129), which is prior in date, and which
I suspect may prove the same, although I have not seen an
authentic specimen. Reeve's figure of coreanicus is said by him to
be enlarged, but the actual size is not stated.

I. LUZONICUS Sowerby. Vol. XIV, pi. 38, figs. 31, 32 (enlarged).

Shell oval, angulate, straw-colored with longitudinal streaks of
green ; lateral areas and end valves radially granulated ; central
areas acutely longitudinally sulcate ; margin nearly smooth.

Length 9, breadth 5 mill. (Soivb.)

Luzon, Philippines, on dead shells in 15 fms.

Chiton luzonicm G. B. SOWERBY, JR., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 104.—
REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. 25, f. 167.

Carpenter's remarks upon the type specimens are as follows : 6
specimens, Mus. Cuming. In very poor condition ; must have lost
the girdle scales, and faded in color. Looks extremely close to the
young of coreanicus, which I think it is. The lateral areas have 5
or 6 close granular ribs; central areas having 11 sharp, distinct
riblets on each side ; the riblets are granulose and are a little decus-
sated between ; jugum sharp. Girdle has very few scales to be seen,
but these seem to be like Lepidopleurus, not very large but round-
ish. Another specimen has about 17 very close moniliform riblets
on the central areas, the side areas raised but ribbed only very indis-
tinctly, with scattered grains on them. The scales of this shell are
very much smaller, and Ischnoid, striated, flat.

86 ISCHNOCHITON.

Posterior valve having 14, central 1, anterior 12 slits; typically
Ischnoid ; teeth sharp, very thin ; sinus appears smooth, rather

Length 8J, breadth 4f mill. ; divergence 108°.

Carpenter does not state whether the interior described is that of
the " Lepidopleurus" or the Ischnockiton which are included under
this species. Probably both are young, and the types evidently
require further study. The name luzonicus should be restricted to
the form with convex, smooth scales, and the systematic position of
it is probably in the section Lepidozona of Ischnochiton.

Section Ischnoradsia Shuttlew.

I. TRIFIDUS Cpr. PI. 17, figs. 64, 65, 66, 67.

See Vol. XIV, p. 141, for the original description.

The shell is elevated and carinated, side-slopes slightly convex.
Color reddish-brown, maculated with buff and purple-brown, the
dark color generally predominating.

Valves squared, not beaked. Lateral areas slightly elevated, cut
into three low, flat ribs by two radial narrow grooves, which are gener-
ally somewhat pitted. Central areas having a number of rather
strong wrinkles or grooves, in the direction of growth-lines, these
grooves being conspicuously pitted or punctured, and closer toward
the anterior margin of each valve. Immediately in front of the
diagonal slope, especially toward the beaks, the pitting is finer and
closer. Anterior valve having about 18-23 broad, low ribs, separ-
ated by linear, punctured interstices. Posterior valve having the
mucro central, bent downward, but little projecting.

Interior white, with purplish-red rays posteriorly. Anterior valve
having 13, median valves 2-2, posterior valve 13 slits, teeth dis-
tinctly roughened, almost pectinated outside. Across the sinus there
is a narrow lamina, notched where it joins the sutural-lamina3.

Girdle compactly covered with solid, rather convex scales, which
are about '3 to '33 of a mill, in width (fig. 66).

Length 27, breadth 17 mill.; divergence 100°-110°.

Sitka to Victoria, British Columbia, 9-18 fms.

This species is more correctly referred to Ischnoradsia than to
Radsiella, the scales being smooth and rather convex. It has no
near allies, the pattern of sculpture being extremely peculiar and
distinct from all other chitons which I have seen. The closeness of

ISCHNOCHITON-CALLISTOCHITON. 87

the pits varies much. At the sides of the pleura there are generally
visible slight forward-converging riblets, pitted where they cross the
transverse grooves; and these give a key to the origin of this curious
pattern of sculpture. Some black scales are scattered among the
reddish ones, on the girdle, and it is besides slightly tessellated with
lighter.

Fig. 64, 65, is drawn from the type specimen (Mus. Smiths. Inst.
30946) ; fig. 67 is from a specimen taken at Victoria, B. C., in 15
fms., by Mr. C. F. Newcombe.

I. AUSTRALIS Sowerby. (Vol. XIV, p. 144). PI. 17, figs. 68, 69.

Young specimens of this species (and adults when not eroded)
show a small area at each beak free from longitudinal riblets ; but
these riblets are developed upon the ridge toward the forward part
of each valve, being finer there than upon the pleura. The lateral
areas are generally very coarsely sculptured, as in pi. 17, fig. 68 ; I
have seen only one specimen in which the lateral riblets are as fine
as in pi. 18, fig. 59 of Vol. XIV.

Chiton lugubris Gld. (vol. XIV, p. 146), of which the types
(Smiths. Inst. Mus., no. 2075) are before me, is merely a young
australis, not eroded, and showing conspicuously the smooth, micro-
scopically granulate space around each beak. As one of the type
specimens is dismembered and the other is curled, I have figured a
young australis from the Academy collection to illustrate the form ;
the specimen selected being almost exactly like the type. /. lugubris
will therefore be added to the synonymy of australis.

Genus CALLISTOCHITON Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 260).

C. DECORATUS Cpr. PI. 16, fig. 54. (Vol. XIV, p. 269).

In some specimens of this species the smooth area at the jugal
ridge is decidedly narrower than in the typical form, represented on
pi. 58, fig. 18 of Vol. XIV, and the lateral ribs are more elevated,
acute, and indistinctly granulated, the girdle being tessellated buff
and brownish. Central areas buff, lateral areas olivaceous. Poste-
rior rib of each valve split by a shallow, small sulcus; and in the
individual described (Mus. Smiths. Inst., 58897) there are 12 ribs
on the head valve. Surface lusterless. Sculpture of pleura coarser
and sharper.

The differences above noted are presented by a specimen from San
Diego, collected by Hemphill. Although the divergence from the

88 CHITON.

type is considerable, yet it seems insufficient for specific discrimina-
tion, although possibly grounds may be found for separating the San
Diego shells as a northern race of the Lower Californian decoratus.
The gill-row in this specimen is as long as the foot, as usual in
Callistochiton.

Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. (Vol. XIV, p. 277).

N. PICEOLUS Shuttleworth. (Vol. XIV, p. 229).

This is no doubt a species of the subgenus Middendorffia, not an
Acanthopleura.

Family CHITONID^E Pilsbry.
Genus CHITON L.

Chiton L. ; Man. of Conch, xiv, p. 149.

Amaurochiton THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 362 for
C. olivaceus, cumingi, striatus, tenuistriatus.

Chondroplax THIELE, t. c., p. 363, for C. granosus and stokesi.

Diochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 364, for 0. albolineatus.

Pceciloplax THIELE, t. c., p. 365, for C. glauca Gr£Ly,—quoyi Desh.

Sypharochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 365, for C. pellisserpentis.

Georgus THIELE, t. c., p. 366, for C. rusticus Dh. and " nigrovir-
encens " Blv.

Clathropleura (Tib.) THIELE, t. c., p. 367, for C. siculus Gray and
affinis Iss.

Anthochiton THIELE, t. c., p. 377, for C. tulipa Q.

The "genera" enumerated above are, in the opinion of the writer,
founded on merely specific characters, or at most they indicate only
groups of species of less value systematically than the groups called
" sections" in this work. Such multiplication of generic synonyms
seems unnecessary and positively harmful.

C. SQUAMOSUS Linne". (Vol. XIV, p. 155.)

Add to synonymy: Chiton spengleri BLAINV., Diet. Sc. Nat.
xxxvi, p. 538, and Chiton pictus BLAINV., /. c., p. 541 (incorrect
description of teeth) ; this is C. cymbium of the Museum collection,
according to Blainville.

C. PUSIO Sowerby.

This species was described under Ischnochiton in Vol. XIV, p. 133,
but is is probably a true Chiton, and the same as C. murrayi Had-
don, vol. xiv, p. 161.

CHITON-TONICIA. 89

C. DISCOLOR Souverbie. (Vol. XIV, p. 175). PL 10, figs. 3, 4
(this vol.)

The reference to plate is incorrect in the text. Synonym is: Lepi-
dopleurus ectypus ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-1884, p. 37.
A well grown specimen before me measures 28 mill, long, 16 broad.
It is closely allied to C. canaliculatus Q. & G.

C. RUBICUNDUS Costa. (Vol. XIV, p. 182).

Has been reported from the Balearic Is. by Hidalgo. The name
C. scytodesma should be removed from the synonymy. Scacchi's
description in Cat. Reg. Neapolitan! p. 9, is insufficient for identifica-
tion, but suggests Callochiton Icevis rather than this species.

C. SULCATUS Wood. (Vol. XIV, p. 191.)

The authority " Sowerby " was wrongly written in the text.

Genus TONICIA Gray (Vol. XIV, p. 194.)

Add to synonyms : Lucia GLD., Otia Conch, p. 242 (preoc.). —
Lucilina DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 284, 287. (Type of
both, <?. confossus Gld.).

Toniciopsis (in part) THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 371,
for picta Rve., maillardi Dh., wahlbergi Kr.

If a separate subgeneric name is needed for the Oriental Tonicias
with posterior mucro (division 3, of my arrangement, vol. xiv, p.
206), we may use Lucilina; Toniciopsis becoming a synonym. The
latter was founded upon a species of Tonicia (Lucilina), a species of
Onithochiton, and a Plaxiphora! This instance well shows the
fatuity of founding genera upon slight variations of a single organ,
as Thiele has done.

TONICIA LINEOLATA (Fremb.) Hutton, Manual of the New Zea-
land Mollusca, 1880, p. 114, reported from Dunedin, Auckland
Islands and Campbell Island, is not likely to be the Chilian form
described in Vol. XIV, p. 198.

T. INSCULPTA Souverbie. PL 10, figs. 10, 11.

Shell oval, subdepressed, obtusely carinated, having flat tubercles,
and sculptured with depressed points; mainly of a green color.
Tubercles subtriangular, depressed and scale-like, but little pro-
nounced on the anterior valve, where they are arranged in rays, and
extending along the diagonal line of the intermediate valves, with a

90 TONICIA.

few longitudinally arranged on the pleura. Triangular punctures
elongated, as if engraved with the point of a burin, largest and
sparsely distributed on the central areas, and on the lateral areas
radially grouped among the rays of tubercles. Posterior valve
obtusely umbonated, carinated on each side. Pale flesh colored
maculated with dark green, the spots regularly placed, nearly cover-
ing the second valve and sides of the fifth and last valves ; on the
rest of the surface smaller, hardly noticeable, and scattered. Girdle
rather wide, nude, reddish.

Length 10, width 5 mill. (Souv.)

Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago, one specimen in
Bordeaux Mus.

Chiton insculptus Souv., Journ. de Conch. 1866, p. 248, t. 9, f. 5.
Not Ch. insculptus Ad. — Chiton montrouzieri Souv., I. c., 1873,
p. 287.

This species is extremely near to T. confossa Gould. It was
described from a single specimen which may not be adult.

Adams' C. insculptus being a typical Chiton (vol. xiv, p. 177), the
change of name proposed by Souverbie becomes unnecessary.

T. FLOCCATA Sowerby. PI. 14, figs. 3, 4.

Shell oval, depressed, narrowed in front ; pale tawny maculated
with black, brown, green and rose color. End valves radially sul-
cate. Median valves with a single rib on each side ; the central
areas longitudinally sulcate, lateral areas granulated, margins
serrated. Terminal valve obtusely elevated. Margin red or brown,
banded with white patches and dots.

Length 20, breadth 1H mill. (Sowb.)
Cog ay an, Misamis, Island of Mindanao, Philippines (Cuming.)

Chiton floceatus SOWB., P. Z. S. 1841, p. 104.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon, iv, f. 117.

This species is found at Mindanao under stones at low water, and
at Calapan on small stones at a depth of 15 fms. The margin is
sprinkled with white patches resembling flakes of snow, on a reddish-
brown ground. (Sowb.')

Carpenter gives the following descriptive notes on the types : shell
moderately elevated, oval. Jugum not sharp, more or less variegated
with chestnut-brown, olive, pink and ashy. All of the valves are
somewhat thrown forward, with blunt beaks ; jugal areas not defined

A( ANTHOl'LKIKA. 91

except by color-stains, the ribs converging and meeting (^-like)
forward ; central areas having about 14 sharp, rather distant
riblets on each side, the intervals quincunically granulated ; lateral
areas not much raised and small, the diagonal rib running out to the
posterior end of the corner, the sutures deep and rounded ; diagonal
rib nodulous ; sutural rib much stouter, with larger grains, the space
between having metallic dots, [eyes], and often grains intercalated.
Posterior valve having the mucro elevated at a slightly obtuse angle
one-fifth of the valve's length from the posterior end. Interior :
anterior valve writh 8, median valves 1-1, posterior 10 slits ; teeth
rather conical and thrown forward in the tail valve; and viewed
from behind the tooth-row curves upward in the middle, and the
teeth are smaller and closer there ; the teeth are sharp, and slightly
pectinated outside ; the anterior and side teeth are smooth. Sinus
flat and deep, with about 16 teeth. Girdle having a few scattered
hairs, densely and very minutely papillose.

Length 20, breadth 11 mill. ; divergence 118°.

This species belongs to the group of T. suezensis, nigropunctata
and fortilirata (vol. xiv, p. 206), characterized by the posterior
mucro, strong longitudinal sulcation of the central areas, and the
slightly asperulate or downy girdle.

Genus ACANTHOPLEURA Guild. (Vol. XIV, p. 213).

Add to synonyms : Rhopalopleura THIELE, Das Gebiss ii p. 373
for " Chiton aculeatus L."

A. SPINIGER Sowb. (Vol. XIV, p. 221).

The citations of Angas and Tapparone-Canefri of New South
Wales localities for Chiton "piceus" (vol. xiv, p. 226) refer to
Liolopliura gaimardi.

Undetermined species.

ACANTHOPLEURA RAWAKANA Kochebr. Shell ovate, wide, gray,
with spots and lines of blue and red, and scattered black dots.
Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve concentric-
ally pustulate. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas multi-
squamose; central areas very minutely pitted. Marginal ligament
rather wide, having acute red spines. Length 19, breadth 12 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 195.)

Eawak, Papua. Rare. Mus. Paris.

92 POLYPLACOPHORA.

A. TESTUDO Spengler. This name is proposed by Spengler for the
Ked Sea form, which I have treated in vol. xiv, p. 222 as a variety
of A. spiniger. This name cannot be adopted in preference to the
specific name spiniger, because Spengler gave no description what-
ever. See Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet, iv, p. 78, and Mai.
Bl. xvii, p. Ill, 112. The " Ch. aculeatus" of Spengler is A.
spiniger. Rochebrune's name balansce was applied to the Red Sea
Acanthopleura, but it has not been acceptably defined.

Family A CANTHOCHITIDM (Vol. XV, p. 6).

Genus ACANTHOCHITES Risso.

Add to generic synonyms: Mecynoplax THIELE, Das Gebiss der
Schnecken ii, p. 393, for acutiro stratus Rve. [?] from Hakodate !

Genus AMICULA Gray, (Antea, p. 42).

Add to synonyms: Stimpsoniella CPR., Bull, Essex. Inst. 1873,
p. 155; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii, p. 122, 1874.

APPENDIX II.

INSUFFICIENTLY DESCRIBED CHITONS, AND SPECIES OF UNKNOWN
GENERIC POSITION.

In a group so prolific in specific and varietal forms as the Chitons,
we expect to find a certain number of descriptions of supposed new
forms so inadequate that their recognition is extremely difficult or
impossible. In most groups we find that the earlier authors, not
appreciating the niceties of modern species discrimination, having
but a few out of the multitude of specific forms, and being without
precise technical language, have contributed the greater part of such
literature. In the Polyplacophora the bulk of this descriptive matter
has been a recent growth, and is in large part due to the labors of
Dr. A. T. de Rochebruue, Aid Naturalist at the Paris Museum
(Jardin des Plantes). The various memoirs by Rochebrune describe
a multitude of supposed new forms, but so incompletely that only in
rare instances can they be recognized, and even the genus can
scarcely ever be ascertained from his descriptions. In his use of the
generic terms of Gray and others he has been most unfortunate,
employing them correctly in but few cases. After much study I
have ascertained the fundamental principles of Dr. Rochebrune's
classification of Chitons to be as follows :

FOLYPLACOPHORA. 93

(1). Species with naked girdle he calls Tonicia.
(2). Species with scaly girdle are called Lepidopleurus if the scales
are small, Gymnoplax if they are larger.

(3). Species with spinose or hairy girdles are classed —

a. as Acanthochites if tufts are present.

b. as Chcetopleura if girdle has hairs.

c. as Acanthopleura if girdle has spines.

The names Schizochiton, Leptochiton, Onithochiton, etc. are used in
a variety of senses, or with no sense at all ; but in no case, so far as
I can learn, for the groups correctly so termed. Rochebrune's types
are in the Paris Museum.

There are also included herein a few species carefully described
by well-known authors, but without reference to the internal char-
acters. These are mostly quite recognizable specifically, but they
require re-examination to ascertain their generic affinities.

The species are grouped geographically.

1. Northern Europe and N. Atlantic species.

ONITOCHITON [sic] RHYGOPHILUM Rochebrune. Shell ovate, car-
mated, ochraceous; anterior valve smooth; posterior part of the
posterior valve and lateral areas of intermediate valves very minutely
granulated ; central areas lacunose at the sides. Marginal ligament
somewhat wide, pale rufous. Length 1 7, breadth 1 0 mill. (Eochebr.
in Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris, 1883-1884, p. 32).

Coasts of Norway (Coll. Petit), rare — Paris Museum.

CHITON RARINOTA Jeffreys. Vol. XIV, PI. 4, fig. 86.

Shell oblong-oval, arched, rather thin and glossy : plates broader
in the middle than at the sides; lateral areas indistinct. Sculpture
consisting of white tubercles, which are few in number and irre-
gularly scattered ; these are round in the middle of the shell, but
become more raised and oval at the sides; under a microscope can
be detected numerous and close-set lines or stria3, which are arranged
lengthwise ; colour whitish ; beaks none, except on the tail-plate,
where they are nearly circular : inside glossy. (Jeffr.)

Length 2J, breadth H mill.

North Atlantic.

C. rarinota JEFFR., Moll, of ' Lightning ' and ' Porcupine ' Expe-
ditions, in P. Z. S. 1882, p. 668, t. 50, f. 1.

94 POLYPLACOPHORA.

Although this is a very small species, and might be regarded as
the young of some other species, I must observe that I have carefully
compared both specimens with the young of all other European
species of Chiton known to me, and some specimens of which last
mentioned species are much smaller than those which I have now
described. The peculiar character of having so very few and
scattered tubercles is not presented by any other of those species.
The girdle is membranous and thin. (Jeffr.)

CHITON SCABRIDUS Jeffreys.

Shell oval-oblong, somewhat depressed, of a dull hue, plates
narrow; all except the ternimal ones are nearly equal in width;
the lateral compartments in each valve are indistinct and not raised
above the middle portion. Sculpture consisting of minute tubercles
arranged in several longitudinal rows, which are distinctly defined
in the middle, and radiate or diverge to the margin on the lateral
and terminal spaces. There is no central ridge, color yellowish-
brown; beaks inconspicuous, except on the tail plate. Insfiie
glossy, furnished toward each side of all the plates except the head
plate with obtusely triangular leaves which serve to interconnect
the plates, Margin slightly and irregularly notched. Length '2125,
breadth '125 inch. (Jeffr.)

Goodrwgton, Torbay ; Jersey; England.

Jeffreys, in Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, 1880, p. 33.

This may be a Hauleya, as Jeffreys compares it H. hanleyi and
mendicarius.

2. Mediterranean and West African species.

CHITON PHASEOLINUS Monte rosato. Shell narrow, the valves
obtuse, not carinated ; lateral areas and end valves not striated, but
concentrically rugose; median areas longitudinally 2-3 striate.
Girdle subimbricated with most minute scales.

Length 15, width 7*5 mill.

Naples (A. Costa) ; Palermo (Monts.)

Chiton rubicundus var. phaseolinus MONTS., Nuova Rivista della
Conch. Medit, p. 21, 1875. — Chiton phaseolinus Monts., CARUS,
Prodr. Faun. Medit. ii, pt. 1, p. 179.

Known to me only by the above description.

POLYPLACOPHORA. 95

CHITON FURTIVUS Monterosato. Shell minute, flat, wide, smooth,
the lateral areas concentrically and subquadrately sculptured, little
elevated ; girdle covered with a delicate roughness.

Length 7'5, width 4'5 mill.

Palermo, in 20-30 fins. (Monts.)

Chiton furtivus MONTS., Not. Conch. Medit, p. 29 ; Nuova
Rivista etc., p. 21 ; Journ. Conch. 1878, p. 147. — CARUS, Prodr.
Faun. Med. ii, p. 179.

CHITON MINIMUS Monterosato. Shell small, convex, elongated ;
surface puncticulate-perforate ; lateral areas little elevated. Girdle,
seen under a lens, most minutely and irregularly scaly.

Length 5, width 3 mill.

Gulf of Lyons (Martin) ; Marseilles (Marion) ; Palermo (Monts.) ;
Dalmatian littoral (Brusina).

C. minimus Monts., CARUS Prodr. Faun. Med. ii, p. 180.

CHITON PACHYLASM^; (Seguenza MS.) Monterosato. Shell
minute, rough, the lateral areas strongly elevated; posterior valve
7- radiate, anterior valve scabrous. Girdle very minutely gravelly
under a lens. Length 5-6, width 3'5 mill.

Straits of Messina (Seguenza).

Ch. pachylasmce (Seg.) Monts., CARUS, Prodr. Faun. Med. ii, p.
180.

CHITON STIGMA O. G. Costa, Cat. Sist. e Ragionato de' Test,
della due Sicil., pp. i, iv, t. 1, f. 5 (1829). A larval shell !

GYMNOPLAX SENEGALENSIS Rochebr. Shell oblong ovate, car-
inated ; rather whitish with sparse rufescent spots. Anterior valve
smooth. Anterior area of the posterior valve and central areas of
the intermediate valves longitudinally deeply sulcate; lateral areas
smooth, bi-lirate at the base. Marginal ligament wide, granose, pale
rose. Length 24, width 10 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom.
Paris, 1880-'81, p. 118; Lophyrus senega lensis Rochebr., Journ. de
Conch. 1881, p. 42.)

Rocks of Dakar ; Promontory of Cape Verde ; Madeline Is. Rare.
Paris Mus.

Probably a synonym of Chiton canariensis Orb.

TONICIA GAMBIENSIS Rochebrune. Shell elliptical, wide, sub-
carinated, roseate painted with blackish spots; anterior valve and
anterior part [sic] of the posterior valve radially granose ; inter-

96 POLYPLACOPHORA.

mediate valves having the lateral areas graniferous ; central areas
longitudinally most minutely granose-lirate, lira? undulating.
Marginal ligament broad, corneous, glabrous, brown. Length 9,
breadth 4 mill. (Rochebr. in Journ. de Conchyl. 1881, p. 43; and
Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1880-'81, p. 118).

Cape St. Marie, W. Africa (Paris Museum.)

ACANTHOPLEURA QUATREFAGEi Kochebr. Shell subelongated,
complanate ; pitchy, marbled with brown and whitish spots. Ante-
rior valve, anterior part of posterior valve and lateral areas of the
intermediate valves obscurely granose. Lateral areas very densely
vermiculate. Marginal ligament thick, corneous, black, beset with
obtuse, short, whitish and rufescent spikes. Length 26, breadth 12
mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1880-'81, p. 117 ; Journ. de
Conch. 1881, p. 44).

Point of Mammelles ; Joalles; Rufisque (Rochebrune) ; Table Bay,
Cape of Good Hope (Verreaux). Mus. Paris.

Possibly a Nuttallina

LEPIDOPLEURUS SERERORUM Rochebr. Shell small, ovate pellu-
cid, ashey ; anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior, bicos-
tate, ribs thick, concentric ; intermediate valves having the lateral
areas thick, transversely sulcate, subpectinated below. Marginal
ligament red, scaly, scales very minute. Length 11, breadth 6 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1880-'81, p. 118).

Bank of AT 'gain, W. Africa (Mus. Paris.)

3. South African species.

ONITHOCHITON ALVEOLATUM Rochebrune. Shell ovate elongate,
rotund, gray-greenish, anterior valve, posterior part of posterior valve
and lateral areas of the intermediate valves radiately striated, the
strise cut across; central areas most minutely reticulate-alveolate.
Marginal ligament rather wide, shistaceous. Length 24, breadth 14
mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris, 1883-1884, p. 32).

Cape of Good Hope, rare ; Paris Museum.

I suppose this is one of the S. African Ischnochitons.

ACANTHOPLEURA AFRA Rochebr. Shell ovoid, wide, blackish,
umbonate, umbones marked with a wide blue band. Anterior valve,
posterior part of the posterior valve and lateral areas of the inter-
mediate valves regularly and radially strongly granulated. Central

POLYPLACOPHORA. 97

areas smooth, rugulosely granulated at the sides. Marginal ligament
rufous, beset with saffron colored seta?. Length 59, width 44 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 192).

Cape of Good Hope (Verreaux) ; Madagascar (Cloue). Not
common. Mus. Paris.

GYMNOPLAX ANAGLYPTUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subcom-
planate; olivaceous, painted with brown strise. Anterior valve,
posterior part of the posterior valve, and lateral areas corrugated.
Central areas minutely sulcated at the base, the sulci incurved ; at
apices very delicately (" mollissime ") striated. Marginal ligament
rather wide, bluish-gray (" schistaceo"). Length 15, width 10 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 33).

Cape Good Hope. Rare. Mus. Paris.

GYMNOPLAX MELANOTREPHUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subcarin-
ate, intense chestnut colored. Anterior valve, posterior part of the
posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves radially
lyrate, the lyrse acute, obtusely dentate. Central areas very subtly
rugose. Marginal ligament rather wide, chestnut colored, regularly
begirt with square orange spots. Length 15, breadth 10 mill.
(Rochelrune, in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1S83-'S4, p. 34).

Cape of Good Hope. Rare. Paris Museum.

4. Species from the Red Sea.

ACANTIIOPLEURA VAiLLANTii Rochebr. Shell ovate elongate,
wide; whitish painted with olivaceous spots. Anterior valve and
posterior part of posterior valve granulose, and having scattered
conic tubercles. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas covered
with elongated black tubercles ; central areas rugulose in the middle,
anteriorly tuberqulate. Marginal ligament wide, bearing whitish
and green subelongated, conical spines. Length 43, width 32 mill.
(Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881 -'82, p. 192).

Suez Canal (L. Vaillant). Quite common. Paris Musv

TONICIA PTYGMATA Rocliebrune. Shell subelongate, much
elevated, obtusely carinated ; whitish with pale chestnut spots and
tawny lines ; anterior valve radially striated ; lateral areas and pos-
terior area of tail valve strongly and deeply corrugated ; central
areas sculptured with lamellose and undulating sulci. Marginal
ligament narrow, corneous, rufous. Length 21, breadth 13 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris 1883-1884, p. 33).

Red Sea (M. Botta) ; Paris Museum.
7

98 POLYPLACOPHORA.

LEPIDOPLEURUS BOTT.E Rocliebr. Shell elongated, carinated ;
olivaceous or whitish, painted with buff spots. Anterior valve, and
posterior part of the posterior valve, radially widely sulcated.
Lateral areas of the intermediate valves trisulcate ; central areas
longitudinally silicate, the sulci broad, incurved, very delicately
denticulate at the margin. Marginal ligament ashy, covered with
minute scales. Length 11, breadth 5 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc.
Philom. 1SS1-'S2, p. 192).

Red Sea (Botta). Rare. Mus. Paris.

This may possibly be Callistochiton heterodon, but the description
is too meager for identification.

LEPIDOPLEURUS CONCHARUM Rochebr. Shell ovate, carinated,
waxen. Anterior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve and
lateral areas of intermediate valves radially minutely striolate.
Central areas sulcated, the sulci dentate. Marginal ligament small,
waxen, painted with green spots. Length 9, width 6 mill. (Rochebr.
in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 33).

Red Sea. Rare. Mus. Paris.

5. Philippine Island species.

C. CALIGINOSUS Reeve. Vol. XIV, pi. 37, figs. 9, 10.

Shell ovate ; terminal valves and lateral areas of the rest radiately
striated, striae here and there bifurcated ; central areas minutely
reticulated. Olive variegated with black; posterior margins of the
valves articulated with black. Ligament granosely coriaceous. The
articulated painting along the posterior edges of the valves is rather
a conspicuous feature in this species. (Eve.)

Negros, Philippines.

C. caliginosus RVE.. Conch. Icon., t. 25, f. 172 (May, 1847).

Probably belongs either to Chiton s.s. or to the section Lepidozona
of Isclmochiton.

CHITON BIRADIATUS Sowb. Shell oval, subelongated subdepressed,
obtusely angulated. Central areas minutely scabrous-sulcated ;
lateral areas subelevated, with two bifid, very irregularly moniliform
ribs on each side; terminal areas radially rugose-cost ate ; margin
most minutely granulose. Color pale tawny, maculated with gray.
Margin gray banded. Length *60, width '35 inch. (Sowb. in P. Z.
S. 1843, p. 102).

Dumaguete, Island of Negros, Philippines (Cuming).

POLYPLACOPHORA. 99

This species differs from Ch. janeirensu in having the lateral ribs
bifid, and the sculpture generally more minute. (Soivb.)

6. New Caledonian species.
CHITON OBSCURELLUS Souverbie. PI. 10, figs. 8, 9.

Shell ovate-oblong, narrower in front, the back carinated ; ante-
rior valve radially delicately tuberculate , posterior valve scarcely
umbonated, the beak subapical. Anterior margins of the lateral
areas a little raised. Entire surface of all valves most minutely,
densely granose-scaly. Color brown ferruginous, lusterless, with a line
articulated with black and white in front of the diagonal border of each
lateral area. Girdle most minutely scaly.

Length 5, breadth 3J mill. (S. & If.)

Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago.

Chiton obscurellus Souv., Journal de Conchyl. 1866, p. 251, t. 9,
f. 4.

The generic position of this species is quite unknown to me. It
was described from a single specimen, now in the Bordeaux
Museum.

CHITON SUBASSIMILIS Souverbie. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovate-oblong, the back carinated. End valves and lateral
areas sculptured with numerous radii, more or less anastomosing and
gubgranulose, being decussated by growth-lines. Central areas lon-
gitudinally traversed by well-impressed, subflexuous, suboblique
grooves, deeper and more widely spaced toward the outer edges,
becoming obsolete toward the median carina, which is smooth ;
visibly crossed by fine growth-stria?. Entire surface extremely finely
shagreened when seen under a lens. Color dark green, with numer-
ous longitudinal white lines on the central areas, and small spots of
the same color on the end valves. Girdle scaly-coriaceous, with large
alternate blotches of olivaceous and ashen.

Length 20, breadth 9£ mill., excluding girdle. (Souv.)

Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago.

Chiton subassimilis Souv., Journ.de Conch. 1866, p. 254, t. 9, f. 2.

Described from a single example, which is in the Bordeaux
Museum. Souverbie compares it to assimilis Reeve.

CHITON TUBERCULOSUS Souverbie. PL 10, figs. 5, 6.

Shell ovate-oblong, the back obtusely carinated; grayish-buff, with
a dull white spot on each side of the carina. End valves margined

100 POLYPLACOPHOKA.

with two parallel series of strong tubercles, radially arranged, the
inner series hardly noticeable in the posterior valve ; lateral areas
of the intermediate and posterior valves bordered with a single series
of similar tubercles; central areas longitudinally impressed-sulcate
on each side; the entire surface of valves most minutely asperulate.
Girdle scaly, grayish, maculated with greenish-ashen.

Length 6i, breadth 3* mill. (Sow.)

Island of Artt New Caledonian Archipelago.

Chiton tuberculosus Souv., Journ. de Conch. 1866, p. 251, t. 9,
f. 3.

Described from one specimen, which is in the Bordeaux Museum.
Its generic characters are not known.

LEPIPOPLEURUS NOEMIJG Rochebr. Shell ovate elliptical,
obtusely carinated, whitish, with wide ochraceous spots everywhere.
Anterior valve, lateral areas of intermediate valves and posterior
area of posterior valve, circularly, deeply waved, and ornamented
with regularly placed bead-like tubercles; central areas smooth.
Marginal ligament rather narrow, whitish, marked with distant
square red spots. Length 17, breadth 10 mill. New Caledonia,^.
Belligny. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 38).

GYMNOPLAX LUDOVICI^E Rochebr. Shell ovate, carinated, a little
obtuse ; greenish variegated with white and blue spots. Anterior
valve and posterior area of posterior valve radially tuberculate, the
tubercles flattened. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas
imbricately sulcate and bordered by a beaded line; central areas
most minutely striated. Marginal ligament rather wide, shining
olivaceous. Length 24, width 17 mill. New Caledonia. Rare.
Mus. Paris. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 38).

GYMNOPLAX ALPHONSIN^E Rochebr. Shell ovate-elliptical, car-
inated, very pale green. Anterior valve and posterior area of the
posterior valve radially costate, the ribs unequal, somewhat beaded.
Intermediate valves having the lateral areas 5-ribbed, the ribs wide,
the outer much roughened at the margin. Central areas sulcate,
smooth at the apices. Marginal ligament narrow, margaritaceous.
Length 28, breadth 15 mill. New Caledonia (Belligny). Rare.
Mus. Paris. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 38).

GYMNOPLAX RHYNCHOTUS Rochebr. Shell elongated, intensely
carinated, pale rose color. Valves rostrate at the apices ; anterior

FOLYPLACOPHORA. 101

valve and posterior part of the posterior valve smooth ; intermediate
valves having the lateral areas swollen, smooth, delicately rugate
internally ; central areas lamellose. Marginal ligament wide,
roseate. Length 14, width 9 mill. New Caledonia. Rare. Paris
Museum. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 39).

7. Australian species.

HANLEYA VARIABIL.IS Adams and Angas.

Shell oblong, whitish, variegated with blackish-brown. Valves
broad, carinated; dorsal areas longitudinally densely costate, the
ribs closely pustulose; lateral areas but slightly elevated, trans-
versely undtilately costate, thecostse closely pustulose. Girdle, hav-
ing short white corneous spicules at the margin, and bunches of pale
spicules.

Length 16, breadth 10 mill. (Ad. & Ang.).

Yorke's Peninsula, S. Australia (Coll. Angas), under stones at low
water.

AD. & ANG., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 194.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 188.

Carpenter surmises that this may be a second species of Angasia,
but this can hardly be the case, although the girdle characters sug-
gest a superficial similarity. It may be a C/icelopleura or even an
Acanthochites.

LEPIDOPLEURUS LIRATUS Adams and Angas.

Shell small, elongated, convex ; yellowish-brown, maculated with
pale brown. End valves and lateral areas concentrically remotely
sulcated, densely and minutely lirate, the liraB closely pustulose.
Po>terior valve elevated, lateral areas slightly elevated ; median
valves obtusely carinated in the middle; dorsal areas longitudinally
lirate, the lira closely pustulose. Girdle pale-brown, densely covered
with minute scales.

Length 8, width 4 mill. (Ad. & Aug.}

Yorke's Peninsula, S. Australia, under stones at low water
{ Angas).

Lepidopleurus liratus H. AD. & ANG., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 192.—
ANGAS /. c. 1865, p. 187.

The generic position of the species is unknown, but it may be an
Ischnochiton of the contractus group.

102 POLYPLACOPHORA.

LEPIDOPLEURUS VARIEGATUS Adams & Angas.

Shell oblong, convex ; whitish, maculated with green and irregu-
larly ornamented with brown, the spots closer at the sides. End
valves minutely divaricately striated, at the margins radiately cos-
tate and concentrically sulcated. Median valves subcar mated ;
dorsal [central] areas minutely divaricately striated ; lateral areas
scarcely elevated, with a few tubercles, radially ribbed, at the mar-
gins concentrically sulcated, the interstices minutely granulated.
Girdle pale brown, covered with close small scales.

Length 18, breadth 8 mill. (Ad. & Aug.}

Yorke's Peninsula, S. Australia, under stones at low water
(Angas).

Lepidopleurus variegatus H. ADAMS & G. F. ANGAS, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 192.— ANGAS, 1. c. 1865, p. 187.

Generic characters unknown. Probably an Ischnochiton allied
to fruticosus, divergens, etc.

CHITON coccus Menke. Shell elliptical, subdepressed, thin, pel-
lucid, ashey. Terminal valves with granose-nodulose rays, the ante-
rior 11, posterior 10; other valves with the median areas granulose,
marked with a brown spot in the middle, roseate posteriorly ; lateral
areas on each side furnished with a pair of strong radiating granose
ribs. Girdle very subtly granulose, ho'ary variegated with dark
spots. Length 4, breadth 2 lines. (Mice., in Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844,
P. 62).

North-west coast of New Holland, on Tridacna elongata.

This may prove to be a Callwtochiton.

GYMNOPLAX URVILLEI Rochebr. Shell ovate elongated, greenish.
Anterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves granose,
the grains generally subconical. Central areas strongly transversely
sulcate, the sulci angulose. Posterior valve granulose. Marginal
ligament wide, gray, with a minutely reticulated clothing of rhombic
scales. Length 27, width 15 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom*
Paris, 1880-'81, p. 121).

King George Sound [S.- W. Australia]. Rare. (Quoy & Gaim-
ard). Mus. Paris.

Rochebrune thinks that the " Port du roi Georges " is in Poly-
nesia !

POLYPLACOPHORA. 103

BIARMATA Rochebr. Shell ovate oblong, pale
rose. Anterior valve and posterior part of the posterior valve radi-
ally granate. Intermediate valves having the central areas covered
with straight beaded lines ; lateral areas longitudinally papillose all
over with papillae or obtuse conic granules. Marginal ligament
gray, with scattered whitish seta?. Length 24, breadth 14 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 18Sl-'82. p. 195).

King George Sound (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Paris Mus.
This seems to be a Chcetopleiira.

LEPIDOPLEURUS FODIATUS Rochebr. Shell ovate elongated, fus-
cescent. Anterior valve minutely radially sulcate, the sulci inter-
rupted by concentric lines. Intermediate valves having the central
areas ornamented in front with minute undulating -sulci ; at the sides
with many pits (" lateraliter multicavatis "), the pits minute, ellip-
tical or rounded. Lateral areas longitudinally strongly sulcate and
sculptured with thick concentric ribs. Anterior part of the poste-
rior valve multicavate, posterior part radially sulcate. Marginal
ligament rather wide, brown, scaly; scales minute, lenticular, imbri-
cating. Length 35, width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom.
1830-'S1, p. 120).

Australia (Verreaux). Quite rare. Mus. Paris.

SCIIIZOOHITON NYMPHA Rochebr. Shell elongated, very narrow,
obtuse in front and behind, rounded above; schistaceous cinnamon
color marked with white spots. Anterior valve smooth; posterior
elliptical, hastate ; intermediate valves having the lateral areas thick,
much raised, triangular. Marginal ligament narrow, schistaceous.
Length 32, width 11 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-
'84, p. 36).

Island of King (Peron & Lesueur). Very rare. Mus. Paris.

CHITON TECTUM Blainv. Body oval, short, depressed, strongly
carinated in the middle ; girdle quite narrow, covered with small
very numerous and much crowded scales. Shell large, 8-valved,
the end valves ornamented with subtuberculate rays; lateral areas
of intermediate valves with 4 or 5 tuberculate rays; the central
areas with some coarse straight and flat channelling. Color gray-
whitish, with a series of pretty blue spots around the girdle. This
pretty species, of which one example exists in the Museum, probably
lives in the seas of New Holland. (Blainv. in Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi,
p. 539).

104 POLYPI, ACOPHORA.

This species and the next four probably belong to the restricted
genus Chiton.

CHITON MULTIMACULATUS Blainv. Body oval, but little elon-
gated, the girdle very narrow and finely scaly. Shell large, having
8 narrow valves. Median areas of the 6 intermediate valves smooth
or having growth-lines only. Lateral areas with 6-8 granulous rays.
End valves with the rays less granulous, straight and diverging from
summit to circumference. Anterior insertion-plate divided into 15
teeth ; the posterior into 11 ; all pectinated. Color of the shell green
within, and agreeably varied with interrupted lines of a black-violet
on a gray ground outside. Three black spots on the posterior mar-
gin of the lateral areas. (Blainv. in Diet. Sc. Nat., p. 540).

Port of King George, Australia.

CHITON CLYPEUS Blainv. Shell short, oval, swollen ; the lateral
areas and end valves rayed from summit to circumference. Median
areas nearly channelled longitudinally. General color greenish-
brown, with small circular spots of aqua-marine or varied with yellow
or greenish lunules. (Blainv. 1. e., p. 540).

New Holland.

CHITON TESTUDINARIUS Blainv. Body oval, swollen, convex,
little or not carinated. Girdle covered with very small scales.
Shell large, quite smooth and shining. End valves radiated above
and especially below by grooves. Plate of insertion divided into 12
strongly pectinated teeth. Lateral areas of the intermediate valves
indicated only by a slight carina, a little marked with lines of
growth. General color greenish, with spots of darker at the border ;
the shell tortoise-shell brown, varied with some lighter spots. (Blv.t
Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 540).

Habitat unknown, but probably Australia.

CHITON ELEGANS Blainv. Shell oval, of the same form as the
preceding species, but more carinated ; composed of 8 valves of nearly
the same proportions; but the strongly elevated lateral areas are
smooth as the median area ; the end valves equally smooth. Color
varied with red, black and dull white above, greenish-white within.
(Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 540).

New Holland.

This may very likely be Chiton tulipa Q. & G., a South African
species. It may be mentioned in this connection that Angas has

POLYPLACOPHORA. 105

reported tulipa from Port Lincoln, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 186. His
species can hardly be the true tulipa however.

CHITON ELONGATUS Blainville. Body quite long, narrow, convex,
rounded equally at the two extremities, not carinated ; the end
valves sensibly smaller proportionally than in the preceding species,
but still alike. Anterior valve tuberculose throughout the greater
part of its extent, its border of insertion divided into 15 very short
teeth, not pectinated ; posterior valve short with 11 teeth, not at all
pectinated ; the lateral areas of the intermediate valves are quite per-
ceptible ; the margin subsquamose ; color extremely variable, green
on each side, the middle of the back yellowish-white. (Blainv.,
Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 542).

Seas of Australia (Peron & Lesueur).

Apparently an Ischnochiton, but certainly not determinable.

CHITON LINEOLATUS Blainv. Body oval, quite long, the lateral
areas of the intermediate valves less distinct than in the preceding
species [C. pictus Blv.] and having numerous striae at the borders ;
the scales of the girdle very small ; the teeth of insertion not pectin-
ated. Color varied with small longitudinal brown spots on a yellow-
ish ground. (Blainv L c., p. 541.)

Island of King (Peron and Lesueur).

CHITON ALBIDUS Blainv. Body oval, thick, quite depressed;
the girdle moderate and covered with short and very fine hairs.
Shell large, 8-valved, proportioned nearly as in the preceding
species [C. hirtosits]: the lateral areas of the intermediate valves
a little indicated by a plane surface, and bordered by some striae of
growth. Anterior valve festooned on its margin of adhesion, divided
into 9 large and entire teeth ; the posterior valve without slits in its
plate of insertion. Color of girdle uniform gray-brown ; shell soiled
white, or grayish below, of an aqua-marine green within. (Blainv.,
Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 547).

Seas of the Island of King.

This is evidently a Plaxiphora.

CHITON COSTATUS Blainv. Body oval, wider in the middle than
at the ends ; girdle covered with quite long hairs. Shell subcarin-
ated, 8-valved, the intermediate valves wider than the others, having
the summit somewhat beaked, and the lateral areas separated from
the median by a projecting rib. Anterior valve small, semicir-

106 POLYPLACOPIIORA.

cular, with 10 radiating ribs. General color of the shell yellowish,
with brown spots, darker outside ; white within. (Blainv., Diet.
Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p. 548).

Port of King George.
Probably a Plaxiphora.

CHITON HIRTOSUS Peron. Body oval, wide, a little thick,
depressed; the girdle moderate, covered with a multitude of little
squamo-spinous tubercles. Shell of 8 valves, as in the preceding
species [Liolophura gaimardi], but less long and broader; the mar-
ginal strise of growth well marked, coarser ; the summits of the
areas little pronounced. Anterior insertion-plate very short, having
11 pectinated teeth ; that of the posterior valve almost lacking, and
entire. General color white, with irregular spots of brown on the
girdle. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 546).

Seas of the island of King.

This may be an Onithochiton or a Liolopliura.

8. New Zealand species.

ONITHOCHITON FILHOLI Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, subcarin-
ated ; intense olivaceous concentrically ornamented with alternating
buff and green lines. Anterior valve radially striated ; posterior
part of posterior valve lightly sulcate. Intermediate valves smooth
on the central areas; the lateral areas most minutely radially
striated, at the posterior part, strongly and concentrically bi-lirate.
Marginal ligament wide, rubescent, silky. Length 29, width 18
mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81, p. 120).

Cooke's Strait (Filhol) ; common. Paris Mus.

ONITHOCHITON DECIPIENS Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, subcar-
inate ; olivaceous ornamented with concentric buff lines. Anterior
valve radially striated ; intermediate valves having the central areas
smooth ; lateral areas radially most minutely striated, laterally con-
centrically bi-lirate. Ligament wide, rubescent, silky. Length 29,
width 18 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-'82, p. 196).
Cooke's Strait (Filhol). Rare. Paris Mus.

ONITHOCHITON NEGLECTUS Rochebr. Shell ovate-elliptical, sub-
carinated; brown with scattered buff or huffish macula. Anterior
valve and posterior part of the posterior valve most minutely gran-
ulose. Intermediate valves having the central areas smooth, lateral

POLYPLACOPHORA. 107

areas radially granose. Marginal ligament very wide, brown, satiny.
Length 26, breadth 17 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris,
1880-'81,p. 120).

Wellington, Xew Zealand (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Paris
Mus.

ONITHOCHITON ASTROLABEI Rochebr. Shell ovate ; rubescent or
green, conspicuously ornamented with concentric brown lines.
Valves transversely rather narrowed, smooth. Lateral areas
obsjurely lirute, longitudinally and laterally lineated, the lines
granulose. Marginal ligament wide, brownish, silky. Length 16,
width 10 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1880-'81, p.
120).

New Zealand (Quoy & Gaimard). Rare. Mus. Paris.

LEPIDOPLEURUS MELANTERUS Rochebr. Shell ovoid, rotund ;
chestnut painted with black spots. Anterior valve, posterior part
of posterior valve, and lateral areas concentrically lyrate, the lyrse
wide and Flattened. Central areas most minutely tessellated. Mar-
ginal ligament narrow, dull rufous. Length 20, width 6 mill.
(Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p. 37).

Campbell Island (Filhol). Common. Paris Mus.

LEPIDOPLEURUS CAMPBEL'LI [sic] Filhol. Length 17, width 8
mill. Color clear yellow, last valve larger than the first, covered
with concentric lines, granulated. Lateral areas marked with con-
centric lines, having a concavity above. (Comptes Rendus, xci, p.
1095, 1880).

Campbell I.

TONICIA GRYEI Filhol. Very variable in coloration. First and
last valves smooth in old individuals, granulose in the young.
Intermediate valves marked with concentric lines, parallel on the
anterior border of the valve (7. c., p. 1095).

Campbell T.

PLAXIFORA CAMPBEL'LI [sic] Filhol. Allied to P. biramosa
Quoy, but differing from it in the greenish color, by the last valve
being covered with projecting concentric lines, and by the presence
of very bushy bunches of hairs, not binary (I. c., p. 1095).

Campbell I.

TONICIA RUBIGINOSA Hutton. Oblong ; margin slightly tomen-
tose ; valves rather elevated, subcarinate, flattened on each side ;

108 POLYPLACOPHORA.

posterior margins straight, produced into an acute central point;
lateral areas indistinct, the whole surface rather coarsely granular,
the granules smaller on the back. Length '45, breadth '2 inch.
Color pink, getting yellowish on the back. (Hutton.*)

Cook Strait; Foveaux Straits (H. Filhol.) New Zealand.
Tonicia rubiginosa HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. iv, p. 180 (1872) ;
Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 114. — Chiton rubiginosus SWAINSON in coll.

ACANTHOPLEURA coMPLEXA Hutton. Oval ; margin broad,
velvety, with long spines scattered over it ; valves depressed, flat-
tened on each side, subcarinate ; posterior margins not covering the
next at the corners, rather convex, and pointed in the center; ante-
rior valve with radiating moniliform ridges; lateral areas of inter-
mediate plates gran u lose with two prominent, radiating, slightly
curved ridges on each side ; median areas with finely granular trans-
verse waved lines, which pass imperceptibly into the larger lateral
granulations; posterior valve small, like the intermediate ones;
centers of valves punctate internally. Length, 1 inch ; breadth '5
inch. (Hutton).

Color: — margin reddish-brown, varied with darker; valves grey-
ish, more or less varied with yellowish-white, yellow, or brown.
(Hutton^

Habitat unknown.

Acanthopleura complex? HUTTON, Trans. New Zealand Institute
iv, p. 181 (1872).

Hutton gives as synonyms " Chiton aculeatus Quoy and Gaim.,nec
Linn., nee Barnes. Acanthopleura aculeatus Gray, Dieff. N. Z., vol.
ii, p. 245 "; and in his Manual of N. Z. Moll., 1880, he places com-
plexa in the synonymy of Mopalia ciliata. It is obvious that the first
references are incorrect, Quoy's aculeatus being merely a form of
Acanthopleura spinigera, with which species Button's description
can in no way be made to agree. Whether complexa is astray spec-
imen of Mopalia (an exclusively North Pacific genus) can only be
decided by an examination of the type. Von Martens has so
affirmed (Zool. Rec. x, p. 151).

9. West Indian species.

LEPIDOPLEURUS CORROSUS Rochebr. Shell ovate, subcarinated ;
ashen, covered with minute black points. Anterior valve, posterior
area of posterior valve and lateral areas of intermediate valves cor-

POLYPLACOPHORA. 109

roded. Central areas covered with minute rod-like (" virguliform")
strife. Marginal ligament rather wide, white, ornamented with
alternate ashen and orange spots. Length 15, breadth 8 mill.
(Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'84, p. 36).

Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris.

GYMNOPLAX SPICIFERUS Rochebr. Shell elongated, carinated ;
rose red striated with green lines. Posterior valve obtusely umbo-
nated. Anterior valve, posterior part of the posterior valve, and
lateral areas of the intermediate valves clothed with radiating beaded
ribs. Central areas sculptured with branching sharp radial sulci.
Marginal ligament narrow, white, ornamented with elongated green
spots. Length 29, breadth 12 mill. (Rochebr., in Bull. Soc. Philom.
Paris, 1883-'84, p. 36).

Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris.

OXITOCHITON [sic] PRUINOSUM Rochebr. Shell elongated,
rotund ; whitish ornamented with green dots and red spots. Ante-
rior valve, posterior area of the posterior valve, and lateral areas
of the intermediate valves regularly and concentrically sulcate;
central areas sculptured with most minute, interrupted, subdichoto-
mous striaB. Marginal ligament narrow, frosted. Length 27,
breadth 10 mill. (Rochebr., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1883-'84, p.
35).

Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Quite common. Mus. Paris.

OXITHOCHITON MARGARiTiFERUM Rochebr. Shell elliptical ;
pale rufous, painted with red spots. Anterior valve, posterior part
of the posterior valve and lateral areas of the intermediate valves
ribbed, the ribs tuberculate. Central areas minutely striated, strise
clothed with acute denticles. Marginal ligament very narrow,
rufous. Length 10, breadth 5 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom.
1883-'84, p. 35).

Island Cochino, Guadeloupe. Rare. Mus. Paris.

10. South American Species.

CHITON GLAUCOCINCTUS Frembly. PI. 10, fig. 12.

Shell oblong ovate, reddish, marked with alternate brown and
greenish blue stripes. Valves eight, the first and last radiated;
dorsal valves smooth, divided into two parts by a transverse ridge ;
posterior compartment grooved. Border broad, granulate, pink,

110 POLYPLACOPHORA.

with brown spots. Length four-tenths of an inch, breadth one
quarter. A solitary specimen of this elegant little shell was found
at Valparaiso. I have, however, some doubts of its being adult.
(Fremb.')

Valparaiso (Fremb.)

Chiton glaucoeinctus FREMB., Zool. Journ. iii, p. 201, Suppl., pi.
17, f. 2 (1827).

Probably belongs to Chiton s. sir., but its generic position is not
known. No other author has mentioned the species.

C. GRANULOSUS Frembly. Vol. XIV, pi. 24, fig. 5.

Shell narrow, granulated, granulations very fine ; brown marbled,
back acute, elevated ; dorsal valves a little convex, not divided into
compartments. Border narrow, covered with rather coarse granules
of the same color as the shell.

Length 10, breadth 5 mill.

Conception Bay, Chili, on Calyptrsea.

Chiton granulosus FREMBLY, Zool. Journal iii, p. 201, t. (suppl.)
17, f. 3 (1827).

Frembly's description is given above, and his figure copied on
the plate. It is doubtful to what genus it should be referred, as the
internal characters are not known.

€. CINGILLATUS Reeve. Vol. XIV, pi. 38, figs. 29, 30.

Shell ovate; valves smooth, surrounded near the margin with two
or three concentric ridges ; olive ; ligament granosely coriaceous.
The ridges at the end of the lateral areas form rows of concentric
circles round the shell, which are very characteristic. (Rve.)

South America.

C. cingillatus RVE., Conch. Icon., t. 23, f. 160 (May, 1847).—
Mopaliopsis cingillata THIELE, Das Gebiss, p. 393, 394.

The generic position of this species is doubtful. It may be either
a Lepidozona or a Chiton. The locality given by Reeve is rather
vague. Dr. Thiele has erected a new genus, Mopaliopsis, for this
form, but as he characterizes it by the dentition alone, no light is
cast upon the true systematic position of the species.

C. FIMBRIATUS Sowerby. PI. 10, figs. 18, 19.

Shell oval, depressed, broad ; central areas very finely granose-
lineate ; lateral areas and end valves very finely cancellated ; girdle
very finely granulate. Length 17? breadth 12 £ mill. (Sowb.)

POLYPLACOPHORA. Ill

The sculpture of this very pretty little species resembles the finest
lace-work. The shell is rather flat and regularly oval ; the central
areas finely and grauularly striated; on the lateral and terminal
areas the radiating ridges are so regularly intercepted by concentric
lines as to present a cancellated appearance. The margin is appar-
ently smooth, but the lens discovers very minute sandy granulations ;
its color is brown banded with darker patches. The general color
of the shell is cream-white variegated with red. (Soivb.)

Peru (Mus. Cuming.)

C.fimbriatns SOWB., Mag. of Nat, Hist. 1840, p. 293 ; Conch.
Illustr., f. 137.

Known to me only by the above description and the figures.

CHITOX DIMORPHUS Rochebrune. Vol. XIV, pi. 27, figs. 13,
14 (x 3).

Shell ovate-rounded, umbonate, bright red. Anterior valve wide
concentrically lineate. Posterior valve and central and lateral
areas of the intermediate valves concentrically silicate and most
minutely puncticulate. The central and lateral areas have quad-
rangular pits at their intersections. Marginal ligament rufous, reg-
ularly striated with white lines. Length 14, breadth 10 mill.
(Eochebr. in Zool. Cap Horn, p. 142, t. 9, f. 10).

Orange Bay, Patagonia.

LEPIDOPLEURUS CULLIERETI Rochebrune. Vol. XIV, pi. 8,
figs. 78, 79 (x 2).

Shell ovate elliptical, carinated, buff tawny, maculated with chest-
nut. Anterior valve wide, rounded, minutely radiated ; posterior
rather small. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas punc-
tate, margined with a smooth band ; central areas most minutely
transversely foveolate. Marginal ligament brown. Length 50,
breadth 31 mill. (liochebr., Zool. Cap Horn, p. 140,t. 9, f. 9).

Orange Bay; Terra del Faego. Not common.

Probably a Chcetopleura.

CHCETOPLEURA DACRYDIGERA Rochebr. Shell ovate, wide, sub-
carinated, olivaceous. Anterior valve, posterior part of the poste-
rior valve, and lateral areas of the intermediate valves radially
multigranose, the grains elevated, whitish, tear-shaped. Central
areas longitudinally ornamented with beaded lines. Marginal liga-

112 POLYPLACOPHORA.

ment rather wide, black, covered throughout with brown hairs.
Length 22, width 14 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-
'82, p. 193).

Central America. Not common. Paris Mus.
Seems to be a true Chcetopleura.

CHCETOPLEURA VENERIS Rochebr. Shell ovate, carinated ; sooty ;
anterior valve radially ribbed, the ribs wide, lacunose. Posterior
valve small. Intermediate valves having the lateral areas bicostate,
punctate. Central areas sulcate, the sulci imbricating, spinulose at
the sides. Marginal ligament wide, sooty, clotLed with white setae
Length 25, width 14 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-
'84, p. 34).

Punta Arenas, Patagonia (Mission Lebrun). Rare. Paris Mus.

CHCETOPLEURA AHNNI Rochebr. Shell wide ovate, flattened,
obtusely carinated, bluish-violaceous clothed throughout with brown
striae. Anterior valve rounded, 10 ribbed ; posterior valve small,
elliptical, subumbonated. Intermediate valves wide, the lateral
areas very narrow and smooth, bounded by beaded ribs ; central
areas concentrically lyrate and most minutely striated. Marginal
ligament wide, brown, clothed with long tawny hairs. Length 00,
breadth 41 mill. (Rochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1883-'S4, p. 34).

Punta Arenas Patagonia (Mission Lebrun). Common. Mus.
Paris.

This and the preceding belong to the genus Plaxiphora. Roche-
brune ignores them in his later publication on Cape Horn Poly-
placophora.

SCHIZOCHITON HYADESI Rochebrune. PI 14, figs. 6, 7.

Shell elongated, strongly carinated, dull whitish-coerulescent.
Anterior valve smooth, with 8 radiating ribs ; posterior valve nar-
row, behind longitudinally sulcated, subemarginate, smooth, radiately
bicostate. Intermediate valves having the median areas smooth,
ornamented with articulated lines ; central areas lineate-denticulate ;
lateral areas erect, isopleural, concentrically lineate, and strongly
unicarinate in the middle. Girdle dull roseate, with sparse silky,
shining hairs. Length 52, breadth 25 mill. (Rochebr. in ZooL
Cap Horn, p. 132, t. 9, f. 1, 1889).

Terra del Fuego, in 20 meters.

Evidently a Plaxiphora.

POLYPLACOPHORA. 113

CHITON CASTANEUS (Couthouy) Old. PI. 14, fig. 5.

Animal with the under side of the margin pale brick-red ; foot
narrow oval, dull olive color : head small, and laterally compressed ;
branchiae pale ochreous-red, extending from the anterior margin of
the foot to the rectum, leaflets conical, compressed, tapering to a fine
point. ( Old.)

Shell minute, elongated-oval, slightly narrowed anteriorly, sub-
carinate, valves obtusely beaked, without distinct lateral areas, but
marked throughout with coarse sublaminate ridges of increment, and
covered with minute punctures arranged in quincunx ; posterior
valve with an obtuse umbo. Color externally deep chestnut,,
internally dull red. Margin narrow, thin, coriaceous, finely pubes-
cent, having at the inner margin twenty-six fascicles of short, rigid,
shining white setse, looking like minute polished tubercles. (Gld.)

Length 7*, breadth 23 mill.

Orange Harbor, Patagonia, on old shells and in tide pools. (U-
S. Expl. Exped.).

Chiton castaneus COUTH. MS., GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll.r
p. 326, f. 411, a-c (not Ch. castaneus Wood, nor Q. & G.). — Acan-
thochiton couthouyi ROCHKBR., Polyplac. Cap Horn, p. 133.

A small but very distinct species, most of the specimens were con-
siderably eroded showing that they had come to maturity. (Gld.y

The generic position of this form is problematical. It cannot be
an Acanthochites. Rochebrune gives no information except that it
was collected in the Strait of Magellan by the French expedition of
1882-83 to Cape Horn.

CHITON BRODERIPI Potiez & Michaud. It is oval, rotund, thick,
of a brown or dirty white color ; the dorsal line is smooth and black-
ish ; the anterior valve is marked with a white spot at the summit,
and the posterior is swollen and retuse within ; these two valves and
the intermediates valves are grooved, striated and somewhat gran-
ulated at the lateral areas from base to summit. The margin is
thick and leathery. Length 40, width 30 mill. (P. & M., Galerie
des Moll, du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 533, 1838).

Sea of Chili'.-

TONICIA GAUDICHAUDI Rochebrune. Shell ovate, subcarinated,.
shistaceous-tawny, pictured with small violaceous spots. Anterior
valve and posterior part of posterior valve concentrically lineated ;:

8

114 POLYPLACOPHORA.

intermediate valves having the lateral areas extremely narrow-
central areas very minutely reticulated all over. Marginal ligament
very narrow, rufous. Length 10, breadth 6 mill. (Eochebr. in
Bull. Soc. Philom. de Paris. 1883-1884, p. 35).

Chili (Gaudichaud) ; Mus. Paris.

11. North Pacific species.

CH^ETOPLEURA THOUARSIANA Eochebr. Shell ovate oblong,
compressed, carinated ; subrufous, covered throughout with greenish
spots. Anterior valve 10-rayed, granulose, the granules concentric,
ally disposed, bordered with a broad margin. Posterior valve small,
umbouated. Intermediate valves having the median areas longitudin-
ally sulcated, the sulci angularly arranged. Lateral areas with
impressed pits [" favis impressis "],"laterally graniferous. Marginal
ligament brown, with scattered rufous setae. Length 32, breadth 14
mill. (Eochebr. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 1881-1882, p. 191).

Kamchatka (Du Petit-Thouars). Rare. Paris Mus.

This is, of course, a Mopalia.

CHITON SETOSUS Tilesius, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (1st ser.) ix, p.
484, 1824. Not identified.

CHITON MURICATUS Tilesius, 1. c., p. 483, 1. 16, f. 3. Not identified.
See Middendorff, Mai. Ross., p. 129.

CHITON INCARNATUS Nuttall. Upper California. Jay's Cata-
logue, 3d. edit., p. 37. Name only.

CHITON INORNATUS Nuttall. Sandwich Is. I. c. Undescribed.

CHITON TEXTILIS Nuttall. Upper California. I. c. Undescribed.

12. Species of unknown habitat.

CHITON RUGULOSUS Sowerby. Median part of valves longitu-
dinally rugulose ; lateral parts closely radiated. (Sowb., Cat. Tank.
Coll., p. v.). Habitat unknown.

CHITON VERSICOLOR Sowerby. Vol. XIV, pi. 27, figs. 45, 46.

Shell oblong, scarcely carinated, subattentiated in front. Central
areas striated at the sides ; lateral areas radially striated, the striae
branching toward the edges. Margin most minutely scaly.

Length 1 inch, breadth £ inch. ' (Sowb.~)

The species is oval, oblong, rather narrower in front, the central
areas nearly smooth in the middle, and striated at the sides ; lateral

POLYPLACOPHORA. 115

areas covered with slight radiating ridges, which branch off toward
the edges. The colors are sufficiently variable to justify the name
given above; several varieties in the collection of Mr. Stainforth
being variegated with rose, green and grey ; and one communicated
by Dr. Stanger, nearly white, with grey spots. (Soivb.)

Habitat unknown.

Chiton versicolor Sows., Mag. of Nat. Hist., June, 1840, p. 292 ;
Conch. Illustr., f. 75 and f. 122 (var.).

This seems to be an Ischnochiton of the fruticosus group, perhaps
the same as divergens Eve. ; but it has not been mentioned by later
authors, and the present location of the type is unknown.

CHITON PLATYMERUS Sowerby. PL 10, fig. 7.

Shell ovate, scarcely keeled, slightly convex, smooth, of a dark
chestnut color ; marginal ligament coriaceous ; anterior and posterior
valves, and lateral arese of the middle valves obtusely radiately
ribbed; central arese of the middle valves longitudinally striated;
valves broad. (Sowb.~).

Habitat unknown.

Chiton platymerus SOWB. in Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voyage, p. 149,
t. 41, f. 11.

CHITON UNDULATUS Sowerby. PL 10, fig. 20.

Shell oblong, rather convex, slightly keeled, marginal ligament
coriaceous, undulated ; valves smooth, of a dull, pale, greenish-
brown, light brown in the center. The specimen appears to have
been worn. It is probable that small bunches of hairs existed on
the marginal ligament. (Sowb., in Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voyage,
p. 149, t. 41, f. 12).

The recognition of this species is impossible without an examina-
tion of the original specimen, which is probably lost. It is not the
Ch. undulatus of Quoy and Gaimard. The habitat is unknown.

CHITON ZONATUS Blainville. Body elongated, subcarinated ;
girdle moderate, covered with small tubercles, mealy. Shell of 8
valves entirely perfectly smooth ; the intermediates, the first larger
and as if trilobed in front, and unguiculate at the summit ; the others
increasing from the front backward, with the lateral areas indicated
by a carinated line. Color whitish gray, varied agreeably

116 POLYPLACOPHORA.

with brown zones above, greenish beneath. (Blainv., Diet. Sc. Nat.
xxxvi, p. 545).

Habitat unknown.

This species is placed in the same section as the Acanthopleuras
(granulata, picea, etc.) by Blainville.

CHITON RARIPILOSUS Blainville. Body oval, thick, convex, not
carinated ; girdle moderate, beset with large black flexible hairs, a
little more numerous around the periphery. Shell of 8 thick valves,
a little carinated ; the two end valves a little smaller, the anterior
semicircular, with 9 large teeth of insertion, the posterior transversely
oval, with the insertion plate entire, winged anteriorly ; intermediate
valves alike, having a rounded projection in the middle of the ante-
rior border ; the plate of insertion somewhat winged, with a single
deep slit on each side. Color brown on the girdle, the valves russet
white outside and within. Length more than 3 inches. (Blainv.,
Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxvi, p. 547).

Habitat unknown (coll. Blainv., from Dr. Leach).

Seems to be a Plaxiphora. Rochebrune has identified it with
Chiton setiger King (Polyplac. Cap Horn, 1889).

CHITON MACULATUS Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3205. — Wood, Gen.
Conch., p. 11. This is perhaps C. tulipa Quoy, but its identity is
uncertain.

CHITON INDUS Gmel. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3205. — Wood, Gen. Conch,
p. 15 (=Chiton indicus Chem., Conch. Cab. viii, p. 287, t. 96, f. 811).
Add to doubtful synonyms of C. squamosus Linn.

CHITON BICOLOR Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3204. — Wood, Gen;
Conch., p. 17. This is apparently a well characterized species, but
I do not know of any to which it may be with confidence referred.
The figures of Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. viii, p. 277, pi. 94, f. 794,
795) by which alone it is known, resemble such a shell as Tonicia
chilcensis, figured on pi. 42, fig. 40, of vol. XIV.

CHITON CERASINUS Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii, p. 278, t. 94, f.
796 and of GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3204, is probably a synonym
of C. castaneus Wood. The dried animal is said to Ibe black. Hab-
itat unknown.

CHITON THALASSINUS Gmel., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3206. — Wood,
Gen. Conch, p. 24 (Schroter, Neue Litterat. iv, p. 4, t. 1, f. 1) is a
wholly unidentifiable small 6-valved species, from the West Indies.

REFERENCE TO PLATES

PLATE 1.

IGURE. PAGE.

1. Katharina tunicata Wood After Reeve, . . .41

2. Katharina tunicata Wood ; foot. Emerton del., . . 41

3. 4. Katharina tunicata Wood ; head valve. Emerton del., 41

5. Katharina tunicata Wood ; median valve. Pilsbry del., 41

6, 7. Katharina tunicata Wood ; median valve. Emerton

del 41

8-11. Katharina tunicata Wood; tail valve. Emerton del. 41

12, 13. Acanthochites formosus Rv. After Reeve, . . 33

14-22. Acanthochites carpenteri Pils. Emerton del., . . 35

23-26. Acanthochites speciosus Ad. & Ang. E. A. Smith del. 32

27-35. Acanthochites involutus Cpr. Emerton del., . . 35

PLATE 2.

36-44. Acanthochites porrecta Cpr. (=defilippii T.-C.).

Emerton del., ........ 19

45-48. Acanthochites defilippii Tap.-Can. Viag. Magenta, . 19

49. Acanthochites hirudiniformis Sowb. (?) Emerton del., . 27

50. Acanthochites rubrolineatus Lisch. Jap. Meeres-Conch., 18

51. 52. Acanthochites scutiger Rve. After Reeve, . . 20
53, 54. Acanthochites circellatus Rve. After Reeve, . . 20

55. Acanthochites asbestoides Cpr. Zool. "Alert," . . 17

56. Acanthochites hirudiniformis Sowb. Couch. Illustr. . 27

PLATE 3.

57. 58. Acanthochites monticularis Q. & G. (=porosns').

Voy. Astrol., . . 36

59-62. Acanthochites porosus Burr. Emerton del., . . 36
63, 64. Acanthochites floridanus Dall. Emerton del., . . 37
65, 66. Acanthochites bouvieri Roch. Nouv. Arch. Mus., . 13
67-71. Acanthochites violaceus Q. & G. Emerton & Pils-
bry del., 39

72, 73. Acanthochites porphyreticus Rv. (=violaceu%). Con-
ch. Icon., . ..... .39

74. Acanthochites costatus Ad. & Ang. Zool. " Alert," . 40

PLATE 4.

77. Acanthochites fascicularis L. After Forbes & Hanley, . 9

78. Acanthochites fascicularis, sculpture x 60. Pilsbry del., 9

(117)

118 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

79. Acanthochites fascicularis L. side view of valve. Conch.

Illustr., 9

80, 81. Acanthochites discrepans Brown. Conch. Illustr., . 12

82. Acanthochites discrepans, sculpture x 60. Pilsbry del., . 12

83. Acanthochites gracilis Jeffr. 111. Ind. Brit. Sh., . .11

84. Acanthochites penicillatusDh. Pilsbry del., . . 15

85. Acamhochites exquisitus v. ampullaceus Pilsbry. Pilsbry

del., . 24

86. 97. Acanthochites bisulcatus Pils. Pilsbry del., . . 28

PLATE 5.

1-11, Amicula pallasi Midd. Sib. Reis., . . . .45

12. Amicula arniculata Cpr. Emerton del., . . . .47

13, 14. Amicula amiculata Cpr. Emerton del., . . .47
15, 16. Amicula amiculata Pallas. After Pallas, . . .46

PLATE 6.

1-5. Cryptochiton stelleri var. violaceus Nordm. After

Nordmann, ......... 50

6. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Four square mill, of surface

magnified showing bunches of spicules. . . . .48

PLATE 7.

7. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. Ross del., . . . .48
8,9. Cryptochiton stelleri. Two head valves. Emerton del. 48

10, 11. Cryptochiton stelleri. Two tail valves. Ross del., . 48

12. Cryptochiton stelleri. Seventh valve. Ross del., . . 48

13. Cryptochiton stelleri. Second valve. Mai. Ross., . . 48

PLATE 8.

14. Cryptoplax striatus var. gunnii Rv. Conch. Icon., . 54

15. Choneplax latus Guild. Conch. Icon., . . . .60
16-19. Choneplax hastatus Sowb. Ann. Mag., . . .60
20, 21. Choneplax hastatus Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .60

22. Choneplax hastatus. Head, median and tail valve. Car-

penter del., ......... 60

23. Amicula ernersonii (^vestita). Emerton del., . . 43

24. 26. Amicula vestita Sowb. Conch. Illustr., . .43

25. Amicula vestita Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . . .43
27, 28. Acanthochites acutirostratus Rv. Conch. Icon., . 33
29, 30. Acanthochites penicillatus Dh. Moll. Reun., . . 15
31, 32. Acanthochites stygma Rochebr. Moll. Cap Horn, . 27
33, 34. Acanthochites adansoni Rochebr. Nouv. Arch., . 13

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 119

PLATE 9.

FIGURE. PAGE.
1. Cryptoplax oculatus Q. & G. Challenger Rep., . . 55
2-5. Cryptoplax oculatus. Valves i, ii, iii and viii. Challen-
ger Rep., 55

6. Cryptoplax burrowi E. A. Smith. Conch. Icon., . . 54
7-10. Cryptoplax burrowi. Valves i, ii, iii, and viii. E. A.

Smith del., 54

11-14. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Challenger Rep., . .53
15. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Challenger Rep., . . 53

PLATE 10.

1, 2 Chiton subassimilis Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 99

3, 4 Chiton discolor Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 89

5, 6. Chiton tuberculosus Souv. Journ. de Conch. . . 99

7. Chiton platymerus Sowb. Beechey's Voy., . . . 115

8. 9. Chiton obscurellus Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 99
10, 11. Tonicia insculpta Souv. Journ. de Conch., . . 89
12. Chiton glaucocinctus Fremb. Zool. Journ. . . . 109
13-17. Ischnochiton cessaci Roch. Nouv. Arch. Mus., . . 81
18, 19. Chiton fimbriatus Sowb. Conch. 111., . . .110

20. Chiton undulatus Sowb. Beechey's Voy., . . . 115

21, 22. Chiton concinnus Sowb. Conch. 111., . . .79
23-26. Chsetopleura pustulata Kr. Siidafrik. Moll., . . 73
27, 28. Callochiton sanguineus Dh. Moll. Reun., . . 67
29, 30. Chsetopleurajaspidea Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., . 70

PLATE 11.

31. Cryptoplax larvseformis Burrow. Ross del., . . .56

32. Cryptoplax larvseformis. Edge of foot, showing marginal

row of longer spicules. Pilsbry, del., . . .56

33. Cryptoplax larvseformis, One sq. mill, of upper surface.

Pilsbry del., 56

34. Cryptoplax larvseformis. One of the sutural tufts. Pils-

bry del., . .56

35. Cryptoplax larvseformis. Ross del., . . . .56

36. Cry ptopl ax larvseformis. Valves i,ii, iii, viii. Challenger

Rep., .56

37. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Edge of foot, showing densely

spiculose upper surface, and asperulate basal surface of

girdle. Pilsbry del., 53

38. 39. Cryptoplax striatus Lam. Ross del., . . 53
40-43. Cryptoplax striatus. Valves i, ii, viii. Pilsbry del., 53

PLATE 12.

44, 45, 47. Acanthochites exqui situs Pils. Pilsbry del.,

46. Acanthochites exquisitus Pils. Ross del., . . .23

120 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

48, 49, 51. Acanthochites rhodeus Pils. Pilsbry del., . . 26

50. Acanthochites rhodeus Pils. Ross del., . ' . . .26

52. AcauthochitesdiegoensisPils. Ross del., . . .25

53, 54. Acanthochites diegoensis Pils. Pilsbry del., . . 25

PLATE 13.

55, 56. Acanthochites astriger Rve. Pilsbry del., .

57. Acanthochites astriger Rve. Conch. Icon.,

58, 59. Acanthochites pygmseus Pils. Pilsbry del.,
60, 61. Acanthochites spiculosus Rve. Conch. Icon.,
62. Acanthochites spiculosus Rv. Emerton del.,

63, 64. Callochiton inornatus Ten.- Woods. Tr. Roy. Soc. Viet.

65. Acanthochites hemphilli Pils. Pilsbry del., .

66. Acanthochites hemphilli Pils. Ross del.,

67. Acanthochites hemphilli. Posterior view of tail valve

Pilsbry del.,

PLATE 14.

22
22
23
22
22
68
34
34

34

1, 2. Chsetopleura asperrima Couth. U. S. Expl. Exped., 70

3, 4. Tonicia floccata Sowb. Conch. Icon., ... 90

5. " Chiton " castaneus Couth. U. S. Expl. Exped., . 113

6, 7. Plaxiphora? hyadesi Roch. Moll. Cap Horn, . 112

8. Ischnochiton cariosus Cpr. Ross del., . . 82

9, 10. Acanthochites zelandicus Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., 16
11-16. Acanthochites garnoti Blv. Voy. Astrol., 14

17. Ischnochiton haddoni. Girdle-scale, . Vol. xiv 88

18. Ischnochiton longicymba var. Girdle-scales. Vol. xiv 87

19. Ischnochiton longicymba var. Ross del., 87

20. 21. Lepidopleurus algesirensis Cap. Journ. de Conch., . 62

PLATE 15.

22-24. Tonicella saccharina Dall. Pilsbry del., . . .66

25. Trachydermon ruber, girdle-scales. Pilsbry del., . . 65

26. Trachydermon dentiens. Girdle-scales. Pilsbry del., . 65

27. Ischnochiton smaragdinus Ang. P. Z. S., . Vol. xiv, 137

28. 29. Ischnochiton gothicus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 65
30-33. Callochiton aleuticus Dall. Pilsbry del., . . 65

34, 36. Trachydermon flectens Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 64

35. Trachydermon flectens Cpr. Ross del., . . .64
37. Trachydermon flectens. Girdle-scales. Pilsbry del., . 64
38-41. Chsetopleura asperior Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . .74

PLATE 16.

42-46. Ischnochiton serratus Cpr. Pilsbry del 78

47,50,51,52. Ischuochiton reteporosus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . 77

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

121

FIGURE. PAGE.

53. Ischnochiton reteporosus Cpr. Sheppard del., . . .77
48, 49. Ischnochiton radians Cpr. Pilsbry del. . . .75

54. Callistochiton decoratus var. Sheppard del., . . 87

55. 56. Ischnochiton scabricostatus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . 76

PLATE 17.

>7-59. Ischnochiton cultratus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 82

60, 61. Ischnochiton bisculptus Cpr. Pilsbry del., . . 83

62, 63. Ischnochiton craticulatus Old. Pilsbry del., . . 84

64-66. Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Pilsbry del, . . 86

67. Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Sheppard del., . . .86

68. Ischnochiton luarubris Gld., (=australis Sowb.). Pilsbry

del., 87

69. Ischnochiton lugubris Gld., (=australis Sowb.). Shep-

pard del., ......... 87

INDEX TO POLYPLACOPHORA.

NOTE. — The names of genera and other groups are printed in
SMALL CAPITALS ; of species known or supposed to be valid in
Roman type ; the names of all synonyms in Italic.

Abyssorum Sars. xiv, . 18

Acanthochcetes Auct. xv, . 8

Acanthochistes Costa, xv, 8
ACANTHOCHITES Risso, xv, 7, 8

ACANTHOCHITID^E Pils. XV, 6

Acanthochitona Gray, xiv, . 150

Acanthochiton Herrm. xv, . 8

ACANTHOPLEURA G U 1 1 d.

xiv, . . . .213

Achates Gld. xv, . . 18

Achatinus Brown, xiv, . 49

Acrior Cpr. xiv. . . 61

Aculeatus L. xiv, . .221

Aculeatus Rve. xiv, . . 219

Acutiliratus Rv. xiv, . . 65

Acutirostratus Rv. xv, . 33

Acutus Cpr. xiv, . . 297

A^damsii Cpr. xiv, . .111

Adansoni Roch. xv, . . 13

Adelaidensis Rv. xiv, .136

Adenensis Smith, xiv, . 276

Adriella Thiele, xv, . 62, 63

JEneus Risso. xv, . . 10

JSreus Rv. xiv, . .179

Affinis Issel xiv, . . 181

AfraRoch.xv, . . 96

Africana Roch. xiv, . . 181

Ahnni Roch. xv, . .112

Alatus Sowb. xiv, . . 60

Albidus Blv. xv, . . 105

Albilineatus Rv. xiv, . .160

Albolineatus Sowb. xiv, . 160

Albrechti Schr. xiv, . 147

Albus Barb, xiv, . . 256

AlbusL. xiv, 70; xv, . 64

Albus Pult. xiv, . . 4

Aleutica Dall, xv, . . 65

Algesirensis Cap. xv, . . 62

Alphonsinse Roch. xv, . 100

Alternatus Sowb. xiv, . 281

Altior Cpr. xv, . . 45

Altus Gray, xiv, . . 60

Alveolatum Roch. xv, . 96

Alveolus Sars xiv, . .6,4

Amaurochiton Th. xv, . 88
Ametrogephyrus Midd. xv, . 52

Amicorum Baird. xiv, . 249

AnicuLA'Gray, xv, . . 42

Amiculatus Pall, xv, . . 46

Amiculatus Rv. xv, . . 44

Amiculatus Sowb. xv, . 49
AMPHITOMURA Pils. xiv, . 230

Ampullaceus Pils. xv, . 24

Anaglyptus Roch. xv, . 97

Angasi Ad. & Ang. xiv, . 238

ANGASIA Cpr. xiv, . . 286

Angulatus Spengl. xv, . 72
Angusticostatus Q. & G.

xiv, ... .187

Anisochiton Fisch. xiv, . xxi

Anthochiton Th. xv, . . 88

Antiquus Rve. xiv, . . 274

Apicalis Pils. xv, . . 50

Apiculata Say, xiv, . . 35

Apparata Cpr. xiv, . . 38

Aquatilis Rv. xiv, . .169

Arbutum Rv. xiv, . . 139

Arcticus Sars, xiv, . . 5

Arenatus Nutt. xiv, . .295

Argyrosticta Phil, xiv, . 204

122

INDEX.

123

Ar

*

J\ S

A«

Armatus Nutt. xiv, .
Armatus Pse. xv,
Arniiilata Cpr. xiv, .
Arragonites Cpr. xv, .
ARTHURIA Cpr. xiv, .
Articulatus Sowb. xiv,
bestoides Cpr. xv,
selloides Lowe, xiv, .
Asellus Midd. xiv,
Asellus Speug. xiv,
Asmus xv,

Asperrimus Couth, xv,
Asperior Cpr. xiv, 77 ;
Asper Shutt. xiv,
Assimilis Rve. xiv,
Astriger Rv. xv,
Astrolabei Roch. xv, .
Ater Pils. xiv,
Atlantica V. <fc S. xiv,
Atrata Sowb. xiv,
Attenuata Jeffr. xv, .
Auraniius Cpr. xiv, .
Aureotinctus Cpr. xiv,
Aulacoc.hiton Shutt. xiv
Australis Sowb. xiv,

XV, .

Avicula Cpr. xv,

xv,

144

Balansce Roch. xiv, .
Barnesii Gray, xiv,
Beanella DaJl, xiv,
Beanella Thiele, xv, .
Beania Cpr. xiv,
Bennii Cpr. xiv,
Belknapi Dall, xiv, .
Bellignyi Roch. xv, .
Benthus Dall, xiv,
Bergoti Vel. xv,
Biarmata Roch. xv, .
Bicostatus d'Orb. xiv, 271
Bicolor (Ad.) Gray, xiv, .
Bicolor Gm. xv,
Bicolor Spengl. xv,
Bipunctata Sowb. xiv,
Biradiatus Sowb. xv,
Biramosa Q. & G. xiv,
Bisculptus Cpr. xv, .
Biatriatus Wood, xiv,

295

21

39

25

258

159

17

71

4

13

49

70

74

38

155

22

107

155

313

201

10

176

123

236

87
24

222

190
282

75
282

32
7

29
9

80
103
272
291
116

68

46

98
319

83
154

Bisulcatus Pils. xv, . . 28

Blainvillei Cpr. xiv, . .311

Blainvillii Brod. xiv, . 310

Blauneri Shutt. xiv, . 228, 229

Bcetica Cpr. xiv, . .201

Boeticus Cpr. xv, . .21

Boogii Had. xiv, . .113

Borbonicus Dh. xiv, . . 230

Borealis Pils. xiv, . . 309
BOREOCHITON Sars. xv, . 63

Bottse Roch. xv, . .98

Bouvieri Roch. xv, . . 13

Bowenii King, xiv, . . 164

Brandti Midd. xiv, . . 47
Brevispinosus Sowb. xiv, . 231

Broderipi P. & M. xv, . 113

Bruguieri Pot. & Mich, xiv, 198

Bullata Cpr. xiv, . . 31

Burmanus Cpr. xiv, . . 171
Burrowi E. A. Sm. xv,

Cselatus Rv. xiv,
Cceruleseens Shuttlew. xiv, .
Cajetanus Poli. xiv, .
Calcifera Cpr. xiv,
Calculosa Cpr. xiv,
Caledonicus Roch. xv,
Californictis Nutt. xiv,
Californicus Presc. xv,
Caliginosus Cpr. xiv,
Caliginosus Rv. xv,
CALLISTOCHITON, xiv,
CALLISTOPLACIN^E, xiv,
CALLISTOPLAX Cpr. xiv, .
CALLOCHITON Gray, xiv,

48; xv, .
Campbelli Filh. xv, .

Canariensis Orb. xiv, . . 184

Cancellatus Sow. xiv, . 3

CandisatusChemn.xv, . 72

Candisatus Shutt. xiv, . 37

Capensis Gray, xiv, . .188

Caprearum Scac. xiv, . 283

Caribceorum Cpr. xiv, . 107
Carinatus Ad. & Ang. xv, . 17

Carinatus Risso xv, . .10

Carinulatus Rve. xiv, . 96

124

INDEX.

Cariosus Cpr. xiv, 66, xv, . 82
(ZinTUcAae/is Gray, xiv, .317
Carnosus Cpr. xiv, . .176
Carpenter! Ang. xiv, . . 208
Carpenteri Had. xiv, . 325

Carpenter! Pils. xv, . . 35
Castaneus Couth, xv, . 113

Castaneus Wood, xiv, 52,

xv, .... 68

Castaneus Q. & G. xv, . 72
Castus Cpr. xiv, . 93, 94
Castus Rv. xiv, . 93, 94
CatenulatusSowb. xiv, . 110
Catillus Rv. xiv, . . 10
Cayetanus Risso xiv, . .15
Cerasinus (Chemn.) Rv. xiv, 53
Cerasinus Gm. xv, . .116
Ceratophorus Cpr. xiv, . 290
CERATOZONA Ball, xiv, . 290
Cessaci Roch. xv, . . 81
CHJSTOPLEURA Shutt. xv, . 69
Chemnitzii Pfr. xiv, . 156

Chilensis Fremb. xiv, .197
C/iiloensis Sowb. xiv, . . 199
CHITON L. xiv, . .148, 149
Chitonellus Blv. xv, . . 57
Chitonellus Lam. xv, . . 52
CHITONIN^E xiv, . . 148
C/iitoniscus Cpr. xv, . . 59
Chlamydochiton Dall, xv, . 48
Chlamys Rv. xv, . . 49
Chondroplax Th. xv, . . 88
CHNOEPLAX Cpr. xv, . 51, 59
Ciliata Aug. xiv, . . 326
Ciliatus Reeve xiv, . . 295
Ciliatus Sowb. xiv, . . 303
Cimex Chera.xiv, . . 69
Cimicinus Landt. xiv, . 69
Cimolius Rv. xiv, . . 238
Ciuereus Fab. xiv, . . 81
Cinereus L. xiv, . . 68

Cinerem Mont, et al. xiv, . 13
Cinereus Poli. xiv, . . 283
Cinereus Sars, xiv, . . 14
Cingillatus Rv. xv, . .110
Ctrcellatus Ads. & Rv. xv, 20
Circumvallatus Rv. xiv, . 69
Clathratus Cpr. xiv, . .124

Clathratus Reeve, xiv, . 128

Clathropleura Tib. xv, 67, 88

Clypeus Blv. xv, . . 104

Coarctatus Sowb. xiv, . 25

Coccus Mke. xv, . . 102

Collei Rv. xiv, . . 295

Colubrifer Rve. xiv, . .95

Columbiensis Sowb. xiv, . 34

Communis Risso. xv, . 13

Complexa Hutt. xv, . . 108

Comptus Gld. xiv, . .117

Concentricus Rv. xiv, . .178

Concharum Roch. xv, . 98

Concinnus Gld. xiv, . 11, 5

Concinnus Sowb. xv, . 79

Confossa Gld. xiv, . . 210

Consimilis Nutt. xiv, . . 295

Conspersa Ang. xiv, . . 324

Conspicua Cpr. xiv, . . 63

Conspicuus Cpr. xiv, . . 63

Constant! Vel. xv, . . 80

Contractus Rv. xiv, . . 93

Convexus Blainv. xiv, . 228

Cooperi Cpr. xiv, . .127

Coppingeri Smith, xiv, . 275
Coquimbensis Fremb. xiv, . 253

Corallinus Risso. xiv, . 181

J Coreanicus Ad. & Rv. xiv, 129

Corephium Gray, xiv, . 218

Corrosus Roch. xv, . . 108

Corrugatus Cpr. xiv, . .124

Corrugatus Rv. xiv, . . 284

Cortic'ata Hutt. xiv, . . 320

Costatus Ad. & Ang. xv, . 40

Costatus Blv. xv, . . 105

Costatus C. B. Ad. xiv, . 157

Couthouyi Roch. xv, . 113

Cranchianus Leach, xiv, . 49

Craspedochttus Sars. xiv, . 67

Craspedochilus Sars. xv, . 62
CRASPEDOCHITON Shutt.

xiv, . . . .285

| Crassicostatus Pils. . . 264

Craticulatus Gld. xv. . 84

Crenulata Sowb. xiv, . 195

Crenulatus Loc. xiv, . 284

Crinitus Penn. xv, .10

Crispus Rv. xiv, . . 89

INDEX.

125

Crocinus Rv. xv, . . 67
CRYPTOCHITON Midd. xv, 48

< RYPTOCONCHUS B 1 V. &

Guild, xv, . . .35

CRYPTOPLACID.E xv, . 51

CRYPTOPLAX Blv. xv, 51, 52

Culliereti Roch. xv, . Ill

Cultrattis Cpr. xv, . . 82

Cumingi Fremb. xiv, . .164

Cumingsii Fremb. xiv, . 165

Ounninghami Rve. xiv, . 225

CupreusCpr. xiv, . . 328

Curtisianus Smith, xiv, . 242

Carvata Cpr. xiv, . .17

Curvatus Cpr. xiv, . . 16
Cyaneopunctatus Kr., xiv,

135; xv, ... 82

CYANOPLAX Pils. xiv, 40,

44 ; xv, . . .63

Oymbiola Sowb. xiv, . . 186

Cymbium xv, . . .88

Dacrydigera Roch. xv, . Ill
Dakariensis Roch. xv, . 29
Dal Hi Had. xiv, . .133
Daniell'd Sowb. xv, . .15
Dawsonia Cpr. xiv, . . 282
Debilis Gray, xiv, . .18
Defilippii Tap.-CaD. xv, . 19
Defilippii Tap.-Can. xiv, . 243
Decipiens Cpr. xiv, . . 123
Decipiens Roch. xv, . .106
Decipiens Tib. xiv, . . 284
Decoratus Cpr. xiv, 269 ; xv, 87
Decussatus Rv. xiv, . 93, 94
Densiliratus Cpr. xiv, . 169
Dentatus Spengl. xiv, 84;

xv, 68

Denticular Is Chem. xiv, . 157
Dentiens GId. xiv, 73 ; xv, 65
Depresses Blv. xv, . . 37
DESHAYP:SIELLA Cpr. xiv, 1, 16
Diarthrochiton Fisch. xiv,xxi
Dichachiton Midd. xiv, xvii
Dieffenbachii Rv. xiv, . 35
Diegoensis Pils. xv, . 25

Dimorphus Roch. xv, . Ill

DINOPLAX, Cpr. xiv, . 254

DiochitonTh.xv, . . 88

Discolor Souv. xiv, . . 175

Discors Mat. & Rack, xiv, . 49

Discrepans Brosvn,xv, . 12

Dbjunctus Fremb. xiv, . 212

Dispar Ad. xiv, . .112

Dispar Sowb. xiv, . .111

Dissimilis Rv. xiv, . . 184

Divergens Reeve, xiv, . 90

Dor ice Capell. xiv, . .49

Dorsuosus Had. xiv, . . 135

Douglasice Gray, xv, .42

Echinatum Bar. xiv, . . 218

Echinotus Blv. xv, . . 30

EctypusTLoch.xv, . . 89

Egregia H. Ad. xiv, . 331

Elegans Blv. xv, . . 104

Elegans Fremb. xiv, . . 196

Elenensis Sow. xiv, . . 267

Elevata Pils. xiv, . . 300

ELlinensis Sow. xiv, . . 268

Elongatus Blv. xv, . . 105

Elongatus Rve. xiv, . . 236

Emersonii Couth.xv, . .44

Empleurus Hutt. xv, . . 67
ENOPLOCHITON Gray, xiv, .

[234, 252

Eochiton Fisch. xiv,
Eruciformis Sowb. xv,
Erythronotus Ad. xiv,
Eschscholtzii Midd. xiv,
Estuarii Chier. xiv, .
EUDOXOCHITON Sh uttl w,
xiv, . . .149
Euplcece Costa, xv,
Euplaxipliora Shutt.

Evanidus Sowb. xiv,
Exaratus Sars. xiv,
Excavattts Gray, xiv,
Exquisitus Pils. xv,
Exiguus Sowb. xiv,
Excurvata Cpr. xiv,
Expressus Cpr. xiv,

Fallax Cpr. xiv,

xiv

[311

xxi

57

104
300
181

192
67

315
145
71
157
23
98
327
268

59

126

INDEX.

FANNETTIA Dall, xiv, 195, 212

Fannia Cpr. xiv, . .212

Fannyia Cray, xiv, . .212

Fasciatus Q. & G. xv, . 57

Fasciatus Rv. xv, . . 55

Fasciatus Wood, xiv, . . 156

Fascicularis L. xv, . . 9

Fastigiata Gray, xiv, . 199
Ferrugineus Bpengl. xv, . 72

Festivus Blv. xv, . . 69

Flavescens Cpr. xiv, . 33

Flectens Cpr. xv, . . 64
Flemmingius Leach, xiv, . 41

Floccatus Sowb. xv, . . 90

Floridanus Dall, xv, . . 37

Floridanua Pils. xiv, . . 58

Fluxa Cpr. xiv, . . 281

Fodiatus Roch. xv, . . 103

Fontainei Rocb. xiv, . . 204

ForbesiiCpr. xiv, . . 196

FormosusRv.xv, . . 33

Fortiliratus Rv. xiv, . . 207

Foveolatu* Sowb. xiv, . 157

Fragilis Monts.xiv, . . 103

Francisia Cpr. xiv, . .219

Freelandi Fbs. xiv, . .182

Frembleii Brod. xiv, . .318

Frembleya H. Ad. xiv, . 330
FREMBLYA H. Ad. xiv, 312, 330

Fremblyi Brod. xiv, . . 318

Frigida Roch. xiv, . .317

Fruticosus Gld. xiv, . .91

Filboli Roch. xv, . . 106

Filosus Cpr. xiv, . . 258

Fimbriatus Cpr. xiv, . . 265

Fimbriatus Sowb. xv, . 110
Fissa Cpr. xiv, . 298, 299

Fulgetrum Rv. xv, . . 68
Fuliginatus Ad. & Rv. xiv, 10, 4

Fulminatiis Couth, xiv, . 41

Fulvus Wood, xv, . .71

Funiculatus Cpr. xiv, . 108

Furtivus Monts. xv, . 95

Fuscatns Brown, xiv, . 69

Fuscatus Leach, xiv, . .14

Fuscus Gmel. xv, . . 73

Gabbi Pils. xiv,

270

Gaditanus Chemn. xv, . 72

Gaimardi Blv. xiv, . . 240

Gambiensis Roch. xv, . 95

Garnoti Blv. xv, . . 14

Gaudichaudi Roch. xv, .113

Gemmatus Blaiuv. xiv, . 222

Gemmea Cpr. xiv, . .31

Gemmulatus Shuttlw. xiv, . 157

Georgian us Q. &G. xiv, . 241

Georgus Th. xv, . . 88

Giganteus Tiles, xv, . . 49

Gigas Gmel. xiv, . . 255

Glaucocinctus Fremb. xv, . 109

Glaucus Gray, xiv, . .172

Glaucus Q. & G. xiv, . 325

Globulosiis Chier. xv, . 10

Goodallii Brod. xiv, . 191

Gothicus Cpr. xv, . . 65

Gracilis Jeffr. xv, . .11
Gravatus Rv. xiv, _ . 224,225

Graniferus Sowb. xiv, . 200

Granofilosus Cpr. xiv, . 148
Granoliratus Cpr. xiv, 14;

xv, .... 62

Granosus Fremb. xiv, . 167

Granulatus Gmel. xiv, . 227

Granulosus Fremb. xv, . 110

Grayi Ad. & Ang. xiv, . 21

Grayi Cpr. xiv, . . .304

Grayi Sowb. xiv, . . 200

GryeiFilh.xv, . . 107
GUILDINGIA Cpr. xiv, 312, 329
Guildingi Rv. xiv, .

GunniiRv. xv, . . 54

Gymnoplacidce Gray, xiv, . 150

Gymnoplax Gray, xiv, . 150

Haddoni Pils. xiv, . . 88

Hakodadensis Cpr. xiv, . 147

Halmi Roch. xiv, . 318,319

Hamachiton Midd.xiv, xvii

Hamatus Roch. xv, . .11

Hamyi Roch. . . . 183

Hanleia Cpr. xiv,

HANLEYA Gray xiv . .17

Hanleyi.a Dall, xiv

Hanleyi Bean, xiv,

Hartwegii Cpr. xiv, . . 45

Hastatus Sowb. xv, .
Helioradsia Th. xv, .
HEMIARTHRUM Cpr., xiv,
Hemp hill ia Cpr. xiv, .
Hemphilli Pils. xv, .
Hennahi Gray, xiv, .
Heterodon Pils. xiv,
HETEROZONA Cpr. xiv,
Heurteli Roch. xv,
Hindsii (Sowb.) Rv. xiv,
Hirtosus Peron. xv, .
Hirudiniformis Sowb. xv,
Holochiton Fisch. xiv,
Hookeri Gray, xv,
Horniana Roch. xiv, .
Huttoni Pils. xiv,
Hyadesi Roch. xv,

Icoplax Thiele, xv,
Illuininatus Rv. xiv, .
Imitator Smith, xiv, .
Imporcata Cpr. xiv, .
Inca d'Orb. xv, .
Jncana Haddon, xiv, .
Incanus Gld. xiv,
Incarnates Nutt. xv, .
Licarn'itus Rv. xiv, .
Incii Rv. xiv,
Incisus Sowb. xiv,
Indus Gm. xv,
Infortunatus Pils. xiv,
Infuscatus Schn. xv, .
Inornatus Nutt. xv, .
Inornatus T.-W. xv, .
Inquinatus Rv. xiv, .
Insculpta Souv. xv,
Insculptw Ad. xiv, .
Insignis Newc. xiv, .
Irvdgni* Rve. xiv,
Insularis Roch.
Intergranosus Cpr. xiv,
Internexus Cpr. xiv, .
Interrupts Cpr. xiv,
Interstinctus Gld. xiv,
Intricandus Cpr. xiv.
Intricntus Cpr. xiv,
Isabel lei Orb. xiv,

INDEX. 127

. 60
. 70
1, 19
. 256
. 34
. 29
. 276
. 65
. 59
. 296
. 106
. 27
. xxi
. 16
. 203
. 194
. 112

62,63
. 51
. 116
. 302
. 79
. 243
. 241
. 114
. 81
. 248
. 235
. 116
. 266
. 64
. 114
. 68
. 90
. 89
. 177
. 300
. 42
. 183
. 93
12,5
. 166
. 119
. 91
. 91
35

ISCHNOCHITON Gray, xiv, 53,86

ISCHNOCHITONID^:, xiv, . 253

ISCHNOCHITONIN^E, XIV, . 254

ISCHNOPLAX Cpr. xiv, . 64

Ischnoradsia Cpr. xiv, . 139

ISCHNORADSIA SllUttleW .

xiv, .... 144

Islandicus Gmel. xiv, . 14

Involutus Cpr. xv, . . 35

Jacobseus Gld. xiv, . . 267

Jamaicensis Cpr. xiv, . .108

Janeirensis Gray, xiv, . 37

Janeirensis Rve. xiv, . 39

Japonicus Lisch. xiv, . . 242

Jaspideus Gld. xv, . . 70

Joalle?i Roch. xv, . . 30

Jucundus Roch. xv, . . 29

Jugosus Gld. xiv, . .178

Juloides Ad. & Ang. xiv, . 55

Kalison Adans. xv, . 13

KATHARINA Gray, xv, . 41

Kennerleyi Cpr. xiv, . 304

Kerguelensis Had. xiv, . 12

Labeculatus Rv. xiv, . 36

Lcevigatus Flem. xiv, . . 41

Lsevigatus Sowb. xiv, . 159

Lcevis Lara, xv, . . 56

Lsevis Mont, xiv, 49 ; xv, . 67

Lcevis Perm, xiv, . .81
Lcevis Rv. xv, . . 57, 60

Lamellosus Q. & G. xv, . 209

Lanuginosus Cpr. xiv, . 257

Laqueatus Sowb. xiv, . 285

Larvseformis Blv. xv, . 56

Larvceformis Rv. xv, . 55

Lateritius Shutt. xiv, . 105

Latus Guild, xv, . . 60

Latus Leacb,xiv, . .81

Latus LOWP xiv, . .41

Latus Sowb. xiv, . .161

Leachi Blv. xv, . . . 37

Lebruni Roch. xiv, . . 203

Lentiirinosus Sowb. xiv, . 135

Lentiginosus Sowb. xv, . 82

LEPIDOPLEURID^, xiv, . 1
Lepidopleurus Cpr. xiv, 125, 86

128

INDEX.

Lepidopleurus H. & A. Ad.

xiv, . . . .86
LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso. xiv, 1, 2
Lepidoradsia Cpr. xiv, . 144
LEPIDOZONA Pils. xv, . 82
Lepidus Old. xiv, . .117
Leptochitona Gray, xiv, . 150
Leptochiton Gray, xiv, . 2
LEPTOPLAX Cpr. xv, 7; xiv, 25

Lignosus Gld. xiv,

. 299

Limaciformis Sowb. xiv, . 57

Limans Cpr. xiv, . .176

Lindholmi Schr. xiv, . 85

Lineata Wood, xiv, . 42

Lineolata Hutt. xv, . . 89

Lineolatus Blv. xv, . . . 105

Lineolatus Frem. xiv, . 198

Linter Rv. xv, . .73
LIOLOPHURA Pils. xiv, 234, 239

LIOLOPHURIN^E Pils. xiv, . 232

Liratus Ad.. & Aug. xv, . 101

LiteratusKr.xiv, . . 251

Lividus Midd. xiv, . . 76

Lobatus Cpr. xv, . . 69

LOBOPLAX Pils. xv, . . 38

Longicymba Auct. xiv, . 88

Longicymba Quoy, xiv, . 87

Loochooanus B. & S. xiv, . 244

Lophyriscus Thiele, xv, . 75

LopJiyrus Poli. xiv, . 149

Lophyrus Sars. xv, . . 62
LORICA Ads. xiv, . 233, 236
LORICELLA Pils. xiv, 234, 238

Lucia Gld. xiv, . . 210

Lucilina Dall, xv, . . 89

Ludovicise Roch. xv, . .100

Ludwigi Kr. xiv, . . 99

LugubrisGld.xv, . . 87

Lurida Sowb. xiv, . . 33

Luridus Sowb. xiv, . . 33

Lusitanicus Tiles, xv, . 72

Lutulatus Shutt. xiv, . .107

Luzonicus Sowb. xv, . 85

Lyellii Sowb. xiv, . . 247

Lyratus Sowb. xiv . .184

Maeandrei Cpr. xiv, . .132

Macandrellus Cpr. xv, . 31

Macgillivrayi Ad. xiv, . 224

MacgillivrayiCpr.xiv, . 101

Maculatus Gm. xv, . . 116

Magdalenensis Hds. xiv, . 62

Magdalensis xiv, . . 62

Magellanicus Gmel. xiv, . 227

Magnificus Dh. xiv, . . 160

Magnificus Gray, xiv, . 225

Ma'illardi Dh. xiv, . . 250

Margaritiferum Roch. xv, . 109

Marginatus auct. xiv, . 49
Marginatus Monts. et al. xiv, 70

Marginatus Penn. xiv, . 69

Marquesanus Pils. xiv, . 170

Marmoratus Gmel. xiv, . 158

Marmorea Fab. xiv, . 41

Marmoreus Chem. xiv, . 158

Marmoreus Fabr. xiv, . 41

Marmoreus Rv. xiv, . 156

Martieli Roch. xiv, . . 203

Maugerella Cpr. xiv, . 61

MAUGERIA Gray, xiv, . 226

Mauritian us Q. & G. xiv, . 188

Maximus Ch. xiv. . . 255

Mecynoplax Th. xv, . . 92
Mediterraneus (Gray) Rv.

xiv, . . . .103

Melanotrephus Roch. xv, . 97

Melanterus Roch. xv, . 107

Melphietensis Poli. xiv, . 2#3

Mendicaria Migh. xiv, . 18

Mendicarius Migh. xiv, . 18

Meneghinii Cap. xiv, . .103

Merckii Esch. xiv, . . 300

Mertensii Midd. xiv, . . 125

Mesoglyptus Pils. xiv, . 1 64

MESOTOMURA Pils. xiv, . 218

Metallicus Rv. xiv, . . 145

MICROPLAX Ad. xiv, 2, 21

MlDDENDORFFIA Cpr. xiv,

[278, 282

Middendorffii Schr. xiv, . 301

Milleri Gray, xiv, . .137
Miles Cpr. xiv, .

Miniaceus Cpr. xiv, . .175

Minimus Chem. xiv, . . 13

Minimus Gmel. xiv, . .71

Minimus Monts. xv, . . 95

INDEX.

129

Minimus Spengl. xiv,
Mirabilis Pils. xiv .
Modesto, Cpr. xiv,
Molpalia Gray, xiv, .
Montanoi Roch. xv, .
Montereyensis Cpr. xiv,
Monticularis Q. & G., xv, .
Montrouzieri Souv. xv,
MOI-ALIA Gray, xiv, .
M« .PALIIDJE xiv,
MOPALIOPSIS Th. xv,
Mucronulatus Shutt. xiv, .
Multicostatus C. B. Ad. xiv,

Multidentatus Cpr. xiv, 85;
xv, ....

Multimaculatus Blv. xv, .
Muricatus Ad. xiv, . .
Muricatus Tiles, xv, . .
Mnrmyi Had. xiv, 161 ; xv,
Muscarius Rv. xiv, . .
Muscosus Gld. xiv, . .

81

263

324

294

58

300

37

90

294

293

110

229

65

57

65
104
175
114

88
132
295

Nag elf ar Lov. xiv, . .18

Nebulosus Cpr. xiv, . .134

Nebulosus Wood, xiv, . 230

Neglectus Roch. xv, . .106

Neweombia Cpr. xiv, . . 290

Newcombi Cpr. xiv, . . 120

Nexus Cpr. xiv, . .11,5

NicobaricusChem. xiv, . 221

Niger Bar. xiv, . . 252

Nigropunctata Cpr. xiv, . 207

Nigrovirens Blainv. xiv, . 187

Nobilis Gray, xiv, . . 193

Nobilis (Rv.) Cpr. xiv, . 30

Noemise Roch. xv, . .100

NOTOPLAX Ad. xv, . . 31
Nov;ehollandi?e Gray, xiv, 145

Nuttallii Cpr. xiv, . . 46

NUTTALLTNA Cpr. xiv, . 277

Nympha Roch. xv, . .103

Obesus Shutt. xiv, . . 226

Obscurellus Souv. xv, . 99

Obtecta Cpr. xiv, . . 330

ObtususCpr.xiv, . . 134

Occidental Rve. xiv, . 228

Oculatus Q. & G. xv, . 55
Oculatus Rv. xv, . . 53
Olivacem Fremb. xiv, .161
Olivaceus Speng. xiv, . 180
Oniscus Kr. xiv, . : 100
ONITHOCHITON Gray, xiv,

[234,244

Onyx Speug. xiv, . .14
Onythochiton Gray, xiv, . 244
Ornatus Nutt. xiv,
Ornithochiton Cpr. xiv,
Oryza Spengl. xiv,
Osteochiton Dall, xiv,
Ovata Hutt. xiv,
Owenii Gray, xiv,

. 295
. 244
. 71
. 294
. 332
. 222

Pachylasruse Seg. xv,
Pagenstecheri Pfeflr. xiv,
Pallasii Midd. xv,
Pallid ul us Rve. xiv, .
Pallidus Rv. xiv,
PALLOCHITON Dall, xiv,
Palmulatus Cpr. xiv,.
Papilio Spengl. xv, .
Papillosus Ad. xiv, .
Parallelus Cpr. xiv, .
Patulus Sowb. xiv,
Pectinatus Cpr. xiv, .
Pectinatus Sowb. xiv,
Pectinulatus Cpr. xiv,
Pellisserpentis Q. & G. xiv
Penicillatus Dh. xv,
Pergranatus Dall, xiv,
Peroni Roch. xv,
Perornatus Cpr. xiv, .
Pertusus Rve. xiv, .
Peruviana Lam. xiv,
Perumamis Lam. xiv,
Perviridis Cpr. xiv, .
Petaloides Gld. xiv, .
Petasus Rv. xiv,
Petholatus Sowb. xiv,
Phacellopleura Cp. xv,
Phakellopleura Guild, xv,
Phcenochiton Midd. xiv,
Phaseolinus Monts. xv,
Philippii Issel. xiv, .
Piceolus Shutt. xv, .

95

12

45

95

89

256

262

72

114

34

166

129

64

129

173

15

6

58

77

103

28

29

170

118

311

323

38

8

xvii

94

182

88

130

INDEX.

Piceus Angas, xv, . .91

Piceus Gmel. xiv, . . 228

Piceus Rve. xiv, . . 226

Pictus Bean, xiv, . . 41

Pictus Blv. xv, . . 88

Pictus Rve. xiv, . .211

Picus Rve. xiv, . .111

Placiphora Cpr. xiv, . .311
PLACIPHORELLA Cpr. xiv, 305

Placophora Dall, xiv, . 311
PLACOPHOROPSIS Pils. xiv, 313

Planatus Spengl. xv, . 68

Platessa Gld. xiv, . . 49

Platymerus Sowb. xv, .115

Platysemus Midd. xiv, . xvii

PLAXIPHORA Gray, xiv, . 311
Plumeus Cpr. xv,

Plumosa Cpr. xiv, . . 298

Pluraosus Gld. xiv, . . 329

Pceciloplax Th. xv, . . 88

Polii Desh. xiv, . .181
Polii Phil, xiv,

Politus Speng. xiv, . .186

Polychetus Blv. xv, . . 30

Polyophtalmus Roch. xiv, . 236

Porifera Pil8. xiv, . . 297

Porochiton Fisch. xiv, . xxi

Porosus Burrow, xv, . . 36

Porphyreticus Rv. xv, . 39

Porphyrius Sowb. xiv, . 323

Por recta Cpr. xv, . .19

Prasinatus Cpr. xiv, . 34
Princeps Cpr. xiv,
Productus Cpr. xiv, .

Productus Rv. xiv, . . 57

Proprius Rv. xiv, . .Ill

Proteus Rve. xiv, . .91

Pruinosum Roch. xv, . 109

Pruiriosus Gld. xiv, . . 109

Pseudodentiens Cpr. xiv, . 74

Ptygmata Roch. xv, . 97

Pulchellus Cpr. xiv, . . 266

Pulchellus Gray, xiv, . 271

Pulchellus Phil, xiv, . 182

Pulcherrimus Sowb. xiv, . 130

Pulchrior Cpr. xiv, . . 272

Pulvinatus Cpr. xiv, . .179

Punctatus Strom, xiv, . 41

Punctatus Whiteaves, xv, . 78
Puncticulatus Rv. xiv, 248, 258

Punctulata Kr. xiv, . . 100

Punctulatus Leach, xiv, . 49
Punctulatissimus Sowb. xiv, 115

Puniceus Couth, xiv, . . 81

Purpurascens Ad. xiv, . 58

Purpurascens Ad. xv, . 75

Pusillus Sowb. xiv, . 80

Pusio Sowb. xiv, 133; xv, . 88

Pustulatus Kr. xv, . 73

Pygm?eus Pils. xv, . . 23

Quatrefagei Roch. xv, . 96

Quercinus Gld. xiv, . 248

Quoyi Desh. xiv, . .172

Radians Cpr. xv, . . 75
RADSIA Gray, xiv, . 151, 189

RADSIELLA Pils. xiv, . 139

Radsiella Thiele xv, . . 74

Rarinota Jeffr. xv, . . 93

Raripilosus Blv. xv, . .116

Rawakana Roch. xv, . .91

Regularis Cpr. xiv, . . 142

Reteporosus Cpr. xv, . . 77

Reticulatus Rv. xiv, . 101

Retiporosus Cpr. xiv, . 75
Retusus Sowb. xiv, .

Rissoi Payr. xiv, . .102

Roseus Blv. xv, . . 30

Roseus Sowb. xiv, . . 113

Rostratus Rv. xv, . . 53

RhodeusPils.xv, . . 26

Rhodoplax Thiele xv, .74

Rliopalopleura Th. xv, . 91

Rhygophilum Roch. xv, . 93

Rhynchotus Roch. xv, . 100
Rhyssoplax Th. xv, .

Rubellus Cpr. xiv, . . 182

Rubellus Nardo, xiv, . 181

Ruber L. xiv, 80 ; xv, . 65

Ruber Speng. xiv, . . 41

Rubicundus Costa xiv, . 182

Rubiginosa Hutt. xv, . .107

Rubridens Pils. xiv, . . 202

Rubrolineatus Lisch. xv, . 18

Rubrotincta Cpi. xiv, . 26

INDEX.

\udix Hutt. xiv, . . 238

\uficostatus Cpr. xiv, . . 38

lugatusCpr.xiv, . . 11

uiigosa Sovvb. xiv, . . 290
lugulatus Sowb. xiv, 110;

xv, ... .81

Iiigulosus Ang. xiv, . . 249

Lugulosus Sowb. xv, . . 114

Lusticus Desh. xiv, . .186

iccharina Ball, xv, . . 66

tgrinatus Couth, xiv, . 71

ilamander Speng. xiv, . 228

iguineus Dh. xv, . 67

inguineus Rv. xiv, . 57

Sarcophagus Cpr. xiv, . 274

ivatieri Roch. xiv, . 317

ivignyi Fils. xiv, . . 277

iber Blv. xv, . . .31

iber Chem. xiv, . . 156

;aber Rv. xiv, . . 280

ibra Cpr. xiv, . . 280

?abra Rv. xiv, . . 280

jcabricostatus Cpr. xiv, . 121

jabricostatus Cpr. xv, . 76

ibriculus Sowb. xiv, . 33

>cabridus Jeffr. xv, . . 94

:arabceus Rv. xiv, . . 158
^HIZOCHITON Gray, xiv,

[233, 234

JHIZOPLAX Dall, xiv, . 46

;hrammi Shuttlew xiv, . 205
;LEROCHITON Cpr. xiv,

[151, 188

koticus Leach, xiv, . -14

jrobiculatus Midd. xiv, . 76

5culptus Sowb. xiv, . 92

tautiger Ads. & Rv. xv, . 20

ftoderma Sc. xiv, . 182

lesma Scac. xv, . 89

sntatus'Rv. xiv, . 38

lilcevis Cpr. xiv, . .184

imisculptus Pils. xiv, . 247

megalensis Roch. xv, . 95

rtemvalvis Mont, xiv, . 49

;rerorum Roch. xv, . . 96

rpens Cpr. xv, . . 60

131

78
316

Serratus Cpr. xv,
Setiger King, xiv,

Setosus Sowb. xiv, . . 292

Setosus Tiles, xv, . .114

Setulosum Cpr. xiv, . . 20
Shuttleworthianus Pils. xiv, 273

Siculoides Cpr. xiv, . .179

| Sieulus Gray, xiv, . . 180

: Simplex Cpr. xiv, . . 320

Simpsoni Gray, xiv, . . 300

Smaragdinus Ang. xiv, . 137

; Sinclair! Gray, xiv, . .174

Sinuata Cpr. xv, . . 303

Sinudentatus Cpr. xiv, . 128

Sitkensis Midd. xiv, . . 44

Sitkensis Rv. xv, . . 49

Solea Sowb. xiv, . . 98

Solidior Cpr. xiv, . . 76

Solidus Cpr. xiv, . . 64

| Sowerbiana Rv. xiv, . . 39

I Sowerbianus Rv. xiv, . 39

i Soiverbyanus Rv. xiv, . 39

: Sowerbyi Cpr. xiv, . . 92

Sowerbyi Rv. xiv, . . 39

Sparsus Sowb. xiv, . .197

Speciosus Ad. & Ang. xiv, 93, 95

Speciosus H. Ad. xv, . 32

Spengleri Blv. xv, . . 88

Spiciferus Roch. xv, . . 109

Spiculosus Rv. xv, . . 22

Spiniferus Fremb. xiv, . 219

Spinigera Sow. xiv, . 222

Spiniger Sow. xiv, . . 221

Spinosus Brug. xiv, . . 220

Spiuulosa Gray, xiv, . . 38

Spinulosus Gray, xiv, . 38
SPONGIOCHITON Cpr. xiv,

26; xv, . . .7

SPONGIORADSIA Pils. xv, . 65

Squalidus Ad. xiv, . . 291

Squammulosus Dollf. xiv, . 181

Squamosus Chem. xiv, .157
Squamosus Linn, xiv, 155 ;

xv, . . . .88
Squamosus of authors, xiv, 154
Squamosus Pol. Payr. et aL,

xiv, . 180

132

INDEX.

Squamulosus Ad. xiv, . 106

Stangeri Rv. xiv, . .177

Stectoplax Cpr. xv, . . 9
Steiiienii Pffr. ... 82

Stelleri Midd. xv, . . 48
STENOCHITON Ad. & Ang.

xiv, . . . .55

STENOPLAX Cpr. xiv, . 56

STENORADSIA Cpr. xiv, . 61

Stenosemus Midd. xiv, xvii

Stercorarius Roch. xv, . 29
Stereochiton Cpr. xiv, 52 ;

xv, .... 68

Stereoplax Thiele xv, . 74

Stewartianus Roch. xv, . 37

Stigma Costa, xv, . .95

Stimpsoniella Cpr. xv, . 92

Stirapsonii Gld. xiv, . . 307

Stokesii Brod. xiv, . . 165

Stramineus Sowb. xiv, . 79

Streptochiton Cpr. xiv, . 330

Stretochiton xv, . .19
Striatosquamosus Cpr. xiv, 168

Striatus Barnes xiv, . 161

Striatus Chier. xiv, . .181

Striatus Lam. xv, . . 53

Striatus of authors, xiv, . 1 63

Striolatus Gray, xiv, . 105

Strigatus Sowb. xv, . . 60

Stygma Roch, xv, . . 27

Subassimilis Souv. xv, . 99

Subatrata Pils. xiv, . . 201

Subcariosa Cpr. xiv, . . 143

Subcariosus Pils. xiv, . 67

Subclathratus Pils. xiv, . 124

Subfuscus Sowb. xiv, . .162

Subgigas Blv. xiv, . . 256

Submarmorea Midd. xiv, . 42

Sueurii Blv. xv, . . 30

Sulcatus Q. & G. xiv, . 138

Sulcatus Risso. xiv, . . 2

Sulcatus Risso. xiv, . .180
Sulcatus Wood, xiv, 192;

xv, .... 89

Suezensis Rv. xiv, . . 206

Superba Cpr. xiv, . . 319

Swainsoni Sowb. xiv, . . 201

Swarinii Cpr. xiv, . . 304

Symmetrogephyrus Midd. xv, 43

Sypharochiton Th. xv, . 88

Tectum Blv. xv, . . 103

Tehuelchus Orb. xiv, . 205

Tehuelchus d'Orb. xv, . 71

Tenuisculptus Cpr. xiv, . 112

Tenuistriatus Sowb. xiv, . 188

Terminalis Cpr. xiv, . 326

Tessellata Pils. xiv, . 243

Tessellatus Q. & G. xiv, . 138
Tessellatus Wood, xiv, 154,157

Testudinarius Blv. xv, . 104

Testudo Speng. xv, . . 92

Tetrica Cpr. xiv, . . 287

Textilis Gray, xiY, .. .98

Textilis Nutt. xv, . .114

Thalassinus GIIJ. xv, . .116

Thouarsiana Roch. xv, . 114

Tigrinus Kr. xiv, . . 143

Tigris Speng. xiv, . .156

Tomochiton Fisch. xiv, xxi
TONICELLA Cpr. xiv, 40, xv, 66
TONICIA Gray, xiv, . 149, 194

Toniciella Th. xv, . . 66

Toniciopsis Th. xv, . . 89

Torresianus Roch. xv, . 58

Tortuosus Cpr. xiv, . 331

TRACHYDERMON Cpr. xv, . 62

TRACHYRADSIA Cpr, xv, . 68

Tridacna Roch. xv, . . 41

Tridentatus Pils. xiv, . 140

Trifidus Cpr. xv, . . 86

Tristis Roch. xv, . . 28

Tropioalis Dall, xiv, . .19

Truncatus Sow. xiv, . .211

Tuberculatus L. xiv, . 153

Tuberculatus Schroet. xiv, . 228

Tuberculiferus Sowb. xiv, . 219

TuherculosusSouv. xv, . 99

Tulipa Q. &G. . .185

Tunicata Wood, xv, . . 41

Turgidus Roch. xv, . . 29

Unciniferus Roch. xv, . 59

Undatus Speng. xiv, . 154

Undulatus Q. & G. xiv, . 245

Undulatus Sowb. xv, . 115

\

INDEX.

133

Unouiculatus Blainv. xiv, .

228 Virgatus Rv. xiv, 78 ; xv,

. 82

Unicolor Pils. xiv,

144

Virgulatus Sowb. xiv,

. 166

Urvillei Rocb. xv,

102

Viridior Cpr. xiv,

. 108

Ustulatus Rve. xiv, .

96

Yiridis Pse. xv,

. 21

Viridis Q. & G. xiv, .

. 172

Vaillantii Roch. xv,

97

Viridis Speng. xiv,

. 156

Variabilis Ad. &Ang. xv, .

101

Viridulus Couth, xiv,

. 141

Variegatus Ad. & Ang. xv,

102

Volvox Rv. xiv,

. 237

Variegatus Phil, xiv, .

69

Vulgaris Leach, xv, .

. 10

Velata Cpr. xiv,

306

Velatus Sowb. xv,

72

Wahlbergi Kr. xiv,

. 322

Veneris Roch. xv,

112

Watsoni Sowb. xv,

. 72

Veredentiens Cpr. xiv,

122

Wosnesseiiskii Midd. xiv,

. 305

Vermiformis Blv. xv,

57

}'e'r*icolor Ad. xiv,

50

Yerburyi Sm. xiv,

. 101

Versicolor Sowb. xv, .

114

Vespertinus Gld. xiv,

300

Zealandicus auct. xv,

. 16

Vestitus Sowb. xv,

43

Zelandicus Q. & G. xv,

. 16

Violacea Nord. xv, 49

, 50

Zigzag Hutt. xiv,

. 328

Violaceus Q. & G.,

39

Zonatus Blv. xv,

. 115

Virescens Rv. xiv,

78

Zschaui Pffr. xiv,

. 204

10

ORDER OPISTHOBRANCHIATA.

Suborder TECTIBRANCHIATA.

Hermaphrodite, Opisthobranchiate, Gastropods, with one branch-
ial plume situated on the right side ; mantle and shell developed.

This suborder differs from the Nudibranehiata in the asymmetrical
unpaired gill, the development of a mantle and shell, etc. It is a
synthetic type, from which in the remote past, the Nudibranchiata
and Pulmonata have no doubt been derived.

Fischer has proposed a classification of this group which seems to
be the best yet published covering the entire suborder. In the fol-
lowing pages his general arrangement is followed ; but with numer-
ous minor modifications. The group is primarily divided into three
sections, whose characteristic features are well expressed in their
names :

I. CEPHALASPIDEA: Head with a fleshy disc or shield. (Bulla,
etc.).

II. ANASPIDEA : No head-disc nor dorsal shield. (Aplysia, etc.)

III. NOTASPIDEA : no head disc ; back protected by a large
shield or notseum, and by a true mantle and shell. ( Umbrella, etc.)

The first of these sections will now be considered.

I. TECTIBRANCHIATA CEPHALASPIDEA.

" All of these animals are characterized by the presence of a head-
disc, distinct from the back, bearing the sessile eyes and the tentacles
when present. This disc appears to be a tactile organ. It varies
in many ways, furnishing good characters for classification. Some-
times it is split behind into two tentacle-like projections. Morpho-
logically it is considered according to Cuvier, to be formed by the
united buccal tentacles and the upper tentacles or rhinophores.
The shell nearly always is present, but in some cases is rudimentary.

(134)

ACTION ID^. 135

It generally has an entire aperture, but a short basal canal is formed
in the Ringiculidce."

Dr. Fischer, from whom we take the above paragraph, divides
the Cephalaspidea into families as follows :

Operculata Actceonidce.

C No radula Tornatinidce.

( Shell external -j ( Scaphandridce.

( Radula present j Bullidce.

(I Aplustridce.
[ Ringiculidce.
C Radula present f Gastropteridce.
Shell internal j ( Philinidce.

(_ No radula Doridiidce.

This grouping is open to some objections, for it places Actceonidce,
one of the least differentiated, primitive families, next in the linear
series to Tornatinidce, one of the most divergent; but until the soft
parts of a number of the other types are better known, it will be
advisable to retain Fischer's arrangement. In the more ancient,
primitive forms the radula is wide, with many rows of similar teeth ;
in the divergent groups the radula is often reduced to few longitu-
dinal rows (as in tsenioglossate and rhachiglossate Pectinibranchs),
and the teeth of each transverse series are dissimilar in form. The
shell, originally well coiled, has become degenerate and partially un-
coiled in numerous distinct genera.

Family ACT^EONID^E Fischer.

Acta'onidce ORBIGNY (in part). — MEEK, Amer. Journ. Science (2),
xxxv, p. 84, 1863.— FISCHER, Man. de Conch., p. 551.— Cor?/.
BOUVIER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xi, p. 441, etc.

Shell entirely external and capable of containing the entire
animal ; spiral, with projecting or depressed spire and moderately
numerous whorls, the internal whorl-partitions not absorbed ; surface
generally sculptured with spiral punctured grooves. Aperture
rounded below, with or without columellar folds. Provided with
an operculum.

Animal having a well-developed head-disk, bearing the sessile
eyes, and prolonged in two triangular processes behind ; lateral
epipodial lobes not developed ; radula composed of many longitu-
dinal rows of teeth, all of the same form.

136 SOLIDULA.

Synopsis of Genera.

a. Columella provided with a spiral fold.

b. Genus SOLIDULA Fischer. Shell compact, solid, ovoid,
with short spire ; aperture long, narrow above, the col-
umella bearing a massive, bifid fold.

bb. Genus ACT^EON Montf. Shell compact, with short spire

and large, ovate body-whorl; aperture over half the

length of the shell, narrowed above, the columella bearing

a single, simple, spiral fold.

c. S.-g. ACTION Montf. Columella curving regularly into

the basal lip.
cc. S.-g. RICTAXIS Dall. Columella obliquely truncated at

base.

bbb. Genus LEUCOTINA A. Ad. Shell ovate or ovate-tur-
rited, the spire produced ; aperture short, generally less
than half the shell's length, ovate or oblong ; columella
with a small oblique fold.

act. Columella with no distinct spiral fold above ; shell imperforate
or nearly so.

b. Genus ACT.EONINA Orb. Shell shaped like Actceon,
ovate, with elongated aperture, the columella with no
fold above, not truncated at base ; whorls more or less
angulated below the sutures.

bb. Genus BULLINA Fer. Shell ovate or oblong, with
short spire and long aperture; columella vertical, trunc-
ated at base.

bbb. Genus OVULACT^EON Dall. Shell Cyprseiform, in-
volute, with an apical perforation as in Bulla. Aperture
narrow, as long as the shell ; columella without plaits.
aaa. Columella without plaits. Umbilicus open ; surface cancellated.
b. Genus KLEINELLA A. Ad. Shell ovate, umbilicate,
surface cancellated ; spire produced ; aperture elongated,
angular behind, produced and entire in front. A doubt-
ful member of this family.

Genus SOLIDULA Fischer de Waldheim, 1807.

Solidula F. de W., Mus. Demidoff, iii, 1807, p. 226, type Valuta
solidula Linn. — A. AD., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 60. — Dactylus SCHUM.,
Essai, etc., p. 70, 234, 1817, type Voluta solidula Liune. — Buccin-

137

ulus H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 5, 1858. Not of Plan-
ens. — Tornatella of authors.

Shell ovate or oblong, solid, compact and imperforat?, with short,
conical spire. Aperture two-thirds as long as the shell or more,
narrow above, rounded below, the columella bearing a massive bir
lobcd spiral fold, outwardly curving into the lower margin of the
peristome ; parietal wall bearing one or more smaller folds. Oper-
culum (pi. 49, figs. 17, 18) "transverse, elongated, curved, with im-
bricate elements and a linear scar." Type S. solidula L.

Anatomy and dentition unknown. This genus differs from
Actceon by its more solid shell, and massive, bilobed, columellar
fold. The species are all from subtropical and southern temperate
Indo-Pacific seas; a few species extending northward to Japan, and
others south to South Australia and New Zealand. The Americas
have as yet furnished no species.

This group has usually borne the name Buccinulus, introduced
into binomial literature by the Adams' brothers. Plancus, in his
original publication " Jani Planci Ariminensis de Conchis minus
notis, etc.," (Venice, 1739), gives the phrase-name " Buccinulus Lit-
toris Ariminensis Olivce Nucleum cemulans" to what is prob-
ably a discolored Actceon tornatilis, for no other shell of that
aspect is found in the Adriatic, and at all events it is a form with
absolutely simple columellar fold. In the second edition (Rome,
1760) it is called " Buccinum medium maculis fusds etflavis donatum
ex littore Ariminensi" but in the explanation of plates he repeats
the earlier comparison with an olive stone. Of course the "Buccin-
ulus" is not used in a generic sense. Schumacher's name Dactylus
had previously been used by both Klein and Humphrey, but not in
an acceptable manner.

S. STRIGOSA Gould. PL 20A, figs. 60, 61.

Shell ellipsoidal, elongated, rather solid, grooved by revolving
punctured sulci, the interspaces chain-patterned with brown and
whitish, and ornamented with median, sutural and basal bands of
whitish. Whorls 5, the last three-fourths the length of the shell.
Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell, very narrow ; columella
deeply excavated. Alt. 8, diam. 3 mill. (Gld.)

Loo Choo and Kagosima (Stimp.) ; Nagasaki (Birileft) ; Tokyo
Harbor (Fr. Stearns).

138 SOLIDULA.

Buccinulus strigosus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, p. 141
(October, 1859) ; Otia Conch., p. I14.— Tornatellastrigosa LISCHKE,
Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 104, pi. 5, f. 12, 13.

Remarkable for its small size and slender form. Some specimens
are much shorter than others, and nearly without the slaty lines ;
so that the species appears to be quite variable. (Gld.~)

Lischke has figured this species. His specimens have four spiral
cords on the penultimate, 20-21 on the last whorl. The fifth and
sixth cords from the suture are much wider than the others, espe-
cially than the adjacent cords. The upper fold on the columella is
small, the lower strong and split by a deep groove.; between the
teeth the columella is deeply excavated.

S. FRATERCULUS Dunker. PI. 20A, figs. 53, 54.

Shell small, solid, ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, transversely, evenly
sulcate ; banded and dotted with ashy or brown, with two encircling
white bands. Spire conic, terminating in a somewhat obtuse apex ;
columella bearing two white folds, the larger, anterior one bipartite,
separated by a deep sinus from the smaller, posterior fold. Aper-
ture dilated, thickened, in front, the lip acute.

Alt. 12, diam. 5 mill. (Dkr.)

Japan.

Buccinulus fraterculus DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 161, pi.
13, f. 21, 22, 23.

A larger, slenderer shell than B. strigosus Gld., having two white
bands, and 30-32 spiral grooves.

S. ACUTA Philippi.

Shell sublanceolate, transversely closely punctate-sulcate. Spire
acute, two-fifths the total length. Aperture narrow, columella bi-
plicate, the upper fold minute, the lower large, bifid.

Alt. 2|, diam. H lines. (Phil.')

China (coll. Largilliert).

Tornatella acuta PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 125.

There are about 5 coarsely punctate grooves on the penultimate,
about 20 on the last whorl. Col umellar folds exactly as in T. solid-
ula. The specimen is white, quite colorless.

SOLIDULA. 139

S. rrsiLLA A. Adams.

Shell ovate-conic, small, white, solid, shining; spire exserted, the
apex obtuse ; transversely deeply sulcate, the grooves distant, can-
cellated ; aperture elongated, narrow behind ; columeila biplicate,
the posterior fold tubercle-shaped, the anterior fold bilobed.
(Ad.}.

Catbalonya, Samar, Philippines, in 8 fins. (Cuming).

Solidula pusilla AD., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 61.

This is a small white solid species, resembling in appearance the
Actceon oryza of Reeve ; but the columeila is biplicate, and the front
plica is double. (Ad.}

S. INSCULPTA Reeve. PI. 20A, fig. 51.

Shell ovate, transversely very densely punctured-grooved though-
out ; whitish rather obscurely sprinkled with ruddy rose spots ;
suture rather indistinct. Columeila two-plaited, upper plait rather
obscure, lower prominent, duplicate. (Rve.).

Island of Masbate, Philippines (Cuming).

Tornatella insculpta RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 62 ; Conch. Syst., ii,
pi. 206, f. 2 ; Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 3, f. 15.

A strongly sculptured species, with the sutures less developed
than usual, prettily sprinkled with ruddy rose. (Eve.)

S. SUTURALIS A. Adams. PI. 20A, figs. 65, 6Sr#rV

Shell cylindrical-ovate with elevated spire ; whorls rather flat-
tened, angulated above, the sutures channelled ; white, frequentlv tes-
sellated with ashy spots, longitudinally striated, transversely lirate,
the interstices cancellated. Columeila uniplicate, the fold bilobed.
(Ad.)

Luzon (Cuming) ; Puerto Galero, Mindoro (Cuming) ; Evans
B<nj, Cape York, North-eastern Australia, in 6 fms. (Braz.).

Solidula suturalis AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 61. — Tornatella suturalis
REEVE, Conch. Icon., xv, pi. 2, f. 9. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(5), xvii, p. 128. — Buccinulus suturalis BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, ii, p. 77.

In this species the hind tubercle usually present in Solidula, is
wanting. The color varies from pure white to grayish, with gray
tessellated markings. The chief peculiarity of the species consists
in the canaliculated suture of the whorls. (Ad.)

140

SOLIDULA.

S. TESSELLATA Reeve. PI. 20A, figs. 42, 43.

Shell somewhat cylindrically ovate ; transversely irregularly
punctured-grooved ; white, tessellated with flesh-tinted spots ; apex
sharp, columella two-plaited, the upper plait nearly obsolete. (Eve.]

Red Sea (Riippell).

Tornatella tessellata RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 60 ; Conch. Syst. ii,
pi. 206, f. 3 ; Conch. Icon, xv, f. 6.— ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p.
173. — Aetceon (Buccinulus) tessellatus COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5),
xvii, p. 1 28.

S. CINEREA Watson. PL 20A, figs. 49, 50.

Shell strong, oblong, pointed at both ends, white with three spiral
bands of cindery spots; a high, conical, sharp-pointed spire, barely
convex spirally striated whorls, a slight suture, a long narrow mouth
emarginate in front, and a strongly twisted double toothed pillar.
Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are fine, approximate, hair-like,
obsolete lines of growth. Spirals — there are shallow square-cut
furrows formed of small contiguous oval pit-marks; of these then
are on the penultimate whorl about 8, on the body about 25 ; the
flat raised surface of the shell between is from one to three times
wide as the furrows. On the first two whorls these furrows ai
wanting ; on the third whorl only one appears close below the
suture. Color porcellanous and glossy white, with three n a rro wish-
grey bands, made up of small, cindery, somewhat longitudinally
arranged spots ; these bands, absent on the earlier whorls, first make
their appearance on the fifth, from which to the seventh there
only one band immediately above the suture; its upper edge is som<
what indefinite, flame-like expansions of it extending upwards he]
and there. On the body another similar band occurs at the periph-
ery ; and a third is on the base originating just above the upper
pillar-tooth; the two latter are more defined than the first; the
cindery spots forming these bands are entirely absent in the fui
rows. Spire short and conical ; apex small and sharp, the minute ti]
being distinctly prominent and not in the least twisted or inverted.
Suture slight, being scarcely impressed ; in the earlier whorls it
very horizontal, but latterly it is oblique. Mouth long, narrow,
curved in toward the axis of the shell, sharply pointed above,
channelled in front of the pillar point. Outer lip sinuated above
lip edge roundly prominent at the periphery, where it is patulous,
hardly curved, and in direction oblique. On the base it is extremely

SOLIDULA. 141

patulous, a little pointed, very curved and retreating, at the point of
the pillar it is very strongly emarginate. Inner lip: theglazeonthe
l)od v is not very thick, and has a defined edge which does not extend
beyond the mouth ; near the point of the base it is swelled into a
small, narrow7, blunt, oblique tooth, and at the point of the pillar it
forms a very strong, twisted, oblique double tooth which dies out
very speedily, and does not connect itself with the mouth-edge; the
furrow above the double tooth is very strong. Alt. 0.4 in. ; diam.
0.14. Penultimate whorl, height 0.06. Mouth, height 0.28, breadth
0.08 inch. ( Wats.')

Levuku, Fiji, in 12 fms.

Adceon (Buccinulus) cinereus WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 631,
pi. 47, f. 5.

This pretty little species is very like Actceon (Buccinulus} glaber
(Reeve), but has a higher and sharper spire, a much feebler, less
channelled suture, and lacks the sculpture on the upper whorls,
which in Actceon (Buccinulus) glaber are harshly pitted up to the
very apex. These three smooth apical whorls are very peculiar, and
distinguish the Challenger species from Actceon (Buccinulus} atrigo-
sus (Gould), from Japan, the coarse apex of which is strongly sculpt-
ured. In that species, too, the upper tooth on the pillar is very
feeble. My note on the British Museum Buccinuli was that some
of them seemed not well individualized, especially in the case of the
various specimens of Actceon glaber (Reeve), Actceon affinis (A.
Adams), and Actceon fumatus (Reeve), and, further, that Actceon
Wats., seemed to agree with two specimens of Actceon
g1nln-r on different tablets, the one from Fiji, the other from " Sandy
Capf." Mr. Edgar A. Smith, who kindly compared the species for
me, confirms this opinion. Writing on May 2, 1882, he says, " We
have this shell marked Actceon glaber var. from Japan, but it isprob-
ably distinct from that species.

s. AFPtNia A. Adams. PI. 20A, fig. 52.

Shrll cylindrical-ovate, the spire acuminate, apex acute. Buff-white,
frequently variedly painted, tessellated with subquadrate, irregular,
blackish spots. Transversely sulcate, the grooves crenulated, un-
equal, rather distant. Columellar biplicate, the posterior fold
obsolete, the anterior bilobed. (Ad.)

China Seas; New Ireland; Borneo ; Philippines (Cuming) ; Port
J<K'k«on (Challenger); Darnley Island, Torres Strait (Brazier);
Moo, tta Bay, S. Australia (Tate).

;>£*$\

UNIVEBBITl

142

SOLIDULA.

Solidula affinis A. Ad., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 61. — Buccinulus affinis
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 225.— BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, ii, p. 77.— TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. 1893, p. 202.-
Actceon (Buccinulus) affinis WATSON, Challenger, Gastrop., p. 630,
pi. 47, f. 1.

More slender and elongated than B. solidulus, very finely tessel-
lated with brown or black on a white ground, having sometimes on<
or two white bands. (Braz.)

S. SOLIDULA Linne. PI. 20A, figs. 37, 38, 44, 45.

Shell. solid, oval, with conical, acute spire and obese body-whoi
Surface spirally grooved throughout with impressed spirals, th(
intervals mostly convex and cord-like; the last whorl having aboul
21 grooves ; those on the median part hardly more widely spaced than
above and below. White, with close vertical chocolate stripes, occa-
sionally broken into tessellation in places, and interrupted by tw<
narrow white spiral bands. Aperture narrow above, the outer li]
thin, interior of aperture very heavily calloused. Columella havinj
a strong, bifid spiral fold, with a single smo,ll parietal fold above ii
so deep-seated that it can scarcely be seen in a front view of thi
shell. Alt. 23£ diam. 12 mill.

Philippine Is. (Cunning) ; /Seychelles, Amirantes and Mauritius
(Martens); Natal (Sowb.) ; Friday Island (Coppinger) and Darn-
ley Island, Torres Straits ; Princess Charlotte Bay, N.- E.Australia
Noumea, New Caledonia (Braz.).

Bulla solidula LINN, Syst. Nat. (10), p. 728; Mus. Lud. Ulr
Reg. etc., p. 590. — Voluta solidula LINN., Syst. Nat. (12), p. 1187,
and of GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3437 (excl. ref.). — Bulimus solic
ulus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., no. 68. — Tornatella solidula FER., Tab.
Syst, p. 108. — LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 220. — KIENER, Iconogr.
Coq. Viv.. p. 4, pi. 1, f. 2.— REEVE, Conch. Syst, ii, pi. 206, f. 7
Conch. Icon, xv, f. 3. — MARTENS, Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p.
302. — SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86. — Buccinulus solidulus BRA;
IER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 76. — A. solidulus SOWB.,
Sh. S. Afric., p. 52.

In this species the spiral grooves are deeper and more evenl;
spaced than in the next ; the color-pattern, even when most intei
rupted, consists of solid, dark stripes or checkers; and the pariel
fold is single and deep-seated.

Mr. Smith considers Reeve's T. coccinata a variety, and S. affinis
A. Ad., he regards as a small form of this species.

SOLIDULA. 143,

ir. COCCINATA Reeve. PI. 20A, figs. 40, 41.
irge, with short, concave-sided spire ; white, profusely sprinkled
scarlet dots.

Cagayan, Mindanao, Philippines, in 25 fms. (Cuming)..
Toru<ite//« coccinata RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 60; Conch. Syst. ii,
L'i>(), f. 10; Conch. Icon, xv, f. 1.

Has been reported by Cooke (Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 128)
from Suez.

S. SULCATA Gmelin. PL 20A, figs. 39, 46, 47, 48.

Shell solid, oval, with short conical spire and large body-whorL
Surface spirally grooved throughout, the grooves rather shallow,
separated by wider intervals on the median part of the body-whorl,
about 21 in number. White, closely speckled and checkered inanir-
regular, ragged pattern ivith mingled lawny and black. Aperture
narrow and long, heavily calloused within; columella bearing a
large, squarish, entering bifid fold, the parietal wall above it armed
with a smaller transverse fold, above which are usually several smaller

Alt. 23, diam. 12 mill. (Negros, Philippines).

Alt. 16, diam. 8 mill. (Singapore).

Xt'f/ros, Philippine* (Cuming) ; Seychelles, Mauritius and Red
Sea (Martens) ; Palm Island, N.-E. Australia ; Sue and Darnley 2s.r
Torre* <SYx. ; Anse Vata, nr. Noumea, N. Caledonia (Brazier);
Singapore (Archer.) ; Tahiti.

Volnlu xiilmta GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3436.— Tornatellapunc-
tata PER., Tab. Syst., p. 1 OS. — Tor note I la glabra REEVE, P. Z. S.
1842, p. 60; Conch. Syst. ii, pi. 206, f. 12; Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 1,
f. 4. — So/idu/a gfabra AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 61. — Buccinulus glaber
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 76. — Tornatella
MAIM I;NS, in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 302.

This species is subject to great mutations of form, size and color-
ing. The smallest before me are from Tahiti, measuring 12 mill.
in alt., having very little tawny coloring ; a blackish or ashy speckl-
ing predominates.

The ragged, bicolored markings, and the (usual) plurality of
parietal teeth, as well as the wider spacing of the grooves about the
median part of the large whorl, are all characters easily sundering
this species from the foregoing. The spiral grooves are distinctly
pitted on the spire.

144 SOLIDULA.

S. OBLONGA Menke.

Shell elliptical-oblong, cylindrical, rather solid, shining, trans
versely sulcate and very delicately striated, longitudinally obsoletel
striated. Spire conical, acute. Whorls 6, slightly convex. Ai
ture narrow ; columella biplicate, the lower fold large, bilobed,
lower lobe smaller ; whitish pallidly tesselated with square punctat
spots. Alt. 7.7, diam. 3 lines. (Mke.")

Habitat uni

Aetceon oblongus MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 27.

Most nearly allied to A. punctatus (Tornatella p., Fer., Tabl.
p. 108, no. 5), but differing in being slenderer, with more point
spire, fine transverse striation, and in the peculiar coloration
crowded pale brick-red punctate dice-spots. The last whorl has li
unequally spaced grooves, of which the third, fourth and fifth boun<
the widest intervals ; the lower grooves are closest. The penultii
ate whorl has three grooves. The colurnellar fold is the same
the two species.

S. NITIDULA Lamarck. PI. 20A, fig. 57.

Shell solid, oval, with very short spire, mamillar apex and obes
body-whorl ; shining, polished, light flesh-pink. Surface smoot
except for a few spiral grooves at the base. Whorls about
Aperture narrow, three-fourths the entire length of the shell, tl
outer lip very thick within, bevelled to a sharp edge; columell
bearing a very large massive spiral fold, with a small fold of calh
above it on the parietal wall. Alt. 17, diam. 10 mill.

Singapore; Bohol (Cuming) ; Bet Island, Torres Strait ; Noumt
New Caledonia ; New Ireland ; New Britain, Duke of York
(Brazier); Reunion; Mauritius; Seychelles (Martens); Sandwic
Is. (Newcomb).

Tornatella nitidula LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 221. — KIENER, Icoi
ogr. Coq. Viv., fig. 5. — RVE., Conch. Icon., pi. 2, f. 5. — MARTENS ii
Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p. 302. — Solidula nitidula AD., P. Z.
1854, p. 61. — Buccinulus nitidulus BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.
Wales, ii, p. 77.

This polished, compact species is distinguished by the smoothn<
and delicate flesh color of its polished surface, and the massive, pi
jectingcolumellar fold. It seems to be widely distributed in Ind<
Pacific waters.

SOLIDULA. 145

S. i TMATA Reeve. PI. 20 A, fig. above fig. 51.

Shell narrowly ovate, transversely densely linearly grooved
throughout ; fulvous white, irregularly smeared with black ; spire
rather exserted ; columella two-plaited, the lower plait strongly
duplicate. (Eve.)

rf Australia.

Tornatella Juinata RVE., Conch. Icon., xv, pi. 3, f. 10.

The disposition of the coloring matter, which is not an unimpor-
tant feature in this genus, is in longitudinal smears, not arising, as
in varieties of T. soliduta, from confusion in a normal pattern of
dots. (Eve.)

S. ALVEOLA Souverbie. PL 18, figs. 84, 85.

Shell ovate-conic, spirally and inequidistantly striate-punctate ;
white spotted with fleshy-rose color, the spots square, situated on the
spaces between the striae, arranged in transverse rows, and wanting
on the fourth and eighth spaces ; spire exserted, conic-acute ; whorls
8, the last nearly two-thirds the total length ; aperture oblong, nar-
row above ; columella biplicate, the larger fold sub-bilobed.

Alt. 11, diam. 5 mill.; aperture, alt. 7 mill. (Souv.).

Island of Arty New Caledonia.

Tornatella alveola Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, p. 167, pi. 5,
f. 9.

In the single example from which this species was described, the
fourth space between punctured striae is double the width of the
adjacent spaces.

S. i NTERMEDIA Angas. PI. 20A, figs. 55, 56.

Shell elongately ovate, solid, shining, white, painted with two
bands of irregular descending brown flames and spots; spire acum-
inate, pointed at the apex, the same length as the aperture; whorls
encircled by numerous grooved and finely punctured striae, that
become obsolete on the centre of the last whorl ; sutures strongly
impressed ; outer lip simple, thin, non-arcuate ; columella with a
strong bilobed fold near the base, and a smaller projecting plate
above it ; inner lip with a broad spreading callus. (Any.).

Alt. 9, diam. 3 mill.

Aldinga Bay, S. Australia (Angas).

Buccinulm intermedius ANG., P. Z. S. 1878, p. 862, pi. 54, f. 11.

146

SOLTDULA.

This, the only species of Buccinulus as yet discovered in Soul
Australia, is allied to B. affinis A. Ad., from New South Wales, froi
which it differs somewhat in form, and also in the style of coloratioi
(Ang.)

S. NIVEA Angas. PI. 20A, fig. 62.

Shell elongately ovate, rather solid, white, shining ; spire acu]
inate, pointed at the apex; whorls 7£, encircled by numerous ui
equal, irregular, impressed and finely punctured striae, which becoi
fewer towards the upper whorls; sutures impressed ; outer lip thii
a little sinuous, arcuate ; columella with a prominent bilobed fol
near the lower part, and a single small one above ; inner lip cov(
by a spreading callus. Alt. 12*, diam. 4| mill. (Ang.).

Sow and Pigs reef, Port Jackson, New South Wales (Brazier^

Buccinulus niveus ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 19, 97, pi. 1, fig. 27.

S. KIRKI Hutton. Unfigured.

Whorls 6, finely and rather distantly spirally grooved, those 01
the center of the whorls rather farther apart ; columella with 01
double fold; white.

Length 20, breadth 7J mill. (Hutton).

Omaha, New Zealai

Buccinulus Jcirki HUTTON, Catal. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 51, 1873
Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 40 ; Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 119, 1880.

S. ALBA Hutton. PI. 18, fig. 94.

Whorls 7, rather deeply transversely grooved and lightly longitu-
dinally striated, the striae showing distinctly in the grooves. Col-
umella with a broad double anterior fold, and a smaller postern
one. Length 15, breadth 7 mill. (Hutton.)

Auckland ; also in pliocene at Wanganui, New Zealai

Buccinulus albus HUTTON, Catal. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 51 ; Joun
de Conchyl. 1878, p. 40; Man. N. Z. Moll., p. llS.— Tornatell
alba HUTTON, The Pliocene Mollusca of New Zealand, p. 37, pi.
f. 2. (Macleay Memorial Volume.)

S. GRACILIS Kirk. Unfigured.

Whorls 8, finely and closely spirally grooved. Body whorl
constricted in the middle ; the spiral grooves are much finer at tl
anterior end of the whorl, and as they approach the lip, which

SOLIDULA-ACT^EON. 147

very thin and sharp, white. Length '85 inch. Breadth '37 inch.
(Kirk).

Wellington, New Zealand. Collected by Mr. C. Hollsworth.

Bnccinulus gracilis KIRK, Trans. N. Z. Institute xiv, p. 268,
1881.

This shell is easily distinguished from Buccinulus kirki Hutton,
{the type of which is in the Colonial Museum), by the greater num-
ber of whorls, its more elongate and less robust appearance, and by
the greater number and closer proximity of the spiral grooves.
(Kirk).

S. HUTTONI Kirk. Unfigured.

Whorls 6, with numerous fine spiral grooves. Columella with
double fold, but more prominent than in the preceding species.
Spire very short, giving a decidedly robust appearance to the
shell. Ground color, white with longitudinal brown wavy lines.
(Kirk).

Waikanae, New Zealand.

Buccinulus huttoni KIRK, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. 268.

Genus ACTION Montfort, 1810.

Acteon MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 314. — Actceon A. ADAMS, P.
Z. S. 1854, p. 58. Not Actceon Oken, 18I5,=Elysia Risso.— Torna-
tella LAMARCK, Extr. du Cours de Zool. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., etc.,
p. 117, 1812 ; Anim. s. Vert, vi, p. 219, 1822.— REEVE, Conch, [con.
xv, and of other authors. — Speo Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv,
p. 235, 1826.— Con/. PHILIPPI, Archiv. fur. Naturg. 1841, p. 55,pl.
5, f. 10 (animal).— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 280, pi. xi, f. 1,
(dentition), and pi. xviii, f. 57 (operculum).

Shell oval, spirally striate, with conical spire and impressed or
channelled suture. Aperture long, half the shell's length or more,
narrow above, broadly rounded below, the outer lip simple and acute ;
columella twisted into a strong, simple spiral fold. Parietal wall with-
out folds or teeth. Operculum corneous, shaped like the aperture,
few-whorled with nucleus near the basal margin. Type A. torna-
tilis L.

Animal having the cephalic shield squared in front, produced
behind in two triangular appendages, in front of the bases of which
the eyes are situated. Radula wide, with many longitudinal rows

148 ACTION.

of teeth, all of the same form, consisting of a narrow basal-plat
and a crescentic reflexion (pi. 49, fig. 1, 2, 3, A. tornatilis).

Distribution world wide. The genus as here restricted contains
Actseonidse with one undivided spiral columellar fold, and no teeth
upon the inner lip above that fold, the aperture being narrow above
and more than half the total length of the shell. Two subgenera,
or better, sections, may be recognized among the recent species; for
the fossil groups see Structural and Systematic Conchology, ii. p. 356.

Section ACTYEON.

Shell with a single columellar plait, which passes continuously
into the anterior margin of the peristome.

Section RICTAXIS Ball.

Shell like Action, but with a slight prominence or oblique trun-
cation at the base of the columella.

Section ACTION Montf., 1810.

A. MARINE A. Adams. PI. 19, fig. 13.

Shell ovate-cyclindrical, spire obtuse ; longitudinally substriate,
transversely lirate, the lirse with an impressed median groove, inter-
stices closely latticed ; dull white, ornamented with two transverse
ashy bands. Aperture oblong, columella uniplicate. (Ad.).

China Seas (Mus. Cuming).

A. marice AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 6Q.—Tornatella marice RVE.
Conch. Icon., xv, f. 22.

In this species the whorls are ornamented with two spiral, trans-
verse ash-colored bands and the lirse are double, each being divided
in the middle by a fine transverse groove. (Ad.~).

A. SIEBALDII Reeve. PL 19, figs. 18, 19.

Shell ovately conical, transversely densely striated throughout;
livid ruddy color, banded with white at the sutures. Columella one-
plaited. (-Rve.).

Japan (Siebald).

Tornatella siebaldii REEVE, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 61 ; Conch. Icon,
xv, pi. 3, f. 11.

ACTJEON. 149

No additional specimens have been obtained and Reeve suspects
it to be a variety of A. tornuti/lts.

A. SKCALE Gould.

Shell small, elongate-ovate, thin, straw-colored, polished above,
with a subsutural engraved line, below encircled with punctate
strire, whorls 4, tabulated, the last three-fourths the length of the
shell. Apex obtuse. Aperture slightly exceeding half the
shell's length, ear-shaped, acute behind, well rounded in front; col-
umelk conspicuously twisted. Alt. 4, diam. 2 mill. (Gld.~).

China Seas (Stimpson).

Acta'on secale GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 141 ; Otia
Conch., p. 113.

A. MIXUTUS Petterd.

Shell minute, ovate, white, shining, pellucid. Spire small.
Whorls 4, flattened. Apex mamillate. Transversely striate with
fine waved striae, and faintly longitudinally striate. Aperture long,
narrow, expanded at base ; columellar fold conspicuous ; outer lip
a little thickened. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Pet.').

Forneaux Group, Bass Straits (R. M. Johnson).

Tornatella minuta PETTERD, Journ. of Conch., Leeds, ii, p. 105,
1879.

A. AUSTRINUS Watson. PI. 20, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Shell small, thin, ovate, strongly striated, with a high conical
spire, blunt tip, and tumid body-whorl. Sculpture : Longitudinals
— the lines of growth are very faint and somewhat markedly oblique.
Spirals — the whole surface is scored with strong equal furrows which
are about half the breadth of the interstices ; these furrow are not
stippled, but are delicately and regularly cut across on the lines of
growth by fine threads ; there are about 20 of these furrows on the
body and about 9 on the penultimate whorl. Colour porcellanous,
with a glossy surface. Spire rather high, conical, subscalar.
Apex rather large, blunt and flattened, with a very slight inversion
of the extreme tip. Whorls nearly 5, very little convex ; the last
is rather large and somewhat tumid. Suture rather oblique, slight,
scarcely impressed. Mouth oval, pointed above, a little oblique in
its direction. Outer lip sharp and thin, with its edge crenulated by
the sculptural spirals ; in direction it is straight above, well curved
on the base, where it is very slightly emarginate. Inner lip : very
11

150 ACTION.

slightly convex on the body, it passes gradually into the short con-
cave pillar, at the base of which there is only the faintest trace of a
tooth ; its edge is sharp and patulous, with a minute chink behind
it. Alt. 0-18 in.; diam. O'l. Penultimate whorl, height O06.
Mouth, height (Ml, breadth 0'07 inch. ( Wats.).

0/Moncceur Island, Bass' Strait, 38-40 fms.

A. austrinus WATS. J. L. S. Lond. xv, p. 286; Chall. Gastr. p.
628, pi. 47, f. 3.

This species slightly resembles Actceon pnsillus (Forbes), from the
Mediterranean and North Atlantic ; but the spirals in that species
are stronger, and are pit marked ; the suture is much stronger and
more channelled,, and the body whorl is more barrel-shaped.
(Wats.).

A. FABREANUS Crosse. PI. 18, figs. 86, 87.

Shell slightly rimate-perforate, ovate-globose rather thin but some-
what solid, a little shining ; transversely sculptured with numerous,
regular flat sulci, the interstices longitudinally very delicately lirate.
Whitish, longitudinally marbled with violet-brown. Spire moder-
ately elevated, the apex subacute; suture deeply impressed, sub-
canaliculate. Whorls 7, the two embryonal smooth, whitish, the
following a trifle convex ; last whorl exceeding the spire in the pro-
portion of 8 : 2£, attenuated toward the base. Aperture oblong
pear-shaped, whitish within ; peristome simple ; columellar margin
thickened, with one fold, livid white, outwardly rounded, acute.
Alt. 10i, diam. 6 mill. Aperture scarcely 8 mill, long, 3 wide.
(OK).

Yo, New Caledonia (Balansa).

Tornatella fabreana CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1873, p. 66, 130,
pi. 5, f. 4.

Allied to A. pudicus, but more globose, the spire shorter, and dis-
tinguished by its color and the lirate intervals between the riblets.
(Or.).

A. PUDICUS A. Adams. PI. 19, figs. 20, 21.

Shell oval, subcylindrical, subumbilicate, solid; dull whitish, a
little flesh tinted. Spire a little elevated. Whorls convex, trans-
versely grooved, the grooves equal, punctate. Aperture oblong ;
columella strongly uniplicate. (Ad.).

Cagayan, Mindanao, Philippines (Cuming).

ACTION. 151

A. pudicus AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 60.— Tornatella pudica KEEVE,
Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 3, f. 13.

Described from one dead specimen.
A. VIRGATUS Reeve. PI. 20A, figs. 63, 64.

Shell stoutly ovate ; transversely finely linearly grooved through-
out ; ivory-white, conspicuously obliquely streaked with black ;
spire short, rather obtuse, apex sharp ; columella one-plaited.

(Jfoft.).

Masbate, Philippines, in 7 fms. (Cuming).

Tornatella virgata RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 60 ; Conch. Syst. ii, pi.
206, f. 8, 9 ; Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 2, f. 8.

A. FLAMMEUS Gmelin. PL 20A, figs. 58, 59.

Shell stoutly ovate, closely and densely punctured-grooved
throughout ; white, streaked with reddish flames or crescent-shaped
spots. Spire rather short. Columella strongly one-plaited. (Rve.*).

Java ; Islands of Ticao and Correjidor, Philippines, in 7 fms.
(Cuming); off Nukalofa, Tongatabu, 18 fms. ; Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. ;
Off southwest point of Papua, 28 fms. (Challenger) ; Torres Strai.
(Brazier) ; East Africa, Querimber Is. and Mauritius (Martens).

Valuta flammea GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3435 (excl. var.).— Bul-
imus variegatus BRUG., Encycl. Meth. vers, i, p. 336, pi. 452, f. 1
(Tornatell't fl«mmea~). — Tornatella flammea LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p.
219. — SOWB., Genera, ii, f. 1. — KIENER, Coq. Viv. Torn., p. 1,
pi. 1, f. 1. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 1, f. 2. — MARTENS, Moll.
Mauritius, in Mobius' Reise, p. 303 ; Monatsber. Berl. Akad. 1879, p.
739.— Actceon flammeus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 59. — BRAZIER,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. Wales, ii, 1878, p. 75.— WATSON, Chall. Rep.
Gastr., p. 626.

The young shell has an umbilical chink.
A. ORYZA Reeve. PL 18, fig. 82.

Shell ovate, rather solid, transversely linearly grooved through-
out ; ivory white ; columella rather prominently one-plaited. (jRve.).

Catbalonga, Luzon, Philippines (Cuming) ; Mauritius (Lienard) ;
Reunion (Desh.).

Tornatella oryza RVE., P. Z. S. 1842, p. 62 ; Conch. Icon, xv, pi.
4, f. 18. — DESH., Catal. Moll. Reunion, p. 57. — MARTENS, in Mobius'
Reise n. Mauritius, p. 302.

152 ACTION.

A. ALBUS Sowerby. PI. 18, fig. 81.

Shell oblong-ovate, subpellucid, white, transversely punctate sul-
cate throughout. Suture impressed. Aperture elongate-ovate ; col-
umella with one fold. (Sowb.*).

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

Tornatella alba SOWB., P. Z. S. 1873, p. 720, pi. 59, f. 6; Journ.
of Conch. 1886, v, p. 15. — Action albus SOWB., Marine Sh. S. Af.,
p. 51.

A pure white semitransparent species, regularly grooved and
beautifully punctured throughout. (Soivb.).

A. SEMISCULPTUS Smith. PI. 18, fig. 97.

Shell ovate, turrited, small, shining, snow-white; very narrowly
rimate ; smooth above, rather distantly puncto-striate transversely
below the middle, and on the base more closely striated ; sculptured
longitudinally with a few indistinct, distant sulci. Whorls 4, lightly
convex, separated by a narrow channelled suture. Apex involute.
Aperture inversely ear-shaped, a little more than half the shell's
length ; columella narrowly reflexed, bearing a small fold at the
rimation. Alt. 4, diam. 2'25 mill. (SWi.).

St. Helena.

A. semisculptus E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 298, pi. 24, f. 8.

The spiral transverse punctured striae do not extend above the
middle of the body-whorl. The longitudinal narrow and shallow
indistinct sulci apparently indicate lines of growth. (&).

A. SENEGALENSIS Petit. PI. 18, figs. 90, 91.

Shell elongated, cylindrical, thin, subpellucid, white. Spire tur-
rited, acute. Whorls 7, regularly transversely striated. Columella
obliquely uniplicate. Length 17, diam. 6 mill. (Petit.').

Mouth of the Gambia River, W. Africa.

Tornatella senegalensis PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl. ii, p. 262, pi. 8,
f. 3. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 3, f. 14.

The elongated form, thinness of the shell, and the obliquity of
the columellar fold are the distinguishing features of this form.

A. TORNATILIS Linne. PI. 19, figs. 7-11, 15.

Shell long-ovate, with conical acute spire and impressed sutures
the whorls but little convex. Color pinkish with a light girdle

ACTvKON. 153

edged with dark at the shoulder and another at the lower third of
the body-whorl ; the latter or both girdles often absent. Whorls
about 8, sculptured with close, fine, engraved spiral lines, punctate at
their bottoms, the base having coarser line with delicately latticed
interstices. Last whorl about three-fourths the shell's length.
Aperture narrow, two-thirds the shell's length; columella concave
below, having one stout oblique fold above.

Alt. 19, diam. 10 mill.

Entire Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Atlantic from Norway to
Morocco, in laminarian and coralline zones.

Voluta tornatilis LINNE, Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1187, (1766).— HANLEY,
Ipsa L. Conch., p. 212. — Turbo ovalis DACosxA, Brit. Conch., p.
101, pi. 8, f. 2 (1778). — Bulimus tornatilis BRUG., Diet. Encyc., p.
338 (1789).— Voluta bifamiata GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3436.—
Tornatella fasciata LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 220 (1822). — KIENER,
Coq. Viv., p. 5, pi. 1, f. 3.— FORBES & HANL., Brit. Moll, iii, p. 523,
pi. 114, f. 3, pi. vv, f. 7. — Speo tornatilis Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur.
Merid. iv, p. 236. — Speo bifasciatus Risso, L c. — Tornatella torna-
tili* PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 143. — REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv,
pi. 1, f. 7. — Actwon tornatilis MONTFORT, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 315
(1810).— H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 4, pi. 56, f. L— JEF-
FREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 433 ; v, p. 224, pi. 95, f. 2. — HIDALGO,
Mol. Mar. Esp., pi. 19, f. 3, 4 ; pi. 20c, f. 1.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct.
Norv., p. 280, pi. 17, f. 11.— BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss.
i, p. 510, pi. 66, f. 15-19.

This species is the type of the genera Acteon, Tornatella and Speo.
It is a common and widely dispersed European form. The follow-
ing varieties and named color-mutations are recognized by the
authors of" Les Mollusques marins du Roussillon."

Var. minor Monts.

Var. subulata Searles Wood. PI. 19, fig. 14. Elongated, narrow,
with elevated spire. Originally described as a fossil (Crag Moll-
usca i, p. 170, pi. 19, f. 7), it has been found living off the English
coast.

Var. tenella Loven. Small, with thin, subpellucid shell, more
shining than in the type (Index Moll. Scand., p. 11).

Var. bullceformis Jeffr. Small, regularly oval, with very short
spire (Brit. Conch, iv, p. 435).

Var. albobifasciata Monts. Two upper bands only present.

154 ACTION.

Var. fascia-unica-alba Scac. Shoulder band only present.
Var. unicolor Scac. (efasciata Monts.). Uniform grayish roseate,,
without bands (pi. 19, f. 10).

A. AMABILIS Watson. PI. 20, figs. 27, 28.

Shell small, ovate, white, with flattened whorls, a subscalar spire,
a very blunt apex, a pear-shaped smallish mouth, and a very slight
tooth on the pillar. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are 'very
faint hair-like lines of growth. Spirals — there are on the last whorl
about 20, on the penultimate whorl about 8 rather strong and equal
furrows stippled with roundish oval pits ; they become more crowded
and weaker toward the middle of the base ; just below the suture the
first furrow is minutely and slightly beaded, and it with the next
one or two is strong and these are crowded ; the flat surface which
parts them is somewhat broader than the furrows. Color translu-
cent and subglossy white. Spire conical, high, scarcely scalar.
Apex blunt and truncated ; the extreme tip is a very little inverted.
Whorls 5, very slightly shouldered just below the suture ; round
the top there is a very feeble constriction ; below this the whorl is-
conical, and in profile flat on the sides ; the last whorl is a very little
tumid with a produced base. Suture very little oblique, strongish
and well marked, but not channelled. Mouth pear-shaped, pointed
above, a little oblique in direction, patulous or very slightly guttered
in front of the pillar point. Outer lip straight and parallel to the
axis, and a little contracted above, arched and patulous in front.
Inner lip slightly convex on the body, on which there is a thin but
distinct glaze with a defined edge; there is a slight angulation at the
junction of the body and the pillar, near the top of which is a very
faint tooth amounting to no more than a slight swelling; the pillar
itself is very slightly oblique, and is straight, narrow with a sharp
edge behind which is a very slight and shallow furrow. Alt. 0*16
in.; diam. 0*1. Penultimate whorl height 0'04. Mouth height
0-08, breadth 0'05. ( Wats).

West of Azores, 1000 fms. ; off Palma, Canaries, 1125 fms.

A. amabilis WATS., J. L. S. Lond. xvii, p. 287 ; Chall. Gastr., p.
629, pi. 47, f. 4.

This species is a little like Actceon austrinus Watson ; but com-
pared to that the form is slimmer, the whorls are more laterally
compressed and less convex, the shell is smaller, and the apex is
more truncated. It a good deal resembles Actceon levidensis S,

ACTVEON. 155

Wood, but has a shorter body-whorl and mouth ; the rise of the
whorls in the spire is more scalar, and the apex is stumpier, with
a coarser tip. ( Wats.').

A. MONTEROSATOI Dautzenberg. PI. 19, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell 5j mill, high, 3 mill, broad, ovate-elongated. Spire conoid.
Whorls 5, convex, transversely sculptured throughout with punc-
tate striae. Last whorl obese. Aperture pear-shaped; columeila
straight, hardly folded; outer lip arcuate. Color dull white.
(Dautz.').

Pico, Azores, in 1287 meters, one example.

A. monterosatoi DAUTZ., Res. Camp. Sci. Albert 1st, i, p. 20, pi.
1, f. 2a-2d., 1889.

This species is allied to A. pusillus Fbs., but in that form the col-
umeila is twisted and the spire Jess tapering.

A. LUTEOFASCIATUS Miihlfeldt. PI. 49, fig. 4.

Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth; white with three buff bands; the
columeila with one fold. Base weakly, obliquely striated ; whorls
4. Alt. 2 to 3 mill.

Rimini, Adriatic Sea, in shell-sand.

Voluta luteo-fasciata MEG. v. MUHLF., Verhandl. der Gesellsch.
Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, i, pt. 4, p. 205, pi. 7, f. 2,
1829.

I have no knowledge of this species except from the original de-
scription. It seems to have been overlooked by writers on Mediter-
rean shells.

A. GLOBULINUS Forbes.

Shell white, globose ; spire short; whorls 4, spirally striated, the
striae numerous and simple ; aperture pyriform, columeila thickened.
Length 2£ mill. (Fhs.").

Aegean Sea, 0-95 fins. (Fbs.~) ; Mediterranean 92 fms. (Monts.) ;
Off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fms. (Chall.).

Tornatella globulina FORBES, Rep. Aeg. Inv., p. 191. — Actceon glo-
bulinus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, p. 85. — MONTS., Enum., p.
50. — SEGUENZA, Form. Terz. Calab., p. 251. — WATSON, Chall. Rep.
Gastr., p. 627.

156 ACTION.

A. PUSILLUS (Forbes) Jeffreys.

Shell ovate-globose, whitish ; whorls 4, regularly and deeply
punctate-striate ; aperture oblong. Length 4, breadth 2 mill.
(Fb,.),

Lycia; Naxia (Forbes); Palermo and San Vito, 90-210 fms.
(Mouts.) ; Of Havana, 450 fms. (Sigsbee) ; off Sand Key, 111 fms.
(Blake); off Sombrero I., 450 fms. (Chall.) ; Madeira 20-50 fms.
(Watson).

Tornatella pusilla FORBES, Rep. Aeg. Invert., Rep. Brit. Asso.
Adv. Sci. 1843, p. 191. — Actceon pusilla JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H.
(4), vi, p. 84 ; I. c. (5), x, p. 34. — MONTEROSATO Enumerazione, etc.,
p. 50; Journ. de Conchy], 1878, p. 160 (A." pupillus'^.—BEGU-
ENZA, Form. Terz. Calab. p. 251. — WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p.
.627.— DALL., Blake Gastr., p. 39.

This species has not, I believe, been figured.
A. EXILIS Jeffreys. PI. 19, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell oblong or somewhat spindle-shaped, semitransparent, and
glossy : sculpture, numerous spiral striae or impressed lines, which
are quite smooth or plain, instead of being punctate as in other
species of this genus ; color clear white ; spire elongated, with a
blunt apex : whorls three moderately convex ; the last occupies
three-fourths of the spire ; the first is mammiform ; suture distinct,
margined ; mouth rather narrow, irregularly pear- shaped, expanded
at the base; length three-fifths of the shell; outer lip gently curved,
and folding inwards; inner lip folded back on the lower part;
pillar flexuous ; fold strong and conspicuous. (Jeffr.*).

Alt. 4-7 mill.

Mediterranean Sea, 92-1465 fms. ; Bay of Biscay, 227-924 fms. ;
N. Atlantic, 227-1456 fms. (Jeffr.) ; off Fay al, 450-500 fms. (Chal-
lenger) ; Off e. coast Florida, 150-200 fms. and Campeche Bank,
Gulf of Mexico, 200 fms. (Rush); Off Martha's Vineyard, 312-487
fms. (Verrill).

Aclceon exilis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vi, p. 85, 1870. —
WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 625, 1886.— DALL, Blake Rep. Gastr.
p. 38, 1889. — DAUTZENBERG, Resultats Campagnes Sci. le Prince
Albert I, i, p. 20, pi. 1, f. 1. — Auriculina insculpta VERRILL, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, p. 381, 1880. — Actceon nitidus VERRILL, Tr.
Conn. Acad. v, p. 540, pi. 58, f. 21, 1882.— *! A. nitidusSvG., Form.
Terz. Calab., p. 251.

ACTION. 157

A more slender form than others of this region. The synonymous
.1. iritiflus is represented by fig. 4, of pi. 19. Figs. 5, 6 represent a
specimen dredged by the Hirondelle, off Azores.

A. PUNCTOSTRIATUS Adams. PL 19, figs. 22, 23; pi. 18, figs. 98,

99.

They vary from pure white to trifasciate with rose or livid brown,
usually faint and nebulous. The height of the spire, elevation of
the nucleus, and extent of shell covered by the punctate lines, vary
in the different specimens. Usually the spire is rather elevated,
nucleus somewhat depressed, and the punctate grooves cover about
half of the last whorl. There may be one or several subsutural
lines, the middle of the whorl is generally smooth and free from lines,
and the anterior part crowded. The northern ones are variegated
like those from the Antilles, but the latter are more frequently
bright colored. The very young, like those figured by Adams and
Orbigny, are usually white or translucent. The colors, when banded,
are nearly always rather nebulous, and the number of bands never
exceeds three, the anterior one most often absent. The shell is
is always thin, and often nearly translucent. (Da//).

Alt. 3-6 mill.

Buzzard's Bay, Mass., to Florida, Cuba and San Domingo, 2-63
fms.

Tornatella punctostriata C. B. AD., Bost. Journ. N. H. iii, p. 323,
pi. 3, f. 9, 1840.— OLD., Inv. Mass. p. 245, f. 188, 1841 ; edit. BIN-
NEY, p. 224, f. 515, 1870.— RVE., C. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. \7.—Actceon
punctostriatus STIMP., Shells of N. EngL, p. 51, 1851.— VERRILL,
Inv. Anim. Vineyard Sd., p. 664, pi. 25, f. 165, 1874 ; Trans. Conn.
Acad. vi, p. 467, pi. 45, f. 17 (var.). — BALL, Rep. Blake Gastr., p.
40. — Actceon cubensis GABB, Top. Geol. San Domingo, p. 245, 1873.
— MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 170, 1875. — Tornatella punctata ORB.,
Moll. Cuba i, p. 230, pi. 17, f. 10-12, 1842 (not of Lea nor Pidtte).

The synonymous T. punctata Orb. is represented on pi. 18, fig. 98,
99.

A. TURRITUS Watson. PL 20, figs. 29, 30.

Shell strongish, oblong, pale yellow, translucent, somewhat glossy,
with a high conical coarsely tipped spire and rounded striated
whorls. Sculpture: Longitudinals — there are many feeble lines of
growth. Spirals — the surface of the shell is scored with narrow
shallow, irregular, unequal, distant furrows formed by hardly con-

158 ACTION.

tinuous stipplings, which are round on the upper and oblong on
the last whorl ; between these furrows there often occurs a weaker
one formed in the same way; on the base they are small and
crowded ; toward the upper suture they are strong ; on the first in
particular they are so. Colour : the shell itself is translucent white,,
but is covered with very thin yellow membranaceous epidermis.
Spire high, conical, and scalar. Apex very coarse and blunt,
slightly immersed, but not inverted. Whorls 6, rounded above>
cylindrical below ; the last is short and slightly tumid. Suture very
little oblique, strong and somewhat channelled. Mouth oval to
pear-shaped. Outer lip leaves the body at a right angle ; it is reg-
ularly arched throughout, patulous in front. Inner lip : a thin de-
fined glaze crosses the body and runs direct down the pillar with a
straight sharp edge, behind which is a minute chink ; the tooth,
which is close up to the body, is very slight and blunt. Alt. O31
in. ; diam. 0'18. Penultimate whorl, height O08. Mouth, height
0-17, breadth O'l. (Wats.}.

Off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fms. (Challenger^*

A. turritus WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xvii, p. 285 ; Chall.
Rep. Gastr., p. 628, pi. 47, f. 2.— Cow/. BALL, Blake Rep. Gastr.,
p. 40.

This species is represented by only one specimen, of which the
outer lip is somewhat broken. The spire is extremely high and
scalar. In this respect, and in the rounded form of the whorls it
somewhat resembles Actceon (Solidula) suturalis A. Adams ; but
the apex is much blunter, and the sculpture much finer than in that
species. ( Wats.}.

A. MELAMPOIDES Dall. PI. 20, fig. 33.

Shell short, stout with a depressed spire and shouldered last
whorl ; white, with five whorls, sculptured with punctate spiral
lines ; nucleus small, eroded ; other whorls with two, three, or (on the
last) twenty to twenty-five spiral lines, which are distinctly punc-
tate, with about ten punctations in the length of a millimeter;
the spirals are crowded just in advance of the suture and near the
pillar, and especially distant on the shoulder of the last whorl;
suture distinct, with the anterior margin finely crenulate in the
last whorl ; other sculpture of fine lines of growth and microscopic
revolving strise as in the last species ; outer lip hardly oblique, join-
ing the body at a wider angle than usual, owing to the shouldering.

ACTION. 159'

of the last whorl, thin, simple, passing imperceptibly into the short,
twisted pillar which bears a single distinct fold ; body whorl with
only a glaze, pillar hardly or not at all thickened ; aperture approx-
mately lunate. Lon. of shell, 6'0 ; of last whorl, 5'25; of aperture,
4-25. Max. lat. of shell, 4'0 ; of aperture, 1'62 mill. (Dall).

Off Bahia Honda, Cuba, 310 fms. (Blake); Off e. coast of the
United States 2574 fms. (Verrill).

Actceon melampoides DALL, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 95, 1881 ; Blake
Rep., Gastr., p. 41, pi. 17, f. 2. — A. hebes VERRILL, Trans. Conn.
Acad. vi, p. 428, pi. 44, f. 15, 1885.

The A. hebes, which Dall believes to be identical, is shown in fig.
12 of pi. 19.

A. PERFORATUS Ball. PI. 20, fig. 36.

Shell small, pointed, waxen white, with a narrow opaque yellow-
sh band in advance of the suture, composed of about six whorls,
ind with a distinct umbilical perforation ; nucleus eroded, small ;
spire with about six, or (on the last whorl) eighteen strong and very
regularly and distinctly punctate grooves, the punctuations at the
rate (near the aperture) of about six to a millimeter, the grooves a
ittle more crowded anteriorly and distant posteriorly, the inter-
spaces everywhere wider than the grooves and with no intercalary
grooves or strise whatever ; transverse sculpture of faint lines of
growth ; aperture rounded in front, pointed behind; outer lip thin,
simple, arched, and continuous with the reflected thin pillar lip,
upon which a fold can hardly be made out ; body with a slight
glaze ; umbilical perforation straight, with smooth walls, appar-
ently very deep, and about 0'25 mm. in diameter. Lon. of shell,
7-75 ; of last whorl, 6'0 ; of aperture, 40. Max. lat. of shell, 4*62 ;
of aperture, 2'0 mill. (Dall).

Gulf of Mexico, 805 fms. (Blake). One specimen.

A. perforatus DALL, Bull. M. C. Z., ix, p. 96 ; Blake Rep. Gastr.
p. 42, pi. 18, f. 3.

It differs from A. exiguus Dkr. of the same region in its very much
shorter spire and globular proportions, in its obsolete columellar
fold and the strength and uniformity of its punctate sulci. The
anterior part of the last whorl being a little larger than any part
posterior to it, this shell has a somewhat pyriform appearance.
(Dall).

160 ACTION.

A. DANAIDA Dal). PI. 20, fig. 32.

Shell elongated, moderately pointed, polished, white, and having
about six whorls ; spiral sculpture of (on the spire) six, or (on the
last whorl) over twenty-five punctate grooves, more crowded an-
teriorly, but with two or three coarser than the rest, just in advance
of the suture; between these original grooves in the latter half of
the last whorl intercalary single or double grooves appear, which are
seldom quite as deep as the originals, and at first are not punctate,
but at last, and especially near the anterior extreme of the shell, be-
come nearly as well marked as the original series ; transverse sculpt-
ure consisting only of lines of growth, by a peculiar thickening of
certain of which when they cross the grooves the punctate appear-
ance is produced ; nucleus eroded, minute ; suture appressed, distinct,
but the thin appressed anterior margin seems peculiarly liable to
erosion, which in some cases takes place, so as to produce the
appearance of a channelled suture; whorls slightly rounded ; outer
lip thin, simple, somewhat produced in the middle, passing imper-
ceptibly into the thin twisted pillar, which is slightly reflected, and
bears one inconspicuous, very oblique fold ; body with a thin layer
of callus ; aperture rounded in front, rather narrow, pointed behind :
no umbilical chink in this or any of the preceding species. Lon. of
shell, 11-0; of last whorl, 7'75 ; of aperture, 6'25. Max. lat, of
shell, 5-25 ; of aperture, 3'0 mill. (Dall).

Off Tortugas, 339 fms. (Blake).

A. danaida DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 42, 1881 ; Blake Rep.
Gastr., p. 42, pi. 17, f. 12.

One specimen and a fragment obtained. It is an elegant and
excessively punctate species, which looks as if it might have been
pelted by a shower of little coins.

A. INCISUS Dall. PI. 20, figs. 31, 34.

Shell short, thin, inflated, waxen white, polished, with five or six
whorls and a rather acute spire ; nucleus minute, more or less im-
mersed, eroded to some extent in every specimen ; apical whorls
smooth, polished, rounded ; suture very distinct, in the majority of
cases not channelled ; the apical whorls with two or three distant
narrow grooves across which in some cases, pass elevated lines of
growth which appear nowhere else, or, if at all, only in the suture
near the apex ; last whorl forming the largest part of the shell, in-
flated, provided with ten or eleven spiral grooves, which are nearer

ACTION. 161

together anteriorly ; these grooves are somewhat zigzag by exigencies
of growth, but are not punctate, as in so many species ; other spiral
sculpture consisting of microscopically fine slightly zigzag striae,
about seventy in the width of a millimeter; transverse sculpture
only of most delicate flexuous lines of growth most evident near the
sutures; aperture rounded in front, pointed behind; outer lip thin,
simple, arcuated toward the periphery, passing imperceptibly into
the pillar ; body with a slight callus joining the rather slender
pillar which carries one inconspicuous fold. Lon. of shell, 9'0; of
last whorl, 7'0 ; of aperture, 5*75. Max. lat. of shell, 5'75 ; of
aperture, 3'0 mill. (Dull).

Yucatan St., off Cape San Antonio, 640 fms.

A. incisus DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 95 ; Blake Rep. Gastr., p.
42, pi. 17, f. 1,16.

In this, as in the preceding deep-water species, the fold or ridge
on the columella is faint, though not entirely absent, and is best
seen from the side; in fact, it is almost invisible in all, except A.
melampoides, from in front as the figures are viewed. The columella
in these figures, however, is drawn as straighter and broader than it
really appears; but in these particulars it is very difficult to get a
draughtsman who knows nothing of shells to catch the characteristic
curves in every instance. (Dull).

A. EXIGUUS (Bunker) Morch. Unfigured.

Shell covered-perforate, flesh colored, ovate ; spire elevated, nearly
half the length of the shell; last whorl with its lower half sulcate,
the bottoms of the grooves punctate ; spire and upper half of the
body-whorl smooth; suture subcontabulate, margined by an im-
pressed line; columellar fold strong.

Length 6£, diam. 3 mill. (Morch).

Antilles (Riise).

Actceon exiguus DKR. mss. MORCH, Malak. Blatter, xxii, p. 169,
1875.

Var. ovalis Morch. Spire shorter, suture margined with two deep
grooves. Alt. 6, diam. 3'1 mill.

A. SPLENDIDULUS Morch. Unfigured.

Shell elongate-ovate, very solid, whitish, bright and shining.
Whorls about 5, the last with impressed spiral lines, punctate along
their bottoms, very distant in the middle of the last whorl, but to-
ward the base becoming closer and in pairs. Sutural region smooth.

162 ACTION.

Spire elevated, with two punctate lines. Columellar fold oblique, ]
but little projecting; lip thick. Alt. 4'75, diam. 2'25 mill. ; aper-
ture 2-75 mill. high. (Morcli).

St. Thomas (Riise), one specimen.

A. splendidula MORCH Malak. Blatter xxii, p. 170, 1875.
A. CUMINGII A. Adams. PL 19, figs. 16, 17.

Shell oval, subcylindrical, flesh colored ; spire exserted ; whorls
convex, transversely sulcate, the sulci beautifully cancellated, lon-
gitudinally striated. Columella with a single fold below. Aperture
white inside, the lip acute, subsinuous above. (Ad.}.

Rio Janeiro (Martin) ; Porto Eico (Krebs) ; 5 miles off Cape
Florida, in 8 fms. (Rush).

A. cumingii A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 59. — MORCH, Mai. El. xxii,
p. 169. — DALL, Blake Rep. Moll., p. 40. — Tornatella cumingii RVE.,
Conch. Icon, xv, f. 12. — Tornatella textilis GUPPY, Geol. Mag
1874, p. 407, pi. 16, f. 4.

This differs from A. delicatus by its stumpier form, coarser an<
ruder subcancellate striation, more prominent fold on the columella
and particularly by its nucleus which, though small, is swollen am
set on the peek of a very acute spire like a swollen terminal bud o
a twig. In delicatus the nucleus, instead of appearing larger, is con
siderably smaller than the whorl in front of it, in which it is als
partially immersed. (Dall).

A. DELICATUS Dall. PL 20, fig. 35.

Shell ovate, white, or suffused with rose pink, not in bands bu
generally, or in longitudinal flammules, with usually a white mar
gin in front of the suture ; there are six or seven whorls, the las
more than half the length of the shell, regularly rounded an
grooved by, on the last whorl, 20-30 strong, rather deep, coarsel
punctate grooves between rounded interspaces; lines of growt
quite preceptible, suture somewhat appressed, not channelled ; apei
ture more than half as long as the shell ; outer lip thin, inner li
hardly callous, columella straight, without any chink behind
and bearing a single moderate fold. Nucleus small, mostly im
mersed in the succeeding whorl, apex not acute, surface usually no
polished, but a little less coarsely sculptured than that of A. cum
ingii Adams. Lon. of the largest specimen, lO'O ; max. lat. 5*6 ; Ion
of aperture, 6'0 mill. (Dall}.

ACTION. 1 63

Station 19,310 fms. (Sigsbee) ; Station 50 (Lat. 26° 31' and Lon.
•85° 53'), in 119 fms.; Station 290, off Barbados, in 73 fms., coral,
bottom temperature 70° 75°, F ; and Station 100, off Morro Light
Havana, in 250-400 fms.; Off Point Gallegos, eastern Patagonia, in
50 i fms.

A.fasdatusf BALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 94, 1881, not of Lam-
-arck.— A. delieatus DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 41, pi. 17, f. 5, 1889;
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 296, 1889.

The difference between the nucleus of this species and that of A.
Cumingii is noted under the latter species. It is just possible that
that it is to the present species that is to be referred the single spec-
imen obtained by Gabb, and which he referred to A. tornatilis. The
latter is not known from this region.

A. CURTULUS Dall. Unfigured.

Shell small, short, subglobular, white, not polished; surface
^covered with sharp, deep, close set, spiral grooves minutely punctate
at bottom ; whorls three, beside the prominent, polished, smooth,
globular, sinistral nucleus; suture distinct, not channelled; outer
lip thin, simple ; body with a thin wash of callus; pillar short, thin,
very much twisted, so that its outer edge presents a plait-like appear-
ance, while the shell seems almost canaliculate, though the pillar is
continuous with the basal margin ; above the twisted edge and
separated from it by a deep channel is a second less prominent
plait; altitude of shell, 3 ; diameter, 2 mill. (Dall).

West coast of Patagonia, 122 fms. (Albatross).

A. curtulus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 296, 1889.

This little shell is mostly comprised in the last whorl and appears
mature. It recalls Stilifer, or a small snow-white Pedipes, as much as
anything, and is different from any recent species of the group I have
-seen. (Dall).

A. BULLATUS Gould. PL 49, figs. 10, 11.

Shell small, thin, smooth, whitish, covered with a most delicate
straw colored epidermis. The whole surface is marked with regularly
arranged, deep, linear, revolving grooves, of which there are about
five on the upper whorls, and about sixteen on the principal whorl.
In some parts the furrows seem to be crossed by delicate bars. The
interspaces are flat. There are five whorls, which have a distinct,
square shoulder; the large whorl is tumid, the upper one plane.

164 ACT^EON.

The aperture is lunate, about three-fifths the length of the shell.

The columella, about one-third the length of the aperture, is flat,

and divided by a single groove. (Gld.~).

Alt. 6-25 diarn. 4'16 mill.

Of Patagonia (U. S. Ex. Exped.),

Tornatella bullata OLD., Froc. Bost. Soc. K H. ii, p. 251 (Dec.,
1847) ; U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 218, f. 263a-6.

The following species is very closely allied to this.

A. VAGABUNDA Mabille & Rochebrune. PI. 18, figs. 95, 96.

Shell ovate-conic, rather thin, solid, shining, dull reddish, spirally
sulcate; sulci on first whorls slightly elevated, about 5; on last
whorl 20 or 22, flattened, regularly spaced. Spire elevated, conic-
subpyramidal, the apex large, white, lirate, mammillate. Whorls
5 2, convex separated by an impressed suture, especially the earlier
ones. Last whorl large, two-thirds the entire length, slightly swollen,
narrowed toward the base, and descending slowly to its termination.
Aperture nearly vertical, semi-ovate ; peristome nearly straight,
slightly thickened, the terminations joined by a very thin white
callus, outer margin well curved, simple; basal margin slightly
thickened and effuse, columellar margin appressed. Columella
white, thickened, twisted, divided by a superficial groove, prolonged
to the base of the aperture. Alt. 9, diam. 5 mill. (M. & E.^).

South of Cape Horn.

Tornatella vagabunda MAB. & ROCH., Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. ii,
p. 208, 1885. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Moll., p. 12, pi. 6, fig. 2.

Separated from Tornatella bullata Old. by the more elongated
form, last whorl less swollen, greater number of whorls, same num-
ber of spirals on the earlier, but greater number on the last whorl ;
narrower aperture, with less arcuate and narrower outer lip, and
stronger columella.

A. VENUSTUS d'Orbigny. PI. 18, figs. 100, 101.

Shell elongated-cylindrical, thin, roseate, transversely striated
spire elongated, the apex obtuse ; whorls 5, the last large. Aperture
narrow and long; columella with one projecting fold. Length 10,

diam. 3.J mill. (Orb.').

Payta, Peru. (Fontaine).

Tornatella venusta ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Mer. p. 399, pi. 56, f.
4-6. — Actceon venusta ORB., t. c., p. 700.

ACTJEON. 165

A. iM-RcoNicus Dall. PL 18, fig. 83.

Shell pear-shaped or conic, with rather acute spire, polished ivory
white, with four whorls beside the nucleus; transverse sculpture of
incremental lines ; spiral sculpture of three to five close-set, sharp,
punctate grooves in front of the suture, more distant anteriorly, and
a similar but more numerous and uniformly spaced series just behind
the pillar, behind which again are four or five widely separated
similar grooves the posterior near the periphery ; between them and
near the periphery, as well as behind it, are no grooves or but faint
spiral obsolete stride; suture distinct but not channelled ; last whorl
much the largest; outer lip straight, simple, slightly thickened;
body with a moderate deposit of callus ; pillar as in A. curtalus, but
less strongly twisted and with the plait and recurved margin sub-
equal ; although the margin is continuous, there is a rather deep
sulcus behind the anterior end of the pillar, corresponding to a
groove, which bounds the columella callus; longitude of shell, 5;
latitude, 3 ; longitude of aperture, 3 mill. (Dall).

Near Galapagos Is., in 812 fms. (Albatross).

A. perconicus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 296, pi. 12, f. 7,
1889.

This shell and the last species seem to stand in an intermediate
position between Actceon of the typical kind and Cinulia. If the
outer lip should eventually become much thickened, of which, how-
ever, there is no satisfactory evidence, these shells might be referred
to Cinulia. If the A. curtulus recalls Pedipes mirabilis Muhlfeldt
in its form and sculpture, A. perconicus recalls P. elongatus Dall.
(Dall).

A. OVULUM Pfeiffer.

Shell small, ovate, shining, white ; spire conic. Whorls 6, nearly
flat, the last three times the length of the spire. Columella biplicate
at base. Aperture entire, oblong, narrow ; lip simple, widened in
the middle. Length T66, diam. -75 mill. (Pfr.).

Cuba.

Tornatella ovulum PFR., Arch. f. Naturg. vi, 1840, p. 256. — Actceon
(Actceonideat) ovulum MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 170.

Da!l (Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 41) remarks that this may be an im-
mature Marginella.

ACTION AUSTRALIS Quoy & Gaim. (Astrol. ii, p. 317),=Elysia,
in Nudibranchiata.
12

UNIVERSITY ]

166 ACT^EON-LEUCOTINA.

Section RICTAXIS Ball, 1871.

Ridaxis DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 136, type Tornatella
punctoccelata Cpr. — Actceonidea GABB., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- i
delphia, 1872, p. 273, type A. oryza Gabb.

Shell like Actceon, but with the columella obliquely truncated at
base or having a small projection there.

A. PUNCTOC^ELATUS Carpenter. PI. 49, figs. 24.

Shell oblong with conoidal spire ; white with two broad ashy or
or brown zones. Whorls 5, convex, separated by impressed and
narrowly channelled sutures. Surface sculptured throughout with
spiral equidistant conspicuously punctate grooves, the raised inter-
vals smooth except for a fine engraved line along the middle of each.
Grooves on body-whorl about 26. Aperture two-fifths to two-thirds
the length of the shell. Columella having a spiral fold above,
obliquely truncated at base.

Alt. 13-5, diam. 7 mill.

Alt. 10, diam. 4'5 mill.

Catalina Island and San Diego, California (Cooper, Gabb. et at.*) ;
Monterey (Dall).

Tornatella punctoccelata CPR., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 646 ;
Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 139. — Actceon (Rietaxis) punctoccelata
DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 136.

This species is well distinguished by the obliquely truncated base
of its columella. It occurs in the Pliocene of San Diego Bay.

Genus LEUCOT1NA A. Adams, 1860.

Leucotina A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1860, (3) v, p. 406, type
niphonensis. — E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1890, p. 298.-
Myonia A. AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), v, p. 406, type M.ja\
ica. Not Myoma Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci., iv, p. 158, 1847.-
Monoptygrna A. AD., (in part) P. Z. S. 1851, p. 222, and in Sowb.
Thes. Conch, ii, p. 816. Not Monoptygma Lea.

Shell ovate or elongated, usually rimate, thin, whitish, with coi
vex whorls; sculptured with spiral punctured or subpunct
grooves. Aperture rather small, oblong, produced and rounded b(
low, the outer lip simple or crenulated within, columella with om
small oblique fold. Type L. niphonensis A. Ad.

LEUCOTINA. 167

Soft parts unknown. With the genus Leucotina, Mr. E. A. Smith
unites Adams' Myonia, proposed for shells of somewhat more elon-
gated contour. There seems to be no difference between the two
groups of more than specific importance.

Leucotina contains shells more elongated than the true Actseons,
but with a similar, though weaker, columellarfold,andthesamepunct-
ure grooved sculpture. The genus has therefore been generally
held to belong to Actceonidce rather than to the Pyramidellidce, some
members of which have a somewhat similar aspect. Fischer has
constituted a group Adceopyramis for certain species formerly refer-
red by Adams to Monoptygma, such as A. striata Gray, fulva A.
Ad. and eximia Lischke. These seem to be quite distinct from
Leucotina; but the other species of Adams' Monoptygma may, with
the exception of some longitudinally ribbed forms, be referred with-
out violence to Leucotina. Tryon, in the eighth volume of the
MANUAL, has enlarged Fischer's group more than is justifiable, by
including these Leucotinas.

L. DIANJE A. Adams. PI. 18, figs. 68, 69, 88, 89.

Shell ovate-conic, umbilicate, with elevated spire, the whorls con-
vex, the last one ventricose ; white ; transversely strongly lirate, the
interstices closely latticed. Aperture oval ; columella uniplicate,
the inner lip subreflexed below, outer lip crenulated. (Ad.}.

Bay of Jedo, Japan.

Actceon diance AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 59. — Tornatella diance REEVE,
Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. 19. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p.
171 ; iii, p. 76.

L. <;IGANTEA Dunker. PI. 18, figs. 92, 93.

Shell ovate-turritted, white, sometimes yellowish, subsolid, trans-
versely regularly costate [see detail fig.]. Whorls 8, convex,
separated by impressed sutures, the last whorl half the length of the
shell. Aperture ovate ; lip somewhat thickened, sulcate within ;
columella sinuous, having a strong fold, the margin a little reflexed
in the place of the umbilical chink, half covering it ; apex somewhat
obtuse. Alt. 31, diam. 14 mill.

Japan.

Odontostomia gigantea DKR., Malak. Bl. xxvi, p. 71. — Action
giganteus DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 160, pi. 2, f. 8, 9.

168 LEUCOTINA.

The rather solid shell is encircled by regular ribs flat above an<l
obsoletely striated, on the last whorl 22-26 in number. The inte™
vening sulci are seen under a lens to be striated and cancellated.

L. LYRATA (Cpr.) Reeve. PL 18, figs. 70, 71.

Shell pyramidally turbinated, transversely prominently ridgeJ
and grooved throughout ; white ; spire sharply acuminated ; coB
umella but little plaited; aperture small. (Rve.).

Hong Kong, Chinm

Parthenia lyrata CPR. MS. in Mus. Cuming. — Tornatella lyram
REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. 21, 1865.

Closely resembling L. modesta in form, but the surface instead of
being finely linearly grooved, is closely strongly grooved and ridgel
(Jf&e.).

L. SULCATA A. Adams.

Shell white, solid, ovate-conic, umbilicated. Whorls 3£, a littll
flattened, transversely deeply sulcate, the sulci obsoletely punctate.
Aperture oblong ; inner lip a little straightened, furnished with a
vanishing fold. (Ad.).

Corea Strait, 46 fms. (Ad J

Leucotina sulcata AD., Ann. Mag. N. H.(3),viii, p. 241, Sept., 186LJ

L. niphonensis A. Ad. is the nearest to this species, from which,,
however, it differs in being more conoidal, shorter and broader ; the
transverse obscurely punctate grooves, moreover, are very deep, and
the umbilicus is conspicuous and open. (Ad.).

L. NIPHONENSIS A. Adams. PL 49, fig. 7.

Shell white, thin, oblong-oval ; whorls 82, a little convex, tra
versely sulcate, the interstices punctate. Aperture oblong, subp:
duced in front; inner lip with an oblique fold, scarcely conspicuous
outer lip acute, simple. (Ad.).

16 miles from Mino-Sima, off Niphon ; Strait oj Corea, 63 fms
(Ad.).

Leucotina niphonensis AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), v, p. 407
— Tornatella niphonensis REEVE, Couch. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. 16.

This species is the type of Adams' genus Leucotina.
L. EXARATA A. Adams.

Shell ovate-conic, white, umbilicated, rather solid ; whorls
little convex, transversely lirate, the interstices very delicately long

:

LEUCOTINA. 169

ludinally striated. Aperture ovate, acute behind ; parietal fold
irly median, small, oblique. (Ad.).

Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. (Ad.).

Leucotina exarata AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), vi, p. 421, Dec.,
I860.

i. INSCULPTA A. Adams.

Shell acuminate-ovate, white, perforate, rather solid, whorls 43, a
ittle convex, transversely lirate, the interstices strongly punctate,
iperture oblong, narrowed behind, dilated in front, the inner lip
[hickened, parietal fold nearly concealed. (Ad.).

Strait of Corea, 46 fms. (Ad.).

Leucotina insculpta A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), vi, p. 421 ;
iin. Mag. (3), viii, p. 138.

Adams republished this species, from the same locality, but with a
lew diagnosis, in 1861. His later description is here given :

Shell ovate-conic, rimate, white, rather solid. Spire elevated,
jute. Whorls slightly convex, transversely lirate, the lira? flat,
[ually spaced, the interstices closely, subtly punctate. Aperture
ite ; with a parietal fold above; lip subexplanate in front; um-
>ilical region impressed, rimate. (Ad.).

L. PUNCTATA A. Adams.

Shell ovate, rather solid, imperforate; spire produced, acute;
whorls a little flattened, transversely sulcate, the sulci deeply punc-
itate; aperture ovate; lip somewhat thickened in front; parietal
fold superior. (Ad.).

Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. (Ad.).

Leucotina punctata AD., t. c., p. 139.

L. JAPONICA A. Adams.

Shell turrited-subulate, white, subpellucid ; whorls a little flat-
tened, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant, interstices punctate ;
aperture oblong, subreflexed in front ; inner lip rather straight,
furnished above with a scarcely conspicuous oblique fold; outer lip
sulcate within, the margin crenulated. (Ad.).

Strait of Corea; off Niphon (Ad.).

Mijonia japonica A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, p. 406, May,
1860.

170 LEUCOTINA.

Most nearly allied to A. lauta A. Ad. This species is the type of
the genus Myonia A. Ad.

L. ELEGANS A. Adams.

Shell subulate, thin, semi-opaque, graceful. Whorls 6, slightly
convex, transversely sulcate, the sulci oblique, distant and punctate.
Aperture ovate, acuminate posteriorly ; parietal fold thin, median,
oblique; lip simple. (Ad.).

Gulf of Pe- Chili, 5 fms. (Ad.).

Myonia elegans AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), viii, p. 241, Sept.,
1861.

Most like M. punctigera A. Ad., but more slender and transparent,
with longer whorls and a thin inner lip ; the transverse grooves,
moreover, are not so coarsely punctate. (Ad.).

L. SCITULA A. Adams.

Shell subulate-ovate, white, opaque, shining. Whorls 4, a little
flattened, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant, closely punctate;
sutures impressed. Last whorl large, elongated. Aperture ovate,,
dilated in front, acuminate behind; parietal fold conspicuous,
oblique, lip simple. (Ad.).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. (Ad.).

Myonia scitula AD., t. c., p. 242.

A small species, somewhat similar in appearance to M. punctigera
from the Gulf of Pe-chili, but shorter and more ovate. (Ad.).

L. MODESTA A. Adams. PI. 49, figs. 8, 9.

Shell elongate-conic, subpellucid, thin, white. Spire turrited-
acute. Whorls' slightly convex, transversely sulcate, the sulci equi-
distant, punctate ; longitudinally striated. Aperture oval ; col-
umella oblique, uni-plicate. (Ad.).

Corrigidor 7 fms. (Cuming).

Actceon modestus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 60. — Tornatella mod-
esta REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 4, f. 20.

This is an elongated, semipellucid species, resembling more a
Monoptygma than an Actceon, with the spire elevated, and the plait
on the columella near the hind part. (Ad.).

L. ESTHER Angas. PI. 49, fig. 19,

Shell ovate, rather solid, scarcely rimate, whitish : whorls five,,
transversely grooved and crossed with very fine longitudinal lines;

LEUCOTINA. 171

aperture oblong-ovate, half the length of the shell ; columella white
straight, parietal fold hardly visible.
Length 2? lines, breadth 1] lines.

Port Jackson, deep water (Coll. Angas).

Leucotina esther ANG., P. Z. S. 1867, p. 116, 225, pi. 13, f. 31.

L. SINUATA Angas. PI. 49, figs. 14, 15, 16.

Shell elongately turreted, thin, semipellucid, white, transversely
striated with narrow, equidistant, opaque diaphanous lines, and
crossed on the last whorl with extremely delicate longitudinal stria3 ;
whorls 8, convex ; sutures channelled ; aperture ovate, angled
above, rounded below ; columella arcuate, a little flattened and
reflected over the body-whorl ; outer lip deeply sinuous above, form-
ing a sharp angle at its junction with the last whorl, rounded and
effuse below. Alt. 3? lines, diam. H lines. (Aug.).

Dredged on the " Sow and Pigs" reef, Port Jackson (Brazier).

Myonia sinuata ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 39, pi. 5, f. 18.

Although in this shell the slight plait or twist on the columella is
not discernible, it otherwise resembles a Myonia; and I have, there-
fore, placed it in that genus, which belongs to the Acteonidce, rather
than with Monoptygma or Menestho. The sinuous outer lip is a re-
markable feature in this species. (Aug.).

L. MISUTA Smith. PI. 60, fig. 17.

Shell minute, oblong, white ; whorls 5, the nucleus rounded, intro-
verted, spirally lirate ; the following whorls convex, with spiral
delicate lirse (about 7 on the penultimate whorl), the interstices a
little narrower than the lirse and very delicately longitudinally
sculptured. Aperture ovate, acuminate above; below, with the
arcuate and dilated columella, slightly effuse ; columellar fold central,
distinct. Alt. 2], diam, J mill. Shorter variety 2i mill, long, 1
mi 11. wide. (Smith).

St. Helena.

Leucotina minuta E. A. SM., P. Z. S. 1890, p. 298, pi. 24, f. 9.

The apex of this species is peculiar, being introverted as it were,
and partly enveloped by the succeeding whorl. It is not smooth as
is frequently the case in other species, but obliquely spirally lirate.
The raised lines in the grooves between the ridges produce a sub-
punctate appearance. (Sm.).

172 LEUCOTINA-ACT^ONINA.

L. ELONGATA Sowerby. PL 49, figs. 22, 23.

Shell elongated, white ; spire turrited, very lightly convex,
whorls 8, slightly convex, spirally sculptured with about 8 incised
sulci, which are rather narrow, moderately deep arid obscurely
punctured ; sutures deep. Last whorl oblong. Aperture oblong-
ovate, small, the columella straight, peristome simple. Length 13,
diam. 3i mill.; aperture long. 3i, width 2] mill. (Sowb.*).

Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

Leucotina elongata SOWB., Shells of S. Africa, p. 52, pi. 11, f. 57.

A white shell, spirally grooved, of a more elongated form than
the known species of the genus. (Soivb.).

L. PUNCTURATA Smith. See MANUAL VIII, p. 314. Whydah,
W. Africa.

Monoptygma (Myoma) puncturata E. A. S., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 734,
pi. 75, f. 16.

L. CASTA A. Adams. PL 18, fig. 72. See MANUAL VIII, p.
314. Monoptygma casta A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 223; Thes.
Conch., ii, p. 818. — Leucotina casta SOWB., Sh. S. Africa, p. 52. —
Odostomia (Parthenia*) casta WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 487. —
Monoptygma concinna AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 819, pi. 172, f. 34. —
Myonia concinna ANGAS., P. Z. S., 1867, p. 225.

China Seas (Ad.) ; Port Jackson (Ang.) ; Bass Strait (Chall.) ;
Port Elizabeth (Sowb.).

L. LAUTA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 75. See MANUAL, VIII, p. 313.
Philippines.

L. AMOENA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 76. See MANUAL, VIII, p.
313. Philippines.

L. SPECIOSA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 73, 74. See MANUAL, VIII,
p. 314. Philippines.

L. PURA A. Adams, pi. 18, fig. 77. See MANUAL, VIII, p, 314.
New Zealand.

L. SENEGALENSIS Malzan. Unfigured. Goree.

Actceon (Amathis) senegalensis MALZ., Nachrbl. d. m. Ges., xvii,
p. 29.

Genus ACT^ONINA d'Orbignj, 1850.

Acteonina D'ORB., Prodr. Paleont. Stratigr. Universelle, etc., p.
118, 226, type Chemnitzia carbonaria Koninck, Descr. Anim. Foss.
Carb. Belg., pi. 41, f. 15. Paleont. Francaise, ii, p. 161, 1850.

ACTJEONINA. 173

Shell shaped like Action, imperforate, oval or fusiform, with the
spire prominent, but shorter than the last whorl. Whorls angular
or channelled in the vicinity of the suture. Aperture long and nar-
row, rounded at base, the columella concave, somewhat thickened,
without folds or teeth. Type A. carbonaria Kon.

This genus was proposed for fossil forms having the contour of a
slender, long-apertured Actceon, but without folds upon the colum-
ellar lip. Orbigny claims the date 1847 for Adceonina, but it was
not actually published in that year. See Prodr. Pal. Strat. Univ.,
i, p. lix. The genus has been restricted by Meek, who removed
from it the peculiar groups Conadceon and Euconactceon. The typical
forms extend from the Carboniferous to the Portlandian formation.

The two recent species referred to the genus are to be regarded
as very doubtful members of it. They are more likely to be an in-
dependent group of foldless Adceonidae near Bullina, than descend-
ants of this long extinct genus, the shells of which have a fades
quite different.

A. EDENTULA Watson. PL 49, figs. 12, 13.

Shell fragile, ovate, white, with a thin, chestnut-colored epider-
mis, a bluntish scalar spire, a largish mouth, inner lip untoothed.
Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are very many close set minute
lines of growth, with here and there one much stronger than the
rest, which cuts in like a fault on the spirals, interrupting their con-
tinuity. Spirals — there are many regular, but not sharp-cut nor
stippled furrows which corrugate even the interior surface of the
shell : about 70 of these are on the body ; about 20 on the penulti-
mate whorl. They are strongest toward the middle of the body-
whorl, and somewhat faint toward the upper suture ; the flat surface
between them which is about thrice their breadth, is more or less
distinctly scored by a very faint furrow. Color opaque white,
covered with a thin, glossy chestnut-colored epidermis, which is a
little darker below the suture and on the base. Spire rather high,
roundedly and bluntly conical, scalar. Apex slightly eroded,
but evidently blunt, large and slightly inverted. Whorls 5£,
somewhat convex, of rather rapid but regular increase; the last
is long and cylindrical, with a rounded produced base. Suture
oblique, strong; axially impressed rather than channelled. Mouth
long, transversely pear-shaped, narrowing very gradually above,
open and rounded below.

174 ACT^ONINA.

Outer lip a little patulous above, a good deal so on the base ; it
rises from the body-whorl at a right angle but immediately bends
downwards and runs forward to the base quite straight and parallel
to the axis; across the base it is slightly emarginate. Inner lip; a
thin, narrow glaze crosses the body and borders the pillar, which is
narrow and concave, with a rounded, slightly twisted, and feebly
marginated edge. There is no tooth. Alt. 1 in. ; diam. 0*5. Penul-
timate whorl, height O2. Mouth, height O65 ; breadth 0'31. This
fine species is represented by only one somewhat broken specimen.
(Wats.).
Balfour Bay, Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 60 fms. (Challenger.)

Actceon edentulus WATS., Journ. L. Soc. Lond., xvii, p. 284. —
Actceon (Actceonina') edentulus WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 632,.
pi. 47, f. 6.

A. CHARIIS Watson. PL 49, fig. 5, 6.

Shell small, ovate, thin, translucent white with flatly rounded
whorls, a short subscalar very bluntly tipped spire, a largish roundish
mouth, sinuated. outer lip, and edentulous pillar. Sculpture:
Longitudinals — there are numerous, unequal, sinuous hair-like,
obsolete lines of growth. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with
flattish rounded threads and shallow furrows of half their breadth
between ; these become feeble in the middle of the whorls ; the fur-
rows are not stippled. Color translucent-white and glossy.
Spire conical, scarcely scalar. Apex extremely blunt, being sud-
denly truncated and flattened ; the extreme tip is very slightly in-
verted. Whorls 4J, constricted above, flatly rounded in the mid-
dle, and very faintly constricted below ; the last is very little
tumid, with a rounded and slightly produced base. Suture strong,
slightly oblique, impressed and slightly channelled. Mouth roundly
pear shaped, very bluntly pointed above. Outer lip : there is a
strong, shallowish and wide sinus above ; below this the lip edge
(straight in its direction) is prominent, with a very slight emargi-
nation on the patulous and rounded base-line. Inner lip : an ex-
cessively thin and narrow glaze crosses the body, which is scarcely
convex ; the line of junction with the pillar and out to the point of
the shell is roundly concave: the lip edge on the pillar is narrow
and sharp, and there is behind it a small furrow. Alt. O'l in.;
diam. 0'05. Penultimate whorl, height 0'02. Mouth, height O05 ;
breadth 0'03 inch. ( Wats.).

Of San Miguel, Azores, in 1000 fms. (Challenger).

BULLINA. 17t>

Action (?) chariis WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvii, p.
288.— A. (Acteonina) chariis WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 633, pi.
47, f. 7.

This species is very slightly like Actceon exilis Jeffr., still more
Actceon bovetemis Seguenza, but is obviously different from both.

Genus BULLINA Ferussac, 1821.

Bullina FER., Tab. Syst., p. xxx, 1821, proposed for Bidla undu-
laid Brug., physis, amplustre, scabra and velum Dillw. — H. & A. AD.,
Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 8. — A. AD., in Sowb., Thesaurus Conch., ii, p.
5G3.—Bullimila (Beck) SWAINS., Malacol. p. 360, type B. lineata
Sow., Man. f. 253.— GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 162.

Shell oval, generally rimate, with short, projecting spire, sinistral
apex, and large, swollen body-whorl ; rather thin, spirally punctate-
grooved, decorated with red or brown lines. Aperture about three-
fourths the shells' length, narrow above, widened below; the colum-
ella vertical, often with an indistinct fold above, obliquely truncated
at base. Operculum small, horny, linear, transverse. Type B. scabra.

This genus differs from other Acheonidce in the style of coloring,
the rather large distorted apex, and the very distinct basal trunca-
tion of the columella, more marked than in Rictaxif.

In Ferussac's publication of the name Bullina, no diagnosis is
given, and his list of species includes representatives of four genera.
The first species named, •' Bulla undulata Brug." (evidently an error
for B. undata Brug.), cannot be considered the type because Brug-
uiere described no species under that name, and Ferussac did not
even have the true undata Brug. in mind, his "undulata" being
probably an Oriental species. It would hardly be allowable to fol-
low a type through paths so devious, especially when the identifica-
tion rests upon the correction of two errors in Ferussac's work,
on purely hypothetical grounds: first, that by " undulata Brug.,"
Ferussac meant " undata Brug. ; " and second, that by this name he
intended to indicate the species brought from Guam by Freycinet,
and subsequently described by Quoy as Bullcea guamense. This
inference is based upon Ferussac's words, "deux tentacules dis-
tincts," his information being probably obtained from Freycinet's
specimens. It seems to me that we can hardly agree with Martens
that B. guamensis, or with Fischer that B. undata is the type of
Bullina; too many guesses being involved in either case. Ferussac
included also in Bullina, " B. amplustre," the type of the prior genus

176 BULLINA.

Aplustrum Sebum.; B. physis and velum, belonging to Hydatina
Schum. ; and B. scabra, which H. & A. Adams and others have con-
sidered the type of the genus.

The few species are Indo-Pacific in distribution.

Key to Species.

a. Shell with spiral and longitudinal lines or bands of red.

b. Spiral bands wide, B. bruguieri.

bb. Spiral lines narrow, B. scabra.
aa. Shell translucent, with or without two spiral brown lines.

b. Columella obliquely truncated below, B. vitrea.

bb. Columella not truncated at base, B. deshayesii.

B. SCABRA Gmelin. PI. 45, figs. 18-22.

Shell ovate, obese, rimate or perforate; white or faint roseate
with two distant red spiral lines, and numerous arcuate or zig-zag
longitudinal red lines. Spire very short; whorls about four, the
nuclear whorl large, polished, reversed and distorted ; the following
whorls closely spirally grooved, the grooves formed of confluent
oblong punctures; interspaces flat above, becoming narrower and
rounded on the base. Aperture large, narrow behind ; outer lip
arched forward; columella vertical, straight, showing a very slight
fold above, and obliquely truncated at base ; the free edge of the
columella recurved over the more or less open umbilical chink.

Alt. 12, diam. I'l mill. (Port Stephens, K S. Wales).

Alt. 14, diam. 9 mill. (Nemoto, Boshiu, Japan).

Java (Chemnitz) ; Mauritius, Polynesia. (Martens) ; Port Eliza-
beth (Sowb.) ; Coogee Bay, Port Stephens, Middle Harbor, Lake
Macquarie, Port Jackson, N. S. Wales, Australia (Brazier, Angas.
Cox et a£.) ; Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand (Hutton) ; Sandwich
Islands (Pse.) ; Nemoto, Boshiu, Japan (F. Stearns).

Bulla scabra, etc., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 118, pi. 146, f.
1352, 1353 ; GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3434, and of DILLWYN
CataL, i, p. 484. LAMARCK, and other authors. — Bullina scabra
AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 563, pi. 120, f. 1.— SOWB., Conch. Icon.,
xviii, f. 1. — MARTENS, Moll. Mauritius, p. 303. — DKR., Ind. Moll.
Mar. Jap. p. 163. — Aplustrum scabrum WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr.,
p. 633. Voluta ziczac MUHLF., Ges. Naturforsch. Freunde zu
Berlin, Mag. fur die neuesten Entdeck., etc., viii, 1818, p. 5, pi. 1,
f. 4. Conf. MKE., Mai. Bl., i, p. 4Q.— Tornatella ziczac MARTENS &

BULLINA. 177

LANGKAVEL, Donum Bisniarckianurn, eine Samml. Siidsee-
Conchyl., p. 51, pi. 2, f. 20, 187l.—Bulla lineata GRAY, Ann.
Philos. (N. S.) ix, p. 408, 1825.— WOOD, Index Test, Suppl., p. 9,
no. 1, pi. 3, f. 1. — Bullina lineata A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 563,
pi. 120, f. 2.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. 1, f. 2. — BRAZIER,
Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. Wales, x, p.' 92, 1885.— HUTVON, Man. N.
Z. Moll., p. 120, 1880.— ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 225.— Bullina
undata H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 8 ; iii, pi. 56, f. 5a, not
Bulla undata Brug. — Bullina lauta PEASE, P. Z. S., 1860, p. 19. —
SOWB., in Conch. Icon., xviii, f. 5.

In the series of specimens before me from New South Wales
(Cox), Sandwich Is. (Pease) and Japan (Stearns), I am unable to
see differences of any specific value. The absolute size, the eleva-
tion of the spire, the prominence of the obsolete columellar folds and
the width of the umbilical perforation vary somewhat, but in iny
opinion the supposed species lineata, ziczacand lauta are not distinct
from the widely distributed Indo-Pacific B. scabra.

B. BRUGUIERI A. Adams. PI. 45, figs. 23,. 24.

Shell oval, ventricose, perforated. Pink, with two yellowish-
white bands, crossed by longitudinal pink undulating lines; trans-
versely ribbed, ribs flat, rough ; interstices with elevated longitudi-
nal lines. Spire prominent, apex obtuse. Whorls 3, rounded.
Aperture narrowly ovate, anteriorly produced; outer lip acute,
grooved internally ; inner lip posteriorly thin, reflected, adnate,
anteriorly twisted (Ad,~).

Ceylon (Sibbald).

Bullina bruguieri AD., in Thes. Conch., ii, p. 563, pi. 120, f. 3
(1855 ?).— SOWB., in Conch. Icon., xviii, pi. 1, f. 3, 1870.

I have not seen this form, which seems to be distinguished from
B. scabra by its longer spire and broad spiral bands.

B. VITREA Pease. PI. 45, figs. 25, 26.

Shell ovate, thin, fragile, white, with or without one or two sets of
two or three fine transverse black lines on body whorl, transversely
finely grooved ; interstices punctured ; spire obtuse ; apex acute ;
whorls four; aperture oval, dilated at the base; slight fold at the
base of the columella (not imperforate, umbilicated). (Pse.).

Sandwich Is. (Pse.).

Bullina vitrea PSE., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 19.— SOWB., Conch. Icon.,
xviii, pi. 1 , f. 4.

178 BULLINA-OVULACT^EON.

Of the two specimens (types) in the British Museum, one is with-
out the bands. The columella is obliquely truncated. This species
differs from the preceding in being very pellucid, in the gray, not
red color of the spiral bauds, and the absence of longitudinal wavy
lines.

B. DESHAYESII Pilsbry. PL 45, figs. 27, 28.

Shell ovate-turgid, thin pellucid ; apex obtuse, white ; encircled
by two narrow, distant black lines. Spire short, obtuse. Whorls 5,
narrow, convex, separated by a subcanaliculate depressed suture ;
last whorl large, obtuse with base transversely delicately sulcate.
Aperture ovate-elongate, narrow and subemarginate behind, colum-
ella cylindrical, narrow, straight. Alt. 15, diam. 10 mill. (Dh.).

Island of Reunion (Dh.).

Bullet vitrea Pease, DESHAYES, Moll. Reun., p. 56, pi. 8, f. 2, 3. —
Bullina vitrea MARTENS in Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p. 304.

This species differs from B. vitrea Pse. in the non-truncated colum-
ella and more obese form. The shell is thin, semi-transparent,
milk-white, with two lines of intense black-brown. The suture is
deep and somewhat channelled ; last whorl five-sixths the entire
length of the shell. Entire surface sculptured with fine, equal,
shallow spiral grooves, in the bottoms of which a lens shows a regu-
lar punctation like that of Actceon. The outer lip is arched forward,
forming a sort of shallow sinus behind.

Genus OVULACT^ON Dall, 1889.

Ovulactceon DALL, Blake Gastropoda, Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, p. 42.

Shell cyprseiform, involute, with an apical perforation, as in
Bulla\ columella simple, without plaits; margin of the aperture
continuous, simple, thickened, the callus on the body elevated,
parallel with the outer lip ; aperture narrow, almost linear, slightly
effuse at the extremities, as long as the shell. Type 0. Meekii Dall.

This interesting form resembles an involute Globiconcha with
perforate apex and thickened aperture, or a rounded Actceonella
.without plaits. In the unplicate series of the Actceonidce it holds a
place analogous to that of Cyprceactceon White among the plicate
forms. (Dall).

O. MEEKII Dall. PL 49, figs. 20, 21.

Shell with the outline of a small Cyprcea, like C. edentula, widest
in its posterior third, white, polished with fine, distinct, im-

OVULACT.*:ON-KL.EINELLA. 179

pressed incremental lines, and the faintest trace of spiral linear
markings ; a depressed line or sulcus indicates a previous resting
stage half a whorl behind the present thickened aperture in the
older specimens ; in the younger, the varical sulcus is three quarters
of a whorl behind the aperture. The apex in the older shell is per-
forate, the whole rounding over the perforation, and the spire in-
visible ; in the younger specimen the perforation is proportionally
wider, and about half a turn can be seen. The lines of growth be-
come stronger and more regularly grooved as they pass over the
summit into the pit. The aperture is very narrow, curved with the
profile of the shell, and extending beyond the summit. Unlike
Cyproea, the thickening of the outer lip is altogether internal, simple,
and, smooth, the callus opposite is narrow, with a sharply-defined
abrupt outer margin, and the inner margin raised sharply up paral-
lel with the outer lip, with which it is continuous at the extremi-
ties: the flat part of the callus is widest anteriorly, polished but not
smooth, but the raised edge is without teeth or transverse striation
of any sort. The extremities of the aperture are elevated to follow
the profile of the body of the shell. Lon. of largest specimen, 5'5 ;
max. lat. 3'0 mill. (Dall.}.

Off Havana (Sigsbee) in 450 fms ; West of North Bernini, Bahamas,
in 200 fms., sand (Dr. Rush).

0. meekii DALL, I. c., p. 43, pi. 33, f. 3, 4.

This extremely interesting shell is well shown by the figure.
There can be little question as to its probable relations. The char-
acters of the aperture are essentially different from anything among
the Cyprceidce, and it has not the polished laquer which species of
that family owe to the expanded mantle-margin. Only one speci-
men was obtained at either locality (Dall).

Genus KLEINELLA A. Adams, 1860.

Kleinella AD., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), v, p. 302, April,
1860, type K. cancellaris.

Shell ovate, thin, umbilicate, with cancellated surface ; spire pro-
duced, the apex obtuse; aperture elongated, anteriorly produced
and entire ; inner lip thin, simple ; outer lip angled behind, straight
in the middle, margin acute.

This genus most nearly resembles Adceon, but is without any fold
on the columella; the umbilicus moreover is wide and deep, and the
surface of the shell is cancellated. The outer lip forms an angle

180 KLEINELLA-TORNATINID^E.

posteriorly with the last whorl, and is straight in the middle (Ad.\
This is a group of entirely problematic affinities, but, in my
opinion, it does not belong to the Actceonidce. The species are here
described because precedent has established this position for the
group.

K. CANCELLARIS A. Adams.

Shell oblong, widely and profoundly umbilicated ; spire rather
raised, the apex obtuse ; pale brown ; whorls 3$, slightly convex (the
last ventricose), regularly cancellated. Aperture oval ; inner lip
thin, simple ; outer lip straight in the middle, angulated behind.
Length 3i mill. (Ad.').

Strait of Corea, 63 fms. (Ad.).

Kleinella cancellaris AD., Ann. Mag. (3), v, p. 302.

K. SULCATA A. Adams.

Shell oblong, thin, turbinate, deeply umbilicated ; spire elevated,
conoid; dull white; transversely silicate, the sulci distant, inter-
stices longitudinally closely striated; whorls 3J, flat, angulated
above ; last whorl ventricose. Aperture oblong, anteriorly everted
and subeffuse; lip thin, angulated behind (Ad.).

Suwonado Sea, Japan, 7 fms. (Ad.).

Kleinella sulcata A. AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 295,
April, 1862.

Family TOENATINID^ Fischer.

Shell spiral, cylindrical or fusiform, external, capable of contain-
ing the soft parts ; spire short or sunken and concealed, the apex
more or less turned over ; aperture long and narrow, wider below ;
columella with a fold or simple ; umbilicus none or very narrow.
Animal* with the foot shorter than the shell, entire behind ; head-
shield short, quadrangular, produced in two erected processes behind,
near the bases of which are the eyes. Radula-teeth wanting ; giz-
zard armed with three oval, tuberculate plates (See pi. 60).

These snails differ from Scaphandridce in the shorter differently
shaped head-shield, the lack of epipodial (lateral) lobes and radula ;
the differently shaped gizzard-plates, etc. They are unlike Actceon-
idce in wanting operculum and radula.

Although the characters of the animal are so obvious and distinc-
tive, it is by no means easy to classify many species known by the shell
alone, certain forms referred to Retusa being excessively similar in

TORNATINID^E-TORNATINA. 181

shell characters to the Cylichna group of Scaphandridce. It is there-
fore very important to observe the soft parts when they can be
obtained, for it is only by such patient observation by local natural,
ists that these interesting little snails can be understood and rightly
classified. In Tornatinidce some whole genera and subgenera, such
as Tornatina and Sao, are still known only by the shells ; and many
species of the other groups are doubtless incorrectly placed at pres-
ent.

Synopsis of Genera.

Genus TORNATINA A. Ad.

Shell cylindrical, with conic or flattened spire, the apex projecting
and mamillar, sinistral, tilted at an angle with the body-whorl ;
suture channelled. Columella with one fold.

Genus RETUSA Brown.

Shell cylindrical, the spire slightly convex, flat or concaVe, apex
intorted ; suture not distinctly channelled. Columella with onefold
or none.

Section Cylichnina Monts. Shell Cyftc/ma-shaped, with the summit
perforated in the centre, spire sunken. Type B. umbilicata Mont.

Section Pyrunculus Pils. Shell pear-shaped, wide below, narrow
above ; spire as in Cylichnina. Type C. pyriformis.

Genus VOLVULA A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, the last whorl forming a projecting process above
the spire, apical perforation narrow or closed ; aperture as long as
the shell, narrow ; columella with no distinct fold.

Genus TORNATINA A. Adams, 1850.

Tornatiyia AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 554. — FISCHER, Manuel, p. 555.

Shell cylindrical or oblong with conical or flattened spire, the apex
projecting and mamillar, sinistral, tilted so that its axis lies at an angle
of about 90° with that of the shell. Suture channelled. Aperture
long, narrow above, dilated and rounded below, the outer lip arched
forward, retreating at suture and base ; columella arcuate, calloused,
with one spiral fold at its junction with the whorl. Type T. voluta
Q. &G.

Animal externally as in Retma (pi. 60, f. 18, T. voluta.}
13

182 TORNATINA.

Tornatina differs from Retusa in the conspicuously channelled
suture and the peculiar, projecting apex; but it has been united
with that group by some authors, and until the soft parts are known,
the exact status of the group is a mere matter of opinion. We pre-
fer not to assume, with Fischer, that in anatomy it is like "Coleo-
physis," although that is not in the least improbable; for that
assumption would force us to disturb the received nomenclature to a
radical degree ; and it is always better to continue to use well known
generic names until the necessary changes can be placed upon a
sound basis. At present, the dentition of Tornatina is absolutely
unknown ; and as that name has become well established in conch-
ological nomenclature, I consider that no good end would be reached
by reducing it to a subgenus of Retusa— a course inevitable if
Fischer's ideas are followed to their logical conclusions.

This genus consists of small and minute shells, white or light
brown in color, with peculiarly projecting, teat-like, uptilted, nuclear
shell and one small columellar fold. The distribution of the group
is practically world wide. They live at moderate or considerable
depths, and probably subsist mainly upon Foraminifera. The
species are numerous, but not especially difficult to distinguish if
properly described and figured ; but, unfortunately, a considerable
number of A. Adams' forms are known by poor, small figures only,
with insufficient descriptions ; so that until these are refigured from
the types, their identification will not be easy.

Species of the Azores and West Africa.

T. PROTRACTA Dautzenberg. PI. 25, figs. 39, 40, 41.

Shell 1*5 mill, high, '75 mill, wide, ovate-cylindrical, convoluted,
very shining ; first whorl intorted, very much projecting ; last whorl
rather flattened below the suture, then becoming rather convex.
Surface smooth, with very fine growth-lines only. Aperture elon-
gated, contracted above, dilated toward the base ; columella simple,
arcuate ; lip sharp, subarcuate ; color white, throughout (Dautz).

Pico, Azores, in 1287 meters.

Tornatina protracta DAUTZ., Res. Campagnes Sci. Prince Albert
I, p. 22, pi. 1, f. 4, 1889.

In its general form, as well as the conformation of the apex, this
species approaches T. lepteJces Wats., but it is smaller, less elongated,
with fewer whorls.

TORNATINA. 183

T. KNOCKERI Smith. PI. 22, fig. 28.

Shell cylindrical, whitish ; spire turrited, very short ; apex tuber-
cular; whorls 5, the last polished, smooth, angular and plicate
.above. Aperture nearly as long as the last whorl ; lip straight ;
columella uniplicate. Alt. 4*5, diam. 2 mill. (Smith').

Whydah, West Africa.

Tornatina knockeri SMITH, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 738, pi. 75. f. 30.—
Con/. COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 129.

Easily known by its flattish spire, tubercular apex, and the pli-
cations at the upper part of the bodv-whorl (Smith').

This species is closely allied to the Red Sea forms mucronata
Phil, and issellii Pils.

Species of the East Coast of America and the West Indies.

The forms found in this region all have a conspicuous, mamillar,
upturned nucleus.
«. Surface spirally striated.

b. Large, alt. about 10 mill., bullata.
bb. Small, alt. about 2 mill., recta.

aa. Surface of body-whorl without spiral striae, canaliculata, candeit
liratispira.

T. BULLATA Kiener. PL 50, fig. 30 ; pi. 22, figs. 17-19.

Shell solid, ivory-white, cylindrical, a little constricted in the
middle, having faint growth-striae and very fine spiral wavy strice all
over, but fainter on the shoulder. Spire conical, terraced, the apex
minute, overturned, and projecting, mamillar. Suture deeply chan-
nelled, but whorls not concave above. Aperture long and narrow
above, the outer lip inflexed somewhat, columella short, concave,
with one stout fold. Alt. 11, diam. 5 mill. ; alt. 9, diam. 3'8 mill.

Florida Keys, entire West Indies.

Tornatella bullata KIENER, Sp. et Icon., Coq. Viv., p. 5, pi. 1, f. 4.
—Tornatina bullata MORCH, Mai. BL, xxii, p. 171. — DALL Cat.
Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S. p. Sl.—Bulla canaliculata ORB. (not Say),
Moll. Cuba p. 133, pi. 4 bis, f. 21-24.— Tornatina olivula A. AD.,
Thes. Conch., ii, p. 569, pi. 121, f. 34.

This is the largest of the West Indian Tornatinas. It has the
same general form of T. canaliculata and T. candei, but is distin-
guished by its close spiral striation. The synonymous T. canalicu-
lata Orb. (not Say) is shown in pi. 22, f. 17-19 ; and T. olivula Ad.,
also a synonym, in pi. 25, f. 47.

184 TORNATINA.

T. RECTA Orbigny. PI. 22, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell oblong, cylindrical, straight, thin, white, shining, delicately
spirally substriate; spire short, the suture channelled. Aperture
linear, straight above, suddenly dilated below, the columella with a
slight fold. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill.

Florida Keys ; entire West Indies ; St. Helena.

Sulla reeta ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 131, pi. 4 bis, f. 17-20.— Tor-
natina recta MORCH., Malak. Bl., xxii, p. 171. — DALL, Rep. Blake
Gastr., p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 84.— SMITH, P. Z. S.,
1890, p. 297.

Distinguished from T. candei by the weakness of the columellar
fold and the spiral striation ; from bullata by its small size.

T. CANALICULATA Say. PI. 22, fig. 23 ; pi. 50, fig. 25, 26.

Shell small, cylindrical, with low, conoidal terraced spire and
mamillar, strongly projecting minute apex. Ivory-white, with very
delicate growth-lines but no other sculpture. Whorls separated by
a channelled suture, concave-topped and more or less keeled at the
shoulder; the last whorl cylindrical, tapering below. Aperture
about eight-tenths the shell's length, narrow above, broadly rounded
below, the outer lip thin, arched forward, retracted below ; colum-
ella thickened, concave, with a strong spiral fold. Alt. 5'5, diam.
2'75 mill. (S. Carolina specimen). Alt. 4'2, diam. 2'] mill. (Massa-
chusetts specimen).
Cape God, Massachusetts, to Haiti, and Silam, Yucatan, 0 to 63 fms.

Volvaria canaliculata SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., v, p.
211, 1822. — Bullina canaliculata SAY, Amer. Conch., pi. 19. — Bulla
canaliculata GLD., Inv. Mass., p. 166, f. 97. — Vtriculus canaliculatus
STIMP., Check-lists, 4. — BINNEY-GOULD, Invert. Mass., p. 219, f.
510. — WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 655. — Tornatina canaliculata
AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 566, pi. 121. f. 25.— DALL, Blake Gastr., p.
45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 84.— Bulla obstricta GLD., Silli-
man's Journ. Sci., xxxviii, p. 196, 1840 ; Invert. Mass., p. 167, f.
96._ Tornatina obstricta AD., Thes., ii, p. 566, t. 121, f. 29.

This is a larger species than the West Indian T. candei, with
smaller nuclear shell. Plate 50, figs. 25, 26, represent New Bedford
specimens. Fig. 23 of pi. 22 was drawn from a Massachusetts speci-
men which had lost its apex, a common mutilation, even in living
shells. The apex is uptilted at an angle of 90°, as in T. candei, etc.,
but it is much smaller than in that species, although the shell is

TORNATINA. 185

larger. Fig. 24, of plate 22, represents B. obstricta Gould, which
seems to have no distinctive characters.

T. CANDEI Orbigny. PL 22, figs. 21, 22 ; pi. 50, figs. 27, 28, 29.

Shell small, cylindrical, tapering below, milk-white, rather solid
but thin ; spire conical, terraced, the apex large and projecting.
Surface shining, smooth, except for faint growth-lines; whorls of
spire concave or channelled above. Aperture long and narrow ;
uter lip strongly arched forward, retracted at base ; columella
short, concave, with a moderately strong fold.

Alt. 2-6, diam. 1-3 mill.

Alt. 3, diam. 1*4 mill.

Alt. 4, diam, 1-8 mill.
Off Hatteras ; West Florida and Fla. Keys, South to Martinique, 0-

48 fms.

Bulla candei ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 128, pi. 4, f. 1-4.— Torna-
tina candei VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 468, pi. 45, f. 13. —
DALL, Blake Rep., 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll., S.-E. U. S., p. 84.

This species is constantly much smaller than T. canaliculata, with
larger apex and more strongly curved outer lip. The spire varies
in height, being often somewhat scalar. Morch sees this species in
Bulla pusilla Pfr., but the description of that form is hardly suffi-
cient for positive identification.

T. PUSILLA Pfeiffer.

Shell oblong, solid, shining white ; spire short, the apex mamil-
late; whorls 2, the last four times as long as the spire; columella
uniplicate at base; outer lip arcuate in the middle; aperture nar-
rowed above. Alt. 2, diam. | lines (Pfr.).

Cuba (Pfr.).

Bulla pusilla PFR., Arch. f. Naturg., 1840, p. 250. — MORCH, Mai.
BL, xxii, p. 171.

Probably identical with T. candei Orb. The T. pusilla of A. Ad.
(Thes. p. 568) seems to be something different. It is said to have a
rather wide umbilical fissure.

T. LIRATISPIRA Smith. Unfyured.

Shell cylindrical, a little wider above than at base, white, shining,
striated with curved growth-lines. Whorls 5, acutely margined
above, the first tubercular ; spire very short, turrited ; suture widely
channelled, divided by a hair-like thread in the middle ; aperture

186 TORNATINA.

narrow, dilated at base; columella spirally one-folded. Alt. 6,
diam. 3 mill. ($w.).

Rio Janeiro.

T. liratispira E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 354.

This species is allied to T. knockeri from West Africa, but it may
be known from it by its larger size, and the absence of the plications
at the upper part of the body whorl ; the columellar fold also is less
strongly developed. The very fine ridge in the middle of the sutural
channel produces the appearance of a double edge to the whorls

Some specimens of T. canaliculata show a spiral thread in the
sutural channel.

Species of the Californian and Panamic Provinces.

a. Shell without spiral striae or color lines.

b. Upper part of body-whorl vertically ribbed, harpa.
bb. Entire shell smooth except for growth-striae, cerealis, inculta,

infrequens, carinata.
aa. Shell large, solid, brown, with spiral striae, eulcitella.

T. HARPA Ball, PI. 22, fig. 16.

Shell small white of four and a half whorls ; tabulate and sharply
carinate above, characterized by sharp grooves and raised lines
parallel with the lines of growth, which extend half over the
whorls and become obsolete anteriorly ; apex mammillated, minute,
globular, prominent, suture can aliculated. Anterior portion of the
last whorl smooth. Last whorl slightly narrower above. Aperture
long, narrow, effuse below, with a deep narrow sinus at the suture.
Columella thickened with a thin layer of white callus, columellar
plait obsolete in the adult, rather prominent in young shells. Car-
ina intersected by the grooves and slightly dentate.

Alt. '24, diam. -12 inch. (Dall).

Monterey, California; adhering to the tentaculae of Actinias;
three specimens.

Tornatina harpa DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vii, p. 136, pi. 15,
f. 11 (Nov. 2, 1871).

This pretty and very distinct species is unlike any other from the
coast, and is readily recognized by the characteristic grooves.
(Da/0-

TORNATINA. 187

T. INFREQUENS C. B. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric, not compressed about the middle ; white; smooth;
apex papillary, very minute and prominent ; spire moderately
elevated, convex ; whorls four and one-half, acutely shouldered,
with a deeply channelled suture ; aperture long and narrow, ante-
riorly rounded ; labrum very thin, much advanced along the
middle ; columella terminating in a very robust spiral plait. Mean
divergence about 130° ; length "28 inch ; breadth '11 inch ; length
of spire -03 inch. (Ad.').

Alt. -14, alt. of spire '03, diam. '05 inch. (Cpr.*).

Panama (C. B. Ad., 2 specimens) ; Mazatlan, very rare, on
Spondylus ealcifer. (Cpr.).

Bulla (Tornatina) infrequens C. B. AD., Panama Shells, p. 214,
319. — Tornatina infrequens CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 171. — ? Bulla (Torn-
Una} gradlis MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 162, not of A. Adams.

Menke's species being white, not horn-coloured like T. gradlis
from the China Seas, and being identified from a single specimen
wedged in the mouth of a dead Conus puncticulatus, is almost cer-
tainly the same as that described by C. B. Ad. from Panama. T.
infrequens is distinguished by the olive-like spire, more or less ele-
vated and deeply channeled along the suture. The body whorl is not
swollen anteriorly, and the fold lies slanting on its base. (Cpr.).

T. CARINATA Carpenter. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, white, smooth, acutely carinated below the ap-
pressed suture, between the suture and the carina excavated.
Whorls 5, the two earlier being discoidaland affixed vertically upon
the spire, which is more or less apparent. Aperture elongate, the
lip acute and produced in the middle, slightly sinused behind ; inner
lip thin, swollen above the junction with the columella proper.
Columella provided with a stout spiral fold where it joins the
parietal wall. (Cpr.).

Alt. -037 (smallest specimen).

Alt. -11, diam. '05 inch.; length of spire '02 inch.

Mazatlan, on Chama and Spondylus, very rare (Liverpool Colin.) ;
San Diego, California.

Tornatina carinata CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 171. — Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv.
Sci. 1856, pp. 250, 313 ; Moll. Western America, Smiths. Misc. Coll.
no. 252, pp. 37, 97, 133, 194.

188 TORNATINA.

Known from T. infrequens (1) by the smaller size, and more irreg-
ular spire ; (2) by the suture, which is not channeled ; (3) by the
shoulder, which is sharply carinated, with the space hollowed be-
tween the keel and suture; (4) by the swelling of the body-whorl at
the base ; and (5) by the plait which runs more transversely, below
the body whorl, instead of obliquely, almost on it, as in T. infrequens.
By some of the above characters it is further distinguished from
T. cerealis Old. which resembles T. infrequens much more closely
than this species. All the three forms begin life as a small discoidal
body, like a tumid Planorbis. After making about two turns of
this, they proceed in the regular way affixing the disk vertically, or
sometimes in a slanting direction at the top of the spire. The length
of spire in this species, which is not so rare as T. infrequens, is ex-
tremely variable. (Qor.).

T. INCULTA Gould. PI. 59, fig. 15.

Shell minute, ivory-white, rather solid, elongate-oval, longitudin-
ally most minutely striated ; spire elevated ; whorls 4, squarely ter-
raced ; aperture about seven-eights the length of the shell, dilated
below; outer lip inflexed, rounded behind; columella arcuate,
calloused, with one fold. The spire is sometimes scarcely exserted.
(Gld.& Cpr.}.

Alt. 5-5, diam. 2*5 mill.

San Diego (Old.) ; Monterey (Gabb), California.

Tornatina inculta Gld., GLD. & CPR., P. Z.S. 1856, p. 203.— CPR.
Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 227, 313, 351 ; Moll. Western N. A.
p. 79.

My figure is drawn from a beach-worn specimen collected by
Gabb. The upper half of the body-whorl is rather contracted, the
lower half swollen, and the sutures are rather deeply channelled.

T. CEREALIS Gould. PI. 50, figs. 39, 40.

Shell cylindrical, with very short spire, light brown. Surface
smooth except for curved growth-stride. Aperture long, narrow,
somewhat widened below, the outer lip arched forward ; columella
rather straight, oblique, with a spiral fold.

Alt. 4, diam. T9 mill.

San Diego, California to Vancouver Island.

Kulla (Tornatina} cerealis GLD., Bost. Journ. N. H. vi, 1852, p.
375 ; Otia p. 184.— GLD. & CPR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 203.— CPR., Rep.

TORNATINA. 189

Brit. Asso. 1856, pp. 227, 313, 349 ; Moll. W. N. A., Smith. Misc.
Coll. 252, p. 23, 133.

The height of the spire varies, being sometimes nearly flat, some-
times low-conoidal; the uptilted nucleus projecting. In all adult
specimens I have seen, the nucleus has been lost by erosion, as in
the figures.

T. CULCITELLA Gould. PI. 50, fig. 38.

Shell cylindrical-fusiform, with elevated, conical spire ; solid ;
white under a very thin buff cuticle, densely marked with close
finely undulating, chestnut spiral lines. Whorls 5, separated by
deep sutures, the apical whorl mamillar and uptilted. Aperture
long and narrow above, about eight-tenths the entire length of the
shell, dilated below, the outer lip arched forward, abruptly and
deeply retracted above, effuse below. Columellar fold very strong.

Alt. 8*5, diam. 3*2 mill. (San Pedro specimen).

Alt. 1, diam. } inch. (Old.).

Santa Barbara (Jewett) and San Pedro, California.

Bulla (Akera) culcitella OLD., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, vi, p. 375,
Apr., 1852 ; Otia, p. 184.— Tornatina culcitella GLD. & CPR., P. Z.
S. 1856, p. 203.— CPR., Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 313,
349 ; Moll. W. N. A., Smiths. Misc. Coll. 252, p. 23, 133.— KEEP,
West Coast Shells, p. 125. f. 114.

The close spiral brown striae are characteristic, as well as the
conically elevated spire.

•

T. EXIMIA Baird. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, greenish-buff, striated, the striae minute, close,
undulating ; spire very short and concavely excavated. Aperture
long, effuse at base ; lip acute , columella abruptly arcuate at base.
Alt. 12-5 mill. (Bd.).

Esquimalt Harbor, Vancouver's Island.

Bullina (Tornatina) eximia BD., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 67, and in
Lord's The Naturalist in Vancouver Isl. and Brit. Columbia, ii, p. ,
361, 1866.— Tornatina eximia Bd., CPR., Moll. Western N. A., pp.
89, 90, 133.

190 TORNATINA.

Indo- Pacific and Australian species.

T. SANDWICENSIS Pease. Unfigured.

Shell small, cylindrical, shining, white, finely striated transversely ;
spire elevated ; whorls 4 ; aperture contracted posteriorly, dilated
anteriorly; slight fold on columella. (Pse.).

Sandwich Is. (Pease).

T. sandwicensis PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 19.

t. EXILIS Dunker. PL 22, fig. 25.

Shell white, thin, subdiaphanous, ovate-oblong, very delicately
longitudinally striated ; spire conical, channelled and mucronate.
Aperture narrow above, dilated toward the base ; columella with an
obsolete fold. Alt. 4£, diam. 2 mill. (D/b-.).

Japan.

Bulla emlis DKR., Malak. Bl. vi, p. 222 ; Moll. Jap., p. 25, pi. 2,
f. 14; Index, p. 164. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch., p. 105.

T. DELICATULA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, white, thin, shining, the spire truncated,
apex mammillate ; longitudinally substriate, aperture linear, dilated
below, the inner lip with a conspicuous oblique fold ; lip margin
slightly arcuate. (Ad.}.

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms. (Ad.).

T. delicatula AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.

In the obtuse, subtruncate spire and the papillary apex this species
resembles T. pusilla Pfr. ; but it is longer and more slender, and the
aperture is more produced anteriorly. (Ad.).

T. PERSIANA Smith. Unfigured.

Shell very minute, short cylindrical, white, roughened by curved
lines of growth ; whorls 3, the first consisting of a large tubercle,
the rest encircled above by a large rounded cord ; suture depressed.
Aperture rather wide, shorter than the last whorls, sensibly dilated
at base; columella short, thickened, hardly twisted. Alt. 1'33, diam.
•75 mill. (tfro.).

Persian Gulf, 14 fms. (Col. Pelly).

T. persiana SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 354 (May, 1872).

TORNATINA. 191

Its minuteness constitutes the principal distinctive character of
this species. The tubercle which forms the apex is proportionately
very large. ($m.).

T. ISSELII Pilsbry. PI. 22, fig. 33.

Shell minute, cylindrical, smooth, translucid, whitish ; apex
mucronate; spire nearly flat; whorls 3, separated by a distinct
suture, the first extremely narrow, the last long, a trifle tapering at
the base. Aperture linear, wider below, rounded ; right margin
simple nearly straight ; columella short, intorted.

Alt. 2-25, diam. 1'2 mill. (Issel*).

Harbor of Suez.

Tornatina pusilla ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 172, pi. 1, f. 15, 1869.
Not T. pusilla Pfr., or of A. Ad.

T. MUCRONATA Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell minute, oblong, linear, smooth, surface obsoletely longitu-
dinally striated ; spire retuse, produced in a mucro in the middle;
whorls 4, deeply plicated at the suture, subcoronated. Aperture
narrowly linear above, dilated below, uniplicate; lip straight, a
little reflexed in the middle. Alt. H lines. (Ph.).

Aden (Phil.).

Bulla mucronata PHIL., Malak. Bl. 1849, p. 22. — Tornatina mucro-
nata Phil., ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 172.

This is perhaps the species referred to by Mr. A. H. Cooke as-
near to T. knocker i Smith. It evidently belongs to the group of
knockeri and isselii.

T. OLiv.EFORMis Issel. PI. 22, fig. 34.

Shell minute, thin, cylindrical-oblong, whitish, smooth, shining,
slightly subdiaphauous ; the apex a little acute, sinistral ; spire
conic ; whorls 4, separated by a channelled suture, the first narrow,
flat, the last large, subcylindrical, over three-fourths the altitude,
attenuated at base. Aperture elongated, narrow above, dilated
below androun ded ; right margin little arcuate, produced, acute ;
columella white, callous, at the base uniplicate and a little reflexed.
Alt. 4, diam. 1'5 mill. (Issel).

Gulf of Suez.

SAVIGNY, Descript. de PEgypte, Coq. ; pi. 6, f. 25. — Tornatina
olivceformis ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 171, 1869. — COOKE, Ann.
Mag. K H. (5), xvii, p. 129.

192 TORNATINA.

Cooke finds no difference between this and T.fusiformis A. Ad.,
and considers them synonymous, the latter name having priority.

T. PLANOSPIRA A. Adams. PL 25, fig. 45.

Shell cylindrical, apex truncated (in the very poor type specimen),
white, smooth, subpellucid, longitudinally grooved ; spire depressed,
level-topped ; whorls 4, grooved, radiately striated ; aperture nar-
row, anteriorly dilated; columella callous, with a single plait.
(.Ad.).

Sorsagon, Luzon, Philippines, 4 fms. (Cumin g) ; Red Sea (Cooke)

Tornatina planospira AD. Thes. Couch, ii, p. 568, pi. 121, f. 32;
Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 153. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p.
130.

T. INCONSPICUA H. Adams. PI. 22, fig. 26.

Shell elongate-ovoid, rather solid, delicately transversely striated
anteriorly, whitish ; spire little exserted. Aperture narrow, coarc-
tate in the middle, dilated below ; columella furnished with a
minute fold ; lip margin arcuate. Alt. 3, diam. T5 mill. (H. Ad.}.

Red Sea.

T. inconspicua H. AD., P. Z. S. 1872, p. 11, pi. 3, f. 12.— Conf.
COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130.

Mr. A. H. Cooke considers this very close to, or synonymous with,
T. planospira. The " antice transversim tenuissime striata " of H.
Adams' description seems, however, to be a distinguishing character.

T. BIPLEX A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 46.

Shell cylindrical, apex subtruncated, white, solid, shining trans-
versely striated ; spire depressed, whorls four ; aperture linear, con-
tracted in the middle, anteriorly dilated ; outer lip posteriorly pro-
duced, a little receding, reflexed in the middle, anteriorly with a
single strong tubercle ; columella with a single plait. (Ad.).

China Sea (Cuming).

T. biplex A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 568, pi. 121, f. 33.— BRAZIER,
Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. Wales, ii, p. 82.

Brazier reports this from Torres Strait.
T. POLITA A. Adams. PL 25, fig. 52.

Shell ovately cylindrical, rounded above ; apex truncated, white,
solid, shining, inferiorly transversely striated ; spire depressed,

TORNATINA. 193

whorls three, rounded smooth; aperture narrow, posteriorly pro-
duced, rather contracted in the middle, dilated anteriorly, outer lip
rather bent in and thickened in the middle ; colurnellawith the fold
very distinct. (Ad.).

Say of Manilla, 3 fms. (Cuming).

T. polita A. Ad., Thes., p. 571, pi. 121, f. 39.

T. SIMPLEX A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 51.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white shining, polished, smooth, covered
with a fuscous epidermis ; spire elevated, whorls five, the first one
mammillated ; spiral lamina conspicuous ; aperture narrow, dilated
anteriorly ; columella slightly callous, plait obsolete. (Ad.}.

Cagayan, Mindanao, Philippines, 35 fms. (Ouming) ; Japan (A.
Ad.).'

T. simplex AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 570, pi. 121, f. 38 ; Ann. Mag.
N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.

T. CINCTELLA A. Adams. PL 25, fig. 48.

Shell cylindrically fusiform, apex acuminated, rather smooth,
semipellucid, longitudinally sulcated, encircled with two white spiral
bands ; spire acuminated, whorls four, the first prominent ; aperture
narrow, anteriorly dilated ; columella with a very distinct plait ;
umbilical fissure deep. (Ad.).

China Sea (Cuming).

T. cinctella A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 569, pi. 121, f. 35.

The two white bands on a pellucid ground, and the umbilical fis-
sure distinguish this species.

T. COARCTATA A. Adams. Pk 25, fig. 44.

Shell ovately cylindrical, somewhat narrowed in the middle,
white, shining, engraved with very fine close spiral lines ; spire
somewhat depressed, whorls four, suture deeply channelled, encircled
with a spiral lamina from the columellar callus ; aperture narrow,
contracted in the middle, inferiorly dilated ; columellar callus with
an obsolete fold ; outer lip rounded above, subinflexed in the
middle. (Ad.).

Ticao, Philippines, in 6 fms. (Cuming) ; Mauritius (Martens).

T. coarctata AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 568, pi. 121, f. 31.— MAR-
TENS in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 303.

194 TORNATINA.

T. GRACILIS A. Adams. PI. 25, fig. 49.

Shell cylindrically fusiform, slender, semipellucid, horn-colored,
apex acuminated, transversely engraved with a very fine spiral
stria? ; spire produced, pointed, whorls four, the first prominent ;
aperture narrow, dilated anteriorly ; columella with a single plait.
(Ad.).

China Sea (Cuming) ; Japan (A. AD.) ; Torres Strait (Brazier).

T. gracilis A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 569, pi. 121, f. 36 ; Ann.
Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.— BRAZ. P. L. S., N. S. W. ii, p. 82.

This differs from T. singaporensis in possessing minute spiral
striaB.

T. SINGAPORENSIS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 31, 32, 33, 34.

Shell white, slender, elongated-subcylindrical, with elevated spire
and very large mamillar apex ; post-apical whorls nearly four,
slightly convex, separated by narrowly, deeply channelled sutures ;
last whorl tapering above and below, smooth except for delicate,
curved growth-striae. Aperture narrow and long, two-thirds the
entire length of shell ; columella calloused, with an extremely weak
fold, and a slight groove in the umbilical region.

Alt. 3'2, diam. 1-35 mill.

Singapore (Dr. S. Archer !).

This tiny species has an unusually long spire, with very large
apical button. The surface entirely lacks spiral striae, and the col-
umellar fold (fig. 31) is unusually weak. In the type specimen the
spire of the apical whorl is directed away from the face of the shell.
Fig. 32 represents a front view of the spire, showing the umbilical
aspect of the uptilted apex ; fig. 33 represents a back view of the
spire, showing the apical aspect of the nuclear shell. The figures
being camera lucida sketches, may be depended upon for accuracy
of outline and proportion, qualities unfortunately lacking in many
of the figures of Sowerby's Thesaurus.

T. FUSIFORMIS A. Adams. PI. 22, fig. 27.

Shell cylindrically fusiform, white, smooth, semipellucid, longitu-
dinally somewhat sulcated ; spire elevated, acuminate; whorls 5,
somewhat channelled above. Aperture linear, contracted in the

TORNATINA. 195

middle, dilated anteriorly ; columella slightly plicated, plait callous :
outer lip inflexed in the middle. (Ad.}.

China Sea (Cuming) ; Japan (A. Ad.) ; Port Jackson (Angas,
Brazier), and Torres Strait, N. Australia (Brazier) ; Gulf of Suez
(Cooke).

T.fusiformis AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 570, pi. 121, f. 37; Ann.
Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 153.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226.— BRAZ-
IER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 82. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N.
H. (5), xvii, p. 12.9.— DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 165.

T. CAPITATA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 50, figs. 35, 36, 37.

Shell minute, white, smooth except for slight, curved growth-
striae ; cylindrical, rather obese, with short spire and very large pro-
jecting nucleus. Post-apical whorls about 3, hardly convex, separ-
ated by deeply channelled sutures ; last whorl obese-cylindrical.
Aperture long and rather narrow, slightly more than three-fourths
the length of the shell ; columella calloused, having a weak fold
and a slight umbilical groove.

Alt. 3, diam. 1-4 mill.

Singapore (S. Archer), 5 specimens.

The columella is shaped like that of T. singaporensis, but the spire
is notably shorter, and the entire form more obese. This should be
-compared with T. fusiformis Ad., authentic specimens of which I
have not seen. The uptilted apex is unusually large, and in the
type specimen its spire is directed forward. Fig. 37, represents the
spire viewed from the face of the shell ; fig. 35, the spire viewed
from behind, showing the umbilical aspect of the nucleus.

T. VOLUTA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 22, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell cylindrical, elongated ; smooth except for sharp, fine,
remote spiral striations ; white; spire produced, the apex acute;
suture channelled, the top of the whorls excavated into another
channel bounded by the upward continuation of the inner lip.

Alt. 10, diam. 4£ mill.

Guam (Q. & G.) ; Torres Sts. (Braz.) ; Levuka, Fiji (Challenger).

Bulla voluta Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. ii, p. 359, pi. 26, f. 33-35.—
Tornarina voluta ADAMS, Thes. Conch, ii, p. 566, pi. 121, f. 24;
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 153. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales, ii, p. 82.— E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 505.—
COOKE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xvii, p. 129. — Utriculus (Torna-
tina) voluta WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 656.

196 TORNATINA.

Has been reported from Japan by A. Adams, and from the Gulf
of Suez by Cooke.

T. LACTUCA G. & H. Nevill. PL 27, fig. 1.

Shell narrowly cylindrical, solid, smooth, shining, white ; whorls
3, channelled at the suture ; spire very short, a little exserted, the
nucleus mamillate; last whorl a little constricted in the middle.
Aperture narrow and linear above, incised at the suture, moderately
dilated and rounded below ; lip acute, a little produced in the
middle; the inner lip slightly convex, a little thickened ; columella
bearing one very oblique strong fold.

Alt. 8i, diam. 4J mill. (Nev.).

S. Province of Ceylon.

Cylichna lactuca G. & H. NEV., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p.
2,pl.l,f.2,2a.

T. INVOLUTA G. & H. Nevill. PL 27, fig. 91.

Shell cylindrical, solid, white, smooth and shining ; whorls 3,
joined by a somewhat channelled suture; spire subconic, exserted,
the apex submammillate. Lip nearly straight, thin ; inner lip
somewhat thickened, incurved below ; columella uniplicate.

Alt, 83. diam. 3£ mill. (Nev.).

S. Province of Ceylon ; Bombay; Penang.

Cylichna involuta NEV., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl. p. 3, pi. 1,
f. 3, 3a.

T. TERES Philippi. Un figured.

Shell small, cylindrical, very smooth, milk-white ; spire very short,
nearly retuse ; spire whorls channelled ; aperture linear, the base
dilated and distinctly uniplicate. Alt. 21, diam. 11 lines. (Phil.).

Habitat unknown.

Bulla teres PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 65.

Shell exactly cylindrical, as in B. cylindracea, but spire distinct,
showing all the whorls, which are strongly marked by the canali-
culation. It is quite solid for the size. (Phil.).

T. AMBOINENSIS Watson. PL 25, fig. 43.

Shell small, oblong, truncated at the top and a little so in front,
with whorls sharply and expressedly angulated above, and very
faintly spiralled, a channelled suture, a minute regularly incoiled

TORNATINA. 197

apex, a shortish, oblique, toothed, and feebly furrowed pillar, and
a small mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinal — the lines of growth are
barely visible. Spirals — a little way below the middle a minute
and very shallow furrow is found ; below this, at about five times
the breadth of the furrow, is another similar, then at half the dis-
tance below is another furrow, after which others succeed, becoming
more crowded and slightly stronger on the point of the shell ; above
there are none of these furrows, only round the top of the whorls
runs a sharp keel expressed by a rounded furrow on its outer side
and by a deeper and stronger furrow on its inner side. Color
translucent glossy-white. Whorls 3i. Mouth barely the length of
the shell, narrow, straight, small, enlarging quickly, but to no great
extent. Outer lip rather thick, almost appressed above, but separated
from the body by the sutural canal ; it reaches the top of the shell,
but retreats a good deal at this part ; its edge line is curved and it
is contracted at the middle, in front the edge retreats and is sub-
emarginate on the base, where it is considerably thickened by the
extention of the pillar tooth, which is continued round the front
within, the edge of the lip, and separated from the edge by a minute
furrow. Top : the shell is slightly contracted, and then sharply
and flatly truncate ; round the edge and coiling in to the centre is
a sharp, expressed keel ; the whole interval between one keel and
the next is occupied by the deep, perpendicular-faced sutural canal,
the horizontal top of the whorl, and the extracarinal furrow ; the apex
is perfectly flat, and is minute and regularly incoiled. Inner lip:
a strongish glassy defined callus runs down the rather cylindrical
body, disappears in the extra columellar furrow, and reappears in
the extreme edge of the outer lip ; a strong oblique tooth twists
round the base of the pillar, is flattened back on the pillar, and is
continued in a small intralabral callus on the base; behind the
pillar edge is a strongish but shallow furrow, but no umbilical chink.
Alt. 0-083 in. diam. 0'042. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'009
inch. ( Wats.').

Amboina, 15 to 25 fms.

Utriculus (Tornatina) amboinensisWATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 330 ;
Chall. Hep. Gastr., p. 659, pi. 49, f. 7.

This species is at first sight and especially in rolled specimens when
the sculpture is effaced, deceptively like Utricidus aratms ; it is
really, however, quite different, and in particular the difference
14

UNIVERSITY

198 TORNATINA.

may at once be recognized in the top of each. The species seems
considerably to resemble Bulla (Tornatina) polita A. Adams, from
Manilla, but the lip is not posteriorly produced. (Wats.).

T. MARm Tenison-Woods. Unfigured.

Shell small, ovate, thin, white, smooth and polished ; spire slightly
exserted ; whorls 5 ; nucleus situated vertically ; suture deeply
channelled ; aperture narrow, scarcely constricted in the middle, the
labrum acute, the columellar lip thickened and twisted in front.

Alt. 5, diam. 2, spire hardly 1'5 mill. (7VTF.)-

North-west coast of Tasmania (Petterd).

Tornatina marice T.-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 155.

T. PACHYS Watson. PI. 24, fig. 33.

Shell rather large, gibbously oval, being tumid in front and con-
tracted upwards, truncated above, where the edge is carinated and
furrowed, with an impressed top and a papillary apex. Sculpture :
Longitudinals— the lines of growth are few, sinuous, and very
slight. Spirals — round the edge of the impressed top is a rounded
keel, with an exterior strongish rounded-furrow, outside of which is
a narrow sharpish keel : within the apical pore the whorls are
sharply keeled above the channelled suture ; the only other trace of
spiral striation is behind the outer lip, where the fresh shell shows
some trace of a spiral texture. Color horny yellowish-white.
Mouth club-shaped, large, the full length of the shell being a little
produced posteriorly, shortly curved across the body, ample in front.
Whorls 4, the earlier ones only indistinctly visible in the impressed
top; the apex is papillary. Suture deeply channelled, with a sharp
keel above it ; this keel runs out not above but on the edge of the
funnel-shaped top. Outer lip rises from the inner side of the apical
depression, and slopes flatly outwards, forming thus the patulous
opening of the funnel-shaped depression ; at the apical keel it is
angulated ; from this point it makes a convex sweep, which has a
slight-contraction about the middle ; it is patulous and somewhat
elliptical in front. Top nearly flat, only the outer lip rises slightly
above the level ; the apical depression is funnel-shaped, having a
wide converging mouth and a small, not deep hole in the middle,
with a papillary apex in the centre. Inner lip ; a broadish distinct
white glaze extends across the body, on which the curve of the lip
is very regularly convex on to the narrow7, long, low and twisted

TORNATINA. 199

pillar tooth; beyond this the pillar lip is slightly concave, narrow,
a little patulous, and appressed. Alt. 0'23 in. diam. 0*14 in. ; mouth,
breadth at same place, 0'04. ( Wats.).

I do not know any other Utriculus so rounded in its outlines as
this ; it is also very broad relatively to its length. (Wats.).

Northeast from New Zealand, Lat. 37° 34' £., Long. 179° 22' E
700 fms.

Utricidus (Tornatina) pachys WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 331;
Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 660, pi. 49, f. 8.

T. ARATA Watson. PI. 25, fig. 42.

Shell small, oblong, truncated at the top, rounded in front, but
not truncated, with whorls sharply angulated above and furrowed
spirally from end to end, a channelled suture, a papillary apex, a
longish, concave, toothed, and furrowed pillar, and a small mouth.
Sculpture: Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very feeble.
Spirals— from end to end the shell is scored with small but distinct
furrows, which on the front of the shell are rounded, but above
sharper, shallower and fretted ; they are parted by flattish surfaces
of double their width in front, but much more than this above,
where the furrows are slighter ; round the top of each whorl runs a
sharp upstanding keel, within which lies the deepish and narrow,
but at bottom rounded, sutural canal. Colour ivory-white, with a
dull gloss. Mouth barely shorter than the shell, narrow, curved,
slowly enlarging, elongately pear-shaped. Whorls barely 3.
Outer lip almost appressed above, but separated by the sutural
canal ; it does not rise quite to the top of the shell, it is very slightly
arched, and the edge is scarcely curved, and is hardly emarginatein
front. Top: the shell is narrowed and there sharply and flatly
truncate ; round the edge and coiling in to the centre is a sharp but
not expressed keel ; the whole interval between the keel of one
whorl and that of the next is occupied by the sutural canal, which
has a convex slope on the interior side, a rounded bottom, and a
perpendicular face on the exterior whorl ; the central tip is a (rela-
tively) large, glossy, translucent, flatly rounded prominent dome.
Inner lip ; there is a very thin glaze across the slightly arched body ;
round the base of the straight! sh concave pillar coils a strongish
tooth, minutely furrowed longitudinally, and with a sharp twisted
inner edge; outside the tooth-edge is a strong furrow with, a

200 TORNATINA.

minute umbilical chink. Alt. 0'083 in., diam. 0*041. Mouth,
breadth at same place, O'Oll inch. (Wats.').

West of Cape York, off south-west point of Papua, 28 fms.

Utriculus (Tornatina) aratus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 329;
Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 658, pi. 49, f. 6.

This species very much resembles T. amboinensis, but may at
once be distinguished by the top.

T. LEPTEKES Watson. PI. 24, figs. 29, 30.

Shell rather small, thin, oblong, cylindrical, rounded on the
shoulder, very fine pointed, with sinistral upturned apex, narrowed
in front, spirally striate, with long, narrow, slowly widening mouth.
Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very slight and
regular. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with sharp-cut fine
furrows, which are about half the width of the interstices ; round the
top of the whorls runs a slight but sharp-edged axial keel. Colour
almost hyaline white from the extreme thinness of the shell. Mouth
a little shorter than the shell, very elongately and slightly curvedly
pear-shaped, rather narrow above and there channelled. Whorls 3,
besides 1£ in the sinistral embryonic apex. Outer lip very gently
curved ; its edge line retreats very much above and in front. Top :
there is a very short scalar spire, in which the first regular whorl is
elevated and is truncately conical, the second hardly shows above
the third ; in the middle rises the small sinistral, more than half
turned over apex ; the sutural canaliculation is a shallow rounded
furrow, with a sharp-edged external border carinating the whorls.
Inner lip ; there is a thin but distinct labial pad ; the curve of the
body is convex, and contracts slowly from the top of the mouth to
the front, which is not truncated ; the pillar is long, oblique, with a
small reverted lip and a very slight-long-twisted tooth, behind which
is a feeble furrow, caused by an impression made in the shell. Alt.
0'14 in. diam. 0'06 inch. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'02 inch.
( Wats.).

Raine Island, Cape York, Australia, 155 fms.

Utriculus (Tornatina) leptekes WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.
xvii, p. 327 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 656, pi. 49, f. 3.

This species differs from Utriculus acrobeles in its narrower form
and thinner texture, in its sculpture, in its larger mouth, in its spire,
it sutural canaliculation, and its apex, which is more prominent.
(Wats.).

TORNATINA. 201

T. ACROBELES Watson, PI. 24, figs. 31, S2.

Shell rather small, spirally scored, oval, subcylindrical, bluntly
rounded in front, with a low subscalar spire crowned with a minute
prominent sinistral apex turned up on its side. Sculpture : Longitu-
dinals— there are faint growth-furrows drawn at the top into short
very oblique folds. Spirals — the whole surface is scored with fine
furrows, which are remote above bnt closer in front, where the inter-
vening surface is rounded ; a rounded keel lies below the suture.
Colour translucent white. Mouth markedly shorter than the shell,
straightish, clavate to pear-shaped, narrow and channelled above.
Whorls 4, exclusive of 1 J of the apex which is sinistral. Outer lip
straight, very slightly appressed above, where it is separated from
the body of the slight, shallow sutural canal. Top: there is a short
distinct subscalar spire, in which the first regular whorl hardly
shows, but which is crowned with the small sinistral half-turned over
apex. Inner lip : there is a thin but distinct labial pad ; the curve
of the body is nearly straight, but is convex in front; the pillar is
very oblique, broad, flat and patulous, with a very broad, scarcely
twisted tooth, which is longitudinally furrowed so as almost to be
double ; in front of this tooth the pillar is truncated at its junction
with the outer lip. Alt. O13 in., diam. 0055. Mouth breadth at
same place, 0'014 inch. (Wats.).

Wednesday Island, Cape York, Northeast Australia, 8 fms.

Utriculus (Tornatina) acrobeles WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.
xvii, p. 327 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 657, pi. 49, f. 4.

This differs from Utriculus avenarius in the shape of the shell and
of the spire, and in the apex and pillar. Utriculus canaliculatus
(Say), is much stumpier, and has a lower spire. The upturned apex
is like that of Odostomia lactea. (Wats.).

T. APICINA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell minute, cylindrical, elongated, white, sculptured with very
delicate growth-lines; apex mamillated ; whorls 4; suture channel-
led. Aperture three-fourths the length of the shell, very narrow;
•columellar fold obsolete; lip arcuate when viewed in profile.

Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. (Old.).

Sydney Harbor, N. S. Wales, Australia.

T. apicina GLD., Proc. Bost Soc. N. H. vii, p. 139, 1859 ; Otia,
p. 112.— TENSION- WOODS, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 256.

202 TORNATINA.

The aperture is broader and pillar fold less definite than in T.
fusiformis (Gld.).

Compare T. brenchleyi Angas.

T. BRENCHLEYI Angas. PI. 22, figs. 35, 36.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white, shining, very finely striated by
the lines of growth, and exhibiting only faint traces of spiral stria-
tion ; whorls 4?, the two apical ones forming a small tubercle, the
rest somewhat elevated, turreted, and separated by a deeply but not
broadly channeled suture ; aperture narrow above, gradually dilat-
ing and curved at the base ; the outer lip not extending to the top
of the whorl and slightly contracted in the middle ; the columella
furnished with a stout callus plication, which is 'connected above
with the labrum by a thin callous deposit on the whorl.

Length 3 lines, breadth li lines. (Ang.).

Dredged outside Port Jackson Heads in 10 fathoms water (Bren-
chley).

T.brenehleyi ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 40, 189, pi. 5, f. 20.

T. AVENARIA Watson. PI. 24, figs. 37, 38.

Shell oval, rounded bluntly in front and sharply above where the
papillary apex projects, smooth, angulated above round the outside
of the channelled suture, with a strongly toothed twisted oblique
pillar, and a smallish mouth, which is shorter than the shell. Sculpt-
ure : Longitudinals — there are faint rounded furrows on the lines of
growth. Spirals — on the upper part of all the whorls there seem to
be close-set very faint spirals ; about the middle of the whorl they
become stronger, like very fine remote furrows ; a bluntly angulated
keel projects axially below the suture. Colour translucent white.
Mouth a good deal shorter than the shell, conically elavate, slightly
curved, a little blunt at the top. Whorls 4.to 4J, angulated above ;
each rises distinctly above the one which follows. Outer lip almost
appresed above, but separated by the deep sutural channel which
runs into the top of the mouth ; in front it is very patulous, and
obliquely truncate backwards, in the middle it is slightly contracted.
Top : the whole upper part of the shell contracts and the spire is
roundly conical and subscalar, with the glossy round papillary apex
rising slightly above all ; it is scored with the sutural canal, which
is narrow and not deep, but well defined by the sharp keel which lies
below it. Inner lip ; there is a thick prominent labial pad ; the

TORNATINA-RETUSA. 203

curve of the body is convex, and so passes on regularly to the point
of the pillar, which is very oblique and carries a strong, twisted,
oblique, longitudinally furrowed tooth ; between this tooth and the
body is a very small furrow. Alt. 022 in. diam. 0*1. Mouth,
breadth at same place, 0'02. ( Wats.).

Port Jackson, Sydney, N. 8. Wales, 2-10 fms.

Utriculus (Tornatina') avenariits WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 328 ;
Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 658, pi. 49, f. 5.

Compare T. apicina Gould, and T. brenchleyi Angas.

This species a good deal resembles, not the Bulla turrita Moll.,
but Sowerby's figure of that species in Thesaurus, pt. 2, pi. cxxi,
fig. 28. In perfectly fresh specimens the spiral furrows, which I
have described as very faint, may be distinct; but in the ten Chal-
lenger specimens they are only traceable with certainty near the
edge of the labial pad. Utriculus canaliculatus (Say), is a much
smaller and stumpier form, much broader above with a minute apex
turned over on its side. ( Wats).

T. HOFMANI Angas. PL 22, figs. 37, 38.

Shell cylindrical, white very finely striated by the lines of growth,
with a few distant irregular transverse striae discernible toward the
lip on the body- whorl; whorls 5*, the upper ones slightly convex,
and channelled at the sutures, the last a little shouldered above and
very slightly concave in the middle ; apex sharp ; aperture narrow
above, dilated below, and rounded at the base; outer lip thin,
arched when viewed laterally, and slightly contracted in the middle ;
columella somewhat thickened below, with a small blunt flexuous
projection near the base, and covered by a callus extending nearly
to the top of the whorl. Length 3£ lines, breadth H lines. ( Ang).
Sow and Pigs reef, Port Jackson (Brazier)'.

T. hofmani ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 39, 189, pi. 5, f. 19.
Evidently not a typical Tornatina.

Genus RETUSA Brown, 1827.

Retusa BROWN, 111. Conch. Gr.Brit., Edit. 1, 1827 ; Conch. Text-
book (edit. 4), p. 97. BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 527,
— Coleophysis FISCHER, Manuel de Conch., p. 555, 1883, type trun-
catulus Brug. — Utriculus BROWN (in part), 111. Conch. Gt. Brit.,
1844 (2 edit), p. 58. Not Utriculus Schumacher, 1817 (Conidce).

204 RETUSA.

— Cylichnina MONTS., Norn. Gen. e. Spec., p. 143, 1884, type B.
umbilicata Mont.

Shell small, sub cylindrical, imperforate, with slightly raised, flat
or depressed spire, the aperture as long, or nearly as long, as the
shell, narrow above, dilated below. Columella thickened, with a
small fold or none.

Animal (pi. 60, figs. 1, 2, 3, R. truncatula; pi- 60, fig. 5, R. niti-
dula) capable of being retracted into the entirely exposed shell, the
head-shield short, produced backward in two narrow lateral tentacu-
lar processes. Radula wanting. Gizzard provided with three small,
elliptical corneous plates, irregularly tuberculate-dentate on their
inner fa'ces, the tubercles longer near one end of the plates (pi. 60,
fig. 7, stomach of R. nitidulus containing gizzard-plates and fora-
minifera. Fig. 6, plates of the same species. Fig. 8, plates of R.
umbilicata. Fig. 4, one plate of R. truncatula).

This genus differs from Cylichna in wanting radula-teeth, in the
posterior processes of the frontal disc, in the peculiar gizzard plates,
and in the exposed spire of the shell.

The species of this genus might be distributed into two groups, as
Fischer has done. Part of them have a distinct fold on the colum-
ellu, as in Tornatina, and for these the genus Retusa Brown was
proposed, and also Coleopliysis Fischer, the types of both being
Bnlla truncatula Brug. The other species have no distinct colum-
ellar fold, although the pillar-lip is thickened ; and these fall into
Utriculus as understood by Sars, Fischer, Dall and others. As this
name is preoccupied in zoology, it must be rejected; and if the
division is to be retained a new name must be coined for the forms
like obtusa,pertenuis, etc. The value of the distinction seems to me
to be hardly worth a name, however, as the strength of the colum-
ellar fold is subject to great mutation, and it would be very difficult
to decide upon the position of certain species in which the fold is
slight, thus bridging the gap between the extreme forms of either
group. Dall's proposition to make " Coleophysis " a subgenus of
Tornatina and Utriculus a distinct genus with Retusa as a subgenus
cannot be adopted, being barred by taxonomic canons. Monte-
rosato's group Cylichnina has generally been placed in or next
to Cylichna, but, according to Sars's observations, belongs to Retvsa
It is distinguished by the narrowly, deeply umbilicated apex.
What arrangements may be made when the soft parts'of these small
dwellers in the deeps come under scalpel and microscope, cannot
now be guessed ; the only thing certain is change.

RETUSA. 205

K. TRUNCATULA Bruguiere. PI. 21, figs. 11, 12 ; pi. 23, figs. 62-64.
Shell forming a conical cylinder, narrow on the upper half, more
or less deeply constricted in the middle, and expanding on the lower
half; it is nearly opaque and glossy: sculpture — numerous longitu-
dinal striae or fluted ribs on the upper half; these are often sharp
at the apex, not so distinct in the middle of the shell, and usually
disappear towards the base, where they are replaced by lines of
growth; the spire is frequently striated across, like an Ammonite;
epidermis filmy ; color white ; spire involute, abruptly truncated,
and encircled by a narrow arid solid rim or rounded keel ; whorls 3
—4, gradually decreasing in size towards the center of the apex ; the
first or innermost whorl is globular ; suture deep ; mouth narrow for
more than half its length on the upper part, pear-shaped and very
wide at the base, which is rounded : outer lip gently curved and
folded inwards in the middle ; the upper part projects (sometimes
considerably) beyond the apex; outer corner rounded ; inner corner
receding and obliquely incurved ; inner lip slight, continuous with
the outer lip above, where it is folded a little over the apex, as well
as over the pillar, behind which it forms a small and narrow um-
bilical chink ; pillar short, thick, and flattened : fold tooth-like and
strong (Jeffr.).
Coast of Norway to the Canaries ; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.

Sulla truncatula BRUG., Encycl. Meth., p. 377, l792.— Utriculus
truncations JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 421, pi. 94, f. 2. — SARS,
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 285, pi. 26, f. 2 ; pi. 17, f. 18 (var. pellu-
cida). — Retusa truncatula BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss.,
i, p. 527, pi. 64, f. 12-U.—Bulla truncata AD. (not Gmelin), Tr
Linn. Soc., v, p. 1, pi. 1, f. 1, 2. — Volvaria truncata BROWN, 111.
Conch., G. B., Ed. 1, pi. 19, f. 17, 18. — Cylichna truncata LOVEN,
Ind. Moll. Skand., p. 42. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll.,
iii, p. 510, pi. 114, f. 7, 8; pi. vv, f. 4 (animal).— MEYER &
MOBIUS, Fauna der Kieler Bucht, i, p. 87 (animal). — Bulla retusa
MATON &RACK., Descr. Cat. in Trans. Linn. Soc., viii, p. 128, 1804.
—Retusa obtusa BROWN, Pop. Encycl., ii, p. 78, pi. 17, f. 110. —
Volvaria pellucida BROWN, 111. Conch. G. B. Edit. 1, p. 4, pi. 19,
f. 45, 46. — Utriculus truncatulus var.pyriformis MONTS., Norn. Gen.
<e Spec., p. 50.

206 RETUSA.

Var. PELLUCIDA Brown, PI. 23, fig. 68.

Smaller, shorter, thinner and more transparent, slightly less
strongly ribbed or sometimes quite smooth ; epidermis slightly
prismatic (Jeffr.}.

Scotland and Norway.

R. TRUNCATELLA Locard. Unfigured.

Subconic-elongated, well contracted and longitudinally plicate
above, with two opaque bands at middle and base of the last whorl.
Spire quite concave ; last whorl highest at its upper extremity, with
straight profile; columella feebly folded. Alt. 3-4, diam. H-2
mill. (Loc.').

Mediterranean

Cylichna truncatella LOCARD, Prodr., p. 73, 533 ; Coq. Mar. des
Cotes de Fr., p. 28, 1892.

R. SEMISULCATA Philippi. PI. 23, figs. 70, 71, 72.

Shell thin, cylindrical, elongated, truncated at summit, visibly
constricted around the middle, and dilated at base. Spire a little
concave, composed of 3 or 4 visible whorls separated by a well-
marked suture. Surface of the last whorl traversed from summit to-
middle by numerous nearly vertical longitudinal folds. Aperture
elongated, narrow above, dilated and pyriform toward the base; lip
simple, sinuous, a little bent in the middle; columellar margin very
feebly sinuous. Columella thick, arcuate and twisted at base.
Color milk white, nearly opaque, with a wide, descending, more
transparent band below the middle, and sometimes several narrow
transparent lines below it. Alt. 3*2, diam. 1*33 mill. (J?., D. D.)
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, littoral and laminarian zones.

Bulla semisulcata PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 123, pi. 7, f. 19.
— Retusa semisulcata BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 530,
pi. 64, f. 15-17. — ?? Bullina striata Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,.
iv, p. 52.

More elongated than R. truncatula, with straighter longitudinal
folds, and a wide transparent zone.

R. MAMILLATA Philippi. PI. 23, figs. 65, 66, 67.

Shell convoluted, subpellucid, shining, truncated at summit, of
a regularly cylindrical form, a little constricted in the middle.
Spire composed of 3 whorls, the first globular and projecting ; suture
profound. Sculpture consisting of exceedingly finely punctured
spiral striae. Aperture narrow, nearly linear above, dilated and

RETUSA. 207

pear-shaped below ; lip visibly flexuous, inflected in the middle ;
columellar margin nearly straight. Columella a little thickened,
arcuate, without apparent fold. Color transparent white. Alt. 2'5,
diam. 1 mill. (£., D. & Z>.).
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic from Norway to the

Canaries, laminarian zone.

Sulla mammillata PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 122. pi. 7,f.20;
ii, p. 96. — Cylichna mamillata FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll,
iii, p. 514, pi. 114c, f. 4, 5. — Utriculus mamillatus JEFFR., Brit.
Conch., iv, p. 420; v, p. 223, pi. 94, f. 1. — Retusa mamillata BUQ.,
DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 531, pi. 64, f. 18-20.— Bulla
minuta MACGILL., teste Jeffr.

Distinguished by the projecting apex and cylindrical form.
Except in lacking a columellar fold, this species resembles Torna-
tina.

R. MARIEI Dautzenberg. PI. 24, figs. 34, 35, 36.

Shell 1 mill, high, 2 mill, wide, minute, subsolid, convoluted,
cylindrical, longitudinally arcuately striated, truncate above, con-
tracted iu the middle, dilated toward the base. Whorls 3-4, the
penultimate obliquely projecting above the last. Suture little im-
pressed. Aperture as long as the shell, straight and a little thick
ened ; lip simple, sinuous, iriflexed in the middle, expanded ante-
riorly. Color milky, with a subhyaline zone at the middle (Dautz.).

tian Miguel, Azores*

Tornatina mariei DAUTZ., Contrib. a la Faune Malac. des lies
Acores, Res. Camp. Sci., Albert I, p. 21, pi. 1, figs. 3a-3d, 1889.

This interesting species seems distinct from all others of European
seas, being well characterized by the formation of the summit. In
1. mamillata Phil., only the first whorl of the spire projects; in T.
mariei this whorl is impressed, and the next-to-the-last whorl is
prominent (Dautz.~).

R. OLIVIFORMIS Watson. PI. 25, fig. 50.

This large and very interesting species is in too bad condition for
satisfactory description. I had called it Utriculus oliviformis from
its shape, which is peculiarly stumpy, with an excessively short and
broad mouth, and an unusually high and blunt spire; it is sharply
fretted all over with spiral lines, and has a strong, little furrow be-
hind the sharp-edged twisted pillar. It is like Utriculus culcitella
Gould, or Utriculus lactuca Nevill, in its conical spire, and like

208 RETUSA.

Utriculus simplex A. Adams in shortness of body. Tornatina olivula
A. Adams is much slimmer, longer in the mouth, and much more
cylindrical. It differs from Utriculus spatha Watson in its greater
breadth, higher spire, shorter mouth, coarse, sculpture, more numer-
ous whorls, and more abrupt truncation in front, where the shell is
cut off almost at right angles to the axis. Alt. 0'32 in., diam. 0'17.
Mouth, height 0'2, breadth 0'05 (Wats.}.

West of the Azores, 1000 fms. (Challenger).

Utriculus oliviformis WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xvii, p.
332. — Utriculus n. sp. WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 648, pi. 48,
f. 6.

R. LEUCUS Watson. PI. 21, fig. 1.

Shell strong, cylindrical, with a very slight upward taper, rounded
at either end, with an oblique flat apex and a minute perforation
round which the edge of the penultimate whorl is visible, and in the
middle the sunken apex; the mouth is small and narrow, and in
front abruptly truncate, with a short truncate very bluntly toothed
pillar. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are slight, unequal fur-
rows on the lines of growth. Spirals — the whole surface is most
faintly and doubtfully marked with very feeble furrows, both nar-
row and superficial, parted by broadish, fiat interstices. Color
translucent white, with faint brownish tinge, glossy. Mouth large,
narrow, shorter than the shell, straight, with parallel sides, the en-
largement in front sudden but very short. Outer lip straight,
rounded above, where it springs from the callus of the inner lip ; it
does not rise so high as the opposite side of the apex, which conse-
quently is rather oblique ; its edge line is slightly produced in the
middle, but not bent in ; in front, the lip, in common with the
whole shell, is very abruptly truncate, and here it sweeps round with
a strong, sharp, bevelled edge to join the pillar lip. Top roundly
flattened down and slightly bent in, round the small apical perfora-
tion— round which H to 2 whorl edges are visible. Inner lip:
across the body runs a strongish callus, whose edge is parallel to the
edge of the outer lip ; in front it is flatly and broadly appressed on
the very stumpy pillar, round which twists a strongish but very
blunt tooth. Alt. 0'25 in., diam. (Ml. Breadth of mouth at same
place, 0-03 ( Wats.).

West of Azores, 1000 fms. (Challenger).

Utriculus leucus WATS., J. L. S. L., xvii, p. 334; Chall Gastr., p.
649, pi. 48, f. 8.

RETUSA. 209

This species is very like Cylickna alba (Brown), but is squarer
both above and below, the obliquity of the line of the top is exactly
the opposite of that Oylichna alba, where from the outer lip rising
above the top of the shell, the greatest height is at the mouth ;
while in Utriculus leucus, the top is highest on the side away from
the mouth. Utriculus vortex Dall, appears to present several points
of resemblance ; but that species seems to taper much more toward
the tip, to be differently and much more strongly sculptured, to have
no pillar tooth, and to be very much broader in proportion to
height. Alt. *3 in., diam. 0'17 in. The Tornatina eximia Baird has
a more perfectly cylindrical form, a higher spire, and a much wider
mouth

R. TORNATA Watson. PI. 21, fig. 3.

Shell small, cylindrically oblong, a little tumid in front, slightly
narrowed backwards, rounded at the shoulder, longitudinally and
spirally striate, with a flat top, a small papillary apex and straight
club-shaped mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are many
fine, rounded, feeble lines of growth. Spirals — there are many very
faint minute superficial spiral lines which owe somewhat of distinct-
ness to the color, and to the fact that at somewhat regular intervals
there occurs one a little stronger than the rest. Color transparent
white, irregularly banded with unequal spiral milky stripes, which
are obsolete in many specimens. Mouth club-shaped, the full length
of the shell, long and narrow above, slightly enlarged at the top,
considerably so in front by the contraction of the body-whorl at the
base. Whorls 3, far from distinct, slightly rounded, of very grad-
ual increase; the extreme apex is minute, but papillary. Outer lip
rises very slightly above the flat crown, and here it is very patulous,
and almost emarginate ; just where it begins to run forward it is
very slightly expanded, from this point to the base it advances quite
straight, and a little inflected ; on the base it is freely rounded,
truncated and patulous. Top is barely oblique, and the rise of the
outer lip elevates that side, so that the whole top is almost flat, with
more or less of a depression in the middle where the minute dome-
shaped apex rises. Inner lip : there is a strong, well-defined labial
glaze which runs quite straight and continuously from the outer lip
across the scarcely convex body, and passes on with a quick deflec-
tion to the left into the slightly concave, scarcely toothed, oblique,
truncated pillar, where the lip is narrow, expanded, and appressed,

210 RETUSA.

with a minute furrow behind. Alt. O092 in., diam. 0*046. Breadth
of mouth at same place, 0'005 inch ( Wats.}.

Madeira ; Tenerife, Canaries, 78 fms.

Utriculus tornatus WATS., J. L. S. L., xvii, p. 335 ; Chall. Kep.
Gastr., p. 651, pi. 48, f. 10.

This is a species extremely abundant at Madeira, where I dredged
many thousand specimens. They vary somewhat in the relation of
length and breadth, and still more in the form of the crown, which
is sometimes flat and broadish, with an impressed suture, at other
times narrow, with a small, deep opening and a very depressed apex,
the sutures in these circumstances being out of sight. I should ex-
pect to find this species among Mediterranean shells, but have not
been able to identify it. It is not unlike Utriculus mamillatus (Phil.),
but is stumpier and not so cylindrical, being broader in front and
more tapering backwards; its papillary apex, too, is much smaller
and more sunken into the crown of the shell than it is in that spe-
cies : the whole crown is very much like that of Utriculus trunca-
tulus (Brug.), but the characteristic constriction and sculpture of
that species are wanting ( Wats.). .

R. UMBILICATA Montagu. PI. 29, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14.

Shell oblong, not so much attenuated behind as 72. nitidula,
more solid, nearly opaque, and glossy but not prismatic; sculpture
.slight and sometimes wavy spiral striae or impressed lines, which
vary in strength and remoteness on the body, and are more or less
close-set near the base ; they are visible in fresh specimens by means
of a low magnifying power, but are not easily observable in rubbed
specimens picked out of drift sand; epidermis brownish-yellow, lia-
ble to peel off; color creamy, becoming bleached and white in dead
shells ; mouth somewhat open at the top, contracted and narrow in
the middle, pear-shaped and wide at the base, where it is expanded
and rounded ; outer lip gently curved ; the upper part is obliquely
truncated, but it does not project so far beyond the apex or crown
as in R. nitidula ; apex twisted and somewhat contracted, en-
circled by a solid white rim (" periomphalus," Loven), and exhibit-
ing a perforation in the center like that of C. nitidula; inner lip as
in R. nitidula ; pillar short and thick, furnished with a rather
strong tooth-like fold near the base ; it has a sharp curve to the left.

Alt. 2-5, diam 1-2 mill.

Norway to Gibraltar ; Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.

RETUSA. 211

Bulla umbilicata MONT., Test. Brit, (i), p. 222, pi. 7, f. 4.— Oy-
liclma umbilicata FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 519,
pi. 114c, f. 8, 9.— JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 413 ; Ann. Mag. 1880,
p. 318. — Utrieulus umbilicatus SARS., Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 286,
pi. 17, f. 14.— Cylichna strigella LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand. p. 142.
— Bulla blainvilliana Recluz and Volvaria subcylindrica Brown,
teste, JEFFR. — Bulla truncatula PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 122,
pi. 7, f. 21 (not of Brug.). — Cylichnina umbilicata Monts., Nom.
Gen. e Spec. p. 143. — Cylichna (Cylichnina} umbilicata BUQ.,
DAUTZ, & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 524, pi. 64, f. 6-8.

This species is the type of Monterosato's genus Cylichnina. Dif-
fers from nitidula in being somewhat broader in proportion to its
length, and not so much attenuated behind, being spirally striated
instead of smooth, having frequently a conspicuous epidermis, in the
upper angle of the outer lip not being so prominent, the apical per-
foration being larger, and the columellar fold more distinct (Jeffr.').

R. CREBRISCULPTA Monterosato. PI. 27, figs. 7, 8.

The form is as in R. umbilicata, but it is larger, solider, date-
shaped, the top more attenuated and profoundly umbilicated. The
sculpture is composed of vertical and spiral striae, which give it a
rough appearance (Monts.').

Palermo ; Naples ; Gulf of Gascony.

Cylichnina crebrisculpta MONTS., Nomencl. Gen. e Spec. p. 143.
— DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iv, p. 613, pi. 16, f. 1, 2.

R. L^EVISCULPTA Granata. Unfigured.

Shell of quite lengthened, subcylindroid form, contracted above ;
with very fine spiral striae ; summit truncated ; spire profoundly
and very narrowly umbilicated ; last whorl flattened above, rounded
at the base. Aperture narrow in the middle; columella with a
strong fold. Alt. 2-2 £, diam. 11-H mill. (Locard.).

Marseilles to Italy and Sicily ; Malta.

Cylichna Icevisculpta GRANATA, Descr., etc., Nap., p. 11, 1877. —
LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 27. — Cylichnina Icevisculpta MONTS.,
Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 143.

R. CROSSEI Buquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus. PI. 29, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Shell 2 mill, high, 1 mill, wide, convoluted, thin, semipellucid,

of an ovate form ; summit truncated, the spire sunken, having a

very narrow and deep central perforation. Surface shining, a mi-

212 RETUSA.

croscope showing arcuate growth lines and extremely fine descend-
ing spiral strise toward the base. Aperture as long as the shell,
narrow and nearly linear above, pyriform at the base : lip arcuate,
simple, sharp ; columellar margin convex ; columella thick, twisted,
provided with a well marked fold. Color uniform hyaline white
(B. D. & />.)•

Eastern basin of the Mediterranean.

Cylichna (Cylichnina) crossei B. D. & D., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p.
526, pi. 64, f. 9-11.

Smaller than J?. umbilicata, more regularly oval, not contracted
at the summit nor enlarged at the base and the aperture is not
wider at summit than in the middle.

R. STRIATULA Forbes. Unfigured.

Shell oblong, cylindrical, milk-white ; transversely undulately
striated, longitudinally obsoletely striated ; vertex subtruncate, con-
cave ; spire visible ; aperture linear above, dilated below, Length
one-eighth inch (Fbs.~).

Rio, Maori, Servi, Crete, etc., jEgean Sea (Forbes) ; Bay of Na-
ples (Tiberi).

Bulla striatula FBS., Rep. ^Egean Invert. Brit. Asso. Rep. for
1843, p. 188. — Utriculus striatulu* JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4),
vi, p. 84. — [? Build (Cylichna} pyramidata A. Adams, teste Jeffreys].
— Cylichna hoernesi WEINKAUFF, Conchy 1. des Mittelm. ii, p. 197 ;
Bull. Mai. Ital. iii, p. 92. — Cylichna cuneata TIBERI, Journ. de
Conchyl. 1868, p. 181, teste MONTEROSATO, Journ. de Conch. 1878,
p. 159. — WEINKAUFF, Bulletino Malacologico Italiano, iii, p. 92,
1870.

This species is still unrecognizable to those who have not seen
authentic specimens. It is a pity that so many of the Mediterra-
nean shells are still insufficiently described and unfigured, notwith-
standing the large literature upon them, and the multitude of lists
by Jeifreys, Monterosato and others.

R. NITIDULA Loven. PI. 23, fig. 54 ; pi. 60, fig. 5.

Shell thin, subpellucid, white, oblong-cylindrical, rather narrow,
more than twice as high as wide ; slightly tapering toward the apex,
where it is obtusely truncated and narrowly perforated in the mid-
dle, the spire indistinct. Aperture very narrow in the middle,
dilated below, the outer lip projecting a little above the vertex,

RETUSA. 21 &

lightly inflexed in the middle ; columella short, receding, hardly

folded. Surface very smooth and a little shining, without spiral'

lines, the growth strise rather inconspicuous. Alt. 3'5 mill. (Sars.')>

Scandanavia ; Northern shores of Great Britain.

Cylichna nitidula LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand. p. 10. — FORBES &
HAFLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 515, pi. 114c, f. 6. — JEFFREYS,
Brit. Conch, iv, p. 412. — Utriculus nitidulus SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct.
Norv. p. 286, pi. 17, f. 13 (shell) ; pi. 26, f. 3 (animal).

This species has somewhat the aspect of the forms referred to Cy-
lichnina, but not their sculpture. Compare C. umbilicata Mont.
Sars has shown nitidula to be a Retusa by an examination of the,-

soft parts.

R. ROBAGLIANA Fischer. PI. 27, fig. 6.

Shell elongated, cylindrical, whitish, rather solid, not urnbilicated,
a little dilated below, slightly narrower above ; longitudinally
densely costellate, the costse close, regular, not sinuous, and some-
what latticed with spiral strise, decussating the riblets. Spire um-
bilicate, excavated. Aperture elongated, with subparallel margins ;
columellar margin short, reflexed. Alt. 3, diam. H mill. (Folin.)

Gulf of Gascony*-

Bulla robagliana FISCHER, in Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 150, pi.
23, f. 2 ; Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xxix. p. 197.

This species belongs to the group of nitidula and umbilicata, but
is distinguished by the peculiar sculpture of the shell.

R. LACTEA Jeffreys. Unfigured.

A small fragment of another species occurred at Station 12, 145O
fathoms. It consists of the anterior portion of a short cylindrical
shell which is of a milk-white color, glossy, and marked with slight,,
rather distant, spiral strise or rather impressed lines ; the sculpture
does not extend to the crown ; the apex is semiglobose, and sunk
within a sharp obliquely encircling ridge. The species may be
called lacteus. I also dredged a young specimen of this species inr
the ' Porcupine ' Expedition of 1869, off the west coast of Ireland.,
at a depth of 1443 fathoms (Je/r.).

North Atlantic*

Utriculus lacteus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), xix, p. 334.
15

214 RETUSA.

R. SDBSTRIATA Jeffreys. Unfigured.

Shell represented by a single specimen, which was unfortunately
broken in sifting the dredged material. It resembles Bulla hyemalis
•Couthouy (=Amphisphyra globosa Loven, — Utriculopsis vitrea M.
Sars) except in being smaller, shorter, and equally broad through-
out, instead of barrel-shaped ; the crown is consequently longer in
proportion and not so much raised at the point ; but the especial
difference consists in this being beautifully sculptured, and not
•smooth like the other species ; besides a few coarse spiral ridges the
whole surface is closely and microscopically striated in the same
direction. Length (M, breadth 0'075 in. (Jeffr.}.

North Atlantic, 1750 fins.

Utriculus substriatus JEFFR., Ann Mag. N. H. (4), xix, p. 334.

UTRICULUS OBESUS Jeffreys, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. 1880, p. 387.
Bay of Biscay (name only).

UTRICULUS PUSILLUS Jeffreys, I. c. Same locality (name only).
UTRICULUS EXCAVATUS Jeffreys, /. c. Same locality (name only).

R. OBTUSA Montagu. PL 23, fig. 51.

Shell forming an oblong cylinder, constricted in the middle, and
becoming broader towards the base ; it is usually opaque, and rather
glossy : sculpture, numerous slight lines of growth ; and in young
and fresh shells may be somtimes detected under the microscope
extremely close-set and fine wavy spiral lines; spire indistinctly
striated across ; epidermis skin-like, cream-colour passing into
brownish-yellow ; colour white ; spire short, but very variable in
that respect, being in some cases almost truncated, while in others
it is more or less extended ; whorls 4, slightly angulated at the top ;
those in the middle gradually enlarge; the apical or central whorl
is globular and turned inwards ; suture deep and narrowly excav-
ated ; mouth flexuous, upper half narrow ; lower half wide, with a
rounded base ; outer lip gently curved, never extending to the apex ;
it recedes above, so as to leave a space between the outermost whorl
and the next, and is contracted and inflected in the middle : outer
corner rounded ; inner corner obliquely incurved ; inner lip thicker
than in the last species, continuous with the outer lip above ; it is
reflected over the pillar, behind which it occasionally forms a small

RETUSA. 2l£>

umbilical chink ; pillar broad, flattened and curved; fold obscure.
(Jeffr:).

Alt. 5o, diam. 3 mill.
European Seas, from Godhavn, Greenland, to the Mediterranean.

Bulla obtusa MONTS., Test. Brit, (i), p. 223, pi. 7, f. 3.— A. AD.
in Sowb. Thes. Conch, ii, p. 571, pi. 120, f. 20. — Utriculus obtusus
JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 423, pi. 4, f. 2, 3 (animal). — SOWB.,
Conch. Icon., f. 5. — JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), vi, p. 84 v.
minor and (4) xix, p. 333. — Cyliehna obtusa LOCARD, Coq. Mar.
Cotes France, p. 27, fig. 14.

Var. IURRITA Holier. PL 23, fig. 52.

Shell elongated, nearly twice as high as wide, slightly tapering
above; the spire elevated, obtusely conical, with subscalariform
whorls. Alt. 3-3 i mill.

Greenland; England; Norway.

Bulla turrita MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl., p. 6. — A. AD., Thes.
ii, p. 567, pi. 121, f. 28. — Utriculus turritus LECHE, K. Svensk.
Akad. Handl. 1878, p. 71. — U. pertenuis v. turritus SARS, Moll. Reg.
Arct. Norv., p. 288, pi. 17, f. 20. — U. obtususv. lajonkaireana JEFFR.,
Brit. Conch, iv, p. 424.

Var. CANDIDULA Locard. Unfigured.

Smaller than R. obtusa, more cylindrical, with higher spire ; last
whorl quite descending toward its termination, with more rectilinear
profile ; aperture smaller and more regularly narrow.

Alt. 2-3, diam. lf-2 mill. (Zoc.).

Atlantic coast of France.

Cyliehna candidula Loc., Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 28, 1892. — C. lajon-
kaireana Loc., Prodr., p. 72.

This does not seem to differ materially from the preceding
variety.

Var. MINOR Jeffr.

Apex depressed, Mediterranean, 30 fms. (Jeffr.}. This form has
also received the name Utriculus minutissimus H. Martin (Journ.
de Conchyl. 1878, p. 159.— -Con/. Locard, Les Coq. Mar. des Cotes
de France, p. 29). It is characterized, according to Monterosato,
by the small size, and median contraction ; the normally flat spire

216 RETUSA.

is rarely mamillate or scalariform. This form is common in the
Mediterranean. Alt. 1-1 4, diam. 2-4 mill.

R. PERTENUIS Mighels. PI. 23, figs. 48, 49.

Shell small, thin, translucent whitish or light brown, cylindrical,
the spire very low-convex ; whorls 3?, the first somewhat turned in-
ward ; sutures deeply impressed ; last whorl descending, sculptured
with irregular, light, arcuate growth-strise. Aperture narrow above,
dilated below ; outer lip strongly arched forward and bent slightly
inward in the middle ; columella thickened but not plicate.

Alt. 3-2, diam. 1-8 mill.

Massachusetts Bay ; Fernandina, Fla. ; Coast of Maine ; Green-
land; Norway.

Bulla pertemds MIGHELS, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 346, pi.
16, f. 3.— Utriculus pertemds GOULD ( W. G. B. edit.) p. 218, fig. 509.
— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 287, pi. 17, f. 19.— AD., Thes.
Conch, ii, p. 371, pi. 120, f. 19.— Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 4.— DALL,
Blake Gastr., p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 86.— AURIVIL-
LIUS, Vega-Exped. Vetenskap. Arbeten iv, p. 371. — Diaphana per-
tennis VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 399.

This species has been united with R. obtusa and R. semenby many
authors, but the three are here retained distinct because proof of
their complete intergradation is still lacking. R. obtusa seems to
be a more solid, larger shell, replacing pertenuis in English and
southern European waters ; B. semen is a somewhat shorter form
from high latitudes.

R. SEMEN Reeve. PL 23, figs. 55, 56, 57.

Shell cylindrical-ovate, rather tumid, the spire depressed convex,,
suture impressed ; whorls smooth, slightly convex, the last a little
descending in front ; tawny-white. Of a short cylindrical form,
somewhat swollen, with a depressly convex spire, having the suture
faintly channelled. (Rve.}.

Port Refuge ; Nova Zemblid.

Alt. 6, diam. 31 mill. (Leche~).

Alt. 41, diam. 3 mill. (Leche~).

Bulla semen RVE., in Belcher's Last of the Arctic Voyages, ii, p.
393, pi. 32, f. 4a-c, 1855. — Utriculus semen LECHE, Kongl. Sv.
Akad. Handlingar, xvi, no. 2, p. 71, 1878, (with v. elongata).

Leche describes a form with higher spire as Var. elongata. It
is not the same as R. turrita Moll.

RETUSA. 217

Northwest Atlantic and West Indian species.

R. GOULDII Couthouy. PI. 23, figs. 58, 59.

Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered with a
yellowish epidermis; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges,
their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the
shell, and includes all the others; under the magnifier its surface
appears covered with revolving lines ; the whorls all rise to about
the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat ; the anterior extrem-
ity is rather narrower than the posterior ; the aperture is narrow
behind, and suddenly enlarged by the curvature of the inner mar-
gin, which is a little thickened, white, and polished. The outer lip,
from its junction behind, advances a little as it turns forward by a
regular curve, and finally turning backward by a rather sharp
turn, it joins the body of the shell with a gentle twist; umbilicus
none. (Old.).

Alt. 7£, diam. 3f mill.

Maine to Hatteras.

Sulla gouldii COUTH., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, ii, p. 181, pi. 4, f.
6, 1839.— GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 163, f. 94.— DeKay, N. Y. Moll,
p. 15, pi. 5, f. 101. — Utriculus gouldii STIMP., Check-lists, p. 4. —
GOULD, Inv. Mass. (Binney edit.) p. 217, f. 508. — Utriculus (Retusa)
gouldii DALL, Cat. Moll. S.-E. U. S., p. 86.— Cylichna gouldii VER-
RILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p. 399. — Aplustrum gouldii SOWB.,
Conch. Icon., f. 1.

R. PERPLICATA Dall. Unfigured.

Shell ivory white with a very thin translucent epidermis, marked
only with delicate lines of growth and a few faint incised spirals
near the columella; anterior half of the shell wide and rounded,
posterior half narrowing toward the apex with the sides somewhat
compressed or flattened ; outer lip thin, straight except in front
where it expands a little before rounding to the rather thick twisted
pillar ; behind deeply notched and behind the notch arching over
and turning forward to meet a carina which revolves about the
apex ; apex truncate, carinated by a line which forms the outer
boundary of the path of the notch ; within vorticiform, about one and
a half whorls visible around the central perforation and descending
into it ; body with hardly any wash of callus ; pillar strong, with a
large horizontal fold and a minute chink behind it ; aperture as long

218 RETUSA.

as the shell, straight and narrow behind, wide and somewhat oblique
in front; max. Ion. of shell, 5*0 ; max. lat. 3'0 ; lat. of apex, 1/75
mill. (Dalt).

Off Bahia Honda, Cuba, in 220 fms. ; Barbados, 100 fms,

Coleophysis perplicatus DALL, Blake Rep. Gastr., p. 45.

It is difficult, or rather impossible, to determine the generic place
of these small Tectibranchs without a knowledge of the soft parts.
They are referable to Coleophysis, Cylichna, or Diaphana, or even
Sao, at the option of the describer guided only by the characters of
the shell. The presence of the plait would indicate the first men-
tioned section for the present species. It is perhaps nearest in
general form to the Cylichna ovata of Jeffreys, or Diaphana gemma
of Verrill, which has no plait and is much more attenuated behind.
(DaU).

R. SPATHA Watson. PI. 25, figs. 53, 54, 55.

Shell large,, cylindrically oblong, gradually and slightly narrow-
ing forwards, more abruptly so up the short stumpy and very blunt
spire, thick, exquisitely reticulated, with a truncated and toothed
pillar and a straight, slightly contracted outer lip. Sculpture : Lon-
gitudinals— the whole surface is delicately and sharply scored in the
lines of growth with very fine rounded furrows parted by sharper
and much narrower ridges, which are about ysVo of an inch apart.
Spirals — a little stronger than the longitudinals which they cut
across, are spiral lines very distinct above, one or two on the
shoulder being even stronger and remote, more delicate and similar to
the longitudinals in front, and in the middle very faint indeed, only
sufficient to produce a satiny sheen ; round the top of the whorls
below the suture is a very broad shallow furrow or slight constric-
tion bordered by a very feeble keel below, which forms a vague
shoulder. Colour ivory-white. Mouth £ of the whole length of the
shell, in shape somewhat clavate, being shortly broad in front, elon-
gately conical throughout the most of its length, and rapidly con-
tracted at the top. Whorls 2?, rounded above with a very slight
concave constriction below the suture, subcylindrical in the middle
and rounded in front. Suture linear, impressed, and very slightly
horizontally margined below. Outer lip contracted amd appressed
above, so that the top of the mouth runs up to a long and very nar-
row point, bluntly angulated at the shoulder, below this it is straight
but draws in towards the axis, in front it is patulous and well

RETUSA. 219

rounded ; the edge line is convex, and retreats very rapidly in front,
where the shell is abruptly truncate. Top very bluntly rounded,
the apex being to some extent enveloped in the succeeding whorl,
which rises slightly above it. Inner lip: a thick pad of glaze, with
well-defined edge, extends down the slightly convex body, and
passes with gradual sweep into the twisted subconcave pillar which
is truncate in front ; at the top of the pillar the glaze is much thick-
ened, and presents for a short distance two very oblique twisted
parallel folds, which are parted by a small furrow; another furrow
lies outside, between the exterior fold and the glaze edge. Alt. 0*3
in*, diam. (H4. Mouth, height 0*25, breadth 0'03 inch. ( Wats.').

North of Culebra 2., W. Indies, 390 fms.

Utriculus spatha WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 333; Chall. Kep.
Gastr. p. 649, pi. 48, f. 7.

This exceedingly peculiar form in many respects recalls, rather
than a Utriculus, one of the long narrow low-spired Marginellas,
such as Marginella nevillii Jouss., or Margin ella avena Kien.
( Wats.').

R. MAYOI Dall.

Shell solid, white, with a yellowish polished epidermis and well
marked lines of growth, spiral striae very faint and few, or none ;
whorls 3-2-4, spire distinct, little elevated, nucleus small, rounded,
not prominent, aperture long, rather wide and straight, the posterior
commissure rounded, the anterior wide, the margin spirally curved
showing the axis (though this is not pervious) ; umbilical-chink
none, pillar broad, white, oblique without any trace of a plication ;
outer lip thin, arched forward in the middle ; suture very deep ;
inner lip with a wash of callus. Lon. of shell, 8'3 ; of aperture,
7-0 ; max. lat. 4-6 mill. (Dall).

Portland, Maine, from fish stomach (Mayo).

Utriculus mayoi DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 46.

This shell recalls Bulla turrita Moller, but is much larger, with
proportionately shorter spire, straighter sides and more width ante-
riorly. (Da//).

R. FRiELEiDall. PI. 21, fig. 8.

Shell rather large, solid, polished opaque white, broader behind
than before its middle ; apex perforate, around which the margin of

220 RETU?A.

about two turns is usually visible; this margin, formed by the rather
broad P -shaped posterior sinus of the aperture, resembles the notch-
band of some Pleurotomidse in that the surface is flattened, with a
well-marked boundary on each side, and on this surface the succes-
sive marginal edges are often raised into scales, one fitting into
another, composed of an extension of the body callus on. one side
and a reflection of the free margin on the other; the surface of the
band varies in different specimens from nearly smooth to distinctly
and regularly undulated or imbricately scaled as above mentioned ;
-other transverse sculpture of lines of growth which are hardly visible
while of spiral sculpture there is none, though, with a strong reflected
light, under the microscope numerous spiral markings may be
observed which are neither grooved nor raised, but are visible in
most smooth spiral shells, and are probably due to growth, somewhat
as are the lines commonly recognized as "lines of growth." Aper-
ture nearly or quite as long as the shell, narrow, rounded in front,
.and terminating in the P -shaped sinus behind ; outer lip straight,
sharp, thin, not incurved, rounded to join the stout columella into
which it passes imperceptibly; pillar broad, short, with a thin callus
which also extends along the body ; shell widest about the posterior
third; distinctly narrowed anteriorly. Lon. of shell and aperture
(the latter occasionally a trifle less), 8*2. Max. lat. of shell (at pos-
terior third), 40; at anterior third, 3'5 ; of aperture, 1*75; min.
lat. of aperture, 0*5 mill. (Dall).

Off Cape San Antonio ; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.

Utriculw f frielei DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 104, 1881 ; Blake
Gastr., p. 47, pi. 17, f. 4.

Utriculus leucus Watson seem to approach this species as nearly
as any known form, but has sundry distinctive characters. There
is no doubt, however, that there are differences of form and develop-
ment of the tip of the spire in these enrolled forms, in adult individ-
uals, as well as during the stages of one individual. It will not do,
therefore, to draw the specific lines too taut on this sort of character.
(Dotf).
R. PERVIUS Dall. Unfigurcd.

Shell short, stout, truncate apically, white, polished, sculptured
only with faint incremental lines ; form subcylindrical, larger ante-
riorly, a little compressed just behind the middle ; aperture long,
.narrow behind and rounded at the posterior commissure, where it

RETUSA. 221

has a shallow rounded notch, the outer boundary of whose path is
marked by the summit of a raised line ; anterior part of aperture
wider, not very oblique, rounded in front ; outer lip straighjt, thin,
arched forward in the middle ; pillar thin, simple, with no trace of
a plait ; body without perceptible callus ; behind the pillar a small
very deep umbilical perforation ; apex nearly flaj, bounded by the
above mentioned raised line, within which the fascicle of the notch
is rounded over but does not reach the level of the line referred to ;
nucleus somewhat depressed, but not deeply : about three and a
half whorls are visible on the apex. Max. Ion. of shell 4'0 ; max.
lat. 2-5; lat. of apex 1-5 mill. (Dall.).

West Indies (U. S. Fish Commission), probably from near Barba-
dos, in about 80 fms., sand.

Utrieulus pervius DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 48.

This species is remarkable for its deep though minute umbilicus
and its dish-like apex. Its general form is not unlike U. perplica-
tus, but the sides are straighter and the other characters quite dif-
ferent. The locality is unfortunately doubtful though it was some-
where in the Antilles (Dall.).

K. OMPHALIS Morch.' Unfigured.

Shell subcylindrical, short, slightly contracted in the middle, with
obsolete growth strife, regular and elegantly expressed toward the
spire ; spiral strire very obsolete, irregular. Spire openly umbili-
cated, surrounded by a while pellucid line. Aperture very narrow
posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; columella straight, thick ; external
margin acute. Alt. nearly 4, diam. 2 mill. (3f.).

St. Thomas (Riise).

Retusa omphalis MORCH, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 172, 1874.

Not dissimilar from Cylichnella bidentata, but larger, thinner,
with umbilicate spire and straight columella, etc. (Af.)

R. SULCATA Orbigny. PI. 23, figs. 73, 74.

Shell cylindrical, white, dilated below, thin, pellucid, longitudi-
nally sulcate, truncated at summit and concave, the spire umbili-
cated. Aperture linear, suddenly dilated below.

Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill.

Cape Hatter as ; West Indies, 14-31 fms.

Bulla sulcata ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 129, pi. 4 bis, f. 9-12.— Utri-
cuhis (Retusa) sulcata DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 45 ; Cat. Mar. Moll.
S. E. U. S., p. 86.

222 RETUSA.

R. CECILLII Philippi. PI. 23, fig. 53.

Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, very thin, whitish, the spire
depressed-conic ; sutures impressed and plicate ; aperture linear,
at base dilated. Alt. 5'5, diam. 2'66 lines. Whorls 4-4*. (Phil.)

Japan (Dkr.); China (Largilliert).

Bulla cecillii PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, p. 164.— DKR., Ind. Moll.
Mar. Jap. p. 164, (as Utriculus).

Shell almost exactly cylindrical, thin, smooth, shining; with
arcuate growth-striae, but little conspicuous, but somewhat plicated
at the suture. Spire much depressed, obtuse or somewhat acute.
Aperture linear, dilated below. This species corresponds to
B. jeverensis Schroeter of the German Sea, but is thrice the size J
B. valuta Q. & G. is narrower with very deep sutures (Ph.)

A. Adams gives the locality " Mexico." His description is as
follows, the above figure being copied from the Thesaurus.

Shell ovately cylindrical, thin, smooth, covered with an olivaceous
epidermis, longitudinally substriated ; spire distinct, rather elevated,
whorls five, suture corrugated ; aperture narrow, anteriorly widely
dilated ; columella arched, simple.

Mexico (Mus. Hanley).

Bulla (Utriculus) cecillii, A. ADAMS, in Thes. Conch, ii, p. 572y
pi. 120, f. 22.— U. cecillii Sown., Conch, on. f. 3.

Southern and Indo-Pacific species.

R. SUCCINCTA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, coarctale in the middle, the vertex truncate ;
white, longitudinally striate throughout, transversely banded, bands
pale and rather distant. Aperture linear, narrowed in the middle,
dilated in front, the inner lip obsoletely plicate (Ad.).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms. ; Awa-Sima, at low water (Ad.).

Tornatina succincta AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 154.

In form the species most resembles T. truncata J. Adams ; but it
is more elongated and much narrower, and marked with indistinct
pale bands ; the whorls of the spire are visible but sunken, and the
parietal plica is not conspicuous (Ad.).

R. BORNEENSIS A. Adams. PI. 23, fig. 46.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, smooth, subpellucid, white, covered with
a ferruginous epidermis, longitudinally striated ; spire distinct, flat,,

RETUSA.

whorls 4, rounded, the first mamillate, aperture narrow, dilated in
front ; columella long, semitortuous, umbilicus none (Ad.}.

Borneo (A. Ad.) ; Mauritius (Mobius.)

Utriculus borneensis A. AD.. Thes. Conch, ii, p. 572, pi. 120, f.
23. — SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 6. — v. MARTENS, in Mobius' Reise n.
Mauritius, p. 303.

A much smaller shell than B. cecillii. It is narrower, more cyl-
indrical; the aperture is more produced anteriorly; the colu-
mella is longer and straighter, and the spire is more depressed. The
mud flats at the mouths of many of the rivers of Borneo are parti-
ally covered at low water with this animal ; the shell is always cov-
ered, when the animal is alive, with a rust-colored epidermis (Ad.)..

R. COMPLANATA Watson. PI. 21, fig. 2.

Shell minute, cylindrical, truncated and flat on top, very much*
and obliquely truncated in front, with whorls angulated above and
furrowed longitudinally and spirally, a papillary apex, a longish
pillar, and a club-shaped mouth. Sculpture: Longitudinals — the
furrows on the lines of growth are strong and curved. Spirals —
the whole surface is scored with sharp irregular furrows parted by
flat intervals of about three times their width. Color white.
Mouth the full length of the shell, narrow above, oblong and roomy
in front, club-shaped. Whorls 3 ; on the top of the shell they are
rounded. Suture slightly impressed. Outer lip rises roundly, the
least thing above the top ; its course is straight, with a very slight
concavity ; its edge is prominent. Top perfectly flat, with a
roundly angulated edge ; the individual whorls are rounded, and
are parted by a somewhat impressed suture ; the central tip, which
is glossy, is papillary, but depressed. Inner lip is, on the body,
slightly concave in its course ; the pillar is oblique, nearly straight,
and is patulous. Alt. 005 in., diam. 0'028. Breadth of mouth at
same place, 0'013 inch (Wats.).

West of Cape York, off southwest point of Papua, 28 fms.

Utriculus eomplanatus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 335 ; Chall.
Rep. Gastr. p. 650, pi. 48, f. 9.

This is a very small species, the solitary specimen of which is not
in good condition. It is a good deal like Utriculus truncatulus
(Brug.) ; but the sculpture is a very marked feature of difference,
and the form is more stumpy ( Wats.).

"224 RETUSA.

R. AMPHIZOSTUS Watson. PL 21, fig. 4.

Shell small, rather broadly cylindrical, but contracted in the
middle, and broadest below the contraction, very bluntly rounded
in front, longitudinally striate and very finely spiralled, with a flat
but slightly depressed crown and a small papillary apex. Sculp-
ture : Longitudinals — there are a great many small hair-like ridges
and furrows on the lines of growth ; they are nowhere strong, but
are feeblest on the base. Spirals — the whole surface is very equally
striated, with delicate shallow scratched lines parted by flat sur-
faces four or five times the width of the lines ; there is a very
slight and gradual constriction most apparent near the outer lip
about the middle of the body, and in front of this the shell is
slightly tumid. Color translucent white, with vague trace of spiral
bands. Mouth the full length of the shell ; shaped like a racket,
being oval in front, long and narrow above ; it is small and rounded
at the top, which just rises to the crown. Whorls 4, of which only
the small rounded tops are seen on the crown, where, they are
slightly and radiatingly ridged, the last envelopes all the others.
Suture impressed and distinct. Outer lip rounded at the top where
it does not rise above the crown ; it runs straight and parallel to the
inner lip till below the middle where it bends outwards in exact
symmetry with the corresponding bend of the inner lip on the base,
forming a very regular oval curve in front ; the edge line is regu-
larly curved, retreating slightly behind and in front, and advancing
in the middle where the lip is contracted. Top flat, but slightly de-
pressed, with a small papillary apex in the middle, the outer edge
is roundly angulated. Inner lip straight down the body, concave
on the pillar, which has a very slight twist and a narrow patulous
edge, behind which is a scarcely appreciable umbilical depression ;
the point of the pillar projects in front clear of the sweep of the
basal curve. Alt. 0'12 in., diam. 0*06. Breadth of mouth at same
place, 0-02 inch (Fate.).

Near Cape York, N. E. Australia, 6-8 fms. (Chall.).

Utriculus amphizostus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 336 ; Chall.
•Gastr. p, 652, pi. 48, f. 11.

This species is very like Utriculus truncatulus (Brug.) ; but that
has much stronger longitudinals, no spirals, and an oblique crown,
sloping down from left to right on which side the top of the mouth
and outer lip rise in a rounded loop very considerably above the top
-of the body whorl ( Wats.).

RETUSA. 225-

K. FAMELICUS Watson. PI. 21, fig. 6.

Shell long, narrow, subconically cylindrical, with straight out-
lines, abruptly truncate above, with a deeply impressed papillary
apex, rounded and slightly tumid in front, harshly striate above
and delicately so below. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of
growth are very slight, but round the top of the shell is a coronal of
folds forming ridges and furrows of about equal strength ; these ex-
tend over the top and into the hollow crown. Spirals — round the
top, harshly scoring the coronal, are four or five deep, but not broad,,
sharp cut furrows, parted by flat surfaces of about twice their
breadth ; below these to a fourth of the length, there are distant
furrows so obsolete as to be almost invisible ; below this the whole
surface is superficially scratched with delicate sharp-cut fretted fur-
rows parted by broadish flat intervals. Color translucent white.
Mouth the entire length of the shell, being considerably produced
posteriorly, where it is slightly enlarged ; in the middle it is nar-
row, the two sides being almost perfectly parallel, in front it is elon-
gately oval ; in its entire shape it resembles a spoon. Whorls 4,
but the earlier ones are so deeply sunken, and the hole in the
crown (where alone they are visible) is so small, that it is difficult
to count them ; the apex is papillary. Suture slight. Outer lip
rises straight from the crown, with a slight inclination in towards
the center, is narrowly rounded above, and advances straight for
about two-thirds of the shell's length, at which point it is slightly
expanded and then becomes somewhat patulous ; it sweeps rather
freely round to join the pillar. Top small, oblique, harshly radia-
tingly striate and deeply narrowly impressed. Inner lip long and
straight, slightly convex in front, oblique and slightly concave on
the pillar which is bluntly toothed in front, and has a very narrow
scarce patulous prominent edge with a minute furrow behind it.
Alt. 0'18 in., diam. Ir06. Mouth breadth at same place, 0'019
inch (Wats.').

Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger).

Utriculus famelicus WATSON, J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 338 ; Chall. Kep.
Gastr. p. 653, pi. 49, f. 1.

This species, whose thin and famished look suggested the name
chosen, belongs to the group of which the Mediterranean Utriculus
striatula (Forbes) may be taken as a type, though in that species
the features attributed to the subgenus Sao (of Cylichna) are much
more strongly developed. Compared to this species of the Chal-

226 RETUSA.

lenger, Oylichna fijiensis E. A. Smith is broader, not squarely trun-
cate above, and not so plicate around the top of the body. Utricu-
lus phiala A. Adams, from Japan, is not nearly so long and narrow,
.and is more cylindrical. Cylichna decusaata A. Adams, which is
like in sculpture, is shorter, less cylindrical, and the outer lip
rises much higher behind. Cylichna pyramidata A. Adams, which
is puckered above, is much less cylindrical and is smooth in the
body.

R SIMILLIMA Watson. PL 21, figs. 9, 10.

Shell small, short, truncately conical, with straightish outlines, a
perforated crown, and a small papillary apex, rounded and tumid
in front. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very
slight ; but round the top of the shell is a coronal of delicate folds
forming ridges and furrows of about equal strength ; these extend
over the top and into the perforation of the crown. Spirals —
round the top is a slight but marked constriction ; above this the top
converges, and is finely scored with small close-set furrows ; the rest
of the shell is superficially scratched with delicate, sharp-cut, fretted,
remote furrows parted by flat surfaces ; on the base the furrows are
closer and coarser, and the intervals rounded. Color translucent
white. Mouth the entire length of the shell, being considerably
produced posteriorly, where it is enlarged ; in the middle it is nar-
row and slightly bent, in front it is large and oval. Whorls 3 to 4 ;
the apex is papillary but very small and so deeply immersed as to
be doubtfully visible. Suture very difficult to distinguish, but ap-
parently impressed. Outer lip rises from the inner side of the per-
foration and bends in over it so as partially to cover it ; it arches
freely round and is not at all emarginate ; it runs pretty straight
forward for about three-fifths of its length, at this point it is slightly
constricted and contracted, but immediately bends to the right and
curves very regularly round the base, where it is patulous. Top
contracted, rounded, oblique, harshly radiatingly striate, and deeply
.narrowly impressed. Inner lip convex, tumid in front, oblique and
slightly concave on the pillar, which is feebly toothed, and has a
very narrow, scarcely patulous, prominent edge, with a minute fur-
row behind it. Alt. Ol in., diam. O047. Mouth breadth at same
place 0-024 inch ( Wats.).

Torres Straits and Fllnder's Passage, N. E. Australia, 3-11 fm?.

Utriculus simillimus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 340 ; Chall.
vGastr. p. 654, pi. 49, f. 2.

RETUSA. 227

This species exceedingly resembles the young of Utriculus fameli-
CHS Watson, but is very much broader in proportion to its length.
Cylichna fijiensis E. A. Smith is much larger and slimmer (Wats.*).

R. EUMICRA Crosse. PL 23, figs. 43, 44.

Shell imperforate, small, thin, subcylindrical, shining, smooth,
subpellucid, white ; spire nearly flat, the apex strongly projecting ;
whorls 3£, the last large, nearly as long as the whole shell; aper-
ture narrow, enlarged toward the base. Alt. 4£, diam. 2 mill. (C.
& F.}.

Spencers Gulf, S. Australia.

Bulla eumicra CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1865, p. 40, pi. 2, f. 7.
-Utriculus eumicras ANG., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188.

R. APICULATA Tate. PI. 23, fig. 45.

Similar to U. eumicrus Crosse, but distinguishable by its sunken
spire, the papillary apex of which is exserted beyond the level of
the body whorl. The anterior extremity of the shell is more gradu-
ally tapering, and the shoulder of the body whorl is less abruptly
arched, consequently U. apiculatus is more fusiform than its ally.
It is also much larger.

King George's Sound, S. W. Australia.

Utriculus apiculatus TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Philos.
Soc. of Adelaide, for 1878-9, p. 138, pi. 5, f. 3.

R. ORYCTUS Watson. PI. 21, fig. 5.

Shell subcylindrically oblong, tumid below the middle and
rounded in front, obsoletely striate in the lines of growth, truncate
above, when the crown is sharply angulately edged and excavated
with a papillary apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals — the ordinary
ridges and furrows in the lines of growth are feeble, except on the
crown, where the old lip edge scars are strongish, close and hair-
like. Spirals — none, except that round the edge of the crown there
runs a sharp angulation in continuation of the outer lip. Color
ivory-white, somewhat streaked longitudinally. Mouth a little
longer than the body, and at the top, to a small extent, enlarged,
slightly curved on the inner side, and there in front gibbous ; on
the outer side tt is nearly straight. Whorls 3 ; the last encircles
all the rest, which only appear on the crown, where each rises above
its predecessor in a round-faced curve ; the first is papillary and
immersed, the last rises above on the margin in a sharp edge and is

228 RETUSA.

a little tumid in front. Suture slightly impressed. Outer lip
rounded and cut off backwards above, angulated at its upper outer
corner, straight with a slight medial contraction, rounded and patu-
lous in front ; its edge line is very regularly curved. Top deeply
excavated, with a sharp edge. Inner lip: there is a very thin
glaze ; the line across the body is much curved, the narrowing for-
ward of the body beginning early and being considerable ; the pil-
lar is very oblique, subtruncate, very bluntly and faintly toothed,
with a narrow expanded sharpish bordered edge, and an almost im-
perceptible umbilical chink behind it. Alt. O13 in., diam. 0'07.
Mouth breadth at same place O01 inch (Wats.).

Ascension Island, 420 fms. (Challenger).

Utriculus oryctus WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 337 ; Chall. Gastr.
p. 653, pi. 48, f. 12.

The very sharp outer rim of the crown in this species is character-
istic. The species slightly resembles a large and stumpy Cylichna
umbilicata (Mont.), but is posteriorly squarer and more truncate^
the whole top is different, the line of the pillar is straight in its
obliquity, not roundly hollowed, and there is no spiral sculpture.
( Wats.).

R. ANTARCTICA Pfeffer. PI. 23, fig. 47.

Shell very thin, whitish, cylindrical-ovate, the width five-ninths
the altitude; spire elevated, the vertex oblique. Whorls 3, separ-
arated by a channelled suture, the last whorl three-fourths the
length of the shell, tapering toward the base. Aperture narrower
above, much dilated below, the outer lip slightly flexuous, sub-
auriculate above, obtusely rounded below ; columella strongly ar-
cuate, without fold. Alt. 2-7 mill. (Pfr.).

South Georgia.

Utriculus antarcticus PFFR., Jahrb. Hamburgischen Wissensch.
Anstalten, iii, p. 109, pi. 3, f. 5, 1*86.

Described from a single specimen found among roots of Hydroids.
It is excessively fragile. The attenuation of the body-whorl below
is its principal peculiarity.

B. INVOLUTA Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell small, cylindrical, transversely striated above and below,
milk-white; apex retuse and with a profound pit like an umbilicus ;
aperture linear, very narrow, suddenly dilated at the base, very ob-

RETUSA. 229

tusely plicate; external-basal angle of aperture very prominent ; lip
thin, contracted in the middle. Alt. 3£, diam. H lines (PA.).

China (Largilliert).

Bulla involuta PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 64.

Has much affinity to B. convoluta Brocchi, but shorter, striated
above and below, and base of the aperture suddenly dilated (PA.).
The generic position is very doubtful. Perhaps it is a Cylichna.

R. SEMINULUM Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell small, subcylindrical, a little attenuated toward the base,
very smooth, milk-white ; spire short, obtuse, distinct ; aperture
linear, a little dilated at the base, obsoletely folded. Alt. H, diam.

f lines (PA.).

Manila.

Bulla seminulum PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 64.

This species is like B. obstricta Old., B. obtusa Mont , but differs
in having the base of the shell attenuated and the aperture much
narrower (PA.).

Subgenus PYRUNCULUS Pilsbry, 1894.

Sao H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 21, Sept., 1854, type
S. pyriformis A. Ad. — Conf. SMITH, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ix, p.
354, 1872.

Not Sao Billberg, Enum. Ins., p. 135, 1820 (Crustacea}, nor Sao
Barrande, 1846 (Trilobita~) ; nor Sao Kolliker, 1853 (Siphonaphora,
JForxkaliidas).

Shell pyriform, wide below, narrowed above, the aperture as long
as the shell, and of similar shape, columella thickened. Spire de-
pressed and rather shallowly or deeply umbilicated. Surface gen-
erally with some basal spiral strise. Soft parts unknown.

Adams' name Sao being thrice preoccupied, has been changed to
Pyrunculus. The systematic position of the species cannot be defi-
nitely settled until the soft parts are known — Adams considering
the group a subgenus of Atys, Smith placing it under Cylichna,
while Fischer has Sao as a subgenus of Tornatina. The characters
of the shells' apex seem more like Rttusa than Cylichna, so that it
may be advisable to retain it as a section of that genus for the pres-
ent.

R. PYRIFORMIS A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 68.

Shell small, ovate, greatly dilated at the base, gibbose, shining,
white, smooth, pellucid, apex truncated, obsoletely longitudinally
16

UNIVERSITY

230 RETUSA.

sulcated, above and below transversely striated ; spire not visible,
apex slightly umbilicated ; aperture narrowed above and greatly
dilated below ; outer lip acutely truncated above ; columella reflected,
rather callous in the middle ; umbilicus deep (Ad.).

China Sea (Cuming)-

Bnlla (Atys) pyriformis AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 589, pi. 125, f.
128. — Sao pyriformis AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 21.

R. NITIDA A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 65.

Shell very small, obovate, white, opaque, shining, dilated at the
base, apex rounded and deeply umbilicated, transversely striated
above and below ; aperture produced above and narrow, inferiorly
dilated ; columella simple, reflected ; umbilicus small ; outer lip
rounded superiorly and arched (Ad.).

Shores of Borneo (Cuming).

Bulla (Atys) nitida AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 589, pi. 125, f. 127.

R. LAGENULA A. Adams. Unfyured.

Shell cylindrical-pyramidal, swollen below, the umbilical region
impressed, transversely striated, the strise rather distant ; dull white ;
apex perforated ; aperture linear, much dilated below ; inner lip
short, thickened ; outer lip straight, posteriorly produced, anteriorly
rounded and arcuate (Ad.).

Gulf of Pe-chili, 5 fms. (Ad.)

Sao lagenula AD., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), viii, p. 139.

R. FOLLICULUS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, umbilicate, rather solid; base dilated, gibbous;
smooth, transversely striated posteriorly ; apex profoundly perforate.
Aperture dilated in front, narrow behind ; inner lip thickened ; outer
lip strongly produced behind and acuminately angular (Ad.).

Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. (Ad.).

Sao folliculus AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 160.

The only species resembling this is S. pyriformis A. Ad., from the
China Sea; but that species is much more ventricose, and more
attenuated posteriorly (Ad).

R. PHIALA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical-pyramidal, attenuated anteriorly [?], subcon-
stricted below the summit, rimate, transversely striated above and
below ; vertex profoundly perforated ; aperture linear, coarctate

RETUSA. 231

behind, dilated in front ; inner lip straight, elongated, simple ; outer
lip strongly produced behind (Ad.}.

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

Sao phiala AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 160.

The peculiar contraction at the anterior part of the body-whorl
just below the apex, the produced outer lip, and the straight simple
inner lip are the chief peculiarities of this species (Ad.}.

R. ELLIPTICA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell small, white, thin, elongate-ovate, subdilated in front, longi-
tudinally streaked, transversely striated above and below ; aperture
linear, dilated below ; inner lip straight calloused in the middle ;
outer lip with arcuate margin, posteriorly produced, rounded (Ad.}.

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms.

Sao elliptica A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 160.

A small white, longitudinally strigose, ovate species, differing in
form and appearance from any other of the group (Ad.}.

R. PELLYI Smith. Unfigured.

Shell pyriform, the base double as wide as the top ; white, trans-
versely, distantly striated at base; vertex umbilicated, surrounded
outside by a lira (decussated by curved longitudinal, rather evanes-
cent striae). Aperture narrow above, produced above the vertex,
greatly dilated below. Columella short, thickened ; umbilical region
perforated. Alt. 4, diarn. 2 mill. ($.).

Persian Gulf (Col. Felly).

Cylichna (Sao) pellyi E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), ix,
p. 354 (May, 1872).

Considerably larger than C. nitida A. Ad., and proportionately
narrower towards the upper end.

R. OBESIUSCULA Brugnone. PI. 23, figs. 60, Gl.

Shell 5 mill, high, 3 mill, wide, subconic-oval, truncated obliquely
above, shining and smooth, with fine and numerous striae of growth,
stronger toward the summit; last whorl ventricose. Aperture nar-
row and linear above, below enlarged, rounded and everted a little
to the left, the outer lip gently curved and projecting a little above
the apex ; columella rather straight, inclined to the left, bending
outwards, and with an obscure fold in the middle. The apex with
a narrow, funnel-shaped, sharp edged umbilicus ; base with a small
umbilical slit partly covered by the reflection of the columella.

232 RETUSA.

Cylichna obesiuscula BRUGNONE, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., Ill, p. 39,
pi. i, fig. 7, 1877. — Diaphana conulus VERRILL, Proc. IT. S. Nat.
Mus., Ill, p. 382, 1880; Trans. Conn. Acad., V, p. 543, pi. Iviii, fig.
25, 1882 ; VI, p. 273, 1884.— Return f obesiuscula Brugn., DALL,
Blake Gastr., p. 49.

Pliocene of Messina, (Seguenza) ; of Palermo (Brugnone) ; U. S.
Fish Commission Stations 870, 949, 2595, 2602 and 2614, in 63-168
fms., living in about 100 fms.

This species is quite distinct from Bulla conica or conulus of De-
shayes, Wood, Sars, etc., from C. hcernesi and C. ovata, with all of
which it has been confounded by various authors, especially Jeffreys.
Professor Verrill in referring to it noted the discrepancies. (DatV).

R. OVATA Jeffreys. PL 30, fig. 1 1.

" Larger (than Cylichna umbilicata) narrower at the apex, and
conical ; the upper angle of the outer lip is higher and more pro-
jecting " (Jeffr.).

Cylichna ovata JEFFREYS, Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1870, Pore. Exp., p.
156 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, 5th ser., X, p. 34, 1882.— WATSON,
Chall. Rep., p. 664, pi. xlix, fig. 9, 1885.— Utriculus conulus G. O.
SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 287, pi. 17, fig. 17, 1878.— Cylichna
umbilicata var. conulus Jeffr., Brit. Conch., IV, p. 414; V, p. 223.
Not Bulla conulus Deshayes, Cylichna conulu* of Weinkauff, or
Bulla conulus of Searles Wood. — Retusa f ovata DALL, Blake
Gastr., p. 49.

North Atlantic (Porcupine and Triton Expeditions); Bay of
Biscay (Travailleur Expedition) ; Azores (Josephine, Porcupine and
Challenger Expeditions); West Indies; off Pernambnco (Challen-
ger Expedition); Straits of Florida, 150-465 fms. (Dr. Rush);
East Coast of North America, 124-400 fms. (U. S. Fish Commis-
sion); range 100-1000 fms. over a muddy bottom in all parts of
the North Atlantic, with temperatures from 40° to 62° F.

R. C^ELATA Bush. PI. 23, fig. 69.

Shell rather thick, opaque white, with a slightly lustrous surface
of moderate size, somewhat conical in shape, with a truncated tip
and an elongated tapering base. Spire concealed within a very
deep pit ; the two or three whorls are distinctly visible in an end
view and are crossed by numerous delicate, little curved riblets
which curve over the top of the body-whorl extending down a short
distance, and gradually blend with the flexuous lines of growth.

VOLVULA. 233

Commencing about the middle of the whorl and covering the base
there are numerous, fine, punctate, spiral lines, very much crowded
anteriorly. Aperture very narrow, expanded anteriorly ; outer lip
a little produced at the top, bending round somewhat abruptly, then
following the outline of the body-whorl, and joining the inner lip in
a regular curve ; inner lip much thickened at its base, with a
minute umbilical chink behind it. Color yellowish-white. (Bush').

Alt. 3, diam. 1*5 mill. (Bush).

Cape Hatteras, N. (?., rare in 15-43 fms. (U .8. F. C.), Fernandina
Florida.

Cyliclma ccelata BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 468, pi. 45,
f. 15. — Retusa ccelata DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 45.

Genus VOLVULA A. Adams, 1850.

Volvula A. AD. in Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, p. 558.
Not Volvulus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 1815 (Moll.), nor of Brulle,
Hist. Nat. Ins., 1835, (Coleoptera).— Volvulella R. B. NEWTON,
Syst. List Edwards Coll. Brit. Oligocene and Eocene Moll., p. 268,
1891.— V R hizorus MONTF., Conch. Syst., ii, p. 338, 1810.

Shell external, subcylindrical or long-oval, tapering at both ends,
the body-whorl more or less produced in a beak or spine above.
Spire concealed ; aperture as long as the shell, very narrow, the
outer lip simple, produced above ; columella somewhat thickened,
with the trace of a fold. Type V. acuminata.

Animal with a squarish frontal disc, produced in two processes
behind, as in Retusa, in front of which are the eyes. No epipodial
lobes ; foot shorter than the shell, (pi. 60, figs. 9, 10, V- aeuminata').

The shell differs from Tornatina and Retusa in its attenuation at
the ends, the upper extremity of the body-whorl being produced
into a sort of spine in the typical species. The animal closely
resembles Retusa in external features, but it is not known whether
radu la-teeth are present or not.

The generic term Volvula is not preoccupied. The names Vol-
vulus of Oken, and Volvulus of Brulle seem to be sufficiently dis-
tinct in form to preclude any danger of confusion with Volvula.

V. SMITHII Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 26, fig. 65.

Shell minute, elongate-ovate, rostrate above, polished, white,
transversely striated at both ends, smooth in the middle ; aperture

234 VOLVULA.

narrow above, dilated below ; coluraella thick. Alt. 5, diam. 3 milL
(&),

Whydah, W. Africa.

Volvula cylindrica E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 738, pi. 75, f.
29. Not V. cylindrica Cpr.

Peculiar for the beaked apex and the (about 12) spiral striae at
the upper and lower portions. ($.).

V. ACUMINATA Bruguiere. PL 26, figs. 61, 62 ; pi. 60, figs. 9, 10.

Shell oval-cylindrical, elongated, about three times as high as
wide, convoluted, acuminate at the summit, rounded at base, the
spire concealed. Thin, translucent and shining, with very weak
spiral striae toward the summit and the base. Aperture very nar-
row, nearly linear, wider at base ; lip simple and sharp, flexuous,
rounded at base ; columellar margin rounded. Columella visibly
twisted, arcuate and thickened. Color hyaline white. Alt. 2'7,
diam. 1 mill. ; sometimes larger.

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas, Atlantic from Norway to the
Gulf of Gascony, laminarian and coralline zones ; Gulf of Suez
(Cooke).

Bulla acuminata BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 376, 1792.—
PHIL., Enum. Moll, Sicil. i, p. 122, pi. 8, f. 18.— Volvula acumi-
nata A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 596, pi. 125, f. 152.— BUQ. DAUTZ
& DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 534, pi. 64, f. 4, 5. — COOKE, Ann. Mag.
(5), xvii, p. 130. — M. SARS, Bidrag til Kundskab om Christian-
iafjordens Fauna, 1870, p. 62, pi. 11, f. 19-22 (living animal).—
Ovula acuminata FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., iii, p. 500*
pi. 164B, f. 3. — Cylichna acuminata JEFFR., Brit. Conch., iv, p. 411;
v, p. 222, pi. 93, f. 1 ; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), v, p. 448.— Bulla
fucicola CHIEREGHINI, BRUSINA, Bib. Malac., ii, Ipsa Chier.C onch.,
p. 117, 1870, (no description).

There can be no doubt that the slender Volvula of the Mediter-
ranean is the type of Bruguiere's description ; his measurements
corresponding closely to specimens, which are about three times as
long as wide. His reference to Plancus (De Conchis minus notis,
etc.) is less happy, for the figures cited can hardly be believed to be
this shell. Whether V. oxytata Bush and V. persimilis Morch are
the same f do not know, as I have not seen specimens of them ; but
there is nothing in the descriptions, so far as I can see, to distinguish
the American forms from the Mediterranean. Chiereghini's B*

VOLVULA. 235

fucicola is a (posthumous) nude name, absolutely unknown except
for Brusina's statement that it is the B. acuminata Brug.

Var. BREVIS Pilsbry. PI. 60, fig. 11.

Shell regularly spindle-shaped, or forming an elongated oval
which is pointed above and broad below ; it is thin, almost trans-
parent, and glossy; sculpture slight spiral strise at each end, and
very faint microscopic lines in the same direction on the interme-
diate space ; the striae near the apex are fewer and more remote
than those near the base ; epidermis inconspicuous ; color, clear
white. Mouth very long, commencing at the top in a short and
slightly recurved spike, and gradually widening towards the base,
where it is expanded and rounded ; outer lip flexuous, with a sharp
edge ; inner lip consisting of a mere film on the upper part and in the
middle, but thickened and reflected at the base, so as to give the
pillar the appearance of having a short fold ; pillar twisted, and
bending a little to the left. (Jeffr.}.

Alt. 3-75, diam. 1'87 mill.

Northern Europe ; Mediterranean.

This form is far stumpier than the typical V. acuminata, the
diameter being nearly one-half the altitude. The references to
Forbes and Hanley, Jeffreys (Brit. Conch.), and Adams in the
above synonymy, belong to this form.

V. OXYTATA Bush. PI. 26, fig. 63.

Shell rather small, somewhat cylindrical, with a sharp, spike-like
apex and a tapering, rounded, anterior end, rather thin, semi-trans-
parent, somewhat lustrous, with four or five very fine, indistinct,
punctate spiral lines on each end, and very indistinct, microscopic
strise on the intervening surface. Aperture long, very narrow, ex-
panded anteriorly ; outer lip thin, following the curvature of the
body whorl to just below the middle where it continues in a straight
line and joins the inner lip in a broad curve; inner lip very thin,
slightly reflected anteriorly over a slight umbilical chink. Color
bluish-white under a pale yellow epidermis. Length of one of the
largest specimens 4, breadth, T5 mill. (Bush).

East coast of the United States, from Hatteras to Cuba, 5-63 fms.

V. oxytata BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 468, pi. 45, f. 12,
1885. — DALL, Blake Kep. Gastr. p. 50.—? V. persimilis MORCH,
Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 179, 1875.

236 VOLVULA.

Dall gives the following notes upon this form ; but his Mediter-
ranean oxytata are evidently typical acicminata, and the stout form
from northern Europe is what I have called var. brevis: "In
examining the Jeffreys collection I find this species represented from
the Mediterranean from various collectors, and from Adventure
Bank, Porcupine Expedition. The British and all the northern

specimens, and one Mediterranean lot, are of another species, shorter
and stouter, which I take to be the genuine acuminata of Bruguiere.
It in its turn differs somewhat from the Crag fossil which has
been called by the same name, but perhaps not specifically. I have
not seen any specimen of Morch 's shell authentically identified, but
his comparative remarks render it highly probable that he had the

V. oxytata in view."

Volvula persimilis Morch is referred to F oxytata by Dall, with a
question mark. If identical, it has priority. The original descrip-
tion here follows:

V. persimilis Morch. Differs from F angustata A. Ad. in the
shell being very subtly spirally striated, hardly visible under a lens ;
more solid ; columella quite oblique, with thick straight fold.
Differs from F. acuta in the subcylindrical shell.

Alt. 4i, diam. If mill.

V. ACUTA Orbigny. PI. 60, figs. 12, 13.

Shell oblong, attenuated in front and behind, thin, white, smooth,
transversely striated in front, acute behind, not perforated, trans-
versely and longitudinally striated ; aperture narrow, sinuous, sud-
denly dilated in front; columella subacute.

Alt. 2, diam. "75 mill. (Orb).

West Indies, north to Hatteras.

Sulla acuta ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 126, pi. 4, f. 17-20.— Volvula
acuta DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 50. — Volvula recta MORCH (not Orb.),
Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 179. — ? Volvula minuta BUSH, Trans. Conn.
Acad. vi, p. 469, pi. 45, f. 11, 1885.

This species, when young, seems to me indistinguishable from F.
minuta Bush, so fur as the shells are concerned. I have not seen the
soft parts. Northern specimens are a little yellower and more
earthy than those from the Antilles, as in the case of many other
species having a wide geographical range. Miss Bush's figure is

VOLVULA. 237

more ovate than that of Orbigny, and I find specimens agreeing with
both figures in form, with others which appear more or less inter-
mediate. This species differs from V. acuminata Brug, in being one
quarter shorter with the same width, in having a well marked um-
bilical chink, and an apical process averaging shorter in specimens
of the same size. (Dall).

The F. minuta of Miss Bush, which Dall believes identical with
is described as follows :

r. minuta (pi. 26, fig. 57),

Shell very small, spindle-shaped, thin, semi-transparent, white,
destitute of sculpture with the exception of three or four very indis-
tinct, punctate, spiral lines on the base. Aperture very narrow,
gradually expanding anteriorly from about the middle, with a reg-
ularly curved outer lip. Columella with a slight twist or fold, with
a very small umbilical chink behind it. Epidermis indistinct.
Length of the largest specimen, 2*5, breadth, 1 mill.

V. BUSHII Dall. Unfigured.

This species is stouter, and its posterior process more acutely
pointed than in V. acuta; its posterior end is more inflated and
blunt than in V. acuta or acuminata, and the little sharp spine rises
more abruptly from this dome. The anterior part of the shell is
somewhat narrower than the posterior part, with very straight sides
and columella, toward which it is evenly rounded in front. There
is along chink behind the pillar, a faint wash of callus on the body,
and fine microscopic spiral striae over the polished surface. The
color is greenish-white of a cretaceous quality. The columella is
slightly reflected, but not twisted. Lon. 46 ; lat. 2'3 mill. (Dall).

Station 2602, 36 miles S. % W.from Cape Hatteras, N. C., in 124
fms., sand, (U. S. Fish Commission).

F. bushii DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 51.

V. ASPINOSA Dall. Unfigured.

Shell white or yellowish, opaque, the young translucent, rather
stout, ovate, the aperture as long as the shell, very narrow behind,
wider in front, the outer lip sharp edged, thickened inside, evenly
rounded to both extremities, its middle part nearly straight, the left
or opposite side of the shell much more arched than the right side;
surface with well-marked incremental lines, numerous small micro-
scopic striae a little stronger toward the extremities ; columella thick,

238 VOLVULA.

short, straight, with a very minute chink behind it covered mostly
by callus; apex dome like, with a small rising in the center,
which in the most perfect and especially young specimens is pointed ;
callus on the body narrow, but well marked. Lon. 4*0; lat. 2'0
mill. (Dall).

Off the North Carolina coast, in 18-168 fms. ; Straits of Florida,.
150-200 fms., (Dr. Rush).

F. aspinosa DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 51.

This very interesting species nearly bridges the gap between
typical Volvula and Oylichna. Many of the worn or unfinished
specimens show hardly a trace of an apical process ; with the best
developed ones it is only a raised point barely as high as the eleva-
tion of the outer lip beyond the apex, and never a spine as in the
other species. There is something about its form and facies, how-
ever, which indicates its relationship even when the point is absent.
Apart from the spine it is perhaps nearer F. jBus/mthaii any of the
others, but it is more cylindrical, smaller, and has a narrower aper-
ture. The shell seems unusually heavy for its small size when a per-
fectly mature specimen is examined. (Dall).

V. PAUPERCULA Watson. PI. 26, figs. 58, 59.

Shell small, cylindrically oblong, with a short, blunt, but pointed
top, white, faintly spiralled. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are
fine close-set lines of growth. Spirals — the whole shell is scored
with fine, shallow, remote, scarcely fretted furrows. Colour ivory-
white. Mouth arched, narrow above and throughout the greater
part of its length, but widening in front, where the body of the shell
contracts on the base ; above, it rises beyond the top of the body,
and in front goes slightly beyond the point of the pillar. Outer lip
is gently curved in the middle, with a quick bend at either end ; its
edge seems to be nearly level, but emarginate in front. Top con-
tracts rather quickly to a small central tip. Inner lip : a pretty
distinct glaze covers the body ; in front of this the narrow pillar
projects somewhat obliquely, with a slight twist and prominent edge,
and is rather abruptly cut off at the point ; behind it lies a small
furrow running up into a minute umbilical chink. Alt. 0'062 in.
diam. 0'03. Mouth, breadth at same place, O'OOS inch. ( Wats.).

North of Culebra I., West Indies, 390 fms.

CylicJma ( Volvula) paupercula WATS., Chall. Rep., p. 669, pi. 50,
f. 5.

VOLVULA. 239

The Volvula acuta d'Orb. a Cuban species, is much sharper and
more hunchy. Volvula angustata A. Adams, is more cylindrical
and less stumpily pointed above. ( Wats.}.

(West- American species.}

V. CYLINDRICA Carpenter. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, white, shining, encircled by distant spiral
strife ; flattened in the middle, the margins nearly parallel, rather
effuse below, sudienly narrowed behind; canal very short; lip
acute ; inner lip indistinct; columellar fold small, very sloping.

Alt. -17, diam. '07 in. (Cpr.}.

Sta. Barbara, California.

Volvula cylindrica CPU., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), xv, p. 179
(March, 1865) ; Moll. Western N. A., Smiths. Misc. Coll. no. 252,
pp. 23, 133, 281.

(Indo- Pacific, Japanese and Australian species).

V. EBURNEA A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 66.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white, smooth, solid, shining, inferiorly
transversely striated, beaked at both ends ; aperture narrow poste-
riorly, dilated anteriorly ; outer lip posteriorly inflexed ; inner lip

callous; umbilicus none. (Ad.}.

China Sea (Gaming).

B. ( Volvula} eburnea AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 597, pi. 125, f. 155.

V. STRIATULA A. Adams. PL 26, fig. 64.

Shell small, ovately cylindrical, beaked at both ends, entirely
transversely striated; spire concealed; aperture linear, anteriorly
slightly dilated ; outer lip straight, slightly inflexed in the middle ;
inner lip strongly twisted, with a single plait. (Ad.}.

China Seas (Cuming).

B. (Volvula) striatula AD., Thes. ii, p. 597, pi. 125, f. 156.

V. OPALINA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell elongate-oval, rimate, white, semipellucid, smooth, shining,
obsoletely transversely striated in front ; mucro short, produced
(with the lip) in an angle; aperture narrow, inner lip thin, oblique,
incurved ; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3),
ix, p. 154, 1862).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

240 VOLVULA.

V. SPECTABILIS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell elongate oval, acuminate behind, rounded in front; apical
mucro short, not produced ; rather thin, white, shining, most min-
utely transversely striated. Aperture moderate ; inner lip thin,
elongated, scarcely flexuous; outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad., I.
c., p. 154).

Tabu Sima, Japan, 25 fms.

V. CYLINDRELLA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, obtuse at both ends, transversely striated
throughout, the striae close; summit short, acute, not produced;
aperture linear ; inner lip subtortuous ; outer lip with somewhat
straightened margin. (A Ad., t. c., p. 155).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

V. OVULINA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell elongate-oval, subventricose, transversely striated through-
out, umbilicated, somewhat swollen in front, mucro at the summit
small, acute, produced (with the lip) in an angle; aperture wide;
inner lip tortuous, elongated, widely reflexed in front ; outer lip reg-
ularly arcuate. (Ad., t. c., p. 155).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

V. RADIOLA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell subcylindrical, acuminate at both ends, the mucro of the
summit produced, acute; white, opaque, transversely striated
throughout, the striae distant ; aperture linear, dilated in front ; inner
lip oblique, straight, somewhat thickened ; outer lip with straight
margin. (Ad., t. c., p. 155).

Tabu Sima, Japan, 25 fms.

V. ATTENUATA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, narrowed at both ends, transversely
striated throughout, the striae distant; mucro acute, produced.
Aperture linear, slightly dilated in front; inner lip subtortuous,
oblique; outer lip wiih subarcuate margin. (Ad., t. c., p. 155).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms.

V. ANGUSTATA A. Adams. PI. 26, fig. 67.

Shell cylindrical, beaked at both ends, smooth, shining white,
longitudinally substriated ; spire concealed ; aperture linear, nar-

VOLVULA. 241

rowed in the middle, produced above, dilated below, outer lip con-
tracted in the middle ; inner lip with a single fold. (Ad.~).

Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fms. (Cum ing) ; Endermo Harbor, Japan,
4-7 fms. (Smith) ; Off Katow, New Guinea, 8 fms. (Brazier).

B. (Volvula) angustata AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 596, pi. 125, f.
153.— BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W., ii, p. 83.— SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(4), xvi, p. 114.

V. ROSTRATA A. Adams. PL 26, fig. 60.

Shell elongately oval, white, pellucid, beaked at both ends, lon-
gitudinally substriated. transversely (under the lens) very minutely
striated ; aperture' narrow, linear ; outer lip equally arched ; col-
umella tortuous, with a single plait. (Ad.*).

Port Lincoln, Australia.

B. (Volvula} rostrata A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 596, pi. 125, f.
154.

V. SULCATA Watson. PL 26, fig. 56.

Shell oblong, very symmetrically curved, bluntly pointed above,
and still more bluntly in front, white, very faintly spiralled, but
with the center part of the body plain. Sculpture: Longitudinals
— there are very slight lines of growth. Spirals — at the lower end
of the shell there are about ten very slight fretted spiral furrows ;
those above are rather sparse and irregular, those toward the point
are crowded and feeble; the larger part of the shell is plain, while
above are a few spirals still feebler than those in front. Colour trans-
lucent white. Mouth arched ; about the middle the arch is flattened
and narrowed, broadening a very little above and somewhat more in
front ; above, it rises bluntly beyond the top of the body, and in
front it just passes the point of the pillar. Outer lip is very little
curved in the middle, but bends in toward the axis at either end ; its
edge retreats a little above, but only very slightly in front. Top is
bluntly and roundly pointed. Inner lip : there is a small transpar-
ent pointed pad where the outer lip rises from the tip, the curve of
the body is regular, but just at the top of the pillar is a slight
contraction ; the pillar, which has a very faint tooth at its base is
slightly oblique, and markedly twisted out to the very point; it has
a flat, expanded and broadening front, with a sharp reverted edge,
behind which is a rather strongly marked furrow, but no umbilicus.

242 VOLVULA-SCAPHANDRID^E.

Alt. 0-074 in. diam. 0'034. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'005
inch. (Wats.1).

Torres Strait, 3-11 fms.

Cylichna (Volvula) sulcata WATS., Chall., Rep. Gastr., p. 670, pi.
50, f. 6.

In form this somewhat resembles Volvula angustata A. Adams,
but the sculpture is quite different. Compared to Cylichna acum-
inata A. Adams, the apex of the Challenger species is not spike-like
and the spiral stride are stronger. ( Wats.).

Family SCAPHANDRID^ Fischer.

Shell spiral, external, the spire sunken or concealed. Animal
with a short subquadrate foot, truncated or forked behind ; frontal
disc without tentacles, the posterior lobes obsolete ; epipodial lobes
well developed. Radula having the central tooth small, with a very
large lateral on each side of it, and either a few smaller uncini or
none. Gizzard containing three calcareous plates, which are not
tuberculate.

This family differs from Tornatinidce in the obsolescence of posterior
lobes on the head-shield, in the well-developed radula, and the large
lateral epipodial lobes. It differs from Bullidae in the highly
specialized form of the radula-teeth and their small number in a
transverse row.

The form of the shell is so various in Scaphandridce that no useful
diagnosis of the family can be drawn from that organ. It would be
very difficult to indicate any means of distinguishing the shells of
some species of Cylichna from the genera Retusa and Haminea,
although the soft parts of these three genera are very different. As
in the case of Tornatinidce, the present monograph does not pretend
to be a sufficient account of all the species, much less to decide
authoritatively questions of synonymy. In the present state of con-
chology, all systematic work on Tectibranchs is of a tentative and
superficial character ; and if the following account serves the tem-
porary purpose of bringing together all of the described forms and
their literature, the object of the writer will be attained. It remains
for those who have opportunity to observe living examples to prop-
erly classify many of the species.

SCAPHANDRID^E. 243

Synopsis of Genera.

Genus SCAPHANDER Montfort.

Shell involute, oblong or ovate, the spire concealed by a callus,
covered with a thin epidermis, spirally striated. Aperture as long
as the shell, narrow above, much dilated below, the columellar lip
concave, long; columella revolving around a hollow axis; parietal
wall smooth.

Subgenus SABATIA Bellardi.

Shell like Scaphander, but parietal wall bearing an entering fold
of callus.

Genus SMARAGDINELLA Adams.

Shell ovate, entirely open from the front and base ; whorls hardly
more than one ; apex concealed ; aperture nearly as large as the
shell, ovate ; parietal wall bearing a large spirally entering plate,
forming a little cup projecting into the aperture.

Subgeuus NONA H. & A. Ad.

Shell white, the outer lip rising well above the vertex.
Genus ATYS Montfort.

Shell solid, involute, oval, usually with spiral striae at both ends ;
aperture projecting beyond vertex and base, the lip typically folded
above the vertex ; columella plicate or concave, generally partly re-
flexed over a small umbilicus. See text for subgenera.

Genus CYLICHNA Loveu.

Shell rather small and subcylindrical, the spire sunken and um-
bilicate or closed by a callus from the inner lip ; rather solid ; aper-
ture as long as the shell, narrow above, somewhat dilated below ;
columella short, thickened, sometimes sinuous. For subdivisonssee
text.

Genus DIAPHANA Brown.

Shell small, thin, corneous-brown, umbilicated, swollen, the last
whorl shouldered or globose ; spire low or sunken in an apical um-
bilicus. Aperture as long as the shell, rising above the vertex ;
peristome thin. For subdivisions see text.

244 SCAPHANDER.

Genus SCAPHANDER Momfort, 1810.

Scaphander MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 334. type S. lignarius. —
Assula SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 78, 258, type A. convoluta=B. lignar-
ia L. (1817). — Gioeni GIOENI, Descriz. di ima nuova Fam. ediun
nuovo Gen. di Testacei, trovati nel littorale di Catania, p. xxv, (iii
to xxxiv), plate, figs, i-xiii, Naples, 1783 (Gizzard with plates, etc.,
of S. lignarius}. — Gicenia BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i. p. 502 (article
"char"). — Tricla PHILIPSSON, Dissertatio Hist.-Nat, Nova Testa-
ceorum Genera, p. 8, Lund, 1788 (gizzard with plates).

Shell entirely external, imperforate, ovate, rather solid, with the
vertex narrow, concave and closed by a callus over the spire ; aper-
ture as long as the shell, sinused behind, narrowed above, dilated
and effuse below ; columella long, simply concave, with reflexed, ap-
pressed edge. Type S. lignarius.

Animal (pi. 32, fig. 24, S. lignarius} with a lar^e pentagonal or
hexagonal frontal disc, the posterior margin produced in two broad,
short subobsolete lobes; no eyes; foot about the length of the shell,
truncated behind ; lateral lobes large and well developed. Gizzard
(pi. 61 fig. 36 lateral view, fig. 37 dorsal view) armed with two
large flattened subtriangular plates (pi. 61, fig. S3, pi. 32, fig. 25)
and one lanceolate, laterally-compressed plate (pi. 61, figs. 34, 35).
Radula narrow and minute, tooth-formula 1*1' 1. The central teeth
are small, subquadrate, subobsolete, not denticulated. Lateral teeth
large, sickle-shaped (pi. 61, figs. 39, 40, S. lignarius}.

The form of the shell is quite characteristic, but the main
peculiarities of the animal are anatomical. The dentition is alto-
gether peculiar, although showing much affinity to that of Diaphana
and Atys ; the external anatomy is most like Atys ; the gizzard
plates are characteristic, two being very large and subtriangular,
while the third is folded upon itself and of a narrow, lanceolate form,
fitting between the large ones.

Not unnaturally, the gizzard with its plates has been described as
an independent genus, and two generic names have been applied to
it, both prior in date to Scaphander ; but Draparnaud in 1800 dis-
covered their true nature, and it was also known to Montfort.

Besides the typical group of Scaphander, in which the parietal
wall of the aperture is smooth, a subgenus Sabatia has been institu-
ted by Bellardi, for forms in which there is a parietal entering
callous fold. These lead the way toward the genus Smatagdinella

SCAPHANDER. 245

S. LIGNARIUS Linne. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22, 23, 17.

Shell large, solid, ovate, attenuated above, abruptly truncated at
the narrow vertex, dilated below. Surface unevenly grooved
throughout, the grooves much closer above and below. Aperture as
long as the shell, widely sinused above, where the excavated outer
lip is inserted on the calloused, concave vertex ; much dilated below,
and effuse. Columella very concave, bordered by an even reflexion
of callus which continues up the parietal wall to the vertex.
Viewed from the base, all the whorls are seen within the spiral turns
of the columella. Color rich reddish brown. Alt. GO mill.

Atlantic Ocean from Norway to Gibraltar; Mediterranean Sea.

Bulla llgnaria LINN., Syst. xii, p. 1184. — Scaphander lignarins
MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 334. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 443,
v, p. 224, pi. 95, f. 5.— BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Mar. Rouss.
i, p. 536, pi. 63, f. 1-3.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 292, pi. 1 8,
f. 7 (Shell), pi. 26, f. 4 (Animal) ; pi. xi, f. 13 (dentition, anatomy).
— Assula convoluta SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 258. — S. giganteus Risso,
Hist. Nat. Eur. Mer. iv, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 12. — S. targionius Risso, t. c.
pi. 2, f. 13.— £ brownii LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B. p. 40.— Gicenia
sicula BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 502.

Of this common and well known species we have given above but
few references to books, but most of the others may be found in the
works cited. It is the largest of the genus. Its food, according to
Mme. Jeannette Power (Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xx, p. 335) con-
sists of Dentalium, the shells of which are triturated by means of
the solid gizzard-plates.

Var. minuscula Monts. Small and pale colored, sometimes reddish

above.

Yar. targionia Risso. Rather less swollen than the typical form.
Yar. brittanica Monts. Moderate sized, shorter and more swollen

than the type. Atlantic (pi. 31, fig. 17).
Yar. curia Jeffr. Very small and short.

Var. hidalgoi B. D. D. Small, deep brown, with more numerous

and closer spiral striae (fig. 22).
Var. alba Jeffr. Entirely white, with a creamy cuticle.

Fossil forms of this species have been described under the names
S. sublignarius Orb., S. grateloupii Mich., and S.fortisii Grat. (not
Brong.). It is wide spread in the Pliocene of Europe.
17

246 SCAPHANDER.

S. PUNCTOSTRIATUS Mighels. PL 31, %. 16.

Shell rather solid, ovate, somewhat narrower but not constricted
above, the vertex very narrow, scarcely truncated. Surface sculpt-
ured with tine spiral, distinctly punctured grooves. Vertex narrow,
not distinctly margined, and but slightly concave, the lip inserted in
the middle. Aperture narrow above, broad below ; outer lip reced-
ing toward the upper insertion, somewhat effuse below. Columella
broadly concave, bordered by a narrow white callus, the parietal
callus slight and translucent. Only the last whorl is visible from
the base. Color buff or pale brown, the interior of the aperture shin-
ing, porcellanous, white. Alt. from 8 to 30 mill.

Iceland, Shettland and Nomvay to Bay of Biscay, and off Azores
(1000 fms.) ; Palermo, 60 fms. ; northwest Atlantic from Maine and
Massachusetts to Culebra I., (390 fms.) and Barbados (288 fms.),
and Gulf of Mexico, 533 fms.

Ballapunctostriata MIGH., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, 1841, p. 49 ;
Bost. Journ.' N. H. iv, 1842, p. 43, pi. 4, f. 10. — Scaphander puncto-
str tutus OLD., Inv. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 215, f. 505.— VERRILL,
Tr. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 273. — DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 52. — SARS,
Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 292, pi. 18, f. 6.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Asso.
Rep. 1884, p. 554.— WATSON, Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 642.— A. AD.,
Thes. ii, p. 575, pi. 121, f. 50.— Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 2.— & librar-
ius LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Scand. in Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh., 1846, p.
142.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 446; v, p. 224, pi. 102, f. 9;
P. R. S. Lond. xxv, p. 185, 194, etc. ; Ann. Mag. K H. (4), xix, p.
335. — MONTS., Enumerazione, etc., p. 51.

This species inhabits comparatively shallow water in the north,
but the southern localities are all for examples dredged in great
depths. The regularly ovate form and conspicuously punctate striaa
are its more prominent features.

Var. clavus Ball.

These specimens exhibit a bluntness at the apex and a more
Bulla-like form than the typical ones, and may form a variety ciavus,
distinguished from the type by the above features and by the simple
apex, where the axis is prolonged into the outer lip directly without
being twisted so as to form a sort of cup, as in the type of the
species.

West Indies, 288-553 fms.

SCAPHANDER. 247

S. GRACILIS Watson. PI. 31, figs. 19, 20.

Shell thinnish, oblong, slightly flattened, a little narrowed up-
ward, obliquely truncate at the top, where the outer lip rises like a
tooth on the right ; in front it is a little oblique toward the right,
very little expanded, rounded towards the point. The mouth is
pear-shaped and small for the genus. Sculpture : Longitudinals —
the lines of growth are very slight. Spirals — the whole surface is
dotted over with fine remote stipplings somewhat variable in size
and shape, running in rather oblique spiral lines, which are a little
crowded above and distant in front, where, however, an additional
finer line of minute stipplings is often intercalated. Epidermis mem-
branaceous, pale lemon-yellow. Colour dead white, with occasional
translucent longitudinal bands. Crown consists of the bluntly
rounded edge of a small shallow round pit, which is partly or wholly
choked up with the labial callus ; the line across the crown is very
oblique. Mouth rather small, pear-shaped, and nearly straight.
Outer lip slightly thickened and reflected on the crown of the shell,
from which it rises upwards and projects forward like a tooth ; from
this point it advances almost straight with a patulous and scarcely
convex edge to the beginning of the base, whence it sweeps round,
retreating and very patulous to the point of the pillar. Inner lip
very slightly convex above, almost straight in its oblique course
across the base; on all this part a thickish well-defined glaze is
spread on the front of the body ; as the mouth begins to widen, this
glaze is pressed out into a blunt angulation, almost a tooth, which
is prolonged to the left in the narrow-edged, flat-fronted, truncated,
twisted, concave pillar; here the reverted callus, which dies out at
the point of the pillar, has behind it a small shallow flat furrow
leading up into a pore-shaped umbilicus. Looking up the axis of
the shell, though the opening is rather narrow, two whorls can be
distinguished. Alt. Of62 in. diam. 0*34. Greatest breadth of mouth,
0-24 inch. (Wats.).

West of Azores, and off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fras.

S. gracilis WATS., J. L. S. Lond. xvii, 345 ; Chall. Gastr. p. 645,
pi. 48, f. 4.

This is a long and narrow shell with little of the generic peculiar-
ity of shape, though the anterior splay form is recognizable. The
singular thickening of the pillar seems to increase with age. In the
three specimens from station 78 it is much more strongly marked
than in the somewhat younger shells from Station 73. The young

248 SCAPHANDER.

shells of Scaphander punclo-striatus (Migh.) are squatter, rounder,
with a flatter crown, and have the outer lip less produced behind ;
their stippled sculpture, which varies a good deal, is often coarser,
and forms more continuous spirals ; the pillar-lip, too, and shape of
the body are very different. In one of the specimens, from station 78 in
particular, the slow wasting away of the surface has scarcely attacked
the stippled pits of the spirals which accordingly remain projecting
as flat round tubercles.

Specimens probably referable to this species are also said to have
been collected by the ' Challenger' off Sydney, E. Australia, in 410
fms., an extraordinary distribution if really established (See Smith,
Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. i, p. 60).

S. WATSONI Ball. PI. 31, fig. 18.

Shell slender, delicate, white or yellowish, polished, posteriorly
attenuated, with the outer lip and aperture produced behind the
apex ; transverse sculpture, none beside the delicate lines of growth,
which are perceptible chiefly at or near the tips ; spiral sculpture
consisting of some twenty-five sharp, strong, channelled, clear-cut
grooves, not punctate or in any way irregular, except that they are
more crowded near the summit than elsewhere, about half being
within the posterior third of the shell ; between these near the ex-
tremities, and near the margin of the outer lip, are a few more deli-
cate intercalary grooves ; posterior apex a minute pit, punctured in
the centre, from which the free margin rises, extends backward
somewhat more than half a millimeter, then downward, forward
almost in a straight line, then with a wide sweep up and around to
join the slightly thickened margin of the body, into which it passes
imperceptibly ; body with a light-wash of callus ; axis coiled so as
to be pervious to the summit when viewed from in front. Lon. of
shell and aperture, 8'75. Max. lat. of body, 2'5 ; of entire shell,
4-25 ; of aperture, 3'25 ; min. lat. of aperture, 0'75 mill. (Dall).

Off Sombrero Island, 54-72 fms.; Barbados, 100 fms.; off Bahia
Honda, 84 fms; off Hatter as, 63-324 fms.

Scaphander f watsoni DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 99, 1881.—
Scaphander watsoni DALL, Blake Rep., p. 52, pi. 17, f. 10.

It is possible that this will prove to be a PhiUne when the animal
is known, but the form and aspect are those of a Scaphander. In
general outline it recalls S. lignarius L., though more slender, more
attenuated and pointed behind and with the free margin more

SCAPHANDER. 249

produced posteriorly. In the former characters it resembles Philine
Loveni Malm, as figured by G. O. Sars, but is still more pointed be-
hind, and the free margin is of quite a different shape. (Dall).

Adults of this species were taken at station 2376 by the U. S.
Fish Commission in 324 fins. The shells alone were received. They
are the American analogue of the European Scaphander lignarius,
which they resemble more closely than any other species, but from
which they can be distinguished by their uniformly more slender
and cylindrical form and greater posterior attenuation. These dif-
ferences hold good for the young as well as the adults. The outer
lip generally rises higher, and the space on the posterior end of the
spire is less wide and excavated in S. waUwii than in the other
species, but these characters vary somewhat in both species. I
doubt if S. watsoni ever reaches the size of the Mediterranean form ;
the largest I have seen measured 38'0 mm. long by 19'0 mm. in
greatest diameter. 8. lignarius of the same length generally meas-
ures about 24*5 mm. in diameter.

The magnificent S. nobilis Verrill, first dredged in 1209 fms., off
Delaware Bay, was also found in the Gulf of Mexico by the U. S.
Fish Commission in 1639 fni:-., at Station 2127.

S. NOBILIS Verrill. PI. 32, figs. 31, 32.

Shell large, swollen, stout, broad-ovate in outline, thin, translu-
cent, and of an exceedingly delicate texture. The body-whorl is
very large in proportion to the rest of the shell. The aperture is
large, broad-ovate in the anterior part, narrowed and curved poste-
riorly, extending to the apex of the shell, where it terminates in a
notch, the outer lip extending back considerably beyond the notch.
The aperture is much encroached upon by the convexity of the
body-whorl, but about the middle the inner lip is strongly excav-
ated and forms a broad arid somewhat sinuous curve ; the outer lip
is very broadly and evenly rounded throughout most of its extent ;
anteriorly the curvature forms the arc of a circle; posteriorly it ex-
tends back beyond the apex of the shell in the form of an obtuse and
slightly everted process, with its posterior margin concave, somewhat
sinuous and spiral, and a little thickened. The surface is smooth
and polished, somewhat shining, and everywhere covered by spiral
lines formed by series of oblong dots, which are decidedly sunken
below the surface and separated by intervals about equal to or less
than their own length. The spiral lines are unequal in fineness, the

250 SCAPHANDER.

broader ones alternating with finer ones in which the dots are very
narrow ; the intervals between the spiral lines are also variable in
breadth. None of the specimens appear to have a distinct epider-
mis. Length of shell to apex of one of the largest specimens 35
mill. ; breadth, 25 mill. ; length of aperture, 37 mill. ; greatest
breadth of aperture, 18 mill. (F).

Of Martha's Vineyard, in 906-1309 frns. ; off Delaware Bay, 1091-
1209 fins. ; East from Tobago, in 880 fms. (Albatross).

8. nobilis VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. vi, p. 209, pi. 32, f. 18,
18a, (shell) ; f. 186, c (dentition) ; f. 18rf (gizzard).— DALL, Blake
Gastr. p. 53 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 297.

This species bears some resemblance to S. pundostriatus (Migh.)
H. and A. Ad., but is much thinner, with a far more delicate
texture. Its form is much shorter and more swollen in the middle, and
the spiral lines are less numerous, with wider intervals, and have the
punctations larger and not so close together, giving a much smoother
appearance to the surface, although the punctate character is quite
as evident. The aperture is also much broader, especially in its
anterior half, while the body-whorl projects into it much more
strongly. The inner lip is much thinner and shows only a slightly
thickened fold along the colurnella-margin. Posteriorly the shell is
not at all narrowed, but is evenly rounded, instead of being pinched
up as in S. pundostriatus. The posterior process of the outer lip is
more flaring, and extends farther backward beyond the apex. The
apex of the shell is nearly plain and smooth, though sometimes
slightly indented, and does not have a thickened deposit of enamel
extending beyond the edge of the notch, as in the latter. (F).

S. INTERRUPTUS Dall. PI. 32, fig. 26.

Shell in many respects resembling S. ligr)ariits,ai\d best described
by comparison with it. Shell of a livid or grayish straw-color, not
the yellow or reddish-brown of lignarius; the tip of the spire is
smaller in proportion and more pointed ; the axis is pervious as in
lignariKS, but the perforation is more cylindrical and does not become
funnel-shaped as the shell enlarges to maturity ; the shell averages
more slender; the callus on the body is not reflected so far, and
especially on the anterior part of the pillar; the grooves of the sur-
face in lignarius without exception are continuous, the punctures
being arranged along their channels ; in 8. interruptus the spiral

SCAPHANDER. 251

sculpture is composed of rows of short or longer punctations or
grooves, which do not unite to form a continuous line except close
to the columella in front, and here rather as the result of crowding
and overlapping ; these short grooves are not punctate at the bottom
as in S. lignarius, but are apt to alternate stronger and weaker, and
are more close set than in lignarius of the same size.

Alt. 33, diam. 17'5 mill. ; diam. of aperture 13'5 mill. (Dall).

West coast of Patagonia, 1050 fms. ; near Galapagos Is., 812 fms.

S. interruptus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 297, pi. 12, f.
12, 1889.

S. MUNDUS Watson. PL 31, figs. 13, 14.

Shell obliquely oval, thin, opaque, ivory-white, glossy, stippled in
spiral lines, abovre narrowed obliquely, concavely truncated, and on
the right bluntly pointed, below rounded. Sculpture : Longitudinals
—there are very fine hair like lines of growth, with slight irregular
interrupted and unequal undulations. Spirals— the whole shell is
covered with small shallow distant impressed dots: these above are
roughly rounded or obliquely longitudinal ; but from about one-
third of the way down they become transversely elongated ; they are
arranged in rows not quite equal, and which are parted by intervals
of fully double the breadth of the dotted rows ; toward the point of
the base the dots tend to return to the round shape, and the rows of
largish dots are parted by rows of minute transversely elongated
dots which occur in the intervals. Besides these, there are over the
whole surface the close-set superficial microscopic spiral lines, which
seem to be a characteristic of the genus. Epidermis excessively
thin, membranaceous, and glossy, of a faint straw colour. Colour
ivory-white. Crown oblique. There is a slight indentation or small
conical pit almost completely coated with the glaze of the lip ; this
little pit is encircled by a very slight and blunt keel. Mouth irreg-
ularly pear-shaped, being somewhat narrowed above and expanded
below. Outer lip projects a little angularly behind, and here it is
reverted, thickened, and appressed ; from the highest point of its rite
it sweeps round to the point of the pillar with a very equable curve ;
it is very patulous on the base. Inner lip flexuous, being very con-
vex on the body and openly concave on the pillar. A very thin
glaze extends from the outer lip above across the body to the pillar,
which has a pretty strongly reverted rounded and twisted edge, up
which one can just see into the interior of the shell for nearly two

252 SCAPHANDER.

turns. Alt. T15 in. diam. 0'78. Greatest breadth of mouth, 0*61
inch. ( JFafo.).

Off Arr ou I., west of Papua, 800 frus.

S. mundus WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 643, pi. 48, f. 2.

This is a delicately beautiful shell, curiously intermediate between
Scaf)hander lignarius (Linne), and Scaphander puncto-striatus
(Migh), while perfectly distinct from both. In form it is less like a
Bulla than the latter, while the attenuation above is less, and the
expansion of the outer lip below is even greater than in the former.
Lying on its face, it is broader and is more flattened, and that, too,
more obliquely than either. Its puncto-striate spiral sculpture ap-
proaches that of Scaphander punctosiriatus (Migh). Scaphander no-
bills Verrill, is a good deal like, but then the proportion of the body-
whorl to the size of the mouth is greater, and the outer lip rises
higher and bends more to the left at the top oi the shell ; the whole
shell, too, is narrower. (Wats.).

S. MULTISTRIATUS Brazier. Un figured.

Shell white, thin, transparent, oblong ovate, transversely, obliquely,
and closely striated, attenuated towards the spire ; spire truncated,
slightly umbilicated ; aperture pyriform ; outer lip slightly inflated
above, from the centre to the base widely expanded a little thick-
ened ; columella obliquely somewhat faintly plicated. Length, 3}
lines; breadth at spire, 1 line; at centre, If lines; base, 1£ lines;
aperture circle at spire, H lines; at centre, H lines. (Braz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms, sandy mud.

S. multistriata BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 84.
S. NIVEUS Watson. PL 31, fig. 15.

Shell thinnish, obliquely oval, slightly narrowed and rounded
above, where the outer lip rises on the right like a tooth; in front
it is rounded with a very blunt angulation at the point of the pillar;
ivory-white, glossy, striate, but scarcely stippled. The body is
rather tumid, and shaped like a Bulla. Sculpture : Longitudinals
— there are exceedingly faint hair like lines of growth, of which, at
at frequent intervals, one more distinct produces a slight undulation
of the surface. Spirals — the whole shell presents the microscopic
and very superficial crimpings of the genus, which become rather
strong on the base; there are also some very superficial and
extremely obsolete bandings or furrows and ridges, which are

SCAPHANDER. 253

•scarcely appreciable. Besides these, the upper half of the shell and
the point of the base are scratched with fine square-cut strise, which,
with a little difficulty, can be recognized as formed of minute con-
tiguous stipplings ; these are very remote in the middle of the shell,
but toward either extremity they become crowded. Epidermis
membranaceous. Colour white, with a faint ivory tinge. Crown
consists only of the flatly rounded margin of a very small pit-like
depression in front of the origin of the outer lip, which rises abruptly
above the top of the shell. Mouth curved, rather club than pear-
shaped, being gibbously enlarged in front and elongate and rather
narrow behind. Outer lip thickened, reflected, and sinuated above,
where curving forwards, it rises in a tooth-like form above the
crown ; from this point it sweeps very equably round to the point of
the pillar, the curve being very slightly flattened above and some-
what full on the base; it is patulous throughout ; the very thin edge
is nowhere very prominent. Inner lip roundly convex on the body,
bluntly angulated at the top of the short scarcely curved and barely
truncate pillar. A thickish and rather prominent glaze joins the
two extremities of the outer lip; near its edge on the upper part of
the body this glaze has a few irregular rounded tubercles ; on the
base, where it is thickened to a pad, these tubercles increase in size
and number, while the reverted pillar-lip is harshly covered with
them. The pillar lip is not quite closely appressed, having an over-
hanging edge and a closed chink behind it. Alt. 1*15, diam. 0*8.
Greatest breadth of mouth, 0*56 inch. ( Wain).

South-east of the Philippines, 500 fms.

S. niveus WATS., J. L. S. Lond. xvii, p. 343 ; Chall. Rep., p. 644,
pi. 48, f. 3.

Only one specimen of this species having been found, it is im-
possible to say whether the roughening of the labial glaze is a specific
feature as in some of the Volutes, or the result of disease. In this
species the general form of the shell, and especially that of the body-
whorl is even liker a Bulla than is the case with Scaphander puncto-
ttriatus (Migh) ; but the apex is not perforated. As in that species
one, looking up the pillar, can only see a single complete whorl.
The minute stippling of the spirals resembles, on a still smaller scale,
that feature in Scaphander lignarms (Linne). Compared to Scaph-
ander mundus Watson, this is a much more tumid form, and the
sculpture is markedly different. ( Wats.).

UNIVEBSITI
V r>*. °> ..*

254 SCAPHANDER.

S. JAPONICUS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, elongate, narrowed behind, dull white, transversely-
sulcate, the sulci rather closely puncticulate; spire concealed ; aper-
ture coarctate behind, dilated in front ; inner lip thin ; outer lip,
produced and obtusely angled posteriorly, rounded in front, the mar-
gin regularly arcuate. (Ad., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 156).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

The punctate striae are common to most of the species of this
genus. The present species nearly resembles S. lignarius in form,
but is much smaller (only half an inch long) ; it is also less ventri-
cose, and transverse grooves are puncticulate. (Ad.).

S. CUMINGII A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell oblong-ovate, constricted behind, whitish, transversely
obliquely sulcate, the sulci closely puncticulate ; aperture ample,
strongly coarctate behind, dilated and slightly effuse in front ; inner
lip lengthened, subreflexed outwardly; lip produced and acutely
angled posteriorly ; hind margin inflexed, anteriorly crenulatedj
(Ad., I. c.,p. 156).

Mino-Sima, 63 fms.

Differs from 8. japonicus, which it equals in size, in the last
whorl being posteriorly constricted, in the close set oblique grooves,
in the narrowness of the last whorl, and in the acute hind angle of
the outer lip. (Ad.).

S. ELONGATUS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell thin, white, elongate-ovate, narrowed at both ends, trans-
versely sulcate, the sulci distant, punctate; aperture produced in
front and dilated, coarctate behind ; inner lip thin ; outer lip
with regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., 1. c., p. 157).

MinO'Siina, Japan, 63 fms.

This species is elongate and narrowed at both ends, and the punc-
tate grooves are wide apart. The spire of this and of all the other
species is " truncata umbilicata," or " occulta." (Ad.).

S. SULCATINUS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell elongate, somewhat solid, posteriorly narrowed, tawny,,
shining, transversely sulcate, the sulci simple and distant ; aperture
coarctate posteriorly, dilated anteriorly ; inner lip simple ; outer lip-
with regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., 1. c., p. 157).

Korea Strait, 46 fms.

SCAPHANDER. 255

This is a small, smooth, rather solid species, transversely sulcate ;
r |the grooves fine, simple, and more strongly marked at the posterior
r- (extremity.

SIEBOLDII A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell small, oblong, white, rather thin, coarctate behind, rather
swollen in the middle, transversely sulcate, the sulci distant and
mnctate ; aperture ample, very much dilated below, narrow above ;
inner lip reflexed behind, thin and arcuate in front ; margin of
mter lip slightly straight, posteriorly produced and strongly angled.
[Ad. 1. c., p. 157).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms.

This may be a Philine. " The only species at all resembling this
lis S. pectinatus ; from which, however, it differs greatly ; it is very
(loosely convolute, and the last whorl is gibbose in the middle.

Eu.).

jS. DILATATUS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, posteriorly narrowed, loosely convoluted, white, thin,
transversely striated, the striae close and simple; spire small;
aperture ample, narrowed behind, much dilated in front ; inner lip
'thin; outer lip with regularly arcuate margin, posteriorly produced
and acutely angled. (Ad., 1. c., p. 157).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms.

This species is probably a Philine ; but as I have not seen it, and
it was described as a Scaphander, the safest course is to leave the
form in the latter genus. " This is a slightly convolute, thin, oblong
species, with the transverse lines waved but not punctate, and
the aperture greatly dilated."

Subgenus SABATIA Bellardi, 1876.

Sabatia BELL., Bull, della Soc. Mai. Italiana, ii, p. 209, type &
isselii BELLARDI, 1. c., p. 210, pi. C, f. 5-8.— DALL, Blake Gastr.,
p. 53.

Shell ovate or short-oval, with the aperture as long as the shell,
dilated below as in Scaphander ; columella simply concave in adult
shells, the parietal wall bearing a spirally entering plicate or smooth
callus. Anatomy unknown. Type S. isselii Bellardi, pi. 32, figs.
33, 34.

256 SCAPHANDER.

The type of this group is a pliocene fossil of Piedmont in which
the callus is plicated. Fig. 34 shows the front view, fig. 33 a dorsal
view with the body- wall removed to show the internal continuation
of the spiral callus. Bulla grandis Seguenza (Form. Terz. di Reg-
gio, p. 250, pi. 16, f. 4, 1880) is another fossil species of the same
group. In the recent fauna it is known only from deep water in
the Antillean district.

S. BATHYMOPHILA Dall. PL 32, figs. 27 (adult) and 28 (young).

Shell large, stout, white, polished, sculptured with numerous
puncticulate stria3, crowded toward the ends and few and distant in
the middle ; outer lip extending backward a short distance from the
spire, then sweeping downward, forward, outward, and then up-
ward, curving downward and backward again to join the subtruncate
columella, above and behind which there is almost a canal; col-
umella reflected, with a tolerably thick callus, but no umbilicus or
umbilical chink ; body with a thin deposit of callus (in one instance
much thickened and roughened, apparently by disease) ; aperture
very narrow behind, very wide and somewhat oblique in front ;
lines of growth on the surface hardly visible. Lon. of shell and
aperture, 16*5; from summit to oblique truncation of columella,
13'75. Max. lat. of shell, 11*25 ; of aperture, 7'0; min. lat. of
aperture, I/O mill. (Dall).

Alt. 31, diam. 24 mill.

In young specimens 3*5 mm. long there are three and a half
whorls ; the nucleus is visible turned on its side and half immersed ;
it is heliciform, translucent white and minute ; the striation is more
uniformly distributed over the shell and is exceedingly fine ; the
nucleus (but not the whorls outside of it) remains partly visible
until the shell has attained a length of 8'25 mm. Like most young
shells of this group the young are more pointed before and behind,
and less expanded than the adult.

100 miles east from Delaware Say, 554 fms. ; Fernandina,
Florida; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. ; east from Tobago, 880 tins.

Atys ? bathymopkila DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 98, IS&L—Sab-
atia bathymophila DALL, Amer. Nat. xvi, 1882, p. 884 ; Blake
Oastr., p. 53, pi. 17, f. 9, 96; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xii, p. 298,
1889.

SMARAGDINELLA. 257

The exterior of this species has the general form of Scaphander
nobiiis, but the minute sculpture and the characteristics in detail
are alike distinct.

Additional and mature specimens of this species appear in the
collections of 1878-79, from Station 162, off Guadeloupe, in 734
fins., fine gray mud ; bottom temperature 40*0°. These specimens
show that the truncation of the axis is a character of the immature
shell, and that the adult shows nothing of it, but has the body from
one end to the other supplied with a broad solid flattened callus,
which is especially protuberant (into the aperture) at the beginning
of the posterior third. The outer margin of the callus has a sigmoid
curve parallel with the inner outline of the columella and body ; the
inner margin is, however, somewhat irregularly transversely
wrinkled, the mass of callus is much thicker in the middle third,
and its surface is ornamented with flattened pustula? irregularly dis-
posed. This gives to the shell an abnormal appearance, which I
took, in the single large (but as we know, immature) specimen
referred to in the description, as an indication of disease in the in-
dividual. More material shows these characters to be normal and
constant in their general features in the adult shells. The form of
the aperture is well shown in the figures ; its anterior portion is very
oblique, — a feature only visible in a side view.

The type species, Sabatia isseli Bellardi, bears no special resem-
blance to this shell ; it is of quite different shape, sculpture, and pro-
portions, with a callus more simple and proportionately less developed.
In the latter a minute dimple indicates the position of the wholly
immersed apex in the adult, while inr'the young the rough callus,
though thin, is distinctly apparent in a specimen only 4'0 mm.
long, and which has the nucleus and about three turns visible on the
apex. The nucleus is reversed and half immersed, smooth and
translucent. It is not wholly covered by callus until the shell is
more than 7'0 mm. in length. When half covered it resembles the
genus Cryptaxis of Jeffreys. The sculpture in the very young is the
same as in the adult. Scaphander niveus and gracilis of Watson
probably belong to this group. (/)«//.)

Genus SMARAGDINELLA A. Adams, 1848.

Smaragdinella A. AD., Appendix to Capt. Belcher's Narrative
of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang ii, p. 475, 1848. Type Sulla
viridis Q. — H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 22. — Glauconella

258 SMARAGDINELLA.

GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim, iv, p. 95 (for G. viridis, glauca, smarag-
dina}, 1850.— Linteria A. AD., in Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 558 (1850).—
Thecaphorus NUTT. ms..fide Ads.

Shell mainly external, oval, formed of little more than one whorl,
the entire interior visible from the open front and base. Apex con-
cealed. Aperture occupying nearly the whole ventral surface, ovate,
with a deep posterior sinus ; columella long, curved, with a reflexed
adnate callus, the parietal wall bearing an oblique, curved, spirally
entering plate, which projects downward into the aperture. Type
S. viridis.

Animal having a squarish frontal disc bearing well developed
eyes, and obsoletely bilobed behind ; foot about as long as the shell,
squarish-oblong ; epipodial (lateral) lobes well developed, partially
covering the shell. Stomach with cartilaginous plates. Dentition
unknown.

Smaragdinella lives between tides, exposed to the waves. Its
green coloring assimilates the creature to its surroundings. Two
subgenera are recognized : SMARAGDINELLA Ad., shell oval, green.
(2) NONA Ads., shell white, sub trigonal, the lip more produced
above.

S. VIRIDIS (Rang) Q. & G. PL 33, figs. 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49-53.

Shell oval, sojid, dark green, consisting of about 1$ whorls; en-
tirely open from the front and base, the aperture occupying nearly
all of the ventral aspect; dorsal surface regularly rounded; apex
concealed, the vertex in some old shells marked by a tiny keel-encir-
cled cup ; sculptured with irregular growth lines. Aperture ovate,
having a narrow sinus behind, elsewhere broadly rounded. Outer
lip thin, rising somewhat above the vertex behind; columellar lip
arcuate, nearly as long as the shell, slightly thickened, and with a
reflexed adnate callus running backward to the vertex ; from this
callus springs a wide entering plate, spirally twisted into a saucer-
like process projecting into the aperture.

Alt. 12, diam. 8J mill.

Island of Bourbon ; Reunion; Guam; Sandwich Is.

Bulla viridis RANG, in Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. ii, p. 350'
pi. 26, f. 13-16.— Linteria viridis AD. in Thes. Conch, ii, p. 597, pi.
121, f. 52. — SOWB. in C. Icon., f. 3. — Smaragdinella viridis ADS.,
Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 23. — MARTENS, DonumBism., Sam ml. Siidsee-
conch. p. 53 ; Meeres-Fauua Maurit. etc., p. 304. — Linteria glauca

SMARAGDINELLA. 259

AD., Thes. p. 597, pi. 121, f. 53.-SowB., C. Icon., f. 4.-Glauconella
viridis GRAY, Fig. Moll. Anim. iv, p. 95; Guide Syst. dist. p. 194.
— Bulla calyculata SOWB., Genera, f. 5. — Linteria acwninata SOWB.,
Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1870.

We are unable to find characters in the shells sufficient to separ-
ate the viridis (typical figures 49-52), catyculata, acuminata (figures
56, 57 " Guadaloupe and Sandwich Is."), and the glauca of Adams
(fig. 42) and of Sowerby (pi. 33, figs. 45, 46). It is doubtful whether
the glauca of Q. & G. will prove distinct.

The species has also been reported from Pitcairn Island and
Japan.

Var. FASCIATA Sowb. PL 33, figs. 54, 55.

Shell oblong, subovate, compressed, semipellucid, golden-brown,
spirally 3-banded, slightly contracted above the center; aperture
large, outer lip elevated, cuueate ; last whorl very narrow, append-
age long, acuminated. (5W6.).

Habitat unknown.

Linteria fasciata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1870.

S. GLAUCA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 33, figs. 43, 44.

Shell a little more convoluted, more oval and more swollen above
than S. viridis ; sea-green. Animal about an inch long, the frontal
disc quadrate, wide, pointed at the sides in front, a little excavated
behind ; color of the entire animal apple-green, visibly peppered
with black, the mouth reddish, eyes black.

Port Carter et, New Ireland.

Bulla glauca Q. & G., Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 352, pi. 26, f. 10-12.

Described from one individual the shell of which was not in good
condition. Adams and Sowerby have identified certain shells with
Quoy's species, but their decisions are not to be trusted. The real
distinctive characters are in the form of the frontal shield of the
animal, and this may be due to the temporary condition of the
individual seen by Quoy. The alleged conchological distinctions are
quite insufficient.

S. MINOR A. Adams. PL 33, fig. 58.

Shell small, pellucid, yellow, thin, smooth, oval, aperture very
wide, scarcely involute, longitudinally very finely, striated ; an un-
guiculate process at the spire. (Ad.).

Island of Zebu, Philippines (Cuming).

260 SMARAGDINELLA.

L. minor AD., Thes., p. 598, pi. 121, f. 54.— Sows., C. Ic., f. 1.

May be only a variety of S. viridis, but distinguished by its
shorter form.

S. ANDERSONI Nevill. PL 33, figs. 40, 41.

Shell oval, glaucous, open, indistinctly longitudinally striate ;
spire a little involute ; inner lip bearing a small appendage ; aper-
ture large, dilated in front, the anterior margin oval-arched, poste-
rior margins somewhat coarctate.

Length 8*, diam. 6*, alt. 3* mill. (Nev.').

S. Province of Ceylon, on reefs at low water (Nev.) ; Penany
(Stoliczka) ; Suez (Cooke).

Glauconella andersoni G. & H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.
xl, pt. 2, p. 2, pi. 1, f. 13. — Smaragdinella andersoni COOKE, Ann.
Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 133.

This interesting species in shape closely resembles G. viridis
Rang., the body of the shell is, however, considerably more in volute
and the colour a pale apple-green ; it also differs from the above, as
well as from all the other described species of the genus, in the small,
almost rudimentary appendage. It is tolerably abundant on reefs
at low water in the S. Province, Ceylon. Dr. Stoliczka also found
it at Penang. The animal is dull greenish, mottled with brown,
the eyes are sessile, very small and black ; the shell is completely
hidden by the meeting of the lateral expansion of the mantle, in
this respect differing from G. viridis, in which according to A.
Adams, the shell is only partially hidden. Its mode of progression,
at the time, strongly reminded one of us of that of Omphalotropis.
(Nev.}.

S. SIEBOLDI A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-oblong, slightly involute, open, thin glaucous, pellucid,
the back longitudinally striated ; inner lip bearing a spiral lamella,
scarcely dilated. (Ad.*).

TaJcano-Sima, Japan, between tide marks.

Smaragdinella sieboldi AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, p. 310,
1864.— DKR., Index, p. 167.

This species differs remarkably from the other species of the genus
in the breadth of the spiral lamella which winds round the inner
lip. In S. viridis, S. glauca, and S. minor the lamella is so broad

SMARAGDINELLA-ATY8. 261

that it forms, when it winds, a cup shaped appendage. In S. sie-
boldi, however, the lamella is so narrow that a spiral ridge only is
visible. (AdJ).

Glauconella adamsii Gray, (Bulla smaragdina Adams Mss.) is
known only by three sketches by Adams of a living Smaragdinella,
published in Gray's "Figures of Molluscous Animals," pi. 178, figs.
1, la, 16; p. 95. It is, of course, quite unidentifiable.

Section NONA H. & A. Adams.

Shell internal, subtrigonal, slightly involute, white, fragile; inner
lip with a cup-shaped appendage, spirally entering ; outer lip pro-
duced posteriorly.

S. ALGIR^E Hanley. PI. 33, fig. 59.

Shell subtrigonal, white, thin, concentrically lightly undulated ;
aperture very large, trigonal, outer lip elevated above the spire,
angulated, acuminated, contracted in the middle, anteriorly pro-
duced ; columella much arched, last whorl small, trigonal ; append-
age small, acuminated. (Soivb.).

Algiers (Me An drew).

Linteria algirce Hanley, A. AD., Thes., p. 598, pi. 121, f. 55. —
SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 6. — Smaragdinella (Nona) algirce H. & A.
AD., Gen., p. 23.

Genus ATYS Montfort, 1810,

Atys MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 343, type A. cymbulus=naucum.
— Alicula EHRENBERG, Symbolse Phys., decas 1st, 1831, type A.
cylindriea. — Naucum SCHUM., Essai, p. 79, 259, type JV. striatulum
Schum.=:J.. naucum L. — Roxania LEACH ms., GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847,
p. 161, type B. cranchii=B. utriculus. — Roxaniella MONTS., Nom.
Gen. e Spec. p. 145, type R. jeffreysi Weink. — Weinkauffia. ADAMS.

Dinia ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 21, type D. dentifera.

Shell varying from globose-oval to subcylindrical-oval, involute,
the spire concealed ; aperture as long as the shell, produced above
the vertex ; lip rising from the center of the vertex, and having an
angular fold there ; outer lip simple and arcuate ; columella short,
subreflexed, with a fold-like truncation, or arcuate, the umbilicus
generally not wholly closed. Type A. naucum.
18

262 ATYS.

The anatomy of the typical forms is unknown. In the section
Alicula, the frontal disc is wide-ovate, with no anterior or poste-
rior auricles; epipodial lobes developed much as in Scaphander, but
more prolonged posteriorly (pi. 59, fig. 16, 17, A. cylindrical, after
Ehrenberg). Eyes absent.

In the subgenus Roxania, the large frontal disc is produced
behind in two triangular lobes, the epipodial lobes being as in
Alieula (pi. 59, figs. 13, A. utriculus). Eyes absent; foot quadrate,
slightly bilobed behind. Gizzard-plates wanting.

Dentition (of A. utriculus) with the formula I'l'l ; central teeth
well developed, with multicuspid cusp, slightly emarginate in the
middle. Laterals large, subtriangular, with no dentate cusps ; un-
cini wanting. It, therefore, agrees with Diaphana or Cylichna in
the form of the centrals, with Diaphana and Scaphander in the
absence of uncini ; but it differs widely from all of these genera in
the form of the lateral teeth (see pi. 61, fig. 32, A. utriculus, after
Bars).

The shell in this genus frequently resembles that of Cylichna or
of Scaphander, and the exact limits of these groups have not yet
been clearly indicated. It is likely that Atys should be restricted to
those forms in which the upper lip has an angular fold above its
insertion in the vertex, and the forms lacking this feature may then
be removed to constitute one or two distinct genera. We prefer to
leave the genus, for the present, in its old limits, believing that this
is preferable to a re-assortment of its contents prior to the necessary
examination of the soft parts in the various subgenera proposed. No
really intelligent systematic work can be done in this group by the
shells alone.

The subgenera referred provisionally to Atys are as follows:

ATYS s. str. Shell swollen, having the lip plicate above the ver-
tex, the columella obliquely truncated or angularly folded. Type
A. naucum.

ALICULA Ehrenberg, 1831. Shell cylindrical ; lip plicate above
the vertex ; columella not distinctly truncated or folded. Type A.
cylindrica.

ROXANIA Leach. Shell cylindric-elliptical, with spiral punctured
strke ; lip not twisted at its superior insertion ; columella subvertical,
slightly sinuous. Type A. utriculus.

ATYS. 263

We have above expressed the opinion that this group and the next
may eventually be removed from Atys.

DINIA H. & A. Adams, 1854. Shell ovoid, subtruncate above,
longitudinally striated ; columella abruptly truncated below, ending
in a tooth-like prominence. Type A. dentifera Ad.

The next two groups do not appear to offer any differential
features of importance. All are characterized by the prominent
truncation of the columella and the absence of a fold above the
vertex.

Roxaniella Monterosato, 1884. Shell diaphanous, date-shaped,
with spiral plicate sculpture ; columella with a thickened sinuosity,
simulating a fold. No fold above the vertex. Type A. jeffreysi.
This group seems to be synonymous with Dinia.

Weinbiuffia A. Adams. Type A. diaphana Arad. This group
offers no tangible differences from Dinia.

Subgenus ATYS Montf.

A. NAUCUM Linne. PL 28, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.

Shell globose-oval, inflated, widest at the middle, solid ; white
under a thin buff or chestnut cuticle. Vertex narrowly concave ;
body whorl sculptured throughout with engraved spirals, much
closer and uneven toward the ends, more spaced or altogether
absent in the middle; base concave around the rimate umbilicus.
Aperture as long as the shell, the lip rising high above the vertex
and angularly plicate there ; columella vertical, angularly plicate
or truncated in the middle ; outer lip everywhere well curved.

Alt. 41, diam. 29 mill., often smaller.

Singapore, Borneo and Philippines to Torres Straits, eastward to
Viti Is., westward to Red Sea and Madagascar.

Bulla naueum L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 726. — AD., in Thes. Conch, p.
584, pi. 124, f. 107-109.— Atys naueum SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 1.—
E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86.— BRAZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W.
ii, p. 84. — MARTENS, Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius p. 302. — COOKE,
Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 131. — Atys cymbulus MONTF., Conch,
Syst. ii, p. 343. — B. (A.) ferruginosa A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 585, pi.
124, f. 110 (not B. ferruginosa Gmel. p. 3432,=young Cyprcea') ;
Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 344. — Atys ovoidea AD., Thes. Conch.

264 ATYS.

p. 585, pi. 124, f. Ill, and SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 3 (not of Quoy &
Gaimard). — Atysfreyi BRANCSIK, Jahresh. Trencs. Com. xiii, p. 80.
Atys obovata MKE., Mai. Bl. 1854, p. 46; Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 75.

Large specimens of this species are thinner than smaller adults ;
and examples of any size frequently develop an obtuse keel above
the middle. Adams' A. ferruginosa (pi. 28, figs. 14, 15) is longitu-
dinally marked with brown. Brancsik has described specimens
from Nossi-be as A.freyi (pi. 32, fig. 37) ; they are solid and free
from spiral incised lines in the middle ; but some from Singapore
before me agree in this, which seems to be only an individual vari-
ation. The A. obovata of Menke (ovoidea Adams and Sowb), shown
in fig. 16 of pi. 28, is a stunted form of this species.

A. MUSCARIA Gould. PL 28, fig. 20.

Shell minute, ovate-elliptical, thin, greenish, ornamented with
transversely arranged brown dots, cut with striae above and below ;
vertex funnel-shaped, imperforate. Aperture narrow, effuse in
front, lip produced backward, toothed; coiumella short, twisted.
Alt. 4, diam. 2 mill. (Old.').

China Seas (Stimp.).

Atys muscaria GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 138. — SOWB.,
Conch. Icon. f. 5.

A. TQRTUOSA A. Adams. PI. 33, figs. 66, 67.

Shell ovoid, produced at both ends, yellowish, pellucid, umbili-
cated, anteriorly and posteriorly transversely striated ; outer lip
posteriorly strongly twisted ; inner lip anteriorly straight, with a
single fold (AdJ).

Camaguin, Philippines (Cuming) ; Torres Strait (Brazier).

B. (A.~) tortuosa AD., Thes. p. 587, pi. 125, f. 120.— SOWB., C. Ic.
t 2, f. 15.— BRAZIER. P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 87.

A. AMPHORELLA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovoid, ventricose, somewhat gibbous in the middle, rimate,
thin, smooth, shining, buff, narrowed anteriorly, subacuminate poste-
riorly ; inner lip nearly straight, slightly truncated in front ; outer
lip arcuate, posteriorly produced, tortuous, rounded (Ad., Ann.
Mag. (3), ix, p. 158).

Lo-shan-koiv and Shan-tung, China.

Atys tortuosa A. Adams, is the nearest approach to this species
which, however, is not striated, and the outer lip has not the spiral

ATYS. 265

twist so conspicuous in that species. My Chinese species is shaped
like a little fat Amphora (Ad.).

A. SCROBICULATA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovoid, ventricose, narrowed behind, acuminate in front,
dull white, broadly and profoundly urabilicated, margin of the um-
bilicus angulated ; aperture much produced at both ends ; columel-
lar margin straight, simple; anteriorly rounded (Ad., I. c. p. 158).

Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms.

The only shell which resembles this singular little species is A.
tortuosa A. Adams ; but the great peculiarity of the aperture, which
is pointed at both ends and produced beyond the body whorl, dis-
tinguishes it from all others (Ad.).

Section ALICULA Ehrenb., 1831.

A. CYLIXDRICA Helbling. PL 33, figs. 60, 61, 62, 63, 64.

Shell elongated, oblong-oval or subcylindrical, solid, white under
a very thin buff cuticle; apex closed; body whorl more or less con-
vex, sometimes indistinctly angular above the middle, sculptured
ivith incised spiral lines which become closer toward the ends, and
are absent from the smooth middle third. Lip heavy, rising oblique-
ly far above the vertex, contorted and angularly plicate; outer lip
gently convex ; columella short, with a heavy, reflexed lunate cal-
lus, its outer edge not appressed, inner edge subconcave, without
fold or obvious truncation. Alt. 27, diam. 13-14 mill.

Philippines to Torres Strait, eastward to Fiji Is.; westward to
Ceylon, Andaman Is., Red Sea, Mauritius and Seychelles Is.

Bulla cylindrica HELBLING, Abhandl. einer Privat Gesellsch in
Bohmen, iv, p. 122, pi. ii, f. 30, 31, 1779.— A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii,
p. 585, pi. 125, f. 114. — Atys cylindrica SOWB., Conch. Icon. t. 1, f.
4. — SMITH, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 819. — MARTENS, Meeres fauna Maurit.
p. 303.— BRAZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85.— WATSON, Chall.
Rep. Gastr. p. 639.— E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p.
344.— Bulla (Atys) elongata A. AD., Thes. p. 587, pi. 125, f. 121.—
A. elongata SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 8.— BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii,
p. So.— Bulla solida BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 374, pi. 146, f. 1356,
1357.— AD., Thes. p. 585, pi. 124, f. 112, 113.— A solida SOWB., C.
Icon. f. 4.— BRA/., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85.— ISSEL, Malac. Mar.
Bosso, p. 168. — Atys angustata SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p.
346. See Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 132. — A. succisa A. AD., Thes. ii,

266 ATYS.

p. 586, pi. 125, f. 116.— Sown., C. Ic. f. 10 (not of Ehrenb.).—
Bulla albicita DOFO, Ann. Sc. Nat. xiv, p. 203.

This solid, elongated species has several typically quite divergent
forms. It is normally moderately convex (figs. 60, 61) ; but some-
times much more cylindrical and elongated, and in this form has
been called A. elongata (fig. 62). When subangular it has been
named A. solida (figs. 63, 64) ; and another form, smaller than the
type, has been called A. succisa (pi. 33, fig. 73) by Adams, but ac-
cording to von Martens it is not the species so named by Ehrenberg.

A. PARALLELA Gould. PI. 28, figs. 21, 22.

Shell small, thin, pellucid, milk-white, cylindrical, rounded at
base, obtusely conical at summit, imperforate at apex ; surface deli-
cately marked with lines of growth, and these are crossed at the
lower and upper third of the shell by somewhat conspicuous,
minutely flexuous, revolving lines. The aperture is narrow, widen-
ing downwards; lip sharp, rising considerably above the apex of
the spire, and at the same time inclining towards it, then turning
downwards and entering the aperture by a twisted fold, at base it is
rounded, and rises upon the columella in the shape of a thick cal-
lus, which is not appressed to the body of the shell (Gld.~).

Alt. about 12i, diam. 5 mill.

Tahiti (Martens) ; Levulca, Fiji (Challenger).

Bulla parallela GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 251 (Dec.
1847) ; U. 8. Expl. Exped. p. 220, f. 267 ; Cylichna parallela GLD.,
Otia, p. 246. — Atys parallela MARTENS & LANGK., Donum Bism. p.
53.— SOWB., in Conch. Icon. f. 21 c (and 21 a, 6 /).— WATSON,
Chall. Gastr. p. 640.

A. DEBILIS Pease. PI. 33, figs. 69, 70.

Shell cylindrically ovate, elongate, narrowed posteriorly, pellucid,
fragile, white ; outer lip produced and twisted posteriorly ; apex
umbilicated, and umbilicus striated or grooved, finely striated trans-
versely, transverse raised lines at both ends ; columella with a fold
at the base (Pse.).

Alt. 10*, diam. 5 mill.

Sandwich Is. ; Levuka, Fiji.

Atys debilis PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20 ; Amer. Jour. Conch, iii, p.
231.— CARPENTER, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 516.— MARTENS, Donum
Bism. p. 53, pi. 3, f. 3. — SOWB., Conch Icon. f. 28. — WATSON, Chal-
lenger Gastrop. p. 640.

ATYS. 267

A. COSTULOSA Pease. Unfigured.

Shell elongate, subcylindrical, narrowest posteriorly, white, um-
bilicate, longitudinally ribbed, crossed at either end by elevated
striae, which become more remote towards the middle of the shell
and gradually vanish ; outer lip posteriorly strongly twisted and
produced ; columella everted at base, flattened and appressed ;
aperture narrow.

Oahu (Pse.).

A. costulosa PSE., Arner. Journ. Conch, v, p. 73.

I have met with but a single specimen of this interesting species,
the sculpture of which is so distinct that it cannot be confounded
with any heretofore described (Pse.).

A. SEMISTRIATA Pease. PI. 28, fig. 30.

Shell oval, contracted posteriorly, thin, fragile, pellucid, white,
transverse raised lines at both ends ; aperture slightly dilated at the
base ; apex perforate (Pse.).

Sandwich Is.

A. semistriata PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20.— SOWB., Conch. Icon. pi.
5, f. 27. — MARTENS & LANGK., Donum Bism., p. 53, pi. 3, f. 2. —
COOKE, Ann. Mag. !N'. H. (5), xvii, p. 131.

This is identical with A. ehrenbergi Issel, a fossil from the Red
Sea region, according to Cooke.

A. ALICULA A. Adams. PI. 33, fig. 74.

Shell half an inch in length, subcylindrical, thin, the anterior
and posterior ends transversely striated, hyaline ; the under part
brownish- white; outer lip not reflexed in the middle, with a single
fold above, the other end rounded. Animal yellowish ; the head
and dilated sides of the foot light green ; head rhomboid, subacute
(Ad.).

Near Suez and Djedda, Red Sea (Mus. Cuming).

Bulla (Atys) alicula A. AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125, f. 126 (not
Alicula cylindrica Ehrenb., = Atys cylindrica Helbl.).

This is not the Alicula cylindrica of Ehrenberg, which von Mar-
tens considers to be the species of Helbling, from an examination
of the type now in the zoological museum of Berlin.

A. SUCCISA Ehrenberg. Unfigured.

Shell oblong-ovate, thin, transversely striate at both ends, white ;
lip uniplicate near its insertion in the concealed spire, the other

268 ATYS.

end truncated. Alt. 5, diam. 3 lines. There is the trace of a me-
dian gibbosity (Ehrenb.).

Djedda, Red Sea.

Bulla succisa EHRENB., Symb. Phys., Bulla no. 5. — COOKE,
Ann. Mag. (5), xvii, p. 131.

May be a young A. cylindrica.
A. NONSCRIPTA A. Adams. PL 28, fig. 19.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white, subpellucid, longitudinally stri-
ated, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly produced ; outer lip
rather straight ; inner lip anteriorly strongly truncated, ending in
a tooth-like plait (Ad.*}.

B. C%*) nonscripta AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125 f. 125.— A. non-
scripta Sows., C. Ic. f. 23.

A. ATTENUATA Sowerby. PL 28, figs. 26, 27.

Shell minute, narrow, white, thin ; finely spirally striated at both
ends ; aperture narrow ; outer lip subtruncated, columella oblique,
subtortuous (Ad.}.

Habitat unknown.

A. attenuata SOWB., C. Icon. t. 5, f. 29.

A. AMYGDALA Sowerby. PL 33, figs. 71, 72.

Shell subcylindrical, thin, dull white, concentrically finely stri-
ated near the ends ; longitudinally striated, rather narrow towards
the apex, rather inflated in the middle ; aperture narrow ; colu-
mella arched ; outer lip raised, acuminated (Soivb.).

Habitat unknown.

A. amygdala SOWB., C. Icon. t. 2, f. 6 a, b (1869).

Resembling Atys elongata, it is yet, nevertheless, less cylindrical
than that species, and is slightly striated in the longitudinal direc-
tion (Soivb.).

A. PORCELLANA Gould. PL 28, fig. 23.

Shell small, thin, ovate-cylindrical, milk-white, grooved with
transverse striae increasing toward the ends ; apex funnel-shaped,
imperforate. Aperture narrow, widened in front, the base subtrun-
cate ; columella deeply arcuate, subperforate, provided with a strong
callus. Alt. 12, diam. 5 mill. (Old.).

Kac/osiina Bay, Japan.

Atys porcellana GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 138. — SOWB.
(as of Guilding), Conch. Icon. f. 30.

ATYS. 269

Mr. Sowerby's mistakes in regard to the authority and localities
of Gould's species have been corrected by E. A. Smith, Ann. and
Mag. N. H. 1872, p. 345. It is not easy to see how so many errors
could be made as occur in the later volumes of the Conchologia
Iconica, even when it is understood that they were written with-
out reference to the literature of the groups monographed.

A. LABIOSA Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell small, short, ovate, cylindric, very smooth, very delicately
transversely striated at the base when viewed under a strong lens ;
spire retuse, whorls 2 ; aperture linear, dilated at base and unipli-
cate, continued above in a channel to the center of the vertex ;
margins of inner and outer lips thickened, obtuse. Alt. 1, diam.
if lines. (Ph.*).

China (Largilliert).

Sulla labiosa PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 64.

The generic position is uncertain. An error (probably typo-
graphical) in Philippi's description has been corrected above.

A. TRANSLUCENS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, thin, pellucid, transversely striated at the
ends, the striae distant, the median area glabrous. Aperture nar-
row ; inner lip straight, truncated anteriorly ; outer lip somewhat
straightened in the middle, posteriorly twisted and produced, ante-
riorly crenulated (Ad.).

Port Hamilton, lOfms.

Alicula translucens A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), ix, p. 159.

This species most nearly resembles Alicula succisa Ehrenberg,
from the Red Sea, but is narrower and more cylindrical in form,
and is thin and nearly transparent. (Ad.).

A. SECALINA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, rimate, the apex subtruncate and slightly
perforated, semi-opaque, corneous, transversely striated throughout,
striae distant, obsolete in middle. Aperture linear; inner lip
oblique, somewhat thickened ; outer lip a little straightened in the
middle. (Ad.).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms.

Alicula secalina AD., Ann. Mag., (3), ix, p. 159.

270 ATYS.

This is a small, grain-like, horn-colored species, with the apex
small and truncate, and the outer lip hardly produced beyond it.

(Ad.).

A. VOLVULINA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, rimate, acuminate and transversely striated
at both ends, the striae distant ; white, thin, opaque, shining. Aper-
ture narrow ; inner lip obliquely flexuous, thickened in front ;
outer lip regularly arcuate. (Ad.').

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms.

Alicula wlvulina AD., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), ix, p. 159.

A little, white shining species, acuminate at both ends, like a
Volvula, but with the sunken spire and twisted outer lip of an Atys*
(Ad.}.

A. EXIGUA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 24.

Shell small, elongately oval, posteriorly narrowed, white, shining,
longitudinally substriated, under the lens very minutely striattd ;
aperture narrow, linear, anteriorly dilated ; outer lip posteriorly
produced, flexuous; inner lip subcallous. (Ad.}.

Port Lincoln.

B. (Atys} exigua AD., Thes., p. 589, pi. 125, f. 129.— A. exigua
Sows., C. Ic., f. 19.

A. PARVULA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 18.

Shell small, oval, white, shining, transversely entirely striated,
strife close together ; outer lip arched, posteriorly produced, ante-
riorly dilated ; inner lip slightly tortuous, subtruncated. (Ad.}.

Port Lincoln.

B. (Atys} parvula AD., Thes., ii, p. 590, pi. 125, f. 130.— A. par-
vula Sows., C. Ic., f. 25.

A. HORDEACEA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 25.

Shell small, oval, white, shining, transversely strongly entirely
striated, strise rather wide apart ; outer lip arched, posteriorly pro-
duced, anteriorly rounded ; inner lip anteriorly strongly twisted,
subtruncated. (Ad}.

Port Lincoln, Australia.

B. (Atys) hordeacea AD., Thes., p. 590, pi. 125, f. 131.— A. hor-
dacea Sows., C. Ic., t. 4, f. 20.

ATYS. 271

A. HYALINA Watson. PI. 32, fig. 36.

Shell oval, subgibbous, a little abruptly contracted and slightly
constricted and truncated above, striated, thin, hyaline, umbilicated,
with a longish curved mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there
are very many slight equal hair-like lines of growth. Spirals —
with the exception of a narrow, nearly medial band which is smooth,
the whole surface is scratched with fine, smooth, regular, square-cut,
widely parted furrows. These are rather more regularly arranged
above than below, where the interstices are more wide and less reg-
ular ; but toward the end of the shell in both directions the furrows
tend to become crowded ; they extend to the very edge of the fun-
nel-shaped depression of the apex ; but the depression itself is
smooth, except for the twisted edge of the outer lip, which at the
generic sinus is reverted as usual, but somewhat narrowly ; in front
they score the umbilicus on one side, but do not quite extend to the
edge of the pillar. Colour hyaline to translucent. Mouth long,
curved, rather narrow, and not much enlarged in front. Outer lip
convex, posteriorly produced ; the generic twisted sinus is rather
small, above it the lip rises and advances, and forms a sharp curve,
from this point the lip runs out to the right, at first straight or
faintly concave, and here a little contracted, but afterwards with a
very regular curve, and increasingly patulous to the point of the
shell. Top very obliquely truncate, with a bluntish edge and a
small funnel-shaped depression, which, through the generic sinus
leads into the interior of the shell. Inner lip : there is no glaze on
the body, the curve of which is a little gibbous above ; the pillar
edge is narrow, reverted, bluntly toothed, twisted and truncated in
front ; at the top of the pillar this edge is very much twisted, and
is there separated from the body, leaving a very narrow but deep
fissure communicating with the deep umbilicus which lies behind,
and is partly covered by the expanded and projecting pillar edge.
Alt. O44 in. diam. O24. Breadth of mouth at same place, 0*07
inch ( Weds.).

Levtika, Fiji, 12 fms. ; Wednesday Island and near Cape York, N»
Australia, 6-8 fms.

Atys hyalina WATS., Chall. Gastr. p. 640, pi. 48, f. 1.

I do not know any Atys with which to compare this very beauti-
ful and delicate species. It has something of the gibbosity of Atys
cylindrica (Helb.), var. solida, in its stumpiest forms ; but the tex-
ture of the shell, the sculpture, and the umbilicus, are very differ-

272 ATYS.

ent. The specimens from Stations 186 and 187 are quite young
shells, but are, I have no doubt, this species. From Honolulu, 40
fathoms, there is a specimen of Atys probably belonging to this
species, but in too bad condition for identification with any cer-
tainty.

A. DARNLEYENSIS Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell elongately oval, rather thin, shining, white, attenuated and
umbilicated at both ends, longitudinally obliquely plicated, strongly
transversely striated at each end, the centre or intermediate space
with fine irregular waved striae, sometimes straight ; outer lip thick-
ened within, nearly straight posteriorly, slightly twisted and pro-
duced ; inner lip at the anterior end forming a thin callous ridge at
the side of the umbilicus, slightly reflected, and ending in a denti-
form plate. Length 6£ lines, breadth 3 lines (Braz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms.

A. darnleyensis BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 85, 1877.

A. CHEVERTI Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell subcylindrical, white, thin, transparent, smooth and inflated
in the middle, transversely striated at both ends, the upper striae
•extending nearly to the centre ; aperture narrowly linear, wide be-
low, outer lip slightly twisted and posteriorly produced, inflected
and angled in the centre ; inner lip anteriorly, with a strong fold.
Length 3 lines, breadth H lines (Braz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms; Cape Grcnw'lle,
North East Australia, 20 fathoms.

A. cheverti BRAZ., P. L. S. K S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877.

This species is like a miniature Atys elongata. Some specimens
have an opaque appearance at the back of the aperture, others very
thin and transparent (Braz.*).

A. PULCHRA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, white, thin (under the lens) longitudinally
closely plicated, and transversely very finely striated, giving the
shell a rugose appearance, very minutely umbilicated at both ends,
aperture rather narrow, wide below ; outer lip thin, reflected inside,
slightly posteriorly produced ; columella with a slight curve, min-
utely expanded and reflected, leaving half the umbilicus covered.
Length 3 lines, breadth 1-1 lines (Braz.*).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms.

ATYS. 273

A.pulchra BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877.

A pretty little species, having the whole surface of a rugose ap-
pearance, the transverse sculpture being quite distinct. In some
specimens the columella is sometimes straight and not curved.

A. DENSA Brazier. Unfigured.

Small, oval, thick, dirty white shell, finely plicated, strongly
transversely striated ; interstices with finer lines (as seen under the
lens) ; aperture narrow, wide below ; outer lip regularly arched,
posteriorly produced, anteriorly twisted and produced, partly cov-
ering the umbilicus. Length 2 lines, breadth 1? lines (Braz.').

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms.

A. densa BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877.
A. DUBIOSA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell small, oval, white, thin, shining, umbilicated at both ends,
the one at the base the largest, transversely very finely striated at
each end (scarcely visible under the lens), more distinct at the base,
intermediate space smooth, ventricose above the centre ; aperture
narrow, outer lip angled, posteriorly slightly thickened and pro-
duced, below straight ; columella with a single obsolete plait at the
base. Length 2 lines, breadth Ii lines (l?raz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms.

A. dubiosa BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 86, 1877.

A. M'ANDREWII Smith. Unfigured.

Shell elongate-ovate, truncated above, pellucid, encircled by nu-
merous narrow milky bands, one in the middle wider ; transversely
distantly striated at top and base, the interstice smooth ; vertex ex-
cavated, bounded by an acute margin. Aperture narrow, produced
a little above the vertex, a little dilated and effuse at the base ; lip
thin, inserted in the middle of the vertex and sinuated there ; colu-
mella short, thickened, hardly twisted ; umbilical region slightly
perforated. Alt. 5, diam. 21 mill. (&).

Lancerote, Canaries.

A. m'andrewii E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346.

It is at once recognized by the numerous lacteous bands upon a
pellucid ground.

A. CANARIENSIS Smith. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, white, pellucid, striated with irregular growth lines,
and transversely deeply striated above and below, lightly so in the

274 ATYS.

middle ; vertex depressed ; aperture moderately narrow above, pro-
duced a little above the vertex, dilated somewhat toward the base ;
lip thin, thickened toward the middle of the vertex ; columella ar-
cuate, a little reflexed ; umbilical region distinctly perforated.
Alt. 7, diam. 4£ mill. (&)•

Teneriffe, Canary Is.

A. canariensis E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 346.

Of the form of the young state of A. naucum; but the striae are
less distinct and not so far apart ; also very like caribaea D'Orb.,
but rather broader (£).

A. CARIBAEA Orbigny. PI. 48, fig. 12 ; PL 28, figs. 33, 34.

Shell oval, oblong, thin, fragile, smooth, attenuated and trans-
versely striated at both ends ; spire entirely concealed, marked by
an imperforate umbilical depression ; aperture narrow, a little arcu-
ate, wider in front ; columella acute, a little separated by an umbil-
ical depression. Color uniform white. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. ( Or &.).
Martinique, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, Cuba.

Bulla caribcea ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 127, pi. 4, f. 21-24.

Orbigny's description and figure, given above, are not good. The
species' is better represented by fig. 12 of pi. 48.

The shell is oblong, varying somewhat in length, somewhat more
compressed above than below, marked by widely spaced spiral
grooves above and below, these grooves becoming closer and deeper
toward the ends. From the center of the narrow, concave vertex
rises the distinctly plicate lip. The columella is vertical, thickened
but not toothed in the middle, the edge reflexed, partly concealing
the narrow but distinct umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. nearly 5 mill.

Not having seen the types of the two species following, I am un-
able to say whether they are forms of this one or deserving of spe-
cific rank.

A. GUILDINII Sowerby. PL 28, fig. 46.

Shell ovate, thin, dull grayish-white, attenuated posteriorly, spir-
ally striated near the ends, slightly longitudinally wrinkled, ven-
tricose below the centre, slightly umbilicated at each end ; outer lip
elevated above ; subacuminated, inflected ; columella thin, rather
straight (Sowb.).

This species is one of the very few in the genus Atys which pre-
sents the character of possessing longitudinal wrinkles or strise

(Sowb.).

St. Vincent, West Indies.

ATYS. 275

A. guildinii Sows., Conch. Icon, xvii, pi. 5, f. 26.

Seems more pyriform than A. caribcea. Sowerby probably in-
tended the name as an allusion to that clear-seeing pioneer, GUILD-
ING ; but in this case, as in so many others throughout his mono-
graph, the performance fell short of the good intention.

A. SPECIOSA A. Adams. PL 28, fig. 42.

Shell oval, perforated, posteriorly narrowed and subtruncated,
anteriorly rounded and ventricose, white, semiopaque, shining, lon-
gitudinally superiorly strongly striated, inferior striae evanescent,
transversely striated at both ends ; outer lip thickened within, pos-
teriorly twisted, with a single plait ; inner lip reflexed, anteriorly
semiplicated (Ad.}.

Habitat unknown.

B. (JL) speciosa A. AD., Thes. p. 587, pi. 125, f. 122.— SOWB., C.
Icon. t. 3, f. 14.

A. RIISEANA Dunker. Unfigured.

Allied to Bulla cylindrical Helbl., but much smaller. Alt. 10£,
diam. 5 mill. (Jforc/i).

St. Thomas (Riise, Ravn.) ; St. Martin ; New Providence ; Trini-
dad; Anguilla ; Porto Plata (Krebs).

Atys riiseana Dkr., MSS., MORCH., Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 173.

This does not seem to be different from A. caribcea.
A. SANDERSONI Dall. PL 28, fig. 47.

Shell small, thin, fragile, polished, translucent-white, with the
aperture longer than the axis of the shell, slender, elongated oval
with the posterior fourth bevelled off slightly ; transverse sculpture
solely of delicate evanescent lines of growth, sometimes lost in the
general polish of the surface ; spiral sculpture of about a dozen in-
cised lines near either extremity, more crowded toward the tips and
obsolete toward the middle of the shell, reticulating the lines of
growth when the latter are present, but delicate, extremely fine,
and not puncticulate ; posterior apex a rather deep funiculate pit,
from the center of which rises the margin of the aperture, which is
here slightly reflected, extends behind the summit of the body and
suddenly curves forward, leaving a very narrow aperture, which is
produced into a rounded point in front, then sharply recurved and
reflected to a point where the reflected part loses itself in the thin
callus on the body within the aperture ; the anterior reflection is

276 ATYS.

sometimes closely appressed and sometimes loose with a chink be-
hind it, but there is no anterior pit ; the shell is more slender for-
ward than behind, the bevelling is more marked in some specimens
than in others a fragment from off Havana, if conspecific, as seems
likely, indicates that it reaches a much larger size than the de-
scribed specimens. Lon. of shell and aperture, 6'5. Max. lat. of
shell, 3'4, of aperture 1-75 mill. ; lat. of aperture 0'5 mill. (Dall).

0/Bahia Honda, Cuba, 220 fms. ; Near Santa Cruz, 38 fms.
Atys f sandersoni DALL., Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 99, 1881 ; Blake
Gastr. p. 54, pi. 17, f. 7.

A. CASTA Carpenter. Unfigurcd.

Shell elongated, thin, subdiaphanous. whitish ; a little more swol-
len anteriorly ; spire concealed, lacunate, in adult shells hardly
umbilicated ; columella a little intorted, effuse ; umbilicus small ;
lip produced posteriorly, obtusely angulated ; entire surface subtly
spirally striatulate. Alt. .4, diam. '18 inch (Cjpr.).

Cape St. Lucas.

t Atys casta CPR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, p. 314, 1864 ; Moll.
Western N. A. p. 104, 212.

On the confines of the genus related to Cylichna ( Cpr.').

Subgenus DINIA H. & A. Ads., 1854.

A. DENTIFERA A. Adams. PI. 27, fig. 81.

Shell ovoid, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly produced, horny,
pellucid, longitudinally sulcated ; outer lip simple, acute ; inner lip
anteriorly strongly truncated, ending in a dentiform plate (Ad.~).

Lord Hood's Island (Cuming) ; Suez (Cooke) ; Mauritius (Mart.);
LevuJca, Fiji (Challenger).

Bulla (Atys) dentifera AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125, f. 124.— .1. den-
iifera SOWB., C. Icon. t. 2, f. 13.— COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5),
xvii, p. 133. — MARTENS, Meeres-fauna Maurit. p. 303. — Atys (Di~
nia) dentifera ADS., Genera, ii, p. 21. — WATSON, Chall. Kep. p.
641.

A. MONODONTA A. Adams. PI. 28, fig. 17.

Shell subcylindrical, posteriorly subtruncated, anteriorly pro-
duced, solid, opaque, longitudinally grooved ; outer lip indexed in
the middle ; inner lip strongly truncated anteriorly, and ending in
a dentiform plate (Ad.').

Shores of Borneo (Cuming).

ATYS. 277

B. (.4.) monodonta A. AD., Thes. p. 588, pi. 125, f. 123.— SOWB.,
Conch. Icon. pi. 2, f. 12.

A. MIRANDA Smith. Unfigured.

Shell elongate-ovate, pellucid, transversely delicately striated and
with irregular growth lines ; vertex depressed, perforated in the
middle, whence the outer lip rises. Aperture very narrow above,
rising little above the vertex, sensibly dilated and effuse toward the
base ; columella very short, arcuate, abruptly truncated (as in the
genus AcJiatiiict). Alt. 10, diam. 4 mill. (£)

Gulf of Suez.

A. miranda E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix,p. 347.

R. JEFFREYSI Weinkauff. PI. 59, figs. 1, 2.

The obese-cylindrical shell is truncated above and below, nar-
rowly umbilicated above ; under the lens fine striae are visible on
the upper and lower parts, becoming indistinct in the middle. The
aperture is narrow, the margin projecting above, scarcely arcuate,
and very little dilated below ; columella but little thickened. The
shell is thin, translucent, yellow-greenish, smooth and covered with
very fine growth stripe. Alt. 8, diam. 3* mill. ( Weink.}.

Piedmont Coast; Sicily; Algeria; Provence.

Bulla ovulata Broc., JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xvii, p.
188, pi. 2, f. 18, 19, 1856. Not B. ovulata Brocchi, Conch. Foss.
Subapp., 1814. — Cyllchna jeffreysi WEINK., Journ. de Conch, xiv,
1866, p. 238 ; Conch, des Mittlm. ii, p. 199. — EoxanieUa jeffreysi
MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 144.

R. BROCCHII Michelotti. PI. 59, fig. 3 ; pi. 28, fig. 45.

Shell cylindric-oblong, hyaline, sculptured with very fine spiral
stride, invisible to the naked eye ; apex obtuse, umbilicated ; colu-
mella obsoletely uuiplicate below (P/u7.).

Alt. 5 lines, diam. slightly less than 2 (Brocchi).

Sicilian Coast (Phil.) ; Adria-Zara (Sandri) ; Algeria (Weink.).

Bulla ovulata BROCCHI, Conch. Foss. Subapp. p. 277, pi. 1, f. 8
(not B. ovulata Lam., Ann. du Mus. 1801). — A. AD., Thes. Conch,
ii, p. 586, pi. 125, f. 118.— PHIL., Enurn. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 122.— B.
brocchii MICH., Foss. Mioc. de Pit., p. 151. — Cylichna brocchii
WEINK., Conch, des Mittelm. ii, p. 200.

The figure on pi. 59 is copied from the original illustration. Fig.
45 of pi. 28 is from Sowerby. See Weinkauff' for references to the
palseontological literature of the species.
19

278 ATYS.

A. DIAPHANA Aradas. PL 32, figs. 29, 30.

Shell ovate, turgid, very shining, hyaline, smooth in the middle,
sculptured with about 10 flexuous, concentric stride above and be-
low, becoming closer toward each end ; vertex subtruncate, umbili-
cate, thickened at the outer margin. Aperture coarctate in the
middle, patulous and angled above, canaliculate below ; columella
with one fold at base. Alt. nearly one-fifth, width one-tenth inch
(Jeff,:}.

jEgean Sea to Italy.

Bulla diaphana ARAD., Catal. Rag., etc., p. 40 (1840).— PHIL.,
Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 215. — Weinkauffia diaphana MONTS.,
Norn. Gen. e Spec. p. 145. — Bulla turgidula FORBES, Kep. Aeg. In-
vert, p. 188, (1843).— Bulla semistriata REQ., Coq. de Corse, p. 42
(1848). — Sca}^hander aibbulus JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xvii,
1856, p. 188, pi. 2, f. 20, 21.— SOWB., Conch. Icon, xviii, f. 8.

According to Monterosato it varies in being more or less swollen.

A. BLAINVILLIANA Recluz. PI. 43, fig. 16.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, umbilicated, shining, milk-white ; a
little convex in the middle, very smooth, striated at the ends, the
marginal striae deeper, the others sensibly smoother. Aperture ob-
long, wider at base ; columella obtusely one-toothed below. Alt. 10,
diam. 5i mill. (Red.}.

Coast of Provence and of Sicily (Reel.).

Ovula triticea BLAINV., in Faune Francaise, ou Hist. Nat., Gen.
et Partic. des Anim. que se trouv. en France, Moll., p. 251, pi. 9 A,
f. 4 (good) ; not of Lam. nor Payr. — Bulla blainvilliana RECLUZ,
Rev. Zoologique la Soc. Cuvierienne, 1843, p. 10. — Cylichna blain-
mlleana Reel., LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Fr., p. 27. — C.jeffreysi LOCARD,
Prodr., p. 75.

The apex is umbilicated, the umbilicus being a millimetre in
width and rounded within ; the umbilicated end is a little more at-
tenuated than the base of the shell. This species is a real Bulla
and not an Ovula, always of a beautiful whiteness, not red-orange
(KM.).

The description of this shell in Faune Francaise is partly hypo-
thetical, the author of that work being under the impression that
Iris shell was a dead specimen of a red Ovula, described and figured
by Payraudeau. Recluz has also given a very poor description
(translated above), but his citation of Blainville's figure as a good

ATYS. 279

representation of his species, is sufficient to fix its identity beyond
doubt. Compare A. dinphana Arad.

Subgenus ROXANIA Leach, 1847.

For anatomy see under Atys.
A. UTRICULUS Brocchi. PI. 28, figs. 28, 29.

Shell oval, with a tendency to become cylindrical, rather solid,
semitransparent and glossy . sculpture, numerous spiral striae or im-
pressed lines, which are visible to the naked eye ; towards each end
they are stronger, and alternately large and small (sometimes two
or three smaller striae between two of the larger size), and they are
throughout closely punctate in consequence of the interstices being
crossed by fine longitudinal stride ; the spiral striae are much slighter
in the middle of the shell, which in the young is usually quite
smooth ; epidermis reddish-brown, it is chiefly persistent on the
spiral striae, which are, therefore, darkly lineated ; color pale yel-
lowish or cream color, occasionally milk-white ; spire partly ex-
posed ; crown perforated, and obliquely encircled by a thick angu-
lar rim ; mouth as in H. navicula., but narrower, its length ex-
ceeds that of the spire ; outer lip not much curved in the middle,
nor folding inwards ; it projects a little beyond the crown ; inner
lip slight ; pillar short, thick, and flexuous ; at its base is a rather
strong fold, which makes the lower part of the mouth appear chan-
nelled ; behind the pillar is a small and groove-like umbilicus
G/e/r.). Alt. 12, diam. 7J mill.

Var. oblonga. Smaller, longer in proportion to its breadth, and
more cylindrical (J«#V.).

Finmark to the Canary Is. ; Mediterranean Sea.

Bulla utriculus BROCCHI, Conch. Foss. Subap. i, p. 633, pi. 1, f.
6. — Bull a utrindus JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 440 ; v, pi. 95, f. 4.
— Bulla cranchii LEACH, in Flemings' Brit. An. p. 292. — FORBES
& HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 533, pi. 104, f. 8, 9, and pi. VV,
f. 2 (animal).— Atys cranchii AD., in Thes. ii, p. 586, pi. 125, f.
115. — Sown., in Conch. Icon. pi. 1, f. 9. — Sulla punctura JOHNSON,
Edinb. New Philos. Journ. 1828, p. 79. — Roxania utriculus MONTS.,
Nom. Gen. e Spec. p. 145. — Bulla intermedia ARADAS.

A. PUNCTULATA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovoid, solid, perforate, rounded at each end, decussate stri-
ate, transversely profoundly sulcate, the sulci strongly punctate.

280 DIAPHANA.

Aperture narrow, dilated in front ; inner lip straight, truncated be-
low ; outer lip produced behind, rounded (Ad.).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

Roxania punctulnta AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, p. 158.

No species hitherto described resembles this ; the nearest approach
to it is R. cranchii Leach. R. intculpta Totten is sculptured rather
like it. The shell is solid, very strongly punctate-striate, and
deeply umbilicated, and the inner lip is truncate anteriorly (Ad.).

Genus DIAPHANA Brown, 1837.

Diaphana BROWN, Conchologist's Text Book, 4th edit., p. 98
(type D. Candida Brown = Retusa minuta Brown, 1827). — SARS,
Moll. Reg, Arct. Norv. p. 288. — Amphisphyra LOVEN Ofversigt
Kongl. Vet. Akad. Forhandl. 1846, p. 142 (A. globosa Lov. and .4.
pellucida Brown). — Utriculus (in part) of BROWN, JEFFREYS, Sow-
ERBY, et al. — Physema H. & A. Ad., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 21, type
D. hiemalis.

Shell thin and fragile, capacious or subglobose, umbilicated, the
spire either projecting, flat, or sunken in a narrow apical umbilicus.
Aperture narrowed above, rounded below, the lip sinuous ; colu-
mella not thickened, long and rather straight, neither folded nor
truncated, its edge a little reflexed above. Type D. minuta Brown.

Animal (pi. 61, fig. 22, D. expansa) capable of being contained
in the shell ; frontal disc small, produced in two conical processes
at the anterior angles ; eyes present or wanting ; epipodial lobes
apparently wanting ; foot auriculate at the anterior angles, split
into two triangular tails behind. No stomach plates.

Radula short, with the formula 1.1.1. Central teeth are delicate,
erect, oblong laminse, with bilobed and closely serrate upper mar-
gins ; laterals are large and falcate, the long, rather straight, obtuse
cusps crossing above the centrals ; uncini wanting (pi. 61, figs. 20,
21, D. minuta).

Distribution, mainly North Atlantic.

Capt. Brown seems to have included the species of this genus at
first in Retusa, then in Diaphana, and finally in Utriculus. I have
not seen the first edition of the " Conchologist's Text Book," issued
in 1833, and do not know whether Diaphana was published at that
time or not. It appears, properly defined, in the fourth edition,
1837 ; but in 1844 Brown places the species under Utriculus as a

DIAPHANA. 281

second section of that genus. Utriculm is, however, a mere syno-
nym for Ifetusu-, which Brown proposed as a substitute for his own
earlier name.

The genus differs from Retusti in possessing a radula, in the ab-
.sence of stomach plates, etc. The shell is more globose and fragile
than in Retus« or Oylichna, with a larger umbilicus, thin columella
and without distinct sculpture. The lack of epipodial lobes and of
uncini also distinguishes this genus.

D. DEBILIS Gould. PI. 59, fig. 27.

Shell thin, fragile and somewhat transparent, light brownish
corneous, irregularly ovate, broadly globose below, narrow and sub-
angular above. Apex large, globose, obliquely and mamillarly pro-
jecting ; subsequent whorls 2], the inner very narrow; convex,
planorboid, separated by deep sutures, the latter part of the last
whorl somewhat descending. Body-whorl compressed above, swollen
below, very lightly sculptured with indistinct growth-lines. Aper-
ture nearly as long as the shell, narrow and biangular above, broadly
rounded below ; outer lip thin and sinuous : columella long and
nearly straight, not thickened, the edge somewhat reflexed above,
partly closing the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 3-i, diam. 2-] mill.

Greenland to Connecticut.

Bulta debilis OLD., Amer. Journ. Science xxxviii, p. 196 (1840);
Otia Conch., p. 179 ; Invert. Mass., p. 164, f. 951.— DsKAY, N. Y.
Moll. p. 17, pi. 35, f. 329.— Bulla (Aplustrum) debile AD., Thes.
Conch., ]). 564, pi. 120, f. 8. — Aplustyum debile SOWB., Conch. Icon,
f. 3. — Diaphana debilis STIMPSON Check-Lists, p. 4 ; — W. G. BINN.
in Invert. Mass., p. 216, f. 507.— LECHE, Kongl. Sveusk. Vet.-Akad.
Handlingar, 1878, p. 71. — Akera subangulata MOLLER, Ind. Moll.
Groenl., p. 6. SOWB., C. Icon, xvi, f. 1.

I have retained this species separate from D. hyalina because in
the specimens before me the apex projects as in D. seguenzce, which
does not seem to be the case with Scandinavian specimens of
hyalina.

D. LOTT.K Bush. PI. 59, figs. 32, 33.

Shell rather large, short and stout, abruptly tapered at the ends,
truncate at the top with the two whorls of the spire showing in a
shallow pit ; translucent, yellowish-white, with a slightly lustrous

282 DIAPHANA.

surface covered with distinct punctate spiral lines. The outer lip
rises considerably above the level of the body whorl, arches well
forward, and follows the curvature of the body whorl to near the
base, where it is a little expanded, and joins the columella in a broad
curve. The inner lip is formed by a rather wide, closely adhering
layer of enamel, which is considerably thickened on the columella,
spreading out over the umbilical region Avith a thick, free outer
edge. The spiral lines are distinct and rather coarsely punctate, a
little crowded on the apex of the shell, nearly uniformly separated
to just below the centre (five to the millimeter), where there are two
quite fine, widely separated ones, below which they become again
coarser and considerably crowded on the base. Epidermis thin, very
slightly tinged with yellow. Lines of growth inconspicuous.

Length of shell, 8 mill. ; breadth, 5*5 mm. ; length of aperture
8-5 mill. (Bush). .

Off Cape Lookout, N. C., in 603 fms.

Diaphana (?) lotta BUSH, Bull. M. C. Z. xxiii, p. 222, pi. 2, f.
8,9.

A smaller, somewhat worn specimen (No. 45,604), differing from
the above only in having fewer spiral lines, was dredged by the U.
S. F. C. in 1882, at Station 1142, off Martha's Vineyard, in 322
fathoms.

This species bears considerable resemblance to Cylichna occulta
Migh. & Ad. ; but that is a much smaller and more slender species,
more gradually tapered toward the ends, with finer and more
numerous spiral lines.

D. SEGUENZ^E Watson. PI. 26, figs. 76, 77.

Shell small, oval, glossy, finely spirally stippled, with the large
open mouth and simple lips of a Bulla, but with a small prominent
mamillate apex. Sculpture: Longitudinals — there are over the
whole surface fine close lines of growth. Spirals — there are fine
sharp lines made of minute round stippled dots ; above, these lines
are crowded, in the middle they are sparse, towards the point they
are again closer. Colour semi-translucent white, with a greyish sur-
face. Spire very short and blunt, sometimes not raised at all. Apex
a small but coarse, slightly prominent, mamillate tip. Suture im-
pressed. Mouth resembling that of a Bulla and shaped like a long
bent pear. Outer lip rises slightly above the body, sometimes to a

DIAPHANA. 283

level with the tip, retreats above and below, and is roundly prom-
inent in the middle, where it slightly bends inwards, elsewhere it is
patulous ; its sweep is very regular throughout. Inner lip roundly
curved on the body, rather deeply concave at the top of the pillar,
along which it runs nearly straight ; a broad pad with defined edge
spreads across the body, and is pretty broad and reverted on the
pillar with a very slight twist on its front edge and a minute umbil-
ical chink behind ; the lip is not emarginate in front.

Length 0'15 diara. 0*1. Greatest breadth of mouth in front, 0'05
inch. ( JFafe.).

Off Pernambuco, 350 fms. ; West of Azores, 1000 fms. (Watson).
Middle Pliocene of Calabria (Seguenza).

Bullina undata Chiaje, SEGUENZA, Form. Terz. Calabria, p. 251,
pi. 16, f. 9 (Not of Chiaje). — Amphisphyra seyuenzce WATSON,
Chall. Gastr., p. 641, pi. 48, f. 5.

D. MINUTA Brown. PI. 26, figs. 70, 71.

Shell very thin and fragile, hyaline, cylindric-ovate, dilated in the
middle, the base obliquely rounded ; vertex narrower, truncated and
depressed, spirally involute. Whorls 3-4, separated by a distinctly
impressed suture. Aperture shorter than the last whorl, quite
ample below ; outer lip flexuous, obtusely rounded at the upper
angle, slightly inflexed above the middle, roundly expanded beneath ;
coluruella short, slightly flexuous; umbilicus narrow, chink-shaped.

Alt. 5 mill. (gars.*).

Scandinavia and British Is., south to Kiel Bay ; Ocean coast of
France ; Madeira and Canary Is. ; Palermo ; Naples.

Bulla hyalina TURTON, Mag. Nat. Hist, vii, p. 353. Not Bulla hya-
lina Gmel. — A tnphitphyra hyalina LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Skand. MEYER
& MOBIUS, Fauna Kieler Bucht i, p. 67, f. 8, 9 (shell).— FORBES &
HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 521, pi. 114D, f. 1, 2 (shell) and
pi. UU, f. 2 (animal).— MONTS., Journ. de Conch. 1874, p. 280.—
LOCARD Coq. Mar. Fr. p. 29, f. 15. — Utriculus hyalinns JEFFR.,
Brit. Conch, iv, p. 428 ; v, pi. 94, f. 7 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xix,
p. 335. — Diaphana hyalina SARS, Moll. Keg. Arct. Norv., p. 289,
pi. 18, f. 1 (shell); pi. xi, f. 10 (dentition).— Utriculus minutus
BROWN, 111. Conch. G. B., (edit., 1844), p. 58, pi. 19, f. 7, 8 (very
young shell). — U. pellucidus BROWTN, t. c., p. 59, pi. 19, f. 10, 11. —
SOWB., Conch. Icon, xviii, fig. 1. — U. candidus BROWN, t. c., p. 59,

284 DIAPHANA.

pi. 19, f. 13, 14. — Diaphana Candida BROWN, Conch. Text Book,
p. 98, pi. 14, f. 30.

This species has generally been known by the preoccupied name
B. hyalina Turton, which is, besides, later than the names given by
Brown.

D. EXPANSA Jeffreys. PI. 26, fig. 69.

Shell very thin, hyaline, irregularly ovate, quite ventricose, the
width nearly equal to the alt. ; base obliquely expanded ; vertex nar-
row, truncate, spirally involute ; whorls 3-4, the penultimate
slightly projecting. Aperture narrow above and removed from the
vertex, very much expanded below ; outer lip narrowly rounded at
the superior angle, then slightly inflexed, beneath obliquely arcuate ;
columella nearly straight ; umbilicus narrow but distinct.

Alt. 6 mill.

Shetland Is. ; Norway ; Bay of Biscay ; Palermo.

Amphisphyra expansa JEFFR., Rep. Brit. Asso. 1864, p. 330. —
MONTS., Journ. de Conch. 1874, p. 280. — Utricnlusexpansus JEFFR,.,
Brit. Conch, iv, p. 426 ; v, pi. 94, f. 6 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), vi, p.
318.—? Bulla globosa CANTRAINE, Mai. Med. et Lit. p. 82, (ex.
Mem. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, xiii). — Diaphana expansa SARS, Moll.
Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 289, pi. 18, f. 2a (shell), 2b (animal) and pl.xi,
f. 11 (dentition).

Shell more inflated, less angular in the middle than D. minuta,
with a larger umbilicus. The animal lacks eyes, and the foot is'nar-
rower and longer than in D. globosa.
D. QU ADR ATA Monterosato. Unfigured.

Small, wider than high, very fragile, transparent and without
any sort of sculpture; spire truncated, composed of 3 convex
whorls, angular at the lower part, and separated by an excavated
suture. Aperture nearly squared, the outer margin detached at
the insertion as in the genus Akera; columella perpendicular, um-
bilicus profound.

Off Cape St. Vito, and Palermo, Sicily, in deep water.

Amphisphyra qnadrata MONTS., Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p.
280.

D. VENTRICOSA Jeffreys. PI. 59, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell globosely ear-shaped (not like a Vehitinci), nearly trans-
parent, glossy and slightly prismatic; sculpture, numerous fine,

DIAPHANA. 285

curved, minute longitudinal striie, which are very closely set on the
upper edge of the body whorl ; these stria? are crossed by a few in-
distinct spiral lines, but not so as to make the surface reticulated ;
epidermis inconspicuous. Color whitish, with a faint tinge of red-
dish-brown near the outer lip, spire small, truncated and flat ;
whorls 3, slightly angulated at the top ; the last is disproportion-
ately large, and the first or central whorl is oval and intorted ;
suture very deep and channelled, mouth expanded, nearly oval,
contracted above by the projection of the periphery ; base even
and curved, outer lip semicircular ; the upper part is on a level with
the spire ; outer corner rounded, inner corner not receding nor in-
curved, as in R. obtusa, (but my solitary specimen is imperfect
in this part) ; inner lip forming a whitish film, which is spread over
the upper part of the under side, it is folded over the pillar, behind
which it forms a narrow umbilical groove ; pillar slight and curved,
fold obscure. Length 0*125, breadth 01 inch. (Jeffr.).

AmpJnsphi/ra globoxa JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H., (3), i, p. 47, pi.
2, f. G. Not of Loven. — Amjihixphyra ventncosa JEFFR., Rep.
Brit. Asso., 1864, p. 332. — Utriculus ventrosus JEFFR., Brit. Conch.,
iv, p. 425 ; v, pi. 94, f. 5, (1867).

Sars thinks that this may be the same as Philine velutinoides.
The soft parts are still unknown.

Mr. Barlee procured a single specimen by dredging off Glenelg
n Skye ; this is now in my collection. I tried the same ground
with Mr. Norman last year, in the hope of confirming the discovery,
but we were unsuccessful. Its nearest ally appears to be the Am-
phisphyra globosa of Loven (a Scandinavian species). Our shell,
however, is ear-shaped, instead of globosely oval, the spire is pro-
portionately broader, the mouth much wider, and the sculpture
peculiar, U. globosus exhibiting only the lines of growth. (Jeffr.}.

D. DEXSESTRIATA Leche. PI. 26, figs. 72, 73, 74.

Shell external, inflated, subglobose, rather solid, pellucid, with
very close, impressed longitudinal strise ; spire concealed, the apex
.perforated ; aperture ample, rounded but not dilated in front, nar-
row behind, extending above the spire ; lip acute, arcuate, produced
behind ; columella sinuate-arcuate, covered with a strong callus.
Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. (Leche).

Karisch Sea, 9-70 fms.

286 DIAPHANA.

Utriculopsis densistriata LECHE, Kongl. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl.,
xvi, p. 74, pi. 1, f. 20, a, b, c (shell), f. 20 d (dentition), 1878.—
Diaphana densistriata AURIVILLIUS, Vega Exped. Vetenskap.
lakttagelser, iv, p. 371.

D. GLOBOSA Loven. PI. 26, fig. 75.

Shell very thin, vitreous, subglobose ; base obliquely rounded ;
vertex narrowly truncated, narrowly perforated, the spire nearly
concealed. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow and supine above,
expanded below ; outer lip produced above the vertex and subangu-
late, obliquely arcuate below; columella flexuous; umbilicus dis-
tinct. Alt. 4 mill, (gars'). Scandinavia.

Amphisphyra globosa LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Scand., p. 11 (Ofv.
Kongl. Vet. Akad., 1846, p. 143).— Diaphana globosa SARS, Moll.
Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 290, pi. 18, f. 4 (shell), f. 3 c (animal) ; pi. xi,
f. 12 (dentition). — Utriculus ylobosus SOWB., Conch. Icon., xviii, f.
2. — Utriculopsis vitrea M. SARS, Bidrag til Kundskab Christiania-
fjordens Fauna, ii, p. 65, pi. 11, f. 16-18 (shell only ; not f. 15, ani-
mal, which is Philine vitrea, q. v).

D. HIEMALIS Couthouy.* PL 59, fig. 28.

Shell minute, globose, thin and fragile, subtranslucent, horn col-
ored ; body whorl very convex, widest in the middle, narrowly
truncated at the vertex, which shows a minute umbilical perfora-
tion. Aperture narrow above, rising well above the vertex, broad
below ; outer lip strongly sinuous, receding toward the upper inser-
tion, rising high above the vertex of the body of the shell ; colum-
ella long, thin, slightly sinuous, partially closing the narrow umbil-
icus. Alt. 2-2-, diam. 2 mill.

Maine to Massachusetts Bay ; Scandinavia.

Sulla hiemalis COUTH., Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 180, pi. 4,
f. 5.— DEKAY, N. Y., Moll., p. 18, pi. 35, f. 335.— GLD., Inv.Mass.,
p. 163, f. 100. — Diaphana hiemalis STIMPSON, Check-Lists, p. 4. —
W. G. Binn. in Glds. Inv. Mass., p. 216, f. 506.— SARS, Moll. Reg.
Arct. Norv., p. 291, pi. 18, f. 3.

More globose than any of the preceding species. The figure i8
drawn from a Massachusetts specimen.

D. NIVEA Petterd. Unfigured.

Shell globose, very thin, semitransparent, milky-white, shining ;
whorls 4, spire small, scarcely projecting; longitudinally striated

DIAPHANA-CYLICHNA. 287

with fine lines of growth ; aperture narrowly ovate, inflated. Alt.
14, diam. 7 mill. (Petterd).

Near River Leven, Tasmania (Miss Lodder).

Diaphanna nivea PET., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1885, p. 321.
Section Austrodiaphana Pilsbry.

Shell like Diaphana, but columella abruptly truncated below.
D. BRAZIERI Angas. PL 26, fig. 68.

Shell subglobose, with a long, narrow open umbilicus, thin, hya-
line, covered with a fine membranaceous olive epidermis ; last
whorl inflated; spire flatly depressed; whorls 3 J, rounded above,
suture impressed ; aperture contracted above, subovate below ;
outer lip sharply angled posteriorly, slightly sinuous, arcuate below;
columella abruptly truncate below the umbilicus. Length 2 lines,
breadth !•} lines. (Any.*).

Sow and Pigs reef, Port Jackson, N. S. Wales, Australia, 4 fms.

Diaphana brazieri ANG., P. Z. S., 1877, p. 175, pi. 26, f. 20 ; t. c.
p. 189.

Genus CYLICHNA Loven, 1847.

Bullma Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 51, 1826. Not Bul-
Una, Fer., l&22.— Cylmdrella SWAINS, MalacoL, pp. 135, 326, type
C. alba Sw. Not Cylindrella Swains, t. c. p. 311, (s. g. for Conus
asper Chem.), nor of Pfr., Wiegrn. Archiv f. Naturg., i, p. 38,
(1840).— Cylichna LOVEN, Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Forhandl., 1846, p.
142, 1847. Not Cylichnus Burmeister, Handb. der Entomologie,
iv, p. 171, 1844 (Coleoptera).— Bullmella R. B. NEWTON, Syst. List
Edwards Coll. Brit. Oligocene and Eocene Moll., p. 265, 1891.—
Cryptaxis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H., (5), xi, p. 400, 1883, type C.
parvuhi JefFr. Not Cryptaxis Lowe (Helicidse). — " Oliva, Klein "
H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 657.

-f Cylichnelta GABB., and Mnestia H. & A. Adams.

Shell rather small and subcylindrical, the spire sunken and um-
bilicate or closed and concealed by the calloused inner lip ; moder-
ately solid, smooth or with spiral stride; aperture as long as the
shell, narrow above, somewhat dilated toward the base ; columella
rather thickened, simple or somewhat sinuous; outer lip reced-
ing toward the suture. Type C. cylindracea.

Animal (pi. 61, fig. 23, C. cylindracea*) with long head disc, trun-
cated in front and behind. Mouth armed with a pair of jaws com-

288 CYLICHNA.

posed of imbricating prickly elements ; gizzard containing 3 equal,
oval calcareous plates (pi. 61, figs. 26, 27, C. alba). Radula with
the central teeth small, erect, with bilobed, serrate apices ; laterals
large, hooked, with a series of fine denticles near the edge ; uncini
small, simple, from 2 to 5 in number on each side (pi. 61, figs. 24,
25, C. alba).

In regard to the several names quoted in the above synonymy,
Bullina of Risso is clearly preoccupied. Cylindrella Swainson was
first acceptably defined on page 326 of the Treatise on Malacology,
and is preceded by Cylindrella proposed for a section of Conus on p.
311 of the same work, and probably by Cylindrella Pfr. also, pro-
posed for a well-known genus of land snails. The name Cylichna
of Loven has recently been rejected by Mr. R. B. Newton, on
account of the prior Cy/ichnu* of Burmeister in Coleoptera, and a
new name, Bullinella, substituted ; but if the generic name given by
the great Scandinavian naturalist be ruled out, the genus must be
given the name of one of the recognized subgenera.

In the present stage of our knowledge, it is practically impossible
to definitely locate many species of small Bulloids, as the shells
afford so slight a clue to the modifications of the soft parts. There
are, therefore, numbers of forms which can equally well be placed
in Cylichna as in the section Cylichnina of Retusa. Others might
be. placed in either Cylichna or Haminea; whilst the distinction
between Cylichna and Atys is by no means clear in certain cases.
At the same time, it must be clearly understood that the anatomical
distinctions between Cylichna, Cylichnina, Haminea, etc., are very
great. In these small smooth Bullidse, as in the Zonitoid Helices,
the differentiation has been mainly in the soft parts, the shells
undergoing but little change.

Besides this confusion in the genera, there exists at present a
semi-chaotic condition of the species ; and so many Cylichnas are
inadequately described, so many are still unfigured, that the identi-
fication of specimens is often an extremely difficult task. One could
spend years of work over these groups of small species ; but as the
writer has neither the requisite time or facilities for redescribing the
types and figuring them on a uniform and sufficiently enlarged
scale, the present account may be considered as simply a digest of
the literature of the group. As such, it is believed to be nearly
complete.

CYLICHNA. 289

Subdivisions of Cylichna.
Subgenus CYLICHNA Loven.

Shell subcylindrical, the apex either concealed or umbilicated ;
surface unicolored whitish or brownish ; columella with one indis-
tinct fold or none. A further division of this subgenus will eventu-
ally be made, but in tbe present state of our knowledge of the group,
the natural sections of Cyliclma cannot be defined.

Subgenus MNESTIA H. & A. Adams.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, marbled or banded. Spire immersed in
the deep umbilicus. Anatomy unknown.

Subgenus CYLICHNELLA Gabb.

Shell oblong-oval ; spire concealed, imperforate ; columella with
a callous fold, and below it a nodule-like fold. Anatomy unknown.

Subgenus CYLICHNA Loven.
Species of the North Atlantic, Arctic and Mediterranean Sea~s.

C. CYLINDRACEA Pennant. PI. 29, figs. 15, 16, 17.

Shell cylindrical with parallel sides slightly tapering toward each
end, squarely truncated above; solid and opaque. Surface slightly
glossy, covered with a brownish-yellow cuticle; sculptured with
numerous fine, superficial spiral strite. Apex appearing like a
slightly concave disc bounded by an angular keel, the whorls not
visible. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow and parallel-sided
above, suddenly expanding at the base. Lip strongly retracted
above, forming a large, deep sinus ; straight in the middle, and
again retracted and effuse at base. Columella thickened, with a
broad but indistinct fold. Alt. 7?, diam. 2.1 mill.

European seas from Norway to the Canaries and Azores ; Mediter-
ranean; Whydah, W. Africa; St. Helena (Smith); Ascension I.,
420 fins, and Tristan da Canha (Challenger).

Sulla cylindracea PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 117, pi, 70, f. 85,
1777.— Cylichna cylindracea LOVEN, Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 142, 1846.
— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iv, p. 415 ; v, pL 93, f. 4-5. — BARS, Moll.

290 CYLICHNA.

Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 283, pi. 17, f. 12; pi. 11, f. 4.— BUQ. DAUTZ.
&DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 521, pi. 64, f. 1-3.— WATSON, Chal-
lenger Gastrop., p. 663. — MOBIUS, in Die Zweite Deutsche Nord-
polarfahrt, 1869-70, (Koldwey), ii, p, 250, pi. 1, f. 4-9 (digestive
tract and dentition).— SMITH, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 738; P. Z. S. 1890,
p. 297.— A. AD. in Sowb., Thes.iii, p. 590, pi. 125, f. 132.— FORBES
& HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, iii, p. 508. — Bulla olivet GMEL., Syst,
Nat. (xiii), p. 3433.— £. cylindrica BRUG., Encycl. Meth., p. 37 not
of Gmelin.— B.producta BROWN, Illustr. Conch., pi. 19, f. 15, 16.—

B. convoluta BROCCHI, Conch, foss. Subapp., p. 277, pi. 1, f. 7. —
SCACCHI, Catal. Conch. Req. Neap., p. 10, 1836.— Cylindrella alba
SWAINSON, Malacol. p. 326, fig. 94b.

The cylindrical form and for the group large size of this species
readily distinguish it from other European forms. The literature of
the species is extensive, and only the more important references are
given above. For others see Moll. Roussillon, Forbes and Hanley,
and the Challenger Report.

Var. LINEARIS JefFr. Shorter, nearly smooth and decidedly
glossy, marked at each end with yellowish-brown spiral lines, few
and remote at the top, close-set at the bottom. Apex invariably
perforated and showing part of the internal spire.

England; St. Helena.

C. cylindracea has been reported from Bombay by Melvill and Aber-
crombie.

C. ALBA Brown. PL 60, fig. 16.

Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical, tapering toward both ends.
White, covered with a pellucid buff cuticle ; polished ; surface
sculptured by extremely close, fine, superficial spiral stria, visible
only under a strong lens, on fresh specimens. Aperture narrow
above, dilated below, wider than in C. cylindracea ; the lip curved
as in that species. Columella thick but hardly folded. Apex im-
perforate, somewhat concave, bounded by a keel. Alt. 5£, diam. 21
mill. Tooth-formula 5,1.1.1,5.

Spitzbergen and Greenland to the Bay of Biscay, and to Cape Cod.

Volvaria alba BROWN, Illust. Conch. G. B., p. 3, pi. 19, f. 43, 44.
— Cylickna alba LOVEN, Ofversight Vet. Akad. Forh. 1846, p. 142.
JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iv, p. 417, pi. 8, f. la (dentition) ; v, p. 223,
pi. 93, f. 6 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), x, p. 241 ; (4), xix, p. 333 ; (4)

CYLICHNA. 291

xx, p. 139, 237 ; P. Z. S. 1883, p. 393.— SARS, Moll. Arct. Norv., p.
283, pi. 17, f. 15, 16.— A. AD., Tbes. Conch, ii, p. 591, pi. 125, f.
137.— GOULD, Inv. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 220, f. 98.— LECHE,
K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. 1878, p. 72. — WATSON, Chall. Kep.Gastr.,
p. 661. — AURIVILLIUS, Vega Exped. iv, p. 369. — Bulla triticea
COUTH., Bost. Journ. N. H. ii, p. 88, pi. 2, f. 8. — Cylichna elongata,
LOCARD, Coq. Mar. Cotes France, p. 25, 1892.

Shorter and less cylindrical than C. cylindracea , and with far less
obvious spiral striation than C. occulta.

Var, CORTICATA (Beck) Moller. PI. 60, figs. 14, 15.

Shell with a thick, dark broiunish epidermis ; somewhat narrower
than the typical alba, cylindrical; vertex broadly truncated; col-
umella indistinctly folded. Alt. 8 mill.

• Norway ; Greenland.

Bulla corticata (BECK) MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Groenl.Naturh.Tids-
krift, p. 79, 1842. — Cylichna alba var. corticata SARS, Moll. Arct.
Norv. p. 283, pi. 17, f. 16.— AURIVILLIUS, Vega Exped. iv, p. 370.
— B. (Cylichna} corticata AD., Thes. ii, p. 592, pi. 125, f. 138.—
Bulla nucleola REEVE, in The Last of the Arctic Voyages (Belch-
er's) ii, p. 393, pi. 32, f. 2, 1855.

C. CHEVREUXI Dautzenberg. PI. 29, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell 6 mill, high, 2'7 mill, wide ; solid, rather shining, cylindrical
truncated above and below. Whorls 3, convoluted, the first
immersed, the last smooth but with arcuate, obsolete growth-striae.
Aperture narrow, at base dilated. Columella very oblique,
calloused, very shining. Lip acute, arcuate above, then straight-
ened. Color white. (Dautz.).

Pico, Azores, 1287 meters.

C. clievreuxi DAUTZ., Res. Camp. Sci. Albert I, p. 23, pi. 1, f. 6.

Differs from C. alba in the wider, thicker columella, and more
effuse base of the aperture.

C. GRIMALDII Dautzeuberg. PL 27, figs. 99, 100.

Shell 9 mill, high, 5 broad, rather solid, convoluted, subcylin-
drical, the base rounded. Apex obtusely truncated, imperforate,
depressed in the middle. Last whorl with arcuate growth-lines and
regularly ornamented with numerous impressed distinct spiral striae.

292 CYLICHNA.

Aperture narrow above, dilated below; columella short, arcuate;
lip acute, projecting a little above the vertex, expanded toward the
base. Color whitish, hyaline, under a brown epidermis. (Dautz.^).

Dakar, W. Africa.

CylicJma grimaldii DAUTZ., Mem. Soc. Zool. France iv, p. 26, pi.
3,f. 1,1891.

Compared with 0. alba, this species is of larger size, less elongated
form and thinner shell. The spiral strise, which are effaced in
the middle of C. alba, are more strongly marked, and cover the
whole surface. It is larger than C. propinqua Sars, more cylin-
drical, less globose, with shorter, more arcuate columella, thinner
shell and more distinct stride.

C. OCCULTA Mighels. PL 28, figs. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41.

Shell solid, white, covered with a very thin whitish yellow epider-
mis ; ovate, rather short and swollen, the diameter about two-thirds
the altitude. Vertex obtusely truncated, slightly concave in the
middle ; base rounded ; aperture not very narrow, dilated below,
the outer lip projecting above the crown of the shell, a little arcuate
and inflexed in the middle ; columella nearly straight, with a broad
fold. Surface smooth, polished, shining, but covered with many
impressed, subundulating lines, which are quite conspicuous. Alt.
9 mill. Radula with the formula 2,1.1.1,2. (Sars, C. propinqua).
Norway, Spltzbergen and Greenland, south to Maine.

Bulla striata BROWN, Illustr. Conch. G. B., pi. 38, f. 41, 42 ; 1827.
Second edit., p. 57, pi. 19, f. 41, 42. — Cylichna striata JEFFREYS,
Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xx, p. 492.— SMITH, t. c., p. 140. Not Bulla
atriata Brug. — Bulla occulta MIGHELS, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, p.
50, 1841 ; Bost. Journ. N. H. iv, p. 54, pi. 4, f. 11.— OLD., Invert.
Mass. (edit. W. G. B.), p. 223.— KRAUSE, Zool. Jahrbiicher, vi, p.
363. — Bulla reinhardi Holb., MOLLER, Index, Moll. Groenl. p. 6,
1842. — Cylichna reinhardi LECHE, K. Sv. Vet.-Akak. Handl.
1878, p. 72, pi. 1, f. 21.— AURIVILLIUS, Vega-Exped. iv, p. 370.—
Bulla scalpta REEVE, in The Last of the Arctic Voyages (Belcher's),
ii, p. 392, pi. 32, f. 3 (bad). — cf. Cylichna scalpta LECHE, t. c., p. 73,
pi. 1, f. 22.— -Bulla propinqua M. Sars, 1858, G. O. SARS, Moll. Reg.
Arct. Norv., p. 284, pi. 18, f. 5.

This species is distinguished by its rather inflated form and
obvious spiral striation. Jeffreys and others have called it C. striata

CYLICHNA. 293

Brown, but Brown's Bulla striata is preoccupied by ]>ull<i xtriata
Bruguiere.

It may be that C. occulta is distinct from scafpta, as Leche claims,
and Krause agrees ; but my material is not sufficient to show the
distinction.

C. RICHARDI Dautzenberg. PI. 29, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.

Shell If mill, high, 3 mill, wide ; rather solid, convoluted, ovate-
cylindrical, the apex mamillated. Last whorl sculptured with
spaced series of little, round impressed pits. Aperture narrow above,
dilated and rounded below, as long as the shell. Columella straight,
thickened ; lip acute, subarcuate ; color dull white. (Dautz.').

Pico, Azores, 1287 meters.

Cylichna richardi DAUTZ., Res. Camp. Sci. Albert I, i, p. 23, pi.

C. PARVULA Jeffreys. PI. 59, figs. 4, 5.

Shell forming a short cylinder, rather solid for its minute size,
semitransparent, and glossy: sculpture, numerous and very fine
wavy lines of growth ; the crown or apex is encircled by a thickened
riblet or ridge ; half-grown, and especially young specimens ex-
hibit a sunken spire of one or two Avhorls with a globular nucleus ;
colour clear white ; mouth contracted above and in the middle, wide
and rounded below ; outer lip curved at each end, slightly project-
ing beyond the crown ; apex perforated ; pillar short, flexuous,
notched at the base. Length O06, breadth 003 inch. (Je/r.').

Of Crete, 70-120 fms. (Spratt).

Cylichna parvula JEFFR., Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xi, 1883, p. 400,,
pi. 16, f. 9. — Cryptaxis parvula MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 144^

This is perhaps the type of a distinct genus between Cylichna and
Utriculus, which may be called Cryptaxis, because the spire is partly
concealed. A little Madeiran shell, discovered by the Rev. Robert
Boog Watson, and named by him Utriculus tornatus or U. spretus,
somewhat resembles the present species, but is much larger and
oval ; and the spire is more visible, although sunken and partly con-
cealed. (Jeffr.').

C. CREBRIPUNCTATA Jeffreys. PL 27, figs. 2, 3, 4,

Shell oval, thin, semitransparent and glossy; sculpture, very
numerous and regular fine spiral or revolving striae, which are
20

294 CYLICHNA.

closely punctured ; they are stronger at the base than at the crown ;
colour white; spire deeply sunken, and for the most part concealed
in a small cavity in the center of the crown ; but the bulb-shaped
apex is visible at the bottom of the cavity ; mouth semi-oblong, con-
tracted above and expanding below ; outer lip slightly raised above
the crown and channelled, curved in the middle and at the base ;
inner lip inconspicuous ; pillar straight on the upper half and in-
curved below. Length 0'2, breadth 01 inch. (Jeffr.).

West of " Wyville-Thomson ridge," N. lat. 59° 51' 2" W. Ion. 8°
18', 570 fms.

Cryptaxis crebripunctatus JEFFREYS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 398, pi. 44,
f. 11.

In the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History ' for June, 1883
I indicated the probability that a species which was there described
and figured as a Cylichina parvula might be the type of a distinct
genus, intermediate between Cylichna and Utriculus, because the
spire was partly concealed ; and I suggested the name Cryptaxis. I
am now encouraged by the discovery of the present species to adopt
the above generic name. (Jeffr.).

BULLTNA ELONGATA Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 318
and Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1880, p. 387. Bay of Biscay. Name
only.

Species of the east coast U. S., West Indies, etc.

C. DOMITUS Dall. PI. 48, fig. 12.

Shell solid, yellowish-white, short, .broad and squarely truncate in
front with a rather blunt mammiform spire exhibiting about three
turns ; surface transversely marked with faint lines of growth, and
near the suture with fine well-marked wrinkles, as if too large for
the spire around which the posterior fourth of the whorl is closely
wound and very strongly appressed, giving the posterior edge of the
last whorl especially a bevelled appearance; spiral sculpture,
extremely fine grooves, not puncticulate, strong on the posterior
aspect, obsolete on the body (which appears polished), and, except
in the young, on the anterior extreme; the sutural wrinkles are
prettily shagreened by the intersection of these fine close grooves ;
spire very obliquely wound, the margin of the volutions rounded
(notwithstanding its being closely appressed) and the rounded edge

CYLICHNA. 295

often eroded showing the inner porcellanous under the outer more
cretaceous layer, the extreme apex eroded in all the specimens ob-
tained ; aperture very wide in front, extremely narrow behind ; the
margin retreating from the columella to half way between axis and
exterior, almost straight in front, then rising and continuing back-
ward nearly parallel to the axis, and falling away again obliquely
to the suture, forming an extremely narrow and deep notch ; body
with a thin deposit of white callus, columella hardly thickened,
spiral, passing without noticeable interruption into the anterior
margin ; outer lip sharp, thin.

Lon. of shell 9'0 ; of aperture 7'5 ; max. lat. of shell 5'25 ; of
aperture 3'37 mm.

Off Bequia, 1591 fms. ; off Guadelupe, 724 fms.

Utricuhis (vortex var. f) domitus DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 47, pi.
17, f. 8.

This shell has a distant resemblance to an Actaeon which it is
not, as is evident on inspection. It may prove a Cylichna when the
soft parts are known, reference until then being necessarily provis-
ional. It is peculiarly bevelled off behind and abrupt in front,
and is stouter than most shells of this group. It is possible that in
the young at some stage the nucleus may be entirely enrolled. It
quite distinct from anything recent or fossil which I find figured.
It is most nearly allied to U. f vortex Dall, which is a smaller, pro-
portionally more slender, cylindrical shell, with somewhat different
sculpture and a blunter spire. In the figure of U. f domitus the
wrinkles on the spire are not sufficiently emphasized as compared
with the lines of growth, nor is the difference in sculpture between
the body and the posterior aspect as sharply defined as it appears
under a good lens. This species differs from Utriculus spatlia Wat-
sou in form and in the absence of folds on the columella. It differs
from U. oliviformis Watson in the proportion of the spire to the
whole length, in the unequal distribution and different character of
the sculpture. But I doubt if these species do not vary greatly,
and the discovery of intermediate links between them and U. vortex
would not surprise me in the least. (Dall).

C. VORTEX Dall. PL 21, fig. 7.

Shell stout, rather solid, opaque white, short, the posterior fourth
bevelled off toward the bluntly rounded summit ; transverse sculpt-
ure consisting of occasional faint lines of growth, nowhere very

296 CYLICHNA.

prominent ; spiral sculpture consisting of very numerous fine grooves,
so crowded near the ends of the shell as to be but little narrower
than the interspaces ; these grooves are only visible under a lens,
are occasionally reticulated by the lines of growth and gradually be-
come more distant toward the middle of the shell ; just in advance
of the shoulder of the bevel are a small number of equally fine raised
lines, which are so minute that only by the most careful inspection
and under strong magnification can they be distinguished from the
grooves which cover the rest of the shell ; the folds of the outer
whorl are appressed toward the apex, with a somewhat thickened
and irregular margin, which leaves a minute pit at the summit and
about two volutions visible ; this appressed margin is often eroded,
and then some four or five turns can be made out ; in advance of
the bevel the shell is nearly cylindrical, rather suddenly rounded in
front; outer lip straight, slightly produced in the middle, but not
bent inward toward the body ; passing imperceptibly into the column,
over which, as well as over the body, is a thin layer of callus. Aper-
ture rounded and rather wide in front, narrowing to an acute point
behind, shorter than the shell ; pillar with no twist or fold, contin-
uous with the margin. Lon. of shell, 7*5 ; of aperture, 6*0. Max.
lat. of shell, 4'25 ; of aperture, 2'5 mill. (Dall).

East of George's Bank to off Chesapeake Bay, 326-1356 fms.

Utriculus f vortex DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 100, 1881 ; Blake
Gastr., p. 47, pi. 17, f. 3, 1889.— Cylichna vortex BUSH, Bull. M. C.
Z. xxiii, p. 221.

After comparing this with the figures of all the Northern species
given by Sars and those from the West Indies by d'Orbigny, it
seems quite distinct from any of them. It is possible that it may
prove to be a Cylichna when the animal is known ; but it does not
agree with any of the figured Cylichna. (Dall).

In studying the specimens labelled Cylichna dalli in the Fish
Commission collection I found some confusion in the identification,
and that two similar but distinct forms had been placed under that
name : Cylichna dalli Verrill, and Cylichna vortex Dall. The differ-
ences in the two species are clearly shown in the figures quoted
above. C. dalli is most readily distinguished by its " strongly ex-
cavated and sinuous " columella, which forms anteriorly a distinct
fold or tooth-like projection where it joins the strongly curved
outer lip ; while C. vortex has a gently curved columella, passing
"imperceptibly" into the outer lip without "twist or fold."

CYLICHNA. 297

In this species the apical whorl is smooth, upturned, and sunken
in a shallow pit formed by the two succeeding whorls, one rising a
little above the other, with a slightly rounded sutural margin. In
some specimens these are so closely coiled as nearly to conceal the
nucleus, while in others each turn is visible. The following turns
are more loosely coiled, and the outer lip joins the body whorl a
little below the apex of the shell. Some of the Fish Commission
specimens are considerably larger than Mr. Dall's types, and more
slender in proportion to their length. One perfect specimen is 16£
mill, long and 8 broad ; another worn and broken one is about 29
mill, long and 13 broad ; while still another is 23 mill, long and 11
broad. (Bush.').

A careful study of the radula and gizzard shows that the correct
position of the species is with the Cylichua?. The radula consists of
a series of strongly hooked, dark amber teeth, the lateral ones with
broad curved bases and the marginal ones with simple straight
bases, arranged in rows of five or seven on each side of the minute
median tooth, in small specimens these hooks are distinctly rough-
ened on the under surface by fine, raised longitudinal lines. The
three plates of the gizzard are club shaped, with a yellow-white
flattened exterior surface and a dark reddish-brown convex interior
surface, the greatest convexity situated beyond the middle, in the
broader end, with a little flattened space in front defined by a lighter
shade of color. (Bush*).

C. DALLI Verrill. PL 48, fig. 13.

Shell elongated, white, translucent, somewhat barrel-shaped, a little
broader medially, but nearer the anterior end ; considerably nar-
rowed posteriorly, with a small pit at the apex. No umbilicus.
Aperture as long as the shell, very much narrowed posteriorly, and
ending in a narrow slit in the sutural line ; anteriorly it increases
gradually about to the anterior third, when it suddenly expands into
an ovate anterior portion, by the strong excurvature of the col-
umella margin, and a slight expansion of the outer lip. The outer
lip rises, posteriorly, slightly above the level of the body-whorl, in
the form of a thin edge, separated from the body-whorl by a narrow,
deep fissure ; passing backward it forms a gently sloping shoulder,
and is very slightly convex and divergent to the anterior end, where
it is cut away for the entire width of the shell, and joins the col-
umelia lip in a regular curve, with a sharp edge, not reflexed ; the
columella-margin is strongly excavated and sinuous and in the

298 CYLICHNA.

larger specimens has a slight fold, anteriorly ; a thin, white callus
covers the inner lip. The body-whorl is broadly convex, rounded
off gently anteriorly, and more abruptly posteriorly. The pit at the
apex, is well denned, showing some of the volutions, but is injured
in both of my specimens. Whole surface covered with fine, close,
minutely wavy spiral lines, scarcely visible without a lens.
Animal unknown. Length of the largest, 10 mill. ; breadth in the
middle, 5'25 mill. (Verrill).

F. C. Stations 997 and 999, in 335 and 266 fathoms. 1881.

Cylichna f dalli VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. v, p. 542, 1882 ;
vi, p. 274, pi. 29, f. 15, 1884.— Con/. DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 47, and
BUSH, Bull. M. C. Z. xxiii, p. 221.

See notes under C. vortex for the distinguishing features of this
species.

C. VERRTLLII Dall. Unfigured.

Shell similar to C. alba Brown, in size and form with the ex-
ceptions following: It is bluish-white and never has the brown
outer coat of -C. alba, though the extremely thin epidermis some-
times shows a light brown line marginating the apex. It is covered
all over with fine spiral striae. The columella is thickened and
twisted more than occurs in C. alba, and in C. verrillii has the effect
of an incipient plait. Lastly the aperture extends farther behind
the spire than in C. alba, and, instead of the margin being curved
over to a slight callus sealing the apex, there is a well marked per-
foration, most marked in the adult shells. Largest specimen 7'5
long by 3'0 mill. wide.

Habitat, off the coast of North Carolina, at stations 2592, 2595,
2596, 2602 and 2612 of the U. S. Fish Commission, in from 50 to
124 fms., sand, bottom temperature 58-75° F.

Cylichna verrillii DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 54.

This species is larger and more cylindrical than C. umbilicata of
Europe. It is nearer C. cylindracea var. lineata, but is shorter in
proportion to its width, and its body is also shorter in proportion to
the whole length and more obliquely attenuated to the columella.
It has a striking similarity to C. alba when decorticated, until
closely examined. (Dall).

C. EBURNEA Verrill. PI. 27, fig. 5.

Shell moderately large for the genus, firm, solid and thick for a
shell of this group. The shell is somewhat elongated, broadest in

CYLICHNA. 299

the middle, tapering toward the posterior end and broadly rounded
in front, so that the outline is somewhat conical, but truncated pos-
teriorly. At the tip there is a small, but rather deep pit. The
outer lip is thickened, and somewhat constricted below the middle
and then slightly expanded and broadly rounded anteriorly ; pos-
teriorly it bends inward and projects slightly beyond the tip of the
shell, and forms a distinct, rounded, posterior sinus. The colurnella
margin is thickened, without a fold, and moderately excurved. The
umbilicus is narrow but deep. The aperture, in front of the middle,
is moderately broad and ovate, but farther back it is much nar-
rowed and encroached upon by the body-whorl. The surface is
smooth and polished, without any sculpture except a few faint spiral
lines close to the posterior end and others which are wavy and even
less distinct at the anterior end. Color of the type-specimen, pure
white, with a very thin yellowish-white epidermis on some parts.
Length 6 mill. ; greatest breadth, 4 mill. ; length of aperture equal
to that of the shell ; its greatest breadth, 1-8 mill. ( F)-

Station 2265, off Cape Hatteras, in 70 fathoms.

Cylichna eburnea V., Tr. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 428, pi. 44, f. 14.

This species is readily distinguished from all others of our coast
by its thickness and solidity, by its distinct umbilicus and by the
evident pit at the posterior end. In form it somewhat resembles
Diapliana conulus but it is less narrowed posteriorly, besides being a
much larger and stouter shell. (F.)

C. DISCUS Watson. PI. 30, fig. 7.

Shell narrowly cylindrical, truncated in front like Cylichna alba
(Brown), smooth, thin, polished, with a small disk-like minutely
perforated top. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are very faint
and slight lines of growth. Spirals — there are some very doubtful
indications of a coarse spiral structure in the texture of the shell.
Colour milky-white and glossy. Mouth the full length of the shell
but not more, extremely narrow with lips nearly parallel till they
diverge in front, the inner lip following the slow basal contraction,
while the outer expands a very little, as is the case in Cylichna um-
bilicata (Mont.) ; at the upper end is a small narrow, but deepish
rounded sinus. Outer lip ; its edge is very straight, retreating a
little quickly above and slightly in front ; its direction is straight,
with the very slight bend to the right spoken of above. Top a little
contracted, rounded, with a sort of thickened pellucid disk which is

300 CYLICHNA.

almost perfectly horizontal, so that the whole top of the body-whorl
and the upper corner of the mouth are on the same level ; in the
center is a minute closed pore. Inner lip ; there is a thin narrow
glaze which thickens and expands in front : it is not expanded on
the top. Pillar is short, slightly oblique and twisted, with a strong-
ish defined tooth, in front of which it is rather abruptly truncate.
Alt. 0-156 in. ; diam. 0'066. Mouth, breadth at same place, 0'014
inch. (Wats.}.

North of Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fins.

Cylichna discus WATS., Challenger Gastr., p. 664, pi. 49, f. 10.

Oylichna protracta (Gould) is very like this in front, but rises
much higher above. Cylichna cylindracea (Pennant), is slightly
slimmer or narrower in proportion to length, has the body-whorl a
little smaller, and the mouth slightly broader, lacks the slight poste-
rior narrowing, and is squarely truncate behind, while here the shell
is rounded. The Challenger species, too, quite wants the very
peculiar form of the upper corner of the mouth which is character-
istic of Cylichna cylindracea. Cylichna alba (Brown), of the same
size, is rounder and less cylindrical, being more attenuated above
especially ; the mouth is extended above the top of the shell ; the
top of the body-whorl is more oblique and less truncated. (Wats.).

C. AUBERI Orbigny. PL 41, figs. 21, 22.

Shell ovate cylindrical, obliquely truncated at the ends, thin,
pellucid, white, smooth, delicately spirally striated below ; spire im-
mersed, replaced by an imperforate depression ; aperture narrow,
straight, dilated below. Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill. (Orb.).

Cuba.

Bulla auberii ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 127, pi. 4 bis, f. 5-8.—
Cylichna auberi DALL, Blake Rep., p. 55 ; Cat. Mar. Moll. S.-E U.
a, p. 84.

C. KREBSII Morch. Unfigured.

Shell short, cylindrical, regularly spirally striated, the growth-
stride well developed. Lip a little produced above. Spire imper-
forate, covered by a thin callus ; columella strongly angulate, as in
Hamiuea succinea Couth. Alt. 8, diam. 4 mill. (Morch).

St. Barts ; St. Martins; Anguilla (Krebs).

CYLICHNA. 301

Cy/ichna kreb.ni Men., Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 172. — Conf. DALL,
Blake Gastr., p. 55.

Smaller than Bui la (Haminea) curta A. Ad., and aperture very
narrow, according to Morch ; but in my opinion it is identical
with that species.

C. NORONYENSIS Watson. PI. 30, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, oval, broadest below the middle, narrowing to both
ends, but especially upwards, thin transparent, and glossy, rather
strongly and remotely striate spirally above and below, the narrow
mouth is longer than the body, the top is conically depressed, the
straight, slightly oblique, scarcely toothed pillar has behind it a
minute furrow and chink. Sculpture: Longitudinals — there are
line hair-like lines of growth. Spirals — the middle of the shell is
smooth ; in front there are about eight strongish remote crimped fur-
rows ; these become rather crowded on the base ; above there are
about four similar furrows. Colour hyaline white. Mouth long,
narrow, curved throughout its whole length. Outer lip rises very
slightly above the body, is rounded, with a very slight angulation
at the outer corner, from which point to the corner of the base it is
a little flatly curved ; on the base the curve is rapid, and the shell
is there slightly emarginate. Top is small, oblique, and has a con-
ical depression in the middle behind the lip. Inner lip flatly curved
on the body ; the pillar is almost quite straight but a little oblique
in its direction. There is a very faint appearance of a tooth on it in
front, and behind it is a small furrow and chink. Alt. 0*07 in. diam.
0*04. Mouth, breadth at same place, O'Ul inch. ( Wats.).

Off Fernando de Noronha, 7-25 fms.

C. noronyensis WATS., Chall. Gastr., p. 666, pi. 50, f. 1.

This may very possibly be a young shell, but among the Bullidse
it is impossible to judge whether a solitary specimen is full grown or
not. Compared with the young of Bulla semilaevis Seg., this is
much slimmer in form, with a longer and smaller body, it is more
narrowed and pointed at both ends, and is much more strongly and
definitely striate. Compared with the young of Bulla hydatis Linne,
besides these same points of distinction, there is the strong curve of
the line of the mouth, which in that species is nearly straight. Atys
speciosa A. Adams, is in form very like but is shorter and broader,
and more contracted posteriorly ; and this Challenger species is not

302 CYLICHNA.

an Atys. Something without colour between Cylichna marmorata
A. Adams, and Cylichna bizona A. Adams, would be very near.
Cylichna luticola, C. B. Adams, is much more cylindrical.

Species of the West coast of the Americas.

0. LUTICOLA C. B. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell subcylindric, wider anteriorly ; pale horn color, subtrans-
parent; with the striae of growth very minute; apex in a deep nar-
row umbilicus, which is partly covered by the upper part of the
labrum ; last whorl compressed around the middle ; aperture rising
higher than the umbilicus, linear above, suborbicular below ; labrum
very thin, much advanced along the middle ; columella thickened
with a callus ; anterior umbilical region indented, partly covered
with a deposit. Length '2 inch. ; breadth -095 inch. (Ad.).

Panama (Adams) ; Mazatlan (Cpr.).

Bulla (Cylichna} luticola C. B. AD., Pan. Cat, p. 215, 319.—
Haminea luticola ADS., Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 16. — Cylichna luticola
CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 170 ; Moll. Western N. A., p. 34, 194; Brit.
Asso.Rep.for 1856, p. 250, 275, 313.

Carpenter suggests that the following species may be the young of
this.

Station : This species was found crawling on liquid mud, near low
water mark, at the bottom of a steep sand beach.

C. CARPENTERI Hanley. Unfigured.

Shell minute, cylindrical, short, subretuse in the middle, white,
slightly attenuated above and below, sculptured all over with slender
close longitudinal, and closer very fine spiral lirse; apical umbilicus
large, showing the whorls of the spire ; outer lip rounded through-
out, projecting above the apex behind, retuse in the middle ; col-
umella straight, long, narrow. Alt. one-thirteenth of an inch.
(Hanley).

Mazatlan (Mus. Hanley).

Bulla ( Cylichna) carpenteri HANLEY, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 543.—
Conf. CPR., Moll. W. N. A., p. 34.

C. PLANATA Carpenter. Unfigured.

Shell small, cylindrical, subelongate, white, smooth, covered with
a straw-colored epidermis ; margins nearly parallel ; spire flat, hardly

CYLICHNA.

umbilicated, slightly mamillate. Whorls 4, convoluted, sutures little
impressed ; base moderately effuse ; lip thin, rather produced in the
middle, broadly arcuate in front, a little sinuous behind, scarcely
channelled ; toward the suture quite rounded. Inner lip distinct,
somewhat calloused behind ; columella with quite a marked fold,,
the axis revolving around the base. Alt. -11, diam. '055 inch,
angle of divergence 180°. (Qor.).

San Diego, California*

Cylichna planata CPR., Journ. de Conch. 1865, p. 139 ; Moll.
Western N. A., p. 133,307.

C. PROPINQUA Smith. Unfigured.

Shell elongated, cylindrical, a little contracted in the middle,
white, covered with a pale brown epidermis, browner above and
below ; transversely very finely undulately striated. Vertex ex-
cavated, narrowly perforated in the middle, surrounded by an acute
margin. Aperture narrow above, dilated below, lip nearly parallel
with the whorl ; columella spirally twisted.

Alt. 13, diam. 5 mill. (5m.).

Vaneouvers Island.

C.propinqua SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 351, 1872.

This species in general aspect reminds one of the common C.
arachis Q & G. ; but it is considerably narrower, with the vertex
only excavated with a minute perforation, not umbilicated, and the
basal margin of the aperture is roundly truncate. (/S'm.).

C. ATTONSA Cpr.

Cylichna (cylindracea var. /) attonsa CPR., Moll. W. N. A. pp. 23,
89, 133, 169.

An undescribed form from the Vancouver district.

Specie* of Japan and China.

C. SEMISULCATA Dunker. PI. 26, figs. 78, 79, 80.

Shell cylindrical, rather solid, rounded at both ends, white,
covered with a pale brown epidermis; delicately and densely lon-
gitudinally rugate, transversely sulcate at the base; lip acute, some-
what straightened ; aperture as usual, dilated in front ; columella
rimate. Alt. 18, diam. 8 mill. (Dkr.).

Japan ; exact locality unknown.

304 CYLICHNA.

C. semisulcata DKR., Index Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 163, pi. 13, f. 7-9.

0. japonica A. Ad. is certainly similar, but seems to differ in
being transversely sulcate throughout, and lacks the close longitu-
dinal wrinkles.

C. JAPONICA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, rimate-umbilicate, usually covered with a thin
brown epidermis, rounded at both ends; apex perforated, trans-
versely very delicately striated throughout, the striae more distant in
front. Aperture linear, dilated in front ; inner lip thin, elongated,
simple ; outer lip rather straightened, strongly produced and roundly
angled behind. (Ad., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), ix, p. 150, Feb.,
1862).

Korea Strait, 46 fms.

Next to C. arachis Quoy, which was likewise obtained in the
Korea Strait, this is the largest species of Cylichna, it differs from
that species in being more elongated and less robust ; and in the
angle of the outer lip being produced and angulated, extending con-
siderably beyond the apex. (Ad.*).

C. PROXIMA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate cylindrical, rounded at the ends, white, solid, shining,
subopaque, transversely very minutely striated throughout ; apex
profoundly umbilicate ; aperture linear, constricted in the middle,
dilated anteriorly, inner lip furnished with a thick oblique fold ;
outer lip straight in the middle, arcuate in front, posteriorly subpro-
duced and rounded. (Ad., LJZ., p. 151, no. 2).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fathoms.

Resembles C. sarsii Phil. ; but the aperture is constricted in the
middle ; it is also like C. concinna A. Adams, but is stouter and not
produced anteriorly, and the angle of the outer lip is rounded.
(Ad.-).

C. VENUSTULA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, somewhat narrowed at each end, white,
rather solid, shining, transversely very finely striated throughout,
the apex perforated. Aperture linear, dilated in front ; inner lip
arcuate, with an oblique fold, slightly truncated below ; outer lip with
regularly arcuate margin. (Ad., 1. c., p. 151, no. 3).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fathoms.

CYLICHNA. 305

Has the form of C. alba Brown, and the sculpture of C. concinna,
but differs from the latter in being more robust, and in the inner lip
being furnished with a distinct oblique plait. (Ad.).

C. RIMATA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, rimate-umbilicate, white, thin, shining;
striated at each end ; apex perforated; aperture linear, acuminate
in front, produced ; umbilical chink wide ; inner lip thin, arcuate,
simple ; outer lip rounded and produced behind the margin, a little
straightened. (Ad., I. c., p. 151, no. 4).

Korea Strait, 46 fathoms.

Most like C. umbilicata Mont ; but the last whorl is not acum-
inate posteriorly, the aperture is produced in front, and the inner
lip is long and arcuated. (Ad.).

C. LATIUSCULA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell small, ovate-cylindrical, acuminate in front, wider behind,
rimate-umbilicate, white, thin, smooth, shining ; apex profoundly
perforated ; aperture narrow ; inner lip thin, simple, arcuate ; outer
lip produced behind, broadly rounded. (Ad., I. c., p. 151, no. 5).

Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fathoms.

Most like C. rimata A. Adams, but is shorter and much wider
posteriorly, and the angle of the outer lip is more rounded ; it wants,
moreover, the transverse stride at each end. (Ad.).

C. LEPIDULA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, snowy, solid, polished, in the middle slightly
narrowed, posteriorly truncated, the apex slightly perforated, sur-
rounded by an acute margin. Aperture linear ; inner lip calloused,
with a strong fold ; outer lip with inflexed margin. (Ad., I. c., p.
152, no. 6).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fathoms.

This species differs from all others described, in theperiomphalus,
or hind part of the body-whorl enclosing the sunken apex, forming
an acute well defined ridge. It is a small, white, highly polished,
opaque shell. (Ad.).

C. CONSOBRINA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical-ovate, slightly rimate, white, rather solid, longitu-
dinally striated, and striated at both ends, the strise distant ;

306 CYLICHNA.

aperture narrow, inner lip strongly plicate in front; outer lip sub-
arcuate. (Ad., 1. c., p. 152, no. 7).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fathoms-

Most like C. rimata, but is more solid, longitudinally striated, and
wants the conspicuous umbilical fissure of that species. (Ad.).

The name is preoccupied by Gould for another Japanese species,
but it is hardly worth while proposing another tor this species until
it can be properly redescribed and figured.

C. PARALLELA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, rimate, whitish, rather solid, striated at both
ends ; longitudinally strigose, last whorl parallel-sided. Aperture
linear produced anteriorly ; inner lip with a reflexed callus closing
the chink, outer lip straightened, posteriorly produced and
angulated. (Ad., I. c., p. 152, no. 8).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fathoms.

Most nearly resembles C. in-voluta A. Adams ; but the aperture is
produced and pointed anteriorly, the sides of the body-whorl are
nearly parallel, and the outer lip forms posteriorly a produced
angle. (Ad.).

C. ASSIMILIS A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, dull white, solid, rather short, truncated behind,
dilated ; acuminate in front ; under a lens seen to be obsoletely
transversely striated throughout ; aperture linear, inner lip thick-
ened, the fold vanishing; outer lip with somewhat straightened
margin, posteriorly subproduced and rounded. (Ad., 1. c., p. 152,
No. 9).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

A small species, somewhat resembling C. involuta A. Adams, but
much shorter, dilated behind, narrowed in front, and with the hind
angle of the outer lip rounded. (Ad.).

C. PUMILA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell small, white, thin, ovate-cylindrical, subconstricted in the
middle, rounded at both ends, longitudinally substriate ; aperture a
little widened, the inner lip thin, arcuate, simple ; outer lip with the
margin inflexed in the middle. (Ad., 1. c., p. 153, No. 10).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 16 fms.

CYLICHNA. 307

A small, thin, elongate-oval species, somewhat contracted in the
middle. It is very unlike any other hitherto described. (Ad.).

d. CANDIDULA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, white, closely transversely striated throughout,
posteriorly subtruncate, anteriorly produced and somewhat acumi-
nate ; aperture linear, the inner lip somewhat thickened, obsoletely
uniplicate in front ; outer lip a little straightened in the middle,
slightly produced behind and rounded. (Ad., I. c., p. 153, No. 11).

Tsu-Sima, Japan, 26 fms.

This species partakes of the character of C. venustula and con-
dnna with regard to sculpture and general appearance, but is elon-
gated and cylindrical. (Ad.).

C. INEDITA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, subtruncate posteriorly, acuminate in front,
white, thin, longitudinally strigose ; aperture linear, anteriorly pro-
duced ; inner lip elongate, flexuous, with a conspicuous parietal
fold, outer lip with straight margin, posteriorly subproduced and
rounded. (Ad.t I. c., p. 153, No. 12).

Mino-Sima, Japan, 63 fms.

A small, thin, strigose species, with the aperture anteriorly pro-
duced, and with an elongate subspiral fold at the fore part of the
inner lip. (Ad.).

C. PERTENUIS E. A. Smith. Unfigured.

Shell small, slightly umbilicate, very thin, dull whitish, pyriform-
cylindrical, minutely perforated at the vertex, little shining, longi-
tudinally very delicately and very closely arcuate striate; aperture
very narrow above, slightly produced above the vertex, dilated at
the base ; columella rather straightened, rather thickened, slightly
reflexed toward the umbilicus. Alt. 3£, diam. nearly 2 mill. (Sm.).
N. lat. 42° 52', E. Ion. 144°, 40', off Japan, in 48 fms.

Cylichna pertenuis SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H., (4), xvi, p. 113.

The longitudinal striation is very minute, and only visible under
a powerful lens. The form is scarcely sufficiently pyriform to war-
rant me in placing this species in the subgenus Sao. (Sm.).

C. VILLICA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell minute, ovate-cylindrical, subconic at both ends, banded
with white and ferrugineous, sculptured with revolving lines and

308 CYLICHNA.

closely plicate above, vertex widely perforated ; aperture narrow ;
lip scarcely rising above the apex ; columella subperforate, with an
obsolete fold. Alt. 3, diam. 1'5 mill. (Old.).

China Seas.

C. villica OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H.. vii, p. 139 ; Otia, p. 112.
C. ELLIPSOIDEA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell minute, solid, elongated-elliptical, ivory-white, transversely
striated ; apex involute, widely umbilicate; lip scarcely rising above
the apex, broadly arcuate. Aperture very narrow, acute anteriorly;
columella short, strong, with a moderate fold ; parietal wall covered
with a copious callus. Alt. 3, diam. 1 4- mill. ( Old.").

Loo Choo Is.

C. ellipsoidea GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H., vii, p. 140; Otia, p.
112.

C. L^ETA Gould. Unfgured.

Shell small, ovate, elongated, milky, shining, transversely striated
(viewed under a lens) ; vertex perforated ; aperture enlarged be-
low ; lip produced behind ; columella profoundly incurved, imper-
forate, with a moderately conspicuous fold. Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill.
A somewhat tumid, very symmetrical species. (Gld.~).

Kago-Sima.

C. Iceta GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 140 ; Otia, p. 112.
C. CONSOBRINA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, short, narrowed in front, truncated behind, rather
solid, whitish, covered with a very fugacious epidermis, transversely
striatulate. Vertex indented, angular ; aperture narrow, straight,
the lip flattened at apex ; columella short, twisted. Alt. 6, diam.
more than 2 mill. (Old.).

West Coast of Jesso.

C. consobrina GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 141 ; Otia, p. 113.

Size and general form of C. triticea, but less rounded at the ex^
tremities, and pillar-fold less obvious. C. corticata is nearly the
same ( Old.). This may be a north Pacific form of C. alba var. cor-
ticata.

C. OPOROSA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell minute, slender, cylindrical, greenish, polished, or very
minutely spirally striated at the base ; vertex obtuse, very openly

CYLICHNA. 309

umbilicated. Aperture narrow, linear; columella fold conspicuous,
hardly perforated. Alt. 4, diam. 1 mill. (Gld.").

Hong Kong Harbor.

C. oporosa OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 140 ; Otia, p. 112.
C. PROTRACTA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell rather large, solid, cylindrical, bony, spirally sculptured ;
apex obliquely truncated, carinated, with a crater-shaped perfora-
tion. Aperture narrow ; lip angular behind ; columella short, solid,

strongly plicate. Alt. 12, diam. 5 mill. (G7d.).

Coast of China.

C. protracta GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 140; Otia, p. 113. —
SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 505.

Smith reports this species from Cerf Island, Mascarenes, 10 fms.
C. MELAMPOIDES Gould. Unfigured.

Shell small, solid, ovate, ivory-like, polished, encircled by striae
anteriorly ; vertex obtuse, impressed, imperforate ; base acutely
rounded ; aperture dilated anteriorly ; lip scarcely produced ; col-
umella short, imperforate. Alt. 4, diam. 2 mill. (Old.*).

China Seas.

C. melampoides GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 140 ; Otia, p. 113.
C. GRANULUM Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell small, ovate-conic, subperforate at both ends, much attenu-
ated above, rounded at base and transversely striated, the rest of
the shell very smooth ; milk white ; aperture very narrow above,
linear, strongly dilated at base, obsoletely plicate ; outer lip pro-
duced far over the vertex above. Alt. li, diam. I lines. (PA$f,)%

China (Largilliert)»

Bulla granulum Ph., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851, p. 63.

Indo-Pacific Species.
C. CONCINNA A. Adams. PI. 59, fig. 10.

Shell ovately cylindrical, below somewhat acuminate, white, shin-
ing, opaque, very minutely transversely spirally striated ; apex:
deeply umbilicated, aperture linear, a little dilated below : columella
slightly sinuous, plait obsolete, outer lip produced, extending beyond
the apex. (Ad.}.

Manila, 3 fms. (Cum ing) ; Matoza Harbor, Japan, 6 fms. (St,
John).

21

310 CYLICHNA.

B. (Cylichna) concinna AD., Thes. Conch., p. 593, pi. 125, f. 142.
— C. concinna E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H., (4), xvi, p. 113.

C. BREVISSIMA A. Adams. PL 40, fig. 92.

Shell ovately cylindrical, a little contracted in the middle, trans-
versely spirally striated ; apex umbilicated, umbilicus partly cov-
ered by the columellar callus ; aperture narrow, linear, contracted
in the middle, above produced, below dilated ; columella reflexed,
rather callous. (Ad.).

China Sea, (Cuming) ; Sea of Japan (Ad.).

B. (Cylichna) brevissima AD., Thes., p. 593, pi. 125, f. 144.—
Haminea brevissima A. Ad., Ann. Mag., (3), ix, p. 155.

C. PYRAMIDATA A. Adams. PI. 27, fig. 88.

Shell subcylindrical, acuminated above, hardly dilated at the
base, white, shining, longitudinally grooved, faintly striated trans-
versely above and below ; spire hardly obvious, apex deeply umbili-
cated ; aperture narrowly linear, produced above, dilated below ;
columella reflected, rather callous, umbilicus covered. (Ad.).

China Sea (Cuming).

B. (Cylichna) pyramidata AD., Thes., ii, p. 595, pi. 25, f. 149.

Jeffreys says that this is the same as Cylichna (or Retusa) striatu-
la Forbes.

C. INVOLUTA A. Adams. PL 27, fig. 83.

Shell cylindrical, posteriorly truncated, white, solid, transversely
entirely striated; aperture narrow, linear; outer lip straight, its
angle produced, rounded ; inner lip anteriorly tortuous, with a sin-
gle fold. (Ad.).

China Sea (Cuming).

B. (Cylichna) involuta AD., Thes., ii, p. 595, pi. 125, f. 151.

This is not the Cylichna involuta Nevill, which is a species of
Tornatina.

C. BIPLTCATA A. Adams. PL 27, fig. 85.

Shell cylindrical, slender, posteriorly somewhat rounded, engraved
with rather distant spiral striae ; apex deeply umbilicated ; aper-
ture narrow, linear, produced above, dilated below ; columella cal-
lous, with two plaits ; covered with a reddish-brown epidermis.

China Sea (Cuming) ; Suez (Cooke).

CYLICHNA. 311

C. bipHcnta AD., Thes., p. 593, pi. 125, f. 143.— COOKE, Ann.
Mag. N. H., (5), xvii, p. 128.

C. MONGII Audouin. PL 27, fig. 96.

Shell quite small, delicate, ovate-cylindric, slightly more con-
tracted below than above, white, smooth, not striate nor sulcate, a
little shining ; apex concave, not perforated ; aperture narrow, a
little larger below than above ; right margin regularly arcuate, sim-
ple, rising above the vertex at the upper part ; visible portion of the
columella quite short and not truncated. Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Is-

f«Q.

Red Sea.

SAVIGNY, Desc. de 1'Egypte, pi. v, f. 7. — Bulla mongii AUD.,
Expl. des PL de Savigny, etc., p. 178, 1827. — Cylichna mongii
ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 170.

C. BACILLUS Ehrenberg. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical thin, transversely striated throughout, white;
lip adnate above, not plicate, the other end rounded. One empty
specimen seen, which is in the Berlin Museum. Length 4f, width
2 lines. Aperture extenis beyond the body at both ends; lip not
inflexed ; spire not umbilicate. (Ehrenb.*).

Red Sea.

Bulla bacillus EHRENB., Symb. Phys., Bulla, sp. 6.

C. PULVISCULUS Ehrenberg. PL 27, fig. 95.

Shell semilinear, oblong, cylindrical, thin, transversely striated at
both ends, dull whitish; lip adnate above, not plicate, rounded at
the other extremity. Alt. f, diam. £ lines. (Ehrenb.).

Arabian shore of the Red Sea; Suez.

Bulla pulvisculus EHRENB., Symb. Phys., Anim. Evert., Bulla,
no. 8. — Cylichna pulvisculus ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 169. —
COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H., (5), xvii, p. 128. — SAVIGNY, Descr. de
1'Egypte, t. v, f. 6. — Bulla desgenettii AUDOUIN, Expl. PL Savigny,
p. 178, (1827). — Bulla (Cylichna') pulvisulcus A. AD., Thes. ii, p.
602.

C. MICA Ehrenberg. PL 27, fig. 94.

Shell semilinear, cylindrical, thin, longitudinally striated through-
out, not transversely sculptured, white, the lip adnate above, not
plicate, rounded at the other extremity; spire flat. Alt. 5, diam.
i of a line. (Ehreub.)

Red Sea ; Suez.

312 CYLICHNA.

Bulla mica EHRENB., Symb. Phys., Bulla, no. 7. — Cylichna mica
ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 169. — Bulla fourieri AUD., Expl. pi.
Savigny, p. 178. — SAVIGNY, Descr. pi. v, f. 5.

The figure of Savigny, which is the only illustration yet pub-
lished, evidently represents this species, says Issel, but does not
show the characteristic longitudinal strise.

In the case of this species as well as the preceding, Issel adopts
Ehrenberg's name instead of the earlier one of Audouin, evidently
because Ehrenberg gave descriptions.

C. VILLIERSI Audouin. PI. 27, fig. 98 ; pi. 59, fig. 7, (minuta).

Shell quite small, fragile, translucent, a little attenuated below,
not striated ; apex flattened. Spire two whorled, the second of
which does not completely envelope the first ; last part of the sec-
ond whorl divided from the body of the shell by a profound sinus ;
aperture linear, narrower in the middle and above than toward the
base ; right margin subrectilinear ; left margin almost rectilinear
above, sinuous below. Alt. 1, diam. ? mill. (Issel).

Red Sea.

SAVIGNY, Descript. de 1'Egypte, Coq., t. v. f. 4. — Bulla mlUersi
Aud., Expl. des PI. de Savigny, xxii, p. 178, 1827. — Cylichna ml-
Her si ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 170. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H.,
(5), xvii, p. 128.—? Cylichna minuta H. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1872, p.
11, pi. 3,f. 10.— Conf. Ann. Mag., (5), xvii, p. 129,

The C. minuta is thus described : " Shell cylindrical, thin smooth,
subpellucid ; aperture linear, dilated anteriorly, columella short,
simple ; lip a little produced behind, the margin arcuate. Alt. H,
diam. J mill. Red Sea."

C. PERPUSILLA E. A. Smith. TJnfigured.

Shell very minute, oblong-ovate, wider above than at the base,
pellucid, smooth throughout, shining ; aperture moderately wide
above, produced above the vertex, a little dilated at base. Vertex
imperforate, slightly depressed through the rising of the lip ; col-
umella slightly thickened, scarcely twisted. Al. IT, diam. f mill.

Persian Gulf, 14 fms. (Col. Pelly).
C. perpusilla SM., Ann. Mag. N. H., (4), ix, p. 353.

One of the smallest forms yet discovered. It is quite smooth,
white and shining, of an oval form, rather narrower at the base
than toward the vertex. $m..

CYLICIINA. 313

C. PUMII.ISSIMA E. A. Smith. Unfigured.

Shell very minute, shortly cylindrical, somewhat contracted in
the middle, quadrate above, white, with curved longitudinal lirae ;
vertex umbilicate, with rounded margin ; aperture narrowed above,
very much dilated at base; columella spirally twisted. Alt. li,
diam. J mill. (Sm.).

Persian Gulf, (Col. Felly).

C. pumilissima SM., Ann. Mag. N. H., (4), ix, p. 352.

This species was dredged by Col. Pelly in great numbers at a
depth of 14 fms. It is remarkable for its minuteness, the longitu-
dinal curved ridges, and the very dilated aperture towards the
base. ($?/i.).

C. CONSANGUINEA E. A. Smith. Un figured.

Shell very minute, elongate-cylindrical, white, longitudinally
curvedly striate ; vertex umbilicated, surrounded by an acute
carina ; aperture narrow above, moderately dilated below ; lip a
little contracted in the middle ; columella spirally folded. Length
H, diam. ir mill. (8m.}.

Persian Gulf, 14 fms., (Col. Pelly).

C. consanguinea SM., Ann. Mag. N. H., (4), ix, p. 352.

This species differs from C. pumilissima in being much more elon-
gate, and in having an acute keel around the vertical umbilicus ;
the basal part of the aperture is also less dilated. ($w.).

C. LABIATA Watson. PI. 30, figs. 3, 4.

Shell small, strong, oval, obliquely truncate above, where the
apex is impressed, bluntly pointed in front, obscurely angulated
above the middle, umbilicate, finely and closely striate, with a
thickened lip posteriorly produced. Sculpture: Longitudinals —
there are fine, straight, hair-like unequal lines of growth. Spirals
—there are fine spiral lines, which at the top and bottom of the
shell are a little strong and remote, but in all the center part are
very faint and crowded, and above the middle where a very blunt
angulation occurs, they are nearly invisible. Color translucent
white, with a tinge of brown, which on the outer base is ochreous.
Mouth long, curved, narrow, a little enlarged in front ; outer lip
rises perpendicularly from the outer edge of the impressed apex, is
produced posteriorly, where it bends in toward the apex, and is
patulous and almost emarginate ; its direction and edge line are

314 CYLICHNA.

both somewhat flexuous ; in front it is contracted in towards the
pillar, forming at the point of the base a narrow, patulous, but not
emarginate gutter ; the edge is sharp, but is strengthened a little
way within by a small longitudinal rib, which is of a ruddy white
color. Top obliquely truncate, small, with a blunt keel round the
edge of the minute, shallow, conical depression, which is half
choked by the outer lip. Inner lip : a very thin glaze extends across
the gibbously and convexly curved body ; there is a slight angle at
the top of the pillar, which is direct, a little oblique, hardly patu-
lous, scarcely twisted, very narrow, most feebly toothed and truncate
in front ; behind the sharp edge is a small but deep umbilicus. Alt.
0'16 iii. diam. 0*09. Mouth, breadth at same place O'Ol inch.
( Wats.).

Amboina, 15-25 fms.

C. labiata W^TS., Chall. Rep. Gastr., p. 669, pi. 50, f. 4.

This is a very peculiar form, extremely like an Ovufa both in
shape and in the thickness of the outer lip, the edge of which, how-
ever, is sharp. (Wats.).

C. CONCENTRICA A. Adams. PI. 27, fig. 87.

Shell small, subcylindrical, elongated, a little dilated at the base,
white, longitudinally somewhat sulcated, engraved with very dis-
tinct transverse strise ; spire conspicuous, immersed in the apex,
periomphalus radiately striated ; aperture narrow, linear, produced
above, dilated below; columella simple. (Ad.).

Cagayan, Philippines (Cuming) ; Darnley Island, Torres Straits
(Brazier).

B. (Cylichna) eoneentrica AD., Thes., p. 594, pi. 125, f. 146.—
Cylichna eoneentrica BRAZ., P. L. S., N. S. W., ii, p. 80.

C. STRIGELLA A. Adams. PI. 48, fig. 14.

Shell cylindrical, posteriorly somewhat rounded, engraved with
very fine undulating transverse strife ; apex minutely teretely um-
bilicated, deeply perforated, periomphalus solid, white ; outer lip a
little receding ; columella callus, fold distinct ; either nude and
shining, or covered with a fuscous epidermis. (Ad.~).

Cagayan, Philippines, 25 fms. (Cuming) ; Torres Straits, N. E.
Australia (Brazier).

Bulla (Cylichna) strigella A. ADAMS (not Loven), Thes. Conch.,.
ii, p. 592, pi. 125, f. 141.— C. strigel/a BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc., N.
S. W., ii, p. 80.

CYLICHNA. 315

This is evidently not the Cylichna strigella of Loven, which is a
synonym of Retusa umbilicata.

C. DECUSSATA A. Adams. PI. 27, fig. 82.

Shell small, subcylindrical, elongated, slightly dilated at the
base, white, crossed with longitudinal and transverse strise ; spire
conspicuous, immersed in the umbilicated apex, peromphalus radi-
ately striated ; aperture narrow, linear, produced superiorly, dila-
ted below ; columella simple (Ad.~).

China Sea (Cuming) ; Suez (Cooke) ; Darnley Island, Torres
Strait (Brazier).

B. (Cylichna) decussata AD., Thes. p. 594, pi. 125, f. 147.— Oy-
liclma decussata COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 128. — BRA-
ZIER, P. L. S. X. S. W. ii, p. 80.

C. BRAZIERI Pilsbry, n. n. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, small, white, thin, contracted in the middle,
longitudinally and transversely rugosely striated ; whorls 3j, apex
umbilicated, deep ; aperture narrowly linear, peristome thin, con-
tracted in the center, slightly produced above, expanded below,
columella thickened, straight, slightly reflected. Length 1}, diam.
at base I, above the center £ line (BrazJ).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fathoms.

Cylichna minuta BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p.
80, i877. Not C. minuta H. Adams, 1872.

Two specimens found. The apex of this beautiful little species is
quite depressed or truncated, and the umbilicus of the apex, sunk
deep down ; somewhat allied in sculpture to C. decussata (Braz.~).

C. CRISPULA Watson. PL 30, fig. 12.

Shell narrowly oblong, more contracted above than below, with
the greatest breadth below the middle, obliquely truncate above and
below, thin, translucent, glossy, very faintly spirally striate all
over ; the top is like that of a Volvula, but beside the prominent
lip the axis is perforated ; there is a strong pillar tooth. Sculpture :
Longitudinals — the lines of growth are very slight and unequal.
Spirals — the whole surface is covered with very slight, superficial
fretted, rather unequal, and somewhat remote furrows. Colour trans-
lucent glossy milk-white. Mouth long and narrow above, rising and
retreating at the top of the shell, widening in front, but not very large
even there. Outer lip rises from the edge of the axial pore, and

316 CYLICHNA.

forms the top of the shell ; at this point it is narrowly rounded and
retreats very much, below this its edge advances and its direction
is obliquely forward to the right ; in front it retreats rather rapidly
and sweeps freely round the base to the point of the pillar ; it is a
little bent in about the middle, but is very patulous on the base.
Top is very small, and fully half of it is covered by the lip, but be-
hind this there is a minute conical depression with a defined
rounded edge. Inner lip is regularly arched on the body, where
there is a thin glaze, which becomes thick on the pillar with a
twisted sharply defined edge. Pillar bears a strong, almost direct
tooth, with a well marked broad furrow between it and the lip
edge. Alt. 0'16 in., diam. 0*075. Mouth, breadth at same place
0-017 inch (Wats.).

Raine Island, Cape York, N. Australia, 155 fms.

C. crispula WATS., Chall. Gastr. p. 666, pi. 49, f. 12.

This species is deceptively like a Volvula. In general form it
resembles Atys parallela (Gould), but is smaller, is more contracted
above, and is there minutely perforated ; the tooth in front, too, is
stronger, and the spiral sculpture is much finer (Wats.).

C. RETICULATA Watson. PI. 30, figs. 5, 6.

Shell small, oblong to subcylindrical, harshly reticulated, white,
with a narrow scarcely curved mouth, a lip produced posteriorly,
an oblique perforated top, a subpatulous direct and oblique pillar
lip reverted on a narrow umbilicus. Sculpture : Longitudinals —
the whole surface is scored with strong rounded furrows, which fol-
low the lines of growth and are parted by interstices about once
and a half their width. Spirals — similar to the longitudinals, but
rather stronger and further apart, are spiral furrows, the intersec-
tion of which with the longitudinals cuts the surface into square re-
ticulations. Colour translucent white. Mouth long and narrow,
widening very little in front, curved a very little throughout its
whole length. Outer lip rises above the top, bending a little in
toward the perforation ; in direction it is slightly curved through-
out, its edge retreats somewhat above, in the middle, and in front.
Top is small, oblique, with a slightly expressed, narrowish, thick-
ened, harshly radiatingly scored rim, within which is a funnel-
shaped perforation. Inner lip : a thickish glaze crosses the well-
arched body and runs out on the slightly patulous, direct, oblique
prominent and narrow-edged pillar, behind which and half covered

CYLICHNA. 317

by it is a furrow running up into the umbilicus. Alt. Oil in.,
din.ni. 0*05. Mouth breadth at same place, 0*009 inch (Wats.).

Wnlnesday Island, off Cape York, 8 fms., and near Cape York,
N. Australia, 6 fms.

C. reticulata WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 667, pi. 50, f. 2.

This is a remarkable species, with very exceptional sculpture.
The apical pore is so choked with impacted sand that it is impossi-
ble to say whether the spire be visible or not (Wats.).

C. SUBRETICULATA Watson. PI. 30, figs. 8, 9.

Shell small, oblong, subreticulated, white, with a narrow covered
mouth, a lip slightly produced posteriorly, an oblique perforated
top, a short patulous subtwisted pillar, round whose base is a slight
fold, and whose edge is appressed. Sculpture : Longitudinals —
there are irregular and not strong lines of growth. Spirals — there
are coarse, but feeble, rather remote furrows which cover the whole
surface. Colour translucent white. Mouth curved, a little broader
above and below than in the middle. Outer lip rises very little
above the top, bending out, a very little yet at once, from the api-
cal pore ; it is strongly curved throughout. Top is small, slightly
oblique, with a scarcely definite, feebly scored rim, within which is
a funnel-shaped perforation. Inner lip : a thin glaze, with an ir-
regular edge, spreads across the body, which is well rounded ;
round the top of the oblique pillar is a feeble furrow and fold ; the
lip edge is appressed, and has behind it a very slight depression,
but no umbilicus. Alt. 0'106 in., diam. 0'056. Mouth breadth at
same place 0*013.

West of Cape York, N. Australia, 6 fms.

C. subretieulata WATS., Chall. Gastr. p. 668, pi. 50, f. 3.

This species is very like Cylichna reticulata, but differs from it in
that the shell is broader in proportion to length ; the mouth is
broader and rc>,re curved ; the strongly reticulated sculpture is ab-
sent, what there is being much feebler and less regular, this is espe-
cially the case with the longitudinal furrows ; the outer lip rises
less high behind and does not lean in at all to the perforation ; the
edge of the top is less oblique ; the pillar lip has a fold at its base,
and the lip edge is reflected and appressed, and has no umbilicus
behind it ( Wats.).

318 CYLTCHNA.

C. ARACHIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 27, figs. 92, 93.

Shell solid, long cylindrical, transversely very delicately striated ;
white, covered with a cinnamon colored epidermis ; spire perforated.
Alt. 8, diarn. 3* lines (Q. & £.).

King George's Sound (Q. & G.) ; Tasmania (Tenison-Woods) ;
Port Jackson, N. S. Wales (Angas, Coppinger, Challenger, et al.) ;
Cape York and New Guinea (Brazier).

Sulla arachis Q. & G., Voy. de PAstrol. Zool. ii, p. 361, pi. 26, f.
28-30.— Build (Cylichna) arachis AD., in Thes. ii, p. 590, pi. 125, f.
133, 134.— Cylichna arachis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226.— BRA-
ZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 79.— SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p. 86.—
WATSON, Challenger Rep. Gastr. p. 662. — Cylichna regularis GLD.,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 141 ; Otia, p. 113. Con/. TENISON-
WOODS, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 256.

C. ATKINSONI Tenison-Woods.

Shell small, cylindrical, narrow, thin, ferruginous, spire umbili-
cate, hidden, very slenderly lengthwise and transversely striate.
Sordid white, outer lip thin, acute, drawn in at the middle, and sub-
dilate anteriorly ; inner lip narrow, reflexed (T.-lf7.).

Alt. 4J, diam. 2 mill.

Long Bay, Tasmania.

C. atkinsoni T.-W., Papers and Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. Tasm.
for 1875, p. 156 (1876).

A very small shell, brought up occasionally by the dredge from
10 fathoms ; sandy bottom. The other Tasmanian species is C.
arachis, which is Australian also. In its young state it can always
be distinguished from the foregoing by the dense undulating trans-
verse stride with which it is covered (T'-TF.).

C. ELEGANS Angas. PI. 27, fig. 89.

Shell elongately ovate, umbilicated, rather thin, white, irregular-
ly and faintly longitudinally striated, the stride more distinct and
equal near the apex, transversely ornamented with numerous rows
of very fine close-set, crenate, interrupted lines, which, together
with the longitudinal stride, become very nearly obsolete towards
the center ; apex perforate, somewhat tumid around the perforation ;
aperture narrow above, wider below ; outer lip thin, simple ; colu-
mella short, smooth, very slightly expanded over the umbilicus*
Length 6, breadth 3 lines (Ang.).

Port Stephens, N. S. Wales, Australia (Brazier).

CYLICHNA. 319

Cylichna etegans ANG., P. Z. S. 1877, p. 175, 189, pi. 26, f. 19.

More ovate than others of the genus ; beautifully transversely
crenulately sculptured (Any.).

C. PYGM^EA A. Adams. PI. 59, fig. 9.

Shell small, subcylindrical, contracted in the middle, apex um-
bilicated, white, shining, smooth, longitudinally striated ; outer lip
posteriorly produced, rounded, inflexed in the middle ; inner lip
anteriorly subcallous ; aperture narrow, linear, anteriorly dilated
(Ad.).

Port Lincoln (Mus. Metcalfe) ; St. Vincent's Gulf (Tate) ; Sea of
Japan (A. Ad.).

B. (Cylichna) pygmcea A. ADAMS, Thes. ii, p. 595, pi. 125, f. 150.
— TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Philos. Soc. Adelaide, S. Austr.
1878-9, p. 138.— Haminea pygmcea A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3),
ix, p. 155.

C. ORDINARIA E. A. Smith. PI. 27, fig. 90.

Shell cylindrical, white, shining, imperforate, the excavation at
the apex scarcely profound, encircled by an impressed carina ;
aperture very narrow, dilated below, subtruncate ; columella some-
what twisted, excavated, surrounded by a keel. Alt. 7, diam. 3
mill. (Sin.)

S. lot. 34° 13', E. Ion. 151° 38', off Sydney, N. S. Wales, 410 fms.

Cylichna ordinana SM., P. Z. S. 1891, p. 442, pi. 35, f. 21.

The distinguishing character of this species is the excavation of
the lower part of the columella, which is circumscribed by a keel, a
continuation of the inner lip (8m.).

C. STRFATA Hutton. PI. 59, figs. 11, 12.

Shell cylindrical, with slightly convex outlines; showing some
unevenly spaced growth lines, and an excessively fine spiral stria-
tion, which is coarser at the crown, and becomes coarser and spaced
toward the base. Vertex abruptly truncated ; the whorl rounded
above, passing into a funnel-shaped apical umbilicus, the edge of
which is defined by a sort of keel or ledge ; the perforation narrow
and deep. Aperture narrow in its upper two-thirds, dilated below ;
outer lip rising above the vertex, nearly rectilinear in the middle,
or even slightly incurved, rounded below ; columella eloping, rather

320 CYLICHNA.

heavily calloused and slightly tortuous ; parietal wall lightly cal-
loused. Alt. 7£, diam. 3 mill.

Auckland, New Zealand (Hutton, Wright).

Oyliehna striata HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 52 ; Manual
N. Z. Moll. p. 120.— C. arachis HUTTON, The Pliocene Moll. N. Z.
p. 37.

The above description and the figures are drawn from Auckland
specimens sent by Mr. G. W. Wright. They seem to differ from
C. arachis in the narrower apical umbilicus. Button's description
of 0. striata is as follows: "Small, smooth, white, longitudinally
finely striated ; aperture scarcely produced above the spire. Length
•1, breath '05 inch." This would indicate a much smaller form
than mine, which may prove distinct.

C. ZEALANDICA Kirk. Unfigured.

Shell white, strong, smooth, faintly longitudinally striated. Aper-
ture produced above the spire. Alt. *35 inch (Kirk).

Waikanae, New Zealand.

Cylichna zealandica KIRK, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), vi, p. 15 ;
Trans. N. Z. Inst. xii, p. 307.

Compare C. striata.

C. TAHITENSIS Watson. PL 30, fig. 10.

Shell cylindrical, thin, glassy, spirally striate from end to end,
with a small body, rounded outlines, no depression nor central point
at the apex, and a toothless but abruptly truncated and prominent
pointed pillar. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are scarcely per-
ceptible lines of growth. Spirals — the whole surface is covered
with fine grooves, not quite regular, about ^ inch apart, but
weaker and more crowded in the middle than at either extremity.
Color bluish transparent glossy white. Mouth rather large and
long. Outer lip has a sinus just above the body, rises and is angu-
lated at the outer upper corner of the shell ; from this point its
edge advances and its line is slightly convex, tending in front to be-
come straight ; at the lower outer corner it is angulated, and across
the base is abruptly truncate. Inner lip has a very thin glaze, it is
flatly convex on the body, straight and elongately oblique on the
pillar, which presents no tooth, but has a thin, defined, hardly
twisted edge, and is abruptly cut off in front, being there a strong

CYLICHNA. 321

prominent point. Alt. 0*083 in., diam. 0'044. Mouth breadth at
same place O'OOT inch (Wats.).

Tahiti Harbor, near the reefs, 20 fms.

C. tahitensis WATS., Chall. Rep. Gastr. p. 665, pi. 49, f. 11.

This is very possibly a young shell.

C. FIJIENSIS E. A. Smith. Un figured.

Shell very much elongated, narrow, cylindrical, a little contracted
in the middle, white, transversely very finely striated, the striae
more distant toward the vertex, longitudinally striated with indis-
tinct growth lines. Vertex (which is surrounded by an acute mar-
gin) profoundly umbilicate ; base subperforate. Aperture very nar-
row above, dilated below ; columella a little thickened, spirally
twisted, joined to the apex by a thin callus. Alt. 6, diam. 2 mill.
<#».>.

Fiji Is.

C.fijiensis SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 352.

A pure white shining species, of nearly the same form as C. bi-
plicata A. Ad., but rather narrower, with the columella only spiral-
ly twisted, and the transverse strise finer ($»i.).

C. NITENS E. A. Smith. Unfiyured.

Shell ovate, semi-pellucid, bluish- white, shining, longitudinally
indistinctly and transversely at top and base striated. Vertex
minutely umbilicated. Aperture narrow, dilated at base ; lip solid,
thick ; columella thick, provided with a small tooth or tubercle in
the middle ; umbilical region subperforate. Alt. 5, diam. 2 \ mill-
(8m).

Fiji Is.

C. nitens SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 351.

A small semitransparent bluish-white species, chiefly character-
ized by the thick labrum and columella which has a small tooth or
tubercle on the middle of it ($m.).

Var. : Shell larger, less solid ; alt. 6, diam. 3 mill.

South African and South Atlantic Species.

C. TUBULOSA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell of moderate size, elongated, cylindrical, sensibly enlarged
above and below, whitish ; smooth or sculptured with revolving

322 CYLICHNA.

lines ; vertex obliquely truncated, crateriform, imperforate. Aper-
ture very narrow, linear ; coluraellar fold conspicuous. Alt. 8,
diam. scarcely 3 mill. (Old.}.

Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope.

C. tubulosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. vii, p. 140 ; Otia, p. 113.

Allied to C. involuta Ad., but the outlines are more rectilinear
(Old.).
C. ATLANTICA E. A. Smith. PI. 27. fig. 97.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, thin, pellucid-white, shining, rimate, nar-
rowly perforated at the vertex, transversely very delicately striated,
especially above and below. Aperture very narrow above, slightly
dilated below ; lip thin, produced above the vertex ; columellar
margin covered with a thin reflexed callus, obsoletely subtruncate
below. Alt. 5i, diam. 2i mill. (&».)•

St. Helena.

Cylichna atlantica SMITH, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 297, pi. 24, f. 10.

This species has more curved outlines than C. eylindracea, has a
perforate apex, and an umbilical chink. The thin columellar cal-
losity extends up the whorl, and joins the upper extremity of the
outer lip ($m.).

Spedes of unknown habitat.

C. SARSII (Phil.) A. Adams. PI. 59, fig. 6.

Shell ovately cylindrical, posteriorly truncate, anteriorly pro-
duced, apex perforated, white, transversely very finely striated;
aperture narrow ; columella anteriorly with a single fold ; outer lip
posteriorly produced (Ad.).

Habitat unknown (Mus. Hanley).

B. (Cylichna) sarsii Phil., A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 591, pi. 125, f. 135.
I cannot find that Philippi ever described this species.

C. LACTEOCINCTA E. A. Smith. Unfigured.

Shell minute, cylindrical, pellucid, encircled by several inter-
rupted milky bands ; with longitudinal, very fine, curved striae,
and transversely striated below ; vertex umbilicate, surrounded by
a rounded margin. Aperture narrow above, sensibly dilated be-
low ; columella thickened, obliquely subtruncate. Alt. 2£, diam.

II mill. (Swi.).

Habitat unknown.

C. laeteocincta SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 352.

CYLICHNA. 323

This species may be at once recognized by the lacteous bands
upon a hyaline ground, and by the peculiar subtruncation of the
columella, which almost forms a short channel with the outer lip
(Sm.).

Subgenus MNESTIA H. & A. Adams, 1854.

Mnestia ADS., Genera Recent Mollusca ii, p. 10 (for C. bizona
and C. marmorata).

This group is at present restricted to species with variegated col-
oration.

C. MARMORATA A. Adams. PI. 27, tig. 86.

Shell ovate, contracted above, produced and rather acuminate
below, smooth, shining, variegated with pale red-brown and white,
the spots in some specimens disposed in distinct bands, transversely
very minutely striated ; striae most distinct above and below ; spire
conspicuous, in the deep umbilicus of the apex ; aperture narrow,
acuminately produced above and below ; columella straight, rather
callus, umbilicus distinct (Ad.).

Capul, Philippines.

B. (Cylichna) marmorata AD., Thes. p. 594, pi. 125, f. 145.

C. BIZONA A. Adams. PL 27, fig. 84.

Shell ovately cylindrical, fulvous, encircled with two pale red
brown bands, longitudinally obsoletely plicated, engraved with dis-
tinct transverse finely undulated striae ; spire immersed in the deep
umbilicus of the apex ; aperture produced above, linear, dilated in-
feriorly ; columella slightly plicated, rather reflected, umbilicus
covered ; outer lip inflexed superiorly (Ad.).

Alt. 5, diam. 2'2 mill.

China Sea (Cuming) ; Singapore (Dr. S. Archer) ; Levuka, Fiji
(Challenger) ; Torres Strait (Brazier).

Bulla (Cylichna} bizona A. AD., Thes. ii, p. 595, pi. 125, f. 148.
— Cylichna (Mnestia) bizona H. & A. AD., Genera, ii, p. 10. —
WATSON, Challenger Gastrop. p. 671. — Mnestia bizona BRAZ., P. L.
S.N.S. W.ii, p. 81.

In the specimens from Singapore before me the bands are a little
more widely spaced than in Sowerby's figure.

324 CYLICHNA.

C. GRANOSA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell small, ovate, light straw yellow, variegated with two nearly
obsolete white bands, in some specimens not visible, contracted
above, produced and rather acuminate below ; longitudinally and
transversely rugosely striated, interstices smooth, the whole surface
of the shell having the appearance of somewhat square-like grains,
spire conspicuous in the deep umbilicus of the apex, outer margin
of the umbilicus white and very rugose ; aperture narrow, acumin-
ately produced and thickened above, slightly produced below ; col-
umella thickened, straight, slightly reflected, umbilicus minute,
with a white margin, peristome moderately inflexed. Length 2
lines, breadth 1 line (Braz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits, SO fathoms.

Mnestia granosa BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii, p. 81, 1887.

The whole surface of this species is covered with a series of small
grains, after the style of a double cut file (Braz.).

C. PUNCTOSULCATA E. A. Smith. Unfigured.

Shell wide ovate, a little narrowed at the base, thin, scarcely pel-
lucid, brown-white, transversely delicately sulcate, sulci 27, equi-
distant, closely punctate. Vertex umbilicate, striated within, sur-
rounded by a rounded margin. Aperture wide, a little produced
above the vertex ; lip thin ; columella thickened, sinuous ; umbili-
cal region subperforate. Alt. 4£, diam. 3 mill. ($m.).

Tunis, North Africa.

C. (Mnestia) punctosulcata SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 353.

This appears to be very distinct from any other species ; and it
is at once recognized by the 27 closely punctured striae, which are
at equal distances from each other ($ra.).

C. ALBOGUTTATA E. A. Smith. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, somewhat attenuated at base, thin, semipellucid ;
whitish, closely ornamented with opaque milky spots ; smooth, shin-
ing, finely striated with growth lines and transverse lines, more dis-
tinct above and at the base. Vertex deeply umbilicated, trans-
versely striated within, surrounded by a rounded margin ; aperture
rather wide above, wider at base ; lip thin ; columella thickened,
white, reflexed, nearly closing a small fissure. Alt. 8, diam. 4J

mill. OSWi.).

West Indies.

CYLICHNA. 325

C. (Mnestia) alboguttata SM., Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 353.

Var. : Pale roseate, variegated with numerous round white
blotches.

This species is at once known from marmorata A. Ad., by the dif-
ference of form. It is without the contraction just below the ver-
tex, the apical umbilicus is smaller and not surrounded by so sharp
an edge, the stride above and below are not so strongly marked, and
the aperture is not so produced upwards as in that species (*Sw.).

Subgenus CYLICHNELLA Gabb, 1872.

Cylichnella GABB, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p. 273, type
C. bidentata.

The soft parts of the species are unknown ; so that we do not yet
know whether this group belongs to Tornatinidce or to Scaphandri-
dce.

C. BIDENTATA Orbigny. PI. 22, fig. 42 ; pi. 27, fig. 9.

Shell minute, oblong-oval, shining, smooth, except for indistinct
growth striae, and sparse, impressed, spiral lines at the basal part.
Spire concealed ; body whorl tapering at both ends ; aperture as
long as the shell, very narrow, widened below ; columella short,
with a spiral callous fold, and an indistinct nodule below.

Alt. 2-6, diam. 1-4 mill.

Cape Hatteras to S. Domingo and Barbados, 7-168 fms. ; Florida
to Texas, near low water mark ; St. Helena.

BuUa.bidentata ORB., Moll. Cuba i, p. 125, pi. 4, f. 13-16 (1841).
— Cijlichnella bidentata GABB, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1872, p.
273, pi. 10, f. 2.— MORCH, Malak. Bl. xxii, p. 171.— DALL, Blake
Gastr. p. 4Q.—Bulla biplicata LEA, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. i, p. 204
(1844) ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, v, p. 286, pi. 26, f. 2.— Utriculus
biplicatiis TRYON, Amer. Mar. Conch, p. 104, pi. 13, f. 213.— Cy~
lichna bipficata BUSH, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 467, pi. 45, f. 14. —
Oylichna bidentata Orb., SMITH, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 297.

C. ORYZA Totten. PI. 22, fig. 39 (enlarged).

Shell not very small, not very thin, translucent, white, regularly
diminishing from the middle towards each end, the tip being de-
pressed into a shallow pit, and the front being rather pointed ; last
whorl enclosing all the others ; surface marked with minute lines of
growth, a few revolving lines on the anterior portion, and a few
22

326 BULLID/K.

more obscure ones near the shoulder, none of them perceptible with-
out a magnifier ; aperture as long as the shell, narrow behind, and
widening forward ; outer lip simple and sharp, commencing beyond
the axis of the shell and rising a little, then turns and passes for-
wards by a regular curve ; the left margin is thickened and forms
a smooth, glossy pillar, which is twisted so as to form an oblique
fold ; at the base it terminates abruptly, so as almost to form an ob-
tuse tooth ; a thick callus, commencing at the junction of the outer
lip, runs round within the whorl, giving strength to the region of
the spire. There is no umbilical opening either at the tip or base.
Length three-twentieths of an inch, breadth one tenth of an inch

Maine to Connecticut.

Bulla oryza TOTTEN, Silliman's Journal of Science, xxviii, 1835,
p. 350, fig. 5.— OLD., Invert. Mass. p. 168, f. 93.— DE KAY, New
York Moll. p. 18, pi. 31, f. 327.— Cylichna oryza STIMP., Check-
Lists p. 4.— GLD., Invert. Mass. (W. G. B. edit.), p. 221, f. 512.—
Tornatina (Cylichnella) oryza DALL, Rep. Gastr. p. 45. — Haminea
oryza SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 1.

Family BULLID^ (Auct.) Pilsbry.

Shell wholly external, globose, oval or oblong-cylindric, with
umbilicated vertex (rarely covered) and sunken spire, mottled color-
pattern and smoothish surface. Aperture as long as the shell, ris-
ing above the vertex, narrow above, dilated below ; columella simply
concave with reflexed crescentic callus and no fold.

Animal capable of complete retraction into the shell, with a large
head-disc, truncated in front, bilobed behind, bearing eyes about in
the middle. No epipodial or parapodial lobes ; foot long, tapering
behind. Stomach containing three dumb-bell shaped horny plates.
(pi. 48, fig. 4).

Radula having few longitudinal rows of teeth (formula 1-2'1'2'1),
the centrals transverse, bar-shaped with reflexed, multi-dentate cusp,
a submedian denticle smaller ; laterals two on each side, claw shaped
with numerous denticles. A cusp-less plate lies outside of the outer
lateral. (PI. 48, fig, 4.)

This family, now for the first time separated from its rather dis-
tant allies the Akeridce, represents a very distinct line of differentia-
tion from the original Tectibranch stock with many longitudinal
rows of similar teeth. In the reduction in number of teeth, and the

BULL A. 327

specialization in form of those retained, it parallels the Scaphand-
ridce ; but the specialization has been in a different direction corre-
sponding to the wide difference in food of the two groups, — Scaph-
andridcc being carnivorous, whilst Bullidce are exclusively herbivor-
ous. The absence of epipodial lobes is also different from Scaphan-
dridcc, the animal in Bullidce having the external form of that of
Tornatinidtc. From both of these families the Bullidce differ more-
over, in shell characters, form and non-calcification of the gizzard
plates, etc.

The Akeridce are a much lower stock of Tectibranchs than
Bul/idce, retaining the primitive multi-dentate radula, and the
epipodial lobes, and having a thin, fragile unicolored shell.

A few unicolored species, none of them known anatomically, are
referred to the genus Bulla ; but as a rule the shells are well distin-
guished from all other Tectibranchs by their characteristic mottled
coloration.

But one genus is. represented in the recent fauna. No extinct
groups are known to be referable to this family.

Genus BULLA Linne, 1758.

liulla L., Syst. Nat. (x), p. 725.— BRUG., Encycl. Meth. i, p. 368,
and of most modern authors. — Bullus MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 330,
type B. ampula. — Bullea BLAINV., in part, section B, Malacol., p.
478, and of MENKE and MORCH, not Bullcea Lam. — Vesica SWAINS.
Malacol., p. 360.— Nux, DACOSTA Elem. of Conch., p. 174, 1776
(not binomial). — Conf. VAYSSIERE, Rech. Zool. et Anat. sur les
Moll. Opisthobr. Ire pt. Tectibranches, p. 13 (anatomy of B.
striata).

Shell oval or ovate, compactly involute, generally solid and with
a mottled color-pattern ; spire sunken, umbilicated. Aperture as
long as the shell, rising slightly above the vertex, its upper portion
narrow, expanded toward the base ; lip simple, flexuous ; columella
short and concave, with a crescentic white reflexed callus ; parietal
wall smooth, with a light parietal callus. Type B. ampulla L.

Animal capable of complete retraction into the shell. Head-shield
rounded in front, produced behind in two rounded posterior pro-
cesses separated by a median sinus ; eyes small, wide apart, about
half-way back on the shield. Epipodial lobes wanting. Foot large,
nearly as long as the shell, roundly subtruncate behind, wide and
blunt in front (pi. 43, figs. 7, 8, B. quoyi).

328 BULLA.

Gizzard containing three subequal nearly similar horny or chiti-
noid plates which are dumb-bell shaped on the outer surfaces (pi.
48, fig. 1.5) the inner or grinding surfaces being somewhat truncated
wedge-shaped with flat tops (fig. 17). The side view (fig. 16)
shows a ledge (where the muscles of the stomach-wall are attached)
separating the outer face from the grinding face. The figures repre-
xsent the plates of B. nebulosa Gld. Those of B. ampulla are shorter,
with the external processes nearer together.

Radula (pi. 48, fig. 4, B. ampulla) large, with dark chitinous
teeth according to the formula 1'2'1*2*1. Laterals not differentiated
from uncini. Rhachidian teeth like a transverse bar, its reflexion
bearing numerous denticles of which the median one is smaller.
Laterals claw-shaped, with about 6 long denticles. Outside of the
second lateral lies a small, thin basal-plate without cusp, the rem-
nant of a third lateral tooth. In B. nebulosa Gld. this plate is larger
and thicker, but still lacks the cusp. B. striata presents a radula
and gizzard-plates of the same type.

The Linnsean genus Bulla consisted of species of the genera Ovula,
Physa, Auricula, Melampus, etc., besides the tectibranchiates then
known. Bruguiere in the Encyclopedic Methodique eliminated all
but the last, which form a perfectly natural group. Finally Lam-
arck, in the Systeme des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1801, cites only
B. ampulla L. as an example of the genus, thus fixing that species
as the type. The attempts of Menke, Morch and others to substitute
other names for the typical group of species, are therefore without
basis.

"The species of this genus inhabit sandy mud-flats, the slimy
banks of river-mouths, and brackish places near the sea ; at low-
water some of them conceal themselves in the mud and under sea-
weed, exuding large quantities of mucus to maintain the moisture
of their skin. The shells of Bulla, as restricted, are rather solid,
smooth, and marbled and mottled like birds eggs." (H. & A. Ad.~)

The gizzard of a specimen of B. nebulosa Gld. examined by my-
self contained a mass of vegetable fibers, probably algse, but no
animal remains.

SPECIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN, ATLANTIC AND
GULF OF MEXICO.

The littoral Bullas of this area form a very difficult assemblage,
requiring a great mass of material for its elucidation. The creatures

BCLLA. 329

themselves are mostly not thoroughly differentiated into " species,"
if by that term we understand isolated and unconnected races.
There are, however, geographically restricted forms which in their
average features constitute moderately tangible races; and ratherthan
lose sight of these average differences which are certainly correllated
with geographic range, we have herein recognized the conventional
<l species " based upon them. To some minds who hold the " species "
to be a sacred fetich, the course of the " lumper" would be more
acceptable ; and they may write all there is of the striata group of
Bulla, under that name. It is simply a question of what degree or
grade of racial deviation is worth formal recognition in nomencla-
ture ; and this must in the nature of things, remain a question of in-
dividual opinion.

(Group of B. striata}.

1'nder B. striata the genesis of the various races of this group is
discussed.

B. AMYGDALA Dillwyn. PI. 38, figs. 49, 50, 62, 63, 64, 65 ; pi. 39,

fig. 79.

Shell oblong, somewhat cylindrical and narrower toward the
vertex, solid, heavy and strong, not very shining, clouded and mottled
indistinctly with purplish on a pale ground, more or less obviously
spotted or blotched ivith deep purple or blue-black, the spots shading
into the ground color on the left side, whitish-margined on the right
side of each. Surface showing under the lens no microscopic spiral
ttr'mtion (such as occurs in B. striata, occidentalis and solida), but
having some spaced spiral impressed lines toward the base, and occa-
sionally a few near the vertex, but these are more often absent.
Vertex not especially compressed having a deep and rather large
apical umbilicus, which is more or less lirate within. Outer lip thick,
heavily calloused where it rises from the vertex; its outer portion
straight, not convex; base broadly rounded. Columella arcuate,
with a very heavy reftexed crescentic callus, the outer edge of which is
well raised from the whorl throughout, leaving a chink behind it;
parretal callus strong and white ; interior lined with a white callus.
Alt. 40, diam. 23 mill. Some adults are smaller, alt. 26, diam. 15
mill., and others larger, alt. 46, diam. 27 mill.

St. Thomas, Tortola, Curaeoa and Gulf of Paria (Robert Swift !) ;
West Indies generally.

330 BULLA.

Bulla ampulla var. GMELIN, SCHROKTER et al. Bulla maculosa,
oblonga MARTINI, Conch. Cab., i, p. 290, pi. 22, f. 202-204, 1769.—
B. ibyx MEUSCHEN, Museum Geversianum, etc., p. 396, 1787. — P>.
amygdalus DILLW., Descr. Catal. Rec. Shells, i, p. 480. — AD., Thes.
Conch, ii, p. 575, pi. 122, f. 63.— MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 44.— Sows.,
Conch. Icon. f. 7. — B. striata ORBIGNY, Moll. Cuba, i, p. 122.— B.
multistriata A. AD., index to Bulla, Thes. Conch, ii, p. 607 — B.
media PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 121.— AD. in Thes., f. 70.—
Sows., Conch. Icon., f. lla, 116. — ? Bulla (Bulled) marginata
MENKE, Mai. Bl. 1853, p. 139.

The name proposed by Meuschen is not adopted because it was
unaccompanied by a description, and refers to a very indifferent
figure.

The chief characteristics of this species are (1) its solidity, (2) the
absence of microscopic striae over the whole shell, (3) the compression
of the latter part of the body-whorl, producing a straight outer lip,.
(4) the thickness of the lip at the vertex, and the very heavy, re-
flexed columellar callous with elevated edge. Some of these char-
acters, such as the straightened outer lip, occur in B. occidentalism
but taking all into consideration, the B. amygdala seems to be a
moderately well-defined type. In some specimens the blackish spots
or clouds coalesce to form longitudinal irregular or curved stripes
(%. 62).

B. RUBIGINOSA Gould. PL 39, fig. 76.

Animal with the head flat, compressed, bilobed in front, the lobes
semicircular, with a deep fissure between, on each side of which, in
a small circular depression and rather remote, are the eyes ; poste-
riorly the head is furnished with two thin, prolonged, subtriangular
lobes. The mantle is very narrow, hardly surpassing the edge of the
shell. The color of the body is light-ochreous, powdered, as it \\ere,,
with black. Its motions were sluggish. («/". P. f '.).

The general contour of the shell is like that of Bulla amycjd<tlusr
with which it has doubtless been confounded. The animal, how-
ever, is very different. In general, the surface was either eroded or
covered with a rusty coating, as is most commonly the case with all
shells found at the mouths of rivers in brackish waters ; when per-
fect, it is of a light shining brown, clouded with black. (Gld.~).

Near the mouth of Rio Janeiro Harbor (Couth.).

I-JULLA. 331

B. rubi(/inosa Gi,n., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, p. 107, Apr.,
1849 ; U.'S. Expl. Exped., p. 221, f. 266, 266«..— MORCH, Mai. Bl.
xxii, p. 17±.—ttulla (Bullea) au/cafoMENKK.Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853,
p. 138.

I have not seen this species, which is evidently a near ally of B.
amygdala, if not identical with it. Menke thus describes B. sulcata :
" Shell oblong-elliptical umbilicated at vertex, rather solid, dis-
tinctly and closely, transversely striated below, longitudinally irre-
gularly and more or less obviously subsulcate ; lip somewhat
straightened in the middle; rufous-ashy. Length 13, diam. 7 lines.
Hab., salt lake at 8. Pedro dos Indios, near Cabo Frio, coast of
Brazil. The deep longitudinal furrows, always most pronounced on
the back and outer lip, distinguish this species. The thin callus of
the inner lip ascends to the apical umbilicus, sometimes even in-
vading it."

B. OCCIDENTALS A. Adams. PI. 38, figs. 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57-

60 ; pi. 39, figs. 77, 78.

Shell excessively variable in size, solidity and coloring, but distin-
guished from It. ."ti'iuta by (1) the narrower umbilicus, (2) the
absence or obsolescence of transverse grooves near the vertex, (3)
the less attenuated posterior end [in all of which it is more like the
Algerian variety mentioned under B. striata]. It is distinguished
from />. amygdala by its thinner, moreshining, microscopally spiral-
led shell.

Some forms are small, very thin, fragile, subcylindrical, densely
wave striated spirally throughout, with the basal grooves s-carcely
differentiated (pi. 38, fig. 60, pi. 39, f. 78, from a Lake Worth, E.
Florida specimen). Some are solider, with close zebra stripes (pi.
38, f. 59) as in certain Bahama shells. The prevalent form along
the mainland, Texas to Aspinwall and Trinidad, is larger and moder-
ately solid, (1) closely mottled with reddish and white (figs. 51, 52,
Vera Cruz) or olivaceous and white, or (2) mottled with olivace-
ous and clouded with black and white (figs. 53, 55, 56, Pro-
greso, Yucatan). In unworn examples microscopic spiral strire may
be seen over the whole surface, and also basal spaced grooves, but
the latter are sometimes very weak and hardly seen on the small
thin forms from Florida. The coarser shells sometimes show some

332 BULLA.

faint grooves above, but this is exceptional. The umbilicus rarely
lacks internal lira?, but they are generally weak.

Alt. 11, diam. 6 mill, (typical ocddentalis, Bahamas).

Alt. 34, diam. 19 mill. (Vera Cruz specimen).

Alt. 21, diam. 12i mill. (Jamaica specimen of ordinary size).

Entire West Indies ; Mainland from Trinidad to Vera Cruz, Cor-
pus Christi, etc., Florida; Bahamas.

B. ocddentalis A. ADAMS, in Sowb., Thes. ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f.
72, 73 (1850).— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 14.— BALL, Blake Rep., p.
55. — Bulla alba TURTON, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 364, pi. 13, f. 6 (worn
and bleached specimens, teste Dall, from Turton's types). — ? B.per-
striata MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 138.—? B. nux MKE., i. c., p.
140. — B. striata BRUG. (part of synonymy) and of many authors.

This is the most abundant and universally diffused of the West
Indian Bullas. In examining hundreds of examples, covering the
entire region, we are unable to separate the small form originally
named ocddentalis, from the larger shells known to collectors as " B.
striata." Every connecting link occurs. Many of the main patterns
of coloring are illustrated on my plate, but there are others ; and some
have a delicacy quite beyond any published figures.

Bulla (Bullea} tenuicula Mke., (Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 139, and
Malak. Bl. i, p. 45, from Puerto Cabello), is probably a form of this
species.

B. STRIATA Bruguiere. PI. 37, figs. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46.

Shell moderately solid, oblong-subcylindrical or oblong ovate,
tapering toward the ends; whitish, mottled and clouded all over
with purplish and usually showing an indistinct girdle of heavier,
darker blotches above the middle ; surface smooth, usually showing
under a lens an excessively fine, close spiral striation, and having
deeper spaced grooves toward the base and a few near the vertex.
Toward the top the body-whorl is rather compressed, the vertex
being a very narrowly rounded, compressed margin around the ivide
open and deep apical umbilicus, which is closely spirally grooved
within (fig. 46). Aperture narrow above, wider below ; columella
with a brown-stained, lunate, reflexed callus; parietal callus thin.

Alt. 24, diam. 13 mill.

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic coasts of Portugal and Morocco;
Pliocene of Florida (Dall), and living at Clearwater Harbor, W.
Florida (Johnson).

BULLA. 333

Bulla striata BRUGIERE, Encycl. Meth. i, p. 572. — PHIL. Moll.

il. i, p. 121. — WEINKAUFF, Coach yl. Mittelm. ii, p. 191. — B.om-
plmlodes MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 137; Malak. Bl. i, p.
44. — B. columnte DELLA CHIAGE, Test. utr. Sicil. iii, 2, p. 24, t. 46,
f. 17, 18.— B. dactyli* .MKE, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 137.— 7?. stri-
tita i'(/r. attenuata DALL, Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science of
Philadelphia iii, pt. 2, p. 219, pi. 13, f. lOa.

The prominent features of this Mediterranean species are its nar-
row vertex, widely open apical umbilicus, and the striation of both
ends of the shell. There is a variety (from Algeria, etc.) in which
the umbilicus is much narrower, not striated within, and without
spiral grooves at the upper end ; but my material is not sufficient to
show what status this form has. It may be a variety or a mere
random variation. Smith has reported striata from St. Helena, but
his synonymy is incorrect.

Specimens from the western Mediterranean are large, dilated
below, with compressed outer lip and rounded basal lip ; the super-
ior stride few or even obsolete, color as in the type, or boldly clouded
with black longitudinally. Figures 42, 43 represent shells of this
sort. Alt. as much as 30 mill.

I have satisfied myself by a comparison of specimens that Ball's
var. attenuata from the Pliocene of Shell Creek, Florida, is absolutely
identical with typical Mediterranean shells, such as the Grecian
specimen drawn in fig. 46 of pi. 37. It is likely that in Pliocene
times the species striata had a wide range embracing the Mediter-
ranean, West African and Antillean regions. It has persisted
almost unchanged in the former of these, and in West Africa and
America has diverged to form several ill-defined species, adansoniy
occidenta/is, amygdala, etc. However, a recent specimen collected
by C. W. Johnson at Clearwater Harbor, W. Florida, is indistin-
guishable from the Mediterranean types, having the same com-
pressed and widely umbilicated vertex, and subtruncate columella.

B. ADANSONII Philippi. PI. 38, fig. 61.

Shell ovate-oblong, solid ; whitish variegated with gray and
black, striated below. Vertex perforated. Aperture dilated below,
narrow above, the lip depressed and rectilinear in the middle.
Alt. 11, diam. 6J lines. Shell smaller and more ventricose than B.
striata of the Mediterranean, and differing in the very narrow apical

334 BULLA.

umbilicus. Smaller than B. media, with narrower umbilicus,

(Ph.-).

Seneyambia.

B. adansonii PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 121.— A. AD., Thes.
p. 576, pi. 123, f. 13.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 13.— DAUTZ., Mem.
Zool. Soc. France, iv, p. 25, 1891. — B. adansonii f var. minor DKR.,
Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer, p. 4, pi. 4, f. 11, 12.

Some specimens I have seen of this species differ from B. striata
in the points mentioned by Philippi. The figure on pi. 38 is copied
from Reeve, and is larger than the shells before me. Dunker has
given two figures of a var. minor. See pi. 39, f. 74, 75.

Specimens referable to B. adansoni are also before me from
Corisco, W. Africa. They constantly possess basal grooves, but
there are none at the vertex. The apical umbilicus is nearly as
wide and open as in typical B. striata. The color-pattern is a close,
even speckling of white dots, each with a dark brown or blackish
dot at its left side, and there are two or three dark girdles. Alt.
24, diam. 13 mill. One of these is shown in pi. 48, fig. 21.

It is indeed difficult to distinguish some West African specimens
from the Antillean B. amygdala; but as the geographic ranges of
the two are now so widely sundered, I consider it best to make the
distinction between them here. The only alternative to this course
would be to " lump " the whole striata group. Perhaps mala-
cologists may eventually rank the various forms of this group as
"subspecies" or geographic varieties; and this would be by no
means an unphilosophical procedure.

VAR. COMPRESSA Rochebrune. PI. 39, figs. 66, 67.

Shell distorted elongate, thick, longitudinally intensely striated,
concentrically, very minutely lirate at the anterior margin, lira? dis-
tant ; vertex obtuse, profoundly umbilicate. Aperture subample,
pyriform, narrow in front, dilated behind [sic] ; lip equalling the
spire; flattened in the middle, thickened and recurved below ; col-
umella arcuate thickened.

A k. 17, diam. 10 mill. (Rochebr.*).

Fossil in the conglomerates of Santiago, Cape Verdes.

B. compressa ROCHEBR., Nouv. Arch, du Mus. (2), iv, p. 265, pL
18, f. 10.

Closely allied to B. adansonii and var. minor Dkr.

KULLA. 335*

(Group of J>. tolid«\

B. PEKDICINA Menke. Unfigured.

Shell elliptical-ovate, somewhat narrowed below, narrowly um-
bilieated above, solid, opaque, nearly smooth, the longitudinal striae
scarcely seen, spiral stride wanting; lip subarcuate, with obtuse mar-
gin. Bright rufous-reddish, everywhere with whitish blotches and
brown dots articulated and somewhat banded.

Alt. 10, diam. 6'5 lines. (Mke.~).

Guinea; Sierra Leone ; Benguela.

Bulla (Eidlea) perdichw MKE., Mai. Bl. 1853, p. 140.— DKR.,
Ind. Moll. Gum. Inf., p. 5.

The quite egg-shaped form, solidity, opaqueness, smoothness and
light coloring of the shell, distinguish this species from others.
(Jflfec.)-

B. SOLIDA Gmel. PI. 43, figs. 1, 2; pi. 38, fig. 54; pi. 37, figs.
36, 37, 38.

Shell oval, solid and strong, clouded with purple ou a diffused
light ground-tint of purple and white, spotted with darker dots shad-
ing on the left side, bordered with ivhite on the right side. Surface
smooth with no spiral grooves whatever, but showing under a strong
lens, very dense and minute, spiral stria;, much ivaved and crenulaied.
Vertex rounded, with a moderate apical umbilicus, showing more or
less spiral liration within. Outer lip rising but little above the ver-
tex, its outer margin a little arcuate, base widely curved ; colurnella
arcuate, with a wide, reflexed whitish or tinted crescentic callus;
parietal callus strong. Interior rather livid, the lip-edge reddish.

Alt. 35, diam. 25 mill.

Gulf of Maracaibo (Capt. A. P. Foster !) ; Vera Cruz, Mexico
(Heilprin Exped., 1890!); St. Thomas (Krebs; Riise) ; Cuba
(Orb.); Martinique (CandtV) ; Guadeloupe (Hotess.).

Bulla solids GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13;, p. 3434, founded upon the
Violetfarbigc* Kibitz Ey of KNORR, Vergniigen der Augen und des.
Gemiiths, pt. 6, p. 40, pi. 21, f. 2.— MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 173.—
B. ampulla ORB., Moll. Cuba, p. 121 ; not of Liune.

This is very distinct from other West Indian species in its solid-
ity, rounded contour, entire lack of spiral grooves at base or top,
etc. The identification of Gmelin's very inaccurate description is

336 BULLA.

not unquestionable, but is likely. Some specimens before me agree
very well with Knorr's figure. On pi. 43 , figs. 1,2,1 have illus-
trated what I take to be a typical specimen from the Gulf of Mar-
acaibo. Fig. 54 of pi. 38 is also typical, but worn, from Vera Cruz.
Figs. 36-38 of pi. 37 represent a large individual with the outer
whitish coat worn off, showing the brown under-color; for the
'purple tint of unrubbed specimens seems to be the effect of a milky
film laid over brown markings, just as we find it in many bird's
eggs.

B. ROPERIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 48, figs. 19, 20.

Shell oval, similar in contour and general appearance to B. solida
Gmel., but smaller, thinner, with the internal columellar ledge of
callus more developed.

Color purplish, irregularly and copiously sprinkled with whitish
dots, sometimes coalesing into short zigzags, each shaded on the left
side with slaty- or purplish-black. Surface polished, with no spiral
grooves at base or vertex, but showing under a strong lens an ex-
cessively fine (in places vanishing) spiral striation — far more
minute and indistinct than in B. solida. Apical umbilicus moderate,
about as in B. solida, with 7-9 spiral grooves on the last whorl
within. (In B. solida they are fewer and more spaced, sometimes
obsolete). Outer lip evenly arcuate; columella arcuate, with a
reflexed crescentic callus the outer edge of which is lead-brown ;
inner edge thickened below by a ledge of callus somewhat as in the
typical B. striata. Parietal callus thin, extending far out of aper-
ture, and downward to the middle of the columellar crescent, the
outer edge of which is elevated below the junction of the appressed
parietal film ; no umbilical chink. Alt. 22, diam. 15 mill.; a
smaller specimen measures, Alt. 20, diam. 14 mill.

Balearic Is.

Several specimens occurred among B. striata of the form shown
in figs. 42, 43 of pi. 37, communicated to me by Mr. E. W. Roper
of Revere, Mass. Its only ally in the Atlantic seems to be the
West Indian B. solida. B. perdicina Mke., which I have not seen,
is a much narrower species; Meiike's measurements being (in
millimeters) about 20 by 11 mill.

(Deep sea species, white or without mottled color-pattern.')
B. GUERNEI Dautzenberg. PI. 39, figs. 68, 69 70.

Shell 3 mill, high, 2 mill, wide ; convolute, solid, ovate-globose.
First whorl almost wholly concealed ; last whorl very narrowly per-

BULLA. 337

forated or false-umbilicate above, rimate beneath ; smooth, shining,
showing when strongly magnified, numerous very weak growth-
striaB ; toward the base there are some well-marked, spaced spiral
stride. Aperture kidney-shaped, as long as the shell ; columella
thick, arcuate, a little reflexed ; lip acute and arcuate ; color sub-
hyaline white. (Dautz.}.

'Pico, Azores, 1287 meters,

Bulla cjuernei DAUTZ., Res. Camp. Sci. Albert I, fasc. i, Contr
Fauna Malac. des lies Azores, p. 24, pi. 1, f. 5ad., 1889.

B. SEMILJEVIS (Jeffr.) Seguenza.

I have not access to the work containing a description and figure
of this species.

Bay of Biscay (Jeffr.); Wed of Azores, 1000 fins.; off Faya.1,
Azores 450 fms., and off San Miguel, Azores, 1000 fms. (Chall.) ;
Middle Pliocene of Calabria (Seguenza).

Bulla semilcevis JEFFREYS, Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1880, p.
10, name only. — SEGUENZA, Form. Terz. Calabria, in Mem. Acad.
di Lincei, Ser. 3, vi, p. 251, pi. xvi, f. 5. — WATSON, Challenger
Gastr., p. 638.

BULLA SUBROTUNDA Jeffreys (Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1873, p.
113, name only. Monts., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vi, p. 77). Off Jij-
eli, Algerian coast of Mediterranean ; also Atlantic, and fossil at
Ficarazzi.

B. KREBSII Dall. Unfigured.

Shell nearly the form of B. occidentalis A. Adams, but more
cylindrical and of an ivory porcellanous white. The posterior angle
of the aperture is more sharp and the aperture near it narrower,
while on the columella there is a faint revolving ridge which sug-
gests a plait, though too obscure to be so named. The surface is
brilliantly polished, with perceptible incremental lines. Callus on
the body thin, with a very minute chink behind that on the pillar.
Apex deeply sunken, pervious, scalate, showing nearly four volu-
tions, the margin of the vertex rounded, with faint indications of a
carinal line. Max. Ion. 8*0 ; max. lat. 5*0 mill. (Da//).

Near Guadeloupe, in 769 fms., East from Tobayo, 880 fms.

Bulla krebsii DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 56; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.
xii, 1889, p. 298.

338 BULLA.

I cannot make this fit in with any previously known species. It
may prove not to be a typical Bulla. (Dall).

B. CLAUSA Dall. Unfigured.

Shell small, subtranslucent, solid, of the form of B. solida (Gmelin,
non Brugiere) pale yellowish-brown verging towards salmon color
in the darkest parts ; surface polished, with well marked incre-
mental lines and extremely fine microscopic wavy spiral striae over
the whole surface. Aperture as long as the shell ; wide anteriorly
with a strongly arched callus, white columella having a groove be-
hind it and a thin callus on the body. Apex impeforate, meeting
the descending outer lip with hardly a dimple. Max. Ion. 11/5;
Max. lat. 7-75 mill. (Dall).

Bulla. clausa DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 57.

Florida, collector unknown, U. S. Nat. Museum, JS"o. 55188.

This is the only shell, except the abyssal species like eburnea and
abyssicola, having the solidity and characteristic form of typical
Bulla, which I have found without an apical perforation or distinct
pattern of coloration, yet it seems too heavy and porcellanous to be
referred to Haminea. It was probably collected by Stimpson.
(Dall).

B. ABYSSICOLA Dall. PI. 36, fig. 31.

Shell of moderate size, and nearly the shape of B. ampulla, but
proportionately wider behind, white with an ill-defined band of pale
yellow-brown encircling the periphery ; aperture as long as the
shell ; outer lip simple, nearly straight, rounded before and behind,
not extending beyond the summit of the left side of the shell ; apex
depressed, immersed, forming a slight pit with none of the whorls
visible ; surface ornamented with fine, minutely punctate spiral
grooves, more crowded before and behind, more distant about the
periphery, from four to twelve in the width of a millimeter and from
eight to ten punctations in the length of a millimeter, according to
the part of the shell examined, besides these there are numerous still
finer striae, also punctate, but more finely, which, when very faint,
appear like rows of very faint puncticulations; otherwise the sur-
face is smooth, or even polished, the lines of growth hardly per-
ceptible ; aperture narrow behind, wide in front, the pillar reflected,
and a thin layer of callus evenly spread over the body within the
aperture; proportions of younger specimens much the same, but a

BULLA. 339

little more pointed at the extremities. Lon. of shell and aperture*
12*75. Max. lat. of shell, 9*0 ; of aperture, 5'25 ; min. lat. of aper-
ture, 1-5 mill. (Dall).

Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. ; off Frederikstadt, Santa Cruz, 508 fms.
(Blake) ; Bay of Biscay (Travailleur) ; off Fayal, Azores 450 fms.
(Chall.).

Bulla abyssicola DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 97 ; Blake Gastr., p.
56, pi. 17, f. 11. — B. pinguicula JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5),
vi, p. 318 (name only). — WATSON Chall. Gastr. p. 638.

The nearest relative of this species appears to be the Bulla utri-
culus of Europe, which is longer, less cylindrical, and has a deep pit
at the apex. I have been enabled from an inspection of his type
to determine that the manuscript name of Dr. Jeffreys applies to this
species. (Dull).

B. GEMMA Verrill. Unfigured.

Shell white, rather solid, resembling, in size and form, Cylichna
occulta (Migh.), but distinguished by having a small, distinct um-
bilicus, and also a narrow deep pit at the apex of the spire. Sculpt-
ure, a few distinct spiral lines at each end ; middle region of shell
smooth. Length, 4*2 ; breadth, 2*5 mill. ( F.).

Outer banks, off Southern New England (U. S. Fish Com. sta-
tions 871, 873).

Dvaphana ( Utriculus) gemma V., Amer. Journ. Sci. (3), xx, p.
399 (1880).

Dall believe this to be the same as his later described B. eburnea.

B. EBURNEA Dall. PL 36, fig. 21.

Shell small, ivory-white, polished, ovate, the aperture extended
posteriorly a little beyond the left hand summit of the whorl ; sculpt-
ure, a few spiral grooves near either extremity, more numerous and
crowded anteriorly ; these grooves somewhat zigzag from irregular-
ities of growth, but not puncticulate; remainder' of the shell with-
out sculpture, except most minute microscopic faint indications of
spiral strite and faint lines of growth ; apex minutely pitted, but the
pit nearly covered by a small reflection of the lip where it joins the
posterior face of the body ; outer lip thin, sharp, curved round and
reflected at the anterior end of the axis ; a thin deposit over the

340 BULLA.

body within the aperture. Lon. of shell and aperture, 7'25. Max.
lat. of shell, 4'25 ; of aperture, 2'0 ; mill. lat. of aperture, 0'75 mill.
(Dall).

Blake Station 43, 339 fms.

Bulla f eburnea DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 98, 1881 ; Blake
Rep. p. 55, pi. 17, f. 6. — ? Diaphana gemma VERRILL Amer. Journ.
Sci. (3) xx, p. 399.

I have seen only one specimen of each of the above species, and
they certainly appear very different in some respects ; but the range
of variation in these forms is little understood, and I do not feel con-
fident that it may not be larger than generally supposed. In that
case it is possible that the two forms may represent the extremes of
one species. This should not be confounded with the Bulla eburnea
of A. Adams, which is a member of the genus Volvula. Not possess-
ing the soft parts, I have preferred to refer this species to the genus
Bulla, though it may belong in the preceding family. (Z)a//).

SPECIES OF THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA.

B. GOULDIANA Pilsbry. PI. 36, figs. 22, 23, 24.

Shell large, ovate or oval, thin ; pinkish fawn-colored dappled
with slate-black spots, each shading into the ground-color on the right
and bordered with whitish on the left, or with similarly shaded
^ -shaped or £> -shaped markings ; covered when fresh by a yellow-
ish-brown or mahogony epidermis. Surface smoothish, with irregular
growth-wrinkles ; showing under a strong lens an extremely minute
granulation. Apex narrowly umbilicated, the interior of the per-
foration showing no spiral striae, or but a few in its depth. Col-
umella thickened with a crescentic callus. Interior of mouth shoiv-
ing the external markings viewed by reflected light.

Alt. 55, diam. 37 mill.

Alt. 40, diam. 30 mill.

San Pedro, Santa Barbara and San Diego, California, to Cape St.
Lucas ; Guaymas, West Mexico and Mazatlan.

Bulla nebulosa Gould, A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 578, pi. 123, f.
79, 80.— MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 162.— CARPENTER, Moll.
Western N. A, pp. 22, 26, 79, 85, 107, 132, 151, 153 ; Rep. Brit.
Asso. Adv. Sci. 1856, pp. 198, 233, 234, 237, 284, 289, 313, 352,
353; Mazatlan Catal., p. 173, 540 ; P. Z. S. 1856, "p. 220.— Sown.,

BULLA. 341

Conch. Icon, xvi, f. 6.— KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 126, f. 117.
Not B. nebulosa Schroeter, 1804.

This large species is much thinner than B. ampulla. It is larger
than any other American form, and has a characteristic pattern of
coloration and microscopic sculpture.

B. ASPERSA A. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28.

Shell oblong-ovate, narrowed anteriorly, solid, opaque, longitu-
dinally substriated, with numerous very fine stria?, painted with
white punctured spots; outer lip rather straight, its upper angle
produced ; inner lip thickened, white internally. (Ad.*).

Payta, Peru, 6-8 fms. (Cuming).

B. aspersa AD., Thes. p. 578, pi. 123, f. 78.— SOWB., Conch. Icon.,
f. 18.

This species is evidently closely allied to B. punctulata, but the
exact relationship of the twro can be settled only by an examination
of the type specimen. Figs. 27, 28 represent a lower Californiau shell
referred to this species, but not without some doubt. It differs from
punctulata in having the interior of the apical umbilicus sculptured
with fewer (3-5) widely spaced spiral impressed stria?.

B. PUNCTULATA A. Adams. PI. 37, fig. 39 ; pi. 36, figs. 29, 30.

Shell oval, solid ; indistinctly clouded with flesh-color on a lighter
ground, and usually obscurely blotched with dark, forming two ill-
defined girdles ; the whole showing few or many dark dots shaded on
the lefty white-edged on the right side. Surface smooth, showing
under a strong lens an excessively dose and fine wavy spiral striation.
Vertex umbilicated, the interior of the umbilicus sculptured with deep
spiral grooves, about a dozen in number. Aperture lined with
whitish, scarcely showing the external markings. Columella bear-
ing a heavy lunate callus which is often brown-edged ; parietal
callus thick and heavy.

Alt. 25, diam. 16 mill.

Panama (Cuming) ; Mazatlan ; Cape St. Lucas.

Sulla pundata A. AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 77. Not
of Schroeter. — B. punctulata A. AD., t. c., p. 604. — SOWERBY, Conch.
Icon. f. 8. — Bulla adamsi Mke., CPR., Maz. Catal., p. 172 (and per-
haps B. adamsi Mke., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 162, excl. synonymy).
— ? B. quoyi A. AD., Thes., p. 576, pi. 123, f. 71, and SOWB., Conch.
Icon. f. 19.
23

342 BIILLA.

This species may prove the same as the earlier described B. rufo-
labris. It is smaller and much solider than B. nebulosa, with the
apical umbilicus wider and strongly grooved spirally within. The
external sculpture of close microscopic wavy striae is also character-
istic.

It is not perfectly clear what Menke intended to indicate by his
B. adamsi. He expressly states that it has no spiral striation, and
he says that it is the B. australis of Adams (see pi. 35, figs. 15,
16, copies of Adams' figures), not australis Quoy. Now Adams'
figures show none of the dark and white dotting so characteristic of
this west coast species, and are certainly different ; and as Menke's
description certainly does not apply well to the species under con-
sideration, the name adamsi has better be dropped from the list of
We$ American Bullas.

Angas reports B. punctulata from Port Jackson and New Caledo-
nia (P. Z. S. 1867, p. 226). A tray of Australian specimens before
me, sent by Dr. J. C. Cox, show no variation whatever from the
many specimens before me from Panama, Mazatlan and Cape St.
Lucas.

B. punctata (A. Ad. MS.) Sowerby (Conch. Icon. f. 15) seems to
me only a large form of B. punctulata. In any case the name cannot
be used, being preoccupied. Sowerby's figures are copied on pi. 37,
figs. 40, 41, and his description is as follows: Shell ovate-ventricose,
solid, smooth, slightly narrowed posteriorly, reddish-grey, clouded
with brown, sprinkled with small spots, posterior end obtuse, sides
rather compressed, umbilicus large, columella thick, rather straight,
outer lip thinly expanded. While the form is like that of Bulla
eruentata, the markings of this shell resemble those of B. aspersa,
which is more tapering towards the upper end. (Sowb.}.

Bulla quoyi of A. Adams (pi. 34, fig. 9) is probably a synonym
of B. punctulata or B. aspersa. At all events, it is certainly not
the true quoyi of Gray.

B. RUFOLABRIS A. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 47, 48.

Shell elongately cylindrical, solid, opaque, longitudinally grooved ;
reddish, painted with dark ash-colored spots, dotted with white ; lip
rather straight, bent in in the middle, the margin of a red color.

Galapagos Is., 6 fms. (Cuming).

BULLA. 343

Balla rufolabris AD., Thes. ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 76.— SOWB.,
Conch. Icon. f. 17.

I have not seen this species, which seems to be distinguished from
B. pundulata mainly by its red-edged lip.

B. PANAMENSIS Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell oblong-ovate, solid ; whitish marbled with brown ; destitute
of transverse strice ; vertex umbilicated, spirally striated; aperture
dilated below, narrow above ; lip straight in the middle.

Alt. 1 1 , diam. 8 lines. (Phil.').

Panama (E. B. Phil.).

B. panamensis PH., Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1848, p. 141.

Distinguished from B. media and B. striata by the lack of all striae
(Ph.'). This is probably identical with pundulata or aspera, but the
description is not sufficient for identification.

B. EX A R ATA Carpenter. Unfigured.

Shell small, elliptical, compressed, aperture elongated, narrow ;
brown, covered with a thin epidermis ; spirally delicately grooved,
the lines more or less distant, nearly vanishing in the middle ;
spire hardly deeply umbilicated, with transverse divaricate striae
within ; lip produced above ; inner lip forming an umbilicus-like
chink toward the columella.

Alt. '125, diam. '055 inch. (Cpr.).

Mazatlan, on Spondylus, Liverpool Coll.

Bui la exarata CPR., Maz. Cat., p. 173.

Distinguished by the acuminated form, fine, rather distant spiral
grooves, narrow produced aperture, and slight umbilical chink
formed by a fold of the labium. The small spiral umbilicus ap-
pears slightly denticulate within, from the striae of growth being
there well marked. The labrum extends '005 beyond the spire.

INDO-PACIFIC SPECIES.
B. AMPULLA Linne. PL 34, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell large, solid, globular-oval, with the lateral outlines every-
where well rounded. Closely and finely mottled or speckled all over
with pinkish-gray on a creamy or flesh-tinted ground, usually with
darker clouds, irregular or > -shaped ; covered when fresh with a

344 BULLA.

thin yellowish-brown epidermis. Surface smooth, showing under a
lens neither spiral striae nor granulation. Apical umbilicus very
small and deep, without spiral stride within when adult. Aperture
narrow and curved above, dilated below, lined with white callus;
columella heavy and thick, with a crescentic white callus ; parietal
callus strong.

Alt. 51,diam. 39 mill.

Viti Is. (Garrett); Fiji Is. (U. S. Expl. Exped.) ; Lombok
(Tudor) ; Philippines (Ad.) ; Port Jackson (Challenger) ; Port
Stephens and Bellenger River (Brazier) ; Red Sea (Issel) ; Seychel-
les, Amirantes, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, (Martens) ; Natal
Say (Krauss).

Bulla ampulla L., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1183. — SOWERBY, Genera, pi.
31? f. 4— AD., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 575, pi. 122, f. 59-62.— SOWB.,
Conch. Icon., f. 3.— ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 167, 281. — MARTENS,
Meeresfauna Mauritius, p. 303 ; Monatsber. Berl. Acad. 1879, p.
737._CooKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130.— WATSON, Chal-
lenger Gastr. p. 637. — KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll. p. 70. — ANGAS,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 189.— £. villosa MARTYN, Univ. Conch, ii, pi. 95 ;
Chenu's edit. p. 26, pi. 32, f. 3a.

The largest species of the genus. It is distinguished from nebu-
losa by the greater solidity and the coloration, which never shows
dark shaded spots edged with white on the right side. It is more
globose than B. australis or B. adamsi.

Var. bifasciata Menke. PL 34, fig. 5.

Shell smaller, mottled all over as in the type, but encircled by two
dark bands ; columella often with a low projection.

Fiji Is.; Moluccas ; Philippines.

Bulla collumellaris var. bifasciata MKE., Mai. Bl. i,p. 43, founded
upon Martini Conch. Cab. vol. i, f. 190, 191. — B. bifasciata GOULD,
U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 220, f. 264, 1852, (as of Martini and
Chemnitz).

Var. trifasciata Sowb. PL 34, fig. 4.

Shell mottled and encircled by three dark bands. Hardly dis-
tinct varietally from the preceding.

Philippines (Cuming) ; Hall Sound, New Guinea ; Solomon Is*
(Brazier).

BULLA. 345

I*, trifasciata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 1, March, 1868. — BRAZIER,
P. L. S. K S. W. ii, p. 83.

Menke attempted to separate from B. ampulla certain forms
under the name B. columellaris (Mai. Bl. 1854, p. 26) ; these
shells, he claims, are mostly smaller than ampulla, thinner, more
translucent, with narrower apical perforation ; the upper process
of the lip is broadly rounded " like the wings of a brooding hen ; "
the columella is flattened, and has a low projection. In the suite
before me I am unable to make the separation he indicates, as the
characters seem to be too variable, and those he mentions are not
always correlated with each other.

B. CRUENTATA A. Adams. PI. 34, figs. 6, 7.

Shell ovately-globose, inflated, solid, opaque ; variegated with
blood-red spots, punctated with white ; white within. (Ad.). Shell
ovate-subpyriform, narrowed above the center, solid, smooth, red,
variegated with large red-brown patches and blackish spots ; aper-
ture large, pale reddish, expanded at the lower part ; outer lip rose
colored, raised above the apex, rounded ; inner lip white, thickened ;
columella thick, broad, arched; apical umbilicus rather wide.

<&w&.)'

Reunion (Desh.) ; Moluccas (Cuming).

B. cruentata Ad., Thes. p. 577, pi. 126, f. 75.— Sows., Conch.
Icon., f. 2. — Probably Bulla rubicunda SCHROETER, Archiv fiir
Zoologie u. Zootomie (Wiedemann's) iv, pt. 1, p. 18 (Con/. Mai.
Bl. i, p. 43, and Meeresfauna Maurit., etc., p. 303).

Besides the difference in general coloring and the rose bordering
of the outer lip, there is a difference in shape between this species
and Bulla ampulla, the former being more compressed above the
center. (Sowb.).

B. ADAMSI Menke. PL 35, figs. 15, 16, 19, 20.

Shell ov&l-cylindric, solid, closely marbled with reddish on a pale
ground, much as in B. ampulla; generally having three or four
bands of darker mottling. Vertex umbilicated, the umbilicus not
spirally striated within in adults. Outer lip nearly straight in
the middle ; columella and parietal wall strongly calloused. Alt.
45, diam. 30 mill.

Tahiti (Cuming) ; Tonga (Phila. Acad. Coll.) ; Islands in Torres
^Straits and off N. E. Australia (Brazier).

346 BULLA.

Bulla adamsii MENKE, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1850, p. 162 ; Mai. BL
1854, p. 43. — B. adamsi BRAZIER (again), Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S,
Wales, x, p. 92, 1885.— B. austral is A. ADAMS, Thes. ii, p. 576, pi.
122, f. 64-66.— SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 12.— WATSON (in part)
Challenger Gastr., p. 638. Not B. australis Gray nor Sowerby.

A more cylindrical, less inflated shell than B. ampulla, and wider
than B. australis, with wider umbilicus. In his attempt to rectify
the error of Adams, Mr. Brazier added another synonym to this
species ; but the name he gives had been anticipated by Menke,,
thirty-five years previously.

B. AUSTRALIS (Gray) Quoy & Gaimard. PL 35, figs. 17, 18.

Shell elongated, cylindrical ; color variable, but usually pale,,
marbled with reddish, with longitudinal deep brown flames, some-
times traversed by a narrow, well defined band. Aperture rising
above the spire, enlarged toward the base ; vertex impressed and
perforated by a very small apical umbilicus.

King George's Sound (Q. & G.) ; between Freemantle and Wood-
mans Point, W. Australia (Menke) ; also Tasmania (Beddome et
al) ; Port Jackson (Brazier) ; Spencer and St. Vincent Gulfs (An-
gas) ; Port Lincoln and Adelaide ; New Zealand (Yates and Dief-
fenbach).

B. australis GRAY, Annals of Philos. (n. s.) ix, p. 408, 1825;
Capt. King's Surv. Intertrop. Austr. ii, appendix, p. 490, 1827. —
BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, x, p. 89, 1885.— 5. austra-
lis Q. & G. (de novo~), Zool. Voy. de 1'Astrol. ii, p. 357, pi. 26, f. 38,.
39. Not B. australis A. Ad. or Sowerby. — Bulla oblonga A. AD.,
Thes. ii, p. 577, pi. 123, f. 74.— SOWB., in Conch. Icon., f. 9.—? B.
substriata MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 136.

The typical australis is elongated with the apical perforation
minute or closed. This form may be confined to the western and
southwestern coasts of Australia. Gray's several descriptive notices
of the species are wretchedly inadequate, and I have therefore left
Quoy & Gaimard's names stand for it. Brazier has given the
synonymy almost in full. The distribution of this species in New
Zealand requires confirmation and comparison with Australian spe-
cimens.

Var. OBLONGA A. Adams. PL 35, figs. 12, 13, 14.

Shell oblong, a little narrower above, the side outlines slightly
convex. Surface polished, showing when strongly magnified very

BULLA. 347

close, fate, crennkded spiral strim. Apical umbilicus about '2 mill,
wide, not spirally grooved within ; lip thin at its origin on the ver-
tex, curving strongly forward above, straightened in the middle;
columella short, concave, the edge of the reflexed crescentic callus
appressed ; parietal callus light. Alt. 53, diam. 30 mill.

Philippines and Island of Annaa, on the reefs (Cuming) ; Port
Jackson.

This variety seems to be less narrow than the type, and the um-
bilicus is wider. The specimen described above is from Port Jack-
son, collected by Godeffroy.

A. ANGASI Pilsbry. PI. 36, figs. 32, 33.

Shell thick, subcylindrical, rather short, posteriorly subattenuated,
anteriorly rounded, smooth, whitish, variegated and clouded with
red band and broad spots, with white angular lines; aperture white,
outer lip thickened within, inner lip strongl}7 arched. (Sowb.)

Middle Harbor, Port Jackson (Angas). .

B. solida A. Ad. MS., SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 10. — B. solida,
Gmel. MS. ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 226. Not B. solida Gmelin.

Among the many B. solida before me, none show any approach
to the style of painting of this species, which I know only from the
works of Sowerby and Angas. The latter author says : a prettily
painted species, peculiarly marked with large angular blotches of
rose liver-color on a grayish-white ground. Length 1 inch.

B. TENUISSIMA Sowerby. PI. 34, figs. 10, 11.

Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, subpellucid, very thin, pale
brown, variegated with subquadrate, dull brown spots, principally
arranged in four rows, umbilicus wide, margin of the aperture rather
straight, columella margin white, flat, arched, narrow. (Sowb.).

Swan River, Australia.

B. tenuissima SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 4, Jan., 1868.

Remarkable for the thinness of its half-transparent texture.
(8owb.).

B. INCOMMODA Smith. PI. 39, fig. 72.

Shell small, narrowly umbilicated, ovate, white, shining, sculp-
tured above and below with few transverse stria?, striated with lines
of growth ; apex very narrowly perforated. Aperture narrow, a
little dilated beneath, produced above the vertex above ; columella

348 BULLA.

slightly twisted, arcuate below, reflexed, expanded. Alt. 5 £, greater
diam. 82, lesser diam. 3 mill. ($.).

Off Sydney; S. Lat. 34° 13', E. Long. 151° 38' (Challenger).

Bulla incommoda E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1891, p. 442, pi. 35, f.
20.

The few spiral striae at each end are rather far apart with the
exception of those immediately around the umbilicus, which are
more approximated. ($.).

B. QUOYI Gray. PL 39, fig. 71.

Shell oval, solid, indistinctly and closely marbled with fleshy pur-
ple gray on a pale ground, with two or three ill-defined encircling
zones of heavier, darker mottling. Surface smooth, but sculptured
toward the base by separated spiral grooves, becoming closer below ;
apical perforation moderately wide, either spirally grooved within
or nearly smooth. Columella with a moderate, lunate white callus ;
parietal callus thin. Interior whitish or fleshy. Alt. 25-26, diam.
16 mill.

Bay of Islands (Quoy) ; Auckland (Hutton ; Wright).

Bulla striata Q. & G., Voy. de 1'Astrol., Zool. i, p. 354, pi. 26, f.
8, 9. Not of Linne. — B. quoyii GRAY, Dieflfenbach's N. Z. ii, p.
243.— SMITH, Zool. Erebus & Terror, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 11.— HUTTON,
Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 121. Not B. quoyi A. Ad., Sowb. or Cpr.

Well distinguished from other species of the southwest Pacific by
the spiral grooves at the base.

B. PEASIANA Pilsbry, n. n. PI. 34, fig. 8.

Shell ovately-oblong, thin, light, perforate ; outer lip straight ;
longitudinally finely striated, and marked with fine microscopic
spiral striaB. Color chocolate-brown, mottled with darker, and
freckled and blotched with white. (Pse.).

Sandwich Islands (Pse.),

Bulla marmorea PSE., P. Z. S., 1860, p. 431.— SOWB., Conch.
Icon., f. 16. Not B. marmorea Schroeter.

The specimens before me are excessively similar to the West
Indian B. occidentalis ; in fact would be considered that were it not
for the difference in locality. Can the Sandwich Islands specimens
be ballast shells? The name of the species is preoccupied by
Schroeter.

BULLA. 349

B. CONSPERSA Pease. PI. 39, fig. 73.

Shell ovate, rather solid, perforate, smooth, marked faintly with
longitudinal stride of growth ; aperture contracted above, expanded
below ; outer lip slightly produced posteriorly ; white, promiscuously
spotted and mottled with white, black and brown of different shades,
towards the base encircled with a single red band which is generally
obsolete or altogether wanting. (Pse.).

Marquesas Is.

£. conspersa PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch., v, p. 72, pi. 8, f. 9. 1869.
Compare B. ovula Old. with which this may prove identical.

B. VERNICOSA Gould. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-globose, solid, smooth, widely perforated ; ashy,
variegated with rufous, and encircled by four bands of brown spots
sometimes angular. Aperture narrow, lip straight, slightly inflected,
rufous-edged ; throat porcellaneous. Alt. 1*3 in., diam. '8 in. ( Old.}.

Liu Kin Is. (W. Stimp.).

B. vernieosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 138, Oct., 1859;
Otia Conch., p. 111.

Very shining, less inflated and narrower aperture than B. am-
pulla ; more globose and more polished than B. australis (Old.).

The following seems to be a synonym or variety of vernieosa.
TAR. OVULA (Gld.) Sowb. PL 36, figs. 34, 35.

Shell oblong but with convex, not flattened lateral outlines;
slightly narrowed above; apical umbilicus narrow (1 to H milL
diam.), white and weakly spirally grooved within. Brown with
scattered white dots, and showing three or four spiral ill-defined
bands of darker clouding or mottling. Columella rather straight-
ened, with a chink along the edge of the reflexed crescentic white
callus.

Alt. 24, diam. 16 mill.

Alt. 21, diam. 13£ mill.

Boshiu, Japan ; Liu Kin Is. (Fr. Stearns).

B. ovula (Gould, where?) SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5, Jan., 1868.

Evidently nearly allied to B. conspersa Pse. Perhaps this is the
:shell Dunker called " B. ampulla." Angas (P. Z. S., 1867, p. 227)
ias quoted " B. ovulum Gld. MSS. in Mus. Cuming " as a synonym

CNIVEBSIIY

350 AKERIDJE.

of his B. magdelus Lister, from Middle Harbor and Long Bay, N~.
S. Wales. The name " magdelus " seems to be an odd error for
amygdalus (Lister, pi. 714, f. 72), a West Indian form.

The following species described by Schroeter are in my opinion
not identifiable with certainty unless the types can be found. All
but the latter three or four are undoubted typical Bullas. The
localities of none of them are known.

B. MAPPA Schroeter, Archiv fiir Zool. u. Zoot. (Wiedemann) iv,
p. 17, 1804, may be B. oblonga Ad. or solida Gmel. The coloring
is hardly that of ampulla.

B. ADSPERSA Schroeter, t. c. p. 18, may be B. aspersa Ad., B..
solida Gmel., or some other white-sprinkled form.

B. CINEREA Schroeter, t. c. p. 18, may be amygdala Dillw.

B. TIGRIS Schroeter, L c. p. 19. Undetermined.

B. RUFESCENS Schroeter, t. c. p. 19. Undetermined.

B. DISCORS Schroeter, t. c. p. 19. Undetermined.

B. NEBULOSA Schroeter, t. c. p. 20, may be B. australis.

B. MARMOREA Schroeter, /. c. p. 20, may be B. adamsi.

B. PENNATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 21. Undetermined.

B. PULVERULENTA Schroeter, t. c. p. 21. Undetermined.

B. LIGATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 21. Undetermined.

B. ANNULATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 23. Undetermined.

B. PUNCTATA Schroeter, t. c. p. 24. Undetermined.

B. PURPUREA Schroeter, t. c. p. 24, =Ackaiina purpurea Gmel.

BULLA (BULLEA) CYPRAEOLA Menke, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p.
140, habitat unknown.

BULLA (BULLEA) NUX Mke., t c. p. 140, from Cuba, may prove
to be either B. occidentalis or B. amygdala.

BULLA (BULLEA) SPLENDENS Mke., t. c. p. 137, habitat un-
known.

Family AKERID^E Pilsbry.

==Bullid(je in part, of FISCHER, Man. de Conch., p. 558.

Shell oval or cylindrical, thin and fragile, of a light yellow..
brown or green tint, the spire low or concealed.

. 351

Radula having many longitudinal rows of teeth, the central*
narrow, hardly larger than the side teeth, with the cusp serrate ;-.
side teeth falcate with the cusp long and serrate, becoming simple
on the outer teeth.

The genera here assembled agree in the common character of a
light-colored, thin shell, and (as far as known) a multidentate rad-
ula with teeth of the primitive Tectibranch type found in Aplysii-
dce, etc When the anatomy of Cylindrobulla and Volvatella is
better known, a division into two or three families may become nec-
essary.

Synopsis of Subfamilies and Genera.
^Epipodial lobes developed, large.

Subfamily AKERIN^E (Aceridce Mazzarelli).

Shell fragile, elastic, with entirely exposed, nearly level spire,,
deep sutural slit and wide anal fascicle. Animal with long narrow-
head disk, large epipodial lobes reflexed over the shell, and many
cartilaginous stomach plates.

Contains the single genus Akera (see pi. 42, figs. 11-18).

Subfamily HAMINEIN^E Pilsbry.

Shell brittle, with concealed spire; a posterior sinus, but no
sutural slit or anal fasciole ; the interior not wholly visible iron*
base. Animal with a quadrate head disk, bilobed behind ; epipo-
dial lobes large, reflexed over the shell. Principal stomach plates?
three.

Contains the single genus Haminea (see pi. 40, 41).

* * No epipodial lobes.

Subfamily VOLVATELLIN.E Pilsbry.

Shell fragile and elastic, with concealed spire, and either a sutural
slit or a posterior "spout"; no distinct anal fasciole; aperture
very narrow above, effuse and open below, showing the whole
interior from the base. Animal with a quadrate head disk, bilobed'
behind. No epipodial lobes. Dentition unknown.

a. Shell cylindrical, the aperture with a deep narrow slit follow-
ing the suture. Genus Cylindrobulla (see plate 42, figs. 19..
20).

b. Shell swollen, contracted at vertex into an erect " spout " ; no*

sutural slit. Genus Volvatella (see pi. 42, figs. 21-23).

"352 HAMINEA.

Genus HAMINEA Leach, 1847.

Haminea Leach MS. GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 161 (H. liydatis).
A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 557. — SOWB., Conch. Icon., xvi. — VAYS-
SIERE, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., ix, 1879-80, arid Recherches sur les
Moll. Opisthobr., Ire pt., Tectibranches, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat.
Marseille, Zool. ii, p. 18, 1885, (anatomy).— Hamincea LEACH,
Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 40, 1852.

Shell thin and rather fragile, unicolored, corneous, yellowish or
greenish, covered with a thin cuticle, globose, ovate or cylindric-
oval, the spire sunken and concealed, vertex concave, imperforate or
minutely perforate; body whorl large; aperture as long as the
shell, broadly rounded below, narrow above ; columella simply con-
cave, thin, its edge narrowly reflexed, showing a slight fold where it
joins the body of the shell ; lip retreating above, but not distinctly
sin used. Type B. hydatis L.

Animal capable of retraction into the shell ; cephalic disc large,
truncated in front, strongly bilobed behind, the eyes small. Mantle
rudimentary, covered by the shell. Epipodial lobes large, reflexed
over and partially covering the shell, (pi. 43 fig. 6). Sole long,
tapering behind ; gizzard very muscular, armed within with three
large corneous .curved plates (pi. 48, figs. 2, 3), and three pairs of
.small plates. (See pi. 48, fig. 1, H. navicula; also figs. 9 to 13).

Radula having the formula <x> , 1, 1, 1, oo . Central tooth small,
adjacent laterals large, with a long serrate cusp ; uncini many (55
in H. navicula) with long, simple cusps.

The shell in this genus differs from all other Akeridce in being
more compactly convoluted with less developed posterior sinus in
the outer lip. It differs from Sulla in being thin, unicolored and
imperforate or nearly so at vertex. The anatomical distinctions
from Bulla are many and important; and it is not easy to see why
Fischer placed Haminea under that group as a subgenus.

The anatomy has been studied and figured by Vayssiere, and the
-shells have been monographed by Arthur Adams and Sowerby. A
good figure of the dentition is still lacking.

No useful subdivision of the group other than a geographic one
can now be made, although the different modes of the insertion of
the outer lip at the vertex offers a good character (compare H. nav-
icula with H. elegans Gray). The animals of the European and
West Indian species seem to have a finely peppered or dotted

HAMINEA. 35$

color-pattern, while such of the oriental forms as are known are
more boldly spotted. The food of the European species is exclus-
ively vegetable, consisting of algre and zostera.

European species.

There are three European species vfHaminea: H. NAVICULA,

distinguished by its large size, very concave columella and spiral
striation. H. HYDATIS, smaller (rarely over 12 mill, alt.) with
straighter columella and more effaced spiral striation. H. ORBIG-
NYANA, about the size of hydatis, but having the upper curve of
the lip prolonged high above the vertex.

H. NAVICULA Da Costa. PI. 41, figs. 17, 18.

Shell thin, oblong-cylindric, truncated above, rounded below ; sur-
face corneous or lemon-yellow, marked by irregular growth wrinkles?
and showing all over under a lens, excessively fine spiral wavy en-
graved grooves, far narrower than their interspaces. Vertex imper-
forate, concave and white in the middle. Outer lip slightly arcu-
ate, rounded above and below, a little thickened, but not twisted
toward the upper insertion. Columella very concave, thin, reflexed ;
parietal callus thin. Alt. 23, diam. 16 mill.

Atlantic coast of Europe from England to Spain; Mediterranean
Sea.

Sulla ampulla PENNANT (not L.) Brit. Zool. no. 84, 1776.— £,
navicula DA COSTA Brit. Conch., p. 28, pi. l,f. 10, 1778 — BUQUOY,
DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 517, pi. 63, f. 4-7.— B. hydatis
BRUG., Enc. Meth., p. 374, in part — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist,
Brit. Moll., iii, p. 530, pi. 104d, f. 7 (shell) ; pi. uu, f. 3 (animal).
— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iv, p. 437; v, pi. 95, fig. 3. — SOWB..
Conch. Icon., f. 4, and of authors generally. Not B. hydatis Linne.
—Bulla conieaLAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 36, 1822. — Haminea cuvieri
LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 41, 1852. — Haminea subpellucida H.
AD., P. Z. S. 1869, p. 275, pi. 19, f. 13.

This species is generally known as H. hydatis, but it is quite dis-
tinct from that species in the larger size, much stronger spiral stria-
tion, more marked growth wrinkles, more concave columella, etc.
The bibliography of the form is extensive, as usual with European
species, but is mostly under the names hydatis L. and cornea Lmk.

Var. globosa Jeffr. (pi. 41, fig. 17). More globular. Var. globoso
major Monts. Large and globose. Venice. Var. expansa Monts.

HAMINEA.

Aperture much dilated. Var. subquadrata Monts. Subangular
above and below. Var. albina Monts. Entirely white. Var./er-
ruginosa Monts. Ferruginous tawny. Var. glaucescens Monts.
Pale yellow or greenish.

H. HYDATIS Linne. PI. 41, figs. 19, 20.

Shell thin, subpellucid, oblong-oval, truncated above, rounded
below ; surface clear corneous or pale greenish -yellow, with slight
growth lines and extremely minute close wavy spiral striae. Ver-
tex imperforate, narrowly concave; outer lip arcuate, rounded
above and below, slightly thickened toward the upper insertion.
Columella short, vertical, rather straightened, its edge reflexed but
not closely appressed. Alt. 11, diam. 8 mill.

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic coasts of Spain and France; north
to South coast of England.

Sulla hydatis LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p, 1183, 1766. — HANLEY,

Ipsa L. Couch., p. 204.— SOWB., Illustr. Ind. Brit. Sh., pi. 20, f. 19.

— HOGG, Tr. Roy. Mic. Soc., xvi, pi. 13, f. 78 (dentition). — Bulla

pisum DELLE CHIAJE, An. s. Vert, iii, p. 26. — Bulla hyalina GMEL.,

Syst. xiii, p. 3432. — Haminea elegans of many authors. — HIDALGO,

Moll. Mar. Esp., p. 3, pi. 21, f. 4, 5. Not H. elegans Leach I— Bulla

Jolliculus MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 141. — Haminea hydatis

BUQ., DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss. i, p. 515, pi. 163, f. 8, 9.

This species is distinguished from B. navicula by its smaller size,
smoother surface, straighter columella, etc. The following color
variations, sufficiently described by their names, have been noted
by Monterosato : major, media, minor, oblonga, globosa, virescens,
albescens, violacea.

For the facts relating to Haminea elegans see under West Atlan-
tic species.

H. ORBIGNYANA Ferussac. Unfigured.

Shell similar to H. hydatis, but outer lip dilated above, rising
high above the vertex. Alt. about 12 mill.

Ocean coast of France, dept. Charente-Inferieure (Fischer) ;
fiochelle (Fer.) ; /. of Aix (Le Bahezre) ; /. of Re (Jeffr.) ; Canary
Is. (McAndrew) ; also reported from Falmouth (Leach) ; Dublin
Bay (Turton) and Cork Harbor (Humphreys).

HAMINEA. 355

Bnlla orbignyana FERUSSAC, Diet, classique d'Hist. Nat., ii, p.
-573, Dec., 1822. — FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., 1879, p. 21.— B.
dilatata LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42, 1852.

West Atlantic and Antillean species.

Analysis of forms.

a. Vertex perforated, the lip arising on left side of perforation,
and angled near its insertion.

b. Large, with close, conspicuous engraved spirals all over,

elegans.

bb. Small, surface polished, with fewer spirals, glabra.
•ni. Lip arising on right side of the center of the vertex, not
angled.

b. Grooved throughout with distinct, spaced spirals, solita-

ria, succinea.
bb. Spiral strife obsolete or excessively fine.

c. Shell subcyliudrical, oolumella gently concave,

petitii.

cc. Shell globose-ovate, columella very concave, antil-
larum.

H. ELEGANS Gray. PL 41, figs. 37, 38, 39 ; pi. 40 fig. 88.

Shell roundly oval or someivhat cylindrical, truncated above, rounded
below. Color pale brownish-yellow or pale greenish, fading to
white at vertex and base. Surface with irregular growth wrinkles,
sometimes rather coarsely plicated; and showing plainly to the
naked eye, close, fine spiral striation. Under the lens the sculpture
is seen to be formed of clear-cut incised straight spirals, as if
machine engraved, the entire surface being scored with minute,
mingled with much coarser unequally spaced grooves. Vertex con-
cave and minutely perforated, the outer lip arising from the left
side of the perforation^ which is encircled by a crescentic projection
from the parietal callus, at the upper termination of which there is a
salient angle of the arising lip. Outer lip equably arched, well
rounded above and below. Columella deeply arcuate, thin, with
very narrow white reflexed and appressed edge, and a small fold
above; parietal callus unusually thin.

Alt. 19, diam. 13 mill.

Alt. 20-1, diam. 16 mill.

West coast of Florida and Texas; West Indies; St. Thomas, Cur"
acoa, etc. ; Rio Janeiro.

356 HAMINEA.

Bulla elecjans GRAY, Annals of Philos. N. Ser. ix, p. 408, 1825 ;
Index Testae. Suppl., pi. 3, Bulla f. 2 (Good !) ; and Haminea ele-
gans LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42, at least in part. Not H. ele-
gans of authors ! — Bulled guildingii SWAINS, Malacol. p. 360, and
251, f. 4Q.—B. (Haminea) guildingii AD. in Thes. p. 580, pi. 124, £
87-89. — H. guildingii SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 5. — MORCH., Mai. Bl.
xxii, p. 174.— DALL, Blake Gastr., p. 57, and Cat, Mar. Moll. S. E.
U. S., p. 88. — ? Bulla diaphana Couth, in GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc.
N. H., iii, p. 91, 1849; Expl. Exped., p. 222, f. 265 (animal and
shell).

This is one of the most distinct species. The engraved spirals
are clearly visible without a lens, and are uncommonly clear cut
and straight. The open apical perforation and the mode of inser-
tion of the upper end of the lip are also good diagnostic features.

The description of Bulla elegans given by Gray applies undoubt-
edly to this form, not to any European species ; and Leach's H.
elegans is also the same, although he may have confused other shells
with it. Leach always meant " spiral " by his term " longitudinal
strise." By no possible means can Gray's or Leach's descriptions
be made to fit the H. hydatis of Europe. The spirals of that form
would never have been seen by them, and it never attains the length
of three-fourths of an inch.

The B. diaphana of Gould from Rio Janeiro, which I think is
very likely synonymous, is illustrated on pi. 48, fig. 8.

H. GLABRA A. Adams. PL 43, fig. 18.

Shell fragile, pellucid, translucent, ovate, roundly truncate above,
rounded below, color pale greenish-corneous. Surface polished and
shining, showing under a strong lens some unequally spaced spiral
incised strise, fewer or obsolete in the middle. Vertex concave,
with a minute central perforation. Outer lip arising on the left side
of the perforation, which is surrounded by the continued parietal
callus, at the termination of which there is a salient angle of the
rising lip. Columella very concave, with narrowly reflexed edge,
hardly folded above. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill.

St. Thomas (Swift).

Bulla (Haminea) glabra A. AD., Thes. p. 581, t. 124, f. 96.—
Haminea glabra SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 27. — SMITH, Ann. Mag.
(4), ix, p. 349.

HAMINEA. 357

This form is closely allied to H. elecjans Gray, but is smaller,
more polished and shining, and with the spiral striation far weaker.

H. SOLITARIA Say. PI. 28, fig. 44 ; pi. 41, fig. 32.

Shell thin, subcylindrical, with gently convex sides, truncate ver-
tex and rounded base ; color horny or light brown. Surface shin-
ing, having irregular growth wrinkles and (under a lens) fine,
deeply impressed spiral grooves, much narrower than their intervals,
sometimes with smaller ones intercalated. Vertex white, somewhat
impressed in the middle, subperforate. Lip arising to the right of
the center, slightly thickened ; outer lip gently arched forward.
Columella thin, concave. Alt. 10, diam. 6} mill.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina.

Bulla solitaria SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ii, p. 245,
1822. Complete writings of Thomas Say, W. G. B. edit., p. 84.—
GOULD, Invert. Mass. (edit. W. G. B.) p. 222, f. 513.— DALL, Cat.
Mar. Moll. 8. E. U. S., p. 88.— Bulla insculpta TOTTEN, Journ. of
Sci., xxviii, p. 350, f. 4,.— GLD., Inv. Mass., f. 92.— AD., Thes.
f. 84. — Sows., Conch. Icon., f. 1. — Haminea novce-eboraci SOWB., C.
Icon., f. 6, 1868.

This species has the spiral grooves unusually well developed.
This, with the cylindric-oval form is the main distinctive character.
The species occurs sparingly along the whole Atlantic seaboard. It
has also been reported from high northern latitudes. See K. Svensk.
Akad. Handl., 1878, p. 72, and Vega Exp., 370.

H. SUCCINEA Conrad. PI. 48, fig. 18.

Shell fragile, horny or whitish, cylindrical, somewhat wider at
base ; vertex truncated, narrowly and deeply impressed, minutely
perforated, the lip inserted on right side of perforation. Surface
densely evenly and deeply striated spirally throughout, the stria?
slightly wavy, aperture long, its upper five-eighths narrow and
parallel sided, lower part expanded ; columella very concave, folded
above, the lip reflexed and closely appressed in the umbilical region.

Alt. 10, diam 5j mill.

Indian River to West Coast of Florida.

Bulla succinea CONR., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. iii, p. 26, pi.
1, f. 5, 1846.— AD. Thes. p. 584, pi. 124, f. 106.— H. succinea SOWB.,
Conch. Icon. f. 25.— DALL, Blake Gastr. p. 57 ; Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1883, p. 324.
24

358 HAMINEA.

More cylindrical and elongated than H. solitaria, with the colu-
mella more concave.

H. ANTILLARUM d'Orbigny. PL 41, figs. 35, 36.

Shell fragile, subtranslucent, globose-ovate, narrower above, swol-
len below ; color pellucid-horny, or slightly green tinted. Surface
seen under a lens to be marked by growth striae ; and under a high
power fine, close, rather effaced and wavy spiral striae, but this is
hardly seen with the ordinary hand lens. Vertex narrowly im-
pressed, imperforate, the slightly thickened outer lip arising from
the right side of the center, produced high above the vertex ; outer
lip produced forward above. Aperture more than twice as wide
below as above ; columella very concave ; parietal callus light. Alt.
10, diam. 7-8 mill.

Tampa and southward, West Florida ; St. Thomas ; Porto Rico.

Bulla antillarum ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 124, t. 4, f. 9-12. — Ham-
inea antillarum MORCH., Mai. Bl., xxii, p. 175. — DALL, Blake
Gastr., p. 57, and Cat. Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 88.— Bulla (Hami-
nea) cerina MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1853, p. 142, cf. Mai. Bl. i, p.
45. — Haminea guadaloupensis SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 14, 1868.

The typical H. antillarum is a small shell, nearly white in color.
It is abundant on the west coast of Florida. If. cerina Mke. is, I
believe, absolutely synonymous.

Var. GUADALUPENSIS Sowerby. PL 41, figs. 30, 31, 33, 34.

Shell thin, but rather solid, globose-ovate, distinctly compressed
above, swollen below; the vertex narrow, concave in the middle.
Color greenish-yellow, subtranslucent when young, rather solid and
opaque when adult. Surface having irregular growth wrinkles,
often even plicate above in adults, and showing under a strong lens,
excessively fine, close and somewhat wavy spiral strice. Outer lip
slightly thickened toward its apical insertion, where immediately to
the right of the imperforate center of the vertex it is connected by a
short vertical curve with the parietal callus. It rises high above the
vertex, sweeps forward, and then as it descends, backward to the
broadly rounded basal lip. Columella extremely concave, with a,
very narrow white callus, making a small fold above ; parietal cal-
lus light. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill.

White Water Bay, West Florida, (Johnson) ; Cuba, St. Thomas,
Giiadaliipe, Tortola, West Indies.

HAMINEA. 359

Much larger than antillarum, and more deeply colored. The
•contour is the same, except that in this the upper part is often more
constricted.

This species is well distinguished by its swollen form, compressed
above, excessively fine spiral striation, very deeply concave colu-
mella and greenish-yellow color. There is sometimes a slight umbili-
cal chink behind the insertion of the lip at the vertex, but there is no
trace of a true umbilicus at base. The flexure of the lip forward
above is also noteworthy. (See figs. 31, 33).

H. PETITII d'Orbigny. PI. 41, figs. 23, 24.

Shell cylindric-oval, truncated above, rounded below. Color light
yellowish-green. Surface having indistinct growth-lines but free
from spiral striae at least under ordinary magnification. Vertex
wide, somewhat impressed in the middle, imperforate, the outer lip
arising immediately from the right of the center. Columella rather
straightened, subvertical, its reflexed edge not appressed but leaving
a narrow chink ; not folded above.

Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill.

St. Thomas (Orb., Swift) ; Tampa, west Florida (Dall).

Bulla petitii OK*., Moll. Cuba i, p. 130, R!. 4 bis, f. 13-16.—
Haminea petitii MORCH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 174. — DALL, Cat. Mar.
Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 88.

This species is similar to H. antillarum in form of the apex and
obsolescence of spiral striae ; but it is much more cylindrical and the
columella is straighter than in any other West Indian Haminea.
This is not well shown in Orbigny's figure.

West American species.
H. VESICULA Gould. PL 41, figs. 28, 29.

Shell thin and fragile, globose-oval, slightly narrowed above,
rounded below. Color " pale greenish-yellow." Surface sculptured
with indistinct growth-lines and close, fine microscopic spiral im-
pressed striae. Vertex narrowly but deeply impressed, imperforate ;
lip arising from the left side of the center, slightly but quite visibly
angulate or sinuous near the insertion; lip bending forward above,
broadly rounded at base. Columella very concave, with a narrow
reflexed and appressed callus, folded above.

Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill.

San Pedro, California, south to Cape St. Lucas.

360 HAMINEA.

Bulla vesicula GLD., Rep. Expl. and Surv. Pacif. R. R. v, appen-
dix, p. 334, 1854. — ? Haminea vesicula SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 19. —
KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 126, f. 116.

The insertion of the lip above is much as in H. elegans of the
Antilles, but there is no apical umbilicus.

Var. VIRGO Pils. PI. 41, figs. 25, 26.

Rather shorter and more swollen, translucent white.
Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill.

Santa Barbara, etc., California.

H. CYMBIFORMIS Carpenter. Unfigured.

Shell very thin, whitish, the axis contorted ; much inflated, spire
small, concealed. Aperture ventricose anteriorly, produced behind;
ornamented with close spiral striulse, growth lines subextant. Inner
lip very thin. Only one rather imperfect specimen was found of
this beautiful species, which resembles in form a small inflated
Cymbium.

Length '07, diam. '05 inch.

Mazatlan.

Haminea cymbiformis CPR., Maz. Catal., p. 174.

May be a young shell, and perhaps the same as the last-described
form, but Morch reports it from Puntarenas, west coast Central
America (Mai. Bl. vi, p, 123).

H. VIRESCENS Sowerby. PI. 40, fig. 5 ; pi. 43 fig. 19.

Shell ovate, much compressed and contracted above, globularly ex-
panded below ; thin. Color greenish-yellow, subopaque. Vertex
very narrow, impressed and minutely perforated in the middle; the
rising outer lip thickened, inserted on the right side of the perfora-
tion, ascending far above the vertex. Upper third of aperture nar-
row, lower two-thirds much dilated, the columellar outline more arcu-
ate. Columella simple and thin, regularly and deeply concave, with
narrowly reflexed, appressed edge. Alt. 14, diam. 103 mill. ; often
larger, alt. 18 mill.

San Pedro, San Diego, etc., California.

Bulla virescens SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, Cephala, pt. 39,
Bulla fig. 2, (1833 ? See R. B. NEWTON Br. Olig. and Eoc. Moll. p.
322, and SHERBORN, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiii, Apr., 1894, p. 371).

HAMINEA. 361

AD., Thes., p. 579, pi. 124, f. 83. — H. virescens Sows., Conch. Icon,
f. 22 (false ? locality, " Pitcairn's Island ").

This species is remarkable for the compression of the upper part
of the whorl, more marked than in any other species.

H. PERUVIANA d'Orbiguy. PI. 43 figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell oval, ventricose, very thin, transparent, greenish-yellow
very finely spirally striated, visibly umbilicated. Aperture wide in
front, narrow behind ; columella with a prominent cord, which
above, where it turns inward, is not applied to the epidermis but
stands out in the form of a sharp lamina. Alt. 20 mill. Animal
greenish-yellow, peppered with close black dots, less numerous be-
low.

A salt lake near the sea, south of Callao, Peru.

Bulla peruviana ORB., Voy. dans FAmer. Me*rid., p. 211, pi.
19, f. 4-6 (under the name B. hydatis, on plate). — Haminea natal-
ensis SOWERBY, Conch. Icon. f. 7, not of Krauss; Cf. E. A. SMITH,
Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 347, 1872.

The color and striation is the same as in H. navicula, but H. per-
uviana is more swollen, less oblong, and the columella is elevated in
a sharp plate above, not appressed as in the European species. The
three stomach-plates are smooth. PL 41, fig. 27 represents the
synonymous H. natalensis Sowb., the assigned locality of which is
evidently incorrect. Orbigny's figures (copied on my plate) are
double natural size.

Species of Japan and China.

H. ANGUSTA Gould. PL 40, fig. 93.

Shell small, thin ovate-cylindrical, widened in front, obtusely
rounded; yellow-green, engraved with transverse striae; vertex
obliquely truncate, subperforate. Aperture enlarged in front ; col-
umella hardly excavated, folded and surrounded with a callus.

Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. (Old.).

Simoda, Japan (Stimpson).

Haminea angusta OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 139. — H.
angustata SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 32. Conf. TRYON, Am. Journ.
Conch, iv, p. 283, and SMITH, Ann. Mag.N. H. (4), ix, p. 348.

362 HAMINEA.

H. STRIGOSA A. Adams. Unjigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, rounded at both ends, white, shining, sub-
opaque, transversely most minutely striolate throughout, longitu-
dinally streaked ; aperture narrow, dilated in front ; columellar
margin simple, arcuate; lip straight, posteriorly produced and,
rounded (Ad., Ann. Mag. (3), ix, p. 156).

Tabu-Sima, Japan, 25 fms.

White, with longitudinal slightly raised streaks, and entirely trans-
versely striated. In form it resembles H. lucida A. Adams ; but
the aperture is rounded anteriorly, and not produced as in that
species. (Ad.").

H. GRISEA Smith. Unjigured.

Shell shortly cylindrical, subplanate above, rounded below, thin,,
imperforate ; blue-white under a thin gray epidermis, tinged with
buff toward the apex, shining ; most minutely and closely spirally
striate, obsoletely decussated by arcuate growth-lines; aperture nar-
row above, slightly produced above the vertex, dilated at base;
columella obliquely somewhat twisted ; lip thin, inserted in the
middle of the vertex and thickened there. Alt. 6, diam. 3 mill. (£)..

Of Japan, Lat. 42° 52' N.t long. 144° 40' E., in 48 frns. (St.
John).

Haminea grisea SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), xvi, 1875 p. 114.

If. corticata Moller, is the nearest ally of this species ; but the
lateral outlines of that species are more convex, and the epidermis
of a more yellow color. In JET. grisea the columellar portion of the
body-whorl is of a yellowish color, and the termination of the
slightly olive-grey epidermis is defined by a blackish edge. (&).

H. EXARATA Philippi. PI. 40, fig. 97.

Shell grooved by simple impressed transverse lines ; superior
angle of the aperture produced, base rounded.
Alt. 8, diam. 6, thickness 4 lines.

Northern China (Largilliert)..

Bullcea exarata PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 141. — Haminea ex-
arata MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 46. — B. (Haminea) sinensis A. AD.,
p. 584, pi. 104, f. 98.— H. sinensis SOWB., C. Icon., f. 21.

IIAMINEA. 363

Adams' figure is copied on the plate, and his description is as fol-
lows : " Shell somewhat oval, open, semiopaque, white, longitudinally
substriated, with transverse engraved lines rather wide apart ; aper-
ture very wide, anteriorly dilated, posteriorly produced."

H. FULGIDA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell elongate-cylindrical, white, thin, shining, subpellucid,
rounded at both ends, transversely striolate throughout, stria? most
minute and close; aperture narrow, dilated in front; columellar
margin acute, arcuate ; lip a little straightened, produced and angled
behind. (Ad., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), ix, 1862, p. 155).

Shan-tung (Kala-hai), China.

This is a beautiful white, shining, semipellucid species, most like
H. curta A. Adams, but more elongate and narrower, and engraved
with very fine close set transverse striolse. (Ad.}.

H. LUCIDA A. Adams. Unfigured.

Shell cylindric-ovate, slightly rimate, rounded at each end, dia-
phanous, glassy, transversely striated throughout, the stride most
minute and close ; aperture narrow, produced in front; columellar
margin thin, arcuate; lip rounded posteriorly. (Ad., t. c., p. 155).
Gulf of Lian-tung ; Hulu-Shan Bay, China (Adams).

Like H. brevissima and pygmcea A. Adams. An examination of
the animal shows it to belong to Hammed, the genus which in all
probability includes its above-named congeners. In my Mono-
graph of the family (Sowb., Thesaurus, Kulla) ; they are arranged
under Cylichnidce. (Ad.}.

Polynesian Species.
H. CROCATA Pease. PL 40, fig. 3.

Shell ovate-elongated, moderately solid, yellow, becoming orange
on the latter part of the last whorl, and opaque above and below.
Surface shining, showing slight, irregular growth-wrinkles and ex-
cessively fine, close, superficial spiral creuulated striae. Vertex nar-
row, very slightly impressed, imperforate or nearly so, opaque-white
in the center ; lip inserted on the right of the center of the vertex,
thickened ; outer lip well curved ; columella moderately concave,
with a reflexed white callus, not folded above.

Alt. 13, diam. 8-] mill.

Sandicich Is.

364 HAMINEA.

H. crocata PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 19 (except descr. of animal) ; t.
c. p. 432 (descr. of animal). — SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 29. — MARTENS
& LANGK. Domini. Bism., p. 52. — ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 189. —
H. adamsii DKR., Mai. Bl. viii, p. 40, 1861 ; cf. Mai. Bl. xxi, p. 49.

Angas reports this from Lake Macquarie, N. S. Wales.

Animal : Cephalic disk square, oblong, in advance of the shell,
slightly notched at the center of the front side, at the posterior side
provided with a pair of flat, rather broad, recumbent lobes, which
are rounded at their extremities ; lateral lobes reflected on the sides
of the shell two-thirds of its length ; foot extending beyond the shell
posteriorly, and rounded at its termination. Color cinereous; pel-
lucid. (P*e.).

H. GALBA Pease. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2.

Shell oval, light, shining, yellowish; marked with longitudinal
lines of growth, and finely microscopically spirally striated; outer
lip nearly straight, and very slightly produced posteriorly ; inner lip
thickened somewhat at the base, and slightly reflected ; columella
strongly arched at lower part. (Pse.).

Sandwich Is.

H. galba PSE... P. Z. S. 1860, p. 432. Desc. of animal under H.
crocata Pse., t. c., p. 20. — SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 23.

The shell of this species can hardly be distinguished from that of
If. crocata ; but the animal differs widely. (Pse.}.

Animal : Cephalic disk large, oblong triangular, entire in front
and truncated, bilobed posteriorly and lobes overlapping ; lateral
lobes reflected on the sides of the shell during locomotion, covering
about one-half of its length, and nearly meeting on the back ; poste-
terior lobe covering the spire; foot subquadrate, extending a short
distance beyond the shell posteriorly ; eyes central, immersed, black ;
surrounded by white areolae; color of the animal varying from grey
to greyish-yellow and in some nearly to black, being closely mottled
and freckled with olive or dusky. (Pse.}.

H. PUSILLA Pease. Unfiyured.

Shell small, cylindrically ovate, rather solid, white; surface finely
cancellated : apex slightly umbilicated or perforated ; aperture nar-
row, contracted posteriorly, slight fold at base of columella. (Pse.).

Sandwich Is.

H.pusilla PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20.

HAMINEA. 365

H. SANDWICHENSIS Sowerby. PI. 40, fig. 4.

Shell pellucid, white, smooth, ovate, roundly subacuminate at each
end, apex umbilicated ; aperture rather narrow ; columella rather
straight with a slight plait. (£).

Sandwich Inlands.

H. sandwichensis SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 24, 1868.

Differing from H. galba in color, in being more ovate and more
acuminate at the ends (Sowb). But probably synonymous with
some of Pease's species.

H. NIGROPUNCTATA Pease. PI. 40, fig. 100 ; pi. 43, fig. 13.

Shell thin, subpellucid, suboval, transversely very minutely and
closely wrinkled striate, imperforate : lip straight, aperture ante-
riorly dilated ; columella deeply arched at lower part and lamin-
ately callous. Chestnut-tawny. Alt. 16, diam. 10 mill. (Pse).

Animal subpellucid, side lobes rather posterior. Foot wide,
moderately extended behind the shell, truncate in front and bluntly
rounded behind. The whole of the animal covered with crowded
black dots, which are the largest and most conspicuous, as seen
through the transparent shell. Station on seaweed in shallow water.
(Pse).

Raiatea (Pse.) ; Tahiti (Mts.).

H, nigropunctata PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 71, pi. 7, f. 1
(animal), pi. 12, f. 19 (shell). — MARTENS, Donum Bism., pi. 52, pi.
3,f. I.

H. OVALIS Pease. PI. 40, fig. 94 ; pi. 43 figs. 9, 10.

Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, white or greenish, rather obliquely
oval, smooth, somewhat roughened by stria? of growth, imperforate;
aperture narrow posteriorly, dilated anteriorly; lip somewhat in-
volute, columella callus on its lower part. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill.
(Pse.).

Animal pale watery green, closely dotted with orange and purple.
The portion seen through the shell is spotted obscurely with cream
yellow, their margin powdered with white. Foot cream-white,
remotely dotted with pale orange. Side lobes not extending back
over one-half of the shell. Foot regular in width, rather sharply
rounded behind. (Pse.).

Tahiti (Pse.).

366 HAMINEA.

H. ovalis PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 71, pi. 7, f. 2 (animal),,
pi. 12, f. 20 (shell).

H. APERTA Pease. PI. 43 fig. 17.

Shell thin, pellucid, smooth, ovate, imperforate, white, very finely
and irregularly striate longitudinally ; outer lip slightly expanded
above ; aperture narrow posteriorly, anteriorly dilated ; columella
deeply arched below, and strongly callus; callosity somewhat
reflexed, rather broad. Alt. 15, diam. 9 mill.

Tahiti.

H. aperta PSE., Am. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 72, pi. 12, f. 22.

Approaches H. cymbalum Quoy, but more ovate, outer lip not
being so much expanded.

H. SIMILLTMA Pease. PI. 40, fig. 95 ; pi. 43, figs. 11, 12.

Shell thin, fragile, pellucid, white, abbreviately oval, imperfor-
ate; aperture narrow above, dilated below, columella arched ante-
riorly and callous ; lip slightly involute. Alt. 8, diam. 6 mill.

Animal pale green, the portion seen through the shell darker,
everywhere conspicuously dotted with rich orange, with a few spots
of purplish interspersed. Foot cream color, with close orange dots.
Posterior portion of the foot narrow7, extending some distance beyond
the shell, and terminating in a sharp point. (Pse.).

TahitL.

H. simillima PSE., Am. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 72, pi. 7, fig. 3
(animal), pi. 12, f. 21 (shell). — MARTENS, Donum Bism., p. 52.

H. niyropunctata and H. simillima resemble each other closely in
both animal and shell. The latter species is much smaller and differs
somewhat in color, and especially in the shape of its foot, which is
constant.

H. OVOIDEA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 28, figs. 31, 32.

Shell ovate, fragile, white, slightly umbilicate, transversely stri-
ated in front, and with delicate longitudinal striae.
Alt. 6, diam. 4 lines. (§. & (?.).

Humata, Island of Guam~

Bulla ovoidea Q. & G., Zool. de 1'Astrol. ii, p. 348, pi. 26, f. 17-19*
(not of A. Ad. nor Sowb.).

HAMINEA. 367

H. CYMBALUM Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7.

Shell fragile, pellucid, globose, smooth, white; aperture wide in
front, narrowed behind ; right margin lightly inflated ; spire retuse.
A small species, globulose entirely white, translucid and polished,
with slight growth-lines. Aperture large, rounded in front, con-
tracted behind; vertex rounded and impressed but imperforate, the
lip rising a little above it. Alt. 7, diam. 5 lines.

Island of Guam (Astrolabe).

Bulla cymbalum Q. & G. Zool. Astrol. ii, p. S62, pi. 26, f. 26, 27.
— AD., Thes., p. 580, pi. 124, f. 90. — Haminea cymbalum SOWB.,
Conch. Icon., f. 20.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188.— LISCHKE, Jap.
Meeres-Conch., p. 105.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 166.— MAR-
TENS, Mobius' Eeise n. Mauritius, p. 303; Monatsber. Berl. Akad.
Wissensch. 1879, p. 737.

Angas reports this species from " Port Lincoln, in deep water; "
Lischke from Nagasaki, Japan ; Montrouzier from New Caledonia ;
Lienard from Mauritius ; Deshayes from Reunion, and von Mar-
tens found it in Peters' collection from the Querimba Is. It remains
to be seen whether all of these data really apply to Quoy's species.

Species of S. Africa, Red Sea, Philippines to N. Australia.

H. NATALENSIS Krauss. PI. 40, figs. 80, 81.

Shell ovate-globose, subventricose, very thin, pellucid, shining,
greenish-yellow, longitudinally striated ; vertex impressed but im-
perforate. Aperture ample, dilated behind; outer margin arcuate,
produced above, rounded. Alt. 4'4, diam. 3'3 lines. (Kr.}.

Natal (Kraugs) ; Black River, Mauritius (Mobius)

Built n<dalen«is KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll., p. 71, pi. 4, f. 14..
— H. nat«Iensi$ MARTENS in Mobius' Reise n. Maurit., p. 303. Not
B. nataknsis A. Ad. in Sowb., Thes. pi. 124, f. 86, nor H. natalensis
Sowb., in Conch. Icon., f. 7.

The lip is much produced above the vertex, as in H. orbignyana
and H. antillarum. Both A. Adams and Sowerby have figured
specimens under the name natalensis, but in neither case are they
the same as Krauss' species, nor do they agree with each other.

368 HAMINEA.

H. PETERSI Martens. Unfigured.

Shell thin, oblong, sculptured with rather wide, light, sub-
vertical striae, pale yellowish, a little narrowed above, scarcely
umbilicated ; upper margin of aperture rising above the spire, nar-
rowly rounded ; columellar margin deeply receding, a little thick-
ened and simple. Length 19, greater diam. 13, lesser 11 mill,
aperture, length 23, width below, 7£ mill. (Mts.).

Mozambique (Peters)

Haminea petersi Mrs., Monatsbr. K.-P. Akad. Wissensch. zu
Berlin, 1879, p. 737 (1880).

Nearest allied to H. galba Pse., but the columellar margin shows
no fold and is more strongly retreating.

H. PEMPHIS Philippi. PI. 40, fig. 87.

Shell subglobose-rotund, thin, pellucid, rufescent white, sculpturec
with very fine transverse lines ; vertex umbilicated ; aperture
dilated at base, inner lip narrowly adnate.

Alt. 7, diam. 5* lines. (Ph.).

Red Sea (Gruner)

B. pemphis PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 122, not of A. Ad. nor
Sowb. ; see SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 347. — Bulla (Ham
inea) tenella A. AD., Thes. p. 583, pi. 124, f. 104. — Haminea tenella
SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 18.

The figure represents Adams' tenella, which is thus described :
"Shell oval, anteriorly somewhat narrowed, thin, fragile, horny,
pellucid, somewhat gibbous in the middle, longitudinally substri-
ated, with transverse irregular ridges and very fine lines; outer lip
rather angulated in the middle, posteriorly produced and rounded."

H. SAVIGNYANA Gray. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-oblong, buff, thin, pellucid, smooth ; vertex imperfor-
ate ; aperture narrow ; columellar margin subreflexed. Length one-
half inch. (Gray, Annals of Philos. (N. S.), ix, 1825, p. 408).

Red Sea (J. E. Savigny).

H. CURTA A. Adams. PL 40, figs. 84, 85.

Shell elongately cylindrical, thin, pellucid, white, extremities
truncated, entirely transversely striated, strise engraved, rather wide
apart ; outer lip straight, posteriorly produced. (Ad.).

Sandwich Is. (Mts.) ; Red Sea (H. Ad.) ; Suez (Smith).

HAMINKA. 369>

/;. (Hamitiect) curia AD. in Thes. p. 582, pi. 104, f. 100.— H. curta
MARTENS, Donum Bism. p. 53. — H. ocquiatriata SMITH, Ann. Mag.
N. H. (4), ix, p. 350.— Atys (Alicnla) isseli H. AD., P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 11, t. 3, f. 13. Con/. COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 130.

The synonymy is that given by Cooke. Martens remarks that
the spiral striation and elongated contour resembles Atys. Fig. 85
represents the synonymous A. isseli of H. Adams. Smith's descrip-
tion is as follows : H. cequistria ta, shell oblong, cylindrical, with
rounded sides, white, pellucid, thin, shining, striated with irregular
growth-lines and transverse lines ; strice (about 36) equidistant or
nearly so ; vertex depressed, aperture rather wide, dilated at base \
the thin lip inserted in the middle of the vertex ; columella curved,
slightly reflexed. Alt. 12, diam. 6 mill.

H. RUGOSA Smith. Vnfigured.

Shell cylindrical with curved sides, white, pellucid; above lightly,
below distinctly striated, irregularly roughened by growth-lines ;
vertex little depressed ; aperture rather wide, dilated at base ; lip
thin, subaugulate above and inserted in the middle of the vertex ;
columella short, reflexed, nearly covering a narrow chink, subtrun-
cate. Alt. 6, diam. 3 mill. (£).

Gulf of Suez and Persian Gulf.

H. rugosa SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 35, 1872.

This shell belongs to the same group as brevis Q. & G. It is-
peculiar for the longitudinal irregular wrinkles formed by occa-
sional deep lines of growth. (£).

H. FUSCA A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 89, 90.

Shell globosely ovate, inferiorly subventricose, thin, semiopaque^
longitudinally obliquely striated, with very fine transverse lines,
internally fuscous. (Ad.).

Shell subovate, thin, very finely interruptedly irregularly and
wavily striated, fawn-colored within, iron-brown without ; sides rather
straight ; aperture pyriform, outer lip elevated above, subacumin-
ated, produced near the upper terminus ; columella arched.
(Sowb.\

Cayayan, Mindanao, in 25 fms. (Cuming).

Bulla (H.~) fusca AD., Thes. p. 581, pi. 124, f. 94.— if. fusca
SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 10. — H.ferruginea Chemnitz, SOWB., Conch.
Icon. f. 30. Con/. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 348.

370

HAMINEA.

The " Bulla ferruginosa Chemn." or rather, Gmelin (Syst., p.
3432) is a young Cyprcea.

.H. PERFORATA Philippi. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-rotund, thin, pellucid, white, sculptured with very
fine transverse lines ; vertex umbilicated ; aperture dilated at base ;
inner lip forming an umbilical fissure.

Alt. 8, diarn. 5* lines. (Ph.).

Manila (Largilliert).

Bulla perforata PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 122.— B. elegans
.A. AD. (description, not figure), Thes. p. 580. Not B. elegans
Gray.

Very like B. hydatis and B. ovoidea ; differing from the first by
the umbilical fissure ; from ovoidea in the less narrow mouth dilated
at base. (PA.).

Adams' description is copied from Philippi, but his figure repre-
sents the West Indian H. elegans Gray. Sowerby describes and
figures the true elegans, but quotes Arthur Adams as authority for
that name, and retains the borrowed locality " Manila." There is
of course no occasion whatever for confusing the West Indian H.
elegans with the oriental H. perforata ; the characters and locality
given by Phitippi amply distinguishing his species.

H. CONSTRICTA A. Adams. PI. 40, figs. 98, 99.

Shell oblong, ovate, narrowed towards the spire, constricted with
a linear impression, anteriorly produced, thin, pellucid, horny, sub-
fuscous, with very fine transverse lines, longitudinally somewhat
striated. (Ad.).

Sorsogon, Luzon, Philippines, at low water (Curning) ; Japan
(Schr.).

B. (H.) constricta A. AD., Thes. p. 581, pi. 124, f. 95.— IT. con-
stricta SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 16. — SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll., p. 462.

H. VITREA A. Adams. PI. 40, fig. 83.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white, pellucid, longitudinally substri-
ated, under the lens very finely transversely striated ; outer lip
rather straight, posteriorly produced and rounded. (Ad.).

Gag ay an, Mindanao, and Luzon, Philippines, (Cuming) ; Bet Is-
land, Torres Straits, inside the reefs on the sands (Brazier).

I

HAMINKA. 371

B. (H.) ritrea AD., Thes. p. 583, pi. 124, f.102.— H. vitreaSowv.
Conch. Icon. f. 8.— BRAZ., P. L. S. N. S. W. ii, p. 84.

H. TENERA A. Adams. PL 40, fig, 82.

Shell obliquely oval, horny, pellucid, longitudinally strongly stri-
ated, rather green, with very minute transverse lines; outer lip
straight, posteriorly rounded. (Ad.).

Suez (Cooke) ; Mauritius (Lien. Mobius) ; Reunion (Desh).

B. (H.) tenera AD., Thes., p. 583, pi. 124, f. 103.— #". tenera
SOWB. Conch. Icon. f. 3. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p.
130.— MARTENS, Mobiiib' Reise, p. 303.

Cooke considers this identical with the prior If. vitrea.

H. PAPYRUS A. Adams. PL 40, fig. 91.

Shell cylindrical, in form of a roll of paper, anteriorly slightly
dilated, white, semipellucid, extremities truncated, slightly rounded,
longitudinally somewhat striated, entirely covered with transverse
engraved lines, lines rather wide apart (Ad.).

Borneo (Cuming) ; Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 30 fms. (Bra-
zier).

B. (H.) papyrus A. AD., Thes. p. 582, pi. 124, f. 101.— H. papyrus
SOWB., Couch. Icon. f. 17. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales
ii, p. 83.

H. AMBIGUA A. Adams. PL 40, fig. 8.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white, pellucid, anteriorly attenuated,
entirely transversely striated, striae engraved, wide apart ; outer lip
somewhat arched (Ad.).

" Port King George, New Ireland" (Mus. Cuming); Reunion
(Desh.).

/>'. ambignu AD., Thes. p. 582 pi. 124, f. 97.— IT. ambigua SOWB.,
C. Icon. f. 26.— DESH., Moll. Reun. p. 54.— MTS., Mobius' Reise p.
303.

This form has somewhat the aspect of an Atys.

Australian and New Zealand Species.

H. DECORA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell ovately cylindrical, white, thin, pellucid, longitudinally
finely striated, transversely striated with 16 deep engraved lines,
rather wide apart, eight being at each end, center smooth ; aper-

372 HAMINEA.

ture rather wide, outer lip slightly arched, somewhat acuminately
produced above, expanded below, columella nearly straight, re-
flected, producing behind it a minute umbilicus. Length 3 lines,
breadth H lines, alt. 1} lines (!>.).

Cape Grenville, Northeast Australia, 20 fathoms, sandy mud ;
Albany Passage, Cape York, North Australia, 11 fathoms, sandy
mud and broken shells.

Haminea decora BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 83,
1877.

May prove to belong to Atys, but as it is unfigured and not seen
by me, I do not venture to alter Mr. Brazier's generic reference.

This species differs very much from Haminea ambigua (A. Ad-
ams), the center of the shell being smooth, and each end having
eight deep transverse engraved lines, whereas H. ambigua is en-
tirely transversely striated.

H. CUTICULIFERA Smith. PL 41, fig. 13.

Shell elongate-cylindrical, above and below roundly quadrate,
thin, white ; covered with a whitish epidermis, shining, buff tinged
toward base and vertex ; having growth lines, and above and at
base subdistantly transversely striated. Aperture rather wide, di-
lated at base, scarcely produced above the vertex ; columella short,
rather straight, reflexed, covering the umbilical region, joined with
the vertex by a very thin scarcely shining callus ; lip thin, inserted
in the middle of the vertex and thickened there. Alt. 14, diam.

6£ mill. (£)•

Port Jackson, 2-15 fms. (Coppinger, Challenger, Angas) ; Le-
vuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger) ; New Zealand.

H. cuticulifera SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350, 1872 ;
Zool. Col. H. M. S. ' Alert,' p. 87, pi. 6, f. H.— ANGAS, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 189. — Cylichna cuticulifera Smith, WATSON, Chall. Gastr.
p. 663.

The lateral outlines of this species are nearly straight ; the supe-
rior striae are about six in number, the inferior about eighteen. H.
papyrus A. Ad. is its nearest ally ; but it is narrower, more elon-
gate, with the striae not covering the whole of the shell, the vertex
is more depressed and the aperture is less broadly dilated and more
effused at the base ($.).

This species belongs to a group of forms somewhat similar to cer-
tain species of Cylichna and Atys, like H. decora Braz. and papyrus

HAMINEA. 373

Ad. H. brevis Quoy is a shorter shell with more convex outlines.
The New Zealand habitat has not been confirmed by local conchol-
ogists. Watson remarks: " This species is peculiar in combining a
very cylindrical form with a very narrowly reverted and truncated
pillar lip. Mr. E. A. Smith, who kindly examined my specimens, re-
marks that the British Museum 'specimens have the apical foramen
covered by a thin callosity/ which is not present in most of the
Challenger specimens. It seems to be very easily abraded."

H. BREVIS Quoy & Gaimard. PL 40, figs. 9, 10, 96.

Shell small, rather solid, cylindrical, the ends truncated, white,
striated below. Aperture quite wide throughout its length ; vertex
a little impressed, imperforate ; anterior extremity striated with 20
transverse lines, the rest of the shell smooth, showing growth-striae
under a lens. Animal white. Stomach containing three oblong
deeply toothed plates. Alt. 5, diam. 3 lines (average).

Port of King George, Southwestern Australia (Astrolabe) ; Port
Lincoln, Middle Harbor, and Port Stephen (Angas).

Bulla brevis Q. & G., Zool. Astrol. ii, p. 358, pi. 26, f. 36, 37.
AD., Thes. p. 581, pi. 124, f. 93.— IT. brevis SOWB., C. Icon. f. 15.—
ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 188 ; 1867, p. 227.— Bulla ovoidea MKE.
(not Q. & G.), Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec. ; cf. MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai.
1844, p. 55.

H. WALLISII Gray. Un figured.

Shell ovate, oblong, buff, pellucid, most minutely spirally striated,
concentrically substriate ; columellar margin subreflexed, white.
Vertex imperforate ; aperture coarctate posteriorly. Length one-
fourth inch (Gray, Annals of Philos. [N. S.], ix, 1825, p. 408).

New Holland (Capt. Wallis).

H. ZELANDUE Gray. PI. 41 , figs. 11,12; pi. 40, fig. 86.

Shell thin, subglobular-oval, covered with a thin pale straw-col-
ored epidermis ; white at vertex and columella. Surface showing
some slight growth wrinkles, but without spiral striae, although
under strong magnification many short transverse impressions
roughen the surface. Vertex slightly and narrowly impressed, im-
perforate, the slightly thickened lip reflexed at center of the vertex,
produced above; outer lip regularly convex; basal lip broadly
25

374 HAMINEA.

rounded. Columella very concave, its edge reflexed and closely
appressed.

Alt. 22, diam. 19 mill.

Alt. 13, diam. 10J mill.

Auckland, New Zealand.

Eulla zelandice GRAY, in Dieffenbach's New Zealand ii, p. 243,
1843.— SMITH, Zool. Erebus and Terror, Moll. p. 5, pi. 1, f. 10
(Gray's type figured). — Haminea zealandice HUTTON, Man. N. Z.
Moll. p. 121.— GILLIES, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. lll.—H. obesa
Sows., Conch. Icon. f. 13.— B. (H.) pemphis Phil., AD., Thes. p.
580, pi. 124, f. 91. — Haminea pempfiix Phil., Sows., Conch. Icon. f.
12. Not B. pemphis Philippi, con/. Smith, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4),
ix, p. 347.

An unusually globular species, everywhere well rounded, with no
distinct spiral sculpture even under the lens. Fig. 86 represents
the synonymous H. pemphix Ad. and Sowb., not Phil. Fig. 11 is
the type of zelandice, and f. 12 is Sowerby's H. obesa.

H. CASTANEA A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 14.

Shell solid, oblong, oval ; spire umbilicated, whitish, covered with
a brown ferruginous epidermis, engraved (under the lens) with very
iine close-set lines, the anterior ones very distinct and wide apart,
longitudinally substriated ; inner lip anteriorly white and thick-
ened ; aperture white within (Ad.).

New Zealand (Ad.).

B. (H.) castanea AD., Thes. p. 584, no. 78a, pi. 124, f. 106a.—
H. castanea SOWB., C. Icon. f. 28.

The locality lacks confirmation by New Zealand naturalists.

Species of unknown habitat.
H. FLAVESCENS A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 15.

Shell small, suboval, anteriorly semitruncated, yellowish, pellucid,
longitudinally substriated, with very minute transverse lines very
close together ; outer lip posteriorly angled and rounded (Ad.}.

Habitat unknown.

B.fiavescens A. AD., Thes. p. 582, pi. 124, f. 99. — H. flavescens
SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 31.

H. MALLEATA Smith. Unfigured.

Shell whitish, subpellucid, quadrate-ovate, irregularly malleated,
striated transversely delicately, and with growth lines ; aperture

HAMINEA. 375

rather wide, dilated and somewhat effuse at base ; lip scarcely pro-
duced above the flat vertex, in the center of which it is inserted ;
columella deeply arcuate, callous, reflexed. Alt. 12, diam. 8 mill.
<&).

Habitat unknown.

H. malleata SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, 1872, p. 349.

This species is remarkable for its short squarish form, the irregu-
lar malleation, the reflected columella, and flattened vertex. Here
and there are longitudinal depressions, giving the shell a some-
what wrinkled appearance ($.).

H. PERPLEX A Smith. Unfigured.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, bluish-white, pellucid, above and below
opaque, milky, and transversely distantly striated, smooth in the
middle, striated with growth -lines. Vertex deeply depressed, sub-
perforate in the middle ; aperture narrow, slightly produced above
the vertex, the base somewhat wider ; columella simple, slightly re-
flexed. Alt. 14, diam. 7J mill. (&).

Habitat unknown.

H. perplexa SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 350, 1872.

This species has much of the aspect of the genus Atys ; but is
without the sinuosity of the labrum at the vertex, and is there
slightly perforated. The superior strise are about seven in number,
the inferior about twice as many (&).

H. ROTUNDATA A. Adams. PI. 41, fig. 16.

Shell roundly ovate, thin, horny, semipellucid, rounded at both
ends, longitudinally striated under the lens, with very fine trans-
verse lines ; outer lip equally arched (Ad.).

Habitat unknown.

B. (H.) rotundata A. AD., in Thes. p. 583, pi. 104, f. 105.—ffam-
inea rotunda SOWB., C. Icon. f. 9.

Sowerby drops a syllable from this name.

H. SERICA Smith. Unfigured.

Shell rotundly ovate, very thin, pellucid, whitish, slightly shining,
finely and closely striated transversely and with growth lines ; aper-
ture rather wide, produced somewhat above the vertex, dilated at
base; columella little thickened, spirally twisted; umbilical region

376 AKERA.

covered with a thin, scarcely shining callus, which continues to
the vertex. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mill. (&).

Habitat unknown.

H. serica E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), ix, p. 349, 1872.

This is a remarkably roundly ovate species, very finely trans-
versely striated, which produces a somewhat silky appearance, and
having the region of the umbilicus covered by a very thin dull cal-
losity, which is extended along the whorl to the vertex. Although
the sculpture is very like that of the H. insculpta Totten, the form
is very different (&).

Genus AKERA Miiller, 1776.

Akera MULL., Zool. Danicse, Prodr. seu Anim. Dan. et Norv.,
etc., p. 242, type A. bullata.— A. Ad., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 572.—
Acer a of many authors. — Aceras LOCARD. — Eucampe LEACH, Syn.
Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 42.

Shell ovate or oval-cylindric, thin, fragile, elastic, with exposed,
nearly level spire of several whorls. Last whorl acutely keeled at
the shoulder, the keel bounding aflat anal fasciole. Aperture nearly
as long as the shell, narrow above and extending in a deep sinus
along the suture, dilated below and very effuse, permitting all the
whorls to be seen from the base through the spirally ascending col-
umella. Columella very concave, thin, with narrowly reflexed
edge. Type A. bullata.

Animal not completely retractile ; head disc depressed, long and
narrow, truncated in front, tapering behind ; eyes lateral, distinct.
Mantle rudimentary, enclosed in the shell, having a posterior fleshy
lobe passing backward and ascending the spire in the anal fasciole.
Foot long and narrow ; parapodial lobes very large, reflexed over
the shell, (pi. 48, fig. 5, A bullata). Stomach containing about a
dozen subtriangular, pointed, large and small cartilaginous plates.

Jaws (pi. 61, fig. below f. 26, and fig. 29) separate, oval, reticu-
lated.

Radula (pi. 61, figs. 30, 31, A. bullata^) composed of many longi-
tudinal rows. Central tooth subtriangular with bilobed base and
reflexed, serrate cusp. Inner laterals falcate, with long serrate
cusps ; outwardly the cusps become longer and gradually lose the
serration, the outer teeth being acicular.

AKERA. 377

The shell of this genus is peculiar in its sutural sinus or slit, and
the wholly exposed spire. The animal is characterized by the very
long and narrow head shield, the epipodial lobes being as in Hami-
)ic<t. The dentition also resembles that of Haminea, but the stom-
ach is differently armed.

The young animals use the epipodial lobes as swimming organs,
flitting about like butterflies.

A. BULLATA Miiller. PI. 42, figs. 11, 12, 17.

Shell fragile, ovate, squarely truncated above, the spire nearly
flat and encircled by an acute keel as in A. soluta; covered with a
thin pale brownish epidermis ; surface densely microscopically
striated. Aperture nearly as long as the shell, narrow above and
deeply sinused, gradually widening below, becoming broadly round-
ed at base ; outer lip arched forward in the middle ; columella sim-
ply arcuate with a thin reflexed, appressed callus. Alt. 14, diam.
9 mill., sometimes larger, alt. 28 mill.

Norway and seas of North and West Europe generally ; Mediter-
ranean.

Akera bullata MULL., Zool. Danica, p. 242, pi. 71, f. 1-5 (1776).
-FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., p. 527, pi. 114d, f. 4-6
(shell) ; pi. vv, f. 6 (animal). — SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 6. — Accra
bullata MEYER & MOBIUS, Fauna Kieler Bucht., p. 81, plate (ani-
mal).— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 281, pi. 26, f. 1 (shell), pi.
xii, f. 17 (dentition, anatomy). — LANGERHAUS, Zeitschr. Wissensch.
Zool., xxiii, p. 171, pi. 8 (embryology), abstract in Zool. Rec., ix, p.
151. — MAZZARELLI, Zool. Anzeiger, xiv, p. 241, f. 6 (genitalia). —
VAYSSIERE, Rech. Moll. Opisth., p. 23. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch.,
iv, p. 430; v, pi. 95, f. 1. — Aceras bullatum LOCARD, Coq. Mar. France,
p. 24, f. n.—Bulla akera GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3434, and of
MONTAGU, FLEMING, DILLWYN, WOOD, and other early English
conchologists. — B. norvegica BRUG, Encycl. Meth., i, p. 377, pi.
360, f. 4.—Bulla resiliens DONOVAN, Nat. Hist. Brit, shells, pi. 79,
(1804).— B. fraf/ilis LAM., An. s. Vert. (edit. Dh.) vii, 672.—
BLAINV., Man. Malac., pi. 45, f. 7.— SOWB., Conch. Man., f. 247.—
Akera flexilis BROWN, Illustr. Conch. G. B., p. 59, pi. 19, f. 31, 32.
-B. (4.) bullata A. AD., Thes. p. 572, pi. 121, f. 41.— J?. (A.)
hanleyi A. AD., 1. c. p. 573, pi. 121, f. 46. — Eucampe donovani
LEACH, Syn. Moll. G. B., p. 42. — Bulla canalieulata OLIVI, et. aL,
and possibly of LINNAEUS, see HANLEY, Shells of Linn., p. 207. —

378 AKERA.

B. globosa CANTRAINE, Mai. Medit, p. 82. — B. elastica DANILO &.
SANDRI, Gast. Test. Mar., p. 26, (1856), of. BRUSINA, Contr. pella
Faun. Moll. Dalm., p. 10. — Aceras elegans LOCARD, Coq. Mar.
France, p. 24.

Smaller, more tapering toward the ends and less cylindrical than
A. soluta. Long as is the above list of references, it could readily
be doubled ; but everything of value is believed to be here in-
cluded.

A. SOLUTA Gmelin. PL 42, fig. 18.

Shell large, fragile, cylindrical, tapering toward the ends ; cov-
ered with a thin pale yellowish-brown epidermis. Spire projecting
but low and obtuse, terraced ; shoulder of whorls acutely keeled, a
flat, wide anal fascicle between keel and the deeply impressed suture.
Whorls nearly 5, the first one a minute, uptilted and half immersed
apical nucleus ; body whorl forming most of the shell, densely
spirally striated throughout. Aperture narrow in its upper half,
with a wide posterior sinus extending back about a third of a
whorl ; lower half dilated and ovate, effuse at base. Outer lip fra-
gile, arching forward in the middle ; columella very concave, with
a narrowly reflexed cord-like edge. Alt. 45, diam. 25 mill.

Zanzibar; Querimba Is. (Peters); Mauritius (Lienard) ; Ceylon
(Thorne) ; Philippines (Cuming) ; Torres Straits (Cuming) ; Port
Jackson, Port Lincoln, Hardwick Bay, Botany Bay, etc., New South
Wales (Angas) ; Spencer's Gulf, S. Australia (Angas).

Bulla soluta GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3434.— A. AD., Thes ii,
p. 572, pi. 121, f. 40.—Akera soluta SOWB., C. Icon., f. 4.— ANGAS,.
P. Z. S., 1865, p. 189 ; 1867, p. 227.— SMITH, Zool. Coll. Alert, p.
87. — MARTENS, Mobius' Keise n. Maurit., p. 303 ; Monatsber. K.
Akad. Wissensch., 1879, p. 738, and of many authors. — B. ceylan-
ica BRUG., Encyc. Meth., i, p. 377. — B. (A.) tennis A. ADAMS, Thes,
ii, p. 573, pi. 121, f. 45.— SOWB., C. Icon., f. 7.

The spire in this form projects more than in any of the other spe-
cies. It varies much in size, some Australian specimens being less-
than half the dimensions given above. Fig. 16 of plate 42 repre-
sents the A. tennis of Adams, which Angas and Smith agree is a
synonym. A. Adams and Sowerby have given an incorrect syn-
onymy. The animal has been figured by Arthur Adams (ZooL
Samarang, pi. 18, fig. 2).

CYLINDROBULLA.

A. BICINCTA Quoy & Gaimard. PL 42, figs. 15, 13.

Shell ovate-oblong, very thin, fragile ; white, encircled by two-
reddish bands; surface with longitudinal and transverse striae;:
suture fissured. This Bulla has almost entirely the form of the
fragile Bulla \_A. bullata], only the right margin is more developed
and the aperture wider below. Alt. 1 inch, diam. 8 lines. (Q. &
G.).

Harbor of the Princess Royal, King George's Sound (Q. & G.).

B. bicincta Q. &. G., Zool. Astrol., ii, p. 355, pi. 26, f. 31, 32.—
A. AD., Thes. p. 573, pi. 121, f. 44.— SOWB., C. Icon., f. 5.

A. TUMIDA A. Adams. PI. 42, fig. 14.

Shell horny, fragile, ovately cylindrical, spire rather flattened,,
semipellucid, tumid in the middle, and rather gibbous near the in-
ner lip, encircled with a faint, scarcely conspicuous fuscous band,
transversely very finely striated, longitudinally somewhat plicated ;.
aperture anteriorly very much dilated. (J.c?.).

New Zealand (Adams).

B. (Akera} tumida A. AD., Thes. p. 573, pi. 125, f. 169.— J.
tumida SOWB., Conch. Icon., f. 2.

The locality requires confirmation. Is it identical with A. bi-
cincta f

A. TASMANICA Beddome. Unfigured.

Shell minute, thin, ovate, cylindrical, ventricose; whorls distinct,
channelled at sutures, brown, with two white bands on body- whorl ;
aperture elongate, pyriform, rounded in front ; columella excavated.
Long. 2 mill., lat. 1 mill. (£.).

Of Old Station, Brown's River Road, 1 fms., and Bruny Island,
Tasmania.

Akera tasmanica BEDDOME, Papers and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.,.
1882, p. 169, 1883.

Genus CYLINDROBULLA Fischer, 1856.

Cylindrobulla FISCH., Journ. de Conch., 1856, p. 275, type (7.
beaui.

Shell thin and fragile, cylindrical, with sunken spire; aperture as
long as the shell, linear except at base, produced at the vertex in a
deep slit following the suture as in Akera; base obliquely truncated,

380 CYLINDROBULLA.

entirely open, showing the whole interior of the body whorl as well
as the spirally ascending columella, when viewed from below. Type
C. beaui.

Soft parts unknown. Differs from the allied genus Volvatella in
the deep sutural slit and less inflated form.

Of the few species known, one is West Indian, one Mediterranean,
the others from Ceylon, New Caledonia and Australia.

C. BEAUI Fischer. PL 42, figs. 19, 20.

Shell very thin and fragile, elastic, cylindrical, abruptly and ob-
liquely truncated below, rounded above. Pale straw colored ; sur-
face smooth ; spire sunken -in an apical umbilicus the raised margin
of which is formed partly by the erect inner lip continued back-
ward over a half whorl, forming an inner edge to the sutural slit, and
partly by the elevated angle of the whorl. Last whorl obliquely
truncated below ; viewed from the base the whole interior of the spire
and body whorl is visible. Aperture as long as the shell, presenting
a nearly round contour almost as large as a section of the cylinder
when seen from the base ; very narrow and linear above, and at the
top curving backward and extending in a narrow sutural slit two-
thirds of a ivhorl in length.

Alt. 9?, diam. 4f mill.

Alt. 14, diam. 7 mill.

Gaudeloupe (Beau) ; Smith's Bay, St. Thomas (Morch).

Cylindrobulla beaui FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1856, p. 275,
pi. 8, f. 8, 9.— MORCH, Mai. BL, xxii, p. 175.

C. FRAGILIS Jeffreys. PI. 42, figs. 31, 32.

Shell cylindrical, very shining, hyaline ; constricted and longitu-
dinally striate at apex, elsewhere very smooth ; spire loosely invo-
lute ; vertex little conspicuous, obliquely attenuated. Aperture
narrow above, dilated below and truncate. AU. one-fifteenth, diam.
one-thirtieth inch. (Jeffr.}.

Off West Coast Italy 1521-1536 fms. (" Washington") ; Spezzia,
10 fins. (Jeffr.) ; Atlantic Coast of Spain (McAndrew).

Cylichna fragilis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), xvii, p. 188,
pi. 2, f. 16, 17. — Cylindrobulla fragilis JEFFR., Ann. Mag. (5), x, p.
34.

The " Washington" specimens are adult; the largest is T% inch
long. They are microscopically and regularly striated in a trans-

CYLINDROBULLA. 381

verse or spiral direction. I cannot agree with Messrs. Adams that
Fischer's genus Cylindrobulla is the same as Lophocercus, nor with
Monterosato in considering it a section of Acera; although the
generic characters require some amendment. (Jeffr.').

C. FISCHERI Adams & Angas. Unfigured.

Shell cylindrical, fragile, thin, white, semipellucid, truncated in
front, rounded and radiately striated behind, the striae abruptly
ceasing near the posterior end ; aperture linear in the middle, nearly
closed, dilated in front. Alt. 3, diam. H lines. (A. & A.).

Spencer's Gulf, S. Australia (Angas); Lane-Cove River, Port
Jachon, N. S. Wales (Braz.).

Cylindrobulla fischeri A. & A., P. Z. S. 1864, p. 37.— ANGAS, P.
Z. S. 1865, p. 189, and 1871, p. 98.

This species differs from C. beaui Fisch., which is the only other
described, and which inhabits Guadaloupe, in being white, in the
spire being more conspicuous, and especially in the posterior extrem-
ity being strongly striate, the striae ending abruptly at the distance
of about a line from the suture. (A. & A.).

€. SOUVERBIEI Montrouzier. PI. 48, figs. 9, 10.

Shell cylindrical, very thin, fragile, subtranslucid, very delicate-
ly striated ; anteriorly obliquely truncated and broadly open, poste-
riorly roundly subacuminate ; white under a very thin straw-col-
ored epidermis ; spire small, depressed ; whorls 3 to 3£, separated
by an incised suture ; right margin acute, partly covering the last
whorl from the front ; columella spirally ascending, margined be-
low by an inflated cord. Alt. 14, diam. 5? mill. (Sowb.}.

Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago.

Lophoeercus (Cylindrobulla') souverbiei Montr, insched. SO.UVEB-
BIE, Journ. de Conch. 1874, p. 195, pi. 7, f. 6.

Closely allied toC. beaui, but less obtuse above and more slender.
€. SCULPTA Nevill. PL 42, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Shell cylindrical, thin, white, narrowed in the middle, somewhat
swollen behind, the suture deeply incised, truncated at the ends.
Inner lip thickened ; outer lip sinuous, inflexed. Aperture sub-
dilated in front and rounded. Surface marked with minute flexu-
ous growth striae, which are stronger and straight behind. Alt. 6,
•diam 4 mill. (Nev.).

Ceylon.

382 VOLVATELLA.

Cyl. sculpta G. & H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviiij.
p. 68, pi. 13, f. 3, 1869.

This species is somewhat swollen toward the vertex and is marked'
above with rib-strise, like C. fischeri.

C. PUSILLA Nevill. PI. 42, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Shell elongate-cylindrical, somewhat swollen behind and trun-
cate ; white, shining, pellucid, very thin ; with a narrow suture be-
hind ; lip inflexed. Aperture transversely subdilated, with thin
margins ; surface marked with minute stride, closer behind. Alt. 4,.
diarn. 2 mill. (Nev.~).

Ceylon.

Cyl.pusilla G. & H. NEVILL, 1. c. p. 68, pi. 13, f. 2.

Rather closely allied to C. beauii, but differing in the overlap-
ping of the outer lip, etc. There also appears to be considerable
resemblance to a shell described by H. Pease as Volvatella Candida,
(Nev.).

Genus VOLVATELLA Pease, 1860.

Volvatella PSE.. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 20; Arner..
Journ. Conch, iv, p. 73.

Shell thin and fragile, elastic, swollen in the middle, slightly nar-
rower below, abruptly contracted above the vertex into a short tubular
open canal formed by the raised continuation of the inner and outer
lips. Spire sunken and conclealed in an apical rimation. Aperture
as long as the shell, roundly dilated and very effuse below, the whole
interior being visible from the base, very narrow in the middle, pro-
duced above the vertex in a spout-like channel. Columella thin,,
spirally ascending. Type V.fragihs.

Animal completely retractile into the shell ; head disk subquad-
rate, truncate and emarginate in front, strongly bilobed behind ;:
eyes developed. Foot oblong, truncated in front, tapering behind..
Epipodial lobes wanting ; mantle small, included in the shell.
Dentition unknown.

Distribution : Indo-Pacific. Living on sea-weed.

This group is apparently most closely allied to Cylindrobulla,
differing only in the swollen form of the shell and its posterior
"spout," which replaces the A ^era-like slit of the other genus.

VOLVATELLA. 38$

V. CINCTA Nevill. PI. 42, figs. 33, 34, 35.

Shell ovate-cylindrical, membranaceous, involute, a little con-
stricted in the middle, produced at both ends ; abruptly contracted
behind, gently rounded and somewhat dilated in front; Aperture
extremely narrow behind, closed by the inflexion of the lip in the
the middle, rounded below, the inner lip a little reflexed ;
outer lip thin, obliquely truncated above, sinuous in the middle ;
epidermis corneous, pale brown, with two wide reddish girdles ;
growth-striae minute, regularly flexuous. Alt. 11 J, diam. 6£ mill-

(Nev.-).

Ceylon.

V. cincta G. & H. NEV., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii, 1869,
p. 67, pi. 13, f. 4.

Differing from its nearest ally, V. vigourouxii, in the peculiarity
of the epidermis and in the anterior part of its aperture being more
rounded and not nearly so dilated ; there is also no callosity near
the margin of the inner lip ; the difference in size is equally very
great, V. vigourouxii being 24 mill, in length and 14J in breadth..
The animal resembles that of V.fragilis Pease, the color being bright
orange with bands of red aggregated corpuscles ; it lives in shallow
water on reefs among corallines, etc. ; when molested exudes a
milky fluid (Nev.~).

V. VIGOUROUXI Montrouzier. PL 48, figs. 6.

Shell ovate, few-whorled, corneous, subpellucid, thin, membra-
nous ; rounded in front ; subinflated and produced in a channel be-
hind ; whitish and spirally striated under the epidermis ; spire con-
cealed ; inner lip produced in a channel behind ; aperture rounded1
in front, narrowed and channelled behind, somewhat acute
above. Alt. 24, diam. 14£ mill. (Souv.~).

Balade, New Caledonia (Bordeaux Mus.).

Lophocercus vigourouxi* Montr., in Souv., Journ. de Conch. 1861r
p. 271, pi. 11, f. 1. — Volvatella vigourouxi PSE., Amer. Journ.
Conch, iv, p. 73.— FISCHER, Man. de Conch, p. 560, f. 319.— Oxy-
noe vigourouxii MORCH, Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 47.

V. PYRIFORMIS Pease. PL 42, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Shell subobliquely cylindrical, thin, fragile, membranaceous;
covered with a yellowish epidermis ; longitudinally subflexuous-
plicate ; left side inflated ; produced in a canal ; aperture rounded
in front (Pse.).

384 VOLVATELLA.

Animal uniform pale orange ; as seen through the shell, freckled
with red, which assumes transverse bands. Head subquadrate,
slightly emarginate in front and provided with small lateral crests.
Eyes black, inserted in a fissure on the side of the head. Foot ob-
long, truncated and widest in front, and gradually tapering to a
rounded tip behind. Motions active ; when disturbed discharging
a viscid white fluid from the vent (Pse.).

Huakine.

V. pyriformis PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 73, pi. 7, f. 5 ; pi.
12, f. 23.— V.jnriformis MTS., Donum Bism., p. 54, pi. 2, f. 21.

Descriptions of the shells of this genus cannot be relied on for
reason of the distorted change that takes place soon after they are
removed from the animal and become dry. The shell resembles
that of Lophocercus vigourouxii Montr. (Pse.).

V. FRAQILIS Pease. PI. 42, figs. 27, 28.

Shell thin, horny, subpyriform, convolute (finely striated longi-
tudinally) covered with a membranaceous epidermis ; spire none ;
aperture wide, dilated at the base and contracted posteriorly ; the
lips thin and entire, meeting at about one half the length of the
shell and folding closely one over the other, posteriorly produced in
the form of a tube, leaving a circular aperture ; color yellowish

<ft*.).

Sandwich Is.

V.fragilis PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 20 ; Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p.
73, pi. 7, f. 4.

Animal : Mantel not exposed ; cephalic disk quadrate, slightly
in advance of the shell ; tentacular lobes four, produced from the
corners of cephalic disk, round, short and bluntly rounded at their
extremities, anterior pair slightly longer; foot small, not extending
posteriorly beyond the aperture, and not reaching in front the ante-
rior side of the cephalic disc, of an oblong triangular shape, widest
in front ; eyes minute at inner base of posterior tentacles ; anal
opening at posterior aperture; color white. This anomalous ani-
mal was found on sea-weed dredged from a salt water pond. It re-
remained alive several days in a glass jar ; it was very timid and
slow in its movements. The animal would occasionally protrude
slightly from the posterior aperture (Pse.).

HYDATINID^E. 385

V. CANDIDA Pease. PI. 42, figs. 29, 30 ; pi. 48, fig. 11.

Shell cylindrical, membranaceous, truncate posteriorly, much
convolute, covered with a thin yellowish epidermis ; aperture small,
not one-half the length of the shell. Animal white, pellucid, neck
long ; head disk elongate, triangular, with a posterior fissure, Ham-
inea-shaped, deeply fissured laterally. Foot oblong, rather wide
anteriorly, rounded behind (Pse.).

Polynesia.

V. Candida PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 73, 160, pi. 7, f. 6 ;
pi. 12, f. 24.

Resembles Cylindrobulla beauii Fischer (P.).
V. CUMINGI A. Adams. PI. 48, fig. 7.

Shell subovate, gibbose, horny, fragile, pellucid, slightly involute ;
spire concealed ; aperture posteriorly produced, narrow and linear,
anteriorly greatly dilated ; outer lip slightly sinuous, greatly in-
flected towards the body whorl, posteriorly produced ; inner lip ad-
hering, slightly reflexed (Ad.).

Puerto St. Elena, W. Columbia ; sandy mud, 6 fathoms (Cuming).

Sulla (Lobiger*) cumin gii A. Ad., Thes. Conch, ii, p. 599, pi. 121,
f. 58. — Oxynoe cumingii MORCH, Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 47. —
Volvatella cumingi FISCHER, Man. de Conch, p. 560.

Family HYDAT1NIDJE.

Aplustridce FISCHER, Man. de Conch, p. 560.

Shell globose or oval, thin, with exposed, nearly level spire of
several whorls and minute, uptilted, nearly immersed nucleus.
Last whorl very large, with conspicuously banded color-pattern.
Aperture very large, the outer lip but little retreating toward its
upper insertion, broadly rounded below, sometimes notched at base
of the columella.

Animal voluminous, the foot large and flat ; head disk bearing
four or two tentacular processes in front, produced in two large
lobes partly covering the shell behind. Radula lacking central
teeth, the laterals numerous and all of the same form. Digestive
tract very long.

The radula resembles that of Akeridce except in lacking central
teeth.

The present family differs from Akeridce in the absence of the
deep posterior bay or sinus of the aperture of the shell, and its con-

386 HYDATINA.

spicuous color pattern. The animal differs externally in the ten-
tacular lobes of the head disk, which are like those of Aplysia, and
totally unlike the simple head disk of A keridce.

Synopsis of Genera and Subgenera.
* Animal with four tentacles ; shell without spiral sculpture.

Genus HYDATINA Schum.

Shell globose or oval, smooth, with narrow level or concave
spire, the aperture broadly rounded below.

Subgenus APLUSTRUM Schum.

Shell obovate, with wide spire, the aperture deeply notched at
base of the columella.

** Animal with two tentacles; shell more or less spirally striated.

Genus MICROMELO Pilsbry.

Shell globose-oval, with narrow spire, the aperture broadly
rounded below ; surface striate-punctate, decorated with spiral and
wavy longitudinal lines.

Genus HYDATINA Schumacher, 1817.

Hydatina SCHUM., Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. pp. 57, 186, type H.
filosa Schum.=physis L. — Bullina (in part) Ferussac (see this vol.
p. 175).

Shell globose or oval, thin, smooth, variegated, spirally banded ;
the spire exposed, either convex, flat or concave, apex a minute up-
tilted globose nucleus. Aperture about as long as the shell ; outer
lip not sinused behind, rather effuse or notched at base; columella
straight or concave with reflexed edge. Type H. physis.

Animal capable of complete retraction, large ; head disk bearing
four tentacles like those of Aplysia; produced behind in two large
lobes partly covering the shell, the eyes at their bases. Foot very
broad, auriculate at the anterior angles, obtuse behind ; epipodial
lobes lacking ; edges of the large foot reflexed over the shell (pi.
45, fig. 17, H. physis).

Radula with many longitudinal rows of similar teeth ; centrals
lacking ; side teeth with denticulate cusps.

HYDATINA. 387

H. PHYSIS Linne\ PI. 45, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.

Shell large, globose or oval, thin ; under a thin buff cuticle the
shell is white, with many close wavy brown spiral lines. Surface
very slightly and coarsely waved longitudinally, otherwise smooth.
Vertex flat, the spire about level ; whorls about 3£, the first a min-
ute globose, uptilted and half immersed nucleus, the rest separated
by deep sutures. Body-whorl globose above, somewhat attenuated
below, where there is a convex spiral rib surrounding the umbilical
tract; aperture about as long as the shell, large, ovate, narrower
and curved above, dilated below. Lip simple and thin, very little
retracted toward its upper insertion, rounded at base, bluntly
angled at foot of the columella. Columella gently concave or
nearly straight, with reflexed edge, leaving an umbilical chink or
rarely none.

Alt. 32, diam. 29 mill., often larger.

Alt. 29, diam. 20 mill., slender specimen.

Natal (Krauss) ; Mozambique and Imhambane (Peters) ; Mauri-
tius (Q. & G., Kobillard, et al.) ; Rodriguez (Robillard) ; Reunion
(Desh.) ; Seychelles and Amirantes (Dufo) ; Red Sea (Ehrenb.,
Cooke) ; Philippines (Martens) ; Manila; Jeddo, Japan (Lischke)-;
Port Jackson, Botany Bay and Moreton Bay, Australia (Angas) ;
Sandwich Is. (Newcomb) ; Cuba (Orbigny) ; Guadeloupe (Beau) ;
St. Thomas (Swift) ; St. Vincent Island, West Africa (Geisse).

Bullaphysis LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 727. — A. AD., Thes. p. 565,
pi. 120, f. 9-11.— QUOY & GAIM., Astrol. p. 363, pi. 26, f. 1-3 (an-
imal).— KRAUSS, Die Siidafrik. Moll. p. 70. — Hydatina physis
SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 2.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 162.—
MARTENS, Mobius' Reise p. 304 ; Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch.
Berl. 1879, p. 738.— MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 41.— MORCH, Mai. Bl.
xxii, p. 175. — COOKE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5), xvii, p. 128.—
LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch. i, p. 114. — ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p.
225. — Hydatina filosa SCHUM., Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. p. 186. — Bui-
la virgata MARTYN, Univ. Conch, pi. 11. — Bulla atrolineata
SCHROETER, Wiedemann's Archiv fiir Zool. u. Zoot. iv, p. 16. —
Bulla quoyana ORB., Moll. Cuba, p. 131. — Bulla (Hydatina) stami-
nea MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 136 ; Mai. Bl. i, p. 41 (narrow
form.)

Readily known by the numerous spiral lines. This species has
an extremely wide range, surpassing, probably, any other Tecti-

388 HYDATINA.

branch. It inhabits the Indo-Pacific region, from Africa to Japan,
Sandwich Is., and southeastern Australia, and reappears in the
West Indies. I am unable to find any constant differences between
oriental and occidental specimens.

The typical physis is quite globose. The following has been sep-
arated as a variety.

Var. STAMINEA Menke. PI. 45, fig. 14.

Shell slenderer, oval, having oblique brown streaks. Occurs
in both Indian Ocean and West Indies.

H. VELUM Gmelin. PI. 44, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.

Shell large, globose, thin ; spire flat or sunken, the sutures deep ;
under a very thin pellucid epidermis the surface is whitish, streaked
closely and longitudinally with light brown ; middle with a narrow
light girdle, bordered above and below with dark brown girdles ;
vertex with similar dark girdle, within which it is whiter ; base de-
fined by a fourth dark girdle ; surface smooth ; aperture ovate,
narrowed and curved above, dilated below, well-rounded at base.
Columella concave, reflexed over an open umbilical chink or closed.
Alt. 40, diam. 35 mill.

Mauritius and Mozambique to Ceylon and East Indies.

Vexillum nigritarum, etc., CHEMN., Conch. Cab. x, pi. 146, f.
1348, 1349. — Bulla vexillum Chemn., A. AD., in Thes. Conch, ii, p.
565, pi. 12. f. 12-14 ; Voy. Samarang Moll. pi. 19, f. 4 (animal).—
Hydatina vexillum SOWB., Conch. Icon. f. 4. — Bulla velum GMELIN,
Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3433.— Hydatina velum MKE., Mai. Bl. i, p. 41.
— DESH., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 670. — MARTENS, in Mobius' Reise, p.
304 ; Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berl. 1879, p. 738.— Bulla
eirculata MARTYN, Univ. Conch, pi. 95 ; Chenu's reprint pi. 32, f.
3. — Bulla cinctoria PERRY, Conchology pi. 40, fig. 1. — B. fasciata
B-RUG., Ecycl. Meth. i, p.380. — EYD. & SOUL., Voy. de la Bonite, p.
462, pi. 25 (animal and anatomy). — B. amplustra BORN, Mus. Cses.
Vindob. p. 204, pi. 9, f. 1, not of Linne.

The color-pattern is a well marked and constant character of this
species.

H. ALBOCINCTA Hoeven. PI. 45, figs. 29, 30.

Shell large, thin, spire slightly concave ; inflated, globose or oval;
under a very thin pellucid epidermis it is closely and finely ob-
liquely streaked with brown, interrupted by five wide, sharply

HYDATINA. 389

defined white girdles; one at vertex, one occupying the baso-umbil-
ical tract, the others of equal width, equally spaced. Surface
smooth ; aperture ovate, narrowed and curved above, broadly
rounded below. Columella concave, reflexed.

Alt 35, diam. 30 mill.

Alt. 36, diam. 26 mill.

Nagasaki, Japan (Birileff) ; China ( Adams) ; Philippines (Jay);
Port Stephens, N. S. Wales, Australia (Braz.).

Bulla albocincta Van der HOEVEN, Tydschrift voor natuurlyke
Geschiedenis en Physiologic, Leyden, vi, 1839, p. 246, pi. 10. — AD.,
Thes. Conch., ii, p. 566, t. 120, f. 17, IS.—Hydatwa albocincta SOWB.,
Conch. Icon., pi. 2, f. 3.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 189.— LISCHKE,
Jap. Meeres-Conch., ii, p. 105. — Bulla ferruginosa PERRY, Con-
chology, pi. 40, f. 2, 1811. Not B. ferruginosa Gmel.

As in the other species of Hydatina, the color-pattern is charac-
teristic, consisting of white alternating with brown-streaked zones.
The name given by Perry is preoccupied, and his figure is hardly
recognizable.

H. INFLATA Dunker. PL 44, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Shell large, inflated and globose, umbilicated, rather thin, semi-
pellucid; ashy and pale brown, very densely streaked longitudinally,
and marked in the lower part by one white belt split by a brown
line ; a wide white band adjacent to the umbilicus ; spire deeply
immersed, milk-white within. Alt. and diam. 44 mill. (Dkr.).

Inland Sea of Japan, at Wakayama.

Hydatina inftata DKR., Malak. Bl. xxiv, p. 69, 1877 ; Index
Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 162, pi. 2, f. 14-16.

Evidently allied to S. albocincta, but broader, with larger umbil-
icus, and lacking the broad white zones, which are here represented
by one narrow girdle, and apical and umbilical patches.

Subgenus APLUSTRUM Schum., 1817.

Aplustrum SCHUM., Essai, pp. 63, 208, type A. fasciatum Schum.
=B. amplustre Linn. — Aplustra SWAINS, Malacol. p. 248. — Bullina
(in part) FERUSSAC (see ant., p. 175).

Shell obovate,thin, vividly banded, covered with a thick corneous
cuticle. Columella truncated at base, the aperture notched there.
Type H. amplustre.
26

390 HYDATINA.

Radula apparently lacking central teeth, the laterals all of the
same form, stout thorn-shaped, the cusps not denticulate.

In the single species composing this group, the spiral basal funi-
cle which is crescentic in Hydatina physis, is straightened and
pressed against the columellar lip, and its termination below causes
a distinct basal spout, which is only slightly indicated in the Hyda~
Una. These differences seem, however, quite insufficient for generic
separation.

H. AMPLUSTRE Lhme. PI. 44, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Shell obovate, thin, wider above, tapering below ; the spire wide,
convex ; whorls about 5, the first a minute uptilted, partly immersed
nucleus, the following whorls planorboid with impressed suture, the
last whorl slowly descending, wide above, tapering below. Under
a strong brown epidermis it is crimson or pink, with a broad sub-
sutural white zone bordered outside by a black band ; a median
white zone bordered above and below by black bands (rarely coal-
escent across it), and a white umbilical tract bounded above by a
black band. Aperture nearly three times as long as wide, not sin-
used above, broadly channelled at base. Outer lip thin, its profil*
nearly straight, retracted at base. Columella a large subvertical
pillar, truncated at base, its inner edge covered with a thin, non-
.adherent callus. Alt. 25, diam. 19 mill.

Bramble Cay, outer Great Barrier Reef, Northeastern Australia;
Aneiteum, New Hebrides, New Caledonia (Brazier) ; Upolu, Raro-
tonga (Garrett) ; Sandwich Is. (Newcomb, Townsend et al.) ; Re
union (Desh., et al.) ; Mauritius (Lienard, et al.) ; and I. Foui
(Mobius) ; Make, Seychelles (Dufo).

Bulla amplustre LINNE, Syst. Nat. x, p. 727 ; xii, p. 1184. — HAN-
MY, Ipsa L. Conch., p. 206.— WOOD, Index Testae., pi. 18, f. 26.-
Bulla amplmtra GMEL., p. 3426. — Build aplustre LAM., Anim. s.
Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 35. — QUOY & GAIM., Voy. Astrol., ii, p. 366, pi.
26, f. 4-7 (living animal). — EYDOUX & SOULEYET, Voy. de la
Bonite, pi. 25, f. 14—17 (living animal). — Aplustrum amplustre L.,
MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, p. 137.— H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p.
7, pi. 56, f. 3.— CHENU, Manuel, i, p. 286, f. 29Q5.—Bydatii
aplustre MARTENS, Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, p. 304 ; Donui
Bism., p. 51. — Aplustrum fasciatum SCHUM., Essai, etc., p. 2(
(1817). — Aplustra pulchella SWAINS. Malacol., p. 248, (1840).
Amplustre thalassiarchi MARTINI, Naturlexicon, i, p. 383, pi. 18,

MICROMELO. 391

10.— B. (4.) thalassiarchi AD. in Thes. ii, p. 564, pi. 120, f. 4-6. —
Aplustrum thalassiarchi SOWB., Conch. Icon., xvi, f. 2. — BRAZIER,
Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 79.

The near alliance of this species to the Hydatinas is shown in the
convex columellar rib which forms the basal spout, as in H. physis,
and the pattern (but not color) of the markings, which is exactly as
in If. velum. There can be no doubt of the localities given above,
as the extreme eastern and western limits are attested by many ex-
cellent authorities, and are represented by many specimens before
me.

The shell, when fresh, is covered by a thick brown cuticle, which
projects at the lip well beyond the calcareous layer. The black
bands are reduced to narrow lines in one lot of about 50 specimens
from the Sandwich Is., in the Academy collection ; one of these
being represented in fig. 6, but some others have them still narrower
and fainter.

This species has appeared in the books under many names, but
by the nature of things none can antedate amplustre of Linnaeus'
tenth edition of the Systema.

Genus MICROMELO Pilsbry, 1894.

Bullina FER. in part (see ant., p. 175). — Hydatina Auct. in part.
—Bullinula GRAY, not Swains.

Shell oval, rather thin, with exposed nearly flat spire of several
whorls and minute, uptilted, subimmersed nucleus. Last whorl large
spirally striate-punctate, with a color-pattern of two or three spiral
and many wavy longitudinal lines. Aperture pear-shaped, dilated
and rounded below ; outer lip a little notched at suture ; columella
concave, with reflexed edge, obscurely folded above. Type M. un-
data Brug.

Animal not completely retractile into the shell; head disc bearing
two flat tentacular processes in front, produced behind in two large
lobes partly covering the shell. Eyes wanting? Foot large ; stom-
ach without bony plates ; dentition unknown (pi. 59, fig. 26, M.
guamense).

This genus differs from Hydatina and Aplustrum in the spirally
sculptured shell, the animal having two, instead of four tentacular
processes on the head disk. I have not followed Fischer in consid-
ering B. undata Brug. the type of Bullina Fer. because Ferussac

392 MICROMELO.

calls the species " undulata Brug.," and because the shell he meant
was not the species of Bruguiere. Neither have I followed v. Mar-
tens in giving B. guamense as the type of Ferussac's group, because
Ferussac did not mention that species, and the identification of his
" B. undulata Brug." with guamense is only hypothetical, although
extremely probable. Surely if such an identification be sufficient
to fix the identity of the genus, it is enough to fix that of the spe-
cies ; and v. Martens does not go so far as to call guamense " undu-
lata Fer.," as he would be compelled to do were his view followed
to its logical conclusion.

M. UNDATA Bruguiere. PI. 59, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.

Shell oval, rather thin, white with two or three equidistant spiral
red lines and many deeply sinuous longitudinal red lines. Surface
shining,showing under a lens many unequallyspacedspiralscomposed
of rounded pits just touching each other; this sculpture oftennearly
obsolete and hardly visible except at the base. Vertex rather nar-
row, the spire nearly level ; first whorl a shining, uptilted, nearly
immersed nucleus ; following whorls separated by impressed sutures.
Aperture long, pear-shaped, gradually narrowed and curved to the
left above, broadly rounded below ; lip receding a trifle at suture.
Columella broadly concave, with reflexed, appressed edge. Alt.
12£, diam. 8£ mill.

St. Thomas (Swift, Krebs, et al.) ; St. Vincent (Guilding) ; St.
Martin (Krebs) ; Cuba (Sagra).

Bullaundata BRUG., Encycl. Meth., ip. 380.— ORB., Moll. Cubai,
p. 132. — Bullina undaia MOROH, Mai. Bl. xxii, p. 174. — Bullaniti-
dula (Solander, MSS., Portland Catal., undesc.) DILLWYN, Descript.
Catal. Recent Shells, i, p. 483. — A. AD., Thes. Conch., ii, p. 565, pi.
120, f. 15, l6.—Hydatina nitidula SOWB., C. Icon., f. 1 (false local-
ity.)— Bullina elegans MKE., Syn.Meth. Moll. Mus. Menkeano, edit.
2, 1830, p. 13 (founded upon Lister's figures).

The spiral red lines often occupy the middle of an ill-defined
reddish band, and frequently the median line is wanting.

M. GUAMENSIS Quoy & Gaimard. PL 59, figs. 25, 26.

Shell ovate, pellucid, grooved by several black undulating longi-
tudinal lines and three transverse lines. It is covered by a thin
extended epidermis, and is wider in front than behind. The obtuse
re-entrant spire describes a little more than two whorls ; the ground

MICROMELO. 393

is white, translucent, traversed by three well- defined narrow black
lines, which are equally spaced and a little obliquely transverse. At
right angles with these are about 10 longitudinal strongly and ir-
regularly waved lines of the same color. Length 5, breadth 3 lines.
Ayiiyna, Island of Guam. Marianne group (Freycinet) ; Hilo,
Sandwich Is. (Garrett) ; Mauritius (Lienard) ; Reunion (Dh.) and
Fouquets (Mobius).

Ballcea guamemis (Bullee Ferussac, on plate) Q. & G., Voy.
I'Uranie et la Physicienne, Zool., p. 423, pi. 66, f. 10, 11, 12 (1824).
— Hydatina guamensis PSE., Amer. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 132. —
MARTENS & LANGK., Donum Bism., p. 52. — Sulla scripta GAR-
RETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., i, 1857, p. 103.— / Bullina undulata
Brug., FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst., p. xxx (no description). — Bullinula
umhita Quoy, GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim., iv, p. 96, 1850 ; i, pi. 59, f.
6 (copied from Quoy). — Bulla ferussaci DESH. in Lam., An. s. Vert,
vii, p. 57. — CATLOW & EVE., Conch. Nomencl., p. 113, 1845.

Very similar to the West Indian M. undata, but slenderer, alt. 9,
diam. 6 mill., and the markings black, not red ; spiral striation
very weak, generally distinct only on the base.

M. EXIMIA Deshayes. PL 59, figs. 18, 19.

Shell ovate-oblong, subcylindrical, thin, pellucid, whitish- roseate,
peculiarly ornamented with blackish-brown longitudinal wavy hair
lines, and two distant transverse interrupted lines; spire very short,
obtuse ; whorls 3, narrow, joined by a linear suture, the last whorl
large, smooth in the middle, obsoletely striated in front; aperture
large, dilated in the front part, narrower and subemarginate be-
hind; columella thin, white, deeply arcuate. Alt. 13, greater
diam. 11, lesser 7 mill. (Z)//.).

Reunion ; Mauritius.

Bulla eximia DH., Moll. Keun., p. 55, pi. 7, f. 23, 24 (1863).—
LIENARD, Cat. Faun. Mai. Maurice, p. 53. — Hydatina eximia
MARTENS, Mobius' Reise n. Maurit., p. 304.

This form is probably a variety or synonym of guamensis.
Family RING1CULIDJS Meek.

RingicuJince MEEK, Amer. Journ. Sci., 2, xxxv, pp. 87, 92, (1862).
—Ringiculidce MEEK, Check-list Inv. Foss. N. A. Cret., pp. 16, 34,

394 RINGICULA.

1864. — GILL, Smiths. Misc. Coll., No. 227, p. 14. — FISCHER, Man.
de Conch., p. 56] .

Shell short and ventricose, with conic spire of several whorls ;
aperture narrow, obstructed by folds on the columellar margin ;
peristome thickened outside, often dentate within. Operculum
wanting.

Animal completely retractile within the shell, with short foot>
head-disc wide, prolonged backward in the middle, a sort of siphon
being formed by the rolled-in margins; radula without central
tooth, laterals two, arcuate, the cusps directed inwards. (See pi. 46,
fig. 49).

In the recent fauna this family is represented by but one genus,
Ringicula. There are several fossil groups, Avellana, Cinulia,
Oligoptycha, etc. (See Struct, and Syst. Conch.).

Genus RINGICULA Deshayes, 1838.

Ringicula DH., Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert., 2d edit., viii, p. 323,
1838, type Auricula ringens Lam. — MORLET, Journ. de Conchyli-
ologie 1878, pp. 113, 251; 1880, p. 150: 1882, p. 200 (illustrated
monograph of recent and fossil species).— Ringiculina MONTEROSATO
Norn. Gen. e Spec., p. 141, type R. leptocheila (1884).

Shell small, solid, nearly white, ovate-globose, the spire conical ;
aperture from one-half to three-fourths the shell's length, conspicu-
ously notched and channelled at base ; outer lip thickened and
often dentate or crenulated within, margined with callus outside ;
columellar margin heavily calloused, with two to four strong enter-
ing folds. Type R. ringens Lam.

Jaws as in Akera, etc.

The animal is peculiar in the very broad head-disk produced in
a sort of siphon in the middle behind. The dentition closely re-
sembles that of Philine and the Scaphandridce.

Ringicula ranges over nearly all tropical and subtropical seas.
In the geological series it extends to the base of the Eocene with a
few forms in the Cretaceous, but below the Tertiary the group ia
represented mainly by Cinulia and Avellana. About 42 recent and
75 fossil species have been described.

Morlet divides the group as follows ; the fossil species are not here
enumerated :

RINGICULA. 395-

IST GROUP, lip denticulate (Ringicula s. sir.'), contains R. caron,

denticulata, encarpoferens.
2o GROUP, lip not denticulate.

a. Columellar margin with two folds (Ringiculina Monts.), R.
leptocheila, nitida, peracuta, pusilla.

b. Columella with three folds, all species not named above and
below.

c. Columella with four folds, R. conformis, salleana.

The larger part of the modern representatives of this genus be-
long to the section with non-crenulated lip and 3-plicate columella ;
they form a group of very closely allied species, many of which can
be identified only with great difficulty, unless authentically named
specimens are at hand for comparison. The group has been
monographically studied by Commandant L. Morlet ; and from his-
work a large part of the following account has been taken.

Mediterranean, North Atlantic and West Indian Species.

R. BUCCINEA Brocchi. PI. 46, fig. 51.

Shell minute, subovate, inflated, smooth ; spire short, acute ; col-
umella triplicate, the folds acute, lip expanded, adnate ; outer lip
margined, inflated in the middle, not grooved. (Brocchi).

Alt. 4*8, diam. 4 mill.

West coast of France and Spain ; Mediterranean.

Voluta buccinea BROCCHI, Conch. Foss. Subap. ii, p. 645, pi. 4, f.
9, 1814. — Auricula buccinea SOWB., Min. Conch, v, p. 100, pi. 465,
f. 2. — R. buccinea DESH., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 344. — MORLET, Journ.
de Conch. 1878, p. 132, pi. 5, f. 16 ; p. 278, pi. 8, f. 6 (fossil).

Quite closely allied to R. auriculata, but more globose, with
shorter spire, heavier callus, the surface always smooth and shining.
(Mori.).

It occurs also in the middle and upper Miocene and lower Plio-
cene.

R. AURICULATA Menard. PL 46, figs. 49, 50.

Shell minute, ovate, inflated, white, smooth; spire short, acute;
base emarginate; columella triplicate, the folds acute; lip ex-
panded adnate ; lip margined, callous. Alt. 5'1, diam. 4 mill.
(Men.).

Ocean coast of Spain ; Mediterranean ; Madeira.

396 RINGICULA.

Marginella auriculata MENARD, Ann. du Mus. xvii, p. 331, 1811.
—PniL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 231. — Ringicula auriculata PHIL.,
loc. cit. ii, p. 198, pi. 28, f. 13.— MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p.
130, pi. 5, f. 14.— WATSON, torn, cit., p. 312, pi. 10, f. 4 (living
animal). — JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4), vii, p. 245.— SEGUENZA,
Atti Accad. dei Lincei, Mem. ix, p. 344, figs.

Very closely allied to R. buccinea, but distinguished by the less
globose form, longer spire, weaker callous and revolving strise.

R. CONFORMIS Monterosato. PI. 46, figs. 33, 34.

Differs from auriculata in the form and arrangement of the teeth ;
the aperture is more ringent, and the surface is not spirally striate.
In some localities this species presents an appearance of vertical
folds on the earlier whorls. (Monts.~).

Alt. 4, diam. 3'4 mill.

Mediterranean, deep water (Monts.) ; Cape Breton (Folin).

R. auriculata var. conformis MONTS., Nuova Revista Conch. Medit.
p. 45, 1875.-— E. conformis MONTS., Journ. de Conchyl. 1877, p. 44,
pi. 11, f. 4.— MORLET, /. c. 1878, p. 131, pi. 5, f. 15.— SEGUENZA,
Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Memorie, ix, p. 344-390, figs.

R. TERQUEMI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 41, 42.

Shell small, globose, thin, regularly striate, the strise conspicuous
on the apertural face of the last whorl, sometimes obsolete on its
back, 3 to 8, three of which are basal ; whorls 4&, globose, separated
by a channelled suture; last whorl over half the length of the shell,
rounded at base ; spire short, rapidly increasing ; aperture wide, the
margins joined by a thin callus, columellar margin arcuate below,
triplicate, the folds thick, short ; upper fold like a twisted callous,
lower fold larger than the middle one; lip regularly arcuate,
slightly calloused and subdentate in the middle, a little prominent
outside. Alt. 3, diam. 1? mill. (Mori.*).

Bay of Smyrna, in 20 meters (Terquem).

R. terguemi MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 159, pi. 5, f. 7.

R. SCHLUMBERGERI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 53, 54.

Shell short, globulose, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by an
impressed suture, ornamented with deep, regularly distant spiral
strice, conspicuous on the latter three-fourths of the last whorl ;

RINGICULA. 397

penultimate longitudinally costellate; last whorl two-thirds the total
length, rounded at hase ; spire short ; aperture constricted, margins
joined by a thick callus, with the lip forming a canal ; col-
umellar margin arcuate, quadri-plicate, the upper fold delicate,
lower two delicate, contorted, horizontal ; lip arcuate, thick, provided
in the middle with a tooth-like tubercle, more or less prominent.
Alt. 4, diam. 3 mill. (Mori.}.

Mediterranean.

R. schlumbergeri MORL., J. de C., 1878, p. 204, pi. 9, f. 4.

Cannot be confounded with any of its congeners on account of the
short form, the ornamentation consisting of striae and ribs crossing
them, and the fourth fold of the interior.

R. ADMIRABILIS Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 45, 46.

Shell globose, thick, delicately striate and costellate, (transverse
striae 3-4 on upper whorls, numerous and dense on last whorl ; cos-
telke less conspicuous on back of the last whorl) ; whorls 5?, slightly
convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last whorl three-fifths
the total length, rounded at base ; aperture consiricted, the margins
joined by a thick callus; columellar margin quadriplicate, the
upper two folds thick, short, the third fold short, contorted, the
lower fold delicate and horizontal ; lip little arcuate, thickened in
the middle and reflexed outside. Alt. 3'5, diam. 2'5 mill. (Mori.).

Mediterranean.

K admirabilis MORL., Journ. de Conch. 1882, p. 203, pi. 9, f. 3.

Approaches in its striation the miocene and pliocene R. elegans
Pecchioli but it is longer, more finely and closely striate, and the
lowest fold is horizontal.

R. ABYSSORUM Morlet. Unfigured.

Shell thin, globulose, of large size, ornamented with transverse
stria? and very fine and close longitudinal ribs ; the lip peculiar in
form. (Mori.').

Mediterranean? (Second Exped. Travailleur, 1881).

R. abyzsorum MORL., Journ. de Conch. 1882, p. 206.
R. SALLEANA Morlet.

Shell small, short, ventricose, thick, shining, ornamented with
regular, deep spiral stride; whorls 6, convex, separated by a linear

398 RINGICULA.

suture, the last whorl four-fifths the length of the shell, rounded at
base ; spire very short ; aperture narrow, margins joined by a thick
callus ; right margin forming a canal above ; columellar margin
arcuate, with four folds, the upper two folds thick, short, obliquely
directed downward, lower two folds transverse ; lip arcuate, thick
within especially at base, narrower above, varicose outside and cover-
ing three-fourths of the penultimate whorl. Alt. 5'2, diam. 4*5
mill. (I/or/.).

Off Cape Breton (Folin).

R. salleana MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 153.

Characterized by the very globular, short form, the four folds of
the columellar margin, thickness of the columellar callus bordered
by a distinct groove.

R. PASSIERI Morlet. PL 46, figs. 39, 40.

Shell subventricose, thick, subelongate, regularly striated, the
stride impressed, transverse, distant; whorls 7 to 7£, convex, separ-
ated by a linear, margined suture ; last whorl two-thirds the total
length, rounded at base ; spire elongated ; aperture narrow above,
dilated below, margins joined by a callus; columellar margin arcu-
ate triplicate ; upper fold vertical, lower sinuous; lip thick, prom-
inent outside', a little sinuous within, rounded below ; above partly
covering the penultimate whorl and forming a canal. Alt. 5£, diam.
3J mill. (Mori.).

Off Cape Breton (Folin).

R. passieri MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 157, pi. 5, f. 5. — FOLIN, Lea
Fonds de la Mer. iii, p. 334.

R. PULCHELLA (Jeffreys) Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 35, 36.

Shell small, thin, more or less elongate ; whorls 5, convex, separ-
ated by a deep suture, rather smooth, delicately sulcate above; last
whorl two-thirds the total length, ornamented with two spiral lines
above near the suture, then smooth, transversely punctate-lirate in
the middle and below, the base rounded ; aperture ample, margins
joined by a thin callus ; columellar margin slightly arcuate, three-
folded, the folds minute ; lip regularly arcuate, thin, slightly prom-
inent outside. Alt. 3'2, diam. 2 mill. (Mori.').

West of Ireland, in 1180-1215 fms. ; between Falmouth and Gib-
raltar, 227-795 fms. (Porcupine).

R. pnlchella Jeffr., MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 158, pi. 5, f. 6.

RINGICULA.

K. SEMISTRIATA Orbigny. PI. 46, figs. 43, 44.

Shell ovate-conic, thick, whitish, smooth posteriorly, transversely
striated in front; spire acute, conic, suture impressed; aperture
oblong, columella thickened, biplicate, with a spreading posterior
callus ; lip very thick, subtuberculate in the middle. Alt. 2, diam..
1 mill. (Orb.).

Jamaica (Cande)»

R. semistriata ORB., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 103, pi. 21, f. 17-19.

R. NITIDA Verrill. PI. 46, fig. 38.

Shell small, white, smooth, broad oval, with five whorls, spire
rapidly and regularly tapered, sub-acute, shorter than the aperture.
Whorls very convex, regularly rounded, the sutures well impressed ;
a well marked, impressed, revolving line just below the suture ; the
surface otherwise nearly smooth, but with more or less distinct,
distant, microscopic revolving lines, most distinct anteriorly. Aper-
ture somewhat crescent-shaped. Outer lip evenly rounded, forming
the segment of a circle, the border regularly thickened, receeding a
little posteriorly, near the suture. Callus on the body-whorl narrow,
nearly even, but a little swollen in the middle and slightly raised,
Columella stout, recurved at the end, with two strong, very promi-
nent, equal, spiral folds — the anterior one projecting beyond the
canal, with the end rounded. Length, 4'2 mill. ; breadth, 31 mill. ;
length of aperture, 2-5 mill. ; breadth of aperture, 11 mill. (F.).

Mediterranean in deep water (Monts.) ; Ocean coast of Spain and
France, and North Atlantic (Jeffr. and Folin) ; Bed of Gulf Stream,
447 fms. (Pourtales) ; Yucatan Strait, off Tortugas, off Martinique, off
Grenada (Blake); Pliocene of Italy.

R. nitida VERRTLL, Amer. Jour. Sci. (3), v. p. 16, Jan. 1873
(extra copies issued Dec. 13, 1872) ; Trans. Conn. Acad. iii, p. 48r
pi. 1, f. 2 ; /. c. v, p. 540.— DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 97 ; xviii
(Blake Gastrop.) p. 43. — R. leptocheila BRUGNONE, Misc. Malac. p.
11, pi. 1, f. 17, 1873.— AGASSIZ, Three Cruises of the Blake, ii, p. 70
f. 291. — MONTS., Nuova Rivista Conch. Med., p. 45; Journ de
Conch., 1874, p. 279.— MORLET, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 131, 285,
pi. 5, f. 17. — SEGUENZA, Atti R. Accad. dei Lincei, Mem., ix, p. 344,
et seq., figs.

The synonymous R. leptocheila is shown in fig. 31, pi. 46.
Dall writes: I have satisfied myself by a comparison of authentic
specimens, that the species of Verrill and Brugnone are the same,

400 RINGICUJ.A.

the former name having priority. The locality, description and
figure of R. peracuta agree well with the varieties of R. nitida, with
which it does not seem to have been compared. The elevation and
the extent of the spiral grooving differ in different individuals, as
observed with species of Actceon.

R. PERACUTA Watson. PI. 46, fig. 37.

Shell ovate, with a somewhat high conical small-pointed spire,
smooth and glossy, spirally furrowed below the periphery, with a
marginated suture and a largish mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals
— the whole surface is pretty regularly scored with distinct, but not
sharp, shallow furrows on the lines of growth. Spirals — just below
the suture is a fine furrow fictitiously strengthened by the the shin-
ing through of the superior whorl ; from the periphery to the point
of the base there are rather remote spiral furrows which seem to
vary as usual in number and in distinctness. Color, glossy white,
with a faint bluish tinge. Spire rather high, conical, scarcely sub-
sealer. Apex sharp, for though the extreme tip is a little tumid, it
stands well up and is rounded. Whorls 5, conical, slightly convex ;
the last is a little tumid above, but a little way behind the outer lip
is somewhat contracted and flattened. Suture distinct. Mouth
rather large, not very oblique. Outer lip very oblique to the axis
of the shell, slightly thickened, toothed and prominent in the mid-
dle, with large open sinus above and a very slight one in front.
Inner lip : there is a rather slight callus with a small tooth about
the middle: the pillar teeth, which are very far from parallel, are
nearly equal. Alt. 0'18 in., diam. 0*1. Mouth, height, O'l ; breadth,
0-07 inch (Wats.).

North of Culebra Island, 390 fms. ; off Bermudas, 1075 fms; off
Pernambuco, 350 fms. (Challenger).

R. peracuta WATS., Chall. Gastr., p. 636, pi. 47, f. 11. Conf.
DALL, Blake Gastrop., p. 44.

Dall considers this a form of R. nitida.

Rlngicula grandinosa Hinds., from the West African coast, is not
unlike this species, but is smaller ; the body-whorl in particular is
much smaller, while the penultimate is larger ; it is without sculp-
ture on the base, and the upper whorls are strongly spiralled.
Ringicula acuta Phil., from the Red Sea, is smaller, with a less
.swollen body-whorl and more tumid base, the whorls of the spire are
less tumid and less exserted. Ringicula someri De Folin, from the

RINGICULA. 401

Cape Verde Islands, which is like in general aspect, is a much
smaller, thicker and more spiralled shell, with a less tumid body-
whorl and more regularly conical spire, the slope of the whorls being
more flattened ; the apex, too, is much finer. Ringicula semistriata
d'Orb., from Cuba, is shorter, broader, and less spiralled. Ringicula
auriculata Menard, which is, perhaps, as like as any, has not the
contracted base, and its extreme tip is 0'004 in. broad, while here
the tip is 0'008 in., or twice as much. I have called this species
peracuta, because, though certainly not very sharp, it is much more
so than Ringicula acuta Phil. ( Wats.).

R. CABRAI Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 47, 48.

Shell very minute, subventricose, thick ; whorls 4J, slightly con-
vex, separated by a channelled suture, ornamented with deep spiral
sulci ; sometimes with a groove above and several on the base, some-
times with equally spaced grooves over the whole surface ; last whorl
three-fifths the total length. Aperture large, the margins joined by
a thick callus ; columella margin strongly arcuate, bearing three
minute folds, the upper folds very thick, lower folds delicate and
horizontal ; lip arcuate, thick, prominent outwardly, inside with a
flat median callus and a small tooth below. Alt. 2*5, diam. 1'8 mill.
(Mori}.

Island of St. Martha, Columbia.

R. cabrai MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1882, pp. 201, 326, pi. 9, f. 1.

Resembles R. goujoni in the lower lip-tooth, but is smaller, with
another style of sculpture and with heavier callus and stronger teeth.

West African species.
R. SUTURALIS Smith. PI. 46, fig. 57.

Shell ovate, white, polished ; spire acuminate, suture encircled by
a callus cord ; whorls 5, convex, spirally sulcate ; last whorl having
10 sulci. Aperture pyriform ; columella callous, triplicate ; lip
strongly calloused outside. Alt. 2f, diam. nearly 2 mill. (£).

Whydah, W. Africa.

R. suturalis E. A. S., P. Z. S., 1871, p. 733, pi. 75, f. 12.

This minute species belongs to the same striated group as R. pro-
pinquans Hinds, from the Philippines and R. someri De Folin, from
the Cape Verde Islands. Its much smaller size, the number and
position of the teeth, and the callous chord around the suture of the
whorls well distinguish it (S.*).

402 RINGICULA.

K. SOMERI Folin. PI. 46, figs. 52, 58.

Shell small, ovate-globose, thick, solid, white, transversely mi-
nutely and regularly sulcate ; whorls 6 to 7, subcarinate, the earlier
rapidly increasing, last very large, globose seven-tenths the shell's
length ; suture simple ; aperture elongated, oblique, the margins
strongly thickened, toothed; right margin very wide, the left in-
ilated, broadly reflexed ; teeth large. Alt. 4, diam. 2*6 mill. (Folin).

Strait of St. Vincent, Cape Verde Is.

R. someri FOLIN, Les Fonds, i, pt. 1, pi. 14, pi. 1, f. 7. — MORL.,
Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 128, pi. 5, f. 12.

K. MORITZI Folin. PL 46, fig. 32.

Shell ovate-globose, somewhat glassy, generally much thickened
and snow-white, spirally and regularly sulcate, the sulci minute,
often vanishing; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last very large:
globose, half the length of the shell ; suture simple ; aperture ?emi-
lunar; left margin thickened, terminating in a rounded canal;
right margin strongly reflexed above the base, inflated, toothed,
teeth 3; the margins joining above in a rather deep canal. Alt.
2-5, diam. 1-5 mill. (Folin.)

Cagnabac, East coast of Africa.

E. moritzi FOLIN, Les Fonds, i, pt. 2, p. 212, pi. 26, f. 10.— MORL.,
Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 129, pi. 5, f. 13.

Smaller than E. someri with fewer whorls, wider and less rounded
basal canal, and thinner callus on the inner lip.

R. sENEGALENSis Morlet. PI. 46, figs. 55, 56.

Shell small, globulose, short, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated
by a deep suture ; the earlier whorls striulate, last whorl radially
costellate, except on the back, two-thirds the entire length, rounded
at base. Aperture coarctate, margins joined by a thick callus, the
callus occupying the base; columella triplicate, the upper fold
strong, dilated at base, forming a canal above, median fold short,
lower fold delicate, contorted; lip little arcuate, thick, provided
with a long median callous subdentate at the ends. Alt. 3, diam.

2-3 mill. (Mori.).

Coast of Senegal, in 72 meters (Schlumberger).

E. senegalensis MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1882, p. 202, pi. 9, f. 2.
Distinguished by its very globose form, its striation, and espe-
cially the projecting callus of the lip.

RINGICULA. 403

R. BOHRGUIGNATI Rochebrune. Unfigured.

Shell thick, subglobose, smooth, pale greenish, the spire acute;
whorls 5, convex, separated by deep sutures ; aperture elongate,
the columellar .margin calloused, tridentate, narrower in the middle ;
lip thick, biplicate. Alt. 5, diam. 2 £ mill. (7?.).

Mouth of the Casamence, Senegambia, 150 meters.

R. bourguignati ROCHEBR., Bull. Soc. Philomath, de Paris (7),
vii, 1882-1883, p. 178 (1883).

Indo-Pacific Species.
R. DOLIARIS Gould. PI. 47, figs. 82, 83.

Shell large, thin, ventricose, ovate, whitish ; spire acuminate ;
whorls 4, rounded, engraved with remote transverse sulci, the last
whorl ample; suture profound; aperture large; lip narrow,
••scarcely thickened ; columellar folds delicate, acute ; parietal fold
small, delicate; siphonal canal moderate. Alt. 5, diam. 3+mill.

Hakodate Bay, Japan, 6 fms. (Stimpson).

R. doliaris OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 325 ; Otia,p.l21.
— MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 126. — WATSON, Challenger
<Gastrop. p. 634, pi. 47, f. 8.

Peculiar from its thin lip and general want of callus (Old.).

The figures are drawn from specimens identified as doliaris by
Watson, collected at Port Jackson, Australia, by the "Challenger."
Watson says of them: " Gould observes that this species is peculiar
from its thin lip and general want of callus. The Challenger shells
are somewhat less tumid than the British Museum specimens, want
the round swollen shoulder below the suture, the upper whorls, too,
are flatter, and the spire is rather higher ; in all these respects, how-
ever, the species presents considerable range of variation, and, I be-
lieve, may fairly admit the Challenger specimens. The Marquis de
Folin, who has a large acquaintance with this genus, kindly exam-
ined all the Challenger specimens for me, and I regret that he does
not share my opinion regarding the shells under consideration here,
which he holds to represent a new species."

R. ARCTATA Gould. PL 47, figs. 74, 75, 79.

Shell solid, ovate, acuminate, white ; whorls of the spire 4, con-
vex, the last engraved with 10-12 spiral striae; suture profound;
aperture ear-shaped, the lip thickened, swollen within, with folds on

404 RINGICULA.

the columella ; parietal tooth robust, continued as far as the poste-
rior angle of the aperture; labial callus wide, passing into the
siphonal sinus. Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Gld.~).

Hong Kong (Gld.) ; Nagasaki (Lischke) ; Goat Island, Port Jack-
son and Cape York, N. Australia (Brazier).

R. ardata GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 325 ; Otia Conch.,
p. 122. ANGAS, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 98.— LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-
Conch., ii, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 16, 17 ; iii, p. 59.— MORL., Journ. de
Conch., 1878, p. 124, pi. 5, f. 9.— BRAZIER, P. L. S. N. S. W., ii p.
78.

Allied to R. earon and propinquans, but the spiral lines are closer.
The Australian localities are open to doubt until specimens have
been compared with the types.

R CEHLERTIANA Morlet. PI. 47, figs. 77, 78.

Shell small, thin, globose, regularly and delicately striate; whorls
4* to 5. convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture ; spire short,
acute, subgradate ; aperture wide, the margins joined by a callus,
reaching up to the middle of the penultimate whorl; columellar
margin arcuate, triplicate, the upper fold short, vertical, and form-
ing a right angle with the callus ; lower folds delicate, ascending,
contorted; columella granose-roughened at base; lip little arcuate,
subprominent in the middle, channelled above, thickened outside.

Alt. 4-2, diam. 3'6 mill. (Mori.'}.

China Sea (Morlet) ; Seas of Japan, 30-54 fms. (St. John).

R. celertiana MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 156, pi. 5, f. 4.

Allied to R. canaliculata, but differs in its thinner, more twisted
folds, thinner lip and shell, and the weaker, less extended callus.

R. MARIEI Morlet. Unfigured.

Shell very minute, ventricose, elongated, nearly smooth, orna-
mented at base with 4-5 spiral striae ; whorls 4?, convex, separated
by an impressed suture; last whorl slightly more than half the
length of the shell, subangulate at base ; spire elevated ; aperture
narrow, margins joined by a thick callus; columellar margin arcu-
ate, having three equal and equidistant, converging folds ; lip nearly
rectilinear, thick, provided with a tooth-like median tubercle and a
basal fold below. Alt. H, diam. 1 mill. Var. minor, alt. 1. diam.
0-7 mill. (Mori}.

Island of Nossi~be, near Madagascar (Folin).

RINGICULA. 405

R. mariei MORL., J. de C., 1880, p. 152.

One of the smallest species known. Smaller than R. prismatica,
less ventricose, with two lip-teeth and a non-channelled suture. It
has a deeper suture than R. goujoni, the second fold is stronger and
the ornamentation different.

R. ACUTA Philippi.

Shell ovate-oblong, acuminate, transversely striated, the last
whorl a little longer than the spire ; aperture made ringent by the
labrum being strongly thickened in the middle by a produced coarc-
tate callus. Alt. 3* mill.

Aden, Red Sea (Phil.) ; Java (Dupuy) ; Gulf of Oman, Givadar,
Bombay, Ceylon, Arakan (Nevill) ; Singapore (Stoliczka).

R.acuta PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 33. — MORLET Journ. de
Conch. 1878, p. 116. — ISSEL, Mai. Mar Rosso p. 137. — NEVILL, J.
A. S. Beng. xliv, pt. 2, p. 101.— R. minutaH. AD., P. Z. S. 1872, p.
11, pi. 3, f. 14.

A narrow, acute form, almost exactly the same as R. striata Ph.
(fossil), but the striae less closs, less conspicuous, and the lip in adults
strongly thickened within, produced in a blunt tooth in the middle.
(Ph.).

Var. MINUTA H. Ad. PL 47, fig. 70.

Shell solid, acuminate-ovate, sculptured with distant transverse
sulci, white ; spire acuminate ; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last
ample ; aperture ear-shaped, inner lip moderately calloused, provided
with two folds ; parietal tooth conspicuous, delicate; lip thickened,
one-toothed within. Alt. 1£, diam. f mill.

Red Sea.

R. SAVIGNYI Morlet. PI. 47, figs. 85, 86.

Shell small, ovate-globose, smooth, the spire short, acute ; whorls
5, convex separated by a simple suture, the last whorl two-thirds the
entire length of the shell, base rounded. Aperture coarctate, the
margins joined by a callus ; columellar margin arcuate, triplicate,
the upper fold strong, lower folds thick immersed in the callus, which
partly covers the canal ; outer lip smooth, rectilinear, margined
outside, inside for two-thirds of the length dilated, subdentate. Alt.
3, diam. 2* mill. (Mori.).

Bay of Suez, Red Sea.
27

406 RINGICULA.

R. savignyi MORL., Jotirn. de Conch. 1878, p. 117, pi. 5, f. 1. —
SAVIGNY, Descr. de PEgypte, Coq., pi. vi, f. 7.

R. PRISMATICA Folin. PI. 47, figs. 71, 76.

Shell small, ovate-globose, thick, solid, whitish, shining, some-
times subdiaphanous ; whorls 5, subcarinated, rapidly increasing,
the last very large, three-fourths the length of the shell, sulcate at
base ; suture simple; aperture elongated, oblique, channelled above,
the right margin tridentate, reflexed over the base, the teeth sub-
acute. (Folin).

Alt. 2-5, diam. 1-5 mill.

Port Louis, Mauritius (Nevillj ; Mauritius (Folin) ; Andaman
Is. and Ceylon (Nevill).

R. prismatiea FOLIN, Les Fonds de la Mer, i, p. 87, pi. 11, f. 1. —
MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 118, pi. 5, f. 2.— R. apicata
NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xl, pt. 2, p. 3, 1. 1, f. 12, 12a; vol.
xliv, p. 102.

Distinguished from R. acuta var. minuta by its polished aspect,
and by the last whorl having only three striae at base instead of
being entirely striate; it is quite narrow and more contracted, less
calloused, with more acute tooth. Fig. 66 of pi. 47 represents the
synonymous R. apicata.

R. FOLINI Morlet. PI. 47, figs. 61, 62, 67.

Shell very minute, ventricose, thick, regularly and strongly
striated ; whorls 4£, slightly convex, separated by a slightly chan-
nelled suture, the last whorl half the total length, rounded at base;
spire elongated ; aperture narrow, the margins joined by a strong
callus; columellar margin arcuate, triplicate, the folds equidistant
and of equal size ; lip nearly straight, thickened, prominent in the
middle, varicose outside. (Folin).

Alt. 2-7, diam. 1 mill.

Carimata (Folin) ; Singapore (coll. Folin).

R.folini MORL. in Les Fonds de la Mer, iii, p. 268, pi. 1, f. 8
(" R.follini" in index, p. 334).— MORLET, Journ. de Conch. 1878,
p. 119, pi. 5, f. 3.

RIN3ICULA. 407

K. CARON Hinds. PL 47, figs. 63, 64, 68.

Shell ovate, acuminate, striated, shining ; whorls rounded, the last
with subtransverse, rounded distant striae. ; spire exserted ; aperture
subabbreviated, the lip corrugated. (Hinds').

Alt. 3'5, diam. 2'5 mill.

Strait of Malacca, 17 ftns. (Hinds); Goat Island, Port Jackson,
Australia 10 fms., and Torres Strait (Brazier) ; Gwadar (Blanf.).

R. caron HINDS., Zool. Voy. Sulphur, ii, p. 47, pi. 16, f. 15, 16,
1844; P. Z. S. 1844, p. 97.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 98.— NEVILL,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xliv, pt. 2, p. 101, 102, 1875. — MORL.,
Journ. de Conch. 1878, p. 121, pi. 5, f. 7. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 77.

This species is perfectly distinct in all its characters from R.
acuta ; the right margin particularly is very different ; the distinct
development of the parietal tooth, the different texture and the stria-
tion are all distinguishing characters from R. acuta.

R. ENCARPOFERENS Folin. PL 47, fig. 65.

Shell minute, globose, white, sometimes subdiaphanous, shining,
spirally regularly sulcate; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last very
large, five-sixths the length of the shell; suture simple; aperture
elongate, the right margin strongly lipped, crenulated with rather
rounded lint, outside broadly extended over the last whorl, inside
tumid toward the median part; emarginate at base; left margin
strongly reflexed and thickened, strongly toothed within, outward-
ly irregularly crenulated (Folin}.

Alt. 2-5, diam. 2'2 mill. (Folin).

Alt. 3, diam. 2-5 mill. (Nev.~)

Point of Pamalang, Batavia, and N. coast of Sava (Folin) ; Bala-
piti, Ceylon (Nevill).

Ii. encarpoferens FOLIN, Les Fonds i, p. 66, pi. 6, f. 5, 1867-1871.
— MORL., Journ. Conch. 1878, p. 121, pi. 5, f. 5. — R. abbreviata
G. & H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xliv, pt. 2, p. 102,
1875.

R. CANALICULATA Folin. PL 47, fig. 69.

Shell minute, ovate-globose, thick, solid, white, shining, lower
half most minutely transversely sulcate ; spire short, subacute ;
whorls 5, subconvex, rapidly increasing, separated by a rather deep

408 RINGICULA.

suture ; last whorl very large, three-fourths the length of the shell ;
aperture narrow ; canal wide, truncated in front ; right margin
strongly lipped, lip thick, very wide, exceeding the last whorl,
strongly one-toothed within ; left margin wide, reflexed, thickened,
sulcate, three-toothed within, the teeth prominent and elongated.
Alt. 3-8, diam. 2'8 mill. (Folin.)

Point Pamalang ; Hong Kong (Folin) ; Java (Desh.).

y

~R. canaliculata FOLIN, Lea Fonds i, p. 67, pi. 6, f. 6. — MORLET
Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 120, pi. 5, f. 6.

The Java example of the Deshayes collection constitutes a variety
of smaller size. (Mori.).

R. PROPINQUANS Hinds. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, retuse, striated, shining; whorls rounded, the last
large, well rounded, closely striated. Alt. H. lines (Eds.)

Sual, Philippines, 5-7 fms.

R. propinquans HINDS, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 96.— SMITH, P. Z. S.
1871, p. 733. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conch. ii, p. 78, 79. — MORL.,
Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 122.

Here the last whorl is not so square in shape, but very full and
rounded, and is neatly striated in a very regular manner, and the
spire is short. Till the light is properly thrown on them, these striae
are not very evident, but once discovered they will be found con-
stant (Hinds).

R. EXSERTA Hinds. Unfigured.

Shell ovate, acuminate, smooth, polished whorls rounded, smooth;
spire elongate ; lip strongly thickened behind. Alt. If lines
(Hinds).

Camiguing, 40 fms. ; Sorsogon, Luzon, 6 fms. Philippines; Port
Jackson, Australia (Brazier).

R. exserta HINDS, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 97.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1871, p.
98. — MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 123.

Compared with R. grandinosa, the last whorl is small, but agrees
in being quite smooth and round ; the spire is elongated as in R.
caron, and the labrum is even rather more reflected than is usual
(Hinds).

KINGICULA. 409

R. URANDINOSA Hinds. PI. 47, fig. 72.

Shell ovate, retuse, smooth, polished ; whorls rounded, the last
large, subquadrate, rotund ; columella strongly calloused above,
denticulate. Alt. 1 s lines (Hinds').

Bais Negros, 6 fms. ; Cagayan Mindanao, 26 fms. ; Catbalonga,
Samar, 10-30 fins. ; Sorsogon, Luzon (Cuming) ; Whydah, West
Africa (Smith) ; off Katoiv, New Guinea (Brazier).

E. grandinosa HINDS, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 96.— SMITH, P. Z.S. 1871,
p.733.— MORL., Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 123, pi. 5, f. 8.— BRAZIER,
Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, ii, p. 78.

R. GOUJONI Folin. PL 47, fig. 73.

Shell minute, ovate, subelongate, thick, solid, white, shining; spir-
ally regularly sulcate ; whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, joined
by a simple suture, the last very large, equalling two-thirds the
length of the shell ; aperture narrow, a little oblique, the right mar-
gin lipped, lip thick, bidentate ; left margin strongly reflexed, thick-
ened, tridentate. Alt. 2*1, diam. 1*1 mill. (Folin}.

N. coast of Java (Folin) ; New Caledonia (Lambert).

JR. goujoni FOLIN, Les Fonds i, p. 67, pi. 6, f. 4 ; t. c. p. 82, var. —
MORLET, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 120, pi. 5, f. 4.

R. FOSSULATA Folin. PL 47, fig. 84.

Shell ovate, globose, the apex acuminate, white, shining ; whorls
5, very rapidly increasing, smooth, at last very minutely spirally
sulcate ; last whorl large, four-fifths the total length ; aperture a
little elongated, made sinuous by large teeth ; right margin strongly
thickened, fossulate above, the margins of the slot joined above the
rather prominent tooth, resembling a single riblet behind, and at
base encircling the small rounded canal and passing inward above
the lower left tooth ; left margin strongly expanded in a wide, thick
callus, bearing three teeth, superior tooth tricostulate. Alt. 3'6,
diam. 1-8 mill. (Folin').

Port of Novmea, New Caledonia.

R. fossulata FOLIN, Les Fonds, i, p. 251, pi. 31, f. 9. — MORL.,
Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 126, pi. 5, f. 11.

R. CALEDONICA Morlet. PL 43, figs. 14, 15.

Shell very minute, conic, rather thin, shining, spirally striated ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, subgradate, separated by a linear suture ;

410 RINGICULA.

last whorl half the length of the shell, rounded at base; spire elon-
gate ; aperture narrow ; margined joined by a thick callus ; col-
umellar margin arcuate, three-folded, the folds strong, upper one
oblique, median horizontal, lower fold twisted ; lip nearly straight,
thick, prominent in the middle, subdentate, thickened outside.
Alt. 2, diam. 1 mill. (Mori.').

Bay of Pouen, New Caledonia, 12 meters depth.

E. caledonica MORL., J. de CM 1880, p. 154, pi. 5, f. 1.

The surface is brilliant and covered with spiral striae, while E.
prismatica is not striated over the greater part of the surface. The
shell is more brilliant than that of E. goujoni, and the strise are less
crowded, and the lip has but one fold.

R. NOUMEENSIS Morlet. PI. 43, figs. 20, 21.

Shell small, ovate-elongate, ornamented with remote striae ; whorls
5, convex, separated by a linear suture ; last whorl two-thirds the
length of the shell, rounded at base ; aperture wide, the margins
joined by a somewhat thickened, little expanded callus; columellar
margin arcuate, three-folded, the upper fold thick, short, intermedi-
ate fold horizontal, lower fold ascending ; lip regularly arcuate, thin
above, thickened in the middle, prominent, subdentate, outside a
little reflexed, the basal callus thick, reflexed outside. Alt. 3],
diam. 2 mill. (Mori,).

Noumea, New Caledonia; Gouenen and Pouen, N. Caledonia
(small var.).

E. noumeensis MORL., J. de C. 1880, p. 155, pi. 5, f. 3.

R. AUSTRALIS Hinds. PI. 47, figs. 80, 81.

Shell ovate, acuminate, smooth, polished; whorls rounded, the
penultimate sensibly smaller ; spire elongated, encircled with a
somewhat whitish band below the suture. Alt. 1-1 lines. (Hinds.).

Port Lincoln (Mus. Metcalfe) ; Spencer's Gulf (Angas) ; New
Caledonia (Lambert) ; Darnley Island, Torres Strait (Brazier).

E. australis HINDS, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 97.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 156.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conch. 1<S65, p. 44, pi. 2, f. 5.— MORL.,
J. de C. 1878, p. 125, pi. 5, f. 10.— E. angasi Braz., Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales ii, p. 78.

The only specimen before me has not attained its full adult age.
In its characters it is rather intermediate; the spire is not so prom-

RINGICULA. 411

inently produced, and the penultimate whorl is more than usually
developed, so as to be more intermediate in size between the others.
All these species are of one uniform glassy semiopaque color, in some
individuals being more glassy, in others more opaque. (Hds.~).

Crosse gives the following description from a slightly worn
specimen collected by Angas : Imperforate, oblong, rather thick,
white, smooth ; whorls 5?, moderately convex ; the last longer than
spire, rotund, attenuated at base, aperture coarctate, subauriform,
margins joined by a strong callus which bears a rather prominent
tubercle ; columella dilated, biplicate, the basal fold larger ; outer
lip thick, reflexed. Alt. 3, diam. If mill.

Mr. Brazier apparently did not recognize the fact that Crosse's
R. australis is stated by him to be the species of Hinds.

R. DENTICULATA Gould. Un figured.

Shell ovate, acuminate, solid, milk-white, engraved with transverse
close striae (narrower ones being sometimes intercalated) ; whorls 5,
ventricose ; aperture narrow, lip thickened, denticulate within, nearly
interrupted at siphonal sinus, folds transverse, acute, callus moder-
ate, hardly appressed, the parietal tooth moderate. Alt. 5, diam.
3-5 mill. (G7d.)-

Port Jackson (Stimpson).

R. denticulata OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 325 (Sept.
1860); Otia p. 121.

The numerous striae, denticulate labium, and scantiness of callus
about the siphonal notch, mark this species. (Old.).

R. ABYSSICOLA Brazier. Unfigured.

Shell thin, white, somewhat acuminate, whorls 4J, moderately
convex, opaque at the suture, smooth last whorl large, encircled be-
low the center with four transverse lines ; columella with two strong
plaits turned back over the front of the last whorl, above with one
prominent callus like tooth, joined to the upper part near the suture,
aperture small, auriform; outer lip thickened and reflected, having
in the center a prominent tubercular callosity, with a minute one
below near the region of the small canal. Length f diam., maj. -\
lines. (Braz.).

Darnley Island, Torres Straits 30 fathoms, sandy mud ; 2 spec-
imens.

E. abyssicola BRAZ., Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 78, 1877

412 RENGICULA.

R. PUSILLA Watson. PL 46, fig. 59.

Shell minute, ovate, subelongate, pointed, spirally striate from
end to end, with slightly canaliculate and submarginated suture and
a large mouth. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are very slight
hair-like lines of growth. Spirals — the whole shell is scored with
strongish deepish distant furrows, which are rather more remote
above than below the periphery ; the first one below the suture is a
little stronger than the others. Color glossy translucent white.
Spire rather high, conical, regular, scalar. Apex small, rounded, the
small tip being a very little prominent. Whorls 5, subcylindrical,
slightly convex, the penultimate is rather high. Suture canaliculate
and submarginated. Mouth large the teeth being small, suboblique.
Outer lip somewhat obliquely drawn in and produced on the base,
where it is round, patulous, and slightly sinuated ; about the
middle it is prominent and toothed ; above it is narrowly and
shallowly sinuated close to the body. Inner lip rather thinly and
narrowly thickened, with a small tooth in the middle ; two pillar-
teeth are oblique, parallel, and nearly equal, the lower being the
larger. Alt. (V067 in. breadth 0'038. Mouth height 0'034, breadth
0-027 inch. (Wats.}.

Flinders' Passage and Wednesday Island, Torres Straits, 3-8 fms.

E.pusilla WATS., J. L. Soc. Lond. xvii, p. 290; Chall. Rep.
Gastr. p. 635, pi. 47, f. 9.

This species resembles Ringicula goujoni De Folin, more than any
I know, but the shell is shorter here, with a lower spire and a less
exserted tip. The suture in that species is very much less canalic-
ulate, the mouth is smaller, and the spirals are much less numerous
and are more remote.

R. ASSULARUM Watson. PI. 46, fig. 60;

Shell small, somewhat lozenge-shaped, the left slope of the spire
and the right base, the right slope of the spire and the left base
being roughly parallel, smooth and without spiral furrows, with an
obtuse spire, a small but blunt apex, and a mouth much contracted
by the callus of the lips. Sculpture : Longitudinals — there are very
slight rounded lines of growth. Spirals — none, except <>ne feeble
furrow toward the front of the base. Color glossy white, with a
faint bluish tinge. Spire short, conical, very slightly subscalar.
Apex very small, rounded, prominent, and a little elevated on one

RINGICULA. 413

side. Whorls 5, conical, convex ; the first which is very small, is a
little depressed, but at its origin stands up prominent on one side ;
the last, viewed as the shell lies on its face, is two-thirds of the whole
length. Suture strongly marked, but not impressed, nor canaliculate
nor marginated. Mouth small, oblique, very much narrowed by the
teeth of both lips. Outer lip very much thickened, with a large
prominent blunt tooth on the inner side above the middle ; there is
a shallow sinus above at the junction of the lip with the body, and
a very small one at the point of the pillar. Inner lip : there is a
thick toothed pad on the body ; of the two pillar teeth, the lower,
though stronger, is slightly less prominent than the upper. Alt.
O'll in. diam. O07. Mouth, height 0'064, breadth to outside of
callus on both lips, 0'058 inch. ( Wats.}.

Flinders Passage, Torres Strait, 7 fms.

R. assularum WATS., J. L. S. L. xvii, p. 291 ; Chall. Rep. Gastr.,
p. 635, pi. 47, f. 10.

This species is not unlike a small Ringicula auriculata Menard de
la Groye ; but the spire is more depressed, the apex slightly flatter,
.and the extreme tip hardly so small. ( Wats.}.

ADDENDA.

Page 139, after S. SUTURALIS A. Ad., read PI. 20A, fig. 65.
SOLIDULA REEVEI E. A. Smith. PI. 20A, figs. 66, 67.

Shell short-ovate, acuminate above, rose-gray, with black dots.
Whorls 7, turrited slightly convex, separated by a subcanaliculate
suture ; transversely sulcate ; sulci narrow, longitudinally striated,
3-4 in penultimate, about 15 in last whorl ; spire short, conic, acute.
Aperture elongate, ear-shaped, about three-fifths the length of shell,
showing series of black dots ; columella twisted, thickened, white,
bifid. Alt. 14, diam. 8 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Tornatella suturalis part, REEVE, Conch. Icon, xv, pi. 2, f. 9 a, bt
not S. suturalis Ad. — Action reevei E. A. S., The Conchologist ii,
p. 99, March, 1893. This species was figured by Reeve as Torn,
suturalis A. Ad., but that species is longer and narrower than this,
of a different ground color, and has the spiral sulci more strongly
striated or subpunctate.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

See page 117 for explanation of plates 1 to 17 of this volume.

PLATE 18.
FIGURE. PAGE.

68, 69. Leucotina dianse Ad. C. Icon., . . . .167
70, 71. Leucotiua lyrata Cpr. C. Icon., . . . .168

72. Leucotina casta Ad. Thes., 172

73, 74. Leucotina speciosa Ad. Thes., .

75. Leucotina lauta Ad. Thes., . . . . . .172

76. Leucotina amoena Ad. Thes., 172

77. Leucotina pura Ad. Thes., 172

78-80. Mumiola spirata. The?., . See Vol. VIII, p. 315

81. Actseon albus Sowb. P. Z. S., 152

82. Actseon oryza Rv. C. Icon., 157

83. Actseon perconicus Dall. Proc. ]S7at. Mus., . . . 165

84. 85. Solidula alveola Sow. J. de C., .... 145
86, 87. Action fabreanus Cr. J. de C., . . . .150
88, 89. Leucotina dianse Ad. C. Icon., .... 167
90, 91. Actaaon senegalensis Pet. C. Icon., . . . .152
92,93. Leucotina gigantea Dkr. In d. Moll. Jap., . .167

94. Solidula alba Hutt. Pli. Moll. N. Z., . . . . 146

95, 96. Actseon vagabundus Roch. Moll. Cap. H , . . 164

97. Actseon semisculptus Sm. P. Z. S., . . . .152

98, 99. Actseon punctatus Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . .157
100, 101. Actseon venustus Orb. Voy. Am. Mend., . . 164

PLATE 19.

1-3. Actseon monterosatoi Dantz. Camp. Sci., . . . 155

4. Actseon nitidus V. = exilis Jeffr. Tr. Conn. Ac., . . 156

5, 6. Actseon exilis Jeffr. Camp. Sci., ..... 156-
7-11, 15. Action tornatilis L., ...... 152

12. Action hebes V. Tr. Conn. Acad., . 159

13. Actseon roarise Rv. (/.Icon., , . 148

14. Actseon tornatilis v. subulatus Wood. Crag Moll., . 153

16, 17. Actseon cumingi Ad. C. Icon., 162

18, 19. Actseon siebaldi Ad. C. Icon., 148

20, 21. Actseon pudicus Ad. C. Icon., .

22. Actseon punctostriatus Migh. J. Bost. Soc., .

23. Actseon punctostriatus Migh. Tr. Conn. Acad., . .157

(414)

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 415

PLATE 20.
FIGURE. PAGE.

24-26. Action austrinus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .140
27. 28. Action amabilis Wats. Chall. Rep , . . .154
29, 30. Actseon turritus Wats. Chall. Rep 157

31. Actseon incisus Dal). Blake Rep., 160

32. Actseon danaida Dall. Blake Rep., . . . .160

33. Actseon melampoides Dall. Blake Rep., . . .158

34. Actseon incisus Dall. Blake Rep., . . . . .160

35. Actseon delicatus Dall. Blake Rep., . . . .162

36. Actseon perforatus Dall. Blake Rep., .... 159

PLATE 20 A.

37. 38. Solidula solidula L. C, Icon., 142

39. Solidula sulcata Gmel. Specimen, 143

40, 41. Solidula coccinata Rve. C. Icon., .... 143
42, 43. Solidula tessellata Rv. C. Icon., . . . .140
44, 45. Solidula solidula L. Specimen, .... 142
46, 47. Solidula glabra Rv. = sulcata Grn. C. Icon., . . 143

48. Solidula glabra Rv. = sulcata Gin. C. Icon., . . 143

49, 50. Solidula cinerea Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .140
Fig. above 51. Solidula funiata Rv. C. Icon., . . . . 145

51. Solidula inculpta Rv. C. Icon., 139

52. Solidula affinis Ad. Chall. Rep 141

53. 54. Solidula fratercula Dkr. Ind. Moll. Jap., . . 138
55, 56. Solidula strigosa Gld. Jap. M.-Conch., . . .137

57. Solidula nitidula Lam. C. Icon 144

58, 59. Actseon flammeus Gmel. C. Icon. 151

60, 61. Solidula intermedia Aug. P. Z. S., . . . . 145

.62. Solidula nivea Ang. P. Z. S 146

63, 64. Actseon 'virgatus Rv. C. Icon., ..... 151

65. Solidula suturalis Ad. C. Icon., . . . . 1 39, 413

66, 67. Solidula reevei E. A. Sm. C. Icon 413

t

PLATE 21.

1. Retusa leucus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 208

2. Retusa complanata Wats. Chall. Rep., .... 223

3. Retusa tormita Wats. Chall. Rep., 209

4. Retusa amphizostus Wats. Chall. Rep., .... 224

5. Retusa oryctus Wats. Chall. Rep., 227

6. Retusa famelica Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .225

7. Cylichna vortex Dall. Blake Rep., 295

8. Retusa frielei Dall. Blake Rep., 219

9. 10. Retusa siraillima Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .226
11, 12. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 205

416 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 22.

EIGURE. PAGE.

13-15. Tornatina recta Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .184

16. Tornatina harpa Dall. A. J. C., 186

17-19. Tornatina canaliculata Orb. = bullata. Moll. Cuba, 188

20. Volvula minuta. Tr. Conn. Acad. . 237

21, 22. Tornatina candei Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .185

23. Tornatina canaliculata Say. Inv. Mass., . . 184

24. Tornatina obstricta Gld. — canaliculata Say, . . .185

25. Tornatina exilis Dkr. Moll. Jap., 190

26. Tornatina inconspicua H. Ad. P. Z. S., ... 192

27. Tornatina fusiformis Ad. Thes., 194

28. Tornatina knockeri Sm. P. Z. S., 188

29-31. Tornatina voluta Q. & G. Astrol., . . . .195

32. Tornatina voluta Q. & G. Thes., 195

33. Tornatina pusilla Iss. — isselii Pils. Mai. Mar Rosso, . 191

34. Tornatina olivseformis Iss. Savigny, .... 191

35. 36. Tornatina brenchleyi Ang. P. Z. S., ... 202
37, 38. Tornatina hoffrnani Ang. P. Z. S., . . . . 203

39. Cylichnella oryza. Thes., 325

40, 41. Haminea petiti Orb. Moll. Cuba, .... 359

42. Cylichnella bidentata. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . . 325

PLATE 23.

43, 44. Retusa eumicra Crosse. J. de C., . . . . 227

45. Retusa apiculata Tate. Tr. & Rep. Phil. Soc., . . 227

46. Retusa borneensis Ad. Thes., ..... 222

47. Retusa antarctica Ptfr. Jahrb. Hamb., .... 228

48. 49. Retusa pertenuis Migh. Moll. Reg. Arct., . .216

50. " Bulla " fragilis Velain Arch. Z. Ex., . . Vol. XVI.

51. Retusa obtusa Mont. Thes., 214

52. Retusa obtusa var. territa Moll. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 215

53. Retusa cecillei Phil. Thes

54. Retusa nitidula Lov. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . .212
55-57. Retusa semen Rve. Belch. Arct. Voy., . . .216
58, 59. Retusa gouldii Couth. Bost. Journ., . . . 217

60. Retusa conulus = obesiuscula. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . 231

61. Retusa obesiuscula Brugn. Bull. Soc. Mai., . . . 231
62-64. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Rouss., . . .205
65-67. Retusa mamillata Ph. Moll. Rouss.,

68. Retusa truncatula v. pellucida, Sars 206

69. Retusa cselata Bush. Tr. Conn. Ac., .... 232
70-72. Retusa semisulcata Ph. Moll. Rouss., . . .206
73, 74. Retusa sulcata Orb. Moll. Cuba., .

PLATE 24.

29. 30. Tornatina leptekes Wats. Chall. Rep 200

31, 32. Tornatina acrobeles Wats. Chall. Rep 201

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 417

FIGURE. PAGE.

33. Tornatina pachys Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .198
34-36. Retusa mariei Dautz. Camp. Sci., .... 207
37, 38. Tornatina avenaria Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .202

PLATE 25.

39-41. Tornatina protracta Dautz. Camp. Sci., . . .182

42. Tornatina arata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .199

43. Tornatina amboinensis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 196

44. Tornatina coarctata Ad. Thes., . . . .193

45. Tornatina planospira Ad. Thes., . . . . .192

46. Tornatina biplex Ad. Thes., 192

47. Tornatina olivula Ad. = bullata Kn. The?., . . .183

48. Tornatina cinctella Ad. Thes., 193

49. Tornatina gracilis Ad. Thes., 194

50. Retusa oliviformis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .207

51. Tornatina simplex Ad. Thes., 193

52. Tornatina polita Ad. Thes., 192

53-55. Retusa spatha Wats. Chall. Rep., .... 218

PLATE 26.

56. Volvula sulcata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .241

57. Volvula minuta Bush. Tr. Conn. Ac., .... 237

58. 59. Volvula paupercula Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 238

60. Volvula rostrata Ad. Thes., 241

61, 62. Volvula acuminata Brug. M. Sars., .... 234

63. Volvula oxytata Bush. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . .235

64. Volvula striatula Ad. Thes., 239

65. Volvula cylindrica Sm. = Smithii Pils. P. Z. S., . . 233

66. Volvula eburnca Ad. Thes., 239

67. Volvula augustata Ad. Thes., 240

68. Austrodiaphana brazieri Ang. P. Z. S., . . . . 287

69. Diaphana expansa Jeffr. Bars., .....

70. 71. Diaphana hyalina — minuta Brown, . . .283
72-74. Diaphana densestriata Leche. Sv. Vet. Handl.,

75. Diaphana globosa Lov. Sars., ..... 286

76, 77. Diaphana seguenzse Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 282
78-80. Cylichna semisulcata Dkv. Jnd. Moll. Jap., . . 303

PLATE 27.

81. Atys dentifera Ad. Thes., 276

82. Cylichna decussata Ad. Thes., 315

83. Cylichna involuta Ad. Thes., 310

84. Cylichna bizona Ad. Thes., 323

85. Cylichna biplicata Ad. Thes 310

86. Cylichna marmorata Ad. Thes., 323

418 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

87. Cylichna concentrica Ad. Thes., . . . . 314

88. Cylichna pyramidata Ad. Thes., 310

89. Cylichna elegans Ang. P. Z. S.f 318

90. Cylichna ordinaria Sm. P. Z. S., 319

91. Tornatina involuta Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . .196

92. 93. Cylichna arachis Q. & G. Astrol, . . . .318

94. Cylichna mica Ehrenb. Savigny, 311

95. Cylichna pulvisculus Ehrenb. Savigny,. . . .311

96. Cylichna mongii Aud. Savigny, . . . . .311

97. Cylichna atlantica Sm. P. Z. S., 322

98. Cylichna villiersi Aud. Savigny, . . . . .312

99. 100. Cylichna grimaldi Dautz. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr., . 291
1. Tornatina lactuca Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . .196
2-4. Cylichna crebripunctata Jeffr. P. Z. S., . . .293

5. Cylichna eburnea Ver. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . . 298

6. Retusa robagliana Fisch. Les Fonds., . . . .213
7,8. Retusa crebrisculpta Monts. Mem. Z. Soc. Fr., . .211
9. Cylichnella bidentata Orb. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . 325

PLATE 28.

11-13. Atys naucum L. C. Icon., 263

14, 15. Atys naucum v. ferruginosa. C. Icon., . . . 264

16. Atys ovoidea = obovata Mke. Thes., .... 264

17. Atys monodonta Ad. C. Icon., 276

18. Atys parvula Ad. Thes., . . . . . .270

19. Atys nonscripta Ad. Thes., 268

20. Atys muscaria Old. C. Icon., 264

21. 22. Atys parallela Old. U. S. Exped., . . . .266

23. Atys porcellana Old. C. Icon., 268

24. Atys exigua Ad. Thes., 270

25. Atys hordeacea Ad. Thes., 270

26. 27. Atys attenuata Sowb. C. Icon., . . . .268
28, 29. Atys utriculus Brocc. F. & H., . 279

30. Atys semistriata Pse. Don. Bism., 267

31, 32. Haminea osroidea Q.&G. Astrol.,. . . .366
33, 34. Atys caribsea Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .274

35. Atys scalpta Eve. K. Vet. Akad , 292

36. Atys occulta Migh. Bost. Journ., .

37-40. Atys propinqua Sars. Sars., 292

41. Atys reinhardi Moll. K. Vet. Akad., .

42. Atys speciosa Ad. Thes.,

43. Haminea solitaria Say. Thes., . . 357

44. Haminea solitaria Say. Inv. Mass.,

45. Atys ovulata Brocc. = brocchii Mich. Thes.,

46. Atys guildinii Sowb. Thes., ... .274

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 419

PLATE 29.

FIGURE. PAGE.

1-3. Cylichna chevreuxi Dautz. Camp. Sci., . . . 291
4-7. Cylichna richardi Dautz. Camp. Sci., .... 293
8-10. Retusa crossei B. D. & D. Moll. Rouss. . . .211
11. Retusa umbilicata Mont. Sars., ..... 210
12-14. Retusa umbilicata Mont. Moll. Rouss., . . . 210
15-17. Cylichna cylindracea Penn. Moll. Rouss., . . 289

PLATE 30.

I, 2, Cylichna noronyensis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 301
3, 4. Cylichna labiata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .313
5, 6. Cylichna reticulata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . 316

7. Cylichna discus Wats. Chall. Rep., 299

$, 9. Cylichna subreticulata Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .317
10. Cylichna tahitensis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .320

II. Retusa ovata Jeffr. Chall. Rep., . . . . . 232

12. Cylichna crispula Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .315

PLATE 31.

13, 14. Scaphander mundus Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .251

15. Scaphander niveus \\rats. Chall. Rep., .... 252

16. Scaphander punctostriatus Migh. Sars., . . . 246

17. Scaphander lignarius L. Sars., ..... 245

18. Scaphander watsoni Dall. Blake Rep., .... 248

19. 20. Scaphander gracilis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .247
21, 22. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Esp., . 245

23. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Rouss., . .. . . 245

PLATE 32.

24, 25. Scaphander lignarius L., 245

26. Scaphander interruptus Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. . 250

27, 28. Scaphander bathymophila Dall. Blake Rep., . . 256
29, 30. Atys gibbulus Jeffr. — diaphana Arad. Ann. Mag. 278
31, 32. Scaphander nobilis Verril. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . 249
33, 34. Scaphander issellii Bell. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . . 255

35. Atys sandersoni Dall. Blake Rep., .... 275

36. Atys hyalina Wats. Chall. Rep .271

37. Atys freyi Brancsik = naucum L., . . . . . 264

38. 39. Diaphana seguenzce Wats. Chall. Rep., .

PLATE 33.

40, 41, Smaragdinella andersoni Nev. J. A. S. B., . . 260

42. Smaragdinella glaucii = viridis. Thes., .... 258

43, 44. Smaragdinella glaucii Q, & G. Astrol., . . .259

420

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

45, 46. Smaragdinella glauca = viridis. C. Icon.,
47, 48. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Enlarged, .
49-52. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Astrol.,

53. Smaragdinella viridis Rang. Thes.,

54, 55. Smaragdinella fasciata Sowb. C. Icon., .
56, 67. Smaragdinella acuminata Sowb. = viridis.

58. Smaragdinella minor Ad. Thes., .

59. Smaragdinella algirse Hani. Thes ,

60. Atys cylindrica Helbl. Thes.,

61. Atys cyliudrica Helbl. Roe.,

62. Atys elongata Ad. Thes., ....

63. 64. Atys solida Brug. Thes., .

65. Pyrunculus nitida Ad. Thes.,

66, 67. Atys tortuosa Ad. C. Icon.,

68. Pyrunculus pyriformis Ad. Thes., .

69, 70. Atys debilis Pse. Don. Bism., .
71, 72. Atys amygdala Sowb. C. Icon.,

73. Atys succisa Ad. Thes., .

74. Atys alicula Ad. Thes., ....

PLATE 34.

1, 2. Bulla ampulla L. Thes., ....

3. Bulla ampulla L. C. Icon., ....

4. Bulla ampulla v. trifasciata. C. Icon.,

5. Bulla ampulla v. bifasciata. Specimen,

6. 7. Bulla cruentata Ad. C. Icon.,

8, 9. Bulia tenuissima Sowb. C. Icon., .

C. Icon.

PAGE,

. 258
. 258
, 258
, 258
259
259
259
261
265
265
26(
266
230
264
229
266
26*
26(
267

34^

344

344

345

347

PLATE 35.

12-14. Bulla oblonga Ad. C. Icon., . .

15, 16. Bulla australis Ad. = adamsi Mke. Thes.,
19, 20. Bulla australis Ad. — adamsi Mke. C. Icon.,

17, 18. Bulla australis Q. & G. Astrol., . .

345
345
341

PLATE 36.

21. Bulla eburnea Dall. Blake Rep., .

22, 23. Bulla nebulosa Old. = gouldiana.

24. Bulla gouldiana Pils. Specimen, .

25, 26. Bulla aspersa Ad. C. Icon., .
27, 28. Bulla aspersa. Specimen, .

29, 30. Bulla punctulata Ad. C. Icon.,

31. Bulla abyssicola Dall. Blake Rep.,

32, 33. Bulla angasi Pils. C. Icon., .
34, 35. Bulla ovula Sowb. C. Icon., .

C. Icon.,

339
340
340
341
341
341
338
347
349

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 421

PLATE 37.

FIGURE.

36-38. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimen, 335

39. Bulla punctata. Thes., 341

40, 41. Bulla punctata Ad. C. Icon 342

42, 43. Bulla striata Brug. Moll. Esp., .... 332
44-46. Bulla striata Brug. Sp. from Greece, . . . 332
47, 48. Bulla rufolabris Ad. Thes. & C. Icon., . . .342

PLATE 38.

49, 50. Bulla media = amygdala Dillw. C. Icon., . . 329
51-53, 55, 56. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Specimens, . . 331
54. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimens, ..... 335
57-59. Bulla occidentalis Ad. C. Icon, and Thes., . .331

60. (= pi. 39, f. 78). Bulla occidentals Ad. Specimen, . 331

61. Bulla adansoni Ph. C. Icon., 333

62. 63, 65. Bulla amygdala Dillw. Specimens, . . . 329
64. Bulla amygdala Dillw. C. Icon., 329

PLATE 39.

66, 67. Bulla compressa Roch. Nouv. Arch. Mus., . . 334

68-70. Bulla guernei Dautz. Camp. Sci., .... 336

71. Bulla quoyi Gray. Erebus & Terror, .... 348

72. Bulla incommoda Sm. P. Z. S., 347

73. Bulla conspersa Pse. A. J. C., .... 349

74. 75. Bulla adansoni v. minor. Ind. Moll. Guin., . . 334

76. Bulla rubiginosaGld. Exped., 330

77. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Vera Cruz, Mex , . . .331

78. Bulla occidentalis Ad. Lake Worth, Fla., . . .331

79. Bulla amygdala Dillw. St. Thomas, .... 329

PLATE 40.

80. 81. Haminea natalensis Kr. Sudaf. Moll., . . .367

82. Haminea tenera Ad. Thes., 371

83. Haminea vitrea Ad. Thes., 370

84. Haminea curta Ad. Thes., 368

85. Haminea issellii = curta. P. Z. S., . . . . 368

86. Haminea pemphis Sowb. = zelandica. C. Icon., . . 373

87. Haminea tenella = pemphis Ph. Thes., . . . 368

88. Haminea elegans Gray. C. Icon., . • . . . . 355

89. Haminea fusca Ad. Thes., 369

90. Haminea fusca Ad. C. Icon., .... .369

91. Haminea papyrus Ad. Thes.. ..... 371

92. Cylichna brevissima Ad. Thes., 310

93. Haminea augustata Ad. Thes., ... .361

94. Haminea ovalis Pse. A. J. C., . . . . . 305

28

422 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

95. Haminea simillima Pse. A. J. C., 366

96. Haminea brevis Q. & G. Thes., 373

97. Haminea sinensis = exarata Ph. Thes., . . . 362

98. 99. Haminea constricta Ad. C. Icon., .... 370
100. Haminea nigropunctata Pse. Don Bism., . . . 365

I, 2. Haminea galba Pse. C. Icon., ..... 364

3. Haminea crocata Pse. Specimen, ..... 36<

4. Haminea sandwichensis Sowb. C. Icon., .... 36e

5. Haminea virescens Sowb. C. Icon., ..... 36(

6. 7. Haminea cymbalum Q. & G. Astrol., . . . .361

8. Haminea ambigua Ad. Thes., . . . . . .37

9, 10. Haminea brevis Q.& G. Astrol., . . . .37!

PLATE 41.

II. Haminea zelandise Gray. Erebus & Terror, . . .37;

12. Haminea obesa = zelandise Gray. C. Icon., . . . 37J

13. Haminea cuticulifera Sm. Alert, . \ . . .37i

14. Haminea castanea Ad. Thes.,

15. Haminea flavescens Ad. Thes., ..... 37^

16. Haminea rotundata Ad. Thes., ....

17. 18. Haminea navicula Da C. F. & H., Moll. Rouss., . 35<
1 9, 20. Haminea hydatis L. Moll. Esp., . . .

21, 22. Cylichna auberii Orb. Moll. Cuba, .

23, 24. Haminea petitii Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . 351

25, 26. Haminea vesicula Gld. Specimen, .

27. Haminea natalensis — peruviana. Thes., . 36:

28, 29. Haminea vesiculata Gld. Specimen,

30,31. Haminea guadaloupensis Sowb. Specimen, . . 35*

32. Haminea solitaria Say. Specimen, . . . 35'

33, 34. Haminea guadaloupensis Sowb. Specimen, . . 35f
35, 36. Haminea antillarum Orb. Specimen,

37. Haminea guildingii = elegans. C. Icon., .

38, 39. Haminea elegans Gray. Specimen, .

PLATE 42.

11, 12. Akera bullata Mull. Moll. Arct. Norv., . . .37'

13. Akera bicincta Q. & G. Thes., .

14. Akera tumida Ad. Thes

15. Akera bicincta Q. & G. Astrol., .

16. Akera tennis Ad. == soluta. Thes.,

17. Akera hanleyi = bullata. Thes., .

18. Akera soluta Gmel. C. Icon.,

19. 20. Cylindrobulla beauii Fisch. J. de C.,
21-23. Volvatella pyriformis Pse. Don. Bism., .
24-26. Cylindrobulla pusilla Nev. J. A. S. B., .
27, 2<*. Volvatella fragilis Pse. A. J. C., .

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 423

FIGURE. PAGE.

29, 30. Volvatella Candida Pse. A. J. C., . . . . 385

31,32. Cylindrobulla fragilis Jeffr. Ann. Mag., . . . 380

33-35. Volvatella cincta Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . . 383

36-38. Cylindrobulla sculpta Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . 381

PLATE 43.

1, 2. Bulla solida Gmel. Specimen, 335

3-5. Haminea peruviana Orb. Voy. Am. Mer., . . . 361

6. Haminea navicula DaCosta. F. & H., . . . . 352

7, 8. Bulla quoyi Gray. Astrol., 327

9, 10. Haminea ovalis Pse. A. J. C., 365

11,12. Haminea simillima Pse. A. J. C., .... 366

13. Haminea nigropunctata Pse. A. J. C., . . . . 365

14, 15. Ringicula caledonica Mori. J. de C., 409

16. Atys blainvilliana Reel. Faune Fr., .... 278

17. Haminea aperta Pse. A. J. C., 366

18. Haminea glabra Ad. Specimen, ..... 356

19. Haminea virescens Sowb. Specimen, .... 360

20. 21. Ringicula noumeensis Mori. J. de C., . . 410

PLATE 44.

1-4, 6. Hydatina amplustre. L. specimen, C. Icon., Thes., . 390
5. Hydatina amplustre L. Astrol., 390

7, 10. Hydatina velum Gmel. Thes., 388

8, 9. Hydatina velum Gmel. Specimen, .... 388
11-13. Hydatina inflata Dkr. Ind. Moll. Jap., . . .389

PLATE 45.

14. Hydatina physis var. staminea, specimen, . . . 388

15. Hydatina physis L. Specimen, ..... 387

16. Hydatina physis L. C. Icon., 387

17. Hydatina physis L. Astrol., 387

18,19. Bullina ziczac = scabra Gmel. Don. Bism., . . 176

20. Bullina lauta = scabra Gmel 176

21, 22. Bullina lineata = scabra Gmel. Thes. & C. Icon., . 176

23, 24. Bullina bruguierei Ad. Thes. & C. Icon., . . 177
25, 26. Bullina vitrea Pse. C. Icon., ..... 177
27, 28. Bullina deshayesii Pils. Moll. Reun., . . .178
29, 30. Hydatina albocincta Hoev. Thes. & C. Icon., . . 388

PLATE 46.

31. Ringicula leptochila = nitida. J. de C., . . .399

32. Ringicula moritzi Fol. J. de C., 402

33. 34. Ringicula conformis Monte. J. de C., . 396

424 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

35, 36. Ringicula pulchella Mori. J. de C., . . . . 398

37. Ringicula peracuta Wats. Chall., 400

38. Ringicula nitida Verrill. Tr. Conn. Ac., . . . 399
,39, 40. Ringicula passieri Mori. J. de C., . . . . 398

41,42. Ringicula terqueri Mori. J. de C 396

43, 44. Ringicula semistriata Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . 399
45, 46. Ringicula admirabilis Mori. J. de C., . . 397

47, 48. Ringicula cabriei Mori. J. de C., .... 401

49. Ringicula auriculata Men. J. de C., . . . 395

50. Ringicula auriculata Men. J. de C., . . . . 395

51. Ringicula buccinea Brocc. J. de C., . . . 395

52. Ringicula somersi Folin. J. de C., .... 402

53. 54. Ringicula schlumbergeri Mori. J. de C., . . . 396
55,56. Ringicula senegalensis Mori. J. de C., . . . 402

57. Ringicula suturalis Sm. P. Z. S, 401

58. Ringicula somersi Fol. Les Fonds., .... 402

59. Ringicula pusilla Wats. Chall. Rep., . . 412

60. Ringicula assularum Wats. Cball. Rep., . . . 412

PLATE 47.

61,62. Ringicula foliui Mori. J. de C., .... 406
63, 64. Ringicula caron Hde. Voy. Sulphur, . . . 407

65. Ringicula encarpoferens Fol. J. de C., . . . . 407

66. Ringicula apicata Nev. J. A. S. B., . . . 406

67. Ringicula folini Mori. Les Fonds., . . . .406

68. Ringicula caron Hinds. J. de C., 407

69. Ringicula canaliculata Foli. J. de C., .... 407

70. Ringicula minuta H. Ad. P. Z. S., . . . . 405

71. Ringicula prismatica. J. de C., . . . . 406

72. Ringicula grandinosa Hinds. J. de C., . . . . 409

73. Ringicula gonjoni Fol. J. de C. 409

74. 75. Ringicula arctata Gld. J. M.-C., . .403

76. Ringicula prismatica Fol. Les. Fonds., . . . 406

77, 78. Ringicula celertiana Mori. J. de C., . . . 404

79. Ringicula arctata Gld. J. de C 403

80, 81. Ringicula australis Hinds. J. de C., . . . 410
82, 83. Ringicula doliaris Gld. Chall. Rep.,

84. Ringicula fossulata Folin. Les Fonds., .... 409

85, 86. Ringicula savignyi Mori. Coq. Egypte., . . 405

PLATE 48.

1. Stomach of Haminea navicula opened. Ann. Sc. Nat., . 352

2, 3. Stomach plate of Haminea navicula. Ann. Sc. Nat., . 352

4. Bulla ampulla L., dentition. Pilsbry, del.,

5. Akera bullata Mull. Meyer & Mobius, .

6. Volvatella vigourouxi Montr. J. de C., . ... . 383

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 425

FIGURE. PAGE.

7. Volvatella cumingi Ad. Thes., 385

8. Hamiuea diaphana Couth. U. S. Exped., . . . 356
(.». 10. Cylindrobulla sowerbiei Montr. J. de C., . . .381

11. Volvutella Candida Pse. A. J. C., . '. . . .385

12. Cylichna domitus Dall. Blake Rep., . . . .294
12*/. Atys caribsea Orb. Specimen, 274

13. Cylichna dalli Verrill. Tr. Conn. Acad., . . .297

14. Cylichna strigella A. Ad. Thes., ..... 314
15-17. Bulla nebulosa, gizzard-plate. Pilsbry, del., . . 328

18. Haminea succinea Conr. Specimen, .... 357

19, 20. Bulla roperiana Pils. Specimen, .... 336

21. Bulla adansoni Phil. Specimen, 334

PLATE 49.

1, 2. Actseon tornatilis L. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .148

3. ActsBon tornatilis L., 148

4. Actseon luteofasciata Mu'hlf. Berl. Verh., . . .155

5. 6. Actseonina chariis Wats. Chall. Rep., . . . .174
7. Leucotina niphonensis Ad. C. Icon., .... 168
8,9. Leucotina modesta Ad. C. Icon., .... 170
10, 11. Actseon bullatus Old. Expl. Exped., . . .163
12, 13. Actseonina edentula Wats. Chall. Rep., . . .173
14-16. Leucotina sinuata Ang. P. Z. S., . . . .171
17, 18. Solidula solidula L. Gen. Rec. Moll., . . .142

19. Leucotina esther Ang. P. Z. S., 170

20, 21. Ovulactseon meekii Dall. Blake Rep., . . .178

22, 23. Leucotina elongata So wb. Sh. S. Af., . . .172

24. Actseon punctocrelatus Cpr. Specimen,. . . .166

PLATE 50.

25, 26. Tornatina canaliculata Say. Pilsbry, del., . .184
27-29. Tornatina candei Orb. Pilsbry, del., . . .185
30. Tornatina bullata Kn. Pilsbry, del., . . . .183

-34. Tornatina singaporensis Pils. Pilsbry, del., . .194

35-37. Tornatina capitata Pils. Pilsbry del., . . .195

38. Tornatina culcitella Old. Pilsbry del., . . . .189

39, 40. Tornatina cerealis Old. Pilsbry del., . . .188

NOTE. — The numbers 51 to 58 are omitted from the series of plates, PI. 50
being followed by PI. 59.

PLATE 59.

1,2. Atys Jeffreys! Weink. Ann. Mag., . . . .277
• >. Atys brocchii Mich. Conch, foss. subap., . . . 277
4, 5 Cylichua parvula Jeffr. Ann. Mag., .... 293

6. Cylichna sarsii Ad. Thes., 322

426

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

7. Cylichna minuta = villiersi. P. Z. S., . . . . 312

8. Cylichna brevissima Ad. Thes., 310

9. Cylichna pygmsea Ad. Thes., 319

10. Cylichna concinna Ad. Thes., 309

11. 12. Cylichna striata Hutt. Specimen, . . . .319

13. Atys utriculus Brocchi. F. & H., . . . . . 279

14. Chelidonura adamsii Aug. P. Z. S. . . See Vol. XVI

15. Tornatina inculta Gld. Specimen, . . . .188

16. 17. Atys cylindrica Hebl. Anim. Evert., . . .262
18, 19. Micromelo eximia Dh. Moll. Reun., . . .393
20, 21. Micromelo undata Brug. Thes., . . . .392
22-24. Micromelo undata Brug. Specimens, . . . 392
25, 26. Micromelo guamensis Q. Voy. Uranie, . . . 392

27. Diaphana debilis Gld. Specimen, . '. . . .281

28. Diaphana hiemalis Conth. Specimen, .... 286
29-31. Diaphana ventricosa Jeffr. Ann. Mag., . . . 284
32, 33. Diaphana lotta? Bush. Bull. M. C. Z., . . 281

PLATE 60.

1-3. Retusa truncatula Brug. Meyer & Mob., . . . 204

4. Retusa truncatula Brug. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 204

5, 6, 7. Retusa nitidula Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 204

8. Retusa umbilicata. Moll. Reg. Arct., .... 204

9, 10. Volvula acuminuta Brug. M. Sars., .... 233

11. Volvula brevis Pils. F. & H., 235

12, 13. Volvula acuta Orb. Moll. Cuba, . . . .236
14, 15. Volvula corticata Beck. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 291

16. Volvula alba Brown. Moll. Reg. Arct 290

17. Leucotina minuta Smith. P. Z. S., . . . .171

18. Tornatina voluta Q. Samarang, . . 181

PLATE 61.

20, 21. Diaphana minuta Br. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .280

22. Diaphana expansa Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 280

23. Cylichna cylindracea Penn. F. & H., . . . . 287
24-27". Cylichna alba Brown. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .288
28-31, 38. Akera bullata Mull. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . 376
33-37, 39, 40. Scaphander lignarius L. Moll. Reg. Arct., . 244
32. Atys utriculus Brocchi. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . . 2b'2

INDEX TO TECTIBRANCHIATA,

WITH SPIRAL, EXTERNAL' SHELLS.

NOTE. — The names of species believed to be valid are printed
in Roman type ; the names of genera and other groups in SMALL
CAPITALS ; the names of all synonyms are in Italic type.

. 351
. 290
. 146
. 290
. 388
. 324
. 146
. 152
. 261
. 267
262, 265
. 145
. 154
. 371
. 196
. 172
. 280
. 224
. 264
. 388
. 390
. 327
. 343
. 335
. 353
. 329
. 268
. 134
. 260
. 410
. 347
. 361

Abbreviata Nev.,

407 AKERIN^E Pils.,

Abyssicola Braz.,

411

AlbaBr., .

Abyssicola Dall,

338

Alba Hutt.,

Abyssorum Mori.,

397

A Iba Swains,

Acer a Auct.,

376

Albocincta Hoev.,

Aceras Loc.,

376

Alboguttata Sm.,

Acrobeles Wats.,

201

Albus Hutt.,

ACT^ONID^E,

135

Albus Sowb.,

Actceonidea Gabb,

166

Algirse Hani., .

ACT^ONINA Orb., . 136,

172

Alicula Ad.,

ACTION Montf. .136,

147

ALICULA Ehr., .

Actcson Oken,

147

Alveola Souv., .

ACT^EOPYRAMIS, Fisch.,

167

Amabilis Wats.,

Acteon Montf., . .

147

Ambigua Ad., .

Acuminata Brug.,

234

Amboinensis Wats.,

Acuminata Sow.,

259

Amoena Ad.,

AcutaOrb.,

236

Amphisphyra Lov.,

Acuta Ph.,

138

Amphizostus Wats.,

Acuta Phil.,

405

Amphorella Ad.,

Adamsi Braz., .

346

Amplmtra Born.,

Adamsi Cpr.,

341

Amplustre L., .

Adamsii Dkr.,

364

Ampula Montf,

Adamsii Gray, .

261

Ampulla L.,

Adamsi Mke., .

345

Ampulla Orb., .

Adansoni Phil.,

333

Ampulla Penn.,

Admirabilis Mori.,

397

Amygdala Dillw.,

Adspersa Schr., . .

350

Amygdala Sowb.,

JEquistriata Sm.,

369

ANASPIDEA,

Affinis Ad.,

141

Andersoni Nev.,

Akera Gmel.,

377

Angasi Braz.,

AKERA Miill., .

376

Angasi Pils.,

AKERID.E Pils.,

350

Angusta Gld., .

427

428

INDEX.

Angustata Ad., .
Angustata Sowb.,
Angustata Sowb.,
Annulata Schr., - .
Antarcticus Pffr.,
Antillarum Orb.,
Aperta Pse.,
Apicata Nev.
Apicina Gld.,
Apiculata Tate,
Aplustra Sw.,
Aplustre Lam., .
Aplustridce,

APLUSTRUM Schum., . 386,
Arachis Q.,
Arata Wats., .
ArctataGld., .
Aspersa Ad.,
Aspinosa Dall, .
Assimilis Ad.,
Assularum Wats.,
Assula Schura., .
Atkinsoni T.-W.,
Atlantica Sm., .
Atrolineata Schr.,
Attenuata Ad., .
Attenuata Dall, .
Attenuata Sowb.,
Attonsa Cpr.,

ATYS Montf., . . 243,
Auberi Orb.,
Auriculata Men.,
AustralisGray, .
Australis Hds., .
Australia Q. & G.,
Australis Q. & G.,
Austrinus Wats.,

AUSTRODIAPHANA Pils., .

Avenaria Wats.,

Bacillus Ehr

Bathymophila Dall. .
Beaui Fisch.,
Bicincta Q. & G., .
Bidentata Orb., .
Bifasciata Gm., .
Bifasciata Mke.,
Bifasciatus Risso,
Biplex Ad.,

240
266
361
350
228
358 !
366
406
201

Biplicata Ad., .
Biplicata Lea, .
Bizona Ad.,
Blainvilliana Reel.,
Borneensis Ad., .
Bourguignati Roch.,
Brazieri Ang., .
Brazieri Pils.,
Brenchleyi Ang.,

. 310
. 325
. 323
. 278
. 222
. 403
. 287
. 315
. 202

227

Brevis Pils.,

. 235

389

Brevis Q.

& G.. .

. 373

390

Brevissima Ad.,

. 310

385

Brocchii Mich., .

. 277

389

Brownii Leach,

. 245

318

Bruguieri

Ad., .

. 177

199

Buccinea Broc., .

. 395

403

Buccinulus Plane.,

. 136

341

Bulinella

Newt.,

. 287

237

Bullceformis Jeffr.,

. 153

306

BULLA L.

> • •

. 327

412

Bullata Kn.,

. 183

244

Bullata Mull., .

. 377

318

Bullatus Gld., .

. 163

322

Bullea Blv.,

. 327

387

BULLION, .

. 326

240

BULLINA

Fer., .

. 136, 175

333

Bullina Fer., .

. 391

268

Bullina Risso, .

. 287

302

Bullinula

Gray,

. 391

261

Bullinula

Sw., .

. 175

300

Bullm Montf., .

. 327

395

Bushii Dall,

. 237

346

410

Cabrai Mori.,

. 401

165

Olata Bush, .

. 232

346

Caledonica Mori.,

. 409

149

287

Calyculata Sowb.,
1 Canaliculata Fol.,

. 259

. 407

202

Canaliculata Oliv.,

. 377

311

1 Canaliculata Orb.,

. 183

256

Canaliculata Say,

. 1 84

380

Canariensis Sm.,

. -273

379

Cancellaris Ad., .

. 180

325

Candei O

rb., .

. 185

153

Candida Br.,

. 284

344

Candida Pse.,

. 385

153

Candidula Ad., .

. 307

192

Candidula Loc.,

. . 215

INDEX.

429

( 'andidus Br., .
(Japitata Pils., .
Oaribsea Orb., .
Carinata Cpr., .
Carpenteri Hani.,
Caron Hds.,

. 283
. 195
. 274

. 187
. 302
. 407

Corticata Moll.,
Costulosa Pse, .
Granchii Leach,
Crebripunctata Jeffr,
Crebrisculpta Monts,
Crispula Wats, .

291
267
279
293
211
315

Casta Ad.,

.

. 172

Crocata Pse,

363

Casta Cpr.,

.

. 276

Crossei B. D. D,

211

( 'astanea Ad.,

. 374

Cruentata Ad, .

345

Cecillii Ph.

> • •

. 222

Cubensis Gabb,

157

Cl.rilALASPIDEA,

. 134

Culcitella Gld, .

189

Cerealis Gld.,

. 188

Cumingi Ad,

385

( 'erina Mke, .

358

Cumingii Ad,

162

Ceylanica Brug.,

. 378

Cumingii Ad, .

254

Char Brug

., . .

. 244

CuneataTib, .

212

Chariis Wats., .

. 174

Curta Ad,

368

Cheverti Braz., .

. 272

Curtulus Dall, .

163

Chevreuxi

Dautz,

. 291

Cuticulifera Sm,

372

Cincta Nev.,

• 383

Cuvieri Lch,

353

Cinctella Ad., .

. 193

Cryptaxis Jeffr,

287

Cinctoria Perry,

. 388

CYLICHNA Lov, . 243,

287

Circnlata Mart,

. 388

CYLICHNELLA Gabb, 289,

325

Cinerea SchT., .

. 350

CYLICHNINA Monts, .

181

Cinerea Wats., .

. 140

Cylindracea Perm., .

289

CinuliaGr.,

. 394

Cylindrella Ad,

240

Clausa Dall,

. 338

Cylindrella Sw,

287

Clavus Dall,

. 246

Cylindrica Brug,

290

Coarctata Ad., .

. 193

Cylindrica Cpr,

239

Ooccinata Rv., .

. 143

Cylindrica Helbl,

265

I 'nleopliysi*.

r Fisch.,

. 203

Cylindrica Sm, .

234

Columellaris Mke.,

. 344

CYLINDROBULLA Fisch,

Columnce Chiaje,

. 333

351,

379

Complanata Wats., .

. 223

Cymbalum Q. &. G, .

367

Compressa

Roch.,

. 334

Cymbiformis Cpr.,

360

Concentrica Ad.,

. 314

Cymbulus Montf,

263

i/ma Ad., .

. 172

Cypraeola Mke,

350

Concinna Ad.. .

. 309

Con for mis

Monts.,

. 396

Dadylis Mke, .

333

Consanguinea Sm.,
Consobrina Ad.,

. 313
. 305

Dactylus Schum,
Dalfi Ver,

136
297

Consobrina Gld..

. 308

Danaida Dall, .

160

Conspersa

Pse, .

. 349

Darnleyensis Braz, .

272

Constricta

Ad., .

. 370

Debilis Gld,

281

. 232

DebilisPse,

266

Conulus V..

. 232

Decora Braz,

371

< 'niinthita

Brocc..

. 290

Decussata Ad, .

315

Convolute Schum.,

. 245

Delicatula Ad,

190

Cornea Lam.,

. 353

Delicatus Dall, .

162

430

INDEX.

Denticulate Gld.,
Dentifera Ad., .
Densa Braz.,
Densestriata Leche,
Desgenettii Aud.,
Deshayesii Pils.,
Diaphana Arad.,
DIAPHANA Br., .
Diaphana Couth.,
Dianse Ad.,
Dllatata Lch., .
Dilatatus Ad., .
DINIA Ad.,
Discors Schr.,
Discus Wats., .
Doliaris Gld.,
Domitus Dall, .
Donovani Lch., .
Dubiosa Braz., .

Eburnea Ad.,
EburneaDall, .
Eburnea Ver., .
Edentula Wats.,
Elastica D. & S.,
Elegans Ad.,
Elegans Ad.,
Elegans Ang., .
Elegans Authors,
Elegans Gray, .
Elegans Loc.,
Elegans Mke., .
Ellipsoidea Gld.,
Elliptica, .
Elongata Ad.,
Elongata Jeffr., .
Elongata Loc., .
Elongata Sow., .
Elongatus Ad., .
Encarpoferens Fol.,
Esther Ang.,
Eucampe Lch., .
Eumicra Cr.,
Eumicrus Cr.,
Exarata Ad.,
Exarata Cpr.,
Exarata Ph.,
Excavatus Jeffr.,

243,

263,

411 ExignaAd.,

. 270

276 Exie^uus Dkr., .

. 161

273 ExifisDkr.,

. 190

285 j Exilis Jeffr.,

. 156

311 | Eximea Bd.,

. 189

178 ! Eximia Dh.,

. 393

278 i Expansa Jeffr., .

. 284

280

Expansa Monts.,

. 353

356

Exserta Hds., .

. 408

167

355

Fabreanus Cr., .

. 150

255

Famelicus Wats..

. 225

276 Fasdata Lam.. .

. 153

350

Fasciata Sowb., .

. 259

299

Fasciatuni Schum.,

. 390

403

Fasciatus Dall, .

. 163

294

Ferruginea Sowb.,

. 369

377

Ferruginosa Ad.,

. 263

273

Ferruginosa Perry,

. 389

Ferussaci Dh., .

. 393

239
339

Fijiensis Sm.,
Filosa Sch urn.,

. 321

. 387

298 Fischeri Ad. & Ang.,

. 381

173 Flammeus Gm., " .

. 151

378

Flavescens Ad., .

. 374

170

Flexilis Brn.,

. 377

370

Folini Mori.,

. 406

318

Folliculus Ad., .

. 230

354

Folliculus Mke ,

. 354

355 Follini,

. 406

378

Fossulata Fol., .

. 409

392

Fourier i And., .

. 312

308

Fragilis Jeffr., .

. 380

231

Fragilis Lam., .

. 377

265

Fragilis Pse.,

. 384

294

Fraterculus Dkr.,

. 138

291

Freyi Branc., • .

. 264

172

Frielei Dall,

. 219

254 Fucicoia Chier.,

. 234

407 ; Fulgida Ad.,

. 363

170 FumataRv.,

. 145

376

Fusca Ad.,

. 369

227

Fusiformis Ad.,

192. 194

227

168

Galba Pse.,

. 364

343

Gemma Ver.,

. 339

362 Oibbulus Jeffr.,

. 278

214 Gigantea Dkr., .

. 167

INDEX.

431

Giyanteus Risso,
(jiti-nia Brug.,
Gioeni Gio.,
Glabra Ad.,
Glabra Rv.,
Glauca Ad.,
Glauca Q. & G.
Ghnicondla Gr.
Globosa Cantr.,
Globosa Cantr.,
Globosa Jeffr.,
Globosa Jeffr.,
Globosa Lov.,
Globulinus Fbs.,
Goujoni FoL,
Gouldiana Pils.,
Gouldii Couth., .
Gracilis Ad.,
Gracilis Kirk, .
Gracilis Mke., .
Gracilis Wats., .
Grandinosa Hds.,
Granosa Braz., .
Granulum Phil.,
Grateloupii Mich.,
Grimaldi Dautz.,
Grisea Sm.,
Guadalupensis So\vb.
Guamensis Q. & G.,
Guernei Dautz., .
Guildingii Sw., .
Guildinii Sowb.,

Hamincea Lch., .
HAMINEA Lch.,
HAMINEIN^E Pils.,
Han ley i Ad.,
Harpa Dall,
HebesV., .
Hiemalis Couth.,
Hoer?iesi Wkf.. .
Hofmani Ang., .
Hordacea Sowl>.,
Hordeacea Ad., .
Huttoni Kirk, .
Hyalina Gruel., .
Hyalina Turt., .
Hyalina Wat?., .

351

245:

244:

244j

356

143

258

259

257

284

378

285

353

286

155

409

340

217

194

146

187

247

409

324

309

245

291

362

358

392

336

356

274

352
352
, 351
. 377
, 186
. 159
, 286
. 212
, 203
. 270
. 270
. 147
. 354 ;
. 2831
. 271

HYDATINA Schum.,
HYDATINID.E, .
Hydatis Brug., .
Hydatis L.,

Ibyx Meusch.,
Incisus Dall,
Incomraoda Sm .
Inconspicua Ad ,
Inculta Cpr.,
Inedita Ad.,
Inflata Dkr.,
Infrequens Ad.,
Insculpta Ad., .
Insculpta Rv., .
Insculpta Tot., .
Insculpta V.,
Intermedia Ang.,
Intermedia Arad.,
InterruptusDall,
Involuta Ad., .
Involuta Ph.,
Involuta Nev., .
Isseli H. Ad.,
Issellii Pils.,

Japonica Ad., .
Japonica Ad., .
Japonicus Ad., .
Jeffreys* Loc., .
Jeffreys! Weink..

Kirki Hutt.,
KLEINELLA Ad.,
Knockeri Sm., .
Krebsii Dall, .
Krebsi Morch., .

Labiata Wats., .
Labiosa Phil., .
Lactea Jeffr.,
Lacteocincta Sm ,
Lactuca Nev.,
Lota Old.,.
Lsevisculpta Gr.,
LagenulaAd., .
Lajonkaireana, .

. 386
. 385
. 353
. 354

. 330
. 160
. 347
. 192
. 188
. 307
. 389
. 187
. 169
. 139
. 357
. 156
. 145
. 279
. 250
. 310
. 228
. 196
. 369
. 191

. 169
. 304
. 254

. 278

. 277

. 146
136, 179
. 183
. 337
. 300

. 313
. 269
. 213
. 322
. 196
. 308
. 211
. 230
. 215

432

INDEX.

Latiuscula Ad.,
Lauta Ad.,
Lauta Pse.,
Lepidula Ad., .
Leptekes Wats.,
Leptocheila Brugn.,
LEUCOTINA Ad.,
Leucus Wats., .
Librarius Love"n,
Ligata Schr.,
Lignarius L.,
Linearis Jeffr., .
Lineata Gr.,
Linteria Ad.,
Liratispira Sm.,
Lottse Bush.,
Lucida Ad.,
Luteofasciatus Mhl.,
Luticola Ad.,
Lyrata Cpr.,

Macandrewii Sm.,
Maculosa Mart.,
Magdelus Ang., .
Malleata Sm., .
Mamillata Ph., .
Mammillata Ph.,
M'Andrewii Sm.,
Mappa Schr.,
Marise Ad.,
Marine T.-W., .
Mariei Dautz., .
Mariei Mori.,
Marginata Mke.,
Marmorata Ad.,
Marmorea Pse.,
Marmorea Schr.,
Mayoi Dall,
Media Phil.,
Meekii Dall,
Melampoides Dall,
Melampoides Old.,
Mica Ehr.,
MICROMELO Pils.,
Minor Ad.,
Minor Dkr.,
Minor Jeffr.,
Minuta Ad.,

. 305 Minuta Ad., . . . 405

. 172 Minuta Braz., . . . 815

. 177 Minuta Brown, . . 263

. 305 Minuta Bush, . . . 237

. 200 Minuta Mcgill . . . 207

. 399 j Minuta Sm., . . .171

. 136, 166 Minutissimus Mar., . .215

. 208 Minutus Pet, . . .149

. 2-16 ! Miranda Sm., . . .277

. 350 MNESTIA Ad., . . 289, 323

. 245 ModestaAd., . . .170

. 21)0 Mongii Aud., . . .811

. 177 Monodonta Ad., . . 276

. 258 Monoptygma Ad., . .166

. 1 85 Monterosatoi Dautz., . . 1 55

. 281 j Moritzi FoL, . . .402

. 363 Mucronata Ph., . .191

. 155 Multistriata Ad., . . 330

. 302 Multistriatus Braz., . . 252

. 168 Mundus Wats., . . 251

MuscariaGld., . . 264

273 Myonia Ad., . . .166
.' 330

. 350 i Natalensis Kr., . . 367

. 374 I Natalensis Sby., . . 361

. 206 NaucumL., . . .263

. 207 Naucum Schum., . .261

. 272 Navicula Da C., . . 353

. 350 ! Nebulosa Old., . . 340

. 148 Nebulosa Schr., . . 350

. 198 i Nigropunctata Pse., . . 365

. 207 ! Niphonensis Ad., . 1 68

. 404 Nitida Ad., . . 230

. 330 Nitida Ver., . . - 399

. 323 Nitidula Lam., . .144

. 348 Nitidula Lov., . . 212

. 350 , Nitidula Sowb., . . 392
. 219 Nitidus V., ... 156

. 330 Nitens Sm., . . . 321

. 178 Nivea Ang., . .146

. 1 58 Nivea Petterd., . . 286

. 309 Nivens Wats., . . . 252

. 311 Nobilis V., . , .249

. 386, 391 NONA Ad., . . 243, 261

. 259 Nonscripta Ad. . . .268

. 334 Noronyensis Wats., . . 301

.215 Norvegica Brug., . 377

.312 NOTASPIDEA, . . .134

INDEX.

Noumeensis Mori.,
Novceeboraci Sowb.,
Xttrleola Rv.,
jV/u; DaC.,
Xux Mke.,

Obesiuscula Brugn.,
Obesus Jeffr.,
Oblonga Ad.,
Oblonga Mke., .
ObovataMke., .
Obstricta Old., .
Obtusa Brn.,
Obtusa Mtg.,
Occidentalis Ad.,
Occulta Migh.,
Oelertiana Mori.,
Omphalis Morch,
OmphalodesMke.,
Olivseformis Iss.,
Oliva Gmel.,
Oliva Kl.,
Oliviformis Wats.,
Olivula Ad.,
Opalina Ad.,
OPISTHOBRANCHIATA
Oporosa Old., .
Orb:gnyana For ,
OrdinariaSm.,
Oryctus Wats.,
Oryza Gabb.,
Oryza Rv.,
Oryza Tott.,
Ova I is DaC.,
Ovalis Mch.,
Ovalis Pse.,
Ovata Jeffr.,
Ovoidea Ad.,
Ovoidea Mke., .
Ovoidea Q. & G.,
OvuLACTvEON Dall,
Ovula (Gld.) Sowb.,
Ovulata Brocc.,
Ovulata Jeffr.,
Ovulina Ad.,
Ovulum Pfr.,
Oxytata Bush.,

410
357
291
327
332

. 231
. 214
. 346
. 144
. 264
. 184
. 205
. 214
. 331
. 292
. 404
. 221
. 333
. 191
. 290
. 287
. 207
. 183
. 239
. 134
. 308
. 354
. 319
. 227
. 166
. 151
. 325
. 153
. 161
. 365
. 232
. 263
. 373
. 366
136, 178
. 349
. 277
. 277
. 240
. 165
. 235

Pachys Wats.,
Pauamensis Ph.,
Papyrus Ad.,
Parallela Ad., .
Parallela Gld.,
Parvula Ad.,
Parvula Jeffr., .
Passieri Mori.,
Paupercula Wats.
Peasiana Pils.,
Pellucida Brown,
Pellucidus Br.,
Pellyi Sm.,
Pemphis Ad.,
Pemphis Ph.,
Pemphix Sowb.,
Pennata Schr., .
Peracuta Wats.,
Perconicus Dall,
Perdicina Mke.,
Perforata Phil.,
Perforatus Dall,
Perplex a Sm., .
Perplicata Dall,
Perpusilla Sm.,
Persiana Sm., .
Persimilis Mch.,
Perstriata Mke.,
Pertenuis Migh.,
Pertenuis Sm., .
Peruviana Orb.,
Pervius Dall,
Petersi Mart.,
Petitii Orb.,
Phiala Ad.,
Philine Asc.
Physema Ad.,
Physis L.,
Pinguicula Jeffr.,
Piriformis Pse.,
Pimm Chiaje, .
Planata Cpr., .
Planospira Ad.,
| PolitaAd.,
i Porcellana Gld.,
| Prismatica Fol.,
i Producta Br.,
| Propinquans Hds

See Vol.

433

198
343
371
306
266
270
293
398
238
348
206
283
231
374
368
374
350
400
165
335
370
159
375
217
312
190
236
332
216
307
361
220
368
359
230
xvi.
280
387
339
384
354
302
192
192
268
406
290
408

434

INDEX.

Propinqua Sars, . . 292

Propinqua Sm., . . 303

Protracta Dtz., . . .182

Protracta, Gld., . . 309

Proxima Ad., . . 304

Pudicus Ad., . . .150

Pulchella Jeffr., . . 398

Pulchella Sw., . . 390

PulchraBraz., . . 272

Pulverulenta Schr., . . 350

Pulvisculus Ehr., . .311

Pitlvisulcus Ad., . .311

PumilaAd., . . .306

Puinilissima Sm., . .313

Punctata Ad., . . 169

Punctata Ad., . . 341

PunctaiaFer., . . 143

Punctata Orb., . . 157

Punctata Schr., . . 350

Punctocselata Cpr., . .166

Punctostriatus Ad., . . 157

Punctostriatus Migh., . 246

Punctosulcata Sm., . . 324

Punctulata Ad., . . 279

Puuctulata Ad., . 341

Punctura Johns., . . 279

Puncttirata Sm., . .172

Pupillus Monts., . .156

PuraAd., . 172

Purpurea Schr., . . 350

Pusilla Ad., . . .139

Pusilla IBS., ' . • .191

Pusilla Nev., . . .382

Pusilla Pfr., . . .185

Pusilla Pse., . . .364

Pusilla Wats., . . .412

Pusillus Fbs., . . .156

Pusillus Jeffr., . 214

Pygmsea Ad., . . . 319

Pyramidata Ad., . . 310

Pyriformis Ad., . 229

Pyriformis Monts., . .205

Pyriformis Pse., . . 383

PYRUNCULUS Pils., . 181, 229

Quadrata Monts., . . 284
Quoyana Orb.,

Quoyi Ad., . . .341

Quoyi Gray, . . . 348

Radiola Ad.,
Recta Orb.,
Reevei Smith, .
Regularis Gld.,
Reinhardi Holb.,
Resiliens Don.,
Reticulata Wats.,
RETUSA Brown,
Retusa M. & R.,
Rhizorus Montf.,
Richardi Dautz.,
RICTAXIS Dall,
Riiseana Dkr.,
Rimata Ad.,
RINGICULA Dh.,
RINGICULID.E,
Ringiculina Monts.,
Robagliana Fisch.,
Roperiana Pils.,
Rostrata Ad.,
Rotunda Sowb.,
Rotundata Ad.,
ROXANIA Leach.,

ROXANIELLA Monts.,

Rubicunda Schr.,
Rubiginosa Gld.,
RufescensSchr.,
Rufolabris Ad.,
Rugosa Sm.,
Riiseana Dkr.,

SABATIA Bell.,
Salleana Mori.,
Sanderson i Dall,
Sandwicensis Pse.,
SandwichensisSby., .
Sao Ad.,
Sarsii (Ph.) Ad.,
Savignyana Gr.,
Savignyi Mori.,
Scabra Gm.,
Scalpta Rv.,
SCAPHANDER Montf.,

SCAPHANDRID.E,

Schlumbergeri Mori.,
Scitula Ad.,
Scrobiculata Ad.,
Sculpta Nev.,
Secale Gld.,

181

148,

262,

243, 255
. 397
. 275
. 190
. 365
. 229
. 322
. 368
. 405
. 176
. 292
244
242
396
170
265
381
149

243,

Secalina Ad.,
Seguenzae Wats.,
Senieu Rv.,
Semilrevis Seg.,
Seminulum Ph.,
Semisculptus Sm.,
Semistriata Orb.,
Semistriata Pse.,
Semistriata Req.,
Semisulcata Dkr.,
Semisulcata Ph.,
Senegalensis Malz.,
Srnegalensis Mori., .
Senegalensis Pet.,
Serica Sm.,
Sicula Brug.,
Siebaldii Rv., .
Sieboldi Ad., .
Sieboldii Ad., .
Simillirna Pse.,
Simillima Wats.,
Simplex Ad.,
Sinensis Ad., . ,
Singaporensis Pile., .
Sinuata Ang., .
Smaragdina Ad.,
SMARAGDINELLA Ad.,
Smithii Pils.,
Solida Ang.,
Xofida Brug.,
Solida Brug.,
Solidula L.,
SOLIDULA Waldh., .
Solitaria Say,
Soluta Gmel., .
Someri Fol,
Souverbiei Montr.,
Spatha Wats.,
Speciosa Ad.,
Speciosa Ad.,
Spectabilis Ad.,
Speo Risso,
fiptcndens Mke.,
Splendid ul us Mch.,
Staminea Mke.,
Mrmta Br.,
St ria ta Brug., .
Striata Hutt., .

243

INDEX. 435

269 1 Striata Orb., . 330

282 Striata Q. & G., . 348

216 Striata Risso, . . . 206

337 Striatula Ad., . . .239

229 Striatula Fbs., . . .212

152 Striatulum Schum., . . 261

399 Strigella Ad., . . 314

267 Strigella Lov., . . 211

278 StrigosaAd., . . .362

303 Strigosa Gld., . . .137

206 Subangulota Moll., . . 281

172 Subeylindrica Br., . .211

402 j Sublignarius Orb., . . 245

152 Subpelludda Ad., . . 353

375 SubreticulataWats., .317

245 Subrotunda Jetfr., . . 337

148 Substriata Jeffr., . . 214

260 Substriata Mke., . . 346
255 Subulata Wood, . . 153
366 ; Succincta Ad., . . 222
226 Succinea Con., . . 357

193 Succisa Ad., . . .266
362 Succisa Ehr., . . .267

194 SulcataAd 168

171 SulcataAd., . . .180

261 Sulcata Gmel., . . 143
257 Sulcata Mke., . . .331
233 Sulcata Orb., . . .221
347 Sulcata Wats., . . 241
266 Sulcatinus Ad., . . 254
335 Suturalis Ad., . . . 139
142 Suturalis Sm., . . .401
136

357 TahitensisWats., . . 320

378 Targionius Risso, . . 245

402 Tasmanica Bedd., . . 379

381 TECTIBRANCHIATA, . .134

218 TenellaAd., . . .368

172 Tenella Lov., . . .153
275 TeneraAd, . . .371
240 Tenuicula Mke., . . 332
147 Tennis Ad., . . .378
.°)f>0 Tenuissima Sby., . . 347
161 Teres Phil., . . .196
388 Terquemi Mori., . . 396
292 TessellataRv., . .140
332 ; TextilisGupp., . .162
319 I Thalassiarchi Mart., . . 390

436

INDEX.

Thecaphorus Nutt,
Tigris Schr.,
Tornata Wats.,
Tornatella Lam.,
Tornatilis L.,
TORNATINA Ad.,

Tortuosa Ad.,
Translucens Ad.,
Tricla Phil.,
Trifasciata Sowb.,
Triticea Blv.,
Triticea Couth.,
Truncata Ad., .
TruncatellaLoc.,
Truncatula Brug.,
Tubulosa Gld.,
Tumida Ad.,
Turgidula Fbs.,
Turrita Moll.,
Turritus Wats.,

Umbilicata Mont.,

Undata Ad.,
Undata Brug.,

Undulata Fer.,

Utriculus Brn.,
Utriculus Brocc.,

Vagabunda M. & K.,
Variegatus Brug.,
Velum Gmel.,
Ventricosa Jeffr.,
Ventrosus Jeffr.,

258 Venustula Ad.,

304

350 Venustus Orb.,

164

209

Vernicosa Gld.,

349

147

Verrillii Dal],

298

152 Vesica Swains,

327

181 | Vesicula Gld.,

359

180 VexillumChemn.,

388

264

Vigourouxi Montr.,

383

269

Villica Gld.,

307

244

Villiersi Aud.,

312

344

Villosa Mart.,

344

278

Viridis Rang,

258

291

Virgata Marty n,

387

205

Virgatus Rv.,

151

206

Virescens Sby.,

360

205

Vitrea Ad.,

370

321

Vitrea Dh.,

178

379

Vitrea Pse.,

177

278

Vitrea Sars.,

286

215

Voluta Q.,

195

157

VOLVATELLA Pse., . 351,

382

VOLVATELLIN^E Pils.,

351

210

VOLVULA Ad., . .181,

233

177

Volvulella Newt.,

233

392

Volvulina Ad.,

270

393

Vortex Dall,

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