Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata

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SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OP

NCHOLOGY;

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WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOL.

HELICID^ :— Vol. III.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conehological Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. I9TH AND RACE STS.

1889.

EARTH

£,

u

BINDER & KELLY, 518 MINOR STREET, PHILADELAPHIA.

r^

11 r. 3ITt

When in February, 1888, the task fell to me of continuing
the Monograph of the Helices left unfinished by the eminent Con-
chologist GEO. W. TRYON, it seemed to me desirable that the work
should be completed on essentially the same plan followed in
the two volumes of Helicoids already issued. A year's experience
has convinced me, however, that certain changes would increase the
utility of the work to the naturalist ; and in the present volume
these modifications have been carried out. Chief among them are
the introduction of complete synonymy into the body of the work
(instead of reserving it for the index), and the preparation of fuller
descriptions, noticing every character shown by the specimens before
me of each species, — a step which the critical, analytical methods of
. modern Malacology has made necessary. In no group known to me
•are species separated upon slighter differences than in the Helices.
In many subgenera not only are figures necessary for satisfactory
determination of the species, but descriptions extending to the most
minute and microscopic details of sculpture and form.

Without entering at length upon the much-debated and profitless
question of what constitutes a species, the author may state that in
the present work any race of similar forms is regarded as a species
if it exhibits characters tangible enough to admit of definition and
recognition, and has not been shown to be actually united by recent
intermediate forms with allied races. Of course when the Tertiary
fauna becomes known, many of our distinct species will prove to be
united with others ; but for present purposes, it is enough that there
is a hiatus or break in the chain of forms which enables us to define
and separate a group of individuals from all other recent groups.
A variety differs from a species only in this : coalescence of its char-
acters with other forms actually occurs in some individuals. It fol-
lows that forms not very different may often be regarded as separate

species, while organisms apparently quite diverse may be treated as
varieties, simply because they are united by a series of intermediate
forms.

In cases where I have no specimen of a species, I have given
a translation of the original diagnosis, followed by the name of the
author from whom it is taken, together with any additional inform-
ation I have been able to obtain concerning it.

Anatomical details have been omitted because the preceding vol-
umes of Helix lack them. Under these circumstances it is more
convenient to present all of this part of the subject in one place.
The final volume treating of Helices will therefore contain besides
other matter, a resume of the anatomy of each subgenus of the
Helices. Collectors having either fresh or alcoholic material for
sale or exchange are invited to correspond with the author.

In the preparation of the present volume the author has been
peculiarly fortunate in the opportunities for study afforded by a
collection of West Indian Land shells perhaps the largest in exist-
ence ; the extensive collections of ROBERT SWIFT and of A. D.
BROWN having in recent years been united to the already large suites
received by the Academy from POEY, ARANGO, BLAND, WRIGHT,
REDFIELD, and other workers in this fauna.

H. A. P.

PHILADELPHIA, March, 1889.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY,

FAMILY HELICID^, Vol. III.

Genus HELIX, Linn.

4
Group XL HEMITROCHUS Swainson, 1840.

The subgenera or sections which I have assembled under the
above name, form a perfectly natural group, allied as well by the
characters of the soft parts (as far as these are known) as by the
shells. The group includes some of the most brilliantly painted of
all Helices. Unlike shells of the groups Pentatcenia and Arionta
the decoration of these forms follows no rule as to the number and
disposition of bands. The surface is smooth or simply obliquely
striate, never granulated ; the lip is simple, acute, or expanded
and thickened ; the aperture is not obstructed by teeth except in
some species of Plagioptycha. All of the species are confined to the
West Indian islands from Hayti and Jamaica northward, including
the Bahamas. H. varians Mke. is the only species found upon the
mainland of America ; and its range does not extend further north
than the southern extremity of Florida.

This Group is composed of part of the elements included by
Fischer in each of his subgenera Helicogena and Polymita. (Man-
uel de Conch., p. 471).

Synopsis of Sections.

Section I. CYSTICOPSIS Morch.

Shell imperforate or narrowly perforate, globose or globose-de
pressed, generally thin ; last whorl not descending at the aperture ;
peristome acute ; not expanded or thickened within ; columellar
margin arcuate, not flattened, somewhat expanded above. Type, H.
cubensis Pfr.

Cuba, Hayti. Jamaica,
(5)

Section II. PLAGIOPTYCIIA Pfeiffer.

Shell umbilicate or imperforate, depressed or subglobose, thin,
generally subtranslucent ; last whorl deflexed at the aperture;
peristome slightly expanded, the baso-columellar margin usually
reflexed, free or adnate. Type, H. indistincta Fer.

Hayti, Virgin Is. and Bahamas.

Section III. HEMITROCHUS Swainson.

Shells imperforate or narrowly umbilicate, globose-conic or de-
pressed, generally opaque, rather solid, variegated by numerous
color-bands ; last whorl rounded at the periphery, deflexed at the
aperture ; aperture oblique ; peristome generally somewhat ex-
panded ; columellar lip reflexed over or nearly over the perfora-
tion. Type, H. varians Mke.

Bahamas, Hayti, Cuba, Fla. Keys.

Section IV. DIALEUCA Albers.

Shell imperforate in the adult, narrowly perforate in the young,
conical, elevated or depressed, rather thin ; generally banded ; last
whorl not descending at the aperture, or only very slightly ; peri-
stome thin, expanded ; columella oblique, dilated, entering in the
center of the axis. Type, H. nemoraloides Ad.

Jamaica.

Section V. CORYDA Albers.

Imperforate in the adult, the young narrowly perforated ; globose-
conoidal, strong, solid, conspicuously banded or streaked ; last whorl
abruptly deflexed at the aperture; peristome slightly expanded,
labiate within ; colunella oblique, dilated, flattened, entering in the
center of the axis. Type, H. alauda Fer.

Cuba.

Section VI. JEANNERETIA Pfeiffer, 1877.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-conoidal, rather thin, corneous
or yellowish, banded with brown ; whorls closely spirally grooved,
the last deflexed at the aperture, constricted behind the peristome ;
aperture oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome expanded, subreflexed,
white, columellar margin sometimes with a tubercular or square
tooth. Type, H. multistriata Desh.

Cuba*

HELIX — CYSTICOPSIS. 7

Section I. CYSTICOPSIS Morch, 1852.
MORCH, Cat. Yoldi, p. 2. — ALBERS-MARTENS, Die
ffeliceen, 1860, p 144.

Cysticopsis as here constituted consists of two groups of species,
viz. Jamaica shells of the type of H. tumida Pfr. and Cuban species
like H. cubensis Pfr., the only species mentioned by Morch, and
therefore, of course, the type of the Section. I do not know whether
these two elements of the .section will prove to have the same
organization when the animal of H. cubensis and its allies is ex-
amined, but do not anticipate any considerable difference. Cysti-
copsis may be distinguished from Plagioptycha by the sharp lip,
not expanded, and the last whorl not deflected at the aperture ; from
Hernitrochus by the lighter texture, plainer coloration, and thin,
acute peristome.

Jamaica Species.
H. MACMURRAYI C. B. Adams. PI. 12, fig. 32.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, solid but rather thin, covered
with a yellowish chestnut colored thin cuticle, usually rubbed off
the whorls except the last, regularly marked with wrinkles of in-
crement ; spire low-conical, very obtuse, apex flat ; sutures at first
linear, becoming impressed ; whorls about 5J, slightly convex, the
last large, rounded ; aperture wide-lunar, slightly oblique ; outer
and basal lips thin, acute, regularly arcuate, columellar lip slightly
oblique, a rounded pillar of shining callus, dilated in the region of
the umbilicus.

Alt. 35, diam. maj. 45, min. 38 mill. ; alt. 40, diam. 48 mill.

Jamaica.

H. MACMURRAYI AD., Contr. to Conch., 1849, p. 32. — KEEVE
Conch. Icon., f. 208.— PFR. in Conchy 1. Cab., p. 302, t, 126, f, 7, 8.

The largest species of the section ; readily distinguished by the
rounded pillar-lip and the size.

II. BUDDIANA C. B. Adams. PL 20, figs. 82, 83.

Imperforate, globose, thin, covered with a thin golden-brown
cuticle, which under a lens seems to be minutely pitted on the upper
surface ; obliquely marked by wrinkles of increment ; spire de-
pressed, apex obtuse, sutures well-impresse4 from the apex down ;

8 HELIX — CYSTICOPSIS.

whorls 4 to 4?, convex, the last wide, globose ; aperture slightly
oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome acute, outer lip regularly arcuate,
its junction with the pillar-lip marked by a blunt angle; pillar-lip
sigmoid, dilated and closely appressed over the umbilical tract, thin,
its face concave.

Alt. 23 diam. maj. 29, min. 27 mill. ; alt. 11, diam. 13£ mill.

Westmoreland, Jamaica.

H. buddiana C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch., No. 9, p. 171, (1851).
— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 28. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 296.

Allied to the preceding in the blunt apex ; separated from it by
the impressed suture of the spire, flat columella, etc. The measure-
ment first given above are for a large variety received from Bland
(fig. 83).

H. TUMIDA Pfeiffer. PL 12, fig. 40 ; pi. 31, fig. 4.

Imperforate, globose-conical, thin, light chestnut colored, tinged
with olivaceous ; lightly obliquely marked with growth lines, some-
times with traces of spiral lines ; spire small, conical, upper whorls
whitish, apex acute, not depressed, minute ; sutures well-impresssd
from the beginning; whorls 5, convex, the inner gradually, the
last rapidly widening, rounded ; aperture slightly oblique, rotund-
lunar ; peristome acute, outer lip regularly arcuate ; slightly angled
where it joins the columella; pillar lip thin, slightly concave or
sigmoid, dilated around the umbilical tract.

Alt. 23 diam. maj. 27 mill.

Jamaica.

A. tumida PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 130. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f.
237.— If. tunicata C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch., No. 3, p. 33.

This form has a more persistant cuticle than the two preceding.
It has a conical spire^with minute elevated apex. Large specimens
of H. buddiana are similar in the aperture to this species, but the
apical whorl is flattened. The following species is like tumida in
having an acute apex, but the general form of the shell is more
depressed.

H. TENERRIMA C. B. Adams. PI. 12, figs. 36, 37.

Imperforate, depressed, fragile, corneous brown, obliquely marked
by growth- wrinkles ; spire low-conical, apex minute, acute ; suture
impressed from the beginning; whorls 5-5 £, convex, the outer wide,
rounded ; aperture wide-lunate, oblique ; outer lip acute, thin,

HELIX — CYSTICOPSIS.

regularly curved ; columellar lip slightly oblique, nearly straight,
white, dilated. Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. ; alt. 12, diam. 18 mill.

Jamaica.

H. tenerrima AD. Proc. Bo*t. Soc. N. H., 1845, p. 16.— PFR. in
Conchy I Cab., t. 29, f. 5-8.— REEVE, Condi. Icon., f. 269.

This species is allied to H. tumida, but is smaller, more fragile
and more depressed. The acute apex will separate it from H.
buddiana

My description is drawn from specimens received from Prof.
ADAMS.
VAR. MUNDA C. B. Adams. PI. 12, fig. 35.

Shell depressed-globular, with a rather thick epidermis which is
horn colored on the upper whorls, and greenish-brown on the rest ;
with excessively fine striae of growth ; spire convex, moderately ele-
vated ; apex very obtuse ; whorls 5, moderately convex, with a
well-impressed suture ; last whorl large, somewhat depressed ; aper-
ture suborbicular, angular at the end of the oblique white colnmella,
and modified considerably by the penultimate whorl ; lip excessive-
ly thin and sharp ; umbilicus wanting. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill.

(Adams).

Jamaica.

H. munda AD., Cont. to Conch, p. 32, (1849).— PFR. in Conchyl.
Cab. t. 108, f. 21, 22,— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 297.

I have copied Adams' description of this form, because it may
prove to be distinct from the preceding. Numerous specimens be-
fore me, however, are scarcely more obtnse at the apex than H.
tenerrima and are better described by Pfeiffers words, " Spira
obtusiuscula " than by Adams' phrase, " Apex very obtuse."

H. COLUMELLATA C. B. Adams. PL 12, fig. 31 ; pi. 31, fig. 5.

Imperforate, globose-conical, very thin, showing under a lens
minute scars or punctations all over ; spire conoidal, apex acute
minute, sutures well-impressed from the beginning , whorls about
6, convex, slowly widening, the last more rapidly widening, gener-
ally somewhat compressed above the periphery, causing the whorl
to be sloping, and a little shouldered beneath the suture ; aper-
ture obliquely lunate, small ; outer lip very thin, acute ; columellar
lip oblique, thickened within by a very heavy white callus, which

is abruptly truncated below. Alt. 16. diam. 18 mill.

Jamaica,

10 HELIX CYSTICOPSIS.

H. columellata AD., Contrib. to Conch., p. 80, (1850).— PFR.,
Monographia, iii, p. 30. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 298.

Separated from the other forms by the strong white callus of the
columella, which in adults is truncated below.

** *

Cuban Species.

H. CUBENSIS Pfeiffer. PI. 19, figs. 26-29.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, fragile, white, roseate or yellowish,
unicolored, or encircled by one or two continuous brown bands, or
by numerous spiral bands broken into flecks or short longitudinal
streaks, usually with a continuous peripheral fascia ; surface slight-
ly shining, with light lines of growth ; spire low, apex a little ob-
tuse, often pink-tinged ; sutures slightly impressed ; whorls about 4,
the inner gradually, the last rapidly widening; body-whorl de-
pressed ; aperture rotund -lunar, slightly oblique ; peristome fragile,
acute, outer lip well-curved ; pillar-lip nearly vertical, nearly straight,
expanded at the umbilical region. Alt. 8-13, diam. 12-15 mill.

Matanzas and Havana to Cape S. Antonio, Cuba.

H. cubensis PFR., Wiegm. Archiv., 1840, p. 250; and in Conchyl.
Cab. t. 29, f. 9-13.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 299.— H. lanieriana
D'ORB. Moll. Cuba, i, p. 159, t. 7, f. 17-20.— IT. gilvus d'Orb. (in
part) t. 8, f. 13-15. — Microcystis trifasciella and M. pictella BECK,
teste PFR.— ? If. penicillata GOULD, Bost. Journ. iv, No. 1, 1842
(cover).

This form differs from all other species of Cysticopsis in being
variegated in color, but is allied to them in shape and in the fragile,
acute lip. The coloration is extremely variable, as the figures show.
Sometimes it is very similar to H. lucipeta Poey, a species of
Hemitrochus. The latter species is, however, perforate, and the lip
is expanded. I have before me a more obtuse form from Baracoa,
Cuba, which is probably the var. theta of Pfeiffer, "Spira paulo
elatiore " and which he says comes from Jamaica.

Figure 37, pi. 19, represents the common variation which
d'Orbigny named H. lanieriana ; and fig. 36 is one of the figures of
H. gilvus of the same author ; his figures 9-12 of " gilvus " repre-
sent a Hemitrochus,

HELIX CYSTICOPSIS. 1 1

H. COMES Poey.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, somewhat solid, striatulate, shin-
ing, corneous-white, with irregularly radiating close castaneous
streaks; spire convex, rather obtuse; whorls 4, slightly convex,
regularly increasing, the last rounded, periphery frequently marked
with a pale line, not descending anteriorly ; columella sloping, cal-
lous ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome simple, acute ; colu-
mellar margin subreflexed, adnate.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 14, min. Hi mill. (Pfeijfer).

Isle of Pines.
i

H. eubensis var.f PFEIFFER, Mai. BL, 1854, p. 176. — H. comes
POEY, Memorias ii, p. 29, (1857 ?).

I do not know this species. It has not been figured. Poey says :
" Differt ab H. cubense umbilico subaperto, colore constanter corneo
rufo transverse multilineato."

H. LETRANENSIS Pfeiffer. PL. 19, figs. 38, 39.

Imperforate; subturbinate-globose, very thin, scarcely striatulate,
pellucid, slightly shining, corneous or rufo-corneous; spire conoidal,
rather obtuse ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, the last round-
ed, encircled sometimes by a pale peripheral line, not descending
anteriorly ; aperture slightly oblique, rotund-lunate, peristome
simple, acute, margins converging, the columellar arcuate, sub-
callous above, reflexed, and adnate at the umbilicus.

Alt. 6, diam. maj. 10, min. 8i mill; alt. 6i, diam. 8 mill.

S. Juan de Letran, Jurisdiction of Trinidad, Cuba.

H. letranensis PFR., Malak. Bl., 1857, p. 105, and Monogr. iv, p.
12. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 63.

About the form of a depressed specimen of H. eubensis, but
smaller, and never whitish.

H. AUBERI d'Orbigny. PL 11, figs. 10-12 ; pi. 19, figs. 40-42.

Perforate, depressed, thin, lusterless, light corneous, obliquely
striatulate ; spire low-conical, apex obtuse ; sutures well impressed ;
whorls 4-1, moderately convex, the last wider, not deflected an-
teriorly, convex beneath, and indented around the umbilicus, in
front of the aperture indistinctly angulated ; aperture broad lunate,
oblique; peristome thin, acute, its terminations somewhat approach-
ing, the outer portion regularly arcuate in every part, the columella
short, dilated above in a triangular reflection, partly closing the
narrow umbilicus.

12 HELIX — CYSTICOPSIS.

Alt. 8, diam. maj. 11, min. 10 mill ; alt. 7, diam. 9 mill.

H. auberii, d'OnB. Moll. Cuba, i, p. 157, t. 7, f, 13-15.— PFR.,
Monographia, iii, p. 152 and Conchyl. Cab. p. 476, t. 158, f. 22-24.
- The figures of Orbigny are poor ; the species is never gibbous
beneath as shown in pi. 11, fig. 11. These figures (10-12) are en-
larged. The species may be known by its umbilicus and the de-
pressed, often subangulated body-whorl.

H. HJALMARSONI Pfeifler. PL 31, figs. 14-16.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin, fragile, light russet-brown,
with a scarcely visible supra-peripheral light fascia, all over elegant-
ly, very regularly and densely plicate-striate, lusterless or nearly
so; spire low-conoidal, apex a little obtuse, the first l-l whorls
smooth, submammillated ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 4,
the last rapidly widening, rounded, a trifle descending anteriorly ;
aperture rotund-lunate, slightly oblique, ribbed inside the same as
outside ; peristome a trifle expanded, its terminations somewhat
approaching; right margin regularly arcuate, columellar margin re-
flexed, a small triangular callus adnate over the umbilicus.

Alt. 8 diam. maj. 11 min. 9J, mill. ; alt. 7f, diam. maj. 12, min.

10 mill.

Sierra Mte. Christi, and Porto Plata, Hayti.

H. hjalmarsoni PFR. MalaL Bl. 1858, p. 148, t. 3, f. 1-3, and
Monogr., v, p. 286.

Quite distinct in the globose-depressed form and strong, pliciform
strise.
H. PEMPHIGODES Pfeiffer. PI. 12, fig. 33.

Imperforate, depressed-conoidal, very fragile, sub-translucent
nearly lusterless, light russet or brownish corneous, wrinkles of in-
crement rather light, or surface strongly costate ; spire conical,
apex minute, rather acute; whorls 4, very rapidly windening,
scarcely convex, the last angular in front of the aperture, the angle
more or less evanescent toward its termination, slightly deflected
anteriorly ; aperture large, oblique, truncate-oval or rounded-lunar;
peristome simple, acute or a little expanded, margins somewhat
converging, the pillar-lip reflexed and adnate at the place of the
umbilicus. Alt. 14, diam. maj. 19, min. 15, mill.

Eastern Cuba.

H. pemphigodes PFR., P. Z. S. 1846, p. 110; Monographia, i, p. 35.
— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 295. — H. pelliculata GUNDL. POEY, Memo-
rias, ii, p. 7,

HELIX — CYSTICOPSIS. 13

The shell is fragile and Vitrina-slmped, like the next species,
but pemphigodes is darker colored and more roughly sculptured.

I do not know whether the unfigured H. prominula of Pfeiffer,
(Monographia v, p. 264, and Malak. BL 1858, p. 181) from Cabo
Cruz, Cuba, is the same as this species or not. I am inclined to
believe it a synonym. Arango retains it separate, but apparently
derives his information wholly from Pfeiffer. (Vide Fauna Mai.
Cubana, p. 69.)

H. LESCAILLEI Gundlach. PL 31, fig. 8.

Imperforate, depressed-conoidal, very fragile, translucent, whitish,
covered with an extremely thin cuticle slightly tinged with green ;
very subtly obliquely striated; spire conoidal, apex minute, acute, red-
lipped ; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly widening, the last sub-
angulate at the periphery; aperture large, rotund-lunate, oblique;
peristome acute, margins somewhat converging, right margin cur-
ved in every part, columellar margin arcuate, nearly vertically in-
serted, thin, simple, not reflexed.

Alt. 11 diam. maj. 15, rain. 12 mill.

Guanlanamo, Eastern Cuba.

H. lescaillei GUNDL., in PFR., Malak. BL, 1859, p. 89 ; Mono-
graphia v, p. 56. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 64.

Similar in form to H. pemphigodes, but thinner, smoother, and
almost invariably with a minute tip of red on the apex.

H. LUZI Arango.

Perforate, sub-turbinate, thin, closely rugulose-striate, trans-
parent, shining, pale corneous, marked with a supra-peripheral
white fascia ; spire short-conoidal, apex rather obtuse ; whorls 4,
slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last rotund, sensibly des-
cending anteriorly ; aperture sub-diagonal, lunate-subcircular,
slightly pearly inside; peristome simple, margins subconverging,
the right margin simple, acute, basal a little reflexed, at the inser-
tion dilated, reflexed, nearly covering the perforation.

Alt. 8i, diam. maj. 15 2, min. 13 mill. (Pfeiffer^).

Tanamo, Cuba.

H. luzi ARANGO mss. PFR. Malak. BL 1866, p. 58 and Monogr.
v, p. 232. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cub., p. 68.

Not figured nor seen by me. Apparently allied to H. hjalmar-
soni Pfr.

14 HELIX — PLAGIOPTYCHA.

H. LASSEVILLEI Gundlach.

Imperforate, turbinate, very thin, striatulate, hyaline ; spire con-
vex-conoidal, apex somewhat obtuse, con colored ; whorls 4, slightly
convex, regularly increasing, the last not descending, acutely
carinated, moderately convex beneath ; aperture nearly diagonal,
rhomboid-luimr; peristome simple, acute ; columellar margin short,
subvertical, scarcely thickened, joining the basal in a curve.

Alt. 8, diam. maj. 1H, min. 10 mill. (Pfeifer).

Gran Piedra, Eastern Cuba.

H. lassevillei GUNDL. in PFR., Malak. Bl. 1861, p. 220; Monogr.
v, p. 57. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 64.

Known to me only by the description of Pfeiffer. Unfigured.

H. PELLICULA Ferussac. PI. 12, figs. 47-49.

Subumbilicate, conoid-globose, thin, smooth, yellowish, trifasciate
with brown ; whorls 4-5, a little flat ; aperture lunate-rotund ; peri-
stome simple, columellar margin dilated.

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 14, min. 11 mill. (Fer.)

Habitat unknown.

H. pellicula FEB., Hist., t. 105, f. 1.— PFR. Monogr. i, p. 194;
Conchyl. Cab. t. 72, f. 24-26.

Known to authors only by the description and figures of Ferus-
sac. It may be a Hemitrochus, like H. gallopavonis Val.

** *

H.jaudonesi CISNEROS, mss. ARANGO, Annal de la Real Acad. de
C. Med.fis. y Nat. de la Habana, xii, p. 281.

Probably belongs to Cysticopsis. I do not have access to the
publication containing the description.

Section II. PLAGIOPTYCHA Pfeiffer, 1856.

Plagioptycha PFR. Malak. Bldt. 1856, p. 135. — ALBERS-MARTENS
Die Helieeen 1860, p. 145.

***

Perforate or umbilicate ; columellar lip expanded, not adnate to the
base.

H. INDISTINCT A Ferussac. PL 11, figs. 21-24.

Nearly covered perforate, depressed, thin, subtranslucent, brown-
ish horn-color, with usually a pale supra-peripheral fascia ; more or

^

UNJ; i;Y

HELIX— PL AGIOPT**$ILC^QR^>/ 15

less strongly rib-striate ; spire low conic, apex subobtuse, smooth,
shining, not darker than the remainder of the shell in color ; sutures
moderately impressed ; whorls 4|, moderately convex, the last
rounded or very obtusely subangular at the periphery, suddenly and
rather deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture quite oblique, lunate-
elliptical, peristome white, simple above, reflexed beneath and thick-
ened within by a more or less developed elongated callous tubercle ;
columella reflexed partly over and nearly covering the narrow um-
bilicus. Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill ; alt. 8, diam. 13 mill.

Hayti.

H. indistincta FER., prodr. 82; Hist, t. 38, f. 1. — PFR., Symbolce,
ii, p. 30 ; Monogr. i, p. 194 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 153, t. 93, f. 5, 6.—
REEVE, f. 776. — CROSSE & FISCHER, Moll. Mex. et I'Amer. cent., p.
299.— JET. disculus DESH. in FER., Hist, i, p. 95, t. 89, f. 6.— PFR.
Malak. EL 1858, p. 150 ; and Monogr. iii, p. 243.

The internal callus or tubercle of the basal lip is not removed
from the edge of the aperture, as it is in many of the species ; nor
is it so much so as fig. 22 of the plate seems to indicate. Crosse and
Fischer are doubtless correct in discrediting the habitat " Mexico"
given by Pfeiffer. The following form is almost abnormally de-
pressed, but does not seem distinct.

VAR. DISCULUS Deshayes. PL 12, figs. 41-43.

Orbiculate-conoid, depressed, spire very flat ; whorls 5, wide,
finely and regularly striate, the last broad, perforate beneath, con-
vex, rather depressed ; aperture ovate-lunar, dilated, margins white,
reflexed ; peristome dilated and reflexed over the umbilicus, with a
submarginal tooth below. Alt. 6, diam. 15 mill. (Z)es/i.)

Hayti.

Var. CIIROMOCHILA Pilsbry. PL 19, fig. 30.

Similar to the type, but with reddish apex and reddish-brown
peristome, more broadly expanded than in typical H. indistincta.

Hayti.

H. STRUMOSA Pfeiffer. PL 11, figs. 27-29.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, obliquely costulate, diaphanous,
scarcely shining, flesh-colored rufous, ornamented with a pale fascia
bordered above and below with reddish ; spire scarcely elevated,
rather obtuse; sutures profound ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, sensi-
bly increasing, the last subangular above, deflexed anteriorly, behind
the aperture gibbous and then constricted, base convex ; umbilicus

16 HELIX — PLAGIOPTYCHA.

moderate, infundibuliform ; aperture very oblique, lunate-oval,
shining within ; peristome thin, margins approximating, the superior
one deeply curved, a little expanded, base margin briefly reflexed,
with an oblique fold within.

Alt. 7, diam. maj. 16J, min. 131 mill. (Pfeiffer}.

Hayti.

H. strumosa PFR. P. Z. S. 1852, p. 139 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 478, t.
158, f. 25-27 ; Monogr. in, p. 243.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 763.

I have not seen this species. It may be known by the gibbous and
constricted whorl behind the aperture, and the umbilicated base. It
may perhaps prove to have more affinity with H. santacruzensis and
H. phsedra than with the species with which it is here grouped.

H RIISEI Pfeiffer. PL 11, figs. 33, 34.

Imperforate, conoid-depressed, rather solid; smooth, whitish, sub-
diaphanous, encircled by a single reddish line; spire very short,
conoid: whorls 4?, scarcely convex, the last depressed-rotund, sensi-
bly descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, sub-lunar ; peri-
stome sublabiate, the margins subparallel, right lip slightly expand-
ed, columella flat, with a compressed, transverse fold within.

Alt. 8i, diam. 15 mill. (P/r.)

Ins. Vieque.

H. riisei PFR. Mai. Slat, iii, 1856, p. 44 ; Novit Conch, i, p. 77, t.
21, f. 13, 14.

H. PLATONIS Pfeiffer. PL 19, figs. 48-50.

Very narrowly umbilicate, depressed-turbinate, thin, finely costu-
late-striate, scarcely shining, diaphanous, corneous-isabella colored ;
spire conoid, apex rather acute, blackish, shining ; suture deep,
submarginate ; whorls 5, convex, the last encircled by two brownish
lines, deeply descending anteriorly, flatter beneath, subconstricted
anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, lunate-oval ; peristome thin, the
margins scarcely converging, the right margin a little expanded,
basal and columella margins much dilated, reflexed, with a denti-
form oblique callus within.

Alt. 7, diam. maj. 12£, min. 10* mill. (Pfeiffer}.

ML Plato, Hayti.

H. platonis PFR. Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 81 ; and Monographia, v,
p. 355.

Three specimens of this form, in poor condition, are before me.
They are distinguished from the variable H. indistincta by the more

HELIX — PLAGIOrTYCHA. 17

conical form and two obscure narrow brown bands around the mid-
dle of the body-whorl.
H. ALBERSIANA PfeifFer. PL 31, figs. 19-21.

Umbilicate, subturbinate-depressed, thin, brownish corneous, with
one or two faint peripheral brown bands sharply, rather irregularly
and coarsely rib-striate ; spire low-conical, slightly obtuse, apex
smooth; sutures moderately impressed; whorls 4$-5, moderately
convex, the last rounded at the periphery, very deeply deflexed at
the aperture, somewhat flattened and subconstricted behind the per-
istome on the base ; aperture very oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome
thin, well expanded, especially below, where it is thickened within
by a linguiform callus ; terminations joined across the parietal wall
in adult specimens by an elevated lamina.

Alt. 7-9, diam. maj. 12-14 mill.

Hayti; Inagua, Bahamas.

If. albersiana PFR. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 147. — Monographia, iii, p.
231.— REEVE, Conch Icon. f. 300.

This form may be known by the coarse, rough striation and
in adult shells by the elevated lamina joining the terminations of the
peristome. The base of the aperture has a more or less developed
thickening callus inside. Many specimens are less elevated than the
one figured. There are generally two narrow faint brown bands at
the periphery, with a light fascia between them.

H. LOXODON Pfeiffer. PI. 12, figs. 44-46 ; pi. 19, figs. 43, 44.

Perforate, depressed, thin, but more solid than the preceding forms,
slightly translucent, pale brownish-corneous, sometimes with two ill-
defined, narrow, brown fasciae around the periphery, a light band
between them ; regularly elegantly and densely costulate-striate ;
spire low-conical, apex concolored, smooth, slightly obtuse ; sutures
moderately impressed ; whorls about 5, convex, the last rounded at
the periphery, deeply descending anteriorly ; on the base behind the
periphery, constricted. Inside the umbilicus (when it is not too nar-
row to see in) the last whorl has a spiral furrow or groove — a charac-
ter not shown by H. albersiana. Aperture oval or oval-truncate,
extremely oblique ; peristome straight or slightly expanded above,
outer and basal margins expanded, the latter reflexed, partly or
almost wholly concealing the narrow umbilicus. The basal margin is
sometimes nearly straight, sometimes decidedly curved toward the
upper lip ; it bears an oblique callus ridge inside ; parietal callus
very light, transparent, its edge never elevated,
2 —

18 HELIX — PLAGIOPTYCHA.

Alt. 6-7, diam. 12-13 mill.

Hayti.

H. loxodon PFR. Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1850, p. 73; and Conchyl. Cab.
t. 133, f. 7-9.— KEEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 268.

More regularly and finely sculptured than H. albersiana, and gen-
erally with less elevated spire, and less expanded,' more reflexed,
basal margin to the peristome. There are two forms of aperture ;
one in which the ends of the peristome converge considerably, the
other with the basal margin nearly straight, almost closing the um-
bilicus by its expansion.

H. BAHAMENSIS Pfeiffer. PL 19, figs. 31-33.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, thin, white, somewhat shining,
very finely obliquely striate ; spire low-conical, apex rather obtuse,
sutures impressed ; whorls 4£. moderately convex, the last sub-
depressed, descending anteriorly, slightly constricted behind the
aperture; aperture very oblique, oval-lunate; peristome simple above,
expanded below, terminations converging ; base with a strong trans-
verse callous tubercle inside, removed from the edge of the aperture,
its position marked outside by a wrinkled tract ; umbilicus partly
covered by the expansion of the lip ; parietal callus very light.

Alt. 6, diam. 10 mill. ; alt. 8, diam. 15 mill.

Turtts Island, Bahamas.

H. bahamenxis PFR. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 66 ; Monogr. i, p. 383 ; Con-
chyl. Cab. p. 353, t. 41, f. 7-9.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 276.

This form seems to me to differ from H. duclosiana in being more
elevated, less shining, more strongly striate. It is not so strongly
striate as H. albersiana or loxodon. The tooth within the base is
stronger and more deep-seated than in the two last-named species.
There are usually visible faint traces of one or two brown bands
around the periphery.

Var. HOLOSTOMA Pilsbry. PI. 19 figs. 34, 35.

More coarsely striate than the type ; ends of the peristome connect-
ed by an elevated parietal lamina ; basal tubercle deep-seated,
rather elongated, not marked by a rugose spot outside.

Alt. 6i diam. 11 mill.

Turk's Island, Bahamas.

Probably a distinct specific type.

H. SARGENTI Bland.

Subperforate, globose-depressed, obliquely striated, thin, pale,

HELIX — PLAXilOPTYCH A. 19

horn colored ? ; spire short, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, rather convex,
the last descending at the aperture, obsoletely angular at the periph-
ery, base subplanulate ; aperture oblique, lunate-rounded ; peristome
with the margins approximating, right margin somewhat expanded,
columellar margin much dilated above, reflected, nearly covering
the perforation; basal margin with a lamelliform callus within.

Alt. 8, diani. maj. 15, rain. 13 mill. (Bland.)

This, in general form is much like H. duclosiana Fer. but the
interior projecting tooth is wanting, and the callus on the basal
margin is more developed. (Bland.)

Little Inagua, Bahamas.

H. sargenti BLD. Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., xi, 1876. p. 79 — PFR.
Monographia vii, p. 472.

H. DUCLOSIANA Ferussac. PL 11, figs. 30-32 ; pi. 31, figs. 1-3.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, subtranslucent, very smooth and shin-
ing all over, light brownish straw-colored ; surface with minute
oblique growth-lines ; spire very low-conical, apex subobtuse ; sutures
impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last depressed, deeply de-
flected anteriorly, flattened beneath ; subconstricted and more or less
excavated behind the peristome on the base ; umbilicus with a slight-
ly marked spiral furrow within ; aperture truncate-oval, very oblique ;
peristome thin, upper margin simple, outer and basal margins ex-
panded, the ends converging ; base with a deep-seated, strong, white,
triangular tooth within, its position marked outside by a shallow
rugose depression. Alt. 8, diam. 18 mill. ; alt. 7, diarn. 13 mill.

New Providence, Bahamas.

H. duclosiana FER., Hist., t. 51A, f. 6. (1832)— DESHAYES, in
FER. Hist., i, p. 207. — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 243. — Cox, Austr. Land
sh., p. 47, t. 11, f. 2. (from Fer.)— (IT. macrodon MENKE, teste Desh.?)
— H. salvatoris PFR. Malak. El. 1867, p. 127 ; and Monographia v,
p. 245. — MARTENS, Conch. Mittheil, i, t. 2, f. 1, p. 3.

This shell is rather large, generally flat, but sometimes small
specimens are quite conoidal, narrowly umbilicated and very smooth
and shining. I separate the bahamensis of Pfeifler from duclosiana
on account of its more strongly striate, less shining surface.

Var. SALVATORIS Pfeifler. PI. 11, figs. 13-15.

This form may be distinguished by its less tubercular, more elon-
gated callus within the base, nearer to the margin than in typical H

20 HELIX PLAGIOPTYCHA.

duclosiana, and more nearly parallel to the lower lip. In all other
characters it is like H. duclosiana.

Eleuthera and San Salvador, (or Cat Island) Bahamas.

Var. ABACOENSIS Martens. PL 12, figs. 50-52.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed conoid, rather thin, obliquely
rugose-striate, yellowish white, with a pure white peripheral fascia,
bordered on both sides with rufous ; spir-e short-conoidal, apex obtuse ;
whorls 4?, slightly convex, the last subdepressed, deflexed anteriorly,
the base moderately convex ; aperture diagonal, truncate-oval ; peri-
stome within subroseous, distinctly albo-labiate, its margins converg-
ing, the upper margin simple, lower narrowly expanded, provided
with an oblong dentiform callus within ; columellar margin much
dilated at the insertion, half covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 14£, min. 12 mill. (Pfeifer.)

Abaco Id., Bahamas.

It is separated from the normal H. duclosiana Fer. by the strong-
er sculpture, less depressed form, and the white, red-margined per-
ipheral band. (Pfr.)

H. duclosiana var. abacoensis Martens, PFR. in Novitates Conch, v.
p. 187, t. 154, f. 9-11.

I simply follow Pfeiifer in placing this form here. It seems to me
to be more nearly allied to several of the species preceding H. du-
closiana than to that form. I have seen no specimens of Plagiopty-
cha from Abaco (one of the northermost islands of the group,) so I
have not identified the variety.

H. MACROGLOSSA Pfeiffer PI. 31, figs. 9-13.

Perforate, depressed or subturbinate-depressed, thin, somewhat
shining, corneous, with a distinct supra-peripheral dark brown fascia ;
minutely striated ; spire low-conical, or quite depressed ; sutures
slightly impressed ; whorls 4?, slightly convex, the last deeply
descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, truncate-oval ; peri-
stome simple, the baso-columellar margin expanded, partly closing
the umbilicus, ends converging or not. Within the base there is a
rather deep-seated, strong, oblique tubercle, its position indicated
outside by a slight flattening and wrinkling of the surface.

Alt. 6-7, diam. 11-13 mill.

Great Inagua Id., Bahamas.

H. macroglossa PFR., Malak. Bl. 1866, p. 115 ; and Monographia,
v. p. 234.

HELIX — PLAGIOPTYCHA. 21

This form is allied to duclosiana in the deep-seated, strong tubercle
of the base; but differs in being generally smaller, less shining, and
in the dark supra-peripheral fascia,

* * *

Imperforate ; columellar lip adnate to the base.
H. MONODONTA Lea. PI. 11, figs. 16, 25.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin but strong, generally opaque,
whitish, with usually a supra-peripheral brown fascia, and numerous
narrow brown lines, and sometimes sparsely dotted with b lackish or
brown ; often nearly unicolored brownish, or subtranslucent cor-
neous ; surface scarcely marked by growth-lines, shining, smooth ;
spire low-conical, apex subobtuse ; sutures well-impressed ; whorls
4 to 41, somewhat convex, rapidly widening, the last rounded, very
deeply and abruptly deflexed anteriorly; aperture subhorizontal,
rather small, oval-truncate ; terminations of the peristome converg-
ing; superior lip strongly arched, outer lip arcuate, narrowly expand-
ed, baso-columellar margin straight, expanded, adnate toward the
center .of the base, bearing a strong tubercular fold or tooth on its
inner edge. Alt. 8, diam. 13 mill.

Hayti.

H. monodonta LEA, Obs. gen. Unio, etc., i, p. 165, t. 19, f. 62,
(1831)— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. t. 63, f. 1-4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon.
f. 294.— H. haitensis W. ET. M. Malalc. EL 1859, p. 17.— PFR.,
Monogr. v, p. 304. — H. acuminata, PFR. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1851, p. 16 ;
Conchyl. Cab. t. 140, f. 7, 8, p. 373 ; Monogr. iii, p. 190.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 785.

An abundant species, very variable in coloration. The aperture is
a little rounder than in H. haitensis, the lip is more expanded, more
strongly toothed within, and the shell is usually more variegated.

Var. HAITENSIS Weinland et Martens.

The general form and appearance of this shell is like H. mono-
donta. It is more fragile, translucent, "isabella-colored," with a
sutural opaque white fascia, and often a narrow brown band above
the periphery. The peristome is thin, expanded ; the columellar
is tooth scarcely developed. Alt. 71, diam. 13 mill.

H. acuminata Pfr. (pi. 11, fig. 26) seems to be the same as H.
haitensis in all respects.

22 HELIX — PLAGIOPTYCHA.

H. NEMORALTNA Petit. PI. 11, figS. 9.

Imperforate, depressed, thin but rather strong, whitish brown or
yellowish, sometimes rose-tinted, with a supra-peripheral narrow
dark brown fascia, bordered below by opaque white ; surface very
finely striate, nearly smooth, shining ; spire low-conical, apex obtuse ;
whorls 4, slightly convex, the inner ones colored like the last or
more rosy, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, depressed, briefly
descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, truncate-oblong ; peristome
simple above, narrowly expanded on the outer margin ; upper and
lower margins subparallel, not converging ; baso-columellar margin
adnate to the base, widened toward the insertion, with a flat pink
face, rarely white ; inner edge with a low median fold ; parietal
callus very thin or wanting. Alt. 7-9, diam. 14 mill.

St. Thomas, St. Johns, Tortola, Virgin Is. ; Hayti.

H. nemoralina PETIT, Guerins Mag. de Zool. 1836, t. 80. — FER,
Hist., t. 29A, f. 1-3.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. t. 72, f. 19-21 and
Monogr. i, p. 281. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 293.

A well-marked from, allied to H. monodonta, but not strongly
toothed on the basal lip, the margins of the peristome scarcely at
all converging, and pink in color. The brown band is sometimes
replaced by opaque white.
Var. INTENSA Pilsbry. PI. 31, figs. 6, 7.

Shell more solid; opaque, whitish, tinged with purplish; upper
whorls and apex deep purplish ; last whorl deeply deflexed anterior-
ly ; aperture smaller than in the type, peristome thickened within,
deep pink. Alt. 9, diam. 14 mill.
H. DIAPHANA (Lamarck) Pfr. PL 11, fig. 8 ; pi. 19 figs. 51, 52.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin, translucent; light greenish
yellow, smooth, shining, slightly marked by growth-lines ; spire low-
conical, a little obtuse ; sutures but slightly inf^ressed ; whorls 4,
slightly convex, the last wide, rounded, depressed, only slightly
descending anteriorly, very deeply indented in the center of the base,
forming a sort of "false-umbilicus" which is lined with a white
deposit reflected from the columella. Aperture oblique, broadly
lunar ; peristome thin, very narrowly expanded on the outer and
basal margins ; columella nearly straight, oblique, thin, white, deep-
ly inserted in the center of the axis. Alt. 9, diam. 14 mill.

Porto Rico ; Vieque.

H. diaphana (LAM. An. s. Vert, vi, p. 85. ?) PFEIFFER, Monog-
raphia, i, p. 281; iii, p. 148 — Conchyl. Cab. p. 45. — CHENU, Illust.
Conchyl. iii, t. 8, f. 14.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1312.

HELIX— PLAGIOPTYCHA. 23

Sometimes has a narrow supra-peripheral zone of brown. Allied
to H. nemoralina ; but more diaphanous and thinner, more deeply
indented in the center of the base, the columellar callus very white.
The texture is similar to the thinner species of Fruticicola.

H. SANTACRUZENSIS Pfeiffer. PI. 11, figs. 18-20 ; pi. 19, fig. 53, 54.
Imperforate, depressed, with low-conical or almost planulate
spire, solid, whitish (when denuded of cuticle) with or without a nar-
row supra-peripheral brown zone ; obliquely striatulate ; whorls 4?
to 5, slightly convex, moderately increasing, the last wide, depressed,
rounded at the periphery, flattened beneath, and indented around
the axis ; abruptly more or less deflected anteriorly, and either reg-
ularly rounded or gibbous behind the aperture; aperture broad-
lunate, rather auriform, oblique ; peristome sub-labiate, right
margin slightly expanded, basal margin widened by an internal
callus, rather broad, flat, subhorizontal, inserted in the center of the
axis. Alt. 10, diam. 18 mill. ; alt. 9, diam. 21 mill.

St. Croix.

H. santacruzensis PFR. MalaL Bl 1855, p. 104, t. 4, f. 4-6 ; and
Monographia iv, p. 235.

The typical form of this species is shown in figs. 18 to 20 of pi.
11. It is very variable in shape; the spire often is nearly planor-
boid, and the superior lip of the aperture strongly arched. The
peripheral fascia is frequently absent ; the young are narrowly um-
bilicate and carinate at the periphery. The following species is very
closely allied. H. santacruzensis has been found only in a subfossil
condition.

H. PHAEDRA Pfeiffer. PL 12, figs. 56-58 ; pi. 19, figs. 45-47.

Axis perforated, but covered in fully adult specimens; solid;
depressed ; spire low-conical ; straw 'or "Isabella" colored, with or
without a narrow, chestnut supra-peripheral fascia ; last whorl not
gibbous behind the aperture, rather flattened and deflected there.
Upper and lower margins of the peristome slightly and equally
curved, subparallel ; upper and outer margins simple, basal margin
not thickened within (as H. santacruzensis is,) but its edge reflexed
and adnate over the umbilicus and for a short distance on the base.
The columella is not flattened or concave on its face as in H. santa-
cruzensis. Alt. 10, diam. 21 mill.; alt. 11, diam. 18 mill.

Pto. Plata and Angostura Arriba, Hayti.

H.justi PFR. Malak. Blat. 1858, p. 149, t. 3, f. 4-6 ; and Monog-

24 HELIX HEMITROCHUS.

raphia v, p. 239.— H. phcedra PFR. P. Z. S. 1852, p. 138 ; Conchyl.
Cab. p. 477, t. 158, f. 16-18 ; Monogr. iii, p. 148.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon. f. 768.

I can see no difference between H. phsedra and H. justi of Pfeiffer.
The figures 56-58 on pi. 12 represent the latter form.

Section III. HEMITROCHUS Swainson, 1840.

Hemitrochus SWAINS. Shells and Shell-fish, p. 331. — BINNEY
and BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. x, p. 342, 1873.— BINNEY
Proc. Phila. Acad. 1874, p. 56; Terr. Moll. U. S. v, p. 174, 1878;
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sei. iii, p. 90 —PFR. Mai. Blatt, 1877, p. 8.—
Polytcenia ALBERS-MARTENS Die Heliceen, 1860, p. 129. — Polymita
(in part) ALBERS and other authors — Phcedra (in part) ALBERS,
Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 100.

A group of brightly painted species, mostly confined to the
Bahamas. They are generally more globose and more opaque than
the species of Cysticopsis or Plagioptycha.

The name of this section being older than Plagioptycha, Dialeuca,
Coryda, etc., I have used in a wider sense to designate the group
including all of these sections.

Most of the named forms of Hemitrochus of the Bahamas are
only incipient species, not differentiated enough to have really tangi-
ble specific characters. I have examined very extensive suites, and
finding the greatest difficulty in so defining the various forms
that they may be separated into species, finally decided to point out
the differences (where there are any) between the several species,
varieties, races, or whatever the reader chooses to call the muta-
tions, and leave the question of their rank open until we know posi-
tively to what extent actual coalescence occurs between the forms.
I have made my descriptions comparative, as far as seemed desira-
ble ; and since H. varians, of the Florida Keys and New Provi-
dence is a species well-known to all conchologists, I have used it as
a basis for comparison.

H. VARIANS Menke. PI. 13, figs. 59-63.

Imperforate, except for a narrow chink behind the columellar
lip, conical, solid, opaque, white or rose-tinted, unicolored or marked
with spiral bands of brown, or suffused all over and streaked with
chestnut, with or without spiral bands of white or dark ; apex pink,
purplish or white ; surface marked slightly by growth-lines ; spire

HELIX — HEMITROCHUS. 25

elevated, conical, apex minute, sub-obtuse ; whorls 5 to 5J, convex,
the last deflexed anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunate, oblique ;
white or rosy within and showing the bands when there are any ;
peristome labiate within, straight, not expanded except on the baso-
columellar margin, where it is reflexed and adnate above the um-
bilicus, with a callus plate within, which is generally truncate at
base in adult specimens; columella and parietal wall crimson.

Alt. 17, diam. 16 mill.

'Florida Keys and the Bahamas.

H. varians MENKE, ( Cat. Malsb,p. 5) teste PFR., Monographia i, p.
238.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 221, t. 109, f. 105.— W. G. BINNEY, Terr.
Moll U. S. iv, p. 51, t. 78, f. 22 ; L. and Fr.— W. Sh. i. p. 184.— JET.
carnicolor PFR. Symboke i. p. 37. — DESK, in FER., Hist, i, p. 205, t.
29A, f. 14-17.— REEVE, Conch, Icon. f. 283.— IT. submeris MIGH-
ELS Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1844, p. 187.— PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 183.—
H. rhodocheila BINNEY, Terr. Moll. i. — H. polychroa BINNEY. Terr.
Moll, ii, t. 46, 47. — Hemitrochus hcemastomus SWAINS. Malawi., p.
165, f. 19. — Hemitrochus varians W. G. BINN. Manual Am. L. Sh.
p. 358. f. 389.

As in most species of Hemitrochus, the coloration is extremely
variable. The species is abundant on the Florida Keys, and on
New Providence, Inagua, Crooked Id. etc., of the Bahamas. Pfeif-
fer says also, " Porto Rico ; " but this is probably erroneous.
H. MILLERI Pfeiffer. PL 32, figs. 39, 40.

This form belongs to the group of species immediately allied to
H. varians, H. gallopavonis, etc.

Shell almost covered-perforate, depressed-conoidal, rather solid,
opaque, white, marked with various arrangements of spiral bands
and oblique streaks of varying shades of chesanut-brown ; sometimes
all brown except a white peripheral girdle ; but the most attractive
style of painting is shown by specimens of a light yellowish tint of
chestnut, obliquely streaked all over with deep chestnut, and with
or without black or white peripheral fascia. The spire is generally
less elevated than in H. varians, and about the same as in H. gallo-
pavonis which is a smaller, thinner species. Whorls about 5 ;
apex obtuse, red or corneous. Surface densely, finely sub-costulate
striate, the strise deeper, more regular than in H. varians ; body-
whorl descending anteriorly; aperture rounded lunar, oblique;
peristome in fully adult individuals labiate within, the outer and
basal margins expanded slightly ; columellar margin reflexed over,

2b HELIX — HEMITROCHUS.

covering or almost covering the umbilical perforation ; parietal wall
and inside of aperture pink or not differently colored from the base.

Alt, 10-13, diam. 16-18 mill.

Long Cay, Fortune Id., Bahamas.

H.milleri PFR. Mai. Blat., 1867, p. 126. and Monographia v, p.
233.

H. COSTANTIOR Weinland. PL 12, fig. 34.

This form is generally smaller than H. varians ; it has a decided
tendency toward interruption of the spiral bands, and the whorl is
very much more deeply deflexed anteriorly than in varians.

Imperforate or very nearly so ; conical, compact, solid, opaque,
shining, delicately striate, white, painted in numberless patterns
with continuous and interrupted bands of deep and yellowish brown,
narrow or broad, few or numerous, those above and below the per-
iphery generally broken into spots or longitudinal streaks ; some-
times unicolored, white ; apex whitish, purple or rosy ; spire ele-
vated, whorls 5, slightly convex, the last globose, very deeply de-
flexed anteriorly] aperture rounded-lunar, very oblique, rather
small, generally rosy and banded within ; peristome scarcely labiate,
margins converging, right margin expanded, white or colored, col-
umellar margin reflexed, adnate over the umbilical perforation ;
parietal wall covered by a rosy callus, rarely white.

Alt. 10-13, diam. 14 mill.

Inagua, Rum Cay, Turk's Id., Crooked Id., Bahamas.

H. constantiorWvixi..Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell, vii, 1880, p. 371,t. 12,
f. 19.

There is, of course, great variation in the banding and propor-
tions of altitude to diameter. Note the italicised passages in the
above description. The form is quite easy to recognize. There is
no difference between the suites before me from several of the
islands.

H. CARIB.EA Weinland. PL 20, figs. 69-71.

This shell resembles H. varians very closely in texture and col-
oration. It is imperforate, or has a slight umbilical fissure behind
the columellar lip ; the form is semiglobose or conoidal-elevated ;
not so conical as H. varians, and the body-whorl usually more de-
pressed. It is solid, opaque, lightly striatulate, " brown fasciate
with white, unicolored white, or multifasciate with brown."
Whorls 4£, shaped like those of H. varians except the lust, which is

HELIX — HEMITROCHUS. 27

more depressed, and very slightly descending anteriorly, much less
so than in H. varians. The peristome is slightly thickened within,
sub-obtuse, not expanded except in the immediate vicinity of the
umbilicus, where it is reflexed and adnate over the umbilicus. The
coiumella is shaped as in H. varians, but is shorter, and although
sometimes subdentate, is less calloused within. It is pink or white.
Parietal wall generally pink.
Alt. 12-13, diam. 14-16 mill.

Crooked Id., Bahamas.

H. caribcea WEINL., Malak. Bldtt. 1862, p. 196.— PFR., Mono-
graphia v, p. 238.

This form differs from H. gallopavoris in being heavier in texture,
and in lacking the expansion of the basal and outer lips so charac-
teristic of really adult specimens of that species. It is most nearly
allied to H. varians, but differs as already indicated. Being un fig-
ured, the species has been frequently wrongly identified, at least in
American collections. Numerous specimens, including one from
Dr. WEINLAND are before me.

H. GALLOPAVONIS Valenciennes. PI. 31, figs. 17, 18.

This species is similar to H. varians in general form but usually
the body-whorl is more depressed, the aperture more oblique, and
the texture lighter, and thinner. The umbilicus is a narrow chink
as in H. varians. The surface is more roughened by growth-lines
than in H. varians, and the ground-color not so pure white, but
generally slightly suffused with the color of the bands ; apex dark,
rosy or white; bands generally of a rich chestnut color, sometimes
replaced by longitudinal streaks ; rarely the shell is white. Aper-
ture transversely oval-lunar, generally wider than in H. varians,
(and usually wider than the figures show); bands showing within
the aperture, but not so much upon the peristome as in H. varians.
The outer and basal margins of the peristome are more expanded
than in H. varians, in adult individuals.

Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill ; Alt. 13 diam. 14 mill.

Turk's Id. (and St. Croixf}.

H. gallopavonis VAL., PFR, Symb. ii, p. 28 ; Monograpliia i, p. 239 ;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 223, t. 109, f. 12-13.— RKEVK, Conch. Icon. f. 1207.

H. gallopavoris has much the same color-mutations as H.
varians.

28 HELIX — HEMITROCHUS.

VAR. CALACALOIDES Pilsbry. PI. 31, figs. 24-26.

Conical ; umbilicus as in H. varians and H. gallopavonis ; peris-
tome labiate, expanded, pink ; color, white, of a chalky texture,
scarcely shining ; bands when present, whitish brown ; last whorl
much more rapidly widening than that of H. gallopavonis. Incre-
mental lines rather irregular, just as in H. gallopavonis, not so
strong as in H. troscheli ; columellar lip concave ; not straightened
as in H. calacala. Apex pink or white. Alt. 13, diam. 15-> mill.

Ambergris Cay. Turk's Id. group.
H. TROSCHELI Pfeiffer. PL 13, figs. 64-67 ; PL 20, figs. 59-64.

A form allied to H. gallopavonis in texture, form and coloration,
but more strongly striate, and having a decidedly more broadly ex-
panded peristome with a stronger thickened rib within.

Perforate, depressed conico-globose, rather thin, opaque, painted
in innumerable patterns with chestnut, yellowish, deep' brown or
pinkish-brown spiral bands or longitudinal streaks or unicolored,
the apex generally pinkish. Surface costulate striate, shining;
spire elevated or depressed, apex minute, slightly obtuse, smooth ;
sutures impressed ; whorls 4J to 5, slightly convex, the last wide,
depressed, often obsoletely carinated in front of the aperture, rather
deeply deflexed anteriorly, slightly constricted behind the basal part
of the peristome ; aperture rounded-lunar, quite oblique, showing
the bands within ; peristome brown, pink or white, strengthened by
a strong rib within ; its margins converging ; outer and basal mar-
gins rather broadly expanded ; baso-columellar margin more oblique
than in H. gallopavonis, less concave, generally somewhat straight-
ened, more thickened within, sometimes with a tiny notch or trunca-
tion at the base of the columellar callus ; at its insertion the lip is
reflexed over and partly conceals the umbilicus, which is generally
wider than in H. gallopavonis. The parietal wall and aperture gen-
erally is not so deeply stained with pink as in H. varians, etc.
Measurements of four specimens are as follows :

Alt. 12, diam. 16 mill ; Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. ; Alt 10, diam.
15 mill.; Alt. 9, diam. 11 mill.

New Providence, Bahamas.

H. troscheli PFR. Symbols iii, p. 76, (1846) ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 222,
1. 109, f. 6-11 .—REEVE, f. 289.— H. calacala WEINL. Jahrb. d. mal
Gesell, vii, 1880, p. 374, t. 12, f. 21.— H. tenuicostata DUNKER, in
PHILIPPI, Abbild., ii, p. 32, t. 6, f. 13. — PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. t. 109,
f. 14, 15 ; Monogr. i, p. 335. — REEVE, f. 1224. — CROSSE ET FISCHER,
Moll. Hex. et FAmer. Cent., p. 298.

HELIX — HEMITROCHUS. 29

The H. tenuicostata does not seem to present any tangible points
of difference from H. troscheli. The original figures are copied on
my pi. 32, figs. 53-55. The original description ( translated ) is as
follows:

Shell perforate, depressed-globose, rather solid, obliquely costu-
late-striate, white, with many brown bands ; spire elevated, wide-
conical ; whorls, 4?, slightly convex, sensibly increasing, the last de-
flexed anteriorly, aperture lunate-oval; peristome acute, labiate
within, right lip subexpanded, columellar margin reflexed, dilated,
appressed, nearly covering the umbilicus. Alt. 8, diam. 13 mill

Mexico.

Crosse and Fisher ( loc. supra cit.) discredit the occurrence of the
species in Mexico.

The H. calacala of Weinland seems to be included in the range
of variation of the present form. I have examined several hundred
specimens and find numerous transition forms. The shell is some-
times small, solid, compact, globose, with very round aperture and
concave columella ; sometimes large, depressed, conical, with wide
aperture and oblique, straight columella. White examples are
usually touched with pink on apex and mouth. Although H.
troscheli is usually more widely umbilicated than H. gallopavonis,
I have seen nearly imperforate examples. Figs. 59-61 of pi. 20,
are drawn from specimens named by DR. PFEIFFER.

VAR. CALACALA Weinland. PI. 12, figs. 38, 39.

Subimperforate, conoidal, closely costulate-striate, pinkish-white ;
spire elevated ; whorls 5J, somewhat convex, the last descending ;
aperture diagonal, lunate-circular; peristome labiate within, ex-
panded, columellar margin rosy, dilated, reflexed.

Alt. 13, diam. maj. 1.9, min. 17 mill. ( Weinland.)

New Providence.

A variety like calacala in the light color, solidity, and nearly im-
perforate base, but with strong, distant costulie on the surface, and
attaining only about 15 mill, diam., is before me.

VAR. BROWNII Pilsbry. PI. 31, fig. 27.

Depressed, thin, carinated, subimperforate, strongly, densely, cos-
tulate ; whorls 4A, the apex slightly prominent ; peristome expanded,
color brown above, with a darker supra-peripheral line ; base
whitish, Alt. 7-8, diam. 13 mill.

Cat Island, Bahamas. ( legit DR. J. J. BROWN.)

30 HELIX — HEMITROCHUS.

H. MULTIFASCIATA, Weinlaiul et Martens. PL 31, figs. 30-32.

The preceding species is related to this form, but the broadly re-
flected lip, transverse, oval aperture and wider umbilicus will sep-
arate H. mvltifasciata from all of its allies.

Umbilicate, depressed, moderately solid, slightly shining, whitish
or pink-tinged above, encircled by several or many (,4—10 ) brown
bands, frequently interrupted into series of flecks; densely
costulate-striate ; spire low, apex brownish or corneous, minute ; su-
tures slightly impressed ; whorls about 5, slightly convex, the last
wide, depressed, rounded at the periphery, very deeply deflexed an-
teriorly, rather flat beneath, and indented around the center of the
base ; aperture very oblique, transverse oval, brown or dark vinous
within ; peristome broadly expanded in every part, white or ra-
diately maculated by the continuation of the bands to its edge ; the
margins converging, joined by a thin callus; columellar margin re-
flexed, partly concealing the umbilicus, concave, slightly callus
within, with generally a purplish or brown spot at the insertion.

Alt. 10 diam. 18 mill.

Crooked Island, Bahamas.

H. multifasciata WEINLAND ET MART. Malak. Bl. 1859, p. 17. —
PFR. Monographia v, p. 353.
VAR. POLYT^ENIATA Pilsbry. PI. 31, fig. 29.

Narrowly umbilicate, solid, conical, less striate than H. multifas-
ciata ; white, the bands, except the peripheral, interrupted by broad
patches of white ; apex, parietal wall and columella purplish pink ;
columella with a strong tooth-like fold of callus. Differs from H.
multifasciata in the elevated form and columellar denticle.

Alt. 16, diam. 18 mill.
H. FILICOSTA Pfeiffer. PI. 11, fig. 17.

Nearly covered perforate, depressed-globose, regularly costate
( costse filiform ), rather thin, fleshy white, encircled with obsolete
brown lilies ; whorls 4s, convex, the last deflexed anteriorly ; aper-
ture lunate-circular ; peristome acute, thickened within, labiate,
margins converging, joined by an entering rosy callus ; right mar-
gin scarcely expanded, columellar margin dilated, reflexed, rosy.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 14, min. 13 mill. (Pfeiffer.}

Eleuthera, Bahamas.

H.filicosta PFR. P. Z. S. 1845, P. 73 ; Monographia i, p. 239.—
J. H. THOMPSON— P. Z. S. 1885, p. 214.— REEVE Conch. Icon., f.
1437,

HELIX HEMITROCHUS. 31

The upper surface bears fine, regular costsc. The species seems
distinct from others. The locality was unknown until Mr. Thomp-
son, of New Bedford, Mass., received it from a small key lying near
the North end of Eleuthera.

* * *
H. GILVA Ferussac. PL 11, figs. 5-7.

This species heads a series of forms distinct from all of the preced-
ing species, but very closely related to one another. In this series,
as in that of H. gallopavonis, etc., the species are founded upon
characters of but slight importance, while the variations in each of
them seem to leave no lacunae in the succession of forms. We find
that in Hemitrochus, as some one has neatly said of the distinctions
in another department of zoology, "size and form count for very
little, and coloration for nothing at all." I am content to point out
such differences as I can see between the forms, leaving each in-
dividual student to decide for himself their claims to specific rank.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed-globose, thin, shining, white or
tinged with yellowish or pinkish, encircled by numerous narrow
blackish and brown bands, several of them generally continuous,
the others interrupted ; surface coarsely striate ; spire low, rather
obtuse ; apex minute ; sutures moderately impressed ; whorls 4J, the
last wide, depressed, rounded at the periphery, rather deeply deflex-
ed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, broad oval-lunar, showing the bands
within ; peristome expanded, rather thin, slightly labiate with brown
within, margins converging ; columella broadly reflexed, partly con-
cealing the umbilicus, brown or purplish ; umbilicus narrow, show-
ing a slight spiral furrow within, when not too much covered.

Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. Jurisdiction of Trinidad, Cuba.

H. gilva FER., Hist. t. 21A, f. 1. and Prodr. 36.— D'ORS., (in
part) Moll. Cuba, t. 8, f. 9-12.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 340, t. 60, f.
9-12 ; Monograpkia i, p. 335. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cub. p. 77—
H. corrugata PFR. Symb. i. p. 41. — (H. pallida RANG, teste Arango)
—H. tephrites MORELET, Test, noviss. i, p. 8. — PFR., Mongr. iii p.
80.

. The bands are sometimes coalesced into two continuous broad
zones, leaving a white peripheral girdle. The more prominent char-
acters are the depressed form, the bands, part of them continuous.
Var. TEPHRITES Morelet. PI. 31, figs. 22, 23.

Smaller, more globose and more sharply striate than the type,

32 HELIX — HEMITROCHUS.

with a continuous blackish peripheral fascia and a number of brown
spiral bands. Alt. 9-10, diam. 12 mill.

Trinidad, (and Baracoa ?) Cuba.

H. LUCIPETA Poey. PL 20, figs. 72-78, 80, 81.

Subimperforate, globose-depressed, thin but strong, smoother than
H. gilva, the incremental wrinkles not conspicuous ; surface polished,
bright and shining all over ; spire low, frequently with a very obtuse
appearance, color yellowish or fleshy-white, densely longitudinally
marked with narrow brown stripes, which are broken into spiral
series or girdles by numerous revolving white zones. There are no
continuous spiral color bands as there are in H. gilva. Whorls 4?,
convex, apex minute, corneous, suture impressed ; last whorl wide,
rounded at the periphery, more globose than it is in H. gilva, some-
what deflexed anteriorly, rather tumid around the umbilicus, sub-
constricted behind the aperture on the base ; aperture oblique, round-
lunar, generally brown, banded with white within; peristome very
narrowly expanded, only a trifle if at all labiate; columella margin
almost covering the narrow7 umbilicus by a triangular reflection
usually pinkish in color ; terminations of the peristome somewhat ap-
proaching. Alt. 9-10, diam. 13-14 mill.

Trinidad, Manzanillo, Guantanamo and Bayamo, Cuba.

H. picturata POEY, Memorias, i, p. 209, 212, t. 26, f. 1-5. (not of
Ad.)— IT. ludpeta POEY, 1. c. p. 447 ; ii, p. 51. (1857 ?)— PFR. Monogr.,
iv, p. 265. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana p. 76. — H. lepida POEY,
Mem. i, p. 209, 212, t. 26, f. 6-10. (preoc.)— H. belly la POEY, Mem.
ii, p. 7. — PFR. Monogr. -iv, 264. — H. penicillata POEY, Mem. ii, p.
27, t. 1, f. 6-10 (not of Gould) — H. newcombiana POKY, Mem. ii, p.
28. — H. velasqueziana POEY, Mem. ii, p. 28, t. 1, f. 1-5.

The description above is drawn from specimens received from the
author. Some shells are nearly as depressed as H. gilva ; but none
are as widely umbilicated as typical examples of that species.

Var. VELASQUEZIANA Poey. PL 20, figs. 80, 81.

Smiliar in form to lucipeta or more depressed ; lip white or tint-
ed ; color-markings coalescent into two broad dark continuous
bands ; subsutural and peripheral white zones articulated with nar-
row dark streaks as the same tracts are in H. lucipeta.

I am not sure that my shells (figs. 72, 73) are the same as Poey's
H. velasqueziana. His figures are copied on my plate 20, figs. 80,

'VERSITI

33

81. At all events, both his form and my
varieties of H. lucipeta.

Var. CESTICULUS Gundlach. PI. 20, figs. 65, 66.

Typically distinguished from H. lucipeta by the stronger striation
and generally more depressed form. The coloration varies from
uniform whitish or isabella-colored, to deep chestnut or purplish
brown, with white subsutural and peripheral zones. The more
usual pattern consists of numerous girdles of brown streaks and spots,
on a white or yellowish-brown ground. The following description is
a translation of Pfeiffer's :

Very narrowly, almost covered umbilicate, globose-depressed,
rather thin, obliquely, densely costulate-striate, scarcely shining,
whitish or flesh-tinted, variously painted with undulating or inter-
rupted brown bands, rarely nearly unicolored ; spire shortly convex-
conoid ; whorls nearly 5, somewhat convex, the last rounded, an-
teriorly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, lunate-oval ; peristome
pale rose-colored, sub-thickened within, the margins converging,
right margin briefly expanded, columellar margin declivous, dilated
upward, reflexed. Alt. 7 3-9 2, diam. maj. 12^-17 mill.

Santiago de Cuba, Holguin, and Guantanamo.

H. cesticulus GUNDL. in PFR., Malak. Bl. 1858, p. 179. — Monogr.
v, p. 348.

The variations of this form seem to connect H. gilva and H.
lucipeta.

H. PENICILLATA (Gould) Pfr. PI. 32, figs. 50-52.

Perforate, globose-depressed, rather solid, closely striate, shining,
fleshy-white, ornamented with narrow bands of brown dots; spire
convex, obtuse ; whorls 4 2, slightly convex, the last rounded, descend-
ing anteriorly ; aperture diagonal, rotund-lunar ; peristome sub-
simple, margins subconverging, right lip briefly expanded, columella
lip reflexed, flesh-colored. Alt. 9, diam. 15 mill. (-Pfeiffer.).

Cuba.

H.penidllata (Gi,D. Bost. Journ. N. H. 1842 ?)— PFR. in Con-
chyl. Cab. p. 422, t. 129, f. 3-5 ; Monogr. iii, p. 226.

This description and the figures are from Pfeiffer, and may or may
not be applicable to the H. penicillata of Gould. Cuban naturalists
know nothing definite about the form, and it might be put among
the unidentifiable species with advantage. Gould's diagnosis is as
follows :

3 - HELICID/E.

34 HELIX — HEMITROCHUS.

"T. subglobosa, fragili, lucida, laevigata, infra convexa, anfr. 4 ;
ornatis vel lineis longitudinalibus interrupts diversissime fasciata ;
labro acuto ; columella antice roseo-tincta. Long. 0.35, lat. 0.25
poll."

The H. NTEVULA of Morelet is another closely allied form of which
I know nothing beyond the information contained in the original
diagnosis, which is as follows :

T. subglobosa perforate, minute striata, pallide fulva, tennis,
lineolis punctiformibus creberrimo adumbrata, maculisque violaceis
irregularibus picta; anfr. 4|, ultimus dilatatus, aperturam rotunda-
turn formans; perist. simplex, acutum, margime columellari um-
bilicum semitegente.

Diam. maj. 15, inin. 12 mill. (Test, noviss. i, p. 7.)

Bcvrctcoa, Cuba.

H. COMTA Gundlach.

Perforate, conoid-snbglobose, thin, minutely striatulate, cretaceous,
ornamented with a single peripheral blackish-brown subdenticulate
fascia and numerous interrupted chestnut streaks ; spire conoidal,
obtuse ; whorls 4->, rather convex, the last rounded, briefly descend-
ing anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunate-rounded ; peristome thin,
right margin slightly expanded, columellar margin dilated above,
reflexed, nearly covering the very narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 14, min. 12 mill. (P/r.)

Cabo Cruz, Cuba.

H. comta GUNDL. in PFR., Mai. Bl'dt. 1857, p. 172. — PFR. Monog-
raphia iv, p. 266 ; v. 348.

Known to me only by the original description translated above.

H. FUSCOLABIATA Poey. PI. 32, figs. 61, 62.

Narrowly perforate or subimperforate, depressed-globose, thin but
not fragile, opaque, whitish, tinged with brown or flesh-color, en-
circled by numerous or few narrow girdles of brown dots or short
streaks, sometimes unicolored ; surface marked by incremental lines,
but polished, bright and shining all over; spire low; whorls 4|,
slightly convex, the last depressed, rounded, deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture oblique, round-lunar ; peristome straight or a trifle expand-
ed, labiate within with deep chestnut and bordered outside with the
same, margins converging, basal margin narrowly expanded, col-
umellar margin reflexed, nearly concealing the umbilicus, dark
brown ; parietal wall with a very thin transparent callus.

HELIX — HEMITROCHUS. 35

Alt. 9-10, diam. 121-14 mill.

Manzanillo, Santiago de Cuba, Bayamo, Guantanamo and Holguin,

Cuba.

H. subfusca POEY, Memorias i, p. 210, 213, t. 26, f. 11-15. (not of
Beck)— PER. Mai. Bl. 1854, p. 183— H. fnscolabiata POEY, Mem.
ii, p. 29. — PFR. Monographia iv, 348 — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana,
p. 77. — H. morbida MORELET, Test, noviss. i, p. 8. — PER. Zeitschr.
f. Mai. 1852, p. 179, t. 1, f. 43-45 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 158, f. 28-30.-
KEEVE, (ouch. Icon. f. 974.

This is quite a distinct form. The very dark lip will separate it
from the preceding.

Var. MORBIDA Morelet. PL 12, figs. 53-55.

A smaller, thinner, were diaphanous shell than the type, pale
corneous or flesh-colored, with broad whitish zones at suture and
periphery. Alt. 7, diam. maj. 12 mill.

Baracoa and Nuwitas, Cuba.

H. MACULIFERA Gutierrez. PI. 13, figs. 69-71 ; pi. 31, fig. 28.

Subimperforate, small, globose-depressed, thin but rather solid,
glossy and shining all over, very delicately striate, opaque, white,
with two peripheral narrow brown bands, or sometimes flesh-tinted
or brownish, with a white zone at the periphery, the body-whorl ir-
regularly speckled with large dots of dark transparent brown; spire
low, apex obtuse, whorls 4-4J, the inner ones translucent corneous,
not variegated, the last depressed- globose, with a mere suggestion of
being angulated in front of the aperture, quite gibbous beneath
around the umbilicus, deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very
oblique, small, transverse-oval, truncated, brown and showing spots
within ; peristome white, margins converging, outer and basal
margins narrowly expanded, columellar margin reflexed, concealing
the umbilicus except a narrow chink. Alt. 8-9, diam. 10-12 mill.

Santa Cruz, Cuba.

H. maculifera GUT. in POEY, Memorias ii, p. 28, t. 2, f. 1-5— PFR.
Monogr. iv, p. 265.

The figures on pi. 13 are about double natural size. The color-
pattern and deep deflexion of the last whorl will separate this form
from all others.

H. AMPLECTA Gundlach. PI. 32, figs. 33-35.

Karrowly, openly umbilicate, depressed, thin, closely costulate-

36 HELIX HEMITROCHUS.

striate, pale corneous, with two narrow deep brown bands around
the periphery, bounding a median corneous or whitish zone, and
sometimes a wider, fainter brown band on the middle of the upper
surface; spire low-conoidal, apex slightly obtuse, minute, smooth,
light corneous ; sutures moderately impressed ; whorls 4i, moderate-
ly widening, the last rapidly widening, depressed, rounded at the
periphery, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, transverse-
oval, somewhat truncated by the parietal wall ; peristome thin, slight-
ly expanded, the columellar margin white, much dilated above, a
triangular reflection partially concealing the umbilicus.
Alt. 9, diam. 15 mill. ; alt. 10, diam. 14 mill.

Nuevitas and Punta de Maisi, Cuba.

H. amplecta GUNDL. in PFR., Mai. Bl 1860, p. 17 ; 1866, p. 56 ;
Monogr. v, p. 349.

Sometimes all color-markings except a single brown peripheral
line are absent. The aperture is very wide, transverse-oval; and
the general aspect of the shell is quite different from that of the
group of H. gilva, etc.

H. EUFOAPICATA Poey. PI. 20, figs. 67, 68.

Openly umbilicate, depressed, thin but rather solid, densely
striate, but smoother than the preceding species, light liver-color-
ed, with a white zone below the suture and another at the periphery,
the latter bordered on each side by deep-brown lines ; apex reddish ;
whorls 4i, the last wide, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, trans-
verse-oval ; peristome slightly labiate with brownish within, margins
converging, outer and basal margins slightly expanded, columellar
margin dilated partly over the umbilicus, brownish; umbilicus ex-
panded, grooved or rugose within. Alt. 9-10, diam. 13-15 mill.

Holguin and Jibara, Eastern Cuba.

If. rufoapicata POEY, Memorias ii, p. 29. — PER. Monogr. iv, p.
266. — H. gilva var. PFR. olim, and KEEVE, f. 252a.

This shell is more solid than H. amplecta, and the color bands are
clear and well-defined.

H. GRAMINICOLA C. B. Adams. PI. 32, figs. 36-38.

This form is intermediate between H. amplecta and H. rufo-
apicata. The sculpture and coloration are the same as in the latter
species, except that the white peripheral zone is margined by a dark
line only upon the upper side, the subsutural white band is narrow-

HELIX — HEMITROCltUS. 37

er, sometimes scarcely visible, and the apex is corneous, not reddish.
The umbilicus is not so much expanded as in H. rufoapicata.

Alt. 9-10, diam. 13-15 mill.

Jamaica.

H. graminicola C. B. AD. Contr. to Conch, ii, p. 32,. (1849.)— H.
gilva var. PFR., Monograplda.

Pfeiffer is in error in referring this form to H. gilva Fer. Its
affinities are with H. rufoapicata Poey. In this trio of pretty little
species, graminicola rufoapicata, amplecta, the coloration is com-
paratively constant. I have two trays of specimens from Cuba which
show a partial coalescence of the characters of graminicola and
rufoapicata. The latter form may finally rank as a variety of the
former.

H. SAUVALLEI Arango.

Perforate, depressed-globulose, thin, striate, corneous ; spire con-
vex-conoidal, apex minute ; whorls 4, rather convex, the last large,
rounded, somewhat descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, lunar-
rounded ; peristome simple, margins sub-converging, right lip slight-
ly expanded, colnmellar lip dilated above, with an arched reflection.

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 11, min. 9£ mill. (Pfeiffer.)

Baracoa, Cuba.

H. sauvallei ARANGO in PFR., Mai. Blat 1866, p. 58 ; Monogr. v,
p. 323. — ARANGO, Faun. Mai. Cub. p. 75.

Known to me only by the above diagnosis.
H. DEPIOTA Grateloup. PI. 13, f. 68.

Imperforate, subglobose, conoidal, thin, white, very delicately
striate, painted with bands and varied lines of yellowish-brown, in-
terrupted; lip simple, acute.

This pretty shell has a certain resemblance to H. pisana Miill.,
but it is a little smaller and not umbilicated. The inside edge of
the right lip is white instead of rose. The upper surface is covered
with numerous more or less deep yellowish brown transverse bands,
interrupted by oblique lines of the same color. Five whorls of the
spire convex. Alt. 11, diam. 15 mill. (Grateloup!)

"Ins. St. Thomas; New Orleans," (Grat.)

H. depicta GRAT. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xi, p. 399, t. 1, f. 12.
1839.— PFR. Monogr. i, p. 27.

It is impossible to tell what this shell is. It does not exist at

38 HELIX — DIALEUCA.

New Orleans, nor has it been found at St. Thomas by modern con-

chologists.

H. VARIEGATA Chemnitz. (Pm. Monogr. i, p. 174: Conchyl Cab.

p. 52, t. 6, f. 10, 11,. — H. ncevia GMEL. Syst., xiii, p. 3623.)

This is a spurious species, which need not encumber our cata-
logues any longer. Chemnitz was not a binomialist in vol. ix of the
" Conchylien Cabinet." The species has never been identified by
any one that I have ever heard of.

Section IV. DIALEUCA Albers, 1850.

Dialeuca ALB. Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 114. — Cory da ( in part )
ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen 1860, p. 136. — Leptoloma AL-
BERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen 1860, p. 167.

In the West Indian Helices, as in nearly every department of
zoology, there is a large excess of subgeneric names over the num-
ber of natural groups. Our course in this case is plain. We must
accept Dialeuca ( type, H. nemoraloides ), and reduce the later
name, Leptoloma, (type, H. fuscolabris Ad) to a synonym; for
there is absolutely no character of more than specific value to sep-
arate the species of the two divisions. Albers seems to have decided
to unite Dialeuca to Coryda, (Die Heliceen 2d eti, p. 136 ), but al-
though there is no difference of any importance to speak of, we may
as well retain the division, as it is a natural one, even though the
characters are trivial.
H. CONSPERSULA Pfeiffer. PL 18, figs. 12-14.

Imperforate, conical, thin, striate, nearly lustreless, varying in
color from yellowish to dark brown, with or without two dark zones
on the body-whorl, all over more or less densely dotted with whitish
flecks ; spire elevated, conical, apex obtuse, smooth, shining, the tip
blackish ; sutures moderately impressed; narrowly margined with a
deep brown line, which is usually dotted with white ; whorls 6, the
last depressed, wide, generally subangulate at the periphery, not de-
flexed anteriorly, or only slightly so ; aperture quite oblique, broad,
peristome thin, brown, outer and basal lips slightly expanded, col-
umella nearly vertically entering, somewhat thickened ; parietal
wall with a slight callus which extends also around the umbilical
tract. Alt. 16, diam. 20 mill; Alt. 15, diam. 23-1 mill.

Jamaica.

H. conspersula PFR. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 124 ; Monographia, i, p. 230;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 327, t. 136, f. 1, 2.— PHILIPPI Abbild. ii, p. 84, t.

HELIX — DIALEUCA. 39

7, f. 4. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 433.— If. fascocincta C. B. Ad.
Contr. to Conch, iii, p. 34, ( 1850 )— PFR. in Conchy I Cab. p. 218 t.
108, f. 11, 12 ; Monogr. i, p. 30.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 291.— II.
riryhiea C. B. Ad., Contr. to Conch, iii, p. 33. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p.
149.— H.platystyla PFR. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 130; Monogr. iii, p. 174.
—REEVE Conch. Icon. f. 487. — BLAND, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
xi, p. 82.

So great is the variation shown by the numerous specimens of
Leptoloma before me that I do not hesitate to unite under the old-
est name most of the described species. I have seen creamy-white
examples of conspersula, without markings.

Restricting typical H. CONSRERSULA to shells of light texture and
color, not prominently banded but conspicuously dotted with whit-
ish, the spire only moderately elevated, we may define the following
divergencies from this type, ranking them as varieties.

VAR. FUSCOCINCTA C. B. Ad. PL 18, figs. 4-6.

Spire more elevated, elate-conic ; striatulate or densely, finely
costulate-striate ; the base, a supra-peripheral zone and a subsutural
line dark ; whorls of the spire with a median dark band ; white
flecks few or none.
L Alt. 23, diam. 19-22 mill.; Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill.

Jamaica.

VAR. PLATYSTYLA PFR. PL 18, figs. 3, 7.

Form the same as typical conspersula ; body-whorl inclined to be
angular at the periphery ; surface striate, somewhat shining ; thicker,
solider, than the preceding forms, with a bright white lining in-
side ; spiral bands obsolete except the subsutural marginal line ;
color yellowish, more or less strigate obliquely with light chestnut ;
lip brown-edged ; columella pinkish-brown, umbilical tract covered
with a browrn or violet callus.

Alt 19, diam. 22 mill. Alt, 19, diam. 24 mill.

Jamaica.

VAR. VIRGINEA C. B. Ad.

Conic ; pale brown, with the upper whorls and a zone on the peri-
phery horn-colored, with narrow portions of epidermis scattered
somewhat in zigzag, which are white and hydrophanous ; with fine
stria? of growth ; spire elevated, with nearly rectlinear outlines ; spire
rather obtuse ; whorls nearly 6, a little convex, with the suture but

40 UtiLlX— - ±>IAL£tfCA.

little impressed ; last whorl much advanced above over the aperture
which is suborbicular ; lip very thin and sharp, except the columel-
lar portion, which is much thickened and expanded, of a pink color,
coalescing with the outer lip in a curve. (Adams.}

Jamaica.

H. SUBCONICA C. B. Adams. PL 18, figs. 15, 19 ; pi. 20, fig. 79.
Imperforate, yellowish, depressed conoidal, thin, subtranslucent,
irregularly striate, marked with narrow pheripheral and subsutural
bands, and a circular chestnut tract around the axis, surrounded by
a lighter zone ; frequently longitudinally streaked with chestnut ;
spire low-conic ; apex corneous or dark ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
regularly increasing, the last depressed, subangular at the periphery,
a mere trifle descending anteriorly ; aperture transverse, wide,
oblique ; peristome thin, white, outer and basal margins expanded
somewhat ; columella reflexed, white ; parietal callus transparent,
very thin. Alt. 14, diam. 21 ; Alt. 15, diam. 18; Alt. 12£ diam.
19 mill. Jamaica.

H. subconica C. B. Ad. Proc. Boat. Soe. N. H. 1845, p. 15.— PFR.
Monogr. i, p. 30 ; Conchy I Cab. t. 108, f. 15-16.— KEEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 284.— IT. gossei PFR. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 37 ; Monogr aphia i,
p. 30; Conchyl. Cab. 1. 108, f. 16. (not of Adams.)

A darker form than that described above is figured on pi. 18, fig.
19. There is besides a smaller form, light corneous or yellowish in
color, with very narrow bands, sometimes unicolored, very thin.

Alt. 11-12, diam. 15-16 mill.

H. NEMORALOIDES C. B. Adams. PI. 14, figs. 96-98.

Resembles H. subconica, but is more solid, more compact, more
opaque, and has more numerous bands.

Imperforate, depressed-conoidal, rather solid, slightly shining,
opaque, white or slightly suffused with brownish, generally more or
less streaked longitudinally with light chestnut, and encircled by
deep brown or blackish bands, generally three in number, in ad-
dition to a subsutural brown line and a circular axial patch ; spire
conical, low, apex obtuse, dark; sutures but slightly impressed;
whorls 5, the last rounded at the periphery, briefly but obviously de-
scending anteriorly ; aperture broad, transverse, oblique ; peristome
thin, outer lip slightly expanded, columellar margin oblique, rather
wide, flat, appressed at the umbilical region.

Alt. 11-13, diam. 17-19 mill. Jamaica.

HELIX — DIALEUCA. 41

H. nemorloides C. B. Acl. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1845, p. 15.—
PFR. Zeitchr f. Mai. 1845, p. 155 ; Conchyl Cab. p. 218, t. 108, f. 5,
6 ; Monogr. i, p. 230.— REEVE, f. 273.— H. gossei C. B. Ad. (in
sched. Mus. Cuming) PER. in Conchyl. Cab. p. 220, t. 108, f. 19,
20 ; Monogr. iii, p, 176. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 288. — H. pulchrior
C. B. Ad., Contr. to Conch, no. 9, p. 172 (1851).

The extensive suite before me proves conclusively the specific
identity of the forms I have included in the synonymy.

The above description applies more especially to the variety
known as H. gossei Ad. (pi. 18, figs. 9-11). The H. pulchrior Ad.
(pi. 18, fig. 8,) is a variety with numerous longitudinal chestnut-
brown streaks.

Typical H. nemoraloides may be separated from the color- variety
gossei, by its whiter surface, with very distinct, dark or blackish
bands, generally narrow, and three in number. There is no umbil-
ical dark patch (and by this character alone, true nemoraloides may
always be known ). The three zones are sometimes confluent into
one or two. The whole surface is sometimes faintly suffused with
brownish or yellowish, but never longitudinally streaked.

H. JACOBENSIS C. B. Adams.

Depressed conical, transversely ovate ; yellowish horn color, with
very fine, well-impressed crowded striae of growth ; spire with the •
outlines but little convex ; whorls 4£ to 5, a little convex with a
moderately impressed suture; last whorl sub-angular; aperture
transversely ovate, laterally dilated; lip but little reflected and
thickened except in the columellar part, which is well thickened,
reflected and appressed ; umbilicus wanting. In form this shell
most resembles a very depressed H. fuscocincta, but is much more di-
lated laterally near the aperture. ( C. B. Ad..)

%Alt. 15, diam. maj.23-] rain. 16 mill.

St. James Parish, Jamaica.

H. Jacobensis C. B. Ad. Contr. to Conch, no. 9, p. 172 (1851.)
PER. Monogr. iii, p. 176.

I know this species only by the above description.

H. BLANDIANA C. B. Adams. PI. 18, fig. 18 ; pi. 32, figs. 45-47.

Imperforate, depressed, rather thin, shining, somewhat translucent,
densely, regularly, finely costulate-striate ; color pale corneous,
streaked obliquely with light chestnut ; spire low-conical, apex red-
dish, minute, obtuse ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 5, very

42 HELIX CORYDA.

gradually widening, slightly convex, the last scarcely deflexed an-
teriorly, obtusely sub-angular at the periphery ; flattened beneath ;
aperture oblique, transverse ; peristome thin, margins scarcely con-
verging, outer and basal lips slightly expanded, columellar margin
white, very oblique, nearly straight, flat, thickened somewhat within,
inserted in the center of the axis.

Alt. 10, diam. 16; Alt. 84, diam. 17 mill.

Jamaica.

H. blandiana, Ad. Contr. to Conch, no. 7, p. 107. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. f. 303.— PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 193.

The gradual increase of the whorls is the most notable feature of
this shell.
H. PH^OGRAMMA, Pfeiffer. PI. 18, figs. 16-17.

Covered perforate, orbicularly convex, shining, rather glabrous,
with radiating rich chestnut lines above and a castaneousfascia on
the base ; whorls 4J, scarcely convex, the last obsoletely angulated,
base rather flattened ; aperture very oblique, rotund-lunar ; peris-
tome labiate with chestnut within, margins converging, upper mar-
gin a little expanded, basal dilated, reflexed, appressed.

Alt. 8J, diam. maj. 15. min. 12 2 mill.

Habitat unknown.

H. phceogrammePFH. Symbolce iii, p. 72, ( 1846 ); Monographia i,
p. 285. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 299.

Known to me only by the above description and Reeve's fig-
ures.

Section V. CORYDA Albers, 1850.

Coryda ALB. Die Heliceen 1850, p. 100.— H & A. Ad., Gen. Rec.
Moll, ii, p. 198. — and of authors generally. — Histrio PFR. Mai.
Blat. 1855, p. 185 ; loc. cit. 1877, p. 8. — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN Nomen-
clator, p. 159, 1881.

Coryda consists of snails essentially similar to Dialeuca , differing
in the heavier shell, abruptly deflexed whorl at the aperture, and
more varied coloration. The type is H. alanda Fer. Histrio of -
Pfeiffer is completely synonymous ; for H. dennisoni, its type, is
barely specifically distinct from H. alanda.

H. ALAUDA Ferussac. PI. 16.

Imperforate, globose-depressed or conoidal, solid, heavy, strong,
opaque, somewhat shining, slightly irregularly marked by growth
lines ; color very mutable, (see below) ; spire depressed, dome-shaped

HELIX COR YD A. 43

or elevated, conoidal, apex obtuse, sutures well marked ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, moderately widening, the last more or less depressed,
rounded at the periphery, rather flattened beneath, abruptly more or
less deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, wide oblong,
truncate ; peristome strong, labiate within, its margins but slightly
converging; outer lip sub-expanded; baso-columella lip broad, white,
flat, thickened within, inserted in the center of the base ; parietal
wall the same color as the base.

Alt. 17, diam. 21 mill.; alt. 13, diam. 23 mill.; alt. 11, diam. 16
mill.

Eastern Cuba.

H. alauda FER. Hist., t. 103, f. 2, 3, ; Prodr. 319.— PFR. Monogr.
i, p. 268 ; v, p. 303 ; Conchy I Cab. t. 71, f. 12.— d'ORB. Moll. Cuba, i,
p. 149, t. 9, f. 8-10.— REEVE, f. 261.— ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cu-
bana p. 72.— H. strobilus FER., Prodr. 317, Hist. t. 103, f. 1.— PFR.
Symb. iii, p. 72 ; Conchy I. Cab. t. 72, f. 22, 23.— REEVE, f. 580.— If.
mamilla LEA, Obs. i. p. 166, t. 19, f. 64. — H. purpuragula LEA, loc.
cit.p. 163 t. 19, f. GQ.—H.avellartaFEH. Hist. t. 103, f. 4, 5.— //.
hebe DESK, in Fer. Hist, i, p. 211, t. 37 A, f. 5. — H. bizonalis GRAT.
Actes de la soe. Lin.de Bord. xi, p. 412, f. 7. ( H. pudibunda Beck
and H. solida MKE. teste Pfeiffer).

Arango is undoubtedly right in declaring that the separation of
this form into several species cannot be maintained. There is the
greatest variation in form, size and color-pattern, but the extremes
are united in every direction by intermediate specimens.

The coloration may be according to any of the patterns described
below, or may be any combination of two or more of them.

(l.)Pure white with or without pale yellowish streaks; often
quite globose, the aperture frequently deeply deflexed above.

( 2.) White or yellowish, with two broad spiral zones of deep
brown.

(3.) Whitish, with very numerous, irregular, dense, deep brown
lines following the incremental striie; heavy, globose, dark within
the outer lip, peristome heavy, white. The outside coloration of
this form ( which is not figured on the plate ) is very similar to that
of H. dennisoni PFR. but the parietal wall is striped like the base of
the shell. A modification of this type has the longitudinal streak-
ing pale chestnut-yellow, interrupted by spiral white bands. It is
quite globose. Another modification has the same longitudinal
streaking, streaks more confluent, less distinct, often pale chestnut

44 HELIX — CORYDA.

or pale purplish above, and encircled by several narrow, continuous
or interrupted dark bands. It is generally thinner and more de-
pressed than the preceding forms, and is perhaps the most abund-
ant of all the color mutations, (figs. 21-25, 31). H. hebe (figs.
35-37) is the same.

( 4.) Conical ; dark chestnut or reddish brown all over, uni-
colored or with narroWj oblique white lines, which are close, crowded
( fig. 32 ) or more separated ( figs. 33, 34 ). This is H. strobilus
FER. (figs. 26-28.)
H. DENNISONI Pfeiffer. PI. 14, figs. 86-88.

Very similar to color-mutation no. 3 of H. alauda, but distin-
guished by the deep narrow color of the parietal wall and inside of
the aperture. Coloration consisting of narrow, oblique deep-brown
and yellowish lines on a white ground ; with or without indications
of two spiral interrupted bands.

Alt. 15 diam. 19 ; alt. 12 diam. 16 mill.

Cape St. Cruz, 8. E. Cuba.

H. dennisoni PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1853, p. 56 ; Moongr. iii, p.
645 ; Novit. Conch, i, p. 53, t. 15, f. 7-10.— REEVE, f. 1020.— H.
Juliana POEY, Memorias, i, p. 208, t. 25, f. 13-16.

I have seen numerous specimens of this form, all from the locality
given above. There are also before me specimens having the col-
oration of fig. 31, of pi. 16, but agreeing with dennisoni in the dark
parietal wall. Two of these are figured on pi. 32, figs. 41-44. It
may be noted that no true alauda, with light parietal wall are in the
collection of the Academy from Cabo St. Cruz. My figures on pi.
14 are too red.
H. OVUMREGULI Lea. PI. 14, figs. 89-91.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, polished all over, scarcely
striate, white or tinted with bluish, creamy or pink, more or less
thickly covered witd dark dots scattered irregularly, and with or
without numerous narrow brown spiral bands; spire depressed, a
little convex, apex obtuse; whorls 4i, scarcely convex, the last
wide, rounded at the periphery, depressed, very suddenly and very
deeply deflexcd anteriorly ; aperture sub-horizontal, oblong, dark
within ; peristome expanded, labiate; white or ( rarely ) deep chest-
nut brown, its margins sub-parallel or converging, the upper arcu-
ate, lower straight and thickened by a callus inside.

Alt. 10-12, diam. 17-20 mill. Guantanamo etc., Eastern Cuba.

ITKLIX CORYDA. 45

N. ovum-reguliljEA. Obs. i, p. 164, t. 19, f. 61. — PHIL. Abbild. iii,
Helix, t. 10, f. 6.— PFR. Monogr. i, p. 285 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 356, t.
136, f. 9-11.— KEEVE, f. 289.

H. LINDONI Pfeiffer. PL 14, figs. 99-101.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, thin, opaque, nearly smooth,
slightly marked by growth-lines, white above, and marked with a
narrow brown sutural line and scattered brown dots, beneath less
dotted and more translucent; spire low, apex obtuse; whorls 4J,
slightly convex, the inner ones corneous ; last whorl wide, rounded
at the periphery, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, round-
ed-lunar, white spotted with brown inside ; peristome thin, simple,
straight, or a trifle expanded on the base ; columella entering,
oblique, sub-arcuate, dilated, white.

Alt. 91-10, diam 15-16 mill.

Bayamo and Mayari, Cuba.

H. lindoni PFR. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 110 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 27, f. 9-
11 ; Monogr. i, p. 29.— PHILIPPI, Abbild., iii, Helix t. 10, f. 7.—
ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 64. — H. lindeni PFR. Monogr. iv,
et v, REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 291. — H. immersa GUNDL. in POEY,
Memorias ii, p. 7.

A distinct species. Note the italicised passages in the descrip-
tion. I cannot adopt Pfeiffer's emendation of the name of this spe-
cies. It is too late to change the spelling after a name has been
used in such widely circulated works as the Proc. Zool. Soc., Con-
chylien Cabinet, Monographia Heliceorum, and Philippi's Ab-
bildungen.

H. BARTLETTIANA Pfeiffer. PL 14, figs. 93, 94.

Imperforate, sub-turbinate, rather solid, smooth, shining, pale
brownish, ornamented with streaks and bands of chestnut-color ;
spire coiioidal, rather acute ; whorls 5£, slightly convex, the last
sub-planulate beneath ; aperture sub-oblique, wide-lunar ; peristome
simple, acute, columellar margin planate, white, entering.

Alt. 13J, diam. maj. 18, min. 16 mill. ( Pfeiffer.)

Bayamo and Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.

H. bartlettiana PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 89 ; Monogr. iii, p.
11 ; Conchyl. Cab.p. 273, 1. 113, f. 13-15.— H. gosseivar. RVE, f. 262
[pi. 14, fig. 95].

I do not know the correct position of this form which has been

46 HELIX — CORYDA.

placed by Pfeiffer in both Dialeuca and Polymita. I have not seen
specimens.

H. MELANOCEPHALA Gundlach. PI. 32, fig. 48.

Imperforate, globose-conical, somewhat depressed, rather thin but
solid, opaque, rather shining, smooth, scarcely marked by growth-
lines, pure white, covered with a very thin yellowish cuticle, encir-
cled by the deep-brown, narrow, well-defined bands ; spire more or
less elevated, conoidal, apex obtuse, light or dark purple ; whorls
4'>, slightly convex, the last depressed-globose, abruptly and rather
deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture round-lunar, very oblique, tri-
fasciate within ; peristome narrowly labiate, white, upper margin
arcuate, baso-columellar margin slightly concave, flattened, wide
above, inserted in the center of the axis.

Alt. 11-12, diam. 14-16 mill.

Guantanamo and Mayari, Eastern Cuba.

H. melanocephala GUNDL. in PFR. MaL .Slat. 1859, p. 88 ; Mon-
ographia v, p. 50. — ARANGO, Fauna MaL Cabana, p. 64.

A small, compact species, trifasciate with brown, and with abruptly
deflexed last whorl.
Var. PERELEVATA Pilsbry. PI. 32, fig. 49.

More elevated, globose, last whorl more descending anteriorly ;
trifasciate with brown, with an orange sub-sutural zone and one or
two green spiral bands. Alt. 13, diam. 13-14 mill.

Cayo de Rey, Cuba.

H. VIGIENSIS Weinland. PL 14, fig. 85.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, obsoletely striate, solid, rather
shining, whitish, frequently with scattered brown dots, encircled by
three brown interrupted bands, the peripheral one strongest ; spire
obtuse, depressed, apex rosy-brown ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the
last abruptly and deeply descending ; base more or less excavated
around the axis ; aperture oblique, pinkish-brown within, lunate-
oval; peristome acute, callous within, slightly expanded, margins
stib-con verging, columellar margin dilated, a little reflexed, im-
pressed. Diam. maj. 14-17, min. 12-15. mill. ( Weinland.}

Gonaives, Hayti.

H. vigiensis WEINL. Jahrb. d. MaL Gesell. vi, 1880, p. 374, t. 12,
f. 20.

Weinland says: There lie before me 18 examples qf this species,

HELIX — CORYDA. 47

one of them entirely Avhite, without bands. The species belongs in
the group Cory da Alb. of which heretofore no Haytien species has
been made known to us. It gives the impression of a snail living in
quite dry situations. The fine brown dots and the bands remind
one ol H. ovumreguli of Cuba., which is the same group, but is much
larger, smoother, and is also separated by the more elongated, par-
allel margins of its nearly horizontal peristome.
H. NIGROPICTA Arango.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, obliquely, arcuately costulate striate
smoky-brownish, ornamented with black interrupted bands; spire
short convex-conoidal, apex glabrous ; whorls 4|, moderately con-
vex, regularly increasing, the last sub-depressed, shortly deflexed
anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, lunate-oval, shining within, vio-
laceous ; peristome labiate with lilac, margins scarcely converging,
right lip briefly expanded, basal reflexed, at the insertion dilated,
flat, adnate.

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 19 min. 15* mill. ( Pfr.)

Sagua de Tanamo, Cuba.

H. nigropicta ARANGO, in PFR. Malak. Blat. xiii, 1866, p. 57 ;
Monographia v, p. 304. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 73.

Known to me only by the above description.
H. GAUSSOINI Tryon. PL 14, fig. 92.

See appendix.

Globosely depressed, smooth, rather thick ; spire depressed-coni-
cal, apex obtuse, suture moderately impressed ; w^horls 5*, convex,
increasing slowly, not deflected at the aperture ; aperture small,
semi-lunar, labrum sharp, not reflected, but much thickened at the
base, and terminating at the center of the base of the shell, where it
is considerably impressed and dilated, covering the umbilicus; white,
the spire a faint flesh color, ( denuded of epidermis ).

Alt. 6, diam. 9 mill. ( Tryon.)

Island of Navassa.

H. gaussoini TRYON, Am. Jour. Conch. 1866, p. 304, t. 20, f. 1.—
PFR. Monogr. vii, p. 270.

Tryon says: It is somewhat related to the Cuban group to which H.
melanocephala etc., pertain. The minute island of Navassa is a
mere speck upon the ocean, over a hundred miles south of the east-
ern extremity of Cuba, nearly as far east of Jamaica, lying between
it and Hayti, about fifty miles west of the latter.

48 HELIX — JEANNERETIA.

Navassa is a guano island. The species does not seem to belong
to Coryda, but without seeing a specimen I cannot guess at its affin-
ities.

H. STENOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PI. 14, fig. 84.

Imperforate, globulose-depressed, solid, nearly smooth, shining,
white, ornamented with a single brown peripheral fascia and two
series of orange maculations, obsoletely punctate with grayish ;
whorls 4J, scarcely convex, the last ventricose, abruptly deflexed
anteriorly ; aperture sub-horizontal, elliptical ; peristome labiate,
white, margins approximating, the upper narrowly expanded, basal
arcuate, reflexo-appressed.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 15£; min. 13 mill. (Pfr.)

Martinique.

H. stenostoma PFR. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 28; Monogr. i. p. 280. v, p.
304.

Known to me only by Pfeiffer's diagnosis and Reeve's figure.

Section VII. JEANNERETIA Pfeiffer, 1877.

Jeanneretia PFR. Malak. Blat, xxiv, p. 7. — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN,
Nomenclator Hel. Viv. p. 116. 1881. (formerly included in Frutici-
cola and Hygrotnia.^)

This is a distinct, well-marked section. It seems to me to be allied
to Eurycampta Albers, not to Fruticicola etc., where it is grouped by
Pfeiffer. Being imperfectly acquainted with the anatomy I am
unable to decide whether these two sections (Jeanneretia and Eury-
campta) should be grouped with Lysinoe and allied forms inhabit-
ing the mainland of the Americas, or with the present group.

The radulse and jaws are unknown. I expect to find that the
central and lateral teeth have long basal-plates, bearing central
cusps but not side cusps.

The genitalia (imperfectly known by Poey's incomplete figures,
Memorias. ii, pi. 5, 6, 7,) are similar in Jeanneretia and Eurycampta ;
being characterized by the very slender penis, with the vas deferens
inserted in its apex, and provided with an extremely long flagellum,
and by the extremely long, slender duct to the spermatheca. All of
these points agree pretty closely with Lysinoe and Odontura and
also with Coryda, the only section of the Group Hemitrochus (in the
wide sense) in which the genitaUa are known, There is but little

HELIX — JEANNERETIA 49

relationship between all of these sections and groups and the forms
which group around Thelidomus, Caracolus, Dentellaria, etc.

H. MULTISTRIATA Deshayes. PL 10, figs. 88-92.

Perforate, globose-conoid-depressed, thin, subtranslucent, brown-
ish-corneous with a brown supra-peripheral line ; surface shining,
slightly marked by irregular incremental lines, and by fine spiral
ridges, narrower than the interspaces ; spire conoidal, apex obtuse,
whorls 5}, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the last somewhat
dilated and gibbous behind the aperture, constricted behind the
peristome on the base, descending to the aperture above ; aperture
quite oblique, rounded lunar; peristome narrowly reflexed, white,
with an elongated dentiform callus within the baso-columellar mar-
gin ; columella reflexed partly over the umbilicus.

Alt. 12, diam. 17-19 mill. ; alt. 10, diam. 14 mill.

Cuba.

H. multistriata DESK., Encyc. Meth. ii, p. 248. — Lam., An. s. Vert.,
ed. DESH., p. 102. — PFEIFFFR, in Kuster's Conchyl. Cab.t. 17, f. 13,
14 ; t. 17, f. 29, 30; Monogr. i, p. 134.— ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cub.
p. 78. — H. circumtexta FER., Hist. t. 27A, f. 4, 5, 6. — H. vesica LEA,
Obs. i. p. 168, t. 19, f. 67. (H. bicincta Mke. Synops. ed. 2, p. 127,
and H. adjuncta Zgl. teste Pfeiffer.)

H. pityonesica PFR. Mai. Blat. 1854, p. 156 ; Monogr. iv, p. 272.
-EEEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1438.

This species is nearly allied to H. dermatina and H. wrighti. The
following form seems to me to be only a variety.

Var. PITYONESICA Pfr. PL 10, fig. 94 ; pi. 32, fig. 60.

Umbilicus open or closed ; form and sculpture as in the type ;
last whorl more deeply indented and constricted behind the periph-
ery than in the type, peristome white or slightly pinkish.

Isle of Pines.

The shell figured by Reeve (fig. 94) is a small form, with subcar-
inate periphery.

H. WRIGHTI Gundlach. PL 10, figs. 97, 98.

Imperforate [or perforate] trochiform, carinate, rather thin,
sculptured with numerous, close, elevated spiral ridges, about equal
to the interstices ; scarcely shining, brown, with a rufous peripheral
line ; spire conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 5*, rather convex, the last
slightly descending anteriorly, carinate at the periphery, the carina

50 HELIX — JEANNERETIA.

becoming almost evanescent on the latter part of the whorl ; base
moderately convex, somewhat tumid toward the aperture ; aperture
oblique, oblong-lunar ; peristome fleshy-white, the margins scarcely
converging, upper margin curved, slightly expanded, basal reflexed,
appressed. Alt. 13, diam. 21 mill. (Pfeiffer.~)

Western Cuba.

H. wrighti GUNDL. in PFR. Mai BL 1865, p. 118 ; 'Novit. Conch.
p. 270, t. 67, f. 6-8 ; Monogr. v, p. 272.

This form differs from the H. multistriata in being generally im-
perforate, carinated and more trochiform. I have seen but a single
specimen. It is adult, but is narrowly perforated.

H. DERMATINA Shuttleworth. PI. 10, fig. 93.

Imperforate, globose-conical, thin, obliquely delicately rugose,
scarcely shining, pellucid, reddish yellow, ornamented with two nar-
row reddish bands ; spire conical, acute ; whorls 4J, scarcely convex,
spirally sublirate above, the last briefly deflexed anteriorly and sub-
constricted ; periphery carinated, base convex ; columella flat, slight-
ly arcuate, violet tinted ; aperture oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome
reddish-violet, all around narrowly expanded.

Alt. 11, diam. 16 mill. (Pfeiffer.}

Porto Rico, at Luquillo (Musas,~) and Quebradillas.

H. dermatina SHUTT. Diagn. h. Moll. no. 6, p. 133. — REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 1289. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. iv, p. 204.

Known to me only by the above description. Apparently a dis-
tinct species.

H. PARRAIANA d'Orbigny. PL 10, figs. 1-7.

Imperforate, globose-conical, or depressed, solid, reddish-brown,
with a whitish peripheral zone bordered above by darker chestnut,
lighter at the sutures and beneath ; spire conic, apex subobtuse ; sur-
face spirally lirulate, and somewhat rugose longitudinally ; whorls
6-}, gradually widening, the last wTider, rounded at the periphery,
dilated and gibbous behind the aperture, then strongly constricted ;
deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome
reflexed, white or flesh-colored, upper and outer margins arcuate,
baso-columellar margin straightened, adnate over the umbilicus-
There is often a small tubercle on the outer lip at the termination of
the peripheral fascia. Alt. 22, diam. 26 ; alt. 16, diam. 22 mill.

Cuba.

H.parraiana ORB. Moll. Cuba, i, p. 146, t. 7, f. 7-9. — PFR. Monogr.
i, p. 227; CW%£. Ca&. t, 146, f. 8-10; t. 151, f. 11, 12.— REEVE,
f. 263. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana p. 69. — H. parallela POEY,
Memorias, ii, p. 88. — PFR. Novit. Conch, t. 61, f. 4-6; Monogr. v, p.
354.

An abundant and variable shell. Sometimes it is elevated, conical,
sometimes depressed, often carinated at the periphery. There is also
much variation in the coarseness of the sculpture, the size and color.
Umbilicated specimens are not infrequent. Figs. 1 to 5 represent
typical examples.

A small form is rather lighter in color than the types. It meas-
ures alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. Others measure, alt. 14, diam. 18 mill.

Var. PARALLELA Poey. PL 10, figs. 95, 96, 6, 7.

Light yellowish, with two dark chestnut bands, the lower one
often lost, generally rather more depressed than the type, and um-
bilicus often open. Dimensions the same as in the type.

H. SAGRAIANA d'Orbigny, PI. 7, figs. 69-71.

Umbilicate, depressed conical, solid, whitish, strongly, acutely,
lirulate all over ; spire conical ; whorls 6 }, very gradually increas-
ing, the last subangular at the periphery, not gibbous behind the
aperture, a little descending anteriorly; aperture quite oblique,
rounded-lunar ; peristome narrowly reflexed, margins converging,
the columella bearing a strong callous tooth within. Umbilicus
deep, partly covered by the reflexed columellar lip.

Alt. 19-20, diam. 30-32 mill.

Western Cuba.

H. sagraiana ORB. Moll. Cuba i, p. 145, t. 7, f. 4-6. — PFR. in
Conchyl. Cab. t. 55, f. 1, 2 ; Monograhia i, p. 324. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. f. 265. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana p. 75.

Easily recognized by the columellar tooth, the lack of dilation
and constriction of the last whorl behind the aperture, etc. Not a
common species.

H. SUBTUSSULCATA Wright. PL 10, figs. 99, 100, 101.

Imperforate, globose-conoid, solid, obliquely striatulate and
spirally delicately, regularly striate ; yellowish with two or three
spiral bands of brown ; spire conoidal, obtuse ; whorls 6, the last
compressed on the base opposite the aperture, and with a deep curved
scar or trench, producing an elongated fold or tooth inside the whorl ;

52 HELIX — POLYMITA.

detiexed toward the aperture ; aperture rounded-lunar, very oblique ;
peristome reflexed, thickened, white or flesh-colored, its margins
slightly converging.

Alt. 26, diam. 30 mill.; alt. 31, diam. 31 mill.; alt. 17, diam. 24
mill.

Western Cuba.

H. subtussulcata WRIGHT, (teste Gundlach in Hit.) PFEIFFER,
Malak. Bl 1863, p. 199 ; I c. 1864, p. 124 ; Novit. Conch, t. 61, f. 1-
3 ; Monographia v, p. 279. — ARANGO, fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 69.

Quite variable in size and elevation, but instantly known by the
deep curved pit upon the base opposite the aperture, which produces
a tooth inside, much as in the subgenus Cepolis. H. subtussulcata
is nevertheless a genuine Jeanneretia.

Group XII. POLYMITA Beck.

On account of the peculiar dentition of the snails of the section
Polymita, I think it is entitled to rank equal with the other divisions
called Groups in this work. The shells are quite similar to those
of Hemitrochus in general aspect ; but they have simple, not expand-
ed peristome, and fewer, more rapidly enlarging whorls. The colora-
tion is scarcely equalled for brilliancy and beauty among all the land
shells. All of the species are Cuban.

I am inclined to attribute the gouge-shaped teeth of the radulato
the modification effected by fruit-eating habits, for the broad cusps
of these Helices would doubtless be more effective than the common
narrower, acute type of teeth. The coloration also may be accounted
for by assuming it to be a protective adaptation ; for both the yellow
and red forms of H. picta are much the color of ripe bananas and
other fruits. This way of accounting for the principal characterstics
of this group — brilliant hues and abnormal, gouge-shaped teeth —
although it strikes me as a probable explanation, rests upon very
slender foundation of fact ; for all I know of the life-history or
habits of the snails in question is derived from Mr. Binney's remark
that he had received a specimen found on a bunch of bananas in
New York.

Section POLYMITA Beck, 1837.

Shell semiglobose or subglobular, rather thin but solid, imperforate,
brilliantly painted ; whorls 4 or less, the last slightly deflexed at
the aperture; aperture large, rounded, slightly lunate; peristome

HELIX — POLYMITA. 53

simple, not expanded nor reflexed, except at the axis, where it is re-
flexed and closely adnate over the umbilical tract. Type, H. picta
Born.

Polymita BECK, Index Moll. p. 44.
H. PICTA Born. PI. 15, figs. 5-15 ; pi. 13, figs. 75, 77.

Imperforate, globose, inflated, thin but strong, opaque, almost
smooth, with delicate incremental marks. Color very variable and
bright ; usually white, gamboge or lemon-yellow, vermillion, flesh
colored, pink, olive or green, with a spiral dark, white or colored
subsutural border, a supra-peripheral band of white, dark or of both,
the axis surrounded by a tract of the same colors ; positions of form-
er peristomes marked by one or several oblique dark streaks. Spire
low, obtuse; whorls 3*, very rapidly enlarging, the last descending
anteriorly ; aperture very large, oblique, rounded, white or colored
inside; peristome simple but obtuse.

Alt. 30, diam. 33 mill. Dimensions of an average specimen, alt.
23, diam. 26 mill.

South-eastern Cuba.

H. picta BORN, Mus. Test. Cces. p. 386, 1. 15, f. 17, 18— FER. Hist.
t. 9B, f. 6, 7 ; t. 11 A, f. 14 ; 1. 12-14, f. 1-5 ; t. 25A, f. 1-6 etc.-ORB.
Moll. Cuba, p. 160, t. 5, f. 1-3.— PFEIFFER, Conchyl. Cab. t. 27, f.
1-8 ; Monogr. i, p. 26 ; v, p. 49 ; Novit. Conch p. 296, t. 72, f. 4, 5,
19, 20. — REEVE, f. 256. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 61. — BINNEY, Ann.
Lye. N. H. N. Y. x, t. 16, f. 14 ; Proc. Phil. Acad. 1874, p. 56 ; Ann.
N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 90, t. 3, f.' E. — H. venusta GmeL, Syst. Nat.
xiii, p. 3650. — H. sulphurosa MORELET, Test, noviss. no. i, p. 8. —
PFEIFFER in Conchyl. Cab. t. 158, f. 1, 2; Novit. Conch, p. 239, t.
61, f. 13, 14 ; Monograph™ iii, p. 29 ; v, p. 49.— REEVE, f. 590.-JJ.
picta var. CHENU, III. Conch. Helix, t. 3, f. 1.

Most of the color-patterns of this beautiful shell are figured on
plate 15. There is one other notable style of painting, shown in
fig. 58, pi. 32, consisting of numerous dark chestnut bands and lines
on a light ground. The inner whorls are frequently lighter and
speckled with dark dots, like H. muscarum. There are usually pre-
sent one or several conspicuous dark oblique streaks upon the last
whorl, but these are sometimes wanting.

According to Arango, the form prevalent in Baracoa is large,
shining, whitish or rosy with dark streaks ; near Cape Maisi the
shells are dull, with a velvety aspect ; in the district of Jauco the

54 SELIX — POLYMITA.

prevailing form is longitudinally banded ; and in the district of
Maisi the specimens are small, globose, solid, and highly colored.

The form known as H. SULPHUROSA Morelet, (pi. 13, figs. 78-80)
does not seem to have any distinctive specific characters. It is small,
globular, shining, yellow, unicolored or marked with white, suture
bordered by a narrow dark line. Alt. 16, diam. 18-20 mill.

Baracas and Jibara, Cuba.

H. VERSICOLOR Born. PL 13, figs. 72-74.

Imperforate, subglobose, thin, solid, opaque, white, encircled by
well-defined black, brown, yellow, red, and green bands, or by brown
or blackish alone or in combination with one or two of the other
colors ; no longitudinal dark streaks nor dots scattered over the upper
surface ; spire subconoidal ; whorls 4, the last slightly descending an-
teriorly; aperture rather small, oblique, rounded-lunar; peristome
thin, acute ; columella and parietal wall pink.

Alt. 22, diam. 25 mill.

South-eastern Cuba.

H. versicolor BORN, Test Mus. Cces. p. 386, t. 16, f. 9, 10.— FEB.,
Hist. t. 17, f. 1-3.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. t. 28, f. 10, 11 ; Monog-
raphic, i, p. 26 ; v, p. 49, 465.— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 61.— H. globulosa
PFR. Symb. ii, p. 29. — (H. pictoria et cincta, PERRY, Conchology, t.
15, figs. 1, 3. ?) — Polymita versicolor BECK, Index, p. 45. — W. G.
BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 90.

Separated from H. picta by the numerous, variously colored,
well-defined bands, the lack of oblique streaks, smaller aperture,
sharper lip, etc. From H. muscarum by the different color-pattern,
lacking dots scattered on the upper surface, and the less con-
tracted aperture.

H. MUSCARUM Lea. PL 15, figs. 16-19.

Imperforate, globose, solid, opaque, variously colored. The prin-
cipal patterns are (1) white, unicolored with scattered dots of translu-
cent gray ; (2) ochraceous, with a dark subsutural line, with or with-
out two supra-peripheral white or blackish bands, dotted with dark
all over ; (3) white, with peripheral ochraceous or black, or ochra-
ceous and black bands, dotted as usual, or (4) very sparsely dotted ;
bands of black or chestnut, white and ochraceous. Spire more or
less elevated, but with a peculiarly depressed aspect to the upper
whorls. Whorls 4, apex scarcely flattened, last whorl descending

HELIX — POLYMITA. 55

anteriorly ; aperture smaller than in H. versicolor ; peristoine simple,
slightly labiate within ; columella and parietal wall pink except in
the pure white variety.

Alt. 17, diam. 17 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 21 mill.

Nuevitas y Sagua to Tanamo, South-eastern Cuba.

H. muscarum LEA, Obs. i, p. 163, t. 19, f. 59. — PFR. in PHILIPPI,
Abbild., ii, t. 4, f. 10 ; Conchyl Cab. p. 223, t. 27, f. 12-21 ; Monogr.
i, p. 27; v, p. 49.— REEVE, f. 290— ARAHGO, Fauna, p. 62.— IT.
globulosa FER. Hist. t. 25, f. 3, 4 ; t. 25A, f. 7, 8. (preoc.)— WOOD,
Index Test, suppl. t. 7, f. 35. — H. carnicolor ORB. Moll. Cuba i, p.
158, t. 10, f. 5-8. — Polymita muscarum W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sri. iii, p. 90 (dentition.)

H. muscarum differs from H. versicolor in the different coloration,
smaller aperture, differently shaped spire, and in the dark dots
scattered irregularly over its surface.

Var. SUBBROCHERI Pilsbry. PL 32, fig. 60.

I propose this name for a form of Polymita intermediate between
H. muscarum and H. broche in form. It is solid, opaque, white,
with three ochraceous zones and pinkish aperture.

Alt. 22, diam. 19 mill.

H. BROCHERI Gutierrez. PI. 19, figs. 57, 58.

Imperforate, oblong-conical, solid, with an opaque white ground-
color, marked (1) by numerous narrow longitudinal light chestnut
streaks, interrupted by a white zone near the suture, two narrow
blackish median bands, and usually two more dark lines on the
base, near together ; or (2) no longitudinal streaks ; blackish basal
and subsutural bands; a pair of wide chestnut zones around the
median part of the whorl; or by some combination of these mark-
ings, rarely nearly unicolored, white. Surface slightly marked by
growth-lines, shining. Spire very much elevated ; apex obtuse ;
whorls 5, convex ; aperture small, irregularly oval ; outer and
basal lips simple, acute, white or maroon inside ; columella sub-
vertical, more or less prominently folded in the middle, and together
with the parietal wall, crimson or maroon colored.

Alt. 23, diam. 17 mill. ; alt. 26, diam. 15 mill.

Eastern extremity of Cuba.

H. brocheri Gut. mss. teste Gundlach, in litt. PFEIFFER, Novitates
Conch, ii, p. 237, t. 61, f. 7, S.—Malak. Bl. 1864, p. 124; Mono-

56 HELIX — THELIDOMUS.

graphia, v, p. 50. — H. brocheroi Gutz., ARANGO, Fauna Mai.
Cubana, p. 64.

Like no other species in the elevated Bulimus-like form.

Group XIII. THELIDOMUS Swainson.

A group of large, semiglobose snails, confined to the West Indies
in distribution. And allied in the characters of both shell and
animal to the succeeding groups (Caracolus, etc.) not to the preced-
ing (Hemitrochus, etc.), which belong with the great group compri-
sing most of the banded snails of Europe and the Americas, such as
Poinatia, Arionta, Lysinoe, Odontura, Tachea, etc.

The shell in the present group is generally rather large, not much
variagated, nor bright in color, usually granulated, decussated, or
at least, strongly costulate. The aperture is generally large, not
obstructed by teeth, though often narrowed by a basal callus. The
axis is usually imperforate ; the periphery is rounded, except in a
few species.

This group is composed of part of the elements of Ferussac's
Helicogena. It is equal to the subgenus Helicogena of Fischer only
in part ; for I have been obliged to dismember that group as con-
stittued by him (Manuel de Conchyl., p. 471), placing Cory da, His-
trio and Dialeuca in my group Hemitrochus, and Oxychona in the
immediate neighborhood of Caracolus.

Synopsis of Sections.
Section THELIDOMUS Swainson, 1840.

Shell globose-depressed, with 4J or less whorls, the last deflected
at the aperture, rather gibbous beneath, carinated or rounded at the
periphery ; surface costulate, granulated or decussated ; aperture
very oblique ; peristome more or less expanded, thickened within,
lower margin straightened, with a plate-like callus inside, its edge
sometimes toothed. Type, H. incerta, Fer.

Section PARTHENA Albers, 1850.

Shell globose or depressed, whorls rapidly widening, the last large,
carinated or rounded at the periphery ; surface visibly or micros-
copically granulated; aperture large; peristome expanded, col-
umellar margin more or less arcuate, never dentate, nor with a plate-
like callus within. Type, H. angulata Fer.

HELIX — THELIDOMUS. 57

Section THELIDOMUS Swainson.

Thelidomm SWAINS., Shells and Shell-fish, p. 330, 1840. (not
Thelidomus SWAINS., 1. c., p. %53,=Helicopsyche Brem., 1848 ; larva-
cases of a neuropterous Arthropod). — Otala BECK, Index, p. 35.
(1837).— MORCH, Cat Yoldi., p. 12,— H. and A. AD., Gen. Rec.
Moll ii, p. 197. (not of SCHUM.) — Pachystoma ALBERS, Die Heliceen,
1850, p. 125. (not Pachystoma. GUILDING, Zool. Journ., p. 536, 1828,
Atypical Ampullaria.)

Thelidomus exhibits a certain likeness to the Canary Island group
Hemicycla. The species fall into two sections; (1) variegated,
granulate species, inhabiting Jamaica, Porto Rico and the lesser
Antilles, and (2) straw-colored or light russet forms confined (with
one exception) to Cuba. The latter section is capable of being sub-
divided into two natural groups, founded upon the presence or ab-
sense of microscopic spiral incised lines upon the shell. The species
of the second division, without spiral lines, belong for the greater
part to the Eastern extremity of the Island. They form a very
homogeneous assemblage; and hair-splitting has been resorted to
by authors to keep up the specific lines. I have given distinctive
characters which will enable the student to identify most specimens;
but in the group of auricoma, bayamensis, provisoria, there occur
forms nearly or entirely intermediate.

Shell generally variegated ; rugose or granulate. Species of Jam-
aica, Porto Rico and the lesser Antilles.

H. INCERTA Ferussac. PI. 4, figs. 36, 37 ; pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, globose-depressed or subconoidal, opaque, lusterless,
light yellow, with numerous narrow longitudinal streaks and few or
many interrupted spiral bands of dark chestnut color or umber ; ir-
regularly, inconspicuously obliquely striate, the whole surface cover-
ed with a more or less obvious rather coarse, often subobsolete
granulation ; spire elevated or depressed, the apex and inner whorls
light corneous, nearly smooth, but slightly convex, the outer one or
two whorls more convex, separated by deeper sutures ; whorls 4, the
last rounded, never carinated, a little deflected toward the aperture,
convex below ; aperture oblique, wide-semilunar, white within ;
outer lip narrowly and slightly expanded, baso-columellar margin
very oblique, expanded, wide, adnate to the base, thickened within

58 HELIX — THELIDOMUS.

with a plate-like white callus which is more or less notched at its
junction with the base, and is generally obtusely subdentate near its
insertion, sometimes bearing on its face a short carina of callus;
parietal callus very light. Alt. 20, diam. 24 mill.

Porto Rico, St. Thomas, Tortola, St. Bartholemew, Anegada.
H. incerta FER., Hist, t. 105, f. 2.— PFR., Symb., p. 37. (1841)—
H. lima var. notabilis Fer., Hist., t. 46A, f. 4, 5. — H. notabilis
SHUTT., Diag. neuer Moll., (6) p. 132. (1854). — H. curvidens PFR,,
P. Z. S. 1854, p. 147.— KEEVE, Conch Icon., f. 1360.— IT. striolata
GUILDING, and alutacea ZGL. Mss. — H. velutinoides Anton, Verzeich.,
p, 36. (juv.) — Otala ravnii BECK, Index, p. 36, teste Albers.

This form was twice figured by Ferussac, and two names imposed.
The first description is that of Pfeiffer, in 1841, and applies to the
species as found subfossil, lacking cuticle and color. From H. lima
this species differs in being more elevated, never carinated when
adult, differently colored, etc. The spire is often abnormally
elevated. The fossil form (from St. Thomas) is often larger (28
mill, diam.) and sometimes subcarinated. Most or all of the Virgin
Islands, lying eastward from Porto Rico, are inhabited by this
species.
H. LIMA Ferussac. PL 1, figs 5, 6.

Imperforate, depressed-conoidal, lusterless, yellowish, with ill-de-
fined oblique, narrow, chestnut, or umber streaks, the entire surface
except the upper whorls coarsely granulate, the granules lighter
than the ground-color ; spire conoidal, whorls slightly convex, apex
and inner whorls nearly smooth ; whorls 4 J, the last angular some-
times becoming rounded toward the aperture, transversely inflated,
decidedly deflected toward, the aperture ; aperture wide ; outer lip
expanded, baso-columellar lip subhorizontal, adnate, with a wide
callus plate within, which is truncate more or less at its base, and
bears about midway a strong tooth-like fold.
• Alt. 19, diam. maj. 30, min. 24 mill.

Porto Rico ; Vieque ; Curacao.

H. lima FER., Hist., t. 46, f. 1, 2. — PFEIFFER, Conchy 1. Cab., p.
55, t. 7, f. 13, 14.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 214.— H.punctifera Lam.
DESH. Encyc. Meth., ii, p. 249. — Otala asperula BECK, Index, p. 36.
— H. castrensis PFR., P. Z. S. 1856, p. 386, and Novit. Conch, i, p.
109, t. 31, f. 3, 4.

The present form is typically more carinated, more depressed,

HELIX — THELIDOMUS. 59

more densely and conspicuously granulated and less variegated than
II. incerta. More important differences are in the more dilated
form (note the ratio of the two diameters), and in the greater devel-
opment of the peristome. The columella is nearly horizontal, and
bears a strong callus fold about the middle.

Two variations deserve notice ; one, var. CASTRENSIS Pfr., repre-
sented on pi. 1, fig. 3, is nearly devoid of granules, more carinate
than the type, and conspicuously obliquely streaked ; the other, pi.
1, fig. 4, is very small and less granulate than the type.

H. ASPERA Ferussac. PL 4, figs. 32-35.

Imperforate, large, solid, globose-depressed, lusterless, white, or
more or less clouded with brown, especially toward the aperture, the
upper whorls generally with a fewT zigzag brown markings ; entire
surface of the last two whorls densely coarsely granular; apex planu-
late, inner whorl white, smooth ; suture linear ; whorls 3, very rapid-
ly widening, the last transversely dilated ; body-whorl large, round-
ed, deeply, abruptly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblong, peristome
revolute, heavy, baso-columellar adnate to the base, broad, oblique,
flattened, the inner edge nearly straight and almost always bearing
a series of strong comb-like teeth ; parietal callus brown..

Alt. 35, diam. maj. 55, min. 40 mill.

Jamaica.

H.aspera FER., Hist, t. 44, f. 1-3— PFR. Conchyl. Cab., t. 62, f. 1,
2 — RVE., f. 207.— H. granosa WOOD, Ind. Test., suppl, t. 7, f. 45.

A well-known form, distinct from the following in the granulation
of the surface and the teeth of the columella.

H. COGNATA Ferussac. PL 4, figs. 38, 39.

Imperforate, large, solid, globose-depressed, very similar in form,
size, and shape of whorls to H. aspera. The surface is clouded with
dark brown, is nearly smooth and somewhat shining ; whorls 3J,
very rapidly widening, the last deflected anteriorly ; aperture oblong,
livid within, the lip white, revolute ; columellar margin concave, its
inner edge simple or obsoletely toothed.

Alt. 33 diam. maj. 53, min. 38 mill.

Jamaica.

H. cognata FER., Hist., t. 44, f. 4. — PFR. Symb., iii, p. 72. — PFR.,
Conchyl Cab., t. 43, f. 5, 6.— Eve. Conch Icon., f. 180.

60 HELIX — THELIDOMUS.

Distinguished from H. aspera by the smooth surface, dark cloud-
ed coloration, and (generally) edentulous columella.
H. DISCOLOR Ferussac. PL 5, figs. 45-47.

Imperforate, depressed, opaque, somewhat shining, rather thin,
with a thin rich yellowish-brown cuticle, generally encircled just
above the periphery with a white band, just below with a dark one ;
the whole surface under a lens seen to be marked with slight incre-
mental marks, very numerous spiral impressed lines, and obliquely
descending microscopic corrugations. There are also on most speci-
mens rather coarse, but superficial radiating undulations visible
above ; apex nearly planulate ; suture linear, becoming impressed ;
whorls 3? to 4, the inner two nearly smooth, scarcely convex, the
outer whorl transversely dilated, rapidly widening, subcarinate or
rounded at the periphery, tumid beneath, slightly deflexed and quite
inflated above toward the aperture ; aperture oblong, wide ; peristome
revolute, thick, brown ; baso-columellar margin adnate to the base,
thickened by a plate-like callus within, its edge more or less ir-
regular and sinuous. Alt. 23, diam. maj. 38, min. 30 mill.

Martinique ; Cayenne ; Trinidad (?)

H. discolor Fer., Hist., t. 46, f. 3-6.— PFR., in Conchy I. Cab., t.
9, f. 11, 12.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 253.

Quite a distinct form. The microscopic sculpture, brown peristome
and sinuous, subhorizontal columella are diagnostic characters.

***

Shell unicolored, straw-color or golden-brown with a few narrow
darker longitudinal streaks ; surface striate or decussated ; aperture
white within. Species of Cuba and the Bahamas.

A. Surface decussated by microscopic impressed spiral lines, which
cut the incremental stria?.
H. PETITIANA d'Orbigny. PI. 5, figs. 42-44.

Imperforate, large, depressed, subtranslucent, slightly shining,
pale straw-colored, apparently smooth, but under a lens seen to be
cut into excessively fine granules by the decussation of incremental
striae by spiral impressed lines; spire very small, short, conoidal,
obtuse ; sutures impressed ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, the
last about as wide as all the inner ones together, with convex, full,
outlines, deeply deflected toward the aperture ; aperture oblong, very
oblique ; peristome broadly reflected, adnate to the base ; columellar
margin flattened, with a truncated plate-like callus within.

Alt. 33, diam. maj. 68, min. 50 mill.

HELIX — THELIDOMUS. 61

Province of Trinidad, Cuba, at head-waters of the rivers Caballero
and San Juan.

H. petitiana d'ORB., Moll Cuba, p. 144, t. 9, f. 1-3. (1853)-PrR.,
Monogr., \, p. 263, and in Conchy I. Cab., t. 157, f. 1, 2.

Allied to H. guanensis, but (typically) larger, and more depress-
ed. It is always smoother than that species, aperture is much more
oblique, the lip more broadly reflected, and the callus plate of the
columella more truncate ; although in this character H. petitiana is
somewhat variable.

H. GUANENSIS Poey. PI. 3, figs. 21-23.

Imperforate, large, depressed-globose, rather opaque, scarcely
shining, cuticle stronger than in H. petitiana, golden-brown, but
sometimes light enough to be called straw-colored ; upper surface
more or less strongly, regularly, obliquely striate, sometimes costulate,
sometimes nearly smooth, smoother beneath ; under a lens seen to be
densely marked with microscopic spiral impressed lines ; spire short,
apex planulate, inner whorl glossy, white ; sutures impressed ; whorls
4, convex, rapidly widening, the last wide, convex, anteriorly rather
deeply deflexed ; aperture quite oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome
reflexed, thickened, upper and outer margins arcuate, baso-columella
margin straighter, flattened, adnate to the base.

Alt. 35, diam. maj. 55, min. 40 mill. ; alt. 35, diam. maj. 43, min.
36 mill.

Guane, Cuba.

H. guanensis POEY, Memorias Hist. Nat. Cuba, ii, p.35, pi. 4, f.
11-14. (1856-'58.)— PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 180, t. 49, f. 1-3.—
ARANGO, Faun. Mai. Cub., p. 70.

This species is separated from H. auricoma and its allies by the
possession of microscopic spiral impressed lines lacking in those
species. It differs from H. petitiana in being more coarsely striate,
darker colored, and especially in the wider, less oblique aperture, its
peristome less broadly reflected. There is great variation in the
sculpture of oblique striae, but look for the diagnostic spiral lines.

H. SCABROSA Poey. PL 4, figs. 40, 41.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, nearly lusterless,
light golden-brown, the upper surface rather coarsely costulate-
striate, the costulse irregular, anastomosing and bifurcating, them-
selves covered by a microscopic sculpture of oblique wrinkles and

62 HELIX — THELIDOMUS.

spiral impressed lines, the base smoother ; spire short, apex planu-
late, glossy, the suture impressed ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increas-
ing, the last large, wide, transversely dilated, rather suddenly
and deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, irregularly
quadrangular; peristome reflexed in every part, rather narrowly
above, the upper margin arcuate, baso-columellar margin substraight-
ened, flattened, with an obtuse, subdentiform prominence on its
inner edge, near the insertion.

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 42, min. 33 mill.

Province of Trindad, Cuba.

H. scabrosa POEY, Memorias, etc., i, p. 421, t. 34, f. 1-5, I.e. ii, p.
57, 67, t. 6, f. 13.— PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 181, t. 49, f. 10, 11, and
Monogr., v, p. 287.

The coarse, irregular, anastomosing incremental wrinkles of the
upper surface separate this species from any of the preceding, and
the microscopic impressed spiral lines from forms otherwise some-
what similar. The sculpture is not very well shown in the figure.

B. Surface not cut by spiral incised lines.
H. AURICOMA Ferussac. PL 3, figs. 26-30.

Imperforate, globose, rather solid, rather opaque, straw-color or
yellowish russet, strongly obliquely striate above, the striae or costulae
somewhat unequal and irregular, but very rarely anastomosing, the
interstices between them smooth or rarely a little wrinkled trans-
versely, base much smoother ; spire low-conical, apex obtuse, smooth,
white, sutures impressed ; whorls 4, convex, the last wide, rounded,
subgibbous toward the aperture, where it is deeply deflected ; aper-
ture very oblique, irregularly subquadrate; peristome expanded,
heavy, thick ; columella oblique, straightened, forming an angle at
its junction with the outer lip, and flattened, its inner edge more or
less obviously two-lobed. Alt. 30, diam. maj. 40, min. 34 mill.

Entire Island of Cuba.

H. auricoma FEB., Hist., t. 46, f. 7-9.— ORB., Moll. Cuba, i, p. 143,
t. 5, f. 4-7.— PFR., in Conchy 1. Cab., p. 54, t. 7, f. 3, 4.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 239. — H. microstoma LAM., An. s. Vert, vi. p. 72. —
H. bonplandii VALEN., in Homb., Zool., ii, p. 239, t. 56, f. 3. — (not
of Lam.)

A species quite variable in size, but moderately constant in sculp-
ture and in the form, which is orbicular, not much dilated trans-
versely. The difference between the major and minor diameters is

HELIX — THELIDOMUS. 63

not nearly so great as in H. bayamensis, trinitaria, rangelina, bar-
racoensis, proboscidea, guatanemensis, or even provisoria. The body-
whorl is more globose than that of rangelina, and the columellar
plate is not, usually decidedly truncate as in that species.

Var NOSCIBILIS Fer. PI. 3, fig. 31 ; pi. 1, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell similar to the type in form ; straw-colored ; whorls 4, callus
plate of the columella slightly subtruncate at base or nearly straight.

Alt. 16, diam. maj. 20, min. 18 mill.

This form leads toward H. emarginata.

Var. ZETA Pfr. PI. 3, figs. 24, 25.

Solid, globose-conoid, basal margin of the peristome strongly den-
tate. This may be a form of H. rangelina, which it resembles exact-
ly in the columella. Although many specimens are before me I am
unable to satisfy myself regarding it.

Var. PROVISORIA Pfeiffer. PL 17, figs. 41, 48, 49.

Imperforate, globose-subdepressed, moderately solid or thin, yellow-
ish russet colored costulate-striate above, the costulse strong, pretty
regular, smooth, bifurcating but rarely, base smooth, glossy ; spire
short, low-coiioidal, apex obtuse, first H whorls smooth, whitish,
glossy; sutures moderately impressed; whorls 3s to 4, moderately
convex, rapidly increasing, the last slightly dilated transversely,
rounded, tumid below, deflected anteriorly; aperture oblong-truncate,
oblique; peristome slightly expanded or not perceptibly so, some-
what thickened, but less so than in the allied species, upper and out-
er margins arcuate, baso-columellar margin flattened, its inner edge
thin, straight or concave, not truncate below, somewhat angled
where it joins the outer lip or rounded there.

Alt. 20, diam. maj., 27, min. 22* mill.

Baracoa etc., Eastern Cuba ; New Providence, Bahamas.

H. provisoria PFR., Malak. Bl. 1858, p. 39. and Monogr., v, p. 288.
— ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 72. — (H. appendiculata GUNDL.,
in sched., 1859.)

Like H. bayamensis, this shell is coarsely costulate above, glabrous
beneath. From that species it may be distinguished by the general-
ly smaller size, more inflated, less depressed body-whorl and the
(usually) less developed peristome. It is also less dilated transversely
than bayamensis. From H. auricoma it may be separated by its
slightly more transversely-dilated form. But there seems to be no

64 HELIX — THELIDOMUS.

good reason for separating provisoria from Ferussac's species. I con-
sider it a mere variety, at most.
H. EMAEGINATA Gundlach. PL 1, fig. 14 ; pi. 3, figs 17, 19. .

Imperforate, small, solid, globose-conoid, shining, light olive-
brown or yellowish-brown, strongly obliquely plicatulate-striate,
interstices between the striae smooth or a little wrinkled transversely,
base smoother; spire conoid, short, the apex obtuse, smooth, white,
sutures impressed ; whorls 4, moderately convex, the last globose,
tumid beneath, abruptly, deeply deflected toward the aperture ; aper-
ture contracted, very oblique, small, subtriangular-lunar ; peristome
contracted, thickened, narrow, baso-columellar margin straightened,
bearing in the middle a strong tubercular tooth.

Alt. 15-18, diarn. 20 mill.

Guantanamo, Eastern Cuba.

H. emarginata GUNDL. Mss; PFR., Malak. Bl. 1859, p. SQ-Novit.
Conch., p. 182, t. 49, f. 4, 5. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 72.

This small, globose shell may he known from all others by the
contracted aperture, and the tooth in the middle of the basal margin
of the aperture. The form is but slightly dilated transversely.

H. BAYAMENSIS Pfeiffer. PL 2, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, moderately solid, slightly lustrous
above, shining beneath, clear straw-colored, above more or less deep-
ly tinged with russet but without darker oblique streaks, or with a
few very ill-defined ones ; upper surface costulate-striate, the costulse
moderately regular, smooth, and (comparatively) rarely bifurcating ;
upon the periphery they become obsolete, leaving the base smooth
and glossy ; spire short, low-conical, apex flattened, first H whorls
glossy ; whorls 4, a little convex, rapidly widening, the last trans-
versely dilated, rounded, rather abruptly deflected to the aperture ;
aperture extremely oblique, subtriangular-lunar ; peristome a trifle
expanded, thickened within, heavy, its upper margin decidedly arch-
ed, almost subangular sometimes, the baso-columellar margin forming
an angle where it joins the outer lip, straight, its inner edge bearing
a slightly developed projection of callus near the insertion, never
toothed or truncate at the base.

Alt. 23, diam. maj. 34, rain. 26 mill.

Bayamo, Guantanamo, Santiago de Cuba, etc., in Eastern Cuba.
H. bayamensis PFR., Malak BL, 1854, p. 189, t. 2, f. 4-6.— IT, nos-
cibilisf PFR., in Conchy I. Cab., p. 252, t, 114, f 10, 11.

HELIX-THELIDOMUS. 65

The affinities of this form are with H. auricoma on one hand and
on the other with (1) the series of trinitaria, barracoensis and
laraellicosta ; and (2) that of guantanainensis, proboscidea, rangel-
ina.

The body-whorl is more depressed than in H. auricoma, less full
or gibbous below ; the color is lighter than most specimens of auri-
coma, but this is a trifling character ; the body-whorl is decidedly
more dilated transversely than in auricoma, and the aperture is more
oblique. Measuring inside the peristome, the mouth of auricoma
is generally higher than wide ; whilst that of bayamensis usually is
wider than high. H. guantanamensis is still more depressed and
dilated transversely than this species, is rather more finely striate
above, and less glabrous beneath, for the stria3 do not become
obsolete at the periphery, but extend upon the base. The columella
is not truncate in H. bayamensis, as it is in H. rangelina, H. guanta-
namensis, etc.; and there is no streak of orange-russet behind the
periphery as there is in the last-named species.

The variation in size is so great that one is almost inclined to say
that the species is composed of elements more dissimilar to each
other than to allied forms.

VAKIETY. (PL 17, fig. 44.) The figure represents a large, rather
thin-shelled form, regularly and rather finely costulate above ; the
aperture is subangular at base, as it almost always is in this species,
although not represented sufficiently so in fig. 1 of pi. 2. The
largest specimen I have seen measures ; alt. 25, diam. maj. 43, min.
33 mill.

VARIETY. (PI. 1, figs. 15-17.) The form here figured is much
smaller than the type, with more oblique, smaller aperture ; above it is
strongly costulate-striate, beneath shining, nearly smooth ; whorls
about 3? ; aperture truncate oval ; peristome quite thick. Alt. 14,
diam. maj. 25, min. 19 mill. A specimen before me measures but 21
mill. diam.

H. GUANTANAMENSIS Poey. PI. 2, figs. 7-9.

Imperforate, depressed, rather solid, slightly shining, straw-colored
or light russet ; regularly obliquely costulate-striate, the sculpture
becoming obsolete in the center of the base ; spire a little more
depressed than in H. bayamensis, and whorls somewhat less convex
above, the last slopingly flattened on the upper surface and some-
what so beneath, much dilated transversely, suddenly deeply de-
flected to the aperture, and tinged with orange-russet just behind

5 HELICID^E.

66 HELIX-THELIDOMUS.

the peristome ; aperture extremely oblique, truncate-oval, rather
small ; peristome a trifle expanded, thickened within, white, heavy,
upper and outer margins arcuate, baso-columellar margin straight,
contracted by a white plate-like callus within, the upper edge of
which is slightly calloused near the insertion, and decidedly trun-
cate at its junction with the outer lip.

Alt. 21, diam. maj., 34, min. 26-27 mill.

Guantanamo, etc., Eastern Cuba,

H. guantanamensis POEY, Memorias, ii, p. 27, t. 3, f. 8, 9. (1856.)
— PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 186, t. 50, f. 7-9. — H. proboscidea PFR.,
Malalc. BL, 1856, p. 44. and Novit. Conch., p. 204, t. 54, f. 1-3. (H.
porcina Gutierrez mss. teste Pfr.)

I do not know which of the two names given in the above syn-
onymy has priority ; both were published in 1856. The species may
be separated from H. bayamensis by the differences indicated under
that species. The more prominent characters of this form are the
transversely dilated shape of the last whorl, which is compressed for
its first half, its latter half quite full and dilated ; the fine, regular
sculpture, continued upon the base almost to the center ; and the
truncate callus of the lower margin of the aperture. There is a
small form which measures only about 25 mill. diam. The above
remarks apply to the typical form ; the following seems to be merely
a variety.

Var. PROBOSCIDEA Pfeiffer. PI. 2, figs. 10-12 ; pi. 1, figs. 10-13.

Smoother than the type, finely striate; last whorl very much
dilated transversely ; aperture bubhbrizontal, the basal margin with
a heavier plate of callus within than the typical guantanamensis.

Alt. 20, diam. maj. 35, min. 28 mill.

H. RANGELINA Pfeiffer. PL 2, figs. 4-6 ; pi. 32, figs. 56, 57.

Imperforate, depressed conoidal, solid, yellowish straw-colored,
finely, regularly, costulate-striate, striae simple, smooth, not bifurcat-
ing, the base smoother, glossy ; spire low-conical, apex obtuse, first
1? or 2 whorls smooth, whitish ; sutures impressed ; body- whorl con-
vex, transversely dilated, rather tumid beneath on its latter half,
deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture subhorizontal, truncate-oval,
rather small ; peristome expanded, not brown outside, much thick-
ened within and on its face ; baso-columellar margin horizontal^
very broad, contracting the aperture by a plate-like callus within,
which in fully adult individuals bears an inflected emargination or

HELIX-THELIDOMUS. 67

blunt tooth near the insertion, and is broad and conspicuously trun-
cate where the base joins the outer lip.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 36, min. 28 mill.

H. rangelina PFR., Malak. BL, 1854, p. 157, 189, t. 2, f. 1-3. and
Novit. Conch,, p. 184, t. 50, f. 1-3.

This is a well-marked species, quite distinct from the preceding
and following forms. The shape is usually more conical than the
figures on pi. 2 show it. The base of the aperture bears a very
heavy callus plate, which is strongly truncate at its outer termina-
tion, and in adults bears an incurved obtuse tooth near the insertion.
The face of the peristome in old specimens is very convex and heavy.
The aperture is often more oblique than the figures show it.

H. TRINITARIA Gundlach. PL 17, figs. 38-42.

Imperforate, depressed-conoidal, straw-colored, finely obliquely
costulate-striate, the costulse smooth, not bifurcating, interstices
smooth or nearly so, the base smooth, glossy ; spire low conoidal,
apex obtuse, smooth, sutures well impressed ; whorls 4, moderately
convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, somewhat tumid
beneath, rather abruptly, deeply deflected anteriorly ; aperture
extremely oblique, truncate-oval; peristome expanded, thickened;
baso-columellar margin straight, flat, with a blunt tooth near the
insertion of the collumella ; not truncated below, passing into the
outer margin in a curve. Alt. 24, diam. maj., 35, min, 29 mill.

Trinidad, Cuba.

H. trinitaria GUNDL. mss-, PFR., Malak. Bl, 1858, p. 176, and
Monogr. v, p. 287.

This species has the form, size and sculpture of H. rangelina. It
differs from that form in having a narrower columellar margin, not
in the least truncated where it joins the outer lip, and having above
near the insertion an obtuse tooth. It' is more densely finely sculpt-
ured than most specimens of H. auricoma, and has a smaller
aperture ; and trinitaria is different also, in the distinct tooth near
the insertion, the only projection on the upper edge of the baso-
columellar margin.

H. BARACOENSIS (Gutierrez) Poey. PI. 2, figs. 13-15.

Imperforate, depressed, rather solid, straw-colored or russet, nearly
lusterless above, shining beneath ; spire short, low-conical, first 1£
whorls white, glossy, the remainder coarsely costulate-striate, inter-
stices more or less transversely wrinkled or rugose, the costulse

68 HELIX-PARTHENA.

rather separated, rough, irregular, frequently anastomosing, at the
periphery always bifurcating, so that there are about double as many
striae on the base as there are costulse above ; the sculpture becoming
obsolete in the center of the base, which is glossy. Whorls 3J to 4,
rapidly increasing, the last oblong, transversely dilated, abruptly
descending and gibbous behind the aperture; aperture extremely
oblique, small, truncate-oval ; peristome expanded, heavy, thickened
inside and on its tace, upper and outer margins arcuate, basal mar-
gin horizontal, straight, bearing a slightly prominent obtuse tooth
near the insertion of the columella.

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 29, min. 22 mill; alt 20, diam. maj. 34, min.
27 mill.

Jurisdictions of Baracoa, Guantanamo and Holguin, E. Cuba.

H. baracoensis GUT. in POEY, Memorias, ii. p. 26 (1856-58.) —
PFR. Monogr., iv, p. 217. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cub., p. 71. — H.
lamellicosta (GuNDL.) PFR., Malak. BL, vii, 1861, p. 220, and Novit.
Conch, p. 185, t. 50, f. 4-6. — ARANGO, Fauna, etc., p. 71.

Diagnostic characters of this form are the depressed shape and
rugose sculpture. The costulse are generally irregular and vermic-
ulate, but even when nearly straight, they always bifurcate at the
periphery. Large coarsely sculptured specimens are called by
Pfeiffer and authors H. lamellicosta (vide fig. 15). But this form is
not even varietally distinct. Several specimens before me do not
exceed 20 mill, in diam.; this small form is usually less rugose than
the types, but may be known by the bifurcating costulse, and the
conformation of the basal lip, which is also a very constant charac-
ter, never being notched or truncate at the outer base as in H.
guantanamensis, a species of similar depressed, oblong form and
inhabiting the same districts.

Section PARTHENA Albers.

Parthena ALB., Die Heliceen, p. 112 (1850.) — Leiostoma SWAINS.
Malacol., p. 328, 1840 (not Leiostomus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss.
iv, p. 439, 1802.) — Helicogena FER., in part. — Eurycratera BECK,
Index, p. 45. (1837) in part; and of most authors. — Leiocheila
ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 109 (type H. jamaicensis) — Liochila v.
MART., /. c. ed. 2, p. 146. (1861).

The synonymy of many subgeneric names of Helices is involved
in almost inextricable confusion ; and the case under consideration
is probably as intricate as any. The generally-accepted name,

TON; -^

HELIX-PARTHENA.

Eurycratera, was proposed by Beck in 1837, without a line of defi-
nition. His list of species commences with H. falconeri Rye. The
remaining twelve species belong to nearly as many distinct groups.
Helicogena of Ferussac comprises most of the globose Helices, com-
mencing with H. aperta Born, a species of Pomatia. The type of
Svvainson's Leiostoma is H. cornumilitaris, but the name is pre-
occupied. Finally, Parthena Albers has for its first species, H.
angulata Fer. ; so that, although he follows this species with a list
of four more belonging to four different groups, we may consider
angulata the type of the section.

The species are mostly large; they are confined to Hayti and
Porto Rico with the exception of H. jamaicensis. The subdivisions in-
dicated in the text are founded upon characters of but slight impor-
tance, but they are natural groups.

** *

Shell with light ground-color, variegated with darker spiral lines
and stripes, sometimes unieolored.

H. ANGULATA Ferussac. PL 6, fig. 55.

Imperforate, depressed and almost flat above, very turgid beneath,
acutely carinated, fragile, covered by a very thin straw-colored
cuticle, obliquely striate, densely but very obsoletely granulate;
spire composed of 3 nearly flat whorls ; base extremely turgid about
the middle ; aperture subrhomboidal, large, scarcely oblique ; peri-
stome narrowly reflexed, upper and outer margins nearly straight,
angled at their junction at the periphery; basal margin arcuate.

Alt. 20, diam. maj. 45, min. 32 mill.

Porto Rico.

H. angulata FER., Hist. t. 61, f. 1, 2. — PFR., in Conchy I. Cab. t.
67, f. 1, 2. and Monogr. i, p. 297 ;— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 230.—
— H. inflata DESH., Encyc. Meth. ii, p. 258. — Caracolla, inflata LAM.
An. s. Vert, vi, p. 97. — (Eurycratera acutangula BECK, Index, etc.,
p. 45, and Discodoma inflata SWAINS., Malacol, p. 329. teste PFR.
(Neither was described.)

H. OBLITERATA Ferussac. PI. 6, figs. 51, 52.

Imperforate, depressed, carinated, thin, light brown, narrowly
line ate or banded with umber, with oblique wrinkles of increment,
the entire surface densely granulate, the granules oval or elongated ;
spire convex, obtuse, apex minute ; whorls 4, rapidly widening,

70 HELIX-PARTHENA.

separated by linear sutures, at the periphery acutely carinated ; base
convex, turgid ; aperture large, oblique ;'• peristome narrowly reflex-
ed, upper and outer margins curved, angulated or rounded at the
position of the carina ; basal margin arcuate, adnate to the base at
the umbilical region. Alt. 27, diam. maj. 43, min. 36 mill.

Porto Rieo.

H. obliterata FEE., Hist. t. 61. f. 3, and Prodr., p. 136. — PFR., in
Conchyl. Cab., t. 67. f. 3.— KEEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 231.

Allied to the preceding species, but more coarsely granulose, less
acutely carinated and more convex above.

H. ANGUSTATA Ferussac. PL 7, figs. 67, 68.

Imperforate, depressed, carinated, nearly equally convex below
and above the carina, rather solid, light corneous or yellowish,
closely spirally marked with minutely undulating chestnut lines,
lighter beneath ; under a lens seen to be very minutely granulate on
the inner whorls, the outer whorl near the carina above and below
densely indented or pitted; spire convex, obtuse; whorls 3 £ to 4,
rapidly widening, the penultimate nearly as wide as the last
whorl ; body-whorl compressed in front, but becoming turgid on its
latter half, carinated, a trifle deflected toward the aperture ; aperture
very oblique, truncate-oval ; peristome well reflexed, somewhat thick-
ened, upper and lower margins slightly curved, outer lip arcuate ;
baso-columellar margin wide, thickened within, especially toward its
insertion. Alt. 18, diam. maj. 30, min. 25 mill.

Hayti.

H. angustata FEE., Hist, t. 61, f. 1, and Prodr. 133.— PFR., Symb.
iii, p. 74; Monogr. i, p. 299.; Conchyl Cab. t. 112, f. 1, 2.— KEEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 216.

This form is related to the following species in its oblique aperture,
solidity, coloration and rugose or malleated sculpture at the periph-
ery ; from them it may be separated by the more depressed form and
carination

H. DOMINICENSIS Pfeiffer. PL 17, figs. 50, 51.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, thin or moderately solid, cuticle
thin, straw-colored, encircled at the periphery by a narrow chestnut
band, and frequently with numerous lines and bands of white whence
the cuticle has been removed ; surface lightly obliquely striate, and
densely obliquely malleate, especially upon the penultimate

HELIX-PARTHENA. 71

whorl ; spire short, apex obtuse, white ; sutures scarcely impressed
until the last whorl ; whorls 4, rapidly widening, the last either sub-
angulate or rounded in front of the aperture, always swollen and
rounded on its latter half, slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture
wide-lunar, oblique ; peristome reflexed all around, its upper and
outer margins arcuate, the baso-columellar margin somewhat
straightened, wide, flat, inner edge a little concave, not dentate.

Alt. 28, diam. maj. 40, min. 33 mill.

Hayti.

H. dominicensu PFR., Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1850, p. 71, and Conchy I.
Cab., t. 133, f. 14, 15.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 215— H. extensa
PFR., Monogr. i, p. 257 and Conchy I. Cab. t. 120, f. 16, 17 (not H.
extensa Mull, nor Fer.)

This form is never, even when carinated, so depressed and lens-
shaped as H. angustata, nor, on the other hand, is it ever so globose
as H. undulata. Its more prominent characters are the depressed
form, oblique malleation of the antepenultimate whorl, single periph-
eral brown fascia, and (usually) numerous bands denuded of the
cuticle. The peristome is well-reflexed, as in the H. angustata, and
is decidedly wider than in H. undulata etc. The typical form has
a rounded body-whorl. The form which Dr. Pfeiffer at first indenti-
fied as *' H. extensa " differs in being decidedly carinated in front of
the aperture. It is intermediate between H. angustata and the
present species. (PI. 17, fig. 45).

H. DISSITA Deshayes. PI. 6, fig. 60.

Subglobose, depressed, smooth or striate, rugose, white, under a
brownish deciduous epidermis, encircled by distant narrow brown
lines ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls 4J, moderately convex, the last
thickened, convex, imperforate, extended at the aperture ; aperture
white, ovate-lunar, oblique, peristome thickened, reflexed, base
callous. Alt. 33, diam. 50 mill. (Desk).

Hayti.

H. dissita DESK., in Fer. et Desh., Hist, p. 248, 1. 16, f. 1, 2.— PFR.,
Monogr. iii, p. 185 ; v, p. 284.

This species was apparently known to Pfeiffer only from the orig-
inal description, which I have translated above. I have identified
with it a suite of shells from San Domingo collected by GABB, which
may be described as follows: (pi. 17, figs. 46, 47.)

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather solid or thin, straw-colored,

72 HELIX-PARTHENA.

tinged with brownish, sometimes with a narrow, faint peripheral
fascia ; obliquely marked with incremental wrinkles ; sutures a little
more impressed than usual in H. dominicensis ; whorls 4, shaped as
in H. dominicensis ; aperture wide-lunar, oblique, peristome well
reflexed, basal margin wide, slightly concave.

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 40, min. 32 mill. ; alt. 22, diam. maj. 31, min.
25 mill.

The last-described form agrees with H. dominicensis in form,
coloration (except that the peripheral fascia is fainter), in the
excessively minute granulation of the whole surface, seen only under
a strong lens, and in the characters of the aperture. It differs from
that species in lacking the conspicuous malleation of the surface, —
which in dissita is smooth or only very obsoletely malleated, — and it
shows no traces of zones denuded of cuticle.

H. UNDULATA Ferussac. PL 6, figs. 53, 54.

Imperforate, globose, rather thin, strawT-colored, encircled by very
numerous, dense, minutely undulating or zigzag -chestnut lines ; ob-
liquely striate ; spire short, rather conoidal, apex obtuse, white ;
inner whorls densely microscopically granulated; whorls 4£-5,
moderately convex, separated by impressed sutures, the last globose,
a trifle descending anteriorly ; aperture large, rotund-lunar, bluish
within ; peristome narrowly expanded, thickened, outer lip arcuate,
upper and columellar margins a little curved, the latter dilated and
adnate at the umbilical region.

Alt. 42, diam. maj. 44, min. 37 mill ; alt. 28, diam. 30 mill ; alt.
50, diam. 50 mill.

Hayti.

H. undulata FER., Prodr., 25, Hist. 1. 16, f. 3-6.— PFR. in Conchyl.
Cab., t. 5, f. 3, 4.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 212.— H. lineolata LAM.
An. s. Vert, vi, p. 67.— IT. crispata FER., Prodr. 26, Hist. t. 25,
f. 7, 8. — PFR. Symb., iii, p. 65 ; Monogr. i, p. 23 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
225, t. 28, f. 1, 2.— REEVE, f. 217.

The shell is much more globose than that of H. dominicensis and
H. dissita, and is more or less densely lineolate with brown. The
peristome is narrower than in either of the species named, and the
whorls more numerous. The measurements given above show the
great variation in size to which the species is subject. H. crispata
Fer. does not seem to have sufficiently tangible or stable characters
to be retained as a separate variety. (PI. 7, figs. 65, 66.)

HELIX-PA RTHEN A. 73

H. DILATATA pfeiffer. PI. 19, figs. 55, 56.

Imperforate, globose or bubble-shaped, thin, light yellow or yellow-
ish-brown, unicolored (save for oblique brownish streaks), or
•encircled by few or numerous fine undulating or broken lines of
brown ; surface apparently nearly smooth, with slight incremental
wrinkles, but under a lens the penultimate and part of the last whorl
are seen to granulate, the granules not extending far below the
suture, wanting on the middle and base of the body-whorl ; spire
short, small, apex obtuse, whitish ; whorls 3? to 4, rapidly increasing,
the last very wide, globose, gently and very slightly descending
anteriorly ; aperture large, rounded-oval ; peristome narrow, a trifle
thickened, upper, outer and basal margins nearly equally curved,
columella concave, inserted vertically, dilated.

Alt. 27, diam. 28-30 mill.

Hayti.

H. dilatata PFR., P. Z. S. 1345, p. 42, and Conchyl Cab. t. 152, f.
13, 14.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 213.

This shell has the form of H. (Pomatia) aperta of Southern
Europe. The aperture is larger than jn H. undulata, the columella
inserted more vertically, and the whole shell more bubble-like. Like
the preceding several species, this form is seen under a strong lens to
be covered with a more or less distinct, excessively minute sculpture
of oblique corrugations or granules.

***

Shell dark colored, generally chestnut or chocolate, with darker
longitudinal streaks ; not distinctly spirally fasciate.

H. CORNUMILITARE Ferussac. PI. 7, figs. 61, 62.

Imperforate, very large, depressed -globose, solid, opaque, chestnut-
colored, with darker oblique streaks, and behind the aperture
mahogany-colored and very glossy ; the surface covered with an
excessively minute decussation of spiral and oblique microscopic
lines ; spire conoidal, obtuse, whorls 5, moderately convex, the first
2 densely granulated, whitish, the remainder rather coarsely oblique-
ly marked by wrinkles of increment, the last encircled by one or
several very shallow sulci in the region of the periphery, anteriorly
deflexed ; aperture oblique, bluish within, rounded-subquadrate ;
peristome expanded, thickened within, white, upper and lower mar-

74 HELIX-PARTHENA.

gins parallel, the latter expanded toward the umbilical region and
adnate over it ; parietal wall covered by a translucent callus.

Alt. 50 diam. maj. 68, min. 55 mill. ; alt. 45, diam. maj. 70, min.
56 mill. ; alt. 32, diam. 48 mill.

Hayti.

H. cornumilitare FEE., Hist. 1. 15, f. 5-7.— H. cornumilitare "Linn."
of Pfeiffer and authors, not of Linne". — H. gigantea LAM., An. s.
Vert, vi, p. 65 (1819) and other authors.

The large size and deep color of this species will separate it from
other Helices of San Domingo.

The H. cornumilitare of Linnaeus is a Caracolus, probably either
H. excellens or H. angistoma. Strict adherence to the principles of
nomenclature would compel us to call this species H. gigantea ; but
I have preferred the better-known name.

VAR. AUDEBARDI Pfeifler. PL 6, fig. 59.

Imperforate, globose-conoidal, rather solid ; similar to H. cornu-
militare in sculpture, whorls and coloration, but smaller, lighter
colored, never so dark behind the aperture. The spire is more
elevated than H. cornumilitare ; the peristome is narrower, and the
aperture not so wide. The microscopic granulation is more effaced
than on most specimens of the former species.

Alt. 37-40, diam. maj. 47, min. 37-38 mill.

, Hayti.

H. audebardi PFR. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 147.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f.
211. (1851)— PFR. in ConchyL Cab., t. 131, f. 20, 21 ; and Monogr.
iii, p. 186.

The more elevated form and lighter coloration are the principal
characters separating this form from H. cornumilitare. Pfeiffer
mentions a " var /?, major, perist. latiore ; diam maj. 70, min. 58,
alt. 45 mill." which must be identical with, or very near to cornu-
militare.

H. LUQUILLENSIS Shuttleworth. PI. 7, figs. 63, 64.

Imperforate, conoidal, elevated, solid, opaque, lusterless, chocolate-
colored, or sometimes chestnut ; surface apparently smooth save for
oblique incremental wrinkles, but under a strong lens seen to be
covered all over with an excessively minute, dense, and beautifully
regular granulation ; spire conical, elevated, obtuse and whitish at
apex ; sutures at first linear, becoming impressed ; whorls 51, the
first 3 scarcely convex, the following convex, sometimes swollen just

HELIX. 75

beneath the sutures, and paler there, rounded or flattened at the
periphery, and showing trace of a carina, sometimes very obsoletely
spirally silicate on the base ; aperture quite oblique, slightly deflected
above, bluish within ; peristome expanded, white ; columella oblique,
rather wide, dilated and adnate at the place of the umbilicus.

Alt. 34, diam. maj. 35, min. 31 mill. ; alt. 30, diam. maj. 35 mill.

Sierra de Luquillo, Porto Rico.

H. lu(]uillensi8$HUTT,Diagn. n. Moll., 6, p. 132 (1854) — REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 1274. — PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 207.

Smaller than the preceding forms, with higher spire more distinct
sculpture, etc.

Shell large, globular, dark-colored, with a few broad light bands;
whorls few ; aperture very large. (Liocheila.^)

H. JAMAICENSIS Gmelin. PI. 5, figs. 48-50.

Imperforate, large, globose, solid, opaque, slightly shining, light
chestnut-brown or olive-brown to chocolate colored, with one to
three ill-defined light yellowish spiral bands about the middle of the
whorl, spire and apex purplish, first two whorls smooth, glossy, the
remainder lightly wrinkled by growth-lines and covered with a fine,
dense, very oblique corrugation ; spire short, apex obtuse; whorls
3£, the last very large, globose, gently descending anteriorly ; aper-
ture large, oblique, irregularly oval, livid and showing lighter bands
within ; peristome thickened, subexpanded, pinkish, columella
slightly concave, white at the insertion, dilated over the umbilical
and parietal tracts. Alt. 50-53, diam. 55 mill.

Jamaica.

H. jamaicensis GMEI,., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3644. — FER., Hist., t. 9
B, f. 10, t. 14, f. 6-9 ; and of authors generally. — (H. pulla GMEL.,
Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3650 ?).

A well-known species, of somewhat uncertain systematic position.
It seems to me more nearly allied to Parthena than to Thelidomus.

Group XIII. CARACOLUS Montf. (semu latiore.}

The group Caracolus, in the broad sense in which that name is
used here, consists of about ten sections, which are not only similar
in shell-characters, but also in anatomy, as far as is known. The
shell is generally large, orbicular, dark colored, with a tendency to
be carinated in all of the sections, although many species are round-

76 HELIX.

ed on the periphery. The axis is perforated, but generally closed in
the adult by the expansion of the columellar lip. The whorls num-
ber from 4 to 6, and are usually quite gradual in increase. The
aperture is usually wider than high ; peristome expanded, more or
less thickened, frequently bearing tubercular or lamellar teeth ; and
in Isomeria, Labyrinthus and some forms of Dentellaria, the parietal
wall also developes a tooth.

I am altogether disposed to unite with this group the sections I
have separated under the name Thelidomus, — viz. Thelidomus and
Parthena, with Polydontes, which is closely allied to the last-named
section. The essential identity of the two groups did not impress me
when preparing several months ago the part of the MANUAL, contain-
ing Thelidomus. The sections are numbered continuously from
Thelidomus, p. 56.

With the addition of Oxychona, the group as here constituted is
synonymous with Fischer's subgenus Caracolus.

The species of the various sections of Caracolus are distributed
throughout the West Indies and mainland of America from Brazil
and Peru to Central America.

Synopsis of Sections.
Section III. POLYDONTES Montfort, 1810.

Shell large, depressed, imperforate or narrowly umbilicate, solid,
heavy ; surface microscopically decussated ; whorls 4^-5, the last
slightly deflected anteriorly, carinated or rounded ; aperture oblique ;
peristome expanded, thickened, heavy, simple or with tubercular
obtuse teeth, columellar margin bearing an obtuse fold near its in-
sertion. Type, H. imperator Montf.

Cuba.

Section IV. DENTELLARIA Schumacher, 1817.

Shell imperforate, solid, globose-depressed or conical-depressed,
often carinated, opaque, generally minutely granulated ; whorls 5
or less, slowly widening ; spire convex ; aperture transverse, wider
than high, oblique ; peristome more or less expanded, thickened ;
basal lip usually toothed. Type, H. nuxdenticulata Cheni.

Lesser Antilles.

Subsection GONOSTOMOPSIS Pilsbry, 1889.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, opaque, hirsute ; spire
depressed ; body-whorl rounded, depressed ; aperture as high as

HELIX. 77

wide, oblique, trilobate-lunar ; peristome narrowly expanded, outer
and basal margins each with a tooth. Type, H. auridens Rang.

Martinique.

Section V. CEPOLIS Montfort, 1810.

Shell imperforate or narrowly umbilicate, depressed or globose-
depressed, opaque, striate or rugose, spire convex, low ; whorls 4i to
5, the last rounded or angular at periphery, deeply deflexed anterior-
ly, and with a dent or scrobiculation a short distance behind the
peristome on the periphery, producing a fold or tooth inside the
shell ; aperture oblique ; peristome expanded, generally toothed be-
low. Type, H. cepa Mull.

Hayti ; Forto Rico.

Subsection AVERELLIA Ancey, 1887.

Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, rather thin ; spire concave;
body-whorl rounded, very deeply deflexed anteriorly, scrobiculate
behind the peristome above and below ; aperture subhorizontal, bi-
plicate inside ; peristome narrowly expanded. Type, H. macneili
Crosse.

Central America.

Subsection ANGRANDIELLA Ancey, 1887.

Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal ; spire convex,
low ; body-whorl rounded, depressed, descending anteriorly ; deeply
scrobiculate on the base behind the aperture ; aperture very oblique,
oval, with a dentiform fold within the baso-columellar margin ;
peristome expanded. Type, H. an grand i Morel.

Andes of Peru.

Section VI. LUCERNA Swainson, 1840.

Shell imperforate or umbilicate, depressed or depressed-globose,
usually more or less carinated at periphery, solid, opaque, brown,
densely granulated, the granules arranged in close series like in-
cremental strise ; spire more or less convex, obtuse ; apical whorl
planulate ; whorls 4? to 6, very gradually widening, the last more or
less deflexed anteriorly, generally scrobiculate behind the peristome ;
aperture oblique or subhorizontal ; peristome broadly expanded,
edentulate or bearing 1 to 5 teeth (which are usually pliciform and
entering) inside ; parietal wall with more or less callus, never den-
tate. Type, H. acutissima Lam.

Jamaica.

78 HELIX.

Section VII. CARACOLUS Montfort, 1810.

Shell depressed, orbicular, carinated, imperforate or narrowly um-
bilicate, thick, solid, opaque ; spire conical, apex obtuse ; suture
scarcely impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, gradually widening ; the last
slightly or not at all deflexed anteriorly ;. aperture transverse, oblique,
wider than high ; peristome expanded or narrowly reflexed on the
basal margin, its terminations remote ; aperture not toothed within.
Type, H. caracolla L.

Cuba.

Section VIII. OXYCHONA Morch, 1852.

Shell conically elevated or depressed, imperforate or umbilicate,
acutely carinated or rounded at the periphery, rather thin and light,
white with spiral brown zones ; spire conical or depressed, apex sub-
acute ; sutures linear ; aperture oblique, generally wider than high ;
outer and basal margins of the peristome expanded, thin ; aperture
not toothed within. Type, H bifasciata Burrow.

Mexico to Brazil.

Section IX. ISOMERIA Albers, 1850.

Shell depressed, orbicular, rounded or obtusely carinated on the
periphery, imperforate or umbilicate, solid, generally dark-brown in
color, without spiral bands ; spire depressed, convex, formed of 5 or
fewer slightly-convex whorls ; the last whorl deflexed or not anter-
iorly ; aperture rounded subquadrangular, transverse, very oblique,
wider than high ; peristome expanded or reflexed, somewhat thick-
ened, generally bearing small acute teeth, of which one is usually at
the position of the periphery ; terminations of peristome remote,
joined by a parietal callus ; parietal wall after bearing a small
oblique and slightly elongated denticle. Type, H. oreas Koch.

Northern South America.

Section X. LABYRINTHUS Beck, 1837.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, orbicular, carinated, solid or thin,
brown ; spire as in Isomeria ; last whorl descending anteriorly, con-
stricted behind the peristome ; aperture subhorizontal, transverse,
broader than high, obstructed by teeth ; peristome expanded or
reflexed all around, continuous across the parietal wall, the basal
margin bearing at least two strong teeth, parietal wall with a long,
entering lamellar tooth. Type, H. labyrinthus Chem.

Northern South America.

HELIX-POLYDONTES.

Section III. POLYDONTES Montfort, 1810.

Polydontes MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 154, and of authors.

This section seems to be much more closely allied to Thelidomus
and especially Parthena than to Caracolus, and should have been
placed in the preceding group. I now place it here because it was
omitted in the synopsis of sections on p. 56. The animal has not
been observed.

Key to species of Polydontes.

Peristome toothed within, imperator.

Peristome not toothed,

Periphery strongly carinated, apollo.

Periphery very obtusely carinated or rounded, sobrina.

H. IMPERATOR Montfort. PL 9, figs. 80-83, 87.

Imperforate or narrowly umbilicate, depressed, heavy, thick,
solid, opaque, nearly lusterless, yellow, densely obliquely streaked
with light chestnut, and with very numerous but inconspicuous
.spiral lines of the same above ; surface with rather coarse irregular
wrinkles of increment, and under a lens seen to be covered with an
•excessively minute decussated sculpture ; spire low-conical ; whorls
5 ; body-whorl depressed, carinated, a trifle descending anteriorly ;
aperture oblique, bluish-white within ; peristome flesh-colored, very
heavy and thick, expanded, its face convex, bearing on the inner
margin numerous tubercular teeth ; umbilicus closed by the ex-
panded baso-columellar lip or open ; parietal wall bearing a heavy
callus. Alt. 30, diam. 60 ; alt. 22, diam. 50 mill.

Jurisdiction of Baracoa, Cuba.

Polydontes imperator MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 155. — H. imperator
PFR., Monogr. i, p. 302 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 369, t. 85, f. 1^6, t. 86,
f. 1-6. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 757.— FERUSSAC, Hist., t. 52, f. 4 ; t.
52 B, f. 1-3. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 75. — H. magica
FER. Hist. t. 54 A, f. 7-9. PFR., Monogr. i, p. 302.

A fine large species, unlike any other. If anything like Ferussac's
H. magica (pi. 8, figs. 77-79) ever existed, it may have been a form
of H. imperator.

H. APOLLO Pfeiffer. PI. 9, figs. 84-86.

Imperforate, depressed, very solid, opaque, lusterless, above, shin-
ing below ; clear yellow, or with russet spiral lines above ; surface

80 HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

covered with an excessively minute decussated sculpture, the inner
whorls granulated ; spire low-conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 4 J, rapid-
ly widening, the last strongly carinated, slightly descending an-
teriorly ; aperture quite oblique, white within ; peristome expanded,
thickened, white, not toothed within, but bearing an obtuse fold
near the columellar insertion. Alt. 22-23, diam. 46-51 mill.

Yunque de Baracoa, Eastern Cuba..

H. apollo PFR., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 133, t. 50, f. 9 ; Monogr. v, p.
309 ; Novitates Conch, iii, p. 389, t. 90, f. 1-8.— ARANGO, Fauna
Mai. Cubana, p. 74. — H. imperatrix Gundl. (olitri) Journ. de
Conchyl. 1860, p. 228.

H. SOBRINA Ferussac. PI. 8, figs. 72-76.

Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, solid, heavy, opaque, yellowish,,
densely marked with dark chestnut or blackish finely-undulating
lines and streaks, which cover nearly the entire surface ; sculpture
as in H. apollo ; spire convex, apex obtuse ; apical 2 £ whorls whit-
ish ; whorls 4i, scarcely convex, rapidly widening, the last globose-
depressed, bluntly angular in front, becoming rounded, descending
anteriorly ; aperture quits oblique ; peristome expanded, heavy,
white, thickened, its face convex, without teeth, but with an obtuse
fold near the columellar insertion ; expanded and adnate over the
umbilicus. Alt. 25, diam. 43 mill.

Jurisdictions of Santiago de Cuba, Mayari, Baracoa, and Guan-
tanamo, Cuba.

H. sobrina FER., Hist. t. 43, f. 6.— PFR., Monogr. i, p. 264. —
REEVE, f. 1388.— IT. crassilabris PFR. P. Z. S. 1846, p. Ill;
Monogr. v, p. 287.

A very large, thick and ponderous fossil form is figured on pi. 8,.
figs. 75, 76. Specimens measure, alt. 30-32, diam. 50-54 mill.

This species differs from H. apollo in being less carinated and
darker in color.

Section IV. DENTELLARIA Schumacher, 1817.

Dentellaria SCHUM. Essai d'un nouv. Syst. Test., p. 230. — BECK,.
Index, p. 34. — MORCH, Cat. Yoldi, p. 11. — ALBERS, Die Heliceen
(1850), p. 123.— ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen, p. 151 (1860).
— H. & A. Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 200. — Lucidula SWAINSON,.
Treatise on Malac., p. 329. — Luddella SWAINS., 1. c. p. 330.

HELIX-DENTELLARIA. 81

A well-characterized section, allied to Lucerna and Cepolis. The
species are well-defined and easy to recognize ; and transition forms
are rare. A number of South American species belonging to
Isomeria have been referred here erroneously by several recent au-
thors. The species all inhabit the Caribsean islands. Swainson's
subgenus Cyclodoma (Malacol. p. 193) does not belong in the synon-
ymy of Dentellaria, where Pfeiffer places it, but probably equals in
part Ochthephila and Polygyra.

Key to the species of Dentellaria.

Teeth of basal lip tubercular, not compressed nor entering, position
of tooth not marked behind the peristome by a pit or groove ; peristome
sometimes without teeth.
Parietal wall toothed,

Outer lip bidentate ; basal lip denticulate, nuxdenticulata.

Outer lip not dentate,

Basal lip with one or two teeth,

Parietal tooth long, triangular, nucleola.

Parietal tooth short, tubercular, obesa.

Basal lip without teeth, paritis.

Parietal wall not toothed,

Parietal callus microscopically granulate,

Shell large, peristome toothless, orbiculata.

Shell smaller, basal lip toothed, dentiens.

Parietal callus smooth, Isabella.

Basal lip with a compressed entering tooth near its junction with the
outer lip, marked behind the peristome by a groove or scrobiculation.
Surface granulate, whorl deflexed at aperture,
Granulation minute,

Color light, with dark bands, Josephines.

Color dark, bands obscure or wanting,

Acutely carinated, large, lychnuchus

Obtusely carinated, small, badia.

Granulation coarse,

Acutely angulated, perplexa.

Periphery rounded, formosa.

Surface smooth, not granulate, whorl not deflexed,

No parietal tooth, pachygastra.

A strong parietal tooth, nigrescens.

Surface hispid ; umbilicus not covered, auridens.

6 — HELICID^E.

82 HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

H. NUXDENTICULATA Chemnitz. PL 29, figs. 39-41.

Imperforate, globose, solid, opaque, dark chestnut brown, with a
light yellow peripheral line ; surface obliquely corrugated by fine,
close, obliquely descending wrinkles, crossed by rather irregular
lines of increment ; spire low, very obtuse; whorls 5, the inner not
convex, yellowish-brown, very minutely granulated ; last whorl
much dilated and gibbous on its latter half, especially beneath, con-
stricted behind the peripheral part of the peristome, deeply and
abruptly deflexed above ; aperture oblique, irregularly lunar ; peri-
stome flesh-colored or white, thick, convex, outer margin expanded,
inside bearing two strong teeth projecting into the aperture ; basal
margin reflexed and adnate to the base and over the umbilicus, its
inner edge irregularly denticulate ; terminations of peristome remote,
but joined by a heavy ridge of callus across the parietal wall, which
bears a large tongue-shaped erect process, extending a little within
the aperture. Alt. 20, diam. 22 mill. ; alt. 15, diam. 19 mill.

Martinique and Guadeloupe Is.

H. punctata BORN, Test. Mus. Gees. Vindob. p. 372, t. 14, f. 17, 18.
PFR. in Conchyl Cab. t. 21, f. 6, 7; Monogr. i, p. 306. — H. nux-
denticulata CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. ix, p. 275, f. 2055, 2056
(1795). FER. Hist. t. 49, f. 3, 4; and of most authors.— IT. hippo-
castaneum LAM. Journ. d'Hist. Nat. t. 42, f. 3. — Chenu, III. Conch.
t. 10, f. 3, and of others. — Dentellaria nuxdenticulata W. G. BINN.
Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. iii, p. Ill (jaw and dentition).

The name punctata Born has priority, but is used for a well-
known European Macularia.

H. NUCLEOLA Rang. PI. 28, figs. 16, 17, 21.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, solid, opaque, yellowish-chestnut
or light olive-brown, with two dark chestnut bands, which sometimes
cover all the surface but a median peripheral light line ; surface
shining, obliquely striate ; spire low, rounded, very obtuse ; whorls
5, the inner ones scarcely convex, not lighter colored than the outer ;
sutures linear, becoming impressed at the last whorl ; body-whorl
depressed, rounded or subangular at the periphery, constricted
behind the peristome, deflexed toward the aperture. Aperture ob-
lique, broad-lunar ; peristome heavy, convex, purplish or bluish ;
outer margin slightly expanded, basal margin broadly reflexed,
bearing two denticles within, the inner often obsolete ; terminations

HELIX-DENTELLARIA. 83

of peristome remote, connected by a heavy callus, which bears a
triangular tooth. Alt. 11, diarn. 17 mill.

Martinique.

H. nucleola RANG, in Guerin's Mag. de Zool, 1834, t. 57. — PFR.
in Conchyl. Cab. p. 350, t. 62, f, 5-7 ; Monogr. i. p. 306.— REEVE, f.
277 — H. nux-denticulata FER. var. B, t. 49, f. 1. — H. crassidens
PFR. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 148 ; Monogr. iv. p. 242 ; v. p. 312.— REEVE,
f. ISGl.—Dentellaria nucleola W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
p. Ill (jaw and dentition).

Smaller than H. nuxdenticulata, without oblique wrinkles, and
with different armature of the outer lip. H. crassidens Pfr. (fig. 21)
is founded on specimens with the two lip-teeth subequal.

H. PARILIS Ferussac, PJ. 29, figs. 22-24.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, shining, brown or
yellowish, with two encircling dark bands often ill-defined, and
numerous irregular, zigzag, bright golden markings ; surface marked
by incremental striae and obliquely descending fine dense wrinkles,
which are concentric on the base ; spire low, rounded, very obtuse ;
apex flat ; suture linear ; whorls 4, penultimate nearly as wide as
the last; body-whorl commencing subcarinate, becoming rounded,
gibbous and then constricted behind the aperture, deflexed above ;
aperture very oblique, transverse, oblong or trilobed; peristome
heavy, convex, brownish, outer lip bearing above a more or less
developed callus or tooth, basal margin thickened within but not
toothed; terminations of the peristome remote, the upper one pro-
duced downward upon the parietal wall in a tubercular tooth, and
connected with the columellar end by a slightly thickened callus.

Alt. 10, diam. 17 mill.

Guadeloupe and Martinique.

H. parilis FER. Hist, t. 49, f. 2.— WOOD, Ind. Test. Suppl. t. 7, f.
49.— PFR. Symbols i, p. 37 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 351, t. 62, f. 8-10 ;
Monogr. i, p. 308. — H. pseudoparilis GRATELOUP, Actes Soc. Linn.
Bord. xi, 1837, p. 403, t. 1, f. 17, 18.— PFR. Monogr. i, p. 308.

Obliquely wrinkled like H. nuxdenticulata, but smaller, with
different peristome and variegated coloration.

H. pseudoparilis Grat., is probably an immature specimen of this
shell.

H. OBESA Beck. PI. 27, figs. 37, 38 ; pi. 24, figs. 40, 41.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, somewhat shining, reddish-
brown above, light greenish-yellow beneath ; surface marked by in-

84 HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

cremental wrinkles, and under a lens showing nearly effaced traces
of spiral sculpture ; spire low, convex, very obtuse ; apex flat ; sut-
ures linear, or at the last whorl slightly impressed ; whorls 5, nearly
flat, gradually increasing, the last usually commencing subcarinate,
becoming rounded, somewhat gibbous and a trifle constricted behind
the aperture, and slightly deflexed above. Aperture transverse, ir-
regularly lunar, very oblique; peristome white, very thick and
heavy, convex, a little expanded, basal margin reflexed, adnate,
thickened within and bearing a tooth at the junction of basal and
outer lips, its edge slightly irregular; outer margin thick, sometimes
bearing a slight lobe or tooth above ; terminations of the peristome
joined by a callus ridge, which bears a strong, oval, tubercular tooth
or lobe above, connected with the upper termination of the peri-
stome. Alt. 12, diam. 20-23 mill.

Martinique ; Guadeloupe.

H. obesa BECK, Index Moll. p. 35. — PFR. in Conchy I. Cab. t. 62, f.
3, 4 ; Monogr. i, p. 307.— REEVE, f. 282.— H. pumtata FER. Hist. t.
48, f. 3. (not punctata Born, nor Mull.)

This shell is allied to H. parilis, but differs in the larger size, colora-
tion, and the tooth on the basal lip. From H. dentiens the tooth on
the upper parietal wall separates H. obesa. This tooth is often
brown, while the remainder of the peristome is white. In the devel-
opment of these callosities on the peristome and in the sculpture of
the shell, this and the preceding species of Dentellaria approach the
Canary Island group Hemicycla (H. malleata Fer. etc). There are
also a number of African Macularice which have considerable re-
semblance to Dentellaria as far as the shells are concerned.

H. DENTIENS Ferussac. PL 28, figs. 10-15.

Imperforate, depressed-semiglobose, solid, opaque, dark reddish-
chestnut, shining, with delicate incremental marks and generally
traces of spiral sculpture visible under a lens ; spire more or less
elevated, rounded, obtuse ; apical whorl flat ; suture linear, becoming
impressed at the last whorl ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, slowly widen-
ing; body- whorl rounded at the periphery, or commencing angular
there, losing the carina toward its latter half; anteriorly deflexed,
with a prominent oblique gibbosity and then a constriction toward
the aperture ; aperture subhorizontal, small, truncate-oblong ; peri-
stome purplish-brown, thick, heavy, convex, upper and outer margins
not expanded, basal margin reflexed, adnate to the base, bearing

HELIX-DENTELLARIA. 85

within two denticles, or irregularly denticulate ; upper and lower
margins subparallel, terminations remote, joined by a heavy brown
callus, which under a lens is seen to be very minutely granulate.
The upper margin is very much thickened upon its face, often
obtusely lobed. Alt. 14, diam. 23 mill. ; alt. 10, diam. 18 mill.

Guadeloupe; Martinique; Cayenne.

H. dentiens FEE. Prodr. 88 ; Hist. t. 48, f. 2 ; t. 49 A, f. 2.— WOOD.
Ind. Test. Suppl. t. 7, f. 48.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. p. 110, t. 15, f.
11-13 ; Monogr. i. p. 107. — GUPPY, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 4th ser.
i, p. 431. — Dentellaria dentiens W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. iii, p. 111.

There is a mutation which may be called var. isabellina, char-
acterized by a pale greenish-yellow or an isabella color all over, the
peristome and parietal wall white. Sometimes bifasciate with brown.
It is from Guadeloupe.

This shell differs from H. obesa in lacking a tooth on the parietal
wall at its junction with the upper termination of the peristome;
from H. isabella by the gibbous ridge behind the peristome, and the
granulate parietal callus and peristome. This last character is
microscopic, but it holds good through the large suites of each
species before me. I consider the two species perfectly distinct.

H. ISABELLA Ferussac. PL 24, figs. 42, 43.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, shining, obliquely striatulate,
rarely showing faint traces of spiral impressed lines under a strong
lens, whitish or greenish yellow, with two brown bands, which are
generally wide, fading into the ground-color on their outer edges,
leaving between them a narrow, well-defined peripheral light fascia ;
center of the base light colored. Spire low, rounded, obtuse ; apical
whorl flat ; sutures linear, becoming impressed around the outer
whorl ; whorls 4-}, slightly convex, slowly widening, the last subangu-
lar or rounded at the periphery, a trifle contracted behind the aper-
ture, scarcely descending anteriorly. Aperture very oblique, oblong-
lunar, transverse; peristome heavy, thick, brown or brown and
white, upper and basal margins parallel, the latter thickened within,
the edge of the thickening more or less irregular or subdenticulate,
whitish, right margin slightly expanded, terminations of peristome
joined by a smooth shining parietal callus.
Alt. 13, diam. 23 mill. ; alt 11, diam. 20 mill.

Barbados ; Guadeloupe ; Cayenne.

86 HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

H. Isabella FER. Prodr. 87 ; Hist. t. 47, f. 2.— PFR. Conchyl. Cab.
t. 10, f. 1, 2?; Monogr. i, p. 307. — DROUET, Moll. Guyane franc, p.
54. — H. barbadensis "Guild." PFR. Monogr. i, p. 310. — (H. guildingi
PFR. olim.) — H. dentiens var. DESH. in Fer. Hist. p. 148. — Dentel-
laria Isabella W. G. BINN. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, p. Ill, t. 9, f.
B. (dentition.)

I have above expressed my opinion that this form is quite dis-
tinct from H. dentiens. See remarks under that species. The
smaller size of H. isabella and its smooth, not granulated, parietal
callus will separate it form H. orbiculata. It is sometimes uni-
colored, yellowish, or with a single narrow dark fascia.

H. ORBICULATA Ftfrussac. PI. 28, figs. 1-4.

Imperforate, depressed semi-globose, solid, opaque, shining, light
yellowish brown or greenish brown, with two narrow chestnut fasciae;
obliquely striate; spire low, dome-shaped, obtuse; apical whorl
flat ; sutures linear except the last half of the outer, which becomes
impressed. Whorls 5«j, nearly flat, the last gently descending an-
teriorly, a little gibbous above behind the aperture ; aperture
oblique, oblong-lunar, transverse ; peristome expanded all around,
livid brownish, basal margin nearly straight, reflexed, broad, flat-
tened, adnate to the base only in the vicinity of the umbilicus, not
toothed within ; terminations of peristome joined by a bright callus ;
peristome and parietal callus minutely granulate under a lens.

Alt. 16, diam. 30 mill ; alt. 23, diam. 34 mill.

Martinique ; San Lucia ; Guiana ; Cayenne.

H. orbiculata FER. Hist. t. 47, f. 3, 4 ; Prodr. 86.— PFR. Monogr.
i, p. 265 ; Conchyl Cab. p. 39, t. 70, f. 9, 10.— RVE, f. 251.— BLAND,
Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. vi, p. 152.— TATE, Ann. and Mag. N. H.
1869, p. 356.—Dentellaria orbiculata W. G. BINN. Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. iii, p. 110, t. 16, f. W, and t. 9, f. A (jaw and dentition.)

The largest species of Dentellaria. The principal variation is in
the degree of elevation of the spire. The bands are sometimes lack-
ing ; and I have seen specimens with four narrow bands all near the
periphery. The periphery is often subangular ; the base is rather
flattened, and slightly concave around the axis. Two specimens
before me measure alt. 16, diam. 33 mill; alt. 20, diam. 33 mill.

H. BADIA Fe>ussac. PI. 29, figs. 25-27, 29, 30.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, somewhat shining, uniform
dark chestnut colored, delicately striate, under a lens densely gran-

HELIX-DENTELLARIA. 87

ulate except on the inner whorls ; spire low, dome-shaped, apical
whorl flat, sutures linear, becoming impressed at the last whorl ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly widening, the last depressed, sub-
carinate at the periphery, abruptly and deeply deflexed anteriorly,
strongly constricted behind the peristome ; aperture subhorizontal,
oblong, transverse, upper and lower margins parallel ; peristome
dark purplish brown, right and basal margins expanded, basal
margin subhorizontal, reflexed and adnate to the whorl at the
umbilical tract, bearing within a strong compressed, slightly enter-
ing tooth at junction of basal and outer lips, and a low, wider tooth
near the columella ; terminations not converging, but joined by a
thick callus. Alt. 10, diam. 17 mill.

Martinique; Guadeloupe; St. Lucia; Cayenne.
H. badia FER. Prodr. 124; Hist. t. 56, f. 1-4.— PFR., ConchyL
Cab. p. 355, t. 63. f. 7-10 ; Monogr. i, p. 309.— GUPPY, Ann. Mag.
N. H. 1869, p. 43l.—Dentellaria badia W. G. BINN. Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sei. iii, 1884, p. Ill, t. 16, f. Q ; t. 9, f. G. (jaw and dentition.)
Pfeiffer notes a small form from Martinique which is acutely
carinated, narrowly but openly umbilicate. There is considerable
variation in color ; some specimens are light yellowish, the peristome
white or dark. Numerous light-brown specimens, with or without
two dark bands, and with light or dark peristome are before me
from Martinique. The body-whorl is much more depressed in this
shell than in H. pachygastra, and the surface is microscopically
granulated.

Var. GUADELOUPENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 29, fig. 28.

Shell depressed, carinated at the periphery, of a medium shade of
chestnut brown, with a lighter peripheral line ; surface granulated
as in H. badia ; peristome broadly expanded, pure white ; teeth of
the basal margin large, nearer together than in H. badia, the right
margin bearing a small tubercular denticle in adult examples.

Alt. 7, diam. 12 mill.

The tubercle of the right margin is concealed by the curve of the
lip in the figure of this form.

H. LYCHNUCHUS Muller. PL 28, figs. 5-9.

Imperforate, depressed trochoidal, acutely carinated, solid, opaque,
nearly lusterless, dark chestnut colored, obliquely striate, densely,
finely granulate, the granules barely visible to the unassisted eye.
Spire conical, very obtuse ; apical whorl flat ; sutures linear ; whorls

88 HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

5, subplanulate, slowly widening, the last acutely carinated at the
periphery, constricted and deflexed behind the peristome ; aperture
subhorizontal, transverse, silvery white within ; peristome brown,
expanded, convex, thickened, terminations remote, joined by a heavy
ridge of callus, lower margin bearing two teeth, the inner small,
compressed-tubercular, the outer large, compressed, its position
marked behind the peristome by a deep pit or scrobiculation.

Alt. 17, diam. 32 mill. ; alt. 14, diam. 26 mill.

Martinique; Guadeloupe.

H. lychnuehus MULL. Hist. Verm, ii, p. 81. (1773.) — FER. Hist. t.
56A, f. 2-8.— PFR. Vonchyl. Cab. p. 346, t. 62, f. 13, 14.— REEVE, f.
248. — Dentellaria lychnuehus Mull. W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. iii, p. 112, t. 16, f. u, and t. 9 f. K. (jaw and dentition).
— Zonites lychnuehus SAINT-SIMON Journ. de Conchyl. 1853, p. 234.
(Anatomy.)

The largest of the carinate species of Dentellaria. It is most
nearly allied to H. josephinse, but is larger, more elevated, plainer in
color. It is usually uniform dark brown, but sometimes lighter,
with obscure spiral bands. The granulation is decidedly more
minute than in H. perplexa.

H. JOSEPHINE Ferussac. PL 29, figs. 31-33.

Imperforate, depressed, acutely carinated, solid, opaque ; scarcely
shining, light greenish yellow, banded with chestnut around the
umbilicus and in the middle of the base, and with subsutural and
supra-peripheral brown bands interrupted by radiating yellow
flammules; surface covered with a dense microscopic corrugation,
delicately obliquely striate. Spire low, rounded, obtuse ; apex
planulate ; sutures linear ; whorls 4 J, subplanulate, slowly widening,
the last carinated at the periphery, deeply deflexed at the aperture ;
aperture transverse, subhorizontal ; peristome white, expanded, re-
flexed and adnate over the umbilicus, terminations remote, joined
by a white parietal callus ; basal margin with two teeth, the inner
small, outer large, compressed, its position marked behind the peri-
stome by a large and deep pit.

Alt. 11, diam. 23 mill. ; alt. 8, diam. 17 mill.

Guadeloupe ; Nevis ; St. Kitt's ; Dominica.

H. josephince FER. Hist. t. 56, f. 9, 10. — PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. p.
351, t. 62, f. 11, 12 ; Monogr. i, p. 310.— GUPPY, Ann. Mag. N. H.
4th, Ser. i. — REEVE, f. 272. — Dentellaria Josephines Fer. \V. G.

HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

BINNEY Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii 1884, p. Ill, t. 16, f. s, and t. 9,
f. D. (Jaw and dentition.) — ( Caracolla scabrella MKE. Cat. Malsb. p.
5, teste Pfr.)

Distinguished from other carinated Dentellaria by the two
maculose or interrupted bands of the upper surface.

The specimens from St. Christopher (St. Kitt's) are large, flat-
tened ; I have seen no specimens but fossil ones from this island.

Alt. 11, diam. 25 mill.

Var. NEVISENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 25, figs. 54, 55.

A small form collected by OBER on the little island of Nevis.
The whorl is less deflexed at the aperture than in typical H. joseph-
inse ; the granulation of the surface is nearly effaced ; bands of the
base two or one, very faint or obsolete ; upper surface with a single
continuous band above the carina. Alt. 9, diam. 17-18 mill.

H. PERPLEXA. Ferussac. PL 56, figs. 15-17.

Imperforate, depressed, acutely carinated, solid, opaque, lusterless,
pale brown, unicolored, or with a chestnut band above and one
beneath ; surface coarsely granulose, granules whitish ; spire more
or less elevated, conical, obtuse ; apex planulate ; sutures linear ;
whorls 4£ to 5, the inner two convex, smooth, shining, the remain-
der nearly flat, penultimate nearly as wide as the outer whorl ; body-
whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, deeply deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture oblong, obliquely truncated by the parietal wall, sub-
horizontal ; peristome broadly expanded, white, terminations joined
by a white parietal deposit, lower margin bearing two rather strong
teeth, the outer compressed, its position marked behind the peristome
by a slight depression ; inner tooth generally smaller, often with a
minute denticle on each side of it.

Alt. 15, diam. 26 mill. ; alt. 12, diam. 27 mill. ; alt. 13, diam. 22
mill.

Grenada and Grenadines Is.

H. perplexa FER. Hist. t. 56 A, f. 1. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 216. —
REEVE, f. 1210.— BLAND, Am. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 188.— H.
granifera GRAY, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 68.— PFR. Conchy I. Cab. p. 347, t.
62, f. 16, 17 and Monogr. i, p. 304.— REEVE, f. 252.— Dentellaria
perplexa Fer. W. G. BINN. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, 1884, p. 112,
t. 16, f. T and t. 9, f. j. (Jaw and dentition.)

Varies considerably in elevation of the spire and in size. The
granules are sometimes nearly effaced above. The coarser granula-

90 HELIX-DENTELLARIA.

tion and scarcely obvious scrobiculation behind the peristome will
separate this species from H. josephinse and lychnuchus. It is more
nearly related to H. formosa than to any of the other species.

H. FORMOSA Ferussac. PL 29, figs. 34-36.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, slightly shining,
straw-colored, with two broad dark chestnut bands, covered with a
coarse network of silvery maculations and streaks ; surface rather
coarsely granulose, the granulation generally subobsolete except on
the base ; spire low, rounded, apex flat ; sutures linear ; whorls 4£,
nearly flat, slowly widening, the last depressed-subglobose, rounded
at, the periphery, very deeply descending anteriorly; aperture
oblong-oval, nearly horizontal ; peristome broadly expanded, contin-
uous, white or orange-brown ; basal margin horizontal, widened by
a plate-like callus within, which is abruptly truncated at the union
of basal and outer lips, the truncation marked behind the peristome
by a very slight depression. Terminations of the peristome united
across the parietal wall by an elevated callus.

Alt. 14, diam. 24 mill. ; alt. 10, diam. 18 mill.

Antigua; Barbuda*

H. formosa FEE. Prodr. 67.— PFR. Conchyl. Cab. p. Ill, 1. 15, f. 14
-16 ; fiymb. ii, p. 28 ; Monogr. i, p. 308. — H. lenoeinia FER. Hist. t.
47, f. 1. — Dentellaria formosa BECK, Index, p. 34. — W. G. BINNEY,
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. iii, 1884, p. Ill, t. 16, f. R, and t. 9, f. H. (Jaw
and dentition.)

The horizontal, oval aperture, continuous peristome and peculiar
painting of this form are very characteristic. The shells from
Barbuda are small, body-whorl carinated. The species is allied to-
ll, perplexa.

H. PACHYGASTRA Gray. PI. 28, figs. 18-20.

Imperforate or subperforate, globose-depressed, solid, opaque,,
shining, chestnut colored, with delicate lines of increment; not
granulated ; spire very low, convex ; apical whorl flat ; sutures
linear, a little impressed on the last half of the outer whorl ; whorl&
4, a trifle convex, penultimate about as wide as the last ; body-whorl
depressed, rounded, but with a carina around the periphery, scarcely
at all deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, transverse, subrhom-
boidal ; peristome flesh-colored or brown, slightly expanded, thick-
ened, convex, its right extremity obtusely angled at the position of
the periphery ; lower margin bearing on its outer part a large, com-

HELIX-DENTELLARIA. 91

pressed, entering tooth, marked outside by a corresponding furrow
or groove, and a smaller compressed tooth nearer the insertion.
Baso-columellar lip reflexed over the umbilicus, nearly or wholly
covering it; ends of peristome remote, joined by a parietal ridge of
callus. Alt. 12, diam. 20 mill.; alt. 10, diam. 16 mill.

Martinique ; Guadeloupe.

H. pachygastra GRAY, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 68. — PFR. in ConchyL
Cab. p. 77, t. 10, f. 3, 4 ; Monogr. i, p. 309.— REEVE f. 270.— H.
fuligineq var. fuscoviridis GRAT. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. xi, p. 403,
t. 1, f, 15.— H. dolata Fe>. PFR. Symb. i, p. 37, and of DESK.—
Dentellaria pachygastra Fer. BINNEY, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y. iii,
1884, p. Ill, t. 16, f. P and t. 9, f. F (Jaw and dentition.)

By the often partly open umbilicus and the shape of the aperture,
this species leads toward H. auridens.

The globose body-whorl and smooth surface separate H. pachygastra
from the preceding forms. It is allied to H. nigrescens Wood, but
lacks the strong parietal tooth of that form. The. groove or scrobic-
ulation marking the place of the outer basal tooth is not sufficiently
indicated in figure 20.

H. NIGRESCENS Wood. PL 55, figs. 12-14.

Imperforate, globose, solid, opaque, deep brown, shining, regularly,
densely, finely striate ; not granulated ; spire dome-shaped, obtuse ;
sutures linear, the last impressed ; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly
widening, the last ventricose, with a carina sketched around the
periphery, slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture slightly oblique,
transverse, trilobed ; peristome deep brown, thickened, expanded,
bearing inside a compressed tooth at the place of junction of outer
and basal margins, which is marked behind the peristome by a slight
scrobiculation or groove, and another tooth on the middle of the
basal margin ; terminations of peristome remote, joined by a heavy
dark callus; parietal ivall bearing a prominent compressed entering
tooth. Alt. 11, diam, 17 mill.

Dominica ; Guadeloupe.

H. nigrescens WOOD, Index Test. Suppl. t. 7, f. 32.— PFR. in
ConchyL Cab. p. 78, t. 10, f. 15, 16 ; Monogr. i, p. 309.— REEVE, f.
280.— GUPPY Ann. Mag. N. H. 4th Ser. i, p. 431.—H.fuliginea Fer.
in PFR. Symbolce, i, p. 37. — Dentellaria globularis Schumacher, teste
BECK, Index, p. 35.

92 HELIX-CEPOLIS.

(Subsection Gonostomopsis Pilsbry, 1889.)

Chrysodon ANCEY, Conchologists' Exchange i, p. 54, April, 1887
(not Chrysodon Oken, 1815).

H. AURIDENS Rang. PI. 49, figs. 71-73.

Umbilicate, depressed, rather thin, slightly shining, dark chestnut
brown all over, with a few irregularly-scattered golden dots ; surface
very delicately striatulate, and sparcely hirsute, the hairs very short,
arranged in quincunx, and about £ millimetre apart, spire depressed,
nearly planorboid ; apex not rising above the succeeding whorl ;
sutures well impressed from the beginning ; whorls 4 to 4£, convex,
the inner moderately, the last rapidly widening; body-whorl de-
pressed, rounded, a little descending anteriorly, indented around the
umbilicus ; aperture oblique, irregularly lunate, brown within ;
peristome narrowly expanded, brown, its terminations distant ; outer
margin straightened, bearing an acute tooth in the middle, its
position marked by a pit or scrobiculation outside the peristome ;
basal margin with a small tooth in the middle. Umbilicus rather
narrow, deep. Alt. 62-8, diam. 13-15 mill.

Martinique.

H. auridens RANG, Guerin's Mag. de Zool. 1834, t. 49. — FEE.,
Hist. t. 69 K, f. 8-12.— PFR. Monogr. i, p. 412 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
361, t. 64, f. 1-3.— REEVE, f. 281.

Separated from other species of Dentellaria by the open umbilicus
and peculiar aperture. The form of the aperture and whole aspect
of the shell forcibly recalls H. obvoluta Mull, of Central Europe,
and other similar species of the section Gonostoma.

Section V. CEPOLIS Montfort, 1810.

Cepolis MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 150. — ALBERS-MARTENS, Die
Heliceen, p. 152 (1860). — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Noment. Hel. Viv.
p. 175. — Cepolum MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 151.

The animal of Cepolis has not been observed. The principal
peculiarity of the shell is the deep scrobiculation of the base a short
distance behind the aperture, corresponding with a strong fold-like
tooth inside. I have united with this section the divisions called
Averellia and Angrandiella by Mr. Ancey, and have separated from
it a number of Asiatic forms which Pfeiffer places here.

HELTX-CEPOLIS. 93

Key to the species of Cepolis.
Broadly umbilicated ; depressed,

Spire slightly convex ; aperture 1-toothed, angrandi.

Spire concave ; aperture 2-plicate within, macneili.

Imperforate or narrowly perforate,
Aperture 2-toothed within,

Peristome broadly expanded, flattened ; spire conoidal,

pimesoma.
Perist. less expanded, not flattened ; spire depressed,

Periphery obtusely angular, cepa.

Periphery rounded, tritonalis.

Aperture not 2-toothed ; surface rough. squamosa.

H. CEPA Miiller. PL 49, figs. 55-58, 62-64.

Covered-perforate, or imperforate, globose-depressed, solid, opaque,
somewhat shining, chestnut brown, with a spiral light band on the
upper surface, lighter colored beneath ; surface obliquely striate and
finely rugose all over ; spire depressed, low ; apex slightly obtuse ;
suture slightly impressed from the beginning outward ; whorls 4i to 5,
the inner moderately, the last rapidly widening, and then becoming
narrower on its last one-fourth, then expanded at the aperture;
periphery subcarinated ; base convex ; body-whorl deeply, abruptly
deflexed anteriorly, and with a deep furrow or pit a short distance
behind the aperture at the periphery ; aperture quite oblique, brown
within, rounded-lunar ; peristome narrowly expanded, baso-columel-
lar margin reflexed and adnate over the umbilicus, nearly or wholly
covering it, bearing within a strong square tubercle ; outer wall of
aperture bearing a short distance within a strong callous fold.
Terminations of peristome not converging, joined by a light callus.

Alt. 20-25, diam. 37-45 mill.

Hayti.

H. cepa MULL. Hist. Verm, ii, p. 94. — FER., Hist. t. 53 A, f. 1 ,
2.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. t. 10, f. 9, 10 ; Monogr. i, p. 30.3.— IT.
impressa BLAINV., Diet. sc. nat. xx, p. 427. — Cepolum nicolsimanum
MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 151.

A small form before me measures, alt. 17, diam. 31 mill.
H. TRIZONALIS Grateloup. PI. 49, figs. 68-70.

Imperforate or narrowly perforate, depressed-globose, strong,
shining, yellowish-white with three brown zones, base whitish ; sur-

94 HELIX-CEPOLIS.

face very regularly, densely striate, the striation noticeably coarser
just behind the peristome ; spire low, convex ; apex polished, obtuse;
sutures impressed ; whorls 4 to 4£, convex, the last wider, rounded
at the periphery, deeply deflexed anteriorly, and with a deep groove
or pit on the periphery a short distance behind the peristome ; aper-
ture quite oblique, rounded-lunate, white and showing the bands
within ; peristome broadly expanded, white, terminations somewhat
converging, lower margin reflexed, partly or wholly closing the
umbilicus, bearing within a tubercular tooth ; outer wall bearing a
callous fold a short distance within. Alt. 12-13, diam. 23 mill.

Hayti.

H. trizonalis GRAT. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xi, p. 401, t. 1, f. 8. —
PFR. Monogr. i, p. 345 ; Conchyl. Cab. 474, 1. 158, f. 12-15.— REEVE,
f. 592.

Not an uncommon species. Pfeiffer mentions a pure white
variety.

Var. TRIZONELLA Pilsbry. PL 49, figs. 65-67.

Umbilicate ; smaller than the type ; very regularly obliquely
costulate, the costulse obsolescent around the umbilicus; aperture
small, rounded, the terminations of the narrowly-expanded peristome
joined by a white heavy parietal callus. Teeth as in H. trizonalis.

Alt. 10, diam. 16 mill/

H. TRIZONALOIDES A. D. Brown.

Imperforate, globose, thick, obliquely striated (pale horn color?),
encircled by three brown bands ; spire elevated ; whorls 5, rather
convex, the last furrowed behind the lip, forming a tubercle within;
aperture very oblique, ovate, with two teeth, one on the basal
margin, the other within the aperture ; peristome white, widely
reflected, covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 21, diam. maj. 21, min. 17 mill. (Brown.)

Hayti f

Allied to H. trizonalis Grat., and also in the peculiar arrange-
ment of the teeth to H. cepa Mull. From the former it differs in
having the umbilicus entirely closed ; in the internal tubercle which
is stouter than in trizonalis ; in the more elevated spire ; and in
being heavier and more coarsely striated. From cepa it is readily
distinguished by its more elevated spire, smaller size and more
oblique aperture. I am in doubt as to the locality of this shell, but

HELIX-CEPOLIS. 95

from the singular arrangement of the teeth resembling both trizon-
alis and cepa, I am disposed to refer it to Hayti. (Brown .)

H. trizonaloides BROWN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, p.
333.— PFR. Monographia v, p. 312.

Known to me only by the above description and remarks.

H. PIMESOMA Pilsbry. PL 24, figs. 44-47.

Imperforate, depressed-globose-conic, solid, yellowish with two
brown bands on the upper surface, obliquely striate ; spire low-
conical, apex glossy, obtuse; suture impressed ; whorls 4£, convex,
the last depressed, rounded at periphery, deeply, abruptly deflexed
anteriorly, and with a deep pit on the • periphery a short distance
behind the aperture ; aperture small, quite oblique, nearly closed by
the teeth projecting into it ; peristome very broadly reflected, flat-
tened, its lower margin straightened, adnate over the umbilicus,
bearing a square tooth within ; outer wall of aperture bearing a
heavy callous tooth a short distance with in. Terminations of peristome
only slightly approaching.

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 19, min. 15? mill.

Hayti.

This species is distinguished from H. trizonalis by its smaller aper-
ture, more obstructed by large teeth ; more conical spire ; and much
more broadly reflected, flattened peristome. There is no indentation
at the place of the umbilicus.

H. SQUAMOSA Ferussac. PI. 56, figs. 20-22.

Imperforate, depressed, carinated, thin but rather strong, luster-
less, brownish yellow, irregularly and rather sparsely speckled
with small chestnut-brown elongated spots; surface decussated by
rather coarse spiral grooves and oblique sulci ; spire low, apex pol-
ished, suture impressed ; whorls 4 J, slightly convex, the last carinated
at the periphery, the carina crenulated by the prominent oblique
riblets of increment, base flattened, indented around the axis ; in
front the whorl descends abruptly ; it is a trifle constricted just
behind the peristome, then gibbous, and behind this gibbosity there
is a decided indentation just above and upon the periphery; aper-
ture quite oblique, broad lunar ; peristome flesh colored, narrowly
expanded, the baso-columellar margin adnate to the whorl over the
umbilicus and for a distance on the base ; thickened within.

Alt. 9, diam. 17 mill.

Ins. Porto Rico.

96 HELIX-CEPOLIS.

H. squamosa FER., Hist. t. 41. f. 3. — PFR. Monogr. i, p. 294; iii,.
p. 207; Conchyl. Cab. p. 45, t. 72, f. 12-14.— REEVE, f. 1300.— IT.
macularia LAM. An. s. Vert. p. 89. — CHENU, 111. Conchyl., Helix, t.
6, f. 15.

(Subsection Averellia Ancey.)

Coelospira ANCEY, Conchologists' Exchange, i, p. 20, Nov., 1886,
(not of HALL) — Averellia ANCEY, Conchol. Exch. i, p. 54, April,

1887.

H. MACNEILI Crosse. PI. 49, figs. 59-61.

Broadly umbilicate, depressed, planorboid, rather thin, lusterless,
corneous brown, with three obscure brown spiral bands, base lighter ;
surface nearly free from growth-lines, under a lens seen to be thickly
beset with numerous very short hairs ; spire immersed, concave, apex
whitish ; sutures impressed ; whorls 4 to 4 J, convex, the inner
slowly, the penultimate rapidly widening, last whorl wide, convex
above and beneath, rounded at the periphery, very deeply descend-
ing toward the aperture, and with a deep long groove or scrobic-
ulation above its middle, and a short one on the base, behind the
peristome ; aperture brown inside, subhorizontal, oblong-lunar, bi-
sinuate inside; peristome narrowly expanded all around, white,
the terminations distant but converging, connected by a very thin
parietal callus ; lower margin bearing within an acute entering short
fold ; upper margin bearing an acute long entering lamella. Um-
bilicus broad, perspective, showing the whorls to the bottom.

Alt. 5J, diam. 13-14 mill.

Chiriqua Lagoon, Nicaragua ; Coast Region and lower hills, from
Parismina to the Hills of Zhorguin, Costa Rica.

H. mac-neili CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1873, p. 67 ; 1. c. 1874,
p. 71, t. 2, f. 3.— PFR., Monographia vii, p. 451.— ANGAS, P. Z. S.
1879, p. 476.

(Subsection Angrandiella Ancey.)

Angrandiella ANC. Conchologists' Exchange, i, p. 20, Nov., 1886.
H. ANGRANDI Morelet. PI. 25, figs. 48-50.

Umbilicate, orbicular-convex, thin, shining, striatulate, beneath
decussate-malleate ; corneus-rufous, with a narrow peripheral zone ;
spire slightly elevated ; suture narrowly marginate ; umbilicus of
medium width, perspective ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly widen-
ing, the last a little dilated, rather turgid beneath, broadly scrobic-

HELIX-LUCERNA. 97

ulate behind the aperture, descending anteriorly ; aperture very
oblique, oval, with a dentiform fold inside the columellar margin ;
peristome white, margins joined by a callus, the upper expanded,
columellar margin dilated, reflexed.

Alt. 8, diam. maj. 25, min. 22 mill. (Morelet.)

Chocquequiras on the Apurimac river, Peru.

H. angrandi MOREL. Series Conchyl. iii, p. 168, t. 7, f. 3. (1863)
— PFR., Monographia v, p. 5CK-.

Section VI. LUCERNA Swainson, 1840.

Lucerna SWAINS. Treatise on Malacol. p. 329. — Lucerna "Humph"
H. AND A. AD. Genera, ii, p. 198. — (f Caprinus MONTF. Conch. Syst.
ii, p. 142.) — Pleurodonta'BvcK, MORCH, ALBERS, ALBERS-MARTENS,
PFEIFFER, and others, not of FISCHER DE WALDHEIM. — .Lyrostoma
MORCH, Cat. Yoldi, p. 11, not of SWAINSON.

The name Pleurodonta was proposed for H. lychnuchus, a form
now classed in Dentellaria ; and if used at all, should replace the
latter name. Caprinus of Montf. may have been founded on H.
lucerna or a small form of H. acuta ; but the figure and description
are sufficiently vague to render any identification doubtful.

There is a surprising amount of variation in the species of this
group. Specific distinctions seem to be indeed wholly artificial ;
and the variations in some cases connect the most dissimilar forms
into continuous series. Professor C. B. ADAMS, of Amherst, seems
to have first seen the significance of these variations, and their
bearing on the question of the mutability of species. (See Contribu-
tions to Conchology No. 10, p. 189, and in other places in the same
publication.) This Avas eight years before the publication of " The
Origin of Species."

Of course the " Key " to species given below will not always
enable one to name intermediate or transition forms.

Key to species of Lucerna.

A. SPECIES WITH NOT MORE THAN TWO TEETH ON THE PERIS-
TOME.
Lip expanded all around.

Granulate above, polished beneath ; no teeth, carmelita.

Granulate all over ; one or two small teeth on basal lip,

bainbridgei.

Outer whorl scarcely or not at all granulate, spengleriana.

7-HELICID^E.

98 HELIX-LUCERNA.

Lip scarcely expanded above.

Teeth of basal lip two ; extending more than half-way to parietal
wall, lucerna.

Teeth of basal lip not extending half-way to parietal wall,

Edge of whorls undulating, chemnitziana.

Edge of whorls smooth,

Basal lip adnate for a considerable distance to the base,

subacuta.
Basal lip adnate only near and over umbilicus, acuta.

B. SPECIES WITH THREE OR FOUR TEETH ON THE BASAL LIP OF

PERISTOME.

Body-whorl flattened, depressed, acutely carinated,
Shell unicolored, brown,

Carina very acute ; size large, peracutissima.

Carina less acute ; diam. under 36 mill. cara.

Shell conspicuously banded,

Center of base dark, soror.

Base with a dark girdle, center light,

Acutely carinated, lip 4-toothed, schroeclceriana.

Obtusely carinated, lip 3-toothed, tridentina.

Body-whorl globose-depressed ; obtusely carinated or rounded ; ivith
a short furrow or groove above the peripheral carina, and parallel
with it, a short distance behind the peristome.

Body- whorl decidedly depressed ; umbilicus open ; 4 teeth equally
spaced.

Parietal wall elevated ; peristome solute, anomala.

Parietal wall adnate, sinuosa.

Body-whorl globose-depressed ; imperforate or umbilicus narrow,
Outer tooth abruptly bent outward at its inner end, sinuata.
Outer tooth parallel with the adjacent tooth,

Diam. 24 mill, or more, simson.

Diam. 23 mill, or less, invalida.

Body-whorl globose-depressed, obtusely carinated or rounded, with-
out any furrow or groove above the periphery behind the aperture.
Outer two teeth of base contiguous, decidedly united at the base,
3 furrows behind peristome,

Fourth (outer) tooth the smallest, olceniana.

Outer tooth not smallest, sloaneana, bronni, valida.

Outer two teeth scarcely or not at all united at base,

HELIX-LUCERNA. 99

Umbilicate ; peristome continuous, parietal margin elevated,

* pallescens.

Narrowly or not umbilicate ; parietal margin adnate,

Color light, spirally brown-banded, atavus.

Dark, with zigzag silvery stripes, picturata.

H. CARMELITA Ferussac. PI. 34, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, depressed, slightly dilated transversely, solid, opaque,
shining, chestnut-brown or nearly black, surface marked above the
periphery by oblique incremental striae composed of elongated
granules, beneath the periphery surface smooth, shining ; under a
lens there becomes visible an excessively minute sculpture of short
scratches, irregularly cross-hatching the surface between the granules ;
the granulation and microscopic sculpture sometimes subobsolete.
Spire low, rounded, obtuse; apex flat; suture linear, becoming
impressed at the latter half of the last whorl. Whorls 4, nearly
planulate, gradually widening, the last wider, angular at the per-
iphery, becoming rounded on its latter third, briefly deflexed anter-
iorly, not indented in the center beneath. Aperture oblique, ob-
long-truncate, silvery or bluish-white within ; peristome expanded all
around, white, baso-columellar margin reflexed and adherent to the
base, and expanded over the umbilicus in a wide white callus.
Margins of the peristome remote, joined by a translucent parietal
deposit. Alt. 21, diam. 44 mill.

Jamaica.

H. carmelita FEE. Prodr. 85 ; Hist. t. 32, f. 4.— PFR. Symb. iii, p.
73 ; Monogr. i, p. 295 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 362, t. 138, f. 4-6.— REEVE,
f, 181.— IT. mora GRAY Griff. Anim. Kingd. t. 36, f. 1.— H. redfield-
iana C. B. AD. Contr. to Conch. No. 7, p. 107.

Differs from the following species in the more depressed form,
more expanded umbilical callus, less expanded peristome and differ-
ent sculpture ; there is frequently an obtuse low tubercle on the col-
umella, close to the insertion. The basal lip is never toothed, as it
is in the following forms.

H. BAINBRIDGEI Pfeiffer. PL 33, figs. 1, 2, 7, 8.

Imperforate or with a narrow umbilical fissure, depressed, solid,
opaque, rather dull, brown, more or less tinged with purplish or
greenish, lighter around the axis below, and with a light peripheral
fascia ; surface evenly granulate above and below ; spire low-conoidal,

100 HELIX-LUCERNA.

apex obtuse, plane ; sutures linear. Whorls 5, plane, slowly widen-
ing, the last not descending, bluntly subangular in front of the aper-
ture. Aperture very oblique, livid-brown inside, showing the light
band ; peristome broadly expanded and recurved in every part,
polished, brown ; basal margin bearing a small compressed pliciform
denticle at the point of its junction with the outer lip, and often a
small tubercle nearer the columella; columellar margin short, arcu-
ate, broadly expanded and adnate over or nearly over the umbilical
tract. Margins of peristome joined by a polished brown callus.
Alt. 28-33, diam. 54-61 mill.

Jamaica.

H. bainbridgei PFR. P. Z. S. 1845. p. 44 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 357, t.

63, f. 5, 6 ; Monogr. i, p. 313.— REEVE, f. 222.— H. lamarckii var.
unidentata FER. Hist., t. 58, f. 1, 2. ? — H. pretiosa AD. Contr. to

Conch, no. 9, p. 171 ; no. 10, p. 204.— PFR. Monogr. iv,p. 240.— IT.
spengleriana PFR. P. Z. S. 1846, p. Ill ; Monogr. i, p. 292 ; Conchy L

Cab. p. 311, t. 128, f. 1, 2.

Differs from H. carmelita in being more finely granular, and
equally so above and beneath. There is no mistake about the
identity of the forms included in the above synonymy. In the large
series before me transition forms are more numerous than typical
examples of the several varieties.

Var. PRETIOSA C. B. Ad. PI. 33, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Typically this form has a higher spire than H. bainbridgei, and
the substance of the shell is white ; the thin cuticle is yellowish ;
peristome white. Alt. 35, diam. 55 mill.

Var. SPENGLERIANA Pfr. PI. 34, fig. 4 ; pi. 30, fig. 53.

Similar in form to typical H. bainbridgei ; upper whorls very
minutely granulated ; body-whorl striate, smooth, not granulated.
Differs from bainbridgei in the lack of granulation on the last
whorl.

H. SUBACUTA Pfeiffer. PI. 25, figs. 56, 57.

Imperforate, depressed-convex, carinate, solid, opaque, shining be-
low, duller above, brown ; surface above somewhat granulated upon
the oblique incremental striae, nearly or quite smooth beneath ; spire
low, obtuse ; apex planulate, suture linear ; whorls 5, a trifle con-
vex, slowly widening, the last carinate, depressed ; aperture wide-
lunar, transverse, very oblique, livid within ; peristome white, upper

HELIX-LUCERNA. 101

margin simple, obtuse, outer slightly expanded, basal margin
reflexed and adnate for a considerable distance to the base ; bearing
within two small, somewhat-compressed teeth.

Alt. 25, diam. 45 mill.

Jamaica.

H. subacuta PFR. Malak. Bl. 1867, p. 127 ; Monographia v, p.
318.

This is rather a rare species, heretofore unfigured. It is similar
to H. carmelita in being granular above, smoother and polished
beneath, but differs from that form in having teeth on the basal lip.
From H. bainbridgei, lucerna, acuta, chemnitziana, spengleriana,
etc., it is separated by the close adhesion and appression of the basal
lip to the body-whorl nearly as far as the outer tooth of the basal
margin.

H. ACUTA Lamarck.

Under the above name I include a number of forms of Jamaica
Helices which authors have attempted to establish as distinct
species. I unite these forms only after the closest study of hundreds
of specimens, and because absolute inosculation of the several
supposed specific types is exemplified by numerous specimens
before me. The descriptions below apply to typical examples of the
varieties ; but as I have just said, intermediate forms connecting
these in every direction may be expected by the student.

H. ACUTA var. ACUTA Lam. PL 26, fig. 61.

Imperforate, depressed, very acutely carinated, solid, opaque,
nearly lusterless, yellowish-brown or chestnut, finely granulate all
over ; spire more or less depressed, very low-conical, obtuse ; apex
planulate; suture linear; whorls 5 to 5£, flat, slowly widening;
body-whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, concave above, con-
vex below the carina ; base convex, constricted behind the peristome ;
aperture transverse, white or pinkish within ; peristome white or
brown, slightly expanded and obtuse above, broadly expanded be-
low, thickened, bearing inside two rather strong, acute teeth, the
outer one usually marked behind the peristome by a slight depres-
sion. Alt. 25, diam. 50 mill.

Jamaica.

H. acuta LAM. in Encyc. Meth. t. 462, f. 1. — Caracolla acutissima
LAM. An. s. Vert, vi, pt. 2, p. 95. — H. lamarckii var. DESK, in Fer
Hist., t. 57, f. 2, 3.— H. acutissima DESK., Encyc. Meth. ii, p. 261,

102 HELJX-LUCERNA.

and of most authors. — H. heteroclites LAM. An. s. Vert. p. 74. — H.
aeuta var. /?. PFR. Monogr. i, p. 313.

This form is really the typical H. acuta of Lamarck, which is
thus seen to be absolutely synonymous with H. acutissima of the
same author. It is the var. 0. of Pfeiffer. Pfeiffer has in the face
of these facts, restricted acuta to the smaller, bluntly-carinated
variety, and given to the shell figured in the Encyclopedic the
varietal name acutissima or var. /?. I question the propriety of
restricting typical acuta to a form Lamarck probably never saw and
certainly did not figure or describe. If we use the name acutissima
at all, it must replace acuta in toto.

Var. LAMARCKII Per. PI. 26, figs. 58, 65.

Generally smaller than the type ; periphery rounded or bluntly
angled ; teeth of the basal lip two, generally strong, rather near
together, compressed, acute, spire more or less elevated.

Alt. 18, diam. 35 ; alt. 33, diam. 63 mill.

H. acuta PFR., in Conchyl. Cab. p. 357, t. 63, f. 13, 14 ; H. acuta
g and d PFR., Monograph!*. — H. lamarckii FER. Prodr. 129, Hist. t.
57, f. 1.

Var. SUBLUCERNA Pilsbry. PI. 30, fig. 52.

This is a form about the size and shape of H. lucerna, whitish
below, light brown above, lip edged with brown ; basal teeth two,
small, acute ; periphery angular or rounded ; sometimes perforate.

Alt. 16-17, diam. 33 mill.

This form was figured by Pfeiffer (Conchylien Cabinet, Helix, t.
62, f. 15) as a form of H. lucerna. After examining numerous
specimens I am satisfied that it belongs to H. acuta. It is not nearly
so deeply scrobiculate behind the peristome as H. lucerna.

Var. PATINA C. B. Ad. PI. 26, figs. 66 ; pi. 33, figs. 3-5.

Conical or depressed ; always carinated ; lip white or flesh-colored,
basal margin bearing a single tooth, rather small, tubercular, not
compressed ; surface granulate all over ; base generally lighter colored
than upper surface. Alt. 20-25, diam. 51-55 mill.

H. patina C. B. AD. Contr. to Conch, no. 2, p. 29. — REEVE, Conch.
Icon. f. 218.— PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 215 ; Conch. Cab. p. 300, t. 126,
f. 3, 4.

There is a less-depressed form named by A. D. Brown (in coll.)
H. goniasmos. Mr. Brown's type is represented on pi. 26, fig. 60.

HELIX-LUCERNA. 103

H. nannodonta A. D. Brown mss. is a form similar to goniasmos, but
with a second tooth developed near the columella. Both teeth are
tubercular. The type is figured on pi. 26, fig. 62. Ferussac's figures
of H. lamarckii var. unidentata (Histoire, t. 58, f. 1, 2) are probably
referable to H. patina, or to a form intermediate between patina
and typical acuta. These figures are copied on my pi. 33, figs. 3,
4,5.

I would retain H. patina separate from H. acuta, on account
of the single basal tooth, which is tubercular, not compressed, were
it not connected directly by intermediate examples with acuta. H.
patina often has two basal teeth ; both are small ; they are rather
separated.

Var. OXYTENES A. D. Brown (mss). PI. 55, figs. 4, 5.

Still more depressed than H. patina ; periphery compressed into
a knife-like carina ; base of the aperture with one or two small
teeth ; borders of the whorls a trifle undulating, but much less so
than in H. chemnitziana. Alt. 20-23, diam. 53-58 mill.

Var. INGENS C. B. Ad. PL 27, fig. 80.

Much depressed, especially above; carina acute, compressed,
concave above and below ; teeth of the basal lip generally two, stouter
and nearer together than in H. patina and compressed, acute, not
tubercular. The inner tooth often has one or more small denticles
near it as in H. chemnitziana. The borders of the whorls are often
somewhat uneven above, but not distinctly undulating. The color
varies from a yellowish-flesh tint to deep chestnut-brown ; light
specimens have dark inner whorls. The umbilicus is generally
covered by expansion of the lip. Lip and aperture white, flesh-
tinted or brown. Alt. 30, diam. 65 mill. ; often greater or less.

H. ingens C. B. AD. Contr. to Conch, no. 5, p. 76 ; no. 9, p. 170. —
REEVE, f. 221. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 214.

Var. NOBILIS C. B. Adams. PI. 26, figs. 59, 63, 64.

Shell transversely ovate-orbicular, moderately and irregularly con-
vex above, regularly and very convex beneath ; above reddish or
blackish brown, with paler spaces; beneath with a broad belt of
blackish-brown next to the periphery, within which the shell is of a
bright yellowish-green ; lip purple, irregularly spotted with white ;
surface rather feebly granulated, smooth near the apex and umbilical
region, the lower part of the whorls for the most part undulated by
short oblique impressions ; spire moderately elevated ; wyhorls a little

104 HELIX-LUCERNA.

more than 5, subplanulate, with a slightly impressed suture ; last
whorl with an acute periphery, above which it is concave in its last
half, and below which it is slightly concave in its first half; aperture
subtriangular, with the lower outline much curved, with one moder-
ately-developed tooth below near ithe right side ; labrum well re-
flected, moderately thickened ; umbilicus wanting. (Adams.)

Alt. 23, diam. 50 mill.

H. nobilis C. B. AD. Contr. to Conch, no. 7, p. 106. — PFR.
Monogr. iii, p. 215 ; iv, p. 246 ; v, p. 319.

Undoubtedly another variety, allied to gouiasmos. Adams' orig-
inal description is given above. Figure 64 is drawn from a typical
specimen. Figures 59, 63, represent mutations of the same variety. I
am inclined to consider Pfeiffer's H. abnormis an abnormally elevated
form of nobilis.

H. ABNORMIS Pfeiffer. PL 34, fig. 7.

Imperforate, trochiform, solid, minutely granulated, scarcely
shining, rufous, above white; spire conoidal, obtuse; whorls 5J,
convex, slowly widening, the last scarcely descending anteriorly,
nearly rounded at the periphery ; base plane ; aperture nearly
horizontal, rotund-lunar ; peristome subthickened, the margins par-
allel, joined by a thin callus ; upper margin slightly expanded, basal
margin with a conical tooth on its right side, somewhat dilated,
reflexed and adnate in the region of the umbilicus.

Alt. 23, diam. 42 mill. (Pfeiffer.)

Jamaica.

H. abnormis PFR., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 56 ; Monogr. iv, p. 240 ; v, p.
311.— REEVE, f. 1275.

I have above expressed the opinion that this form is a modification
of H. nobilis Ad. That species is frequently rounded at the periph-
ery, or only bluntly angular. H. abnormis is probably abnormal.
I have seen no specimen just like it among the hundreds of Jamaica
Helices I have examined.

H. CHEMNITZIANA Pfeifler. PL 30, figs. 43-45.

Imperforate, depressed, acutely carinated, solid, opaque, brown,
scarcely shining ; surface minutely granulate all over ; spire low,
obtuse; apex flat; sutures linear; whorls 4?-5, flat, their lower
margins regularly undulated by short low folds of the upper surface ;
body-whorl very convex below, generally with a dark spiral band on

HELIX-LUCERNA. 105

the lower surface; aperture large, trapezoidal, with a compressed
acute tooth to the right, and an equal one, flanked by one or several
denticles toward the columella ; peristonie flesh-colored, upper margin
slightly expanded, lower margin reflexed, adnate over the umbilicus,
and to the base for a longer or shorter distance.
Alt. 22-24, diam. 50-56 mill.

Jamaica.

H. chemnitziana PFR. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 43 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 299,
t. 126, f. 1, 2 ; Monogr. i, p. 301.— REEVE, f. 22Q.—H.fluctuata C. B.
AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 29.

Separated from H. patina, H. acuta, etc., by the decidedly undu-
lating lower part of each whorl. Large specimens are somewhat
dilated transversely.

H. LUCERNA Miiller. PI. 30, figs. 46-49.

Imperforate, depressed, more or less bluntly carinated, solid,
opaque, varying from yellowish to reddish-brown in color ; surface
granular all over, slightly shining, spire more or less depressed,
obtuse ; apex flattened ; sutures linear ; whorls 5, nearly planulate,
slowly widening, the last more or less carinated ; aperture transverse,
peristome white or brown, upper margin scarcely expanded, basal
margin reflexed, thickened, bearing two strong compressed subequal
teeth inside, near together, their positions marked behind the peri-
stome by large pits. Alt. 16, diam. 32 ; alt. 18, diam. 38 mill.

Jamaica.

H. lucerna MULL. Hist. Verm, ii, p. 13. — FER. Hist. t. 56 B, f.
l_7._pFR Monogr. i, p. 315 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 154, t. 20, f. 8, 9.—
REEVE, f. 229. — H. fuscolabris AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p. 120.
-PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 258 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 466, t. 156, f. 24, 25.
—H. julia FER. Prodr. p. 35 ; Hist. t. 56 B, f. 1.— PFR. Monogr. v,
p. 315.

This species is more nearly allied to the small blunt-keeled,
bidentate variety of H. acuta than to anything else; It may be
separated from all forms of H. acuta by the flatter base, more com-
pressed aperture, larger teeth, and especially the decidedly deeper,
larger constriction or scrobiculation behind the peristome.

Var. JULIA Ferussac. PL 34, figs. 5, 6.

Periphery rounded or very bluntly angled, encircled by a light
band ; spire elevated ; parietal callus strong ; basal teeth strong,
compressed, near together. Alt. 19, diam. 33 mill. Often smaller.

106 HELIX-LUCERNA.

Var. FUSCOLABRIS 0. B. Adams. PL 30, figs. 50, 51.

Umbilicate or imperforate ; carina bordered beneath with dark,,
base paler toward the middle ; aperture and peristome brown.

Alt. 16, diam. 36 mill.

H. RHYNCHJENA A. D. Brown.

Imperforate, depressed-conical above, convex beneath, carinated,.
solid, subfulvous, obsoletely granulose ; whorls 5, nearly flat, the
last inflated, excavated above the carina ; aperture very oblique,,
angular below, produced into a rostrum above, armed with a small
tooth at the carina; peristome isabella-colored, broadly reflexed,.
margins joined by a thin callus, basal margin thickened.

Alt. 20, diam. maj. 52, min. 43 mill. (A. D. B.}

Jamaica*

H. rhynchcena BROWN, in Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 392.

This is evidently a form allied to some of the varieties of H. acuta.
Mr. Brown seems to have abandoned the name ; for in his collection.
there are no specimens — not even the type — marked rhynchcena.

***

H. PERACUTISSIMA C. B. Adams. PL 27, figs. 70, 71

Perforate or covered, depressed, thin but strong, opaque, slightly
shining, chestnut-brown, unicolored, obliquely irregularly striated,,
minutely granulated all over, the granulation sometimes nearly
effaced ; spire low-conoid or flattened ; apex planulate ; sutures-
linear or projecting instead of impressed ; whorls 4? to 5, slowly
increasing, the last generally narrower toward the aperture, very
acutely carinated, convex beneath, not descending anteriorly ; aper-
ture oblique, subtriangular ; peristome expanded, brown, bearing
inside the lower margin four teeth ; a small one near the insertion,
then a larger on the basal margin, then two near together, and
situated upon a common eminence, toward the outer angle of
aperture. The whorl is deeply tri-scrobiculate behind the peristome.
Alt. 15, diam. 42 mill.

Jamaica*

H. peracutissima AD., Proc. Bost. Soc. K H. 1845, p. 15. — PFR.^
Monographia, i, p. 314 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 300, t. 126, f, 9, 10.—
REEVE, f. 224. — H. straminea ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 122. — H*
soror var, FER., Hist. t. 54 A, f. 1-3. — H. martiniana PFR. Monogr.
i, p. 314 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 264, t. 120, f. 9-11.

HELIX-LUCERNA. 107

Allied to H. cara, from which it may be separated by the more
acute carina, which is compressed into a knife-like margin, concave
above and below. There is some variation in size, the form called
H. martiniana by Pfeiffer being scarcely larger than H. cara, and,
in fact, constituting a connecting link between the two species. The
lip is sometimes white. The spire is often flatter than the figures
show, and the umbilicus is as often open as closed.

H. CARA C. B. Adams. PL 36, rigs. 37-39, 40, 41.

Umbilicate or imperforate, depressed, acutely carinated, oblique-
ly striate and more or less granulated ; chestnut brown, rarely olive-
colored ; spire low-conoidal ; apex planulate ; sutures linear ; last
whorl acutely carinated, scarcely descending anteriorly ; peristome
expanded, white or brown, basal margin reflexed, dilated partly or
wholly over the umbilicus, quadri-dentate within, the inner tooth
generally small, often obsolete, outer tooth sometimes obsolete,
the two outer teeth nearer together and situated upon a narrower
eminence than in H. peracutissima. Alt. 13, diam. 34 mill.

Jamaica*

H. cara AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 29. (1849.)— PFR., Monogr,
iii, p. 216 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 126, f. 11, 12.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f.
223.— IT. amabilis C. B. AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 7, p. 105.

The carina is not pinched out into so acute a keel as in H. pera-
cutissima. There is a var. media Ads, with light-colored carina
(figs. 40, 41), which approaches somewhat H. soror. The whorl does
not descend toward the aperture as in that species, however.

H. SOROR Ferussac. PI. 35, figs. 27-30.

Umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinated, solid, opaque, dark
brown, except for a white or yellowish band in the middle of the
whorl, above and below the carina; obscurely striated and
granulated ; spire low-conoidal ; apex planulate ; sutures linear ;
whorls 4 to 4?, flat, the last acutely carinated, slightly descending
anteriorly; aperture very oblique, transverse; peristome white,
expanded, basal margin subreflexed, nowhere adnate to the base
except at the insertion, bearing inside four acute teeth, the inner
one small, outer two situated upon a prominence, the three outer
teeth marked outside the lip by three furrows or scrobiculations.
Parietal callus light, thin, translucent.

Alt, 13, diam. 30 mill.; alt. 12, diam. 33 mill.

Jamaica.

108 HELIX-LUCERNA.

H.soror FEE., Prodr. 118; Hist. t. 54, f. 43.— PFR. Symbols, iii,
p. 80 ; Monogr. i., p. 401 ; Conchyl. Cab. t. 78, f. 3, 4.— REEVE, f.
238. — Carocolla quadridentata MKE., Cat. Malsb., p. 5 (teste Pfr.).

H. soror is more acutely carinated than H. schroeteriana, and the
entire central part of the base is dark chestnut colored; whilst
H. schroeteriana has only a dark band encircling the base, the
circum-umbilical tract light. I have seen a few specimens of the
last-named species in which the central part of the base is dark*
and such shells can only be distinguished from H. soror by the
more convex base and less acute periphery. None of the numerous
specimens of H. soror before me have the umbilicus wholly covered.

H. SCHRCETERIANA Pfeiffer. PL 36, figs. 31-36.

Umbilicate or imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, somewhat
shining, white, with two dark bands more or less marked zig-zagly
with whitish flecks, one on the upper, one on the lower surface;
obsoletely obliquely striate; obsoletely granulate; spire conoidal,
low; apex obtuse; sutures linear; whorls 4J to 5, flat, the last
acutely carinated, somewhat deflexed anteriorly, with three deep
grooves or scrobiculations behind the peristome; aperture very
oblique, transverse ; peristome brown or white, expanded, reflexed,
somewhat thickened, and convex, lower margin with four teeth
within, the inner small, often obsolete, the two outer joined at their
bases ; terminations of the peristome joined by a shining callus.

Alt. 14, diam. 30 mill.

Jamaica.

H. schrceteriana PFR., P. Z. S. 1845, p. 44 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 66,
t. 78, f. 5, 6; Monographia i, p. 403. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. u.
Beschreib. ii, p. 185, Helix t. 9, f. l.—H. chittyana C. B. AD.,
Contrib. to Conch., No. 2, p. 30.— REEVE, f. 240.

Nearly every specimen of this species shows, when closely
examined, numerous radiating zig-zag whitish markings, appearing
silvery upon the darker bands. Sometimes these markings are
reduced to mere flecks; but every specimen in good condition I
liave seen shows this decoration. H. soror is sometimes somewhat
flecked above, but never has radiating zig-zag markings beneath.
Var. CHITTYANA C. B. Ad. PL 27, figs. 67, 68.

Generally more globose than the type, imperforate (in the
specimens I have seen) and conspicuously marked by radiating
zig-zag silvery flames.

HELIX-LUCERNA. 109

H. TRIDENTINA Ferussac. PL 35, figs. 22-26.

Narrowly umbilicate or imperforate, depressed-trochoidal, solid
opaque, shining, whitish, with two brown bands and a sub-sutural
brown line ; upper surface suffused with yellowish brown ; surface
nearly smooth, the delicate incremental striae and granulation nearly
effaced ; spire conoidal, obtuse ; apex planulate ; sutures linear ,-
whorls 4i to 5, a little convex, the last more or less bluntly angular
at the periphery, flattened beneath, descending anteriorly, deeply
scrobiculate behind the peristome; aperture very oblique, transverse,
oblong-truncate ; peristome white or brown, expanded, reflexed,
expanded and adnate at the insertion, nearly or entirely covering
the umbilicus, the basal margin bearing inside three teeth, the twa
outer connected, arising from a common elevation. There is
sometimes a minute fourth tooth developed near the insertion of the
basal lip. Parietal wall with a light translucent callus.

Alt. 13-14, diam. 25 mill.

Jamaica*

H. tridentina FEB., Histoire t. 54A, f. 4-6. — PFR. Symb. ii, p. 143 ;
Monogr. i, p.. 283; Conchyl. Cab., p. 65, t. 78, f. 1, 2.— PHILIPPI,
Abbild., ii, p. 186, Helix t. 9, f. 8. — H. swainsoniana C. B. AD.,
Contrib. to Conch., No. 9, p. 169. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 260.—
H. browmana PFR. Mai. Blat. i-x, p. 152 (1862) ; Novit. Conch, i,
p. 214, t. 57, f. 1-3.

This shell is more or less bluntly carinated; it is often more
depressed than my figures, and as frequently more elevated. The
umbilicus is nearly, sometimes wholly, covered by the expansion of
the basal lip. The cuticle often showrs alternating streaks of white
and yellowish. These streaks are not so well defined as fig. 24
shows, but are irregular, zig-zag. There is a variety in which the
upper band extends to the suture, and the lower to the center of the
base (fig. 26). The following form is scarcely separable, even as a
variety.

Var. BROWNEANA Pfr. PI. 35, figs. 19-21.

Depressed, imperforate, obtusely carinated ; body-whorl with a
narrow brown band on the base, and a broad one above, beneath
the suture ; lip typically white, basal margin with four teeth, the
inner one quite small. Alt. 11, diam. 23? mill.

110 HELIX-LUCERNA.

Var. SUBSLOANEANA Pilsbry. PL 27, fig. 69.

The form is as in typical H. tridentina ; spiral bands obscure or
absent ; the entire surface yellowish-brown, more or less obscurely
streaked with lighter. General appearance much like H. sloaneana,
but more carinate, perforate, and the basal lip tridentate.

Alt. 14, diam. 28 mill.

** *
H. OKENIANA Pfeiffer. PL 34, figs. 8, 12, 13.

Imperforate, depressed ; periphery rounded or obtusely keeled ;
solid, opaque, brownish above, paler beneath, all over very densely
minutely granulate, the granules arranged in rows like incremental
striaB ; spire low, convex, rounded, apex plane, suture impressed at
apical whorl, then becoming linear ; whorls 4? to 5, the apical
slightly convex, the following flat, the last convex above and
beneath, deeply deflexed anteriorly, deeply 3-grooved or scrobiculate
behind the peristome, the outer groove the smallest. Aperture
sub-horizontal, transverse-oval ; peristome broadly expanded all
around, adnate over the umbilicus, terminations joined by a
parietal callus rather heavy at its edge ; basal margin bearing four
teeth within, the outer one quite small, joined to the third tooth by
a common elevation. Alt. 15, diam. 34 ; alt. 17, diam. 37 mill.

Jamaica.

H. okeniana PFR. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 63; Monogr. i, p. 314;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 440, t. 152, f. 11, 12.— REEVE f. 225.— IT. forth
€. B. AD. Contrib. to Conch., No. 5, p. 77.— REEVE, f. 1476.

Quite a distinct form. Body-whorl convex, depressed orbicular,
often slightly keeled. Whorls of the spire (except the apical two)
flattened, as in the preceding species of this group ; not convex, as
they are in all of the following species. Outer tooth of basal mar-
gin, and the corresponding scrobiculation behind the peristome
much smaller than the adjacent tooth, sometimes even obsolete,
(c/. H. atavus, in which the outer tooth is as large as the adjacent
one.)

H. ATAVUS Shuttleworth. PL 34, figs. 9-11.

Imperforate, depressed semi-globose, solid, slightly shining, upper
surface brown, spire darker, periphery narrowly white banded, base
paler ; surface densely, minutely granulate all over, the granules in
rows in the direction of incremental strife ; spire low, dome-shaped,
obtuse; apex planulate ; sutures not impressed except at tip and

>

UNIV Y

HELIX-LUCEKNA. 1U

Around the last whorl; whorls 4£ to 5, scarcely convex, slowly
widening, the last convex, depressed-orbicular, bluntly keeled at
the periphery, deeply deflexed anteriorly, tri-scrobiculate behind
the peristome, the grooves nearly equidistant, inner one very short ;
aperture subhorizontal, transverse-oval; peristome brown or flesh-
colored, broadly expanded, basal margin reflexed, adnate over the
umbilicus, bearing within four acute teeth, the inner two near to-
gether, outer two not united, lamellar, acute.
Alt. 16-18, diam. 33 mill.

Jamaica.

H. atavus Shutt. in Mus. Cuming, PFEIFFER, Monographia, iv, p.
243 ; v, p. 316.

PfeifFer is in error in referring Reeve's figure of H. fortis to this
species. H. atavus may be known by the large size, dark spire and
pale base, three outer teeth nearly equidistant, the outer two not
situated upon nor connected by an elevation.

H SLOANEANA Shuttleworth. PI. 38, figs. 67-70.

Imperforate, depressed-trochoidal, solid, opaque, shining, brown
•(often livid-brown, or olive-tinged brown) with a lighter peripheral
fascia, and fading out in the center of the base ; surface densely
granulate, the granulation appearing often partly effaced ; spire
dome-shaped ; low or rather elevated, obtuse ; apex planulate ;
sutures scarcely impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last ob-
tusely keeled in the middle, descending at the aperture, deeply
scrobiculate behind the peristome, the inner groove nearly concealed
by the reflection of the lip, the outer two near together, occupying
a single deep depression (not separated as in H. atavus) ; the
grooves are subparallel ; aperture subhorizontal transverse ; peristome
brown, broadly expanded, basal margin reflexed, adnate over the
umbilicus, bearing four teeth within, the outer two connected at
their bases, the inner tooth small, sometimes obsolete. Margins of
peristome joined by a callous continued across the parietal wall from
the upper termination of peristome

Alt. 13-14, diam. 28-29 ; alt. 16, diam. 27 mill.

Jamaica.

H. sloaneana Shutt. in ALBERS, Die Heliseen (2d ed., 1861), p.
153. — PFR., Monogr. v, p. 316. — H. bronni var /5. PFR. Monogr. iv,
p. 243. — H. schroeteriana, REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 236.

The points of difference noted in the above 'description will sepa-
rate this form from H. atavus. The species is less globose than H.

112 HEL1X-LUCERNA.

bronni, larger and browner on the base. H. valida is similar, but
the body-whorl is not so depressed as in sloaneana. The teeth are-
not nearly so large in this shell as in H. sinuata, nor is the inner
groove behind the peristome so long.

H. BRONNI Pfeiffer. PI. 38, figs. 78-80.

Imperforate, globose-depressed or subtrochoidal, solid, opaque,
shining, upper surface deep chestnut brown, periphery white, base
white or yellowish except for a brown fascia revolving below the
periphery ; surface granulate (under a lens), the granulation usually
nearly or entirely effaced, especially above ; spire conoidal, obtuse,,
elevated or depressed ; apex planulate, whitish ; whorls slightly
convex, slowly widening, the last scarcely wider than the penulti-
mate ; whorls 5 to 5£, the last deeply deflexed anteriorly, rounded
(or faintly keeled) at the periphery, deeply scrobiculate behind the
peristome ; aperture subhorizontal, transverse ; peristome broadly
expanded, thickened, basal margin reflexed, widening toward the
insertion, adnate over the umbilicus, bearing within four teeth, reg-
ularly decreasing in size from the outer to the inner* one ; evenly
spaced, the outer two connected at their bases. Lip white and
brown ; its upper termination continued in a heavy callous half-
way across the parietal-wall toward the axis.

Alt. 13-16, diam. 24 mill ; alt. 16, diam. 26 mill.

Jamaica.

H. bronni PFR. Monogr. i, p, 305 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 109, t. 15. f,
9, 10 ; 1. 153, f. 4.— REEVE, f. 241.

Closely allied to H. sloaneana, but smaller, more elevated, with
shorter aperture, more thickened and broader basal lip.

H. STRANGULATA, C. B. Adams. PI. 36, figs. 42-46.

Imperforate, globose, solid, opaque, dull, chocolate-brown, base
usually paler ; surface microscopically granulated all over ; spire
convex, low, obtuse ; apex planulate ; sutures impressed ; whorls 5,
convex, slowly widening, the last subglobose, rounded at the per-
iphery, deeply deflexed anteriorly, indented behind the peristome by
two curved converging furrows ; aperture subhorizontal, transverse ;.
peristome broadly expanded, soiled whitish, basal margin reflexed,
adnate over the umbilicus, bearing within four tortuous lamellar
teeth, the inner one very close to the insertion. Parietal-wall
traversed by a heavy callous continued downward from the upper
termination of the peristome. Alt. 15, diam. 24 mill.

Jamaica*

HELIX-LUCERNA. 113

H. strangulata, AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, p. 31. — PFR. Mouogr.
iii, p. 211 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 445, t. 153, f. 10, 11.— REEVE f. 244.—
GLOYNE, Journ. de Conchyl. xx, p. 30.

Separated at once from other species by the two curved converg-
ing furrows behind the peristome ; H. bronni and other forms of
like outline having three furrows.

H. VALIDA, C. B. Adams. PL 35, figs. 14-18.

Imperforate, globose-depressed or subtrochoidal, solid, opaque,
dark-brown generally lighter beneath, and with a lighter peripheral
band; surface densely finely granulate; spire elevated, obtuse,
apex planulate, polished, sutures impressed ; whorls 5, gradually
increasing, convex, the last globose-depressed, rounded at the pe-
riphery, often encircled there by a trace of a carina, deflexed an-
teriorly, with two deep pits behind the peristome. the outer one
formed by two furrows; aperture subhorizontal, transverse; peri-
stome broadly expanded, brown, basal margin reflexed, bearing
within four teeth, the two outer united at their bases, the inner
tooth small. Alt. 18, diam. 30-34 mill.

Jamaica.

H. valida AD. Contrib. to Conch. Xo. 5, p. 77. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p.
210; Conchyl. Cab. p. 443, t. 153, f. 6, 7.— REEVE, f. 245.

Some specimens show a slight trace of a furrow above the
periphery, behind the peristome. It is closely allied to H. bronni,
but is larger, differently colored and more obviously granulated.
The peristome does not become thickened upon its face as it does in
H. bronni. A small form before me measures alt. 16, diam. 24 mill.

H. PICTURATA C. B. Adams. PI. 37, figs. 47-53.

Imperforate or narrowly umbilicate, depressed, solid, chestnut-
brown, marked above and below with irregular longitudinal silvery
stripes ; surface densely, finely granulate ; spire convex, obtuse ;
apex flat, glossy, corneous ; sutures slightly impressed ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, slowly widening, the last depressed, rounded or
subcarinated at the periphery, deeply descending anteriorly, con-
stricted by three deep furrows behind the peristome. Aperture
subhorizontal, oblong-wedge-shaped, transverse ; peristome broadly
expanded, basal margin reflected, bearing within four strong enter-
ing lamellar teeth, the outer two slightly connected at their bases.

Alt. 12-13, diam. 24-26 mill.

Jamaica.
8 — HEL

114 HELIX-LUCERNA.

H.picturata AD., Contrib. to Conch, p. 30, 40, 98. (Oct. 1849.)—
PFR., Monogr. iii, p. 212; iv, p. 214; v, p. 316; Conchyl. Cab. t.
153, f. 12.— REEVE, f. 235.— IT. sinuata DELESSERT, Recueil. t. 26, f.
10.— PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. t. 15, f. 5, 6.— CHENU, 111. Conch., Helix,
t. 12, f. 10. — H. sinuata var. /5, PFR. Monogr. i, p. 305.

This beautifully-decorated species need not be compared with H.
sinuata and its allies, for it lacks the short furrow above the periph-
ery behind the aperture which those forms possess. H. valida,
H. bronni and H. strangulata are its nearest allies, but all of them
have the two outer teeth united at base, while in H. picturata the
union is very slight. Fig. 51 represents a form without the characi
teristic color-markings ; such shells may still be known by the other
peculiarities just mentioned. Umbilicated specimens are much
less common than imperforate ones. The smallest specimens of the
species I have seen measure, alt. 10, diam. 18 mill.

H. PALLESCENS Shuttleworth. PI. 37, figs. 54-60.

Separated from all other species which lack a furrow above the
periphery behind the peristome, by the wider umbilicus, and the de-
velopment of the parietal margin of the aperture ; peristome solute ;
free from the body-whorl.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, nearly lusterless, light-yellowish,
sometimes tinged above with brownish ; all over densely, finely
granulate ; spire low, slightly convex; apex smooth, light colored;
planulate ; sutures well impressed from the beginning ; whorls
nearly 5, convex, slowly widening, the last wider, but decidedly
narrowed as it nears the aperture, convex below, rounded or
obscurely carinate at the periphery, deej ly, abruptly descending
anteriorly, constricted by three deep furrows behind the peristome ;
aperture subhorizontal, light-brownish or cream-colored within,
transverse, wedge-shaped ; peristome sinuous, broadly expanded, its
face thickened, produced, solute, continuous, free from the preced-
ing whorl, its basal margin bearing within four strong pliciform
obliquely-entering teeth. Alt. 12-14, diam. 25-27 mill.

Jamaica.

H. pallescent SHUTT. (in Mus. Cuining) PFR., Monographia iv, p.
309 ; v, p. 413.

** *
H. SINUATA Miiller. PI. 27, figs. 72-75.

H. sinuata, simson, invalida, sinuosa and anomala form a little
group of species characterized by a short furrow above the periph-

HELIX-LUCERNA. 115

ery of the whorl a short distance behind the aperture. The two
outer teeth are much united at their bases ; and there is often an
accessory denticle between the inner and the second tooth.

Nearly always imperforate, rather globose, strong, opaque, shin-
ing, dark-brown, apex and a peripheral fascia generally white, base
usually lighter ; surface minutely, densely granulate ; spire low
dome-shaped, apex planulate, polished, sutures impressed ; whorls 4£
to 5, convex, very gradually widening ; body- whorl subdepressed,
rounded at the periphery, often with an obsolete peripheral carina,
deeply deflexed at the aperture, deeply scrobiculate behind the pe-
ristome, the furrows rather longer than in H. simson. Aperture
subhorizontal, transverse, somewhat wed 're-shaped ; peristome flesh-
colored, broadly expanded, basal margin reflexed, adnate over the
umbilicus, bearing within four lamellar entering teeth, the outer one
at its inward extremity strongly bent outward, the middle two enter-
ing obliquely toward the axis, the inner tooth smallest, not directed
toward the axis, separated from the second tooth by a broader space
than the spaces separating the remainder of the teeth, this space some-
times bearing a small denticle in the middle ; two outer teeth not
united at their bases ; terminations of peristome united by a parie-
tal callous, continued from the upper margin of the peristome.

Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill.

Jamaica.

H. sinuata MULLER (" Hist. Verm, ii, p. 18, 1773"), PFEIFFER,
Monographia, i, p. 305 (excl. varr.) ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 79, t. 10, f.
5, 6. (teste Pfr.), t. 153, f. 5 ; I.e. p. 445.— REEVE, f. 243.— IT. pro-
penuda AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 5, p. 79. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 212.

Note the passages above italicized. There is great variation in
dimensions and degree of depression. Umbilicus is rarely partly
open. The smallest specimen before me measures, alt. 12, diam. 21
mill.

Var. PROPENUDA Ad.

Shell likeH. sinuata, but the color is very pale, almost white ex-
cept on the upper whorls ; aperture more contracted ; the exterior
furrows are very short, and the right pair of teeth a little joined at
base. Imperforate. (Ad.) Quite a distinct color variety.

H. SINUOSA Ferussac. PL 27, figs. 76-79 ; pi. 38, figs. 76-79.

More depressed than H. sinuata, umbilicate ; the outer tooth of
aperture not flaring outward at its inner extremity, or only slightly

116 HELIX-LUCERNA.

so, nearly parallel with the adjacent two teeth. The four teeth are
almost equally spaced.

Umbilicate, depressed, obtusely carinated, minutely granulated
all over, dark-brown, often with a light peripheral fascia ; whorls
about 5, the apical two convex, shining, the others flatter than in
H. sinuata, scarcely convex, slowly widening, the last more de-
pressed than that of H. sinuata, deeply tri-scrobiculate behind the
peristome, deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture subhorizontal, ob-
long wedge-shaped ; peristome broadly expanded, basal margin re-
flexed, partly concealing the deep broad umbilicus, quadri-dentate
within, the teeth equally spaced, lamellar, entering, nearly closing
the aperture, the outer largest, inner smallest, outer tooth a trifle
turned outward at its inner termination, not nearly so decidedly so
as in H. sinuata. Terminations of peristome united by a more or
less elevated parietal callous. Alt. 13, diam. 28-30 mill.

Jamaica.

H. sinuosa FER. Hist. t. 54, f. 3. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 259; iv,
p. 309 ; v, p. 413 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 279, t. 122, f. 14, 15.— IT. con-
sanguinea C. B. AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 9, p. 170. — H. simson
PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 92 ; Monogr. iii, p. 211 ; Conchyl.
Cab.t. 153, f. 8,9.

This species forms a transition stage between H. sinuata and
H. anomala. It is rarely imperforate. I have before me a variety
of H. sinuata which resembles sinuosa in having a broad umbilicus,
but it has the outer tooth of basal lip bent outward at its inward
extremity as in typical sinuata. The best differential characters
for separating the two forms are found in the equally-spaced teeth
of H. sinuosa, all four of them nearly parallel.

A small variety is imperforate, and measures, alt. 12 2, diam. 23
mill.

VARIETY. PI. 38, figs. 74-77 represent a form which has a well-
developed accessory tooth between the first and second teeth of the
base. It is otherwise like the type,

Var. SIMSON Pfr. PI. 38, figs. Vl-73.

Similar in all respects to H. sinuosa except that it is more elevated,
body-whorl less depressed, outer two teeth united at their bases.

Alt. 16, diam. 28 mill; alt. 15, diam. 25 mill.

The elevated form of typical shells of this variety reminds one of
H. valida Ad.

HELIX-LUCERNA. 117

H. INVALIDA C. B. Adams. PI. 38, figs. 81-86.

Smaller than the several preceding forms ; outer two teeth united
at their bases as in H. simson ; inner tooth small, often wanting ;
teeth smaller, not extending nearly so close to the parietal wall as
in the several preceding species.

Imperforate, rarely umbilicate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque,
somewhat shining, chestnut-brown, with a peripheral light fascia,
base somewhat paler ; surface densely finely granulate ; spire more
or less elevated, obtuse ; apex glossy, corneous ; sutures somewhat
impressed ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, slowly widening, the last
rounded or obtusely carinated at the periphery, deeply deflexed an-
teriorly, tri-scrobiculate behind the peristome, and with a slight
short furrow above the periphery behind the aperture ; aperture
subhorizontal, oblong-wedge-shaped ; peristome broadly expanded,
brown ; basal margin bearing four equally-spaced teeth within, the
outer two united at their bases. Parietal callous elevated at its
junction with the upper termination of the peristome.

Alt. 11-12, diam. 20-22 mill.

Jamaica.

H. invalida AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 5, p. 79. — PFR. Monogr.
iii, p. 212 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 447, 1. 153, f. 14-16.— REEVE, f. 242.—
H. candescens AD. Contrib. to Conch, no. 5, p. 80.

Var. CANDESCENS Ad.

Lighter colored than the type, the base white ; peristome white.

An umbilicate specimen is figured (fig. 81), and a three-toothed
specimen (fig. 82).

H. ANOMALA Pfeiffer. PL 37, figs. 61-66.

Separated from the preceding forms by the extraordinary devel-
opment of the peristome, which is in every part free from the preced-
ing whorl.

Broadly umbilicate, depressed, solid, nearly lusterless, dark pur-
plish-brown with a narrow white peripheral stripe, all over densely,
finely granulate ; spire nearly planorboid or a little convex ; apex
polished, generally white; sutures impressed; whorls 4?, convex,
slowly widening, the last very deeply descending anteriorly, convex
below, constricted behind the peristome by four deep furrows, and a
less conspicuous short furrow just above the periphery; aperture
subhorizontal, oblong-wedge-shaped, brown within ; peristome light-
brown, expanded, produced beyond the expansion and expanded a

118 HELIX-CARACOLUS.

second time, solute, free from the whorl, continuous ; throat ob-
structed by four lamellar entering teeth, the inner smallest. Um-
bilicus broad or narrow, deep. Alt. 11-13, diam. 23-30 mill.

Jamaica.

H. anomala PFR. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 110 ; Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848,
p. 119 (excl. var. ft.) ; Monogr. iii, p. 258 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 279, t.
122, f. 11-13.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 246.

Section VII. CARACOLUS Montfort, 1810.

Caracolus MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 138. — ALBERS-MARTENS
Die Heliceen, p. 156 (1861). — SEMPER, Reisen, etc., Land-mol-
Jusken, ii Heft, p. 104 (1873).— W. G. BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. iii, p. 92 (1884). — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, foment. Hel. Viv.
p. 177 (1878). — Carocolla SCHUMACHER, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst.
vers test., p. 192 (1817) — and of LAMARCK, CUVIER, MORCH,
ALBERS, BECK and others. — Serpentulus " Klein " H. AND A.
ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll, ii, p. 201. — Lampadion BOLTEN (in part
only) Mus. p. 77.— GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 173.— Disco doma
SWAINSON, Treatise on Malacol. p. 329 (1840).

A group of large, trochoidal, strongly-carinated species inhabiting
Hayti, a few of the adjacent Virgin Islands, and the extreme
eastern part of Cuba. The acutely carinated low-conoidal form,
strong, solid texture, transverse aperture with wholly toothless
margins, will separate the section from other members of the group.
The colors are usually dark and (except in H. marginella) rather
dull. The species are not at all well defined, and a reduction of
them, even greater than that made in the following pages, might be
accomplished when larger collections from all parts of Hayti are
obtained. The synonymy here given is based upon a study of
hundreds of examples; and no species (with the exception of one
mentioned in the text, H. bizonalis Desh.) has been reduced to a
synonym, except after the examination of numerous absolutely
intermediate examples uniting it with other forms.

In the following synopsis I have attempted to give diagnostic
characters of each species in small compass. In doubtful cases it
will be necessary to refer to the detailed descriptions.

H. carocolla L. Spire rather straightly conical ; wrhorls slowly
widening ; base quite decidedly and deeply indented around the
(usually) covered umbilicus ; surface usually dull, obliquely

HELIX-CARACOLUS. 119

wrinkled by incremental lines ; parietal callus under a strong lens
seen to be very densely, very minutely granulate, the granules
standing very closely on a bright, polished ground, not elongated
into wrinkles. Color, dark chestnut.

H. exeellens Pfr. Spire concave- conoidal ; whorls slowly widen-
ing; base flattened, scarcely at all indented around the axis; surface
smoother and more shining than in H. caracolla ; peristome and
parietal callus orange-brown ; parietal wall under a strong lens
appearing nearly smooth, but really granulate, the granulation
excessively minute, much finer than in H. carocolla. Aperture
more triangular and narrower than in either carocolla or insititia ;
upper margin of peristome straight. Color dark-chestnuf, outer
whorl sometimes faintly olive-tinged.

H. insititia Shutt. Spire rather straightly conoidal ; whorls more
rapidly widening than in the two preceding; base as in H. exeellens I
surface comparatively smooth and shining ; peristome white or
brownish ; parietal wall under a lens seen to be smooth or nearly
so. Aperture not so narrow or triangular as in H. exeellens ; the
upper margin of peristome curved. Color olive-green, inner whorls
brown or reddish ; sutures margined with yellow.

H. sarcocheila Morch. Form of spire as in H. carocolla ; base
scarcely indented around the axis ; surface markings and coloration
as in carocolla ; peristome white or pale ; parietal callus more
decidedly rugose than in any other species, the granules elongated,
and larger than in H. carocolla. Aperture narrower than in H.
carocolla, but wider than that of H. exeellens. Upper margin of
peristome slightly curved. Color uniform olive-brown.

H. angistoma Fer. Depressed, acutely carinated, lens-shaped,
nearly as convex below as above ; surface decussated, at least in
places ; whorls narrow, the several outer ones of equal width ;
aperture narrow, parietal callus strong.

H. marginella Gmel. Smaller than most of the preceding ; spire
conoidal ; surface obliquely striate above, smoother beneath ; pe-
riphery carinated ; base convex, indented around the axis, which is
often umbilicate ; peristome narrowly expanded all around, thickened.
Color generally light bright-yellow, with conspicuous spiral dark
zones.

120 HELIX-CARACOLUS.

H. CAROCOLLA Linne. PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 ; pi. 24, fig. 89.

Imperforate (rarely narrowly perforate), depressed-coDoidal, solid,
strong, opaque, lusterless, chestnut-brown, often with a slightly
darker zone below the periphery ; irregularly obliquely striate, un-
der a strong lens showing minute decussating short wrinkles ; spire
conical, obtuse, apex depressed, planulate ; sutures linear ; whorls 6,
gradually widening, the last not descending anteriorly, strongly car-
inated at the periphery, flattened beneath and indented in the cen-
ter around the axis ; aperture very oblique, subtriangular-lunar,
bluish or purplish-white within ; peristome white or slightly flesh-
tinted, upper and outer margins obtuse, not expanded, basal margin
slightly expanded, thickened, dilated over the umbilicus; margins of
peristome remote, ends connected by a thin callous.

Alt. 25-30, diam. 50-60 mill.

Porto Rico ; Vieque ; Crab Island ; fossil on St. Croix.

H. carocolla LINN. Syst. Nat. x, p. 769. — PFR. Monogr. i, p.
20 ; Conchyl. Cab, t. 8, f. 1, 2.— FER., Hist., t. 59, f. 3-4.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon. f. 227. — Caracolus caracolla SEMPER, Reisen in Phil-
ippinen, Land-mollusken, ii, p. 104, t. 12, f. 13, t. 16, f. 8.
(Anatomy). — H. tornata BORN, Mus. test. Cses. t. 14, f. 9. 10.—
Carocolla albilabris LAM. An. s. Vert, ii, p. 96. — Caracolus oculatus
MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 139.

The outlines of the spire are straight or slightly convex, never
very noticeably concave. The whorls increase more gradually than
in H. insititia Shutt.

H. EXCELLENS Pfeiffer. PI. 25, figs. 51-53.

Imperforate, depressed, concave-conoidal, solid, slightly shining,
deep chestnut-brown, usually tinged with olive on the outer whorls ;
surface obliquely striatulate, smoother than in H. carocolla, and
generally showing under a strong lens minute decussating scratches ;
spire conoidal, with concave lateral outlines; ajex obtuse, subplan-
ulate ; sutures linear ; whorls 6, gradually widening, the last depressed,
carinated, wider than in H. carocolla, and flatter or subconcave on
its upper surface ; shortly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture triangular,
very oblique, very broad and low, transverse, livid within ; peristome
dark orange-brown or liver-colored, upper margin obtuse, straight;
basal margin slightly expanded, thickened, only slightly curved ;
parietal callus straight, dark colored.

Alt. 25-27, diam 58-63 mill.

HaytL

HELIX-CARACOLUS.

121

H. excellent PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 133 ; Conchyl. Cab. t.
161, f. 12 ; Monographia iii, p. 166.

May be separated from H. carocolla by the narrow triangular
aperture, concave spire, smoother surface, etc. See analysis of species
on page 119.

H. IXSITITIA Shuttleworth. PI. 21, figs 3, 4 ; pi. 24, figs. 35-38.

Imperforate, depressed-conoidal, solid, shining, dark brownish-
olive, sutures margined with yellow, inner whorls brown or reddish ;
surface striatulate, about as smooth as in H. excellens. Spire conical,
outlines nearly straight ; apex depressed, subplanulate ; sutures lin-
ear ; whorls 5-i, slightly convex, the outer ones wider than in H.
carocolla ; body-whorl acutely carinated, depressed, a trifle descend-
ing anteriorly, flattened beneath, and a little indented in the center
around the axis, but less so than H. carocolla ; aperture very oblique,
subtriangular, livid within ; peristome white or livid-brown ; upper
margin blunt, curved (not straight as it is in H. excellens), basal
margin slightly expanded, thickened ; terminations of peristome
joined by a rather heavy whitish callus, which under a strong lens
seems to be smooth or nearly so. Alt. 24, diam. 47-50 mill.

Hayti.

H. insititia SHUTT. Diagn. no. 6, p. 133.— PFR. Monogr. v, p.
262. — H. carocolla var. PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 166. — H. carocolla
REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 227.

Distinguished by the decidedly olive-green color, smooth parietal
callus, margined sutures and rapidly widening whorls. Some spec-
imens are more bro\vn than green, and the yellow subsutural margin
is sometimes not very prominent. See under H. carocolla. The
species is often more depressed than either of my figures.

H. SARCOCHEILA Morch. PI. 56, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, depressed-conical, solid, somewhat shining, dull
chestnut-brown, sometimes a trifle tinged with olive, obliquely
striate like H. carocolla, and with microscopic decussating scratches ;
spire rather straightly conical, apex rounded, depressed, subplan-
ulate ; sutures linear ; whorls 5 $ to 6, a little convex, the last rather
wide, depressed, acutely carinated, not descending anteriorly, scarcely
indented around the axis ; aperture quite oblique, trigonal-lunate,
livid-white within ; peristome white or slightly flesh-tinted, upper
margin obtuse, slightly curved, basal margin expanded, thickened,

122 HELIX-CARACOLUS.

arcuate ; terminations of lip distant, joined by a shining white
callus, which shows a short distance within, under a lens, a pecul-
iarly elongated, wrinkle-like dense granulation, coarser than in any
of the preceding species of Caracolus.
Alt. 30-31, diam. 57-63 mill.

Hayti.

H. sarcocheila MORCH, Cat. Kierulf., p. 28, t. 1, f. 1.— PFR.,
Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 132; Conchyl. Cab. p. 494, t. 161, f. 13;
Monogr. iii, p. 165.

Separated from the other species by the coarser granulation of the
parietal wall. The species is otherwise closely allied to H. insititia.
See remarks on page 119.

H. ANGISTOMA Fe*russac. PI. 21, figs. 8-10.

Imperforate, depressed, acutely carinated, solid, brown, with more
or less distinct darker bands above and below the carina ; surface
obliquely delicately striate, decussated by spiral lines (under a lens) ;
spire low-couoidal ; apex planulate ; suture linear ; whorls about 6,
flat, very gradually increasing, the outer three equal in width ; last
whorl not descending anteriorly, convex beneath, not indented in
the center ; aperture small, narrow, transverse-subtriangular, oblique;
peristome considerably thickened, especially below, slightly ex-
panded, white or brown, the terminations distant, joined by a heavy
parietal deposit of callus. Alt. 17-20, diam. 42-43 mill.

Hayti.

H. angistoma FER., Hist. t. 60, f. 1.— PFR., Conchyl. Cab. p. 62,
(t. 8, f. 9 ?) ; Monogr. i, p. 21.— REEVE, f. 206.— (JT. "angystoma"
Desh.) — Caracolla angistoma LAM. An. s. Vert, iii, p. 96. — (H.
" anchistoma " Mart.)

A more distinct form than either of the preceding; distinguished
by the narrow subequal whorls, narrow aperture, — even more con-
tracted than in H. excellent It is a rather rare form.

H. MARGINELLA Ginelin. PI. 22 and 23 ; pi. 55, figs. 1-3, 6-11.

Umbilicate or imperforate ; conoidal or flattened-conoidai ; some-
what shining ; solid ; surface striate or decussated ; apex white or
corneous, planulate ; whorls 5, last whorl acutely carinated, a little
descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, transverse triangular-
oval ; peristome somewhat expanded all around, white or brown ;
color yellowish, with well-defined contrasting dark zones.

HELIX-CARACOLUS. 123

After studying a suite of several hundred specimens of banded
Caracolm from numerous localities, I am disposed to unite all of the
forms under the oldest name, maraginella. I am convinced that
there are no characters in the shells, either of contour, sculpture or
color, which do not absolutely and by imperceptible degrees shade
from one form into another. Intermediate and transition forms are
numerous. The following descriptions are taken from typical exam-
ples of the several varietal forms. All Cuban Caracohis have already
been united by Arango under the name of JET. sagemon Beck. I
have found it necessary to entirely revise the nomenclature and
synonymy of the varieties, and have given to the bibliography of
the group an amount of time and labor all out of proportion to the
apparent results.

The synonymy of each of the varieties recognized is given in a
separate paragraph.

( Typical marginella.)

H. marginella GMEL. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3622 (1789). — H. margin-
aid BORN, Mus. Cses. Vind. Test., 1. 14. f. 7, 8. (not marginata Miiller).
-FEB. Hist. t. 63, f. 3, 4, 5, 6.— ORB. Moll. Cuba, t. 9, f. 11-13.
(Carocolla marginata Lam., Discodoma marginata Swains.) — H.
marginata Bornii CHEMNITZ, Syst. Conchyl. Cab. ix, p. 80, t. 125, f.
1097.— ?#. fasciata Blainv. Man. de Malacol. p. 460, t. 39, f. 3.
(1825). — Caracolla indisereta BECK, Index, p. 31 (no desc.). — H.
sagemon BECK, Index, p. 31 (founded on the same figure Gmelin
cites for his H. maraginella !) — PFR. in Conchyl. Cab. p. 96, t. 13, f.
3, 4. — H. arangiana POEY, Memoriae, i, p. 410. — PFR. Monogr. iv,
p. 237 ; Novit, Conch, iii, p. 395, t. 92, f. 7, 8. — H. marginatoides
ORB., Moll. Cuba, t. 5, f. 8-10. — H. arangiana var. semiaperta
MARTENS in Novitates Conchologicse v, p. 33, t. 144, f. 15-18
(1877).

( Var. gutierrezi Poey.)

If. gutierrezi POEY, Memorias i, p. 411, t. 25, f. 5-8. — PFR.
Monogr. iv, p. 239 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 395, t. 92, f. 3-6.

( Var. schwartziana PfrS)

H. schwartiziana PFR. Malak. Bl. xi, p. 125 (1864) ; Novit. Conch,
i, p. 269, t. 67, f. 1,2.

( Var. mina Pfr.*)

H. mina PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1852, p. 92 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
261, t. 136, f. 16, 17 ; Monographia iii, p. 205. — H. marginata D'ORB.
Moll. Cuba, t. 9, f. 11-13 (not marginata Mull.)

124 HELIX-CARACOLUS.

H.jactata (Gundl. mss.) Pfr. Malak. Bl. v, p. 175, 1858 ; Monogr,
v, p. 309 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 391, t. 90, f. 9-11.
( Var. rostrata Pfr.)

H. rostrata PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 12 ; Conchyl. Cab. p.
117, t. 86, f. 3-5 ; Monogr. i, p. 22. — H. marginata var. FER., Hist.,
t. 63, f. 9, 10. — H. sagemon var. REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 203 b. —
H. pazensis POEY, Memorias, i, p. 410, t. 33, f. 2, 3. — PFR. Monogr.
iv, p. 238 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p. 393, t. 91, f. 5, 6 ; t. 92, f. 1, 2.

( Var. marginelloides d Orb.)

H. marginelloides ORB. Moll. Cuba, i, p. 154, t. 9, f. 14-1 6.— POEY,
Memorias i, p. 409. — PFR. Monogr. iv, p. 237 ; Novit. Conch, iii, p..
394, t. 91, f. 7-12—H.transitoria Pfr. Monogr. iv, p. 301 ; Malak.
Bl. 1855, p. 99.

( Var. bornii Pfr.)

H. bornii "Chemnitz" PFR. Monographia i, p. 191 (excluding
synonymy!) ; H. marginella PFR. Monogr. iv, p. 301 ; v, p. 401.—
BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., xi, p. 80. (not marginella Grael.

See above.)

( Var. bizonalis Desk.)

H. bizonalis DESK, in Fer. Hist. p. 68. — PFR. Monogr. iii, p. 241 ;
Conchyl. Cab. p. 401, t. 145, f. 10, 11.— BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H.
of N. Y. xi, p. 81, (1874). — H. marginata var. FER. Hist., t. 63,.
f. 11,12.

( Var. gaskoini Pfr.)

H. gaskoini PFR. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 260 ; Monogr. iv, p. 263.
—REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 286.— BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y.,

xi, p. 80. (T874.)

Var. MARGINELLA Gmel. (Typical). PI. 55, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate or nearly covered perforate; moderately conoidal ;
last whorl acutely carinated, more or less gibbous and deflexed at.
the aperture ; color usually yellowish with a broad zone on each side
of the periphery, often divided into two by a peripheral light line or
a peripheral light zone, the carina light or edged with brown.
Aperture moderately angular at position of periphery ; lip white or
nearly so. Alt. 18, diam. 35 mill.

Eastern Cuba*

This is not the H. marginella of Pfr. It is H. sagemon of Beck
and authors, and H. arangiana Poey, Pfr. and others.

HELIX-CARACOLUS. 125

Var. semiaperta von Martens (pi. 56, figs. 3-5) seems to be a form
of this variety in which the umbilicus is wider than usual, approach-
ing in this respect H. transitoria Pfr. and H. bornii Pfr. The
characters are sufficiently shown by the figures. It is said to be from
Hayti.

Var. GUTIERREZ: Poey. PI. 22, figs. 12-15.

Imperforate or nearly covered perforate; base black, with a
narrow peripheral lighter zone and a small umbilical light tract ;
upper surface with a blackish band revolving in the center of each
whorl. Aperture as in H. marginella, but often not angular at
outer margin, and the lip generally brown.

Eastern Cuba.

Scarcely to be distinguished from var. marginella, but a little
differently colored. Specimens of a uniform yellow color are not
rare.

Var. SCHWARTZIANA Pfr. PI. 22, figs. 16, 17.

Imperforate, small, conoidal ; surface generally decussated ; color
deep brown or black except a narrow subsutural light line, a small
umbilical tract, and the white apical whorls.

Alt. 18, diam. 27 mill.

Jojo, S.-E. Cuba.

Var. MINA Pfr. PL 22, figs. 20, 20a.

Imperforate or umbilicate ; conoidal-depressed ; surface generally
decussated above especially the last whorl, which is somewhat dilated
and flattened behind the aperture ; color yellow, with a subsutural
brown zone, a blackish zone in the middle of the upper surface of the
whorls, and a similar one beneath the periphery ; the acute carina
is edged with a brown line. Peristome white.

Alt. 16-18, diam. 36 mill.

Eastern Cuba.

Small examples are frequent ; they are often more depressed than
the types, the last whorl becomes rounded on its last third, and the

126 HELIX-CARACOLUS.

surface is cut into square granules by the intersection of oblique
with spiral impressed lines.

A specimen measures, alt. 15, diam. 27 mill.

H. jactata Gundl. (pi. 22, t. 23-25) is the same.

Var. ROSTRATA Pfr. PL 23, figs. 34, 34a.

• Imperforate, large, not decussated, very acutely carinated ; color
yellowish, with a band above and one below, these blackish bands
sometimes covering the whole surface. Aperture subhorizontal,
transverse, outer margin at the periphery produced into a recurved
angular rostration ; peristome white.
Alt. 20, diam. 42 mill.

Eastern Cuba.

There is a conical elevated variety called by Pfeiffer var. cupulata
(pi. 22, figs. 22, 22a).

The H. pazensis Poey (pi. 23 figs. 32, 32a, 33, 33a) is a form of
Var. rostrata. The base is black except a narrow peripheral light
brown band ; the upper surface is yellowish, with a broad blackish
band in the middle of each whorl, and (usually) a narrow brown
line on the carina. A very beautifully painted form of pazensis is
shown in figs 10, 11, of pi. 55. The center of the base and a sub-
sutural zone are reddish-brown ; the carina is brown, with yellow
zones above and below it. The color bands are very bright and
sharply defined.

Var. MARGINELLOIDES d'Orb. PL 23, figs. 26-28.

Imperforate, rather large, depressed-conoidal acutely carinated ;
base deep brown, slightly lighter at periphery and around umbilicus ;
upper surface brown, with a blackish zone revolving near the lower
margin of each whorl. Peristome white ; its outer margin rounded
or angular at position of the periphery. Alt. 17, diam. 37 mill.

Eastern Cuba.

The form dalled H. transitoria by Pfeiffer (pi. 23; figs. 29, 30, 31,
31a) differs in being broadly umbilicated, with smaller aperture ;
the ground-color is light yellow, with a broad blackish zone below
and one above the periphery. The bands are sometimes absent, but

HELIX-CARACOLUS. 127

when present are well defined, not shading into the ground-color as
in var. marginelloides.

Var. BORNII Pfr. PI. 55, figs. 6-9.

Umbilicus rather broad and deep ; form depressed ; acutely
carinated ; last whorl moderately defiexed anteriorly ; surface
obliquely striate ; color yellowish, with one deep brown zone above
and one below the carina, the zones sometimes very wide, almost
covering the whole surface. Aperture trigonal-oval, transverse, not
conspicuously angled at the position of peristome ; peristome ex-
panded, somewhat thickened, convex, white, not adnate over the
umbilicus. Alt. 16, diam. 37 mill.

Porto Rico ; Vieque.

Var. BIZONALIS Desh. PL 22, figs. 18, 19.

Umbilicate, depressed, obtusely angled at the periphery ; obliquely
striate ; yellowish, with two deep brown zones, one above, one
beneath; outlines of spire convex; last whorl slightly deflexed an-
teriorly ; aperture subhorizontal, transverse-oval, not angled at
position of periphery ; expansion of columellar lip partly covering
the umbilicus. Alt. 14-15, diam. 29-32 mill.

Hayti.

Separated from other varities by the almost rounded periphery.
Not a common species- I have not traced the forms uniting this
with the acutely carinated types. It is therefore more distinct than
the other forms.

Var. GASKOINI Pfr. PL 22, fig. 11.

Umbilicate, turbinate-depressed, solid obliquely rugose-plicate,
above; shining, white; spire conoid, obtuse; whorls 5£, convex, the
last deflexed anteriorly, carinated ; base slightly convex, nearly
smooth ; aperture very oblique, lanceolate-oval, peristome narrowly
expanded, somewhat thickened, the terminations converging, joined
by a white callus ; basal margin reflexed, half covering the narrow
umbilicus. Alt. 15-17, diam. 30-31 mill.

Hayti.

May be known by the conoidal form, strong incremental folds of
the upper surface, absence of color, etc. It is doubtless, as Bland
supposed, a form of H. bizonalis, and connects that variety with the
more sharply carinated forms of Caracolus marginella.

1 28 HELIX-OXYCHONA.

Section VIII. OXYCHONA Morch, 1852.

Oxychona MORCH, Cat. Yoldi, p. 14 (1852). — H. and A. Ad.
Genera Kec. Moll, ii, p. 194. — PFEIFFER, Malak. Bl. xxiv, p. 8
(1877). — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Noment. Hel. Viv., p. 198 (1878).—
FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 471 (sect. Helicogena).
(1885). — TRYON, Structural and Systematic Conchology, iii, p. 36.
— Geotrochus (in part) ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 114 (1850). —
ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 167 (1860). — CROSSE ET
FISCHER, Moll. Mex. et 1'Amer. Cent., i, p. 291. — WOODWARD,
Manual of Moll. p. 162 (1854). — Leptoloma (in part) ALBERS-
MARTENS, Die Heliceen, p. 167 (I860). — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN (in
part) Noment, Hel. Viv., p. 159 (1878X — Corusia (in part) CROSSE
ET FISCHER, Moll. Mex. et dans PAmer. Cent., i, p. 296. — Axina H.
AND A. AD., Genera Rec. Moll., ii, p. 193 (in part). — Eurycratera
(in part) PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Noment. Hel. Viv., p. 169.

The section Oxychona as here defined, consists of an assemblage
of trochoidal Helices inhabiting the mainland of America from
Brazil to central Mexico. There is considerable diversity in respect
to carination and degree of depression of the spire, just as we find
in nearly all groups of Helices (conf. Strobila labyrinthica and S.
hubbardi ; Iberus muralis and I. sicana ; Stenotrema spinosa and S.
hirsuta, etc.). These differences have caused the species to be dis-
tributed by all authors who have heretofore treated of them into
numerous exotic groups to which they bear some resemblance. In
the Australo-oceanic group Geotrochus we have shells extremely
similar to Oxychona, and exactly paralleling in the variations in
form of its several species the series of forms presented by Oxychona.
Thus Geotrochus opalina Sowb. is like Oxychona pileiformis Mor. ;
G. strabo Brazier is like O. bifasciata Burrow ; G. ambrosia Cox,
flexilabris Pfr., ramsdeni Angas and many others are very similar
to O. trigonostoma Pfr. ; while the counterpart of O. guillarmodi
Shutt. is seen in numerous species of Chlorcea and Corasia.

The anatomy is unknown. The shell is rather thin, whitish, with
darker spiral bands ; the surface is smooth, microscopically spirally
striate or granulate ; the aperture is like that of Caracolus in lack-
ing teeth. The species are forest-dwellers according to Albers and
Morelet.

IIELIX-OXYCHONA. 129

Key to species of Oxychona.

/. Shell trochiform, ivith conical or pyramidal spire, acute pe-
riphery, and flattened base ; apical whorls convex ; last two whorls plane
or plano-concave, microscopically spirally striated.
Umbilicus perforated

Narrow, elevated; outer lip not angled nor produced

pileiformis.
Trochoidal ; outer lip angled, expanded rostrated

zhorquinensis.
Umbilicus closed

Outer lip above carina expanded

Banded ; last whorl deflexed, pitted at carina lonchostoma.

Unicolored ; last whocl scarcely deflexed, not pitted gyrina.

Outer lip above carina not expanded bi/asciata.

II. Shell trochoidal or depressed, with conoidal or depressed spire,

carinated or rounded periphery and convex base ; sutures moderately

impressed; outer whorl convex above, not spirally striated.

Umbilicus open coslaricensis.

Umbilicus imperforate

Depressed, periphery angular ; diam. 27 mill, or more

guillarmodi.
Conoidal, periphery rounded ; diam. 26 mill, or less

trigonostoma.
H. BIFASCIATA Burrow. PI. 57, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37.

Imperforate, trochiform, with straight or concave sided conical
spire, flattened base and acutely carinated periphery; thin, almost
opaque, shining, milky white or a little stained with rosy, unicolored
or spirally encircled by dark purplish-brown rather narrow bands,
two or one on the upper surface of the last whorl, and one (rarely
two) near the outer edge of the base ; the bands of upper surface
stopping a distance short of the peristome, often reappearing again
behind it as two wider brown blotches in line with the bands. The
lower whorls are seen to be obsoletely marked with fine spiral im-
pressed lines under a strong lens, and just above and below the
carina the whorl has an obsolete malleation, or pitted-crenate
character. The spire is elevated, with plano-concave outlines ; apex
blunt, embryonic whorl smooth, shining, rounded ; whorls about 7,
the first two quite convex with deeply impressed sutures; the
following becoming flatter, separated by linear sutures ; last three

ISO HELIX-OXYCHONA.

whorls slightly convex above, subconcave at the lower part above
the periphery ; last whorl very acutely carinated at the periphery, sub-
concave above and below the carina, not deflexed anteriorly, gently
convex beneath. Aperture very oblique, triangular, showing the
bands of outer surface within; peristome above the median angle
not at all expanded, sinuous ; basal lip expanded and subreflexed,
pink or wrhite, appressed over the umbilicus; terminations of
peristome remote ; parietal callous scarcely visible.

Alt, 17, diam. 20 mill. ; alt. 16, diam. 16£ mill.

Brazil

Trochus bifasciatus BURROW, Elements of Conchol., p. 188, t. 27, f.
2 (1815); 2d. ed. p. 177 (1825).— H. (Helicigona) bifasciata FER.
Prodrome, p. 37. — PFEIFFER in Conchyl. Cab., p. 94, t. 13, f. 1,2.-
H. pyramidella WAGNER, in Test. Fluv. Braziliense, p. 22, t. 16, f.
1, 2 (1827).— Helicina pyramidella SPIX, MSS. of Test. Brazil.—
Geotrochus pyramidella BECK, Index, p. 47. — Helix Bosciana FER.,
Prodrome, p. 37; Histoire, t. 64, f. 1. — LAMARCK,, An. s. Vert.,
ed. DESK., p. 118. — H. blanchetiana MORIC. Mem. Gen. vi, p. 2,t. 1,
f. 3; vii, p. 418. — Caracolla bifasciata GRAY, Ann. of Phil. n. ser.
ix, p. 412. — Helix bifasciata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 574.— PFEIFFER,
Monographia i, p. 232. — HIDALGO, Mol. Viage al Pacifico, p. 29, t.
1, f. 10, 11.

This species is broader than H. pileiformis, with less convex base,
and the umbilicus is completely closed. It differs from H.
zhorquinensis in being smaller, less strictly conical, more concave in
the spire, and the peristome above the median angle is not expanded,
as it is in that species. H. bifasciata is often pure white without
bands.

H. LONCHOSTOMA Meuke. PI. 60, figs. 10, 11.

Imperforate, orbiculate-conic, beneath a little convex; acutely
carinated ; whorls 6, plane, the last trifasciate, and pitted-crenate at
the carina, the others so at the sutures ; aperture oblique, lanceolate ;
lip-margins reflexed. (Menke.) (Peristome simple, acute, upper mar-
gin subexpanded, basal margin narrowly reflexed. Pfr.}

Alt. 15, diam. 22 mill.

Brazil, between Rio and Campos.

Caracolla lonchostoma MKE. Synops. meth. Moll., p. 76 (1828). —
H. lonchostoma PFEIFFER, in Conchyl. Cab., p. 95, t. 13, f. 5, 6. ;
Symbolse, iii, no. 567 ; Monographia i, p. 232.

HELIX-OX YCHONA.

I have not seen this species. Pfeiffer says that it is very rare, and
that he has seen none besides an excellent specimen in the Menke
collection and one presented to him by Menke. The species is
readily distinguished from H. bifasciata by its depressed form, pitted
keel, and the deflection of the last whorl at the aperture. H. bifasciata
also has a somewhat pitted-crenate malleatioii of the last whorl,
close above and belowr the central keel.

H. GYRINA Valenciennes. PI. 57, figs. 26, 27.

Imperforate, elevated-conical, rather thin, subregularly striate,
and (under a strong lens) decussated with close spiral striae,
diaphanous, whitish ; spire conical, apex acuminate ; whorls 6£,
nearly flat, the last acutely carinated, scarcely descending anteriorly ;
base a little convex ; aperture very oblique, subquadrangular ; per-
istome a little thickened within, white, the right margin somewhat
flexuous, rather widely expanded ; basal margin reflexed, columellar
margin adnate a short distance.

Alt. 13, diam. maj. 13£, min. 1H mill. (Pfeiffer.}

Brazil.

Helix gyrina VAL. (in Paris Mus.), DESH. in Fer., Histoire, t.
63B, f. 4.— PFEIFFER, Monographia iii, p. 180; iv, 204; v, 273.

This, too, is a rare form, which I have not seen. Pfeiffer's
description, drawn from a specimen in the Cuming collection, is
translated above.

H. PILEIFORMIS Moricand. PI. 57, fig. 31.

Narrowly perforate, elongated-trochiform, thin, subtranslucent,
whitish or olivaceous-brown, obliquely closely striate, and under a
lens seen to be spirally finely marked by close impressed lines ; spire
elevated, pyramidal; apex blunt; first two whorls con vex, separated
by deep sutures, and densely longitudinally costulate striate; following
whorls less convex, nearly flat, separated by linear sutures ; last
whorl acutely angulated in the middle, slightly convex beneath, not
descending anteriorly ; aperture subquadrate, oblique ; outer lip some-
what expanded, basal lip expanded ; columella straight, vertical,
expanded and appressed half around the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 17, diam. 12 J mill. ; alt. 14, diam. 12 mill.

Brazil.

Helix pileiformis MORIC. in Mem. Soc. Geneve, vii, p. 420, t. 2, f.
2. — LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., ed. Desh., p. 134. — PFEIFFER,
Monographia i, p. 323 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 318, t. 55, f. 9, Iti.—Ruli-

132 HELIX-OXYCHONA.

mus pileiformis PFR. Symb., p. 120. — Geotrochus pileiformis BECK,
Index p. 47. — H. pileiformis REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 589.

May be separated from If. gyrina by the pervious umbilicus, not
closed by the expanded columellar lip. It is more elevated than
the other species of Oxychona.

H. ZHORQUINENSIS Angas. PI. 60, figs. 12.

Narrowly rimate, trochiform, with straight lateral outlines, acutely
carinated periphery and nearly flat base ; thin, slightly translucent,
pale yellowish green, with a narrow, well-defined deep chestnut
brown band around the middle of the upper surface of each whorl
except, the apical two or three, and a very narrow subsutural brown
line which continues to the apex and is broader there, The spire
is conical, nearly straight-sided ; whorls 5£ to 6 ; the apex is blunt,
polished, chestnut and corneous ; the first two whorls are glossy, con-
vex, with deep sutures ; the remaining whorls are nearly lusterless,
and covered with an extremely minute decussated pattern of very fine,
dense, spiral and oblique impressed lines ; lower two whorls plane,
with linear sutures ; last whorl not descending at aperture, acutely
keeled at the periphery ; base concave below the keel, then slightly
convex in the center ; aperture oblique, trigonal, showing the bands
inside, expanded ; peristome thin, acute, white, expanded all around,
especially at the position of the peripheral keel ; basal margin briefly
reflexed, suddenly widened at the insertion into a little triangular
plate which almost covers the narrow umbilicus.

Alt. 21, diam. 25 mill.

Along the Zhorquin River, Costa Rica.

H. (Oxychona) zhorquinensis ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879,
p. 475, t. 40, f. 1.

" Animal very slender, nearly white, pale brownish on head and
top of body." (Gabb.)

A species of elegant outline and coloration, allied to H. bifasciata,
but larger, with finer sculpture, more expanded lip, and pervious
umbilicus. The peristome is rostrated or beaked at the position of
the peripheral keel ; the band of the upper surface stops about 3
mill, short of the edge of the lip, as it does in H. bifasciata.

***

H. TRIGONOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PI. 14, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 ; pi. 18, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, trochoidal, with rounded or bluntly angled periphery

and convex base ; thin but rather strong, white, spirally banded

HELIX-OXYCHONA. 133

with brown or purplish, marked with irregularly scattered dots
which appear translucent by transmitted light ; surface rather
smooth, shining, with ill-defined oblique striulse. The spire is short,
conoidal ; apex obtuse ; whorls 43, convex, separated by moderately
impressed sutures, the last sloping above toward the bluntly sub-
angular periphery, slightly deflexed at the aperture. The aperture
is quite oblique, rounded-subtrigonal, and shows the bands inside ;
the lip is white, expanded all around, reflexed and appressed over
the umbilicus. Alt. 22, diam. 24 mill. ; alt. 17, diam. 24 mill.

Central America ; Mexico (?)

H. trigonostoma PFEIFFER, in Philippi, Abbildungen, etc., i, p.
154, t. 4, f. 8 (1844) ; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1845, p. 41 ; Conchy! .
Cab., p. 292, t. 49, f. 10 ; Monographia i, p. 229.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 584 (1852). — CROSSE ET FISCHER, Moll. Mex. et Guat., p.
291, 1. 11, f. 6a, b, c, d. — (vars. luteo-albida, elevato-conica, intermedia,
subunicolor, obscura) (1878). — H. salleana PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., 1849, p. 129 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 281, t. 124, f. 17, 18 ;
Monographia iii, p. 173. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 564a, b. — (" H.
lalliana Pf. " TRISTRAM P. Z. S. 1861, p. 230 ?)

This species is very variable in form, degree of depression and
banding. The bands are generally narrow above, broader beneath ;
the base is generally one or two banded, the periphery surmounted
by a band. The more elevated forms have a longer, more straight
and subvertical columella. Crosse and Fischer (loc. cit., supra) rec-
ognize a number of varieties based chiefly on color patterns ; judging
from the specimens before me, the coloration is not sufficiently
stable or constant to admit us to classify the mutations satisfactorily.
The form called H. salleana by Pfeiffer is thin, globose, more
elevated than typical trigonostoma. It is figured on plate 18,
figs. 1, 2.

H. GUILLARMODT Shuttleworth. PI. 57, figs. 32, 33.

Imperforate, depressed, about equally convex above and below,
keeled at the periphery, thin but rather strong, whitish, encircled
by deep brown bands, one just above the periphery, one on the base,
and sometimes a third narrow one immediately beneath the suture.
Surface rather smooth and shining, striatulate and often indented
by little pits; spire convex, depressed, not showing bands ; apex
blunt; whorls 4 to 4£, the first 1J or 2 smooth, the remainder
striate ; sutures linear, scarcely impressed ; last whorl convex above

134 HELIX-OXYCHONA.

and below, not descending anteriorly, angulaled in the middle ;
aperture oblique, trigonal, peristome expanded all around, reflexed
on the base, and dilated and appressed over the umbilicus and a short
distance on the base. Alt. 12, diam. 29 mill.

Cordova (and Vera Cruz?) Mexico.

H. gidllarmodi SHUTT. Bern. Mittheil. nos. 248, 249, p. 199.
(1852). — Diagn. neuer Moll. no. 2, p. 19 (1852). — PFR. in Conchyl.
Cab., p. 413, t. 147, f. 5-7 ; Monographia iii, p. 206. — H. guillarmadi
KEEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 576. — H. (Corasia) guillarmodi CROSSE ET
FISCHER, Moll. Mex. et Gaut., p. 296, t. 10, f. 8.— STREBEL u.
PFEIFFER, Beitrag zur Kenntniss inex. L.- u. S.-wasser Conchyl.
pt. iv, p. 50 (1880).

The bands continue to the edge of the peristome in H. guillarmodi,
while in H. trigonostoma they stop behind the expansion.

This depressed, lens-shaped species connects the conoidal H.
trigonodoma with the depressed H. costaricensis. It is rather nearly
allied to each of these species, but is more depressed than the former,
and is not umbilicate like the last-named form.

H. COSTARICENSIS Roth. PI. 18, figs. 23, 24, 25; pi. 60, figs. 1-9;
Vol. IV, pi. 17, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Openly umbilicate, depressed, rather thin, white, banded above
with purplish or dark chestnut, base white, rarely banded, umbilicus
purplish or chestnut colored inside; surface shining, obliquely finely
striated, with traces of spiral sulci above the periphery and on base.
Spire depressed ; apex obtuse ; sutures linear, slightly impressed ;
whorls 3| to 4|, moderately convex, rapidly widening, the last
bluntly angulated at the periphery, descending anteriorly, convex
beneath, at the periphery expanded toward the peristome, on the
base constricted just behind it; aperture transverse, oblong or
trigonal, very oblique, all the margins of peristome expanded, the
basal margin reflexed narrowly, impinging slightly on the umbilicus.

Alt. 12, diam. 30 mill. ; alt. 12, diam. 27 mill.; alt. 11, diam. 28
mill. ; alt. 10, diam. 24 mill.

Costa Rica.

H. costaricensis ROTH in PFEIFFER, Novitates Conchologicse i, p.
78, t. 21, f. 15-17; PFEIFFER, Monographia iv, p. 302.— H.
(EpiphragmopJiord) costaricensis TRYON, Manual of Conchology, vol.
iv, p. 79, t. 17, f. 38-40. — H. costaricensis ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond. 1879, p. 476. — H. boucardi ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 135

1878, p. 72, t. 5, f. 5, 6, 7. — H. adela ANGAS, loc. cit, p. 72, t. 5, f.
8, 9, 10.

This is an excessively variable species, allied to H. guillarmodi,
but conspicuously umbilicated while that form is imperforate.
Figures 38,39, 40, of plate 17 of the Manual vol. iv, are copies of
Pfeiffer's original figures of costaricensis. Figures 20-22, and 23-25
of plate 18 (this volume) represent Mr. Angas' adela and boucardi
respectively, being copies of his figures. On plate 60 I have figured
four specimens selected from the Academy suite collected by GABB
and SWIFT. The variation in size and degree of depression of the
spire is sufficiently shown by the figures and measurements I have
given.

The base is unicolored wrhite in all the specimens I have seen, and
the inside of the umbilicus is brown ; the spire may be either slightly
conical or depressed, and has from one to three bands, either broad
or narrow ; the umbilical tract is tinged with bright yellow.

"Animal dark gray above, foot white. High hills only." (Gabb.*)
Lives on leaves of trees.

Section IX. ISOMERIA Albers, 1850.

Isomeria ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 160 (1850). — ALBERS-MAR-
TEXS, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 155 (1860). — H. & A. ADAMS, Genera
Rec. Moll, ii, p. 200 (subg. Lucerna) — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN, Noment.
Hel. Viv., 176 (1878).

A group of large, dark, chestnut or chocolate colored shells, con-
fined to the Andes of Peru, Ecuador and Colombia, allied to
Labyrinthus, but with the mouth-parts less developed, the teeth
when present generally small. I have seen scarcely half of the
species, and although the characters are quite well marked, I have
not ventured to construct a " key " to the species. The color of the
lip is often variable, species in which it is normally white sometimes
having a brown tint on the edge ; when it is brown, there is a white
spot on its face at the point where the peripheral carina terminates ;
the back of the peristome is yellowish. Many of the species are
oblong, or transversely dilated in outline, seen from above, and this
modification is accompanied by a narrowing of the latter third of the
last whorl, and an inflation of its base; the peripheral carina is less
conspicuous or wholly lost on this portion, in most forms which are
so dilated. The parietal wall is generally covered by a thin, trans-
parent callous, which on its edge is thickened, opaque white, forming

136 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

a narrow ridge connecting the ends of the peristome ; when there is
a tooth on the parietal wall it is small, compressed, and situated well
within the aperture. Large enough series have not yet been
examined to enable us to be certain of the constancy of several
characters upon which specific discriminations are founded, such as
the malleation of the last whorl, open or closed umbilicus, etc. The
teeth certainly vary in some forms, especially those which may be
developed on the upper border of the lip.

H. OREAS Koch. PL 45, figs. 11, 12, 17, 18, 19.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, opaque, deep, rich chestnut brown ;
surface somewhat shining, obliquely striate, the stria? rather irregular,
distant, fold-like beneath the sutures, the base smoother ; all over
covered by a dense microscopic granulation ; scarcely, or not at all
malleated ; spire depressed ; apex very obtuse ; first two whorls quite
glossy, the following ones duller, more coarsely striate ; sutures
regularly and moderatelv impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
regularly, not rapidly widening, the last transversely dilated, sub-
angular at the periphery and rather depressed and compressed on its
first two-thirds, the last third losing or nearly losing the angle,
tumid and convex beneath, deeply and suddenly deflexed anteriorly,
constricted behind the peristome, especially on the base ; aperture
very oblique, quadrangular, livid within, a trifle exceeding one-half
the diameter of shell ; peristome white, tinged with brown on the
outer-superior portion, reflexed all around, its face convex, the outer
portion bearing an acute compressed denticle near its junction with
the basal margin ; terminations joined across the parietal wall by a
narrow elevated white callous ; parietal wall bearing a small oblique
compressed white denticle ; columellar angle of the peristome
reflexed partly over the umbilicus; umbilicus rather narrow, deep,
scarcely narrowing as it penetrates, somewhat contracted by the first
half or two- thirds of the last whorl, then broadly expanding, with a
spiral sulcus inside, and generally rugose and obliquely striate
within.

Alt. 26, diam. maj. 57, min. 46 mill.

Alt. 23, diam. maj. 55, min. 44 mill.

New Granada.

Helix oreas KOCH in Philippi, Abbild. u. Beschreib. i, p. 151,
Helix t. 5, f. 2.— PFEIFFER in Conchyl. Cab., p. 55, t. 75, f. 1-3 ;
Monographia i, p. 400. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 546. — MOUSSON in
Malak. Bl. 1873, p. 2.— DESHAYES in Fc'r., Histoire, t. 94, f. 1-4.—

HELIX-ISOMERIA.

UNIVERSITY

H. procera PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853, p. 127; Mon-
ographia iv, p. 308. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. J273.

There is a variety with thin somewhat fugacious straw colored or
buff cuticle, of which a specimen received from BLAND is before me.

The species may be known by its large umbilicus, quadrate aper-
ture with subparallel upper and lower margins, the upper somewhat
arcuate, the lower nearly straight. The aperture is nearly as high
as wide. The form is generally intermediate between that of figures
12 and 18 ; it is rarely so elevated as the former.

The H. procera Pfr. seems to me to be completely synonymous ; it
was described from the Cumingian collection. Reeve's figure of it
is copied on pi. 48, fig. 43. The dimensions given by Pfeiffer are :
alt. 27, diam. maj. 62, min. 49 mill.

It is from the province of Antioquia, Colombia.

H. COXTINUA Pfeiffer. PI. 46, fig. 27.

Umbilicated, lenticular, carinated, rather solid, striate and sub-
granulate, brown, strewn with whitish maculations above; spire
scarcely elevated, apex fine, obtuse ; sutures nearly linear ; whorls 5,
nearly flat, the last acutely carinated, inflated and deflexed an-
teriorly, the base tumid, constricted behind the peristome, slightly
silicate inside the umbilicus; aperture very oblique, lunar, with a
compressed tooth on the parietal wall ; peristome continuous, white,
callous, expanded and reflexed, the basal margin very slightly
arcuate. (Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 41, min. 35 mill.

Province of Ocana, Colombia.

Helix continua PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853, p. 128 ;
Monographia iv, p. 308. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1270.

H. FAUNUS Philippi. PL 46, figs. 21, 22, 23.

Umbilicate, depressed, angulate, striate, subcostulate at the sutures,
chestnut colored ; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
the last subirregular, deflexed at the aperture and rounded, con-
stricted behind the peristome ; base inflated ; aperture very oblique,
semioval, unidentate, livid within ; peristome thick, white, reflexed,
margins joined by a white callous, the upper margin arcuate, the
basal substraightened and separated from the upper by an acute
tooth. (Philippi.)

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 47, min. 38 mill.

Mis. near Santa Fe de Bogota.

138 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

Helix faunus PHILIPPI, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie 1851, p.
29. — PFEIFFER, in Conchyl. Cab., p. 416, 1. 148, f. 1-3 ; Monographia
iii, p. 257.

Differs from H. oreas in the thicker shell, less distinctly granulate,
more costulate ; the absence of a parietal tooth, and the much thicker
lip. (Phil.}

I refer to faunus as a variety, a pair of shells before me which agree
in most respects with Philippi's diagnosis and figures. They may be
described as follows :

VAR. RITCHIEANA Pilsbry. PL 62, figs. 14-17.

Umbilicate, large, solid, rather thick, deep chocolate colored, ear-
inated at the periphery; surface shining, striate and minutely,
densely granulate ; spire dome-shaped, low, obtuse ; sutures scarcely
impressed, except the last half of the outer one, which is impressed ;
whorls 5i, scarcely convex, gradually widening, the last not so wide
as in H. oreas, only slightly dilated transversely, a little narrower on
its last third, less carinated there, and more convex beneath ; but in
all these respects less strongly characterized than H. oreas. Toward
the aperture the whorl is rather deeply deflexed, and behind the
peristome it is constricted ; there is more or less malleation on the
last whorl below the periphery, and on one specimen a little above
it. The aperture is subquadrate, purplish-brown inside with a satiny
sheen, and very oblique ; peristome white, reflected, thickened, its
face polished and convex, upper margin arched, lower margin
thickened, nearly straight, its inner edge slightly undulating or wavy ;
outer margin with a narrow, slightly compressed tooth ; umbilicus
5£ to 6 mill, in diameter, partly covered by the dilated columella ;
parietal wall with a narrow white callous connecting the terminations
of peristome.

Alt. 26, diam. maj. 52, min. 43 mill.

Alt. 21, diam. maj. 51, min. 43 mill.

Aperture, breadth 28, alt. 22 mill. (Inclusive of peristome.)

Pichincha, N.-W. Ecuador.

Named in honor of Mr. JOHN RITCHIE JR., of Boston, Mass. The
figures show the variation in elevation to which the species is subject.
The aperture has a curved profile like that shown in the figure of
H. Fordiana on the same plate, but less markedly so.

HELIX-ISOMKRIA. 139

H. SUBELLIPTICA Moussou. PI. 46, figs. 28, 29, 30,

Umbilicated, depressed, thick lens-shaped, striate, not granulate,
brownish-corneous ; spire convexly-depressed, regular ; apex nearly
flat ; suture impressed-linear. Whorls 4, the first regularly widening,
nearly flat, the last whorl obtusely carinated, the circumference
elliptical in outline, rather tumid, angulose, briefly descending an-
teriorly, constricted at the aperture, more swollen beneath, the side
of the umbilicus obtusely impressed, obscurely lineated ; aperture
oblique (50° with axis), obtusely, obliquely rectangular ; peristome
expanded, reflexed, especially at base, margins connected by a callous
thread-like at its outer edge, with a minute compressed denticle
within ; upper margin curving a little anteriorly, basal margin
oblique, nearly straight, sub-thickened, protruding into the umbilicus
at the insertion ; umbilicus one-seventh the diameter of shell.
(Mouss.*) Alt. 13, cliam. maj. 38, min. 23 mill.

Bugua, Amazons.

H. subelliptica Mouss. in Malak. Blatter, 1869, p. 170. — PFEIFFER,
Novit. Conchol. iv, p. 117, t. 127, f. 4-6.

This species belongs to the characteristically South American
group Isomeria, and is most nearly allied to H. continua Pfr. It
has, however, no trace of granulation, no whitish spots, no acute
keel ; its contour is somewhat elliptical, reminding one of H. erronea
Albers. Moreover, the umbilicus is quite open, and although
perfectly adult the parietal tooth is very small and elongated, and
does not at all obstruct the aperture. (Pfr.)

H. ALOAGANA Jousseaume. PI. 43, figs. 48, 49.

Shell umbilicate, orbicular, carinated, more convex above than
beneath ; the shell, although thinner than other species of the same
group is still very solid ; it is covered with a thin epidermis, very
adherent, and granulate, the granulation visible only under a lens ;
incremental striae finer, closer, more regular on the base than above,
irregular, oblique and always stronger as they approach the suture ;
color brown, a little lighter on the earlier whorls ; the spire is con-
vex, rounded, depressed- conoidal, formed of 4 2 whorls, depressed
and angular at the periphery, regularly, moderately rapidly increas-
ing ; the first two whorls moderately strong and rugose, form a flat
reddish apex ; the last is irregular, thickened on its latter portion
and less carinated, deflexed toward the aperture, constricted behind
the peristome ; aperture brown inside, very oblique, semioval ;

140 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

perisiome white, moderately thick ; basal margin with two incon-
spicuous tubercles; columellar margin very short, thicker, partly
covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 16 to 17, diam. maj. 35 to 38, diam. min. 30 to 31 mill.

Aperture, breadth 15 to 16, alt. 12 to 13 mill (Measured inside
peristome.)

Canton of Megia, Prov. Pichincha, Ecuador.

Isomeria aloagana Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, 1887, p.
179.

The above description is somewhat shortened from that of
Jousseaume.

H. PERITROPIS Pilsbry. PL 63, figs. 10-13.

Umbilicate, rather thin, depressed, lens-shaped carinated at the
circumference, convex above and beneath, chestnut colored. The
surface is shining, closely obliquely striate, the strise stronger above,,
granulate (under a lens), the granulation more or less obsolete,
especially on the whorls of the spire. The spire is low-conoidal, its
lateral outlines a trifle convex ; apex obtuse, corneous, first two
whorls minutely granulate, not striate ; sutures linear or a trifle im-
pressed. Whorls 5 or 5J, slowly, regularly Avidening, nearly plane
or a little convex ; the last whorl is not oblong nor transversely
dilated, but is a trifle narrower toward its latter fourth (seen from
above) ; it is depressed, acutely keeled, somewhat convex beneath ;
the carina is subobsolete on the last fourth of the whorl. At the
aperture the whorl is abruptly deflexed, descending only a short
distance (1 to 2 mill.) ; behind the peristome it is constricted. The
aperture is subtrigonal, livid inside. The peristome is expanded,
subreflexed, rather narrow and thin, white ; the outer portion is
labiate with chestnut color inside ; outer and upper portions arcuate,
basal lip straight, rather abruptly curving at the columellar insertion,
where it is a trifle dilated, and connected with the upper margin of
peristome by a cord-like white ridge of callous, which is either
straight or curves outward a little. There are no lip-teeth ; the
parietal wall of aperture bears a minute oblique denticle. The
umbilicus is large (4 to 5 mill, diam.) and deep ; it expands behind
the peristome, and has an obsolete spiral furrow there, and stronger
radiating striae.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 34, min. 30 mill.

Alt. 14, diam. maj. 33, min. 29 mill.

Bogota, Colombia.

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 141

A species which can be compared with H. aloaganaJouss,., contimia
Pfr., and subelliplica Mouss. It is somewhat smaller than aloagana,
is not dilated transversely or oblong as that species is (compare the
lesser and greater diameters of the two forms), does not have so
gradual nor so great a deflexion of the body-whorl at the aperture,
is more broadly umbilicated with less dilated columellar lip, and
finally, has a small oblique denticle upon the parietal wall, which is
lacking in Jousseaume's species. The two specimens figured differ
slightly in elevation of the spire ; the depressed one is more strongly
costulate-striate above than the other shell, and darker colored. H.
subelliptica Mouss. is smaller, with more rounded periphery and
decidedly differently shaped and smaller aperture.

H. FORDIANA Pilsbry. PL 62, figs. 18, 19, 20, 21.

Almost covered umbilicate, globose depressed, solid and strong
but rather thin, opaque, of a rich chestnut color. The surface is
shining, obliquely striate, tinder a lens seen to be densely, minutely
granulate. The spire is very low, regularly convex, about as convex
as the base; the two apical whorls are a little lighter colored, and
quite convex ; the following whorls are almost flat, separated by
sutures scarcely at all impressed. There are about 4i whorls ; the
inner ones widen slowly ; the penultimate becomes rapidly very wide,
its last half being as wide as the adjacent arc of tne last whorl ; the
body-whorl is somewhat oblong or " transversely dilated," seen from
above ; it is angled at the periphery, convex beneath, becoming
more convex on its last third, and as it approaches the aperture it is
very abruptly and very deeply deflexed, deeply constricted behind the
peristome. The aperture is subhorizontal elliptical-truncate in out-
line, and is whitish livid inside ; the peristome is broadly expanded,
subreflexed, very little thickened, its face convex, not flattened, and
white or nearly so; the superior border of the lip is convex, wide,
stands out from the body-whorl where it joins it, and its plane is
more horizontal than the lower lip ; it is arcuate, passing in a
regular curve into the outer lip, which bears a small rather acute,
slightly compressed denticle on its inner edge, below the position of
the periphery-termination ; the basal lip is straightened (curving
into the outer lip), and bears in'the middle an obtuse node or tubercle
projecting upward ; the columellar insertion is dilated, almost closing

142 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

the umbilicus ; the ends of the lip are joined by a narrow cord of
white callous across the parietal wall.

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 40, min. 342 mill.

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 38*, min. 32£ mill.

Aperture, breadth, 22 J, alt. 17 mill. (Meas. outside peristome.)

Marmato, Colombia.

This species may be known by its thick lens-like form, rapidly
widening penultimate whorl, very oblique aperture, deep deflection
and constriction of the whorl behind the peristome, etc. The young
are acutely keeled, the carina in adults filling the suture ; some
variation may be expected in the width of the umbilicus, as in other
Isomerise, and imperforate individuals probably occur, although
those before me are not so.

It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this species, — one of the
most attractive in its regular, graceful contour of the group Isomeria,
to JOHN FORD, ESQ., of Philadelphia, a gentlemen whose cabinet and
heart are ever open to the needs of fellow conchologists.

H. CALOMORPHA Jonas. PI. 47, figs. 31, 32.

Imperforate, orbicular, rather thin, convex above, chestnut colored ;
turgid beneath, whitish; spire obtuse; whorls 6, flat, delicately
obliquely striate, the striae very elegantly granulose; last whorl
obtusely angular, the angle encircled by a white band; aperture
effuse, subquadr angular ; lip chestnut colored, broadly expanded,
reflexed, thickened toward the axis, with a white tooth below.
(Jonas.)

Habitat unknown.

Helix calomorpha JONAS, in Wiegm., Archiv f. Naturg. 1839,
p. 341, t. 10, f. 3, 4. — PFEIFFER, Monographia i, p. 315.

Known only by the original description and figures.
H. ^EQUATORIANA Hidalgo. PI. 47, fig. 39.

Covered subrimate, depressed, orbicular, rather solid, convex above
and beneath, all over minutely granulate ; purplish-brown ; spire
little elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 5i, slightly convex, regularly
widening, the last subangular at the periphery, deflexed anteriorly,
turgid, subcompressed laterally and subconstricted at the aperture ;
aperture very oblique, quadrangular, pale fuscous inside ; peristome
broadly expanded, reflexed, slightly thickened, fleshy-fuscous colored,
the right margin unidentate ; margins connected by a thin callous,

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 143

coluruellar margin much dilated, appressed, covering the umbilicus.
(Hidalgo.)

Alt. 34, diam. maj. 71, min. 56 mill.

Ecuador.

H. aequatoriana HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1867, p. 307, t. 8,
f. 2. — PFR. Monographia v, p. 500.

This species is allied to H. calomorpha Jonas and faunus Phil, in
the ensemble of its characters, but is abundantly distinct specifically.
The tooth of the aperture is small and acute. It approaches H.
atrata Pfr., but is distinguished by the larger size ; the color brown,
not blackish-green, and finally the aperture is quadrangular, not
subtrlgonal-lunar. Furthermore, the peristome is a fleshy-brown,
not white. This last character is rather unimportant, however.
(Hidalgo.)

H. SCALENA von Martens. PL 61, figs. 1-3.

Depressed, obtusely angular, pretty thick, the lines of growth
making oblique striae and where well-preserved granulate, with
yellowish-brown periostracum, beneath which it is chestnut-brown ;
whorls 5, forming a low conical blunt spire ; the three uppermost
plane and apparently acutely keeled, the keel filling the suture
which is therefore plane ; the penultimate and last whorls more con-
vex, the suture deeper, bluntly keeled at the periphery, more con-
vex beneath than above ; below the keel there is a zone of more or
less numerous malleations or indentions. The last whorl widens
very decidedly and regularly for its first half; then it becomes nar-
row, the peripheral angle disappears, and the base more convex, so
that what space is lost in the width is made good in the depth of the
whorl. Immediately behind the peristome the whorl is narrowed
vertically, making a constriction ; and this together with the lateral
narrowing of the whorl makes the aperture small in proportion to
the size of the shell. The aperture has a peculiarly displaced aspect,
as if it were compressed in the direction of the smaller diameter ; it
is very oblique ; peristome thickened, narrowly reflexed, reddish-
yellow ; terminations remote, connected by a distinct parietal callous ;
upper and outer margins short and arcuate, lower margin long and
straight, separated from the outer lip by an angle, widening toward
the umbilicus ; umbilicus pretty wide, but completely covered by a

144 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

peculiar, flat deposit appressed to the convexity of the base, contin-
tied from the callous basal lip. (Martens.)

Alt. 29, diam. maj. 55, min. 45 mill.

Aperture, (incl. perist.) diam. 39, alt. 2H mill.

Aperture, (excl. perist.) diam. 20, alt 14 mill.

Cerro Pelado, La Plata, New Genada. (2300 meters' alt.)

H. (Isomeria) scalena MARTENS, Conchol. Mittheil. ii, p. 171, t.
31, f. 1-3 (1881-'85).

In lacking teeth this shell resembles somewhat the West Indian
Caracolus. The umbilicus is closed by the same peculiar callous
continuation of the baso-columellar lip described under If. cymatodes
and seen in various species of Isomeria.

H. MEOBAMBENSIS Pfeiffer.

Covered umbilicate, conoid-depressed, solid, subdistantly rugose-
striate, all over minutely granulated, cinnamon-colored ; spire conoid-
convex, obtuse ; whorls 5, nearly plane, slowly widening, the last
descending anteriorly ; periphery subcarinated, above and below
more convex; aperture very oblique, tetragonal-lunar; peristome
white, reflexed, margins joined by a callous, columellar margin
dilated, adnate, straight, unidentate on the right. (Pfeiffer.)
Alt. 15, diam. maj. 32, min. 26 mill.

Moyobamba, Peru.

H. meobambensis PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 328 ;
Monographia iv, p. 243.

An unfigured species, known only by Pfeiffer's diagnosis, above
translated.

H. ATRATA Pfeiffer. PI. 44, figs. 3, 4.

Shell nearly covered umbilicate, depressed, solid, striate and
minutely granulate, greenish-black ; spire a little elevated, apex
obtuse ; whorls 5, nearly plane, sensibly widening, the last carinated,
turgid above anteriorly and deflexed ; .base swollen, sack-like to-
ward the aperture ; aperture very oblique, subtrigonal-lunar ;
peristome thick, white, reflexed all around, its terminations joined by
a thick callous, right margin furnished above the base with an
obtuse conical tooth. (Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 44, min. 37 mill.

Mts. of Ecuador and Colombia.

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 145

H. atrata PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lood. 1852, p. 153 (De-
cember, 1852 !) ; Monographia iii, p. 258 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 366, t.
139, f. 1, 2 (1853).— HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol, p. 12
(1870) ; and in Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 31. — MILLER, Malak.
Blat. xxv, p. 167 (1878).— COUSIN, Faune Mai. Repub. de 1'Equateur,
p. 68, in Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xii, 1887. — JOUSSEAUME, Moll,
nouv. de la Repub. de FEquateur, p. 17, in Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
1887. (Not H. airata Reeve.)

H. atrata Pfr. differs in several respects from the shell figured and
described by Reeve under the same name ; and the latter form has
been separated and re-named as a distinct species by Jousseaume.
Reeve's name " atrata " really has priority of publication, bearing
date of May, 1852, while Pfeiffer's description was not read before
the Zoological Society until December of that year. It is not really
necessary to raise this point however. Pfeiffer's " atrata " was in
MSS. in the Cuming collection before the publication of Reeve's
species, for Reeve quotes " Pfr. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850 " giving no
page, for there was none because it was not described until 1852.
Reeve in his innocent irresponsible way rarely troubled himself to
look up a reference or description, and in cases where he did, his
struggles and floundering in the slough of synonymy are pitiful to
see.

Hidalgo has given a fuller diagnosis than that of Pfeiffer ; it is as
follows :

Shell nearly covered umbilicate, depressed, solid, shining, delicately
striate, and under a lens very minutely granulate ; blackish-
chestnut, minutely more or less dotted with greenish ; spire little
elevated, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, nearly plane, the last carinated,
deeply deflexed at the aperture ; base turgid, constricted ; aperture
very oblique, subrhomboidal ; peristome thick, white, reflexed,
terminations joined by a thick cord of callous, right margin with an
obtuse conical tooth above the base, columellar margin dilated, half
covering the umbilicus. Alt. 20, diam. maj. 45, min. 38 mill.

The stride are well marked beneath the sutures, and some of them
are greenish. The form of. the umbilicus will separate, at a glance,
this species from H.faunus Phil., a species very similar in characters.
(Hidalgo.)

H. MAURITII Jousseaume. PI. 44, fig. 7.

Narrowly umbilicated, globose-depressed, rather solid, very
minutely granulate, obscurely plicate-striate and malleate, blackish-
10

146 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

chestnut ; spire obtuse ; whorls 5 to 6, plano-convex, the last sub-
acutely carinated, deflexed and constricted anteriorly ; flatly im-
pressed on the base ; aperture somewhat squarely ear-shaped ; per-
istome thickened, callous, livid-flesh-color, terminations joined by a
callous ; basal margin with two small teeth, more or less obsolete.

(Reeve.}

Puntophaya, Ecuador.

H. atrata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 549 May, 1852. — Isomeria
mauritii JOUSSEAUME, Moll. nouv. de la Repub. de 1'Equateur, p. 16
(Bull. Soc. Zool. France 1887).

This form has been commented upon under the last species. It
seems to differ from H. atrata Pfr. in being malleated and in having
two lip-teeth. Jousseaume (loc. cit.) gives no new information,
having apparently not seen the species which he re-names. Hidalgo,
regarding Reeve's atrata as a variety of Pfeiffer's shell of the same
name, says (Viage al Pacif. p. 13):

" The figure and description of the Conchologia Iconica of Reeve
is different from that of Pfeiffer, agreeing with an example in the
collection of Sr. Paz, which presents on the last whorl the irregular
depressions of H. cymatodes Pfr. Another specimen has a small
tooth on the superior part of the right lip."

H. CYMATODES Pfeiffer. PI. 46, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Imperforate, depressed, rather solid, opaque, deep chestnut-colored ;
surface shining, arcuately striate, especially beneath the sutures, last
1J ivhorls conspicuously indented or malleated above and beneath the
periphery, the entire surface microscopically granulated ; spire con-
vex, depressed ; apex obtuse ; sutures linear, a trifle impressed ;
whorls nearly 5, a little convex, moderately, regularly widening, the
last very slightly dilated transversely, depressed, carinated, the
carina extending to the peristome, base tumid on its latter third,
deeply indented at the axis, whorl abruptly deflexed and constricted
behind the peristome ; aperture very oblique, truncate oval, livid in-
side ; peristome reflexed, white, upper margin a little arcuate, outer
margin curved, with a small denticle in the middle, basal margin
straightened, expanded at its insertion over the umbilicus, connect-
ing with the upper margin by a white parietal callous; parietal
wall bearing a small oblique white tooth.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 51, min. 44 mill. (Specimen.)

Alt. 28, diam. maj. 54, min. 45 mill. (Hidalgo.)

Alt. 22, diam. maj. 52, min. 42 mill. (Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 22, diam. maj. 52, rain. 43 mill. (Miller.)

Ecuador.

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 147

H. cymatodes PFR. Monographia, iii, p. 208 ; Zeitschr. f. Mai.
1852, p. 92.— HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p. 11, t. 2, f. 1, 2,
3.— MILLER, Malak. Blatter, 1878, p. 169.

This species is dark colored, very strongly indented or malieated
above and below the periphery. The lower surface sometimes has
a few golden-greenish flecks or irregular obscure maculations in its
substance. The reflection of the columellar lip does not wholly
cover the umbilicus, but from behind it a thinner membrane-like
callous grows, which in fully adult specimens conceals the perfora-
tion.

Two smaller specimens of this species before me measure alt. 20,
diam. maj. 45, min. 37 mill.; they are decidedly carinated, with 4£
whorls, and the outer superior part of the lip becomes brown. One
of these small shells is closely speckled with golden dots beneath.

H. PARIETIDENTATA Miller. PI. 61, figs. 11-13.

Nearly covered umbilicate, lenticular, solid, acutely carinated,
striatulate, very minutely granulate, spirally malleate above and
beneath the carina; chestnut, irregularly dotted with whitish and
ferruginous ; spire very short, convex, apex brownish, obtuse ;
whorls 4|, nearly flat, the first two punctate, the following striatulate,
separated by scarcely impressed sutures ; the last turgid on the latter
part of the base, abruptly, deeply, angularly deflexed at the aper-
ture, a little constricted beneath ; aperture very oblique, retrorse at
the carina, rhomboidal ; peristome white, right margin above and
beneath the carina brownish, at the carina white, expanded and
reflexed, margins joined by a thin callous ; outer lip with an obsolete
tooth below the termination of the carina, another lamellar acute
white one in the aperture on the penultimate whorl. (Miller.^)

Alt. 20, diam. maj. 46, min. 37 mill.

Pilaton Valley, Ecuador.

Isomeria parietidentata MILLER, Malak. Blatter, 1878, p. 169; I.
c. 1879, t. 5, f. 3a, b, c. — COUSIN, Faune Mai. Rep. Equateur, p. 72.

This species is like H. cymatodes in being malleate above and
below the periphery, and in the general appearance. Typical
shells differ from cymatodes in being less constricted behind the
superior part of the peristome, in having the denticle of the outer lip
further below the termination of the carina, and in having a more
deflexed whorl at the aperture. The only specimen I have seen is
different from the type in being larger, and so densely dotted with

148 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

golden flecks above as to appear marbled ; the peristome is narrower
than Miller's figures show, and the whorl about as deeply deflexed
anteriorly as in H. cymatodes. Alt. 24, diam. 49 mill.

H. KOLBERGI Miller. PL 43, figs. 46, 47.

Partly covered-umbilicate, subdepressed, solid, costulate, very
minutely granulate at the carina malleate, shining, blackish-chest-
nut, partly tawny beneath ; spire semiglobose, apex rather acute ;
whorls 5 i, convex, acutely carinated, the first two glossy or very
delicately granulate, the third striate, the remaining ones irregularly
costulate, impressed above the carina, separated by a crenulated
suture ; last whorl turgid anteriorly, angularly deflexed toward the
aperture, one-third of it deeply descending, constricted at the aper-
ture ; aperture very oblique, broad, subquadrangular ; peristome
white, shining, expanded, reflexed, margins connected by a cord of
callous, columellar margin dilated, half-covering the umbilicus,
forming a right angle with the callous ; lip-tooth single, below the
termination of the carina. (Miller.}

Alt. 26. diam. maj. 53, min. 45 mill.

Valley of Pilaton, Ecuador.

Isomeria Jcolbergi MILLER, Malak. Bl. 1878, p. 167, t. 8, f. 2.
See remarks under the next species.

H. GRANULATISSIMA Miller. PI. 43, figs 41, 42.

Umbilicate, lenticular, solid, carinate, striate, delicately, closely
granulate or ferruginous-punctate, malleate at the carina, chestnut-
colored ; spire convex ; little elevated, obtuse ; whorls 51, little con-
vex, separated by lightly impressed sutures ; first whorls very mi-
nutely granulate, following striate, the last rounded anteriorly,
suddenly deflexed at the aperture, constricted ; aperture very
oblique, wide, subquadrangular ; peristome pallid, expanded, re-
flexed, the right margin bi dentate, one obsolete tooth above, and
another acute one below the carina; basal margin thickened, a
little plicate ; columellar margin a little dilated, partly covering the
pervious umbilicus ; terminations of peristome connected by a cord-
like callous. (Miller.)

Alt. 23, diam. maj. 52, min. 44 mill.

Nanegal, Ecuador.

Isomeria granulatissima MILLER, Malak. Bl. 1878, p. 168, t. 8,
f. 3.

HELIX-JSOMERIA. 149

The much more depressed form, lack of rib-strise, wider umbilicus
and superior tooth of the peristome are characters distinguishing
this species from the preceding. The deflection of the aperture is
very abrupt and short in H. granulatissima, but in H. kolbergi
occupies a third of the whorl, descending at first gently, gradually
more rapidly. The form of the aperture is similar in both, and both
have two or three weak, scarcely noticeable folds on the basal lip.
(Miller.}

H. MARTINII Bernardi. PI. 45, fig. 20.

Umbilicate, ovate-depressed, rather solid, obsoletely carinated
part way around ; epidermis fuscous-brown ; very minutely gran-
ulate, malleate-striate on the last whorl ; whorls 5, subglobose, sut-
ures impressed ; last whorl descending ; peristome subcontinuous,
thick, reflexed, white ; aperture transverse, ovoid, brown inside,
provided with two teeth, one on the outer lip, one on columella.
(Bernardi.)

Diam. maj. 32, min. 25 mill.

Quito, Ecuador.

H. martinii BERNARDI, Journ. de Conchyl. 1858, p. 93, t. 1, f. 3 ;
Malak. Bl. 1859, p. 30. — PFEIFFER, Monographia, v, p. 382. (not
H. martini Pfr., a species of Ariophanta) — H. morula Hidalgo,
Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 32.

The change of name proposed by Hidalgo is unnecessary, as
PfeifFer's " H. martini " belongs to'a distinct genus and family. The
species is known only by the original description and figure. The
type is in the PAZ collection.

H. GEALEI Smith. PI. 61, figs. 4, 5.

Almost covered rimate, depressed, acutely carinated, rather solid,
light chestnut-colored; surface shining, very finely, subobsoletely
granulated, obliquely striate, the last whorl a little malleated above
and below the peripheral carina ; spire low convex-conoidal, apex
obtuse, sutures linear, scarcely impressed ; whorls 5, apical whorl
granulate, following whorls slowly widening, striate, especially be-
low the sutures, subplanulate ; last whorl acutely carinated, its last
third convex, swollen, base flattened below the carina, then quite
convex, narrowly indented around the axis ; whorl deeply, very
abruptly deflexed at the aperture, constricted behind the peristome ;
aperture subhorizontal, irregularly quadrate ; peristome reflexed in
every part, of a bronze-green color, very iridescent, right margin

,

150 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

sinuous, produced at the place of the peripheral angle and recurved,
below this recurved loop there is a strong compressed-conical tooth,
tipped with white ; basal margin straight, with a blunt tooth and
several small subobsolete folds ; parietal wall calloused ; umbilicus
almost completely covered by the expanded columellar insertion of
the peristome, which is appressed to the tumid base for a short dis-
tance.

Alt. 16, diam. maj. 33, min. 28 mill. (Specimen.)

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 37, min. 30 mill. (Smith.)

Malaeatos, South Ecuador.

Helix (Isomeria) Gealei E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.
1877, p. 361, t. 39, f. 9.— COUSIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France 1887, p.
69.

This species is remarkable for its sinuous peristome, bronze-green
in color, and very iridescent. It is allied to the twTo preceding species.
The sinus in the middle of the outer lip is similar to that of some
species of the section Labyrinthus. Mons. Cousin errs in quoting
Mesembrinus geali Ad. in the synonymy of this species, and giving
the locality " Mexico ; " that species being a Mexican Bulimulus.

H. STOLTZMASNI Lubomirski. PI. 57, figs. 28, 29, 30.

Half-covered umbilicate, depressed, solid, striate, striae oblique,
very minutely granulated; color deep chestnut; spire somewhat
convex, scarcely elevated; whorls regularly increasing, the last
carinated, deflexed anteriorly; base inflated toward the aperture;
aperture very oblique, small, axe -shaped ; peristome purplish-fulvous,
thickened, reflexed, angular at the carina, the terminations connect-
ed by a cord-like white callous; there is a single conical denticle be-
low the carina, on the outer lip. (Lubomirski.)

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 40, min. 33 mill.

Montana de Palto, Tambillo, Dist. of Chota, Peru.

H. (Isom&rm) stoltzmanni, Prince LADISLAS LUBOMIRSKI in Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1879, p. 720, t. 55, f. 4-6.
The type is in the Museum of Varsovie.

H. ^QUATORIA Pfeiffer. PI. 48, figs. 44, 45, 46.

Covered or narrowly umbilicate, depressed, solid, deep chestnut-
colored ; surface shining, finely striatulate, minutely, subobsoletely
granulate, not malleated ; spire very low-conoidal, apex obtuse, first
two whorls polished; sutures moderately impressed; whorls 5J,

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 151

rather convex, slowly widening, the last angulate at periphery,
narrower a little on its last third, the carina becoming obsolete there
and the base more convex ; gradually, rather deeply deflexed at the
aperture, and constricted behind the peristome; aperture very
oblique, livid inside, subtrigonal-rounded ; peristome liver-brown,
reflexed, not nearly so much thickened as in H. juno, upper margin
arcuate, with a thickening on its face above the position of the
periphery, outer margin bearing a compressed acute tooth a trifle
below the position of periphery, basal margin straightened, bearing
a square tooth in the middle, its columellar margin expanded over
or nearly over the umbilicus and appressed; parietal callous brown,
narrow.

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 34, min. 30 mill.

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 31, min. 27 mill.

Alt. 20, diam. maj. 38, min. 32 mill.

Ecuador.

H. cequatoria PFR. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 133, t. 50, f. 6 ; Mai.
Bliit. 1860, p. 236 ; Monographia, v, p. 314.— MILLER, Mai. Blat.
1878, p. 170.

Allied to H. stoltzmanni, equestrata, and less so to H.juno. The
upper margin of peristome has a more or less developed callous or
swelling on its face, well shown in the figure. The whorls of the
spire are convex, as in H. juno.

H. EQUESTRATA Moricand. PI. 48, figs. 45, 46.

Nearly covered umbilicate, subglobose, solid, striate, very minutely
granulate, chestnut-colored ; spire little elevated, apex obtuse ; sut-
ures impressed ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the
last somewhat carinated, descending; aperture very oblique, tet-
ragonal ; peristome thick, white, reflexed, margins joined by a thick
callous, provided with an obtuse conical tooth. (Moric.)

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 36, min. 31 mill.

Moyobamba, Peru.

H. equestrata MORIC. in Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1858, p. 449, t, 13, f.
1. — PFR. Monographia, v, p. 315.

Known only by the original descripton and figure. It seems
closely allied to H. sequatoria, but the lip is white, and the base
shows no denticle in the figure.

152 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

H. TRIODONTA d'Orbigny. PL 47, figs. 33, 34, 35.

Orbicular-convex, carinate, umbilicate, thick, smooth, reddish-
brown ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls 5 ; aperture subrotund, peristome
tridentate, whitish, brown inside; lip thick, reflexed. (Orbigny.)

Umbilicate, conoid-semiglobose, solid, striatulate, chestnut-colored ;
spire conoid-convex, obtuse ; whorls 5?, slightly convex, the last
deflexed anteriorly; periphery subacutely carinated, base malleated,
inflated around the umbilicus, constricted behind the peristome ;
aperture very oblique, broadly lunar ; peristome white, thick-
ened, reflexed, margins joined by an elevated callous, right margin
bidentate inside, basal margin provided with an obtuse tooth in the
middle. (Pfei/er.)

Alt. 21, diam. maj. 41, min. 35 mill.

Guayaquil, Colombia.

H. triodonta ORB. Voy. Amer. MSrid., p. 234, t. 24, f. 1-3— PFR.
Monographia, i, p. 407, iv, p. 309. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1473.

H. JUNO Pfeiffer. PL 45, figs. 13, 14.

Imperforate, or sometimes narrowly perforate, depressed, solid,
deep chestnut-colored, generally lighter around the axis beneath
and with a narrow lighter peripheral band ; surface shining,
obliquely substriate, very minutely, subobsoletely granulate,
obsoletely, more or less obviously obliquely corrugated above ; spire
short, obtuse ; whorls 4 J, somewhat convex, separated by moderately
impressed sutures, gradually widening, the last whorl wider, slightly
oblong or dilated transversely, carinated at the periphery, the keel
becoming obsolete on the last third of the whorl, which is tumid
beneath, deflexed at the aperture, subconstricted behind the per-
istome ; aperture quite oblique, trapezoidal-lunar, bluish inside ;
peristome reflexed, thickened, flesh-colored, its face convex, termina-
tions connected by a callous; upper and outer margins arcuate,
sometimes obsoletely dentate ; basal margin widened, with two very
blunt heavy teeth or folds near the columellar insertion, dilated
over or nearly over the umbilicus and appressed.

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 32, min. 27 mill.

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 35, min. 29 mill.

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 33, min. 29 mill.

Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

H. juno PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 66; Kuster's Conchyl,
Cab., p. 304, t. 127, f. 4, 5 ; Monographia, iii, p. 208.— REEVE,

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 153

Conch. Icon., f. 547. — HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p. 13, 1. 1,
f. 6, 7; Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 32.— MILLER, Malak. Blatter.
1878, p. 171.

H. NEOGRANADENSIS Pfeiffer. PL 48, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Imperforate, depressed, carinate, thin, minutely granulate all
over, deep brown ; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls 4J, nearly flat,
the last convex beneath, deflexed anteriorly, constricted ; aperture
very oblique, lunate-rounded ; peristome flesh-tinted, simple, ex-
panded, a little reflexed, its terminations joined by a thin callous ;
basal margin very obsoletely uni-dentate, columellar margin short,
dilated, appressed. (Pfr.)

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 34, min. 28 mill.

Quindiu Mts., Colombia.

H. neogranadensis PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1845, p. 64 ;
Monographia, i, p. 296 ; Conchylien Cabinet, p. 435, t. 151, f. 13,
14. — REEVE, f. 548. — DUNKER, in Jahrbiicher d. deutschen Mai.
Gesellsch. 1882, p. 379, t. 11, f. 5, 6.

A variety figured by Dunker (pi. 62, figs. 22, 23.) differs somewhat
from the type. It lacks a carina ; is pretty solid, and the whorls
are rugulose above. It is from the mountains of Ecuador.

H. HARTWEGI Pfeiffer. PL 45, figs. 15, 16.

Umbilicate, depressed, carinate, solid, striatulate, brown ; spire
scarcely elevated ; whorls 5, planulate, the last a little more convex
on the base, not descending anteriorly ; umbilicus narrow, pervious;
aperture very oblique, irregularly subquadrate ; peristome white,
thickened, shortly reflexed, margins joined by a callous, right margin
sinuous, basal margin nearly straight, dilated, calloused inside, with
a single tooth. (Pfeiffer.}

Loja, Ecuador.

H. hartivegi PFR., in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1845, p. 126 ; Mon-
ographia, i, p. 403. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 575. — MILLER, Malak.
Blatter 1878, p. 171.— DOHRN, Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. 1880, p. 86.—
Isomeria loxensis MILLER, Malak. Blatter 1879, p. 118, t. 12,
f. 1.

Dohrn (loc. cit.) says : Isomeria loxensis Miller is equal to H.
hartwegi Pfr. Of these there lie before me 16 examples, of which 4

154 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

are with open umbilicus, the others having it closed by a thick
deposit. The dimensions vary between

a. diam. maj. 29, min. 25, alt. 15 mill., and

b. diam. maj. 24, min. 20, alt. 12 mill.
Miller's H. loxensis is figured on pi. 64, fig. 26.

H. BASIDENS Mousson. PL 48, figs. 52-54.

Imperforate, very depressed globose, rather solid, transversely
striate, especially at the suture, under a lens very minutely granulate,
blackish brown. Spire convexo-depressed, regular; apex not
prominent ; suture lightly impressed, simple ; whorls 4?, moderately
increasing, the upper ones planulate, carinated, the last angulated,
the angle becoming evanescent, anteriorly briefly descending, sub-
inflated and constricted, broadly inflated beneath. Aperture oblique,
transversely semioval, grayish-brown inside ; peristome reflexed,
margins subparallel, not converging, joined by a callous plate,
upper and outer margins regularly curved, basal margin thickened,
with a somewhat fold-like nodule or tooth and a callous thickening
toward the columella ; columellar margin short, broadly reflexed
and adnate. (Mousson.)

Alt. 14, diam. maj. 24, min. 21 mill.

Bogota.

H. basidens Moussox in Malak. Blatter 1873, p. 2. — PFEIFFER,
Novit. Conch., iv, p. 118, t. 127, f. 7-9 ; Monographia, vii, p. 362.

This species stands nearest to H. bituberculata Pfr., but is separated
from that species by numerous characters. It is somewhat larger, is
more depressed, the apex not so prominent ; it is imperforate, and
the whorls are flatter, keeled in the young, finally becoming bluntly
angled ; on account of the scarcely widened upper margin, the
aperture is narrow7, and has a single, not very conspicuous tooth or
node on the basal lip, — a callous thickening beginning there, and
continuing to the columella. Finally, the short coluniellar-margin
is broadly reflected and wholly appressed. In these characters it
stands between H. bituberculata and jET. neoyranadensis. (Pfr.)

H. BITUBERCULATA Pfeiffer. PI. 47, figs. 36, 37, 38.

Umbilicated, depressed-globose, thin but strong, chestnut-colored
or dark chestnut reddish ; surface shining, lightly obliquely striate
and obsoletely very minutely granulated ; spire low, convex, apex
obtuse, planulate ; sutures moderately impressed ; whorls 4, a little
convex, slowrly widening, the last wider, somewhat oblong or trans-

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 155

versely dilated seen from above or below, convex beneath, and slightly
or scarcely at all angled at the periphery ; deflexed a short distance
to the aperture, scarcely constricted behind the peristome except on
the base ; aperture quite oblique, truncate-oval, brownish or livid in-
side ; peristome light brown, narrowly reflexed all around, upper and
outer margins regularly curved, and developing usually a small node
or tubercle where they meet; basal margin straightened, becoming
more widely reflexed toward the axis, and bearing inside two
tubercles, near to each other ; columellar margin dilated, expanded
part-way over the umbilicus.

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 22, min. 18£ mill. (Specimen.)
Alt. 12, diam. maj. 19*, min. 16? mill. (Specimen.)
Alt. 17, diam. maj. 29, min. 23 mill. (Hidalgo.)

Ecuador.

H. bituberculata PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 153 ;
Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., p. 369, t. 139, f. 14, 15 ; Monographia, iii, p.
242. — HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p. 14. — Dentellaria
bituberculata MILLER, Malak. Blatter 1878, p. 165.— IT. bituberculata
DOHRN, Jahrbiicher d. Deutschen Malak. Gesell. 1879, p. 186. —
Dentellaria tridentula KONRAD MILLER in Malak. Blatter 1878, p.
165, t. 7, f. 5. — Dentellaria latidentata MILLER, loc. cit., p. 166, t.
8, f. 1. — Helix bourcieri REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 545 (not bourcieri
Pfeiffer).

This small species is often almost smooth, but generally granules
are visible on the whorls under a lens. The two basal tubercular
teeth, partly open umbilicus, narrow peristome, etc., separate it from
allied forms. .

Pfeiffer's description of this species was read under date of Decem-
ber 14, 1852, before the Zoological Society, while Reeve's description
was published in May of the same year. In this instance, as that of
H. atrata, I prefer not to disturb the well-known nomenclature.
PfeifFer's mss. names were in the Cumingian collection before Reeve
published.

Dr. Dohrn is doubtless correct in uniting the forms described by
Miller as latidentata and tridentula to bituberculata; considerable
variation in width of the umbilicus and size and development of the
lip-teeth is shown in the specimens before me.

Var. TRIDENTULA Miller. PI. 43, figs. 43, 44, 45.

Imperforate chestnut-colored, sometimes with oblique yellow
streaks ; right margin of lip with a small tooth ; basal margin with

156 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

two equal teeth near the columella ; columellar margin dilated, cover-
ing the umbilicus. Alt. 14, diam. maj. 28, min. 22 mill. The larger
size, wholly covered umbilicus, and tooth on the upper part of the
outer lip are the prominent characters of this form, which is very
close to the typical H. bituberculata. Reeve's "H. bourcieri" (pi.
47, fig. 38) is probably this variety.

Var. LATIDENTATA Miller. PI. 43, figs. 50, 51, 52.

The two baso-columellar teeth are coalescent in this form ; the
umbilicus is not closed. Alt. 16, diam. maj. 32, min. 24 mill. These
mutations are scarcely worth names.

H. BOURCIERI Pfeiffer. PI. 48, figs. 49-51.

Imperforate, conoidal-semiglobose, rather thin but strong, opaque
blackish-brown, closely painted longitudinally with zigzag, ragged
stripes of cream or reddish-cream color. Surface showing under a lens
an excessively fine, dense, regular granulation, but apparently smooth
and polished. The spire is conoidal, very obtuse at apex ; the
sutures are moderately impressed, smooth, simple. Whorls 4J to 5,
the apical two corneous, very convex, planorboid ; the following whorls
less convex ; variegated, slowly widening, the last decidedly wider,
rounded-subangular at the periphery, very deeply deflexed toward the
aperture ; aperture subhorizontal, truncate oblong, deep purplish and
with a satin-like luster inside ; peristome white, broadly expanded,
outer and basal margins reflexed ; upper margin bearing a compressed,
acute denticle ; outer margin bearing a much smaller one just above
its junction with the basal margin, the latter with two small con-
tiguous tubercles in about the middle, sometimes coalescent, the inner
one often obsolete or subobsolete ; columella expanded and appressed
over the umbilicus.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 25, min. 201 mill.

Alt. 13, diam. maj. 22, min. 18 mill.

Ecuador.

H. bourcieri PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 153 ;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 368, t. 130, f. 12, 13 ; Monographia, iii, p. 209 —
HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p. 15. — Dentellaria bourcieri
MILLER, in Malakozoologische Blatter 1878, p. 166. — jff. bitubercu-
lata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 544.

May be recognized at once by the beautiful color-pattern of zigzag,
irregular stripes of a rich cream tint on a dark purplish-brown
ground.

HELIX-ISOMERIA. 157

H. SUBCASTANEA Pfeiffer. PI. 44, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Umbilicate, depressed-orbicular, chestnut-colored, with a narrow
whitish or yellowish peripheral fascia; solid ; surface lightly,
irregularly obliquely striate, microscopically granulated, shining,
spire convex ; sutures slightly impressed. Whorls 5£, the apical 1£
nearly planorboid, convex, whitish-corneous, the remainder slightly
convex, slowly widening, the last angular at the periphery, deflexed
anteriorly, deeply constricted on the base behind the peristome, and
near the periphery with a deep pit, its sides rugose ; aperture very
oblique, livid inside; peristome broadly expanded, white, basal
margin reflexed, bearing at its junction with the outer margin a
large strong, entering, compressed tooth, situated on an eminence of
the basal shell-wall causing a pit behind the peristome ; basal mar-
gin subsinuous within, calloused in the middle, at its insertion half-
covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 22, diam. maj. 41, min. 34 mill.
Alt. 23, diam. maj. 44, min. 37 mill.
Alt. 23, diam. maj. 50, min. 43 mill.

S. W. Colombia; N. W. Ecuador.

Carocolla globosa BRODERIP, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1832, p. 30
(not H. globosus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, ii, p. 157, pi. 170,
1818 ; see, also, on this species, Edwards, Monogr. Moll. Eocene of
England, p. 63, t. 10, f. 2 ; and Sandberger, Land- u. Siisswasser
Conchyl. der Vorwelt, p. 291, 1. 17, f. 3).— H. subcastanea PFEIFFER,
Symbolse, ii, p. 103 ; Monographia, i, p. 401. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 543. — Isomeria subcastanea MILLER, Malak. Blatter 1878, p.
170.

Known from other species by the single large compressed tooth at
junction of outer and basal lips, marked behind the peristome by
a deep pit.

The typical form is that figured by Reeve (pi. 44, fig. 10 of this
volume) ; the upper lip is arcuate; a larger, more depressed speci-
men, with horizontal, subsinuous superior lip is figured on pi. 44,
figs. 8, 9.

* * *

The following species form a group intermediate between Isomeria
and Labyrinthus in appearance, differing from the former in having
the teeth more strongly developed, especially the parietal fold, and
from the latter in the subglobose-depressed form and oblong, trans-
versely dilated outline.

158 HELIX-ISOMERIA.

H. AENIGMA Dohrn. PI. 39, figs. 93, 94; pi. 44, figs. 1, 2.

Umbilicate, depressed-subglobose, solid, striate, the striation rather
coarse just beneath the sutures, fine on base, the whole surface
microscopically very densely, regularly granulated ; shining, chestnut
brown ; spire convex, sutures scarcely impressed ; whorls 4$ to 5, a
little convex, slowly increasing, the last more rapidly widening,
carinated at the periphery, transversely dilated, very convex beneath,
especially on its last third, where it is less carinated at periphery
and much swollen below, deflexed anteriorly, constricted and biscro-
biculate behind the peristome ; aperture ear-shaped, very oblique,
purplish-white inside; peristome light brown, continued as an
elevated callous plate across the parietal wall ; upper and outer
margins of peristome broadly expanded, arcuate, the outer bearing
a fold-like tooth just above the place of termination of the periphery,
and a strong entering fold extending to the edge of peristome, and
marked behind the lip by a pit or scrobiculation ; basal lip sinuous,
reflexed, in the middle bent upward, forming an obtuse squarish
process narrowing the aperture ; parietal callous continued in an
elevated erect fold entering the aperture ; umbilicus rather narrow,
partly closed by the inflated last whorl and the inner expansion of
the columellar lip.

Alt. 23-25, diam. maj. 45-48, min. 38-39 mill.

Andes of Colombia at Frontino, 2000 meters alt.

H. (KYiigmi DOHRN, Nachrichtsbl. d. Malak. Gesell., 1875, vii, p.
56; Jahrbiicher d. Malak. Gesell., ii, 1875, p. 292, t. 10, f. 1, 2 ;
Continuation of Conchylien Cabinet, p. 625, 1. 180, f. 1,2. — PFR. Mon-
ographia, vii, p. 591.

H. VEXANS Dohrn. PI. 44, figs. 5, 6 ; pi. 42, figs. 38, 39. .

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, striate, shining, angulate, chestnut-
brown ; spire subconvex ; whorls 41, nearly plane, the last angulated,
convex beneath, suddenly deflexed at the aperture, coarctate, and
bi-scrobiculate on the base; aperture nearly horizontal, rhombic-
auriform, ringent ; peristome expanded, parietal margin angularly
bent in at the middle, and giving rise to a long entering plate or
fold ; right margin bi-tuberculate ; basal margin incurved in the
middle and bidentate ; columellar margin extending partly over the
umbilicus. (Dohrn.}

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 28, min. 24 mill.

Canas Gordas, Colombia.

X

rHf ^T^

UNIVERSITY
gjilFORN^ 159

H. vexans DOHRN, Nachrichtsbl. d. Mai. Gesell., vii, 1875, p. 57 ;
Jahrbiicher d. Malak. Gesell., 1875, p. 294, 1. 10, f. 3, 4; Continuation
of Conchyl. Cab., p. 626, t. 180, f. 3, 4.— PFR., Monographia Hel.
Viv., vii, p. 591.

Separated from H. aenigma by the lack of granulation, almost
horizontal aperture, and the last whorl is not keeled.

Section X. LABYRINTHUS Beck, 1837.

Labyrinthus BECK, Index Molluscorum, etc., p. 33 (Type, " L.
otis"=H. labyrinthus Desh.). — ALBERS, Die Heliceen, p. 121, 1850.
— ALBERS-MARTENS, Die Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 154 (1860). — H. & A.
ADAMS, Genera Rec. Moll., ii, p. 200 (subg. ofLueerna'). — KOBELT,
111. Conchylienbuch, p. 226 (sect. Lucerna). — PFEIFFER-CLESSIN,
Nomenclator Heliceorum Yiventium, p. 174.

Labyrinthus occupies those parts of Northern South America not
inhabited by species of Isomeria, and generally less elevated country
than the mountainous Andean region to which the latter group is
confined.

The two groups have much in common ; bat while in Isomeria
the teeth are much reduced, sometimes absent or minute, in
Labyrinthus they are more developed than we find them in any other
group of Helices. The lower country of Northern South and
Central America will probably be found to be inhabited by some
group of snail-eating Carabidse not found in the Andean region
where Isomeria lives ; and the elaborate labyrinthine lip- armature of
Labyrinthus has -been evolved to protect these snails against their
coleopterous enemies.

In Labyrinthus there are three primary folds or teeth : the parietal,
an erect entering or oblique lamina, the outer basal, usually flattened,
compressed, or bifid, and the inner basal. These three are present
in every known species. As secondary folds may be classed the
superior lip-tooth (of H. bogotensis, otostoma, leucodon, etc.), a
conical process, never very large, developed on the inner edge of the
upper portion of the lip, the accessory columellar tooth, formed by
the division of the inner basal tooth (seen in H. dunkeri, bogotensis),
and the superior palatal fold, a minute, acute fold developed on the
upper wall well within the aperture, in H. labyrinthus, plicata, etc.
This last is rather inconstant in the species possessing it.

The shell of Labyrinthus is not oblong nor transversely dilated, as
Isomeria usually is ; it is not malleated ; the surface is microscopically

160 HELIX-LABRYINTHUS.

granulate ; the color is chestnut or brown, sometimes with spiral
peripheral and subsutural darker zones.

Key to species of Labyrinthus.

[NOTE. — In using the following Key, the shell should be held with the plane of
the aperture at right angles to the line of vision.]

I. OUTER BASAL TOOTH BIFID.
a. Two inner basal teeth.

Diam. over 30 mill. ; upper lip with a conical tooth bogotensis.
Diam. less than 25 mill. ; no tooth on upper lip.

Spire depressed ; shell yellowish, banded with darker

dunkeri.

Spire low-conical ; shell unicolored, brown isodon.

aa. One inner basal tooth, not bifid.

Upper lip with a conical obtuse tooth otostoma.

Upper lip not toothed

Diam. exceeding 30 mill. bifurcata, furcillata, raimondii,

\tarapotonensis.
Diam. less thnn 30 mill.

Parietal tooth free from parietal edge of peristome

yatesi, ellipsostoma.
Parietal tooth arising from parietal edge of peristome

leprieurii.

II. OUTER BASAL TOOTH NOT BIFID.

a. Outer basal tooth flattened, transverse, entering, or hooked, the
parietal tooth pointing directly toward it or toward a point below
it on the outer lip.

b. Acutely keeled ; lip with 2 teeth below the carina.

Outer basal tooth flat, transverse, broad, nearly meeting

parietal labyrinthus.

Outer basal tooth smaller, conical or squarish plicata,

Outer basal tooth with a projecting acute hook uncigera.

bb. Acutely keeled ; lip with 3 teeth below carina ; parietal

callous emarginate manueli.

bbb. Obtusely keeled ; outer basal tooth deep-seated ; parietal

callous straight. triplicata.

aa. Outer basal tooth a small compressed tubercle on the lip, the

parittal tooth directed toward a point above it on the peristome.

Conoidal, thin, light ; teeth small ; one pit behind lip tamsiana.

Depressed, dark ; teeth strong ; two pits behind lip leucodon.

HELIX-LABYRINTHUS. 161

H. LABYRINTHUS (Chemnitz) Desh. PI. 39, figs. 87, 88, 89, 90 ; pi.
64, 'figs. 14-16.

Umbilicate, depressed, about equally convex above and beneath,
acutely keeled at the circumference ; strong and solid but not thick,
rich chestnut-brown in color ; surface shining, lightly obliquely
striate, under a lens very minutely granulate ; spire convex, low,
apex planulate, smooth, whitish ; suture scarcely at all impressed ;
whorls 5, nearly flat, regularly and gradually widening, the last de-
pressed, acutely carinated at the periphery, deflexed anteriorly ; the
keel on the last third of the whorl is compressed and turned upward,
leaving a more or less marked furrow or channel on the correspond-
ing portion of the upper surface; the base is decidedly convex,
somewhat tumid, and is deeply, broadly constricted as it nears the
aperture, and has two diverging furrows behind the basal lip ; the
aperture is subhorizontal, ear-shaped, brown inside, obstructed by
three principal folds ; the peristome continuous, brown, expanded
and reflexed in every part ; its outer extremity has a recurved
sinuosity corresponding to the pinched-up carina of body-whorl ; the
basal lip is sinuous, and bears two teeth, the outer one is an elevated
plate, extending obliquely inward toward the axis, the inner tooth
is a stout entering fold ; the parietal callous is elevated and recurved ;
it gives rise to an arcuate lamina entering the aperture and almost
meeting the outer tooth of base; there is a small acute lamina on the
superior wall of aperture opposite the outer basal tooth ; the umbilicus
is rather broad (5 to 6 mill.) and deep, partly occupied by the re-
curved inner angle or loop of the peristome.

Alt. 20, diam. maj. 53, min. 44 mill.

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 49, min. 41 mill.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 39, min. 31 mill.

Isthmus of Panama ; Colombia; Pandma, Ecuador.

Helix labyrinthus (CHEMNITZ, Syst. Conchylien-Cabinet, xi, p. 271,
t. 208., f. 2048. 1795) DESHAYES in Guerin's Mag. de Zool., t. Ill, f.
1 (1837).— PFEIFFER, in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, p. 61, t. 2,f.
5 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., i, p. 397. — H. labyrinthus FERUSSAC,
Prodr., p. 33 ; Histoire, t. 54B, f. 5.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 550?
— Carocolla labyrinthus (in part) An. s. Vert., vi, p. 96. — Helix
otis of early English collectors ; Labyrinthus otis BECK, Index, p.
33. — Lyrostoma labyrintha SWAINSON, Malacol. p. 329. — Carocolla
subplanata PETIT, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 238 ; Mag. de Zool., 1843, t.
68. — H. subplanata DOHRN, Jahrbiicher d. Mai. GeselL, 1875, p.
11

162 HELIX-LABYRINTHUS.

296.— H. erecta MOUSSON, Mai. Blatter, 1873, p. 3.— PFR. Novit.
Conch., iv, p. 116, 1. 127, f. 1-3 ; Monographia, vii, p. 461: — DOHRN,
as syn. of subplanata 1. c. supra. — H. labyrinthus var. sipunculata
FORBES, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1850, p. 53, t. 9, f. 4. — H. annulifera
PFR. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, p. 260; Monographia Hel. Viv.,
iii, p. 255. — REEVE, f. 555.

H. labyrinthus may be distinguished from H. plicata by the
greater development of the teeth ; the outer basal tooth is broad,
flat, plate-like, and approaches to within one millimeter of the parietal
lamina. The base is more swollen than in H. plicata, more broadly
constricted behind the peristome and the inner part of the aperture
is narrower. The size is very variable.

Chemnitz is quoted as the authority only by courtesy ; his figure
is very poor, and his synonymy includes all the figures of the Laby-
rinthus group known to him. Deshayes first rectified the synonymy
of this species and H. plicata. Dohrn, who declares that he cannot
recognize H. labyrinthus Chemn. (" Was nun H. labyrinthus Chemn.
betrifft, so habe ich bereits erklart, das ich sie nicht kenne und
nicht kennen kaun," etc.), adopts the name subplanata of Petit.
That name was not published until six years after Deshayes had
redefined and figured plicata, and figured what he understood to be
the true labyrinthus. I am altogether disposed to retain the older
name, as there is no question about what shell Deshayes called laby-
rinthus. Dohrn is in error in saying that the mouth-parts and supra-
peripheral gutter are always most strongly developed in the smallest
specimens ; in the series before me these characters are most obvious
on several of the largest. Figures 87, 88, 89 of plate 39 are drawn
from one of these shells. The other forms included in the
synonymy are as follows :

H. erecta Mousson (PL 40, figs. 100, 101, 102) is a small form
from Bogota, with the outer basal tooth more entering than in typical
labyrinthus ; the shell is thicker ; the color darker ; striation stronger,
the parietal lamella higher and the basal sinus more developed.

Alt. 13, diam. maj. 30, min. 25 mill.

H. annulifera Pfr. (= sipunculata Fbs.) (pi. 42, figs. 32, 33) is
smaller than the typical labyrinthus, and white around the periphery.
Alt. 13, diam. maj. 34, min. 29 mill. It is from Panama.

A specimen of medium size (alt. 26, diam. 43 mill.) with the
peristome less complicated than in the typical form, and the supra-
peripheral gutter short and shallow is figured on pi. 64, figs. 14-16.

HELIX-LABYRINTHUS. 163

This form and the specimen figured on pi. 39, figs. 87-89 are the
extremes in aperture development.

Chemnitz writes of Das Labyrinth as being extremely rare in his
time, and speaks of it as " ein ganz ausnehmendes wundernswiirdiges
Kiinststiick, welche nicht leichte Jemand ohne Erstauuen ansehen
konne." He had not seen a specimen.

All of the specimens before me are from various localities on the
Isthmus.

H. PLICATA Born. PI. 63, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9.

Umbilicate, depressed, about equally convex above and beneath,
acutely keeled at the circumference, solid, deep rich chestnut-
brown ; surface shining, lightly striate, especially below the sutures,
under a lens finely densely granulated all over; spire low, convex,
apex plane, first whorl polished, first two whorls smooth, light
yellowish ; sutures scarcely impressed ; whorls 5, scarcely convex,
moderately increasing, the last wide but becoming narrower on its
last third (more or less), abruptly deflexed anteriorly, convex
beneath, and constricted behind the peristome, with two short
diverging furrows marking the positions of the two basal lip teeth ;
immediately above the periphery on its last one-fourth, the whorl is
concave, forming a shallow gutter, much less pronounced than in
typical .H. labyrinthus ; aperture horizontal, ear-shaped, brown in-
side, obstructed by three teeth ; peristome expanded and reflexed
all around, continuous, brown or white ; the upper margin of lip is
toothless, or bears a small compressed acute denticle remote from the
margin, opposite the outer basal tooth ; the basal lip is sinuous,
rather thick, with two teeth within, the outer one either rather
square or conical, often crenulated on the tip, never so large or
plate-like as that of H. labyrinthus, the inner tooth blunt, obtuse ;
parietal callous elevated, giving rise in the middle to an elevated
arcuate lamella entering the aperture ; umbilicus rather broad, the
inner sinuosity of the peristome entering it.

Alt. 22, diam. maj. 55, min. 47 mill.

Alt. 16, diam. rnaj. 44, min. 39 mill.

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 36 &, min. 34 mill.

Porto Cabello, and Carthagena, Venezuela ; Panama.

H.plicata BORN, Test. Mus. Cses. Vindob., p. 368 (1780).— DES-
HAYES, Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1838, 1. 110.— PFEIFFER, in Kiister's
Conchyl. Cab., p. 204, t. 104, f. 1-4 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., i, p.

164 HELIX-LAB YRINTHUS.

398. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 553. — MARTENS, Binnenmoll. Ven-
ezuelas (Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl., Festschr. 1873.), p. 12. — Labyrinthus.
plicatvs SEMPER, Reisen in Arch. Philippinen, Land-mollusken, ii,
p. 105, t. 16, f. 9, (anatomy). — H. labyrinthus var. ft Ferussac,
Histoire, t. 54B, f. 4. — Carocolla labyrinthus (in part) LAMARCK, An.
s. Vert., iv, p. 96. — REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, t. 167, f. 3. — Carocolla
hydiana LEA, Observations on the genus Unio, etc., ii, p. 98, t. 23,
f. 73, 73a.

This species is about the size of H. labyrinthus, and like that
shell is often more or less pinched into an upward-flaring keel on the
last part of the whorl. The parietal tooth is shorter, less sinuous
and less deeply, entering than in H. labyrinthus, and the outer basal
tooth (which may be either squarish with crenulated tip, or conical)
is much smaller. The following measurements illustrate this differ-
ence ; the height of the tooth being taken from the outer edge of the
peristome directly to the tip of tooth.

H. plicata.

Diam. of shell 48, alt. of outer basal tooth 5 mill.

Diam. of shell 37, alt. of outer basal tooth 4| mill.
H. labyrinthus.

Diam. of shell 48, alt. of outer basal tooth 9 mill.

Diam. of shell 37, alt. of outer basal tooth 6J mill.

There is great variation in size in this species. The small denticle
inside the superior lip is frequently absent ; this is the case in the
specimen figured by Deshayes in Guerin's Magazin, 1838, pi. 110,
as the type of plicata. This specimen now lies before me. The
identity of this species cannot be questioned, as Born refers to
Knorr's Vergniigen, figure 5, pi. xxvi, (pt. v), undoubtedly
representing the true plicata.

Variety. PI. 63, figs. 7, 8.

This is a form with very thin light shell, the teeth rather slender
and long, sinus between the basal teeth very deep, as in H. labyrinthus;
whorls 4}, planulate, flatter than in H. plicata, and very acutely
keeled. Alt. 11, diam. maj. 30, min. 25 mill.

Marmata, New Granada.

H. UNCIGERA Petit. PL 42, figs. 23, 25, 25, 26.

Umbilicate, depressed, lens-shaped, acutely carinated, deep chest-
nut or blackish-brown, with a broad whitish band above and one

HELIX-LABYRINTHUS. 165

below the periphery ; surface obliquely finely striated and very
minutely granulated, slightly shining ; apical whorl flat, polished,
whitish ; sutures linear, not impressed ; whorls 5, flat, slowly widen-
ing, the last acutely keeled, abruptly deflexed anteriorly, concave
and constricted behind the peristome near the umbilicus, and with
a pit marking the place of the outer basal tooth behind the lip ;
aperture nearly horizontal, rhomboidal, brown inside showing the
bands ; peristome reflexed, white or light brown, continued across
the parietal wall as an elevated callous ; basal margin two toothed ;
the outer tooth is an entering angular fold which terminates at the
edge of the peristome in an acute slender curved projecting hook ;
inner tooth small, fold-like ; parietal lamella elevated, not reaching
the elevated parietal callous ; umbilicus open, rather broad (4 to 5
mill.).

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 29, min. 25 mill.

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 27, min. 23 mill.

Panama.

Caroeolla uncigera PETIT, Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1838, t. 113. —
PFEIFFER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 206, t. 104, f. 8-10 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., i,
p. 398. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 552. — DOHRN, Jahrb. d. Mai.
Gesell., ii, 1875, p. 297.

Perfectly distinct in the acute hook-like outer tooth of the basal

HP.

VARIETY. Spire more elevated ; larger than the type ; granula-
tion more pronounced on the last whorl above and below ; color
clear chestnut brown, without bands, darker behind the white lip.
Aperture and teeth typical but the basal margin more deeply arcuate.
Alt. 13, diam. maj. 38, min. 35 mill ; diam. aperture 19 mill. Dohrn.

H. TRIPLICATA Martens. PI. 41, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Umbilicated, depressed, obtusely angled at the periphery, rather
strong and solid but not thick, yellowish-chestnut-colored ; surface
lightly striate, sometimes subplicatulate beneath the sutures, very
densely microscopically granulated all over ; spire low, convex or
slightly conical ; apex planulate, whitish, polished ; sutures not
impressed or but very slightly so ; whorls 5, nearly flat, the last
subarigular at the circumference, deeply, abruptly deflexed anteriorly,
constricted behind the basal lip and 2-grooved there ; base convex,
generally lightly plicate around the umbilicus ; aperture subhorizon-
tal, oblong-ear-shaped, deep purplish-brown inside ; peristome flesh-

166 HELIX-LABYRINTHUS.

colored, continuous, upper and outer margins expanded, the latter
bearing at its junction with the base a compressed elevated short
entering lamina, rather deep-seated, not extending to the edge of
lip by about 2 millimeters ; basal lip slightly incurved in the middle*
reflexed, bearing a small dentiform fold v.ear its outer part ; parietal
wall with a slightly sinuous long plate-like entering fold ; umbilicus
narrow, about 4 mill, wide ; superior lip curved downward.

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 25, min. 21 mill. ; apert. wide 14, long 8 mill.

Costa Rica-

H. triplieata MARTENS, Malak. Blatter 1868, p. 156. — PFETFFER,
Novitates Conch., iii, p. 460, t. 101, f. 1-3. — H. cesopus ANGAS,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 72, t. 5, f. 11, 12; loc. cit., 1879, p-
476.

This shell may be known by the almost rounded periphery,
deflexed superior lip of the aperture, outer basal tooth a short high
lamella, removed from the edge of peristome. It has a longer
parietal lamina than H. quadridentata, tamsiana or leucodon, and is
less carinated ; the parietal callous is not incurved in the middle as
in H. manueli, and the lower lip is different.

Var. JESOPUS Angas. PI. 64, figs. 27, 28.

Larger, more conical, heavier, with nearly one more whorl, deep
purplish-brown above, yellowish beneath with a faintly indicated
dark zone ; and a dark umbilical patch ; whorl less deflexed an-
teriorly ; upper lip less flattened ; scrobiculations or grooves behind
the basal lip shorter ; peristome white, reflexed all around, thick-
ened ; lip-teeth brown, parietal lamina white.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 27, min. 22 J mill. ; aperture, width 15, length
Hi mill.

Buena Vista, Costa Rica (3000 ft. alt.)

My figures of this form are from specimens collected by GABB.
Since writing the above description, I have seen a form intermediate
between triplieata and cesopus, having the deep color of the first, and
the form of aperture of the latter variety.

H. MANUELI Higgins. PI. 42, figs. 27, 28 ; pi. 55, figs. 15, 16.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin but rather strong, acutely carinated
at the periphery, light chestnut-colored ; surface lightly obliquely
striate and indistinctly, minutely granulated; spire low-conoidal,
apex obtuse, apical whorl smooth and whitish, sutures slightly im-

HELIX-LABYRISTHU3. 167

pressed; whorls 4-1 on the specimen before me (5£ according to
Higgins), gradually widening, scarcely convex, the last depressed,
acutely keeled, very deeply, suddenly deflexed anteriorly, constricted
behind the peristome and with two short furrows marking the posi-
tions of the basal lip-teeth ; aperture very oblique, ear-shaped ; per-
istome continuous, white, broadly expanded, subreflexed, outer
portion with a short, entering, compressed tooth, basal margin with
two small blunt teeth, the outer of which is smaller and marked be-
hind the lip by a short groove ; parietal wall traversed by a sinuous
elevated callous, giving rise in the middle to an entering, elevated,
arcuate lamella; breadth of umbilicus about 3 mill.
Alt. 11, diam. maj. 23 £, min. 20 mill. (Specimen.)
Alt. 13, diam. maj. 28, min. 25 mill. (Higgins.)

Maeas, Ecuador.

Labyrintlius manueli HIGGINS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p.
686, t. 56, f. 5, 5a. — Helix manoeli PFEIFFER, Monographia Hel.
Yiv., vii, p. 462. — " H. manseli " PFR.-CLESS. in Noment. Hel. Viv.,
p. 175. — (?) H. quadridentata HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p.
16, t. 1, f. 8, y.

This species resembles H. triplicata in the long parietal lamella ;
it differs in being acutely keeled and having a sinuous, not straight,
parietal peritreme-edge. From H. leucodon, a very closely related
form, it differs in the more sinuous parietal lip, longer parietal
lamellar tooth, and more convex base ; H. quadridentata has also a
shorter parietal tooth and less sinuous parietal lip than manueli. My
description and figures 15, 16 on plate 55, are drawn from a
specimen before me which differs somewhat from Higgins's description
and figures. The latter were drawn by Sowerby, are evidently
inexact and so indistinct that my lithographer has in copying them
on pi. 42, figs. 27, 28, misinterpreted the forms of the parietal tooth
and that on the outer lip opposite to it. The H. quadridentata of
Hidalgo (pi. 41, figs. 20, 21) seems to be this species.

H. LEUCODON Pfeiffer. PI. 41, figs. 9-11, 14-16.

Umbilicate depressed, acutely keeled, thin but rather strong, deep
blackish-chestnut-colored ; surface shining, lightly obliquely striate,
covered with minute sharp granules all over ; spire low, apex obtuse,
apical whorl often a little prominent ; sutures a trifle impressed ;
whorls 5, nearly flat, slowly, gradually widening, the last acutely
keeled at periphery, deeply, angularly constricted back of the peri-

168 HELIX-LABYRINTHUS.

stome, and very abruptly deflexed; base with two pits immediately
behind the lip, marking the places of the basal lip-teeth; aperture
nearly horizontal, oval-ear-shaped, brown inside; peristome white, ex-
panded, reflexed, continued across the parietal wall in an elevated
plate-like callous, its edge somewhat sinuous or concave near its junc-
tion with the superior lip ; outer lip with a small denticle above (rarely
obsolete), a rather large compressed tooth below the carina, and a
blunter, rounded, subcompressed tooth on the outer part of the
straight basal margin ; parietal wall armed with an elevated lamina
or tongue-like tooth, arising from the middle of the lip-connecting
callous, extending inward obliquely, directed toward a point on the
outer lip above the larger outer tooth ; umbilicus funnel-shaped.

Alt. 101, diam. maj. 21 \, min 20 mill.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 21, min. 19 mill.

Venezuela.

H. leucodon PFR. Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1847, p. 81 ; Conch yl. Cab., p.
271, t. 123, f. 12-14; Monog. Hel. Viv., i, p. 399.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 558. — MARTENS, Bhmenmoll. Venez., p. 13.

Variable in the degree of elevation of spire. Thicker, larger and
less elevated than H. tamsiana with stronger teeth, darker colored
shell and wider umbilicus. I have seen a specimen in which the
inner basal tooth is bifid. The surface feels peculiarly rough.

H. QUADKIDENTATA Broderip. PI. 41, figs. 12, 13.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-conoidal, rather thin, striate,
finely but sharply granulate, opaque, reddish-browrn, spire flat-
conoidal, with broad, flat apex; suture very superficial; whorls 5£,
flat, gradually widening, the last in front somewhat constricted,
abruptly deflexed ; beneath, at the positions of the teeth deeply
furrowed, the base behind this somewhat gibbosely convex ; aper-
ture nearly horizontal, oval-ear-shaped, 4-toothed ; peristome thin,
whitish, expanded, somewhat reflexed, the terminations joined by a
straight, low, erect lamina ; on the penultimate whorl [parietal wall]
stands a tongue-shaped laminar tooth, inside the connecting callous,
and riot connected with it. The superior margin of the peristome is
curved, toothless ; on the under lip, near the keel, there is a three-
cornered compressed tooth, somewhat curved and erect, and two
other blunt teeth, of which the one standing nearest the columella is
much smaller. (Pfeiffer, in Conchyl. Cab.}

Alt. 9, diam 19 mill.

Central American forests.

HELIX-LAB YRINTHUS. 169

Carocolla quadridentata Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1832, p. 30.
— H. quadridentata PFEIFFER, in Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., p. 271, t.
123, f. 9-11 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., i, p. 399.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 557. — Not, in my opinion, H. quadridentata HIDALGO, Viage
al Pacifico, Mol. p. 16, t. 1, f. 8, 9 (see under H. manueli Higgins).

I am not satisfied that any of the several trays before me marked
" quadridentata " are really that species. I have therefore given a
translation of Pfeiffer's description, which agrees with Broderip's
short diagnosis. It seems to differ from leucodon in having the par-
ietal tooth not connected with the callous joining the terminations of
peristome, in this respect evidently nearing H. tamsiana Dkr., but
differing from this form again, in having a heavier shell, with stronger
lip development (teste Reeve).

H. TAMSIAXA Dunker. PI. 41, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8.

Umbilicate, depressed-conoidal, thin, light brown, acutely car-
inated ; surface somewhat shining, lightly obliquely striate, covered
with minute prickly granules; spire conoidal, apex blunt, apical
whorl prominent, whitish, nearly smooth ; suture very superficial ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, slowly widening, the last acutely carinated
at periphery, very abruptly angularly and strongly constricted be-
hind the aperture and suddenly deflexed ; aperture nearly horizontal,
ovate-ear-shaped ; peristome expanded, subreflexed, white, thin, its
terminations joined across the parietal wall by a thin straight
elevated white lamina ; superior margin of outer lip toothless or with
a small denticle in the middle • basal lip with two teeth rather near
to each other, the outer one compressed, a trifle entering, its
position marked behind the peristome by a slight pit; the inner
tooth tubercular, its position not indicated by a pit behind the lip ;
parietal wall armed with a small compressed oblique white lamellar
tooth, directed toward a point on the outer lip above the outer basal
tooth.

Alt. 84, diam. maj. 16, min. 15 mill.

Alt. 7$, diam. rnaj. 15, min. 14 mill.

Vicinity of Porto Cabello, Venezuela.

H. tamsiana DKR. in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1847, p. 81. — PFEIFFER,
in Conchyl. Cab., p. 466, t. 156, f. 28, 29; Monog. Hel. Viv., i, p.
399. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 556. — MARTENS, Binnen-Moll.
Venezuelas, p. 13.

170 HELIX-LABYRINTHUS.

This smallest species of Labyrinthus differs from others which
have a simple (not bifid) outer basal tooth, in being thinner, lighter
colored, with feebler teeth, the parietal one short, small, scarcely
joined to the elevated parietal peritreme edge. The superior lip-
tooth may be either present or absent, as in H. leucodon. The outer
basal tooth is marked behind the peristome by a small pit ; in the
larger, darker, flatter H. leucodon both basal teeth are so marked,
the outer much more conspicuously.

***

2. S})ecies with the outer basal tooth bifid.

H. TARAPOTONENsis Moricand. PI. 64, figs. 17, 18.

Shell profoundly and broadly umbilicated, sub-lens-shaped, solid,
obliquely striate, minutely and irregularly granulate, chestnut-
colored ; spire obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 5, nearly flat, the
last obtusely carinated, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique,
ear-shaped ; peristome continuous, white, subthickened, parietal
margin an erect lamina, right margin rounded, basal margin sub-
angularly descending in the middle, the right side with two teeth,
one simple, acute, the other bifid, white. (Moric.)

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 34, min. 28 mill.

Tarapoto, Andes of Peru.

H. tarapotonensis MORIC. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1858, p. 450, t.
13, f. 2. — PFEIFFER, Monographia Hel. Viv., v, p. 411.

This species belongs to the group of H. bifurcata; it resembles H.
furcillata Hupe, but the constantly very different position and form
of the teeth and lamella, and the very different granulation dis-
tinguishes it. In the furcillata the two teeth are far apart, but
supported by a common base ; in this species one tooth is simple and
conical, nearer the umbilicus than the other extremity of the
aperture ; the second is double, its base not at all elongated.
(3/oric.)

H. BIFURCATA Deshayes. PI. 64, figs. 22, 23, 24, 25.

The original figures given by Deshayes are copied on plate 64,.
figs. 22, 23. Those of Ferussac, to which Deshayes refers are on
plate 42, figs. 29, 30, 31 ; and these last differ from the others in
having the parietal entering lamina joined to the callous connecting
the ends of the peristome. Pfeiffer's description is as follows :

HELIX-LABYRINTHUS. 171

Shell umbilicate, sub-lens-shaped, solid, arcuately stria te and
appearing very minutely granulate under a lens, deep chestmit color,
more or less acutely carinated, and encircled with whitish at the
carina ; spire short, convex, obtuse ; suture lightly impressed ; whorls
5, scarcely convex, the last abruptly deflexed anteriorly; base
deeply scrobiculate ; aperture very oblique, transversely pyriforrn,
divided by an elongated, free, compressed parietal lamina ; peristome
white (rarely liver-brown), continuous, the parietal margin erect,
partly uncovering the umbilicus, right margin expanded, basal mar-
gin sinuous, the left side bearing a subtransverse tooth, right side
with two diverging teeth, joined at their bases.
Alt. 14, diam. maj. 36, min 30 mill. (Pfei/er.')
Alt. 12, diam. maj. 38, min. 34 mill. (Pfeiffer.}
Alt. 10, diam. maj. 21 i, min. 18 mill. (Pfei/er. )
H. bifurcata DESK., in Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1838, t. Ill, f. 2.
— PFEIFFER, in Bolster's Conchyl. Cab., p. 207, 1. 105, f. 1-4; Monog.
Hel. Viv., iii, p. 255 ; iv, p. 305 ; v, p. 411. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 554. — MARTENS, Binnenmoll Venez., p. 72. — H. plicata FEE.,
Histoire, t. 54B, f. 1.— DESK., Encyc.Meth., ii, p. 231. (Excl. synon.)

This seems to be a very variable species, and I am unable to point
out the characters separating it from H. raimondii and H. fur-
cillala. It is sometimes small and only obtusely carinated at the
periphery ; and the umbilicus is sometimes wholly closed by the ex-
panded columellar lip.

H. bifurcata, tarapotonensis, furcillata and raimondii form a group
of very closely allied forms, the exact rank, affinities and distinctions
of which remain to be ascertained when more numerous specimens
are collected and compared. It is at present extremely difficult to
separate by any good characters the first three. I doubt whether
those drawn from the outer basal tooth are constant.

H. FURCILLATA Hupe. PI. 39, figs. 91, 92.

Umbilicate, sub4ens-shaped, solid, obliquely striate, under a lens
punctate-granulate, chestnut-colored ; spire short, obtuse ; suture
lightly impressed ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the .last more convex,
obtusely carinated, deflexed anteriorly, broadly bi-scrobiculate on
the base ; umbilicus moderate, deep ; aperture very oblique, trans-
verse pyriform, the parietal wall traversed by a compressed, free
callous plate ; peristome continuous, white, sub-thickened, parietal
margin erect, partly concealing the umbilicus, right margin rounded,

172 HELIX-LABYRINTHUS.

basal margin subangularly produced downward in the middle, the
left part with a strong oblique tooth, the right part with two erect
subparallel distant teeth, joined at the base. (Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 46, min. 39 mill. (Pfeifer.)

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 44, min. 38 mill. (Hupe.)

Huancavelica and Meobamba, Peru.

H.furcillata HUPE, Kevue et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 302, t. 11, f.
2.— PFEIFFER in Novit. Conch., i, p. 58, 1. 17, f. 3, 4 (" H. erecta " on
plate) ; Monographia, iv, p. 304. — Hupe, in Castelnau, Exped.
Amer. Sud, moll., p. 18, t. 3, f. 1.

Differs from H. bifurcata Desh. by the more separated, less diverg-
ing branches of the bifid outer basal tooth. H. raimondii Phil, is
more acutely carinated at the periphery. Figure 91 is very incorrect
in not showing the outer branch of the outer basal tooth ; fig. 92
is correct.

H. RAIMONDII Philippi. PI. 40, figs. 91-95.

Umbilicate, lenticular, acutely carinated, thin but rather solid,
chestnut-colored, the peripheral region yellowish ; surface lightly
obliquely striate, under a lens finely granulate ; spire low, convex,
apex obtuse, apical whorl light colored ; sutures scarcely impressed ;
whorls 5 to 6, nearly flat, slowly widening, the last deflexed ante-
riorly, constricted behind the lip on the base; aperture nearly
horizontal, subrhomboidal, light brown inside ; peristome expanded,
brown, basal margin reflexed, terminations continued across the
parietal wall in a straight elevated plate of callous ; basal margin
subangular in the middle, bearing a wide outer tooth, with two
diverging branches, its position marked behind the lip by a long,
deep groove ; toward the columellar base there is a narrow, com-
pressed blunt fold ; the parietal wall bears an erect, obliquely enter-
ing nearly straight lamina, not connected with the parietal peristome-
connecting callous ; umbilicus deep, wide, rather funnel-shaped.

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 51, min. 45, of umbilicus 8 mill.

Alt. 14, diam. maj. 38, min. 33, of umbilicus 5? mill.

Peru and Ecuador.

H. raimondii PHIL., Malak. Blatter 1867, p. 65. — PFEIFFER, in
Novitates Conchol., iii, t. 79, f. 7-9 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., v, p.
411.— HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p. 17, t. 2, f. 4, b.—H.
tarapotonensis var. f HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 38.

HELIX-LABYRINTii^i^ORNlA.^/ 173

May be known by the depressed, flattened form, acute periphery
and diverging branches of the outer basal tooth.

H. YATESI Pfeiffer. PL 42, figs 34-37.

Umbilicate, depressed, acutely carinated, thin, chestnut-colored ;
surface delicately striate, under a lens very minutely granulated all
over ; spire low-conoidal, apex blunt, suture scarcely impressed ;
whorls 4}, almost flat, the outer ones wide, last whorl acutely keeled
at periphery, tumid on the base around the umbilicus, very deeply
abruptly deflexed anteriorly, deeply constricted and bi-scrobiculate
behind the basal lip ; aperture nearly horizontal, transverse ; per-
istome white, expanded, continuous, thin, basal margin reflexed,
sinuous, with two teeth, the outer with two acute diverging branches,
the inner a small, narrow, blunt fold ; parietal elevated plate
connecting the terminations of peristome straight ; not connected
with the obliquely entering parietal plate-like tooth. Umbilicus
variable in width, partly closed by the reflection of the columellar

HP.

Alt. 8, diam. maj. 17}, min. 16} mill.
Alt. U-T, diam. maj. 24, min. 22 mill.

Solimoes River, Brazil.

H. yatesi PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1855, p. 92, t. 31, f.
13, 14; Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 306.

The specimens before me are all smaller than Pfeifler's types (the
measurements last given above are from Pfr.). They probably be-
long to " var. ,3. minor, fusco-cornea, umbilico paullo angustiore."

H. ELLIPSOSTOMA Pfeiffer. PL 41, fig. 22.

Narrowly, half covered uinbilicate, conoidal, thin, striate and
under a lens very minutely granulate, brown ; spire conoidal, sub-
acuminate ; suture linear, submarginate ; whorls 5, nearly flat,
visibly widening, the last acutely carinated, abruptly deflexed ante-
riorly ; base somewhat convex, tri-scrobiculate behind the lip ; aper-
ture almost horizontal, elliptical-rhomboidal, with a free lamelliform
entering tooth ; peristome continuous, white, the parietal margin
erect, upper margin narrowly expanded, basal margin reflexed, sub-
angularly descending in the middle, the left side with a single tuber-
cle, right side with two diverging plicae joined at their bases. (Pfr.)

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 20, min. 17} mill.

Santa Fe de Bogota.

174 HELIX- LAB YRINTHUS.

H. ellipsostoma PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 288 ; Mono-
graphia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 307.— KEEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1389.

Evidently closely allied to If. yatesi. I have not seen the
species.

H. LEPRIEURII Petit. PI. 40, figs. 96-99.

Umbilicated, depressed, obtusely angular at the periphery, rather
solid ; color deep brown, lighter at the keel ; surface delicately
striate, under a lens seen to be minutely granulate all over ; spire
low, obtuse at apex; sutures lightly impressed; whorls 4£ to 5,
slightly convex, slowly widening, the last obtusely or obviously
angular at the periphery, suddenly, deeply deflexed in front, convex
beneath, constricted and deeply 2-pitted behind the basal lip ; aper-
ture nearly horizontal, ear-shaped ; nearly closed by the large teeth ;
peristome expanded, reflexed, white or fleshy-brown in color, con-
tinuous across the parietal wall as an elevated callous-plate, from
the middle of which arises a sinuous, deeply entering erect parietal
lamina; basal margin sinuous, two-toothed, the outer tooth bifid,
situated within the e d j-e of the aperture, the inner tooth on the edge,
a very heavy callous deeply entering fold ; umbilicus deep, rather
narrow.

Alt. 9i, diam. maj. 19, min. 17 mill. (Specimen.')
Alt. 10, diam. maj. 18?, min. 162- mill. (Specimen.)
Alt. Hi, diam. maj. 24, min. 21 mill. (Pfeifer.)

French Guiana.

H. Le Prieurii PETIT in Revue Zoologique, 1840, p. 74 ; H. le-
prieurii PETIT, Mag. de Zool., 1841, t. 32. — PFEIFFER, Monographia
Hel. Viv., i, 400. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 560. — H. auriculina
PETIT, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 74, and Mag. de Zool., t. 33. — PFEIFFER
in Conchyl. Cab., p. 207, t. 105, f. 5-7 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., i,
p. 400. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 562.

This species is quite distinct in the developement of teeth. The
parietal lamina arises from the parietal wall of the peristome, is long
and sinuous ; the inner basal tooth is very heavy and prominent.
The form called auriculina is more globose and less strongly
carinated than typical leprieurii.

H. DUNKERI Pfeiffer. PI. 41, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Umbilicated, depressed, flattened, acutely keeled, quite thin,
brownish horn-color, with a peripheral and a subsutural dark chest-

HP:LIX-LABYRINTHUS. 175

nut band ; surface shining, very delicately striate, under a lens seen
to be granulate (more densely than in H. yatesi, leprieuri, etc.) ;
spire very low, nearly flat, apical two whorls whitish, free from gran-
ulation ; whorls 4i>, nearly flat, the last wide, but becoming narrower
behind the aperture, very acutely carinated at the periphery, very
deeply, abruptly deflexed in front, constricted and bi-scrobiculate
behind the basal lip ; aperture nearly horizontal, oval ; peristome
continuous, thin, expanded ; parietal wall bearing a slightly sinuous
obliquely entering lamellar tooth ; basal lip with a bifid outer tooth,
a rather deep rounded central sinus, followed by a narrow fold ;
between this and the columella there is an elongated fold or tooth,
parallel with the lip. All of the teeth are rather deep-seated.
Umbilicus broad.

Alt. 8, diam. maj. 19, min. 18 mill.

Alt. 7£, diam. maj. 22, min. 19 mill.

Andes of Colombia.

H. dunkeri PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 157 ; Mono-
graphia Hel. Viv., iii, p. 256. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 559. — PFR.
in Conchyl. Cab., p. 365, t. 138, f. 21-23.

May be known by the greatly deflexed aperture, very acute
periphery, and four teeth of the basal margin, caused by the splitting
of the two normal teeth.

H. ISODON Pfeiffer. PI. 64, fig. 19-21.

Narrowly umbilicated, conoid-lenticular, solid, all over minutely
granulated, chestnut-brown ; spire broad-conoidal, obtuse ; whorls 5,
scarcely convex, slowly widening, the last carinated, very deeply
deflexed in front, constricted and scrobiculated ; base convex ; aper-
ture nearly horizontal, ear-shaped ; peristome brownish, somewhat
thickened, reflexed, margins joined by an elevated flexuous callous,
\vhich gives rise in the middle to an entering tongue-shaped lamina ;
right margin much curved, bidentate, basal margin sloping, uniden-
tate ; teeth subequal, strong, a fourth obsolete one on the columella.
(Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 101, diam. maj. 19, min. 171 mill.

Western Colombia.

H. isodon PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 84; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 490, t. 160, f. 19-21 ; Monographia, iii, p. 257.— REEVE, f.
965.

Allied" to H. dunkeri, but unicolored, more elevated, etc.

176 HELIX-LABYRINTHUS.

H. BOGOTENSIS Pfeiffer. PL 42, fig. 40.

Umbilicated, depressed, flattened, not very solid, acutely keeled ;
color dark chestnut, more or less dotted, especially beneath, with
tiny golden flecks ; surface somewhat shining, obliquely striate,
densely granulate under a lens ; spire almost plane, scarcely convex ;
sutures not impressed, often marginated ; whorls 4i, rather rapidly
widening, the last depressed, acutely keeled, very deeply, very
abruptly deflexed in front, deeply constricted behind the lip, with
two deep pits on the base and one above the carina there ; base
convex ; aperture subhorizontal, obstructed by large teeth ; peristome
continuous, white or flesh-tinted, the parietal margin elevated, emar-
ginate in the middle, and giving rise to a very high erect entering
plate-like tooth ; basal margin with a large bifid outer tooth, and
two blunt tubercular folds toward the columella ; upper margin just
above the carina produced into a blunt tooth. Umbilicus broad,
showing all the whorls.

Alt. 14, diam. maj. 39, min. 35 mill.

Alt. 14, diam. maj. 37, min. 33 mill.

Sante Fe de Bogota.

H. bogotensis PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1854, p. 288 ; Mon-
ographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 305. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1381.

Most closely allied to H. dunkeri, but distinguished at once by its
large size.

H. OTOSTOMA Pfeiflfer. PL 64, fig. 29.

Narrowly umbilicated, sub-lens-shaped, solid, acutely carinated,
striate and finely granulate, olive-blackish or chestnut-colored ; spire
subconoid-convex, obtuse ; whorls 5, nearly plane, the last convex,
abruptly deflexed in front, profoundly scrobiculated above and
beneath the carina ; aperture very oblique, subrhomboidal-ear-shaped,
ringent ; peristome continuous, sinuous on the penultimate whorl, and
giving rise in the middle to a long entering lamina ; upper margin
of peristome with an obtuse conical tooth ; basal margin subangu-
larly descending, the left side bearing a strong, subcompressed tooth ;
the right side a bifurcating one. (Pfeiffer.}

Alt. 13, diam. maj. 31, min. 26 mill.

Andes of Colombia.

H. otostomn PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, p. 260 ; Mon-
ographia, iii, p. 255. — H. stostoma REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 551.

Differs from H. bogotensis in having a single, not double, colum-
ellar tooth.

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 177

Group XIV. SOLAROPSIS Beck, 1837.

Solaropsis BECK, Index Molluscorum, p. 27 (1837). — ALBERS,
Die Heliceen, p. 127 (1850) ; 2d ed., p. 164 (I860).— MORCH, Cat.
Yoldi, p. 8.— H. and A. Ad., Genera Rec. Moll, ii, p. 204.—
PFETFFER-CLESSIN, Noment. Hel. Viv., p. 185 (1878). — KOBELT,
111. Conchylienbuch, p. 252. — FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 470.
— Helicella SWAINSON, Malacol., p. 333 (1840). — Ophidermis
AGASSIZ, in Charp. Cat. Moll. Suiss. (1837), teste Hermannsen, in
Indicis Generum Malaco. Prim., ii, p. 153. — Psadara MILLER,
Mnhik. Bliitter, xxv, p. 162 (1878). — Ophiospila ANCEY, The Con-
chologists' Exchange, i, p. 64 (1887).

The species of Solaropsis are mostly forest snails, living on the
ground under stones and in hollow trees. The species form a series
too closely related to admit of the division proposed by Miller, who
separated the smaller, thinner forms under the name of Psadara. H.
rosarium and other species form a connecting link between the de-
pressed forms like H. selenostoma, and those grouping around H.
pascaUa, feisthameli, etc. Ancey has made a subgenus Ophiospila
for H. kiihni, andicola, etc. This division is, of course, wholly
worthless.

The following grouping shows the affinities of the species.

I. SHELL LARGE, RATHER SOLID, PERIPHERY CARINATED OR SUB-

ANGULAR.

Group of H. serpens.
Granulate above ; apex plane, pellisserpentis, serpens, vipera,

monolacca, pellisboce, anguicula.

Not granulate ; apex sunken at tip, gibbonsi, prcestans.
Group of H. braziliana.
Granules in more or less distinct oblique rows, braziliana,

heliaca.

Granulation obscure ; peristome dark, pascalia.
Densely plicatulate-striate above, feisthameli, amazonica, nap-
ensis.

II. SHELL SMALLER, THIN OR FRAGILE, SPIRE LOW OR PLANE.
Group of H. rosarium (connecting the following group with that

of H. braziliana). rosarium, castelneaudi, kulini, incarum, cateni-

fera, nubeculata, monile.

Group of H. andicola, andicola, qvadrivittata, diplogonia.
Group of H. selenostoma, selenostoma, iris, rugifera, tiloriensist

hians, marmatensis.
12

178 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

H. PELLISSERPENTIS Chemnitz. PI. 50, figs. 74-76, 82-83.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, convex, above solid, light brown-
ish with ill-defined narrow streaks following the lines of growth, a
series of chestnut arrow-shaped spots below the sutures and a similar
narrow one at the periphery ; the base generally showing a few
rather faint narrow spiral bands, either continuous or broken into
spots ; surface nearly lusterless, densely granulate (under a lens)
except the first 2* whorls which are smooth and shining, the gran-
ulation subobsolete around the umbilicus, where the striae of growth
are stronger; the spire is low-dome-shaped, obtuse; suture lightly
impressed ; whorls 6, gradually widening, the last obtusely keeled
around the circumference, with two deep rugose-striate pits on the
side opposite the aperture, one of them on the peripheral carina, the
other near it on the base ; base broadly concave around the narrow
deeply perforating umbilicus. Aperture broad-lunar, purplish with
a satin-like luster inside, oblique; peristome white, reflexed all
around, the columellar end partly concealing the umbilicus.

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 48, min. 40 mill.

Alt. 22, diam. maj. 40, min. 35 mill.

Guiana; Brazil.

Helix Pellis Serpentis CHEMNITZ, Syst. Conchy lien Cabinet, xi, p.
268, t. 208, f. 2046, 2047 (1795), not "Pellis Serpentis," etc., 1. c.
vol. ix, p. 79, t. 125, f. 1095, 1096 (1786).— Helix pellis-serpentis
FER., Prodr., p. 39 ; Histoire t. 75A, f. 3. — LAMARCK (in part) An.
s. Vert., viii, p. 41. — PFEIFFER in Kuster's Conchyl. Cab., p. viii, t.
2, f. 3, 4 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., i, p. 371 ; iii, p. 237 ; iv, p. 285 ;
v, p. 373.— CHENU, 111. Conchyl., Helix, t. 8, f. 2.— REEVE, Conch.
Icon., f. 542. — Solaropsis pellis-serpentis BECK, Index, p. 27. — Heli-
cella pellis-serpentis SWAINSON, Malacol., p. 333, f. 98. — " Helix
undata" of early English collectors. — / f H. colubrina PERRY, Con-
chology, t. 15, f. 4. — Helix constrictor HUPE, in Rev. et Mag. Zool.,
1853, p. 298.

Separated from all other species of Solaropsis by the two deep
pits which indent the base and periphery of the body-whorl, much
like those of H. cepa.

H. SERPENS Martyn. PI. 58, figs. 38, 39, 40, 41 ; pi. 59, figs. 50,

51,52.

This species is similar to H. pellisserpentis in all characters except
that it lacks the desp pits on the body-whorl possessed by that form.

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 179

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, solid, light chestnut-brown more
or less streaked longitudinally, with a series of oblique or arrow-
shaped chestnut spots beneath the suture and a similar narrower one
at the periphery, the base showing a few narrow spiral more or less
articulated bands, generally rather obscure. The surface is almost
lusterless, substriate, under a lens seen to be covered with a dense
granulation (except the inner 2 2 whorls which are smooth) ; this
granulation generally nearly obsolete on the base, especially around
the umbilicus, where the radiating striae are much stronger. The
spire is low-dome-shaped, obtuse at apex ; sutures lightly impressed ;
whorls nearly 6, regularly, moderately widening, the last rather
obtusely but obviously carinated at the periphery, convex beneath,
rather broadly concave around the umbilicus, which is of the same
width as that of H. pellisserpentis (If to 32 mill.). The aperture is
broadly lunar, oblique, purplish-white inside ; peristome reflexed all
around, somewhat dilated and impinging on the umbilicus; parietal
callous very light and translucent as in H. pellisserpentis.

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 49, min. 46 mill.

Alt. 2f), diam. maj. 50, min. 45 mill.

Alt. 23, diam. maj. 52, min. 45 mill.

Guiana; Brazil.

Limax serpens MARTYN, Universal Conchologist, t. 120 (1784X
— CHENU, Bibliotheque Conchyliologique, ii, t. 40, f. 3. — Helix
serpens PFEIFFER, Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 284 ; v, p. 373. —
H. pellisserpentis var. FEE., Histoire, t. 75 A, f. 2. — PFR., Monog.
Hel. Viv., iii, p. 237. — H. pellis-serpentis HUPE in Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1853, p. 296 ; and in Castelnau's Exped. dans I'Amer. du Sud,
Moll., p. 5. — H. pellis-serpentis var. ft Integra DROUET, Essai sur
les Moll. Terr, et Fluv. de la Guyane Francaise, p. 51 (1859) ; and
probably, var. minor loc. cit., p. 52, t. 4, f. 45. — Solaropsis serpens
MORCH, Cat. Yoldi, p. 9.

There is considerable variation in the degree of carination of this
shell, as will be seen by comparing fig. 39 of pi. 58 with fig. 51 of
pi. 59, both drawn from specimens before me. Drouet has de-
scribed a small form as var. minor ; it is more distinctly marked by
spiral color-spots beneath than any specimens before me, and
decidedly smaller (alt. 24, diam. maj. 42 mill.). His figure is copied
on pi. 58, fig. 42. This species was very generally confused with
H. pellis-serpentis by the older authors. The whorls of the spire
exhibit part of the peripheral series of spots above the suture, as in

180 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

H. pellisserpentis ; this is not the case with the next species, which
in other characters seems to be closely allied.

H. PELLISBOJE Hupe. PL 57, figs. 23, 24, 25.

Orbiculate-depressed ; the spire obviously convex, obtuse, com-
posed of 6 narrow convex whorls united by a well-marked suture ;
last whorl nearly rounded ; it has a slightly marked angle in the
middle, seen from the front ; it is very convex and almost smooth,
often with growth-striae on the spire ; these striae are well marked
and make the surface a little rugose. The aperture is transverse,
half-round ; the margins are flexuous and reflexed at the edge in
a thick white peristome ; umbilicus narrow. The coloration consists
of a fawn-colored ground, with a wide descending band at the sut-
ure; this band is composed of angular spots alternately brown and
white; another band, narrower, but the same in composition,
occupies the angle of the last whorl ; the base and aperture are
fawn color, with several marked traces of darker transverse lines.
(Hupe,*)

This species superficially resembles H. pellisserpentis [H. serpens
Martyn ! ], but is distinguished by its more regularly orbicular form,
more depressed appearance, narrower whorls of the spire, marked by
rugose growth-lines ; finally, the base is more convex ; the spots are
larger. (Hupe.)

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 55, min. 48 mill.

Mission of Sarayacu, Peru.

H. pellis-boce HUPE in Rev. et. Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 299, t. 9.
— H. boa HUPE, in Castelnau, Exped. dans 1'Amer. du Sud., Moll.,
p. 6, t. 1, f. 4. — H. pellis Boce PFR. Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, p.
285.

Evidently closely allied to H. serpens Martyn ; but the whorls of
the spire show no trace of the peripheral band, and are rugose-
striate.

H. ANGUICULA Hupe. PL 54, figs. 24, 25, 26.

Orbicular depressed ; spire obtuse, a little convex, formed of 5
narrow convex whoils ; the last whorl is rounded, without peripheral
angle; all are covered with well-marked transverse striae. The
aperture is large, nearly semilunar, the umbilicus is rounded and
pretty wide. The whole shell is fawn-colored beneath ; it is orna-
mented with series of brown spots forming rather numerous concen-
tric lines. The aperture and peristome are • white. The upper

IIELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 181

surface probably has wider or narrower bands of angular spots like
the allied species, but the bad state of preservation of the individuals
at my disposition have this part changed to white, and the color
cannot be determined precisely. In the ensemble of its characters
this species resembles H. braziliana Desh., and others of the same
group. It is distinguished by the less flat form, the whorls more
rounded, notably the last one. The umbilicus is a little more open
and the peristome less flexuous than in braziliana. (Hupe.)
Alt. 18, diam. maj. 37, min. 32 mill.

Mission of Sarayacu, Peru.

H. anguicula HUPE, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 300, t. 10; and
in Castelnau's Exped. dans 1'Amer. du Sud, Moll., p. 7, t. 1, f. 3.—
PFR., Monog. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 286.

Hupe's description is translated above, and his figures copied on
pi. 54, figs. 24, 25, 26. Fig. 25 is very poor, like many in the Zoology
of Castelnau's Expedition. As Pfeiffer says in his review of this
book, " man kann in keiner Haltung des Gehauses den Wirbel und
den Nabeleingang zugleich sehen, so wenig wie beide Boden eines
Fasses auf der bekaimten Hogarthschen Carricatur."

I refer to this species the specimen figured on pi. 64, figs. 30, 31 32.
It is smaller and less carinated than H. serpens, flatter above; whorls
5 ; the granulation is quite obscure.

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 38, of umbilicus 3 mill.

H. VIPERA Pfeiffer. PL 50, figs. 77, 78.

Very narrowly umbilieated, depressed, rather solid, irregularly
striate above and densely granulate, pale reddish, with two bands
formed of angular spots of alternate white and reddish, one at the
suture the other above the periphery, the space between them streaked
with reddish ; spire convex, obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the
last subcarinated, with a furrow on the periphery opposite the
aperture, not descending anteriorly, beneath irregularly tumid and
impressed, radiately striate, painted with bands of bead-like spots ;
aperture diagonal, subtriangular lunar; peristome white, the margins
remote, upper margin expanded, basal thickened, subreflexed, half
covering the umbilicus by its dilation. (Pfr.)

Alt. 18, diam. maj. 37, min. 31 mill.

Brazil.

182 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

H. vipera PFR. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend. 1859, p. 27, t. 44, f. 6 ;
Malak. Blat. 1859, p. 29; Novit. Conch., ii, p. 149, t. 38, f. 12-14;
Monog. Hel. Viv., v, p. 373.

Has a smaller aperture than the allied species.

H. MONOLACCA Pfeiffer. PL 51, figs. 90, 91.

Half-covered umbilicate, conoid-depressed, rather solid, striate and
granulate ; tawny, with close radiating reddish streaks, a trifle
undulating; spire conoid-convex ; apex obtuse1; whorls 5^, a little
convex, sensibly widening, the last not descending, at the periphery
subangulated ; on the side opposite the aperture inflated above, and
markedly a lightly impressed scar or cicatrix ; base regularly ex-
cavated, indistinctly fasciate ; aperture diagonal, subtriangular-
lunar ; peristome white, margins joined by a thin shining callous,
the right one slightly expanded, basal thickened, reflexed, broadly
dilated over the umbilicus, nearly closing it. (Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 21, diam. maj. 46, min. 39 mill.

Surinam.

H. monolacca PFR. in Malak. Blatter, iv, 1857, p. 155 ; Novit.
Conch., ii, p. 147, t. 38, f. 1, 2, 10, 11 ; Monographia Hel. Viv., iv,
p. 285.

Described from a single example in Pfeiffer's collection.

H. GIBBONI Pfeiffer. PL 51, figs. 84, 85, 86.

Umbilicate, depressed, obtusely carinated, solid, light yellowish,
but so densely streaked and spotted with reddish-chestnut that the
ground-color is nearly covered except around the umbilicus. There
is a subsutural series of angular alternating reddish-chestnut and
whitish spots ; a narrower one above the yellowish periphery, and
several similar ones below it ; the base, inside of these, has numerous
concentric articulated lines and narrow bands, even into the
umbilicus ; the spaces between the bands are densely streaked and
clouded with reddish-chestnut, except around the umbilicus where
it is lighter. The surface is coarsely, obliquely striate above, less so
beneath, not granulate. The spire is convex, very obtuse, apex a
trifle sunken, apical two whorls unicolored, pale reddish, finely striate,
whorls 5, slightly convex, moderately, regularly widening, the last
obtusely angular at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture broad-
lunar, oblique, bluish or lilac with a satin-like luster inside ; peri-

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 183

stoine reflexed all around, thickened on the base, dilated half over
the umbilicus ; parietal callous transparent, thin.

Alt. 28, diam. maj. 60, min. 51 mill. ; umbilicus 82 mill.

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 63, min. 54 mill.

Marmato, etc., New Grenada.

H. gibboni PFR. Symbolse, iii, p. 37 ; Krister's Conchyl. Cab., p.
213, t. 107, f. 10 ; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, p. 374.— BLAND, in Adam's
Contrib. to Conch., p. 231.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 539.— H.
magnifica LEA, Obs. gen. Unio, etc., ii, p. 89, t. 23, f. 88 (not magnifica
Per.). — H. amori HIDALGO in Journ. de Conchyl., 1867, p. 71, 1. 1,
f. 3 ; Viage al Pacifico, Mol., p. 7, t. 1, f. 1-3.— DOHRN, Jahrb. d.
Mai. GeselL, ii, p. 298.— MOUSSON, Malak. Blat. 1873, xxi, p. 2.—
Solaropsis amori COUSIN, Faune Mai. de la Rep. de 1'Equateur, p.
67.

This shell differs from all the preceding in being striate but not gran-
ulate. The tip of the apex is slightly sunken ; and the color-pattern is
more elaborate generally than the other species, though sometimes
it is decidedly obscure and mottled as in the specimen figured in fig.
86. The spire is often less obtuse than the specimens shown in my
figures. The H. amori of Hidalgo is merely a variety as Dohrn has
already pointed out.

Var. AMORI Hidalgo. PI. 52, figs. 94, 95.

Larger, with more numerous spiral series of spots below the
periphery ; often becoming confluent into zigzag streaks there.

Alt. 30, diam. maj. 79, min. 63 mill. ; umbilicus 6 mill.

Alt. 40, diam. maj. 83, min. 63 mill, umbilicus 6 mill.

Tena and Archidona, Ecuador.

The last locality is that of a magnificent specimen in the
collection of Mr. John Ford of Philadelphia. This is the largest
and handsomest species of Solaropsis.

The following is probably a color-variety of H. gibboni.

Var. COUSINI Jousseaume. Unfigured.

Large, umbilicate, rather solid, depressed, sublenticular, regularly
striate ; first 2 whorls flat, uniform yellowish ; following whorls
painted with spiral bands of red and white flames. This form is
the same size as H. amori; the spire is less depressed ; whorls less
depressed ; aperture larger; coloration above consists of pretty wide,

184 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

sinuous, oblique brownish-chestnut flammules, separated by whitish-
yellow spaces ; base 2-banded.

Alt. 45, diam. niaj. 85, min. 70 mill.

Napo Basin, Ecuador.

Solaropsis cousini Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xiii, p. 177,
1887.— COUSIN, Faune Mai. Rep. Equateur, p. 67 (Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, xiii, 1887).

H. PR^ESTANS PFEIFFER. PL 53, fig. 16.

Nearly covered perforate, globose depressed, rather thin, striatulate,
chestnut-colored above, ornamented with buff flammules, base buff,
irregularly banded with chestnut, covered with a slightly shining
epidermis; spire short, obtuse; whorls 4-j, slightly convex, the last
inflated, scarcely descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rounded-
lunar, pearly within ; peristome livid, briefly expanded and re-
flexed, the margins scarcely converging, joined by a callous, the
columellar dilated. (Pfr.)

Alt. 26, diam. maj. 53, min 42 mill.

Province of Ocana, New Grenada.

H. prcestans PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853, p. 126 ; Monog.
Hel. Viv., iv, p. 212.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1276.— DOHRN,
Jahrbucher d. Mai. GeselL, ii, p. 298.

H. BRA.ZILIANA Deshayes. PL 53, figs. 14, 15.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin but rather solid, chestnut-colored
above, with a subsutural and a supra-peripheral band of alternating
dark chestnut and whitish angular spots; below the periphery
light yellowish-chestnut with numerous spiral articulated lines and
narrow bands ; surface densely very regularly granulate all over
(except the apical whorls), the granules equidistant, arranged (more
or less obviously) into oblique rows. The spire is depressed, only a
trifle convex ; apex obtuse ; sutures impressed ; whorls about 5,
regularly widening, slightly convex, the last depressed, obsoletely
angular at the periphery, which is decidedly above the middle of the
whorl ; base very convex. Aperture oblong-lunar, slightly oblique,
delicate lilac-colored inside ; peristome all around narrowly ex-
panded and subreflexed, white, its upper, outer and columellar

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 185

margins all decidedly very regularly arcuate, the basal margin
regularly curved.

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 42, min. 34. mill. ; umbil. 3 mill.

Alt. IS, diam. maj. 39, min. 33 mill.; umbil. 2t> mill.

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 33, min. 27 mill.

Brazil.

H. braziliana DESH. Encyc. Meth., ii, p. 211. — PFEIFFER, in
Conchyl. Cab., p. 211, t. 107, f. 1-3; Mon. Hel. Viv., i, p. 372.
REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 536. — HIDALGO, Viage al Pacifico, Moll., p.
9. — HLTPE in Castelnau, Exped. dans FAmer. du Sud., Moll., p. 8,
t. 2, f. 2. — If. pellis-serpentis var. FEB., Histoire, t. 75 B, f. 6-8. —
H. serpens ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 244.

I have never seen a specimen with hirsute cuticle as it is figured
by Ferussac. The numerous specimens before me show but slight
variation except in size. The spiral bands of chestnut-colored spots
are more numerous than in other species, especially on the base.

H. HELIACA d'Orbigny. PL 53, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.

Orbicular, depressed, umbilicate, subcarinate, thin, translucent,
fragile; the surface above is shagreened at the summit, but the two
last whorls of the spire are sculptured by elevated oblique, inter-
rupted and zigzag ridges, which cover most of the surface ; the tract
around the umbilicus is entirely smooth. The spire is obviously
elevated, composed of 6 whorls, a little carinated ; umbilicus narrow,
partly concealed by the lip ; aperture very oblique, broader than
high ; peristome wide, broadly reflexed, sinuous at the columella.
Color yellowish fawn ornamented with 3 spiral series of spots above,
2 below ; two of the bands above are composed of transverse
elongated interrupted fawn-colored blotches ; the third is median and
linear ; beneath, the outer band is composed of broad transverse
spots, which unite with a second one, composed of elongated
interrupted spots. Peristome white. ( Orb.)

Alt. 16, diam. 37 mill. ; alt. 12, diam. 28 mill.

Bolivia and Argentine Republic.

H. heliaca ORB. Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid. Moll., p. 244, t. 26, f.
1-5. — PFR. in Conchyl. Cab., p. 211, t. 107, f. 4-6; Monographia
Hel. Viv., i, p. 372. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 538. — HUPE, Casteln.
Exped. dans 1'Amer. du Sud. Moll., p. 10, t. 2, f. 1. — H. cicatricom
ANTON, Verzeich., p. 38 (teste Pfr.).

186 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

H. PASCALIA Cailliaud. PL 54, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20.

Umbilicate, depressed, rather solid, light chestnut-brown, with
several narrow bands composed of arrow-shaped chestnut spots
above, several lines of similar composition beneath ; one band is
immediately above the peripheral carina, and sometimes all others
on the superior surface are obsolete ; there are usually a few ir-
regular short dark streaks below the suture, well shown in figure 18.
The surface lightly substriate and densely granulate ; but the
granules are not at all arranged into patterns or lines ; the spire is
low-conoidal, obtuse ; whorls 5, regularly widening, the last carinated
around the middle, convex beneath. Aperture oblong-lunar,
bluish-lilac inside, slightly oblique ; peristome narrowly expanded
and reflexed, dark purplish-brown, outer margin well curved, basal
straighter, columellar margin arcuate, dilated partly over the
umbilicus.

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 40, min. 35? mill. ; of umbil. 3 mill.

Alt. 16, diam. maj. 37, min. 31 mill.; of umbil. 2£ mill.

Brazil

H. pawalia CATLL. in Journ. de Conchyl. 1857, p. 102, t. 2, f. 3.
— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 350. — DOHRN in Jahrb. d.
Mai. Gesell. 1882, p. 102. — H. amazonica HUPE, in Casteln., Exped.
dans FAmer. du Sud Moll., p. 9, t. 1, f. 1 (not amazonica Pfeiifer).

This species may be known by the dense granulation, the granules
not arranged in lines nor coalescent into folds, the pallid coloration,
nearly obsolete spiral bands, and the dark purplish-brown peristome.
A very pale whitish, translucent color-variety before me is figured
(figs. 19, 20). Hupe's figures of this species which he calls "H.
amazonica, " are given on pi. 59, figs. 58, 59.

H. AMAZONICA Pfeiffer. PI. 59, fig. 60.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, closely undulate-plicate above and
subgranulate, spotted with red at sutures and carina ; spire scarcely
elevated, obtuse ; whorls 5£, a little convex, regularly widening, the
last not descending, subacutely carinated at the periphery ; the base
inflated, closely radiately striate, yellowish- white, multi-fasciate
with red; umbilicus narrow, pervious; aperture a little oblique,
angulate-lunar, margaritaceus inside ; peristome narrowly reflexed,
the superior margin nearly horizontal, basal margin arcuate,
columellar margin expanded into a triangular plate. (P/r.)

Alt. 23, diam. maj. 53, min. 41 mill.

Along the Amazon River.

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 187

H. amazonica PFR. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 286 ; Mon-
ographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 299. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1386. —
DOHRX, Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. 1882, p. 102.

A rare species of which a single imperfect specimen is before me.
Described from a specimen in the Cumingian collection. By error,
the figure is connected by lines on my plate with H. pascalia.

H. FEISTHAMELI Hupe. PL 60, figs. 16-18 ; pi. 58, figs. 46-48 ;
pi. 53, figs. 8-10.

Umbilicate, depressed, carinated, thin, light brown, paler beneath,
with a series of short inconspicuous reddish spots below the suture
and another immediately above the periphery; the space between
these rows either unicolored or obscurely obliquely streaked with
tawny ; immediately below the peripheral angle there is a continuous
reddish line, as in H. amazonica, but much narrower ; and the rest
of the base is encircled by few or many articulated reddish lines,
some of them sometimes almost continuous ; and there is usually a
wider fascia within the umbilicus. The surface is shining, and all
over densely obliquely strongly striate ; the strise under a lens appear-
ing as sharply cut undulating, frequently anastomosing little folds.
The spire is low, blunt at apex. Whorls 5 (apical two smooth) ;
regularly, gradually widening, only slightly convex, the last with an
acute white carina, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique,
lunar, whitish tinged with lilac inside, and faintly showing the
peripheral fascia, peristome very narrowly expanded, basal margin
subreflexed, subsinuous, columellar margin expanded in a triangular
plate slightly impinging upon the umbilicus. Parietal callous
scarcely perceptible.

Alt. 17, diam. maj. 35, min. 31 mill. ; umbilicus 3 mill.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 35, min. 29 J mill.; umbilicus 4 mill.

Brazil.

H. feisthameli HUPE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1853, p. 302, t. 11, f. 1.
— PFEIFFER Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 302. — Solarium serpens
SPIX, Test. Braziliense, t. xvii, f. 2. — Helix serpens PFR., Symbols
ii, p. 100 ; Monographia, i, p. 391 ; Kuster's Conchyl. Cab., p. 213,
t. 107, f. 7-9. — REEVE, Conch Icon., f. 537. — HUPE in Casteln.,
Exped. Amer. du Sud, Moll., p. 8, 1. 1, f. 2 (not H. serpens Martyn).
—H. punctata WAGNER in SPIX, p. 23, t. 17, f. 2 (not H. punctata
Mull.). — H. pellis-serpentis var., FER., Histoire, t. 74, f. 2. — (Sola-
ropsis Moricandi Ads., Genera, p. 205 ?)

188 HELIX-SOL AROPSIS.

The principal mutation to which this species is subject is in colora-
tion ; the red spots being sometimes almost completely obsolete
above ; a close inspection will reveal traces of them beneath the
suture, however. The peculiar surface sculpture described above
is very characteristic. There is a form which is almost always very
pale, even whitish in color, the tawny markings reduced or sub-
obsolete, the spire scarcely at all elevated. It may be called var.
PLANIOR. Figures 8-10, pi. 53, represent this form. This is not an
uncommon shell in collections.

H. NAPENSIS Crosse. PL 51, figs. 87, 88, 89.

Broadly umbilicate, depressed, planate, rather thin, above with
strong, rugose, submalleated, oblique, rather distant strise ; pale
fulvous, with two bands of alternating red and white spots, a wide
one below the^uture, and another above the periphery ; spire planate,
obtuse ; apex scarcely prominent ; suture deeply impressed ; whorls
5, nearly flat, the first 1? smooth, pale fulvous, the last scarcely
descending, acutely carinated, convex below, encircled by an obscure
series of reddish spots, obliquely roughly striate, obtusely subangular
around the umbilicus, and destitute of striae ; aperture oblique, ovate-
lunar, whitish inside ; peristome white, margins remote, the colu-
mellar subdilated, narrowly reflexed, somewhat attenuated out-
wardly. (Crosse.) Alt. 14, diam. maj. 32, min. 27 mill.

Between Quito and Napo, Ecuador.

H. napensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1871, p. 228, 414, t. 13,
f. 1.

H. ROSARIUM Pfeiffer. PL 60, figs. 13-15 ; pi. 61, figs. 6-10.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, subtranslucent, light corneous brown,
with a series of short radiating chestnut-colored flammules under the
suture and three narrow bands of chestnut spots, one above, one
peripheral, one on the outer part of the base ; surface shining,
granulate above (under a lens), smoother beneath, and with a few
spiral impressed lines; spire only a trifle elevated, obtuse; sutures
well impressed ; whorls 4£, convex, the last wide, gradually de-
scending ; aperture slightly oblique, broad lunar, whitish tinted with
lilac inside ; peristome very narrowly expanded, white, basal margin
slightly sinuous, superior margin somewhat flattened, sloping ; colu-
mellar margin a trifle dilated. Umbilicus deep, 2 mill. wide.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 19, min. 16? mill.

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 21, min. 17 mill.

Banks of the Amazon; New Grenada; Surinam*

HELIX-SOL AROPSIS. 189

H. rosarium PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1849, p. 131 ; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 282, 1. 124, f. 25-27 ; Monog. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 247.— REEVE,
Conch. Icon., f. 569.

The color-pattern in the several specimens before me is quite con-
stant. The superior. part of the last whorl is convex, then sloping,
giving the periphery the suggestion of an angle ; and this appear-
ance is often visible at the aperture.

H. KUIINI Pfeiffer. PL 59, figs. 55-57.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, striatulate above and below rather
densely granulated, diaphanous, pale reddish-corneous, with a sub-
sutural zone of large spots (anteriorly bipartite), then some narrow
obsolete bands, and below the periphery ornamented with an inter-
rupted reddish fascia; spire a little elevated, apex plane; suture
profound; whorls 41, convex, regularly widening, the last angular
above the middle, the angle vanishing anteriorly, a trifle descend-
ing, convex beneath ; aperture slightly oblique, lunar, submargari-
taceous inside ; peristome thin, the margins distant, right margin
very slightly expanded, basal slightly flexuous, very narrowly re-
flexed, columellar margin reflexed in a triangular plate, not closing
the narrowly perforating umbilicus. (Pfr.)

Alt. 9, diam. maj. 17, min. 15 mill.

Paramaribo, Surinam.

H. M/miPFR., Malak. Blatter, xix, 1872, p. 74, t. 2, f. 8-10;
Monographia Hel. Viv., vii, p. 434.

Closely allied to the preceding, but granulate beneath, and
(apparently) lacking spiral lines there.

H. ANDICOLA Pfeiffer. PL 58, fig. 49.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, granulate above and beneath, opaque,
whitish-corneous, banded with a number of reddish interrupted, or
spotted zones, the interstices flammulate with red ; spire plane ;
whorls 4, convex, the last dilated, rounded ; aperture rounded-
lunar ; peristome thin, margins joined by a thin callous, upper mar-
gin narrowly expanded, basal slightly reflexed, columellar dilated,
reflexed, half covering the narrow umbilicus. (Pfr.)

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 20, min. 163 mill.

Eastern Cordilleras.

H. andicola PFR., in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1845, p. 129 ; Monog.
Hel. Viv., i, p. 3811— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 568.

190 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

H. QUADRIVITTATA Hidalgo. PL 52, figs. 92, 93.

Covered perforate, depressed, thin, striatulate, and under a lens
minutely granulate, corneous-brown, four-banded with chestnut-
color, irregularly spotted and streaked with white ; spire plane ;
suture impressed ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, the last,
large, inflated, obtusely biangulate above, not descending in front ;:
aperture lunate-circular, large, concolored ; peristome thin, termina-
tions joined by. a very thin callous, basal margin a trifle reflexed,.
columella dilated, reflexed, covering the perforation. (Hidalgo.)

Alt. .11, diam. maj. 19, min. 15 mill. Aperture inside 11 mill,
long, 11 wide.

Baeza, Ecuador..

H. quadrivittata HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. 1869, p. 410; 1. c.
1870, t. 6, f. 1 ; Mol. Viage al Pacifico, p. 10, t. 2, f. 6, T.-PFEIFFER,
Monog. Hel. Viv., vii, p. 274.

This shell bears much resemblance to H. andicola Pfr. From
that species it may be distinguished easily by the characters of the
umbilicus, the narrower aperture, the disposition and number of the
bauds, and especially by the angulation of the last whorl. (Hidalgo.)

H. DIPLOGONIA Dohrn. Unfigured.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, all over granulate, corneous-white,,
painted with three narrow interrupted bands and sparcely spotted ;
spire a little elevated, apex plane ; suture profound ; whorls 4 to 4£,
angulate near sutures and periphery, subplane between the angles ;
the last whorl is convex beneath, narrowly compressed around the
umbilicus, scarcely descending anteriorly ; aperture a little oblique,
truncate-oval; peristome thin, margins joined by a thin callous, the
right margin a little expanded, basal subreflexed, columellar dilated.
(Dohrn-.)

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 19, min. 16 mill.; aperture width 11 mill.

Eastern Peru.

Solaropsis diplogonia DOHRN, in Jahrb. d. deutsch. Mai. Gesell.
1882, p. 101.

It stands very near to H. andicola Pfr., but the 3 examples have
two angles on the whorls, not shown by Pfeiffer's species. H. quad-
rivittata Hidalgo is still more nearly allied, but has the columellar
expansion broader, covering the umbilicus.

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 191

H. NUBECULATA Deshayes. PI. 54, figs. 30, 31, 32.

Discoidal, pretty thick, convex above and beneath ; spire very
obtuse, perceptibly convex, formed of 5 rounded whorls ; suture
simple, pretty deep ; whorls gradually increasing, shell smooth or
with light irregular lines of growth ; base convex, perforated by a
moderate umbilicus. Aperture large, wider than high, semilunar,
a little oblique ; peristome thin, a little expanded above, obtuse be-
low, columella sinuous. Color grayish or yellowish, longitudinally
clouded with undulating streaks, shading at their edges into the
ground-color ; base without markings.

Alt. 11-12, diam. 19 mill.

H. nubeculata DESHAYES, Mag. de Zool. 1831, t. 28; in Per.,
Hist., vol. i, p. 66, t. 691, f. 1-4.— PFEIFFER, Monog. Hel. Viv., i,
p. 387.

A species which has not been recognized with certainty in recent
times. The above description is from that of Deshayes.

H. CATENIFERA Pfeiffer. PL 52, figs. 99, 100, 101.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, closely granulate, diaphanous, pale
brown, ornamented with interrupted, varied, chain-like bands ; spire
subplane ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last ventricose, scarcely
descending anteriorly ; base convex ; umbilicus funnel-shaped ; aper-
ture subvertical, lunate rounded ; peristome thin, the margins con-
verging, superior and basal margins hardly expanded, the columellar
a little dilated. (Pfr.)

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 25*, min. 21 mill.

Andes of New Grenada.

H. catenifera PFR., in Proc. Zool. Soc.. Lond. 1852, p. 152 ; in
Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., p. 367, t. 139, f. 6-8 ; Monog. Hel. Viv., iii,
p. 248. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 570.

H. MABMATENSIS Pfeiffer. PL 58, figs. 43-45.

Umbilicate, small, fragile, depressed, light corneous, whitish
beneath, with five girdles of chestnut-brown spots, squarish in shape,
and with a slight tendency to form oblique streaks ; four rows of
spots above, one below the periphery ; the first two often sub-
coalescent ; surface dull, lusterless, under a lens seen to be minutely
granulate, and covered with very short hairs; spire nearly flat;
suture deeply impressed; whorls 4 to 4?, quite convex, the last
rounded and convex, scarcely descending in front ; aperture rounded-

192 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

lunar, a little oblique, margins of peristome converging, joined by
a very thin callous, outer and basal margins very narrowly expand-
ed, columellar slightly dilated ; umbilicus 1 to H mill, in width, deep.

Alt. 6, diam. maj. 11J, min. 9| mill.

Alt. 6, diam. maj. 12, min. 1(H mill.

Marmato, New Grenada.

H. marmatensis PFR. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1854, p. 57 ;
Monog. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 295.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 1308.

One of the smallest species of Solaropsis. It may be known by
the color-pattern, lusterless, hirsute surface, and convex, not angular
whorls.

H. INCARUM Philippi. PI. 52, figs. 96, 97, 98.

Umbilicate, orbicular, plane, densely punctate-granulate, very
thin, yellowish, ornamented with three interrupted reddish-chestnut
bands, and a subsutural series of flammules, unicolored beneath;
spire plane ; whorls 5, convex, the last cylindrical ; aperture broad
lunar ; peristome thin, reflexed, columellar margin produced, slightly
expanded. (Philippi.)

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 22, min. 20 mill.

Dept. of Cuzco, Peru.

H. inearum PHIL., in Malak. Blatter, xvi, p. 36 (1869); and in
PFR., Novit. Conch., iii, p. 475, t. 102, f. 19-21 ; and Monog. Hel.
Viv., vii, p. 450.

The peristome is only slightly reflexed above, much more strongly
below and thickened, but scarcely enough to be called callous. The
columellar margin is considerably produced, so that the aperture is
rendered lunate by the penultimate whorl projecting into it.
(Phii)

H. MONILE Broderip. PL 53, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Very broadly umbilicated, subdiscoidal, thin, very minutely gran-
ulated, translucent, pale corneous, ornamented above with a series of
angular streaks or spots ; whorls 4 £, convex, the last inflated ;
aperture vertical, lunate-circular; peristome simple, narrowly ex-
panded above, reflexed beneath. (Pfeiffer.)

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 25, min. 21 mill.

Salango and Marmato, Colombia.

H. monile BROD., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1832, p. 29 ; DESHAYES,
in Fer., Histoire, p. 4, t. 69B, f. 4. — PFEIFFER, Monog. Hel. Viv., i,
p. 3S9. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 572. — BLAND, in Ad., Confrib. to

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 193

Conch., p. 232.— H. planorbis JAY, Catalogue, p. 112, t. 1, f. 6, 7
(1839). — Eyryompliala monile BECK, Index, p. 8. — Psadara boetzkesi
MILLER, Malak. Blatter, xxv, p. 163, t. 7, f. 4.

More broadly umbilicated than any other described species of this
group. I agree with Dr. Dohrn in considering Psadara boetzkesi of
Miller (PI. 54, figs. 27, 28, 29) doubtfully distinct, and in any case
insufficiently characterized.

H. CASTELNEAUDII Deville et Hupe. PI. 54, figs. 21-23.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, diaphanous, a little shining, tawny,
with a series of subquadrangular reddish spots at the suture, and an
interrupted band below ; spire nearly flat ; suture profound ; whorls
5, convex, granulate, the last scarcely descending, obliquely rugose-
plicate, more convex beneath ; umbilicus open, equaling one-sixth
the diameter of shell, funnel-shaped; aperture a little oblique,
rounded-lunar, margaritaceous inside ; peristome narrowly expanded,
margins converging, columella dilated above. (Pfr.)

Alt. 62, diam. maj. 18, min. 15i mill.

Mission of Sarayacu, Peru.

H. castelneaudii DEVILLE ET HUPPE in Rev. et Mag. de Zool.
1850, p. 639, t. 14, f. 3.— PFR. Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 248.— H.
Castelnaudii HUPE in Casteln., Exped. dans FAmer. du Sud, Moll.,
p. 11, t. 2, f. 4. — H. castelnaui PFR. in Malak. Blatter, v, p. 159 ;
Monographia Hel. Viv., iv, p. 295. — MARTENS, Malak. Blatter,
xiv, p. 134.

H. SELENOSTOMA Pfeiflfer. PL 52, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Umbilicate, depressed, thin, fragile, translucent, light brown, with
a series of chestnut spots below the suture, and with or without
several interrupted narrow brown bands; surface covered with
granules arranged in oblique rows (and according to PfeifFer, short
hairs), smoother around the umbilicus ; spire plane, whorls 4i, very
convex, separated by profound sutures, the last convex ; aperture
lunar, a little oblique ; peristome thin, white, narrowly expanded
all around, subreflexed below, and slightly expanded at the
umbilicus ; umbilicus very narrow inside, funnel-shaped, width 2? to
3 mill.

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 26, min. 21 mill.

Alt. 11, diam. maj. 24, min. 19 mill. ; aperture, greatest width 14,
alt. 12 2 mill. (Meas. outside peristome.)

Gualeot and Valley of Pilaton, Ecuador.
13

194 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

H. selenostoma PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1852, p. 152,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 366, t. 139, f. 3-5 ; Monog. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 248.
— H. sclerostoma REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 571. — Psadara selenostoma
MILLER, Mai. BL, xxv, p. 162. — COUSIN, Faune Mai. Rep. Equa-
teur, p. 66.

The surface sculpture is much coarser and less dense than in H.
hians, the granules being perfectly obvious to the naked eye. The
mouth and umbilicus are both wider than in H. tiloriensis.

Animal light grayish-brown, granulate, very long, measuring more
than three times the diameter of the shell, which is situated pretty
nearly centrally. The tentacles are pretty stout, very long, lighter
colored than the animal, terminating in a blackish gray bulb.
( Cousin.)

H. HIANS Pfeiffer. PL 59, figs. 5^ 54.

Almost covered perforate, depressed, thin, fragile, subtranslucent,
horn-color, with a series of angular dark chestnut spots below the
suture, and generally several narrow bands and lines encircling the
last whorl, closely obliquely streaked with light chestnut ; surface luster-
less, very densely, regularly microscopically granulate; spire flat,
whorls 4 to 4i, very convex above, separated by profound sutures,
the last one very wide, gently descending in front, rounded, convex ;
aperture suboblique, large, rounded-lunar ; peristome thin, very
narrowly expanded, the basal margin slightly refiexed, columellar
with a short expansion almost covering the narrow perforation.

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 25, min. 20 mill.

Marmato, Colombia.

H. hians PFR. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1845, p. 130; Monog.
Hel. Viv., i, p. 389.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 573.

Distinct from other species in the streaked color-pattern and very
narrow, almost closed umbilical perforation. The whorls widen
more rapidly than in H. selenostoma or tiloriensis. The shell is very
fragile. The specimen before me is from Marmato, labeled by
BLAND.

H. TILORIENSIS Angas. PL 50, figs. 79-81.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, thin, fragile, pale brown, with a
subsutural series of small brown dashes, an interrupted narrow dark
band on the upper convexity of the whorls, another narrower one on
the periphery, and a continuous one beneath ; the intervening spaces
closely marked with narrow oblique or zigzag light chestnut stripes ;

HELIX-SOLAROPSIS. 195

surface covered with granules arranged in regular oblique rows,
bearing short hairs; spire plane; whorls 4i, very convex, separated
by profound sutures, the last wide, inflated ; aperture nearly vertical,
lunar, narrow, embracing a considerable part of the penultimate
whorl ; peristome very narrowly expanded, columellar margin
dilated and partly covering the umbilicus; umbilicus narrow, width
H mill.

Alt. 11 i, diam. maj. 18, min. 15 mill. Aperture, greatest width
12, alt. 11 mill. (Meas. outside peristome.)

Hills between the rivers Tilorio and Zhorquin, Costa Rica.

H. (Solaropsis) tiloriensis ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p.
477, t. 40, f. 2.

This form has a narrower aperture than H. selenostoma or Iiians.
H. iris Miller is similar in form, but different in coloration.

H. IRIS Miller. PL 56, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Umbilicate, orbicular-depressed, very thin, diaphanous, shining,
corneous, maculate with tawny, above with irregular reddish streaks,
body with two interrupted spiral bands; surface pilose (or granulate) ;
spire plane ; whorls 4|, very convex, the last rounded, a little
descending in iront; aperture rounded-lunar, a little oblique, peri-
stome thin, expanded, above broadly expanded, ascending, columel-
lar margin dilated, partly covering the umbilicus, the margins con-
verging, scarcely connected by a callus. (Miller.)

Alt. 11-13, diam. maj. 23-25, min. 19-21 mill.

Valley of Pilaton, Ecuador, 1000 meters alt.

Psadara iris MILLER, Malak. Blatter, xxv, 1878, p. 163, t. 7, f. 3.

Close to H. tiloriensis, but different in coloration etc. Fig. 6 of
my plate is incorrect in lacking an umbilicus. It should be 2 mill,
wide, a trifle impinged upon by the expansion of the columellar lip.

H. RUGIFERA Dohrn. Unfigured.

Broadly umbilicate, deplanate, thin, obliquely rugose-plicate, the
plicse vanishing beneath, brownish-corneous, flammulate at the sut-
ures and narrowly 2-banded in the middle of the whorl with
reddish; spire plane, apex rather smooth ; suture moderately pro-
found ; whorls nearly 5, convex, the last rounded, not descending in
front ; umbilicus equaling i the diameter, funnel-shaped ; aperture
a little oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome [unknown]. (Dohrn.)

Alt. 12, diam. maj. 26, min. 22 mill.

Eastern Peru.

196 HELIX-SOLAROPSIS.

Solaropsis rugifera DOHRN, Jahrb. d. deutsch. Mai. Gesell 1882,
p. 100.

I possess, unfortunately, only a single specimen of this species, not
fully adult, which I received years ago with other species from
Eastern Peru. On account of the sculpture, which differs remarkably
from that of all allied forms, I have decided to give an (admittedly)
incomplete description, in the hope that some one may be able to
complete it. H. selenostoma Pfr., which is the nearest species in
contour, is more narrowly convoluted, proportionally higher, and
more narrowly umbilicated. (Dohrn.*)

H. ELAPS Dohrn. Unfigured.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed-globose, thin, striatulate and all
over minutely granulate, fulvous-corneous, ornamented with several
narrow interrupted bands ; spire very obtuse, depressed-globose ; sut-
ure profound ; whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded,
compressed around the perforation, descending in front ; aperture a
little oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome thin, expanded a little,
margins distant, the columella dilated. (Dohrn.')

Alt. 10 J, diam. maj. 15 £, min. 14 mill.

On .the Tapajos River, Province of Para.

Solaropsis elaps DOHRN, Jahrb. d. deutsch. Mai. Gesell. 1882, p.
102.

Separated from all other species by its globular form.

APPENDIX.

The following errata should be corrected in the text with pen or
pencil ; errors and confusion will thereby be avoided :

Page 38, under DIALEUCA, substitute H. fuscocmcta for " H. fus-
colubris" as the type of Leptoloma.

Page 44,- second line of description of H. DENNISONI, read deep
maroon color instead of " deep narrow color."

Page 55, after Var. SUBBROCHERI, read PI. 32, fig. 59, not fig. 60.

Page 67, after H. TRINITARIA, read PL 17, figs. 38-40, 42, 43.

Page 74, fourth line of remarks under H. dominicensis, read
penultimate instead of " antepenultimate."

Page 83, after H. OBESA, add PI. 29, figs. 37, 38.

Page 120, after H. CAROCOLLA, add PI. 24, fig. 39.

Page 164, after H. PLICATA, var., read PL <&,figs. 6, 7, 8.

Page 159, to synonymy of LABYRINTHUS, add I^rootoma SwAtff-
sox, 1840.

HEMITROCHUS.

H. GAUSSOINI Tryon. • PI. 63, figs. 14, 15.

After the part of this volume containing the description of this
species (page 47) was in type, I was fortunate enough to find the
specimens.

The shell is globose-depressed, with the tiniest umbilical rimation,
thin but rather strong. The color is white, because the two shells
before me have lost the cuticle, having been long dead and weathered.
The surface has oblique, rather fine and irregular "growth-striae.
The spire is low-conoidal ; whorls 5£, slightly convex, slowly regu-
larly widening, the last depressed-globose, rounded on periphery and
ba^e, scarcely descending anteriorly. The aperture is oblique,
rounded lunar; peristome sharp, not expanded nor reflexed,
regularly curved in every part, the baso-columellar margin decidedly
thickened with callous inside, widest at the insertion, and a mere
trifle dilated over the scarcely perforate axis.

Alt. 6i>, diam. maj. 10, min. 9 mill.

[A closely allied form has recently been sent to the author from
Caymen Island, south of central Cuba. It is more depressed than

(197)

198 APPENDIX.

H. gaussoini, and has brown zones. The name of ff. Streator will
be given it in honor of the finder.

EURYCAMPTA Alb.

H. EXDEFLEXA Pilsbry. PL 3, figs. 16, 18, 20.

Narrowly umbilicate, almost closed by the expanded lip, de-
pressed, rather solid, corneous-brown, generally with traces of two
or three spiral chestnut zones above; surface shining, finely, densely,
obliquely striate ; spire low, apex obtuse, the first 1-1 whorls shining ;
whorls 4£, convex, slowly widening, the last a little dilated trans-
versely, strongly deflexed in front, rounded at periphery ; aperture
very oblique, oval ; peristome white or nearly so, quite broadly and
flatly expanded all around, basal margin strongly thickened within,
terminations converging, joined across the parietal wall by a rather
heavy deposit of white callous.

Alt. 1.2, diam. maj. 20, min. 16 mill.

Jurisdiction of Baracoa, Cuba.

H. deflexa PFR., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1845, p. 150 ; Kiister's Conchyl.
Cab., t. 60, f. 21, 22 ; Monog. Hel. Viv. i, p. 342. — ARANGO, Fauna
Mai. Cubana, p. 78. — (Not H. deflexa A. BRAUN, Verb. d. Naturf.
Vers. zu Maintz, 1842, p. 149 ; and SANDBERGER, Land u. Su'ss-
wasser Conchyl. der Vorwelt, p. 383, a Lower Miocene species of
Macularia.)

This species is a Eurycampta, allied to H. supertexta, If. Poeyi,
etc., and should have been included in Vol. iv, p. 82. Pfeiffer
(Noment. Hel. Viv.) includes it in Thelidomus ; but this is an error.
The bands are sometimes quite distinct, sometimes faint or altogether
lacking. The shell is then usually obscurely obliquely streaked.

I describe the species in this place because I had already figured
it on PI. 3, among the Thelidomus, under the impression that Pfeiffer
was correct in referring it to that group. The change of name
adopted above is the more necessary because H. deflexa Braun is
quite similar to the present species in form.

PARTHENA ?
H. (PARTHENA ?) SANCT.ZELUCI,E E. A. Smith. Unfigured.

Shell depressed, orbicular, narrowly perforate, thin, shining,
vinous-corneous, at the peripheral carina pale or greenish ; whorls
5, slowly widening, somewhat convex above, radiately strongly
plicate, microscopically spirally striate ; last whorl carinated a little

APPENDIX. 199

above the middle, scarcely descending, lightly plicate below the carina,
very delicately sculptured with spiral and incremental striae ; aperture
lunate ; peristome vinous-brown, narrowly expanded and reflexed,
slightly dilated above the umbilicus, margins connected by a very
thin callous. (Smith.')

Alt. 9 2, diam. maj. 18, min. 14? mill.

This species is remarkable on account of the strongly plicate
upper surface which contrasts with the comparatively smooth
base ; the first two whorls, forming the top of the spire are smooth,
and the plicae gradually develop in thickness upon the remaining
volutions. Upon the last whorl they are interrupted by the pale
keel, and soon attenuate and become obsolete beneath it. The keel
passes right round the whorl, but does not modify the regular curve
of the labrum.

The foot of the animal is of a vinous tint, and the mantle is con-
spicuously marbled with coal-black. (Smith.')

Santa Lucia, W. I.

Helix (Hadra) sanctcB-lucice SMITH, in Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1889 (6th ser., vol. iii), p. 402.

The subgeneric position of this species is not known to me. It is
certainly not a Hadra.

NOTE. — The first three members of the present volume, each con-
taining 64 pp. text and accompanying plates were issued on the
following dates: 1, April 17 ; 2, July 5 ; 3, Sept. 30.

INDEX TO SUBGENERA, Etc.

CONTAINED IN VOLUME V.

The index to species will be given upon the conclusion of the
monograph of Helix.

Angrandiella Anc., 77, 96. Leiocheila Alb., 68, 75.

Averellia Anc., 77, 96. Leiostoma Sw.— Parthena, 68.

Axina— Oxychona, 128. Leptoloma=Dialeuca, 38.

Caprinus Montf.=Lucerna, 97. Liochila Mart., 68, 75.

Caracolus Montf., 75, 78, 118. Lucerna Sw., 77, 97.
CarocollaSchum.^Caracolus, 118. Lucidella Sw.— Dentellaria, 80.

Cepolis Montf, 77, 92. Lucidula Sw.=Dentellaria, 80.

Cepolum Montf.=Cepolis, 92. Lyrostoma Sw. == Labyrinthus,
Chrysodon Anc.— Gonostomopsis, *159.

92. Lyrostoma M6rch=Lucerna, 97.

Coelospira Anc.— Averellia, 96. Ophiodermis Ag. = Solarqpsis,
Corasia=Oxychona, 128. 177.

Coryda Alb., 6, 42. Ophiospila Anc. — Solaropsis,
Cyclodoma Sw., 81. 377.

Cysticopsis Morch, 5, 7. Otala Beck=Thelidomus, 57.

Dentellaria Schum., 76, 80. Oxychona Morch, 78, 128.

Dialeuca Alb., 6, 38. Pachystoma. Alb.— Thelidomus,
Discodoma Sw.— Caracolus, 118. 57.

Eurycampta Alb., 197. Parthena Alb., 56, 68.

Eurycratera Beck=Parthena, 68. Phaedra Alb.— Hemitrochus Sw.,
Euryeratera— Oxychona, 128. 24.

Geotrochus=Oxychona, 128. PJagioptycha Pfr., 6, 14.

Gonostomopsis Pilsbry, 76, 92. Pleurodonta Beck = Lucerna,
Helicella Sw.=Solaropsis, 177. 97.

Helicogena Fer.— -Parthena, 68. Polydontes Montf., 76, 79.

Helicogena Fer., 56. Polymita Beck, 52.

57. Polytcenia Alb. — Hemitrochus
Hemitrochus Swains, 5, 6, 24. Sw., 24.

Histrio Pfr.-=Coryda Alb., 42. Psadara Mill.^Solaropsis, 177.

Isomeria Alb., 78, 135. Serpentulus Kl. = Caracolus,
Jeanneretia Pfr., 6, 48. 118.

Labyrinthus Beck, 78, 159. Solaropsis Beck, 177.

Lampadion Bolt.=Caracolus, 118. Thelidomus Swains, 56.

(200)

REFERENCE TO PLATES,

HELICID/t, Vol. V,

PLATE 1.

FIGURE. PAGE.

1, la. Thelidomus notabilis Shutt. Original, . . 57

2. Thelidomus notabilis Shutt. var. Original,

3. Thelidomus lima var. castrensis Pfr. Novit. Conch, t. 31

f.3, . . .

4. Thelidomus lima var. Original, ....

5. 6. Thelidomus lima Fer. Histoire, t. 46, f. 1,
7, 8, 9. Thelidomus noscibilis Per. Original.

10-13. Thelidomus proboscidea Pfr. Original,
14. Thelidomus emarginata Gundl. Original,
15-17. Thelidomus bayamensis var. Original.

PLATE 2.

57

58
58
58
63
66
64
65

1, 2, 3. Thelidomus bayamensis Pfr. Malak. Bl. 1854, t. 2,

f. 4-6, . . . . . . . . .64

4, 5, 6. Thelidomus rangelina Pfr. Novit. Conch, t. 50, f.

1-3, 66

7, 8, 9. Thelidomus guantanamensis Poey. Ibid. t. 50, f. 7-9, 65

10, 11, 12. Thelidomus proboscidea Pfr. Ibid. t. 54, f. 1-3, . 66

13, 14, 15. Thelidomus baracoensis Pfr. Ibid., t. 50, f. 4-6, . 67

PLATE 3.

16,18,20. Eurycampta exdeflexa Pilsbry. See Appendix, p.

198,

17, 19. Thelidomus emarginata Gundl. Novit. Conch, t. 49,

f. 5, 64

21, 22, 23. Thelidomus guanensis Poey. Ibid., t. 49, f. 1-3, . 61
24, 25. Thelidomus auricoma Fer. d'Orb., Moll. Cuba. t. 5,

f. 6, 7, . : , 63

26, 27. Thelidomus auricoma Fer. Ibid., t. 5, f. 4, 5, . . 62
28-30. Thelidomus auricoma Fer. Histoire, t. 46, f. 7, 9, . 62

31. Thelidomus auricoma var. noscibilis Fer. Ibid., t. 46A,

f. 8, 63

PLATE 4.

32, 33, 34. Thelidomus aspera Fer. Original, ... 59

35. Thelidomus aspera Fer., Histoire, t. 44, f. 1, . . .59

36, 37. Thelidomus notabilis Schutt. Ibid., t. 46A, f. 4, 5, . 57

(201)

202 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

38. Thelidomus coguata Fer. Ibid., t. 44, f. 4, . . .59

39. Thelidomus cognata Fer. Original, . . . .59

40. 41. Thelidomus scabrosa Poey, Novit. Conch, ii, t. 49, f.

10, 11, .61

PLATE 5.

42-44. Thelidomus petitiana Orb., Moll. Cuba, t. 9, f. 1-3, . 60
45, 46, 47. Thelidomus discolor Fer., Histoire, t. 46, f. 3-6, . 60
48, 49, 50. Liochila jamaicensis Gmel. Original, . . 75

PLATE 6.

51, 52. Parthena obliterata Fer. Histoire, t. 61, f. 3, 4, . 69

53, 54. Parthena undulata Fer. Ibid., t. 16, f. 3, 5, . . 72

55. Parthena angulata Fer. Ibid., t. 61, f. 2, . . . 69

56, 57. Helix tennis Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab. t. 157, f.

5,6,

58. Cochlostyla libata Rve (figured by a mistake of the artist)

59. Parthena audebardii Pfr., Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 21 Ib, . 74

60. Parthena dissita Desh. Fer., Histoire, t. 16, f. 1, . . 71

PLATE 7.

61. 62. Parthena cornumilitare Fer. Histoire, t. 15, f. 5. 6, . 73
63, 64. Parthena luquillensis Shutt. Original, . . 74
65, 66. Parthena undulata var. crispata Fer. Histoire, t. 25,

f.7,8, 72

67, 68. Parthena angustata Fer. Ibid., t. 61, f. 1, . . 70
69-71. Jeanneretia sagraiana Orb., Moll. Cuba, t. 7, f. 4-6, . 51

PLATE 8.

72, 73, 74. Polydontes sobrina Fer. var. Original, . . 80
75, 76. Polydontes sobrina Fer. Original, . . . .80
77-79. Polydontes magica Fer. Histoire, t. 54A, f. 7-9, . 79

PLATE 9.

80-83. Polydontes imperator Montfort, Novit. Conch, iii, t.

86, f. 1-3, 79

84-87. Polydontes apollo Pfr. Ibid., t. 90, f. 1, 3, 4, 6, . . 79

PLATE 10.

88-90. Jeanneretia multistriata Desh. Moll. Cuba, t. 9, f. 4-6, 49
91, 92. Jeanneretia multistriata Fer. Histoire, t. 27A, f. 4-6, 49

93. Jeanneretia dermatina Shutt. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

1289, . . .50

94. Jeanneretia pityonesica Pfr. Ibid., f. 1438. . . .49

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 203

FIGURE. PAGE.

95, 96. Jeanneretia parraiana var. parallela Poey. Novit.

Conch., t. 61, f. 4, 6 50

97, 98. Jeanneretia wrighti Gundl. Ibid., t. 67, f. 6, 8, . 49

99-101. Jeanneretia subtussulcata Wright. Ibid., t. 61, f. 1-3, 51

1-3. Jeanneretia parraiana Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 7, f. 7-9, . 50

4, 5, 6, 7. Jeanneretia parraiana Orb. vars. Original. . . 50

PLATE 11.

5-7. Hernitrochus gilva Fer. Histoire, t. 21B, f. 1, . . 31

8. Plagioptycha diaphana Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1312, 22

9. Plagioptycha neraoralina Petit. Fer., Histoire, t. 29 A,

f. 2, 22

10-12. Cysticopsis auberii Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 7, f. 13-15, . 11
13-15. Plagioptycha salvatoris Pfr. Conch. Mittheil., t. 2, f.

1-3, 19

16. Plagioptycha monodonta Lea. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

2941, 21

17. Hemitrochus filicosta Pfr. Ibid., f. 1437, ... 30
18-20. Plagioptycha santacruzensis Pfr. Malak. Bl. ii, t. 4,

f. 4-6, 23

21-24. Plagioptycha indistincta Fer. Histoire, t. 38, f. 1, . 14

25. Plagioptycha acuminata Pfr. (—Haitensis W. & M.)

Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 785, ...... 21

26. Plagioptycha acuminata (—Haitensis W. & M.) Kuster's

Conchyl. Cab., t. 140, f. 7, 21

27-29, Plagioptycha strumosa Pfr. Ibid., t. 158, f. 25-27, . 15

30-32. Plagioptycha duclosiana Fer. Histoire, t. 51 A, f. 6, 19
S3, 34. Plagioptycha riisii Pfr. Novit. Conch., t. 21, f. 13,

14. . . 16

PLATE 12.

31. Cysticopsis columellata Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 298, 9

32. Cysticopsis macmurryi Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 208, 7

33. Cysticopsis pemphigodes Pfr. Ibid, f. 295, ... 12

34. Hemitrochus constantior Weinl. Jabrb. d. Mai. Gesell.,

vii, t. 12, f. 19, 26

35. Cysticopsis munda Ad. Kuster's Conchyl. Cab., 108, f. 21, 9

36. 37. Cysticopsis tenerrima Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 269, . 8
38, 39. Hemitrochus calacala Weinl. Jabrh. Mai. Ges. vii, t.

12, f. 21, 29

40. Cysticopsis tumida Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 237, . . : 8

41-43. Plagioptycha disculus Desh. Fer. Histoire, t. 89, f 6, 15
44-46. Plagioptycha loxodon Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., t. 133, f.

7-9, . ' 17

47-49 Cysticopsis pellicula Fer. Fer., Histoire, t. 105, f. 1, 14
50-52. Plagioptycha abacoensis Mart. Novit. Conch, v, t.

154, f. 9-11 20

53-55. Hemitrochus morbida Morel. Original, . . .35

204

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE, -

56-58. PlagioptychajustiPfr. (=phsedra Pfr.) Mai. Blatter,

1858, t. 3, f. 4-6 23

PLATE 13.

59-63. Hemitrochus varians Mke. Binn., Terr. Moll. U. S.,

t. 46, 47, ......... 24

64-67. Hemitrochus troscheli Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab.,

t. 109, f. 6-11, 28

68. Hemitrochus depicta Grateloup. Actes Soc. Linn. Bord.

xi, t. i, f. iv, 37

69-71. Hemitrochus maculifera Gut. Poey, Memorias, t. 2.

f. 2-5, 35

72-74. Polymita versicolor Born. Specimens, . . .54
75-77. Polymita picta Born. Novit. Conch., t, 61, f. 9-11, . 53
78-80. Polymita picta var. sulphurosa Morel. Ibid., t. 61, f.

13-14 54

PLATE 14.

81-83. Helix cenostoma Desh. Fer., Histoire, t. 95, f. 5,

84. Coryda stenostoma Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1142, . 48

85. Coryda vigiensis Weinl. Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesell. 1880, t.

12, f. 20, 46

86-88. Coryda dennisoni Pfr. Nov. Conch., t. 15, f. 7-10, . 44

89-91. Coryda ovumreguli Lea. Phil., Abbild., iii, t. x, f. 10, 44

92. Hemitrochus gaussoini Tryon. Am. Journ. Conch, ii, t.

20, f. 11, 47

93, 94. Coryda bartlettiana Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t.

113, f. 14, 15, 45

95. Coryda bartlettiana Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 262b. . 45

96. Dialeuca nemoraloides Ad. Ibid., f. 273a.

97. 98. Dialeuca nemoraloides Ad. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab.,

t. 108, f. 5, 6,

99-101. Coryda lindoni Pfr. Phil., Abbild., iii, t. 10, f. 7, 45
1-4. Oxychona trigonostoma. Crosse et Fischer, Moll. Mex.,
t. 11, f. 6

PLATE 15.

5-10, 12, 15, 16. Polymita picta Born. Fer., Histoire, t. 9B,

25A, 12, 13, 11 A, 53

11. Polymita picta Born. Novit. Conch., t. 72, f. 9. . . 53
13, 14. Polymita picta Born. Original, . . . .53
17, 18. Polymita muscarum Lea. Reeve, Conch., Icon., f.

260, ^ 54

19. Polymita muscarum Lea. Original, . . . .54

PLATE 16.

20-22. Coryda alauda Fer. Chenu, Conch. 111., t. 10, f. 8, . 42
23-25. Coryda alauda Fer. Orb., Moll. Cuba, t. 9, f. 8-10, . 42

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 205

FIGURE. PAGE.

26-28. Coryda alauda var. strobilus Fer. Histoire, 1. 103, f. 1, 42

29. Coryda alauda Fer. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 261, . . 42

30, 31. Coryda alauda Fer. Original, 42

32-34. Coryda alauda var. strobilus Fer. Original, . . 42
35-37. Coryda alauda (hebe Desh.) Fer., Histoire, t. 37A,

f.5, . , . ... 42

PLATE 17.

38-40, 42, 43. Thelidomus trinitaria Gundl. Original, . . 67

41, 48, 49. Thelidomus provisoria Pfr. Original, . . .63

44. Thelidomus bayamensis Pfr. var. Original, . . . .65

45. Parthena-dominicensis var. Original, . . . .71

46. 47. Parthena dissita Desh. var. Original, . . .71
50, 51. Parthena dominicensis (typical.) Original, . . 70

PLATE 18.

1, 2. Oxychona salleana Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., p. 124,

f. 17, 18, ; 133

3, 7. Dialeuca platystvla Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 487, . 39
4-6. Dialeuca fuscocincta Ad. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t. 108,

f. 11, 12, 39

8. Dialeuca pulchrior Ad. Reeve, Conchyl. Icon., f. 288, . 41

9. Dialeuca gossei Ad. Ibid., f. 285. . ' . . . .41

10. 11. Dialeuca gossei Ad. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t. 108,

f. 19, 20, . .41

12, 13. Dialeuca conpersula Pfr. Phil., Abbild., ii, Helix t.

7, f. 4, 38

14. Dialeuca conspersula Pfr. Reeve, f. 433, . . .38

15. Dialenca subconica Ad. Ibid., f. 284, . . . .40

16. 17. Dialeuca phseogramma Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

290, 42

18. Dialeuca blandiana Pfr. Ibid., f. 303, . . . .41

19. Dialeuca subconica Ad. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t. 108,

f. 15, . .40

20-22, Oxychona adela. Angas P. Z. S. 1878, t. 5, f. 8-10, 135
23-25. Oxychona boucardi. Angas Ibid., t. 5, f. 5-7. . .135

PLATE 19.

26-29. Cysticopsis cubensis Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t.

29, f, 9-13, . 10

30. Plagioptycha indistincta var. chromochila Pilsb. Original, 15
31-33. Plagioptycha bahamensis Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab.,

t. 41, f. 7-9, ......... 18

34, 35. Plagioptycha holostoma Pilsbry. Original, . .18

36. Cysticopsis gilvus d'Orb (part)— cubensis. Moll. Cuba,

; t. 8, f. 14, 10

37. Cysticopsis gilvus var. lanieriana Orb. Ibid., t 7, f. 19, 10

206 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

38, 39. Cysticopsis letranensis Pfr. Original, . . .11
40-42. Cysticopsis auberii Orb. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t.

168, f. 22-24, 11

43, 44. Plagioptycha, loxodon Pfr. Original, . . .17
45-47. Plagioptycha phredra Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., t.

158, f. 16-18. L 23

48-50. Plagioptycha platonis Pfr. Original, . . .16
51,5'. Plagioptycha diaphana Lara. Original. . . .22
53, 54. Plagioptycha santacruzensis Pfr. Original, . . 23
55, 56. Parthena dilatata Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl Cab., t. 152,

f. 13, 14, 73

57. Polymita brocheri Gutz. Novit. Conch., t. 61, f. 7, . 55

58. Polymita brocheri Gutz. Original. . . . .55

PLATE 20.

59-64. Hemitrochus troscheli Pfr. Original, . . .28
65, 66. Hemitrochus cesticulus Gundl. Original, . . 33

67, 68. Hemitrochus rufoapicata Poey. Reeve, f. 292, . 36

69-71. Hemitrochus caribsea Weinl. Original, . . 26

72, 73. Hemitrochus lucipeta var. Original, . . .32
74-76. Hemitrochus lucipeta Poey. Memorias, t. 26, f. 2, 4, 5, 32
77-78. Hemitrochus lepida Poey (--lucipeta) Ibid., t. 26, f.

7, 9, . . _ . . 32

79. Dialeuca subconica Ad. Original, . . . . .40

80, 81. Hemitrochus velazqueziana Poey (=lucipeta) Me-

morias, t. 1, f. 3, 4, . . .' . . . .32
82, 83. Cysticopsis buddiana Ad. Original, ... 7

PLATE 21.

I, 2, 5. Caracolus carocolla Linn. Fer., Hist., t. 59, f. 3, 4, . 120
3, 4. Caracolus insititia Shutt. Ibid., t. 59, f. 1, 2, . . 121
6, 7. Caracolus carocolla Linn, juv. Novit. Conch, t. 92, f.

9, 10, 120

8-10. Caracolus angistoma Fer. Histoire, t. 60, f. 1, . . 122

PLATE 22.
Caracolus marginella Gmel.. Varieties.

II. Caracolus gaskoini Pfr. Reeve, f. 286, . . . .127
12-15. Caracolus guterrezi Poey. Novit. Conch, t". 92, f. 3-6, 125
16, 17. Caracolus schwarzkna Pfr. Ibid., t. 67, f. 1, 2, . 125
18, 19. Caracolus bizonalis Desh. Fer., Hist., t. 63, f. 11, 12, 127
20, 20a. Caracolus mina Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., 1. 136,

f. 16, 17, 125

22, 22a. Caracolus rostrata cupulata Pfr. Novit Conch., t. 91,

f. 3, 4, . . . 126

23-25. Caracolus jactata Gundl. Ibid., t. 90, f. 9-11. . .126

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 207

PLATE 23.
Caracolus marginella Gmel., Varieties.

FIGURE. PAGE.

26-28. Caracolus marginelloides Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 9, f.

14-16, 126

29, 30, 31, 31a. Caracolus transitoria Pfr. Novit. Conch, t. 91,

f. 9-12 . 126

32, 32a. Caracolus pazensis. 'ibid., t. 92, f. 1,' 2, 1 '. 126

33, 33a. Caracolus pazensis conica. Ibid., t. 91, f. 5, 6, .126

34, 34a. Caracolus rostrata Pfr. Ibib., t. 91, f. 1, 2. ,. . 126

PLATE 24.

35-37. Caracolus insititia Shutt. Original, . . . 121

38. Caracolus insititia Shutt. Original, .... 121

39. Caracolus caracolla Linn. Original, .... 120

40. 41. Dentellaria obesa Fer. Original, . . . .83
42, 43. Dentellaria isabella Fer. Original, . . . .85
44, 47. Cepolis pimesoma Pilsbry. Original. . . .95

PLATE 25.

48-50. Cepolis angrandi Morel. Ser. Conchyl. iii, t. 7, f. 3, . 96
51-53. Caracolus excellens Pfr. Original, . . . .120
54, 55. Dentellaria nevisensis Pilsbry. Original, . . 89

56, 57. Lucerna subacuta Pfr. Original, . . . .100

PLATE 26.
Lucerna acuta Lam., Varieties.

58. Lucerna acuta var. lamarckii. Original, . . . 102

59. 63, 64. Lucerna nobilis Ad. Original, . . . .103

60. Lucerna goniasmos Brown. Original, . . . .102

61. Lucerna acuta var. acuta Lam. Original, . . . 101

62. Lucerna nannodonta Brown. Original, . . . .103

65. Lucerna acuta var lamarckii. Kuster's Conchyl. Cab., t.

63, f. 13, 102

66. Lucerna patina Ad. Original. , 102

PLATE 27.

67. 68. Lucerna chittyana Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 240, . 108

69. Lucerna subsloaneana Pilsbry. Original, . . . 110

70, 71. Lucerna peracutissima Ad. Fer., Histoire, t. 54A, f.

1, 2, . . . .106

72, 75. Lucerna sinuata Mull. Original, . . . .114

76, 78, 79. Lucerna sinuosa Fer. Original, . . .115

77. Lucerna sinuosa Fer. Histoire, t. 77, f. 3, . . .115
80. Lucerna ingens Ad. Original, ..... 103

208 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 28.

FIGURE. PAGE.

1-4. Dentellaria orbiculata Fer. Histoire, t. 47, f. 3, 4, . 86

5, 6. Dentellaria lychnuchus Fer. Ibid., t. 56A, f. 8, . 87

7-9. Dentellaria lychnuchus Fer. Ibid., t. 56 A, f. 2, 5, 6, . 87

10-12. Dentellaria dentiens Fer. Original, . . .84

13. Dentellaria dentiens Fer. Histoire, t. 49 A, f. 2, .84

14, In. Dentellaria dentiens Fer. Ibid., t. 48, f. 2, . .84
16, 17. Dentellaria nucleola Fer. Ibid., t. 49, f. 1, . . 82
18-20. Dentellaria pachygastra Gray. Original, . . 90
21. Dentellaria nucleola var. crassidens Pfr. Reeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 1364 82

PLATE 29.

22-24. Dentellaria parilis Fer. Fer., Histoire, t. 49, f. 2, . 83

25-28. Dentellaria badia Fer. Original 86

29, 30. Dentelleria badia Fer. Fer., Histoire, t. 56, f. 1, . 86

31, 33. Dentellaria josephinse Fer. Ibid., t. 56, f. 10, . 88

32. Dentellaria jesephinse Fer. Original, . . . .88
34-36. Dentellaria formosa Fer Histoire, t. 47, f. 1, . . 90
37, 38. Dentellaria obesa Fer. Ibid., t. 48, f. 3, . . . 83
39, 40. Dentellaria nuxdenticulata Cbem. Ibid., t. 49, f. 3, 4, 82

41. Dentellaria nuxdenticulata Chem. Original, . . 82

42. Tbelidomus lima var. castrensis Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t.

31, f. 3 . 59

PLATE 30.

43. 44. Lucerna chemnitziana Pfr. Original, . . . 104

45, Lucerna chemnitziana. Kuster's Conchyl. Cab., t. 126, f.

2, 104

46, 49. Lucerna lucerna Mull. Fer., Histoire, t. 56B, f. 7, 5, 105

47, 48. Lucerna lucerna Mull. Original, .... 105
50, 51. Lucerna fuscolobris Ad. Ku'ster's Conchyl. Cab., t.

156, f. 24, 25, . 106

52. Lucerna sublucerna Pilsbry. Ibid., t. 62, f. 15, . . 102

53. Lucerna spengleriana Pfr. Ibid., t. 128, f. 1. . . 100

PLATE 31.

1-3. Plagioptycha duclosiana Fer. Original, . . .19

4. Cysticopsis tumida Pfr. Original, ..... 8

5. Cysticopsis columellata Ad. Original, .... 9
6,7. Plagioptycha intensa Pilsbry. Original, . . .22
8. Cysticopsis lescaillei Gundl. Original, . . . .13
9-13. Plagioptycha macroglossa Pfr. Original, . . .20
14-16. Plagioptycha hjalmarsoni. Mai. Blat., 1858, t. 3, f.

1-3,. 12

jfc.*- JrT4/PL^V

Of ^ \V

UNIVERSITY))
A^X

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE.

17, 18. Hemitrochus gallopavonis Val. Kiister's Conchyl.
Cab., t. 109, f. 12, 13, . . . . . . .

19-21. Plagioptycha albersiana Pfr.

22, 23. Hemitrochus tephrites Morel. Ori

24-26. Hemitrochus calacaloides Pilsbry.

27. Hemitrochus. Brownii Pilsbry. Original,

28. Hemitrochus maculifera Poey. Original, .

29. Hemitrochus polytseniata Pilsbry. Original, .
30-32. Hemitrochus multifasciata Mart. Original,

Original, .
inal, .
Original,

209
PAGE.

27
17
31
28
29
35
30
30

PLATE 32.

33, 34, 35. Hemitrochus amplecta Gundl. Original, . . 35
36-38. Hemitrochus graminicola Ad. Original, . . .36
39, 40. Hemitrochus milleri Pfr. Original,. ... 25
41-44. Coryda deunisoni Pfr., variety. Original, . . .44
45-47. Dialeuca blandiana Ad. Original, . . . .41
48. Coryda melanocephala Gundl. Original, . . .46

Original, 46
Conchyl. Cab., t. 129,

f. 3-5, . . . ..... .33

53-55. Hemitrochus tenuicostata Dkr., ..... 29

56, 57. Thelidornus rangelina Pfr. Mai. Blatter, 1854, t. 2,

f. 1-3, . . • 1 . . . . . .66

58. Polymita picta Born, var. Original, . . . .53

59. Polymita subbrocheri Pilsbry. Original, . . .55

60. Jeanneretia pityonesica Pfr. Original, . . . .49

61. b'2. Hemitrochus fuscolabiata Poey. Original, . . 34

49. Coryda melanocephala var. perelevata Pilsbry.
50-52. Coryda penicillata (Gld.) Pfr.

PLATE 33.

1, 2. Lucerna bambridgei Pfr. Original, . . . .99

3-5. Lucerna patina Ad.? Fer. Histoire, t. 58, f. 1, . . 103

6. Lucerna bainbridgei var. pretiosa Ad. Original, . . 100

7, 8. Lucerna bainbridgei Pfr. Original. . . . .99

PLATE 34.

1, 2, Lucerna carmelita Fer. Histoire, t. 32, f. 4, .' . 99

3. Lucerna carmelita Fer. Original, . . . .99

4. Lucerna spengleriana Pfr, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 228 . 100

5. 6. Lucerna Julia Fer. Hist., t. 56, f. 1, . . . . 105

7. Lucerna abnormis Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 1275, . . 104

8. Lucerna fortis Ad. (=okeniana Pfr.) Ibid., f. 1476, . 110
9-11. Lucerna atavus Slmtt, Original, .... 110

12. Lucerna okeniana Pfr. Conchyl. Cab., t, 152. f. 12, . 110

13. Lucerna okeniana Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 225. . .110

15

210 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 35.

FIGURE. PAGE.

14, 15. Lucerna valida Ad. Conchyl. Cab., t. 153, f. 6, 7, 113

16-18. Lucerna valida Ad. Original, . . . . 113
19-21. Lucerna tridentina, var. browneana Pfr. Novit

Conch., t. 57, f. 1-3, 109

22, 23. Lucerna tridentina Fer. Conchyl. Cab., t. 78, f. 1, 2 109

24. Lucerna tridentina Fer., var. Conch. Icon., f. 279, . 109

25, 26. Lucerna tridentina Fer. Original, . . . 109

27, 29. Lucerna soror Fer. Original, . . . . 107

28, 30. Lucerna soror Fer. Histoire, t. 54, f. 4, . . 107

PLATE 36.

31-36. Lucerna schroeteriana Pfr. Original, . . .108

37-39. Lucerna cara Ad. Original, 107

40, 41. Lucerna cara, var. media Ad. Original, . . . 107
42, 43. Lucerna strangulata. Fer., Hist., t. 54, f. 1, . . 116
44, 45. Lucerna strangulata. Original, . . . .116
46. Lucerna strangulata. Conchyl. Cab., t. 153> f. 10. . . 116

PLATE 37.

47-49, 52, 53. Lucerna picturata Ad. Original, . .113

50. Lucerna picturata Ad. Conchyl. Cab., t. 163, f. 12 .113

51. Lucerna picturata Ad. var. Original, . . .113
54_60. Lucerna pallescens Shutt. Original, . . .114
61-66. Lucerna ano mala Pfr. Original, . . .117

PLATE 38.

67, 68. Lucerna sloaneana Shutt. Original, . . .111

69, 70. Lucerna sloaneana Shutt. Conch. Icon., f. 236 .111

71-73. Lucerna sinuosa, var. simson Pfr. Original, . 116

74-77. Lucerna sinuosa Fer., var. Original, . .116

78-80. Lucerna bronni Pfr. Original, ... .112

81-86. Lucerna in valida Ad. Original, . . . 117

PLATE 39.

87-90. Labyrinthus labyrinthus Desh. Original, . . . 161
91, 92. Labyrinthus furcillata Hupe. Novit. Conch., t. 17,

f. 1, . . . . . , 171

93, 94. Isomeria aenigma Dohrn, Kiister's Cohchyl. Cab., t.

180, f. 1, 2, 158

PLATE 40.

91-93. Labyrinthus raimondii Phil. Novit. Conch., iv, t. 79,

f. 7-9, 172

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 211

FIGURE. PAGE.

94, 95. Labyrinthus raimondii Phil. Hidalgo, Viage al

Pacifico, t. 2, f. 45, . . . . ' . . . 172

96-99. Labyrinthus auriculina Petit. Original, . '. . 174
100-102. Labyrinthus erecta Mouss. Novit. Conch., t. 127, f.

1-3, . 162

PLATE 41.

1, 2. Labyrinthus dunkeri Pfr. Keeve, Conch. Icon., f. 559

a, b, 174

3, 4. Labyrinthus dunkeri Pfr. Original, .... 174
5, 6. Labyrinthus tamsiana Dkr. Original, . . .169
7, 8. Labyrinthus tamsiana Dkr. Keeve, Conch. Icon., f.

556, 169

9-11, 14-16. Labyrinthus leucodon Pfr. Original, . .167
12, 13. Labyrinthus quadridentata Brod. Keeve, Conch.

Icon., f. 557, . 168

17-19. Labyrinthus triplicata Mart. Novjt. Conch., t. 101,

f. 1-3, 165

20, 21. Labyrinthus manueli Hig. Hidalgo, Viage al Pacifico,

t. 1, f. 8, 9, . . 167

22. Labyrinthus ellipsistoma Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

1389, 173

PLATE 42.

23-26. Labyrinthus uncigera Petit. Original, . . 164

27, 28. Labyrinthus manueli Higg. P. Z. S. 1872, t. 50, f. 5

5a,
29-31. Labyrinthus bifurcata Desh. Fer., Histoire, t. 54B

f. 1,

32, 33. Labyrinthus sipunculata Forbes. P. Z. S., 1850, t. 9

f. 4,

34-37. Labyrinthus yatesi Pfr. Original, .

38, 39. Isomeria vexans Dohrn. Kuster's Conchvl. Cab., t

180, f. 3, 4, f .

40. Labyrinthus bogotensis. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1381,

PLATE 43.

41, 42. Isomeria granulatissima Mill. Malak. Bl. 1878, t. 8

f.3,

43_45. Isomeria tridentula Mill. Ibid., t. 7, f. 5, .
46, 47. Isomeria kolbergi Mill. Ibid., t. 8, f. 2, .
48, 49. Isomeria aloagana Jouss. Bull. Soc. Zool. France

1887, t. 3, f. 6, 7,

50-52. Isomeria latidentata, Mill. Mai. Bl. 1878, t. 8, f. 1,

166
170

162
173

158
176

148
155
148

139
156

212 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

PLATE 44.

FIGURE. PAGE.

1, 2. Isomeria ucnio-ma Dohrn. Jabrb. d. Mai. GeselL, 1875,

t. 10,1 J, 2, . . . .158

3. 4. .Isomeria atrata Pfr. K lister's Conchyl. Cab., t. 139, f.

1,2,. . . .144

5, 6. Isomeria vexans Dohrn. Jahro. d. Mai. GeselL, 1875,

t. 10. f. 3, 4, . . . . . . . .158

7. Isomeria mauritii Jouss. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 549, . 145

8, 9. Isomeria subcastanea Pfr. Original 157

10. Isomeria subcastanea Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 543, . 157

PLATE 45.

11, 12. Isomeria oreas Koch. Krister's Conchyl. Cab. t. 75
f. 1-3, . . . ......

13, 14. Isomeria Juno Pfr. Hidalgo, Viage al Pacified, t. 1
f. 6, 7, . . . . ... . .

15, 16. Isomeria hartwegi Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 575

17-19. Isomeria oreas Koch. Original.

136

152
153
136

20. Isomeria martinii Bernardi. Jo urn. de Conch. 1858, t. 1,

f. 3 .149

PLATE 46.

21-23. Isomeria faunas Phil. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab. 148, f.

1-3, . .137

24-26. Isomeria cymatodes Pfr. Hidalgo, Viage al Pacifico,

t. 2, f. 1-3, . . .146

27. Isomeria continua Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 4, 1270, . 137
28-30. Isomeria subelliptica Mouss. Novit. Conch., t. 127. f.

4-6, . 139

PLATE 47.

31, 32. Isomeria calomorpha Jonas. Archiv f. Naturgesch

1839, t. 10, f. 3, 4, 142

33-35. Isomeria triodonta Orb. Orb., Voy. dans 1'Amer.

Merid., t. 24, f. 3, . . . . . .152

36-37. Isomeria bituberculata Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab.

t. 139, f. 14, 15, 154

38. Isomeria bituberculata Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 545, 154

39. Isomeria sequatoriana Hid. Journ. de Conch. 1867, t.

8, f. 2, 142

PLATE 48.

40. 41. Isomeria neogranadensis Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab.,

t. 151, f. 13, 14 . .153

42. Isomeria neogranadensis Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.

548, , . 153

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

213

FIGURE. PAGE.

43. (right side) Isomeriu procera Pfr. Ibid., t. 1278, . .137
44-46. (right side) Lsomeria aequatoria Pfr. Original. . 150

45, 46. (leftside) Isomeria sequestra La ' Moric. Rev. et Mag. , ,

Zool. 1858, t. 13, f. 1, . ., . . . . . .451

49-51. Isomeria bourcieri Pfr. Original. . • . . .156
52-54. Isomeria basidens Mouss. ' Novit. Conch., t. 127, f.

7-9, . . . * 154

PLATE 49.

55-58. Cepolis cepa Mull. Original, 93

59-61. Cepolis McNeil! Crosse. Journ. de Conch, 1874, t. 2,

f.3, . . . . _ . , . . . , 96
62-64. Cepolis cepa var. Original, . . . . .93

65-67. Cepolis trizonalis var. trizonella Pils. Original, . 94

68-70. Cepolis trizonalis G rat. , : Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 592, 93
71-73. Dentellaria auridens Rang. Fer., Histoire, t. 69k, f.

8-10, V 92

PLATE 50.

74-76. Solaropsis pellisserpentis Chem. Original, . .178
77, 78. Solaropsis vipera Pfr. Novit. Conch, t. 38, f. 12, 13, 181
79-81. Solaropsis tiloriensis Angas. P. Z. 8. 1879, t. 40, f. 2,

and specimen, . . . . . . .194

82, 83. Solaropsis pellisserpentis Chem. Original, .. . 178

PLATE 51.

84, 85. Solaropsis gibboni Pfr. Original, . . . ., 182
86. Solaropsis gibboni var. Original, . . . . . 182
87-89. Solaropsis napensis Crosse. Journ. de Conch. 1871, t.

13, f. 1, . . . 188

90, 91. Solaropsis" monolacca Pfr. Novitates Conch., t. 38,

f. 10, . ". . . . . . . . '. 182

PLATE 52.

92, 93. Solaropsis quadrivittata Hid. Journ. de Conchyl. ;

1870, t, 6, f. 1, . . . .-.-.•". 190

94, 95. Solaropsis gibboni var. amori Hid. Hidalgo, Viage

al Pacifico, t. 1, f. 2, . . . . . . > 183

96-98. Solaropsis incarum Phil. Kovit. Conch., t. 102, f.

19-21, . ^ . ._ . 192

99-101. Solaropsis catenifera Pfr. Kiister's Conchyl. Cab.,

t. 139, f. 6-8, .190

1-3. Solaropsis selenostoma Pfr. Ibid., t. 139, f. 3-5. . .193

PLATE 53.

4-7. Solaropsis heliaca Orb. Voy. dans FAmer. Merid., t.

26, f. 1-3, .. . . ,. ...... 185

214

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

8-10. Solaropsis feisthameli Hupe. Original, . . . 187

11-13. Solaropsis monile Brod. Fer., Histoire, t. 69B, f. 4, . 192

14, 15. Solaropsis braziliana Fer. Ibid. t. 75B, f. 7, 8, . 184

16. Solaropsis prsestans Pfr. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1276, . 184

•
PLATE 54.

17, 18. Solaropsis pascalia Caill. Jourri. de Conch. 1857, t.

2, f. 3, 186

19, 20. Solaropsis pascalia Caill. Original 186

21-23. Solaropsis castelnaudii Hupe. Castelnau, Exped., t. . 193
24—26. Solaropsis anguicula Hupe. Casteln., Exped., t. 1, f.

2, .180

27-29. Solaropsis boetzkesi Mill (^monile Brod) Malak. Bl.

1878, t. 7, f. 4, 193

30-32. Solaropsis nubeculata Desh. Fer., Histoire, t, 691, f.

1, 191

PLATE 55.

1-3. Caracolus marginella Gmel. (typical) Poey. Memorias,

t. 25, f. 1, 2, 4 . . 124

4, 5. Lucerna oxytenes A. D. B. Original, .... 103
6,. 7. Caracolus marginella var. bornii. Original, . . 127

8, 9. Caracolus marginella var bornii. Original, . . . 127
10, 11. Caracolus marginella var. pazensis Original, . . 126
12-14. Dentellaria nigrescens Wood. Original, . . .91

PLATE 56.

1, 2. Caracolus sarcocheila Mo'rch. Original, . . . 121
3-5. Caracolus marginella var. semiaperta Mart. Novit.

Conch, v, t. 144, f. 15-18 125

6-8. Solaropsis iris Miller. Mai. Bl. 1878, t. 7, f. 3, . 195

15, 15. Dentellaria perplexa Fer. Original, . . . .89

16, 17. Dentellaria perplexa Fer. Krister's Conchyl. Cab.,

t. 62, f. 16, 17, . 89

20-22. Cepolis squamosa Fer. Histoire, t. 41, f. 3. . . 95

PLATE 57.

23-25. Solaropsis pellisbose Hupe. Casteln., Exped., t. 1, f

4, ,

26, 27. Oxychona gyrina Val. Fer., Histoire, t. 63B, f. 4,
28-30. Isomeria stoltzmanni Lub. P. Z. S. 1879, t. 55, f. 4-6

31. Oxychona pileiformis Moric. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 589

32, 33. Oxychona guillarmodi Shutt. Crosse et Fischer, Moll

Mex., t. 10, f. 8, .

180
131
150
131

133

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 215

FIGURE. PAGE.

34, 35. Oxychona bifasciata Burrow. Hidalgo, Viage al

Pacifico. t. 1, f. 10, 11, 129

36,37. Oxychona bifasciata Burrow. Original. . . . 129

PLATE 58.

38-40. Solaropsis serpens Marty n. Original, . . . 178

41. Solaropsis serpens Marty n. Fer., Hist., . . . .178

42. Solaropsis serpens var. minor. Drouet, Moll. Cay. Fr., . 179
43-45. Solaropsis marmatensis Pfr. Original, . . .190
46-48. Solaropsis feisthameli Hupe. Conchy 1. Cab., t. 107, f.

7-9, 187

49. Solaropsis andicola Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 568, . . .189

PLATE 59.

50-52. Solaropsis serpens Martyn. Original, . . 178

53. Solaropsis hians Pfr. Original, . . . . 194

54. Solaropsis hians Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 573, . . 194

55. 57. Solaropsis Kiihnii Pfr. Mall. Bl. 1872, t. 2, f. 8-10 189
58, 59. Solaropsis pascalia Caill. Castelnau, Exped. Amer

Sud. Moll. t. 1, f. 1 186

60, Solaropsis ainazouica Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 1386, . 186

PLATE 60.

1-9. Oxychona costaricensis. Original, . . . 134

10, 11. Oxchoua lonchostoma Mke. Conchyl. Cab. t. 13, f

5,6,

12. Oxchona zhorquinensis Angas. P. Z. S. 1879, t. 40, f. 1
13-15. Solaropsis rosarium Pfr. Original, . . ,
16. Solaropsis feisthameli Hupe. Original, .

130
132

188
187

17. Solaropsis feisthameli Hupe. Casteln., Exped. Amer. du

Sud, t. 1, f. 2, . . . ' . . . .187

PLATE 61.

1-3. Isomeria scalena Mart. Conch. Mittheil., t. 31, f. 1, . 143
4, 5. Isomeria gealei Smith. Kuster's Conch. Cab., t. 180, f.

5, 6, . 149

6, 7. Solaropsis rosarium Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 569, . . 188
8-10. Solaropsis rosarium Pfr. Kuster's Conch. Cab., t. 124,

f. 25-27, 188

11-13. Isomeria parietidentata Mill. Mai. Bl. 1879, t. 5, f. 3, 147

PLATE 62.

14—17. Isomeria Ritchieana Pilsbry. Original, . . . 138
18-21. Isomeria Fordiana Pilsbry. Original, . . .141

216 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.

22, 23. Isomeria neogranadensis Pfr. var. Jabrb. d. Mai.

Gesell. 1882, t. 11, f. 5, 6, " '. * 153

PLATE 63.

1-5. Labyrinthus plicata Born. Original, . . . .163

6-8. Labyrinthus plicata var. Original, . . . . . 164

9. Labyrinthus plicata Born. Fer., Hist., t. 54B, f. 4, . 163

10-13. Isomeria peritropis Pilsbry. Original, . •: ' . 140

PLATE 64.

14-16. Labyrinthus labyrinthus Desh. Original, . .161

17, 18. Labyrinthus tarapotonensis Moric. Rev. et Mag. de

Zool. 1858, t. 13, f. 2, . 170

19-21. Labyrinthus isodon Pfr. Conchyl. ,Cab., t. 160, f.

.. 19-21, .... P| . . . . . 175
22, 23. Labyrinthus bifurcata Desh. Mag. de Zool., t. Ill,

f. 2, . . . . ... . ... . 170

24, 25. Labyrinthus bifurcata var. Conchyl. Cab., t. 105, f.

2, 3, 170

26. Isomeria loxensis Miller. Mai. Bl. 1879, t. 12, f. 1, . 153

27,28. Labyrinthus triplicata var. aesopus Angas. Original, 166

29. Labyrinthus otostoma Pfr. Conch. Icon., f. 551, . . 176

30-32. Solaropsis anguicula Hupe. Original. . . . 181

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