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PONGHOLOGY: 


STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. 


WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. 


BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. 


CONTINUED BY 


HENRY A. PILSBRY. 


Wiolee 
NERITIDA, ADEORBIIDA, CYCLOSTREMATIDA, LIOTIIDA, 
By Gro. W. TRYON Jr. 
PHASIANELLINA, TURBINIDA, DELPHINULIN~. 
By Henry A. Piispry. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
Published by the Conchological Section, 


ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. 19TH AND RACE STS. 


1888. 


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MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY., 


Monograph of the Families Neritide, Neritopside, 
Adeorbiide, Cyclostrematide, and Iiotiide. 


Famity NERITID. 


Animal with a broad, short muzzle, and long slender tentacles, 
with eyes on prominent pedicels at their outer bases, foot oblong, 
wide in front, attenuated behind, branchia long, triangular, pointed, 
free at its extremity, ventricle embracing the intestine, anus on the 
right side. 

Dentition: 813+ I -+ 3)1'8. The middle tooth small, sub- 
quadrangular, second central tooth very large, transverse, sub- 
rhomboidal, third and fourth central teeth very small; lateral tooth 
with reflected, simple or denticulated margin; marginal teeth nu- 
merous, narrow, curved, serrated. Pl. 1, figs. 2, 3. 

Shell imperforate, thick, semiglobose, porcellanous, spire very 
small, internally porcellanous, the cavity simple from the absorp- 
tion of the internal portion of the whorls by the animal (PI. 1, fig. 
15), aperture semilunate, entire, the columellar lip flattened, septi- 
form, with a rectilinear, plain or dentate margin, outer lip rounded, 
sharp or thickened, not reflected. 

The impression of the adductor muscle is horse-shoe shaped, open 
in front, and is visible within the aperture. 

Operculum calcareous, usually subspiral, provided with projecting 
lobes on its inner face, the inner margin forming a pseudo-articula- 
tion with the columellar lip. 

Aquatic, although some species can live out of water; herbivor- 
ous. 

The Neritide have been monographed by: 

Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, 1855. 

Sowerby, Thes. Conch. ii, and v. 

Von Martens, Kiister’s Conchylien Cabinet, 1879, 1881, 1887. 

The latter author has given for this family the most complete and 
carefully worked-up generic monographs that have lately appeared 


4 NERITID. 


in either of the iconographies. JI have, in the main, followed his 
arrangement of the species, although a different disposition of some 
of the groups has appeared to me more desirable, and has accord- 
ingly been attempted. In the Neritinee Von Martens has made the 
opercular processes the basis of his classification, whilst I have con- 
sidered characters of the shell as of more importance ; the result is 
a different succession of groups, whilst their contents remain es- 
sentially alike. 


Synopsis of Genera. 
Genus NERITA, Adanson. 1757. 


Shell thick, smooth or spirally ridged and grooved, porcellanous, 
under a corneous adhering epidermis—sometimes wanting; outer 
lip thick, usually denticulated within, columellar lip flattened, its 
margin dentate, straight. Operculum calcareous, the outer face 
granulated or with a decurrent groove, paucispiral, with excentric 
nucleus, inner face callous, the apical and claviform apophyses well- 
marked, marginal apophysis more or less developed, corresponding 
with the groove of the outer face. 

Animal usually with festooned mantle margin. Living on rocks 
and stones, generally inactive by day, but said to be active at night, 
roaming about and feeding on algze, ete. Gregarious, and littoral, 
and nearly exclusively marine. 

About 200 living species have heretofore been recognized, in- 
habiting tropical and semitropical shores throughout the world. 
Sixty fossil species have been enumerated, but the earlier forms are 
somewhat doubtful, and may more probably be referred to Nerito- 
domus. 


Section Nerrra, Lamarck. 1799 (sensu stricto). 

Columellar lip granular or tuberculated. N. ansrcomua, Linn. 

Theliostyla, Morch. 1852, and Natere, Gray. 1858, are synonyms. 
Section PrLoronra, Oken. 1815. 

Columellar lip nearly smooth, its margin strongly dentate, outer 
lip dentate within. N. PELoRontTA, Linn. 

Tenare, Gray. 1858, is a synonym. 

Section Pra, Klein. 1753. 

Columellar lip rugosely grooved and ridged, its edge dentate, 
outer lip plicate within, with a large tooth at either extremity of the 
series. N. pricara, Linn. 

Ritena, Gray. 1858, is a synonym. 


On 


NERITID#. 


Section Opontostoma (Klein. 1753), Morch. 1852. 
Columellar lip smooth or nearly smooth, its margin dentate, outer 
lip scarcely denticulated within. N. ponrra, Linn. 


Subgenus Lissocu1Lus, Petho. 1882. 


Inner lip smooth, its margin not dentate, outer lip sharp, not 
thickened or dentate within. Triassic and Jurassic. 
N. sIGARETINA, Buv. 


Subgenus Orostoma, d’Archiac. 1859. 


Shell with longitudinal plications and very fine spiral lines, col- 
umellar lip thick, with dentate margin. 

Cretaceous of Europe, Algiers and Asia Minor. N. RuGosA, 
Heeningh. 

These fossils have usually lost the columellar lip and the inner 
layer of the outer lip, but traces of these destroyed parts are found 
upon casts. The discovery of a silicified specimen in good preser- 
vation and intact has proven the identity of Otostoma with Nerita ; 
its longitudinal plications will serve to distinguish it subgenerically. 

Lyosoma, White. 1882, appears to be synonymous. Its type is 
L. Powetut, White, from the Jurassic of Utah. 


Genus DESHAYESIA, Raulin. 1844. 


Shell subglobose, thick, umbilicated, spire short; aperture entire, 
semicircular, oblique, columella convex, denticulated, outer lip 
smooth internally. 

Eocene and Miocene; Paris and Bordeaux basins. 

D. Nerrrormes, Grat. Struct. and Syst. Conch. PI. 78, f. 59. 

This genus presents a very remarkable combination of the char- 
acters of Nerita and Natica, and appears to establish a passage be- 
tween those genera. 


Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1809. 


Shell imperforate, rather thin, globose, with short spire, usually 
smooth, columellar lip flattened, smooth, straight-margined, finely 
denticulated or smooth, outer lip sharp, not callously thickened or 
toothed within, aperture with a projection on the inner surface near 
the base of the columella (Pl. 1, fig. 16). . 

Operculum calcareous, completely closing the aperture; exteri- 
orly paucispiral with excentric nucleus, interiorly with an apical 


6 NERITID&. 


and a claviform apophysis, both arising from the summit, and some- 
times a medio-marginal apophysis in addition, arising from the 
columellar or inner margin (PI. 1, figs. 9, 10). 

No important differences in the soft parts have been detected be- 
tween Nerita and Neritina. Dentition, Pl. 1, fig. 3. 

About 200 generally recognized species have been described. 
They are mostly fluviatile, but a few inhabit marine or brackish 
water, and a very few are of terrestrial habitat. They are mostly 
tropical and subtropical in distribution. Fossil, they occur from 
the liassic downwards, the pattern of coloring being well preserved ; 
the genus becomes numerous in species in the miocene and pliocene. 

The Neritinz are small, smooth, globular shells, ornamented with 
a great variety of black or purple lines, bands or spots, covered by 
a smooth, polished, horny epidermis. Some species are amphibious, 
clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and other trees on the mar- 
gins of rivers, while afew inhabit the foliage of tall trees that over- 
hang the water. 

Neritella (Humphrey. 1797), Gray. 1847, Lamprostoma, Swains. 
1840, and Nerttea, Roth, aré synonyms. 


Section NERITINA (sensu stricto), Swainson. 1840. 

Lip sharp, columellar lip rather convex, with crenellated margin, 
parietal ridge well marked, dentiform, form ovoid with rather high 
spire, usually strigate. Operculum reddish or blackish, both pro- 
cesses well developed, separate. Fluviatile. N. ziazac, Lam. 


Section Puprerira, Gray. 1857. 
Shell white, with black zigzag strigations, yellowish within. 
Similar to the above, but marine. N. pupa, Linn. 


Section Nertropryas, Martens. 1869. 

Columellar margin smooth. Rib of the operculum deeply furrowed, 
multilobate at the tip, deeply excavated beneath. Terrestrial. 
N. cornnkEA, Linn. 

Inhabit damp foliage, Philippines, ete. 


Section THEopoxus, Montf. 1810. 

Transversely globose, smooth or nearly smooth, columellar mar- 
gin smooth. The claviform apophysis of the operculum distinct, 
the apical apophysis rudimentary. Fluviatile. Inhabits mostly 
rivers of Europe and Western Asia. 


NERITID 2. 7 


Neritoglobus, Kobelt. 1871, Elea, Ziegler. 1833, and Neritoconus, 
Kobelt. 1871, are synonyms. N. FLUVIATILIS, Linn. 
 Kobelt separates the species into two subsections, according to the 
globose or conical shape of the shell, but the latter form represents 
an abnormal growth, including specimens of species undoubtedly 
belonging normally to the former. 


Section Neriroponta, Brusina. 1884. 

Columella thickened, callous, columellar margin subdenticulated ; 
parietal apophysis projecting. N. Luxovict, Brusina. Tertiary 
of Dalmatia. The genera (!) Tripaloia, Letourn., and , Calvertia, 
Saint-Simonia, Petrettinia and Burgersteinia, Bourg., are identical. 


Section Neririir1a, Martens. 1879. 

Columella smooth ; operculum with a Bee erect spatulate pro- 
cess. N. succtinea, Recluz. Guadeloupe, W. I. 
Section SMARAGDIA, Issel. 1869. 

Eyes sessile at the base of the tentacles. Shell greenish, ob- 
liquely oval, with short spire; columellar area callous, the margin 
finely denticulate. N.vrripis, Linn. Marine. 

West Indies, Mediterranean, Pacific. 

Gaillardotia, Bourg. 1876, is a synonym. 


Section SrANnLEYA, Bourg. 1885. 

Brilliantly polished, transparent, spirally sulcate, imperforate, 
with large parietal callus, 3 sp. Lake Tanganyika. N. NERI- 
TOIDES, Smith. 


Section CLyPEoLuM, Recluz. 1850. 

Shell globular, oval or conic, covered by a corneous epidermis, 
columellar margin not dentate, outer lip prolonged upward on the 
spire in a tongue-like manner. Operculum colored, with well de- 
veloped apophyses, the claviform apophysis grooved. Fluviatile. 
Indo-Pacific. N. PULLIGERA, Linn. 


Section Nrertrona, Martens. 1869. 

Oval globular, with very short spire; peritreme widely developed, 
subcontinuous, columellar margin not denticulate. Operculum with 
the apical process depressed, flattened, lobate at the tip. F luviatile. 
N. LABIOSA, Sowb. 


Subgenus CrrrHon, Montfort. 1810. 


Shell coronated with tubercles, or short or long spines (sometimes 
unarmed), and covered by a corneous epidermis; margin of colum 


8 NERITID #. 


ellar lip usually finely denticulated, often with a large superior 
tooth. Operculum with rib and apophyses well developed, the 
latter connected for half their length. 

The spines that usually ornament the whorls are tubular, and 
sometimes very long. They are fluviatile and tropical, crawling 
slowly, and only showing during locomotion the tentacles and tip of 
the muzzle; they seem to prefer a stony bottom, clear and free from 
weeds, and quiet water. N. LoncisprNna, Recluz. 


Subgenus NERIPTERON, Lesson. 1830. 


Shell flattened, biauriculated posteriorly, spire postero-lateral ; 
inner lip septiform, with non-denticulated margin, outer lip very 
much dilated behind. Operculum typical. Fluviatile. Polynesia. 
N. Tantrensis, Lesson. 


Section Anina, Recluz. 1842. 

Shell flattened, transversely dilated, lip irregularly expanded, 
sinuous, margin of inner lip finely denticulated. Operculum typi- 
cal. Fluviatile. Central America. N. LATIsstmA, Brod. 


Subgenus Dosrta, Gray. 1840. 


Shell sandal-shaped, solid, the apex completely posterior and a 
little lateral; peristome continuous and free; inner lip septiform, 
arcuated and denticulated in the centre of its margin. Operculum 
typical. Brackish water. Hast Indies. N.CREPIDULARIA, Lam. 


Genus VELATES, Montfort. 1810. 


Oval conic, spiral at the apex only; last whorl greatly enlarged, 
resembling Trochita externally; aperture basal, semicircular, its 
margin forming with that of the wide, flat columellar lip a circular 
outline, columellar margin dentate. Operculum as in Neritina. 

Tertiary of Europe, India, Madagascar, etc. V. PERVERSA, 
Linn. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 81, 82). 

Young individuals are Neritiniform, and the apex is completely 
lateral. 


Section VELATELLA, Meek. 1878. 

Shell small, oval; apex posterior, spiral, dextral, submedian. 
V. carprrorpes, Meek (Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 85, 86) 
Laramie formation, N. America. 


NERITID®. S) 


Subgenus TomMosroma, Desh, 1823. 


Shell oval, apex slightly spiral, inclined posteriorly, base rounded. 
PILEOLUS NERITOIDES, Desh. Eocene, Europe. 

Calana, Gray, 1844, is a synonym. 

This group, resembling the recent Navicelle, has been referred 
by myself and others to Pileolus. 


Genus NERITOMA, Morris. 1849. 


Shell ventricose, thick, apex eroded; aperture with a notch in 
the middle of the outer lip, inner lip excavated in the middle, 
without teeth. Jurassic, Europe. N. ancuuara, Sowb. (Struct. 
and Syst. Conch., t. 78, fig. 63). 

Casts of this shell are common, and exhibit the interior charac- 
teristic of the Nerites:—it was probably fluviatile. 


Subgenus Nerrpomvus, Morris and Lycett. 1850. 


Smooth, ovately globose, spire small, oblique; last whorl very 
large; aperture ovate or semilunar, outer lip thick, inner lip con- 
vex, smooth. Great Oolite, England. N. HEmMIspHmRICA, Romer. 
(Struct. and Syst. Conch., t. 78, f. 64). 


Subgenus OncocuiLvs, Peth6. 1882. 


Shell smooth, columellar area covered by a swollen, thick callos- 
ity, the margin smooth or with two or three small teeth; outer lip 
sharp, smooth within. Triassic, Jurassic. N. GLoBULOsus, Klip- 
stein. 


Genus DEJANIRA, Stoliczka. 1860. 


Shell subglobose, consisting of a few whorls, the last one large, 
spirally grooved, often carinated posteriorly ; aperture large, sub- 
trigonal or oval-elongated, columellar lip callous, having three large 
plications, outer Jip sharp. Operculum calcareous, inner margin 
sinuous, with groove corresponding with columellar plication, inner 
face with an obtuse claviform apophysis. 

Lacustrine Cretaceous of Europe. D. BICARINATA, Stol. (Struct. 
and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 57, 58). 

Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas. 1884, is a synonym. 


Genus NAVICELLA, Lamark. 1809. 


Shell imperforate, oblong, smooth, limpet-like with a posterior, 
submarginal apex, clothed with a corneous epidermis, often eroded 


10 NERITID. 


at the apex; aperture large, basal, with a small, not dentate col- 
umellar shelf, and elongated lateral muscular scars. Operculum 
much smaller than the aperture, irregularly subtetragonal ; labral 
margin subcartilaginous; columellar margin sinuous, partly bor- 
dered by a parietal apophysis, projecting at its extremity; apex 
vermicularly granulated on the inner face, with a few radiating 
striz on both faces (PI. 1, figs. 11, 12). 

Head large, eyes on long peduncles, foot large, regularly oval, 
attached on each side to the visceral mass, forming a cavity open 
behind, in which the operculum is partly buried. Dentition, Pl. 1, 
fig. 2. 

The species, about fifty in number, are exclusively East Indian 
and Polynesian in distribution. They are usually found on the 
banks of rivers adhering to floating sticks and to the petioles and 
roots of the Nipah palms and other plants that live near the water ; 
they are also found attached to smooth stones. 

The synonymy includes Septaria, Fer. 1807, which has priority, 
but has not usually found acceptance, Catil/us (Humphrey. 1797), 
Swainson. 1840. 


Section Crmper, Montf. 1810. 

Apex median, usually decorticated, projecting beyond the posterior 
margin. N. PORCELLANA, Linn. 

Dr. Gray has characterized three sections of this group, under 
the names of Laodia, Elana, and Paria, all in 1867: they are dis- 
tinguished partly from the opercula, partly from the shells. The 
former are so variable in their characters that they afford but 
slender material for systematic purposes. The following may per- 
haps be maintained : 

Subsection Parra, Gray. 1867. 

Septum projecting, and truncated in the middle. N. FReyCINETI, 
Recluz. 

Section Srenopoma, Gray. 1867. 

Apex median, posterior, submarginal, entire; shell generally 
narrow. N. Lrneatra, Lam. 

Section ELara, H. and A. Adams. 1854. 

Apex a little elevated above the posterior margin and laterally 
recurved. N. Lapryrovuset, Recluz. 

A Bh ~ ane ra », 7 

Yo these Gray adds a group Orthopoma, 1867, characterized by 
an operculum only, the shell of which is unknown. 


MACLUREIDZ. ial 
Genus PILEOLUS (Cookson), Sowerby. 1825. 


Shell limpet-like, solid, circular or elliptical at the base, convex, 
with subcentral, non-spiral apex ; aperture small, semilunar; col- 
umellar septum convex, smooth or toothed, peritreme continuous. 
Operculum unknown. Fossil; Jurassic to Cretaceous. P. PLIca- 
Tus, Sowb. 


Subgenus GARGANIA, Guiscardi. 1856. 
Apex elevated, inclined backwards beyond the peritreme, surface 


radiately ribbed; lip with a central, internal depression. Creta- 
ceous. G. Broccutit, Guiscardi. 


Famiry MACLUREIDE 


Shell discoidal, few whorled, longitudinally grooved at the back, 
and slightly rugose with growth-lines ; dextral side convex, deeply 
and narrowly perforated, sinistral side flat, exposing the inner 
whorls. Operculum calcareous, solid, sinistrally subspiral, with 
two internal apophyses, one of them beneath the nucleus, very thick 
and rugose. 


Genus MACLUREA, Lesueur, em. 1818. 


The characters are those of the family, of which this is the sole 
genus. A dozen palzozoic species from North America and Scotland 
have been described. M. Locant, Salter. (Struct. and Syst. Conch., 
t. 82, f. 8, 9); M. maena, Lesueur. (Ibid, t. 65, f. 10). 

Conchologists haye been at a loss where to place this singular 
genus; according to some it has been included in Solariidz; others 
have placed it in Pleurotomariide and in Atlantide. In my “Struc- 
tural and Systematic Conchology” I have given it a position be- 
tween Bellerophontidee and Haliotide. I think that Dr. Fischer’s 
removal of the group to the vicinity of Neritide, on account of the 
apophyses of the operculum, is a happy idea of that learned con- 
chologist. 


LZ 
Famity NERITOPSIDE. 


Animal with large head, and distant, elongated tentacles, the 
eyes on short peduncles at the exterior base, buccal orifice plicate, 
foot obtuse at either extremity, operculigerous disk surrounding the 
operculum, columellar muscle forming a ring interrupted above, 
mantle-margin thickened and papillary. Dentition, 8-1:(2--0-+-2)1'8, 
ele tie. 

Shell imperforate, neritiform, solid, columellar lip not dentate, the 
margin with a sinus in the middle. Operculum thick, calcareous, 
symmetrical, not spiral, with lateral, median nucleus, the exterior 
face convex, the interior face divided into two unequal parts, the 
columellar margin with a median appendage. 

Fossil opercula of this family, occurring frequently without the 
shell, were long objects of doubt to scientists, and have received the 
names of Peltarion, Deslongchamps. 1858 (Pl. 1, figs. 5, 6), Sea- 
phanidea and Cyclidea, Rolle. 1862, and Hypodema, Koninck. 1053, 
They have been supposed to be the beak of a cephalopod, a valve 
of a brachiopod or of a chiton, and an operculum of the polyp 


Calceola. 
Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloup. 1832. 


General characters those of the family. Shell white, cancellated 
by spiral and longitudinal ridges and striz. Operculum having on 
its exterior face and columellar margin a large truncate appendage, 
interior face depressed, with a labral, semilunar, smooth part, and 
a striate columellar part, with a pit on either side of it. (PI. 1, figs. 
7,8). Radula, Gray, 1840, isa synonym. East Indies, Polynesia. 
N. RADULA is the only recent species. Fossil, secondary and ter- 
tiary. 

Genus NATICOPSIS, M’Coy. 1844. 

Shell imperforate, naticiform, thick, suture plicate; columella 
callous, more or less flattened, sometimes minutely tuberculated or 
transversely plicate, lip sharp (PI. 1, fig. 17). Operculum something 
like Neritopsis, with convex exterior face, the interior face un- 
equally two-parted, one part smooth, the other rugose, no appen- 
dage on the columellar margin (Pl. 1, figs. 18, 14). 
Devonian-Triassie. 

Europe, India. 

I included this group in Naticide (Vol. viii, 8); the operculum, 
however, shows it to be a member of the present group. Nerito- 
mopsis, Waagen. 1880, Carboniferous of India, is a synonym. 


ADEORBIIDZ. 13 


Subgenus TrRacuypomrA, Meek and Worthen. 1866. 


Whorls regularly ornamented with small tubercles. N. Noposa, 
Meek and Worthen. Carboniferous. Iilinois. 
Included in Naticidz (vol. viii, 8), but is better placed here 


Famity ADEORBIID. 


_ Shell umbilicated, auriform, depressed, paucispiral, with oblique, 
entire aperture, simple columella, and rounded, sharp outer lip. 
Operculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus. 

Animal differing from Trochidz by having no cirriform appen- 
dages of the foot. Dentition unknown. 

In this group are provisionally included a few small shells, the 
relationships of which remain somewhat obscure. 


Genus ADEORBIS, 8. Wood. 1842. 


Shell depressed, flattened below, white, subtrauslucent, paucis- 
piral, periphery angulated, widely umbilicated; aperture oblique, 
angular behind, lip sharp, not continuous. 

Europe, Japan, Philippines, West Indies, ete. A. SUBCARINATUS, 
Mont. 


Genus ARCHY THA, Costa. 1869. 


Turbinated, but little elevated, thin, widely and deeply umbili- 
cated, very finely decussated, appearing smooth, aperture rounded, 
with sharp, simple lip. Operculum corneous, smooth and flattened 
-exteriorly, the spire slightly prominent.in the centre of the imner 
side. A. DELICATUM, Phil. Norway. 

Trachysma, Jeftreys, 1878, is a synonym. 


Subgenus Psruporsis, Monts. 1884. 


Scarcely umbilicated, aperture circular, surface spirally costate, 
not cancellated. A. GRANULUM, Brugn. Mediterranean. 


14 
Famity CYCLOSTREMA TID. 


Animal with ciliated, thread-like tentacles, the eyes on short pe- 
duncles; snout bilobed; foot elongated, truncate in front, and ex- 
tending at each angle into a filament; sides with three or four pairs 
of ciliated cirri, and a pair of auricular appendages in front, be- 
tween the cirri and the tentacles. Jaws scaly. 

Dentition, 8°(4 + 1-++ 4)°8, Pl. 1, fig. 4. 

Shell small, umbilicated, depressed, white, corneous or transpar- 
ent, not nacreous; aperture circular, with continuous, sharp peris- 
tome. Operculum corneous, multispiral. 


Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryatt. 1818. 


Shell white, or uniformly colored, last whorl obliquely striate. 
C. CANCELLATA, Marryaitt. 

About 25 species have been described; distribution nearly uni- 
versal. Fossil, tertiary. 

Delphinoidea, Brown. 1727, is a synonym. 


Section CycLOSTREMA (sensu stricto). 
Spire short, surface with spiral ridges, cancellated. 


Section Tuprota, A. Ad. 1864. 
Whorls rounded, simple, contiguous, spirally striate. C. sERPU- 
LOIDES, Montagu. 


Section DarontraA, A. Adams. 1864. 
Planorbiform, spire depressed, concave, whorls rounded, more 
or less disunited. C. sprruua, A. Ad. 


Subgenus Tuarsis, Jeffreys. 1883. 


Globular, solid, polished ; aperture circular, peristome continuous, 
adhering at the columellar margin; the umbilicus closed in the 
adult by a callus. 

C. RoMETrTENSIS, Seguenza. Atlantic, Mediterranean. 


Subgenus Gangsa, Jeffreys. 1883. 


6 . . Ye . 
Naticiform, thin, always perforate, axis of the spire oblique; 
aperture subcircular, peristome continuous. 
Atlantic Ocean; abyssal. C. prutNosA, Jeffreys. 


CYCLOSTREMATIDA, 15 


Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams. 1850. 


Shell minute, depressed turbiniform, white, often with spiral 
cearinee, widely umbilicated, and the umbilical region widely indented, 
whorls few, aperture large, rounded. Operculum unknown. 

V. VALVATOIDES, C. B. Ad. A considerable number of species 
have been described by Prof. Adams from Jamaica and Panama. 
They are mostly unfigured, and Dr. Fischer thinks that species of 
Cyclostrema, Adeorbis, Teinostoma and Pseudorotella are included. 


Genus TrErnosroma, H. and A. Adams. 1858. 


Shell orbicular, depressed, polished or spirally striated, spire 
short, obtuse, not projecting; whorls few, the last with rounded or 
angulated periphery ; umbilical region covered by a large, flat cal- 
losity ; aperture transverse, distant from the axis, peristome con- 
tinuous, lip sharp, simple. Philippines, Japan, Mazatlan. 

T. pouirum, A. Ad. Deshayes enumerates fourteen species from 
the Parisian Eocene. 


Section CaLcEoLiInA, A. Adams. 1863. 
Neritiform, depressed; inner lip with a large wide callus, cover- 
ing the umbilicus—its margin straight, simple. T.pust~ua, Adams. 
Japan. | 
Subgenus PSEUDOROTELLA, Fischer. 1857. 


Shell thin, diaphanous, subdiscoidal, paucispiral, finely striated ; 
aperture oval, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp; umbilical 
region covered by a polished, transparent callus. T. SEMISTRIATA, 
d’Orb. West Indies. 

Parkeria, Gabb. 1880, Miocene of West Indies, is a synonym. 


Subgenus Driscopsis, Folin, 1869. 


Shell discoidal, much depressed, flattened above, carinated, vitre- 
ous white, widely umbilicated; whorls few; aperture very oblique, 
triangular, the margins united by a channeled callosity, prolonged 
posteriorly. C. omatos, Folin. Gulf of Mexico. 


Subgenus LEucoRHYNCHIA, Crosse. 1867. 


Shell small, perforate, polished; whorls few; aperture rounded, 
columellar and basel margins united into a callous rostrum, pro- 
longed past the umbilical region, but without touching it; peristome 
continuous, simple. L. CALEDoNICcA, Crosse. New Caledonia. 

Evidently nearly allied to the preceding group. 


16 * CYCLOSTREMATID &. 


? Subgenus Microrneca, A. Adams. 1863. 


Shell globosely turbinate, widely umbilicated, somewhat porcel- 
lanous, radiately, rugosely plicate, suture channeled and crenulated; 
aperture semicircular, peritreme continuous, inner lip thickened 
and arcuate, outer lip with thickened margin ; umbilicus crenulated. 
Operculum unknown. C. CRENELLIFERA, A. Ad. Japan. 


? Subgenus Morcura, A. Adams. 1860. 


Shell obliquely oval, depressed, widely umbilicated, convex 
above, flattened beneath; whorls rapidly increasing, the last di- 
lated and ascending, embracing the others to the apex; aperture 
oblong, obliquely horizontal, dilated below, narrowed above, peri- 
treme continuous, thickened, bilabiate. Operculum unknown. C. 
More ett, Fischer, C. opvotura, A. Ad. Japan, China, Red Sea. 


?Subgenus CrrsoNELLA, Angas. 1877. 


Shell minute, globosely turbinated, smooth, narrowly umbilicated ; 
aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thickened. Oper- 
eulum unknown. C. AusTRALIS, Angas. Australia. 


?Subgenus HapLococuitias, Carpenter. 1864. 


Shell solid, turbinate, subperforate; aperture rounded, peristome 
continuous, thick, exteriorly varicose, columella not callous. Oper- 
culum unknown. C. cycLOPHOREUS, Carp. Mazatlan. 


? Subgenus Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. 1854. 


Shell turbinate, depressed, with large, deep umbilicus encircled 
by a spiral callosity; whorls ornamented by spiral granular ribs; 
aperture circular, inner lip straight; outer lip rather thick, sub- 
crenulated, prolonged behind upon the penultimate whorl. Japan. 

C. GRANULATA, A. Ad. 


LIOTIIDA. A, 
Famity LIOTUDZ.. 


Head proboscidiform, epipodial line with a pair of conical lobes 
and three pairs of cirri. Dentition? 

Shell turbiniform or discoidal, white, with longitudinal ribs or 
clathrate; aperture feebly nacreous, peristome continuous, thick, 
with a callous varix. Operculum multispiral, hispid, corneous, 
with a calcareous layer formed of pearly particles spirally disposed. 


Genus LIOTIA, Gray. 1842. 


Characters those of the family. 
Tropical and subtropical seas. L. Peronu, Kiener. 


Section ARENE, H. and A. Adams. 1854. 
Ornamented with reddish radiating markings, periphery spinosely 
earinated. LL. RApIATA, Kiener. 


Subgenus Liorrna, Munier-Chalmas. 1877. 


Shell solid, cancellated, subdiscoidal, umbilicus large, with a 
spiral funiculum, aperture not nacreous, peristome varicose, re- 
flected, sub-bilabiate. L. AusrRa.is, Kiener, is a living represen- 
tative ; otherwise the group is Eocene. 


? Subgenus ScasvoLa, Gemmellaro. 1878. 


Sinistral, thick, more or less conic, turriculated or conic-de- 
pressed, umbilicated, spire sharp, longitudinally variciformly pli- 
cate, crossed by spiral riblets; aperture circular. Liassic, Sicily. 
S. INTERMEDIA, Gemmellaro. 


Genus CRASPEDOSTOMA, Lindstrém. 1884. 


Naticiform, with longitudinal lamine; aperture circular, with a 
widely expanded thick peristome, which is aliformly produced to 
the left at the base; umbilicus narrow. Silurian of Gotland. C. 
ELEGANTULUM, Lindstrom (PI. 1, fig..18). 


?Genus CROSSOSTOMA, Morris and Lycett. 1854. 


Imperforate, thick, turbinated, apex obtuse ; aperture contracted 
circular, entire, sharp edged, with a reflected peristome some dis- 
tance behind it; umbilical region with a dentiform callosity, 
formed by a funiculum which fills the umbilicus. 


Jurassic. C. REFLEXILABRUM, d’Orb. (PI. 1, figs. 19, 20). 
2 


18 NERITA. 


Famity NERITID. 
Genus NERITA, Adanson. 1757. 


Dr. von Martens, in the preface to his monograph of Nerita, now 
in course of publication, thus divides the genus into groups, which 
he considers “more or less natural,” whilst not so sharply distin- 
guished one from another as the similar divisions of Neritina, I 
find the older and more simple divisions which I have adopted full 
of difficulties to the systematist, which would be much increased by 
a more elaborate system. It is noticeable that Dr. von Martens 
has not arranged his own monograph by the system he proposes. 
His groups are :— 

1. THenrosryita, Mérech. Whorls flattened, strongly ribbed, 
columellar area granular, the marginal teeth mostly small. Oper- 
culum granular. N.Textitis. Natere, Gray, is a synonym. 

2. CymosryLa, Martens. With weaker spiral ribs, whorls 
rounder, columellar area with parallel plications, the teeth stronger. 
Operculum granular. N. unpara. Pila, Morch, in part, but not 
Pila, Klein. 

3. Prua, Klein. Shell bullet-shaped, with strong rounded spiral 
ribs, and strong columellar teeth. Operculum concave, weakly 
granular or smooth. N. puiicara. Ritena, Gray, and Tenare, 
Troschel (not Gray), are synonyms. 

4. 'TENARE, Gray. Teeth of the interior of the outer lip vanish- 
ing. Operculum smooth, with polished marginal zone. ’ 

a. PrLorRonta, Troschel. With weak spiral ribs. Marginal 
zone of the operculum swollen, distinct. N. PELORONTA. 

b. Inynerrra, Martens. Spiral sculpture stronger, teeth of the 
mouth weaker. Operculum with scarcely developed marginal zone. 
N. PLANOSPIRA. 

5. Nerira (restricted). Spiral sculpture weak or wanting, colum- 
ellar area swollen, smooth. Operculum flat, with ribbed margin. 
N. ponira. Odontostoma, Morch (in part), is a synonym. 

6. AmMpHINERITA, Martens. Shell as in preceding group. Oper- 
culum granular. N. UmMbLAAstana, N. SENEGALENSIS, etc. 

7. Hemrinerrra, Martens. Outer lip not toothed, columellar 
margin likewise toothless. Operculum with strongly developed 
skinny projection on its convex margin. N. prca. This group is 
the most nearly related to Neritina. 


NERITA. 19 
Section Nerira, Lam. 1799 (sensu stricto). 


N. AuBIcILLA, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 21-26. 

With wide, flatly convex ribs, separated by narrow “lee whitish, 
yellowish or orange color, densely or sparsely clouded, maculated 
or interruptedly or irregularly banded with black ; aperture white, 
the columellar area tuberculated, with small teeth on the middle of 
the margin, outer lip with numerous small teeth. 

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines, 
Viti Is., ete. 


It is N. sanguinolenta, Menke, N. venusta, Phil. (fig. 24), N. 
marmorata, Reeve (not Hombr. and Jacq.), = N. crassilabrwm, 
Smith, ?.V. marginata, Gmel., N. cornea, Forsk., N. Erythrea, 
Desh., and N. Forskalii, Recluz (figs. 25, 26). 


Ne PLEXA, Chemn. Pl?) figs: 27;.28. 

With rugose or somew nee nodose spiral ribs, alternately smaller, 
whitish, maculated with black; aperture whitish, black spotted on 
the fimbriated outer margin, lip numerously plicate-dentate within, 
columellar area with a raised plicate outer border, the face numer- 
ously granulate; the centre of the margin two-toothed. 

Diam. 50-45 mill. 

Eust Africa, Cape, Madagascar, India, ete. 

The synonyms are WN. costata, Schum., N. textilis, Gmel., N. chlo- 
rostoma, Lam. (fig. 28). 


N. Exuvia, Linn. Pl. 2, fig. 29 
With strong, rugose, high ribs, broadest at the top, or somewhat 
overhanging, the intermediate sulcations deep, often in the larger 
specimens with a median thread-like, rugose, but much smaller rib- 
let in each, the ribs blackish or obscurely maculated, the sulci grey- 
ish or yellowish grey, with zigzag black stripes; aperture white, 
the columellar area, including the raised border, covered by very 
numerous small granulations. Diam. 30-35 mill. 
Indian Ocean, East Indies, Philippines. 


It is N. Malaccensis, Lam. N. chlorostoma, Lam., which I have 
referred to the preceding species, Dr. von Martens places here; in 
the outer border of the columellar area it combines the characters 
of both, but its exterior ornamentation is, I think, decidedly that 
of N. plexa. 


20 NERITA. 


N. GRANULATA, Reeve. PI. 2, fig. 30; Pl. 4, fig. 70. 
Blackish, spirally subcostate or lirate; columellar area strongly. 
granulated, outer lip very strongly plicate within. Diam. 17 mill. 
Hab. unknown. 


N. CHAMHLEON, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 31-39; Pl. 6, fig. 4; Pl. 9, fig, 

66. 

Shell with numerous, low, rugose spiral ribs, sometimes alter- 
nately smaller, the interspaces varying from a mere line to the 
width of the ribs, whitish, yellowish white or orange color, macu- 
lated with dark grey, brown or black, often forming three indistinct 
interrupted bands; aperture white, columellar area with a few 
granules behind the marginal teeth, and some plications on the 
raised outer margin. Diam. 25-30 mill. 


East Indies to Polynesia, East Africa. 


The synonymy includes N. stel/a, Chemn. (figs. 31-33), N. squa- 
mulata, LeGuillou (figs. 34-86), V. modesta, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 
37),? N. chloroleuca, Phil., N. scabrella, Phil., N. Arabica, Reeve 
(fig. 88), a tessellated specimen, N. annulata, Reeve (figs. 39, 4), 
N. bizonalis, Lam., and probably NV. electrina, Reeve (fig. 66). 


N. excavaTa, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 34. 

With strong, approximate, flattened spiral ribs, black variegated 
with white; aperture yellowish, black-margined, columellar area ex- 
cavated, granular, marginal teeth tumid, acute, plications of lip 
strong, the upper and lower larger. Diam. 22 mill. 

Hab. unknown. 

Apparently not very different from N. granulata, Reeve. 


N. onyzARuM, Recluz. PI. 3, fig. 40. 

With rather distant and faint low spiral riblets, black, with zig- 
zag maculations and sometimes an interrupted band of white, lip 
with faint plicate denticles within, columellar margin with three or 
four minute denticles, the area with several small granulations, 
its outer margin with a few plications. Diam. 1 inch. 


Aracan (Hanley), Bombay (Recluz). 


N. semrruGosa, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 41-48. 

With numerous low riblets and much narrower grooves, whitish, 
with usually small, frequently linear series of black maculations, 
sometimes undulated, or more or less confluent; lip plicately 
toothed within, columellar margin strongly three-toothed, the area 


NERITA. it 


convex, with a few more or less elongated granules below, the outer 
margin frequently plicate. Diam. 25-40 mill. 

Indian Ocean, Mauritius, E. Africa, East Indies, Philippines, 
Australia, Polynesia. 


The synonyms are N. maura, Recluz (fig. 43), N. histrio, Gmel* 
(fig. 42), N. atrata, Lam. (last whorl entirely black), and N. Chem- 
nitzii, Recluz. 


N. Lonatt, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 44, 45. 

With rather wide, close, smooth, rounded ribs, yellowish, well 
covered with brownish or blackish maculations, sometimes obscurely 
trifasciate; lip numerously toothed within, the upper two teeth 
strong, columellar margin tridentate, area granular, outer margin 
convexly raised, strongly plicate. Diam. 25-33 mill. 

Red Sea to Bombay. 
N. Hinpst, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 46, 47. 

With rather distant thread-like, granularly rugose lire, and 
sometimes intermediate much smaller ones, whitish, yellowish or 
greyish, punctate and maculated with black; aperture white, col- 
umellar margin minutely two to four toothed, area flattened, witha 
few granules. Diam. 16-20 mill. 

* Philippines. 
N. puanospira, Anton. PI. 3, fig. 48. 

Shell flattened above, with an obtuse shoulder angle, with ele- 
vated, rounded, somewhat irregular, thread-like riblets, and fre- 
quently much smaller intermediate lines, yellowish grey or light 
purplish, with maculations, bands or zigzag strigations of brownish 
black or purplish black ; aperture yellowish white, lip teeth obsolete, 
columellar margin obtusely 4-dentate, area with a few granules, 
outer margin with a long blotch of black. Diam. 20-30 mill. 

Indian Ocean, Japan, Australia, Polynesia. 

The synonyms are WN. atropurpurea, Recluz, N. bizonalis, Morch, 

and N. angularis, Hombr. and Jacq. 


N. RETICULATA, Karsten. PI. 3, figs. 49, 50. 

With very irregular crowded spiral sculpture, often with inter- 
mediate smaller threads, or with a pair of smaller lines between 
each pair of ribs, rugosely crossed by close growth-lines, whitish, 
unicolored, or more frequently maculated, subtessellated or undu- 
latingly strigate with red or black; lip with numerous small plicate 
denticles, columellar margin slightly sinuous in the middle with 2 


ae, NERITA. 


9 


or 3 minute teeth, area flat, with a few granules below, and pli- 
cations above, marked by a central bright orange red spot. 
Diam. 12-20 mill. 


East Indies to Polynesia. 


The red spot on the columellar area is very characteristic and is 
seldom absent. The species is very generally known under the 
later name of N. signata, Macleay ; other synonyms are N. rudis, 
Wood, N. petichialis, Morch, ? VN. musiva, Gould (in part), and 
N. fragum, Reeve (fig. 50). ‘ 


N. patuA, Recluz. Pl. 3, figs. 53-56, 51, 52. 

With 30-40 close, unequal, fattened riblets, crossed by close 
strise, variegated with grey and black, sometimes with black bands 
articulated with white; aperture white, the lip-teeth minute, numer- 
ous or obsolete, columellar margin distinctly sinuous in the middle 
and the sinuosity indistinctly toothed, the area concave, yellowish, 
with a central semicircular depression, granular and blotched with 
black, base with a transverse plica. Diam. 18-25 mill. 

Moluccas, Philippines. 


It is N. musiva, Gould, N. Beaniana, Recluz (fig. 55), N. Dom- 
beyi, Recluz (fig. 56), N. dilatata, Recluz, and N. unidentata, 
Hombr. and Jacq. (figs. 51, 52). 


N. SENEGALENSIS, Gmel. PI. 5, figs. 57, 58. 

With numerous, low, flat-topped riblets, divided by incised lines, 
the sculpture often very faint, blackish, maculated and variegated 
with yellowish grey; lip minutely dentate within, columellar mar- 
gin concave and moderately 2-3 dentate in the middle, area flat- 
tened with a number of tubercles, outer margin narrowly elevated 
and plicate. Diam. 15-25 mill. 

W. Africa, Cape Verd Is. 

N. Largilherti, Phil., is a synonym. 


N. ANTHRACINA, Busch. PI. 26, fig. 96. 

Black, marbled with yellowish, spirally, and irregularly longi- 
tudinally striate, epidermis rough; lip toothed within, columellar 
margin quadridentate, median tooth minute, area concave, granular. 

Diam. 14 mill. 


Java. 
This species has not been identified. 


NERITA. De 


N. niGERRIMA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 42, 43. 

Shell thick, spirally grooved, grooves often becoming obsolete 
towards the aperture, black, polished ; aperture whitish or yellowish 
white, the outer lip finely denticulated within, columellar margin 
toothed in the middle, area obscurely wrinkled above, granular 
below. Diam. 1:25 inch. 

Australia, Polynesia. 


This is NV. nigerrima, Chemn., as unfolded by Reeve and others ; 
the original figures are not readily determinable. .N. achatina 
fas) fo) a 5) 

Reeve (fig. 45), is a probable synonym. 


N. macuaTA, Pease. PI. 4, fig. 61. 

Minutely spirally ribbed, separated by engraved lines, polished, 
black, minutely, numerously flecked with yellowish grey ; aperture 
white, lip numerously toothed within, columellar margin with two 
small median teeth and a larger quadrangular one above them, area 
concave, tubereulated. Diam. 15-18 mill. 

Central Polynesia. 

It is N. Schmeltziana, Dunker. 


N. arcus, Recluz. PI. 4, fig. 59. 

Shell smooth, indistinctly, closely spirally striate, olive brown or 
blackish, shagreened with minute white flecks, often apparent only 
on close inspection ; aperture yellowish white, outer lip with numer- 
ous small plicate denticles, larger at the extremities of the series, 
columellar margin with four minute teeth, area flattened, with a 
few granules. Diam. 1 inch. 

Philippines, Hong Kong, China. 

The species was described as from Rio Janeiro, but has never 
been authoritatively illustrated ; for convenience, Reeve’s identifica- 
tion of it with a rather common oriental species, is followed. 


N. FULGURANS, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 62, 63, 66-69, PI. 9, fig. 63. 
Shell with numerous, narrow, distinct rounded ribs, separated by 
incised lines, minutely scabrous from the crossing of close growth- 
striz, black, unicolored or maculated with yellowish grey; aperture 
white, lip with two stronger teeth above and below, and numerous 
intermediate plicate denticles, columellar margin with two minute 
median teeth and a larger quadrate one above them, area flattened, 
granwar. Diam. °75-1:25 inch. 
West Indies, Brazil, Panama to Gulf of California. 


8) 


24 NERITA. 


Var. precocnita, C. B. Ad. Fig. 63. 

Embraces the lighter colored specimens, being yellowish grey, 
upon which are blackish maculations composed of separate short 
lines and markings, sometimes forming indistinct, irregular, inter- 
rupted bands. — 


Var. Bernuarpt, Recluz. Figs. 66-69; Pl. 9, fig. 63. 

Spire usually somewhat flatter so as to form an obtuse, almost 
obsolete shoulder-angle, color varying from black to spotted, and 
maculated with yellowish grey or orange color. Size somewhat 
smaller. 

West Coast of N. America, Panama, Mazatlan. 

Usually distinguished by the above characteristics, which are, 
however, all shown not infrequently by occasional West Indian 
specimens. N. funiculata, Menke, and N. genuana, Reeve (fig. 68), 
are synonyms; to which may probably be added NV. albipunetata, 
Reeve (fig. 65, and Pl. 9, fig. 63), the locality of which is unknown. 


N. TESSELLATA, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 71-74; PI. 9, fig. 69. 

With ten or twelve rounded low ribs, separated by deep, narrow 
grooves, white, strigate, tessellated or nearly covered with black ; 
aperture white, lip with numerous plicate teeth within, the upper 
and lower ones larger, columellar edge concave, with small teeth in 
the middle, area flattened, with a few granules. Diam. 18-24 mill. 

West Indies, Florida. 

Sometimes the ribs are more numerous by their division, and by 
the interpolation of smaller intermediate ones. The species is algo 
subject to erosion in such manner that the black markings become 
elevated and the ribs obliterated, in this condition becoming J- 
exarata, Pfr. Other synonyms are N. varia (Meusch.), Morch, NV. 
Antillarum, Gmel., N. striata, Chemn., N. Listeri, Recluz (fig. 73), 
a nearly black condition, as is also N. nivosa, Reeve (fig. 74), re- 
ferred here with some doubt, and N. conma-notata, Reeve (fig. 72), 


and N. scalpta, Reeve (fig. 69), the localities of both of which are 
unknown. 


Section PrLoronta, Oken. 1815. 


N. pevoronta, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 75-77. 

With broad, flatly rounded ribs and narrow intervening sulei— 
which very seldom give rise to very small riblets; yellowish or 
whitish tessellated or marked in a zigzag manner with dark red and 
black, the tessellations sometimes forming broad spiral bands in 


4 


{2 


NERITA. 25 


which the colors alternately appear, in other cases promiscuously 
scattered ; aperture white, outer lip minutely dentate within, colum- 
ellar margin with one or two strong central teeth, area somewhat 
concave, with a few plicate granules, the central portion, and sur- 
rounding the teeth, stained blood-red. Diam. 1-1°75 inch. 
Florida, West Indies. 
The well-known “bleeding tooth.” The ribs are sometimes very 
faint, and occasionally the surface is entirely smooth. 


N. verstcouor, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 78, 79; Pl. 5, fig. 80. 

With broad, rounded ribs, separated by narrow grooves, varying 
occasionally to entirely smooth (fig. 80); light yellowish, rosy or 
whitish, tessellated, maculated or with zigzag stripes of red and 
black, in some cases of the latter only, in others forming alternate 
spiral bands of markings in one color or the other, but mostly 
intermingled; aperture white, outer lip dentate within, columellar 
margin decidedly convex, with three or four distant strong teeth, 
area smooth or obsoletely plicate. Diam. 75-1°25 in. 

Florida, West Indies. 

This is N. striata, Chemn., NV. variegata, Chemn., and N. tricolor, 
Gmelin. 


N. HELICINOIDES, Reeve. PI. 9, figs. 71, 72. 

Wohorls faintly spirally ribbed, yellowish, maculated with black 
or red, sometimes forming alternate bands; lip plicate within, 
columellar area smooth, the margin two or three dentate. 

Diam. 15 mill. 

Hab. unknown. 

N. pellis-serpentis, Reeve (fig. 72), is doubtless identical. Very 
probably this species to be referred to the proceeding, but the figures 
do not show its convex margined columella. 


es 


ok OK 
hey INTER Pe bil. Pl 9, dip. 73. 
Spirally costate, whitish; lip very thinly toothed within, columellar 
margin four-toothed, area plane, a little wrinkled. Diam. 16 mill. 
Moluceas. 
I know nothing about this species. 
N. incerta, Busch. PI. 8, fig. 48. 

Dark brownish or blackish, minutely speckled with greyish 
white; lip minutely denticulated within, columellar margin with 
five small teeth, area smooth. Diam. 14 mill. 

Sava. 


26 NERITA. 


The condition of the specimen figured by Philippi was too poor 
to do justice to its characters; I can only guess at its relationships. 


N. arrava, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 40. 

Black, spirally linearly grooved; aperture white, the outer lip 
black margined, with rather strong internal plicate teeth, columellar 
area smooth, the margin minutely toothed in the middle. 

Diam. 28 mill. 

Australia, New Zealand, ete. 


Reeve figured this species for the NV. atrata, Chemnitz—which it 
probably is not, and on this account von Martens preferred for it 
the name N. punctata, Quoy—which it ertainly is not, whilst 
Hutton imposed the name of N. saturata, and E. A. Smith that of 
N. melanotragus, both in 1884, with a probable priority of publica- 
tion of the former name. Watson (Voy. Challenger, xv, 152) reviews 
the whole subject, preferring the name N. punctata. Inasmuch as 
Chemnitz was not binomial and therefore not entitled to quotation, 
and his figures and description are neither of them sufficient for 
identification, whilst they indicate that at least two species were 
confounded by him, I think it preferable to treat him as non-existent, 
and quote Reeve; especially as he has been followed by others, so 
that his atrata has become well-known. N. nigra, Gray (who quotes 
Quoy) in “Dieffenbach’s New Zealand” has been cited by authors as 
applying to the present species, but the name is not accepted by 
them on account of the prior N. nigra, Chemn. They show that 
Quoy never described a N. nigra, but then neither did Gray; he 
merely mentioned the name in his above list, and it is impossible to 
determine what species he may have intended. Finally, different 
as this species is from N. nigerrima, Chemn., in its form and absence 
of columellar granulations—actually a group distinction, I have never- 
theless some suspicion that it is only a variety of it, and that it 
connects that species with N. morio, which, on account of its smooth 
inner surface of the lip belongs to still another group. In my 
saner moments I am well-aware that such vagaries of conjecture 
are simply the demoralizing result of the questionable questioning 
which has largely supplanted the questionless faith of the last 
generation of conchologists. 


N. ATRAMENTOSA, Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 44. 
Shell shghtly spirally striated, black or dark olivaceous variega- 
} ) g 
ted with black; aperture white, outer lip strongly toothed within at 


NERITA. 27 


the extremities of a row of fine denticles, inner margin with two 
small teeth and a superior, quadrangular larger one. 


Diam. 28 mill. 


Swan River, Australia. 


N. Youpr, Recluz. PI. 9, figs. 55-57. 

Faintly, closely spirally striate or smooth, yellowish white macvla- 
ted in a zigzag manner with black, sometimes black with white 
markings, often with a light band on the darker specimens, or a 
dark band on the lighter ones; aperture yellowish, the outer lip 
dentate within, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate 
in the middle, area smooth or very faintly marked by a few tubercles. 

Diam. 18 mill. 

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Hongkong. 

Sometimes this species, like some West Indian ones is subject to 
an erosion which excavates the white portions leaving the black 
in relief: N. haustrum, Reeve (fig. 56), and N. Perwviana, Phil. 
(fig. 57), which is not from Peru, are synonyms. 


Section Prna, Klein. 1753. 


N. puicata, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 81-83. 

Shell spirally ridged, with equal, excavated interstices, each 
about 18-20 in number on the body whorl, whitish or brownish 
white, here and there spotted and streaked with black ; lip crenated, 
with several minor internal teeth, with a larger one at each extrem- 
ity of the series, columellar margin with four strong teeth, columellar 
region rugosely wrinkled. Diam. 15-30 mill. 

Indian Ocean, Formosa, Polynesia, Sandwich Is. 

Sometimes unicolored whitish, sometimes regularly tessellated 
with black, or the spots so disposed as to form interrupted bands. 
Occasionally very thick specimens occur in which the sculpture is 
reduced to rugose strize or partially or wholly disappears. Entirely 
black specimens are known as N. ringens, Reeve (fig. 83). Other 
synonyms are: N. lactaria, Linn., N. Otaiensis, Lesson. 


N. cosrata, Chemn. PI. 5, fig. 84. 

With about 12-15 strong spiral ridges, which are black, and 
equal, with excavated yellowish olivaceous interspaces; lip crenula- 
ted, toothed as in the preceding species, columellar area tuberculated 
below the plications. Diam. 15-35 mill. 

Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan, Australia, Philippines, ete. 

It is NV. grossa, Born, and N. scabricosta, Delessert. 


28 NERITA. 


N. Grossa, Linn. PI. 5, fig. 85. 

With 10-12 strong, spiral ridges and rather wider deeply excava- 
ted sulci, frequently developing a central, much smaller riblet, 
white, subradiately maculated with dark grey, varying to blackish ; 
lip scarcely crenulated, very thick, internally bearing two strong 
teeth above and usually one below, with an intermediate series of 
numerous fine denticles, columellar teeth strong, 3 or 4, the area 
covered with wrinkles. Diam. 25-33 mill. 

Indian Ocean, Philippines, N. E. Australia. 


N. Ascensionis, Lam, is a synonym. 


N. unpata, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 86-95; PI. 6, figs. 96-3; Pl. 7, fig. 

30. 

With 30-40, rounded, small spiral riblets and narrower shallow 
interspaces, yellowish, light brown or greyish with darker, olivaceous 
grey or black maculations, often arranged in radiating, undulating 
stripes, sometimes broad so as almost to cover the shell, aperture 
often stained with yellow, median teeth of outer lip very numerous, 
small, columellar area strongly rugose. Diam. 30-42 mill. 

East Indies, Philippines, ete. 


The above may be regarded as the typical system of coloration 
in a species varying much in this respect. It has, under different 
aspects received a number of names, several of which I retain as 
varietal, not so much because of intrinsic value as for mere con- 
venience, these several forms having been heretofore recognized as 
species. With the type may be included N. Papuana, Recluz, N. 
LeGuillouana, Recluz (fig. 87), N. marmorata, Hombr. et Jacq., 
N. Savieana, Recluz, (fig. 88), N. crassa, Gould (fig. 89), NV. undulata, 
Gmel. and N. Nove-Guinee, Lesson (fig. 90), the two last juveniles. 


; 
Var. MICRONESICA, Martens. 
Blackish olivaceous, with two spiral black bands. 


Var. stRIATA, Burrow. Figs. 91-94, 100, 1. 

Costulations small, close, somewhat unequal, greyish, yellowish, 
or light ‘brownish, usually spotted, undately strigate or trifasciate 
with dark grey, olivaceous or black, aperture tinged with yellow. 

The synonyms are N. chrysostoma, Recluz (in part, fig. 91), N. 
undata, Gould, Var. icterina, Marts. including N. awrantia, Recluz, 
(fig. 92), NV. Tongaensis, Hombr. et Jacq. N. grisea, Reeve (fig. 93), 


NERITA. 29 


N. erubescens, Reeve (fig. 100), N. Neritopsoides, Reeve (fig. 1), 
and N. costulata, Busch and N. Essingtoni, Reeve (fig. 94), the two 
latter juveniles. 


Var. SPENGLERIANA, Recluz. PI. 6, figs. 96-98. 

Greyish, maculated with white, interruptedly trifasciate with 
greyish black, riblets flattened, obscure, evanescent below, aperture - 
white. 

The type was a juvenile; and N. oleagina, Reeve (figs. 96, 97) 
is & synonym. 


Var. QUADRICOLOR, Gmelin. Fig. 86. 
Whitish, yellowish white or rosy white, the ribs maculated with 
purplish black, aperture white. 
Red Sea, Bombay, E. coast of Africa, Southward to Natal. 
It is N. maris-rubre, Chemnitz. 


Var. IncuRVA, Martens. Fig. 99. 

Variegated and interruptedly banded with black and yellowish 
grey, aperture white tinged with yellow or fulvous, the outer margin 
elongated and sinuated at the extremities, above and below; riblets 
about 30, flat, close, unequal. Diam. 30-39 mill. 

Mozambique, E. Africa. 
Var. GRAYANA, Recluz. Figs. 2, 3. 

Riblets rather narrow and high, sometimes with intermediate 
smaller ones, purplish, varying to ash grey, somewhat obscurely 
maculated with purplish black or darker grey. Diam. 30-34 mill. 

East Indies and Philippines. 

Somewhat distinctive in color, but the markings and sculpture of 

the usual patterns. 


Var. FUNICULATA, Reeve. Figs. 95, 30. 
Black, with scattered white or yellowish white spots on the ribs, 
aperture tinged with yellow. 
New Caledonia to Central Polynesia. 
The ribs vary in number and development, and are often irregular 
in size on the same specimen. Some collectors have confounded it 
with the West American JN. scabricosta, but that species is larger 
and more compressed and rounded and generally more rugose. 
Probably N. punctata, Quoy and Gaimard (PI. 7, fig. 30) is identical. 


30 NERITA. 


Var. FLAMMULATA, Recluz. 
Yellowish grey, maculated sparsely with black, ribs about 24, 
alternately smaller. Diam. 23 mill. 
Malay Archipelago. 


N. scasricosra, Lam. PI. 6, figs. 5, 6. 

Shell with numerous, rather close rounded ribs, crossed by close 
scabrous longitudinal strive, dark greyish or black, more or less 
maculated or spotted with orange brown, occasionally irregularly 
banded with the latter; lip black-margined, numerously toothed 
within, with larger teeth at the extremities, columellar teeth very 
strong and prominent, the area deeply plicate, with a perpendicular 
series of three tubercles below, sometimes confluent or obsolete. 

Diam. 30-50 mill. 

Panama, northward to Lower California. 


The synonyms are NV. ornata, Sowb. (fig. 5), NV. fuseata, Menke, 
N. Deshayesii, Recluz (fig. 66), and N. multijugis, Menke. I retain 
Lamarck’s name for this species although the identification is some- 
what doubtful, Delessert figuring a NV. costata for it; and I do this 
because in the United States the species has been usually so designa- 
ted. Dr. von Martens calls it NV. ornata, Sowerby, a name published 
about the name date. The scabrous surface and compressed rounded 
forin well distinguish the species. 


Section Opon'rosroma, (Klein. 1753), Moreh. 1852. 


N. pourra, Linn. Pl. 6, figs. 7-11; Pl. 7, figs. 12-23. 

Shell thick, smooth, polished, sometimes with faintly rugose 
growth-lines or very obscure spiral riblets, greyish, flecked or 
spotted or banded with white, yellow, orange, red or black, the 
ground color itself varying rather unusually to one of the other 
colors, with or without flecks and bands; aperture  porcellanous, 
polished, thick, outer lip smooth or obscurely dentate within, colu- 
mellar lip feebly dentate, the area smooth. Diam. 25-40 mill. 

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia, Mauritius. 


The immense variation of coloring in this beautiful species has 
been the cause of a considerable duplication of specific names. I 
give examples showing the usual as well as some of the rarer 
patterns of ornamentation. The synonymy includes V. nigra, N. 
flavescens, and N. hieroglyphica, Chemn., N. bidens and N. bifasciata, 
Gmel., NV. Orbignyana, Recluz (figs. 19, 20). 


NERITA. 3 


Var. antiquaTa, Recluz. Fig. 17. 
Closely wrinkled by impressed growth-lines, aperture and colu- 
mella orange-tinted. 


Var. AURORA, Dunker. Fig. 21. 

Closely wrinkled as in Var. antiquata, but the shell less transverse, 
with somewhat elevated spire; white, with three yellowish brown 
bands mottled with chestnut, aperture orange-tinted. 


Var. UMLAASIANA, Krauss. Fig. 18. 

More obliquely elongated, the outer lip more extended upon the 
spire above, dark olivaceous, mottled with black. 

So. Africa. 
Var. Rumput, Recluz. Figs. 8-11, 16, 22, 25. 

Smaller, usually closely spirally striate, coloring often in definite, 
wide or narrow bands, but varying to unicolored, mottled or 
interruptedly banded. 

N. Doreyana (fig. 25) and N. Guamensis (fig. 22), of Quoy, are 
synonyms. 


M. maxima, Gmel. PI. 7, figs. 24, 25. 

Thick, lightly decussated by incremental strize and evanescent 
spiral suleations, yellowish grey interruptedly banded with black, 
and irregularly strigated and maculated with black and white ; 
interior of outer lip numerously denticulate, columella smooth, 
bearing three prominent teeth on its edge, tinged with yellow. 

Diam. 36 mill. 

Central Pacifie Qeean. 
Var. oBATRA, Recluz. Fig. 265. 

Shell olivaceous black, obscurely maculated. 

Var. trifasciata, Montr. from New Caledonia, appears to repeat, 
on a darker ground-color the banded condition of the type. 


N. Bisecta, Reeve. PI. 7, fig. 26. 

Shell with strong revolving ridges and equal intermediate sulci, 
the ridges black and divided in the middle by an incised line, sulci 
yellowish grey; outer lip many-toothed within, teeth of the extrem- 
ities larger, columella smooth, yellowish, the margin three-toothed. 

— Diam. 23 mill. 
West Africa. 
N. Ascenstonis, Chemn. PI. 7, fig. 27. 

Shell with strong spiral ridges and somewhat wider sulci, yellow- 

ish grey, strongly tessellated with black on the ridges, outer lip 


32 NERITA. 


numerously but inconspicously minutely toothed, inner lip three- 
toothed, area plane and smooth. Diam. 30-36 mill. 
Ascension Isl. 


N. diversicolor, Martyn is a synonym. 


N. LINEATA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 32, 33; Pl. 7, fig. 29. 

Purplish grey or yellowish olive, with numerous, thread-like, 
purplish black spiral elevated lines, often sparsely speckled with 
white; outer lip numerously denticulate within, inner lip three- 
toothed, area smooth. Diam. 30 mill. 

Malaysian Is., N. Australia, ete. 

N. Birmanica, Phil. (fig. 29) is a synonym. WN. balteata, Reeve 
(fig. 33) differs only in the riblets being a little more distant. 


N. cerostoma, Troschel. PI. 8, figs. 36, 57. 

Black, with about 22 strong, rugose, rounded spiral ribs, the 
upper ones wider, interstices narrow; aperture yellowish, outer 
lip numerously denticulate, columellar area smooth, the margin 
three toothed. Diam, 27 mill. | 

Peru. 


N. GEMMuULATA, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 38. 

Greyish, with thin, rather distant, acutely granulated spiral liree, 
tessellated with black and blue; outer lip without internal teeth, 
columellar margin obscurely tridentate, area smooth. 

Diam. 1 in. 

Hab. unknown. 


N. FULGINATA, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 39; Pl. 7; fig. 28. 

With depressed close spiral riblets, purplish or orange red banded 
with black or maculated; aperture yellowish white, outer lip numer- 
ously minutely toothed within, columellar area smooth, the margin 
three-toothed. Diam. 20 mill. 

Singapore (Schmacker), Viti /s. (Garrett). 

N. alveolus, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 28), appears to be identical and 
if the date on the title page is correct, was published a year earlier. 


N. Fimosa, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 35. 

Yellowish, with somewhat distant reddish, serrated, divided 
spiral ridges; aperture white, lip numerously toothed within, colu- 
mellar area smooth, the margin with four teeth. Diam. 22 mill. 

Hab unknown. 


NERITA. ey 


N. Georatna, Recluz. PI. 7, fig. 3 

With acute, subdistant ridges, frequently in pairs, yellowish grey 
articulated with black; aperture yellowish, with black spots on the 
margin, columellar area smooth, the margin obscurely dentate, den- 


ticles of interior of outer lip obsolete. Diam.18 mill. 
King George's Island. 


N. morio, Sowb. PI. 9, fig. 75; Pl. 8, figs. 41, 46. 

Black, usually polished, an alishily impressed spiral lines; 
aperture yellowish, the outer lip callously thickened within, but not 
toothed, columellar lip minutely or obsoletely toothed in the middle, 
area somewhat concave, polished, smooth. Diam. 18-22 mill. 

Australia, New Zealand, Polynesia. 


Confounded with N. atrata, Linn. N. nigerrima, Chemn. N. Sene- 
galensis, Gmel. ete. but differs by the smooth interior of the outer 
lip, as well as by its oblique last whorl. It was described as a 
Neritina, and afterwards by Reeve as N. Neritinoides (fig. 46); 
another synonym is N. carbonaria, Philippi (fig. 41). 


N. Esstneront, Recluz. Pl. 8, fig. 45. 

Shell with somewhat high spire, black, conspicuously spirally 
suleate; outer lip smooth within, columellar lip shghtly dentate on 
the middle margin, the area smooth. Diam. 18 mill. 

Australia. 


Has much the appearance of V. nigerrima externally, but differs 
in its columellar area; also resembles N. atramentosa, except in the 
absence of the teeth within the outer lip. Very probably they will 
all prove to belong to one and the same species. 


N. pices, Recluz. Pl. &, fig. 47; Pl. 9, figs. 52, 70, 74; Pl. 4, fig. 60. 
Shell smooth, polished, with close or distant slight engraved lines, 
black, often showing faint minute greyish flecks, but frequently so 
obscure as to be scarcely visible; aperture white, outer lip without 
teeth, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate in the 

middle, area flat, smooth, polished. Diam. 12—18 mill. 
Japan, Polynesia to Sandwich Is. 


I have been on the point of merging this in the preceding species 
as a synonym. In its unspotted state it is only distinguished by 
smaller size. NV. obscura, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 52), N. insceulpta, 
Reeve (fig. 74), and NV. bullula, Reeve (fie. 70), are synonyms, 
The shell which Philippi has -figured for N. picea (fig. 60), if that 


species, is a somewhat abnormal specimen. 
5) 
o 


34 NERITA. 


N. arrrnts, Reeve. PI. 9, figs. 51, 53,54; Pl. 8, figs. 49, 50. 

Shell usually transverse, closely, somewhat scabrously spirally 
striate, marbled and speckled with white and grey or olivaceous; 
aperture bluish white, minutely obsoletely toothed or edentulate 
within the outer lip, columellar area smooth, the margin obsoletely 
toothed. Diam. 10-15 mill. 

Viti Islands. 

N. Samoensis, Dunker (figs. 49, 50), NV. costulata, Busch, and 
probably N. Vitiensis, Hombr. et Jacq. (figs. 53, 54) are synonyms. 


N. pica, Gould. PI. 9, figs. 59, 60, 76. 

Usually smooth, sometimes spirally striate, black with cuneiform 
markings or reticulations of white; aperture whitish, the outer lip 
smooth within, columellar margin minutely denticulated, the area 
flattened, smooth. Diam. 15 mill. 

Japan, Polynesia. 

N. Japonica, Dunker is evidently synonymous, but the figure 
given for that species in Thes. Conch. and which I have inadver- 
tently copied (Pl. 9, fig. 58), is evidently something else. NV. melal- 
euca, Martens and N. rudis, Pease (fig. 76), are to be added to the 
synonymy. The figure of V. rudis (copied from Pease), very poorly 
represents the shell; the types before me are undoubtedly N. prea. 


N. VEXILLUM, Reeve. PI. 9, fig. 61. 

Spirally ribbed, with narrow intermediate grooves, orange colored, 
with two broad black, orange-spotted bands; aperture yellowish 
white, outer lip edentulous, columellar margin sharply toothed, the 
area flat. Diam. 22 mill. 

Hab. unknown. 
N. arcra, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 9, figs. 64, 65. 

Spirally ribbed, white, with scattered dark spots; aperture with- 
out teeth, columellar area flattened, smooth. Diam. 17 mill. 

Arru Is., N. of Australia. 

I know nothing of this species; it has been overlooked, as most 
of the species of these authors have been, by Reeve and Sowerby. 
N. srricta, Baird. PI. 9, figs. 67, 68, 62. 

With low spiral ridges, and broad shallow interstices, whitish 
with scattered black markings, varying to greyish black; aperture 
yellowish, lip thickened within, edentulate, columellar area smooth, 
the edge obsoletely dentate. Diam. 12-15 mill. 

Polynesia, New Caledonia. 


5 


oo 


NERITINA. 


N. Nove-Caledonie, Baird (figs. 67, 68), is a synonym. My 
figure of NV. stricta is unfortunately taken from Sowerby’s Thesaurus, 
and is certainly not typical, Baird’s figure bemg exactly like ™. 
Nove-Caledonie in all its features except being darker colored. 


Unfigured Species of Nerita. 


N. rENEBROSA, Recluz. Solo I., N. of Borneo. 
N. corrosuta, Recluz. N. Guinea. 
N. SCABRELLA, and N. RINGICULA, Phil. Hab. unknown. 
N. Hiniesana, Dunker. Semoan Is. 
N. Nova-Hisernia, Lesson. N. Ireland. 


Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1809. 
Section NERITINA (sensu stricto), Swainson. 1840. 


N. gacates, Lam. Pl. 10, figs. 77-79, 97, 98; Pl. 11, fig. 6. 

Striulate, polished, olivaceous or brownish black, with close black 
zigzag lines; aperture bluish white. Diam. 18-26 mill. 

Mauritius, Seychelles, Isle of Bourbon. 

The synonyms are N. liturata, Recluz, N. Caffra, Gray, N. zigzag, 
Morelet. Von Martens has vars. minor (fig. 78), and subplanispira 
(fig. 79), the latter for depressed specimens. I think that N. ful-— 
gurata, Desh. (figs. 97, 98), from Isle of Bourbon, described from a 
single specimen, is simply a light-colored example of this species. 


N. NaTa.Ensis, Reeve. -Pl. 10, figs. 80, 81; Pl. 11, fig. 9. 
Striulate, somewhat shining, yellowish brown with oblique black 
strigations, more or less decurrent or reticulately confluent; aper- 
ture bluish white. Diam. 19-23 mill. 
Mozambique to Natal. 
It is N. zebra, Krauss. N. Moquiniana, Recluz (fig. 9), is an un- 
identified species from “Islands of the South Sea,” which appears 
to be closely related. 


N. varrecata, Lesson. Pl: 10, figs. 82-86; Pl. 12, figs. 23, 24. 
Somewhat shining, variegated with yellowish brown and black, 
usually in an irregular net-work pattern, the meshes large or small, 
sometimes the black reticulations form irregular broad bands, and 
occasionally they cover the entire surface so as to make it nearly 
unicolored ; aperture whitish or bluish white, the columella with a 
tinge of orange-brown. Diam. 16-25 mill. 
East Indies, Polynesia. 


36 NERITINA. 


The synonyms are N. Sumatrensis, Sowb., V. pulchra, Sowb. (figs. 
23, 24), N. gagates, Mérch, Clithon Zelandicus, var. helvola, Mous- 
son (not Gould). N. Wallisiarum, Recluz, is black, with inconspicu- 
ous pellucid-white or brown dots, and is probably not distinct from 
N. variegata; I think it likely that N. Cuviertana, Reel. (figs. 85, 
86), should also be placed here. N. pulchra, Sowb. (figs. 23, 24), 
was described as from Panama, where it is believed no such species 
exists. Sowerby’s figure shows some reddish zones alternating with 
olivaceous, which are not present in specimens of pulchra received 
from Sowerby as from Panama, but of a number of specimens of 
variegata from the Viti Islands, collected by Mr. Garrett, two have 
this peculiar red banding. 


N. z1czac, Sowb. PI. 10, figs. 87-92; PI. 11, figs, 100, 5. 
Striulate, shining, olivaceous or yellowish, with zigzag or undu- 
lating radiating black stripes; aperture bluish white, columella 
often tinged yellowish-brown. Diam. 20 mill. 
East Indies, Polynesia. 


According to the relative thickness of the stripes and interspaces 
the pattern sometimes appears to be black on an olivaceous ground, 
at others olivaceous on a black ground. Originally identified with 
NV. ziczac, Lam., but is not that species; yet, as it has become well- 
known under that name, [ have not deemed it advisable to adopt 
another for it, as Martens has done. The synonyms are J. strigil- 
lata (luam.), Recluz, N. aquatilis, Reeve (fig. 100), N. Jovis, Reel. 
(fig. 5), V. ramosa, Meusch., and var. interstitialis, Martens, in 
which the olive color is replaced by orange brown. 

The true NV. ziczac of Lam. appears to be most nearly related to 
N. reclivata, Say. 


Var. COROMANDELIANA, Sowb. 

Olivaceous, with subtriangular black maculations. 

N. triangularis, Meusch., and N. pulcherrima and N. insignis, 
Mousson, are synonyms. Martens has adopted this varietal name 
for the species. 


Var. SERRULATA, Recluz. 

Black, with numerous small olivaceous spots. 

N. guttulata, Mouss., and var. «anthostigma, Martens, are syno- 
nyms. 


NERITINA. ilk 


N. zepra, Brug. Pl. 10, figs. 93-95. 

Somewhat shining, yellowish olive or orange brown, with un- 
dulating radiating broad black stripes; aperture whitish. 

Diam. 21-23 mill. 

Northern So. America to Brazil; Porto Rico ?, Panama?. 

I find no characters by which to distinguish this from varieties 
of NV. ziczac, unless it be by the less angulated pattern of the stripes 
and their greater width; moreover, I know of no such American 
form, and I cannot help thinking that, at least as to some of the 
identifications, the mistake has been made of confounding with it 
varieties of N. reclivata and N. virginea. Entirely similar shells 
are in the Philadelphia Collection, received from Cuming as from 
Taheiti. NV. lineolata (? Lam.), of Sowb., Reeve, ete., and N. so- 
brina, Recluz (fig. 95), are referred here by Martens. 


N. Smrrui, Sowb. PI. 10, fig. 96. 

Smooth, somewhat shining, light olivaceous, with close undulat- 
ing black lines, occasionally confluent into varicose-looking wider 
ones; aperture bluish white. Diam. 22 mill. 

Bengal. 

N. tigrina, Benson, and N. hamuligera, Troschel, are synonyms. 


N. PLUMBEA, Recl. P. 11, figs. 7, 8. 

Striulate, a little shining, greyish olivaceous, unicolored or with 

two broad dark bands; aperture whitish. Diam. 19-25 mill. 
Philippine Islands. 
Ne turers, Chemn: Pl: 11, fies. 1:2. 

Shell oblong conical, lightly striulate, shining, spire elevated, 
pointed, olivaceous or brownish with oblique, curved or somewhat 
flexuous black stripes; aperture bluish white, columellar area yellow 
tinted. Length, 25-32 mill. 

East Indies, Philippines, Australia. 

The synonyms are N. strigillata, and N. lugubris, Lam., N. no- 
bilis, Chenu. 


Var. CumMINGIANA, Recluz. Fig. 2. 
Strigations narrower, closer and more numerous. 


N. sEmiconica, Lam. PI. 11, figs. 3, 4. 

Olivaceous or light brownish, with two or three spiral rows of 
black markings, sometimes faintly olivaceous banded. 

Length, 25-30 mill. 


India. 


38 NERITINA. 


N. fimbria, Meusch., is a synonym. Von Martens and others 
consider NV. semiconica a variety of V. turrita, but it appears to me 
to have the characters of a distinct species. 


N. Rosssyana, Recluz. Pl. 11, figs. 10-13. 

Conical, olivaceous or bluish white, with very close zigzag black 
lines, often wider than the interspaces, so that the whole shell ap- 
pears blackish; aperture bluish white, the columellar area yellow- 
tinted. Length, 16-20 mill. 

Australia to Central Polynesia. 

Shaped like a 1. turrita in miniature, but with the broad stripes 
of that species replaced by very close zigzag lines. The synonyms 
are N. cuprina, Recl. (fig. 11), N. chrysocolla, Gould (fig. 12), NV. 
Navigatoria, Reeve (fig. 13), N. rivula, Hombr. and Jacq., and N. 
Vitiensis, Mousson. 


N. Turtont, Recluz. Pl. 11, figs. 14, 15. 

Orange or orange-red, often with a coppery lustre, with close, 
undulating, oblique, broad black stripes; aperture light olivaceous 
or greenish white, columella bright salmon color. 

Diam. 18-25 mill. 

Viti Is., in brackish and fresh water. 

The locality, New Ireland, given by Hinds, needs confirmation. 
The synonymy includes V. dugubris, Sowb., N. Zelandica, Recluz, 
N. helvola, Gould, and perhaps NV. nux, Brod., a unicolored brown- 
ish shell from Tahiti. 


N. FULGETRUM, Reeve. PI. 12, fig. 30. 
Shell olivaceous, with blackish maculations and _ strigations ; 
aperture whitish, columellar area orange-red. Diam. 16 mill. 
Hab. unknown. 
The direction of the pattern of ornamentation is the principal 
difference between this species, which remains unidentified, and the 
preceding one. 


N. communis, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 11, figs. 16-22. 

Smooth and shining, variously solidly zoned with white, yellow 
or purple, a portion of the banding usually overlaid with zigzag 
oblique black stripes; aperture bluish white, the convex columellar 
area white or yellowish. Diam. 15-21 mill. 

East Indies, Philippines ; brackish water. 

The figures which I have selected will give some idea of this 
beautiful species, but there are besides, many other combinations of 


1 


NERITINA. 3 


coloring. N. Waigiensis, Lesson, N. strigillata, Sowb., N. zebra, 
Troschel, NV. elegantina, Busch, and N. elegantissima, Morch, are 
synonyms. 


N. RECLIVATA, Say. PI. 12, figs. 25-30. 

Shell olivaceous, sometimes light brownish, with oblique, some- 
what undulating or zigzag narrow black lines, usually parallel but 
sometimes reticulating, the aperture and convex columellar area 
bluish white. Diam. 15-28 mill. 

Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Central America 


N. lineolata, Lam., is now supposed to be identical, and according 


- to printed dates of publication has three months’ priority ; but con- 


ceding this, it would still be of very questionable advantage to 
science to substitute a name which has been variously identified for 
one the application of which has never been doubted, and so has 
become well-known. N. zigzag of Lam., not authors, has also been 
referred here. Other synonyms are N. microstoma, d’Orb., N 
gravis, Shuttl. and Morelet, N. olivacea, Wiegm., and var, conoidalis, 
Martens, for the conical, lineolate form with parallel strigations; V 
reticulata, Cristofori and Jan, for the specimens with reticulated 
pattern; and N. striolata, Recluz (fig. 28), N. Floridana, Shuttlew. 
(fig. 29), and var. rotundata, Martens, for a short-spired form. 


N. vrrerneéa, Linn. PI. 12, figs. 31-45. 

Smooth, polished, usually white, sage colored, yellowish or vio- 
laceous, with a fine, close painting of parallel longitudinal darker 
colored lines, either extending across the entire surface or inter- 
rupted so as to form spiral zones, upon this surface of close lines are 
placed miscellaneously numbers of subtriangular spots of the ground 
color of the shell, sometimes covering it entirely, at other times 


forming spiral bands of large spots, with smaller intermediate ones. 
Diam. 6-20 mill. 


West Indies to Brazil. 

I have figured some of the common as well as the more striking 
color modifications of this elegant and very variable species. There 
are two or three patterns of coloring which are much more common 
than the others, yet which cannot be called varietal ; they are Ist, 
whitish violaceous, covered by close violet lines upon which are 
triangular spots; 2d, a similar pattern, but the colors light and 
dark olivaceous; 3d, light sage green, with darker lines, but almost 
covered over by the spots which are arranged somewhat as on a 


4() NERITINA. 


serpent’s skin. The synonymy is enormous, including N. Brastl- 
ana, Recluz, N. trabalis, and N. chlorina, Link, N. flavopicta and 
N. vinosa, Mouss., N. Listeri, Pfr., N. turriculata, Menke, N. Matona, 
Mérch, N. meleagris, Lam., N. elegantissima, Hartm. (figs. 44, 45), 
N, Jamaicensis, Ads., N. pulchella, Gray, probably N. Leachii, 
Recluz, and N. tenebricosa, Ads., and vars. oblonga and elongata, 
von Martens. 


N. TRISERIALIS, Sowb.. ,Pl. 12, figs. 46, 47. 

Whitish, closely lined with dark grey, covered by white triangu- 
lar spots which are usually more conspicuous in three spiral series 
or bands. Diam. 14 mill. 

Hab. unknown. 

This species has not been identified; its coloring resembles that 
of N. virginea, but its form is more globose, with the whorls a little 
excavated above. 

N. Watxuace!, Dohrn. Pl. 12, fig. 48. 

Striulate, greenish, with seven narrow, dark green or blackish 
spiral bands; aperture white, columellar area strongly callous. 

Diam. 18 mill. 

Arru Islands. 
N. Poucueti, Hombr. and Jacq. Pl. 12, fig. 49. 

Brownish, with black transverse strive; aperture large, rounded, 

with the columellar margin numerously dentate. Diam. 17:5 mill. 
Amboina. 

This species is only known through the original figure and de- 

ae 


v. ADANSONIANA, Recluz. PI. 13, figs. 50, 51. 

peter brown, flexuously strigate, and reticulate with dark 
olivaceous or black, usually with an overlaying pattern of miscel- 
laneously arranged light spots; aperture and columellar area bluish 
white or yellowish white. Alt. 11 mill. 

Senegal, Cape Palmas, W. Africa. 

N. Sangara, Morelet is a synonym. 
N. ATERRIMA, Koch. Pl. 11, fig. 99. 

Globosely oblong, smooth, black, the spire elate, conical, some- 
what acute; aperture white, columellar area flattened, the margin 
toothed in the middle. Diam. 15 mill. 


Habitat unknown. 
This species has not been identified. 


NERITINA. 41 
N. Sayana and N. pHastana, Recluz. Unfigured. Philippines. 


N. prota, Sowb. Pl. 13. figs. 52-55. 

Smooth, polished, yellowish or grey or broadly alternately banded 
with both, with flexuous oblique, bluish white strigations; aperture 
bluish, columellar area flattened, chestnut color, margin rather 
strongly denticulate. Diam. 11—15°5 mill. 

Gulf of California to Panama. 

Various color variations have been named vars. nigrofasciata, 
luteofasciata, guttata and albescens, Miller. 


N. Uauanensis, Lesson. PI. 15, figs. 56-68. 

Smooth, shining, many colored, usually yellow, olivaceous or pink, 
with subundulating to reticulating close longitudinal purple-black 
or reddish lines, continuous over the whole surface, or interrupted 
_ to form spiral bands, often with subtriangular light colored spots 
with darker margins in spiral series; aperture usually yellowish, 
sometimes bluish white, columellar area narrow, a little convex, 
yellowish, faintly coriaceous-rugulose and foveolate, the margin 
with a central sinus which has four or five minute teeth, and a 
larger one above them. Diam. 7-12 mill. 

Indian Ocean to Polynesia. 


A widely distributed species, which closely mimics the West 
Indian N. virginea. Like that species, it inhabits both brackish 
water and the ocean, and it is equally variable in its markings. It 
is perhaps less conical, as a rule, smaller, its columellar area is more 
yellowish and flatter. The operculum differs somewhat from that 
of \’. virginea, the rib and apophyses are well-developed, nearly 
equally large, with a connecting band almost equally elevated. 

The synonymy includes N. Oualaniensis, Lesson, N. nubila, 
Busch, N. Mertoniana, Recluz, N. nebulata, and N. Ceylonensis, 
Recluz, N. Garretti, Mousson, N. pulchella, Morch, N. cincta and 
N. columbaria, Recluz, N. Gaimardi, Souleyet, N. ornatella, N. 
delicatula, N. guttulata, and N. multipicta, Mouss. Mss. and the 
following color-varieties, named by von Martens: conferta (fig. 56), 
polydelta (figs. 57, 58), diremta (figs. 59, 60), frondicincta (figs. 61- 
64), nigrobifasciata (figs. 65, 66), parcepicta (figs. 67, 68). 


N. NouteriAna, Gassies. PI. 13, figs. 69, 70. 
Solid, shining, blackish violaceous, with superimposed tent-shaped 
whitish or yellowish maculations, apex violaceous; columellar area 


42 NERITINA. 


and aperture greenish yellow, the former concave, with 2-3 margi- 
nal teeth. Diam. 7, alt. 10-12 mill. 
New Caledonia. 
Possibly a variety of the preceding species. 


N. MopicELua, Desh. PI. 13, fig. 71. 

Oval-globose, whorls 3, the last large, rugose, blackish brown, 
with small greyish-white irregular scale-like spots; aperture yellow- 
ish white, columellar area wide, plane, smooth, the edge with a 
single obscure tooth-like elevation. Alt. 12, diam. 9 mill. 

Ins. Bourbon. 


Section Puprrira, Gray. 1857. 


N. pupa, Linn. PI. 14, figs. 72-74. 
Smooth, opaque, white, longitudinally more or less flexuously and 
anastomosely strigate or coarsely or finely. reticulated with black ; 
aperture light orange-brown. Diam. 8-13 mill. 
West Indies. 
The synonyms are N. delineata, Boubée, N. liturata, Schultze, N. 
venosa, Menke and var. tristis, d’Orb., the latter for closely reticu- 
lated specimens. 


N. RETICULATA, Sowb. PI. 14, figs. 75, 76. 

Solid, smooth or obsoletely spirally engraved, transverse, whitish, 
openly or closely reticulated with black ; aperture yellowish. 

Diam. 13 mill. 

Tahiti, Pawmotus, Mauritius. 

Distinguished from N. pupa by its more transverse form and sul- 
cations—when the latter are present. The synonyms are: V. Des- 
moulinsiana and N. Bensoni, Recluz. 


N. HOLOSERICA, Garrett. Pl. 14, fig. 77. 

Closely spirally striate, with sharp spire, blackish, under a thin 
greyish olivaceous, somewhat tomentose epidermis; aperture oli- 
vaceous yellow, columellar area flattened, polished, but very mi-- 
nutely granular. Diam. 12 mill. 

Viti Is. 
N. Amana, Gould. Pl. 14, figs. 78-80, 84. 

Shell transverse, whorls rapidly increasing, the last whorl swollen, 
spire scarcely raised ; with rugose growth-lines and slight, impressed 
spiral strize; greyish olivaceous or purplish-blue, sometimes with 


NERITINA. 43 


light reddish purple bands, speckled over with white spots; aper- 
ture tinged with yellow. Diam. 9-11 mill. 
Viti and Samoa Is. 


N. Godeffroyana, Mousson, Pl. 14, fig. 80, and probably V. Gue- 
rini, Recluz (fig. 84), are synonyms: if the latter determination be 
correct, it has precedence in publication; it is misprinted NV. Gui- 
nerii, in Reeve. 


N. morosa, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 81. 
Solid, shining, striulate, greyish black, irregularly punctate with 
white ; aperture bluish grey, the columellar area brown-tinged. 
Alt. 14 mill. 
New Caledonia. 
N. optusa, Benson. PI. 14, figs. 82, 83. 
Shell spirally engraved, epidermis greenish or olivaceous ; aper- 
ture ash color. Diam. 12 mill. 
India, Java. 
N. spiralis, Reeve (fig. 83), is a synonym. 


N. GurruLata, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 85. 

Longitudinally and spirally striate, scarcely shining, violaceous 
black, sparsely white-dotted; whorls 13, rapidly enlarging; aper- 
ture yellowish corneous, columellar area convex, minutely sub- 
granular. Alt. 9 mill. 

New Caledonia. 


Appears to be allied to NV. amena, Gould. Described originally 
as NV. guttata, a specific name preoccupied by Recluz. 


N. sarmacipa, Morelet. Pl. 14, fig. 86. 

Thick, shining, laterally compressed, striate, with engraved spiral 
lines, more apparent above, greenish brown; aperture ashy white, 
columellar area light yellowish, the centre of its margin with two 
or three minute teeth. Alt. 13 mill. 

Comoro Is. 
N. Morcurana, Dunker. PI. 14, figs. 87, 88. 

Rather thin, olivaceous, with black zigzag narrow lines, thinly 

striate; aperture bluish white. Alt. 12 mill. 


Madras. 
I am not acquainted with this species. 


44 NERITINA. 


N. IncERTA, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 89. 

Solid, striate, with spiral engraved lines, whitish under a black 
and rosy epidermis, with black lines or flames forming three bands ; 
peristome whitish, interior white, yellowish or rosy. Alt. 13 mill. 

N. Caledonia. 

Only known to me by the figure and description. 


N. evurprica, Guillou. Unfigured. Marquisas Is. 
Section Nrerrropryas, Martens. 1869. 


N. pupra, Chemn. Pl. 14, figs. 90-95. 

Finely, faintly striulate, without spiral sculpture, olivaceous or 
orange-brown, with a fine or coarse pattern of zigzag black lines, 
often interrupted to form bands, sometimes only appearing here and 
there, or entirely absent, seldom confluent, making the entire sur- 
face thick ; aperture bluish white, often with an orange tint near 
the margin, columellar area usually tinted with yellow, varying to 
orange brown, the margin edentulous. Diam. 20-27 mill. 

East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, ete. 

The synonyms are N. fasciata, Lam., NV. lugubris, Lesson, N. rett- 
culata, Quoy and Gaim., N. zebroides, Lesson, N. Philippinarum, 
Sowb.,? N. vestita, Souleyet, NV. bella, Busch, NV. Adamsi, Issel, N. 
atra, Lesson. 


Var. APIATA, Recluz. Fig. 95. 

Yellowish olivaceous, transversely flecked with yellowish white. 

Diam 16 mill. 

As this has heretofore been treated as a distinct species, I retain 
it as a variety, but its characteristic markings shade off into those 
of N. dubia, of which it is a juvenile state of growth. 


N. cornea, Linn. PI. 14, figs. 96-100, 1. 

With low, flatly rounded riblets separated by incised spiral lines, 
the sculpture usually faint, sometimes obsolete, yellowish brown or 
olivaceous, generally more or less interruptedly banded and sub- 
tessellated with black, occasionally all black; aperture whitish, 
columellar area white, or more or less tinged with yellowish to 
orange-brown, when white often with black blotches behind, margin 
edentulate, varying to obsoletely minutely toothed. 

Diam. 25-42 mill. 

East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, Viti Is., ete. 


NERITINA. 45 


I have included in the above description forms heretofore re- 
garded as distinct, but which do not appear to possess permanent 
differential characters. The principal mark of this species is the 
presence of spiral sculpture, but I have before me specimens in 
which this is partially obsolete, suggesting very strongly a connec- 
tion with N. dubia. The typical N. cornea embraces the smaller 
forms, with less developed sculpture, columellar area yellowish, be- 
coming deeper, orange or blackish on the outer edge, the margin 
edentulate. Here may be placed as synonyms N. amphibia and N. 
ampullaria, Lesson, N. morio, Deshayes, N. sulcata, Anton, N. Savesi, 
Gassies (fig. 1), and WN. gagates, Troschel, with var. atramentaria, 
Tapparone Canefti. 


Var. SUBSULCATA, Sowb. Figs. 98, 99. 

The shell is somewhat larger, often more distinctly sculptured, the 
color patterns more obscure or unicolored, the columellar margin 
obsoletely denticulated, the area white, with black blotches behind. 

N. subsinuata, Mousson is a synonym, being a typographical 
error for subsulcata. 


Var. Cuimmotr, Reeve. Fig. 100. 

The largest form of the series, with moderate sculpture and 
darker epidermis, unicolored or obsoletely maculated and dotted ; 
columellar margin edentulate, area orange-hrown. 


Var. Novant, Tryon. 

Light violaceous, with several black bands over which are scat- 
tered opaque white fleckings. 

A single specimen of this exquisite color-variety of the typical 
N. cornea is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. 


Section THEODOXxus, Montf. 1810. 


N. Danupratis, Muhlf. Pl. 15, figs. 2-9. 

Subglobose, occasionally spirally constricted (fig. 7), yellowish 
white, with irregular purple or brown undulating or zigzag lines, 
aperture bluish white. Diam. 11-15 mill. 

Lower Danube, Northern Italy, ete. 

The synonyms of the typical form are N. Marsigliana, Hartm., 
N. Danubiensis, Sadler. 


Var. STRAGULATa, Muhlf. Figs. 4, 5. 
Angulate form; spire depressed, shoulder of whorl obtusely an- 
gular, strigations wider, sometimes entirely black. The synonyms 


46 NERITINA. 


of this form are N. gangrenosa, Schmidt, N. atrata, Ziegler, N. elata, 
Hauff., and N. nigrescens and N. fusca, Kutschig. 


Var. canrNnata, Kokeil. Fig. 7. 
Cingulate form: last whorl spirally constricted, with carinated 
shoulder. 


Var. SERRATILINEA, Ziegler. Fig. 8. 

Transverse furm: shell wide, with zigzag strigations, sometimes 
almost entirely black. 

The synonyms are NV. /acustris, Olivi, N. Gardensis, Stenz, NV. 
Benacensis, Stenz, N. Mantuana, Porro, and N. atra, Parr. 


Var. cHRYsostToMA, Kutschig. Fig. 9. 

Golden mouthed form: larger, variously strigate, aperture golden 
yellow, posterior portion of columellar area blackish, 

N. modesta, Kiister and N. incrustans, Ziegl., are synonyms. 


N. FLuVIATILIs, Linn. Pl. 15, figs. 10-25. 

Shell transverse, rapidly enlarging, last whorl swollen, white, 
light green, pink, violet, grey or brown with transversely elongated 
or subtriangular spots of white, or darker zigzag strigations, some- 
times irregularly banded; aperture bluish white or yellowish, show- 
ing the external markings by transparency, columellar margin 
edentulous. Diam. 6-12 mill. 

Northern and Middle Europe: Great Britain, France, Holland, 
Germany, Russia, Norway and Sweden, Italy, Dalmatia. 

This common European species is widely distributed in fresh 
water, its normal habitat, and oceurs also in thermal and salt 
springs, in brackish and even in sea water. Its distinguishing 
character is its transverse form; the colors vary considerably, but 
the pattern is usually either transverse, nebulous light spots and 
streaks on a dark ground, or oblique dark zigzags on a light ground, 
the difference of appearance being due to the greater or less thick- 
ness and frequency of the dark markings. Fig. 15 represents a 
form from a salt stream; fig. 16 is a marine form from the Baltic 
coasts, known as N. Baltica, Beck, and which is N. littoralis, Linn. 
in part; fig. 17, the N. thermalis of Boubée (N. Prevostiana, 
Dupuy), occurs in thermal springs ; figs. 18, 19 represent specimens 
from Southern France, described as N. Parreyssii, Villa, N. Mit- 
treana, Recluz, N. Reynesiana, Paladilhe, N. Pyrenaica, Moquin- 
Tandon, and N. zebrina, Recluz; figs. 20, 21 are from Northern 
Italy, and have received the local names of NV. rhodocolpos, Jan, N. 


NERITINA. AT 


trifasciata, N. Ticinensis and N. intexta, Villa; figs. 22, 25 are from 
Central Italy, including N. pustulata, Parr., N. meridionalis, Mar- 
tens, NV. Orsinii, Peechioli; fig. 24, from Dalmatia, is VN. Dalmatica, 
Partsch, N. Diocletiana and N. guttata, Kuster, N. Petteri, Stentz, 
ete.; and fig. 25 is a South Russian form described as N. dendritica, 
Ziegler, N. purpurata, Parr., N. subthermalis, Bourg. etc. Among 
the general synonyms may be enumerated NV. lutetiana, Montf., N. 
Europea, Leach, N. trifasciata, Menke, N. Porroi, Stabile, N. varia- 
bilis, Hécart, N. Bourguignati, Recluz, ?.N. lacustris, Linn., N. fon- 
tinalis, Brard, N. halophila, Klett, N. Bottgeri, Westerl., and vars. 
dilatata, Moquin-Tandon, and elongata, Broeck. 


N. TRANSVERSALIS, Ziegler. Pl. 16, figs. 26, 27. 
Shell obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, shining, greyish lead 
color, usually with three narrow dark bands. Diam. 10 mill. 
Danube and tributaries, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Transylvania, 
ete. 


It is NV. trifasciata, Reeve, N. trizona, Zeglr., and N. radiata, Lang. 


N. Dorta, Issel. PI. 16, fig. 28. 

Thin, distinctly striate, shining, blackish, with zigzag lighter 
strigations, sometimes interrupted ; aperture bluish white or yellow- 
ish. Diam. 6 mill. 


Southern Persia, in warm springs. 


N. trrurata, Eichwald. Pl. 16, figs. 29, 30. 

Transverse, yellowish to olivaceous, with oblique, more or less 
zigzag dark strigations, rarely replaced by small flecks irregularly 
arranged in bands. Diam. 5:°5-7-5 mill. 

Caspian, Aral and Black Seas. 

It is N. Danubialis, Siemaschko, N. fluviatilis, Menetries, N. ser- 
ratilinea, Hohenacker, and NV. pupa, Pallas. 


N. HEvprRercuI, Schwerzenb. PI. 16, figs. 31, 32. 

Obliquely transverse, closely, slightly striate, light violaceous or 
greyish, reticulated with white and purple, with three ill-defined 
zones; aperture purplish, yellow-margined, columellar area flat- 
tened, minutely rugulose, bluish white. Diam. 7-11 mill. 

Asia Minor, Candia. 
N. varia, Ziegler. Pl. 16, figs. 33, 34. 

Globosely subturbinate, slightly striated, shining, yellowish olive, 

with narrow red strigations, or white, red-bordered maculations ; 


48 NERITINA. 


aperture diaphanous, showing the external mae columellar 
area bluish, finely punctate. Diam. 6 mill. 
Corfu, Cephalonia, perhaps also Dalmatia. 
It is N. rivalis, Zgly., N. picturata, Jan, N. lutescens, Muhlf., N. 
Baetica, Mousson, N. Salatana, Zelebor. 


N. MERIDIONALIs, Phil. Pl. 16, figs. 35-37. 

Turbinate, with rather high spire, last whorl obliquely transverse, 
very smoothly striulate, a little shining, yellowish, with zigzag red, 
purple or black strigations, more or less confluent, so that the sur- 
face sometimes appears of the darker color, with flecks of the 
lighter; columellar area a little hollowed, very slightly rugulose, 
whitish, colored above. Diam. 85 mill. 

Sicily. 

The synonyms are NV. Philippwi, Recluz, N. tessellata, Ziegler. 


Var. NIGROCHRULEA, Parr. Fig. 37. 
Smaller, slightly more globose, black, the markings obsolete. 
Diam. 7 mill. 
Sicily, Algiers. 
It is N. nigrita, Ziegl., N. Prevostiana, Benoit, and N. Maresi, 
Bourg. The latter from Algiers. 


N. ELONGATULA, Morelet. Pl. 16, figs. 88-40. 

Very obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, whitish or yellowish, 
with orange or purple zigzag or anastomosing lines, sometimes close 
enough to form a dark ground on which the lighter color appears 
as irregularly triangular specks; columellar area convex, white, 
lightly rugulose, callous and distinctly margined posteriorly. 

Diam. 6-12 mill. 

Portugal. 

N. Baetica, Sowb., N. violacea (fig. 39), N. inquinata, Morelet, 
and NV. lutesta, Reeve (fig. 40), are synonyms. The latter appears 
to be very similar to N. inquinata. 


N. HispaAvensis, von Martens. Pl. 16, fig. 41. 

Transversely globose, last whorl swollen, slightly rugose, orange- 
brown or light olivaceous, with close, subvertical, undulating or 
angulated black or dark brown strigations, sometimes interrupted ; 
columellar area convex, minutely punctulate, greyish yellow, cal- 
lous posteriorly, Diam. 7 mill. 

Southern Spain. 


NERITINA. 49 


N. GuaprAnensis, Morelet. Pl. 16, figs. 42-44. 

Conoidal varying to globosely conoidal, olivaceous or yellowish, 
reticulated by purplish or blackish lines, with sometimes rather 
broad purple bands; columellar area minutely punctate, rugulose, 
yellowish or bluish. Diam. 65-10 mill. 

Southern provinces of Spain and Portugal. 

The typical form, with usually reticulated coloring is that shown 
by fig. 42, and of this NV. Anatensis, Recluz is a synonym; N. Ve- 
lascoi, Graells (fig. 44), is one extreme of variation, being more 
globose, and dark banded, and N. Valentina, Graells (fig. 43), is the 
other extreme, narrowly conoidal, a little constricted, and also dark 
banded. 


N. Hrpauaor, Crosse. Pl. 17, figs. 54-56. 

Suboval, thin, not shining, white, interruptedly, obliquely, longi- 
tudinally streaked or reticulated with narrow black lines, sometimes 
with three black bands; whorls rapidly increasing, convex ; aper- 
ture yellowish, translucent, showing the external bands, columellar 
area yellowish grey. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. 

San Julian River, near Jativa, Eastern Spain. 


N. cauuosa, Desh. PI. 16, fig. 45. 

Smooth, subglobose, white, reticulated with black lines, often 
forming spiral bands, and faint or vanishing in the interspaces, 
sometimes covering the whole surface, without bands. 

Diam. 8 mill. 

Morea. 
N. Prevostiana, Partsch. PI. 16, fig. 46. 

Subglobose, striulate, shining, black, last whorl sometimes sub- 

angulated ; columellar area slightly rugulose, white. Diam. 8 mill. 
Austria, Hungary. 
N. Hungarica, Kiister, is a synonym. 


N. Baertica, Lam. Pl. 16, fig. 47. 

Shell closely striulate, a little shining, brownish black, with 
scarcely visible spiral black lines; columellar area flat, rugulose, 
somewhat narrow, distinctly circumscribed, ash-colored. 

Diam. 6 mill. 

Northern Spain, Southern France. 


N. Sarpoa, Menke. PI. 16, figs. 48, 49. 
Rugosely striulate, opaque, black, often unicolored, more rarely 
closely undulatingly longitudinally strigate or maculated with 


50 NERITINA. 


white; columellar area plane, rugulose, bluish white, blackish be- 
hind, distinctly arcuately circumscribed. Diam. 5-6°5 mill. 
Isl. of Sardinia. 
N. gymnocephala, Kiister is a synonym. 


N. PetoponnestA, Recluz. Pl. 16, fig. 50. 

Rugosely striulate, blackish violaceous, with transversely oblong 
white maculations; columellar area white, a little wrinkled, nar- 
row, flat, aperture brownish grey. Diam. 8 mill. 

Central Greece. 
It is N. Baetica, Desh., and N. melanoleuca, Kiister. 


N. Numipica, Recluz. Pl. 16, figs. 51, 52. 

Varying from semiglobose to transversely semiovate, rugosely 
striulate, purplish black, with white dots, or yellowish reticulated 
with black; columellar area plane, slightly rugulosely scabrous, 
bluish white. Diam. 6-9 mill. 

Algeria. 

The transverse form recalls N.. fluviatilis, Linn. The synonyms 
are N. Baetica, Morelet, N. algira, Kuster, N. fluviatilis, Poiret, N. 
Prevostiana, Terver. 


N. Syrraca, Bourg. PI. 17, fig. 53. 

Transversely semiovate, slightly rugosely striate, black, sometimes 
with minute white spots; columellar area plane or a little concave, 
slightly rugulose, bluish. Diam. 6 mill. 

Beirut, ete., in Syria. 
N. pALLIDA, Dunker. PI. 17, fig. 57. 

Lightly striulate, greyish yellow, nearly unicolored ; columellar 

area plane, very slightly rugulose, whitish. Diam. 4 mill. 
Persepolis, Persia. 
It is N. Schirazensis, Parr. 


N. Scuutziu, Grimm. PI. 17, figs. 58-60. 

Quadrately semiglobose, rugosely striate, light yellowish; body 
whorl depressed above and obtusely biangulated, aperture sub- 
quadrate, the peristome continuous, columellar margin plane, punc- 
tate-rugulose, yellowish white. Diam. 7 mill. 


Caspian Sea. 
This shell has much the appearance of a Pileopsis; fig. 60 is 
probably from an abnormal specimen. 


NERITINA. 51 


N. Panayana, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 61. 

Lightly striulate, light yellowish olivaceous, with dark purple or 
blackish zigzag strigations, often subreticularly confluent ; aperture 
and columellar area bluish, the latter slightly rugulose. 

Diam. 9 mill. 

Philippine Is. 
N. Bacont, Reeve. Pl. 17, fig. 62. 

Spire subexserted, obtuse, whorls convex, striate, shining, colum- 
ellar area subcallous; ash color, reticulated or flexuously lineated 
with black. Diam. 14 mill. 

Swan River, Australia. 
N. Nivotica, Reeve. Pl. 17, figs. 63, 64. 

Conically semiglobose, smooth, a little shining, ash colored, with 
numerous close subundulating purplish black strigations; colum- 
ellar area plane, yellowish white. Diam. 8 mill. 

Nile River. 

It is N. arctilineata, Recluz, and N. Africana, Parreyss and Reeve 
(fig. 63), not Recluz, also N. Dongolensis, Ehrenb. 


N. Evpsratica, Mousson. Pie fig. 65. 

Somewhat solid, striulate, yellowish ash color, with close, rather 
wide zigzag blackish or dark violaceous strigations ; last whorl ob- 
tusely subangulated above, columellar area bluish white, circum- 
scribed posteriorly by a semielliptical line. Diam. 6 mill. 

Samava, Lower Euphrates. 
N. JORDANI, Sowb. — Pl. 17, figs. 66, 67. 

Ovate-conoidal, more or less constricted, striulate, solid, whitish, 
with subconfluent, flexuous black strigations ; aperture bluish white, 
columellar margin slightly sinuated, obsoletely denticulated, area 
plane, yellowish behind. Diam. 7°5-14 mill. 

| River Jordan. 

Fig. 67 represents a less compressed shell which may connect this 
species with the preceding.? N. Aleppensis, Recluz, and var. turris, 
Mousson, are synonyms. 


N. Anatouica, Recluz, Pl. 17, figs. 68-71. 

Semiglobose, a little shining, lightly striulate, sometimes with fine 
spiral sculpture, convex, often obtusely angulated, suture deep, 
black, or more rarely violaceous with spiral black bands or longi- 
tudinal wide strigations ; columellar margin edentulous, area plane, 
bluish white. Diam. 5-10 mill. 

Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Rhodes, Scio, ete. 


52 NERITINA. 


The synonyms are N. Jordani, var. nitida, Recluz, N. nigrita, 
Ziegler, N. nitida, Parr., N. interposita, Mouss. I follow von Mar- 
tens in designating four varieties for convenience only ; their char- 
acters have no permanence. 


Var. BELLARDI, Mouss. Fig. 71. 
Larger, black, subangulated. 
N. Schirazensis, Bourg. is a synonym. 


Var. Hausknecut!, Martens. Fig. 68. 
Size moderate, obsoletely angulated, fulminately strigate. 


Var. OLIVIERI, Martens. Fig. 70. + 
Size moderate, rounded, light violaceous, spirally banded. 


Var. BELLADONNA, Mousson. Fig. 69. 
Small, rounded, subdilated, black. 
It is N. Trojana, Charp., and var. Boissiert, Martens. 


N. Macru, Recluz. Pl. 17, figs. 72-74. 

Globosely ovate, a little shining, lightly striulate, unicolored 
black, rarely fulminately strigate on a lighter color; columellar 
area convex, whitish, margin edentulous. 

Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine. 

Has not the spiral strize which rather indistinctly mark NV. Anato- 
lica. The synonyms are NV. Karasuna, Mouss., and N. Michoni, 
Bourg. 


N. Mesoporamica, Mousson. PI. 17, fig. 75. 

Lightly striulate, shining, black, usually unicolored, rarely ma- 
culated with white, whorls scarcely convex, the last somewhat flat- 
tened above, wider below; aperture bluish white, columellar area 
rather wide, plane, minutely rugulose, margin finely denticulate. 

Diam. 6°5-7 mill. 

Upper Mesopotamia. 

Described as a variety of N. meridionalis, and at first considered 
by Martens a variety of N. Anatolica. 


N. cINCTELLA, Martens. PI. 17, fig. 76. 

Lightly striulate, somewhat shining, greenish olivaceous or black- 
ish, last whorl tumid below the suture, then constricted, base wider ; 
aperture bluish white, columellar area convex, greyish, margin mi- 
nutely denticulate. Diam. 4°5 mill. 

Upper Mesopotamia. 


NERITINA. 53 


Lives in same region as the preceding form, but is said to be con- 
stantly distinguished by its constricted whorl. 


N. Perorreriana, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 77. 

Shell globose, striulate, black, unicolored, whorls scarcely three, 
the last tinged at the suture; aperture bluish white, columellar area 
plane, narrow, middle of the margin obtusely denticulate. 

Diam. 9-11 mill. 

India, Ceylon, Pegu?. 


N. tristis, Phil. is a synonym. 


N. coLUBER, Thorpe. PI. 17, fig. 78. 

Undescribed, and only a single figure published, showing the 
back. It is yellowish green, with black zigzag markings, and (if 
not enlarged) is 15 mill. diam. 

Ceylon. 


N. JAyana, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 79. 

Thin, concentrically striulate, epidermis yellowish, with reticulate, 
flexuously angulated lines, mixed with small white spots; suture 
narrowly channeled ; inner lip maculated with black, aperture yel- 
lowish. Diam. 6 mill. 


An undetermined species sent by Dr. Jay of N. York to Recluz, 
and therefore doubtfully ascribed to North America. I believe 
that no one has recognized it; it almost certainly is an old-world 


species. 


N. SHOWALTER, Lea. Pl. 17, figs. 81, 82. 

Smooth, diaphanous, yellowish corneous, whorls 3, rapidly in- 
creasing, suture inconspicuous, last whorl somewhat inflated, aper- 
ture bluish white, edentulate, peristome continuous, forming a pos- 
terior. raised margin which limits the rather wide columellar area, 
area smooth, slightly concave. Diam. 5°5 mill. 

Coosa River, Alabama. 


Several specimens were obtained, all without the operculum. It 
has been suggested that this is a young Anculosa, but it has not 
the characters of that group; on the contrary, it more nearly ap- 
proaches in general Neritina erepidularia. The coloring of the 
epidermis more nearly resembles Anculosa however, than the other 
fluviatile species of Neritina. 


54 NERITINA. 


\ Unfigured and undetermined Species of Theodorus. 
N. Sautcyt, Bourg. Athens. 
N. Maroccana, Palad. (Figure inaccessible to me). Morocco. 
N. purtpa, Jan. (Perhaps = Littorina obtusata, L.). Antilles. 
N. Euxtrna, Clessin. Dobrudscha. 


Section Neririura, Martens. 1879. 


N. succtinEA, Recluz. Pl. 17, fig. 83. 

Obliquely elliptical, striulate, thin, yellowish, or yellowish cor- 
neous; columellar area plane, very slightly rugulose, margin eden- 
tulous. Diam. 3°3-—4°5 mill. ; 

Guadeloupe, W. I. 
N. constmiuis, Martens. PI. 18, fig. 86. 

Obliquely elliptical, slightly, closely striulate, a little shining, 
diaphanous, corneous yellow, spire blackish ; columellar area slightly 
convex, and faintly rugulose, blackish, margin edentulous. 

Diam. 3°3 mill. 

Mauritius. 

The shell is scarcely distinguishable from that of NV. succinea, but 
the operculum of the former is reddish, that of consimilis trans- 
parent, but appearing black when the animal is enclosed. 


N. RUBIDA, Pease. PI. 17, fig. 84; Pl. 18, fig. 85. 

Transversely ovate, thin, translucent, lightly striulate, yellowish 
corneous, usually more or less incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ; 
columellar area nearly plane, ash-colored, margin edentulous. 

Diam. 5 mill. 

Central Polynesia. 

N. ossea, Garrett, is a synonym. 

N. Manoeut, Dohrn. PI. 18, fig. 87. 

Obliquely turbinate, lightly striulate, thin, corneous yellow, 
partly incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ; columellar area yellowish 
white, margin straight, edentulous. Diam. 4 mill. 


Prince’s Isl., W. Africa. 


Section SmMaraaptA, Issel. 1869. 
N. viripis, Linn. Pl. 18, fig. 88. 
Obliquely ovate, dorsally compressed, smooth, shining, bright 
green, varying to yellowish green, more or less interruptedly stri- 
gate or maculate with white, or sometimes with black ; columellar 


NERITINA. 55 


area greenish white, convex, wide, margin sinuate and minutely 
dentate. Diam. 7:5 mill. 
Florida, West Indies, Mediterranean Sea. 
It is N. pallidula (DaCosta), Risso, N. Feutlletii, Audouin. 


N. Ranerana, Recluz. Pl. 18, figs. 89-92. 

Somewhat less oblique than JN. viridis, usually with a subangu- 
lated shoulder on the body whorl, greenish, occasionally varying to 
yellow or rose color, with short white flames below the suture, and 
spiral bands formed of longitudinal white lines, occasionally coal- 
lescing, or absent, and sometimes intermingled with reddish spots in 
spiral series ; columellar area convex, wide, white, margin distinctly 
toothed. Diam. 8 mill. 

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius, Philippines, 
Australia. 

I think that the unfigured NV. puel/a, Gould, from the Loo Choo 
Is. and WN. viridissima (figs. 91, 92), of Tapparone Canefri, fall 
within the range of variation in form and color usually attributed 
to NV. Rangiana. The latter is a New Guinea species. 


N. SouversBiANA, Montrouzier. Pl. 18, figs. 93-97. 

Smooth, shining, corneous yellow, variously longitudinally stri- 
gate, fasciculated, or reticulated with black lines, sometimes inter- 
rupted to form spiral bands, and three or four spiral series of white 
maculations; columellar margin sinuate and minutely denticulated, 
area convex. Diam. 5-7 mill. 

New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pt. Jackson, Australia, 

It is NV. semen, Tapparone-Canefri (figs. 96, 97), N. pulcherrima, 
Angas (figs. 94, 95). 

It is possibly only a variety of NV. Rangiana. 

Var. HELLVILLENSIS, Crosse. 

Besides the brown or black strigations and white maculations, 

there are two or three orange bands. 


N. Pautucciana, Gassies. PI. 18, figs. 98, 99. 

Moderately thick, shining, white, yellowish or light pink, dis- 
tantly or closely reticulated with red or black, sometimes with spiral 
bands ; aperture yellowish, columellar margin edentulous, area sub- 
granular. Diam. 4°5 mill. 

New Caledonia. 


56 NERITINA. 


N. suavis, Gassies. Pl. 18, figs. 100, 1. 

Obliquely ovate, striulate, shining, translucent, yellowish or red- 
dish, with narrow red and black bands; aperture reddish, showing 
three bands, columellar margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 6 mill. 

Loyalty Is. (near N. Caledonia). 


N. GLABRATA, Sowb. PI. 18, figs. 2-5. 

Obliquely ovate, rather solid, smooth, shining, yellowish or cor- 
neous, with obliquely longitudinal black strigations often reticu- 
lated, or sometimes with spiral black or reddish bands; columellar 
area convex, white, margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 5-7 mill. . 

Gambia, Liberia, West Africa. 


N. Webbei, Recluz, is a synonym. 


Unfigured and undetermined Species. 


N. Maronta, Risso. Mediterranean. 
N. miliacea, Reel. is a synonym. 
N. onnata,C. B. Ad. (@=WN. viridis). Jamaica. 


The color is pale greenish or livid brown, ornamented with nu- 
merous rather small irregular spots of bright red; there are 
crowded spiral microscopic lines; the columellar lip is obsoletely 
toothed. Operculum divided into two concave regions by an acute 
ridge, which is curved in the direction of the growth. 

Section STANLEYA, Bourg. 1885. 
N. NERITOIDES, Smith. PI. 17, fig. 80. 
Imperforate, rather thin, smooth; whorls 4, convex, subolivaceous, 


with spiral brownish lines; columella callous, edentulous. 
Diam. 5, alt. 6°5 mill. 


Lake Tanganyika, Africa. 


Unfigured Species. 
N. Grravpi and N. Smrrurana, Bourg. Lake Tanganyika. 
Section Ciyprotum, Recluz. 1850. 
N. PULLIGERA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 10, 11, 6-9, 12, 18; Pl. 19, figs. 
14-19, 22, 24. 
Lightly striate, outer lip raised into a ridge above, epidermis 


dark brown, sometimes nearly black, or olivaceous, obsoletely or 
faintly minutely dotted with black; aperture yellowish with a deep 


NERITINA. 57 


orange band parallel with the outer lip, columellar area flattened, 
polished, very minutely punctate, greyish black varying to yellow- 
ish olivaceous, edge very minutely dentate. Diam. 40 mill. 
East Indies, Australia, Central Polynesia. 
N. rubella, Miller, N. larga, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 9) NV. conglo- 
bata, Martens (figs. 22, 24), and vars. suleata, T. Woods, and sub- 
canalis, Mouss. are synonyms. 


Var. Kworrt, Recluz. Figs. 16-18. 

Smaller than NV. pulligera, body whorl without the sutural ridge, 
but extending over the spire, which it completely covers, epidermis 
jet black, unicolored; aperture bluish with an orange band within 
the margin, columellar area violaceous, the edge minutely toothed. 

Diam. 28 mill. 

E. Africa, Mozambique to Madagascar; Ins. Labuan, near Borneo? 

It is N. Beckii, Sowb., (fig. 17), and . eryptospira, Martens 
(fig. 18), from the last named locality. 


Var. CANALIs, Sowb. Figs. 6, 7. 

EKpidermis black, or very dark brown punctate or minutely retic- 
ulated with black; aperture varying from bluish to yellowish, colu- 
mellar area yellow becoming reddish orange posteriorly, edge very 
minutely dentate, or smooth. Diam. 20-30 mill. 

Australia, New Caledonia, Viti Is. 

Typically distinguished by its strong sutural ridge and interven- 
ing channel, but from this character insensibly merges into the 
parent form; the coloring of the columellar region also, varies to 
that of NV. pudligera through intermediate shades. 

N. bicanalis, Phil. is a synonym. 


Var. OVALIS, Sowb. Fig. 8. 

More transverse, with terminal apex, spirally striated, aperture 
yellowish, deepening to orange color on the columellar area, edge 
very obscurely crenulated. Diam. 25 mill. 


Tahiti. 


War Purim, Recluz: Figs, 12, 15, 19. 

Striate, body whorl somewhat extended above, but not covering 
the spire, and appressed, not ridged, dark brown, faintly black- 
spotted, varying to black; aperture and columellar area yellowish 
to orange, columellar edge minutely dentate or smooth. 

Diam. 30-40 mill. 


Indo-Australian, Central Polynesian. 


58 NERITINA. 


N. Californica, Reeve (fig. 13), N. expansa, Gassies (fig. 14), N. 
Bruguierei, Recluz (fig. 15), of which N. Dunalii, Montr. Mss., 
N. cirrata and N. circinata Philippi, are synonyms, and N. Lenor- 
mandi, Gassies (fig. 19), may all be placed here. 


N, squamipricra, Recluz. PI. 19, figs. 27, 20, 21, 23, 25-27. 

Striate, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brownish, nebulous, or 
with reticulations or biangular markings of black lines, varying from 
minute to large, sometimes intensified into bands, sometimes absent 
or ouly apparent here and there, last whorl appressed and envelop- 
ing the spire; aperture bluish white to olivaceous, columellar area 
slightly punctate, flattened, yellowish white or pale olivaceous, 
margin minutely dentate. Diam. 25-35 mill. 

Philippines, Moluceas. 

I think it not unlikely that this form will prove to be only a 
color variety of N. pulligera, from which it is distinguished mainly 
by its lighter color and more prominent and diversified markings. 
Like that species it has its varieties depending upon the appression 
or erection of the sutural edge, color of interior, ete; and as in that 
species, so far as these differences have caused separate names to be 
given them, I have treated them as varieties-simply for convenience. 

This form is NV. pulligera, Quoy and Gairnard, NV. Delestennet, 
Recluz. 


Var. Becxn, Recluz. Figs. 20, 21, 25. 

Lip raised into a sutural ridge above, columellar area greyish 
black. It is N. ‘Knorri, Reeve (fig. 25), N. Brandti, Phil. of which 
N. cornuta, Reeve (Figs. 20, 21) and its Var. Pacifica, Mousson are 
synonumys. 


Var. 1R18, Mousson. Fig. 23. 

Spire subimmersed beneath the last whorl, yellowish olive, con- 
spicuously reticulated with brown or black; aperture bluish, yellow 
around the margin, columellar area purple-red, edge numerously 
dentate. Diam. 18-30 mill. 

Malaysian Archipelago. 

The synonyms are N. Knorri, Sowb., NV. testudinea, Hombr. et 
Jacq. NV. Delesserti, Recluz. 


Var. SANGUINEA, Sowb. Fig. 26. 
Flexuously striate, upper part of body whorl appressed to and 
enveloping the spire, olive yellow, reticulately mottled with black; 


NERITINA. 59 


aperture yellowish, with marginal border of blood red, the latter 
color extending over the columellar area, edge edentulous. 
New Ireland, on stones in mountain streams. 


N. Powistana, Recluz. Pl. 19, figs. 28, 29. 

Last whorl partially enveloping the spire, raised into a ridge 
towards the aperture, yellowish olivaceous, reticulated or spotted 
with black, sometimes faintly banded with violaceous upon which 
are nebulous light spots; aperture and area olive yellow, columellar 


margin edentulous. Diam. 20 mill. 
New Ireland, on stones. 


Var. imMERSA, Martens. Fig. 29. 
Pale violaceous with darker bands, with white, black-bordered 
triangular markings; aperture yellowish. 
Japan? 


N. ASPERULATA, Recluz. PI. 19, figs. 30, 31; Pl. 20, fig. 32. 
Whorls very rapidly increasing, somewhat flattened above a very 
obsolete shoulder-angle, spire minute, but visible, not raised, spirally 
and longitudinally somewhat roughly striate, the spiral lines im- 
pressed, olivaceous brown, transversely reticulated with black, 
epidermis thin, rough, not shining, aperture bluish white to light 
yellowish, columellar margin edentulous. Diam. 16-25 mill. 
East Indies, N. Caledonia, Philippines. 
I think that WV. arecifera, Moérch (fig. 32), will prove synonymous, 
or at most a variety with somewhat more prodnced spire. 


N. pennata, Born. PI. 20, fig. 33. 

Semiglobose, slightly striate, somewhat shining, olivaceous or 
brownish with subtriangular black spots often in oblique series; 
aperture and columellar area yellowish to orange color, margin 
concave, numerously minutely toothed. Diam. 16-25 mill. 

East Indian Archipelago. 

N. piperina, Chemn. is the young of the species. 


N. nreroGiypnica, Wattebled. Pl. 20, fig. 34. 

Conically globose, solid, shining, scarcely striulate longitudinally, 
brownish olivaceous, with zigzag dark brown or blackish markings; 
aperture and columellar area bluish white or slightly vellowish, 
columellar margin concave, minutely dentate. 

Diam. 22, alt. 34 mill. 


Annam. 


60 NERITINA. 


N. porcata, Gould. PI. 20, fig. 35. 

Equally, closely plicate, epidermis dark brown with inconspicuous 
black reticulations, varying to entirely black, last whorl appressed 
on the spire, which is partially covered; aperture yellowish with a 
deeper zone around the margin, columellar area flattened, minutely 
punctate, yellow, deepening into orange red posteriorly, margin 
minutely dentate. Diam. 18-27 mill. 

Viti and Samoan Is. 

It is NV. Solomonensis, Reeve, N. Graffei, and Var. frondosa, 
Mousson. 


N. sutcutosa, Martens. PI. 20, fig. 36. 

Closely spirally engraved, striulate, dark olivaceous brown, with- 
out markings; aperture bluish ash color, columellar margin sinuated, 
distinctly rather strongly dentate, area plane. Diam. 14 mill. 

Ins. Flores, E. of Java. 


Is V. spiralis, Martens, not Reeve. 


N. punotuuata, Lam. PI. 20, figs. 37-41. 

Nearly smooth, the striz of growth fine and inconspicuous, last 
whorl enveloping the spire, light brown, sometimes with a violet 
tinge, varying to black, covered throughout with close light colored 
suboval spots; aperture bluish white, varying to light yellowish, 
columellar area wide, flattened, minutely punctate, yellowish grey, 
edge minutely dentate. Diam. 20-30 mill. 

West Indies, Central America, New Grenada, Bay of Montija, 
Panama to Mazatlan. 

Probably inhabits the sea as well as fresh water; some of the 
specimens have the spire extensively eroded. The distributiou on 
both shores of the American continent is singular, but is well- 
established. The species need not be confounded with J. virginea, 
Linn., as has been done; in its spire-enveloping body whorl and 
other characters it is very distinct from that species, and completely 
indentified with the present group. 

The principal synonym is J. cassiculum, Sowb. (fig. 39), which 
von Martens by an erroneous reference to Sowerby’s illustrations 
has referred to N. reclivata, Say; other synonyms are JN. fuscilabris, 
Wiegmann; and NV. aperta, Budgin. I think that to these may pro- 
bably be added N. Bahiensis, Recluz (fig. 40), from Brazil, and 
N. turbida, Morelet (fig. 41), from Central America—both of them 
young shells. 


NERITINA. 61 


N. Arra, Sowb. PI. 20, figs. 42-44. 

Very slightly striulate, spire somewhat prominent, partially en- 
veloped by the last whorl, yellowish olive to brown or nearly black, 
reticulated with black, often forming obscure spiral bands; aperture 
bluish white, columellar area yellowish brown, flattened, the margin 
finely toothed. Diam. 15-20 mill. 

West Coast of Africa. 

As in most similarly marked species, the interspaces of the reticu- 
lations sometimes have the appearance of nebulous spots on a dark 
surface. The synonyms are N. equinoxialis, Morelet, N. Listeri, 
Reeve (figured), N. Africana, Recluz, N. rubricata, Morelet (figs. 43, 
44), and N. Calabarica, Mousson. 


N. FrAsERt, Reeve. Pl. 20, fig. 45. 

Olive black, longitudinally ridged-striate, spire but little exserted; 
aperture bluish white, columellar margin sinuous and minutely 
dentate in the middle, area flattened, yellowish. Diam. 14 mill. 

West Africa. 

This species is unknown to me. 


N. Sanpatrna, Recluz. Pl. 20, figs. 46-48. 

Growth striz crossed by very faint impressed lines, last whorl 
obtusely shouldered, slightly concave above the shoulder, more or 
less enveloping the rather high spire, brown to black, sometimes 
obscurely reticulated; aperture and columellar area bluish white or 
yellowish, columellar margin sinuous and dentate in the middle. 

Diam. 16-22 mill. 

Sandalwood Bay, Malaysian Archipelago, Viti Is. ete. 


N. cholerica, Gould (fig. 47), N. Vanicorensis, Hombr. (fig. 48), 
and N. Caffra, of Garrett are synonyms. There is but little differ- 
ence between this species and N. propinqua, Mousson in the appear- 
ance of the shell: the latter has not columellar teeth. 


N. apumBRATA, Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 49. 

Last whorl a little depressed around, but not enveloping the spire, 
smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brown, closely or coarsely 
‘reticulated with black, or appearing nebulous on a darker ground; 
aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, posteriorly orange 
brown, edge slightly sinuous and minutely dentate in the middle. 

Diam. 18-30 mill. 


Solomon’s Is. 


62 NERITINA. 


More elevated, brighter color, and not enveloping the spire like 


the preceding species. 


N. Marcutonata, Reeve. Pl. 20, fig. 50. 

Rather thin, orbicular, shining, body whorl concavely impressed 
next the spire, with conspicuous waved yellowish and black striga- 
tions, sometimes nebulous; aperture yellowish, somewhat expanded, 
columellar area rather narrow, the edge minutely toothed. 

Diam. 22 mill. 

Marquesas Is. 


Unfigured Species. 


N. rRuNCcATA, Sganzin. Madagascar. 
N. nara, Dufo. Seychelles. 
N. RossMAssLERIANA, Recluz. Hab unknown. 


Section NErtrona, Martens. 1869. 


N. LApiosa, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 53. 

Semiglobose, last whorl partially enveloping the spire, expanded 
at the aperture, rugosely striate, olive brown, with short black trans- 
verse markings; aperture large, peristome subcontinuous with the pos- 
terior margin of the columellar area, lip and area yellowish white to 
deep orange color, the margin edentulous. Diam. 35-50 mill. 

Celebes, Philippines. 


For operculum, see description of the section, p. 7. 


N. pLAnissiMA, Mousson. PI. 21, figs. 54, 55. 

Oval, depressed, striulate, olivaceous, somewhat rough; aperture 
bluish, columellar area orange tinted, the margin edentulous, peri- 
stome subcontinuous. Diam. 28 mill. 

Mts. in Navigator's Is. 

Unknown to me, but appears very closely related to the preceding 
species. 


N. Maccrniivrayi, Reeve. Pl. 21, figs. 56, 57. 

Depressed auriform, usually more or less eroded, smooth, brownish 
olivaceous; peristome subcontinuous, columellar area deep orange 
color, margin arcuate in the middle and edentulous, aperture bluish. 

Diam. 29 mill. 

Port Carteret, Solomon Is. 


NERITINA. 63 


N. GRANosSA, Sowb. PI. 21, figs. 51, 52. 

Much depressed, covered with warts throughout, arranged some- 
what in quincunx order, rayed on the sides; aperture bluish white, 
radiated and speckled with darker short lines and spots, columellar 
area whitish or more or less tinged and colored with yellow, varying 
to reddish orange. Diam. 30-45 mill. 

Sandwich Is. 

N. papillosa, Jay and N. gigas, Lesson are synonyms. 


Subgenus Cirruon, Montfort. 1810. 


When the spines are developed, as they usually are, there is no 
difficulty in determining these shells; but occasionally the same 
species is spineless, and even some of the species referred here 
appear to never develope spines, in which cases they are only 
separable from Clypeolum by the characters of the operculum. 


N. toneispina, Recl. Pl. 23, figs. 3-5. 

Kpidermis varying from rather dark brown to nearly black, the 
lighter colored specimens often with black lines and bands, surface 
plicately rugose, with a series of long, cylindrical spines on the 
shoulder; aperture bluish white, showing the exterior bands, colu- 
mellar area flattened, smooth, usually whitish or posteriorly tinged 
with yellow, terminated by a distinct rounded line, margin incurved 
in the middle and edentulous or minutely dentate. 

Diam. 15-30 mill. 


Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Rodriguez, Madagascar. 
It is V. corona, Linn. in part, NV. coronata, Leach. 


Var. MauritiAna, Morelet. Fig. 5. 
Spines not developed. NV. despinosa, Mouss. is a synonym. 


N. sprnosa, Budgin. PI. 28, figs. 6, 7. 

Rather smooth, with a few wrinkles, shining, light yellowish 
brown with irregular black spiral bands, and a corona of moderately 
long, subeylindrical black spines; aperture bluish white, showing 
the bands, columellar area flattened, distinctly circumscribed pos- 
teriorly, often tinged with yellowish, deepening into reddish-orange — 
behind, margin a little incurved but scarcely dentate in the middle. 

Diam. 15-20 mill. 

Taheiti. 


64 NERITINA. 


N. undata, Lesson, and var. inermis, Martens (fig. 7), are syno- 
nyms, the latter for specimens in which the spines are broken or 
not well developed; but I have never seen a specimen without some 
indication of their presence. 


N. SouLEYETANA, Recluz. Pl. 23, figs. 8, 9. 

Rather smooth, shining, black, with white or yellowish, more or 
less interrupted and undulated longitudinal strigations, shoulder 
subangulated, with distant rather short, somewhat stout spines, 
aperture yellowish or bluish white, columellar margin incurved and 
very faintly minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 15-20 mill. 

Marquisas Is., New Ireland, Moluccas, ete. 


Small specimens entirely devoid of spines are of frequent occur- 
ance. N. Recluziana, Guillou (fig. 10), N. hapa, Hombr. et Jacq., 
and N. rarispina, of the same authors, V. nigrispinis, Lesson, and 
var. Studeriana, Martens are synonyms. 


Var. KERAUDRENH, Le Guillou. 

The strigations replaced by numerous small rounded or subtri- 
angular yellowish or whitish spots. 

N. Armstrongiana, Hinds is a synonym. 


N. Mapecassrna, Morelet. Pl. 23, fig. 11. 

Slightly striate, somewhat plicately folded, yellowish or olivaceous, 
more or less variegated in spots or bands, or uniformly reddish 
brown, with a more or less defined shoulder, sometimes unarmed 
but usually cord-like with an occasional short spine; aperture 
bluish white or yellowish white, slightly sinuous on the middle of 
the columellar margin—which is minutely dentate throughout. 

Diam. 15-21 mill. 

Madagascar. 

It is V. corona Bengalensis, Chemn., but does not inhabit the 


neighborhood of Bengal. 


N, prApeMA, Recluz. PI. 23, figs, 12-15. 

Lightly striulate, smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous, occasion- 
ally pale violaceous, with white, black-bordered subtriangular 
spots, shouldered, with usually moderately long spines, sometimes 
scarcely developed; aperture whitish or bluish white, columellar 
edge minutely dentate. Diam. 12-16 mill. 

East Indies, Philippines. 

N. aranea and N. eryptospina, Mousson are synonyms. 


NERITINA. 65 


Var. SPINIFERA, (Recluz) Sowb. Fig. 14. 


Reticulated with reddish brown. It is very doubtful whether 
this is the spinifera of Recluz. 


Var. Donovana, Recluz. Figs. 12, 13. 
With subvertical flexuous reddish or blackish strigations. 
N. strigitlata, Canefri is a synonym. 


Var. CELEBENSIS, Mousson. 


With alternate orange and black spiral bands, the orange ground 
with triangular black-margined yellowish spots. 


N. BREVISPINA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 16-18; Pl. 24, figs. 19-28, 31-34. 
Rugosely plicate, and usually very irregularly subgranular, often 
unarmed, or with a shoulder somewhat shortly spinose, yellowish 
brown, with granules whitish, varying to darker brown or nearly 
black, sometimes obscurely maculated or indistinctly banded, some- 
times pinkish under the epidermis; aperture yellowish or bluish 
white, columellar edge usually edentulous in large specimens, mi- 
nutely faintly dentate in small ones. Diam. 1 in. 
East Indies to Central Pacifie. 
A very common, widely distributed form which rejoices in an 
extensive synonymy. It is N. corona, Linn. in part (figs. 16, 20.) 
N. spinosa, Wood, N. variabilis; Lesson, N. cardinalis, Guillou, NV. 
Montucute, Recluz, N. musiva, N. flecuosa, and N. corrugata, Hombr. 
et Jacq., NV. subgranosa, (figs. 17,18) and var. mutica, Sowb., N. squar- 
rosa, Recluz, (figs. 25, 26), N. ruida, Mousson, NN. squamosa (Recl.) 
Sowb., N. Pritchardi, Dohrn (fig. 23),—with which may be 
united N. aspera, Phil., N. deltoidea, Garrett and var. Vitiana, 
Mousson, N. rugata, Recluz (figs. 27, 28), and its var. monilifera, 
Marts., in which granules tend to unite into longitudinal plice. 


Var. ANGULOSA, Recluz. Figs. 21, 22. 


Irregularly longitudinally plicate, blackish olivaceous, usually 
with minute yellowish spots, which are sometimes black margined, 
sumetimes replaced by short black lines, spines scarcely developed 
on the’ shoulder. 

Typically, this form seems very distinct, but it passes into brevis- 
"pina by intermediates; one of these is N. obscurata, Recl. others are 
N. discors, Mart. (fig. 24), and N. ruginosa, Recl. (figs. 31, 382),— 
of which WN. aspersa, Reel. (fig. 33), N. humerosa, Mousson NV. sub- 
rugata, Baird. (fig. 534) are synonyms. 


66 NERITINA. 


N. ruytTrpopHora, Tapparone-Canefri. Pl. 24, figs. 29, 30. 


With elevated, obliquely longitudinal rugz, olivaceous green, or 
light greenish pink, with undulating brown or black lines, sometimes 
evanescent, and sometimes with a submedian black spiral band; 
aperture light yellowish or brownish grey, columellar area brownish, 
shining, very minutely rugulose, margin centrally incurved and 
finely toothed. Diam. 15 mill. 

Ins. Sorong, N. Guinea. 


N. THERMOPHILA, Martens. PI. 24, figs. 35, 36. 

Plicately striate, olivaceous brown, with occasional yellowish 
maculations, sometimes black-margined, occasionally  triseriate, 
slightly shining, peristome yellowish within, sub-thickened, columellar 
margin obtusely dentate in the middle, upper tooth much larger, 
area slightly rugose, orange-yellow. Diam. 6°5 mill. 

Isl, New Britain. 

Only known to me by the description and figure, but appears not 
unlike a spineless V. brevispina. 


N. HaMASTOMA, Martens. PI. 24, fig. 37. 

Striulate, olivaceous brown, with small yellowish, black-margined 
spots; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly ineurved in 
the middle, with a few indistinct teeth on the upper part of the 
sinus, area plane, scarlet. Diam. 26°5 mill. 

Philippines. 


Described from a single specimen. 


N. cHLOROsTOMA, Brod. PI. 24, figs. 38, 39; Pl. 25, fig 62; Pl. 26, 

figs. 83-85. 

Smooth, somewhat shining, greyish, varying to violaceous, light 
~ brown or black, with numerous, usually minute white dots and 
spots which, when the ground color is light, are black-margined, 
sometimes indistinctly darker banded; aperture whitish, yellow, 
olivaceous etc, columellar margin scarcely sinuous in the middle, 
edentulous, or obscurely dentate, area plane, smooth, often tinged 
with yellow posteriorly. Diam. 7-12 mill. 

Marquesas, Harvey, Cook's, Samoan and Viti Is. ete. 

The synonymy ineludes NV. pisiformis, Recluz, N. siderea, Gould, 
(fig. 83), N. parvula, Guillou, N. tristis, Reeve, (fig. 85), N. lentigi- 
nosa, Reeve, (tig. 62), N. dispar, Pease, (fig. 84), N. Harveyensis, 
Mousson, V. paludosa, Garrett, Ms. 


NERITINA. 67 


N. ReErTRopicta, Martens. PI. 24, figs. 40, 41. 


Closely striulate, subopaque, olivaceous, with subtriangular yel- 
low markings, bordered on the basal margin with black, aperture 
bluish or yellowish, columellar margin sinuated and obtusely dentate 
in the middle, area light greyish yellow, slightly rugulose. 

Diam. 14-17 mill. 

Southern Japan, Siam, Viti Is. 

I suspect that this will prove a variety of the preceding species. 
The synonyms are NV. obtusa, Reeve, (fig. 41), N. nubila, Martens, 
and NV. obscura, Dunker. 

N. casTaNneA, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 24, fig. 42. 

Minutely flexuously striulate, somewhat sharply so above, dark 
brown, with black zigzag longitudinal lines, so obscure that they 
are not usually visible except when the surface is wetted, epidermis 
of last whorl appressed to and partially or entirely covering the 
spire; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly sinuous, and 
scarcely dentate in the middle, area flattened, minutely punctate 
and rugose. Diam. 15-18 mill. 

Samoa and Caroline Islands. 
N. propinqua, Mousson is a synonym. 


N. retusa, Morelet. Pl. 24, figs. 43, 44. 

Subrugosely striate, soiled olivaceous, with scarcely visible brown- 
ish maculations, with short spines on the shoulder in the young state 
which are mostly lost in the adult; aperture yellowish white, the 
columellar area becoming orange color behind, edge sub-emarginate 
in the middle and minutely dentate. Diam. 12 mill. 

New Hebrides. 
N. SowEerByAna, Recluz. Pl. 24, fig. 45; Pl. 25, figs. 46-51. 

Solid, subopaque, closely, faintly striate, shining, yellowish brown, 
orange brown or rosy, frequently with minute white and red spots, 
sometimes more or less interruptedly banded or longitudinally 
strigate with black; aperture usually bluish white, columellar mar- 
gin dentate for most of its length. Diam. 10-15 mill. 

Gulf of Siam, China, Japan, Philippines. 

Great as is the typical difference between this species and NV. 
brevispina, Lam., I have specimens before me which seem to estab- 
lish a passage between that species and the granular, spineless form 
of the latter, N. pulchella, (figs 50, 51), Recluz, and N. Sowerbii, 
Reeve, (figs. 48, 49), are synonyms. 


68 NERITINA. 


N. AVELLANA, Recl. Pl. 25, figs. 52-50. 

Solid, irregularly striate, subopaque, somewhat shining, olive 
grey, yellowish or orange-red, with articulated black bands; aper- 
ture bluish white, columellar area minutely punctate, the margin 
sinuous in the middle, and obsoletely dentate. 

Borneo, Formosa, Philippines. 


I fear that this will prove synonymous with the preceding species. 
The synonyms are NV. dubia, Issel (var. Isseliana, Martens) and 
vars. petholata, and chlorosticta, Martens. 


N. FABA, Sowb. PI. 25, figs. 57-60. 

Solid, irregularly striulate, shining, yellowish or reddish, more 
or less interruptedly strigate or reticulated with chestnut or black, 
sometimes black-banded; aperture bluish white, columellar margin 
scarcely sinuous in the middle, obsoletely dentate. 

Diam. 15 mill. 

Western part of the Indian Archipelago, Singapore, ete. 


My only specimens of this species, types from its author, strongly 
indicate identity with MN. Sowerbyana. N. Baliensis, Mousson, and 
the color-varieties strigosa, sagittata and fasciata, Martens are 
synonyms. 


N. InTERRUPTA, Recluz. Pl. 25, fig. 56. 

Solid, striulate and occasionalty subplicate, yellowish, with fine 
olivaceous somewhat anastomosing longitudinal lines, often interrupt- 
ed partially, ‘to form lighter colored spiral bands, young shells 
frequently and old ones occasionally with several short spines above; 
aperture bluish or yellowish, the columellar margin dentate nearly 
throughout, with stronger teeth at the extremities of a central sinus, 
area subrugose and minutely punctate, usually tinged with bluish 
black behind; often the base of the shell has a jet-black fasciole. 

Diam. 9-16 mill. 

Philippines; New Caledonia. 


Von Martens considered the species of Recluz a synonym of N. 
avellana; on the contrary it appears to possess all the characters of 
the more recently named New Caledonian N. nucleolus, Morelet, 
(fig. 63). NV. plicata, and N. Pazii, Gassies, and var. spinifera, 
Martens are synonyms. The unfigured N. costulata and N. Artensis 
of Gassies, likewise New Caledonian, are probably to be added. 


NERITINA. 69 


N. RARISPINA, Mousson. PI. 25, figs. 65, 66. 


Striate, dark greenish, minutely punctulate with black, last whorl 
obtusely angulated, and obsoletely or shortly spinose; aperture 
bluish, columellar area rather narrow, plane, margin with a dentate 
median sinus. Diam. 6—9 mill. 

Java. 

According as the shell is with or without spines, Mousson has 
made varieties spinosa and destituta,—which, of course, have no 
varietal value. The species itself has not been identified. 


N. Trironensis, Guillou. Pl. 25, fig. 61. 


Greenish, with arcuate longitudinal yellowish lines, spire entirely 
eroded, flat; aperture oblique, with a rather narrow, flat area, its 
margin subarcuate, unidentate, lip rounded, depressed above. 

Triton Bay, New Guinea. 

The above is a copy of the original description—which was not 
illustrated. The figure is from Reeve, and I cannot believe that it 
pertains to the same species; it looks more like N. chlorostoma, Brod. 
N. Biconor, Recl. Pl. 25, figs. 68, 67, 69; Pl. 26, fig. 75. 

Shell plicate-striate, the body whorl enveloping the spire, some- 
what shining, closely finely strigate with alternate yellowish and 
olivaceous green, sometimes minutely punctate with the lighter color 
upon the darker, as though serrating the margins of the strigations; 
aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, margin 
slightly incurved and faintly dentate in the middle, the curve boun- 
ded by a stronger tooth above. Diam. 15-27 mill. 

East Indies to Philippines. 

It is WN. celata, Recluz, (fig. 69), N. subpunctata, Recluz, (fig. 67), 
N. rugata, Souleyet, N. rugosa, Bush, N. punetifera, Mousson, and 
varieties glandiformis, Molluccensis and tricolor of Martens—the 
latter with reddish brown rugz and a basal zone of the same, with 
elongate triangular diaphanous yellowish maculations. I have not 
seen this variety, nor has it been figured except a section showing 
coloring, but I can scarcely believe it to belong here—the pattern 
is more like N. avellana. Finally in N. Wallisii, Mousson (fig. 75) 
=N. rugata, Gallies, we have a sparsely spinose form which appears 
to connect very closely with the spinose form of the next species. 
WIOLIVACHA, Reeluz. Pl. 26, fies. 71, 72: Pl. 25, fig.:70. 


Smooth, slightly striate, dark olivaceous varying to brownish with 
obscure black undulating lines, often obsolete, occasionally with one 


70 NERITINA. 


or two short spines above, but mostly without them; aperture bluish 
white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, sometimes bounded by 
a callous orange-brown fasciole, edge incurved in the middle and 
dentate there, and slightly so above the curve. Diam. 15-24 mill. 

Moluccas, Philippines, Viti Is. 

N. inconspicua, Busch is a juvenile, and N. subocellata, Schepmann 
(fig. 70), a spinose specimen ; other synonyms are N. solium, Recluz, 
= WN. dolium, Rve., (fig. 72). Isuspect that this will, after all, prove 
a smooth form of N. bicolor, Recluz. Mousson has described a var. 
Vitiana. 

N. FLAVOVIRENS, Busch. PI. 26, figs. 76, 77. 

Lightly striulate, shining, greenish with yellow, black-margined 
maculations, sometimes a few spines at the suture; aperture bluish- 
white, columellar margin with a denticulate sinus, terminated by a 
larger tooth above and below, area convex, very slightly punctate 
rugulose, Diam. 15 mill. 

, Java, Borneo, ete. 

The synonyms are N. emergens, Mouss., N. Cochinsine, Recluz, 
NV. cyanostoma, Morelet (fig. 77). 

N. spINIPERDA, Morelet. Pl. 26, fig. 78. 

Uniform olive green, roughly longitudinally ridged, ridges some- 
times articulated, young shells with an obtuse shoulder bearing an 
occasional short spine; aperture bluish or livid white, columellar 
area callous, dilutely maculated with orange color or greyish green, 
margin arcuated and dentiulated, with a median larger tooth and 
another below. Diam. 18 mill. 

Ins. Nossi-be, near Madagascar. 

Perhaps a variety of NV. bicolor, Recluz. 


N. FULIGINOSA, Busch. PI. 26, fig. 79. 
Plicately striate, shining, olivaceous brown, with numerous pallid 
dots scarcely visible ; aperture whitish, black-bordered ; columellar 
area white, plane, faintly rugose, margin arcuate and dentate in the 

middle, with a larger tooth above and below. Diam. 13-15 mill. 
Batavia. 


NV. Bataviensis, Mousson, is a synonym. 


N. acuLEATA, Gmelin. PI. 26, figs, 80, 81. 
Shell with revolving ridges elevated into nodes and short spines, 
olivaceous brown; aperture bluish white with yellowish bands, col- 


NERITINA. 71 


umellar margin slightly .concave, multidentate, area flattened, mi- 
nutely punctate. Diam. 18-25 mill. 
Indian Archipelago. 
It is NV. squamespina, Mousson and JN. suleata, Nyst. 


N. crrgcumvouura, Recluz. Pl. 26, fig. 82. 

Smooth, fulvous, or pink, with minute white maculations, with 
two or three spiral black bands articulated with white; aperture 
bluish white, the columellar margin slightly arcuate and minutely 
dentate in the middle, with a stronger tooth at either extremity. 

Diam. 18 mill. 


Ins. Negros, Philippines ; on stones in a mountain stream. 


N. tuctuosa, Recluz. PI. 26, fig. 86. 

Shell small, smooth, greyish, with close undulating black striga- 
tions; columellar area plane, narrow, whitish defined on the middle 
and base by a semicircular line, margin slightly arcuate in the 
middle, the tooth above the sinus prominent. Diam. 3°5-7 mill. 

New Guinea, Norfolk Island. 


N. Precuensts, Blanford. Pl. 26, fig. 87. 

Striulate, shining, greenish or yellowish olivaceous, sometimes in- 
distinctly darker banded, covered with minute white dots, shaded in 
front with brown or black; aperture bluish white, columellar area 
bluish grey, slightly corrugated, margin slightly sinnous in the mid- 
dle, the sinus and above it minutely toothed, with a stronger tooth 
between. Diam. 14 mill. 

Trawadi River, Pegu, Burmah. 

It is N. fuliginosa, Theobald. 


N, RevIFERA, Benson. PI. 26, figs. 88, 89. 

Lightly striulate, yellowish olivaceous or greenish, with oblique 
angulated reddish or blackish lines, sometimes forming a coarse re- 
ticulation; aperture bluish white, columellar margin incurved and 
minutely dentate in the middle with a stronger tooth at the top, 
area somewhat convex, wide, whitish. Diam. 9-12 mill, 

Caleutta, Madras. 

The synonyms are N. Michaudi, Recluz, (fig. 89) N. reticularis, 
Sowb., WV. capillulata, Gould, of Sowb., N. Mérchiana, Frauen., N. 
humeralis, Theob. . Perhaps N. fulgetrum, Reeve (Pl. 12, fig. 50) 
which I have described on p. 38, and for which no habitat is given, 
should also be referred here. 


te 


74 NERITINA. 


N. Driver, Recluz. Pl. 26, figs. 90, 91. 


Rather thin, whorls obliquely rugulose, with yellow bands on.a 
blackish ground, sometimes obliquely longitudinally strigate with 
black or brownish and yellow; aperture bluish, tinged with yellow 
around the margin and on the columellar area, columellar margin 
subarcuated and dentate in the middle. Diam. 12 mill. 

Hanover Bay, N. Australia. 
N. FLexvuosa, Gassies. Pl. 26, fig. 92. 

Oblique, flexuous, striulate, scarcely shining, thin, yellowish oli- 
vaceous, somewhat anatomosely strigate with longitudinal black 
lines, sometimes obscurely yellowish banded; aperture yellowish, 
columellar area bluish white, flattened, subpunctate, margin sub-in- 
cised, with a superior, rather strong tooth. Diam. 5, alt. 7°5 mill. 

New Caledonia. 
N. unIDENTATA, Recluz. Pl. 26, fig. 93. 


Thin, olivaceous, with oblong, oblique yellowish maculations, last 
whorl a little angulated and ftattened above; aperture yellowish 
green near the margin, columellar lip narrow, whitish, its margin 
with a single superior tooth, and scarcely arcuated. 

Diam. 12 mill. 

Taheiti. 

Sometimes a short spine occurs at the superior angle of the lip. 
The species has not been recognized. 

N. Comorensis, Morelet. PI. 26, figs. 94, 95. 

Solid, irregularly striulate, not shining, greenish grey; brown- 
spotted; aperture grey or greyish brown, columellar area plane, 
yellowish, the margin with one to three obtuse denticles. 

Diam. 9 mill. 

Comoro Is. 


Unfigured species, probably belonging to Clithon. 


N. RARISPINA and N. Lesion, Recluz. Sicily. 
The locality is doubtless erroneous. 

N. gurrata, Recluz. New Guinea. 

N. PFEIFFERIANA, Recluz. New Ireland. 

N. BouRGAINVILLEI, Recluz. Samoa Is. 

N. Dacost#, Recluz. Philippines. 


N. Menxkeana, Recluz. Taheiti. 


NERITINA. iss 


N. Troscue.t, Recluz. Hab. unknown. 
N. cORONOIDEs, Lesson. — New Guinea. 
N. PENICILLATA, Gould. New Ireland. 


Subgenus NERIPTERON, Lesson, 1830. 


In the diagnosis of this group (p. 8), the columellar margin is 
stated to be edentulous, but this is in fact, only occasionally the case ; 
usually there are traces of teeth, and sometimes they are very dis- 
tinct, although small. 


N. AuRicuLATA, Lam. PI. 21, figs. 58-63. 


Rather convex, slightly striate, somewhat shining, brownish or oli- 
vaceous, obsoletely reticulated with black lines or with lighter spots ; 
aperture yellowish white, bluish black around the lip and on the 
columellar area, margin of columella a little arcuate in the middle, 
and minutely or obsoletely toothed. Diam. 15-25 mill. 

Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Viti Is. 

It is WV. subalata, Recluz, N. subawrieulata, Recluz (fig. 60), N. ros- 
trata (figs. 61, 62), and NV. Layardi (fig. 63,), Reeve, as well as var. 
inaurita, Moérch. 


N. rupicunpA,; Martens. PI. 21, figs. 64, 65. 

Convex, very slightly striulate, yellowish brown or chestnut, uni- 
colored, a little shining ; aperture ash color, peristome reddish, col- 
umellar margin minutely multidentate, area large, a little rugose, 
slightly convex. Diam. 12 mill. 

Kapera River, Borneo, on floating timber. 

Supposed to differ from the preceding species by its small size, 
want of reticulated markings, etc. I think it will prove identical. 


N. Taurrensis, Lesson. PI. 21, figs. 66, 67. 

Striate, and spirally slightly engraved with subdistant lines, light 
olivaceous brown, without markings; aperture greyish blue or yel- 
lowish grey, columellar margin slightly sinous and minutely dentate 
in the middle, columellar area slightly rugose and minutely punc- 
tate. Diam. 19-25 mill. 

Ins. Taheiti, Samoan Is., Sandwich Is. 

The synonyms are N. auriculata, Sowb., N. Lamarckii, Desh., 
N. marginata, Hombr. and Jacq., NV. vespertina, Nuttall (PI. 22, fig. 
71), and N. Sandwichensis, Reeve (Pl. 22, fig. 75). 


74 NERITINA. 


Von Martens separates N. vespertina on account of a slight differ- 
ence in convexity of whorls, and habitat, but in the large series 
before me from both Taheiti, and Sandwich Is., the supposed local 
peculiarities disappear. 


N. CurisrovaLensis, Reeve. PI. 21, figs. 68, 69. 

Convex, striulate, yellowish, with spiral bands of reddish chestnut 
markings; aperture yellowish, columellar area slightly arcuate and 
minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 19 mill. 

San Christoval, Solomon’s Is. 


N. BICANALICULATA, Recluz. Pl. 21, fig. 70. 

Rather depressed and somewhat widely winged; olive brown, 
rather closely reticulated and sometimes banded with reddish chest- 
nut; aperture bluish white clouded or changing to greyish yellow, 
columellar margin without teeth, area minutely punctate. 

Diam. 15-20 mill. 

Philippines, Viti Is. 

The ears are usually broader than in the specimen figured, but 
the depressed form and markings are pretty constant in the series 
before me. It is NV. biawriculata, Recl. 


N. Lecontet, Recluz. PI. 22, figs. 74, 75, 76. 

Very convex, with numerous elevated close spiral lines, olivaceous 
brown, spirally more or less lineated with black ; aperture lead color 
or yellowish grey; columellar margin incised, minutely and reg- 
ularly dentate in the middle, area rugose and minutely granular. 

Diam. 1 in. 

New Caledonia. 

N. Nove-Caledonica, Reeve, (fig. 76) is a synonym. 


N. actcuLatTa, Morch. PI. 22, figs. 77, 78. 

With small, distinct, obliquely lateral spire, closely radiately 
striated, dark olivaceous, unicolored; columellar margin arcuate 
and dentate in the middle. Diam. 17 mill. 

Nicobar Is.; Sumatra ? 

It is N. navicularis, Moreh (undescribed). 


N. MARMORATA, Brazier. Unfigured. New Guinea. 


“I 
' 


NERITINA. 
Section Anna, Recluz, 1842. 


N. carrosa, Gray. PI. 22, figs. 79-81. 

With distinct growth lines, and sometimes engraved spiral strie, 
body whorl convex, swollen, dilated into wings above and below, 
spire visible, flattened, epidermis black or very dark brown, with 
numerous close minute yellowish spots, sometimes scarcely visible ; 
aperture bluish, sometimes yellowish, columellar margin scarcely 
arcuate in the middle and slightly dentate, terminating with a larger 


superior tooth. Diam. 18-25 mill. 
Sandwich Is. 


In young specimens the wings are often not developed, and then 
the shell would scarcely be taken for a member of this group. Von 
Martens changes the name to NV. Sandwichensis, Desh. because he 
thinks that Gray’s figure should be referred to N. Mauritii, Lesson ; 
I do not agree with him: the figure appears to me to be decidedly 
that of the present species. Other synonyms are V. Nuttalli, Recluz. 
N. convexa, Nuttall, NV. solidissima, Sowb., N. lugubris, Phil., N. per- 
striata, Mousson, N. tristis, Phil., N. affinis, Recluz., (—=WN. lugubris, 
Sowb. fig. 83.) 


N. Mavriri, Lesson. Pl. 22, fig. 82. 

Rather more depressed than the preceding species, with the wings 
larger and more dilated, somewhat rugose, epidermis black, unicol- 
ored; aperiure bluish white, columellar margin minutely dentate in 
the middle. Diam. 18 mill. 

Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Mas Karene Is., E. coast of Madagascar. 

It is NV. auriculata, Sowb., N. alata, Robillard, N. Deshayesti, Pease, 
N. Sandwichensis, Desh, 


N. Lirouana, Gassies. Pl. 22, fig. 84. 
Spirally striulate, shining, light yellowish, unicolored, translucent ; 
aperture yellowish white, columellar margin with about five minute 


teeth in the middle. Diam. 18 mill. 
New Caledonia. 


I have not seen this species. 


N. pruaTaTa, Brod. PI. 22, figs. 85, 86. 
Shell broadly winged, rather regularly striulate, yellowish olive, 
sometimes with three indistinct spiral pink bands, covered through- 


76 NERITINA. 


ish grey, columellar margin slightly arcuate and dentate in the 
middle. Diam. 16 mill. 


out with zigzag black reticulations ; aperture bluish white or yellow- 


Taheiti, in streams. 

N. navicellina, Guillou, N. florida, Recluz are synonyms. Von 
Martens refers here NV. Oweniti, Wood’s Index Test. Suppl. t. 8, f. . 
16, but it appears to me to belong to the next species. 


N. tatisstma, Brod. PI. 22, fig. 87-89. 


Finely striulate, with produced but broadly rounded ears, oliva- 
eeous or brownish black, reticulated with black or triangularly 
marked with numerous light, black margined spots; aperture bluish 
or yellowish grey, columellar margin a little concave, scarcely in- 
curved but minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 20-37 mill. 

West coast of Central America. 

The synonyms are N. globosa, Brod., N. intermedia, Sowb. (fig. 89). 


Var. Pinseryi, Uryoa. Pl, 22 fe. 91 

A color variety characterized by a purplish or pink very fine re- 
ticulation upon a white ground, upon which are numerous subtri- 
angular white spots with dark margins. 


Var. FonTAINnEANA, d’Orb. PI. 23, figs. 92,93. 
Smoothish, olivaceous, reticulated with black, with one or two 
greenish or blackish zones. Less winged than the type. 
- Guayaquil, Equador. 
It is NV. Guaquilensis, Sowb. (fig. 94.) 


N. Owentana, Gray. Pl. 22, fig. 90. 

Slightly, closely striulate, yellowish or brownish olivaceous, with 
asmall or large reticulating pattern of black lines, often forming 
triangular light spots, last whorl usually enveloping the spire; 
aperture bluish white to greyish yellow, showing the external pat- 
tern, columellar margin nearly straight, edentulous, or obscurely, 
minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 18-25 mill. 

West coast of Africa; Ins. Fernando Po, Cape Palmas. 


N. cristata, Morelet. Unfigured. Gabon, W. Africa. 
N. ALATA, Brod. and Sowb. ~— Taheiti. 


=~] 


~I 


NERITINA—NAVICELLA, 
Subgenus Dostta, Gray, 1840. 


N. CREPIDULARIA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 95-99. 


Very convex, lightly striulate, sometimes unicolored, varying from 
light yellowish, or olivaceous to blackish, but usually reticulated, 
checkered or spotted with a light color on a dark ground or dark on 
a light ground, frequently the darker tint is violaceous, and some- 
times it is reddish; aperture bluish, bluish grey, yellowish grey etce., 
peristome continuous, columellar area slightly rugose, margin a 
little arcuate and dentate in the middle. Diam, 15-25 mill. 

Indian Ocean, India to Malay Archip., China, Philippines, New 
Caledonia. 

The form is pretty constant, but the coloring exhibits considerable 
variation, within rather narrow limits, however; not sufficient to 
excuse the immense synonymy. It is N. violacea, Gmel. in part, 
N. purpurea and N. gracilenta, Budgin, N. concentrica, N. plumata and 
N. mitrula, Menke, N. intermedia, Desh., N. cornucopiw, and N. de- 
pressa, Benson, N. melanostoma, Troschel, N. Indice and N. Tour- 
annensis, Souleyet, N. Siquijorensis, N. exaltata, and N. pileolus, 
Recluz, NV. Schleflii and N. compressa, Mousson, and N. Montrouzieri, 
Gassies. 


N. Lirvensts, Angas. Unfigured. To Vaitiss Tes 
N. uacusrris, Jan. Unfigured. Brazil. 


Unassigned species described as NERITIN-. 


N. pyomma, C. B. Adams. Jamaica. 
IN; PUSILLA-©.: B.. Ad. = Teinostoma. 
N. NEGLECTA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. 
N. minima, Recluz. Nukahiva. 
N. Hesse, Bottger. Mouth of River Congo, W. Africa. 


Genus NAVICELLA, Lam., 1809. 
Section Crmper, Montfort, 1810. 


The shells of the Navicellze are modified in form and convexity 
according to the nature of the surface to which they adhere; thus 
the form called N. lineata, is a N. tessellata, higher and laterally 
compressed from inhabiting the stems of sea-weed, whilst the typical 
N. tessellata is from surfaces giving the shell a chance to spread; so 


78 NAVICELLA. 


also the projection of the apex varies so that it may reasonably be 
considered as effected by environment; again, the central projection of 
the septum, usually conspicuous in NV. Freycineti, is sometimes want- 
ing in that species, whilst it occasionally occurs in others. Thus the 
sectional characters (made subgeneric by Messrs. Adams), insensibly 
coalesce. As to coloring, certain patterns have been regarded as 
characteristic of species, but there appear to be no breaks in the 
modifications by which most of the species may be connected. 

In the interest of scientists (and so, perhaps, of science) it becomes 
necessary to set up some arbitrary landmarks, be they varieties, 
species or sections, it matters not, for the recognition of certain 
stages of the variations else in unbroken progresssion, and to these 
stages the names given by naturalists at a time when species were 
entities have been applied. This task Dr. von Martens has per- 
formed as well as his opportunities, learning and experienced judg- 
ment permitted: if I have succeeded in making any improvement, 
it is due to having his work as a foundation. 


N. Borgonica, Bory. Pl. 27, figs. 2-12. 

Rather convex, apex small, somewhat attenuated, produced be- 
yond the posterior margin ; color varying from dark chestnut brown, 
unicolored to light olivaceous brown, or tinged with purple and 
marked with radiating reticulations, interior bluish or blackish, 
the posterior margin usually with a long black stain on either side. 

L. 25-40 mill. 

Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Madagascar, Seychelles Is. 


It is N. elliptica, Lam., (fig. 3) N. tabernaculata, Montf., N. por- 
cellana, Recluz, not Linn., NV. Cookii, Recluz (figs. 4, 5), WV. bimac- 
ulata, Reeve (fig. 6), var. triloba, Martens. apiata, Sowb. in part 
(fig. 7), WV. livida, Rve. (fig. 9), very similar to var triloba, var. com- 
pressa, Martens = WN. affinis, Reeve (fig. 8). I do not separate as 
such the two varieties given by Dr. von Martens, because such forms 
occur in all the species and are the result of station upon the growth of 
the individual. The black markings which Reeve has commemorated 
in his name bimaculata are very usually, but not always present, and 
unfortunately occur in other species. A more depressed form has 
been treated by von Martens as a distinct species, but seems to con- 
nect insensibly with Borbonica; it is called N. depressa, Lesson, 
(figs. 10, 11), and NV. zebra, Lesson, N. haustrum, Reeve (fig. 12) and 


NAVICELLA. 79 


its var. fissa, Mousson, NV. hupeana, Gassies and N. affinis, Mousson 
are referred to it as synonyms. It occurs from New Caledonia to 
Tahiti. 

Both N. borbonica and the form depressa have been referred to 
N. porcellana, Linn., but that species, devoid of epidermis, must re- 
main unrecognizable. 

Morelet has figured (Jour. de Conch., Oct. 1887) a color variety 
from the Comoros Is. It is large, and bimaculate with vermillion 
inside in young as well as adult individuals. 


N. MACROCEPHALA, Guillou. Pl. 27, figs. 15-16. 


Convex, laterally compressed, beak much produced, large, worn 
away below, epidermis dark chestnut color, with somewhat rugose 
erowth lines. L. 25-35 mill. 

New Caledonia to Viti Is. 

N. sanguisuga, Reeve (figs. 15, 14), V. scarabeus, Reeve (figs. 15), 
and its var. decapitata, Mousson, and N. magnifica, Reeve (fig. 16), 
with its var. truncata, Mousson, are synonyms. NV. parva, Mousson 
(Pl. 28, figs. 23, 24), from the Malay Archipelago appears to 
have no distinctive character, except its much smaller size: I think 
it is identical. 


N. scutpra, von Martens. PI. 27, fig. 17, 18. 

Elliptical, lateral margins compressed, beaks large, dark chestnut 
color, without markings, distinctly longitudinally, granularly lirate. 

L. 18 mill. 

Sumatra. 
N. Luzonica, Souleyet. Pl. 27, fig. 19. 

Chestnut brown, rather smooth and somewhat shining, very mi- 
nutely radiately reticulated, the markings barely visible except on 
the beak; convex, beak narrow, recurved, projecting beyond the 
margin. L. 20-40 mill. 

Celebes,. Philippines, Marquesas Is., ete. 

The insufficient distinction of this species rests on the fineness of 
its reticulating dark lines. NV. crepiduloides, Reeve (Pl. 28, fig. 20), 
= var. compressa, Martens (PI. 28, fig. 21) and var. adspersa, Mar- 
tens (Pl. 28, fig. 22) are synonyms. 


N. BourGAINVILLE!, Recluz. Pl. 28, figs. 25, 26. 


Broadly elliptical, chestnut color or yellowish olivaceous, with a 
large pattern of radiating, transverse, black reticulations. 
L. 20-30 mill. 
New Caledonia to Viti Is. 


80, NAVICELLA. 


The synonyms include N. macrocephala of Sowb. and Reeve (figs. 
27, 28), N. Freycineti, Gould, N. Caledonica, Morelet, N. affinis, 
Gassies, NV. ornata, Adams and Angas, N. undulata, Mousson, JN. 
squama, Mousson, and N. nana, Monty. (juvenile). 


N. Cuminerana, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 29. 


Olivaceous yellow with irregular concentric greenish brown or 
blackish bands and reticulations. L. 15-30 mill. 
Philippines. 
The undulating, transverse alternate series of light and dark col- 
ored stripes give character to this species; it is scarcely as convex 
as N. Bourgainvillei. 


N. JANELLA, Recluz. Pl. 28, figs. 30-33. 


Broadly ovate, laterally somewhat produced, convex, with high, 
narrow, recurved beak, olivaceous yellow, with numerous, close ra- 
diating strigations of greenish black, sometimes coalescing, smooth, 
shining. L. 30-45 mill. 

Philippines, Marianne Is., Moluccas. 

N. lentiginosa, Reeve (fig. 33) is a synonym. 


N. Laprerovsel, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 34. 

Convex, elliptical, with compressed sides, chestnut color, with 
here and there a black longitudinal strigation, sometimes forking, 
postero-lateral margins of the lip black stained. LL. 18-25 mill. 

Marianne, Guam, Ponape Is. 

Will probably prove a variety of WV. macrocephala, Guillou. 

It is WN. elliptica, Quoy. 


N. tures, Martens. Pl. 28, figs. 35, 36. 
Broadly oval, convex, epidermis thin, yellowish, without mark- 
ings, apex reddish, interior light greyish. L. 17:5 mill. 
Vita Is. 
Subsection Parra, Gray, 1867. 


N. Freycrnett, Recluz. Pl. 28, figs. 837-41. 

Oval, convex, yellowish brown, varying to chestnut color, diver- 
gently radiated and coarsely reticulated with black; septum trun- 
eately produced in the middle. L. 17-35 mill. 

New Hebrides to Viti Is. 

The synonyms are NV. pala, Mousson and its var. Vitiensis, Mouss., 
var. compressa, Martens, which includes N. suffreni, Recl., N. psit- 
tacea, Reeve (figs. 40, 41), and . pala, var. profunda, Mouss. 


NAVICELLA. 81 


N. Juneuuant, Herklots. Pl. 28, figs. 42, 43. 


Sub-rotund, smooth, shining, convex, dark olivaceous brown, the 
apex often purplish, with undulating transverse black lines, rest of 
surface without markings; septum a little produced in the middle. 

L. 30-35 mill. 

Java. 


Section ELara, H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


N. SUBORBICULARIS, Sowb. PI. 29, fig. 44. 

Rounded oval, rather elevated, apex elevated and recurved, inter- 
marginal, a little oblique, epidermis yellowish green, varying to oli- 
vaceous brown, the lighter colored specimens sometimes purple 
tinted above, with triangular radiating markings or irregular ra- 
diating blackish strigations. L. 20-50 mill. 

Andaman, Is., to Java, and Philippines. 

The synonyms are ? N. porcellana, Linn., N. picta, Schum, N. el- 
liptica, Blainv. (in part), NV. orbicularis, Reeve (figs. 45, 46), 1. 
squamata, Dohrn, N. Javanica, Mouss., N. Forstenii, Herklots, N. 
Urvillei, Recluz, and its vars. Gaimardi and Quoyi, Recluz, and 
N. pulcherrima, Tapparone-Canefri. I am also compelled to unite 
with this species NV. variabilis, Recluz, (figs. 47, 48); typically it is 
somewhat higher and more elliptical in outline, but shades away in 
both respects: N. Schmeltziana, Mousson, is a synonym of it. 

Philippines, Viti Is. 
N. aprata, Guillou. Pl. 29, fig. 49. 

Obovate, apex high, blunt, olivaceous yellow, variegated with 
black, so as often to form large tear-like radiating blotches of the 
lighter color. LL. 25-82 mill. 

Marquesas to Viti Is. 
IN. TESSELLATA, Lam. Pl. 29, fig. 57. 

Subelliptical or oblong, rather depressed, spire narrow, recurved, 
not terminal, thin, not much shining, olivaceous yellow, tessellated 
with purple brown or black, with obscure rays, varying to olivaceous 
or purplish brown, with a few short radiating lines and minute spots 
of white. L. 18-30 mill. 

Ceylon, Java to Philippines. 

The synonymy includes N. elypeolum, Recluz (figs. 50-52), 1. 
Reeluzii, and N. variabilis, Reeve (fig. 53, 54), N. ambigua, Recluz, 
N. atra, Reeve, N. radiata, Reeve, var. subrostrata, Martens, and its 


6 


82 NAVICELLA. 


synonyms NV. pulchella (fig. 56) and N. insignis, Reeve (fig. 55), var. 
oblonga, Martens, and its synonym N. maculifera, Mousson, var. 
compressa, Mart., and its synonym N. Entrecasteauai, Recl., (fig. 59) 
N. reticulata, Reeve (fig. 62), including, NV. eximia, Reeve (fig. 61) — 
and its var. compressa, Martens (fig. 67), of which N. Livesayi, Dohrn 
is a synonym, and JN. cerulescens, Recl. (figs. 63, 65), with its syn- 
onyms V. plumbea, Sowb., N. compressa, Benson, and N. orientalis, 
Reeve (fig. 66). 

Section SrENopoMA, Gray, 1867. 

N. pingEATA, Lam. PI. 29, fig. 58. 

Shell compressed elliptical, light yellowish, with a radiating pat- 
tern of chestnut or purplish longitudinal reticulations, forming tes- 
sellations and triangular markings of the lighter color, very thin, 
translucent, interior showing all the exterior markings, ight bluish 
or yellowish. L. 25 mill. 

Philippines, Viti Is. 

Von Martens unites this species with NV. tessellata, Lam., and I 
have no doubt that he is correct, but the latter might with equal 
propriety be united with VV. suborbicularis, ete.: im fact, the charac- 
ters in this group anastomose in every direction. 

N. navicula, Fér., and N. picturata, Garrett (fig. 60) are syn- 
onyms: in the latter the ground color varies from yellow to pale 
purple, and the tessellations are often replaced by distinct radiating 
bands. 


Unfigured species of Navicella. 


N. APONOGETONIs, Vahl. East Indies. 
N. EXceLsaA and N. MoreELETIANA, Gassies. New Caledonia. 


These two have the interiors only, figured, and those have no 
characters. 


Famity NERITOPSID. 
Genus NERITOPSIS, Grat, 1832. 


N. RapDuLA, Linn. PI. 29, fig. 68: 
Shell opaque, thick, white, with thick, close, beaded, spiral ribs, 
the narrow interstices pitted ; outer lip fluted by the ribs. 
Alt. *75-1°5 inch. 
Singapore, Java, Mauritius. 


ADEORBIS. 83 
Famiry ADEORBUDE. 
Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood, 1842. 
A. piana, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 69, 70. 


Much depressed, last whorl obliquely flattened, broad, spirally 
striated, umbilicus very large, its wall spirally flattened, aperture 
wide, oblique, white. Diam. 12 mill. 

Philippines, Japan. 
A. ELEGANS, A. Adams. PI, 30, fig. 71. 


White or yellowish white, depressed, closely striate and with im- 
pressed spiral lines, last whorl obliquely flattened in front, umbilicus 
large, its wall rounded, aperture wide, obliquely subtriangular. 

Diam. 10-12 mill. 

Ins. St. Thomas, W. I. 


A. DEPREssus, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 72. 

Much depressed, broad, smooth, last whorl not obliquely flattened 
above, umbilicus moderate white. Diam. 4 mill. 

Mino-Sima, Japan. 
A. STRIATELLA, Montr. PI. 30, figs. 78, 74. 

Spirally striate with impressed lines and suboblique curved lines 
of punctations, white, subtranslucent, shining, umbilicus narrow, 
spire somewhat elevated, aperture transversely oval. 

Diam. 5°5 mill. 

New Caledonia. 
A. ORBELLA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 75. 


White, moderately depressed, with somewhat elevated spire, whorls 
sloping above, umbilicus very large, defined, aperture obliquely 
rounded. Diam. 4 mill. 

Mino Sima, Japan. 


A. oravusus, A. Ad. Pl. 30, fig. 76: 


Finely concentrically striated, translucent, spire convexly de- 
pressed, whorls somewhat flattened above, umbilicus partly covered 
by callus. Diam. 3 mill. 

Mino-Sima, Japan. 


A. Japonicus, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 77. 


Depressed, smooth, semipellucid, concentrically obliquely striated, 
whorls slowly increasing, rounded, with impressed suture, umbilicus 


wide, bordered by a strong rib. Diam. 2°5 mill. 
Gotto Is., Japan. 


84 ADEORBIS. 


A. ApAmst, Fischer. PI. 30, fig. 78. 

Convexly depressed, with sharp spire, sinuously concentrically 
striate, umbilicus rather wide, aperture wide, obliquely oval. 

Diam. 4 mill. 

Guadeloupe, W. I., Cedar Key, Fla. 

A. Sreurenzianus, Tryon. PI. 30, fig. 79. 

White, widely umbilicated, whorls very oblique, spire elevated, 
suture impressed, microscopically striate, with intermediate spiral 
lines, last whorl very oblique, umbilicus surrounded by an obtuse 


angle of the base. Diam. 4 mill. 
; Italy, Sicily ; 11-108 fms. 


Seeuenza describes this species as A. depressus, preoccupied by A. 
Adams. 
A. FRAGILIS, G. O. Sars. PI. 30, fig. 80. 

Thin, fragile, whitish, or slightly brownish, spire elevated, reg- 
ularly spirally striate, whorls convex, with deep suture, last whorl 
obliquely flattened above, aperture obliquely ovate, patulous, umbil- 


icus large, defined by an obtuse angle. Diam. 2 mill. 
Loffoden Isl.; W. coast of Norway ; 60-190 fms. 


A. PROMINULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 81, 82. 

Umbilicus moderate, slightly bordered; thinly concentrically stri- 
ate, translucent, polished, whorls scarcely prominent, rapidly increas- 
ing, aperture obliquely rounded. Diam. 2 mill. 

Mino-Sima, Japan. 
A. MANULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 83. 


Moderately umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, the spire a little 
exserted, whorls rounded, slowly increasing, umbilicus bordered, 
aperture rounded, Diam. 2°5 mill. 

Mino-Sima, Japan. 
A. TRocHULA, A. Ad. PI. 80, fig. 84. 

Umbilicus small, defined by a rib, spire rather elevated, trochiform, 
the whorls sloping above, periphery bluntly angulated, aperture 
rather round. Diam. 3°5 mill. 

Gotto Is., Japan. 
A. PATRUELIS, A. Adams. PI. 30, figs. 85, 86. 

Semipellucid, white, spire slightly elevated, last whorl sloping 

above, obtusely triangular, rather flattened below, umbilicus some- 


what narrow, columellar lip erect. Diam. 3 mill. 
Mino-Sima, Japan. 


ADEORBIS. 85 


A. suBancuLatus, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 87, 88. 


_Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, rather solid, last whorl 
gibbous and obscurely angular near the suture, outer lip sinuously 
produced above. Diam. 5 mill. 

Gotto Is., Japan. 
A. Stnensis, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 89, 90. 


Depressed, solid, opaque, spire slightly elevated, decussated by 
minute concentric and spiral strize, whorls rounded, umbilicus rather 


large, aperture nearly round. Diam. 3 mill. 
China Sea. 


Av nipipus, A. Ad: PI. 30, figs. 91, 92. 


Whorls rounded, with impressed suture, spire slightly elevated, 
umbilicus large, defined by an angle, aperture nearly round. 

Diam. 3°5 mill. 

Philippines. 

A. cartnatus, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 93, 94. 

Whorls rounded, the last gibbous towards the suture, flattened on 
the base, which is surrounded by a keel, becoming stronger towards 
the aperture, umbilicus rather large, defined by an angle, aperture 


obliquely subquadrate. Diam. 4 mill. 
Seto-Uchi, Japan. 


A. PLANORBULUS, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 95, 96. 

Shell much depressed, planorbiform, spire not raised, whorls round- 
ed, the last rapidly increasing towards the aperture, umbilicus very 
large, not defined, aperture round. Diam. 45 mill. 

Philippines. 
A. SUBCARINATUS, Montagu. PI. 30, fig. 97. 

Depressed turbinate, white, subcostulate-striate, encircled by two 
or three equidistant spiral threads above, sometimes obsolete, occa- 
sionally developed into ridges, base convexly flattened, bicarinated, 
umbilicus moderate. Diam. 3 mill. 

Europe. 

It is A. carinatus, Wood, and Delphinula pusilla, Phil. 


A. Angas, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 98, 99. 

Much depressed, discoidal, thin, white, convexly flattened above, 
whorls few, rapidly increasing, periphery sharply carinated and 
erenulated by radiating strong growth strix, which also crenulate 


86 ADEORBIS. 


the suture, concavely flattened below, with the folds of the growth 
strie very prominent, umbilicus wide, aperture large, basal. 
Diam. 4:5 mill. 
Australia ; Singapore (Archer). 


A. VincEenTIANUs, Angas. PI. 30, fig. 100. 

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, semipellucid, white; whorls 35, 
rapidly increasing, the last very large, convex, finely undulately 
concentrically striated, obtusely keeled below the periphery, and 
with a basal keel surrounding the umbilical region, which is slightly 
crenated by rude growth-lines; aperture semilunar, the inner lip 
nearly straight, sinuously angulated above. Diam. 6 mill. 

Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf, Australia. 


A. SCABER, Phil. Pl. 30, figs. 99 a, 6. 

White, scabrous, with elevated, subserrated spiral lines above, 
and sublamellar incremental lines below, whorls rapidly increasing, 
the last with acutely angulated periphery. Diam. 3 mill. 

, Panama. 


A. TENUILIRATUS, Smith. Pl. 30, figs. 1-3. 

Moderately umbilicated, yellowish, marked with spiral interrupted 
lines and oblique radiating streaks of dark olivaceous, base yellowish 
white, unicolored; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, with deep 
suture, obliquely striate, and with thin spiral lire; aperture sub- 
circular, receding at the base, whitish, showing the external mark- 
ings. Diam. 3 mill. 

San Christoval, Solomon Is. 

I think this will prove to be a Trochus; there are slight evidences 
of pearly nacre on the specimens before me. 


Unfigured and doubtful species. 


A. cosratus, Garrett. = Fossarus Garretti, Pease, Manual, ix, 272. 
A. vARIus, Hutton. —Fossarina, Manual, ix, 276. 
A. ABJEcTA, C. B..Ad. — Fossarus, Manual, ix, 274. 
A. srrratus, Chemn. =Circulus striatus, Phil. 
A. iMpErspicuvs, Monts. Steily, 
A. Orpienyt, Fischer. | Cuba. 
A. FIMBRIATUS, Martens. New Guinea. 


A. pictus, Tenison-W oods. Tasmania. 


ARCHYT@A. 87 


Genus ARCHY TA, Costa, 1869. 


I have added to this genus a number of species described as Ad- 
eorbis, but which are related to the following type species by the 
characters of the shell. 


A. DELICATUM, Phil. PI. 30, fig. 6. 

Moderately umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, white; whorls 33, 
convex, the last large, suture well impressed, base a little flattened ; 
surface smooth, microscopically decussated ; aperture oval, peristome 
simple, nearly continuous. Diam. 1°1 mill. 

Norway ; fossil in Sicily. 
Var. EXPANSA, Sars. PI. 30, fig. 7. 
Shell and aperture more oblique, dilated below. Diam. 1:4 mill. 
Norway. 
A. suTURALE, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 4, 5. 

Rather narrowly umbilicated, very finely concentrically striated, 
thin, semipellucid, white, spire a little elevated; whorls somewhat 
convex, rapidly increasing, suture deep ; aperture rounded. 


Diam. 1°5 mill. 
Tsu-Sima, Japan. 


A. cornnicutum, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 8, 9. 
Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, white, translucent, very 
minutely striated ; whorls somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the 


last rounded, large; aperture round. Diam. 2 mill. 
Mino-Sima, Japan. 


A. piaPpHANUM, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 10, 11. 
Narrowly umbilicated, globose, transparent ; whor!s rounded, the 


last inflated ; aperture round. Diam. 1°5 mill. 
Gotto Is., Japan. 


A. Exqguisirum, Jeffreys. Pl. 30, figs. 12, 13. 

Rather widely, deeply umbilicated, white, rather thin, transparent 
and glossy, microscopically decussated, the crossings slightly nodose ; 
whorls 3, convex, with deep suture; aperture obtusely subtriangular. 

Diam. 1°75, alt. 2°5 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea. 
Subgenus Pseuporstis, Monts., 1884. 


A. GRANULUM, Brugnone. PI. 30, fig. 14. 
White, subglobose, spire a little exserted, whorls 3, spirally ribbed, 
ribs elevated, scarcely umbilicated, peristome subcontinuous. 


Diam. 1.5 mill. 


Mediterranean Sea. 


8s CYCLOSTREMA. 


Famiry CYCLOSTREMATIDE. 
Genus CYCLOSTREMA, Marryait, 1818. 
Section CrcLosTREMA, (sensu stricto). 


C. anaciypra, A. Ad. PIL 31, figs. 15, 16. ; 

Turbinate, with broad, flattened umbilicus, last whorl with three 
spiral, beaded ribs, convex, white, solid, lip externally crenulated. 

Diam. 4 mill. 

Seto- Uchi, Japan. 
C. micans, A. Ad. PL 31, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20. 

More depressed than the preceding species, thick, white, last 
whorl with three spiral nodulous ribs, the middle one more promi- 
nent, peristome continuous, thick, externally crenulated, umbilicus 
rather small. 

Japan, Singapore, Australia. 

C. pulchella, Dunker, (figs. 19, 20) is a synonym. 


C. Catament, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22. 

Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, minutely costulate, 
with an obscure spiral line above, periphery angulated, base with 
three carine crossing the radiating striz, producing a subnodulous 
surface. Diam. 25 mill. 

Prince's Isl. W. Africa. 


C. Marcuer, Jousseaume. Pl. 31, figs. 23, 24, 25. 

Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, with spiral mblets, 
that in the middle of the upper surface tuberculated, riblets closer 
on the base. Diam. 25—£5 mill. 

Poulo-Penang, Singapore, Viti Is. 

The larger diameter and last locality are for Vitrinella seulpthlis, 
Garreit (fig. 25), an undoubted synonym, the types agreeing com- 
pletely with Singapore specimens collected by Archer. 


C. Reeveana, Hinds. Pl. 31, fig. 26. 

Moderately umbilicated, white, radiately lirate, crossed above 
by several spiral ridges, of which the centre one is more prominent, 
forming an angle, ridges close below, spinously tuberculated by the 
radiating lire, umbilical wall radiately closely striate. 


Diam. 16 mill. Singapore. 


CYCLOSTREMA. 89 


C. CANCELLATA, Marryatt. PI. 31, figs. 27, 28. 


White, sublenticular, flattened convex above, more convex below, 
with oblique radiating riblets, interrupted by an obtuse peripheral 
rib, the interstices of the riblets finely spirally striated, umbilicus 
moderate. Diam. 6 mill. 

West Indies; Philippines ? 
C. EBURNEA, Nevill. PI. 31, figs. 29, 30. 

Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, shining, longitudinally ob- 
liquely plicate, the interstices spirally striated, suture narrowly mar- 
gined, periphery with a corded carina, bordered by an impressed 
line above and below, base sculptured like the upper surface. 

Diam. 475 mill. 

Pooree, Bay of Bengal. 

The Philippine specimens referred to C. cancellata, Marryatt by 
Sowerby, may prove to belong to this species. 

C. ALVEOLATA, Jousseaume. PI. 31, figs. 31, 32. 

Depressed, widely umbilicated, rather thick, transparent, vitreous 
white, with an occasional spiral ridge, between which are radiating 
riblets, both above and below, the interstices spirally striate. 

Diam. 1°5 mill. 

Hab. unknown. 
C. Scoramni, Fischer. PI. 31, fig. 53. 

Subdepressed, spire rather flattened, whorls excavated below the 
suture, with strong, oblique, sharp radiating ribs. 

Diam. 3°5 mill. Isl. Guadeloupe, West Indies. 
C. ArcHERI, Tryon. PI. 33, fig. 84, 85. 

Rather widely umbilicated, shell depressed, spire scarcely elevated, 
whorls rounded, with regular convex longitudinal ribs, the inter- 
stices finely spirally lirate, peristome thickened. Diam. 2°5 mill. 

Singapore (Archer). 


97 


C. Ammonoceras, A. Ad. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35. 
Depressed, spire slightly elevated, last whorl flattened near the 
suture and around the moderate umbilicus, with rather thick, dis- 
tant longitudinal ribs, the interstices finely spirally striated, aperture 
large, outer lip thin. Diam. 3 mill. 
Japan. 
Less depressed, with more distant and prominent ribs than the 
preceding species; differs also in the thin peristome, and sutural 
and basal flattening of the body whorl. 


90 CYCLOSTREMA. 


C. EXCAVATA, Carpenter. PI. 31, figs. 36, 37. 
Flatly convex above, flattened below, the wide umbilicus defined 
by an angle, minutely spirally striated, last whorl angulated at the 


base, peristome thin. Diam. 6 mill. 
China Sea. 


C. aromus, Issel. Pl. 31, figs. 38, 39. 

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, greenish, a little shining, 
obliquely longitudinally striate; whorls 44, rapidly enlarging, 
slightly convex, the last subangulated at the base, umbilical area 
longitudinally crispate; peristome thickened, continuous. 

Diam. 1:5 mill. Suez. 
C. Nevitu1, H. Adams.. Pl. 31, fig. 40. 

Narrowly umbilicated, disk-like, subpellucid, shining, thin, spirally 
lirate and radiately striate, smooth at the periphery, spire subplane, 
- suture scarcely impressed; whorls 4, moderately increasing, flattened, 
the periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome simple, um- 
bilicus with callous margin. Diam. 45 mill. 


Ceylon. 
C. MILITARIS, Jousseaume. PI. 51, figs. 41, 42. 

Widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, pellucid, slightly convex 
and faintly, finely, irregularly striate above, base nearly plane, 
equally striate, the strize becoming stronger upon the walls of the 
umbilicus, with a spiral thread-like carina near the periphery of the 
base, and another close to the umbilicus. Diam. 2°75 mill. 

Prince’s Isl., W. Africa. 
C. AREOLATA, Sars. Pl. 31, figs. 438-45. 

Widely, perspectively umbilicated, solid, semipellucid, white, 
finely spirally lirate, crossed by close incremental strize; whorls 3, 
convex, moderately increasing; aperture orbicular, peristome thin. 

Diam. 1°4 mill. Arctie Norway. 


C. VERRILLI, Tryon. PI. 31, fig. 46. 

Widely umbilicated, depressed, with low spire, white, finely, longi- 
tudinally. obliquely striate, with several spiral lines on the body 
whorl above the periphery, more numerous and closer on the base; 
whorls 34, the last large, very convex, base oblique; aperture large, 
very obliquely ovate, periphery thin and sharp. 

Diam. 2°2 mill. Off New England ; 545 fms. 

Described by Verrill as C. cingulatum, a specific name twice pre- 
occupied, 


CYCLOSTREMA. 9] 


C. pIAPHANA, Verrill. Pl. 31, fig. 47. 
Narrowly umbilicated, depressed trochiform, thin, translucent, 
white, smooth, shining; whorls 32, very convex, with deep suture, 


smooth, except twenty to twenty-five close spiral lines around the 
umbilical perforation. Diam. 3 mill. 


Off New England; 98 fms. 


C. DuNKERI, Tryon. PI. 32, figs. 48, 49. 


Widely umbilicated, depressed, with a spiral rib near the suture, 
another on the periphery, and a third circumscribing the umbilicus. 
Diam. 2°5 mill. Japan. 
Described by Dunker as C. cingulata, a name preoccupied by 


Philippi. 


C. Puiipptt, Issel. Pl. 32, figs. 50, 51. 

Widely umbilicated, yeliowish white, obsoletely radiately plicate- 
striate, with three spiral ridges, one near the suture, the other defi- 
ning a narrow peripheral area; whorls 3}, rapidly increasing, flat- 
tened above, a little convex below, umbilicus defined by a granular 


rib. Diam. 1°5 mill. 
Swez. 


C. crneuLata, Philippi. Pl. 32, figs. 53, 54. 

Narrowly umbilicated, with radiating low, broadly rounded un- 
dulations above, scolloping the periphery, quadricarinate in the 
adults, bicarinate in the young, the carinze being more acuate, sin- 
uately dentate, and dotted with brown; aperture subcircular in the 
adult. Red Sea. 

The only figure represents a young shell, 1°5 mill. in diam. 
The size of the adult is not given. 


C. VERREAUXII, Fischer. Pl. 32, fig. 52. 

Moderately umbilicated, whorls rapidly increasing, the last en- 
circled by three keels, of which the peripheral one is most. prom- 
inent, and produced at the aperture into a tongue-shaped lobe, 
umbilical wall flattened, defined by an angle, peristome produced 
by the peripheral keel. Diam. 4°5 mill. 

California. 

I believe that the indefinite locality given by Fischer thirty 
years ago remains unverified. 


92 CYCLOSTREMA. 


C. Brporcata, A. Ad. PI. 32, figs. 56, 57. 


Rather narrowly umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, last whorl 
with two sharp keels of which the lower is most prominent, aperture 
rather rounded, outer lip two-lobed. Diam. 2°5 mill. 

Seto- Uchi, Japan. 
C. Lzvis, Kiener. Pl. 32, fig. 55, 59, 60. 

Widely umbilicated, depressed, smooth, last whorl encireled by 
a number of rather distant keels, one of which forms an angular 
periphery, umbilicus with a flat wall, defined by a rib. 

Diam. 15 mill. 

Port Lincoln, Australia; Japan; Viti Ls. 

It is C. diatreta, Gould, and Delphinula nivea, Reeve. The latter 
attributes his species to Chemnitz, who in this, as in many other 
instances was not binomial. C. actea, Jouss, (figs. 79, 60), a species 
described as differing from /evis in the regularity of its keels, also 
appears to belong here, for the keels are very irregularly developed 
in number, prominence and spacing; it was described from a single 
specimen, without locality. 


C. pupticata, Lischke. PI. 32, fig. 58. 

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striate, carinate at the suture, 
bicarinate at the periphery, with two less developed carinze on the 
base, circumscribing the flat-walled umbilicus; periphery thickened. 

Diam. 4 mill. Japan. 


C. ViRGINIe, Jousseaume. Pl. 32, figs. 61, 62. 

Widely umbilicated, thick, solid, opaque, white, with about eleven 
rounded spiral ribs on the last whorl, the intervening grooves longi- 
tudinally striate, the striz more prominent around the umbilicus, 
whorls 43, rapidly enlarging, convex; peristome thickened. 

Diam. 6 mill. Madagascar? 

Has more ribs than C. cingulifera, A. Ad. 


C. ANcuLATA, A. Adams, PI. 32, figs. 63, 64, 65. 

Widely umbilicated, periphery keeled, with spiral lire above it, 
base with a submedian keel, defining the umbilicus, and producing 
the basal margin of the peristome. Diam. 12 mill. 

Isl. Zebu, Philippines; Guadeloupe, St. Martin, W. Indies. 

C. angulata, A. Ad. was described as from the Philippines on the 
authority of Cuming, but as that great collector sometimes made 


CYCLOSTREMA. 93 


mistakes, the locality needs confirmation. There can be no doubt of 
the identity with this species of C. Beawi, Fischer (fig. 63), a West 
Indian species. 


C. TRICARINATA, Smith. Pl. 32, figs. 66-68. 

Widely umbilicated, depressed, white; whorls 5, rapidly increas- 
ing, spirally lirate, the last whorl acutely tricarinated, the peripheral 
carina strongest; aperture subhexagonal, peristome acute. 

Diam. 3 mill. Whydah, West Africa. 
C. ROSEOTINCTA; Smith. Pl. 32, fig. 70. 

Moderately umbilicated, rosy white; whorls 4, convex, distantly, 
slightly, spirally lirate, decussated by faint incremental striz, suture 
depressed; peristome thin. Diam. 1°75 mill. 

Whydah, W. Africa. 
C. cartnaTta, H. Adams. PI. 32, fig. 71. 

Widely umbilicated, solid, with regular, angular spiral carine, 
the interstices radiately sculptured; whorls 4, convex, rapidly in- 
creasing, the last dilated in front; aperture subcircular, peristome 
thickened, subecontinuous. Diam. 2°5 mill. 


Persian Gulf. 
C. cINGULIFERA, A. Ad. PI. 82, figs. 72, 73. 

Widely, flatly umbilicated, depressed, whorls rapidly increasing, 
the last encircled by six prominent, very sharp ribs; peristome ex- 
ternally fluted. Diam. 3°5 mill. 

Philippines, Japan. 
C. Tater, Angas. Pl. 32, figs. 74, 74a. 

Widely, deeply umbilicated, moderately thin, shining, pearly 
white, microscopically striated; whorls 4, rounded, flattened and 
slightly excavated next below the suture, with one, or sometimes 
two, narrow thread-like keels at the upper part, and strongly keeled 
round the umbilical region, suture distinct; aperture subcircular, 
lip simple. Diam. 2°5 mill. 

South Australia. 

“The above is the normal condition of the species; but examples 
occur which are thinner and have a greater number of keels, some- 
times as many as seven or eight. At first I was inclined to regard 
the many-keeled variety as specificaily distinct; but on the examina- 
tion of a large series by Professor Tate, he assures me that the 
number of keels varies so greatly that it would be impossible to 
separate them. The thin hyaline examples with many keels are 
probably younger shells.” 


94 CYCLOSTREMA. 


I have figured both the illustrations given by Mr. Angas. If his 
above remarks be well-founded, which I am very willing to believe, 
several species herein described, and which are principally distin- 
guished by the number of revolving riblets will need to be suppressed ; 
that of the inconoclast himself will be deservedly lost in the general 
ruin which he has caused. 


C. rornata, A. Ad. PI. 82, figs. 75, 76. 

Rather narrowly umbilicated, depressed-subglobose, spire slightly 
elevated; whorls slowly increasing, rounded, spirally six-ribbed; 
aperture rounded. Diam. 4°5 mill. 

Japan. 


C. sutcata, A. Adams; PI. 32, figs. 77, 78. 
Umbilicus very wide, grooved, spire convexly depressed, whorls 
recularly spirally sulcated, the last broad, aperture nearly rounded. 
Diam. 4 mill. Philippines, Japan. 


CU mxiewa, Phil; “Pls2yfeso92 30: 

Rather widely umbilicated, subdiscoidal, with radiating riblets 
fimbriating four spiral carine. Diam. 2°53 mill. 

Aden, Arabia. 
C. Watson!, Tryon. Pl. 32, figs. 81, 82. 

Widely umbilicated, rather depressed, with a narrow, concave 
shoulder on the whorls, periphery rounded, umbilicus broadly funnel- 
shaped, bordered by a thread-like carina, with another within it; 
white, under a slightly mottled or longitudinally banded smoky 
brown membranous, epidermis; whorls 4, rapidly increasing. 

Diam. 28 mill. Off Pernambuco, Brazil; 675 fms. 

This is C. sulcata, Watson; preoccupied by A. Adams. 


C. contca, Watson. Pl. 35, figs. 83. 

Narrowly umbilicated, conical, with about 17 longitudinal lamellee, 
the interstices spirally striate, white, suture well-impressed; whorls 
43, well-rounded, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peristome con- 
tinuous, but not solute. Diam. 1°5 mill. 


Off Pernambuco; 350 fms. 
Looks more like a Scalaria than a Cyclostrema. 


CYCLOSTREMA. 95 


Unfigured species, described as Cyclostrema. 


C. FLucTUATA, Hutton. = Turbinide. 
C. IMMACULATA, and C. sprnosa, Tenison-W oods. Tasmania. 
C. MopEsta, Gould. Hong Kong. 


-This has been referred to C. micans, A. Ad. but the description 
does not agree. 


C. PENTEGONIOSTOMA, Carpenter. Red Sea. 
C. CARBONNIERI, Jousseaume. Aden. 
C. HarRiett#, and C. mrcra, Petterd. Tasmania. 
C. JounstTonti and C. BRUNNIENSIS, Beddome, Tasmania. 
C. conspicua, and C. DEPREsSA, Monts. Mediterranean. 


Section Tusproua, A. Ad. 1864. 


C. conNUELLA, A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 14, 15. 

Widely umbilicated, depressed turbinate, smooth, spire somewhat 
elevated, whorls rounded, rapidly increasing, the last large, aperture 
rounded. Diam. 2 mill. : Japan. 

Is possibly a Skenea. 


C. JosEpHt, Tenison-Woods. PI. 33, fig. 9. 

Widely umbilicated, obliquely turbinate, thick, white, opaque, 
maculated with very pale chestnut; whorls 5, rounded, closely 
spirally striate ; peristome thick, posteriorly produced. 

Diam. 3 mill. Tasmania. 


C. susonts, Tenison-Woods. PI. 33, fig. 10. 

Widely umbilicated, depressed, translucent white, polished, spire 
slightly exserted, whorls 4, rounded, aperture simple, orbicular. 

Diam. 1°5 mill. N. coast of Tasmania. 
C. Wetpt, Tenison-Woods. Pl. 33, fig. 11. 

Moderately umbilicated, umbilicus margined, depressed turbinate, 
somewhat translucent, thin, shining, smooth, with faint growth striz, 
whitish; whorls 6, depressed convex; aperture rounded, everted 
posteriorly. Diam. 2 mill. 

Long Bay, Tasmania. 
C. Micra, Tenison-Woods. PI. 33, fig. 13. 

Perspectively umbilicated, turbinate, minute, polished, white; 
whorls 5, rounded, with deep suture; peristome simple, acute. 

Diam. 1°5 mill. Long Bay, Tasmania. 


96 CYCLOSTREMA. 


C. prvisaA, Adams. PI. 33, figs. 87, 88. 


Widely umbilicated, turbinate, spire elevated, with obtuse apex, 
white; whorls 3, rounded, last whorl obliquely descending, becoming 
free; aperture obliquely ovate. Diam. 4 mill. - Europe. 

C. serpuloides, Mtg. is a synonym, 


C. nivEA, A. Ad. Pl. 33, figs. 89, 90. 

Widely umbilicated, obliquely semiglobose, convex above, some- 
what flattened below, spire slightly elevated, whorls rapidly increas- 
ing, aperture large, obliquely ovate. Diam. 5 mill. 

Japan. 

Adams very curiously publishes this as Chemnitz’s nivea, and 
says that it is exactly similar to the figures in the “Conchylien 
Cabinet.” The latter, is however, not being binomial, a synonym of 
C. levis, Kiener, and neither agrees with the description nor the 
figures published by Adams (which I copy). 


C. RuGULOSA, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, figs. 91, 92. 

Narrowly umbilicated, pellucid, yellowish white, with short, 
obtuse spire, smooth, microscopically rugulose and spirally striate ; 
whorls 3, convex, the last large, suture well-impressed. 

Diam. 1:3 mill. 


Norway, Mediterranean, New England (Verrill). 


C. BASISTRIATA, Brugnone. PI. 33, figs. 93, 94. 

Narrowly umbilicated, shining, smooth; whorls 42, tumid, with 
deep suture, rapidly increasing, base with oblique, arcuate strize 
running into the umbilicus. Diam. 2°25 mill. 

Spitzbergen to Drobak ; 50-1353 fms. Fossil, Italian plioiene. 

The striz sometimes extend over the whole shell, this state being 
C. profundum, Friele; C. striolatum Sars ms., is another synonym. 


C. minutuM, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 95. 

Perforate, thin, transparent, polished, white; whorls 3, convex, 
rapidly increasing; peristome continuous, partly appressed. 

Diam. 62 mill. Mediterranean Sea. 


C. CuTLeriANA, Clark. Pl. 33, fig. 96. 
Narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose, spirally striate, white, 
whorls convex, rapidly increasing, suture deeply excavated. = 
Diam. 2 mill. Europe. 
Helicella mutabilis, Costa, is a synonym. 


COn 
bo | 


CYCLOSTREMA. 


Co mi@eNs (Phyl) Pls33, dig. 97. 

Narrowly umbilicated, more depressed and thicker, more glossy 
than the preceding species; there are a few indistinct grooves on the 
upper part of the umbilicus, otherwise the surface is smooth and 
polished. Diam. 87 mill. Europe. 


Margarita pusilla, Jeftreys is a synonym. 


Var. ALDERI, Jeffreys. 
Shell thinner and more transparent. Skenea levis, Forbes and 
Hanley is possibly identical. 


’ C. TROCHOIDES, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, figs. 98, 99. 

Perforate, somewhat solid, white, opaque, smooth, shining, base 
sometimes with a few faint oblique, curved lines; whorls 4, convex, 
with deep suture; columellar lip vertical, forming a slight angle 
with the outer lip at their junction. Diam. 2 mill. 

é Norway. 

It is C. Peterseni, Friele. 


C. Dau, Verrill. PI1.-33, fig. 100. 


Umbilicus imperforate or narrowly rimate, yellowish white, smooth 
except for minute grooth-lines; whorls 33, rapidly enlarging, well 
rounded, with deep suture, base with seven or eight spiral incised 
lines. Diam. 2°25 mill. 

Off N. England Coast. 

It is C. trochoides, Verrill, not Jeffreys. 


Var. ORNATUM, Verrill. Pl. 33, fig. 1. 


Spiral lines of the base crossed by thin, impressed, oblique lines. 


C. BITHYNOIDES, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 23. 

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, the fine growth lines crossed by 
microscopic close-set spiral striz, giving the surface a frosted appear- 
ance, whitish; whorls 33, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peri- 
stome continuous, but partly adnate. Diam. 1°25, alt. 1°66 mill. 

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.), Mediterranean. 


C. aFFInis, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 5. 

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, semitransparent glossy, with- 
out sculpture, white, suture narrow but deep; whorls 4, swollen, 
rapidly increasing; periphery simple, acute. Diam. 1°87 mill. 

Bay of Biseay, Palermo; 103-9135 fms. 


7 


98 CYCLOSTREMA. 


C. pRoximA, Tryon. PI. 33, fig. 4. ; 

Narrowly umbilicated, faintly striate, with a few indistinct spiral 
lines below the suture, and numerous well defined ones on the base, 
around the umbilicus the inferior striz stronger, surface smooth, 
greyish white, suture impressed, whorls very convex, rapidly in- 
creasing; periphery round, thin, slightly in contact. 

Diam. 2°2 mill. Off New England Coast; 843 fms. 

Said to be closely allied to C. basistriata, Brugnone. Described 
by Prof. Verrill as C. affinis, preoccupied by Jeffreys for the pre- 
ceding species. 


C. TENERA, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 6. 

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, semitransparent, lustreless, with 
nearly microscopic spiral strie, which are wanting on the base and 
replaced by a rugose or fretted appearance, pale yellowish white, 
with a faint greenish tinge, suture very deep; whorls 4, convex; 
mouth circular, peristome thin, slightly expanded. Diam. 2°5 mill. 

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) 


C. stmiuis, Jeffreys. PI. 33, fig. 7. 

Moderately umbilicated, depressed turbinate, rather thin, glossy, 
opaque, without sculpture; whorls 43, convex, rapidly increasing, 
suture wide and deep; mouth nearly circular, slightly appressed, 
peristome thin. Diam. 1:25 mill. 


European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) 


C. VALVATOIDES, Jeffreys. Pl. 33, fig. 8. 

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, opaque, glossy, with a few 
irregular growth-lines, yellowish white, spire with rather flattened 
apex, suture deep; whorls 4, well-rounded; peristome considerably 
expanded. Diam. 3°12 mill. 

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) 


C. SPHEROIDES, S. Wood. Pl. 32, fig. 69. 
Narrowly umbilicated, white, spirally costate; whorls three, rapidly 
increasing, suture deep. Diam. 1°25 mill. 
Bay of Biscay, 
Described as a fossil of the Crag, Sutton, England, and said to 
be nacreous in the original diagnosis. 


CYCLOSTREMA. 99 


C. TUBERCULOSA, d’Orb. PI. 35, fig. 65a. 


Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, with six tuberculated spiral 
ribs; whorls 4, convex, the last large; aperture rounded, peristome 
thick, externally tuberculated. Diam. 2 mill. 


Cuba. 


Section Darontra, A. Adams. 1854. 


©. cycrorma, A. Ad. Pl. 33, fig: 16. 
Umbilicus large, flat within, surface smooth, spire flat, last whorl 
rapidly increasing, not contiguous, aperture subangular above. 
Diam, 4 mill. Japan. 


C. SUBEXCAVATA, Tryon. PI. 33, figs. 17, 18. 

Umbilicus wide, perspective, shallow, whitish under a yellowish 
brown, membranous epidermis, spire scarcely raised, suture broadly, 
angularly impressed, a little below the suture there is a bluntly 
angulated spiral keel, and on the middle of the base, towards the 
mouth there is another keel; whorls 4, rather slowly increasing, 
until the last, which is rather large; mouth a little oblique, peristome 
simple, thin. Diam. 2°15 mill. 

Off Culebra Isl., W. Indies; 390 fms. 


Described by Watson as C. excavata, preoccupied by Carpenter. 


C. CATENOIDES, Monts. PI. 34, figs. 20, 21. 

Widely umbilicated, closely spirally striated throughout, with 
several spiral chain-like lines on the base, whorls convex, regularly 
increasing. Diam. 1:25 mill. 

Harbor of Civita Vecchia, Italy. 


C. sEMISULCATA, Issel. PI. 34, fig. 22. 

Widely umbilicated, subpellucid, shining, closely spirally sulecate 
above, smooth below; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, convex; peris- 
tome simple, acute, margin interrupted. Diam. 3 mill. 

Red Sea. 
C. ocToLyRaTA, Carpenter. PI. 34, figs. 24, 23. 

Widely umbilicated, with eight spiral lire covering the last whorl; 
whorls 33, convex, regularly increasing; peristome thin, modified 
by the lire. Diam. 1°75 mill. Red Sea. 

The figure is from a shell identified by Issel with Carpenter’s 
description. — 


100 CYCLOSTREMA—VITRINELLA. 


C. sprruLA, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 25, 26. 

Very widely umbilicated, planorbular, spire excavated, whorls 
rapidly increasing, spirally striated, with a sloping, smooth sutural 
margin, last whorl becoming disjointed; aperture large, round, outer 
margin of periphery crenate. Dimensions not stated. 

Philippines. 
C. suspissuncTA, H. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 27. 

Widely umbilicated, spire somewhat elevated, suture deep, white, 
subpellucid, with numerous spiral riblets, the interstices very mi- 
nutely longitudinally striate; whorls 3+, rounded, rapidly increasing, 
the last solute and descending in front; peristome continuous, simple. 

Diam. 10 mill. Ceylon. 


Subgenus TuHarsis, Jeffreys, 1883. 
C. RoMETTENSIS, Seguenza. PI. 34, fig. 28, 

Imperforate, solid, polished, white; whorls somewhat convex, with 
well-impressed suture; aperture round, peristome simple, continuous, 
but slightly appressed, columellar margin callously reflected over 
the umbilicus. Diam. 2°25 mill. 

European Atlantic, Mediterranean. 


Subgenus Ganesa, Jeffreys, 1883. 
C. NITIDIUSCULA, Jeffreys. Pl. 34, fig. 29. 


Rimate, opaque, rather glossy, with remote, flexuous growth strize, 
peristOme sharp, simple, interrupted by the parietal wall. 
Diam. 3°12 mill. | 
Between the Hebrides and Faroé Is., 570 fms. 


C. prutnosa, Jeffreys. Pl. 54, fig. 30. 

Narrowly rimate, semitransparent, frosted by minute numerous 
white tubercles, which are partly embedded in the substance of the 
shell, on one specimen there are slight spiral lines below the suture; 
whorls 4, swollen, rapidly increasing, suture deep. 

Diam. 3°75 mill. 

European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.) 


Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams, 1850. 


As stated under the generic description, this is probably a group 
of heterogeneous shells, many of which might be referred to other 
genera. The resemblance of the following species described by 
Garrett to Cyclostrema and Daronia is striking. 


VITRINELLA. 101 


VY. puRA, Garrett. Pl. 34, fig. 31. 


Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, smooth, shining, white, with 
faint microscopic growth-lines; whorls 4, flatly convex, rapidly in- 
creasing, the last large, rounded, slightly deflected in front, base 
somewhat angular near the umbilicus, suture channeled, umbilicus 
spirally grooved; peristome rather thick, nearly continuous. 

Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is. 


V. tigicincra, Garrett. Pl. 34, -fig. 32. 

Widely umbilicated, hyaline, white, shining; whorls 4, convex, 
rapidly increasing, the last encircled by from 9 to 11 ridges, most 
crowded on the base, suture linear, umbilicus spirally ridged; peri- 
stome nearly continuous. Diam. 1°5 mill. 

Viti Is. 
V. CmLATA, Garrett. Pl. 34, fig. 33. 

Narrowly umbilicated, vitreous, shining, subpellucid, white; 
whorls 53, augular, the last one trigonal, angles slightly carinate, 
crossed by small closely-set, rounded, slightly flexuous ribs; peri- 
stome thick, continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is. 


V. Noposa, Garrett. Pl. 34, fig. 54. 

Umbilicus large, crenulated, shell discoidal, with flat spire; whorls 
53, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, subtrigonal, trans- 
versely nodose, crossed by crowded thin elevated striz; peristome 
nearly continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is. 


V. PonceiAna, Folin. Pl. 34, fig. 35. 

Moderately umbilicated, very minute, discoidal, thin, hyaline, 
pellucid; whorls 4, the last large, with thin spiral ridges, the inter- 
stices radiately striate, suture subimpressed ; peristome simple, nearly 
continuous. Diam.2 mill. ~ : 

Bay of Panama. 
V. parva, C. B. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 36. 


Narrowly umbilicated, white, with numerous stout, prominent 
transverse ribs; whorls 523, the last very large with a spiral ridge 
above and another below the periphery; aperture very oblique, lip 
slightly thickened. Diam. 1:2 mill. : 


Panana—Mazatlan. 


V. clathrata, Carp. is a synonym. 


102 VITRINELLA. 


V. pEcussaTa, Cpr. PI. 34, fig. 37. 

Moderately umbilicated, turbiniform, thin, porcellanous, white; 
whorls 42, rounded, the last with about 15 spiral ridges, decussated 
by more or less distant radiating strize; peristome continuous in the 
adult. Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan. 


V. MONILE, Carp. PI. 34. fig. 38. 

Narrowly umbilicated, subelevated, heliciform, diaphanous, white; 
whorls 43, very minutely decussately striate on the last whorl, the 
spiral lines being about twenty in number; peristome continuous, 
sinuous as in Janthina. Diam. 1°3 mill. Mazatlan. 

The decussating sculpture enters the umbilicus; the interstitial 
spaces are suboval, punctate, appearing (in a favorable light) like 
rows of pearl necklaces. 

V. SUBQUADRATA, Carp. PI. 34, fig. 39. 


Widely umbilicated, subhyaline white, smooth, shining, discoidal 
planate, whorls 4, sometimes striate at the suture, the last whorl 
subangulated near the umbilicus and below the periphery; aperture 
subquadrate, lip sinuated at the suture and in the middle. 

Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan. 


V. HELICOIDEA, C. B. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 40, 41. 

Widely umbilicated, discoidal, white, opaque or translucent, with 
an impressed sutural line, and transverse unequal striz, spire convex, 
scarcely elevated; whorls 4, subconvex, the suture scarcely impressed; 
peristome subthickened; umbilicus defined by a spiral angle. 

Diam. 1°87 mill. Jamaica. 


V.srriaTa, d’Orb. Pl. 34, figs. 42, 43. 

Narrowly umbilicated, translucent, whitish, spirally striate; aper- 
ture oblique, peristome slightly thickened, slightly sinuous; pe- 
riphery subangulated. Diam. 1 mill. Cuba. 
V. ANOMALA, d’Orb. PI. 34, figs. 44, 45. 


Umbilicated, subdiscoidal, translucent, smooth, whitish; whorls 5, 
flatly convex, periphery subangulated; peristome slightly thickened. 
Diam. 2 mill. Cuba. 


Unfigured Species. 


Neither Adams nor Carpenter figured any of the numerous species 
described by them. I have been able to illustrate a few of the 
species of both authors, by drawings from authentic specimens; many 


VITRINELLA—TEINOSTOMA. 103 


of the others might be identified in the type collections of these 
authors, but the labor and expense attending such an investigation 
would scarcely be repaid by the result. The paucity of material 
and minuteness of the species must prevent satisfactory conclusions, 
most of the descriptions being based upon dead specimens, unique 
or few in number. 


V. PANAMENSIS, V. CONCINNA, V. JANUS, V. MODESTA, V, SEMI- 
NUDA, V. TRICARINATA, C. B. Adams. Panama. 

V. exicua, C. B. Ad. (V. Tr1Gonata, Cpr. a synonym). 
Panama—Mazatlan. 


V. HYALINA, V. INTERRUPTA, V. TINCTA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica. 
V. mEGAsToMA, C. B. Ad. (?= Ethalia). Jamaica. 
V. REGULARIS, V. VALVATOIDEs, V. MiInuTA, C. B. Ad. (?=Ethalia). 

Panama. 


V. MONILIFERA, V. LIRULATA, V. BIFILATA, V. BIFRONTIA, V. 
CORONATA, V. ANNULATA, V. CINCTA, V. CARINULATA, V. NATI- 
COIDES, V. PLANOSPERATA, V. ORBIS, V. TENUISCULPTA, V. SPI- 
RULOIDES, V. ORNATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan. 

V. PERPARVA, C. B. Ad. and var. Noposa, Carp. 

Panama—Mazatlan. 


Genus TETINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. 


T. potitum, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 46, 47. 

Much depressed, flattened above, polished, white, periphery sub- 

angulated, peristome thickened above and below. Diam. 7°5 mill. 
Philippines. 
T. CARPENTERI, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 52, 53. 

Much depressed; spire nearly covered by a callous deposit, only 
exposing the apex, last whorl flattened, periphery faintly angulated, 
umbilical callus rounded. Diam, 2°75 mill. 

Gulf of Pechil. 
T. concenTRicuM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 54, 55. 

Depressed convex, finely spirally striate, white, body whorl round- 
ed at the periphery, aperture transversely ovate. 

Diam. 2°75 mill. Takano-Sima, Japan. 


T. RapiATUM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 56, 57. 

Depressed orbicular, convex above, somewhat flattened on the 
base, periphery rounded, ridged by strong growth-lines, peristome 
callously projecting above, basal callus somewhat excavated. 

Diam. 3 mill. Kino- O-Sima, Japan. 


104 TEINOSTOMA. 


T. puNcTATUM, Jousseaume. PI. 54, figs. 48, 49. 


Depressed convex, solid, subtranslucent, yellowish white, more 
flattened below, umbilicus almost covered, surface covered by mi- 
croscopic, close granular spiral striz, more apparent at the suture 
and around the umbilicus. Diam. 2°5 mill. 

Prince’s Isl. W. Africa, 
T. Moruiert, Jousseaume. PI. 34, figs. 50, 51. 

Subopaque, milk-white, slightly convex above, nearly flat below, 
umbilicus almost completely covered, suture narrow-margined, 
surface microscopically spirally striate. Diam. 3°5 mill. 

Martinique. 

In this species the heavy umbilical callus joins at a somewhat 


acute angle with the columellar lip, of which it-is an extension, the 
angle forming a pit. 


T. Lucipum, A. Adams. PI. 35, figs. 58, 59 
Depressed orbicular, smooth, white, spire enveloped with callus, 
umbilicus covered by a heavy, convex callous deposit, aperture a 


little oblique. Diam. 1°5 mill. Japan. 


T. AMPLECTANS, Carpenter. Pl. 35, figs. 60, 61. 

Depressed-convex, white, whorls very rapidly increasing, spire 
small, last whorl large, oblique, periphery subangulated, aperture 
subtriangular, umbilical region covered by a large callus. 

Diam. 2°5 mill. Mazatlan. 


T. sUBSTRIATUM, Carp. PI. 35, figs. 62, 63. 

Shining, smooth, white, very minutely impressly striated near the 
suture, callus strong,convex, narrow, coiling round the umbilical 
fissure, lip thick. Diam. 2 mill. Mazatlan. 
T. DIAPHANUM, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 64, 65, 

Depressed orbicular, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, smooth, shining, 
white, umbilicus slightly callous, whorls convex, rather slowly in- 
creasing. Diam. 1°5 mill. 

St. Thomas, W. L. 
T. cARINATUM, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 66, 67. 

Depressed convex, lenticular, periphery strongly carinated, the 
carina forming a sutural margin above, smooth, thin, diaphanous 
white, umbilicus minutely callous. Diam. 1°5 mill. 


St. Thomas, W. I. 


TEINOSTOMA. 105 


T. sotrpum, E. A. Smith. PI. 35, fig. 68. 

Shell solid, small, light fulvous, smooth; whorls 4, rapidly increas- 
ing, the last smooth above, base flattened, with three exterior spiral 
sulci, umbilical region callous; peristome receding at the base. 


Diam. 5°35 mill. Whydah, W. Africa. 


Unfigured Species. 


T. CaRBONNIERI, T. DescHampst, T. RHINOCERAS, Jousseaume. 
Aden. 


Section CaLcEeoLina, A. Ad. 1863. 


T. pustttum, C. B. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 69, 70. 

Orbicular-depressed, very minutely striated, suture tmpressed, 
last whorl large, aperture widely lunate, columellar lip septiform, 
with straight margin, whence a wide callus spreads over the umbili- 
eus. Diam. 1°5 mill. 

: Jamaica, Japan (A. Adams). 

This species, figured from Japanese specimens, is said by A. 
Adams to be identical with the above named Jamaica species; I 
have no means of verifying this. 7. anomalum, H. and A. Adams is 
a synonym. 


Subgenus PsEUDOROTELLA, Fischer, 1857. 


T. SEMISTRIATA, d’Orb. PI. 35, figs. 71-73. 

Orbicularly depressed, thin, diaphanous whitish, closely, minutely 
spirally striate above, smooth below, with a somewhat flat, shining, 
transparent umbilical callus; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly in- . 
creasing, peristome thickened. Diam. 1°5 mill. 


Cuba. 
Subgenus Discopsis, Folin, 1869. 


T. omALOos, Folin. Pl. 35, fig. 74. 

Shell much depressed, disk-like, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, shin- 
ing, almost plane above; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last whorl 
spirally tri-lirate, widely cristate at the periphery, base slightly con- 
vex, umbilicated, aperture large, oblique, subtriangular, peristome 
acute, left margin a little reflected, separating into a thickened 
tongue-like projection at the base. Diam. 1:7 mill. 

Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, W. I. 


106 TEINOSTOMA. 


T. cosruLatum, Folin. PI. 35, fig. 75. 

Deeply umbilicated, depressed, disk-like, very slightly convex 
above, subplanate below, vitreous, whitish, longitudinally minutely 
costulate, above the base these are decussated by a spiral thread; 
whorls 5, rapidly increasing, base with cord below the periphery; 
aperture oblique, subcordiform, margins subacute, joined by an 
oblique channel above the penultimate whorl. Diam. 2 mill. 


Cape Sta. Anne, W. Africa. 
Subgenus LeucornyNcura, Crosse, 1867. 
T. CALEDONIcUM, Crosse. PI. 35, figs. 85, 86. 

Subdiscoidal, slightly convex above and below, polished, shining, 
whitish ; whorls 3, flattened, rapidly increasing, periphery carinate ; 
peristome continuous, simple, thickened at the base and produced 
into a tongue-like callus past the umbilicus, leaving a perforation 
between it and the columellar wall. Diam. 3 mill. 

New Caledonia. 
T. Crosser, Tryon. Pl. 35, figs. 86a, 860. 
Differs from the above in having a rounded periphery; surface 


polished, without a trace of striz. Diam. 3 mill. 
Singapore, (Archer). 


Subgenus Microrweca, A. Ad. 1863. 


T. CRENELLIFERUM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 76, 77. 

Thick, globose, broadly umbilicated, longitudinally, somewhat 
obliquely plicate, whorls crenulated at the channeled suture, umbuli- 
cus with a crenulated marginal angle, peristome thick. 

Diam. 3°5 mill. Japan. 


Subgenus Morcuta, A. Adams, 1860. 


T. opvotutTa, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 78, 79. 

Obliquely ovate, laterally compressed, last whorl angular above 
and below, the spire depressed, umbilicus wide, its margin suban- 
gulate, aperture obliquely ovate, peristome thick, continuous. 

Diam. 3°5 mill. 


Japan. 


T. More ETI, Fischer. Pl. 35, figs. 80-82. 
Depressed, whitish, whorls 4, the first ones obliquely immersed, 
the last embracing, obliquely flattened with a tuberculate-crenate 


TEINOSTOMA. 107 


peripheral carina, prominent and crenate at the suture, base flattened, 
widely umbilicated, the umbilicus bordered by a crenate angle ; 
aperture horizontal, subbasal, peristome thickened, duplicate, con- 


tinuous, callously reflected. Diam. 2 mill. 
China Sea. 


A bizarre affair, which differs widely in appearance from the type 
of the group. 


T. BIPLICATA, Fischer. 

Like the preceding species, but smaller, more convex above, and 
concave below, last whorl radiately ribbed, carinated below, ribs 
paired, uniting in a pre-sutural tubercle. Diam. 1°75 mill. 

China Sea. 

Unfigured. 


Subgenus CrrsONELLA, Angas, 1877. 


T. AUSTRALE, Angas. PI. 35, figs. 83, 84. 

Globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, semi-opaque, smooth, 
shining, white; whorls 4, convex; the last large, rounded at the 
periphery ; aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thick- 
ened on the columellar margin. Diam. 2 mill. 

Botany Bay, N.S. Wales, Australia. 
Subgenus HapLococurtias, Carpenter, 1864. 
T. CYCLOPHOREUs, Carp. 

Compact, small, solid, whitish or light yellowish ; whorls 5, rap- 
idly enlarging, suture impressed; very minutely spirally striate, 
shining ; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thickened, varicose 
exteriorly, inner lips distinct; umbilicated in the juvenile, adult 
rimate. Diam. 5 mill. 

Cape St. Lucas, Lower California. 
Subgenus Cynisca, H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


T. GRANULATUM, A. Adams. 

Orbicularly depressed, widely umbilicated, white, with granular 
spiral ribs, last whorl rounded, umbilicus patulous, perspective, cal- 
lously margined, aperture rounded, columella sinuate, lip thickened 


within, suberenulated. 
Philippines. 
No dimensions or figure. 


T. Japonica; A. Ad. Unfigured. Japan. 
This is said to = Collonia pilula, Dunker. 


108 LIOTIA. 
Famity LIOTUDA. 
Genus LIOTIA, Gray, 1842. 


L. sCcALAROIDES, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 87. 


Subglobose, white, stained with chestnut, with seven distant oblique 
varices, crossed by a few raised spiral strize, umbilicus moderate, with 
angular margin, interior of aperture salmon-colored. Diam. 15 mill. 

Philippines. 
L. DEPRESSA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 88. 

Flatly rounded, spire remarkably depressed, last whorl somewhat 

shouldered, distantly obliquely costate. with distant spiral ribs, the 
Intersections subspinous or nodose, interstices punctate in spiral 
series. Diam. 21 mill. Philippines. 
L. varicosa, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 89. 

Angularly globose, with longitudinal thick varices, rendered nod- 
ulous by the crossing of spiral liree, interstices punctate. 

Diam. 18 mill. 

Philippines. 
L. crpARIs, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 90. 


Depressed globose, solid, rounded, with broad varices and rather 
wider interspaces, crossed by spiral ribs, of which two median ones 
are more prominent, lower part of the body whorl deeply punctate, 

Diam. 21 mill. Philippines. 
L. Peron, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 91, 92. 

Shell shouldered, radiately distinctly ribbed to the shoulder, be- 
low which they become obsolete, with a spiral rib forming the 
shoulder and another just below it, tooth somewhat tubercular, and 
numerous small elevated spiral lirse, becoming granular below, be- 
tween the lirze are minute punctations, and a row of large, deep pits 
revolves around the base, outer lip strongly, crenulately varicose. 

Diam. 12-20 mill. 

China, Australia, Philippines, Mauritius, Viti Is. 


L. Hermanni, Dunker is a synonym. 


L. craAsstpasis, KE. A. Smith. Pl. 36, fig. 94. 


Solid, umbilicated, smooth ; whorls 4, plane above, scarcely slop- 
ing, bicarinate, radiately ribbed, and spirally lirate, base produced 
and greatly thickened, forming a very thick basal lip. 

Diam. 14 mill. Hab. unknown. 


LIOTIA. 109 


L. CLATHRATA, Reeve. — Pl. 36, fig. 95. 


Somewhat discoidal, with rounded whorls, regularly latticed by 
equidistant spiral and longitudinal ridges, the former more prom- 
inent, lip varicose, umbilicus very large. Diam. 12 mill. 

Philippines, Australia. 
L. GRANULOSA, Dunker. PI. 36, fig. 96. 

Depressed subglobose, with rounded whorls, with spiral riblets, 
which above are granular, umbilicus wide; whitish or rosy, some- 
times white with the ribs colored. Diam. 6:4 mill. 

Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius 

It is Monilea spuria, of Gould. 


T. SEMICLATHRATULA, Schrenck. PI. 36, figs. 98-100. 

Depressed turbinate, whitish, spirally costate, the coste slightly 
tuberculate above, suture channeled, lip crenately varicose, umbili- 
cus large, bicarinate within, crenulately margined. 

Diam. 6°25 mill. 

Amur region, E. Asia. 
L. FENESTRATA, Carp. PI. 36, fig. 97. 

Depressed, clathrate by equidistant spiral and radiating riblets, 
with deep interstices, sculpture terminating with a spiral ridge sur- 
rounding the rather wide, deep umbilicus. Diam. 4°5 mill. 

Catalina Isl., California. 
L. acuticosraTa, Carp. Pl. 36, fig. 1. 

Turbinate, with revolving riblets, which are more or less nodose 
above, imperforate. Diam. 4 mill. 

Catalina Isl., California. 
L. CANCELLATA, Gray. PI. 36; fig. 2. 


Turbinate, whorls convex, regularly latticed with equidistant 
spiral and longitudinal ribs, umbilicus moderate, defined by a spiral 
rib. Diam. 5 mill. 

é Cobija, Peru. 

L. Cobijensis, Reeve is a synonym. 

Has the sculpture and umbilicus of L. fenestrata, Carp., but is 
more elevated. 


L. piscorpEA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 3. 

Discoidal, with flattened spire, periphery with two prominent 
ribs, connected by lattices which subspinously project, surface with 
clathrate ridges, the interstices of which are finely striated. 

Philippines. 

No dimensions are given, but the figure is said to be magnified. 


110 LIOTIA. 


L. Aneast, Crosse. Pl. 36, fig. 4. 

Moderately umbilicated, strong, solid, light brownish or greyish, 
with about five strong revolving series of rounded tubercles, the last 
defining the umbilicus, peristome tubercularly varicose. 


Diam. 3 mill. 

Port Jackson, Australia. 
L. spEctosa, Angas. PI. 36, figs. 5, 7, 8. 

Rather solid, depressly orbicular, pale brown, with three prom- 
inent spiral ribs, and longitudinally finely, distantly plicate, the 
intersections nodose, suture excavated, umbilicus moderate, encircled 
by a rib, its walls decussated with concentric and radiating strie, 
outer lip a little thickened, with continuous peristome. 

Diam. 2 mill. ° 

Port Jackson, Australia. 

Notwithstanding some differences in the descriptions, I think this 
will prove synonymous with the preceding species. 

L. Gowllandi, Brazier (figs. 7, 8) appears to me to be synomymous, 
judging from description and figure. Mr. Brazier states that it ap- 
proaches closely to L. speciosa, but does not give distinctive charac- 
ters. It comes from Percy Isl., N. E. coast of Australia. 


L. asrertscus, Gould. Pl. 36, fig. 6. 

Solid, brownish white, with about twenty radiating ribs, cut by a 
subsutural suleus, another at the periphery and a third around the 
moderate umbilicus; whorls 4, convex, very minutely spirally 
striate. Diam. 1:5 mill. 

Hong Kong. 

Figured from a type specimen. Too close to the two preceding 
species. 


L. SIDEREA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 10. 


Depressed turbinate, with three prominent spiral ribs on the mid- 
dle of the body whorl, and smaller ones above and below them, 
crossed by distant, sharp longitudinal ribs, forming nodosely spin- 
ous intersections, suture deeply channeled, umbilicus very wide, 
perspective. 

Philippines. 

The peculiarity of the species is its star-like projectioa of tubercles 
on the periphery of the whorls. The figure is enlarged, and dimen- 
sions not given. 


LIOTPA. iletiatt 


L. BELLULA, H. Adams. PI. 36, fig. 11. 


Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish, cancellated by dis- 
tant longitudinal and spiral sculpture, suture crenulated ; whorls 
32, tabulate above, the last crenulately, carinate at the periphery and 
on the base; umbilicus scalariform, with a marginal crenulated rib, 
and another interior rib. Diam. 2°5 mill. 

Persian Gulf. 
L. Krenert, Phil. PI. 36, fig. 14. 

Planorbiform, encircled by three distant, sharp ribs on the middle 
of the last whorl, and smaller ones above and below them, clathrate 
by distant, sharp radiating ridges, the intersections nodosely spinous, 
umbilicus very wide, perspective. Diam. 10 mill. 

St. Thomas, W. I. (Swift), Philippines (Cuming). 

Described by Kiener as L. cancellata, preoccupied by Gray. 


L. ANNULATA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 36, fig. 20. 


Planorbiform, opaque white, flattened above, rounded below, with 
somewhat distant longitudinal lamelle, above and below, otherwise 
smuoth, umbilicus wide. Diam. 1°5 mill. 

; Blackman’s Bay, Tasmania. 

One of the ring-like lamellze forms the peristome. 


Section ARENE, H. and A. Adams, 1854. 


L. RADIATA, Kiener. PI. 36, fig. 9. 


Subtrochiform, spire exserted, with deep suture, periphery strongly 
earinate, with scale-like spines, radiately striate, one or more tuber- 
culate or shortly spinose cinguli below the periphery; base gran- 
ularly concentrically striate, umbilicus large, encircled by two or 
three granular riblets, white, with radiating red strigations. 

Diam. 12-15 mill. 

West Indies. 

The locality ‘“‘ Indian Seas” given by Kiener, is very questionable. 


L. CRENATA, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 12, 13. 


Depressed turbinated, spire whorls somewhat exserted, all showing 

a pair of peripheral keels, which are strongly, or subspinosely cren- 
ulated, whorls encircled by a spiral series of granules above, base 
smooth, umbilicus moderate, defined by a riblet ; peristome strongly 
crenately varicose; whitish stained with chestnut. Diam. 15 mill. 
Philippines (Cuming). 


Ay LIOTIA. 


L. sTELLARIS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 15. 

Discoidal, flat and smooth above, with a spinose periphery, scaly- 
spinose and convex below; whitish, tinged with chestnut. 

Diam. 18 mill. Eastern Seas. 


L. muricaTa, Reeve. PI. 36, figs. 16, 17. 

Rather narrowly umbilicated, pale orange yellow, radiated and 
spotted with a reddish chestnut, whorls with three scaly-prickly 
keels at the periphery, slopingly flattened above, suture excavated, 
surface above and below with minutely beaded revolving striz. 


Diam. 12-20 mill. 
Australia, Philippines. 


L. TAMSIANA, Dunker. PI. 36, fig. 21. 

Moderately umbilicated, whorls with three somewhat distant spiral 
tuberculated ridges, shouldered above, spire exserted, suture excaya- 
ted, base with less conspicuous series of beaded striz, a stronger one 
surrounding the umbilicus; peristome crenately varicose; whitish, 


distantly rayed with chestnut. Diam. 4 mill. 
Pto. Cabello, Venezuela. 


Subgenus Lrormya, Munier-Chalmas, 1877. 


L. AusTRALIS, Kiener. Pl. 36, figs. 18, 19. 

Rather widely umbilicated, white, whorls rounded, with spiral 
riblets and longitudinal strize, a beaded riblet winds into the umbil- 
icus ; peristome varicose, the inner margin produced below and above. 

Diam. 14 mill. Australia, Polynesia. 

This, the only living example of the group, has also been referred 
by Mr. A. Adams to Cynisca (p. 107). 


Unfigured species of Liotia. 


‘L. DAEDALA and L. TanTiLua, A. Ad. Japan. 

L. PAULLA, Phil. China Sea. 

L. Locutosa (Loo Choo), L. FULGENS ( Cape), L. sonipULA ( China) 
of Gould. 


L. agmata, A. Ad. Korea Strait. 
L. cARINATA, L. srRIULATA, L. ApAmst, Carp. Mazatlan. 
L. compacta, and L. LoppErR&, Petterd. Tasmania. 

L. 1ncerta, L. Tasmanica, Tenison- Woods. Tasmania. 
L. prnuna, Dunker (= Collonia), Japan. 
? L. Bryareus, Dall. Off Havana, Cuba. 


L. SaHanp1, Hutton (? = Turbo). New Zealand. 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


NERITIDA, ADEORBII DA, CYCLOSTREMATIDA, 


LIOTIIDA, 


Abjecta (Adeorbis) C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 
—= Fossarus abjectus, Ad. Manual ix, 274, 
Achatina (Nerita) Reeve. Conch. Icon., if 68, 1855. 
== N. nigerrina, Chemn. 


Aciculata (Neritina) Morch. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 108, 


1855, : : : ; : : 
Aculeata (Neritina) ‘Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, p. 8686, 
Acuticostata (Liotia) Carp. Second Report 652, 1863, 


Adamsi (Neritina) Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova vi, t. 7, figs. 23, 


24. == N.dubia, Chemn. . 

? Adamsi | (Liotia) Carp. Mazat. Cat. 249, : 

Adamsii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., 173, ti 10, f. 
Piel Shy, 

Adansoniana (Neritina), ‘Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- 313, 

- Adeorbis, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., ix, 530, 1842, 


Adspersa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var. ) Martens, Kiist. 


ConehyCabsip. 16; 02, 69-1. , ‘ 
Adumbrata (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon. eG pl. 12 ples 


Aequinoxialis (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool. 1848, P 355. 


= N. afra, Sowb. 
Afra (Neritina), Sowb. (onel iil no. 39, f. 13, 
Africana (Neritina), Parreyss in Hartmann, Gasterp. d. 
Schweitz. 1840, 8, 1383. = N. Nilotica, Reeve. 
Africana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc., 198, 1848. 
=— JN. afra, Sowb. 


Affine (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. 5 Way p. 199, 


piaz, 1.15.) == Cy proxima, Tryon. 


5, 


Affinis (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 81, 1855, 


Affinis (Navicella), (Reeve) Gassies. Fauna Conch., Nouv. 


Caledon. p, 112, pl. 8,f. 15. = N. Bourgainvillei, Reel. 
Athnis (Navicella) Reeve. Conch. Tcon., f. 15, 1856. 


= N. Borboniea, var. compressa, Martens. 


Anis (Navicella), Mousson. Journ. de Conch., 1865, P. . 189. 


= N. depressa, Less. 


Affinis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i 1850, p. 153. 


== N. cariosa, Gray, 
8 (113) 


Afline (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. P. Z.S., 1883, p- 92 pl. 19, f 


PAGE. 


114 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Alata (Neritina), Robillard in coll. 

=- N. Mauritii, Less. . : : : , See 6, 
Alata (Neritina), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, p. 

oti = N.Nuttalliemecl: " 76 
Albescens (Neritina Bee Sowb. var.), Miller. Mal. Blit. 1879, 

168, : 41 
Albicilla (Nerita), Linn. " Syst. Nat., Ed. x, p. 778, , 4, AG 
Albipunctata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon. ,f. 61, 1855. 

— N. fulgurans, Gmel. : : : ; .. 24 
Alderi (Cy clostrema nitens, var.), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., ii, 

Poo : é : : : ar ei 
Aleppensis (Neritina), Recluz. 

= N. Jordani, Sowb. ol 
Algira (Neritina), Kiist., Saran Cab., 1863, 7 35 fi 8, 9. 

— N. Numidica, Reel. : 3 ; 00 
Alina, Recluz. Rew Zool., 235, 1842, i P ; : 8, 75 
Aveolata (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin’s Mag. 1872, 

p: 392, t. 19, f. 4, " , : 3 : , P . 89 


Alveolus (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et 
Zelée, v, p. 66, pl. 17, f. 8-10, 1854. 


ae fulginata, Reeve. 5 on 
Ambigua (Nav icella), Recluz. akan de (Conch: will 18: 50, p. 376. 
= i tessellata, Lam. : 81 
Ammonoceras (Cy Ce A. eae Acie and “Mag. 
Nat. Hist., 1863, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73, : : : . 89 
Amoena (Neritina), Gould’ Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii 
1847, p. 258, : 49, 43 
oes (Nerita), Lesson. V oy. de la Coquille. Zool. li, p. 
2, pl. 16, f. 1. = Neritina cornea, Linn. 45 
eee Martens. © Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., Bh 1887, 18 
Amplectans (Teinostoma), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 255, hoe 


Anaglypta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z.S., 1863, p.73,. 88 
Anatensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1851, p. 150. 

= N. Guadianensis, Morelet. : ‘ ; ; 2 ae 
Anatolica (Neritina), Recluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, p. 342, 51, 52, 55 
Angasi (Liotia), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., 543, t. 15, f. 4, 


1864, . : : ; - ALO, 
Angasi (Adeorbis), A..Ad.  P. wh 5: 424, t. aT f. au 12. 

1863, : 85 
Angularis (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astralabe. et 

Zelée., v, p. 61, pl. 16, f. 7-11. =N. planospira, Anton. . 21 
Angulata (Cyclostrema), A. Ad. P.Z.S., 44, 1850, : +492 
Angulosa (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z.8., 1842, p. 173. 

= N. brevispina, Lam., var. : . 65 
Annulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 78, 1855. 

= N. chameleon, Linn. ; : . 20 
Annulata (Liotia), Tenison- Woods. ore Roy. Soc. Tasm., 

121, 13877, ‘ ; ‘ : mel 


Annulata (Vitrinella), Carp. “Mazat. Cat. 246" 9 : : 103 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 115 


PAGE. 
Anomala (Rotella), @Orb. — Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 64, t. 18. f. 32- 
34, = Vitrinella anomala, d’Orb. . : : . 102 
Anomalum (Teinostoma), H. and A. Adams. Gen. Ree. 
Moll., I, 120. == Calceolina pusillum, C. B. Ad. : . 105 
Anthracina (Nerita), Busch, in Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neur. 


Conch., 7, : : ; : : : . 22 
Antillarum ‘(Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3685. 

= N. tessellata, Gmel. é : ‘ : : 3 eta. 
Antiquata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 106. 

= N. polita, Linn. : : : ‘ 5 De hes = ol 
Aperta (Nerita), Budgin ms. Sowb. Cat. coll. Tankerville, 

.45. = Neritina punctulata, Lam. +) 2.60 

Apiata, (Neritina), Recluz. Proce. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 72. 

= N. dubia, Chemn., var. 44 


Apiata (Navicella), Guillow in Reel., Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 376, 81 
Apiata (Navicella), Sowb. Thes. ii, p. 549, pl. 117, f, 14, 15. 


in part = N. Borbonica, var. triloba, Martens. 78 
A ponogetonis CMa) Vahl. Skrifter naturhist., Selskab, 

Kopenhagen iv, 2, 1798, p. 153, . ; Sm tee 
Aquatilis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. icons ix, ‘pl. 15, f. 73. 

ane : 36 

Arabica (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 20, 1855. 

?= N. chameleon, Linn. . ‘ f : v2 
Aranea (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 

= N. diadema, Recluz. : ; é : . 46 
Architea, Costa. Ann. Mus. Nap., iii, 1869, , cree te pata 
Archer (Cyclostrema), Tryon. ; : els, 
Arcifera (Neritina), Morch. Journ. de Conch. exe 1872 2, p. 324. 

?= N_asperulata, Recl.  .. . d9 
Arcta (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astralabe et Telée, 

V, p. 62, pl. 16, £. 12-13, 5 . 34 


Arctilineata (Neritina), Recl. ms. in Sowb., Thes. Conch., i 
p- 531, pl. 116, f. 223, 224. 
== N. Nilotica, Reeve. : : : : ' . rane 
Arene, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. 1, 404, 1854. 17, 111 
Areolata (Cyclostrema), Sars. Moll. arct. Norv. 345, t. 34, f. 
6 , 


5 ‘ ‘ ; 90 
Argus (Nerita), Recluz. ‘Rev. “Zool., 1841, p. 150, : . 23d 
Armata (Liotia), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Es 1861, : Bo bd ee 
Armstrongiana (Neritina), Hinds. Ann. Nat. Hist., a 85 86. 

= N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64 
Artensis (Neritina), Gassies. Jout. ‘de Conch., , 1866, p- 51. 

_ ?=N. interrupta, Gassies. : . 68 
Ascensionis (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab. 4 oad 
Ascensionis (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, p. 193. 

= N. grossa, Linn. . of 2G 


Aspera (Necitinay Phil. Arch. f, Nature. ip 1845, P 63. 
—INetrtenardi, Dohrn. _.. . 65 


116 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


AGE, 
Aspersa (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., iv, 1853, P. 319, 
t. 7. f. 6. == N. brevispina, Lam., var. 
Asperulata (Neritina), Recluz in Sowb. Thes. Conch., i, p. 
512, pl. 144, f. 160, 161, oe 


Asteriscus (Liotia), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soe., Vii, p. p. 142, « LLO 
Aterrima (Neritina), Koch. Phil. Abbild. u. Beschweib. neuer 

Tope 28.) Neritina, tial isa es a : : : 1 4D 
Atomus (Liotia), Issel. Mal. Mar. Ross., p. 217, t.2,f.11, . 90 
Atra (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pl. 199, f. 4. 

— N. tessellata, Lam. 81 
Atra (Neritina), Parr. Teste V illa, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ttal., iv, 3, 

1871. ?==N. Danubialis, Muhlf var. serratilinea, Ziecl. 46 
Atra (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la Coquille ii, pt. i, p. 376. 


— N. dubia, Chemn. . 44 
Atrata (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. vy, ,p. 296, i 1954, 

1955. ?= N. atrata, Reeve. 26 
Atrata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 16, 1855, : 26 
Atrata (Nerita), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 191. 

— N. semirugosa, Recluz. . 4 : A ‘ ; ook 
Atrata (Neritina), Ziegler. mss. 

= N. Danubialis, Munhle, var. : . 46 
Atramentaria (Neritina cornea, L. var.), “"Tap- Canefri. Ann. 

Mus. Genova, ix, p. 286, . : . 45 


Atramentosa (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25, 1855, 26, 33 
Atro-purpurea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 107. 


= N. planospira, Anton. . : ; é s ; ak 
Aurantia (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., vol. i, pl. x1, 
f: Ui = Ne striata, burrow. ; ‘ : : ; Ue 
Auriculata (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. —‘Thes. cen ii, 508, 
t. 113, f. 129, 130. = N. Mauritii, Less. 75 
Auriculata (Neritina), Tam. Encye. Meth. Vers, ll, pl 455, 
73 
Auriculata (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill, foie: 
= N. Tahitiensis, Less. : ; = wales 
Aurora (Nerita), Dunker. Phil., Abbild., if p. Si, +t, daemon 
=N. polita, Linn., var. , : ‘ : : ; 2 wo 
Australis (Liotin a), Kiener. Monog. pasate Coq. Viv., 
Po O;.26, fF. 15 ; ee Wy A 


Australe (C irsonella), Angas. P. Z. S., 38, t..D, f, 16, 1877, 16, 107 
Avellana (Neritina), Recl. Rey. Zool., 1842, p- 76, : 68, 69 


Baconi (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., 1, pl. 28, f. 127, -Apolt 
Baetica (Neritina), Lam. An. s. vert., p. 188, 49 
Baetica (Neritina), (Liam.) Morelet. Journ. de Conch., 12, 1853, 

p. 29% = N. numidica, Recl. \. 50 


Baetica (Neritina), Desh. Exped. au Moree, be 155, pl 19, 
f.1-5. == N. Peloponnesia, Recluz. . 50 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 117 


PAGE, 

Baetica (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. Conch. IIl., No. 23, f. 45. 

= N. elongatula, Morelet. : ‘ : : : . 48 
Baetica (Neritina), Mousson. Ein Besuch auf Corfu u. Catalon- 

ien p. 73. =N. varia, Ziegler. . ‘ : Su AS 
Bahiensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 154, 

ple ge 0." 2 Ns punctulata, Lam. Fst) 
Baliensis (Neritina), Mousson in coll, —N., faba, Sowb. 68 
Balteata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f, 28. 

— N. lineata, Chemn. : : oe 
Baltica (Neritina), Beck. Oerstzd de region. mar., 1844, p. 

69. =—N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : . 46 
Basistriata (Cyclostrema), Brugnone. Mise. “Malacol., lig lee 

1876; Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. xix, p 234, 

LO we Ae Oe OO; LBB ae | #96898 
Bataviensis (Neritina), Mousson, in coll. 

= N. fuliginosa, Busch. _.. 3 : : lO 
Beaniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. es 1843, p- 200. 

== N.patula, Rech  . 22 
Beanii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 1857, p: ies pl 

10, f. 12. = C. angulata, A. Adams. . 93 
Becki (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, P 275. 

= N. squamipicta, Recl., var. . ; . 58 


Beckii (Neritina), Sowb. — Thes. Conch., il, P 572, pl 1096 


13:) = N, Kuorri, Recluz. 57 
Bella (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. neuer  Conch., 2 it: ' 
if. 38) == N: dubia, Chemn: ; - 44 

Belladonna (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. Mouss. Jour. de 
Conch., p. 16. = N. anatolica, Recluz., var. . 52 
Bellardii (Neritina), Mousson. Naturf, Gessel. Zurich., vl, 
1861, p. 62. =N. anatolica, Se ie var. 52 
Bellula (Liotia), cae Adams. P. Z. S., 1873, p. 206, pl. 23 <: 
(i 111 


Benacensis (Neritina), Stentz. ‘Recluz, Jour. de Conch., i, 1850, 
p- 150. = N. Danubialis, Mthlf., var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . 46 
Bengalensis ( (Nerita corona), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi. t. ‘197, 


f. 1911. = Neritina, madecassina, Morelet. i 64. 
Bensoni (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 150. 

= N. reticulata, Sowb. : : 24D 
Bernhardi (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., vol., i, p- 285. 

= N. fulgurans, Gmel., var. : rd DA. 
Biauriculata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ, Conch., 5 1850, p. 

145. =N: bicanaliculata, Recluz.. : : Ca 6 
Bicanalis ( (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Nature., 1, 1845, p. 64; 

Zeit. Malacol., 160, 1848. = N. canalis, Sao ps ; hae oY 


Bicanaliculata (Neritina), Recluz. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 509, f. 
135-137... , : ; : ; tN 
Bicolor (Neritina) Recl. EA ©: 1842; p. 172, -. ar ooa 


118 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE 
Bidens (Neriia), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii. 

= N. polita, Linn. : : : . 930 
Bifasciata (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed., xiil. 

== N. polita, Linn. : . + (30 
Bifilata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 241, ; : . 103 
Bifrontia (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 249, «LOS 
Bimaculata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1856. 

= N. Borbonica, Bory. (Juv.) . 78 


Biplicata (Morchia), Fischer. Jour. de Conch. - 1877, p. 208, 107 
Biporeata (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 


18635 BoZ 08. 1865, pare, 92 
Birmanica (Nerita), Phil. Sowb. Thes., f. 82. 

— N. lineata, Chemn. ; : : im toe 
Bisecta (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., sg 39, 31 
Bithynoides Oe Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p- 93, pl 

; ‘ 97 
Bizonalis (Nerita), Lam. Encye. Meth., pl. 454, 

== N. chameleon, Linn. : é ee, 
Bizonalis (Nerita), March. Yoldi Cat., 168, 1852. 

= N. planospira, Anton. . : : , ; i iPad 
Boissieri (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86. 

= N. anatolica, Recl.. var. : ‘ ; . O2 
Borbonica (Navicella), Bory St. V incent. aes dans le qua- 

tre princip. iles d’A frique, 1, P- 287; pl Sie fz, -9. - GET 
Bottgeri (Neritina), Westerl. = N. ‘fluvi atilis, var. é . A7 
Bourgainvillei (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 

159, : wt eS) See 


Bourgainvil lel (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- 79, 80 
Bourguignati ( (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch. ili, 293, 


1352. ‘= N. fluviatilis, Tanne. ‘ Ww AE 
Brandti (Neritin a), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malak. zool., 1848, p. 

61. =N. Becki, Recluz. , « 108 
Brasiliana (Neritina), Recluz. Rew Zool.; 314, 1841, 

= N. virginea, Linn. . ‘ 40 


Brevispina (Nerita), Lam, An.s. vert., vi, 2 2, p. 188, 65, 66, 67 
Bniareus (Turbo), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Lool. {3x pies 112 
Bruguierei (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274. 


= IN? Petitn; Recluz, = : ; , . som 
Bruniensis (Cy clostr ema), Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 

1882, p. 168, ; : 4 : ; « 95 
Bulli (Nerita), Rye Ganch: Tens, fig. 76, 1855. 

= N. picea, Reel. : . 33 
Burgersteinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mal, 61. 


= Neritodonta, Be usina, . : sy Scie 


Ceelata ees Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 214, 
jo a ed ee , : : : ; . 101 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Ceerulescens (Navicella), Recl. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 550, pl. 118, 
f. 129, pl. 118, figs. 36-38. 
==\N, ‘tessellata, Lam. 
Caffra (Neritina), Wood, Garrett, in coll. 
—= N. sandalina, Recl. 
Caffra (Neritina), Gray, i in Wood. Suppl. vill, AM: 
== N. gagates, Lam. 
Calabarica (Neritina), Mousson coll. 
= N. rubricata, Morelet, ‘ ; : ; ; 
Calameli (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 393, 
pl xix, ft. 5; ; ; . : ‘ 
Calana, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus, 1844, 
= — Tomostoma, Desh. . ; ; : : ; 
Calceolina, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 264, 18638, 15, 
Caledonica (Leucorhynchia), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1867, 
20) tld, a. ‘ 15, 
Caledonica ‘(Navicella), Morelet. Test. Nov. Austral., 1857, 
p- 6. = N. Bougainvillei, Recl. ; 
Californica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. fig. 20. 
= N. Petiti,.Recluz, . 
Callosa (Neritina), Desh. Exped. Scientif, de Moree, iil, “Zool. 
p. 156, pl. 19, figs. 16-18. . : 
Calvertia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Tuenbes Mal., 50. 
== Neritodonta, Brusina. : ‘ 5 
Canalis (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville coll. Catal., p. 44, 1825. 
N. pulligera, Linn. var. . 
Cancellata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv. Delphinula t. 4, £10. 
== eeiwienert. bhi): ‘ 
Cancellata (Liotia), Gray. Spicil. Toul. 3, 1829 
Cancellata (Cyclostrema). aaa Trans. Linn. Soc., 1818, 
VOLES P.doos. 3 : : 
Capillulata (Neritina), Gould. Sowb. Thes., f, 267. 
= N. retifera, Bens. -. 
Carbonaria (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Conch. 
es, b14, 100, == N. morio,Sowb.. . : 
Carbonnieri (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zoul. , France, 
1881, p. 184. ; 
Carbonnieri (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., 1881, 
p: koi, ; 
Gardinalis (Nerita), erilone Tee ‘Zool. 1841, p. 345. 
= Neritina eee Lam. 
Carinata (Adeorbis), A. Adams. P. Z. se 1863, p: 75. 
Carinata (Liotia), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 248. : t 
Carinata (Rotella), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, 1 G2 alte 18, f, 26-28. . 
Carinata (Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf. var.), ‘Kokeil. Ferd. 
Schmidt, Land und Siiss-wasser Conch. in Krain, 1847. 
= N. Danubialis, Mthlf. var. 


PA 


119 


GE, 


82 


. 109 


89 


120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 


Carinata (Cyclostrema), H. Adams. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 207, pl. 
23,4. 8: 
Carinatus (Adeorbis), Wood: == ke subcarinatus, Monte. 
Carinulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, ; 
Cariosa (Neritina), Gray, in Wood Index. Test. Supplement, 
1828, fig. 11, : : 
Carpenteri (Teinostoma), "A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1861, 
Cassiculum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill., no. and f. 55. 
= reticulata. 
Castanea (Neritina), ‘Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool, li, 
p. 68, pl. 17, fig. 24-26, : 
Catenoides (Cyelostrema), Monts. Ann. Mus. Civico Genova 
ANT. ties “re 
aa (Humphrey, 1797), Se ainein, Malae a, 1840. 
== ‘Navicella,Wam./>) 
Celata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S. 1845, P 120. 
= Neritina bicolor, Recluz, 
Ge\dbeuais (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 
= N. diadema, Recluz, 2 : i 5 } : ? 
Cerostoma (Nerita), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., 1852, P. 180, 
RS Ey 
Ceylonensis (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., in 1851, p. 202. 
= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. : 
Gremecleon (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. me 779; ed. als 
1250, . - : 
Chemnitzii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. TZool., 103, 1841, 
= N. semirugosa, Reel. 
Chimmoi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., vol. ix “pl. 37, fig. 
Lu. > == No cores. Ginn. hvar. "? 
Chlorina (Vitta), (Link), Morch. Cat. Yoldi,, p- 167. 
= N. virginea, Linn. 
Chlorosticta, (Neritina avellana, Recl. var.) Martens in Conch. 
Cab. p. 174, fig. 5-9. . 
Chloroleuca (Nerita), Phil: Tenteoh f. Mal., 1848, p- 14. 
?— N. chameleon, Linn. . : : : ; , ; 
Cholerica (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
1847, p. 225. . Sandalina, Recluz, : 
Chlorostoma (N Verita), Lam. Ans. Vert., vol. viii, p. 603. 
= N. plexa,Chemn. . : 3 
Chlorostoma (Neritina), Brod. P.Z.S , 1832, p- 201, 2366 
Christovalensis (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pl, 59, fig. 
150; 155 
Chrysocolla (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., il, 
1847, p. 225. = N. Roissyana, Recluz. : ‘ 
Chrysostoma (Ne rita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 104. 
= N. striata, Burrow. : 
Chrysostoma (Neritina Danubialis, Minhlf. var), Kutschig, 
Kiisters Verkauts-Katalog., 1845. 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 121 


PAGE. 
Cidaris (Liotia), Rve. Zool. Proc., 1843; Conch. Icon. *P. 27, 108 
Cimber, Montf. Conch. Syst., 1, 82, 1810, : : eke 
Cincta (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 245. . 108 
Cincta (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1850, i ipup: 158. 
= N, Ualanensis, Less. : 4] 
Cinctella (Neritina), Martens. Norderasiatische Conch., 1874, 
etn a cee spe Ai ot reo ec 


Cingulata (Cyclostrema), ‘Dunker. Mal. Bath. Vi-ps 229, 3) 194 
Cingulata (Cyclostrema), Philippi. Kiister’s Conch. Cab. Del- 


phinula, p. 24, 1853, . : : : : we bil 
Cingulatum (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 

198, pl. 82, f. 14, é t : ; 2°30) 
Cingulifera (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1850, 

p. 43, 92, 93 
Cireumvoluta (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. ey 1842, p. 17s: aa (a 
Circinata (Neritina), Philip. Menke Zeitsch., 1848, p- 161. 

= N. Brugiueri, Reel. 5. 5S 
Cirrata (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Nature., i 1845, ee 64. 

= N. Brugiueri, Recl. 7206 
Cirsonella, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 38, 187 7, , GO 
Clathrata (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. "Toon. Delphinula, a 29; 

134350. 209 
Clathrata (Vitrinella), Carp. ‘Cat. Mazat. 

— V_ parva, C. Bs Ad. ; ‘ : . 101 
Clausa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Amn. Mag., 245, 1861, ; 2 On 
Clithon, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 326, 1810, ; . t, 63 
Clypeolem (Navicella), Recl. PZ, Se, 1842, 2 157. 

= N. tessellata, Lam. : ee! 
Clypeolum, Bechan Jour. de Conch. i 1850, : (ahs 
Cobijensis (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon, Delphinula, =p 22, 

1843. = L. cancellata, Gray, . 109 
Cochinsinae (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch. ip 1850, p. 159. 

= N. flavovirens, Busch, . 70 
Coluber (Neritina), Thorp. Hanl. and Theobald.’ Conch. Ind. 

p. 64, pl. 157, fig. 10, 3) 
Columbaria (Neritina), Recku Piz. S., 1845, p. 121, 

= N. Ualanensis, Less. ; ; pe Ad 
Comma-notata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Teon, fig. 72, 1855. 

= N. tessellata, Gmel. : ; ; : sa 2 
Communis (Neritina), Quoy and Gaim., Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, 

Zool., ili, p. 195, pl. 65, fig. 12-14. 38 


Comorensis (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., 1877, KV, p 
345, pl. 13, fig. 6 


6, 


Compacta (Liotia), Petterd. Jour. de Conch., iv, 135, : 4 
Compressa (Neritina), Mousson, in coll. 
= N.crepidularia, Lam. . 17 


Compressa (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var. 4 Martens, i in Conch. 
Cab. p. 38, t. 8, fig. 4-8-194, : : ; ‘ i 82 


122 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Compressa (Navicella), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, 1836, p. 749. 

= N, cerulescens, Recl. — . 82 
Compressa (Navicella reticulata, Rve. var.) Martens, in Conch. 

Cab., p. 41, 82 
Compressa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var.) Martens, in 

Conch. Cab., p. 16, t. 2, fig. 16-18, , 79 
Compressa (N avicella Freyeineti, Reel. var. ) Martens, i in Conch. 

Cab., p. 21, t. 3, fig. 23-24, : 80 
Compressa (Navicella Borbonica, var.) Martens, in Conch, Cab. 

pel, tol, fier OS 12s) ae: : 78 
Concentria (Neritina), Menke. Verzeichn. d. Conchyl. Sammi. 

des Fr. v. Malsburg, 1829. == N. crepidularia, Lam) S287 
Concentricum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 267; 

1363, % : ‘ : s : . 103 


Concinna (Vitrinella),sC. 'B. Ad. Panam, Cat., No. 258, «103 
Conferta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less. var.), Martens, in Conch. 


Cab: p. 193. i. 20 sheep. a. 41 
Conglobata (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., P 57, t. 8, f. 

ea) aie pulligera, Linn. 57 
Conica (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Rept., XV, 122, t. 

8, i0. . 94 
Conoidalis (Neritina reclivata, Say. var.) Martens, in Conch. 

Cab. p. 119; : 39 
Consimilis (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p- 243, t. 123, 

f 25,26, . 54 
Conspicuum (Cyclostrema), Monts. Nuova Revista, ?. 23, £198 
Convexa (Neritina) Nuttall, in Jay’s Cat., 3rd edition, p. 66. 

—) N. -cariosa,) Gray. ae . ; ; lashes 
Cookii (Navicella), Recluz. P. Z. S. 1843, pel Oe 

= N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent. . , ‘ P 2hALS 
Cornea (Nerita), Forsk. Dese. Anim., 123, 1775. 

= N. albicilla, Linn. : ‘ : : s , A eaales) 
Cornea (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 777, . 44, 45 


Corniculum (Archyteea), A. Ad. Ann. ee Mag. ., 245, 186i eee 

Cornu-copiz (Neritina), Benson. J. A.S. B., v, 1836, p. 748. 

. ==N. crepidularia, iam. —. ; : : : 5 att 
Cornella (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Zool. Proe., 74, 1863, . 95 

Conuta (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 63. 


JN. (Brandt hile oi j : . 68 

C oromandeliana (N eritina), Sowb. ‘Coneh Ill. no., 53, f. 52. 
— N. ziczac, Sowb. var. ; 206 

Guronaia (Clithon), Leach. Teel: Mise. 1815, ph 104. 

= Neritina longispina, Recluz.. he6S 
GC Mapanate (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Car Q44, ; 2 . 108 
Corona (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit. x, 777; edit. xii, 

1252. in part = N. brevispina, Lam. : ‘ d JltG 
Corona (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed., x, ay 7, in part 


= Neritina longispina, Recluz. : : ‘ be 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 123 


AGE. 
‘Coronoides (Neritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii, 

p- 381, : : ete: 
Corrosula (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p- 177, : 35 
Corrugata (Neritina), Hombr.et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool., 

Wy, pacO; ple 17; f. 45, 47. 

= N. brevispina, Lam. 65 
Costata (Nerita) Chemn. Conch. Cab., Vv; 299, vl 191, f. 

1966, 1967, 27 
Costata (Nerita), Schum. Nouv. Syst. 287, 1817. 

== N. plexa, Chemn. . ; ay ai 
Costatus (Adeorbis), Garrett. “Proc. Cal. Acad., i; p. 103. 

= Fossarus Garretti, Pse. Manual, ix, 272, . 2 86 
Costulata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch. 1866, p- 52. 

? = N. interrupta, Gassies, . : 68 
Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Phil. Abbild., i, 86, 1844. 

— N. striata, Burrow, niged 
Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Cat. Godeftroy, n no. iv, “99; No. Vv; 

144. —N. affinis, Reeve, . o4 
Costulatum (Discopsis), Folin. Fonds de la Mer. 3 i, 205, 1869, 106 
‘Craspedostoma, Lindstrém, 1884, . Pas i 
Crassa (Nerita), Gould. Expl. Exped., p. 166, f, 195, 195a. 

= N-undata; Tina: ; . 28 
Crassibasis (Liotia), Ek A. Smith, P.Z.S _ 1880, e 484, pl. 

/ Fores hal | a : . 108 
Crassilabrum (Nerita), Smith. P.Z.8. 603, 1885. 

= N.albicilla, Linn. . : 4019 


Crenata (Liotia), KKiener. Cog. Viv. Delphinula, t. Ash Syrcuie plea 
Crenellifera (Teinostoma), A. Adams. Sowb. Thes. Conch., 

il, Cyclostrema, f. 41, 42, ; : ‘ , ‘ ‘ 
Crepidularia (Neritina), Lam. An. sans Vert. vi; pt, 22 9 106 


a ae py cOnenl ad 
‘Crepiduloides (Navicella), ‘Reeve. fig. 19, 1856. 

= N. Luzonica, Souleyet var. compressa, Martens, , atk, 
Gristata (Neritina), Morelet.. Journ. Conch., xii, 1864, p. 288, 76 
Crossei (Leucorhynchia), Tryon, . : ; : : . 106 
‘Crossostoma, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Oolite, 1854, ade lef 
Cryptospina (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 

— N. diadema, Recluz, s 64 
‘Cryptospira (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab. ip: 61 pl 

St tte IN Knorr, Recluz,' . o7 
‘Cumingiana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842 2s P- 7A. 

— N. turrita, Chemn. var. . : ayes 
‘Cumingiana (Navicella), Recl.  P. a at 1842, p- 157, , 12 80 
Cuprina (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 151. 

= N. Roissyana, Recluz, . 38 
Cutleriana (Cyclostrema), Clark. ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
Veep: 424, . 0 96 


Ble tana (Neritina), Recl. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- ona . 36 


124 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Cyanostoma (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., iv, 1853, P. 
373, pl. 12, f. 9,10. = N. flavovirens, Busch, 


Cyclidea, Rolle, 1862. = me Grat. . 12 

Cyclophoreus (Haplocochlias), Carp. Ann. ee N. Hist., 3d. 
Ser., xii, 474, 1864, . fee 

Cyclostrema, Marryatt. ear! ea Soc: abe 1818, ’ 88, 14 


Cyclotina (Cyclostrema), A.-Adams. Sowb. Thes., f. 30, 00.) ae 
Cymostyla, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, L887, Pneiae, 
Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i. 406, 1854, 


16, 112, 107 
DaCostze (Neritina), Recl. P. Z.S., (1843, pelgoe:. ‘ ee htt 
Deedala (Liotia), A. Adams. P. Z.S , 1863, p: «02, Mie Ob 
Dalli (Cyeclostrema), Verrill. iene Conn. Acad. V, Pp. 532, pl. 
Sige iearats eee 97 
Dalmatica (Neritina), Partsch. Sowb. Conch. Hits No. 44, fig. 
57. = fluviatilis. Linn. var. : ‘ ; : : 1 0AF 
Danubialis (Neritina), Mthlf. Land und Wasser Schnechen, 
Pixe, 1828) t Ssh. ies : : : ‘ : . 45 
Dannbialis (Neritina), Siemaschko. Bull. Soe. va Moscou, 
1847, p. 102. =—N. liturata, Eichwald, . ae 
Danubiensia (Neritina), Sadler. Sowb. Conch. n., ‘No. A7 
= IN. Danubialis; Mubli> .. : i 45. 
Menara. A. Ad. Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., 1864, ; 14, 99, 100 
Decapitata (Navicella scarabzeus Rve. var.), Mousson. Jour. 
de Conch. xvii, 1869, p. 384. == N. macrocephala., eee 12 
Decussata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 239, . 102 


Deficiens (Neritina), Mabille. Bull. Soe. Mal. Fr, iv, 160, 
1887, ; 

Dejanira, Stoliczka, Sitzb. Akad. Wi ien., XXxviii, 488, 1860, 9 

Delessertii (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch, iv, p. 260, pl. 


ii 2.) = Noinisy Mousson: : é ; ; : . 58 
Melesicanene (Neritina), Recher: Jour. de Conch., iv, 1853, p. 
209, pl, 7, f. 3. ==  N. squamipicta, Recluz, . : : 08 
Delicatula (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 

=- N. Ualanensis, Less. : ; ; : : . nae 
Delineata (Neritina), Boubée. Villa, Disp. syst., 1841, iv, 38. 

== N. pupa, Linn: : : : , ; P : loa 
Delicatum (Archytea), Phil. Moll. Sicil., 11, 222, 1844, Nae 
Delphinoidea, Brown. Ill. Conch. Gt. Brit., t. 51, 1827. 

= Cyclostrema, Marryatt, . . 4 
Deltoidea (Neritina), Garrett Ms. “Mousson, Jour. “de Conch. 

xviil, 1870, p. 224. = N. Pritchardi, Dohrn. . . 65 
Dendritica i ( Neritina), Ziegler. Villa disp, Syst. Conch., 1841, 

paoom, — NN. fluviatilis, Linn. var. > 47 
Depressa (Navicella), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., il, 1830, 

Pucoe: i ——aN.. Borbonica, Bory. : 78 


Depressa (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ‘sp. 14, 1843, : - 108 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Depressa (Cyclostrema), Monts. Enum. e Sinon. p. 20, 

Depressa (Neritina), Benson. J. A.S. B., v, p. 1836, p. 748, 
= N.crepidularia, Lam. . 

Depressa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. ‘Nat. ‘Hist. 245, 
1861, 


Depressus (Adeorbis), Seg. Bull. Page Chane leat Ital. iiace: 


2, p. 882, 1874. = A. Seguenzianus, Tryon, 
Divisa (Cyclostrema), Adams. Linn. Trans., ili, 254, 


Deschampsi ( eee Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 


1881, p. 182, : 
Deshaysia, Raulin, 1844, 


Deshayesii (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch. i iV, 1869, P 


130. = N. Mauritii, Less. 
Deshayesis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p- 104, 
— N. scabricosta, 
Desmouliz isiana (Neritina), Recluz: Journ. Conch i, 18: 50, P 
153, 162. —N. reticulata, Sowb. 
Despinosa (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 
= N. longispina, Recluz. 


Destituta (Neritina rarispina Mouss. var), Mousson. Moll. 


Java., p. 84, : 
iiademna (Neritina), Rechuat ies Fool. 1841, iP 977, , 
Diaphana (Teinostoma) d’Orb. Moll. Cibas G2)\ te 18s a 

23-25, 


Diaphana (Archytzea), ‘A. Adams. P. Zi S., He fe ta 


Diaphanum (Cylostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 


199) Pl232; £16. , 
Dilatata (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Kiister’s Conch. Cs ab., 53. 
== IN. patulas Reels... : 
Bilatata (Neritina), Brod. P. ”. S. 1832, p. 901, : 
Dilatata (Neritina fluviatilis L. var.), Moq.-Tand., p. 549, 


Diatreta (Cyclostrema), Gould. Bost. Proce. Soc. N. skorts 


1847; Moll. Wilkes Exped., f. 126. = C. levis, Kiener, 
Diocletiana (Neritina), Kiist. Verkaufskatalog. 
—N. fluviatilis, Linn. 


Diremta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less. var.), Martens, in Conch. 


Cab, p.- 193; t. 20, £17 -19, 
Discoidea (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 15, 
1843, 


Discopsis, ‘Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 190, 205, 1869, i es 


Discors (Neritina), Martens. Ktist. Conch. Cab., p. 160, t, 17, 
ify dhol” kb : 

Dispar (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iil, 1367, p- 285, 
pl. 24, f. 3. = N. chlorostoma, Brod. : 

Diversicolor (Nerita), Mart. Univ. Conch., t. 108, ‘1784, 
= N. Ascensionis, Chemn. . ; 

Doingii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. Si 1845, ae 121, 
— Neritina Dringii, Recl. : 


H ~I bo 
“1 01 bo 


we) 
bo 


126 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE.. 
Dolium (Neritina) Recluz), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 15. 

— N. solium, Reel. : , : E . ; : an 
Dombeyi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 149, é . 22 
Dongolensis (Neritina), Ehrenberg. Ms. in Berlin Mus. 

= N. Nilotica, Reeve. . : : , : : : etek 
Donovana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. 8., 1848, p. 73. 

= N. diadema, Recluz. ' : : : : : » apd. 
Doriz (Neritina), Issel. Mem. Acad. Torino., 1865, p. 25, t. 

6, tls, be 47 
Doreyana (Nerita), Quoy ‘and Gaim, Voy. Astrolabe i ill, P 190, 

pl. 65, f. 43-44. = N. polita, var. Rumphii. ol 
Dostia, Gr ay. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840, .. : : i eis 
Dringii (Neritina), Recl. P.Z.5., 1845, p- 121, ‘ : ge 
Dubia (Neritina), (Chemn) Issel. “Moll. omen: 

= N. avellana, Recluz. , ; ; ; : : £408 
Dubia (Neritina), Chemn. Conch. Cab., bd. v, p. 524, t. 124, 

f. 2019, 2020, : . 44, 45 


Duplicatum (Cyclostrema), Lischke. Mal. Blat;,.xt, p12 
Dunalli (Neritina), Montrouzier, mss. 


— N. Bruguieri, Reel. . : : ; , ; ; Ds 
Dunkeri (Cyclostrema), Tryon. ‘ : ‘ : ‘ ool 
Eburnea (Cy clostrema), G.. and H.Nevill.. J; A. 8S: Bs xix 

pt. 2, p. 101, pl. viti, gee i ; 5 : wioe 
Elana, ‘Gre ay>) -P.Zn8:,.994) 1867 5 -: slo 


Elara, H. and A. Ngati Gen. Ree. Moll., As "387, 1854, 10,082 

Elata (Neritina), Hauff. Krain, p. 55. 

. stragulata, Muhlf . . ‘ . 46 

Elea, Ziegler. Fitzing. Syst. Verz., ‘116, 1833. 
— Theodoxus, Montf. . 


Elegans (Adeorbis), H. Nile. BAZ. S 44, 1850, ; 83 
Elegantina (Neritina), Busch. In Phil. ‘Abbild., i. m. 25, t. ie 

f.3. == N. communis, Quoy and Gaim... 39 
ilegantiesns (Neritina), Hartmann. Gastropod. d. Schweiz, 

1841, p. 189. = N. virginea, Linn. —. : . 40 
Elegantissima (Neritina), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 166. 

= N.elegantina, Busch. . ; : {jae 
Electrina (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 70, 1855. 

— N. squamulata, Le Guillou. . ; , 20 
Elliptica (Navicella), Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809. 

= N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent. . 78 
Elliptica (Septaria), Blainville. Man. de Malacologie, pl. 36, 

bis, fi 1. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. 81 


Elliptica (Navicell a), (Lam. ) Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de ’Ur- 
anie., Zool., p. 458. : 80 
Elliptica (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, P. 346, 44 
Elongata (Neritina virginea, L. var.), Martens. Mal. Bhitt., ail 
S. 63. = N. virginea, Linn. ; 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Elongata (N. fluviatilis, Linn. var.), Broeck. Ann. Soc. Mal. 
Balzcv; ps2, 3 ‘ ; : : > 
Elongatula (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr. et Fluy. 
Portugal, p. 96, pl. 9, fig. 4, ; ‘ : : : : 
Emergens (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1857, p. 162. 
= N. flavovirens, Busch, . ; ‘ ; : 3 ‘ 
Entrecasteauxi (Navicella), Recl. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 380. 
= N. tessellata, Lam. : , ; : ; : 
Erubescens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 1855. 
=  N. undata, Linn. var. . Z / A 5 
Erythrea (Nerita), Desh. Laborde, Voy. Mer Rouge. 
= N. albicilla, Linn. f 
Kssingtoni (Nerita), Recluz, Petit, Journ, Conch. i, pl. i £9; 
Essingtoni (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. feon.,.£29. 
= N. striata, Burrow, ‘ : : : : 
Euphratica (Neritina), "Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1874, p. 
49, ; : : : : : A 
Eur opeea (N eritina) Toeach. Brit. Moll; Menke, Zeit. fiir. Mal., 
Wie tedo. 8 == N-ifuviatilis, inn: L : 3 : 
Euxina (Neritina), Clessin. Mal. Blatt. N.S., viii, p. 55, 
Exaltata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 66. 
—N.crepidularia, Lam. . c é 
Exarata (Nerita), Pfr. Wiegm. Archiv Naturg., vl, 256, 1840. 
— N. tessellata, Gmel. : : 
Excavata (Nerita), Sowerby. “‘Thes. Conch., p. 109, f. 84, 
Excavata (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. Proce. Zool. Soe., 1850, 
Excavatum (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Mollusca, xv, 
17a St. 10; : ; ‘ ; ‘ : 
Excelsa (Navicella), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., xviii, ry! p- 
Nouv. 150, Caled., t. 8, f. 4, : 
Exigua (Vitrinella), C.B. Ad. Panama Cat., No. 2! DY; 
Exiguum (Cyclostrema), Phil. Zeitsch f. Mal., 1849, p. 25, 
Eximia (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. 6 £726; 18 26. 
= N. reticulata, Rve. . : : : : : 
Expansa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1875, p. 231, 
= N. Petitii. Recluz, : 3 : 
Expansa (Trachysma delicatum, var.), ‘Sars. Moll. Arct. 
INotyo2t2. taza, de. D7. : : : 
Equisitus (Adeorbis), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag., Xi, p: 399, 
88: : : 


b 


Exuvia (Nerita), Linn. Mus. ‘Reg. Ulricae, p. 682, 


Faba (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. IIL. no., 38, f. 16, ; ‘ 
Fasciata (Neritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab., 
poddo, £ 16, ; : : : ; ; 
Fasciata (Neritina), Lam, Anim. sans Vert., vi, 186. 
= N. dubia, Chemn. . : 
Fenestrata (Liotia), Carp. Second Report, 652, 1863, 


128 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


/ 


PAGE. 


Fenilletii (Neritina), Andouin. Descr. Egypte vol. xxii, yy v; 
fle S627.) = Ne viridis: ain, : s 
Filosa (Nerita), “Rve. Conch. Tcon., f. 48, 1855, : 
Fimbria (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll. ed. 2, p. 48, : and 139, 
= N. semiconica, Lam. : : 
Fimbriatus (Adeorbis), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1881, p- 64, 
Fissa (Navicella haustum, var.), Mousson. Journ. de Conch., 
xvi, 1669,/p: 383. 9— aay depressa, Less. . 
Flammulata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 180, 1841. 
= N. undata,, bin. var, ©. F 
Flavopincta (Neritina), Mousson, in . coll. 
. virginea, Linn. . : , 5 : 
Flavovirens | (Neritina), Busch in Phil. " Abbild., 1, Sp. 26.8, 
i fb; ; ; : : ‘ 
Bilpweccens GN erita), Chemnitz Cine Cab. 
= N. polita, Linn. ; : ‘ y : 
Flexuosa (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. " Voy. au Pole Sud. 
Moll., p. 69, pl. 17, f, 89-41. ispl 
Flexuosa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1878, p. 342, . 
Florida (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 160, pl. 
(£6) i = Ne dilatata, Brod:.: é ' ; , ; 
Floridana (Neritina), Shuttlewerth ms. | Rve., Conch. Icon., 
{. 85. =N. reclivata, Say. ; d : : ; : 
Fluctuata (Cyclostrema), Hutton. N. Z. Journ. Science., i, p. 
A77. == Turbinide. : : : : , ; . 
Fluviatilis (Nerita), Poiret. Voy. en Barberia, ed. 11, p. 33. 
— Neritina Numidiea, Recluz. . E ; : ‘ : 
Fluviatilis (Neritina), Menetries. Catal. rais. Hist. Nat. 
Cauease., 1832. = N. liturata, Eichwald. 


Fluviatilis (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat.,ed. x, p.777, . 46, 


Fontaineana (Neritina), Orb. Voy. dans l Amer. Mer. Moll., 
p: 406; pl Gide 1415 ING latissima, Brod., var. . 
Fontinalis (Nerita), Brard, Hist. Nat. d. coquilles Paris 1815, 
p. 196, pl. 7, f. 11. == Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. : 
Forskalii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 147, 1841. 
— N.albiclla, Linn: ; 
Forstenii (Navicella), Herklots in Leiden Museum. 
— suborbicularis, Sowb. j : 
Fragilis (Adeorbis), G. O. Sars. Moll. Reg. Art. Norv., p. 213, 
teed Ohare s ; F 
Fragum (Nerita), Rve. ‘Conch. Icon., if AL, 1855 
— N. reticulata, Karsten. . 
Faseri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon. <i, (t. 25, i 13. 
Freycineti ae Recl. Gould. U.S. Expl. "Exped. Moll. 
p. 156, pl. 11, f. 177. =  N. Bougainvillei, Recl. : 
Freycineti (Namiealiny, Recl. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 379, 
Frondicincta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less. var. ie Martens, in 
Conch. Cab., p. 193, t. 20, f. 212, 


22 
61 


80 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 129 


PAGE, 
Frondosa (Neritina poreata, Gld. var.), Mousson. Journ. 
Coneh. xvii, p. 221,." . ; ; f : : : » S60 
Fulgens (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe., vil, p. 142, . 112 
Fulgetrum (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 105, 1855, 38, Gal 
Fulginata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 50, ‘ : bik} 
Fuliginosa (Neritina), Theobald. J. A. 8. B., vol. pee 1858, 
p. 315. = N. Peguensis, Blanf. Spi! 
Fuliginosa (Neritina), Busch.- in Phil. " Abbild., St 26 Dia 18 
ine ane ; F ah) 
Fulgurans (Nerita), ‘Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Xi, 23 
F ulowrata es eritina), Desh. Moll de li’le Reunion, p. 8 of spl. 
10, Po?) 7 = N. eacates, am- : x35 
Funiculata (Nerita), Mke. Zeitsch f. Mal., 18 850, p. 166. 
— N. Burnhardi, Recl. ; : ; : : ; . 24 
Funiculata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1855. 
= N. undata, Linn. var. : ‘ : F ; , me 
Fuscilabris (Neritina), Wiegmann. Ms. in Berl. Mus. 
= N. punctulata, Lam. : : : : : Z 260 
need (Neritina), Kutschig, mss. 
— IN. Danubialis; Muhlf yar, . ; , . 46 
Fuscata (Nerita), Menke. Verzeichn, 15, 1826 
= N. seabricosta, Lam. ; : ’ ‘ : : Balle 


Gagates (Neritina), Lam. Moérch, Cat. poe p-. 766. 

= N. variegata, Lesson. 36 
Gagates (Neritina), Lam. An.s . Vert., ed. 1, Vl, p. 185, 1822, Bo 
Gagates (Neritina), Troschel. Gebiss der Schnecken, i Ty tbe 16, 


ellos == IN: comea, inn. ; : ; 5) 
@rillacdotia, Bourg, 1876. — — Smaragdia, Issel. ; 7 
Gaimardi (Navicella Urvillei var.), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p 

378. = N. suborbicularis, Sowb. 81 
Gaimardi (Neritina), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite., ? 34 f. 1 19. 

= N. Ualanensis, Less. H ’ 41 
Gunesa, Jeffreys. P. Z.S., 94, 1883, , F : 14, 100 
Gangrenosa (Neritina), Schmidt. Conch. Krain, 24, 

= N. Danubialis, Mthlf. var. stragulata, Miuhlf. : 46 
Gardensis (Neritina), Stenz. Villa, Cat. Moll. Lombardia, 

1844, p. 10. 

=n) Danubialis, Mihlf. var. serratilinea, Ziegl. 5 . 46 
Gargania, Guiscardi, SSG 2: , , : : : arated 
GO yrrctti (N eritina), ) Monon Jour. de Conch., xviii, 1870, p. 

223. == N. Ualanensis, Less. . : ; Abia? Sh 
Genuana (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. Ce 1855. 

= N. fulgurans, Gmel. Var. Bernhardi. ! ; . 24 


Gemmulata “(Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 40, enacts Ue 
Georgina (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, perso.’ .: » 8a 
Gigas (Neripteron), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 186 and 254. 


granosa, Sowb. . : : : : ‘ sp 08 


!) 


130 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Giraudi (Stanleya), Bourg. Notic Lac Tanganyika, 88, 1885, 
Glabrata (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 535, pl. 116, f. 


256-2638, 


Glandiformis (Neritina subjunetata, Recl. var.), Martens. 


in Conch. Cab. p. 180, f. 22, : 
Globosa (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. Se 1832, p- 201. 
= N. latissima, Brod. 


@nacer oyana (N eritina), Ninecou gun de Gunchy 1869, p. 


SB fils pl. 150. Gade» Ni camitena, Glad: d 
Pomliandi (Liotia), Brazier:) (PZ. S612 83, £. te 2. 
1874. = L. speciosa, Angas. 


Gracilenta (Nerita), Budgin. ms. Sowb. ‘Cat. “‘Tankery, 1825, 


p. 45. == Neritina crepidularia, Lam. 
Griffei (Neritina), Mousson, Ms. 
= N. porcata, Gould, 


Granosa (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville, Catal., Appendix, p. 11, 


Granulata (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z.8., 1855, p. 183, 
Granulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 79, 1855, 


Granulosa (Liotia), Dunker. ae Sudafr. Moll., 94, t. 5, ff. 


28, : : : : : 
Granulum (Pseudorhis), Brugnone. " Misc. Malac., p. 18, f. 25, 
1873 : 
Gravis (Neritina), Shuttleworth. Mittheil. d Naturf. Gesell. 
3erne, 1854,S. 160. = N. reclivata, Say. 


Gravis (Neritina), Morelet. Test. Novissima, 1849, , pee 
= N. reclivata, Say. . 

Grayana (Nerita), Recluz. Ree Zool, 1843, P 900, 
— N. undata, Linn., var. . ; 

Grisea (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., fea. 
—N. striata, Burrow. E ; : : 3 

Grossa (Nerita), Born. Mus. Caes. Vindob., 407, 1780 
— N. ecostata, Chemn. f : é ‘ 

Grossa (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 778, 


Guadianensis (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 


Portugal, p. 98, pl. 9, f. 3, 


Guamensis (Nerita), Quoy and Gaim. Astrolabe os p. Lit 


65, f. 45. = N. polita, var. Rumphii. 
Guayaquilensis (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., TL ee 520, pl 
114, f.177. = N. Fontaineana, Orb. 


Guerini (Neritina), Recl. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 314, 
— N.ameena, Gould. . 
Guinerii (Neritina), Recluz. Sowb. Thes., p: “541, ‘pl. 176, f. 
272. ?==-N,. ameena, Gould] | >: ‘ 
Guttata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. S18 
Guttata (Neritina), picta, Sowb. var. ) Miller. Mal. Blitt, 1879, 
168, 
Catia (Ner itina), Kiister. Verkaufskatalog. 
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : : 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Guttata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1875, >P. 230. 
— N. guttulata, Gassies. 
Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 
= N. Ualanensis, Less. 5 : é : 
Guitulata (Neritina), Gassies. Nouv. Caled., iii, 90, : 
Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in coll. == N. ziezac, Sowb. 
Gymnocephala (Neritina), Ktist. Anton Verzeichn. Conch., 
1839, p. 30. = N. Sardoa, Menke. 


Haemastoma _(Neritina), Martens. Ktist. Conch. Cab. p. 167, 
le 13, ie 6, 7 ie ° . . - 
Halophila (Neritina fluviatilis var. r.), Klett. ; é 
Hamuligera (Neritina), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., iii, 1837, 
iotie = N Smith; Sowb: : : : : : 2 
Hapa (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. i, p. 


68, pl. 17, f. 33-35. —= N. Souleyetana, Recluz. : : 
Haplocochlias, Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. et xill, 476, 
1864, : lb) 


Harriette (Cy clostrema), ‘Petierd. Journ. Conch., iv, p. 141, 
Harveyensis (Neritina), ee ms. 
— N. chlorostoma, Br. 
Haustrum (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon. a Tala pl 4, £18 
== N. depressa, Less. . 
Haustrum (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., £ 34 1855. 
== N- Yoldi, Rechuz. ; , : : ; 
Hausknechti (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86. 
== N. anatolica, Recluz, var. < ; : , 
Heldreichi (Neritina), Schwerzenbach. Samml. von Prof. 
Mousson. ‘ F 4 : : 
Helicinoides (N erita), Taney Conch. Icon., f. 80, 1855, 
Helicoidea (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit. 9, 1850, 
Hellvillensis (Neritina Scuverbiana, Montrouzier, ae Crosse. 
Jour. de Conch., 1881, p. 208, . 
Heminerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. ‘Cab., 9, 1887, 
Helvola (Neritina), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., i into 
a2), 1847,, == Ne Turtoni, Reeluz:: 4 ; : ; 
Helvola (Clithon zelandicus, var.), Gould. Mousson Jour. de 
Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 374. — Neritina variegata, Lesson. . 
Hermanni (Liotia), Dunker. = L. Peronii, Kiener. 
Hessei (Neritina), Bottger. Ber. Offenb. V er., XXIV-XXV, 192, 
HSS.) ‘ : : 
Hidalgoi () (Neritina), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1880, p- 320, pl 
xi; f2 3 : : 
Hieroglyphica (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. 
=N. polita, Linn. ‘ s : : 5 i 
Hieroglyphica (Neritina), Wattebled. Jour. de Conch., 68, 
1886, : ; 
Hilleana (Nerita), Dunker. Mal. Blit., xviii, Pp. 167, 


e534 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE 
Hindsii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z.8., 1843, p. 201, . ot 
Hispalensis (Neritina), Martens. in Congh, € Cab., : 220, on 22, . 

ee OO Ae: 3 : : A A 48 
Histrio (N erita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3681. 

— N. semirugosa, Recluz. - : ; : : : i ae 
Holoserica (Neritina), G xarrett. Am.Journ. Conch., viii, 1872, 

poe ply nO este : , i ; : . 42 
Eiameralis (Neritina), Theobald ms. — N. retifera Benson. va 
Humerosa (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., xiii, 1865, 

p. 188.. ='N. ruginosa, Recl. “. : : ; : . 65 
Hungarica (Neritina), Ktist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 13, 1863. 

— N. Prevostiana, Partsch. : : , ; : . 49 
Hupeana (Navicella), Gassies. Faun. Conch. Nouv. Caledon., 

p:. 114, pl. 3. 18, ==2Nodepressay Lesson. : a ais: 
Hyalina (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 5, 1850, ‘ S108 
Hypodema, Koninck. 1853. = = Neritopsis, Gat. ; Fie Wl! 


» 
Icterina (N. striata, var.), Martens. Ktister, Conch. Cab., 37, 28 
Ilynerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, oats 
Immaculata (Cyclostrema), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tas- 


mania, 1876, p. 128, . 95 
Immersa (Neritina), Martens. "Mal. Blitt, 1860, p: 61. 
= N. Powisiana, Recl. var. : Br 5, 


Imperspicuus (Adeorbis), Monts. Nouv. Revist: 36, . . 86 
Inaurita (Neritina subauriculata, Recl. var.), Morch. Jour. 


de Conch., 1872, p. 323, , : i E : 8 
Incerta (Liotia), Tenison: Wand’: Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1678, 
polls; : . 112 


Incerta ( Nerita) Busch in Phil. Abbild, a a 85, tie is f. 6, aes 
Incerta (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1878, p- 341, . 44 
Inconspicua (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. i, p, 27, [et le! se 


== NN: olivacea, Reel juv. -. : ; ; : ; oe 
Incrustans, (Neritina), Ziegler, ms. 

ING Danubialis, Miibl. var. chrysostoma, 5 . 46 
Incurva (Nerita), Martens. Ktister’s Conch. Cab. 50. 

= N. undata, Jinn. vars . 4 : : 5 : : ale 5, 
Indica (Neritina), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269. 

= N. crepidularia, ama.” oh 
Inermis (Neritina spinosa, Sowb. var.), Martens. in Conch. Cab. 

DAL Stil, tool wiley a. : . 64 
Inquinata (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. | Moll. ene et fluv. 

Portugal, p. 93, f. 2. == N. elongatula, Morelet, : . 48 
Tnsculpta (Neritina), Rve. Conch. “Teon., ANS 1855. 

= Nerita picea, Recl. : . ‘ ; . 33 
Insignis (N eritina), Ronson in Rall 

— N. ziczac, Sowb. var... : 5 : : . OG 


(aeons (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Teon., f. 21. 
— N. tessellata, Lam. . ; s : ; ; , .° 82 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 133 


PAGE. 

Intermedia (Neritina), Deshayes. Belanger Voy. Ind. Orient., 

pee2a OM ple ley ty Tae ee Lam. : Use ah 
Intermedia (Neritina), ,Sowb. P.Z.S . 1832, e 201, 

= N. latissima, Brod. 7 

Interposita (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 

= N. Anatolica, Recluz, . i : ; ; 52 
Interrupta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad; Monog. Vit., 6, 1850, "103 
Interrupta (Neritina), Recl. P. Z.8., 1842, p. 175, : Sis) 
Interstitialis (Neritina ziczac, poe var.), Martens. Kiist. 

Conch. Cab., p. 101, t. 60, : De Na. o8 
Intexta (Neritina), Villa dispos. Conch. 1841, p. 38, 60. 

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ; . AT 
Tris (Neritina), Mousson. Land und Siissw. Moll. von Java, 

1849.5, 81. -t.. 12, f. 10, VY. squamipicta, Reel. var. . 908 
Isseliana (Neritina avellana Recl. var.), Martens. Kaist. Conch. 

Cab. p. 170, ‘ : : : ; : : : 508 
Jamaicensis (Neritina), C. B. Adams. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 

Nea Sp, p. 20. —— Ni; vireinea, Linn, ©. : 40 
Janella (Navicella), Reeluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, P 876. . 280 
Janus (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat. No. 260, . 103 
Japonica (Cynisca), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., viii, 244, 1861. 

== Collonia pilula, Dunker. ‘ ; ; ‘ ; Slog 


Japonica (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 246, 1861, SEE. 
Japonica ae Dunker. Mal. Blat., vi, p. 233, 1859; Moll. 


Japon., t. 2, f. 23. =N. pica, Gould. ; : . o4 
Javanica (Navicella), Mousson, in seiner Sammlung. 

= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. ; : ok 
Jayana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. ‘Conch., i, 185 0, p- 157, pl. 

Bea ; ; yas 
Meinnetoni (Cy clostrema), peddome: erat! Roy. Soe., Tasmania, 

1882, p. 168, : A ee 
Toiaee (Neritina), Soni Conch ion No. 48, re 49, 51 


Josephi (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1876, 
Ay ; , 


a LAT, ; " 4 : ; 95 
ae (N eritina), Recs Proce. Zool. Soe., 1848, p. 72 
== N. ziczac, Sowb. . . : ; egal o) 


Junghuhni (Navicella), Herklots. Kuster, Conch. Cab., “29, ,, ol 


Karasuna (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., xxii, 1874, 


p. o4. = N. Maerii, Reeluz. : : ; : ; nh Oe 
Kerondrenii (Nerita), Le Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 546. 

= Neritina Souleyetana, Recluz. : . ; 64 
Kieneri (Liotia), Phil.  Kiister’s Conch. Cab. Delphin., 29, t. 

Sete 19. : , ; ; ‘ : ; Gola ia! 


Renarni (Neritina), Sewn hess Conch:,'1, polls pli tia, £. 
05) == INo iris, Mousson. . : : ‘ : ; Ato) 


134 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Knorri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 6. 
— N. Becki, Recluz. . a : , ' : : aS 
Knorri (Neritina), (Recluz). Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274. 


= N. pulligera, Linn., var. . : : : 5 eit 
Labiosa (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. IIL, f. 48, . 62 
Lactaria (Nerita), Linn. Mantissa, poten: plicata, Linn. 27 
Lacteum (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin’s Mag., 1872, p. 

508, pl. 19, ty YC lewis, Kener: .. 92 
Lacustris (? Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. ares 

—= Neritina fluviatilis, Linn., var. : . AT 
Lacustris (Neritina), Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., p. (i rare 
Lacustris (Nerita), (L.) Oliv. Zool. Adriat., 1792, p- 181, 

182. = Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf., var. . 46 
Levis (Cyclostrema), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Delphinula, p 12, 

led. eG oe : 92, 720s 
Levis (Skenea), F Gries aul Mignles: Brie Moll., i, 165. 

? = Cyclostrema nitens, var. Alderi. . : Boake i 
leimagekii (Neritina), Deshay es. Lam. An. s. Wig Vill, p.5 578. 

== iN, Teens Less. : , : es 
Te tintoxconn: owe Malacol, 350, 1840. 

= Neritina, Lam. : : : SAG 
Laodia, Gray. P.Z.S 996, 1867, 3 : kG 
Laperousei eae evan Rey. Zool., 378, 1841, 80 
Larga (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. Zool., 

ii, p. 67, pl. 17, £17, 18. = N. pulligera, Linn. Figs 
Largillierti (Neritina), Phat Menke Zei tsch, 1840, 160. 

= N. Senegalensis, Gmel. . : 5 122 
Latissima (Neritina), Brod.) 7. s; Loa2; p: 200, 76 


Layardi (Neritina), Reeve. f. 104, 105. 


— N. auriculata, Lam. : ; : ; : 5 Re |: 
Leachii (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312. 

='N. virginea, Linn. . : : 4 : ‘ : . 40 
Lecontei (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., 1853, p. 257, 

lee te con eee 4 : , : ; ‘ : , . 74 
Le Guillouana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178. 

= N. undata, Linn. . é ; 5 ; : eee) 
Lenormandi (N eritina), Gassies. Journ. ri xviil, 1870, 

pulo0. == —N Petit theclugayar 58 


Lentiginosa (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., xX, pl. : 25, f. 110, 66 
Lentiginosa (Navicell a), Reeve. Conch. Tcon., f, 9, 1856. 

= N. Janellei, Recl. Gjuv.) : : : : : L36 
Lessoni (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 311, .. 3 
Leucorhynchia, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 319, 1867, ; 15, 106 
Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas, 1884. 

=: Dejanira, Stol. : 3 : ; : : : | 
Lifouana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1878, p. 543, 75 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. as 


Lifuensis (Neritina), Angas. P. Z.8., 1860, p. 36, 77 
Limosa (Neritina Jordani, var.), Reena eva Os 1845. 
— N. varia, Ziegler, ‘ 


Lineata (N avicella), Lam. Eneye. “Meth. 5 pl: 356, f. 4, 00582 
Lineata (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., Vols, fs, L9. 58: 
1959, : , , 2 : : N32 
Lineolata Qeritina): ? Lam. Sowb. Conch. Ill, f. 37, Reeve, 
ete. ra, Brug. : : ; ‘ : 37 
ineolata Nata), an Am. ss! Vert; ed. i, vi, 2, P 186, 
Apr..1822: = N.-reclivata, Say. ‘ 3 39 
Liotia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 57, 89, 1842, ; F : ie 108 
Tiotina, Munier-Chalmas, 1877, : , Pages eo 
aerate (Vitrinelia), Garrett. P. A.N.S. 1873, p- 213, a 
ie q : ; ‘ , tod 
Hirulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 241, . ; : . 103 
Lissochilus, Pethé. 1882, : , ; f , : as 
Listeri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 71. 
— N. Afra, Sowb. , : : : ; Sor 
Listeri (Nerita), Recluz. Rew Fool. oe 108 aa 
— N. tessellata, Gmel. : ? ; A 
ee (Neritina), L. Pfr. Wiegmann’s Aeeline f. Naturg., 
1840, 8. 225. = N. virginea, Linn. : : : . 40 
Toes (Nerita), Tinn. Fauna Seucie, ed. ii, 2195. 
— Neritina fluviatilis, Linn, var. J : : 5 » 46 
Liturata: (Neritina), Eichwald. Bull. Soc. ae Moscou., 1837 
p. 147, ; : : 3 AT 
Liturata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. 7 Hees 1841, P B15: 
—= Neritina gagates, Lam. 30 
Be icsts (Neritina), Schultze, in coll. 
—N- pupa, Linn: . ; : . A2 
Livesayi (Navicella), Dohrn. Py S., 1858, pl 39 
— N. reticulata, Reeve, var. compressa, } Merreneal : 5 tos 
Livida (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 13, 1856. 
= N. Borbonica, Bory. : ; : BGs: 


Loculosa (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe., vii, p. 141, . aaliee 
Lodderz (Liotia), Petterd. Jour. de Conch., iv, 1385, . BS Aba 


Longii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178, : Saber 

Longispina (N eritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312, . 63 

Lucidum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 267, 
1863, . ; : : : 3 . : . 104 


Lucutosa (N Jeritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1741, p. 317, . ae ct 
Lugubris (Neritina), Philippi. Abbild, i, sp. 29, t. 1, f. 9. 


== N. cariosa,'Gray. 4 . 4 : : . eo he) 
Lugubris (Neritina), Sowb. Thes., 1, p. 115, pl. 111, f. 271. 
ane carlos Gray.) P ’ ; : é : Late 


fabris a eritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii, p. 
378. = N. dubia, Chemn. : t : d ; . 44 


136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Lugubris (? Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, 2, p. 185. 
= N. turrita, Chemn. . ; : : , : : : 
Lugubris (Neritina), Lam. Sowb. Conch. me no. 8, f. 38 
— N. Turtoni, Recluz. ; ‘ 
Lurida (Neritina), Jan. Catal. Conch. Sect. 2 1832, p..8, 
Lutea (Navicella), Martens. in Conch. Cab., p. 30, i.) fa = 
Luteofasciata (Neritina picta, eae var.) Miller. Mal. Blitt, 
1879;>p, LOS, 
Lutesta (Neritina), Morelet, ms. Reeve, Conch. ‘Teon., £. 137. 
— N. elongatula, Morelet. : 
Lutescens (Neritina), Muhlf. Sowb. Conch. Ul, no. 46, f. 56. 
= N. varia, Ziegler. . 
Lutetianus (Theodoxus), Montfort. Conch. Syst, ii, 18 310, P 
351. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn.  . 
Luzonica _(N avicella), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1841 ,D. 
Lyosoma, White, 1882. == Otostoma, d’Ar ch. 


Macgillivrayi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, Neritina, 
ply 4k. 16; : : : : : : ; , 
Maclurea, Lesueur. Jour. Philad. Acad., i, pt. 2, 312, 1818, 
Maculata (Nerita), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 24, pl. 
Dak Ge j : ; : , : ‘ 
Maculata (N eritina), vi ia. In collections. 
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. 4 
Macrii (Neritina), Recluz, ms. Sow b. Thes. Conch., il, P 531, 


Macrocephala (Navicella), : (Le Guillou), Sowb. Thes., p. 5AT, 


fon aa Bougainvillei, Reel. : : ; 
Macrocephala (Navicella), Guillou. Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, 
Shs 4 ; : f ‘ ; 
Macélifera (N avicella), Moussa: Land und Stiss-wasser, Moll. 


Java, p. 80, t. 12,7. 13: = N. tessellata, Lam. . 
Madecassina (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., ii, 1860, p- 122, 
pl Get 2, 
Malacensis (Nerita), Lamarck. Anim. s sans Vert., xp ii, 193. 
= N.-exuvia, Liman.) |. 
Manoéli (Neritina), Dohrn. Mal. Bhitt, Xiil, p 135, : 
Mantuana (Neritina), Porro. Betta, Mal. V eneta, 1870, P. 102. 
= N. Danubialis, Muhlf., var. serratilined, Ziegl. 
Marchei (Cy clostrema), Jousseaume, Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 391, 
(0) ee: Oa takes ’ ; : ‘ 3 : 
Marchionata (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pl. 3, £42 
Maresi (Neritina), Bourg.’ Mal. de l Algerie, ii, 1864, a 201, ph 
Pot. 295" HN; meridionalis, Phil. 
Marginata (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3678 
(aay albicilla, Linn. ‘ f ; ‘ 
Marginata (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. 
Zool., v, 1854, p. 67, pl. 17, f. 22, 23. 
Ny Tahitensis, Less. , 


PAGE. 


37 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. A si7e 


PAG 

Marisrubre (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., v. 304. 

— N. quadricolor, Gmelin. . : : 3 Bt) 
Marmorata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Tcon., i 67, 1855. 

—N.albicilla, Linn. . : : A : : ‘ 19 
Marmorata (Neritina), Brazier. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., il, p. 29, 74 
Marmorata (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Moll, t. 

16, f. 14-17. == N. undata, Linn. 28 
Maroceana (Neritina), Paladilhe. Rev. Zool., (iii) 3 3, 1875, p. 

95, pl. 6, f. 26-28, , ; : : : ; . o4 
Marsigli: ana (N erita), Har Pe Sturm Deutschl. Fauna, vi, 

pt. 5, 8,57. = Neritina Danubialis, Mihlf : 3 . 45 
Matoni (Vitta), (Reel. ) Morch. Cat. Yoldi., p. 167. 

= Neritina virginea, Linn. . . 40 


Matonia (Neritina), ), Risso. Hist. Nat. Europ. “Mer. 1, p. 271, 56 
Maura (Nerita), ipeehice Rey. Zool 1842, p. 179. 


= semirugosa, Recluz. 21 
Mauritii (Neritina), Lesson. Vv oy. ‘de la Coquille, ae i P 
ao4, 1830, . ; 75 
- Mauritiana (Neritina), Morelet. hour ale C ‘em. 1867 p p. 440, Ss Oe 
Maxima (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3683 ; : Se 


Megastoma (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., fee Wci0are 2 eall{Cls' 
Melaleuca (Nerita), Martens. Mal. Blatt, vii, 1860, p. 52. 


—— Ne pica, Gould: : : : : Be er: 
Melanotr: agus (Nerita), E. A. Smich. Zool. sara p- 69, 1884. 
= N. atrata, Reeve. . : F Oe(5) 


Miieuolenca (Neritina), Ktist, Conch. Galt: 3s 13-15 5, 1863. 


— N. Peloponnesia. Recluz. : : , . dO 
Melanostoma (Neritina), Troschel. Archiv. f. eS 1837, 

p. 179. = N. crepidularia, Lam. CU 
Meleagris at eritina ), Lam. An.s. Vert. ed. L, Vi, 2, Dp: va 

= oN virginea, Linn. . j : : : : « 40 
Menkeana (Neritina), Reeluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183, ay) ee 
Meridionalis (Neritina), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 1856, p. 

A OF ioe) ae slo : : , : ; : ; . 48 
Meridionalis (Neritina), (Phil.) Martens. Mal. Blatt, xx1, 

1857, p. 186, 158. =N. fluviatilis, Linn... ; . AT, 52 
Mertoniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z.S., 18438, p. 71. 

—= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ; i ; , ‘ hc 3! 
Mesopotamica (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., xxii, 1874, 
Mesopotamica (Neritina Anatolica, var.), Martens. Vorder- 

asiat, Conch., 1873, p. 33, t. 5, f. 42. 

—= N. Mesopotamica ,Mousson. . . . 02 
Magnitica (Navicella), Gime: Conch. eons f. 16, 1856. 

— N.macrocephala, Guillou. . . ie 


Micans (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Te 1850, p. 44, . . 88, 95 
Michaudi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., i841. p. 315. 
— Neritina retifera, Bens. . ’ , ; : : Sel 


138 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Michonii (Neritina), Bourg. Test. Noviss. 1852, p. 25. 

= N. Maerii, Recluz. . :; : : : : . 2 
Micra (Cy clostrema), Petterd. Journ. de Conch:,iv5p.. fades 
Micra (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasma- 


nia, 1876, p. 147, : : : : v6 
Micronesica (Nerita. undata, var. W.), Martens. Kiister’s Conch. 

Cab.. : 28 
hens (Neritina), Orb. ‘Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Vv; p. 177 pl 

17, f. 32. = N. reclivata, Say. : 39 
Microtheca, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., i; 264, 

1863, : ; ~ “Te eoite 
Miliacea (Nerita), Recluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, p. 316. 

— Neritina Matonia, Risso. : , ; ; F . “66 
Militaris (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin’s Mag. de Zool., 

16725 p. 894, plat?, £16; ; : : : : ; Maes |) 
Minima (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346, . Tie 
Minor (Neritina gagates, Lam. var.), Martens. Kist., Conch. 

Cab., p. 94, t. 10, “fare nOR 2 ; é : oo 
Minuta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. PA ol Se . 105 
Minutum (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 

5 ser. xi, p. 395, pl. 16, f. 1, : : ‘ 4 ; 296 
Mittreana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181. 

= N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ; : . 46 
Mitrula (Neritina), ieee Syn. Moll., 48, 18: a0: 

== N. crepidularia, Lam. . : Nee ih 
Modesta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 262, : 2 L203 
Modesta (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud., t. 16, f. 5. 

Os T= Netehi rmeeleon, Linn. A pools é ‘ LP20 
Modesta (Neritina), Ktister. Conch. Cab., t. 4, f. 23-26, 1863. 

— N. Danubialis, Mthlf. var. chrysostoma. : d aC 46 


Modestum (Cyclostrema), Gould. Proe. Bost. Soe., vii, p. 148, 95 
Modicella ( Neritina), Desh, in Maillard Notes sur Vile Reunion 


Moll p70, pli foe ; : ’ ; a ae 
Moluccensis (Neritina subpunctata, eee var.), Martens, 

Keist., Conch, Cab., p. 180, . : : a GS 
Monile ( Vitrinella), C arp: Mazat. Cat. 33 240, , s . 102 
Monilifera (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 240, : . 108 
Monilifera (Neritina rugata, Recl., var.), Martens. Kuist., Conch. 

Cab., p. 164, t. 16, f. 27-29, : : 65 
Montacuti (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z.S., 1842, p. 174. 

= N. brevispina, Lam. : : , , ¢ ; aaa 


Montrouzieri (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., 1875, p. 228. 
= N.crepidularia, Lam. . : : : : : : 
Moquiniana Dae Recluz. Journ. Conch., 1, 1850, p. 156, 
plead OES: : ; : : : , : | oo 
Marchia, re Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 301, 1860, 16, 106 
Mérchiana (Neritina), Dunker. Verh. Zool.—Bot. Gessell, 
Wien, 1866, p. 913, .. ’ ; : : ; L oo AS 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 139 


PAGE. 
Morchiana (Neritina), Frauenfeld. Reise Navara, Moll., t. 2, 
f.54. —N. retifera, Bens. . : ; d 2 : SH all 
Moreleti (Morchia), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 1877, p. 202, pl. 
itl Os taal Os « ! : ; : : 106 
Moreletiana (N avicella), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., xiv, 1866, 
p. 52; Nouv. Caled., t. 8, f. 3, : : : : : Oe 
Morlieri (Teinostoma), Jouss. Guerin’s Mag., 535, 1872, t. 18, 
ec: ae : ‘ : eal 
Morio (Neritina), Deshayes, in Lam., ‘An. s. vert. ed. 2, viii, 
p. 585. = N. cornea, Linn. ; : : : © 45 
Morio (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z.S., 1832, p. 201, ‘ IG 33 


Morosa (Neritina), Gassies. Journ. Conch., 1870, p. 149, a MAS 
Multijugis (Nerita), Menke. Zeit. ces 179, 1847. 

— N. scabricosta, Lam. 2130 
Multipicta (Neritina), Mousson in coll —N.U alanensis, Less. 41 
Muricata (Delphinula), Reeve. Cone ‘ Teo Delphinula, sp. 


Paersas” | Bost la 
Musiva (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Ve oy. Pole Sud. Zool. 

p. 70, pl. 17, f. 42-44. — N. brevispina, Lam. ‘ wTO5 
Musiva (Nerita), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., p. 258. 

—— IN. patula, Recluz. . F : : , : : NOD 
Mutabilis (Heliciella), Costa. Microdoride Mediterranea, 2 

62, t. x, f. 4,5. =  Cyclostrema Cutlerianum, Clark. . 96 
Mutica (Neritina brevispina, Lam., var.), Sowb. Conch. Te 

ine Oa : , E : } ; ‘ : 65 
Nana (Navicella), Montrouzier. Jour. de Coneh., xxvii, 1879, 

pean — NN. Bougainvillei, Recl. (Gjuv.) . : : . 80 
Nanula (Adeorbis) ). A. Ad. Ann. aos Mag., 245, 1861, 5 vot 
Natalensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., eto : Se aD 
Natere, Gray. Zool. Proc., 92, 1858. 

—  Nerita, Adanson. . ; F ‘ ; : ; sy, 8h 
Naticoides (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, . ; Os 
Naticopsis, M’Coy. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844, : : Hee 
Navicella, Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809, 2 Gey 
Navicellina (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, ?. 346. 

= ~Novdilatata, rod. ~ : s f : : 2 6 
Meera (Septaria), De Férussac. Bull, Se. Nat., x, 413, 1827. 

— Navicella lineata, Lam. . : : . ; ; Keo 
Navicularis (Neritina), Méreh. Catal. Coll., 1852, p. 164. 

— N. aciculata, Mérch. : : F . ¢4 
Navigatoria (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. leone fc 102. 

— N. Roissyana, Recl. : ; : : , E vO 
Nebulata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. 8., 1844, p. 71. 

— Neritina Ualanensis, Less. : . Al 
Neglecta (Neritina), Pease. P. Z. S., 1860, p- 435, 77 
Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. 1850, 9 

9 


Neripteron, Lesson. Voy. Coquille, ii, 384, 183 0, 8, 73 


140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Nerita, Adanson. Hist. Senegal, 188, 1757, . ; ' 4, 18 
Neritzea, Roth. Martens, Ktister’s Conehylien Cab. Neritina 


16, 1879, ; : ‘ : ; sig 
Neritella (Humphrey 1797), Gray. 1847. 

—= Neritina, Lam. : : : : sl ae 
Neritilia, Martens. KKiister, Conch. Cc ab., 1879, : é 7, o4 
Neritina, Swains. Malacol., 347, 1840, 7 : ; 6, 35. 
Neritina, Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809. : : ; ~ ONG stare 
Neritinoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 21, 1855. 

— N.morio, Sowb. ; : ; j : : : ers 3. 
Neritoconus, Kobelt. Cat. Eur. Binnenconch., 66, 1871, > tant 
Neritodonta, Brusina. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell,, 1884, . A 5 ae 
Neritodryas, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, . 6, 44 
Neritoglobus, Kobelt. Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., 67, 1871. 

— Theodoxus, Montf. é i 


Neritoides (Lithogly phus), Smith. Ann. Ma; ag. N Nat. Hist., Vi, 
426, 1880; Zool. Proc., 287, 1881; (Tanunyien Crosse, 


Jour. de Conch., 126, 288, 1881. =  Stanleya. . : 7, 56. 
Neritoma, Morris. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soe., v, 339, 1849, seo 
Neritomopsis, Waagen. Pal. Indica, series xiii, p. 106, . ae 
Neritona, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, , ; (Pay 


Neritopsis, Grateloup. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., v, 129, 1832, 12, 82: 
Neritopsoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1855. 


== N. undata, linn. var é \ ; 2S 
Nevilli (Cyclostrema). H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1868, be 293, pl.-23 ee 

At. ; : : : 90). 
Nigerrima (Nerita), Chemn. “Conch. C: ab., ep: 309, pl. 192, 

f. 1985, 1986, 2 5 : : : 7B 26, 33 
Nigra (Nerita), (Quoy and Gaimard), ene Dieffenbach’s 

ae Zealand, vol. ii, p. 240, : ‘ ; , : £2126 
Nigra (Nerita), hentnity: Conch. Cab. 

= 'y. polita, Linn. : : : E 26S 
mage Bede (Neritina), Kutschig, ms. 

— N. Danubialis, Mthlf, : . 46 
Ni eee (Clithon), Less. vi oy. de la Coquille, p. 382. 

=.N. Souleyetana, Recluz. , : ; : . 64 
Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler. Recluz, Journ. Conch., i, P 149, 

1851. = N. meridionalis, Phil., var. . fw 
Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler in coll. Jan. € ‘atal., 183 30, pe ve 

— N. anatolica, Recluz. : : : ot see 
Nigrobifasciata (Neritina U alanensis, Les sson, var.), Martens. 

Kust., p. 193, t. 20, f. 18-15, : oad 
Nigroczerulea (Neritina), Parreyss. In Anton, Verzeich. d. 

Gonch., 1839, p. 30. = N. meridionalis, Phil. var. . 48: 
Nigrofasciata (Neritina picta, Sowb. var.), Miller. Mal. Bhitt, 

1879, p. 168, ‘ ‘ : : : : : , 


Nilotica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 54, fig. 157, 5x, Al 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 141 


PAGE, 
Nitens (Cyclostrema), pare Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 146, 

Biceoete ue : ‘ : pols 
Nitida (Nerita orden var.), Recluz. PS Z-8.1845) pol2i. 

— Neritina Anatolica, Recluz, . : soo 
Nitida (Neritina), Parreyss. V illa, Dee. syst., 1841, 

—N. Anatolica, Reeluz, . : sme 
Nitida (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1350, : iM 80 
Nitidiuscula (Ganesa), Jeffreys. a va S., 1883, p. 94, pl. ils) 

1 a eo : ; : . 100 
Nivea (C yclostrema), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch., t: 255, f 

39, 36, : : : 3 f 96 
Nivea (Delphinula), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 26, 

1843. = Cyclostrema levis, Kiener. . p eg? 
Nivosa (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 1855. 

? = N. tessellata, Gmel. - . : : : ey: 
Nobilis (Neritina), Chenu. Man. Conch., 1859, i, p. 336, f. 

2452, = -N-turrita, Chemn. . : F ont 
Nodosa (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., 1873, p. 214, 

pleZl£ U7, » 104 
Nodosa (V itrinella perparva, var.), Carp. Mavat. Cat. 5 243, lide 
Nolani (Neritina cornea, var.), Tryon, . ? 5 ale 


Nordquisti (Neritina), Westerl. Vega, Exped., iil, 211, LFarts), 
2 lOot, ; ; : ‘ : , 
Nouletiana (Neritina), Gassies. eral Cee. ern and Fluy. 


Nouv. Caledon., p. 104, pl. 8, f. 5, : : é 3 f (4tl 
Novee-Caledoniz (Nerita), Baird. Cruise of Curacoa, p. 439, 

pl. 38, f. 12-138. = N. stricta, Baird, : HAS 
Novee-Caledonica (Ner eritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., icf, 207 

— N. Lecontei, Recluz, : ; ; wait: 
Novee-Guineze (Nerita), Lesson. Penis EIGueG: Cancke i, ap: 

283., — No undata. Linn. . ; Z y : 4 . 228 
Novee-Hiberniz (Nerita), Lesson. Voy. oe Way pts ape 

one Noph3 : : : 35 
Nubila (Neritina), Busch. Phils A bbls 1,:s 30, fi ill ate ‘43: 

— N. Ualanensis, Less. 5 el Aad 
Nubila (Neritina), Martens. Mal. Bhitt., me 1860, 

= N. retropicta, Martens, . - eG 


Nucleolus (Neritina), Morelet. Jour’ de Conch 1869, p. 180, 
Test. Nov. Austral., 1857, p.6. = N. interrupta, Recluz, . 68 


Numidica (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p. 543, . 00 
Nuttalli (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p- 276, 

== N*ecariosa, Gray. . ‘ care 
Nux (Neritina) Brod. Zool. Proc, ‘201, 1832, 

iN. Turtoni, Reel. ‘ : -2 30 


Obatra (Nerita), Recluz, Jour. de Conch., ii, os 203, pl. v, £ 
4,5. = N. maxima, Gmel. : , « oul 


1A? INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 

Oblonga (Navicella tessellata, Lam: iets Martens. Kiist. p. 

BO; tose loon : ' : Pets 
Oblonga (Neritina virginea, L. var, Ni Martens. Mal. Blitt., 

xii, p. 63. = N. virginea, Linn. 46 
Obscura (Neritina), Dunker. Catal. von | Godeffroy coll. 

= N. retropicta, Martens, . ions 
Obscura (Nerita), Hombr. vee Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et Ze- 

léeiv, 9p. 6D; pliligt t=2e, t= N picea, Recluz. 2 . O38 
Wnscuraie (Neritina), oe Rev. Zool., p. 183, 1842. 

= N. brevispina, Lam. R : : : : : 2109: 
Obtusa (Neritina), (Bens.) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 116. 

= N. retropicta, Martens. . : : : , : «enor 


Obtusa (Neritina), Benson. Jour. As. Soc., x, 1836, p. 749, . 43 

Obvoluta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
Hist., 1860, : : : . 106 

Octolyrata (C yclostrema), C arpenter. PoZes , 1856, p- 169, 99 


Odontostoma (Klein, 1758), Méreh. Cat. Yolls 167, 1852, 5, 3 
Oleagina (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 47. 


= N. Spenglerisna, Recluz.. ' : ; ; Soo 
Olivacea (Neritina), Wiegmann. Mus. Berlin. 
== N. reclivata, Say. —. : : . : ; ; se 


Olivacea (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z.S., 1842, p. 172, : AO 
Olivieri (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86. 


— N. anatolica, Recl., var: .- : ; : ; : Bair 
Omalos (Discopsis), F olin. Fonds de la Mer., i,’ 190.205: 

1369. 2 ; ‘ : : : ; : : ; . 105 
Omatum (Cyclostrema Dalli, Verrill, var.), Verrill. Trans. 

Conn: Acad., 1i,p:/209, pl. 32,2..17,, . uh DD 
Onalaniensis (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la & Coquille, ii, pe Tiger: 

oe A ee . 5 ; ay 
Oncochilus, Pees: 1882. ; : ; é ‘ : Bea 
Orbella ( ‘Adeorbis), A, Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 245, 

S61 o, : ; , : s ‘ x83 
Orbic mate (Nav icella), ee Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1856. 

— N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . ; : : : : Aso 
Orbignyana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 108. 

—N. polita, Linn. 5 : : . ; ; sates 


Orbignyi (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., vi, 286, 1857, 86 
Orientalis (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon.. f. 53. 


— N. cxrulescens, Recl. , é : : x ee 
Orbis (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat. 247, ‘ . 103 
Ornatus (Catillus), Adams and Angas.- P. VA Shy 1864, p 36. 

— Navicella Bougainvillei, Reel. : : 480 
Ornata (Nerita), Sowb. Gen. Shells. no. 10. 

— N. seabricosta, Lam. : ; : : ; . 930 
Ornata (Neritina), C. B. ‘Adams. Contr. to Conch., vii, 1850, 


p12, : . 06 
Ornata (Vitrinella), “Carp. Zool. Proc., 270, 1865. : . 108 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143 


PAGE 

Ornatella (Neritina), Mousson in coll. 

— N. Ualanensis, Less. : : : ; ; Real 
Orsinii (Neritina), Pecchioli in coll. 

= N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ‘ : : ene: 27 
Orthopoma, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, ; : : 10 
Oryzarum (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Toole ilfors IBS ral WAcpa ee fee 20) 
Ossea (Neritina), Garrett. ms. ==  N. rubida, Pease. . we se! 
Otaitensis (Nerita), Less. Voy. Coquille, ii, pt. 1, p. 370. 


= Ne plicdtas iam) = E : : s : f ee AT 
Otostoma, d’Archiae. Bull. Soe. Geol. a same Sl asp Os 2 ale5 
Ovalis (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 507, ‘pl. 113, 


1DII22- == Ne pullicera; Linn. : 57 
Oweniana (Neritina), Gray. In Wood, Ind. Test. suppl, ni. f. 

8, : : : : 76 
Pacifica (Neritina cornuta, Rve., var.), Mousson. Jour. de 

Conch., 1870, p. 219, . : 3 : ; ; : = 58 
Pala (Navicella), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., ae 1865, p, 189, 

201. =—N. Freycineti, Recl.  . : yO) 


Pallida (Neritina), Dunker. Mal. Blitt, vill, 'p. 40, : m0) 
Pallidula (Nerita), Da Costa. Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., 


lV, p. 131, 271. = Neritina viridis, Linn. - . : : SD 
Paulucciana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. Conch., xviii, 1870, p. 

q 02 A ee : : ? é E ; . oo 
Paludosa (N eritina), Garrett. ms. 

= N.chlorostoma, Brod. . ; 66 
Palme (Neritina reclivata, var.), Dall. Proc. Nat. “Mus., 2 25$ 9, 

1885, . : pen oY) 
Panamencis (V Gammeliay Ha Bo Ad. “TEaanae Oni: DBO Ces ~ L038 
Panayana (Neritina), Pe Py Zo. 1642 5.p- 10: : oy Van 
Papillosa (Neritina), Jay. Cat. of Shells, 1839, pl. 4, f. 11. 

= N. granosa, Sowb. . : ‘ : : ; ; ap eiOe 
Papuana (N erita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., ae 1841. 

== N.undata, Linn,  . d . 28 
Parcepicta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less., var. eo [artens. Kiuist., 

p- 193, t. 20, f. 20-24, . ; ; ak 
Paria, Gray. Pe ZS 1867, p. 997, : : : Ose S0 


Parkeria, Gabb. Jour. Philad. Acad. ., 1880. 
= Pseudorotella, Fischer. . : p : : ; 2 
Parreyssi (Neritina), Villa. Dispos. Syst. Conch., ge p. 3 


and 60. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. . . 46 
Parva (Navicella), Mousson. Land und Siiss-w asser, “Moll. 

Java, p. 119, t. 22. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. : 79 
Parva (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316, . 101 
Parvula (Neritina), (Guillou.) Recluz. Jour. Conch., i, p. 148. 

—N. chlorostoma, Brod. . : : 3 : : 5 66 
Patruelis (Adeorbis). A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245,1861, . 84 


Patula (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 148, : 5 22 


144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Paulla (Liotia), Phil. Kdister’s Conch. Cab. Delphin., 24; . 112 
Paya (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 71. 


/ == N interrupta, Recluz.. —. 68 
~ Peguensis (Neritina), Blanf. Jour. “ Asiat: Bloc, il, p. 68, ‘pl. it 

f 1-16. ; 71 
Pellis-serpentis (Nerita), es, Peon: teoue f. 83, 1855. 

— N. helicinoides, Reeve. . ; . 2d 
Peloponnesia (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., ie 1851, p- 

AQ, - : 3 : ‘ . 80 
Peloronta, Oikent Zool., : 360, 1815, e 4, 18, 24 
Peloronta (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 718: : . 24 
Peltarion, Deslongchamps. ‘Bull. God. iene Norm., 11, 1a3, 

1858. = Neritopsis, Grat. : : ‘ : : : Se 
Penicillata (Neritella), Gould. Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 

Vil, p.49, : : ; : ‘ : 5 oe hes 
Pennata (Neritina), Born. Index rerum Nat. Mus. Caes. Vin- 

dob:, 17,78,0n- 42, Seow A ; : ./ shoe 
FP, entegoniostoma ( (C ye lostrema), ¢ varpenter. P. Z.8., 1856, p. 

169,. . ; ; . ; : : Pr 5, 
Peronii (Liotia), Kiener. Cog. Viy. Monog. Delphinula, t. 3, 

dees : : ; : : .. ty ne 
Perparv a (Vitrinella), C: B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316; Carp. 

Mazat. Cat., 243, ; : : ; : . 1038 


Perottetiana (Neritina), Recs Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 337, . a3 
Perstriata (Neritina), Mousson, ms. Ktister, Onc: Cab., 276. 


== N.. canosa, Gray. . . é oe 
ae jana (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. p- 2, ph. A fi 4, 

—— NN Oldieheckiz : : : : ; Mea 
Peterseni (Cyclostrema), Frie le. Vid. Forh., 1872. 

— C. trochoides, Jeff. var. : : , oe 
Petholata (Neritina avellana, Recl. ‘var.), Martens. Kiist., p: 

174, f. 7-11, : 3 . 68 
Petichialis (Nerita), ‘Mérch. Volar Cat., 167, 1852. 

= N. reticulata, Karsten, . : ; : =. oe 
Petiti (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 9 

= N. pulligera, Linn. var. : : of eh 


Petrettinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mal, 50. 

— Neritodonta, Brusina. : : ; : , : 
Petteri (Neritina), Stentz. Porro. Cat. Conch. terr and fluv. 

Europ., 1839, p. 4. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : . AT 
Pfeifferiana (N eritina), Reel.’ P22. S.,, 1843, p. 72; : By lh: 
Phariana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 75, . +4 el 
Philippii (Cyclostrema), Issel. Mar. Rosso., p. 189, : a eh 
Philippi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, P d41. 


— Neritina meridionalis, Phil. . . 48 
Philippinarum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill. no. 54, f. 53. 
= N. dubia, Chemn. ot tae 


Pica (Nerita), Gould. Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. "Hlist., vii. p. 48, 34 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145 


PAGE 
Picea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, . 3 
Pictus (Adeorbis), Tenison- Woods. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, 1876, 

p. 146, ; ‘ : > 186 
Picta (Neritina), Sowb. Pp. Z. i 1832, p. 201, P ’ Pol 
Pictum (Sandalium), Schumacher. Essai d’un nouy. Syst., 

1817, p. 185. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. ; ae oi 
Picturata (Navicella), Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 224, 

pl do: £113... —— No lineata:s Bam. : , ro 
Picturata (Neritina), Jan. Rossmiiss. Icon., h. it 1835. 

= N. varia, Ziegler. . i ; : : : 48 
Pila, Klein. 1753, ‘ : 4, 18, 27 
Pileolus (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch. * i, 1850, p. 65, pl. 

3, f.3. =N. crepidularia, Lam. ; : etl 
Pileolus (Cookson), Sowerby. Genera of Shells, 1823, i sn 
Pilula (Liotia), Dunker. Mal. Blitt, vi, p. 2 226, E LOT TAD 
Piperina (Neritina), Chemnitz. Crack, Cab. bd. ix, 1795, Dp: 

1738, t. 197, f. 1905, 1906. = Neritina pennata, Born. 5S) 
Pisiformis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181. 

= Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. . : : OG 
Plana (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 43, 1850, : : (83 
- Planissima (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. ‘de Conch., 1869, p. 578 

ple oe feo. : ; , : F 2.62 
Planorbula (A deorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 48, 1850, ; 71285 
Planospira (Nerita), Anton Verzeich., p. 30, 1839, : “2 
Planospirata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, : . 108 
Plexa (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., vol. v, p. 190; £ 1944, 

1945, . d ie) 
Plicata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de Coneh., vii, 1858, p. 372. 

=—N. interrupta, Recluz. . : 268 
Plicata (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. D-¢ .P 779, : 4 oe 2e 
Plumata (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll., ‘1880, PP 39. 

= N.crepidularia, Lam. . ; ; a | 
Plumbea (Navicella), Sowb. In coll. : 

— N. cerulescens, Recl. . : 82 
Plumbea (Neritina), Recl. ms. Sowb. Thes. Conch., P. 

Goo. pli li2 ft 119 120, ! 37 
Polita (Nerita), Linn. Syst. } Nat., ed. xs ». 778, : ; Se) 
Politum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 1854, . : Os 
Polydelta (Neritina Ualanensis, Lesson, var.), Martens. Kiist., 

p. 193; f.1=4,°7, ~ : : : tl 
Poneeliana (Vitrinella), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, p. 51, t. 5, f. 

Bee , : LOL 
Eh sits (Neritina), (Cauld: ieee. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 0 

1847, p. 2 : : ; ‘ : 2-60) 
Porcellana (Navicelia), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 372, 1841. 

—=N. Borbonica, Bory. : 78, 79 
Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x; “1758, >. Ton: 

= Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. : 5 Pueto} 


10 


146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 

Porcellna (Navicella), (L.) Gould. U.S. Expl. ey Moll, 

p: 106; /f. 178: == Ni. depressa; ess"). : LEoik 
Porroi (Neritina), Stabille. Fauna Helv., p. AG. 

— N. fluviatilis, Linn. : : : : ee 
Poucheti (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud. 

Moll., p. 66, pl. 17, f. 11-18, ; : ; : re) 
Powisiana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc; 71, 184357 7 58 
Preecognita (Nerita), C. B. Adams, Ms. in Mus. Cuming. 

— N. fulgurans, Gmel. var. : : s ‘ : . 24 
Prevostiana (Neritina), Dupuy. Moll. France, 549, 

— N. fluviatilis, Linn. ; : : : : : . 46 
Prevostiana (Neritina), Partsch. Terver, Cat. Moll. du Nord. 

del’ Afrique, p. 38. == N. Numidica, Reel. : . 50 
Prevostiana (Neritina), eariccn Pfr., Land und Wasser 

Schnecken, ii, 49,1828, ; ‘ : » 49 
Prevostiana (Neritina) (Par tsch), Bence Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 

1875, p. 162. == (N/meridionalis, Phil.” ) | g . 48 
Prevostianus (Theodoxus), Partch. Issel. Moll. della Pur. 

Pisa., 1866. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . 46 
Pritchardi (Neritina), Dohray “PAS. 1st. 206, pl. 26, 

fees 65 


Profanda ‘(Navicella pala, Mousson, var.), Mousson, Cat. Mus. 
Godeftroy, p. 97. 


Ne Frey cineti, Recl. var. compressa, Martens. 5 BON 
Peedi (Cyclostrema), Friele. Jeffreys, Zool. Proe., 91, 
1883. = C. basistriatum, Brugnone, :* 96 


Prominula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. % 245, 1861, . 184 
Propinquus (Clithon), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., XVll, p. 

373, pl. 15, f. 8. = Neritina castanea, Hombr. et Jacq. 61, 67 
Proxima (Cyclostrema), Tryon, : 98 
Pruinosa (Ganesa), Jeffreys. P. Z. 8., 1884, p. 94, pl. 19, f; S 100 
Pseudorbis, Monterosato. Nom. Gen. e Spee. Coneh. Med. p- 

109, 1884, . : : } : ; . hae 
Pseudorotella, Fischer. Jour. de Conch., vi, 52,1857, . 15, 105 
Psittacea (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 38. 


= N. Freycineti, Reel. ; 80 
Puella (Neritella), Gould. pe Bost eben Nat. Hist., Vil, p 

43. ?=—N. Rangiana, Recluz, . 55 
Pulchella (Nerita), Retlan Pe Zehr 1842. p- ‘175 Di 

— Neritina Sowerbiana, Recl. . 2 , . OT 
Pulchella (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 20: 

— N. tessellata, ilyairin ; ; : : 82 
Pulchella (Cyclostrema), Dunker: Mal. Blatt., vi, p. 225) 1860. 

=O. micans. Ac -Adamsa.. . ; . : aGG 


Pulchella (Neritina); Gray. Wood’s Index Test. Suppl., t. 8, 
f. 18. = N. virginea, Linn. : : i . i . AD 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 147 


PAGE. 
Pulchella (Neritina), Moreh. Vidensk. Meddelels Naturh. for 

Kjobenhavn, 1872, p. 27. = N. Ualanensis, Less. : oygeal 
Pulcherrima (Septaria), Pe eel Ann. Mus. Gen- 

ova, 1883, p. 895, 81 
Pulcherrima (Neritina), Mousson, Journ. de Conch., vi, 1857, 

p. 164. =N. ziczac, Sowb. var. 36 
Pulcherrima (Vitta), Angas. Boas, 1871, p. 19; 96, pl 5 f. 

25. = Neritina Sowerbiana, Montrouzier, : 55 
Pulchra ( (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Meno. 07. £59: 

= N.variegata, Lesson, . 36 
Pulligera (Neritina), Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., 

iii, p. 198, pl. 65, f. 6. == N.squamipicta, Recluz.. . 58 
Pulligera (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1253, 56, 57 
Punctata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrolabe, iii, p. 185, pl. 

65, f. 41-42. ?— N. undata, Linn., var. funiculata. . bees | 
Punctatum (Teimostoma), Jouss. Guerin’s Mag. 337, t. 18, f. 

5, 1872 : ; : : : : . 104 
Punctifera (Neritina), Mousson. “In coll. 

— N. subpunctata, Recluz. . : ae) 
enmeen lata (Neritina), Lam. Enceye. Meth. il, ‘pl. 455, £2 Det 7 ol) 
Pupa (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 378, : . A2 
Pupa (Nerita), Pallas, Reisen d. verschied. Prov. d. “Russ 

Reiches, vol. i, p. 345. —=N. liturata, Eichwald. . : . AT 
Puperita, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., 137, 1857, 5 - 42 
Pura ee) Garrett.” P. A.N.S., Phila., 1873, p- 218, 

jolla rd ke ee . . 101 
Purpurata (Neritina), Parreyss, i in coll. Ne awe aitilis, Linn. AT 
Purpurea Ves Budginr. Mss. in Sowb., Cat. Tankerv. 

Coll., 1828, p. 45. = Neritina crepidularia, Lam... el 
Pusilla ( (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Cont. to ener , Pe lt ame fl 
Pusilla (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 141, t. 24, f. 

1844. = Adeorbis subcarinatus, Mioutasa : 85 
Pusilla (Margarita), Jeffreys, Zool. Proc., 91, 1883. 

= Cyclostrema nitens, Phil. : : : od 
Pusilla (Neritina), C. B. Ad., Contrib. Conch., 112. 

= Calceolina. . : : : : . 105 
Pustulata (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. 

—N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. AT 
Pyomea (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 

ia SRY i Se ril 


Pyrenaica (N Veritina ‘fluviatilis, L. var.) Moq.- Tand. 7p: 549, . 46 


Quadricolor (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3684. 
= N undata; Ikinn? *. eee) 
Quoyi (Navicella Urvillei, var. on Recl., een Foal 2841, p- 
Sie — suborbicularis, Sowb. : 4 , Z aon 


145 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Radiata (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv., Monog. miei ieee 
HUIS nse i .abtol 
_ Radiata '(Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pl. ISS £7. 
— N. tessellata, Lam. . + om 
Radiata (Neritina), Lang. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 10, P. 
7. = N. transversalis, Ziegler. . : 47 
Radiatum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Ma ag. N. ‘Hist., 267, 
1860, . : : ; ! : . 105 
Badula (Neritopsis), ne, Syst. Nat., ed. il LAD ; Oe 
Radula, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Neritopsis, Grat. 12 
Ramosa (Neritina), Meusch. Morch. Cat. Yoldi, P 166, 1852. 
= N. ziczac, Sowb. ; L180 
Rangiana (Neritina), Recl. Rew Zool. 1841, p38 : .- oe 
Rara (Neritina), Dufo. Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (2) x Xv, ” 1840, p- 
195, .. i , ; ’ , . 62 
Rarispina (Ner itina) , Mousson. Land und Sitiss-wasser, Moll. 
von Java, p. 83, t. 12, £ 5-6; t. 12, £12, 4 : ; Oo 
Rarispina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 311, ah 
Rarispina (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. V oy. Pole Sud, Zool., 
v, p. 69, pl. 17, f. 36, 38. ==  N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64 
Reclivata (Neritina), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii 
2, July 1822, p. 207, ; | pO, roe "39, 60 
Recluzii (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., ii; pl,-199; t16: 
— N. tessellata, Lam. . ; . Sa 
Recluziana (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 345, 
= N.Souleyetana, Recl. . : : ; ‘ : . 64 
Reeveiana (Cyclostrema), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur., p. 52, pl. 
Ree Lies ge re 


Regularis (Vitrinella), GC. 'B. Ad. ' Panama Cat., No. 266, . 103 
Reticularis (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Il, no. 51, f. 44. 


—N. retifera, Bens. . 4 : : ‘ t 5 -° deta 
Reticulata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, 1856, pl. 5, f. 
20. —N. tessellata, Lam. . ; ; : : : io! 


Reticulata (Nerita), Karsten. Mus. Lesk., 296,1789, . > week 
Reticulata (Neritina), De Cristofori et Jan. Cat. Rev. eh: 
1832, p.7. = N. reclivata, Say., var. reticulata. 39 
Reticulata (Neritina), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 201, . 42 
Reticulata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaimard. Voy. de I’ As strolabe, 


Zool., ii, p. 193, pl. 65, £3, 4. = Neritina dubia, Chemn. 44 
Retifera (Neritina), Benson. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii, 

1836, p. 749, : ; é : : an 
Retropicta (N eritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. hy ti. 

17, f. 18—20, : 67 
Retusa (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. de Conch., AV; 1853, p. 372, 

pl vin, Ge, 9, 10; : : ; : = OM 


Reynesiana (Neritina duyiatilie L. var.) Palade Dubreuil, 
ae Moll. Terr. et fluy. de ? Herault, 1869, D. 79. 
—N. fluviatilis, Linn. 2 : ‘ is 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149 


PAGE, 
Rhinoceras (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 
1881, p. 184, ; . 105 
Rhodocolpos (Neritina), Jan. " Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830, P. 
i — Nefuviatihis. Linn. var. = 46 
Rhytidophora (Neritina), Tap- -Canetri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, 
MNO 1Osab tb, to, Os oy G6 


Ringicula (Nerita), Philip. Veieoh if Mal. 1851, p. 86, aap 
Ringens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 75. 


== N-*plicata, Linn. . : : : eat 
Ritena, Gray. Zool. Proc., 92,1858. = — Pila, Klein. ; 4 
Rivula (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole. Sud. Moll., 

Dada. pl. 13.6 27-29) == N- Roissyana, Recluz.. : 38 
Rivalis (Neritina), Ziegler. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830, 

pote == N: varia, Ziegler. : 48 


Romettensis (Tharsis), Sesuenza. erncile: aWese! Esp. Nowe ete. a 
7, 1877; Jeffreys, Zool., Poe dob. 1, 1.1; 1883, 5 . 100 
oeearnices (Cy clostrema), 1 re Simith. ZOOL Proc, ps lon 


pled, 127, 13h 8, : : le 
eeerniceleciane (Neritina), iechua lena A re 1845, p. 119, . .62 
Roissyana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 841, p- 338, oOo 
Roissyi (Neritina), Recluz. Jour. de Conch, 1850, p- 151. 

—N. Roissyana, Recl. : : Ae) 


Rostrata (Neritina), Reeve, Conch. idem, a 151. 


— N: auriculata, Lam. : : : : A «es 
Rotundata (Neritina reclivata, Say. var.), Martens. Mal. Blatt, 

Sie SOO. sole, ——INE reclivata, S Say. . a9 
Rubella (Nerita), O. F. Miiller. Hist. eran li, p. 195. 

= Neritina pulligera, Linn. ‘ : : : : 2 OM 
Rubricata (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., i, 1858, 30, 

pl ose, 5 : ; 61 
Bainteamaer (Neritina), Martens. Kiister Conch. Cz ae > p: o2 ig 

OA ti 20255 : : , y : eli; 
Rubida ( Neritina), ‘Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., 1, ie p- , 

285, an Dee eve) re SO 
Rudis (Nerita), Wood. Index Test. Suppl. t: es f. ‘ig 1828 

—N. reticulata, Karsten. . Ze, 
Rudis (Nerita), Pease. Am. Jour. ‘Conch., 8), vt. 24, ie A, 

1867, == Ne pica; Gould. ; : it ; : oe 
Rugata (Nerita), (Recl.) Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, Zool., 

il, p. 566, pl. 34, f. 24-27. = Neritina subpunctata, Recluz. 69 
Rugata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool,, 1842, p. 75. 

= N. brevispina, Lam. 4 ; : : : : . 65 
Ruginosa (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., ee Pp. SLO: 

— N. brevispina, Lam., var. : pen 5 


Rugosa (Nerita), Busch i in Phil. Abbild., te BS 4, 
= Neritina subpunctata, Recl. . : : : Oe 


150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Rugulosum (Cyclostrema), (Jeftrey’s Mss.), Sars, Moll. Reg. 


Arct. Norv., p. 129, pl 2 fl; 
Ruida (Neritina), Mousson. Journ. Conch., vil, 1857, p- 162. 
— N. squarrosa, Recluz. . ; 
Rumphii (Nerita), Recluz. Rey. Zool., 1841, P. 147. 
= N. polita, var. 


Sagittata (Neritina faba., Sowb. var.), Martens. Kiist. ay 176, 
ELS, tla Ly, 

Saint-Simonia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres, “Mal, 50). 
— Neritodonta, Brusina. ; 

Salatana (Neritina), Zelebor. In litt. 
= N. varia, Ziegler. 


Salmacida (Neritina), Morelet. Jour. de Conch., 1879, p. 312, 


pl. xi. o, ; : , 
Salonitana (N eritina), Lanza. In collections. 

— N. fluviatilis, Linn: : , ! : : 
Samoensis (Nerita), Dunker. “Mal. Blatt, xviii, p. 167. 

—N. affinis, Reeve. . ; F : 
Sandalina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842 5p: 76, 
Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes. Conch. Visle Réunion, 

pol, = iN. Mauritius Less: : , ; 
Sandwichensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 82. 

—= N. vespertina, Nuttall. 


Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes es. An. s. Vert., 2nd, ed., 


1838, p. 519. N. cariosa, Gray. . 
Sangara (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 355. 
= N. Adansoniana, Recluz. . 
Sanguinea (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., il, p. 513, pl. (i 


Sanguinolenta (Nerita), Menke. Verzeichn., 15, 1829, 
= N. albicilla, Linn. 


Sanguisuga (N avicella), Bees Conch. Jcon:, tx, pl avi 


= N. macrocephala, Guillou. 


Sardoa (Neritina), Menke. Syn. “Moll, edn 1830, p. 49, 


140, 
Saturata (Nerita), ETECGE Bee ian ‘Soc., 'N. S. Wales bas 
p. 354. = N. atrata, Reeve. 
Sauleyi (Neritina), Bourg. Test. Nov., p. 25, 
Savesi (Neritina), Gassies. .Jour. de. Oa 1878, f. 345. 
— N. cornea, Linn. 
Savieana (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Mus. Cuming, @ouch. Tcon., 
f. 07, 1855, :: = N. undata, linn: sy 
Sayana (Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 199, 
Seaber (Adeorbis), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 129, 1848, : 
Seabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeitsch. f. "Mal., 1848, p- 14, 
Scabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeit. f. Mal., 14, 1849. 
— N. chameleon, Linn. 


PAGE. 


68 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Heyl 


PAG E 
Scabricosta (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, 2, p. 194, 

1822, : : : : ee 2OrESO 
Scabricosta (Nerita), Delessert. Ree. de Cogq,., t. 32, f. 6. 

= N. costata, Chemn. . , 21 
Seszyvola, Gemmellaro. Bull. Soe. Se. Palermo, Sen Oe 1878, Steal 
Scalaroides (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., Sp. 11, 1845, hs 
Scalpta (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 31, 1855. 

— N. tessellata, Gmel. ; ; i eno 
Scaphanidea, Rolle, 1862. = — Neritopsis, Grat. yal 
Scarabzeus (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pl. 3, f. 12. 

= N. macrocephala, Guillou. . BEE 
Schlaflii (Neritina), Mousson. Jour. de Conch., 1874, i. 49. 

= N.crepidularia, Lam. . Sh Frige 
Schiragensis (Neritina), Parreyss in ‘coll. 

=. pallida, Dunker. : 50 
Schiragensis (Neritina), Bourg. Issel, Moll. Miss. Ital. Pers. 

p. 24. = N. Anatolica, Recluz., var. 52 
Schmeltziana (Nerita), Dagke —— ee genase pee , 2023 
Schmelziana (Navicella), Mateos Jour. de Conch., xviii, 

1870, p. 227. = N. variabilis, Recl. . 81 
Schraumii (Cy clostrema), Fischer. Jour. de Conch. ape 10, f. 

1OS1SOT. 4 ; 89 
Schnlaii (Neritina), (Cane Kaspinskoe more enamel: ie 1877, 

Pate OoteliG)/:, ; : , : : » fou 
Sculpta (Navicella), Martens. Kist., Conch. Cab. p. 15, t. 2, 

f, 5-8, 79 
Seulptilis (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N.S. Phila., p- 213, pl 

2, f. 15, 1873. == Cyclostrema Marchei, Jouss. : 88 
Seguenzianus (Adeorbis), Tryon. . : = G4 
Semen (Neritina), Tap-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova vil, p. 

1031. = Souverbiana, Montr. . . OO 


Semi-clathratula (Liotia), Schrenck. Amur-land Moll., p.3 370, 109 
Semi-conica Sena). Mam. Ans s. Vert: ed. I. vi, 2; p: 
187, : . a1, 38 
Seminuda (Vitrinella), OF B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 267, 108 
Semirugosa (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 102. . 
Semistriata (Pseudorotella), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 61., t. 18, f. 


20-22, . ‘ . 105 
Semisulcata (Cyclostrema), Issel, Mar. Rosso, 287, t. eich tee woke, 
Senegalensis (Nerita), Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686, —. . 22, 38 
Septaria, Fér., Essai d’une méth. etc. 1807. 

= — Navicella, I Be 1h oy Oe ; : ‘ ; ; STO 
Serpuloides (Helix), Montagu, “Test. Brit., suppl., e TA ti 21, 

f.3. == Cyclostrema divisa, Ad. : 96 


Serratilinea oe Hohenacker., Bull. Soe. imp. Moseou, 
1837, p. 147. = N. liturata, Eichwali. : : . 47 


52 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGF. 
Serratilinea (Neritina Danubialis, var.), Ziegler, Jan, Conspec- 
Meth. Test. 1830, p. 7 ‘ ; : . 46 
Serrulata (Nerita), Barli, Rev. Zool., 1842 , p. 76. 
== N: ziezac, Sowb., var... : : é + 36 
Shandi (Liotia), Hutton, Cat. N. Z. ‘Moll. p. 99. 
= ?juv. Turbo creniferus, Kiener. 112 
Showalteri (Neritina), Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1861, p.55, . 53 
Siderea (Liotia), Rve., Couch. Teon. sp. a f iN) 
Sideria (Neritina) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist i il, 1847, p. 
228 ING chlorostoma, ‘Brods% 66 
Signata (Nerita) Macleay, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi, Pt. 2, p. 175. 
—N. reticulata, Karsten. . F : ; see 


Simile (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys. P. Tae 1883, p92} pli ft?) tae 
Sinensis (Adeorbis) A. ae face ‘Mag. Nat. Hist., 1861, D. 


pon ‘ 85 
Siquijorensis (Neritina) Recluz, P.Z.8 ry 1843, p- 198. 

= N.crepidularia, Lam. . 4 : aiyed 
Smaragdia, Issel, Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 212, 1869, : 7, O4 
Smithiana (Stanleya), Bourg., Notice Lac Tanganyika, ls 88, 

1885, . : : : ‘ 56 
Smithi (Neritina) Sow be Conch. All. fotOOs Wh: : ; ston 
Sobrina (Nerita) Recluz., P. Z. 8 1845, p. 119. 

— Neritina zebra, Brug... : 4 fat 
Solida (Teinostoma), E. A. Smith, P. Z. S. ips 737 , toed 

Sale : : : ; ; . 105 
Solidissima (N Ban) Sone Pease 1849. 

== IN. cariosa, Gray. : ste 
Solidula (Liotia) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc., Vil, p. 141, : + lD, 
Solium (Neritina) Recluz, PSZ. S.,.184bep: 20: 

==) N.. olivacea ech : : : ' : Ge) 
Solomonensis ( Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fio. 106. 

= N. porcata, Gould. A : : GU 
Souleyetana (Neritina), Recluz, Rew, Fool 1842, c » EG 
Souverbiana (Neritina) Montrouzier, Jour. de Conch, 1863, p. 

fo, AT), pha ligvon ; SHES 


Sowerbiana (Neritina) Recluz, Pas. 5 1842, p. 174, : smn 
Sowerbii (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon. 3 teOo: 


— N. Sowerbiana, Recl. . ; : : ; é 67 
Speciosa (Liotia), Angas. P. Z.5S., p. 19, t. 1, f. 26, 1871. tae 
Spengleriana ( Nerita), Recluz. P. Z.S., 1843, p. 201. 

— N. undata, Linn., var. . 29 
eee (Cyclostrema) ye NY ood, Ann. Mag. p. 533, t tacos 

toy LOAD: Jeffreys, Pi Ze Se p96, beso ae . 98 
Spine ra (Neritina), ecluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p- 183. 

—N. Diadema, Recluz. . ? Se 


Spinifera (Neritina), (Recluz), Saabs Thes., ii, p- 526, pladg, 
fig. 53, 54. — N. diadema, Recl. b ; ; ; . 64 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 153 


PAGE 
Spinifera (Neritina nucleolus, Morelet, var.) Martens. LKiuist. 

Conch. Cab., p. 177, t. 16, fig. 4—6, : 68 
2 ae (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch. Beil, p. 121, pl. 6. 

Pita! 
Siimcee (Nerita), Wood. Suppl. Ind. Test. p- 25, pl. 8, fig. 12. 

= Neritina brevispina, Lam. : : : : OD 
Spinosa (Neritina rarispina Mouss., var.) Mousson., Moll. 

Java, p. 84, . 4 69 
Spinosa (Cyelostrema) Tenison- Woods, Roy. ‘Soe. “Tasmania, 

1876, p. 147. ; 95 
Spinosa (Neritina) (Budgin) Sowb. f Cat. Coll. Tankerville, p. 

45,1845, . . 63 
Spiralis (Neritina) Reeve, Coneh. Icon., Use, te, 23, fig. 99, 

. obtusa, Benson. . : . 43 
Spiralis (Neritina) Martens (not Reeve), Kust. Conch. Cab., p- 

69. = N. sulculosa, Mart. é . 60 
Spirula (Cyclostrema) Ned, POR, 1850, p. AA, . 100 
Spiruloides ( Vitrinella) Carp., PxZe S., p. 169, 1650, 7”. . 105 
Spuria ey Gould. = Liotia granulosa, Dunker. : 109 
Squama (Navicella) Mousson, Cat. Mus. Godetfroy iv, 1869, p. 

28. = N. Bourgainvillei, Recl ; é . 80 
Squameespina (Neritina) Mousson, in coll. 

= N. aculeata, Gmel. : : ; 4 ees! 
Squamata (Navicella) Dohrn, Pez, 8.16) 8, p. 135. 

— N. suborbicularis, Sowb. : ces! 
Squuamipieta (Neritina) (Recluz in mus. C uming) Sow Ds Thes., 

pills o, 58 
a ane (Neritina) (Recl.) Sowb. Thes. Tos 527, pl. 119, 

fig. 26,27. = N. squarrosa, Recluz. . 65 
Squamulata (Nerita) Le Guillou, Rey. Zool. p. B44, 1841. 

= N, chameleon, Linn. : Biers) 
Squarrosa (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. Sy 1842, p- cee : mod) 


Stanleya, Bourguignat, Notice Lac Tanganyika, p- 86, 1885, 7, 56 

Stella (Nerita) Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., xi, pl. 197, fie. 1907, 
1903." == chamaeleon, Linn. . 20 

Stellaris (Delphinula) Ads. and Reeve, Voy. Samarang, te U1, 


5 : : iy 

Stenopoma Gray, P. Z. ae 1867, p- 998. k 10, 82 
Stragulata (Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf. var.) Muhlf. Land und 

Wasser Schnecken, pt. 3, 1828, t. 8,19, . . 4 


Striata (Rotella) a’ Orb., Moll. Cuba, HW, p: 63, 913; f 29-31, 2 hO2 
Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. 311, t. 192, f. 1992- 


eo. aN: versicolor, Gm. : ; 2d 
Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. "298, t; 191, f. 
9G2—520,—— Ne tessellata, Gmel. eo 


Striata (Nerita) Burrow, Elem. Conch., p 172, 1815. 
— N. undata, Linn: var. .. , ‘ 25 


154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 

Striatella (Adeorbis) Montrouzier, Jour. de Conch., 1869, p. 

A : : : : ! 85 
Striatus (Adeorbis) Chemu, Manuel de Conch., _p. 352. f 

2589, 2590. = Circulus striatus, Phil. : 86 
Stricta (Nerita) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438 , pl. 38, fi. 

1 : 34 
Strigillata (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. SES No. ie: fie. 4, 

— N. communis, Quoy et Gaim. Ree ts. 
Strigillata (Neritina) Lam., An. s. Vert., ‘ed. ep 1 p. 187. 

= N. turrita, Chemn. ; oT 
Strigillata (Neritina) ( Lam.) Recluz, Jour. de Conch., i, p. 151. 

— N. ziczac. (Lam.) Sowb. . 36 
Strigillatus (Clithon) Tapparone-C Canefri, Zool. R. Freg. “Mag- 

enta, Mal., p. 54, t. 1, fig. 6. —N. Donovana, Recluz. . 65 
Strigosa (Neritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, Kiist. Conch. Cab., 

p- 176, : . 68 
Striolata (Nerita) Recluz, Rey. Zool., 1841, p- 387. 

= Neritina reclivata, Say, var striolata. : i ae 
Striolatum (Cy clostrema) Sars, Mss. 

= C. basistriatum, Jeffr.. ; ; peli 
Striulata (? Liotia) Carp., Mazat. Gute p- ‘248, . ‘ Be i bi 
Studeriana (Neritina Souleyetana, Recl. var.) Martens, “Mon- 

atsb. Berlin, p. 284, 1877. = = Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64 


Suavis (Neritina) Gassies, Jour. de Conch., xxvii, 1879, p.134, 56 
Subalata (Neritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1862, p. 269. 


— N. auriculata, Lam. - te 
Subangulata (Adeorbis) A. Adams, Pp. ZL. 8.1 1863, p. 16: 85 
Subauriculata (Neritina) Recluz in Sowb., Thes. Gonch., il, p. 

510, fig. 188. = N. auriculata, Lam. : 73 
Subcanalis (Neritina pulligera, Linn, var) Mousson, Jour. de 

Conch. xiii, 1865, p. 205, . 57 


Subcarinatus ‘(Adeorbis), Montagu, Test. Brit., L 438, t. 7, £9, 85 
Subdisjuncta (Cyelostrema) H. “Adams, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 293, 


pl. 28, £18, : ‘ ; : . 100 
Subexcavata ‘ ‘Cyclostrema) Tryon. 2 : : Pees: 
Subgranosa (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. IIL, fig. 14, 

= N. brevispina, Lam. ; : : . 65 
Subocellata (Neritina) Martens, Schepmann, Notes Leyden 

Mus., vu, 49, t. 4, 3, 1885. -==.N. olivacea, Recl: >. od 
Suborbicularis (Navicella) Sowerby, Cat. Tankerville Coll. 

1825, appendix x. : : ; : ‘ é i est | 
Subplanospira (Neritina gagates, Lam. var.), Martens, Kuster. 

Conch. Cab., t. 18, fig. 8, : ;  joDproe 
Subpunctata (Neritina) Recluz, P.Z.S. , 1843, poo ae - 08 
Subquadrata (Vitrinella) Carp., Mazat. Cat. wy wal, ; . 102 


Subrostrata (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var.) Martens, Kiist. 
Conch. Cabi, pia ti 7, ues, Line : : : oi! 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 155 


PAGE. 
Subrugata (Neritina) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438, ep i 

figs. ao nN brevispina, Lam. var. 65 
Subsinuata (Neritina) (Sowb.) Mousson, Jour. de Conch., XVII, 

p. 222. — N. subsuleata, Sowb. : : . 45 
Substriatum (Teinostoma) Carp., Mazat. Cat., O54, . ; Zé . 104 
Subsuleata (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. Conch. IIL, fig. 50. 

= N. cornea, Linn. var. . : ie 40 
Subthermalis (Neritina fluviatilis, ‘Linn, var.) Bourg. , Issel, 

Moll. Miss. Ital. Persia, p. 23, . ‘ ea 
Succinea (Neritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 343, : = eee 
Suffreni (Navicella), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 374, 375. 

= N. Freycineti, Recl. var. compressa, Martens. ~ 30 
Suleata (Neritina) Nyst, Recluz, Journ de Conch., i, p. 149. 

— N. aculeata, Gmel. . ‘ bind iG 
Sulcata (Cyclostrema) A. Adams, Pay BP 1850, p- ‘AA, . 94 
Suleata (Neritina pee Lam. var.) Tenison- Woods, Proc. 

in. Soc7 N28: Wi lSis;y pio; : sao 
Sulcata (Nerita), Anton, Verzeichnis, 1839, p- 29, 

= Neritina cornea, fini: 45 
Suleatum (Cyclostrema) Watson, Challenger Rept. p. 121, t. = 

Pall, 94 


Sulculosa (Neritina) Martens, Kiister’s Conch. Cab., 277, t. a 
f. 23-26," : 
Sumatrensis (Neritina), Sowb., “Conch. Ill, fig. 5 DA, 


= N. variegata, Lesson. . 36 
Susonis (Cyclostrema) Tenison- W pode: Brae Roy. Bor: [aera 

nia, 1876, p. 147, : . 99 
Suturalis (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., p. 245, 1861, Oe 
Syriaca (Neritina) Bourg., Cat. Raisonne “Moll., Recueillies, 

[S55 pe tL, E ; : : : : : : apou 


Tabernaculatus (Cimber) Montfort, Conch. Syst., 11, ave p- 82. 

= Navicella Borbonica, Bory St. V. . elo 
Tahitensis Gis Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., i, up. 385, Bares 
Tamsiana (Liotia), (Dunker) Phil., Ktister’s Conch. Cab., Del- 


pins 16. tao: £9: : : ly: 
Tantilla (Liotia) A. Adams, PZ. Gi. 1863, p- 72, 5 2 et 
Tasmanica ( Liotia) Tenison- aye Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, 

1875, p. 155, : 12 
Tate (Cyclostrema) Angas, Pp; VAS 1878, p- 862, pl. 54, if; 10, 93 
Wenare, Gray. - P.\Z. S.,/1858, p. 92. — Peloronta,Oken. . 4 
ten ebrenes (Neritina) C B: Nae res Lye. Nat. Hist. N. 

Y., 1852, p. 99. = N. virginea, Linn. : . 40 
Tenebrosa (Nerita) Reelin, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 18 0, By) 


Tenerum (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys, Lee Seeks 1883 iy 91, pl 19, 
bie ee : : ; : : : i 98 


156 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 


PAGE. 
Teinostoma, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, p. 122, 

Loooree : ~ 15; wos 
Tenuiliratus (Adeorbis) oe Smith, Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 597, 

t.. 30,91. 18, 1876; : . 8&6 
Tenuisculpta (Vitrinella) Carp, P.Z.8 3 p. 270), 1865, : . 108 
Tessellata (Navicella) Lam., Eneye. Meth., pl. 456, fig. Ate ae 82 
Tessellata (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat. sD: 36. 85, 24 
Tessellata (Neritina) Tiogles, Valle: aa Syst., 1841, p 33. 

— N. meridionalis, Phil. : ; 48 
Testudinea (Neritina) Homb. et Jacq., Vv oy au Pole Sud, Pp. 67, 

pl. 17, fig 14-16. = N. Iris, Mousson. ; 58 
et (Ne erita) Gmel. .. Syst. Nat., p. 3683. 

xa, Chemn. . . : : IS 
Tharsis, Jeffreys, 1 Edy Aes ee 1883, Done 93, 14, 100 
Theliosty la, Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, 167, 18 

— Nerita, Adanson. . 4 ‘ ANE gc) 
Theodoxus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., 351. 1810, : 6 
Thermalis (Neritina) Boubeé, Bull. a Tig Nat. France, 1833, 

p: 11, 12..:== No duvistilis, Dinn. war 46 
Thermophila ( (Neritina) Martens, Monatsb. erlin INES) 284, 

tk, he he is os . 66 
Ticinensis ( ‘Neritina) Villa, Dispos. ‘Syst. ‘Conch., p- re 60. 

ane fluviatilis, Linn. ; 2 Ah 
Tincta ( Witrinellas Cub. Ad: Monog. Vit. 8, 1850, : 108 
Tiatina (Neritina) Benson, Jour. Asiat. Soe. Calcutta, v, 1836, 

p. 449. == N. Smith, Sowhb. : : ‘ ; : Sn 
Tornata (Cy clostrema ) A. Adams, Sowb., Thes., f.13,  . . 94 
Tomostoma, Desh., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Dec. 19, 1823, d i] 
Tougaensis ( (Werte Homb. et Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud., € 16, f. 

15-20; -==Nesinaia, Burrow.  ; ey 
Tourannensis ( Nerita) Souleyet, Rey. Zool., 1842, p. 269. 

= Neritina crepidularia, Lam. é at 


Trahalis Vitta), (uam.) Moreh, Cat. Yoldi. P 167. 

a geet virginea, Linn. F . 40 
dimelydorars Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. “Tl, 2 1866, 13 
Trachy sma, Jeffreys, Sars, Moll. Arct. Norveg, 211, 1878. 


== - Architeea, Costaied| 15 
Transv ersalis (Neritina) (Ziegler) Porro, Mal. Comasca, P. 107, 

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. 46 
ee ersalis (Neritina) ( Ziegler). Pfr. Deutsche Land und 

Wasser Schnecken, pt. 11, 1828, t. 8, figs. 13, 14, 3 sag 
Triang ularis (Neritina), Meusch. Méreh., Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 

166. = N. ziczac, Sowb., v aN ee ; : ; ; i: va 
Tricarinata (Cyclostrema) E. A. Smith, P. Z.8., 1871, p. 737 

pl. 75, f. 26, : 95 


Pecahinats (Vv itrinella) CUB. Ad. Panama. Cat., No. 268, 31038 


INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 157 


PAGE. 
Tricolor (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., ed. xii. 

= N. versicolor, Gm. . : ; : , ; : “ano 
Tricolor (Neritina subpunctata; Recl. ia Martens, Kist. 

Conch. Cab., p. 180, fig. 19, ; é : 469 
Trifasciata (Nexitina) Menke, Syn. Moll. ?. BA, 

—N. fluviatilis, Linn. ; : » AD 
Tr iacei ata (Neritina) (Menke) Villa, Dispos. Sys t. Conch., p. 38. 

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. e : : ; 47 
Trifasciata (Neritina) (Menke), Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 147. 

= N. transversalis, Ziegler. : : : : : ren i) 
Trifasciata (Nerita obatra, Recl. var.) Montrouzier, Jour de 

Conch., 2d ser. iv, 113. = N. maxima, Gmel. var. .. cul 
Trigonata (Vitrinella), Carp., Mazat. Cat., 244. 

= V. exigua, C. B. Ad. ‘ : 103 
Triloba (Navicella Borbonica, v ) Martens Kiister’ s Conch. 

Cab., 11, : 5 : a he 
Tripaloia, Letourn. Bourg. 5 Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mal., 50. 

— Neritodonta, Brusina. . 5 repel 
Triserialis (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. iL, fie. 60, : : . 40 
Tristis (Nerita) Phil. Expl. pl. Ist part of Kiister Conch. Cab. 

= Neritina Perottetiana, Recluz. : : se wlare: 
Tristis (Neritina) Phil., Abbild., Nerita. I, Register. 
aN sGARLOSH. GTA... « : cm Gs 


Tristis (Neritina pupa, L., var.), d’ Orb., Moll Cuba, p- 176, « 42 
Tristis (Neritina) (Orb.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 144. 


= N.chlorostoma, Brod. . : .. 66 
mricoueusis (Neritina) Guillou, Rev. Toole 1841, p.! ALG) 
Trizona (Neritina) Ziegler, Kreglinger, Binnen- epee: Bole 

- N. transversalis, Ziecler. f ; ; a) AT 
Pensclieli ( Neritina) Recluz, Jour. de Conch., i, 1850, p. L695. f3 
Trochoides (Cyclostrema), Jeff., Friele, . ‘ ou 
Trochoides (Cyclostrema ) Verrill, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, 1880, 

prold. == C, Dall, Verrill. : . sonnel 


Trochula (Adeorbis) me Gams. es, 2s 1863, Pay Ose si 


Trojana (Neritina) Charpentier in coll. 


= N. Anatolica, Recluz, var. . : 5 : : ye De 

Truncata (Navicella magnifica, Rve. var.) Mousson, Jour de 
Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 885. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. . 79 

Te ona (Neritina) Sganzin Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourgh, 
ill, 2, 1845, p. 20, 62 
Tuberculosa (Liotia ?) a’ Orb., Moll. ‘Cuba, il. 69, i 19, if 28, 30, Jo 
Pabiola, A. Ad.PZ. 8: p. ae 1864, : : ; 14, 95 

Turbida (Neritina) Morelet, Test. Novissima, Paris, 1849, p. 27, 
= N. punctulata, Lam. . 60 


AAS (Neritina) Menke, Syr D. Moll., ed. 1, 1828, p. 27, 
84. = N. virginea, Linn. . d : ; ; 3 a A 


158 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 


PAGE. 
Turris (Neritina Jordani, Sowb. var.) Mousson, Naturf. Gesell, 
Zurich, vi, 1861, p. 62, 51 
Turrita (Neritina) Chemn. Conch. ‘Cab., xe 1786, ti 124, fie. 
1085, . é 37, 38 
Turtoni (Neritina) Recluz, Pas 5. 1843, p- ine . : 2 36 
Ualanensis (Neritina) Less., Voy. de la peg Zool., i, : 
379, 41 
Umlaasiana (Nerita) Krauss, Siid-A fr, Moll. P 89, e 5, £25. 
= N. polita, Linn, var. ‘ saaoll 
Undata (Nerita) Linn. = Syst: Nat. x, , D. 779, . 28 
Undata (Nerita) Gould, Wilkes Expl. Exp. Shells, 167. : 
= N. striata, Burrow. . 28 
Undatus (Clithon) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., li, 1830, 
p. 381, pl. 13, fig. 13. — Neritina spinosa, Sowb. : . 64 
Undulata (Nerita) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 36, 78. 
== N:\undata, Linn.” . 28 
Undulata (Navicella Bougainvillei. Reel. var 2 Mousson, ‘Jour. 
de Conch., xiii, 1865, p. 206, 80 
Unidentata (Neritina) Recl, Journ. “de Conch., a 1850, p. 158, 
pking fies85% 72 
Unidentata ( Nera) Eomibr et Jacq,, Voy. Acirolale et Telee: 
v, p. 66, pl. 17, f. 6-7, : ‘ F . 22 
Urvillei (Navicella) Recluz, Rev. Zool. 378 , 1841, 
= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. : : é 2! 


ane (Neritina) Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. a aS p. 21, 


fig: 31-34. =—N- Guadianensis, Morelet. . 49 
Valy atoides (Cyc clostrema) Jeffreys, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 92 pl. 19, 
to. 98 


V aleetoides (Vitrinella), C. B. Nile eanana are No. 269, ‘ - 103 
Vanikorensis CNeninina)) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy au Pole Sud., 

Moll., p. 68, pl. 17, figs, 30, 32: == N.Sandalina; Reel.” (796d 
Varia (Neritina) Ziegler, “Menke, Synops. Moll., 1828, pray. soa 
Varia (Nerita) Meusch, Moreh, ( Cat. Yoldi, 168. 


= N. tessellata, Gmel. : 24 
Variabilis (Neritina.) Hécart, Mem. Soc. Agri. Valenciennes, 

1833, p. 146. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. . ; ae 
Variabilis (Navicella) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 155, : 81 
Variabilis (Clithon), Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., il, p. 

383, t. ix, f. 14. = Neritina brevispina, Lam. . 65 
Variabilis (N avicella) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 8. 

—N. tessellata, Lam. . 81 
V aricosa (Liotia) Reeve, Conch. Icon., Delphinula, sp. 12, 1843, 108 


Variegata (Nerita) C ‘hemn., Conch. Cab. 
= N. versicolor, Gmel. : : : : 3 : af cee 


INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 159 


PAGE. 
Variegata (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de la ee ore ii, 1830, 

p. 378, : . 39 

Varius (A deorbis) Hutton, Cat. Moll. N. Z. .?p. Oo. 

— Fossarina, (Manual ix, 276.) . 86 
Velascoi (Neritima)» Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. Espana 1846, p. 

20, figs. 25-30. == N. Guadianensis, Morelet.  . . 49 
Velatella, Meek, Geol. Surv. Terr. 499, tates. : e Ouedg 
Velates, Monttort, Conch. Syst., ii, "354, 1810, ‘ : a teres 
Venosa (Neritina) Menke, Synops. Moll., ed. i, 1828, p. 26, 83. 

= N. pupa, Linn. : . 42 
Venusta (Nerita) Dunker, Phil., Abbild. i 0 86, be 4, fl 
. == N. albicilla, Linn. . none 
Versicolor (Nerita) Gmel., Sy st. Nat., p- 3684, ; ae) 


Vespertina (Neritina) Nuttall, Jay’s Cat. of Shells, p. 68, 73, 74 
Vestita (Nerita) Souleyet, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269. 


? = Neritina dubia, Chemn. : 4} 
Verreauxii (Adeorbis) Fischer, Jour. de ‘Conch., Vl, Malta 1857 91 
Vexillum (Nerita) Reeve, Conch: Icon., fig. 65, 1855, ; 2 eA 
Vidovichii (Neritina) Sandri, in collections. 

= N. fluviatilis, Linn. 46 
Vincentianas (Adeorbis) Angas, Pos. , 1880, ne 417, pl 40, 

EeOkr p< : 86 
Vinosa (Neritina) Mousson, in coll. 

= N. virginea, Lino. . 40) 
Violacea (Neritina) Morelet, Desc. Moll. Terr. et fluv. Por tugal, 

p. 92, fig. 1. == N.elongatula, Morelet.  . : : to 

Violacea (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686. 

= Neritina crepidularia, Lam. . sels 
Virginie (Cyclostrema) Jouss., Guerin’s Mag. 1872 re 19, fe 2, 92 
Virginea (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat.) ed-'x;'p. ee Be eile 
Viridis (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. Me POMos) te . O4, 56 
Viridissima (Neritina) Tap.- Canefri, Ann. Mus. Genova, 1K ee 

287... ?= N. Rangiana, Recluz. . : 08515) 
Vitiana (Neritina olivacea, Recluz, ye Mousson, Jour. de 

Conch., 1870, p. 223, -. 70 
Vitiana (Neritina Pritchardi, Dohrn, var. r.) Mousson, Jour. de 

Conche LevOs po 219)”: 65 
Vv itiensis (Navicella pala, Mouss. var. 5 anesom Jour.de Conch., 

Vii, p. 230. == N. Freycineti, Recl. . . 80 
Vitiensis (Neritina) Mousson, Jour. de Conch, xy 1865, P. 

304; 1870, p. 218. = N. Roissyana, Recluz. . 38 
Vitiensis (Nerita) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy Astrolabe et Zelee, V; 

p- 651, pl. 17, f 3-5. = N. affinis, Reeve. . . 38 
Vitrinella, C. B. Adams, Monog. V itrinella, 1850, . af td 


Pap iensls (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 
vie ee communis, Quoy Gaim. . ‘ : A . 39 


160 INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 


PAGE. 
Wallacei (Neritina) Dohrn, P. Z. 8., 1861, p. 206; pe 26, fig.1, 40 
Wallisiarum (Neritina) Recluz, Sour de Conch a »p: Lbijapk 


vii, figs. 11; 12, 1850. = N. variegata, Lesson. . ; <2) oO 
Wallisit (N eritina) Mtousson! in coll. 

=="N. bicolor, Reeluz. - a Oe 
Webbei (Neritina) Recluz, ene de Conch., te 1850, p- (oe 

—N. glabiata, Sowb. . 56 
Weldii (Cyclostrema ) Tenison-W oods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- 

mania, 1876, p. 147, . 3 95 
Winteri (Nerita) Phil, Abbild, i ape "86, t. its f, LOS : , ae 
Xanthostigma (Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var.) Martens, Kiist. 

@onch. Cab. ps 1015). : P 5 ; ; . . 06 
Yoldii (Nerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, . ; Oe 
Zebra (Neritina) Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, p. 177, t. 16, 

fig. 11. —  N. communis, Quoy et Gaim. . : ae 
Zebra (Neritina) (Lam.) Krauss, Stid-afr. Moll. p. 88. 

—= N. Natalensis, Reeve. . Bo 
Zebra (Neritina) Brug., Mem. de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 

799, pl 20, 37 
Zebra (Navicell a) Lesson, Voy. ae if Coquille, Zool., ll P. 386. 

— N. depressa, Lesson. «< Lt8 
Zebrina CN cian Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 341. 

—N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. ; ; . 46 
Zebroides (Nerita), Lesson, in coll. = Nemins ainha. Chemn. 44 
Zelandica (Nerita) Recluz, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 120. 

— Neritina Turtoni, Recl. . . 308 


Ziczac (Neritina) Sowb. (et Auct.) Thes. Conch., if 105, 106, 14 36 
Zigzag (Neritina) Lam, (not of seuupiie An. s. vert. vill, p. 
570. 2? — N. reclivata, Say. >) Gage 
Zigzag (Neritina) Morelet, Series @onch., ina y 120, 
= N. gagates, Lam. . ; ; : oe 


MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 


Vout. X, Part SECOND 


MONOGRAPHS OF THE TURBINIDEH AND 
TROCHIDA, 


BY H. A. PILSBRY, 


Conservator of the Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia. 


Famity TURBINID. 


Animal with an oval, broad or narrow foot, truncated anteriorly ; 
rostrum rather short, truncate; tentacles long, slender, cylindrical, 
the eyes on peduncles at their exterior bases. Across the front of the 
head, between the tentacles extends the more or less developed 
“veil”; and from a point below the tentacles, a fleshy ridge, the 
“epipodial line” extends backward parallel with the margins of the 
foot, and bearing usually several slender cirrhi on either side. 

Radula rhipidoglossate, usually with the formula « *5:1'5:00 , but 
sometimes lacking the median and one outer lateral tooth. The 
lateral teeth are all of nearly the same form; so that a transverse 
row of teeth shows only three distinct forms. _ Jaws usually present. 

Shell turbinate or trochiform, generally solid, smooth or rugulose ; 
aperture circular, oval or subtetragonal; peristome simple. Oper- 
culum calcareous, heavy, flat or concave with a thin corneous layer 
internally, convex and calcareous externally, the nucleus multispiral 
and either subcentral or at the margin. | 

The nervous system is chiastoneurous; (i. e. oie viceral nervous 
loop surrounding the intestine is Ania into a figure 8 form—the 
right cord passing above the left—by that torsion of the viceral mass 
which brings the outlet of the digestive tract to the right side of the 
neck.) 

The Turbinide are mostly litoral in station, and inhabitants of 
tropical and subtropical seas. They are herbivorous. 


ie (161) 


162 TURBINID&. 


Dr. Paul Fischer, in his excellent Manuel de Conchyliologie, divi- 
des the Turbinide into three subfamilies, defined as follows: 

“T, Phasianelline—shell not nacreous; Il, Turbinine—shell na- 
creous; outer surface of operculum with few whorls; III, Cyclonem- 
atine,—shell nacreous, outer surface of operculum conical, elevated, 
scalariform, with very numerous whorls.” 

The last group, embracing Cyclonema Hall, Oriostoma Munier- 
Chalmas, and other exclusively fossil genera will not be further 
considered here. 

Contrary to the usual custom, the more aberrant subfamily, Phas- 
ianellinee, will be considered before taking up the Turbinine ; this 
course being less objectionable than the unnatural sequence of groups 
which would result from interpolating the Phasianellze between the 
Turbines and the Trochids. 


Subfamily PHAstANELLIN&. 


Shell bulimiform or subglobose, polished, without epidermis or na- 
cre, variegated with bright colors; operculum heavy, calcareous, inter- 
nally paucispiral, with nucleus near the basal margin, externally 
convex, white; animal with long tentacles, and usually pectinated 
head lobes; epipodial line generally with cirrhi; branchial plume 
long; foot narrow, long, pointed posteriorly, rounded before, below 
divided longitudinally by a median groove; jaws rhomboidal, coy- 
ered with imbricating scales. Radularather short ; formula of teeth 
typically c °5°1°5: o&, but sometimes lacking the median and outer lat- 
eral teeth. 

The considerable diversity which has been observed in the denti- 
tion of the Phasianelline renders a brief review of our knowledge of 
that organ in the various groups desirable. Unfortunately the soft 
parts of Eucosmia, Chromotis and Aleyna have not been observed ; 
and I have been unable to obtain specimens of them containing the 
animal, 

Phasianella (typical). The radula of P. australis has been figured 
by Eberhard. A transverse row of teeth forms a w- shaped line. 
The median tooth is wide, oval, a simple plate, without cusp, over- 
lying the bases of the inner laterals; the lateral teeth (“ Zwischen- 
platten ” of Troschel) are of a rhomboidal form, and bear well de- 
veloped cusps with a long and several small denticles; the outer 
(fifth) one is narrow; marginals (“Seitenplatten”) with long 
simple cusps, except the inner, which bears accessory small denticles 


TURBINIDZ. 163 


at the base of the cusp. (PI. 61, fig. 1.) It is desirable that ad- 
ditional specimens be examined. 

Tricolia. The type species, P. speciosa, has a broad simple median 
tooth, overlying the bases of the inner laterals ; these are sub-rhom- 
boidal, produced at their outer angles into wings which overlie the 
bases of the adjacent tooth outward, and have denticulate cusps. 
The outer lateral is narrow, not produced on the outer angle. The 
marginal teeth have long simple cusps. (pl. 60, fig. 72.) | Troschel 
has figured the radule of P. pulla, (pl. 61, fig. 2.) P. Kochii and 
P. capensis, all agreeing with P. speciosa. The following also I have 
found to be of the same type; P. tenwis, P. umbilicata, P. compta, 
P. affinis, P. fordiana. The jaws of the latter species are figured 
(pl. 60, fig. 69). Several of these species lack the outer lateral tooth, 
the formula heing a 4° 1, °4° 2%. 

Orthomesus. In this group the median tooth is reduced to a lin- 
ear rudiment or wholly absent. The lateral teeth are of a squareish 
form, their outer angles scarcely or not at all “winged,” and but 
slightly or not at all projecting over the adjacent tooth. They form 
straight rows across the middle of the membrane, not V-shaped, as 
in the preceding groups. In the typical species, P. variegata, the 
laterals bear long cusps, with minute spurs at their bases; the inner 
marginals are very large, with enormous cusps, the outer ones with 
long denticulate or laciniate cusps (pl. 61, figs. 3, 4.) Troschel fig- 
ures this type of dentition for P. variegata, P. flammulata, Phil. and 
P. lineolata. I have found the same in P. nivosa Rve., (—P. varie- 
gata Lam.). In P. virgo Angas (pl. 60, fig. 70) I have found an ex- 
tremely peculiar and interesting modification of the Orthomesus type 
of dentition. The two inner lateral teeth are united by their inner 
edges, forming a pseudo-median tooth; the free laterals remaining 
are three in number on either side, and are of the same form as the 
one shown in the figure. As in the smaller species of Tricolia, the 
narrow outer (fifth) lateral has evidently been lost. The marginals 
all have long laciniate cusps. The lateral teeth have the basal plate 
projecting at the upper outer angle, forming a sort of hood, which 
reminds one of a similar structure in the median teeth of Littorina. 
This *‘ hood,” marked a in the figures, is probably homologous with 
the similarly marked basal plate which projects above the cusps in 
P. variegata, etc. The reduction in number of the teeth in this form 
is probably due to the same cause which has, I believe, acted in the 
more minute members of the Pulmonata and other groups which 


164 PHASIANELLA. 


have numerous teeth ; if the individual teeth were reduced in size in 
the proportion that the shell is, they would be too minute to fulfil 
their function as efficient rasps. 

The Phasianelline have been monographed by 

Philippi, in Ktister’s Conchylien Cabinet, 1853. 

Reeve, in the Conchologia Iconica, 1862. 

Fischer, in Kiener’s Coquilles Vivants, 1873. 

Sowerby, in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1884. 

Philippi’s work is perhaps the best; but ‘he describes many species 
characterized only by the color-pattern. Reeve unites all the 
smaller and more difficult species, and redescribes most of the larger 
several times. Fischer’s work includes only a few species, but these 
are well described and beautifully figured. 

Key to subgenera. 
Columella smooth, arcuate, not dentate, shell ovate, elongated, im- 
perforate; radula with median teeth. 
Large species; head with frontal Jobes. . : Phasianella, 
Small species; head without frontal lobes. . ‘ Tricolia. 


Shell as in Phasianella; radula without median teeth. Orthomesus. 


Shell subglobular, small, imperforate; aperture large. Chromotis. 


Shell minute, globose, umbilicate. . ; 3 ; Eucosmia. 
Columella with a strong curved denticle. . Aleyna. 


Genus PHASIANELLA Lam., 1804. 

Shell bulimiform or oval; columella smooth, concave. Type, 
P. australis Gmel. 

Eutropia (Leach) Gray is a synonym. 

Subgenus PHASIANELLA 6. str. 

Shell rather large, bulimiform, imperforate ; epipodial line bearing 

cirrhi; head with pectinated frontal lobes. 
S. African and Australian Provinces. 

P. AusTRALIS Gmelin, 1788. PI. 37, figs. 22-28. Pl. 38, fig. 46. 

Shell large, elongated, rather thin, nointed-ovate; spire conical, 
elevated; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, slightly flattened below the 
sutures; aperture long-ovate, somewhat pyriform, usually less than 
half the total length of shell; outer lip thin; columella with more 
or less white shining callus ; surface “ variously longitudinally cloud- 


PHASIANELLA. 165 


ed and transversely articulated with red and purple olive” on a 
polished flesh-colored, cream or white ground. Alt. 50-100 mill. 
Tasmania; South Australia. 

The synonyms are Buccinum tritonis, ete., Chemnitz, P. tritonis, 
Auct., P. bulimoides and P. varia Lam., P. picta DeBlain, P. /eh- 
manni and P. preissi Mke., P. decorata Chenu. 

Specimens are frequently found exceeding the dimensions given 
above. The color pattern is extremely variable, as is shown by the 
figures. There is one form which is omitted in my illustrations ; it 
is of a pinkish-cream color, with rather distant, narrow, spiral white 
and deep red articulations. The form is either very elongated, or 
rather short ; it is always, however, longer and with much less convex 
whorls than P. ventricosa... 


Var. VENUSTA Reeve, 1862. PI. 37, fig. 24. 

Entire surface tessellated by revolving series of squarish red 
blotches. 

A variety is figured (Pl. 37, fig. 26) which reverses the arrange- 
ment of colors in venusta. 


Var. SUBSANGUINEA Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 38, fig. 52. 


Shell turreted, elongated ; painted with broad longitudinal irreg- 
ular deep red stripes; aperture small. 


P. VENTRICOSA Quoy et Gaim., 1833. PI. 38, figs. 89-43. 

Shell large, solid, ovate; spire conic, short; whorls 6, very con- 
vex, except immediately below the deeply impressed sutures ; aper- 
ture ovate, acutely angular above, broadly rounded below, usually 
exceeding half the entire length of shell; surface polished, light 
colored, variously marked with revolving series of arrow-shaped, 
square or oblong blotches, or longitudinally striped with white- 
edged pinkish-purple festoons, or broad crimson flammules. 

Alt. 40 mill. 

S. Australia; Tasmania. 

A deep water form. <As noted under the last species, size and color 
are very variable. 

The synonyms are: P. sanguinea (figs. 40, 45) P. venosa (fig. 39) 
of Reeve; P. perdix (Gray) Phil. P. turgida Phil. — P. brevis 
Mke.; P. solida Desh., of Kiener, P. delessertii Chenu, and prob- 
ably P. ventricosa and P. inflata Swainson, and P. articulata Anton. 


166 PHASIANELLA. 


Var. ZEBRA Reeve, 1862. PI. 38, fig. 43. 
“ Obliquely, longitudinally, conspicuously, broadly banded with 
chestnut red and yellow, lineated with flesh-color.” 
Swan River, Australia. 


Var. RETICULATA, Reeve 1862. PI. 38, fig. 42. 


“Closely undulately painted throughout with brown lines and 
with flesh-colored flames beneath the sutures.” Shorter than the 
type. 

Swan River and St. Vincents Gulf, Australia. 
P. wruropica Phil., 1853. PI. 38, figs. 53, 54; Pl. 39, fig. 94. 

Pointed-ovate, thick, solid ; whorls 5-6, moderately convex, slop- 
ing below the sutures; aperture about half the length of shell, ob- 
lique, ovate; columella with heavy white or rosy callus, thickened 
and subdentate near posterior angle of aperture; color, light brown 
or rose, with revolving series of arrow-shapea or irregular flecks of 
lighter shade, or with longitudinal oblique light stripes extending 
downward to middle of body whorl, apex and base stained with rose 
color. Alt. 25-30 mill. Seychelles (Reeve); Australia( ?) ; 

E. coast of Africa; Zanzibar (Philippi). 

I am inclined to believe that this is the Helix solida of Born, 
(1780). The latter has been ignored by modern authors. On my 
plate 59a, fig. 8, one of the original figures given by Born is copied. 
Compare also P. wnifascialis Kiener, which has somewhat the same 
color pattern as P. solida, and may be the same. 


P. HistRI0o Reeve, 1862. PI. 37, figs. 34, 35. 

“Shell conically turbinated, amber, flaked with white, spotted at 
the sutures with deep crimson-rose ; spire rather exserted, whorls 
rounded ; aperture small.” Alt. 10 mill. 

Philippines ( Cuming.) 

“ A very peculiarly marked species, the colors being of a delicate 
transparent kind, edged with brilliant crimson-rose.” 

Reeve’s description and figure are above copied. 


P. coruRNrIx (Koch) Philippi, 1853. Pl. 39a, fig. 17. 

This is a species of about 15 mill. alt., rather solid, very smooth 
and shining ; aperture ovate, with rather heavy columella and inner 
lip; the color consists of a whitish ground with yellow flames, which 
behind are bordered with dark and brown, and in front are diffused 
in the clear ground-color, which here and there shows undulating 


PHASIANELLA. 167 


yellowish longitudinal lines. There is no trace whatever of spiral 

lines ; and in this respect 7. coturnix differs wholly from T. flammu- 
lata, a species otherwise very similar. 

Habitat unknown. 

All the information given by Philippi may be obtained from the 

above paragraph, and from the figure, which is a copy of the original 


Subgenus Tricotta Risso, 1826. 


Shell small ; head without frontallobes. Type, P. speciosa Mihlf. 
All tropical and subtropical seas. 
I have included in this group most of the smaller species, although 
the characters of the animal have not been described in the larger 
number of them. The dentition in the type species, P. speciosa, is 
not very different from that of the typical species of Phasianella. 
The synonymy includes T'icoliella Monts., 1884, type, P. pulla 
L., (not intermedia Se. as stated by some authors), and Hudora 
Leach, 1852, type P. pulla L. ~—‘'Troschel wholly mistook the char- 
acters and limits of this group; a fact which should be born in mind 
when studying his figures and descriptions. 


P. speciosa Muhlf., 1824. Pl. 37, figs. 29-83. 

Shell ovate-elongate, thin, shining, white, with alternate red and 
white short flammules below the sutures, and several revolving series 
of white spots, the interstices covered with fine pink or yellowish 
obliquely descending lines; whorls 5, convex, separated by deeply 
constricting sutures; aperture long-oval, rather produced below, the 
posterior angle occupied by a heavy callus. Alt. 13, diam 6 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas: 

The following are synonyms: P. nicwensis Risso, P. vieuxii Payr., 

P. ferussact Guer-Mén., and P. lymneoides Anton. 


Var. RUBRA, Risso, 1826. Pl. 37, fig. 32. 
’ ’ f=) 


Uniform carmine, with a series of subsutural white flammules. 

Var. sanguinea Monts. and var. purpurea Dautz., are synonyms. 

Var. MAJoR Monts., alt. 18 mill.; LAcrEA Monts., a white form ; 
ATRA Monts., brown in color; MARMORATA Monts., with large zig- 
zag white flammules ; MAcULATA Monts., an irregularly white macu- 
lated variety ; SPIRO-LINEATA Monts., fig. 30, are the principal color 
varieties. 

This species is found fossil in the Italian pliocene. 


168 PHASIANELLA. 


P. rENuIs Michaud, 1829. Pl. 39, figs. 77-80. 


gs. 

Rather thin, shining, oval, elongated ; spire elevated, conic, com- 
posed of 4-5 somewhat convex whorls, separated by slightly im- 
pressed sutures; aperture rounded oval; columella arcuate; color 
yellowish or rose, with red and white flammules and decurrent lines, 
sometimes punctate with red. Alt. 10 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic; rarely on the Atlantie coast of France. 

P. intermedia Scacchi is a synonym. 

Intermediate in form between speciosa and pulla. The sutures 
are not so deeply impressed as in the first, and it is more elongated 
than the latter. It exhibits the same color varieties as P. speciosa. 


P. putua Linn., 1758. Pl. 38, figs. 56-60. 


Shell ovate-pointed, solid, subtranslucent, more or less elongate ; 
spire short, conic ; whorls about 4, more or less convex, with deep 
sutures; aperture large, short oval; color crimson, yellowish or 
white, above generally longitudinally flammulate with red, white or 
deep brown, below with one or more revolving serrate bands of the 
same colors, and all over minutely punctate with red or with fine 
oblique reddish lines. Alt. 9 mill. 

Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; English coast; Canaries and 

Azores. 

The following are synonyms: P. pulchella Recluz (Pl. 59a, fig. 
20), P. punctatu Risso, P. tenius Phil., P. flammeus Von Salis, P. 
exigua (?) P. Héberti and P. striata Brus., P. varians Leach, P. 
crassa Brus., Turbo pictus DaCosta, and P. pullulus Anton. There 
are many color varieties; but these are founded on such slight char- 
acters that they are scarcely worth naming. 


Var. ELONGATA Krauss, 1848. Pl. 59a, figs. 25-25. 

More elongated, last whorl more drawn out longitudinally, the 
penultimate one rather large and very convex; coloration as in P. 
pulla, with bold subsutural flammules, and revolving bands below. 


Cape Region, S. Africa. 
Var. STRIGATA Phil., 1853. Pl. 39a, fig. 13. 


Shell elongated, with yellowish-white ground-color marked with 
narrow red lines, a subsutural series of brown flammules, and a sub- 
median girdle of diamond-shaped red blotches; umbilicus marked 
by a slight fissure. Alt. 12 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


PHASIANELLA. 169 


Var. puBIA Pilsbry. PI. 38, fig. 61. 

“Rather transparent, conspicuously distantly striped with deep 
purple-red ; whorls contracted round the upper part, then rounded ; 
aperture small.” 

Mouth of Gaboon River, W. Africa. 

This is P. strigata Reeve, 1862. I have seen neither this form 
nor the preceding; but they seem to me scarcely distinct from P. 
pulla. 


P. peritr Craven, 1882. Pl. 39, figs. 84, 85. 

Shell very small, subrimate, shining, microscopically spirally stri- 
ate; color corneous with irregular spots of reddish brown, except 
immediately below sutures, where they are replaced by a band of 
alternate oblique white, cream and reddish flammules; whorls 43, 
very rapidly increasing ; apex obtuse ; aperture subcircular, colored 
inside, the same as outside; columella a little thickened, white ; sut- 


ure deep. There issometimes a band of large blotches on periphery. 
Alt. 3, diam. 14 mill. 


Mouth of Congo River, W. Africa. 
P. DEANIANA Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 64, figs. 40-43. 


Shell rather thin, ovate-conic, subtranslucent, corneous or orange- 
colored, marked with very distinct round or oval dots of deep crim- 
son, scattered over the surface or gathered around the base and 
suture, sometimes with large maculations of opaque white; spire 
conic, apex acute; whorls 5, moderately convex, often obtusely an- 
gular and with a light or translucent girdle around the base ; aper- 
ture ovate, slightly less than half the total length of shell, showing 
the coloration inside ; columella thin; generally imperforate, some- 
times lacunate in large specimens. Alt. 5-6, diam. 33 mill. 

Corisco, W. Africa. 

This lovely little species is allied to the preceding, but differs in 
the longer, conic, acute spire, larger size, and the pattern of colora- 
tion. 

I am indebted to Rev. A. Dean, of Muncy, Pa., for numerous 
specimens. 


P. virrEA Desh., 1863. PI. 39, fig. 83. 

“Shell ovate-turbinate ; apex rather obtuse; very smooth, shining, 
polished, diaphanous-white ; whorls 6, convex, the last large; base 
obtuse, imperforate; aperture ovate; operculum white, solid, con- 
vex.” Alt..7, diam. 4 mill. 

Ins. Réunion. 


170 PHASIANELLA. 


P. capensis Dunker, 1846. PI. 39, figs. 86-88. 


Shell small, ovate-oblong, subacute, solid, usually brown or rosy 
with white flecks or zigzag lines, sometimes unicolored, or encircled 
by red spiral bands; whorls 5, somewhat convex, sutures distinct, 
last whorl tumid; aperture rounded, half the length of shell; colu- 
mella white or tinted, flattened. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. 


Cape of Good Hope; Mauritius. 


P. Kocst Phil, 13847. Pl. 37, fies. 37, 38. 

Shell short-ovate, solid, with short conic spire; whorls 5, rapidly 
increasing, convex, the last large; aperture large, roundly ovate ; 
columella flattened; color deep rose, sometimes yellow, above with 
light flammules radiating from the sutures, below with a revolving 
serrate light band, the entire surface minutely mottled with white 
and rose. Alt. 9 mill. 

South Africa; Mauritius; Port Jackson, Australia (Angas.) 

The markings above described are occasionally obsolete. There 
are several flesh colored specimens before me. Fresh shells some- 
times show ill defined revolving striz. It is extremely similar to 
P. pulla in coloration, but is more globose. Probably this species 
and P. capensis will prove to be identical, the latter name having 
priority. Both are, I believe, quite distinct from FP. pulla L. 


P. arrinis C. B/ Adams,.1850. Pl. 39, figs..1, 2. 

Shell pointed ovate, elongate, rather thin, smooth, shining; spire 
conic, of about 5 rather convex whorls, separated by well impressed 
sutures; apex acute, rose colored; aperture oblique, oval, outer 
lip thin, translucent; columella with a white callus which is some- 
what distended at the slightly impressed and grooved sub-perforate 
or imperforate umbilical region; color white, yellow or pale rose, 
more or less clouded longitudinally with rose, orange or brown, 
sometimes only with subsutural and peripheral series of short 
flammules, the entire surface closely and regularly punctate with pink 
or orange, and white. Alt. 8, diam 4 mill. 

West Indies; Florida (Simpson). 

The synonyms are P. brevis C. B. Ad., and its synonym P. adamsi 


Phil., and P. concinna, C. B. Ad. 


P. TESSELLATA Potiez et Michaud, 1838. PI. 39, figs. 99, 100. 


Short solid, smooth, oval or ovate, spire conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 
4 to 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large and obtusely 


PHASIANELLA. Nig(l 


angulate at periphery; sutures lightly impressed; aperture oblique, 
ovate, outer and inner margins equally curved; columella with a 
white callus; umbilical region excavated, and usually obviously 
perforated ; color white, yellow or reddish, longitudinally clouded 
with white, red or brown, sometimes broken into subsutural and 
peripheral series of flammules, encircled with close continuous narrow 
revolving obliquely descending, regularly spaced orange or red lines. 

Alt. 53 diam. 34 mill. 

West Indies. 

P. minuta Anton (?), P. zebrina d’Orb. (figs. 99, 100.), and P. 
tesselata C. B. Ad. are synonyms. 

This species and the P. affinis are very abundant in many West 
Indian localities. They are usually associated together. Fresh 
specimens of both exhibit microscopic revolving impressed striz. 
Reeve, who has subdivided the larger species of this genus so minute- 
ly, “lumps” these forms, with most of the other small species, under 
P. pulla Li. I have never seen a specimen among hundreds I have 
examined from the West Indies which could not be most readily 
separated fromthe Mediterranean shell. Indeed both affinis and 
tessellata exhibit a surprising uniformity in color-pattern and form. 
The dentition of affinis difters from that of pulla. P. perforata Phil. 
I should be inclined to unite with tessed/ata were it not from the 
West Coast. . 

The P. concolor of Adams I have identified with a rather rare 
color-variety which generally occurs with P. tessellata. It is extremely 
dark, almost unicolored; but with a glass one can perceive still 
darker diagonal lines upon the surface. This form is figured on PI. 
45, fig. 1. The following description is from the original one of 


Adams: 
P. concolor C. B. Adams, 1850. 


Shell rather long ovate-conic; uniform glossy brown, rarely with 
a sutural band of a deéper shade of the same; surface polished, 
apex rather obtuse; sutures impressed; spire with nearly rectilinear 
outlines; whorls 5, convex, the last subangular; aperture ovate; 


columella with a thick deposit, and with an umbilical indentation. 
Alt. 23 mill. Jamaica. 


P. UMBILICATA d’Orb., 1853. Pl. 39, figs. 95, 3, 
Shell ovate-conic, composed of 5 very convex whorls, separated 
by deeply impressed sutures, and encircled by rather coarse revolv- 


aye PHASIANELLA. 


ing impressed lines; spire conic, the upper whorls sometimes carinate 
or biangulate from the prominence of one or more of the revolving 
strie; last whorl obscurely angular around the lower part, some- 
times rather acutely carinate above the periphery; aperture less 
than half the length of shell, rounded ovate, columella arched, 
scarcely thickened; umbilical region deeply grooved and narrowly 
umbilicate; color white, sparsely punctate with red, more or less 
flammulate longitudinally with red and white. Alt. 5 mill. 

Cuba; Florida. 


The revolving striz are entirely wanting on some individuals. 
There is great variation in the degree of exsertion of spire, some 
shells attaining a length nearly double that given above. 

The more stable characters of the shell are its narrow but decided 
umbilicus, and the very convex whorls. 

D’Orbigny described the smooth form of this species, as will be 
seen by his diagnosis translated below: 

“Shell elongate, thin, smooth, umbilicate, punctate with red, 
maculate with red and white; spire elevated, apex acute, whorls 5, 
convex, separated, the last anteriorly subangulate; aperture oval.” 


P. PERFORATA Phil., 1848. Pl. 38, fig. 62; Pl. 39a, fig. 12. 


“Oblong-conoid, perforate, white, subtessellated with oblique pur- 
ple lines; suture and periphery ornamented with large maculations 
of white and purple; whorls deeply convex, last subangulate; aper- 
ture oblong ovate, equal to spire.” 

Payta, Panama; Mazatlan. 


“This beautiful shell closely resembles the West Indian species. 
Like many of its congeners, it has parallel diagonal lines of red and 
brown. The first whor! of the five is discoidal. It is characterized 
by extremely minute wrinkling over the whole surface, only dis- 
cernable under the microscope when quite fresh. The umbilicus is 
very large when young, and sharply keeled; when adult it is often 
nearly filled up by the callous labium. Operculum radiately 
wrinkled over a large part of the outer surface; within spire pro- 
duced, sharply keeled. The largest specimen measures: Alt. °13, 
diam. ‘12 in.” ( Carpenter.) 

My figure on plate 38 is a copy of that given by Reeve. On pl. 
39a, Philippi’s figure is reproduced. 


PHASIANELLA. 173 


P. compra Gould, 1857. Pl. 39, figs. 69-72. 


Small, pointed-oblong, somewhat solid, yellowish, pinkish or whit- 
ish, more or less clouded longitudinally with purple, dull pink or 
gray, marked with numerous narrow close revolving descending 
lines of purple, pink or drab, sometimes conspicuously flammulate 
below the sutures, and broadly transversely fasciate on base ; whorls 
5-6, closely coiled above, with shallow sutures, the last more rapidly 
descending, separated by a deep suture; aperture usually less than 
half the length of shell, very oblique, short ovate, inner margin 
arcuate, umbilical region excavated and generally minutely perfo- 
rate. Alt. 8-12 mill. 

California. 

Radula similar to that of P. pula, but with only 4 lateral teeth 
on either side, by atrophy of the narrow outer one. Operculum 
white, inside stained with blue above. 


Var. PULLOIDES Cpr. 


Somewhat similar to P. pulla; solid, compact, with shorter spire ; 
suture distinct. 


Sta. Barbara; Monterey; Catalina Id. 
Var. ELATIOR Cpr. 
Very small, spire elongate, painted as in P. pulla; whorls sub- 
planulate, suture scarcely impressed, columella lacunate. 
Sta. Barbara, Cal. 


Var. PUNCYATA Cpr. 


Similar to P. compta; more elevated; sutures impressed ; whorls 
tumid, minutely punctate with brown; columella lacunate. 
San Diego, Cal. 
P. FoRDIANA Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 40, fig. 5. 


Shell minute, long-ovate or conoid, composed of 5 convex whorls 
separated by deep sutures; aperture scarcely more than one-third 
the length of shell, rotund oval, angled above; outer lip thin; col- 
umella scarcely callous; umbilical region indented and in adult 
shells perforated; color white, minutely dotted with pink or brown- 
ish, usually with a subsutural series of short alternate white and red 
or brown flammules, sometimes repeated on periphery. 


Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill. 


Singapore (Archer). 
This species has something the aspect of a Rissoa. 


174 PHASIANELLA. 


In old specimens the color pattern is very faint. The radula is 
that of Tricolia. Central teeth broad-oval, submembranous ; later- 
als 5-5, with very broad, expanded peduncles; cusps short, armed 
with several large acute subequal denticles; outer two laterals nar- 
row. Specimens are in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, 
the U. S. National Museum, and the collection of Mr. John Ford of 
Philadelphia. 


P. nurTont Pilsbry, 1888. Unfigured. 
Shell smooth, polished ; aperture rounded ; color bright glossy 
rose, generally with oblique white rays; whorls 63. Alt. 6 mill. 
Auckland. 
Described by Hutton as Rissoa flammulata. This specific name 
is several times preoccupied in Phasianella. 


P. RosEA Angas, 1867. Pl. 39, fig. 92. 

“Shell minute thin, shining, ovate, of a uniform deep rosy color 
throughout; whorls 4, somewhat flattened at the upper part, then 
convex ; columella white; edge and outer lip stained with a line of 
dark rose.” (Angas.) Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill. 

Coodgee Bay, N. S. Wales; Tasmania. 

One of the specimens before me has a subsutural series of short 
white flammules. 


P. peLicatuLA Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. 

“ Minute, tumidly ovate, aperture longer than spire, smooth, shin- 
ing, polished, intense olive, with girdles of fine regular distant spotted 
white lines, and ornamented with broad flames of clouded chestnut 
proceeding from sutures; aperture broadly ovate, columella white, 
conspicuously margined with a spotted olive line; base convex, 
with punctate lines ; operculum bluish white.” 

Alt. 32, diam. 2 mill. f 

Long Bay, Tasmania. 

First named P. pulchella Tenison- Woods, but changed on account 
of the preoccupation of that name. The author suggests that it 
may be a variety of P. rosea Angas. 


P. pyemma Phil., 1848. Pl. 39a, fig. 15. 

“The shell is solid for its minute size, long-conoidal, perforate, 
smooth, shining, white, decorated with a few pale yellow flecks and 
numerous red points. The whorls, of which I count 53, are almost 
cylindrical, and more deeply separated than in any other species ; 


PHASIANELLA. 175 


the upper ones are somewhat angulate, and the last scarcely exceeds 
one-third of the entire altitude. The aperture is nearly circular.” 


Alt. 4 mill. 
Habitat unknown. 


Philippi’s description is translated above. 


P. gurraTa Phil., 1853. Pl. 39a, fig. 16. 

Shell ovate-conoid, imperforate, very smooth and shining, whorls 
very convex, rapidly increasing, the last over three-fifths the entire 
altitude; aperture broad-ovate, nearly circular. One example is 
brown with green spots [‘‘ Tropfen’’] which are sometimes bordered 
on one side with dark brown; in the other specimen the ground- 
color is brownish rose-red, and the “drops” have united into yellow- 
ish-white longitudinal flammules; the spire is brownish purple in 
both. Alt. 4 mill. Habitat unknown. 

Description and figure are from Philippi. 


P. 1nconspicua Phil., 1853. Pl. 39a, fig. 19. 

Shell ovate-conoid, perforate, very smooth and shining; whorls 
5%, very convex, and rapidly increasing, the last three-fifths of the 
total length; spire conic, but apical whorl blunt, white; the following 
whorls reddish brown, with oblique white brown-bordered flammules 
above, apparently unicolored brown below, excepting a series of 
white flecks around the umbilicus, but upon close inspection showing 
very oblique brown lines as in P. minuta [= tessellata P. et M.] and 
P. perforata, Alt. 5 mill. Habitat unknown. 

From P. minuta and P. perforata it is distinguished by the more 
rapidly increasing whorls, etc; from P. guttata it is separated by the 
umbilical perforation. My description and figure are from Philippi. 


PP. FULGENS (Koch) Phil., 1853. PI. 39a, fig. 18. 


“The shell is thin, imperforate, steeple-shaped, acute, smooth and 
very shining, unicolored olive brown. Only a narrow border on the 
columella is white. The 7 whorls of which it is composed are but 
slightly convex, especially above; the last attains almost half the 
altitude of the shell; the aperture is ovate, acute above.” (Philippi.) 

Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. West Coast of Australia. 

Very distinct, says Philippi, by the turreted form, the nearly 
plane whorls and the uniform coloration. I have not seen the 
species. 


176 PHASIANELLA, 


P. VARIABILIS Pease, 1860. Pl. 39a, figs. 21, 22. 


“Shell small, thin, ovate, shining; whorls 3-4, convexly rounded, 
marked with very fine oblique longitudinal striz; inner lip callous, 
slightly expanded at the base, indented at the umbilical region and 
with a groove behind the inner lip; aperture ovate; color white, 
variously painted with pink lines and blotches, the lines fine, oblique, 
extending over a portion of the whorls, sometimes flexuous and 
covering the whole surface; blotches of a longitudinal shape; 
periphery of last whorl usually ornamented with a row of pink 
spots.” (Pease) Alt. 5, diam. 2 mill. 

Sandwich Is. 

This is Collonia variabilis Pse. My figures are drawn from speci- 
mens received from Mr. Pease. 


P. BICARINATA Dunker, 1846. Pl. 39a, fig. 10. 


Shell small, somewhat solid, ovate-conic, rose colored, variegated 
with white, transversely lightly striate; whorls somewhat convex, 
the last obsoletely bicarinate. Alt. 4 mill. 

Cape of Good Hope. 


P. munrIERI Vélain, 1877. Pl. 39, figs. 89-91. 


Rather thick, white or slightly greenish, turbinate, short, spire 
slightly exserted; whorls 4 very rapidly increasing, the upper ones 
narrow, rounded and convex, the last very large, rather flattened 
above, surface smooth or slightly irregularly striate above; aperture 
oblique, oval, sub-circular, columellar margin somewhat thickened 
and strongly concave; operculum as usual in the genus. 


Alt. 3 mull: Ins. St. Paul. 


P. brevis Vélain (fig. 91) seems to me to be identical; the name 
is preoccupied. This species seems to form a passage to Chromotis. 


Subgenus CHromotis A. Adams, 1863. 


Shell subglobose, auriform ; spire very short; whorls few, rapidly 
increasing; aperture large, oval; operculum as in Phasianedla. 

S. African Province. 
P. NERITINA Dunker, 1846. Pl. 40, figs. 10, 11. 

Small, subglobose, smooth, rather solid, composed of about 3 
convex rapidly increasing volutions, the last descending toward 
aperture, and rather flat on the superior portion; aperture very 
oblique, large, two thirds the entire length of shell, roundly oval, 
outer lip thin, columella arched, flattened, with a rather heavy 


PHASIANELLA. ee 


white callus; umbilical region excavated ; color white, with numerous 
narrow red revolving, obliquely descending lines. 
Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. Cape of Good Hope. 


Subgenus Eucosmra Carpenter, 1864. 


“Shell solid, shining, variegated, not nacreous; aperture and 
whorls rounded ; conspicuously umbilicated ; peritreme scarcely con- 
tinuous, not callous.” type, E. variegata Carp. 

Californian Province. 

No species of Hucosmia have been figured, and I have no speci- 
mens. My descriptions are taken from the original ones of 
Carpenter. 


P. vARIEGATA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured. 

Shell small, smooth, turbinate, bright, outlines of spire convex, 
variously maculated with rose color and reddish brown; whorls 
normally 4, very convex, rapidly increasing, the last one produced 
anteriorly, separated by well impressed sutures; nuclear whorls 
regular, apex mammillated; base rounded; umbilicus carinated ; 
aperture scarcely indented by parietal margin, peristome nearly 


continuous, acute. Alt. °1, diam. ‘07 inch. 
Cape St. Iucas, L. Cal. 


Var. SUBSTRIATA Carpenter. 

Form as in EF. variegata; but whorls, except the nuclear, very 
delicately striate, the last with about ten striz. 

As the name variegata is preoccupied in Phasianella, it would be 
better to use the varietal name, substriata, for this species. 


P. puncrata Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured. 


Much larger, more elongated and narrower than E. variegata, 
and more like a Phasianella, the greater part densely punctate with 
brown; umbilicus small; Alt. -22, diam. °15 inch: 

Cape St. Lucas. 


P. cycLostoma Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured. 


Shell small, very obtuse, wide, regular, valvatoid, outlines of spire 
scarcely convex; pale cinereous, densely punctate or maculate with 
brownish olive ; apex pale, mammillated; whorls normally 3, very 
convex, with deep sutures; aperture scarcely indented parietally ; 
umbilicus large, subspiral. Alt. -05, diam. -05 inch. 

12 Cape St. Lucas. 


178 PHASIANELLA. 


P,. PHASIANELLA C. B. Ad., 1852. Unfigured. 

“Shell ovate-conoid; color various, mostly red or brown, some- 
times uniform, frequently in dark flammules on a light ground, 
sometimes with spiral darker stripes or series of spots; surface covered 
with spiral strive; apex subacute; spire conoid, with the outlines 
moderately curvelinear; whorls 5, convex, with a distinct suture; 
aperture broad ovate, subeffuse; labrum thin; umbilicus very small. 
Mean divergence about 64°; Alt. 16, diam. -11 in. Operculum 
calcareous, very thick and solid.” (Adams). Panama. 

“In the calcareous sand we collected about 112 specimens in 
various stages of growth” (Adams). 

This species, the Turbo (2?) phasianella of Adams, is said by 
Carpenter to be the same as his P. (P. perforata var. ?) striulata. 
I have seen neither. The description of the latter here follows: 


P. sTRIULATA Carpenter, 1857. Unfigured. 


Shell similar to P. perforata, but lacking colored lines; punctate 
and spotted with rufous; spiral strize below, and in the umbilicus, 
oceasionally upon the spire. Alt. ‘09, diam. ‘07 in. 

Mazatlan. 

Only two specimens found. One is very slender, the other of the 
ordinary form. There is no trace of the minutely wrinkled surface 
[of P. perforata]. (Carpenter). 


P. mrntma Phil. Vol: ix, Pl. 46, fig. 24. 


Ovate globose, thin, bluish black, smooth, slightly striate on last 
portion, umbilicate; spire short, very obtuse; whorls 3, not convex, 
last large; aperture oval, lip thin. Alt. 1°5 mill. 

Coast of Peru. 


Littorina umbilicata VOrb., preoc. in Phasianella, is a synonym. 


Has been considered a Littorina, but the operculum is that of 
Phasianella. 

I do not know that this and the following species belong to 
Eucosmia. They resemble that group in the minute size, umbilicate 
base and depressed form. 


P, srevis.d’Orb., 1853, “Pl. 40) figs. 8, 9. 

Shell short, umbilicate, thin, smooth, white, variously flammulate 
or irregularly maculate with blackish or red; spire very short, 
obtuse; whorls 4, convex; aperture nearly round. Alt. 14 mill. 

Cuba. 


PHASIANELLA. 179 


The name brevis is several times preoccupied in Phasianella, but 
not, I believe, for well established species. However if it be deemed 
desirable to avoid this duplication, the present species may be call- 
ed P. brevissima. 


Subgenus OrTHOMEsUsS Pilsbry, 1888. 


Shell and operculum similar to Phasianel/a ; radula with the cen- 
tral tooth reduced to a minute rudiment.or absent. 
Indo-Pacifie Province. 
Type, P. variegata Lam. 


P. VARIEGATA Lam., 1822. Pl. 39,:figs. 97, 98. 


Shell rather large, ovate-conic, solid; whorls 5, somewhat convex, 
separated by well marked sutures, somewhat flattened above; spire 
pointed, conic; aperture rather small, short ovate, less than half the 
length of shell, widely rounded below, angular above; columella 
with a flattened callus; parietal wall more or less white callus, and 
decidedly thickened near the posterior angle; color variable, usually 
flesh tinted, ashen or brown, more or less clouded with darker and 
lighter shades, and flammulate with dark and light below the 
sutures, spirally traversed by narrow hair-like lines of brown or red 
interrupted by white dots and intervals, the white sometimes pre- - 
dominating. Alt. 20-25 mill. 

Zanzibar; Red Sea; New Caledonia; Mauritius, ete. 

Rather variable in coloration, but the narrow lines,—too narrow 
to be plainly shown in the figures, and difficult to make out without 
are constant. 

The synonymy is extensive; including P. nivosa (pl. 38, figs. 49, 
50) P. jaspidea, (fig. 44, 36.) P. lentiginosa (fig. 51.) and P. fulgurata 
(fig. 55) of Reeve, P. grata (pl. 39a, fig. 14), P. splendida (pl. 39a, 
fig. 5,) of Philippi, P. lineolata Wood, P. viridis Anton, and P. rubens 
Lam. The latter I cannot identify; but judging from Philippi’s 
description and figure (pl. 39a, figs. 6, 7) of what he supposes to be 
Lamarck’s species, and from Kiener’s, (pl. 38, figs. 47, 48) I would 
place it in the synonymy of P. variegata. Philippi gives Australia 
as the locality of P. rubens. P. broungniarti Audouin, (Pl. 39, figs. 
63-66) is said to belong here. It is from the Red Sea. 


a glass 


P. UNIFASCIALIS Kiener. PI. 39, fig. 96. 

Shell, oval, conic, moderately thick, spire moderately elevated, 
formed of 5 whorls, not very convex, the last large; aperture large, 
oval, somewhat angulate above; color orange-red, with a subsutural 


180 PHASIANELLA. 


sharply defined fascia of white and brown flammules, and a similar 
one encircling umbilical region. Alt. 16 mill. 
Australia. 


No narrow revolving lines are noticed in the description of this 
species, nor are they visible in the figure. There are however before 
me specimens which have all the characters of this species, plus 
the capillary lines, and I am inclined to believe it a variety of the 
P. variegata. 


P. FLAMMULATA Phil., 1848. PI. 39a, fig. 9. 


“The shell is pretty solid, long conoidal, very smooth and very 
shining, and consists of 6 whorls, which are strongly convex and of 
which the last is about three-sevenths the entire length. The aper- 
ture is ovate, [eiformig] angular and with a little canal above, 
caused by a thickening upon the inner wall, which stops just short 
of the insertion of the outer lip; the coloration, in the numerous 
examples which'I have seen, is very constant; it consists of a yellow- 
ish ground-color, merging into olive, with wavy milk-white flames 
which are anteriorly bounded with dark, posteriorly becoming lost 
in the ground-color, and still finer undulating parallel lines showing 
upon the ground color, as well as spiral rows of milk-white points, 
which are not connected by brown lines as in P. lineolata and P. 
splendida. Alt. 12 mill. Red Sea. 

Philippi’s somewhat circumstantial description is above translated. 
The italics are my own. I have seen no specimens of this species, 
and it is noticed in neither of the three monographies. 


P. aM@NULA Phil., 18538. Pl. 39a, fig. 11. 


Shell long-ovate, somewhat conic, acute, imperforate, rather thin, — 
translucent, smooth, shining; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not 
perceptibly rounded, but with an indication of a carina, somewhat 
over half the total length; upon a pale flesh-colored ground are 
numerous spiral bright red lines, punctate with white, and longi- 
tudinal wavy flames, which are dark-bordered toward the suture. 

Alt. 8 mill. Australia. 

This species, like the last, has not been seen by me, nor noticed 
by authors. My description and figure are taken from the original 
ones. 


P. anGAst Crosse, 1864. Pl. 39, figs, 67, 68. 
Shell imperforate, elevated-conic, somewhat solid, smooth, orna- 
mented with minute regular subdistant spiral lines of reddish purple 


PHASIANELLA—ALCYNA. 181 


articulated with white, at sutures brownish, variegated and flammu- 
late with white; spire subacuminate, apex obtuse, rose colored; whorls 
6, sightly convex, the last large, convex; aperture ovate, white, 
columellar and parietal margins callous. Alt. 24, diam. 12 mill. 
Tasmania; Port Elliott, S. Australia. 


P. GRAEFFEI Dunker, 1875. PI. 39, figs. 81, 82. 


Small, ovate-pointed, rather thin, smooth, glabrous below sutures, 
with 6 convex whorls, the apex usually pink, balance of shell light 
brown or yellowish, with distant narrow revolving lines of red or 
brown articulated or interrupted with white, encircling the whorls, 
over a variable clouding of rich or blackish brown, generally with 
short flammules below the sutures of alternate light and dark; aper- 
ture shorter than spire, ovate; margins nearly equally curved. 

Alt. 10, diam 6 mill. Samoan and Viti Is. 


P. WIsEMANNI Baird, 1873. PI. 39, figs. 73, 74. 

“Shell small, polished; whorls 53, apex rather obtuse and black- 
ish; the remaining whorls yellowish with transverse pink bands, 
the hody whorl having seven or eight of these, also marked through- 
out with brown spiral hair-like lines. Beneath the sutural line there 
are alternately blackish and white blotches, the latter being produced 
zigzagly over the whorls; aperture subcireular, equalling the spire 
in length.” Alt. 7 mill. 

New Hebrides. 

A variety is described with shell of lighter color, only slight indi- 
cations of pink bands, but with the same subsutural dark and light 
blotches. 


P. virco Angas, 1867. Pl. 39, fig. 93. 

“Minute, rather thin, globosely conical, white; whorls 4, the last 
ventricose, and painted with fine undulating pink lines, darker at 
sutures, where they are separated by several broad descending white 
flammules, the lower portion of the last whorl encircled by a row of 
white spots ; columella slightly excavated, white.” Alt. 2 mill. 

Coodgee Bay, N.S. Wales, Australia. 

Sometimes subperforate. The peculiar dentition is figured on PI. 
60, fig. 70. 

Genus AtcyNna A, Adams, 1860. 

Shell minute, similar in form to Phasianella; aperture ovate; 
columella with a heavy callus, bearing near the base a strong curved 


182 ALCYNA. 


denticle projecting into the aperture; outer lip simple. Operculum 
and animal unknown. Type, A. ocel/ata A. Ad. ; 
Japonie and Pacifie Provinces. 


A. ocELLATA A. Ad., 1860. PI. 40, fig. 12. 

Shell smooth, imperforate, whorls slightly convex, pale crimson, 
the last encircled by occellated spots; columella terminating in a 
prominent acute denticle. 

Sea of Japan, off Talen-Sima. Dredged in 25 fins. 


A. LEPIDA A. Ad., 1860. Unfigured. 


Shell smooth, shining, imperforate, pale reddish brown, apex 
blackish, and encircled with pale blackish lines; whorls 5, rather 
flat ; parietal callus terminating below in a small acute tooth. 

Sea of Japan, off Talen-Sima, in 25 fms. 


A. RUBRA Pease, 1860. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7. 

“Shell small, ovate, smooth, polished ; whorls 4, convexly rounded; 
aperture ovate; indented at the umbilical region, and grooved ; 
columella with a prominent tooth near the base; color red, of differ- 
ent shades, or painted in a variety of patterns with blotches and 
spots of red and white, or marked with oblique longitudinal red 
lines.” (Pease. ) Hawaiian Is. 


A. LINEATA Pease, 1869. Unfigured. 


“Shell somewhat elevately turbinate, solid, thick ; narrowly per- 
forate, transversely ridged; whorls 4, convex ; aperture ovate; lip 
thickened within; ridges red, interstices whitish; columella and 
apex white. Alt. 24, diam. 14 mill.” (Pease.) 

Ins. Oahu. 


A. STRIATA Pease, 1869. ° Unfigured. 

“Shell elevately turbinate, rather solid, narrowly perforate, trans- 
versely impressly striate; whorls 4, angulate beneath the suture; 
aperture ovate; outer lip slightly thickened within; speckled and 
mottled with black and gray of different shades, whitish beneath 
the sutures. Alt. 2, diam. 1} mill.” ( Pease.) 

Hawaiian Is. 


A. SUBANGULATA Pease, 1860. Unfigured. 


“Shell minute, rather solid, turbinate, ovate, ornamented with 
raised spiral strie; whorls 4, depressed somewhat in the center; 


PHASIANELLA. 183 


outer lip thickened externally; aperture circular; columella ending 
in a prominent tooth; color deep red, wtth oblique light red lines.” 


(Pease. ) Hawaiian Is. 


Unfigured and unidentified species of Phasianelline. 


It is scarcely worth while to attempt to identify species of this 
group without figures or very good descriptions. Nevertheless, in 
order that my readers may have before them all the information 
that is accessible to me, I here reprint verbatim the descriptions of 
Phasianelline not noticed in the preceding pages. 


Evurropra MopEsTA Gould, 1862. — 


“T. parva ovato-conica, glabra, lutescens, fasciis obscuris articula- 
tis et maculis fuscis ad suturas et ad basim ornata; anfr. 6, ventri- 
cosis ; apertura rotundato-ovata; columella pallida, vix incrassata. 

Alt. 10, diam. 6 mill.” ( Gould.) 

Loo Choo. 
P. MELEAGRIS (Beck) Pot. et Mich., 1838. 

“Coquille petite, ovale-conique, ventrue, lisse, luisante, brune, mar- 
quée de petits points ronds allignés dans tous les sens; ceux de la 
partie supérieure des tours de la spire sout peu distinets, ce qui fait 
paraitre la coquille plus blanche; spire composée de quatre tours 
convexes, les trois premiers simple; columella droite et anguleuse a 
sou insertion au bord columellaire; rime ou fente ombilicale mar- 
quée, mais peu profonde.” Alt. 9-10, diam. 6-7 mill. (Potiez et 
Michaud.) Habitat unknown. 


P. MARMORATA Dufo, 1840. 


“Tét de petite dimension, ovale, lisse et couvert d’une pellicule 
trés mince et transparente ; le dernier tour de spire beaucoup plus 
grand que le reste ; ouverture ovale presque circulaire, le bord droit 
tranchant, la columelle arrondie, lisse et blanche. Les couleurs ex- 
terieures sout tonjours marbrées et trés variées, ayant a chaque su- 
ture des points allongés dune nuance différente de celles du fond.” 

(Dufo.) Seychelles and Admiralty Is. 


Operculum as usual in the genus. 


P. PULCHRA Gray. 


“Testa minuta, oblique conica, tenui, pellucida, linea albida opaca 
et fasciis coccineis ornata; anfractibus valde convexis.”’ 
“ Alt. 2, diam. 1% lines.” 
Australia. 


184 TURBININ &. 


The above I have copied from Philippi, who quotes from Gray. 
I cannot find the original description. 


P. rLAvA Anton, 1839. 


“Tang conoidisch oval, 6 flache Windungen, die letzte } des 
Ganzen, glatte, glinzend, blass isabellgelb, mit dunkelisabellgelben 
vier-eckigen Flecken ; Spindel etwas abgestutzt, weiss ; ungenabelt ; 
Miindung lang-oval.” Alt. 5, diam. 23 lines. , (Anton.) 

Habitat unknown. 


Subfamily TuRBININ &. 


Shell turbinate or trochiform, solid, nacreous within, smooth or 
sculptured outside ; operculum circular or elongated, smooth or rug- 
ulose outside. Foot rather short and broad; epipodial line with 
or without cirrhi. Dentition always according to the formula 
2 *5'1°5" a. 

In this subfamily there are three well-marked groups, here con- 
sidered to rank as genera, of perhaps nearly equal systematic value. 
The principal characters upon which this division is based are the 
operculum and the radula. The latter is discussed as fully as my 
material permits below. The operculum, in the entire group, com- 
mences as a multispiral disc, like that of a trochus, upon the outer 
side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the 
foot which projects partly over it. his arrangement produces an 
operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, but which is only 
feebly, or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general 
distribution of the calcareous matter. 

In the genus Leptothyra the development does not go beyond the 
primitive stage. The operculum is multispiral, with a thin, calca- 
reous stratum, slightly more prominent around the outer whorl. In 
Turbo the nucleus is the same; but several more rapidly increasing 
whorls are added, upon which a much heavier layer of calcareous 
material, covering the whole surface, is deposited. In Astraliwm a 
very rapidly enlarging whorl starts from the multispiral nucleus, 
forming far the greater portion of the operculum, and usually leaving 
a pit at the starting point. 

The radula is broad and generally rather short. Median, lateral 
and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably 
~°5'1°5° a. The central teeth are always more developed than in 
the Phasianelline, (in which the central tooth represents the part 
here called the body.) but never have the long serrate cusps so 


TURBO. 185 


frequent in the Trochide. They are made up of three parts, which 
are lettered on my plate 61, fig. 12; the body of the tooth d, which 
bears the cusp, e, when any is present; this is usually expanded at 
the lateral margins into supporting wings, c, (the “Stiitzlamelle” of 
Troschel.) Under it lies the basal plate, a. (“Basalplatte” of 
Troschel. ) 

Between the body and the basal plate there is frequently an 
accessory plate, marked 6 in the figure, the function of which is 
unknown to me. 

es Genus Turbo. 
— A. Central teeth without cusps. 

Turbo, including Senectus and Batillus.  Troschel has figured 
the radule of ten species of this group including, however, only one 
of typical Turbo, T. petholatus ; and I have examined those of several 
additional forms. There is but slight variation in the several species, 
and for detailed descriptions of each the student is referred to 
Troschel’s work. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong 
quadrate basal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various 
forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the 
tooth,—a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at 
the sides. (pl. 61, fig. 6, 7. radiatus Gmel.). Frequently the 
central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals bear 
supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with 
or without cusps; the inner marginals are very large, with large 
“cusps. (pl. 61, fig. 5, T. argyrostomus.) 

Callopoma. Median teeth like those of Turbo; laterals with 
simple cusps, and, except the outer one, supporting wings, giving 
the body of the tooth a trigonal form. Marginals as in Senectus. 

Ninella. Very similar to Callopoma in character. (See Troschel ) 

Modelia, Ocana. Radula unknown. 


B. Central teeth with cusps. 

Marmorostoma. In this and the following subgenera the central 
teeth have decidedly reflected simple cusps. The lateral margins 
bear supporting wings. Lateral teeth similar, but asymmetrical, 
the outer one without supporung wing; marginals as in Senectus. 
(T. porphyrites, pl. 61, fig. 10.) Additional species are figured by 
Troschel. 7. smaragdus, which I include in this group, has similar 
teeth, except that the basal plate projects above the cusps of median 
and lateral teeth. 


186 TURBO 


ASTRALIUM. 


Sarmaticus. (T. sarmaticus, pl. 61, fig. 7.) This form is peculiar 
in the central teeth, which are composed of three lamelle overlying 
each other; the cusp is wide and simple. Laterals with cusps, and 
basal plates projecting beyond the cusps. Marginals as in Senectus. 

Prisogaster. (T. niger, pl. 61, fig. 9.) Median tooth with a very 
wide body, and supporting wings, cusp narrowly reflected along 
the whole upper margin of the tooth; laterals with prominent 
cusps, their bases denticulate; inner marginals not enlarged as in 
the preceding groups, but rather narrow, with long simple cusps; 
outer marginals with long serrate cusps. In the denticulate cusps 
of the lateral teeth, and the narrow inner marginals this form ap- 
proaches more closely than any other to Leptothyra. 


Genus Astralium. 


A. Central teeth with cusps. 


Astralium, s. str. (A. spinulosum, pl. 61, fig. 12.) The median 
tooth has a long basal plate, a, upon which an accessory obovate 
plate, 6 rests; upon this is placed the body, d, with “sttitzlamelle,” 
c, and cusp, e. The laterals are provided with cusps, and, except 
the outer two, with supporting wings. 

Lithopoma. (A. tuber, pl. 61, fig. 8.) Median teeth as in A. 
americanum, but with the basal plate projecting below. Laterals 
similar, asymmetrical. In A. ew/atum the central teeth are nearly 
as wide at the apex as at the base; cusp equally wide; otherwise 
similar in‘essential characters. In A. americanum (pl. 60, fig. 71,) 
the basal plate does not project above the cusp; the tooth is sub- 
triangular, with supporting wings on the sides. 

Imperator. The radula is known only by a figure published by 
Hogg many years ago. The central and lateral teeth bear cusps. 
The marginals are not especially large toward the inside. No 
further characters can be made out from the figure. 

Guildfordia. Radula unknown. 


B. Central teeth without cusps. 


Bolma. Troschel has figured the radula of A. rugosa. My own 
preparations show a decidedly different form from his figures; the 
centrals (pl. 61, fig. 13) have a narrow long basal plate, which is 
produced above the body of the tooth; the latter is wide, oval, not 
reflected above; its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens 
which are, however, not stained; the laterals are of the usual form 
and bear cusps. This group does not seem to be more related to 


ASTRALIUM. 187 


Turbo than the other subgenera of Astralium; I have no hesitation 
in placing it in the division of Astralium containing species without 
cusps to the central teeth. Compare Troschel, Das Gebiss der 
Schnecken, t. xxi, f. 1. 

Cyclocantha. Troschel has examined the dentition of “A. rhodo- 
stoma.” His figures show very nearly the same form that I have 
figured for A. Americanum, and especially in the central teeth. I 
have examined the radula of only one species, A. plicatospinosum, 
and find it of a wholly different form. (PI. 61, fig. 14.) The median 
teeth do not have a basal plate projecting above; the body is quad- 
rangular, somewhat the shape of a maltese cross, without cusp. The 
laterals have long cusps with spurs at their bases. I am inclined to 
believe that Troschel’s figure was drawn from a species of the West 
Indian group of Astraliwm, not the real Cyclocantha. In view of 
the great discrepancy between his results and my own, it is very de- 
sirable that additional species of Cyclocantha be examined. 

Uvanilla. Radula unknown. 

Cookia. My knowledge of the radula of this form is derived from 
a figure and description given by Hutton. Median tooth with a 
long basal plate and short body, of the general form shown on pl. 61, 
fig. 11 for Pomaulax. It bears no cusp, and has small supporting 
wings. The first lateral also is much like that shown in Pomaulaz ; 
the others bear cusps, and, except the outer, have “‘stiitzlamelle.” 
Inner marginal very broad, with wide cusp. Cusps of outer mar- 
ginals simple. 

Pomaulax. (pl. 61, fig. 11.) In A. undoswin I find much the same 
type of dentition as Hutton has figured for Cookia. The median 
teeth have long basal plates, and a cuspless body, with its lateral 
margins produced into supporting wings. The inner lateral is quite 
complex in structure; its upper edge is not reflected, but seems 
turned upward somewhat; its outer upper angle, a, lies wrder, and 
its supporting wing (“Stiitzlamelle”), b, over the succeeding lateral 
tooth. The three following laterals have the same form of body, 
but their apices bear broad simple cusps; the outer lateral is narrow, 
with a bidentate cusp. The marginals offer no unusual characters ; 
the inner ones are large, with long cusps denticulate at their bases ; 
the outer ones have serrate margins. 

Pachypoma. Median tooth with a narrow basal plate, projecting 
above a rectangular simple accessory plate, which bears about the 
middle the ovai body, without cusp, but with the sides produced into 


188 LEPTOTHYRA. 


supporting wings. Laterals narrow, with simple cusps and supporting 
wings, the outer narrower and with bidentate cusp. Inner marginals 
with very large cusps. (See Troschel.) 

Genus Leptothyra. 

I have examined the dentition of the following species: L. ear- 
penteri, (pl. 60, fig. 73,) L. bacula, L. leta, L. amussittata, L. sangaren- 
sis, (pl. 61, fig. 15) L. granulosa. In all of these species the median 
teeth are oval, wide, with a narrow projection above, and more or 
less narrowed toward the base; the upper margin is in no case re- 
flected, so that cusp, cutting point or edge, in any usual sense, there is 
none. In ZL. carpenteri and L. bacula, however, there is a ledge or 
thickening, more or less irregular on its lower margin, extending 
across the body near its upper margin ; but this is not formed by a re- 
flection of that margin, and so cannot be considered as a cusp; in the 
other species this structure is absent. The lateral margins are pro- 
duced into supporting wings. The laterals are long, excavated on 
the inner side for the reception of the supporting wings of the cen- 
trals, and with a process, b, underlying these supporting wings. 
Their outer margins are produced into supporting wings like those 
of the centrals. The cusps are provided with several minute denti- 
cles at their outer bases. All of the laterals are of this form, except 
the outer ones which have no supporting wings. The marginals are 
armed with long blunt narrow cusps, which are longest on the teeth 
about the sixth from the inside, and decrease in size in either direc- 
tion from that point ; about the twelfth from the inside their margins 
begin to become serrate. It will be seen that my results are very 
different from those obtained by Troschel, who has figured the rad- 
ula of DL. carpenteri (under the name of “JL. coccineus Desh.”). I am 
constrained to believe that, owing probably to some imperfection in 
his preparation or other cause, he misinterpreted certain structures 
of these minute radule. The characters of the radula lend no sup- 
port to the opinion expressed by some authors as to the position of 
this genus in the Trochide ; but it is not very closely allied to any 
group of the Turbinide. I am undecided about the nature of the 
projection trom the upper margin of the central tooth of Leptothyra ; 
it may be homologous with the basal plate of the preceding groups ; 
but if so it seems to be united with the body as far as the upper 
margin of the latter,—a condition which is not found in Turbo, ete. 

In coneluding this review, I wish to direct the attention of con- 
chologists to the desirability of procuring and examining the radulee 


TURBININ&®. 189 


of those subgenera in which this organ is unknown, in order that 
their correct systematic position may be confirmed. More especially 
is it necessary that in the cases of Cyclocantha and other groups 
where the testimony of different observers is considerably at variance, 
additional species be investigated. 

In the following account of the various species, subgenera and 
genera of this family, I have taken every care to adopt a nomencla- 
ture that will prove stable; deviating in many instances from the 
usage of previous authors upon this family in order to attain this 
end. Notably is this the case in certain subgenera of Astralium, in 
which the pernicious practice followed by many systematists of select- 
ing what they believe to be a “natural” type for a group, instead of 
restricting the group to species with the organization of the “ histor- 
ical” type, has led in some instances to the exclusion from a subgenus 
of the very species designated by the describer of that group as its 
type! I have quoted polynomial or “historical” synonymy only in 
cases in which such names have been adopted into general use. 

In deseribing sculpture, I have usually avoided the use of the term 
“transverse,” because there seems to be considerable confusion in the 
minds of many as to whether such sculpture is transverse to the 
whorls or to the axis of the shell. The term “ longitudinal” is here 
used to designate markings parallel to the axis, and “spiral” to de- 
note such as follow the direction of the whorls; in flattened species 
the former is frequently designated as “ radiating,” and the latter as 
“concentric.” 

The Turbines have an old and extensive literature. Most of the 
more prominent species were figured by Chemnitz, and before him 
by Lister, Rumphius, Knorr, and many another quaint old author, 
whose tomes now stand undisturbed on our library shelves, as per- 
haps our own will rest a century hence. From these store-houses 
Linnzeus drew freely in his mammoth task of cataloguing all animate 
nature, fitting the species defined by previous authors into his Systema 
with no other addition than a binomial appellation. 

In modern times each of the four principal monographie works 
have considered this group: 

Conchylien Cabinet, monograph by Philippi, 1846-8, 18—. 
Conchologia Iconica, Reeve, 1848, 1861. 

Coquilles Vivants (Kiener), text by Dr. Fischer, 1873, 1880. 
Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Sowerby Jr., 1886. 


190 TURBININZ. 


In the preparation of the following pages the characteristically 
careful and reliable work of Dr. Paul Fischer has been of constant 
assistance to me. 

Key to genera and subgenera. 
I. Shell turbinate or depressed, convex below, young not spinose ; 
operculum convex outside, usually smooth or granulose, sometimes 
with concentric ribs, nucleus near the centre. 

a. operculum simply convex, smooth or granulose 


shell turbinate, spire exserted . : ; ; Turbo, s. s 
shell depressed above, produced at base. Marmorostoma. 
6. operculum with spiral ribs outside 

shell imperforate, turbinate, elevated, solid : Callopoma. 
shell imperforate, thin, depressed, granulose : Modelia. 

shell imperforate, thin, depressed, smooth . 5 . Ocana. 

shell widely umbilicate, depressed ; : Ninella. 

fr c. operculum formed of club-shaped processes. Sarmaticus. 
II. Shell turbinate, oval, solid; operculum with submarginal nu- 
cleus... ; ; : : Prisogaster. 


III. Shell Pantin fattened aban or below, young carinated 
and spinose; operculum with submarginal or terminal nucleus, 
generally with ribs outside. 

a. shell conic, flat or concave below 


imperforate, periphery rounded, base concave. . Cookia. 
imperforate, periphery carinate 
operculum oblong, very convex : : . Pachypoma. 
operculum oval, 2-ribbed outside 
base flat or concave. : ; Uvanilla. 
base somewhat convex, spire plicate. . Lithopoma. 
operculumj3-ribbed outside . . : . Pomaulaa. 
umbilicate, base concave . . : . Imperator. 


b. shell depressed, carinated, conic shee convex below 
polished, granulate, spines not projecting at sutures Guildfordia. 


not polished, spines projecting at sutures 


West Indian species. : : : . Astralium s. 
Oriental species . . ; , : Oyateaaned 
ce. shell turbinate, not flat Galea periphery not carinate 
operculum with subcentral nucleus. En gee . Bolma. 
operculum with submarginal nucleus . : . Lithopoma. 


IV. Shell turbinate or globose, small, solid ; operculum multispiral, 
with subcentral nucleus, concave in the centre outside. Leptothyra. 


TURBO. 191 


Genus Turso Linn., 1758. 


Shell turbinate or depressed, imperforate or umbilicate; young 
not carinated nor spinose; base convex; operculunr flat or concave 
inside, with three or four whorls and subcentral (multispiral) 
nucleus; outside convex, smooth, tuberculate, or with concentric 
ribs. | 

The diversity of forms of both shell and operculum in this genus 
is very great, and has caused the formation of numerous subgenera. 
The affinities of the minor groups I have attempted to express in 
the following table: 


( Turbo, 

| Callopoma, 
Central teeth without cusps, , Ninella, 

| Modelia, 

| Ocana. 
Central teeth with cusps, operculum ( 


Marmorostoma. 
convex, granular, 


Central teeth with cusps, operculum { 


Sarmaticus. 
tuberculose,. 


Central teeth with cusps, operculum 
Prisogaster. 


with submarginal nucleus, 
Subgenus TuRBO s. str. 

Shell large or moderate in size, turbinate; whorls rounded, smooth» 
or ribbed, spinose or carinated, umbilicate or imperforate; aperture 
subcircular, more or less produced at base. Operculum circular, 
with subcentral nucleus; outside convex, granulate or smooth, not 
spiral nor ribbed. 

Indo-Pacific Province. 

Synonyms: Olearia Klein, Senectus Swainson. 

Three subdivisions may be distinguished, differing in unimportant 
characters: Turbo, (restricted), shell large, dilated at base, imperfor- 
ate; whorls smooth or nodulous. Senectus (Humph.) Swainson, 
shell generally perforate; whorls spirally lirate. Batillws Schum., 
shell inflated, imperforate; whorls spinose; operculum with a convex 
spiral rib outside. The dentition is essentially the same in all. 

T. MaRMoraAtTus Linn., 1758. PI. 41, fig. 23. 

Shell large, imperforate, solid, ventricose, as broad as long, green, 
marbled with white and rich brown; whorls 6-7 flattened or con- 
cave above, rounded and bearing two nodose keels below, and a 


192 TURBO. 


stronger nodose carina above; aperture large, pearly within, base 
produced, columellar region more or less excavated. Alt. 100-200 
mill. Indian Ocean; Philippines; Seychelles; Japan, ete. 
T. regenfussi Phil., not Desh., and T. o/earius Gmel. are synonyms. 
Operculum (PI. 59, fig, 21) subcircular, somewhat concave within, 
exterior closely tuberculate, whitish. 


T. IMPERIALIS Gmel., 1788. Pl. 43, fig. 538; Pl. 62, fig. 8. 

Shell large, globose-conic, ventricose, imperforate, solid, green, 
irregularly mottled and spirally striped with chestnut, closely 
irregularly striate with the same color; whorls 6-7 convex, with 
well marked sutures, and numerous more or less conspicuous revoly- 
ing furrows; last whorl large, somewhat flattened above; aperture 
subcireular, pearly white within; outer lip rather thin; columella 
arched, with a pearly callus, which reappears at the posterior angle; 
parietal wall nearly devoid of callus, green; base slightly dilated, 
searcely produced. Alt. 75-100, diam. 70-90 mill. 

Indian Ocean; China Seas. 

Most specimens have less prominent revolving wrinkles than the 
figure, and some occur almost smooth. Perhaps Reeve’s figure, 
copied in my fig. 53, is a form of 7. marmoratus. 

Operculum circular, flat inside, with four whorls and subcentral 
nucleus; outside convex, partly granulose, pale brownish olive. 


T. souRDANI Kiener, 1839. PI. 49, fig. 53. 

Shell large, ovate-conic, solid, imperforate; epidermis castaneous 
or olive; spire acute; whorls 8, rounded, regularly mereasing, the 
upper ones 1—3-carinate, the lower transversely obsoletely lirate, 
the last large, ventricose, descending, nearly smooth, or with wide 
spiral costee; aperture circular, white within, outer lip thin, colu- 
mella arcuate, not expanded at base. Alt. 140-210, diam. 110-170 
mill. Australia. 


T. maaniricus Jonas, 1844. Pl. 40, fig. 13. 

Shell ovate-conic, turgid, imperforate, brownish, maculated and 
marbled with violaceous; whorls 6, rounded, finely transversely 
striate, the upper ones obscurely angulate in the middle, the last 
obtuse; spire a little exserted, suture distinct, linear; aperture large, 
circular, pearly within, opaque at margin; columella cylindrical, 
callous above. Alt. 63, diam. 60 mill. 

Bay of Sechura, Peru, in fourteen fms. 

I have not seen this species. 


TURBO. 193 


T. cEporpEs E. A. Smith, 1880. PI. 44, fig. 78. 


Shell ovate-conic, narrowly but profoundly perforate, pale brown, 
strigate with green variegated with white; whorls 7, very convex, 
slightly compressed or sub-excavated above, with conspicuous irreg- 
ular sub-lamellose incremental strize and inconspicuous spiral lines 
and sulci above; aperture almost circular, slightly shorter than the 
spire, inside pale salmon, pearly. Alt. 80, diam. 70 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

This species seems to be most nearly allied to J. imperialis and 
T. jourdani. Smith compares it to JT. magnificus Jonas, and says 
that it is distinguished from that form by the presence of a deep 
perforation, the narrow sulcations revolving around the upper part 
of the whorls, and by the coloration. 


T. REGENFUsSI Desh., 1843. PI. 48, fig. 40. 

Shell ovate-conic, thick, imperforate, whorls 5—6, smooth, convex, 
the last large, dilated, ventricose, angulate above, with a revolving 
series of more or less prominent tubercles, below rounded; aperture 
circular, inside pearly; peristome simple, posterior angle with a 
thick callus, columella arcuate, not produced at base; color vivid 
green, variegated with spiral series of square alternating white and 
deep chestnut maculations. Alt. 84, diam. 80 mill. 

Indian Ocean. 

Operculum as in 7. imperialis, reddish and granulose without. 

I am not at all certain that the figures cited by Deshayes do not 
represent a form of 7. marmoratus; they are more produced at the 
base than the figure given by Fischer (and which I have copied) 
indicates. It may prove to be a variety of 7. marmoratus. 


T. PETHOLATUS Linn., 1758. Pl. 40, ng. 14. 


Shell imperforate, solid. polished, shining, rich brown, variously 
ornamented with dark bands interrupted with white blotches and 
narrow stripes; whorls 5, flattened beneath the suture, sometimes 
carinated above; aperture about half the length of the shell, circular, 
pearly within; peristome and columella tinged with greenish-yellow, 
Alt. 50-70 mill. 

Red Sea; Indian Ocean; New Caledonia; Philippines, ete. 

Opereculum (PI. 60, fig. 41.) circular, with four whorls and nucle- 
us placed one-third the distance across the face; outside convex, 
shining, bright green on the center, margins brown on one side, 
white upon the other, slightly granulose about the edges. 


_T. militaris Reeve, is a synonym. 
13 


194 TURBO. 


Var. REEVE! Phil. PI. 40, figs. 15, 16. 

Deep or reddish brown, clouded and minutely flecked with white; 
peristome white; columella with a heavy callus. Differs from the 
type in the more obscure, marbled color pattern. 

Red Sea; Philippines. 

It is 7. variabilis Rve. (preoe.) 

Var. cALEDONICUS Fischer. PI. 45, fig. 99. 

Rufous-orange, spotted with white, variegated with numerous 
angular maculations; spiral zones obsolete; form slender, elongated: 
columella white New Caledonia. 

(Senectus. ) 
T. crassus Wood, 1856. PI. 47, fig. 20. 

Shell large, ovate-conic, heavy, solid, imperforate ; dirty white, or 
greenish, maculated with angular, alternating blackish or brown and 
light patches on the broad flat spiral ribs, the interstices narrow, 
superficial, whitish ; whorls 6, convex, more or less prominently 
shouldered above; ribs obsolete around the axis; aperture white 
within, over half the length of shell, ovate, angled posteriorly and 
at position of carina; its margin more or less green tinged, not 
fluted; columella thickened and effuse at base, callous posteriorly. 

Alt. 80, diam. 65 mill. N. Australia; New Caledonia, ete. 

T. canaliculatus of Kiener, (PI. 47, fig. 21) and of Reeve (PI. 42, 
fig. 45), and T. psittucinus Phil.? are synonyms. 

Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 32) subcircular, concave internally, with 
nucleus one-third the distance across face; outside very convex, 
centre dark-brown, coarsely granulose, lighter toward outer margin 
and more minutely granulate; margin of increment white. 

T. spARVERIUS Gmelin, 1788. PI. 47, fig. 26. 

Shell ovate-conic, solid, imperforate ; dirty white or greenish, mac- 
ulate or tessellate with dark; whorls 6, convex, rounded, more or 
less angular around the upper part, with inconspicuous incremental 
stri and revolving lire, which on last whorl are wide and flattened 
with narrow interstices and are obsolete around the axis; aperture 
over half the length of shell; white within, oval, angular above and 
below; peristome scarcely crenulated, frequently greenish; columella 
with a heavy white callus, dilated and effuse at base. Alt. 80 mill 

East Indies. 

Operculum (as figured by Gould) green outside. 

T. canaliculatus Gmel. is probably this species. It cannot be de- 
termined with certainty. It is 7. margaritaceus of Kiener. 


TURBO. 195 


I am inclined to believe that 7. sparverius is a variety of T. cras- 
sus. Both are separated from 7. setosus and its allies by the obso- 
lescence of the spiral liree around the axis. 


T. serosus Gmel., 1788. PI. 63, fig. 32. 

Shell solid, ovate-pointed, imperforate, whitish, or greenish, macu- 
lated with brown and olive; spire conic, acute; whorls 6, convex, 
striate and spirally lirate, the ridges unequal, wider than the inter- 
spaces, frequently with interstitial lirule ; aperture large, oval, white 
within; outer lip frequently green-tinged, fluted ; columella arcuate, 
deflexed and dilated at base. Alt. 70-80, diam. 60-70 mill. 

South-western Pacific; Powmotus Is., N. Caledonia; Marquesas; 
Kingsmill Is., Seychelles; Isle of France. 

Operculum circular, flat or slightly concave within, with four 
whorls and subcentral apex ; outside convex, brown, coarsely gran- 
ulose in the middle, paler and more finely granular at margins. 

T. granosus Phil. is probably this species. It cannot be positively 
determined. 


Var. patuLus Phil. Pl. 63, fig. 33. 


? 


Shell shorter, thicker with larger mouth, shorter spire and canal- 
iculate sutures. Alt. 84, diam. 75 mill. 


T. JOBIENSIS Tapparone-Canefri, 1878. Unfigured. 

Shell ovate-conic, narrowly umbilicate, solid; spire acute; whorls 
6, with irregular incremental strize, spirally lirate, the liree unequal ; 
last whorl carinate above, planulate between carina and suture, in- 
flated around the middle ; revolving lirz fine, close, minutely gran- 
ulose; base with larger and irregular lirze; aperture round, smooth, 
silvery within; peristome crenulated, subangulate above, narrowly 
margined with lemon yellow and orange; columella arcuate, mar- 
gined without with reddish orange, effuse at base ; color rufous-whitish 
with vivid wide irregular reddish-chestnut maculations. 

Alt. 58. diam. 46 mill. 

Ins. Jobi, Bay of Geelvink, N. Guinea. 

Operculum flat within, castaneous, with 4 whorls and nucleus 
one-third the distance across the face ; outside very convex, polished 
and greeenish at centre, minutely granulose and variegated with 
brown and white at margins. 


196 TURBO. 


T. ARTENSIS Montrouzier, 1860. PI. 45, figs. 96, 97. 


Shell oval or subrhomboidal in outline, ventricose, solid, imperfor- 
ate, covered with a strong olivaceous epidermis; spire short, acute; 
sutures subcanaliculate; whorls 5-6, convex, with spiral lire which 
are narrower than their interstices, and number 11-12 on the body- 
whorl, grooves closely radiately lamellar striate, with a central 
riblet; aperture ovate, angulate above and below, white within; 
columella flattened, wide, effuse at base. Alt. 65, diam. 60 mill. 

Ins Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. 

Operculum slightly concave within, castaneous, with 5 whorls, 
the nucleus situated at one-third the distance across the face; outside 
white, convex, center obsoletely granulose, outer part obliquely 
striate. 

T. runrcuLosus Kiener. PI. 48, fig. 33. 

Shell ovate-ventricose, solid, imperforate ; spire short, acute, whorls 
5, convex; sutures canaliculate; spirally lirate; body-whorl large with 
unequal lire and one or two intermediate lirulz in the interstices; 
aperture ovate, silvery within, peristome greenish, somewhat fluted ; 
columella dilated and produced at the base; color chestnut-olive, 
maculated and tessellated with white. Alt. 48, diam. 49 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

I have not seen this form, which Fischer compares with setosus 
and artensis. In coloration it is similar to T. fluctuosus; and Car- 
penter has identified it with doubt with that species. 


T. saponicus Reeve, 1848. Pl. 44, fig. 81; Pl. 48, fig. 41. 


“Shell ovate, imperforated, rather thin, somewhat inflated; whorls 
smooth, spirally ribbed, ribs sometimes prominent and regular, some- 
times rather flattened and very irregular; fawn-yellow, variously 
stained and blotched with red, interior silvered.” (Reeve.) 

Reeve confounded two forms in his illustrations and diagnosis of 
this species: One of his figures, (pl. ix, fig. 336. of the Conchologia 
Iconica) is the young of T. cornutus Gmel.; the other, (pl. viii, fig. 
33, of the Iconica) precedes this on his plates, and has been recogni- 
zed by Kiener and by Fischer as the real 7. japonicus. Under these 
circumstances I am compelled to place in the synonymy Sowerby’s 
T. cernicus, which he founds upon shells which are (teste Sowerby, 
Thes. Conch., p. 197.) identical with Reeve’s first figure of T. japoni- 
cus. According to Sowerby the species is from Mauritius, not Japan. 
The following is Sowerby’s description. 


TURBO. 197 


T. cernicus Sowerby, 1886, (pl. 44, fig. 81,) “Shell ovate conic, 
solid, subventricose, imperforate, yellowish, longitudinally flammulate 
with reddish-brown ; spire acute, elevated; whorls convex sloping 
above, minutely obliquely striate, encircled by wide flattened ribs, 
alternating with smaller; last whorl obtusely angulated above, 
lightly depressed above the angle, scarcely canaliculate ; aperture 
circular, lip acute, scalloped; columella thick, convex, slightly 
‘arcuate and slightly produced at base, longitudinally plicated.” 

“Operculum very convex outside, green, suffused with bright 
reddish-brown, conspicuously granulose.” Sowerby’s figure, copied 
on my plate, is two-thirds natural size. 

Specimens before me from Mauritius, of this species, are rather 
smaller than Reeve’s figure; the broad flat ribs, and brown opercu- 
lum, conspicuously granulose in the middle, are the more prominent 
characters. 

T. SPLENDIDULUS Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44, fig. 72. 

“Shell large, ventricose-conoid, imperforate, orange-brown, white 
and brown punctate and variegate; spire small, acute, gradate ; 
suture scarcely impressed ; whorls about 63, above concavo-planate, 
then convex, longitudinally obliquely striate, spirally lirate, the 
liree numerous, unequal, about 15 on penultimate whorl, the first 
(subsutural) prominent, subnodulose, brown and white articulated ; 
base convex, smooth, subobsoletely sulcate, overspread by white 
and dark brown maculations; umbilical region with a white and 
orange callus; aperture subample, circular, throat silvery.” (Sower- 
by.) Habitat unknown. 

Described from a single specimen of unknown origin. 

T. Latus Philippi, 1848. Pl. 44, fig. 75. 

Shell conoid, imperforate, spirally lirate, smooth, pale flesh 
colored, painted with large radiating ferrugineous maculations; lire 
about nine in number on the body—whorl, alternately smaller, 
the third much elevated forming an angle; lire of hase slightly 
elevated, white and black maculated; columella surrounded by an 
orange colored area; aperture sub-circular, silvery within. Alt. 63 
mill. Habitat unknown. 


T. ARGyRosToMus Linn., 1758. Pl. 40, fig. 18; Pl..42, fig. 41; 

Pl AG, fig... 

Shell large, ovate-pointed, solid, whitish, irregularly maculated 
with greenish and brown; whorls 6, convex, separated by subcan- 
aliculate sutures, the upper two smooth, the lower spirally lirate and 
radiately more or less squamose striate, body-whorl with about 
thirteen lire, which are generally wider than their interstices, and 
of which the subcoronal and one or two median ones are more 


198 TURBO. 


prominent; penultimate and last whorl bearing numerous elevated 
vaulted scales upon the lire; aperture white or brownish tinted 
within, about half the length of the shell, round-ovate, angled above, 
dilated and sub-channelled below; columella thickened, somewhat 
flattened and grooved below the narrow deeply perforating umbili- 
eus. Alt. 90, diam. 70 mill. 
Seychelles; Ins. Réunion; Ins. Annaa, Pacific O. 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 1,2,7,) flat inside with 5 whorls, nucleus 
situated one-third the distance across the face ; outside convex, with 
coarse obtuse granules, which are largest upon the higher part, nearly 
surrounded by a marginal series of fine oblique wrinkles; color 
white, more or less tinged with flesh color upon the outer half, and 
with a narrow marginal orange line. 

The synonymy includes 7. princeps Phil., T. Jamarckii Phil., = 
Delphinula turbinopsis Lam.? (see next species) T. argenteus, Anton, 

A very variable species. I have seen many imperforate and sub- 
perforate specimens otherwise typical in character. The lire are 
sometimes subequal and nearly smooth ; this form is the 7. margarita- 
ceus of Reeve, Fischer, and other authors. The margaritaceus of 
Linnzeus seems to have been intermediate in character between the 
smooth and spinose forms. 


Var. MARGARITACEUS (Linn.) Auct. PI. 45, fig. 100. 


Similar in form to 7. argyrostomus ; lire nearly or entirely smooth, 
usually with riblets in the interstices except on the base. 


Var. caRDUUS Fischer. PI. 47, fig. 25. 
Differs from 7. argyrostomus in the more conical form, less dilated 
body-whorl, and imperforate umbilicus. Alt. 51 mill. 


Var. AURANTIUS Kiener. PI. 48, fig. 30. 

Shell imperforate, yellowish fulvous, whorls 6, convex, subearinate, 
longitudinally striate and spirally lirate, with unequal lire, larger on 
the median portion, and numbering about seven on the penultimate, 
fifteen on the last whorl; body-whorl with a sub-cordnal distantly 
nodose liration. Alt. 43, diam. 38 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


Var. BICOLOR Sowerby, 1886. Pl. 44, fig. 71. 

This form seems to me to be a synonym of JT. margaritaceus. 
Sowerby says of it: “In the only specimen I have met with of this 
species, the broad brown oblique rays are very clearly defined upon 


TURBO. 199 


awhitish ground; the longitudinal striz form minute laminar ridges ; 
the suture is narrowly impressed, not broadly channelled as in T, 
foliaceus.” 

Habitat unknown. 


Var. FERRUGINEvS (Anton) Phil., (1849 ?). Pl. 44, fig. 77. 


Shell ovate-conoid, perforate, yellowish, painted with wide ferru- 
ginous flammules ; last whorl with about fourteen lirze, penultimate 
with about six, the fourth subnodose, forming a distinct angle. 

Alt. 25, diam. 20 mill. 


Habitat unknown. 


T. TURBINOPsIS Lam., 1819. Pl. 62, fig. 9. 


“Shell elongato-ovate, umbilicate, pale flesh-colored, maculate 
with ferrugineous; whorls rounded, traversed by elevated spiral 
cinguli, the interstices crispate with lamellar incremental strie; 
larger cinguli squamose; aperture subcircular; umbilicus narrow.” 

Philippine Is. (Philippi.) 

It is the Delphinula turbinopsis of Lamarck; T. lamarckii Phil. 
is a synonymy. 

With the exception of Philippi whose identification is doubtful, 
no one, in recent times, has seen this form. 


T. LAJONKAIRIL Desh., 1839. PI..49, fig. 42. 


Shell large, turbinate, solid, umbilicate, white, sometimes sparsely 
maculate with chestnut; whorls 6, striate, spirally lirate, bicarinate, 
the last one and one-half armed with erect long stout tubular spines 
on the carinz, ten to twelve in number on the last whorl, usually 
tinged with green; aperture ovate, pearly white and _ iridescent 
within; columella thickened below, deflexed, produced and some- 
what channelled, excavated at the conspicuous umbilicus. Alt. 80, 
diam. 80 mill. Keeling Id., Indian O.; E. Indies. 

Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 10,) subcircular, inside dark brown, with 
four whorls and subcentral nucleus; outside convex, coarsely granose, 
and dark brown in the center, lighter and minutely granulate 
toward edges, margin sub-striate, with an orange line. 

This species is most nearly allied to 7. argyrostomus, differing in 
the greater development of spines and the wider umbilicus. The 
spines first appear as vaulted scales upon the upper carina; only in 
well grown specimens do they become closed in front into tubes. 


200 TURBO. 


T. curysostomus Linn., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 19. 


Shell¥ovate-pointed, subperforate, solid, brownish or white, mar- 
bled with chestnut; whorls 6, convex, spirally lirate and longitudi- 
nally regularly sublamellose striate, the lire unequal, numerous, 
sometimes with a coronal and several median carine, bearing vaulted 
recurved spines ; a prominent funicle around the umbilical region ; 
aperture about one-half the length of shell, rotund-oval, golden- 
orange within, peristome white-edged, undulating, slightly produced 
at base, columella arched, umbilical region indented, subperforate. 
Alt. 60-70 mill. 

New Caledonia; Philippines; Viti and Samoan Is. 

The golden-orange color of the throat, though sometimes rather 
pale, is diagnostic of this form. Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 4) flat and 
brown inside with four whorls and subcentral nucleus; outside very 
convex, smooth and shining, brown or yellowish (or green, teste, 
Fischer) in the middle portion, lighter and obliquely striate toward 
the outer margin, white and smooth on margin of increment. 

T. RaDIATUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 47, fig. 23; pl. 62, fig. 1. 

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, solid, whitish, streaked and macu- 
lated with brown or green, the darker color often predominating ; 
spire conic, acute, whorls 5-6, convex, irregularly spirally lirate 
and finely regularly lamellosely longitudinally striate; subcarinate 
above, sutures subeanaliculate; last whorl usually biangulate, with 
a coronal and one or two submedian liree promiment and armed with 
more or less numerous vaulted scales or spines; aperture about half 
the length of shell, pearly white within; lip crenate, slightly pro- 
duced at base; umbilical region sometimes slightly indented. At. 
40-50 mill. 

Red Sea to Madagascar ; Eastward to New Caledonia, Nicobar and 
Philippine Is., ete. 

Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 36, 37) flat inside, with 5 whorls and sub- 
central nucleus; outside finely tuberculate, cinereous or pale olive. 

Under the above specific name I unite a number of nominal spe- 
cies which agree in all essential characters. The more important 
are T. speciosus Kiener, (pl. 47, fig. 24) 7. spinosus Gmel. et auct., 
T. tuberculatus Kiener, T. chemnitzianus Reeve—founded upon the 
same figure cited by Gmelin for 7. radiatus—T. nivosus Reeve, (pl. 
A?, figs. 44, 46) P. tuberculosus Quoy et Gaim., T. wintert Phil. (?) 
This is not the 7. radiatus of Reeve nor of Kiener, nor (probably) 
of Anton. 


TURBO. 201 


T. HisrRio Reeve, 1848, Pl. 62, fig. 2. 

“Shell somewhat globose, swollen, imperforated, sutures of the 
spire excavately channelled, spirally ridged, ridges very finely lam- 
iniferous, squamate, scales strong, erect ; snowy-white, broadly rayed 
with orange-rust color. Interior silvered.” (Reeve.) 

Alt. 45, diam. 40 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

I can add nothing to Reeve’s description and figure of this species. 


T. specrosus Reeve, 1848. PI. 62, fig. 14. 


“Shell ovate, scarcely umbilicated ; spire somewhat raised ; whorls 
rounded, encircled throughout by very beautifully closely scaled 
ridges ; yellowish ; ridges here and there bright green; interior sil- 
vered.” (Reeve.) 

Australia. 

Closely allied to 7. rudiatus ; and probably only a variety of that 
species. 


T. roLraceus Philippi, 1846. PI. 46, fig. 9. 

Shell pointed-ovate, solid, umbilicate, greenish, longitudinally 
flammulate with black; spire conic, pointed; whorls 6, very convex, 
separated by canaliculate sutures ; last whorl with about nine rather 
separated lirz, the whole surface covered with crowded elevated 
subfoliaceus radiating lamellz; aperture round, half the length of 
shell or less; peristome usually nearly free from body whorl above, 
fluted; columella excavated at the deep and prominent umbilicus. 

Alt. 40, diam, 33 mill, 

Torres Straits; Port Essington; Port Darwin, Australia. 

Operculum (pl, 59, figs. 11, 12.) with subcentral nucleus; outside 
green, granulate, wrinkled on outer margin, with a radial sulcus 
marking the limit of the margin of increment. 

The synonymy includes 7. foliaceus Hombr. et Jaeq., T. laminif- 
erus Reeve, T. lamellosus Phil., and T. squamosus Gray. 


T. rinrERcosTaLis Menke, 1846. Pl. 45, fig. 98; Pl. 46, fig. 4; pl. 

62, fio. 7. 

Shell ovate-conic, solid, perforate, green or gray, radiately flam- 
mulate with black, green or brown, sometimes unicolored ; whorls 
6, convex, sometimes subangulate above, with numerous unequal re- 
volving liree and obsolescent incremental strize; aperture round, the 


202 TURBO. 


upper angle sometimes separated from body-whorl, and projecting, 
base rounded, columella excavated at umbilicus. Alt. 40-50 mill. 
New Caledonia; Sandwich Is. 
Operculum circular, with 5 whorls; outside granulose, green or 
olivaceous at centre, yellowish at margins. 
Sculpture less sharp than in the following form, and color greener. 
The synonyms are 7. disjunctus Anton, T. coneinnus Phil., and 
T. articulatus Reeve, (pl. 45, fig.98) T. elegans Phil., = T. radiatus 
Rve., (pl. 46, figs. 5, 6) is a form somewhat intermediate between 
typical intercostalis and ticaonicus Reeve. 


T. TIcAoNnIcus Reeve, 1848. PI. 47, fig. 22; pl. 48, fig. 51. 


; 
Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, dirty white or greenish, radiate- 
ly flammulate above and maculate below with black or brown; 
whorls 6, convex, slightly flattened below the subcanaliculate sut- 
ures, sometimes subcarinate, spirally sculptured with inequal lire, 
the intervening furrows sharply squamose with strive of increment ; 
aperture round, produced into a projecting angle posteriorly and 
frequently disconnected from the body-whorl, white and pearly with- 
in, rounded or slightly produced below; outer lip crenulate, colu- 
mellar arched, excavated at the narrow umbilicus, which is some- 
times subimperforate. Alt. 50-60 mill. 
Philippines; New Caledonia; Seychelles; Madagascar; Singapore, ete. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 47, 49,) with four whorls and subcentral nu- 
cleus; outside very convex, deep green, olive or brownish in the 
centre, lighter toward the margins, all over except side of increment 
finely granulose, and with a radial sulcus marking the limit of the 
margin of increment. The prominent character of the operculum 
in this species, as well as in 7. foliaceus ete., is the manner in which 
the outer layer of caleareus matter overlies the granulose surface 
below, with an obvious sulcus at their junction. PI. 60, fig. 38, is 
the operculum of the form known as T. tumidulus Rve. 

The following are synonyms: J. radiatus Kiener (in part), 7. 
tumidulus Reeve. This species is closely related to T. intercostalis 
Mke., but differs in color, in the greater prominence of the ribs, and 
in the operculum. My description and figure of the operculum of 
ticaonicus are drawn from alcoholic specimens containing the animal. 
T. foliaceus Phil. is also allied, and has similar operculum, but has 
much more conspicuous incremental lamelle. The umbilicus is in- 
differently perforate or closed, sometimes rather wide, and the 
variation in sculpture is considerable. 7. pulcher Reeve is separated 
from this species principally because, according to Sowerby, its oper- 
culum is different. I suspect however that he is mistaken in this, 
and that it will prove to be the same; pulcher is the prior name. 


TURBO. 203 


T. PULCHER Reeve, 1842. PI. 46, fig. 7. 


Shell ovate-conic, solid, subimperforate, yellowish fawn color, 
greenish toward the apex, painted with short blackish waved longi- 
tudinal lines; whorls 6-7, not very convex, lirate with numerous 
irregular ribs, alternately large and small, the interstices scaly ; 
aperture subrotund, pearly white within, peristome crenulate; col- 
umella slightly thickened and somewhat produced at base. Alt. 60 
mill. N. Australia. 

Operculum, according to Sowerby, like that of JT. sarmaticus. 
This however is highly improbable. I expect to find it like that of 
T. ticaonicus and other allied species of Senectus. 


T. moLuccensis Phil., 1846. Pl. 44, fig. 76. 

Shell globose-conoid, umbilicate, green, rufous marbled; whorls 
rounded, the upper ones reddish, spirally lirate, the liree unequal, 
slightly elevated, separated by narrow obsoletely crenulated inter- 
stices; aperture subcircular, lip within green-margined, obsoletely 
crenulated. Ins. Amboina. 

Philippi’s description and figure are given. 


T. cAsTANEUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 45, figs. 88-90. 


Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, solid, orange-colored, brown or 
gray, sometimes banded, flammulate, or maculated with white; spire 
conic, acute; suture subcanaliculate; whorls 5-6, convex, ornamen- 
ted with numerous unequal spiral granose, spinose or squamose lire, 
of which the subsutural and three or four submedian are more 
prominent; aperture white, subcircular, subangular above; peristome 
slightly produced below; columella with a heavy white callus. 

Alt. 30, diam. 25 mill. 

West Indies; coast of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Operculum (PI. 59, fig. 8,) castaneous within, with four rapidly 
increasing whorls, nucleus one-third the distance across the face; 
outside convex, nearly smooth, white, or stained with brown and 
green around the middle. 

T. crenulatus Gmel., T. virens Anton, and T. hippocastanum Lam. 
are synonymous. 

The typical form is very sharply sculptured, the principal lire 
bearing vaulted scales. In crenulatus Gmel. the ribs bear less con- 
spicuous tubercles. An abundant and variable species. 


204 TURBO. 


T. QUADRISERIATUS Anton, 1839. Pl. 44, fig. 79. 


This form is known to me only by a short description and 
Philippi’s figure, which I have reproduced. I am inclined to believe 
it a form of 7. castaneus, although I have seen no specimen of that 
species approaching very nearly to it. Anton says that it has “43 
bauschige Windungen, letzte mit vier Reihen stumpfer Tuberkeln 
besetzt, die tibrigen bloss quergestreift,” ete. 


West Indies (Anton.) 
'T. SQUAMIGER Reeve, 1842. PI. 49, fig. 43. 

Shell globosely ovate, imperforate, suture excavated ; whorls 5-6, 
convex, carinate, the last ventricose, with erect tubercles at the 
suture, “spirally armed throughout with scales, upper and lower 
scales much larger; pale green, dotted and variegated with reddish 
brown, interior silvery.” Alt. 27, diam. 26 mill. 

W. coast Mexico and Central America: Galapagos. 

I have not seen this species. It may perhaps belong in Cal/lopoma, 
but also resembles a very roughly sculptured 7. castaneus. 

T. MOLTKIANUs Gmel., 1788. Pl. 49, figs. 44. 45, 

Shell ovate-conic, solid, imperforate; whorls 5, convex, subcari- 
nate above, striate, irregularly lirate and bearing a series of rather 
elongated radiating tubercles below the suture ; shoulder tuberculate, 
median portion of body-whorl with several less prominent nodose 
carine ; aperture oval; columella callous, arched, deflected and 
somewhat produced below; color whitish with broad revolving 
bands of dull red. Alt. 40, diam. 35 mill. 

West Coast of Mexico. 

This is undoubtedly the cochlea lunaris moltkiana ete. of Chemnitz, 
Turbo moltkianus Gmelin. I have been on the point of placing this 
and the next species in Callopoma. The resemblance to T. saxosus 
is striking; but it differs in its less sloping shoulder and in the 
absence of the columellar;groove. The operculum is unknown. 

T. SUBCASTANEUS Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 46, figs 10, 11. 

Shell ovate-pointed, imperforate, grayish; spire conic, acute ; 
whorls 5, marked with revolving series of tubercles, subangulate 
and nodulose at shoulder; suture well impressed, with a series of 
coarse radiating corrugations below it; aperture rounded, slightly 
exceeding half the length of shell, white within ; columella arched, 
slightly dilated at base. Alt. 23, diam. 19 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


TURBO. 205 


This is the 7. pustulatus of Reeve, preoc. by Brocchi. I add to 
Reeve’s figure of this species, one drawn from a specimen in the 
Academy’s museum. I have a form of J. castaneus which ap- 
proaches it; and subcastaneus may prove to be a variety of that 
species; an opinion already advanced by Sowerby Jr. The oper- ° 
culum is unknown. 


T. catnuert Fischer et Bernardi, 1856. Pl. 48, fig. 37. 

Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, shining; sutures impressed ; 
whorls 5-6, convex, rounded, spirally lirate; last whorl exceeding 
balance of shell in length, with six prominent spiral lirze and mi- 
nutely lirate around the umbilicus; aperture ovate, transversely 
dilated, silvery within; peristome acute; columella white, thickened ; 
color intense orange-red, the liree punctate with white. 

Alt. 27, diam. 23 mill. 

Guadaloupe, West Indies. 

Operculum convex without, white. 


T. ritosus Kiener, (18 ?) PI. 48, fig. 36; pl. 62, fig. 6. 

Shell ovate-conic, umbilicate, spire acute, orange colored, or with 
longitudinal alternating orange and white flames; whorls 5-6; de- 
pressed around the upper part, rounded, spirally lirate, the liree 
about fifteen on the last whorl, finer beneath, and generally with 
lirulee in the interstices about the middle portion ; suture impressed, 
bordered below by a flat tract ; aperture oval, white within; colu- 
mella thickened into an outwardly flaring lip below, and connecting 
above with a parietal callus which partly covers the umbilicus and 
is produced in front of the aperture. Alt. 25-26, diam. 23-25 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

To Kiener’s illustration (fig. 36,) I add that of a specimen with 
longitudinal flames of color. (fig. 6.) 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 53,) white outside, and showing an obsolete 
spiral structure like that of T. spenglerianus. With this species it 
seems to be most nearly allied. 


T. sTENOGYRUS Fischer, 1873. PI. 50, fig. 64. 

Shell ovate-conic, acute, elongate, imperforate ; whorls 6, rounded, 
transversely lirate, radiate and finely striate; last whorl scarcely 
exceeding balance of shell in length ; suture margined ; liree narrow. 
below with flat ribs, the interstices and below the suture striate ; 
aperture circular, silvery within, columella regularly arcuate, not 


206 TURBO. 


produced at base; color pale green, with chestnut maculations, the 
liree white and brown articulated. Alt. 26, diam. 21 mill. 
Ins. Basilan, Philippines. - 


T. Gemmatus Reeve, 1848. PI. 44, figs. 68, 69. 


“Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the 
spire somewhat deeply channelled, whorls beaded throughout with 
small nodules, light coral red, interior silvered.” (Feeve.) 

Habitat unknown. 

I have added Sowerby’s figure (69) to the original one of Reeve. 
T do not know the species. 


T. pARVULUS Phil., 1848. PI. 44, figs. 73, 74. 


Shell ovate-conoid, imperforate, with strongly convex whorls, en- 
circled by flat liree, which are wider than the striate interstices, 
smooth, the incremental striz scarcely marking them; aperture sub- 
circular; coloration variable; in one example green predominates, 
marbled with black and yellowish-white flecks; another is reddish- 
brown mingled with olive-green, nearly unicolored. 

Alt. 20, diam. 17 mill. 

LTiewkiew Is. 

The description and figures are taken from those of Philippi. 


T. SEMICOSTATUS Pease, 1860. Pl. 63, fig. 19. 


“Shell depressly ovate? finely striated, obliquely and longitudi- 
nally ; spire and upper part of last whorl ridged, lower half smooth, 
ridges irregular in size, somewhat angulated at the centre, aperture 
circular, lip slightly effuse at base, imperforate, color light brownish 
red, marbled and variegated with darker, and ornamented with a 
broad yellowish spiral band below the periphery of the last whorl.” 
( Pease. ) Ins. Capul. ( Cuming.) 

I copy the original description of Pease, and the figure given by 
Sowerby. The species may be a Leptothyra. 


T. smrrui Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44, figs. 64, 65. 

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, yellowish brown, or yellow clouded 
with orange-brown; spire elevated, acute ; whorls 5, sloping above, 
convex, longitudinally irregularly striate, spirally costate, the coste 
rugose, irregular, slightly elevated, about four on penultimate, twelve 
on body-whorl; aperture circular, peristome simple, columella 
white. 

Ins. Capul. (Cuming.) 


TURBO. 207 


This species is known to me only by Sowerby’s description and 
figures. 
T. SANDWICENSIS Pease, 1860. Unfigured. 


Shell ovately turbinated, slightly perforated, somewhat tubulous, 
spirally ridged ;—ridges smooth alternately rather smaller, squa- 
mose; scales most prominent on the last whorl, interstices between 
the ridges finely imbricately laminated; last whorl somewhat angula- 
ted at the upper part, color green, marbled and variegated with 
dark brownish red.” ( Pease.) Sandwich Is. 


T. rROCcHOIDES Reeve, 1848. PI. 39a, fig. 54. 


“Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, perforated; whorls spirally 
grooved, concave round the upper part, then obsoletely nodose: 
yellowish-white, radiately blotched with olive and obliquely vermicu- 
lated with very minute orange-brown lines.” ( Reeve.) 

Habitat unknown. 
T. Exquisirus Angas, 1877. Pl. 63, figs. 25, 26. 

“Shell small, imperforate, solid, pale greenish buff or light pink, 
painted with very broad descending flames of an orange color on 
the upper portion of the whorls; whorls 43, angulated on the 
periphery, flattened above, the upper whorls encircled below the 
angle with two and the last whorl with five stout scabrously nodulous 
ribs; between these and the sutures are four or five smaller and 
closer ribs of a similar character, and on the base ot the last whorl 
about eight ribs which are less nodulous and scabrous than those 
above, the interstices being crossed by fine strize; spire somewhat 
elevated ; aperture nearly circular; columella thickened, terminat- 
ing in a blunt callosity at the base; pearly within.” (Angas.) Alt. 
12, diam. 9 mill. 

Cape Solander, Botany Bay, Australia. 

A variety occurs of a brilliant orange-red color throughout. 

T. pustuLAtus Brocchi. Pl. 44, fig. 80. 


“This interesting species, which was perfectly defined by Brocchi, 
is characterized by a trochiform shell extremely solid and thick, 
ornamented exteriorly by nodulous transverse ribs, slightly elevated 
and irregular. Its whorls are 5 in number. | It is of a dirty green 
color, except around the aperture where small red points appear. 
The aperture is round, and has the right lip interiorly furrowed 
and granulated. The operculum is very convex, and of an ashy 


eolor. Alt. 15, diam. 12 mill.” Suez. 


208 TURBO. 


I do not have access to Broechi’s description of this form. The 
above is a translation of Issel’s note in Mal. del Mar Rosso, p. 219. 
My figure is a copy of that of Savigny, to which Issel refers. 

I cannot learn the exact date of Brocchi’s paper, “Catalogo di una 
serie di conchighe raccolte presso la costa africana del golfo arabico 
dal signor G. Forni,’ in which this form was described. It was 
published in a journal entitled Biblioteca Italiana, sometime between 
1819 and 1825. 


T. cucuLLATus Tenison- Woods, 1878. Unfigured. 
Shell solidly turbinate, with large irregular scorched patches on 
a dirty white ground; whorls 43, spirally closely keeled with small 
round alternating keels, on the larger of which, about twelve in 
number, there are small tubercles or small raised hooded scales ; 
the whole shell is obliquely closely imbricately striate; suture im- 
pressed ; aperture round, entire, and with an outer margin, within 
which there is a very clearly defined line of silvery nacre which 
lines the throat; base convex, lirate. Alt. 24, diam. 18 mill. 
King’s Id., Bass Sts., Tasmania. 


The proper position of this Senectus is unknown to me. 


T. SPENGLERIANUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 42, fig. 45; pl. 50, fig. 65. 
Shell imperforate, large, ovate-conic, white, irregularly maculated 
and articulated with brown; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6-7, rounded, 
separated by widely channelled sutures, the last whorl ventricose, en- 
circled by about seventeen smooth ribs which are as broad or broader 
than their interstices; aperture ovate, white within, outer lip thin, 
base rounded ; columella with a very broad white callus which is 
reflexed over the axis from umbilical region downward ; parietal 
wall callous. Alt. 85, diam. 70 mill. 
West Indies; Gulf of Mexico. 
Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 35) light brown inside, flat, with 38-4 
whorls, rapidly increasing, with apex scarcely more than one-fourth 
the distance across face; outside convex, white, much elevated close 
to the columellar edge, minutely acutely and sparsely granose, spiral, 
the beginning of the spiral more roughly asperate, partly covered by 
a rude callus; outer edge marked by several concentric impressed 


lines. 


TURBO. 20 


te) 


‘'T. HETEROCHEILUS Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 69, figs. 22, 23. 


Shell subimperforate, turbinate-conic, solid, soiled white, above 
longitudinally flammulate with greenish and brown, base irregular- 
ly maculated with the same colors; sculpture consisting of spiral 
liree cut into regular close rounded beads; the interstices between 
the principal lire occupied by beaded lirulse, or, on‘ the upper 
whorls by very close regular small folds, in the direction of 
incremental lines, the surfaces of which show traces of microscopic 
impressed spiral lines; the liree number about 20 on the last whorl ; 
three or four about the peripheral region are more prominent; those 
of the base are subequal, and less conspicuous; the sculpture also 
becomes obsolescent toward the termination of the last whorl; spire 
conic, acute, small; sutures subeanaliculate, with a beaded border; 
whorls 53-6, quite convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, con- 
vex, slightly descending anteriorly; aperture about half the total 
altitude of shell, oblique, oval, rounded above and below, silvery 
within, the outer lip acute, rather thin, regularly arcuate, the col- 
umellar callous continued upon the parietal wall, forming a regu- 
larly arcuate inner lip; parietal callus dilated upon the body-whorl 
in front of the aperture ; columella rounded, the lip slightly everted, 
partly covering the umbilical fissure, which is encircled by a spiral 
ridge terminating at the base of the columella. 

Alt. 35, diam. 33 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 


This handsome Senectus is more closely allied to 7. filosus than to 
any other known species. The general form and proportions are 
the same, but the beautifully beaded lire and especially the almost 
perfectly oval aperture will separate it from that species. In color, 
too, the forms are diverse. The parietal callus is not shaped like 
that of 7. filosus, nor is the columella below so broadly everted and 
lipped as in that species. The anterior outline of the callus, from 
the base to the superior angle of the aperture, is wholly different in 
the two species. The sculpture and columella will separate this 
form from 7. spenglerianus, which, with heterocheilus and filosus 
form a group of species, lying on the outskirts of Senectus, the more 
prominent characters of which are found in the peculiar parietal 
callus and the operculum which exhibits a feebly spiral structure 


outside. 
14 


210 TURBO. 


( Batillus.) 
T. copnutus Gmel., 1788. Pl. 43, figs. 50, 52. 

Shell large, ventricose, ovate-pointed, imperforate, brown, grayish 
or' greenish, with irregular incremental striz and spiral lire; ‘spire 
conic, acute; sutures deeply impressed; whorls 6, the last one and 
one-half ventricose, somewhat bicarinate, armed about the middle 
with two spiral series of erect tubular spines, and frequently a small- 
er accessory row above; aperture oblique, rounded, white within ; 
lip thin; columella broad, flattened and somewhat grooved, pro- 
duced and channelled at base. Alt. 95, diam. 95 mill. 

Japanese Seas.. 

-Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 38, 34) within brown, concave, with four 

whorls, nucleus one-third the distance across the face; outside con- 

vex, white or tinged with brown and olive, more or less sharply as- 

perate with elevated points, and with a spiral rib commencing in an 
axial elevation and terminating at the margin of increment. 

T. japonicus Reeve, in part, (pl. 43, fig. 52) is synonymous. 

The lower series of spines is sometimes absent. 


Subgenus CaLtLopoma Gray, 1850. 


Shell turbinate, imperforate, dark colored ; aperture round ; face 
of the columella with a deep curved longitudinal groove. Opercu- 
lum circular with subcentral apex ; outside convex, granulose, with 
a deep central pit and a marginal cordon of granulose ribs, separa- 
ted by narrow, deep concentric grooves. . 

} Californian and Panamie Provinces. 

The affinities of this group are with Ninedla on the one hand and 
Senectus on the other. In the latter group, the opercula of 7. speng- 


lerianus and T. cornutus show some affinity to those of Callopoma.. 


T. rLuctuosus Wood. PI. 43, figs. 48a, 49; Pl. 50, figs. 54, 55. 
Shell ovate-conic, short, solid, imperforate, olivaceous, green, 
brown or grayish, longitudinally strigate or tessellate with white ; 
spire conic; whorls 5, generally angulate and nodose at shoulder, 
with a varying number of coarse subnodose revolving carinze and of 
intermediate lirulze upon the median and lower portions of the body- 
whorl; aperture large, iridescent within; columella wide, white, 


slightly produced at the base, and with a longitudinal excavation 


or groove upon its face. Alt. 58, diam. 65 mill. 
West Coast of America, from Gulf of California northward. 


LZ 


TURBO. ital. 


The synonyms are T. fluctuatus Reeve, T. moltkianus Reeve, T. 
fokkesi Jonas, T. assimilis (fig. 55) T. tessellatus, (fig. 54) and in 
part 7. sawosus, of Kiener. 

Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 29) rounded oval, with four whorls and 
subecentral nucleus; outside convex, central portion elevated, white, 
sharply granulate, bounded by a wide groove which connects with 
a deep central pit by a lunate channel; outside of this is a zone 
bearing about six narrow concentric beaded green liruls, which are 
not continuous over the side of increment. 

Sometimes most of the sculpture is subobsolete; whorls rounded. 
The largest specimen I have seen measures alt. 80, diam. 75 mill. 


Var. DEPREsSUS Carp. PI. 43, fig. 48. 
Shell much more depressed than the type. 
California. 
Carpenter cites Reeve’s pl. vill, fig. 54 as representing his variety; 
but that figure is of the common form. Reeye’s fig. 3¢ on pl. ix, is 
probably what Carpenter intended. 


wl saxosus Wood. PI. 48, figs. 31, 32; Pl. 50, fig. 56; Pl. 57, fig. 


50. 

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, brown, olive or gray, above radi- 
ately marked, below irregularly maculated with snowy white, some- 
times dark, unicolored; spire conic, acute; suture canaliculate; 
whorls 5-6, lamellosely densely striate and spirally irregularly 
lirate, carinated, usually more or less nodose at shoulder, and 
bearing a subsutural series of stout erect tubercles; aperture half 
the length of shell, rounded, white and iridescent within; columella 
arched, callous, concave, with a deep semilunar longitudinal groove, 
slightly produced at base. Alt. 85-50, diam. 30-45 mill. 

W. Coast Central America to Galapagos. 

T. nitzschit Anton (“mitzchit Anton” Sby.), and TJ. venustus Phil. 
are synonyms. ; 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 30, 31) rounded oval, flat and dark 
chestnut inside, with four or five whorls and subcentral nucleus: 
outside convex, white, middle portion coarsely granulose, with a 
deep narrow central pit, bounded by a deep concentric furrow not 


- continuous over the margin of increment, outside of which are three 


narrow minutely beaded concentric ridges, margin of increment 
granulose. 


le TURBO. 


An extremely variable species. Frequently several tuberculate 
lire encircle the base; and in this strongly nodose variety the in- 
cremental strize are usually inconspicuous. In another form the 
spiral lire are not noticably tuberculate. 


T. sHanpt Hutton, 1873. Unfigured. 


“Shell with three smooth spiral ribs near the periphery, with two 
or three nodulous ribs both above and below; white, spotted with 
reddish or purplish brown.” 

Chatham Is. 

The above description, (copied from Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales 
ix, p. 355) is all the information I can give regarding this species. 
The copy of Hutton’s “Catalogue of Marine Mollusca of New 
Zealand” to which I have access is without the signature containing 
his description. The operculum is unknown. Hutton places it with 
doubt in Callopoma, probably not its correct position. 


Subgenus NINELLA Gray, 1850. 

Shell depressed, widely umbilicate ; whorls lirate, sometimes car- 
inate. Operculum oval, nucleus excentric; outside concave in the 
middle, with two strong spiral ribs, the outer margin thin, granulate. 

Australo-Zealandic Province. 
T. srAMINEuS Martyn, 1784. PI. 42, fig. 38; pl. 49, fig. 46. 

Shell large, orbiculate, conic, solid, umbilicate, whitish, mottled 
and strigate with dark brown; whorls 6, with dense lamellose in- 
cremental strize and coarse spiral lire, the upper ones carinated, the 
‘arina becoming obsolete on body-whorl ; sutures canaliculate, bor- 
dered below by a row of nodules; aperture round, oblique, white 
within; columella white, perforated by the wide and deep umbili- 
cus, and with a spiral groove extending to the base. 

Alt. 60-80, diam. 75-110, mill. 

S. Australia; New Ireland; New Zealand. 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 15, 16) oval, flat within, with four whorls, 
nucleus situated one-third the distance across the face ; outside white, 
excavated at the center, with two strong spiral ribs, the inner one 
decidedly the stronger; a sharply granular tract outside the outer 
rib. The figure given does not well show the character of the ribs. 

Synonyms: 7. torquatus Gmel., “7. stramineus Wood” of authors. 

This species varies much in degree of elevation and carination. 
It merges by insensible degrees into the var. /amedlosus. In the 
typical form the sutures are frequently simple, not canaliculate, and 
the subsutural tubercles are wanting. 


. 
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TURBO. Diltsy 


Var. LAMELLOsUs Brod. PI. 43, fig. 54; pl. 49, fig. 47. 


Shell more depressed; last whorl strongly carinate at periphery ; 
eolor light. Alt. 50, diam. 68 mill. 
This is 7. heteroclitus Kiener and var. sulcata Reeve. 


Subgenus MopeE tia Gray, 1840. 


Shell depressed, imperforate, granulate all over; “operculum with 
a convex subcentral granular rib and a sharp-edged submarginal 


keel.” 


Australo-Zealandic Province. 


T. GRANosus Martyn, 1784. PI. 48, fig. 39. 

Shell orbiculate, depressed-conic, imperforate, pinkish yellow, uni- 
colored, or clouded with purplish or brown; whorls 7, rounded, the 
upper two smooth, the others closely minutely granulose in regular 
spiral series; last whorl rounded, descending; aperture subcircular, 
white and iridescent within; columella wide, white, subexcavated 
in the center, callus thin, shining, rose-tinted. 

Alt. 40-64, diam. 50-65 mill. 

New Zealand; Chatham Is. 

“Operculum ovate, flat within, with 5-6 whorls and subcentral 
nucleus ; outside white, thick, subgibbous, and minutely tuberculate 
at center, subcanaliculate at periphery.” 

“T. rubvcundus Chemnitz” of authors is a synonym. 

This species was first figured by Chemnitz in 1781 under the des- 
criptive name of cochlea lunaris rubicunda granosa etc. Reeve in 
his Conch. Syst. figures the shell, naming it T. rubiewndus, and re- 
ferring to P. Z. S., 1842, for description. His reference has been 
copied by subsequent authors, but curiously enough, the species is 
not even mentioned in the “Proceedings,” for 1842 or any other year. 
Martyn’s figure is excellent, and being the first publication of the 
species under a binominal name, has been here adopted. 


© currataA A. Ad., 1863. Pi. 638, fig. 39. 

Shell turbinate-conic, umbilicns covered by callus, spire elevated ; 
flesh-colored, gold-tinted, punctate with reddish; sutures canalicu- 
late, deep ; whorls convex, cingulate with rows of bead-like separa- 
ted granules, interstices longitudinally obliquely striate, at the suture 
ornamented with a series of squamiform tubercles ; aperture circular, 
suleate within, a thin wide callus covering the umbilicus. 

Tatiyama, Japan. 


214 TURBO. 


Subgenus Ocana Adams, 1861. 

“Shell turbinate, solid, smooth; axis imperforate; spire short, 
conical ; aperture subcircular, wider than long, inner lip flattened, 
excavated, scarcely produced anteriorly, with an extended thin cal- 
lus. Operculum with a convex granular spiral rib, axis deeply per- 
forated, outer lip simple.” 

South African Province. 


T. crparis Gmel., 1788. Pl. 50, figs, 62, 63; pl. 56, fig. 81. 

Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, smooth and polished ; red- 
dish, brown or yellow, usually flammulate above, variously marked 
below, with white; spire short, whorls 5-6, the upper ones bicari- 
nate, the last often considerably descending, rounded ; aperture circu- 
lar, oblique, white within, rounded below; columella wide, callous, 
excavated at the umbilical region. Alt. 25-40, diam. 55-48 mill. 

South African Coasts. 


Operculum slightly concave inside, with six whorls and subcen- 
tral apex; outside sharply granulate, white, convex, spiral, with a 
central pit. 

I have not had an opportunity to examine 'either animal or 
operculum of this species. : 


, 
T. CIRCULARIS Reeve, 1848. PI. 41, fig. 24. 

Shell orbicular, conoid, imperforate, pale flesh-color, maculated 
with bright rufous; apex acute; whorls convex, spirally sculptured 
with granulose lirz; aperture. circular, columella wide, callous, 
slightly dilated, bounded outside by a spiral funicle. 

Alt. 32, diam. 34 mill. 

Adelaide, and St. Vincents Gulf, S. Australia. 

T. gruneri Phil. (pl. 56, fig. 82) is a synonym. 

There is some uncertainty about which of the above names has 
priority for this species. The volume of the Conchylien Cabinet in 
which Philippi’s description occurs, bears date of 1846; but it was 
not completed until after the publication of Reeve’s monograph of 
Turbo in the Iconica. Philippi begins to cite Reeve in his synonymy 
on p. 69 of his work, so that from that point onward we may be 
certain that his work appeared subsequent to Reeve’s; but whether 
his description of T. gruneri (p. 52 of the Conch. Cab.) was actually 
published before Reeve’s description Iam unable to decide. Brazier 


TURBO. 215 


(Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Australia, ix, p. 125) gives priority to gruneri, 
“Philippi in Zeitschrift fir Malak., p. 98.” The species was never 
published in the 4eitschrift. 

The operculum is unknown to me; the species may perhaps be 
found to group elsewhere. 


Subgenus MarmMorosToMA Swainson, 1840. 


Shell depressed-turbinate, very solid, deeply and widely umbili- 
cate (except .in YT. coronatus), smooth, lirate or nodulose; spire 
depressed, of few whorls; aperture round, produced but not chan- 
nelled at base. Operculum circular, nucleus subcentral, outside 
convex, smooth or granulose. 

Australo- Zealandic Province. 


T. PORPHYRITES Martyn, 1784. PI. 50, fig. 58. 

Shell depressed-turbinate, solid, umbilicate, greenish or blackish, 
irregularly marked with maculations and angular patches or with 
spiral bands of white and dark; spire depressed, obtuse; whorls 5, 
the upper ones frequently carinate; suture subcanaliculate, or often 
scarcely at all impressed, sometimes bordered below by a series of 
obsolescent undulations; upper whorls spirally striate or granulate, 
the sculpture becoming obsolete on last whorl but sometimes re- 
appearing around the base; last whorl somewhat descending, large ; 
aperture oval, angulate above and below, white and _ iridescent 
within, frequently margined with greenish; parietal wall frequently 
excavated or callous; broad, somewhat flattened below the deep 
narrow umbilicus, dilated and produced or rostrate at base. 

Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill. 

Indian O.; Philippines; New Caledonia; Solomon Is.; Australia, ete. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 49) inside flat, with five whorls and sub- 
central nucleus; outside very convex, white, the outer part green, 
obsoletely granulose, nearly smooth. 

This is ZT. versicolor, mespilus, ludus and porphyrites Gmel. T. 
lugubris Kiener (Pl. 50, fig. 57). T. versicolor Rve. (pl. 42, fig. 39,) 
is somewhat intermediate between porphyrites and porcatus. 

T. mespilus is said by Fischer to be thinner, more uniform in 
color, more rostrate at base, last whorl more descending; but all the 
characters are so variable that I cannot draw the line between the 
several forms. 


216 TURBO. 


Var. porcAtTus Rve. 1848. Pl. 48, fig. 34. 


Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate; spire obtuse; suture 
slightly undulating; whorls 5, spirally lirate, and with lirulee in the 
interstices; aperture, color and operculum as in J. porphyrites. 

N. Austraha; New Ireland. 

Separated from 7. porphyrites by the strong spiral sculpture. 


T. uNpULatTus Martyn, 1784. PI. 42, fig. 40. 


Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate, bright green, longitudi- 
nally strigate with white under a brown epidermis; spire dome- 
shaped, or low-conic, obtuse; whorls 5, the upper ones sometimes 
angulate, spirally lirate, the liree wider than their interstices, on the 
body-whorl often subobsolete; last whorl descending, somewhat 
concave below the suture; aperture oval, white within; columella 
with a very wide white flattened callus which extends over the 
umbilical tract ; umbilicus wide and deep. 

Alt. 35-58, diam. 40-63 mill. 

New Zealand; Australia. 

Sometimes unicolored green, or with the white strigations broken 
into tessellations. Reeve’s figure which I have copied is more de- 
pressed than most specimens. 

Var. srmMsont Tenison-W oods, 1876. Unfigured. 

Separated from JT. undulatus by the smaller size, the numerous 
red and black radiating flammules and the peculiar raised carina 
on the upper side of the last whorl, continuing around the suture in 
a kind of hem. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. 

Georges Bay Head and Blackman’s Bay, Tasmania. 


T. coronatus Gmel., 1788. Pl. 50, figs. 59-61. 


Shell depressed-turbinate, diamater greater than the altitude, solid 
imperforate, covered with irregular spiral series of nodules and gran- 
ules, of which the subsutural series and two on the median portion . 
of body-whorl are more prominent; spire depressed, dome-shaped, 
apex frequently eroded and red; whorls 4—5, the last very large ; 
aperture large, round, iridescent within; columella wide, flattened 
and excavated, deflexed recurved and somewhat chanelled at base. 

Alt. 40, diam. 50 mill. 

Indian Ocean; Japanese and Chinese Seas. 

Operculum inside flat, greenish and golden, iridescent, with about 
5-6 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, greenish, sparce- 
ly granulate all over. 


“ 


Man, 


TURBO. DAME 


T. lugubris Reeve, T. hemprichi Troschel, T. creniferus, Kiener 
and 7. ducalis Phil. are synonyms. 

Usually smaller than the dimensions above given. The figures 
illustrate the wide variation to which this species is subject. The 
passage from the strongly tuberculate forms into those in which the 
transverse striz simply cut the lire into diamonds or granules is 
made by imperceptible degrees. 


Var. GRANULATUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 46, fig. 18. 

Shell typically more elongated than T. coronatus, altitude about 
equalling the diameter; umbilicate, finely granulose all over, with 
subsutural and coronal series of tubercles, and sometimes one or two 
additional series upon the median part of body-whorl. 

Indian O.; Chinese Seas, ete. 

T. granulosus (KKiener) Sby., T. modestus Phil., are synonyms. 
Var. COREENSIS Recluz. PI. 47, fig. 19. 

Similar in sculpture to var. granulatus, but imperforate. 

Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill. 

Corea; Japan. 
T. smaraGcpus Martyn, 1784. PI. 62, fig. 13. 

Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, solid, covered with a 
strong blackish cuticle, beneath which it is green; usually eroded 
at apex; whorls 4-5, upper ones spirally sulcate or carinate, the 
last large, flattened above, with incremental wrinkles and subobso- 
lete spiral sulci; aperture large, oblique, rounded, pearly white with- 
in; outer lip thin, black-edged, columella arched, with a pearly eal- 
lus; umbilico-parietal area excavated, concave, white. 

Alt. 40-50, diam. 50-60 mill. 

New Zealand; Fiji Is. 

Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 3,) flat inside with four whorls, the nucle- 
us more than one-third the distance across the face; outside deep 
green except on the side of increment which is white; very minute- 
ly remotely granose ; according to Hutton, smooth. 

It is T. helicinus Born, 1780. This name has precedence over 
Martyn’s; but I doubt the expediency of changing the well-known 
name at this late day. I am not sure that the species belongs in 
Marmorostoma, but it certainly should not be placed in Turbo ss. as 
is usually done. 

Var. rricostatus Hutton, 1884. Unfigured. 

Body-whorl with three spiral ribs. 

Wellington to Dunedin, N. Zealand. 


218 TURBO. 


Subgenus SArmaticus Gray, 1840. 
Shell depressed, ventricose, imperforate, smooth or nodulous; 
aperture oblique, large, columella wide. Operculum composed out- 
side of a dense tuft of club-shaped processes; inside flat, with sub- 


central nucleus. 
South African Province. 


Cidaris Swainson, 1840, (not of Klein nor Bolt.) is a synonym. 
T. sarmMaticus Linn., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 17. 

Shell globose-depressed, imperforate, dull brownish, above flam- 
mulate, below more or less banded or maculate with white, usually 
showing more or less of the underlying orange-red layer, between 
which and the nacre there is a stratum of intense black; spire very 
short, conic; whorls 5-6, convex, the upper ones with revolving 
lire, frequently carinated, the last traversed by several rows of 
nodules, of which the coronal is the more prominent and constant, 
concave above; aperture large, very oblique, beautifully nacreous 
within, orbicular; outer lip thin, margined with intense black within, 
nacre not extending to the edge; columella arcuate, wide, slightly 
produced below, broadly excavated above; parietal wall eroded, 
showing a black blotch. Alt. 60-100, diam. 70-120 mill. 

Cape Region of S. Africa. 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 13, 14) flat within, with 5-6 whorls and 
submedian nucleus; outside convex, whitish, composed of a dense 
tuft of club-shaped profoundly separated agglomerated processes. 

S. classarius Gray 1s Synonymous. 

This species, the “ Turk’s Cap” of the shell dealers, is extremely 
abundant at the Cape. 
T. NATALENsIS Krauss, (January) 1848. PI. 56, figs. 85, 84. 

Shell orbicular depressed, imperforate, olivaceous or brownish, 
radiately maculate above, irregularly below, with rufous and whit- 
ish; spire depressed-conic, obtuse, apex crimson, whorls 5-6, con- 
vex, compressed below the sutures, spirally coarsely lirate, the last 
whorl with about twelve rather widely separated ribs; aperture 
subeireular, oblique, pearly within, outer lip thin, columella more 
or less tinged with yellow or green, concaye, broad above, with a 
deep curved pit in the place of the umbilicus. 

Alt. 20-30, diam. 25-40 mill. 

Natal. 
Operculum like that of 7. sarmaticus. 


T. natalensis Reeve (Jan.) 1848, is a synonym. 
Fischer mentions a uniform orange variety. 


— 


TURBO, 219 
Subgenus PrisoGasTeR Morch, 1850. 


Shell very solid, ovate or subglobular, dark colored, imperforate ; 
aperture large, oblique; Operculum inside yellow, subconcave, with 
submarginal, basal nucleus; outside very convex. 

Peruvian Province. 

Amyzxa Troschel, 1852, is a synonym. 


T. NIGER Gray, 1839. PI. 42, fig. 42. 

Shell ovate, very solid, imperforate, deep dull purplish or bluish 
black ; spire short, convex, blunt; whorls 5-6, somewhat flattened 
below the sutures, with superficial spiral liree, and marked with light 
incremental strize ; aperture large, very oblique, ovate, silvery inside, 
rounded below; outer lip slightly fluted within; columella wide, 
white, bearing on its face a longitudinal rib which rises in the region 
of the umbilicus; parietal wall eroded, white, smooth, or with three 
white transverse ruge. Alt. 25-27, diam. 25-30 mill. 

Coasts of Chili and Peru. 

Amyxa nigra Toone and possibly 7. dugubris King, (1831), are 
synonymous. 

Operculum oval, concave within, buff, with 2-3 very rapidly in- 
creasing whorls, nucleus one-fourth the distance across the face from 
basal margin; outside white, very convex, obsoletely rugose. (pl. 
69, figs. 32, 33. 

The animal has four lateral filaments upon the epipodial line on 
either side. 

An example of which Fischer gives measurements is larger than 
any I have seen. Alt. 38, diam. 35 mill. 


T. ELEVATUS Souleyet, 184 . Pl. 46, figs. 12-14; pl. 55, fig. 73. 

Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, ashy-black, spire acute, elevated ; 
whorls 5, convex, slightly excavated at sutures, nearly smooth, ob- 
soletely spirally lirate; last whorl large, convex below; aperture 
ovate, silvery within; lip black; columella planate, depressed-con- 
eave, not produced at base. Alt. 13, diam. 12 mill. 

Coast of Chili. 

Operculum yellowish inside, ovate, with two to three whorls and 
sublateral nucleus; outside convex, white, rugose, subumbilicate. 

T. propinquus Hupé (pl. 55, fig. 73,) is a synonym. 


220 ASTRALIUM. 


Genus ASTRALIUM Link, 1807. 


Shell trochiform, generally more or less flattened above or below; 
imperforate or umbilicate; young specimens always carinated and 
spinose at the periphery ; operculum oval or oblong, with (except in 
Bolma) submarginal or terminal multispiral nucleus; the last 
whorl forming far the greater portion of the operculum, usually 
with one or several ribs exteriorly, following the course of the spiral 
and most elevated at the distal extremity. 

The synonyms are Calcar (Montf.) Fischer and other authors, 
Imperator (Montf.) Auet., Trochus, in part, of all earlier authors, 
and Turbo, in part, Sowerby Jr. and others. 

Authors have been considerably at variance in regard to both 
the limits and the proper designation of this genus. I have exam- 
ined the history of every name proposed for species of the group, 
either as generic or subgeneric, and find that none prior in date to 
that of Link (1807) are entitled to any standing in nomenclature. 

I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Dall for a copy of Link’s description 
of Astralium. It was defined im the Beschreibung der Naturlien- 
Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock, von D. H. F. Link, Professor, 
ete., p. 134-135, May 17, 1807; the genus is briefly described by 
Link and A. deplanatum given as the first species, with a reference 
to figures in Chemnitz, which fix the identity of deplanatum with 
Lamarck’s A. costulatum, a species of the West Indian group. 

Those species having a turbinate form, convex base and rounded 
periphery, such as A. rugosum, A. celatum, A. tuber, have been 
frequently adduced by authors as supplying the connecting links 
between Turbo and Astralium; but such resemblance as they have 
to Turbo is to be attributed not to any real relationship, but to a 
secondary mod#ication which they have undergone from the stellate 
forms of Astralium. That this is the case is shown by the young of 
the turbinate species, which we find to be flattened, acutely carinated 
and spinose, precisely as in typical Astralium. Asarule, the young 
of species of this genus are depressed, carinated and spinose at the 
periphery, the spines frequently being reduced in size or lost in the 
adult ; whilstin Turbo the young are in the spinose species smoother 
than the adult, the spines becoming always more prominent with age. 

The real connecting forms between these genera the student must 
look to paleontology to supply; for the recent species which at first 
seem to be intermediate in characters are undoubtedly descending 
from stellate types of Astralium. 


oe 4h! 


ASTRALIUM. 221 


Like Turbo, this genus is composed of a number of quite diverse 
subgenera of various degrees of affinity to each other. I am in- 
clined to divide them first into two series: those with the central 
teeth of the radula composed of several plates overlying each other, 
and without a reflected cusp at the superior margin, and those with 
a reflected cusp above. The natural sequence and affinities of the 
subgenera are shown in the following table: 


( { Astralium, s 


Centra! teeth of radula bee Lithopona. 


with cusps. ( Imperator. 


{ Guildfordia. 


| Bolma. 
( 
aml 


Cyclocantha. 


Central teeth of radula Tey 


without cusps. 
Cookia. 
Pomaulax. 


Peerchypoda. 


> ———— 


Subgenus Asrratium, Link, s. str. 

Shell conical, elevated or depressed, narrowly umbilicate or im- . 
perforate, carinate at the periphery, base planulate or convex, whorls 
above flattened or concave, costate or tuberculate; operculum oval, 
outside smooth or nearly so, very convex, excavated near the center. 


; West Indian Province. 
Calear Schum., 1817, is a synonym. 


A. toneispInA Lam., 1822. Pl. 51, figs. 1- 


Shell depressed conic or lens-shaped, umbilicate or imperforate ; 
white, yellowish or light brown; apex obtuse ; whorls 5-6, acutely 
carinated at periphery, concavely flattened above, obliquely plicate 
or spirally lirate, the liree bearing tubercles or squamose processes ; 
periphery armed with recurved triangular obliquely wrinkled spines, 
usually thirteen to eighteen in number en the last whorl, and more 
or less projecting at the sutures; base gently convex, densely lamel- 
lose radiately striate, and with about four concentric subnodose lire ; 
aperture transversely ovate, angled and canaliculate at termination 
of carina; columella short, curved, somewhat dilated over the slight- 
ly indented umbilical tract ; umbilicus generally very narrow or not 
perforated. Alt. 50, diam. 65 mill. 

Entire West Indies; Bahamas; Bermuda; Tortugas (Simpson) ; 
Guatemala. 


222 ASTRALIUM. 


Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 57, 58) oval, nucleus sublateral; outside 
white or slightly brownish, very convex, nearly smooth, excavated 
near the center. 

Trochus orichalceus (figs. 8,9) T. aster, and T. heliacus Phil., T. 
planus (Gm.) Phil., Astralium deplanatum Link and perhaps: T. 
mermis Gmel. are synonymous. 

An abundant and variable species. Figs. 1, 2, represent the typ- 
ical form. The following variety has typically a very distinct as- 
pect; but Iam unable to separate it specifically by constant or 
well marked characters. 


Var. sPINuULOsUM, Lam., 1822. PI. 51, figs. 4—6. 

Shell conically elevated, imperforate; whorls flattened above, ra- 
diately costulate or spirally lirate, or both, and tuberculate or squa- 
mose; peripheral carina generally subspinose or nodose ; concentric 
liree on the base three to six in number, the inner generally nodose. 
Two specimens measure as follows: 

Alt. 32, diam. 61 mill; alt. 38, diam. 45 mill. 

W. Indies; Florida. 

Fig. 6 is drawn from a specimen from Key West, Florida, collec- 
ted by Hemphill. Lamark’s 7. costulatus (pl. 51, fig. 7), is in form 
intermediate between typical longispina and var. spinulosum; it is 
umbilicate and obliquely plicate above. I cannot tell what species 
Reeve figured as 7. spinulosus; it seems to be a very depressed form 
of A. petrosum Mart. Itis certainly not the spinulosum of Lamarck. 


A, ARMATUM Phil, 1848. PI. 51, figs. 10, 11. 

Shell conic, apex acute; sculpture as in var. spinulosum. 

Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill. 

Antilles (Philippi); St. Croix. 

A single specimen of this form I found in a suite of A. longispina 
from St. Croix. From that species it differs in the conical acute apex. 
A. BREVISPINA Lam., 1822. Pl. 52, figs. 12, 13. 

Shell conic, imperforate, solid; whorls 6-7, flat above, obliquely 
costate below the sutures, then with several revolving series of gran- 
ules; periphery sharply carinate, armed with short triangularspines 
which festoon the sutures and project more or less, about 10-15 
in number on the last whorl; base a little rounded, radiately lamel- 
lose striate and concentrically lirate, the lire three to five in num- 
ber, mostly tuberculate, especially in the young; aperture transverse, 
oval, channelled at outer angle; columella short, arched; place of 


ASTRALIUM. 223 


the umbilicus excavated, whitish, bounded by an intensely orange- 
vermillion tract. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill. 

West Indies; Florida Keys (Simpson); Costa Rica; Venezuela. 
T. aurispigmentum Jonas is synonymous. 

It is frequently larger than I have indicated. 


A. LATISPINA Phil. 1844. Pl. 63, figs. 21, 22. 

Shell imperforate, conic, greenish, brown maculated; whorls 7, 
subplanate, obliquely costulate below the sutures, then with two 
beaded spiral lirae; margins of whorls exserted, expanded, com- 
pressed, armed with triangular spines; last whorl sharply carinate ; 
base radiately lamellose and ornamented with three or four granose 
concentric costs; umbilical area depressed, pale greenish or yellow- 
ish, aperture oblique, angulate. Alt. 35, diam. 50 mill. 

Gulf of Mexico to Rio Janeiro. 

Operculum oval, outside white, smooth, with a single arcuate 
wide rib; inside flat, chestnut colored, nucleus submarginal. 

T. buschi Wiener, and T. tentoriwum Anton are synonyms. 

This form I have not satisfactorily identified with any shells I 
have seen. It seems to be closely allied to the preceding species. 


Subgenus Lirnorpoma Gray, 1850. 


Shell turbinate or trochiform, elevated, imperforate, periphery 
earinated or rounded, whorls above radiately plicate; operculum 
oval, outside coarsely granulose, and either simply convex or with a 
curved spiral rib with its terminations connected by a straight one ; 
nucleus submarginal. West Indian Province. 

A. Turbinate species with rounded periphery. 
A. ruBer Linn., 1767. PI. 56, figs. 79, 80. 

Shell turbinate-conic, imperforate, very solid, dirty white or pale 
green, radiately maculated with brown above, irregularly marked 
and lighter below; whorls 6, upper two smooth by erosion, the fol- 
lowing obliquely coarsely plicate and finely wrinkled in the same 
direction above, somewhat shouldered, obtusely angular near per- 
iphery, above which several obscure beaded lire revolve, shagreen- 
ed by intersection of incremental strize and oblique wrinkles; base 
nearly smooth ; aperture very oblique, oval, silvery within; colu- 
mella short, wide, generally bituberculate at the base, excavated 
over the location of the umbilicus. Alt. 45, diam. 50 milf. 

West Indian Province ; Florida 


224 ASTRALIUM. 


Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 42, 43) oval, nucleus submarginal; out- 
side white, excavated around the upper edge, with a heavy coarsely 
granulose rib following the central part of the spiral, its ends con- 
nected by a short rib. 

The young are subspinose at the periphery ; adults generally lose 
the more minute suface-sculpture described above. 


A. ceLATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 57, figs. 45, 46. 

Shell conic, solid, imperforate, soiled white, more or less tinged 
with green and brown; spire elevated, apex acute; whorls 6-7, 
convex, with fine incremental striz and oblique radiating folds 
above ; periphery with several prominent squamose or spinose liree ; 
base somewhat flattened, with close squamose lire separated by 
deep interstices; aperture silvery within, transversely ovate, very 
oblique, its margins fluted; columella extended, oblique, arcuate. 

Alt. 80, diam. 80 mill. 

West Indies; Bahamas, ete. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 44) oval, nucleus submarginal; outside 
convex, white or brown tinted, coarsely granulose. 

This is the Trochus caelatus ete. of Chemnitz, 7. celatus Chemnitz 
of authors. 


B. Conic species, with carinated periphery and flattened base. 

In this section of Lithopoma the species are very variable, and it 
is difficult to find characters salient enough to satisfactorily sepa- 
rate several of them. Much more material than I have before me 
must be studied before the synonymy and limits of the various 
forms can be settled. 


A. AMERICANUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 52, figs. 18-20. 


Shell trochiform, elevated, imperforate, solid, white or yellowish ; 
whorls 7, the upper three smooth in adults by erosion of the sculpt- 
ure, flattened or concave on their upper surfaces, longitudinally 
obliquely plicate, the folds numbering about thirty-six on the last 
whorl, terminating on the periphery in nodules (or spines in the 
young,) generally intersected about the middle by two to four spiral 
impressed lines, periphery angled, more or less swollen; base nearly 
flat, more or less sharply radiately striate, and spirally lirate, the 
lire about six in number, or sometimes more, frequently nodulose ; 
aperture very oblique; outer lip usually crenulated; columella 
short, heavy, bituberculate at base, bounded by a radiately plicate 
eordon. Alt. 35, diam, 30-35 mill. 

West Indies; Florida Keys. 


a 


) 
| 


ASTRALIUM. 225 


Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 45) oval, light brown within, with sublat- 
eral nucleus; outside convex, white, granulose, more or less excava- 
ted around the upper margin,excayated near the center; young with 
a stout curved central rib following the spiral, its ends connected 
by a short straight rib. 

A. cuBANUM Phil., 1848. PI. 56, figs. 77, 78. 

Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, solid, whitish or pale yellow; 
whorls 7, upper two smooth by erosion, sutures moderately impress- 
ed; whorls flattened above, longitudinally coarsely plicate, nodulous 
on the periphery, the folds about twenty-two to twenty-eight in num- 
ber on the last whorl, cut xbout the middle by a few spiral impress- 
ed lines; base slightly convex, concentrically lirate, and radiately 
densely striate, the liree about six in number, sometimes nodose ; 
aperture wide, subtrapezoidal; columella arcuate, grooved slightly 
at position of umbilicus, bituberculate at base, surrounded by a ra- 
diately plicate cordon. Alt. 58, diam. 35 mill. 

West Indies ; Tortugas (Simpson). 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 48) with a strong central spiral granular 
rib, with its terminations joined by a short riblet, the interval be- 
tween them deeply excavated. 

Allied to A. americanum, but separated by the more decidedly 
granulate and ribbed operculum, which resembles closely that of A. 
olfersit. The peripheral nodes are less numerous than in A. amer- 
tcanum, and more numerous than in A. offersii. 


A. PAPILLATUM Potiez et Michaud, 1838. PI. 52, figs. 14-17. 


Shell conic, elevated, imperforate, solid greenish-olivaceous, ob- 
scurely banded, spire acute ; whorls 7, nearly flat, slightly excavated in 
the middle, finely obliquely striate and radiately costate, folds white, 
oblique, slightly prominent above, at.the periphery tuberculose; last 
whorl ecarinated, with about fourteen short tubercles on the carina; 
base a little convex, radiately striate, with five concentric subnodose 
lire separated by very shallow grooves; aperture transverse; colu- 
mella arcuate, bituberculate at the base; umbilical tract bounded 
by a plicate cordon. Alt. 25, diam. 29 mill. 

West Indies. 

Operculum nearly like that of A. cubanwm. 

Figs. 16, 17 are from the original ones of Potiez and Michaud. 


The species is nearly allied to A. cubanum, perhaps identical. 
15 


226 ASTRALIUM. 


A. GUADALOUPENSE Crosse, 1865. Pl. 53, figs. 45-45. 

Shell imperforate, solid, elevated-conic, longitudinally suboblique- 
ly wrinkled, reddish orange, marked in places with white and oli- 
vaceous; suture impressed, irregular ; whorls 62, subplanulate above, 
slightly concave in the middle, the apical one or two smooth, the 
following longitudinally plicate, the folds cut in the middle by two 
impressed spiral lines, projecting at the carinated periphery, and 
about twenty-three in number on the body-whorl; base nearly flat 
with radiating striz and five subgranose lire; aperture oblique, 
rhomboidal, columella white, arcuate, bidentate at base, umbilical 
tract pale violaceous, bounded by a plicate cordon. 

Alt. 233, diam. 25 mill. Be 

Guadaloupe, West Indies. 

Operculum outside convex, with a median rib, minutely granulose, 
excavated near the middle. 

It is closely allied to A. papillatum P. & M., but may be separa- 
ted by the flatter base and perhaps the number of the basal lire. 
Compare also A cubanum. In the only specimen of this species L 
have seen (fig. 45) the peripheral tubercles number twenty on the 
body-whorl. I believe that this species will be found to be a form 
of A. cubanun or A. papillatum. 

A. otFERSI Troschel, (18 ?). Pl. 57, figs. 47-49. 

Shell imperforate, solid, conic, gray, olive-green and reddish brown; 
longitudinally plicate, the folds about thirteen in number on the last 
whorl; periphery nodulose ; base slightly convex, with four concen- 
tric lire ; aperture subtrapezoidal, white; columella arcuate, bitu- 
berculate at the base. Alt. 45, diam. 52 mill. 

Brazil (Philippi); Bahia (Cléry). 

Figs. 48, 49 are drawn from the original ones. I have seen no 
specimen corresponding with them. The variety figured by Kiener 
(pl. 57, fig. 47) scarcely looks the same to me. It differs in the “less 
oblique and more numerous longitudinal folds, which are more in- 
terrupted about the middle and more nodulose above.” A specimen 
of this variety before me is marked “ West Indies.” 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 22, 25) oval, granulose outside, strongly 
ribbed. 


T. saxosus Phil., is a synonym. 
A. IMBRIcATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, fig. 70. 


Shell conie, solid, imperforate, tinereous or light brownish ; whorls 
7, planulate above, very obliquely striate, and longitudinally plicate, 


ASTRALIUM. DIE 


the folds generally eighteen to twenty in number on the last whorl, , 
sub-interrupted or excavated about the middle, produced at the 
sharply carinate periphery into squamose square somewhat descend- 
ing spines; base flattened, radiately striate, and with four to six 
concentric irregular subnodose lirze; aperture very oblique, wide: 
lip scalloped, chanelled at outer angle; columella bidentate below, 
its face slightly grooved. Alt. 40, diam. 45 mill. 

Honduras (Reeve); West Indies. 

T. corolla Reeve is synonymous. 


A. TuBEROSUM Phil. PI. 64, figs. 57, 58. 

This thick-shelled Trochid stands near to 7. eelatus, but is distin- 
guished by the following characters ; the whorls are flat, not arched, 
in the middle; the superior nodules are situated near to the suture, 
are hemi-spherical and solid; the last whorl has but a single row of 
nodules; the carina is sharper, the base flatter, with only three con- 
centric nodose lirze; the aperture is lower, more rhomboidal; color 


reddish brown, more or less verging on violet. 


Coast of Mexico. 

I have translated from Philippi the more important portion of his 
description. J am unable to identify the form with any shells I have 
seen. It is probably immature. 

A. PLICATULUM Philippi. PI. 64, figs. 62, 63. 

Shell strictly conic, imperforate, yellowish white; whorls planu- 
late, the last acutely angled, obliquely plicate, the folds small, about 
forty in number on the body-whorl, intertupted by two spiral fur- 
rows, of which the upper is in middle of the whorl, the lower midway 
between that and the wavy lower margin of the whorl ; base nearly 
flat, with six strong, elevated concentric lire, and radiating lamel- 
lose strie. Alt. 23, diam. 25 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

Known to me only by Philippi’s figure and description from which 
the above is taken. It probably does not belong to this group. 


Subgenus Imperator, Montfort, 1810. 


Shell large, trochiform, concave and umbilicate below, carinated 
and spinose at periphery, whorls convex and granulose above ; oper- 
culum oval, outside smooth, obsoletely unicostate. 

Australo-Zealandic Province. 

Canthorbis Swainson, 1840, and in part Guildfordia Gray, 1850, 

are synonyms. 


2260 ASTRALIUM. 


A. HELIOTROPIUM Martyn, 1784. PI. 56, fig. 87. 


Shell large, depressed-conic, below widely umbilicate and concave, 
spire dome-shaped, of 5 convex whorls; suture rendered zigzag by 
the prominent compressed triangular recurved vaulted spines which 
arm the acutely carinated periphery ; whorls above and below with 
numerous spiral series of granules; umbilicus wide, deep, coarsely 
obliquely striate within; aperture transversely oval, oblique, pearly 
within, peristome continuous; columella slightly dilated, impinging 
upon the umbilicus; color brownish or purplish above, light below. 

Alt. 50-60, diam. 100-120 mill. 

New Zealand; Hauraki Gulf, Foveaux Sts., Cook's Sts., Bay of 
Tasmania. 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 5,6) oval, with excentric nucleus; outside 
smooth, obsoletely unicostate. 

Thesynonyms are. Trochus solarium imperalis etc. Chemnitz, T. 
imperialis Gmel., and of most authors, Imperator aureolatus Mont- 
fort, and Guwildfordia heliophorus Gray. 

This large handsome species was brought to Europe for the first 
time by the famous Captain Cook. 


Subgenus GuUILDFORDIA Gray, 1850. 


Shell wheel-shaped, imperforate ; low-conic and granulose above, 
convex below, periphery armed with long slender radiating spines, 
which are concealed at the sutures; operculum flat, with a subobso- 
lete arcuate rib outside. 

Japonie Province. 


A. TRIUMPHANS Phil., 1841. PI. 58, figs. 67, 68. 

Shell low-conic, imperforate, metallic brownish-purple above, 
nearly white below; whorls 6, slightly convex above; body-whorl 
armed around the carinate periphery with long slender closed tubu- 
lar radiating spines, about eight in number on the body-whorl, 
and which are reabsorbed as the growth advances leaving only short 
stumps to festoon the sutures; upper surface with close revolving 
series—generally eight to ten on the last whorl—of minute laterally 
compressed granules; base slightly convex, usually with a marginal 
row of granules, and several rows surrounding the central callus; 
aperture transversely ovate, angulate and channelled at peripheral 
carina, iridescent within; peristome sinuous above; umbilical re- 


ASTRALIUM. 229 


gion covered with a heavy callus, more or less stained with pinkish, 
somewhat excavated at center, and obsoletely spirally ridged. 
Alt. 25, diam. Gineluding spines) 70 mill. Japan. 
Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 60). 


T. guildfordie Reeve is a synonym. 


Subgenus Bouma Risso, 1826. 


Shell turbinate, spire conic, imperforate, whorls rounded at the 
periphery, the upper ones spiny, base convex; operculum nearly 
round, nucleus excentric, outside polished, concave in the middle, 
with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral. 

Mediterranean and Japanese Seas. 

Tubicanthus Swains., 1840, is a synonym. 

Tn the Mollusca of the Challenger, p. 151, Watson corrects the 
orthography of this name, making it Bolina. But I find that Gray 
and authors generally have not deviated from the orthography of 
Risso. (see Hist. Nat. de ? Europe méridionale iv, p. 117). 


A. RuGosuM Linn., 1767. PI. 40, fig. 20; pl. 56, fig. 85. 

Shell solid, conic, imperforate, brown or cinereous ; suture canalic- 
ulate, bordered below by a series of curved radiating tubercles; whorls 
6-7, obliquely lamellose striate, the upper ones carinate and tuber- 
culate or spinose at the periphery, the last descending, rounded or 
bicarinate, spirally lirate ; base conspicuously radiately striate ; aper- 
ture obliquely, transversely oval, pearly within; columella arched, 
white, and pearly, with an orange callus dilated over the umbilical 
region and extending over the parietal wall. Alt. 50, diam. 55 mill. 

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic shores of Spain and S. W. France ; 
Azores, Madeira and Canary Is. 

Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 59, 40) short-oval, brown within, with 
four whorls, the nucleus situated one-third the distance across the 
face; outside bright orange, polished, with a spiral callous ridge. 

T. cumanensis Val. is a synonym. 

) 


A. mopEstum. Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, figs. 63, 64. 

“Shell imperforate, conically turbinated, orange-rose ; whorls con- 
vexly sloping, then encircled with two rows of scales, papillary- 
grained throughout; base rather flat, tinged with chrome orange.” 


(Reeve). Japan. 


230 ASTRALIUM. 


Var. GIRGYLLUS Reeve, 1861. PI. 55, fig. 65. 
“Very closely related to the preceding, but distinguished by a 


more square form, while the scales are curiously expanded.” 
( Reeve.) China. 


A. rursicus Reeve, 1848. PI. 48, fig. 55. 

Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, imperforated ; sutures of spire 
excavated ; whorls spirally squamately ridged, slanting around the 
upper part, sharply angled, erectly squamate at the angle; aperture 
small; yellowish, beautifully rayed with scarlet red. 

Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. ; 

Philippine Is. 

Calear turcicus (Rve.) Fischer is the same. 

Reeve’s figure and description are copied above. Of this form 
Mr. E. A. Smith says: 

This beautiful species is well characterized by its style of paint- 
ing. It is whitish with broad scarlet rays, particularly distinct on 
the sloping upper surfaces of the whorls; these are sometimes 
edged with black posteriorly, and the suture is more or less stained 
with that color. The lower part of the body-whorl is for the most 
part scarlet with a few narrow white streaks (sometimes black-spot- 
ted) radiating from the umbilical region. The operculum is white, 
thick, convex, and granose externally. (Zool. Coll. H. M. 8. 
“Alert. p. 504.) 

T. tursicus was collected by the ‘Alert’ at Darros Island, one 
of the Amirante group. I have copied on pl. 69, fig. 27, Mr. 
Smith’s figures. The species apparently is not a Bolma, but with- 
out examining the shells and ascertaining the position of the 
nucleus and nature of the whorls of the operculum, I am not able 
to form an opinion as to its true position. 


Subgenus CycLocanrua Swainson, 1840. 


Shell conic or depressed trochiform, usually imperforate ; whorls 
above smooth, granulate or plicate ; periphery spivose, tuberculate, 
or with a projecting flange; base convex, flat, or concave, concen- 
trically lirate; columella with a more or less obvious tubercle at 
the base; operculum oval, convex outside, with a more or less 
prominent curved central rib, its terminations connected or nearly 
so by a straight short accessory rib. 

Indo-Pacific, Australo-Zealandic and Japonie Provinces. 


ASTRALIUM. 931 


Synonyms: Ste//a (Klein) H. and A. Adams, 1858, (type, A. 
asteriscus Rve.), Calcar Montfort, 1810, (type, A. calear Linn. ?) 
and Carinidea Tenison- Woods, not Swainson. 

There has been considerable diversity of opinion regarding the 
group above defined, both as to its contents and its proper designa- 
tion. Stella was the first name proposed for it; but since the no- 
menclature (almost) universally adopted by zodlogists dates from 
the publication of the tenth edition of Linnzeus (1758), we are com- 
pelled to reject the names proposed by Klein in 1755. This course 
is rendered the more imperative by the nature of Klein’s work ; for 
his “ genera” are as often denominated by a phrase as by a single 
word. Cualcar of Montfort was probably founded on a species of 
this subgenus. But this is very uncertain, as his figure might be- 
long to any one of several very different forms. (See also Fischer, 
Man. de Conch. p. 815.) As to Carinidea Swains., which Tenison- 
Woods has supposed to include the group of A. fimbriatwm, A. ten- 
tortiforme etc., there is no warrant for using it in any such sense ; 
for Swainson’s two types are (1) an wmbilicated species of Trochus, 
and (2) a species of Uvanilla, (A. buschii Phil.).  Hercoles Montf. 
referred to this group by some authors, is not a molluse. As to the 
limits and contents of Cyclocantha as here defined, I am aware that 
there is room for controversy. Fischer and others have distributed 
a portion of the species among several adjacent subgenera. I have 
included with considerable hesitation A. fimbriatum and A. tentorit- 


forme; but I do not think that they would be any better placed 


with A. olivaceus ete. in Uvanilla. 

It is very difficult to express in a diagnosis the differences be- 
tween the shells of this group and of Astralium, s. s. Both contain 
flattened wheel-shaped umbilicate forms, with long peripheral 
spines, and both have compact trochiform species. The two groups 
occupy almost opposite areas upon the globe. 


A. catcaR Linn., 1758. Pl. 52, figs. 27, 29, 30; Pl. 56, fig. 74. 
Shell conoid, more or less depressed at apex; grayish greenish, 
or brownish cinereous; whorls 6, flattened above, and radiately pli- 
cate, the folds rather unequal and irregular; periphery carinated 
spinose, bearing about twelve radiating more or less foliated spines 
upon the body-whorl; last whorl deeply descending toward the 
aperture ; base convex, concentrically more or less densely squa- 
mosely lirate, the outer lirze generally prominent and subspinose, 
sometimes causing the periphery to appear bicarinate; aperture 


282 ASTRALIUM. 


transversely oval, very oblique, generally golden within, and stained 
with purple or blue on the columella. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill. 
Indian Ocean; Australia ; Philippines; New Caledonia ; Java, ete. 

Operculum oval, nucleus submarginal; outside deep bluish-green, 
excavated around the upper margin and near the middle, edges: 
rugose, center nearly smooth. 

Trochus aculeatus Gmel. is a synonym. 

An extremely variable species. In form it may be either conic 
with nearly flat base, or flat above with very convex and umbilica- 
ted base. The spines are generally triangular and obliquely wrink- 
led above, but are often square and elaborately foliated at the ex- 
tremities. Restricting the typical calcar to shells with moderately 
exserted scalariform spire, depressed apex, and body-whorl deflected 
toward the aperture, we may define several varieties which are typ- 
ically quite distinct, but which, in the large series before me, are 
connected with each other and with the type by insensible grada- 
tions. 

Var. HELICINUM Gmel. PI. 52, figs. 28, 31. 

Last whorl not descending ; spire conical, not much depressed at. 
apex ; marginal spines generally short. Usually larger than the 
typical form. A specimen before me measures: alt. 40, diam. 70 
mill. 


Var. LAcINIATUM Gould. PI. 53, figs. 32, 33. 
Shell bullet-shaped in the adult; aperture subcireular, white 
within; columella generally stained with purple. 
Alt. 28, diam. 22 mill. 
Philippines (Gould), Viti Is. 


Young shells are like var. helicinwm; the adults are very differ- 
ent in shape, and sometimes even more elongated than in the figure. 


Var. PLANORBIS Pilsbry. PI. 56, figs. 75, 76. 

Spire planulate, scarcely at all exserted ;, base very convex, um- 
bilicated. Alt. 10, diam. 27 mill. 

A curious form, very different from the preceding. 


A. STELLARE Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, figs. 66-68. 

Shell imperforate, conoid, solid, more or less elevated, whorls 
5-6, obliquely radiately costate, imbricately spinose at periphery, 
the last carinated, carina with about ten long vaulted spines; base 


ASTRALIUM. 233 


with about ten concentric squamose lirze, columella oblique, white, 
generally rosy margined, rarely bluish; aperture angulated. 

Alt. 34, diam. 35 mill. 

East Indian Seas. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 67) granulose outside, white or green. 
Animal (fig. 68) without lateral filaments. 

T. chemnitzii Val. and T. asperatus (Lam.) Phil. are synonymous. 

This species seems to be very closely allied to A. helicinwm Gmel. 


Var. AsteRIscus Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, fig. 69. 

Shell conical; whorls obsoletely wrinkled, produced at the carina 
into prominent vaulted spines; basal callosity rose-red or blue- 
green. 

Port Essington, Australia. 

Identified by Fischer with T. chemnitzii Val., but that form 
seems to me to differ in no respect from typical ste/lare. 


A. LAPInLus Reeve, 1861. PI. 64, fig. 49. 


Imperforate, obtusely turbinated, fulvous, tinged with red at the 
base ; whorls convexly sloping next the suture, then tumidly round- 
ed, longitudinally rudely ribbed, ribs irregularly wrinkled and 
tuberculated ; base convex, very closely irregularly scaled. (eeve.) 
Habitat unknown (Reeve) ; Levuka, Fiji, 12 fms. (Challenger Expd.) 

Watson, who places this species in “ Bolina” (— Bolma), says: 
“There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum, 
which differ from one another in the number of spirals on the base 
and have only a faint tinge of purple at the pillar. In the two 
Challenger specimens, the scaly spirals are much fewer, and a bril- 
liant crimson streak to the left of the pillar, and also in front of it 
on the left corner of the basal mouth lip, is a marked feature. I 
observe, however, that as is often the case with these brilliant col- 
ors, the crimson has somewhat faded during the years the shell has 
been in my hands.” 


A.’strius Gould, 1849. Pl. 45, figs. 93-95. 

Shell small, low pyramidal, pale emerald green ; whorls 4, acute- 
ly compressed at periphery, above with about ten oblique folds on 
the lower half of the whorl, each of which is produced into a trian- 
gular spine at the periphery, and with spines intercalated making 
about eighteen on the periphery of last whorl; surface corrugated 
by oblique wrinkles; base nearly flat, imperforate, with about five 


234 ‘  ASTRALIUM. 


delicate, distantly nodose, concentric, inequal lire; aperture cireu- 
lar, augulate at carina, lip below horizontal; columella smooth, 


rounded, arcuate. Alt. 72, diam. 12 mill. 
Australia. 


Seems to be a young shell. 


A. PETROSUM Martyn, 1784. PI. 64, figs. 65, 66. 

Shell conic, imperforate, solid, greenish or cinereous; whorls 6, 
above planulaté, obliquely radiately plicate or wrinkled ; periphery 
bicarinate, with two rows of rather short radiating spines, about 12 
in number on the body-whorl in the upper row, smaller and more 
numerous in the lower; base flattened, concave toward the center, 
concentrically densely squamose-lirate; aperture transverse, white, 
pink or blue inside, channelled at the carina; peristome crenulate, 
columella wide, with a slight semilunar groove and a denticle near 
the base, generally more or less purplish, pink or bluish. 

Alt. 80-35, diam. 32—40 mill. 

Viti and Hawaiian Is.; New Caledonia; Indian Ocean.(?) 

Operculum (pl. 64, fig. 64) oval, rugose, outside, with a broad 
central curved callosity ; center excavated; color usually the same 
as the columella. 

T. rhodostomus Lam., and T. tuberosus Reeve (not Phil.) are syn- 
onyms. ‘. spinulosus Reeve is probably a depressed form of this 
species. 

Martyn’s name has been overlooked by most authors, but I see 
no reason for rejecting it for that of Lamarck. His figures in the 
“Universal Conchology ” are so superior as to compare favorably 
with modern work ; and represent unmistakably the typical form, 
with the two subequal rows of spines upon the periphery. 


Var. CONFRAGOSUM Gould, 1848. PI. 54, fig. 56. 

Shell low conical, rugose, the wrinkles small, rounded, irregular, 
oblique, slightly squamose here and there; whorls 6, somewhat 
shouldered above, declivous at the upper part, obtusely biangulate 
toward the base; periphery angulate, stellate by the projection of 
folded ribs; base plane, encircled with about eight squamose ridges. 

Dean’s Is., Pawmotus Group. 

I have copied Gould’s figure of this form and have added two 
which are identified by Dr. Fischer with it. These last are much 
more prominently plicate above, and have colored columella, a 
character not mentioned by Gould. 


ASTRALIUM. 235 


Var. PLICATOSPINOSUM Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 54, figs. 59, 60. 

Rather low-conic, conspicuously radiately plicate above, the folds 
somewhat sigmoid and oblique, bearing a series of short rounded 
knobs above, and terminating in short spines, eighteen to twenty in 
number, at the carinated periphery; base flat; squamosely lirate ; 
aperture tinged with green, especially at the columella. 

Alt. 20-25, diam. 25-30 mill. 

Hawaiian Is. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 50) deep green, wrinkled. 

Var. VIRESCENS Pease, 1869. PI. 49, fig. 50. 

Shell conoidal, slightly swollen at the middle; whorls concave 
above, rudely irregularly rugosely plicate ; lower margin of whorls 
encircled by two rows of nodose contiguous scales; upper whorls 
deeply pitted, the last acutely carinated at periphery; base planu- 
late, with about nine concentric unequal squamose lirre. 

Alig 25, diam: 25 mill 

Ins. Tarawa, Polynesia. 
A. HENICUS Watson, 1879. Pl. 52, figs. 25, 26. 

Shell conical, elevated, light yellowish ruddy, paler below ; whorls 
7-8, apex round, first whorl flattened, upper three whorls radiately rib- 
bed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of 
growth, with aspiral series of rather large white separate beads upon 
the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of 
distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth 
upon the slope of the whorl; periphery sharply bicarinate, the upper 
carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in 
number on body-whorl ; lower carina with thirty to thirty-five vault- 
ed scales, becoming spines toward the aperture; between the carinz 
there are four rows of beads; base flat, with about ten concentric 
rows of very regular beads; aperture oblique, white within; colu- 
mella bluntly toothed below; umbilical tract polished, slightly 
ridged, white. Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. 

Matuka, Fiji, 315 fms. in coral mud. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 59) oval, within flat, brown ; outside thick, 
white, granulose, with a slight flange on the outer margin. 

Differs from other species of the petrosum group in being granu- 
late instead of plicate on the upper surface. 


A. PREVOsTI Sowerby Jr., 1886. Pl. 63, fig. 38. 


Shell rather wide-conic, imperforate, green, brown tinged and 
banded ; whorls about six, subconvex, sloping, encircled by minute 


236 ASTRALIUM. 


granulose liree, above nodose-plicate, last whorl subacutely angled 
below, the angle bearing square, thick vaulted scales; base imbri- * 
cately quadri-lirate ; aperture suboblique; columella arcuate, silvery, 
umbilical callus white. 
Habitat wnknown.. 

“A trochiform species in which the longitudinal ribs may be only 
faintly traced, leaving nodules at the top of the whorls, and strong 
obtuse square looking scales at the margin, while the whorls are en- 
circled in the middle with two or three rows of minute granules.” 

Sowerby’s description and figure are given. Compare A. tubero- 
sum Phil. p. 227. 


A. PAGODULUM Sowerby Jr., 1886. Pl. 63, fig, 28: 


“Shell imperforate, conical, orange-drab; whorls slopingly convex, 
obliquely wrinkled-plaited, plaits, rather large, swollen, basal margin 
of the whorls prickly sealed, base scale-ridged around the callosity.” 

Habitat unknown. 

Trochus aculeatus Reeve (preoc.) is a synonym. 


The original figure and description are given. 


A. pAGODUS Tenison-Woods, 1879.  Unfigured. 

Shell narrowly pyramidal, thin, pale roseate, variegated with 
wide longitudinal olive bands; whorls 6, concave, very acutely 
angular at the suture, armed with a regular row of short spines, and 
girdled with four or five lines of indistinct granulose lire; spines 
numerous, obtusely angular, concave, 18 in number at the periphery 
of the last whorl; apex acute; aperture obliquely quadrate, de- 
pressed smooth inside, nacreous; labrum acute; columella curved, 
truncate; base quite flat, spirally. lirate and very finely transversely 
striate, pale yellowish white and very faintly spotted with brown. 

Alt. 15, diam. 18 mill. ( Tenison- Woods) 

Moreton Bay, Australia. 

The original description is giving above. Ido not know the exact 
systematic position of the form. 


A. HE®MATRAGUS Menke. PI. 54, figs. 57, 58. 

Shell imperforate, pale ashen, elevated-conic, apex acute; whorls 
7, planulate above, with radiating oblique folds, which are produced 
into short spines at the periphery; last whorl carinated, with ten 
to twelve spines in a single series; base plano-concave, concentrical- 


ASTRALIUM. Dae 


ly squamose-lirate ; aperture transverse, channelled at the carina; 
columella arcuate, purple or blue margined, dentate at base. 

Alt. 27, diam. 32 mill. 

Japanese and Chinese Seas. 

T. columellaris Phil. and T. gratus Phil. are synonyms, and in 
part, perhaps, 7. asteriscus Rve. 

Base more-concayve than in A. petrosum, peripheral spines in a 
single series, and finer than in that species. 


A. HEXAGONUM Phil. PI. 64, figs. 44-46. 


Shell perfectly conic, imperforate, reddish-white, redder in the 
furrows, costate and obliquely rugose-sulcate, the ribs six in number, 
subcontinuous, terminating in small vaulted spines at the base ; per- 
iphery acute, angulate, stellate, with twelve points; base flat, squa- 
mosely eight or nine lirate ; aperture suborbicular, angulate at out- 
er margin. Alt. 15, diam. 15 mill. 

- » Habitat unknown. 

Philippi’s description and figure are given. The species may be 
an immature form of A. hamatragum. 


A. sEMIcosraTuM Kiener. PI. 63, figs. 15-18. 

Shell elevated-conic, solid, imperforate, olive-brown or cinereous, 
apex acute; whorls 6—7, sharply carinated, upper surface concave, 
longitudinally more or less finely and irregularly plicate below the 
sutures ; coarsely plicate on the lower half of the whorls, the folds 
terminating in short nodes at the periphery, twelve to sixteen in 
number on the last whorl, and also scalloping the sutures; base 
flat, somewhat depressed around the middle, finely concentrically 
lirate and radiately striate, the lirze about eight to sixteen in number ; 
aperture very oblique, suboval, white within, slightly channelled 
at the carina, but scarcely angulate ; columella bluish, rosy or white, 
short, curved, dentate below ; base of aperture horizontal, sometimes 
with a submarginal row of minute tubercles within. 

Alt. 27, diam. 25:mill. 

Indian Ocean; Australia (2) 

This is Trochis stellatus of Philippi and of Reeve. It may possi- 
bly be the stellatus of Gmelin. That species was said by him to be 
West Indian. 

In some specimens the peripheral spines are rather long and direct- 
ed outward. The lirz of the base are sometimes coarser than the 
‘figures indicate; and in fully matured individuals the outer ones be- 


\ 


238 ASTRALIUM. 


come obsolete; finally, the base of the aperture acquires the arma- 
ture shown in fig. 18. 
A: BABELIs Fischer, 1874. PI. 52, figs. 21, 22. 

Shell imperforate, conic, elevated, pale yellowish, apex acute; 
whorls 7, slightly convex, obliquely radiately costate with distant 
folds, which are prominently nodulose at the sutures and periphery ; 
interstices smooth; last whorl carinated, the carina bearing about 
eight nodules; base flat, smooth, with fine oblique incremental strive; 
aperture angulated; columellar region white, blue margined, uniden- 
tate at base. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

I have not seen this species. The original-figures and description 
are given. 

T. barbelis Sowb. is the same. 


A. HEIMBURGI Dunker, 1882. Pl. 58, figs. 65, 66. 

Shell conic, imperforate; whorls 5, flattened, subgranosely dense- 
ly lirate; periphery carinated, armed with compressed imbricated 
subdeflexed spines; base plano-convex, ornamented with spiral 
subimbricated lire; columella with an oblong excavation at its ter- 
mination; aperture subrotund, silvery margaritaceous within ; shell 
whitish, subroseous at the base. Alt. 12, diam. 20 mill. 

Japan (?) 

Operculum and animal unknown. 

It is Uvanilla heimburgi, Dkr. I am undecided about the real 
position of this species, but do not believe it to belong to Uvanilla 
as restricted in this work. 


The following species have been placed in Uvanilla by Fischer ; 
but they do not seem to be as nearly allied to U. olivacea, the type 
of that group, as to Cyclocantha. The dentition is unknown in all 


of them. 
A. RoruLARIUM Lamarck, 1822. | Pl. 54, fig. 55; pl. 64, figs. 50, 51. 
Shell subdepressed, conoid, white, imperforate; spire subacute ; 
whorls 6, obliquely finely costulate ; with numerous prominent 1m- 
bricating laterally compressed plicze at the sutures; last whorl cari- 
nated, carina plicate-nodose, base convex, squamosely concentrically 
lirate; columella arcuate, white, not dentate; aperture oblique. 
Alt. 25, diam. 36 mill. 
Australian Seas (Reeve). 


Sl Nt 2. 


ASTRALIUM. 239 


A. Nopitis Gray, 1847. Pl. 63, fig. 37. 

“Shelltrochiform imperforate, pale white; spire conical ; whorls 
nearly flat, smooth, the outer edge of the upper whorls being fur- 
nished with a broad expanded margin, which is broadly plaited on 
the upper side; the plaits becoming thicker and more prominent on 
the edge of the last whorl; front [base] of last whorl with regular 
spiral ridges, each crossed with regular imbricate-arched scales, the 
second and third near the circumference largest, and those nearest 
to them closer together” aperture crenated, throat silvery pearly.” 

Darnley Is., 8. Pacific. 

The original description and figure are copied. I have not seen 
this species ; it is evidently closely allied to A. rotularium. 
A. FIMBRIATUM Lam., 1822. Pl. 54, figs. 46-54. 

Shell conic, more or less depressed, imperforate; whorls 5-6, 
flattened above, obliquely striate, generally more or less longitudi- 
nally finely plicate below the sutures, and spirally lirate ; periphery 
acutely carinated, the margin pinched out into a thin, generally 
undulating flange or rim, which is usually projecting above the sut- 
ures; last whorl generally descending; base slightly convex, spir- 
ally lirate and radiately striate; aperture very oblique, transverse- 
oval, channelled at the outer angle, white or pinkish within; colu- 
mella broad, flat; color grayish, variegated above with brown, base 
lighter. Alt. 20, diam. 26 mill. 

Australian Seas; Tasmania. 

An extremely mutable type. The following*varieties have been, 


considered distinct species, but I cannot find characters stable 
enough to separate them. 


Var. PILEOLUM Reeve, 1842. PI. 54, figs. 53, 54. 

Shell grayish white; sculpture obsolete above and nearly so be- 
low; keel very broad and thin. | Alt. 23, diam. 34 mill. 

T. limbiferus Kiener is synonymous. Neither was ever described 
by their authors. 

The aperture is often more deeply deflected than in the specimen 
figured. The young are plicate above as in A. fimbriatum. 
Var. CUCULLATUM Kicner. PI. 54, figs. 50, 51. 

Shell conical; whorls 7-8, somewhat plicate, and except the up- 
per ones, densely granose-lirate above and below. 

Alt. 35, diam. 46 mill. 

More conical and elevated than the type. 


240 ASTRALIUM. 


Var. SQUAMIFERUS Koch. PI. 54, fig. 52. 
Similar to the type; but flange not exserted at the sutures, and 
‘scarcely undulating. Alt. 19, diam. 30 mill. 


A. TENTORUFORME Jonas, 1845. Pl. 53, figs. 41, 42. 

Shell elate-conic, imperforate, solid, pale yellowish, spire elevated, 
whorls 7-8, very obliquely finely wrinkled, flat above, base concave; 
periphery acutely carinated, above the carina obscurely longitudi- 
nally folded; base with numerous regular concentric squamose 
lirse; aperture very oblique, silvery within, angled at the carina, 
basal margin nearly straight, tinged with pink; columella short, 
wide, arcuate, sometimes pinkish, terminating in a tubercle below; 
parietal callus usually covering more than half the surface of the 
base, its margin often elevated. Alt. 35, diam. 35 mill. 

Australia. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 46) oval, brown within with sublateral 
nucleus; outside white, with a curved sub-obsolete central rib and 
an obsolete short basal rib. 

Synonyms: J. urvillei Phil., T. georgianus Quoy, fide Kiener. 

Some specimens are more elevated, others more depressed than 
the figures. 


A. AUREUM Jonas, 1844, PI. 64, figs. 52-54. 

Shell small, depressed-conic, solid, golden yellow or olive, imper- 
forate; spire low-conic; whorls 5, scarcely convex above, plicate at 
the sutures, the folds becoming fainter and frequently, bifurcating 
toward the periphery, spirally lirate, the lirse below rather coarse, 
beaded, above finer, cutting the folds more or less into granules; last 
whorl generally descending toward the aperture, compressed toward 
the periphery, which is subangular except in large specimens; aper- 
ture rather small, oblique, pearly white, columellar callus dilated 
over the umbilical region, and excavated there, and with an indis- 
tinct denticle near its base. Alt. 10-14, diam. 12-19 mill. 

Australia. 

A very attractive little species, quite distinct in aspect from its 

nearest allies. 


Subgenus UVANILLA Gray 1850. 


Shell conic, imperforate, periphery sharply carinated, carina 
nodose, spinose or nearly smooth; whorls flattened above, flat or 


—r 


ASTRALIUM. QAI 


concave below; operculum oblong, nucleus nearly on the margin, 
subterminal, outer face with two strong ribs. 
Panamie and Californian Provinces, 
Carinidea Swains., in part, is a synonym. 


A. OLIVACEUM Wood. PI. 53, figs. 39, 40. 


Shell conic, acute, imperforate, olive-green or brownish; whorls 
6-7, slightly convex, obliquely finely striate, longitudinally finely 
plicate, the folds at right angles to the strize, and interrupted one- 
third of the distance from the suture to the periphery by two spiral 
impressed furrows; suture undulating, linear; peripheral carina 
slightly nodose; base concave, radiately finely lamellose striate, 
with a somewhat nodulose rib revolving midway between the pe- 
riphery and the center; aperture silvery white within, oblique, angled 
and channelled at outer side; base nearly straight; columella arched, 
deeply excavated at position of umbilicus, the whole umbilical area 
brilliant vermillion, with a black spiral rib. Alt. 55, diam. 65 mill. 

Central America to Gulf of California. 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 24, 25) oval, black to yellowish inside, 
with marginal apex, frequently concealed by growth of the last 
whorl; outside white, strongly bicostate. TJ. erythropthalmus Phil. 
and 7. brevispinosus Val. are synonyms. 


A. Buscuit Phil., 1844. PI. 53, figs. 37, 38. 


Shell conic, imperforate, solid, olivaceous brown, maculated ob- 
scurely above with brown, green or white; whorls 7, longitudinally 
costate below the sutures and above the periphery, with two spiral 
series of tubercles around the middle of the flattened upper surface, 
or sometimes finely irregularly plicate over the whole upper surface; 
periphery acutely carinated, bearing numerous short compressed 
triangular radiating spines; base flat, densely radiately lamellose- 
striate, with a strong rib revolving midway between periphery and 
center; aperture oblique, pearly white within, transversely ovate, 
deeply channelled at periphery; columellar region white, strongly 
bicostate, deeply excavated at position of umbilicus; parietal callus 
not much extended. Alt. 30-40, diam. 40-50 mill. 

Panama to the Gulf of California. 

Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 27) oblong, nucleus submarginal; outside 
white, with a strong curved central rib, its terminations joined by 


a A-shaped ridge. 
16 


9492 ASTRALIUM. 


T. brevispinosus Sowb., T.inermis Lam. and some authors, are syn- 
onymous. Differs from <A. olivaceum in the white umbilical callus; 
from A. unguis in the sculpture of the base. 


A. unauis Wood. PI. 53, ftgs. 34-36. 

Shell conie, solid, imperforate, brown or gray; spire conic, acute ; 
whorls 6, above very obliquely striate and flattened, longitudinally 
irregularly plicate, sharply carinated at the periphery and produced 
into radiating compressed truncated digitations; base flat or concave, 
concentrically regularly and finely lirate, liree about seven in number, 
radiately densely, finely lamellose-striate; aperture very oblique 
silvery within, angular at periphery, lower margin nearly straight; 
columella oblique slightly concave, excavated at position of umbili- 
cus, with a spiral white rib; parietal callus covering over half the 


base of the shell. Alt. 40. diam. 50 mill. 
Panama to Mazatlan. 


Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 17) white outside, excavated on each side 
of a strong granulose curved central rib, the terminations connected 
by a shorter ridge curved in the opposite direction. 

T. amictus Val. and T. multipes Phil.aresynonymous.  T. digita- 
tus Desh. is a variety with strong longitudinal folds (fig. 34.) 


» 


Subgenus Cooxra Lesson, 1832. 


Shell large conical, imperforate; periphery rounded; base con- 
cave; umbilical tract concave, smooth; operculum ovate, narrowed 
toward the distal extremity, nucleus subterminal, outside with two 
convex smooth ribs. 

Australo-Zealandic Province. 
A. suLcatuM Martyn, 1784. PI. 64, fig. 55. 

Shell large, conic, imperforate, rather thin; spire more or less 
elevated; sutures deeply impressed; whorls 7, well rounded, with 
close lamellose incremental strize, and corrugated by obliquely des- 
eending subtuberculose folds; periphery rounded, base flattened, 
bearing concentric densely squamose lire, deeply concave in the cen- 
ter, and indented in the place of the umbilicus ; aperture transverse- 
ly oval, very oblique, pearly and somewhat corrugated within; col- 
umella arcuate, thin; umbilical region and part of base covered with 
a thin callus. Alt. 65-30, diam. 90 mill. 

New Zealand; Chatham Is. 

Operculum (pl. 59, fig. 26) brownish or white outside. 


ASTRALIUM. 243 


The synonyms are .Trochus cooksianus ete., Chemnitz, T. cookii 
Gmel. and of most authors, Cookia nobilis Lesson. 
This species frequently exceeds the above dimensions. 


Var. DAVISII Stowe, 1871. Unfigured. 


Whorls keeled at the periphery. 
Blind Bay, N. Z. 


Subgenus PoMAULAX Gray. 1850. 


Shell large, conic, solid, imperforate ; periphery carinated ; base 
flattened ; umbilical tract with a strong curved rib; operculum ob- 
‘ovate, narrower toward the proximal extremity, nucleus terminal, 
outside with four strong granulose ribs radiating from the nucleus. 

Japonic and Californian Provinces. 


A. unposuM Wood, 1828. PI. 58, figs. 69, 70. 

Shell large, conic, imperforate, white, covered with a strong ob- 
liquely lamellose corneous epidermis; whorls 6-8, planulate, with 
oblique radiating tuberculate coste above; periphery with an un- 
dulating nodose carina; base flattened, with three to five concentric 
corrugations; aperture subovate, very oblique, angular, pearly with- 
in; columella dilated, with a semicircular groove at the position of 
umbilicus, the umbilical tract bounded by a white grooved ridge. 

Alt. 80, diam. 110 mill. | California. 

Operculum (pl. 59, figs. 18-20) obovate, slightly convex inside, 
nucleus terminal; outside white, with four strong curved sharply 
granulose ribs radiating from the apex. 

T. gigas Anton, and 7. balenarum Val. are synonyms. 

T. rutilus C. B. Ad. is said to be a very young worn shell of this 
species. 

Specimens of this shell frequently attain much larger size than 
the dimensions above given. I haveseen specimens of 130 mill. alt. 
135 mill. diam. Very large examples sometimes become rounded 
at the periphery, and acquire corrugated sculpture upon the last 
whorl, quite similar to that of A. sulcatum Mart. 


A. JApontcuM Dunker, 1845. PI. 58, figs. 63, 64. 

Shell large, depressed-conic, imperforate ; pale yellowish; whorls 
6, planulate above, obliquely tuberculate-plicate ; periphery expand- 
ed, compressed, carinated, bearing wide nodose spines; base planu- 


244 ASTRALIUM. 


late, with concentric tuberculate lire ; umbilical tract white, callous, 

depressed ; aperture transversely dilated, subrhomboidal, angulate. 
Alt. 65, diam. 95 mill. Japanese Seas. 
A rare species in collections. 


A. TAYLORIANUM E. A. Smith, 1880. PI. 63, fig. 31. 


Shell turbinate-conic, flattened below, imperforate, purple rose 
colored, marked with indistinct and very oblique strigations above, 
below white; spire short-conic, with rectilinear outlines; whorls 
about 8, subconcave above, slightly convex, with a subsutural sub- 
squamose carina, and encircled by numerous subequal granulose 
lire; last whorl acutely carinated below the middle, slightly exea- 
vated above and flat below the carina; base white with an outer 
zone of purple red, concentrically ornamented with series of gran- 
ules ; umbilical region with a white smooth callous, its margin stained 
with yellow. Columella arcuate, white calloused.” 

Alt. 40, diam. 49 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

The original figure and description are given. 

It probably does not belong to Pomaulaz. The operculum is 
unknown. 


Subgenus Pacnypoma Gray, 1850. 


Shell similar in form to Pomaulax, but umbilical tract scarcely 
ribbed; operculum oblong, narrow, the nucleus terminal; outside 
very convex, White, smooth, with a broad central convexity and ob- 
solete narrow side ribs. 

Californian Province. 

I restrict this subgenus to A. inequale, the first species mentioned 
by Gray in his description. A. celatwm Gmel., usually classed here, 
belongs to a wholly different section of the genus. : 


A. INEQUALE Martyn, 1784. PI. 57, figs. 51, 52. 

Shell conic, imperforate, rather solid, with a chestnut brown cuti- 
cle, lighter beneath; whorls 6-7, planulate above, sutures slightly 
impressed, bordered below by a series of obliquely descending cor- 
rugations, which are cut into granules by from one to five spiral 
furrows; periphery carinate, subspinose on the upper whorls, usual- 
ly nearly smooth on body-whorl; base nearly flat, concentrically 
lirate, the liree more or less tuberculate, five or six in number, their 
interstices regularly striate; aperture subtriangular, white within, 


LEPTOTHYRA. 245 


the lower margin fluted; columella arcuate, broad, excavated at 
position of the umbilicus, and terminating in a tooth-like promi- 
nence below. Alt. 45, diam. 55-62 mill. 

Western America, Acapulco to Vancouver Id. 

Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 68, 68a) inside deep brown, convex at up- 
per, concave toward lower margin; outside smooth, or rugose at the 
distal extremity, and white, brownish toward the nucleus. 

Synonyms, Trochus gibberosus Zealandiw Nove ete., Chemnitz, 
Trochus gibberosus (or Pachypoma gibberosum) “Chemnitz” of au- 
thors, (not Trochus inaequalis umbilicatus ete., Chemnitz, T. 
inequalis Gmel.a species of Trochide), T. diadematus Val., and T. 
ochraceus Phil. 

The name inequalis Martyn, here adopted for this species, has four 
years priority over Chemnitz’s name. Besides, the latter author 
was a polynomialist, and merely copies Martyn’s excellent figures 
of the species. 


Genus LEPTOTHYRA (Carpenter) Dall, 1871. 


Shell small or minute, globose-depressed, solid, compact; umbili- 
cate or imperforate, whorls 5-7, spirally sculptured, the last generally 
somewhat deflexed at the aperture; aperture subcircular, white and 
nacreous within; columella generally but not always bluntly den- 
ticulate near the base. Operculum subcircular, nearly flat or 
concavo-convex, inside with a very thin corneous layer, slightly 


convex, with many gradually increasing whorls, the nucleus sub- 
centric elevation or ridge around the margin, most prominent at 
its termination, the middle portion concave and more or less rugose. 

The species are numerous, inhabiting nearly all tropical and sub- 
tropical seas; but most numerous in the Pacifie. 

The synonymy includes Col/onia Gray (in part), Collonia of most 
authors, Leptonys and Homalopoma Carpenter (preoc.), Cantrainea 
Jeffreys, Cantraineia Fischer, Anadema H. & A. Adams. The 
genus is very homogeneous, and neither of the subgenera proposed, 
(Cantrainea Jeff. for L. carinata, and Anadema Ads. for L. coelata 
Ad. have sufficient characters for any systematic rank. 

The characters of the dentition are discussed on p. 188. The 
rank and position of this group has been the subject of considerable 
controversy; but partly, perhaps, on account of the minute size of 
the species, partly because of the scattered and inexact condition of 


central; outside calcareous, subspiral, with a slightly convex con- 


246 LEPTOTHYRA. 


the literature relating to it, the group has never been made aw 
object of critical systematic study. Previous monographers have 
included the few species noticed at all in Turbo and Trochus. 

As to the family affinities of Leptothyra, the totality of its charac- 
ters seem to me.to indicate that its position is at the end of the 
Turbinide, rather than in the Trochidew, where it has been placed 
by Von Martens, Tryon and others. There is, in fact, no character 
save the niultispiral operculum, which at all affiliates Leptothyra to 


the latter family; and, as I have shown, (p. 184), all the genera of 


Turbinide possess in the very young stage, multispiral opercula 
precisely similar to that of Leptothyra; so similar, indeed, that they 
are scarcely distinguishable from it. It is altogether probable that 
the Turbines are a divergent branch from the Trochid stem; and 
that Leptothyra and Collonia represent the primitive condition of 
the entire family. 

The more complex structure of the operculum in the Turbinide 
and the reduction of the lateral teeth to five on either side,—a 
number frequently exceeded in the Trochide,—indicate higher rank 
than the latter family. / 


J am inclined to believe that the relationship of Leptothyra to: 


Collonia is very close. I am not, however, autoptically acquainted. 


with the latter genus; and until we are in possession of fuller infor- 


mation regarding it, J deem it best to retain them separate. 
I will briefly recapitulate the history of the 
Genus CoLuoNnta Gray, 1850. 


“Operculum circular, of many gradually increasing whorls, with 
a convex external rib and central pit. Shell top-shaped, solid, 


spirally striated, imperforated ; aperture circular, contracted ; inner 


lip rather callous. Type, C. (Delphinula) marginata Lam.” 
( Gray.) 

This genus was described from a Paris Basin Eocene fossil, but 
was evidently intended by its author to include also the recent spe- 


cies of the type of Turbo sanguineus L. In this wider sense the 


name was used by most authors until 1864, when P. P. Carpenter 
proposed for the recent shells the name Leptonyx, which being pre- 
occupied was changed to Leptothyra. Dall, Fischer, and a few 
others, accepting this division, have restricted Collonia to the fossil 
forms. My information regarding the genus as thus restricted is 
derived from the original description copied above, and from the 


figures of operculum and shell of the type species given by Deshayes. 


LEPTOTHYRA. 247 


and by Woodward. (PI. 60, figs. 61, 62.) I do not understand 
the discrepancy between the description of the operculum and De- 
shayes’ figure of it. The main character distinguishing Collonia 
from Leptothyra seems to be the peculiar peristome of the former. 
Fischer says of it: “péristome continu, épaissi, dilaté, excepté sur le 
bord columellaire; labre épais, parfois subdoublé ou subrefléchi. * 

Les coquilles de ce groupe ne paraissent pas avoir été nacrées- 
Leur opercule ressemble a celui des Leptothyra, mais leur ouverture 
rappelle celle des Liotia.” (Manuel de Conch., p. 812.) 

There are numerous Tertiary species. 

Nore. The operculum of Leptothyra frequently offers excellent 
specific characters, just as it does in Turbo and Astralium; and at- 
tention to these will often enable one to readily separate species of 
which the shells exhibit considerable similarity. 


L. CARPENTER! Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 59a, figs. 26-29. 

Shell small, globose, very solid, imperforate, spire conic, more or 
less depressed ; suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, slightly 
convex, the last decidedly deflected toward the aperture, encircled 
by about fifteen subequal spiral liree, separated by interstices about 
as wide as the ridges; incremental stri generally strongly devel: 
oped, causing the lire to appear nodose or somewhat irregular, and 
the interstices to appear pitted; aperture oblique, pearly white 
within, about half the length of shell; columella areuate, base ob- 
soletely uni- bi- or tridentate; color red, ashen or purple. 

Alt. 8, diam. 8-9 mill.; dark form alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. 

Cape St. Lucas, L. California to Vancouver Id. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 66) rounded oval; outside much thinner 
and less elevated around the margins than that of L. sanguinea, 
slightly concave in the middle, nearly smooth. 

This is L. coecineus of Troschel, not Muhlf., Z. californicus von 
Martens, not of Philippi, Z. sanguineus of Carpenter and authors 
generally, not of Linn., and var. purpureus Carpenter, (preoc). 

The Californian shells appear to me to be quite distinct from the 
Mediterranean species; I have been unable to find, in the numerous 
specimens of the latter form which I have examined, any trace of 
the peculiar indentations in the grooves or of the uneven character of 
the lirze which are so conspicuous in the Californian species. The 
lire of Z. Carpenteri are generally smaller and more numerous ; 
about five or six are visible on the penultimate whorl; and those 


248 LEPTOTHYRA. 


upon the base are but little, if at all, narrower than the upper ones ; 
whilst in Z. sanguineus and L. sangarensis the difference in width is 
decided and constant. I have seen specimens of L. carpentert 
strongly lirate both above and below. As to color, “the species is 
of all shades of crimson and purple, some specimens being banded 
with white, or having the red color of the ribs interrupted by ob- 
lique streaks of white; some specimens, excepting the dark apex, 
being pure white.” (Daill.) 

I did not adopt the varietal name purpureus, proposed by Car- 
penter, because it has already been twice used in this genus. 

L. paucicostata Dall, 1871. Pl. 63, fig. 27. 

Shell small, depressed-globose, solid, imperforate ; whorls 4, rap- 
idly increasing, very strongly spirally lirate, the liree seven to eight 
in number on the last whorl, separated by deep grooves, in which 
incremental striz are evident; sutures canaliculate; aperture con- 
tracted, pearly white within ; columella ending in a callous tubercle; 
color rusty brown or rose-red, frequently with alternating white 
spots on the ribs, interstices generally lighter, sometimes pure white. 

Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. 

Monterey, Catalina Id. and San Diego, Cal. 

Most nearly allied to the preceding, but differing sufficiently in 
the extremely coarse prominent ribs. 

L. BAcuLA Carpenter, 1865. Pl. 59a, fig. 33. 

Shell small, depressed-globose, solid, imperforate, rufous ashy ; 
whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, obsoletely but regu- 
larly spirally striate; aperture large, oblique, deflexed above. 

Alt. 4, diam. 5 mill. 

Collonia paucicostata Sowb. (not Dall) is a synonym. 

Allied to L. carpenteri, but readily separated by the nearly obso- 
lete spiral sculpture. 

L. marcinata (“Nuttall”) Reeve, 1848. Pl. 58, figs. 51, 52. 

“Shell ovate, rather solid, imperforated, spirally striated, slightly 
grooved ; aperture small; whitish stained and blotched with livid 
olive.” (Reeve.) ; 
Upper California. 

I have copied Reeve’s description and the figures of Reeve and of 
Sowerby—the latter said to be twice the natural size. If this shell 
ever came from California, which is very improbable, it might be a 
form of L. bacula Cpr. It is not the 7. maginatus Nuttall mss., 
which is a species of Trochide. 


. 


—— 


LEPTOTHYRA. 249 


LL. CUNNINGHAMI E. A. Smith, 1881. PI. 57, figs. 56, 57 
Shell small, subglobose, perforate in the young state, when adult 
imperforate, of a rose-madder color; whorls 43, the apical one whit- 
ish, the rest convex, and finely spirally striated, also marked with 
faint oblique lines of growth; suture rather deep; last whorl ob- 
liquely descending near the lip, somewhat flattened beneath near 
the center; aperture obliquely subcircular, iridescent within ; colu- 
mella pearly, spread over the umbilicus; labrum with a narrow 

pinkish margin within. Alt. 43, diam. 5 mill. (Smith.) 
Port Rosario and Portland Bay, Patagonia. 


Op steninat as usual in the genus. 


L. sANGuUINEA Linn., 1758. PI. 49, figs. 48, 49; pl. 64, figs. 60, 61. 
Shell small, very solid, orbicular, depressed, with conic spire ; 
whorls 4:—5, convex, strongly spirally lirate, the lirse smooth, about 
twelve in number on body-whorl, three on penultimate whorl, not per- 
ceptibly crenulated by the very subtle incremental strize ; above the 
lire are coarse, smooth, and generally irregularly spaced, interstices 
smooth, as wide or wider than the ribs; below more finely lirate ; last 
whorl well rounded, deflected anteriorly ; aperture somewhat con- 
tracted, oblique, pearly white within, peristome rather thick, its ends 
not converging, columella short, Genel arcuate, thick and heavy; 
terminating below in an obtuse tubercle, base of aperture some- 
times bearing an inconspicuous dentiform callus at margin; color 

deep crimson. Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. 
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. 

The species has also been dredged off the Atlantic Coast of France. 

Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 54, 55) inside slightly convex, light yel- 
low, with about ten very slowly and regularly increasing whorls, 
the last third of the outermost considerably widened; outside 
calcareous, white, flat, concave in the central area and coarsely ru- 
gose, outer margins with a slightly elevated very finely radiately 
wrinkled concentric rib, which is slightly more elevated near its ter- 
mination. 

The synonyms are 7. purpureus Risso, T. coccineus Muhlf., and 
T. belliwi Payr. 

The differential characters of L. carpenteri, DL. sanguinea and LD. 
sangarensis are pointed out under the descriptions of the first and last 
species. There is not the slightest occasion for any longer confound- 
ing these three unfortunate species. The occurence of the real L. 
sanguinea Linn. in Japanese waters still requires confirmation. 


250 4 LEPTOTHYRA. 


L. sANGARENSIS Schrenck, 1861. PI. 47, figs. 27, 28; pl. 64, fig. 59. 
Shell small, turbinate-conic, almost trochiform, imperforate, solid, 
dark purplish-brown or reddish ; sculpture consisting of fine crowd- 
ed spiral concentric lirze on the base, which is very slightly convex, 
and coarse cord-like lirse above, about five or six in number on the 
body-whorl and with more or less minute lirulze between them ; incre-. 
mental striulz visible under a lens; spire elevated conic, subacute, the 
apical whorl white; suture deeply impressed; whorls 4-5; last whorl 
but slightly descending, subecarinate below the middle; aperture 
small, less than half the total length of shell, oblique, rounded, within 
pearly, and iridescent; outer lip rather thin; columella obliquely 
arcuate, rather broad and flattened, very obtusely subtuberculate 

just below the middle. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. 
Japan. 

T. corallinus Reeve (pl. 63, fig. 20) is probably synonymous. 

Quite variable in its proportions, according to Schrenck, one of his. 
specimens measuring, alt. 72, diam. 8 mill. 

This seems to be the shell which many authors have reported from 
Japan as 7. sanguineus L. From that species it differs in the conic 
form, more finely lirate base, narrower ribs above, flatter hase, ete. 
From L. amussitata the lack of distinct decussation will separate 
sangarensis. I was unfortunate enough to lose the only operculum 
of this form in my possession, before describing it. 


L. amussitaTa Gould. Pl. 55, figs. 71, 72. 

Shell globose-conic, imperforate, solid, uniform deep crimson ; sut- 
ures deeply impressed; whorls 5, convex, spirally lirate, the lire 
large and prominent on middle portion of whorl, alternating with 
smaller intercalated riblets; base very finely concentrically striate, 
the whole surface decussated by numerous regular oblique impress- 
ed lines in the direction of incremental strix ; last whorl descending 
anteriorly ; aperture subcirecular, oblique, less than half the length 
of shell, silvery within; columella slightly tuberculate at base. 

Alt. 8-10, diam. 8-10 mill. 

Japan. 

Operculum (pl. 60, figs. 51, 52.) 

Oollonia rubra A. Ad., mss. is a synonym according to Sowerby. 

A charming little shell, easily separated from its allies by the 
finely decussated surface. 


2 


LEPTOTHYRA. 251 


L. rusprA Dunker, 1882. Pl. 69, fig. 26. 

Shell small, solid, globose ; whorls 4-43, rotund, marked with sub- 
eranose transverse costule ; suture obvious; aperture rotund, irides- 
cent and pearly within ; lip thickened. 

Alt. scarcely 6, diam. 6-62 mill. (Dunker.) 

Japan. 

Collonia rubra Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 128, pl. 12, f. 7-9. 

Nearly allied to L. sanguinea L., but differing in the sculpture of 
the ribs. 


L. PURPURASCENS Dunker, 1882. PI. 69, fig. 24. 

Shell globose, whorls 5, rounded, separated by subcanaliculate 
sutures, transversely sculptured by unequal graniferous costule ; 
aperture rotund, sulcate within and pearly ; columella thickened. 


Alt. 8, diam. 9-10 mill. (Dunker.) 
Japan. 


Collonia purpurascens Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 129, pl. 12, 
f. 1-3. 

I have not seen this species, nor L. rubra Dkr. Both are allied 
to amussitata Gould, and purpurascens may prove to be a synonym 
of that species. . rubra seems to be distinct. 


L. puRPURATA Desh., 1863. PI. 54, fig. 61. 
? 2 f=) 

Shell minute, turbinate, subglobose, imperforate, somewhat de- 
pressed, vivid purple, white-fasciate inthe middle; whorls 4, the 
first obtuse, the following convex, spirally suleate, the last large; 
base a little depressed, white at center; aperture very oblique, circu- 

5) ) 4 ’ 
lar, pearly within, margin thickened; columella arcuate, simple. 


Alt. 13, diam. 2 mill. 
Mauritius. 


Var. TRICINGULATA von Martens, 1880. : 
Subglobose, umbilicate; whorls 3, gradate, the last with three 

elevated contiguous cinguli; the upper one nodulous, brick-red, the 

basal white, encircled by a deep red band; aperture circular, white, 


columellar margin thickened. (Martens.) 
Mauritius. 


L. RosEocINcTA von Martens, 1880. PI. 68, figs. 14-19. 
Shell globose, imperforate, smooth, white, apex rosy, peripheral 


fascia rather wide, frequently composite, rose-colored, basal fascia 
narrow; whorls 33, slightly convex, the last rotund; suture super- 


2a2 LEPTOTHYRA. 


ficial; base slightly excavated at the position of the umbilicus; aper- 
ture oblique, circular; peristome white, thickened. 

Alt. 13, diam. 13 mill. (Martens.) 

Mauritius. 
L. rouint Pilsbry, 1888. Pl. 57, fig. 58. 

Shell minute, turbinate, subglobose, vivid blood red; whorls 4, 
the first depressed, subcarinated, apical whorl subcostate, transverse- 
ly lirate, liree rounded, the wide interstices regularly minutely 
transversely striate; last whorl large, umbilicate; aperture sub- 
circular, right margin somewhat thickened, the left reflexed ; colu- 
mella simple, arcuate. Alt. 1:2, diam. 1°5 mill. - 

Mauritius. 

This is Turbo sanguineus de Folin, (preoe.) 

L. SEMILUGUBRIS Desh., 1863. Pl. 58, fig. 52a. 

Shell small, turbinate, subglobose, white, marbled with black ; 
spire somewhat obtuse ; whorls 5, declivous above, spirally deeply 
suleate, the sulci subgranulose; last whorl large, base perforate ; 
aperture circular, pearly within, very oblique; columella arcuate, 
flat, truncate anteriorly. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill. 

Mauritius. 
L. carinata Cantraine, 1835. Pl. 63, fig. 35. 

Shell subconie, thick, glabrous; upper whorls carinated, the last 
depressed above, lightly striate in the median portion; base smooth, 
shining. (Cantraine.) Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. 

Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay, 125 to 731 fms. 

Also found in the Italian and Sicilian Tertiary. 

Trochus carinatus Cantr., Bull. Soe. Roy. Bruxelles, 1835, p. 387. 
(not Trochus carinatus Borson, Mem. Ac. Torino, 1822, which is ap- 
parently a species of Astraliwm.) 

Trochus glabratus Phil., Fauna Moll. Sicil., 1844, is synonymous. 

This deep water form of the Mediterranean and adjacent Atlan- 
tic, seems to be specifically identical with the Western Atlantic 
shells dredged by the CHALLENGER and the BLAKE and describ- 
ed under the names 7. indutus Watson and LL. albida Dall. I 
have before me specimens of the latter form which correspond very 
nearly with Cantraine’s figures. 


Var. PELORITANA Cantraine, 1835. PI. 63, fig. 34. 


Shell subconie, thick, very lightly striate, transversely subcostate 
the costee subgranose ; whorls convex ; base shining, smooth. 

Alt. 12, diam. 13 mill. (Cantraine.) 

Trochus filosus Phil., 1844, is synonymous. 


LEPTOTHYRA. 25S 


L. inputa Watson, 1879. PI. 63, fig. 36. 


Small, conoidal, high, whorls tumid, base flattened ; color white 
glossy ; whole surface faintly marked with remote spiral threads, 
and very faintly scratched with closer microscopic striz ; whorls 
bluntly angulated in the middle, and the last is so, besides, at the 
base below the periphery; this angulation meets the outer lip; the 
the second and third whorls have two or three strong spiral threads , 
there are very many close unequal oblique lines of growth; of these 
‘the strongest rise in close-set infra-sutural puckerings, which on the 
third whorl resemble small beads; there is a glossy, thin ivery- 
white calcareous coat over a brilliant pearly white layer; spire high, 
fine-pointed; apex blunt, the smooth rounded 1% whorl scarcely 
projecting ; whorls 6, of rapid increase, tumid, the penultimate ris- 
ing swollen out of the suture; base a little flattened ; suture linear, 
not impressed, a little coarse, slightly marginated by the up-lap ot 
the succeeding on the preceding whorl and the slight tumidity 
caused by the infra-sutural puckerings; aperture very oblique, 
round, with a soft pearly nacre all round: outer lip very slightly 
descending, thick, bevelled outwards to a sharp edge; there is a 
‘broad thin hyaline pad spread over the body and connecting the 
outer lip and the pillar, which is broad, thick, shallowly excavated, 
with a slight external median horizontal tooth or ridge; the edge is 
reverted and closely appressed. Alt. ‘27, diam. 25 inch. 

300 fms. in Pteropod ooze, off Culebra Id., W. Indies, 

Operculum small, thin, calcareous, flat, convex on the inside, 
where it shows 73 whorls; the last whorl close to its end begins 
suddenly to enlarge. ( Watson.) 

Although I have above expressed the opinion that this species as 
well as the following one, is identical with LZ. carinata Cantraine, I 
have deemed it best to give the original description and figure. 


L. AuBipA Dall, 1881. PI. 63, fig. 23, 24. 

“Shell stout solid, heavy, very nacreous, variable in form and 
sculpture, rather elevated for the genus, dead white or brownish ex- 
ternally, with the usual solid shelly operculum; whorls 5, rounded, 
apex obtuse, suture distinct ; sculpture of stout revolving ribs vary- 
ing from three to six on the upper side of the whorl, crossed by 
slight plications, most noticeable just below the sutures, but distin- 
guishable also on the base; the ribs may be few and widely separat- 
ed, or numerous and close-set; they may near the sutures be nodu- 


254 LEPTOTHYRA. 


lated by the plications or not. The base is usually more finely 
sculptured and sometimes quite smooth except for lines of growth.” 

(Daill.) 

Aperture very oblique, small, its upper margin produced forward 
and slightly deflected ; columella with a stout transverse tubercle 
about midway its length, and a minute denticle at the point of its 
junction with the basal lip; parietal wall with a bright white callus. 

Alt. 7, diam. 6? mill. 

Gulf of Mexico (off Havana, ete.) 125-1002 fms.; off Cape Hatteras, 
142 fms. 

Operculum inside pale yellow, multispiral; outside calcareous, 
polished, white, nearly smooth, showing one whorl with a concen- 
trie convexity, much elevated at its termination, central area con- 
cave. 

“This shell is so variable that I should be disposed to think 
Watson’s Turbo ( Collonia) indutus a mere abnormally smooth spec- 
imen * * * jt is very probable that they will turn out to be 
varieties of the same species.” (Dail.) 


L. rmLirFER Desh., 1863. Pl. 58, figs. 57, 58. 

Shell subglobulose, solid, turbinate, perforate, rosy rubescent, 
variegated with castaneous and white; spire short, obtuse; whorls 
5, spirally finely lirate, the last large; base subdepressed ; aperture 
lunate-circular, oblique, pearly within; columella callous below. 


Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. 
: Mauritius. 


L. crcer (Menke) Phil., 1844. Pl. 54, fig. 62. 

Shell small, globose-conic, solid, perforate, whitish, tessellated 
with purple-brown or reddish, the markings usually arranged in 
regular longitudinal series; spire conic ; whorls 43—5, convex, with 
moderate sutures, somewhat flattened and sloping around the upper 
part, spirally coarsely and rather obscurely lirate ; aperture oblique, 
slightly deflected above; columella obsoletely dilated toward the 
base, umbilicus very narrow ; base finely lirate. 

Alt. 6-7, diam. 6-7 mill. 

Cape of Good Hope. 

T. sanguineus Reeve = T. roseus Phil. may be synonymous with 
this species. At any rate no one can tell positively from Reeve’s 
wretched description and figure what form he had before him. 


LEPTOTHYRA. 255 


L. coriata A. Ad., 1854. PI. 48, fig. 38. 

Shell ovate-conoid, trochiform, thick, slightly elevated, below 
subdepressed, umbilicate ; spire obtuse ; whorls 5-6, slightly convex, 
longitudinally and obliquely striate, spirally granose-lirate; suture 
impressed ; last whorl obtusely angular at the middle, with 16-18 
spiral granose lire, the granules small, close; aperture transversely 
ovate, silvery within; lip simple; -columella narrow, arcuate, thick- 
ened at the base; umbilicus deep, with a spiral funicle inside; co- 
lor reddish yellow. Alt. 11, diam. 16 mill. 


Mogador ; E. coast Africa. 
Operculum calcareous. 


This is the Omphalius coelatus A. Ad., and the Turbo MacAn- 
drewi Morch, T. macandrei Sby. It is the type of Anadema A. Ad., 
proposed as a subgenus of Omphalius, and characterized by the 
spiral funicle within the umbilicus. 


L. rrickit Crosse, 1865. Unfigured. 

Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-turbinate, delphinuliform, 
somewhat thick, spirally finely striate, bicostate, white, more or less 
variegated with black ; suture subcrenulated ; whorls 4, (embryonic 
13 smooth, white), rapidly increasing, subplane at sutures, the last 
tri-costato-carinate, the costze articulated with white and black, 
slightly descending; base somewhat convex, spirally granulose- 
striate; aperture round, white, scarcely pearly, the basal margin 
thickened. Alt. 4, diam. 53 mill. 

Gulf of California. 


Var. beta is gray, obscurely maculated with black. 


L. EUCHARIS Crosse, 1865. Unfigured. 

Shell narrowly perforate, turbinate, delphinuliform, rather thick, 
dirty white, spirally articulated with black and white, with lougitu- 
dinal very fine suboblique impressed strix and spiral costate, the 
central rib prominent, forming a carina ; apex obtuse, subplanulate ; 
whorls 43, (embryonic 13 smooth, white, flat,) rapidly increasing, 
convex, carinate, the last descending; base slightly convex, concen- 
trically costulate and finely radiately striate; aperture round, 
white, scarcely pearly, basal margin rather wide, subthickened. 

Alt. 63, diam. 53 mill. 


Habitat unknown. 


256 LEPTOTHYRA. 


Opereulum caleareous with central nucleus; outside subtly gran- 
ulose, concave in the center, with two prominent concentric coste. 

A variety has the dark color replaced by scarlet; the spiral 
coste are articulated with white and scarlet. 

The above two descriptions are derived from the original ones of 
Crosse. 


L. MACULOSA Pease, 1862. Pl. 57, fig. 60. 

“Shell small, globose, umbilicate, rather thin, shining, concentric- 
ally irregularly ribbed, interstices grooved, concave, transversely 
very faintly striate, white, ribsspotted remotely with rose red” (Pease). 

Alt. 2, diam. 14 mill. 


9 


Ins. Paumotus. 

To Pease’s description of this lovely species, I would add that the 

spire of adults is more obtuse than his figure, which I have copied, 

indicates. The altitude is about equal to the diameter; the subsut- 

ural rib is frequently nodose; and the umbilicus, as in the follow- 

ing species, is crenated within the margin. It is most nearly allied 
to L. picta Pse. 


L. cANDIDA Pease, 1860. Pl. 63, fig. 40. 

“Shell minute, thin, perforate, orbicular, ornamented with raised 
spiral strive (margins of upper whorls granose at the sutures?) inner 
lip callous; aperture circular.” (Pease). 

Sandwich Is. 

I have given Sowerby’s miserable figure of this species. I have 
not seen specimens ; and so inadequate a description does not deserve 
recognition. 


L. picra Pease, 1868. Pl. 69, fig. 35. 

Shell small, solid, globose, umbilicate, concentrically ribbed ; spire 
somewhat exserted; whorls angulated at their upper part ; aperture 
circular; columella slightly callous; whitish, striped on the upper 
part of the whorls longitudinally with reddish brown, below spotted. 


(Pease). Alt. 5, diam. 22 mill. 
Tahiti ; Paumotus. 


Operculum, pl. 60, ng. 63. 

The upper whorls of the spire are granulose above. There is con- 
siderable variation in the prominence of the lirze on the central por- 
tion of the body-whorl; the margin of the umbilicus is more or less 
plicate; and the last whorl is slightly deflected toward the aperture. 


LEPTOTHYRA. 2at 


L. rusricinctA Mighels, 1845. Pl. 39a, fig. 32. 


Shell minute, depressed-globose, perforate ; spire short, apex ob- 
tuse ; whorls 4, convex, encircled by coarse white spiral ribs, the in- 
terstices deep red; base smooth, with concentric red stripes; aper- 
ture large, rounded, oblique; umbilicus narrow. 

Alt. 13, diam. 12 mill. Hawaiian Is. 

The synonyms are Turbo multilineata Garrett, Collonia rubrilin- 
eata and C. multistriata (Pse.) Sowerby, and Leptothyra rubrilineata 
(Garrett) v. Martens. 

Some specimens are beaded below the sutures, and there is some 
variation in the width of the umbilical perforation. The revolving 
ribs are sometimes obsolete; but so far as I know the red spiral 
stripes are constant; of these there are usually eight to double that 
number on the body-whorl. 

Mr. Pease distributed this species under the name of “rubrilineata 
Garrett.” This fact probably accounts for the names quoted by 
Sowerby. 


lL. ExiLts Philippi, (1849?) PI. 62, figs. 3-5. 

“Intermediate between TJ. sanguineus and T. rubricinctus, and 
separated from both by its rather wide umbilicus; there are 4 whorls, - 
which are rapidly increasing and well rounded ; the spiral ridges are 
about 12 on the body-whorl, but vary in number; they are subgran- 
ulose, and at the suture distinctly tuberculose. The border of the 
umbilicus is crenated; aperture circular; color bright carmine, some- 
what lighter in the furrows; umbilical tract pure white; aperture 
inside pale red.” Alt. 52 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

This species is unknown to me. The above paragraph contains 
all the information given by Philippi. 


L. verruca Gould, 1845. Pl. 59a, figs. 50, 3 

Shell small, short ovate-conic, solid, imperforate or narrowly um- 
bilicate, white with numerous revolving series of red or brown tessel- 
lations ; whorls 5, spirally lirate, the lire largest at middle of whorl, 
and sometimes causing a slight carina there; last whorl slightly but 
abruptly deflected anteriorly; aperture circular, white, columella 
arcuate, wide, white, not dentate below; base with a minute inter- 
nal denticle. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. 


Sandwich Is. 
1h 


258 LEPTOTHYRA. 


Some specimens are almost entirely red ; others are white, with red 
spots at the periphery. ‘There is some variation in form, also, and 
in the prominence of the spiral riblets. 

Turbo glariosa Gould is a synonym, according to Sowerby. I ean- 
not find that Gould ever described such a species. 

An annoying tangle in the synonymy of this species and L. rubri- 
cincta Migh. resulted from the identification of Gould’s verruca with 
Mighel’s species by Mr. Pease, and, following him by Von Martens,. 
who figures and describes rubricincta Migh., under the name rubri- 
fineata Garrett, and verruca Gld. under the name rubricincta Mighels.. 


L. RosEopuNCTATA Angas, 1880. Pl. 57, figs. 54, 55. 
“Shell minute, narrowly and deeply umbilicated, globosely turbi- 
‘nate, solid, white, more or less dotted or flamed all over with bright 
rose color; whorls 4, convex, closely concentrically ridged through- 
out; aperture subcircular; peritreme a little thickened and contract- 
ed.” (Angas). Alt. 24, diam. 3% mill. 
Holdjast Bay, St. Vineents Gulf, Australia, (in shell sand). 


L. priuLta Dunker, 1860. Pl. 58, fig. 59. 

Shell small, globose-conic, umbilicate, solid, dirty white, obseure- 
ly radiately maculated and spotted above and banded below with 
dull purplish brown; spire short, conic; whorls 4, the apical one al- 
most flat, the last not deflected anteriorly, spirally lirate, the lirze 
about 25 in number, unequal, finely transversely striate; aperture 
subvertical, circular, peritreme thick; columella excavated at the 
deep umbilicus, which bears internally a spiral callous rib; margin 


of umbilicus crenulate or plicate. Alt. 43, diam. 5-6 mill. 
Japan. 


Cyniscajaponica A. Ad.,issynonymous. It is also the T. ( Collonia) 
pillula of Sowerby. Described originally as a Liotia. 


L. tara Montrouzier, 1863. Pl. 63, figs. 29, 30. 

Shell small, umbilicate, subconoid-globose, solid, spirally unequal- 
ly lirate, upper whorls granulate and base sometimes slightly so, 
dull white, maculate, generally flammulate above with chestnut, ir- 
regularly spotted below; spire short, apex obtuse; whorls 4, suture 
impressed, the last whorl briefly deflexed anteriorly; aperture round- 
ed, oblique, in adults erenulated within; columella excavated at the 
narrow deep umbilicus. Alt. 43, diam. 5 mill. 

New Caledonian Archipelago; Viti and Solomon Is., Australia. 


LEPTOTHYRA. 259 


Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 65) inside yellowish, multispiral, nucleus 
somewhat excentric ; outside calcareous, white, concentrically coarse- 
ly striate and radiately marked, except on margin of increment, 
which is smooth and elevated ; center subeoncave and coarsely gran- 
ulose. 

The synonyms are 7. costu/osus Sowb., T. costulatus (‘“Gld”) Sowb., 
and Trochus (Gibbula) supragranosus E. A. Smith. 

A well marked form, of wide distribution, of which I have before 
me many examples, all agreeing in the peculiar operculum. I ean- 
not follow Sowerby’s synonymy in this group; he seems to have unit- 
ed species from a mere superficial likeness. Here, as in the typi- 
eal Turbo and Astralium, the characters derived from the opercula 
are of high specific value, and this organ should be examined before 
uniting the numerous described species. 


L. NANINA Sowerbie, 1864. Pl. 58, figs. 55, 56. 


Shell minute, umbilicate, suborbicular ; apex obtuse; spirally im- 
pressed-striate ; apex, subsutural tract and base with impressed ra- 
diating striz ; white, marked around the periphery with rosy equal- 
ly spaced spots; whorls 5, convex; aperture rounded; columella 


thickened ; umbilicus narrow, deep, rounded, radiately plicate on 


the edge. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill. 
Ins. Art, Archipelago of N. Caledonia. 
Evidently closely allied to Z. deta. Operculum unknown. 


L. GRANULOSA Pease, 1868. PI. 57, fig. 59. 


Shell small, solid, umbilicate, depressed orbicular, spire but shght- 
ly exserted, very obtuse; whorls 4, the first planorboid, upper ones 
eranulose, the last spirally lirate, the liree about 25 in number, un- 
equal; aperture subcircular, deflected above; umbilicus plicate 
within; color whitish, painted with broad radiating stripes and 
spots of reddish brown; white around the umbilicus. 

Alt. 33, diam. 4 mill. 

Ins. Ponape. 

The spire is usually slightly shorter than in the figure. 

The aperture does not show the minute lirse within its outer mar- 
gin, and teeth within the base which are found in L. deta, and is 
smaller and more oblique than in L. piluda. 


L. rtuctuata Hutton, 1884. Pl. 64, figs. 47, 48. 


Shell small, rather solid, spirally striated, not iridescent; color 
yellowish white or pale brownish, with irregular waved longitudinal 


260 LEPTOTHYRA. 


bands of brown which are rather indistinct ; spire depressed, obtuse ; 
whorls 4, rounded, distinctly and closely spirally grooved, the um- 
bilical region smooth [or finely lirate]; suture scarcely impressed ; 
umbilicus narrow, deep; aperture subrotund; peristome acute, not 
continuous, the lower lip thickened. (Hutton.) 

Alt. 24, diam. 3 mill. 

Foveaux Straits. 

Operculum inside as usual in the genus, showing about 6 closely- 
coiled whorls; outside subvitreous and translucent, nearly smooth, 
calcareous, slightly concave in the center. 

It is Cyclostrema fluctuata Hutton. 

Separated from L. /eta by the lack of spiral sculpture on the 
operculum and the somewhat smaller size. My figures are from 
specimens received from the author. 


L. pusto (Anton) Phil., (1849?) PI. 44, fig. 70. 


Shell minute, globose-conoid, narrowly umbilicate, yellowish, 
maculated and spotted with clear and dark brown flecks; whorls 
5, the last with about sixteen, penultimate with six to eight spiral 
liree, which are as broad as their interstices; umbilicus with cren- 
ate margin; aperture circular, very smooth within. 

Alt. 43, diam. 5 mill. 

Habitat unknown. 

Tam unable to satisfactorily identify this form with any other 
known to me. Its sculpture and smooth aperture separate it from 
LL. letu Montrouzier. 


L. cAttrornica (Troschel) Phil., (1849 ?). Pl. 58, figs. 53, 54. 

Shell small, perforate, globose-conoid, very solid, white, variega- 
ted with purplish ; whorls 4, the last very closely transversely striate 
and obsoletely transversely costate; aperture orbicular; lip inside 
densely crenulated. (Philippi.) Alt. 5, diam. 6 mill. 

“California” (Philippi:) 

This species is apparently very nearly related to the 7. sanguin- 
eus L., but is distinguished by the crowded transverse striz of the 
upper surface, by the narrowly but conspicuously umbilicate base, 
by the plicze within the outer lip, and finally by the coloration, 
which consists of large deep-red maculations above at the suture 
and in the middle of the lower side, and smaller paler flecks around 
the umbilicus and at the periphery. I see no tubercle upon the 
columella. (Philippi.) 


LEPTOTHYRA. 261 


Von Martens (Nachrichtsbl. d. Mal. Gesell., 1878, p. 38,) consid- 
ers this species the same as Leptothyra sanguinea Carp. (non Linn.) 
-= [. carpenteri Pilsbry. The above description, translated from 
the original one of Philippi, shows it to belong to an entirely differ- 
ent group of species—that of J. deta Montrouzier ; and it may in- 
deed be nothing more than a bright colored example of that species. 
At all events, nothing of the sort has been found upon the Califor- 
nian coast. 


Le MUNDAPA Ad. 18fa. Pl) 57, fie. 53. 


Shell depressed turbinate, solid, narrowly umbilicate, white, stri- 
gate and maculate with pale fulvous; whorls 4, convex, angulate 
. above, finely striate, spirally lirate, the liree larger at periphery ; 
aperture circular, peristome varicose, deeply crenate; base slightly 
convex ; umbilicus with a ecrenulate margin. 

Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. 

Persian Gulf. 

I have not seen this species. It is apparently related to the fol- 
lowing. 


L. ARSINOENSIS Issel, 1869. Pl. 58, fig. 61. 

Shell small, rather solid, orbicular conoid, depressed, narrowly 
perforate, white, granulose above; spire very obtuse, apex planu- 
late; suture slightly impressed; whorls 5}, the last angulate, en- 
circled by three conspicuous coste ; base minutely concentrically 
costulate ; aperture subrotund, right margin arcuate, acute, columella 
nearly straight, much thickened; umbilicus narrow, nearly closed, 
bounded by a crenulated margin. Alt. 12, diam. 2+ mill. 

A Red Sea. 

My description is taken from Issel. He says: “ Of this species I 
have seen but a single subfossil example.” 


L. EROOPOLITANA Issel, 1869. Pl. 58, fig. 60. 


Shell small, somewhat solid, orbicular-conoid, subperforate, white, 
with very fine elevated longitudinal striz ; spirally costulate; apex 
obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, angulate above, separated by 
a distinct suture, the last with three spiral lire, obscurely angulate 
at base ; aperture subtetragonal, over half the length of shell; base 
slightly convex, concentrically cingulate; operculum white, calca- 
reous, convex outside. Alt. 23, diam. 22 mill. 

Suez. 


262 LEPTOTHYRA. 


L. auoputa Philippi, 1848. Pl. 62, figs. 10-12. pl. 64, fig. 56. 

Shell small, very thick and solid, white, radiately painted or 
sparsely spotted with pink, depressed, globose-conic; whorls 4-5, 
rounded, apex smooth and flattened, the following whorls spirally 
sculptured with closely beaded unequal lire, of which there are 
about eight to twelve principal ones, and in the interstices between 
these (except on the base) several similar but much smaller beaded 
lirule revolve; last whorl slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture 
subecireular, slightly oblique; columella obsoletely subdentate at 
base; umbilicus rather large, with a spiral scalloped rib inside its 
margin. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. } 

Antilles (Philippi) ; Indian Ocean (Academy coll.). 

In this beautifully sculptured species the granulation which 
marks the spires in the allied forms extends over the whole surface 
of the shell. 

L. TRANSENNA Watson, 1879. PI. 52, figs. 25, 24. 

Low, conical, round with expanded base, sculptured, solid ; ecross- 
hatched by narrow impressed infersecting lines which cross the 
whorls obliquely and not quite regularly nor uniformly, and which 
cut the surface into little diamonds resembling shagreen ; color dirty 
rusty white; spire rather low, but conicai; whorls of rather rapid 
increase, apparently about 6; suture linear, scarcely impressed ; 
mouth very oblique, round, nacreous to the very edge; outer lip 
very patulous, sharp on the edge, with a thick nacreous layer bev- 
elled off to the edge above and in front, but on the base turned 
over and advancing in a rounded pad beyond the lip; pillar lip 
consists of a rounded mass of nacre backed and above obscured by a 
considerable porcellanous deposit, which is widely but thinly spread 
out over the body, so as to connect in a continuous sweep the outer 
and the pillar lips; it is distinctly impressed with the scale-like 
pattern of the underlying sculpture; its edge abrupt and chipped. 

Alt. °87, diam. 1°04 inch. ( Watson.) 

Off Japan, in 565 fms. 

Operculum (pl. 60, fig. 56) thin, flat on the outside, highly por- 
cellanous with a translucent and slightly thinner central area; 
inside yellow with many whorls, the nucleus nearly central. 

( Watson.) 


L. Gesrror Caramagna, PI. 69, figs 29, 30. 
Shell conoid, imperforate, whitish, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separat- 
ed by slightly profound suture, all over obliquely minutely striate, 


LEPTOTHYRA. 263 


encircled by minutely granulose lirze, with smaller ones intercalated ; 
three first whorls but little projecting, the fourth double the length 
of the first three, the last inflated ; penultimate and last whorls with 
a median series of reddish-brown quadrangular maculations or with 
the spiral lirze articulated with brown; beneath with a less obvious 
zone of the same color; spiral lire 7 to 8 on the penultimate, 15 
on the last whorl; outer lip acute, slightly sulcate, with dots of 
carmine ; inner lip arcuate, reflexed, planate; aperture subrotund, 
pearly; operculum calcareous, pearly. Alt, 11, diam. 10 mill. 

( Caramagna. ) 

Red Sea at Assab. 

Collonia gestroi Caramagna, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., xiii, 1888, p. 152 
Oot 10, 10a. 

Compare Turbo pustulatus Brocchi, a species with which L. gestrot 
may possibly prove synomymous. 

L. pyropus Reeve, 1848. Pl. 44, fig. 67. 

Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire 
simple, whorls smooth, spirally encircled with strize ; whitish, lines 
bright red, interior silvered. (Jveeve.) 

Habitat unknown. 

Known to me only by Reeve’s description and figure. It may. 
not be a Leptothyra. 


Doubtful, undetermined and spurious species of Leptothyra. 

A portion of the following species can be determined by an inspec- 
tion of the type specimens, in those cases where they can be found. 
The others or all of them, perhaps, had better be ignored. I have 
given the original descriptions. 


'T. (COLLONIA) MARMOREUS (“Pease”) Sowerby, 1886. Pl. 69, fig. 
25. 

Testa minuta, ovata, imperforate, alba, pallide fusco-marmorata ; 
spire parva; anfr. convexo-declives, u!timus leviter elevatus, infra 
medium obtuse angulatus; apertura oblique ovata. (Sowerby.) 

Sandwich Is. ? 

Said to be in the British Museum under the above name. The 

figure is from Sowerby. 


L. cosTaTA Pease, 1869. 
Shell thick, solid, turbinate, narrowly perforate ; whorls 4, trans- 
versely ribbed, angulate at the middle, ribs largest at the angulation 


264 LEPTOTHYRA. 


and below, longitudinally finely striate ; aperture somewhat oblique, 
nearly circular; mottled and spotted with white black and brown, 
apex white. 

Alt. 3, diam. 33 mill. (Pease.) Ins. Mawi.. 


TURBO MURREUS Reeve, 1848. PI. 58, fig. 62. 


Shell minute, somewhat orbicular, slightly umbilicated, smooth, 
polished, white neatly blotched with pale rose. (Meeve). 
Habitat unknown. 
“A minute delicately colored porcelain shell.” (Feeve.) 


TuRBO (?) PULCHELLUS C. B. Ad., 1845. 

Testa minina, albida, maculis rubris quadratis inequalibus, maj- 
oribus nigrescentibus, serie decurrentibus depositus, ornata; sutura 
profunda ; anfr. 5, mediis carinatis, lineis elevatis pluribus decurren- 
tibus instructis; labro tenui; umbilico nullo. Alt. 1°65, diam. °1 inch; 
divergence of spire, 45°. (Adams.) 

Jamaica. 


COLLONIA STRIATA Gray, 1850. Unfigured. 


“Shell red, white-marbled, striated. ( Gray.) Africa.” 


TurRBO (COLLONIA) squamatus (A. Ad.) Sowerby, 1886. Pl. 44, 
figs. 66, 66a. 

Testa ovato-conica, tenuiscula, imperforata, sordida; spira acutius- 
cula; anfr. 5, superne concayo declives, deinde obtuse angulati, 
spiraliter lirati, utrinque spiraliter minute striati, et striis obliquis 
minutissime squamatis sculpti; anfr. ultimus ad peripheram angu- 
latus ; apertura parviuscula, subcircularis. Specimens in British 
Museum with name by A. Adams, but he does not seem to have 
published any description of the species. Sowerby.) 

Habitat unknown. 


T. (COLLONIA) ARMILLATUs (A. Ad.) Sowerby, 1886. 


Testa suborbicularis, imperforata, albida, flammulis obliquis angus- 
tis rubro-fuscus ornata; spira depressiuscula ; anfr. rotundati, costis. 
latiusculis contertis subplanulatis spiraliter cingulati. (Sowerby.) 

. Australia. 

Sowerby’s figure of this species is reversed and wholly unrecog- 
nizable. 


LEPTOTHYRA. 265: 


COLLONIA LENTICULA Gould, 1861. 


Testa minuta, solida, alba, globoso-leuticularis, ubique striis con- 
fertis tenuissimus cincta; anfr. 4, depresso-convexis, cito crescentibus ; 
basi convexo, imperforato, callo copioso munito; apertura parva, 
eircularis. Diam. 4, alt. 2 mill. ( Gould.) 

Chinese Seas- 


COLLONIA QUANTILLA Gould, 1861. 

Testa minuta, solida, depresso-orbicularis, rosacea, sulcis pallidior- 
ibus cire. 4 cincta; anfr. 4, vix convexis, peripheria obtusa; basi 
convexo, pallidiore, arcte perforato; apertura circularis; labro 
crasso ; columella robusta declivi. Diam. 3, alt 2 + mill. ( Gould.) 

Simon’s Bay. 
TuRBO NocTuRNUus Gould, 1861. 

Testa parvula, globoso-conica, solida, rufo-fuscescente et rosaceo 
alternatim strigata ; apice albo; anfr. 5, convexis, sulcis equalibus 
aratis; sutura impressa; basi convexo, imperforato, concentrice 
striato ; apertura subcircularis ; columella expansa, argentata, granu- 
lata, extus erecta. Operculum osseum, pauci-spirale, apice excentrico, 
extus granulato. Alt. 7 mill. ( Gould.) 

Simoda, Japan. 

Evidently not a Leptothyra. Sowerby considers Collonia variegata 
A. Ad. a synonym; and gives a figure of a Leptothyra. which might 
represent almost anything in the genus; but which, together with 
his description, certainly has nothing to do with Gould’s species. 


bh 
or) 
or) 


DELPHINULA 


Family TROCHID. 
Sub-family DELPHINULINE. 

Shell turbinate or subdiscoidal, umbilicate, solid, pearly within 
whorls loosely coiled, the last frequently free from the preceding, 
more or less angulated, rudely spirally lirate, scaly or spinose ; 
aperture circular, peristome sinuous on the columellar margin, acute, 
often slightly produced or subrostrate below. Operculum thin, 
corneous, multispiral. 

Animal with large foot ; epipodial line bearing cirri; without 
inter-tentacular lobes; eyes on short peduncles at the outer bases of 
the tentacles; tentacles long, slender; mouth provided with jaws ; 
radula with the formula c . 5-1-5 .0«, the central tooth broader 
than long, with a broadly reflected simple cusp, lateral teeth with 
cusps, the two outer very large; marginals with short simple cusps, 
the outermost with serrate cusps. 

The relations and limits of this subfamily will be more fully 
considered in the monograph of the Trochide in the next volume of 
the MANUAL. 


Synopsis of recent Genera. 


Genus DELPHINULA Lamarck, 1803. 

Shell rather large, solid, umbilicated, turbinate, the upper whorls 
flattened, the last descending, rudely spinose or scaly, more or less 
carinated, but slightly in contact with the preceding; aperture cir- 
cular ; peristome usually somewhat produced at base. 

Angaria (Bolt. 1798) H. & A. Adams, 1858, is a synomyn. 

In this genus were formerly included the species now classed in 
Liotia, Collonia and some other genera. 

Subgenus ANGARINA Bayle, 1878. 

Shell depressed, discoidal, sinistral (?), widely umbilicate, spirally 

lirate, aperture, rounded; umbilical area bounded by a series of 


spines. Animal and operculum unknown. Delphinulopsis Wright, 
1878, (preoc.) is synomymous. Probably not a valid genus. 


Genus DELPHINULA, Lam., 1803. 
D. LActnraATA Lamarck, 1819. Pl. 67, figs. 1, 2, 4. 


Shell depressed-turbinate or nearly planorboid, solid, heavy, um- 
bilicate; whorls 43, the inner ones planulate, planorboid, apex 


DELPHINULA. 267 


minute; body-whorl descending, frequently free or nearly free from 
the preceding, in section subtriangular, angled below and less con- 
spicuously so at the shoulder; all over finely spirally lirate, the lirze 
either smooth, densely squamose or spinose; periphery bearing 
large irregular more or less hollow foliated processes, which droop 
foreward or downward; one or two series of smaller spines usually 
revolve about the middle of the last whorl; base carinated, the 
carina usually nodose or irregular, bounding a cireumumbilical 
tract usually acutely squamose; the umbilicus proper is narrow 
and deep; aperture rounded trigonal, inside perfectly circular, 
pearly, white or tinged with golden; peristome irregular, acute, the 
columellar margin sinuous, the base more or less produced. Color 
whitish, pink or yellowish, the projecting processes and spinelets 
often redder or blackish. 

Alt. 55, diam. 70 mill.; alt. 35, diam. 55 mill. 

Indian O.; E. Indies ; Philippines ; Merqui Archipelago, ete. 

The following are synonyms: D. delphinulus ‘Linn., D. formosa 
Rve. (pl. 65, fig. 9, 11; pl. 67, fig. 3), D. incisa Reeve (pl. 66, fig. 16), 
D. nodosa Rve. (pl. 66, fig. 18), D. nodulosa (Gm.) Phil. D. aeu- 
leata Rve. (pl. 66, fig. 14) and D. ewracanthra A. Ad. (pl. 66, fig. 17) 
are forms intermediate between the type and var. melanacantha. 

Turbo delphinulus of Linnzeus, was undoubtedly the first binomial: 
name applied to this form; but sinceit has been ignored by authors 
for more than a century, science would probably not be benefitted 
by an attempt to revive it. 

The variation in form, sculpture and color in De/phinula is very 
great. I am unable to distinguish the numerous species described 
by Reeve. The last whorl, in D. laciniata, may be deeply descend- 
ing, almost or quite free from the preceding at the aperture, or it 
may be but slightly descending, nearly planorboid. . Its upper sur- 
face is plane or very obscurely radiately undulate. The peripheral 
Spines in the typical form defined above, are large, foliated, and 
drooping; but are nearly as frequently narrow and subsimple. The 
following varieties may, when typically developed, be distinguished ; 
but the transition forms are more numerous in collections than the 
typical ones. 


Var. ATRATA Reeve, 1842. PI. 66, fig. 15. 

Differs from the type in having the superior series of foliations or 
spines less conspicuous and those upon the middle and base of the 
whorl numerous and more developed; peristome pink-margined 
within ; ground-color pink or grayish, liree and spines black. 


268 DELPHINULA. 


Delphinus deerepitus and Delphinus atratus Chemnitz are identi- 
cal with this species. 

D. martinii A. Adams, (pl. 66, fig. 19) from Padang differs only 
in the colour. The spines are red or purplish on a pink ground. 


Var. MELANACANTHA Reeve, 1842. PI. 65, figs. 6, 7. 

Whorls rounder, less carinated below than in the type; surmount- 
ed by a corona of slender long radiating or ascending spines; um- 
bilicus wider. 

D. imperialis Reeve and D. distorta Kiener (not Lam, nor Linn.) 
are synonymous. 

D. spH#RULA Kiener. PI. 67, fig. 5; pl. 68, fig. 20. 

I know this form only by the description and figures given by 
Kiener. The latter are copied on my plates. In the simple, appar- 
ently very regular spines, the form is different from any specimens 
IT have seen. 

Indian Ocean. 
D. pistortTa Linn, 1758. Pl. 65, fig. 8; Pl, 68, figs. 12, 13. 

In general form similar to D. laciniata. | Upper surface of whorls 
radiately conspicuously plicate, the folds terminating in solid knobs 
or short spines at the carina; lirze rather coarser than in daciniata ; 
base of body-whorl rounded or only obtusely carinated ; the sculpt- 
ure and color of the umbilical area not notably different from that 
of the whorl outside; color white or pink, the lire, spines and scales 
deep crimson; size smaller than laciniata. Alt. 30, diam. 40 mill. 
or less. 

Indian O; Nicobar Is., ete. 

This is the Turbo distortus of Linn., Delphinula distorta Lam., 
and D. rugosa of Kiener’s plates. 

As far as my material allows me to judge, this form does not in- 
tergrade with D. laciniata. 

D. ryrra Reeve, 1842. Pl. 66, figs. 12, 13. 

In general form like D. laciniata. Whorls angulate at the shoul- 
der, rounded or obtusely angular around the umbilicus, covered all 
over with densely and acutely squamose lire; upper surface of 
whorls plane or gently radiately undulating ; color white, the um- 
bilical region and a subsutural spiral band, deep purple or purplish 
crimson. Alt. 45, diam. 50 mill. . 

Australia. 

The fine uniformly scaled sculpture will distinguish this beautiful 

species. 


DELPHINULA. 


bo 
oP) 
le) 


D. nrrmpA Verrill and Smith, 1885. PI. 65, fig. 10. 

Shell small. fragile, very delicate, with a slight silvery iridescence. 
Our specimen which has lost. the apex, consists of 8 gradually en- 
larging whorls, entirely disconnected with each other and nearly 
round in a cross section. When perfect the spire must have been 
rather elevated, gradually tapering to an acute tip. The surface is 
sculptured by thin elevated riblets, crossed by distinctly raised re- 
volving lines of about the same size, producing a pretty regularly 
cancellated or reticulated sculpture, in which the meshes are mostly 
elongated in the direction of tle spire around the periphery, but in 
the opposite direction on the lateral and inner surfaces; the trans- 
verse riblets are must elevated on the upper sides of the whorls, 
where they rise into small thin lamelle; they also form similar 
lamellze on the inner and lower surfaces; the revolving lines are 
most conspicuous around the periphery; minute but distinctly 
raised lines of growth also cross the intervals between the riblets. 
In a front view of the base the shell appears umbilicated, and the 
upper whorls can be partially seen within the umbilicus. Color 
silvery white, slightly iridescent. Alt. (of last three whorls) 5, 
diam. 4+ mill.; diam. of aperture, 1°6 mill. ( Verrill.) 

Off Chesapeake Bay, in 1425 fms. 

Animal unknown. The systematic position of this form is un- 
certain; but the pearly structure of the shell indicates, as Verrill 
observes, that it belongs in the vicinity of De/phinula, although not 
I believe, strictly speaking, to that genus. 


Subgenus ANGARINA Bayle, 1878. 


A. LesourRDI B. Wright, 1878. Pl. 68, figs. 6-8. 

Sinistral, profoundly perviously umbilicate, depressed, suborbicu- 
Jar, somewhat solid, transversely costate lirate, pale greenish, macu- 
lated with chestnut; spire plane, suture profoundly impressed, 
broadiy canaliculate; whorls remaining 4), (the apex wanting, ) 
spirally lirate, the costze about 14 in number; base bearing a series 
of short spines; umbilical area white within ; aperture round, pearly 
within, peristome simple, the columellar margin subexpanded. 

Diam. 41, alt. 24 mill. 

Japan. 

Described from a single young specimen, which has every appear- 
ance of being abnormal. Fischer surmises that the shell is really 


270 APPENDIX. 


dextral, instead of sinistral, as described by Wright, the spire im- 
mersed, forming a false umbilicus. Von Martens suggests that it is 
a distorted Turbo. Compare the sculpture with that of Turbo cor- 
nutus. 


APPENDIX. 


Neririna, subgenus CLirHon Montf., p, 63. 


N. norpqutstr Westerlund, 1887. Pl. 68, figs. 9-11. 

Ovate, semiglobose, closely striate, with incremental wrinkles, 
densely covered with spiral lines; black or rarely brownish-olive, | 
concolored or painted with numerous black points in transverse series, 
black rhomboidal reticulations, or variously marked with pale yellow ; 
spire prominent but nearly always eroded ; body-whorl strongly de- 
pressed, subconcave at the suture; suture appressed, anteriorly 
subdescending; aperture bluish within, angular above; outer lip 
slightly curved, basal margin arcuate, columella slightly sinuous, 
obtusely denticulate , columellar area grayish yellow, finely rugose 
and foveolate, its superior portion brown, shining, punctate. 

Alt: 21, diam.W5tmill: 

Japan. 


PHASIANELLA, subgenus OrtTHOMEsUS, Pilsbry. 


P. sPLENDIDA Philippi, 1849. Pl. 39a, fig. 5. 

This form I inadvertently placed in the synomymy of P. variegata 
Lam. (p. 179). It seems to be quite distinct from that species. I 
translate Philippi’s description, which applies perfectly to the speci- 
mens before me. 

“Shell ovate-oblong, conoid, very thin, very smooth and shining, 
olivaceous, sometimes varied by narrow milk-white flammules marked 
with transverse red lines articulated with white dots; aperture ovate, 
longer than the spire. 

“The shell is long-oval, conoidal, thin, very smooth and very 
shining. The whorls seven in number, are moderately convex The 
last occupies more than half the entire altitude. The two embryonic 
whorls are milk-white, and form a blunt apex. The aperature is 
rather broadly ovate. The color is olive-brown, verging on red, 
sometimes with narrow milk-white flammules, always with evenly 
spaced red spiral lines, which are regularly interrupted by milk- 


alae 


APPENDIX. Dara | 


white points, and which are visible within the aperture. (Philippi, 
in Kiist. Conch. Cab., vi, p. 8.)  Alt.-10, diam. 7 mill. 
Red Sea. 

P. brongniartt Audonin is a synomym of this form, not of P. varie- 
gata. , 

I neglected to state in the text that fine spiral capillary lines upon 
the shell are characteristic of the species of Orthomesus, but are not 
found upon the true Phasianella.nor on Tricolia. Variable as is the 
coloration of shells of this family generally, these fine lines seem to 
be most constant. | 


P. MARMORATA Dufo. p. 183. 

I have identified with this form a series of shells from the Sey- 
chelles which I have received, but, unfortunately, too late to figure 
it in this volume of the MAnuan. The locality should read, Sey- 
chelles and Amirante Is. 


TURBO. 


T. MAGNIFICUS Jonas. p. 192. 

The figure given on pl. 40, does not show the characters of this 
species as well as is desirable. The original figure given by Philippi 
is copied on pl. 69, fig. 21. 


T. miniTaRts Reeve, 1848. PI. 69, fig. 31. 


The figure of this species in the Jconica led me to believe it a form 
of T. petholatus. If Sowerby’s figure, copied on my pl. 69, fig. 28, 
really belongs to militaris, I am inclined to think it distinct. Fig. 
29 is a copy of the original one of Reeve. 


P. 191, seventh line from bottom, read SENecTus (Huwmph.) H. 
and A. Adams, not Senecrus (Humph.) Swainson. The latter author 
applied this name to the typical Turbo. \ 


T. rAsONKAIRGIT Desh., p. 199. Delphinula ducalis Phil. is a 
synomym. 


T. nisrrio Rve., p. 201. This species was collected by the ‘ Alert’ 
at African and Darros Is., Amirante group. 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY., 


PHASIANELLINA, TURBININA, DELPHINULINA. 


PAGE. 
Aculeata (Delphinula), Rve. P. Z.S., 1842. 

= J. laciniata, Lam. : .-26r 
Aculeatus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. N ate Kd. Xll, p. 3600. 

— Astralium ecalear, Linn. . 232; 236 
Aethiopica (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., i. 12, . 166 
Affinis (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. oe 

3 : ; : : : 63, 170; ava 
Albida (Leptothyra), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. xb ib P. 48, 

; : : : ; ; . 252; 2o8 
Adamsi (Phasianella), Phil. = P. fins, bat 170 


Aleyna A. Ad., : ; . LS 
Alternata (Phasianella pulla, Linn. var. ys Monts. I. Nat. Sicil. 

iii, p. 110. = Phasianella pulla, E. 

Americanus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed x, ?. 3581. 

— Astralium americanum. ; . 186, 187, 224; 225 
Amussitatus (Turbo), Gould. — Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 

reo es — Leptothyra amussitata : . 188, 250, 251 
Amictus (Trochus), Val. Voy. de la Venus, pl. 2 is, he 242 
Amoenula (Phasianella), Phil. 4 : : . 180 
Amyxa, Troschel. - Prisog: ister March, rales) 
Anadema Adams. == Leptothy ra, 245 
Angaria Bolt. = ee : : : ; . 266 
Angarina Bayle, . ; : : - 266, 269 
Angasi (Ph asianella), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1864, P O44, 

(ROIS SE Gi he hs . ’ : . 180 
Angasii ( (Phasianella), ), * Philippi.” Sowb. 

— P. angasi, Crosse. : : . : 180 
Anguis (Limax), Martyn. Univ. Conch., ii, t. 70. 

— Turbo porphyrites, Mart. ; : ; : 215 
Argyrostomus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. xii, p. 1236, 

: E : ‘ q 185,197, 198, 13s 
Armatus (Trochus), Philippi. Penson: f Mal. 1848, p- 102. 

— Astralium !ongispina, Lam. . 222 
Arsinoensis (Turbo), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, p. 220), 

— Leptothyra arsinoensis : ‘ . 261 
Artensis (Turbo), Montrouzier. Jour. de Conch. 1860, p. 3870, 196 
Articulatus (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich. p. 60, 165 
Articulatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 39, Al, P.Z.S. 

1848, p.51. = T. intercostalis, Menke. . - 2 . 202 
Armillata (Collonia), Sowb. - : : é : : . 264 


(272) 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 273 


PAGE, 
Asperatus (Trochus), Phil. =: A.stellare, . : E280 
Asteriscus (Trochus), Rve., == A-stellare, var... : 233 
Astralium Link. . ; ; : 186, 219 
Aster Clrochus) ~Phil; - =A. longispina, : Sey 
Assimilis (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Turbo, ee 34, fate 
f = Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. ; = ed 
Atrata (Delphinula), Rye. Conch. Sy st., ii, t. 212, f, 12. 
= D. laciniata, Lam. . : f ; ; ; ; Be Loi! 
Aurantius (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pl. 27, f. 3 
= Turbo argyrostonus L. var. . ; : : : . 198 
Australis (Buccinum), Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3490. 
— Phasianella australis. ; : ; . 162,164, 165 
Aurispigmentum (Trochus), Jonas. = a brevispina, . wees 
Aureus, (Trochus), Jonas. Zeitschr. f. Mal., . . : . 240 


Babelis (Calcar), Fischer. Jour. de Conch., 1874, p. 205, =. 238 
Bacula (Leptothyra), Carpenter. Cal. Soe. Pro. i lil, p. ve 188, 248 
Balzenarum (Trochus), Val. Voy. de la Venus. 


= Astralium undosum, : : : ; : ~ 245 
Bealls Schum, ~ : : : 185, 191, 210 
Bicarinata (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1846, p. 
110, ; 3 ‘ : 2 eG 
| Bicarinatus (Turbo), Sowerby. Tankerv. Cat., 121. 
| = Trichotropis. 
| Bicolor (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch. pl. xiii, Be: 198, pl. 4, f. 
33. == T. margaritaceus L. var. ; ; . 198 
| Bolina. == Bolma, ‘ : . : : : 229 
Bolma Risso. . : : : : wise! 229 
Brevis (Phasianella), dq’ Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 79, 7 20, £49: 
| 2A, : Fi i : ; . ; : LTS 
q Brevis (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 67. 
é = P. affinis, Ad. : : : ; : : * £20 
q Brevis (Phasianella), Velain. Arch, Zool. Bacper:, wij. pe ile 
4 t. 4,f. 3. = P. munieri Vélain. , . ; : LLG 
4 Brevispinus (Trochus), Lam. An. sans. vert., ed. Desh., ix, 
p. 125. = Astralium, brevispina, 3 ‘ 17 9) 222 
: Brongniarti (Phasianella), Audouin. Expl. des pl. Savieny, 
a Dese. EKgypt., p. 81. = P.splendida, Phil. 2 Ay yx 2 
" Bulimoides (Phasianella), Lam. An. sans. vert., vii, p. 52. 
. = Phasianella australis Gmel. . : i 165 
; Buschi (Trochus), Philippi. Conch. Cab., ed. i 5 Ds 218). 32, 
: f.1. = Astralium buschi, : : aD oe ait 
3 
¥ Caledonicus (Turbo). ==T. petholatus, var. . ‘ : . 194 
’ Callopoma, Gray. . ; ; : : ‘ . 185, 210 
Cantrainea Jeffr. == Leptothyra, . : ‘ : : . 245 
Cailleti (Turbo), Fischer & Bernardi. Jour. de Conch., vy, p. 
294, t. 10, figs. 10-11, . : F ‘ : : , . 205 
18 


29079 


274 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Calear (Turbo), Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 762: 

= Astralium calear, : . 221, 231 

Californicus (Turbo), (Troschel), Philippi. Conch. Cab. Risr 68. 

= Leptothyra californica, . ; . 247, 260 
Candida (Collonia), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p- 436 . 256 
Canaliculatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3594. 

== Turbo sparverius, Gmel. : . : : . 194 
Canaliculatus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. genre Turbo, t. 21, f. 2 

= Turbo crassus, Wood, . ; : , . ; . 194 
Capensis (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch f. Mal., 1846, p. 

LO gee : : , : : 163, 170 
Carpenteri (Leptothyra), Pilsbry, . 247 
Carinidea Swainson. == Uvanilla. . 241 
Canthorbis Swainson. = Imperator Montf. é . 227 
Carinatus (Trochus), Cantraine, = = Leptothyra carinata, 252 
Carduus (Turbo), Fischer, in Coq. Viy., _ p. cae 42, f. 6. 

= T. argyrostomus, Linn. Var. . 198 


Castanea (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595, 
203, 204, 
C ateniferus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. genre Turbo, pl. 31, fic. i 
— Trochide. 


Cepoides (Turbo), E. A. Smith. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1880, 


p. 097, 


Cernicus (Turbo), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., p. 197, pl. 4, f 29, 


: 196, 

Chemnitzi (Trochus), Val. Voy de la ra t, 2: bis: 
— Astraliuni stellare, Gmel. var. 

Chomuiltzianus @luaboye Reeve. . Conch. Teone fig. 36. 
— Turbo radiatus, Gmel. 

Chrysostomus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. ,p. 1237 

Cicer (Turbo), Menke. Eee Conch. Cab. (Trochus), ie 29, 


f. 24. = Leptothyra cicer 
Chromotis Ad. 5 : 162) 
Cidaris (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. sit x1, p. 3596, 
Circularis (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pleto;, 46, les? S. 
1848, p. 51, : 
‘Classarius (Sarmaticus), Gray. = ae cane Sa Omanieae. ae 
Coccineus (Leptothyra), (Desh.) Troschel. —= L. carpenteri, 
188, 
Coccineus (Turbo), Mthlf Mag. Berl. Gesell. 1818, p. 9, t. 2, 
f. 15. == Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. : : 
Coelatus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. v, P 30, pl 162 aig 
1536, 1537. = Astralium celatum. Gmel. ; 
Ceelatus (Omphalius), A. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1854, P 39. 
— Leptothyra coelata. : , 245, 
C Glens Gray, 


3. == Astralium hematragus, 


Columellaris (‘Trochus), Phil, Abbild, ete., ii, Trochus, t. t f. 


205 


247 


pees 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. ZO 


PAGE. 
‘Compta (Phasianella), Gould. : 1635 27S 
Concinna (Phasianella), C. B. Adams. Conte once 7p: 69. 

-= Phasianella affinis, Ad. . ; 2 KG 
Concinnus (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. Ed. 2 Pp p. 44, t. 2, f. 

6.. = T. intercostalis, Menke. . «202 
Concolor (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. = P. tessellata, : “afl 
Confragosum (Turbo), Gould. U.S. Expl. Expd. p. 171, t. 12, 

f.202. — Astralium petrosum, Martyn, var... | 934 
Cookii (Turbo), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrolabe i Ls ps 

294, pl. 60, f. 19-20. —= Astralium suleatum, Mart. 16Z 221 
‘Cookia Lesson, . : : ; ' : : . 242 
Cookianus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. V¥, p- 06, t. 163, ¢ 

1540; t. 164, £1551. == Astralium suleatum, Mart. . . 248 
Corallinus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 56, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 

50. == Leptothyra sangarensis, Schrenck. : : . 250 
Coreénsis eeu coronatus, Gmel. var.) Recluz. Jour. de 

Conch., 1855, p. 245, t. 8, 'f 2; : HAL) 


Cornutus (Turbo), Gmelin. Sy st. Nat. ed. ie p- 3598, 
196, 210, 270 


Coronatus (Turbo), Gmel. Sy st. Nat: p- 3504, 210; 2UGs 27 
Corolla (Trochus), Reeve. Con. Icon., f. 37. 
= Aimbricatum, Gmel. . : 4 : . ee Af 
Costata (Leptothyra), Pse. Am. Jour. Conch., vy, p. 70, . 263 
Costulatus (Trochus), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., ed. Desh., 
ix, p. 127. = Astralium longispinum, Lam. var. s 99(), 222 
Costulosus (Collonia ), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 213, pl. 13, f. 
161. = Leptothyra leta, Montrouzier. . . 259 
riarnix (Phasianella) (Koch), Phil. Conch. Cab. 1853, p. 138, 
(a Ae eee : : 166, 167 
Crassa (Eutropia), Brusina. Conch. Dalm. Ined. pe 2a: Zool. - 
Bot. Verein, xv. = Phasianella pulla, Linn. . . 168 
Crassus (Turbo), Wood. Index. test, suppl., pl. 6, f 43, 194; 195 
Creniferus (Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var.), Kiener. oe gen. 
Turbo, pl. OL OF ; Perallt 
Creniferus (Turbo), Chenu. Meu de anche t. 9} 544, 
— Turbo coronatus, Gmel. . : : : : : . 216 
Crenulatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3575. 
= Turbo castaneus, Gmel. y ; : ; : . 203 
Cubanus (Trochus), ), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1848, p. 104. 
= Astralium cubanum. j : i : LAO OG 
Cucullata (Turbo), Tenison-W ods, Proce. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 
1377, p- 121, F y : : : ; . 208 
Cucullatus (Trochus), Kiener. "Spee. Genre. Trochus, pl. 32, f. 
1. = Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. var. . - 200 
Cumanensis (Turbo), Valenciennes. Coq. univ. mar. del Amer. 
2¢2. == Astralium rugosum, L.  . 229 


Cunninghami (Collonia), E. A. Smith. P.Z.S. 1881, p 33, 
pl 4, #10, 10a,: . : ; ‘ : ; ‘ ; . 249 


276 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Cyclocantha Swainson, . ; q ; ; . 230, 187, 1389 
Cyclonema Hall, . i j ; ; ; Aa Koy 
Cyclostomata (Eucosmia), Carp. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii, 

1864, ue 476, : : : : : : : 5 a 
Davisii ee Stowe. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xiv, P. 218. 

— Astralium suleatum Martyn, var. . . 243 
Deaniana (Phasianella), Pilsbry, —. : . 169 
Decorata (Phasianella), Chenu. Mammal de Conch 

— P. australis, Gmel. . : : . 165 
Decrepitus (Delphinus), Chemnitz, — D. atrata, Rve. . . 268: 
Delesserti (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, t. 35, f. 1. 

— Turbo cidaris, Gmel. , . 214 
Delessertii (Phasianella), Chenu, Manuel de Canc 

— P. ventricosa, Q. et G. : . 165 
oleae (Phasi anella), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soe. 

Tasm.-== P, australis juv..@) ; : : s ee 
Delphinula I amie 9: . 5 F é ; . 266 
Delphinulus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed., x, p. 

— Delphinula laciniata, Lam. . . 267 
Delphinulopsis, B. Wright. Jour. de € ‘onch. ABT p- 160, . 266 
Deplanatum (Astralium), Link. = A. costulatum Lam. . 220 
Depressum (Turbo fluctuatus jee Carpenter. P. Z. 8S. 1848, 

p- 204, eZEE 
Digitatus (Turbo), Deshayes. Guerin Mag. de Zool., 1841, pl. 

36. == Astralium unguis, Wood. 5 . 242 
Dignnon (Turbo,) Anton. Verzeichn, p. 59, No 2098. 

— T. intercostalis Mke. : ae ese 
Distorta (Delyhinula), Lam. i aige sans Vert., vol. vi, p- 931, 

— distorta, Linn. : é : 3 ; : : . 268 
Distortus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, P. : ’ 5 . 268 
Dubia (Phasianella), Pilsbry, . 2 . 169 
Ducalis (Delphinula), Philippi. Zeitsch. f, Mal., 1845, p. 148. 

ajonkairii, Desh. . : : . 2 ae 
Echinatus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst, Nat. ed., xii, p. 5591. 

= Astralium heliotropium, Martyn, . : ; : . 223 
Elatior (Phasianella), Cpr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, p. 

180; 1865.) == PB comipra war. \: , ; ‘ ‘ ah bi f° 
Elegans (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed., i1, p. pe pl. 15, 

fic. 5. — T. intereostalis, Menke, ard 
Elevatus (Turbo), Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, ii, p. 594, t. 

Siar . 219 
Elongata, (P He siecle: erase Die Sida, Moll. p- 104, t. 

6. ft oy =e has ianella pulla, Linn. var... . 168 
Eroopolitanus (Turbo), Issel. Moll. Mar Rosso., p. “219. 

- Leptothyra eroopolitana, : : . 261 


Erythropthalmus (Prochius), “bil A. olivaceum, ; . 241 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Eucharis (Collonia), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1865, p. 56. 
= Leptothyra eucharis, : é ? ; 
Eucosmia Carpenter, : : 2 ; : 
Euracantha (Delphinula), Adams. Pal. S 1850) pe ol. 
= J). laciniata Lam. var. ; E : : 2 : 
Exigua (Phasianella), Brusina. Zool. Bot. Verein., xv, p. 24, 
Exilis (Leptothyra), Phil. ; 
Exguisitus (Turbo), Angas. P. Z. S. p- 175, pl. 26, f. 13; 1877, 


Ferrugineus (Turbo), Anton. Philippi Conch. Cab., p. 75, pl. 
Vouene ; : : : é : 

Filifer (Turbo), Desh. Moil. de PHe Reunion, p. 74, t..8, f. 
11-13. = Leptothyra filifer, 


Filosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spee. Gen. Turbo, pl. 13, foe 2 205, 2, 


Filosus (Trochus), Phil. Fauna Moll. Sicil. 


— Leptothyra peloritana, Cantr. : : : 
Fimbriatum ( Torchus), Lam. An. sans. Vert. ed., , vii, paal2: 
— Astralium fimbriatum. . A S23. 
Flammeus (Phasianella), Von Salis Reise j ins Koen. Neap., P. 
Olle. Oy tka == — Ph: asianella pulla, Linn. — . 
Flammulata (Phasianella), ), Philippi. Zeitsch. # Mal. 1848, p. 
18, : é ; , , mee Koya lien 


Flammulata ( Rissoa), Hutton. Jour. de aA XKVi, p. 26: 
= Phasianella huttoni, é 

Flava (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich p. 60, ; : 

Fluctuata © yelostrema), Hutton. Trans. N. Z. Inst. xvi, O15, 


1883. = Leptothyra fluetus aba, 259: 
Fluctuatus (Turbo), Reeve. Chick Tene pl. Bae 34. pl. 9, f. 
Scheie L645. p02. = Turbo fluctuosus, Wood, 
Fluctuosus (Turbo), Wood. inde test. suppl, pl. 6, fier 44, 
196, 


Fokkesi (Turbo), Jonas in Philippi Abbild, i, t. 2, f. 1. 
= Turbo fluctuosus. Wood, , : ; : . : 
Foliaceus (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, p. 41, t. 11. f 


9-3 io EO como ee 
Meliacens (Turbo), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud., vol. 

vy, p. 60, pl. 4, f. 84-37. — Turbo foliaceus, Phil. . 201 
Folini (Leptothyra), Pilsbry, : , : . 252 
Formosa (Delphinula) Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 2. 

= D. laciniata, age : 267 
Fordiana (Phasianella), Pils bry, 3 


Fricki (C ollonia), Cie aah de Conch., 1865, p. 45, 
Fulgens (Phasianella), Koch. . : : : : ? 
Fulgurata (Phasianella), Rve. Conch Icon., f. 9. 
= P. variegata, Lam. p : : ; , ; ; 
Funiculosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. genre. Turbo, pl. 30, f. 
I; ' : : k ; 


278 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Funiculatus (Turbo) (Philippi), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 207. 
— Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. : : b : : 


Gemmatus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 62, P. Z, S. 1848, p. 
50, : 
Georgianus (Torchus), Quoy. Riener = 2 fentormtene! 
Gestroi (Collonia), Caramagna, : ; : : : : 
Gibberosum (Calear), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. x, P- IST, toe 
— Astralium inaequalis, Martyn : : 
Gigas (Trochus), Anton. = A. “‘undosum, W ood, 
Glabratus (Trochus) Phil. Fauna, Moll. Sicil. 
— Leptothyra carinata Cantr.  . : : : : 
Glariosa (Collonia) (Gould), Sowb. Thes. Conch. p. 210. 
= Leptothyra verruca, Gould. 


Globulus (Trochus), Phil. ORR Ge) — Leptothyra globula, 


Graeffei (Phasianella) Dunker. Mal. Blatt xviii, p. 168, 
Granulatus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3601, var. 
of Turbo ecoronatus, Gmel. : , : 
Granosus (Turbo), Martyn. Univ. Conch. ‘ : ‘ 
Granulosa (Collonia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. iv, p. 92, pl. 
i, f. 4, : : : : . . : . 
Granulosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spee. Gen. Turbo, pl. 28, f. 2. 
— Turbo coronatus, Gmel.. é ; 5 : ; 
Grata (Phasianella), Philippi. Kiist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f 8, 
Gruneri (Turbo), Philippi. | Conch. Cab., ed. 11, p. 52, pl. 12, 
Pie te = iene circularis, Rve. 7 D4. 
Guadeloupense (Astralium), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 1865, p. 
36, ple 1st 2a 


Guildfordia Gray, . ; q » LSGye 


Futtata (Turbo), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. pl wf 68, 
Guttata (Phasianella), Phil. 


Haematragus (Trochus), Menke. Cat. Coll. Malsb. p. 18, 

= — Astralium. d : 
Heimburgi Ce Dunker. Index Moll. Mar. Japan. Pee 

ies ete é fey One ; : 
Heliacus Caco: Phil. = ‘Astralium longispina, F 
Helicinus (Turbo), Born. Test. Mus. Cees. Vindob., 1780. 

— Turbo smaragdus,: Martyn. 3 : : : 
Heliotropium (Astralium), Martyn. Univ. Conch. 2 : 
Hemprichi (Turbo), Troschel. In Philippi Conch. Cab. ii, p. 

Gis pl liGit le ski atus, Gmel. var. : : 
Henicus (Turbo), Watson. Moll. Challenger Eee . tas 

— Astralium henicum : 
Heterocheilus (Turbo), Pilsbry. Sp. nov. 

Heteroclitus (Turbo), Kiener. Gen. Turbo pl Vv, fi. 
—= Turbo torquatus, Gmel, é . 209; 


PAGEW 


ee 


| INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 279 
PAG 
Hexagonus (Trochus), Phil. Conch. Cab. No. 149, t. 22. 
— Astralium hexagonum. : : : : 2377 
Hippocastanum (Turbo), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert. ed. 
Desh., ix, p. 198. = Turbo castaneus, Gmelin, 205 
Histrio (Turbo), Rve. eet Leon. ples; f. 32, 
== Turbo radiatus Gmel. va 201 


Histrio (Phasianella), Rve. Cinch Teen f. 15, 


166, 271 


Hoberti (Phasianella pulla, Linn. var.), Brusina. Zod]. Bot. 


Meroxv 0,24. . =—“P: pullus, L:, var... 
Hom alopoma, Carpenter. = Leptothyra. 
Huttoni (Phasianella) Pilsbry. 


Imbricatus (Trochus), Gmelin. ae Nat..ed. xiii, p. 


= Astralium imbricatum. 


ras | 


Imperialis (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Sia at. ed. xiii, p. 3576. 


= Astralium heliotropium, Marty: ; 
Imperialis (Delphinula), Rye, P. LS . 1842. 

= ]). laciniata, Lam. var. é 
Imperator, Montf. 


68 
. 245 
147 


3581. 


Imperialis (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 35 594, 192, 193 


Ineequale (Astralium), Martyn. : 
Incisa (Delphinula) Rve. P. Z. 8. 1843. 
== PD. laciniata, Lam. var. 


Incomparabilis (Phasianella pulla, var.), Monts. Il. Nat. Sicil. 


iii, p. 111. = Phasianella pulla, 8 


244 


Induta (Leptothyra), Watson. Moll. ee Exped, . p. 


Gl, 3 
Tnermis ( Turbo), a Orbigny. Moll. ide C rae i 2, p. 
=x array costulatum, Lam. 


Tela (Phastanella), Swainson. Exot. Conch. p. 58. 


. 208, 204 
iP 


7o 


‘Intercostalis (Turbo), Menke. In Philippi Conch. Cab. ed. ii, 


p- 42, 68, pl. ii, f. 3, pl. 16, f. 4-5, 


. 201, 202 


; Intermedia (Phasianella), Scacchi. Catal. Conch. Regni. Neap. 


| t. 25, £21. = Phasianella tenuis. Mich. 168 
; Japonicus (Trochus), Dunker. In Philippi ae vol. i, pl. 
; Dig l. 9 == Astralium j japonicum. . 245 
| Japonicus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pl. 8, i Bo 5 PoZ8 
3 1848, p. 57, . ‘ c ‘ : 196 
Japonicus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. t. 9, £300: 
. — T. cornutus, Gmel. ; ! : : : 210 
; Jaspidea (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. fig. 11. 
= P. variegata, Lam. . : : : : : al ts 

Jobiensis ( (Turbo), Tapp. ~Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova. 
mp. 97, . 195 
Johnstoni (Delphinula), edapnae: Prne! Roy. Soe. acai 1882. 
; p. 178. = Cancellaria, Sp. 

Jourdani (Turbo). Kiener. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 524, 192, 198 
7 


280 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Kochii (Phasianella), ee Krauss, Stidaf. Moll. p. 104, 
plage Ae : , LGss 
Kochii (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f, Mal. 1848, p. ate 


Laciniata (Delphinula), Lam. An. s. Vert. vol. vi, p. 130, 

b : : : : . 266.2675 

Laciniatus (Turbo), Gould. ‘Bost. Proc. 1849, Does U.S. 
Expl. Expd. pl. 12, f. 204. = Astralium calear, Linn, var. 

Letus (Turbo), Montrouzier. Jour. de Conch., 1865, p. 20g 
pl. xii, f. 2. = Leptothyra leta. 167, 188, 258, 259, 160, 


Laetus (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1848, p. 100, 197 
Lajonkairii (Delphinula), Desh. Mag. de Zool. 1839, pl. 6. 

Turbo lajonkairiu. : : : 199. 27 
Lamarcki (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. ll, p. 59, pl. 13. 

f..3.. /=="T. argyrostomus, Limn, (7): 199 
Lamellosus (Turbo), Broderip. Zool. Journ. v, p. 331, Suppl. 

t. 49, f. 2. = Turbo stamineus, Mart. : We ie 
Lamellosus (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1846, p. 98. 

= Purbo foliaceus, Philippi. : : 201 
Laminiferus ( (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Teon. te 17. 

Turbo Atianaee Doe . 20% 
Lapillus ( (Trochus), Rve. : . : } ; 235 
Latispina (Trochus), P hilippi. Abbild. vol. i, pl. 3, f 2. 

— Astralium latispina. : d ; ; . . 228 
Lehmanni (Phasianella) ), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 12, No. 

Al. == Paustralis, Gmel. 5 : ; : : . 165 
Lenticula (Collonia), Gould. Proe. Bost. Soe. viii, p. 21, 265 
Lentiginosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 10. 

= P. variegata. Lam... . oie 
Lepida (Aleyna), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. N. 1860, p. 488, 182 
Lesourdi (Delphinulopsis), ), B. Wright. Journ. de Conch. 1878, 

p: 161) pl. wipe als Angarin: 1 lesourdi. . 269 
Limbiferus (Trochus), Kiener. —= Astralium fimbriatum. 239 
Lineata (Aleyna), Pease. Am. Faien Conch.,;-v, t. 1; p695 2 ew 
Lineolata (Phasianella), Wood. Ind. test. Suppl. fig. 26. 

= P. variegata, Lam. , ; : : : . 16s, Tioe 
Lithopoma, Gray, . ; 4 , : 3 . . 186; 225 
Longispina (Trochus), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert. ed. Des- 

hayes, ix, p. 122. == Astralium longispina, Dee ee 
Ludus (Turbo), ‘Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3601, no. 52. 

== Turbo undulatus, Gmel. -(Juy.) : 215 
Lueubris (Turbo), King. Zool. Journ. vol. v, 'p. 345, 

= Chlorostoma ater, Less. (?) 219 
Lugubris (Turbo), Kiener. Spee. Turbo, pl. 28, i, 3 

= Paro porphy rites Mart, var. . 218 
Tinenieee | Turbo), Rve. Chncht Teon. fie. 63, Hes he S. 1848, p- 

50. = T. eoronatus, Gmel. var. ee, 


Lymnveoides (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich., p- 60, no. 2131. 
= P. speciosa Mthlf. ; : : ‘ : 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Mac-Andrewi (Turbo), Méreh. Am. Journ. Conch., iv, 1868, 
p. 46. == Leptothyra celata, A. Ad. 

Maculosa (Collonia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. SIN p. 91, fe 1, 
al 


Macgnificus (Turbo), Sonos! eitsch: f: Malak. 1844, p- 167, 


1925 195; 92 


Margaritaceus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., x. 


281 


PAGE. 


= T. argyrostomus, Linn. var. : . 198 
Margaritaceus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. gen. Turbo. pl. 21, fee 

= Turbo sparverius, Gmel. . 194 
Marginata (Delphinula), Lam. — ‘Collonia marginata, . 246 
Marginatus (Turbo), (Nuttall Mss.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., , fig. 

oT, : : , : ' : ; 3 . 248 
Marmorata (Phasianella), Dufo. Ann-Sci. Nat., xiv, 1840, p. 

PO Wk: : : : : ; . 183, 271 
Marmoratus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1234, 

191, 192, 193 
Marmorostoma Swains, . ; <A 5 2 
Martinii (Delphinula), A. Adams. PLE: ©: 1854, . “42, ple 

{8 =  D. laciniata, Lam. var. . 268 
Mauritiana (Phasianella), Lam. An. sans vert. vii, p- 54 

= Littorina. 

Melanacantha (Delphinula), Rive. Conch. Syst. n, pl. 211, f. 

4. pl. 212, f 20; ‘= D. laciniata, Lam. var. , ‘ . 268 
Meleagris (Phasianella), Beck. ; ‘ : : 183 
Mespilus-(Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, BP 5601. 

= Turbo porphyrites, Mart., var. : : ~ 25 
Militaris (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. plas Ge 2 P2azss: 

1848, p.51, . : ; . 2th 
Minima ( ‘Phasianella), Philippi. Atacama, p- “186, Petite 
Minuta (Phasianellay, Anton. Verzeichniss D. 60, No. 2129, 

== FP. tessellata, P. et M... - : ; Ly iio 
Mitzchii (Turbo) (Anton), Sowb. = Zetia saxosus, W antl 
Modelia Gray. ; : E : ; = £85,203 
Modesta (Eutropia), “Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii, 

p. 18, : ; : ; é : . 185 
Modestus (Trochus), Ree P. Z. 8. 1842, p. 180. 

— Astralium modestum. —. : : : : . 229 
Modestus (Turbo) (‘ Philippi’) Sowb. Thes. Conch. p- 205. 

= T. coronatus, Gmel. ; wold 
Moltkianus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. Xill, p. 3595, . 204 
Moluccensis (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1846, p. 99, 203 
Multilineata (Turbo), Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, p. 102. 

1857. = Leptothy ra rubricincta, Migh. . : : 2b 
Multipes (Trochus), Jonas in Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1849, p. 

119. = Astralium unguis, Wood. var. 2 . 242 
Multistriata (Collonia), (Pse.) Sowb. Thes. Conch. P. 212. 

= Leptothyra rubricincta, Mighels. ‘ 257 


282 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE.. 
Munda (Collonia), H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 206, pl. 23, f. 6, . 261 
Munieri Cee ey Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. ll, P 116, 
pl. 10, f. 1-2 Be Wi: 
Murreus (Turbo), Rve.. Conch. Icon. pl. LZ , fig. 54, 264 
Naninus (Turbo), Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., 1864, p. 263, 
pl. 10, fig. 6. == Leptothyra nanina. . 259 
Natalensis (Turbo), Krauss. Die Stidaf. Mollusken, oe 101, pl. 
Osho. 1 . 218 
Natalensis (Turbo), Reeve. P.Z.S. 1842, p- 49, ; . 218 
Neritina (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1846, p. 110, 176 
Niceensis (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p.122. 
= Phasianella speciosa, Mthlf. 167 
Niger (Turbo), Gray. Beechey’s Voy. p. 145, ‘pl. 36, fig. dl; 
. - 186, 219 
Niera (Amyxa), Troschel. Arch. f, Natur aesch. 1852, 5, p- 
183. = Turbo niger, Gray. ; : ‘ 2 
Ninella, Gray. ‘ 185, 212 
Nitida (Delphinul: i Ae errill and Sanu Trans. Con Aead. 
vi, p. 424, pl. 44, f 11, 3 ; : ' H 269 
Nitzschii (Turbo), Anton. Verzeichnis. p. 59, No, 2104. 
— Turbo saxosus, Wood. . ; 7 3 : ; yal 
Nivosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 8. 
=P) variecata,.var.). . L638, 279 
Nivosus (Turbo) Rve. Conch, Icon. pl. 10, f. 43, 14, Paes 
1848, p. 51. = T. radiatus, Gmel. : . 200 
Nobilis (Imperator) Gray. Voy. Fly., ii, p. 358, i 2, fe iteee 269 
Nocturnus (Turbo), Gould. Otia, p. 160, ; ; 265 
Nodosa (Delphinula), Rve. —= =D: laciniata. 267 
Nodulosa (Delphinula), Phil. — D. laciniata. 207 
Norrisi (Turbo), Desh. in ee An. sans vert., ed. jae. 0 
221. == Trochiscus norrisi, Sowb. 
Ocana, H. Adams. P. Z. 8.1861, p. 148, 2 . 214 
Ocellata (Aleyna), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860, p- 
ANS ee . 182 
Olearins (Turk 00), aca, ‘Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p- 1235 
- Turbo marmoratus, Linn. : . £93 
Glens (Trochus), Troschel in Philippi, Conch, Cab. ed. p. 
126; pl: 22) fig, == -Astralnm alters. ae eee 226: 
Olivaceus (Trochus), Wood. Index, test. Suppl. pl. D, fie. d. 
— Astralium olivaceum, . . 231, 241 
Orichalceus (Trochus), Koch. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1848 Cue 110. 
=== SASL E: oe longispina, Lam. 222 
Orthomesus, Pilsbry, : 3 : ; 168) 179, 271 
Pachypoma Gray, . ‘ . 187, 244, 221 
Pagodus (Astralium), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soe. N. S. 
Wales. iv, p. 110, ; ; : : . 236 


EE 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 283 


PAGE, 
Pagodulus (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch. p. 220, pl. 9, f. 100. 
== Astralium;) | °. . 236 
Papillatum (Trochus), Potiez and Michaud. Gal. des Moll. iy 
p- 537, pl. 30, figs. 10-11. = Astralium papillatum, 225, 226 


Patulus (Turbos, Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1848, p. 100, PhS 
Parvulus (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1848, p. 189, 206 
Paucicostata (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch. 
== Leptothyra bacula, Carp.. ee ; : é . 248 
Eanciestnta (Leptothyra), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 131, 248 
Peloritanus (Turbo), Cantraine. Bull. Soc. Roy. Sciences et 
Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles. 
= Leptothyra carinata Cantr. var. : : ; . 202 
Perdix (Phasianella), Gray. . : ; : ; F . 165 
Pa (Phasianella), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1848, p. 164, _ 
L712) tos aes 
Petholatus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. ne ed. Xii, p. 1233, 185,:.193 
Petiti (Phasianella), Craven. Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg: p. 18, pk 


Lip a De 2 : , : i 69 
Penecam ( Astralium), Martyn, ; ete? 234 
ees (Turbo), C. B. Nae. Car Baden Shells, 5 Pals 
Phasianella Lam. . 162, 164 


Phasianellus (Turbo), Desh. Moll. de Te de la Reunion, p- 
pa —— al roehidee: 


Pillula (Collonia), Sowb. == Leptothyra pe Dikcrase . 258 
Picta (Collonia), Pease. foe Jour. Conch., iv, Bs 91, ip ills 
figs. 2, 3, : : ; . 256 


Picta ( Ph: peitecllay: De Blainville. 
= ee alla australis, Gmel.  . 
Pictus (Turbo), Da Costa. British Conchology, t. vill, ae 


= Phasianella pulla, Linn. . ‘ . 168 
Pileolum (Torchus), Reeve. Gane: Sy oh pl. NT fig, os: 

= oo celiac fimbriatum, Lam. var. . : . 239 
Pilula (Liotia), Dunker. Mal. Blatt. vi, 296, 

= Leptothyra pilula, . : : , . : . 258, 259 
Planorbis (Astralium), Pilsbry, 4 : P : ‘ ee 
Plicatospinosum (Astralium), Jara : : ; : eae 
Pomaulax Gray. . , ‘ ; é . 187, 243 
Porphyrites (Turbo), Martyn, » 215 
Porcatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pl. 1, fio. £ 52 P. Z.8 

1848, p. 51. = T. porphyrites, Mart. var. . 215, 216 
Porphy rites (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3602. 

= Turbo porphyrites, Martyn, . Rakes: 


Preissii (Phasianella), Menke. Moll. ere Holl p- 12, no. 49. 

= Phas. australisGmel. . 
Prevosti ae Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 299, pl. 12, fi, 134, . 235 
Princeps (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. li, p: 62. 

= Turbo argyrostomus, Lam... . : » 19S 
Prisogaster, Mérch. : j : é i : 186, 219 


284 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE, 
Propinquus (Turbo), Hupé in Gay, Hist. Fis. y Polit. de 
Chile, viii, p. 111, pl. 4, f. 5. = Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. . 219 
Pulchella (Phasianella), Recluz. = Phasianella pulla, Linn. 168 
Pulchellus (Turbo), C. B. Adams. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
oped : , : . 264 
Pulsholla (Phasiavella), “Tenison-Woods. ‘Trans. Roy. Soe. 
Tasm. 1876, p. 141. = P. delicatula, Tenison-W oods. Bek! 


Pulcher (Turbo), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 195, . 202, 203 
Pulla (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1283. 


— Phasianella pulla. . . 163; 167,168. 1698 10. vale 
Pulloides (Phasianella), Cpr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv, 

1865, p. 180. = P. compta, care var. ‘ oo T3 
Punctata (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 123. 

— Phasianella pulla, Linn. . d 168 
Punctata (Eucosmia), Cpr. Ann. and Mag. Nats Hist. a 

1864, p. 475, ; : : SAihe ii 


Punctatus (Turbo), Anton. Verzeich. pe! 58, No. 2081, 

Punctulata (Phasianella compta, var.) C ae Ann. and Mag. 
Nat. Hist., xv, 1865, p. 179, : : : owe 

Purpurascens (Leptothyra), Dkr. . : : : ; Jo 


Purpurata (Leptothyra), Desh. BSE 
Purpuratus (Turbo), Desh. Moll. de l’Ile de Reunion p. 73, 

pin GO tlle 12: ptothyra eee Desh. F 251 
e urpureus (Leptonix sanguineus, L. var.) Carpenter. Cal. 

Proc. i; p, UG. a - Leptothyra 3 sa eS Pils mee . 247 
Purpureus ( (Turbo) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. merid., iv, p. 116, 

f. 48. = Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. : 249 
Pusio (Turbo), Anton. In Phil. Conch. Cab. p. 7A, pl. 16, f. 

10h = De pusio. . : : : ; . 260 
Pustulatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Jeon. f. oF P. Z. 8. 1848, 

p. 50.5 = T. subeastaneus, Pilsbry. . . 205 
Pustulatus ( Turbo), Broechi. Catal. di C nett raccolte presso 

la costa Afric. del Golfo Arab. p. 30, . . 207, 268 
Pygmaea (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1848, p: 18. 

= P. tessellata, P. et M. ° . 14 
Pyropus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon., f Gs Pzee 1848, p. 

50, : ; : : . 263 
Quadriseriatus (Turbo), Anton. — Verzeichn. a 59, No. 2106. 

= T. castaneus, Gmel. var. . : Oe 
Quantilla (Collonia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soe. Vill, p. 22, . 265 
Radiatus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pl. 8, f. 31. 

— T. intercostalis, Menke. . : : ; ‘ 2000202 
Radiatus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 8594, 

185, 200, 201 


Radiatus (Turbo), Anton. Verzeichn. p. 57, ‘No. 2073, 1859. 
== frochide. 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 28m 


PAGE, 
Reevei (Turbo , Philippi), Conchyl. Cab. ed. ii, p. be a 12 

fies. 1-2. =T. petholatus L. var. . . 194 
Regenfussi (Turbo), Desh.1n Lam’, ed. ui, t:1x, pi 2 . 1938 
Recenfussi @lurbe), Phil. = T. marmoratus L. . : up ies 
Reticulata (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 7 

== P. yentricosa Q. et G. var. : : : ; . 166 
Rhodostomus (Trochus), Lam. An. Sans Vert., ed. Desh. ix, 

p- 127. _= Astralium petrosum Martyn. . 234. 
Roseocincta Cee Mart., Mébius Reise n. “Mauritius, 

p. 294, t. 20, f. 22-25, . : : ; whe N Pe : . 2o1 
Roseopunctata (Colonia), Angas. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 417, pl. 40, 

fig. 8, : : 258 
Roseus (Phasianella), Angas PeZe Sel 1867, P 114, pl. ae f. 

94, ; . 174 
Roseus (Turbo), Philippi. = — Leptothyr ra cicer, Mke. . . 254 
Rotelliformis (Turbo), Jay. Catal. of Shells 3rd. Edit. 1839, 

p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 2-3. = Trochiscus Norrisi, Sowb. ‘ 
Rotularius (Troe hus), Lam. - An. sans Vert., ed. Desh., ix, p. 

125. = Astralium rotularium, . , : . : ae 
Rubens Ge Se Lam. . Encyc. Meth., pl. 449, fig. 2a, b, 

= P. variegata, Lam. . : : ; ; : ol 
Rubicundus (Turbo), Oh samen Conchyl. Cab. v, p. 207, pl. 

181, f. 1803-1804. —= Turbo granulosus, Mart. . : . 213 
Rubicundus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Syst. v, ii, pl. 220, figs. 11, 

12. == Turbo granulosus, Mart. i : ; : » 218 
Rubra (Leptothyra), Dkr... : : ; : : . 251 
Rubra (Phasianella), Pease. KRve. Conch, Icon. f. 18 

== Aleyna rubra Pse. - ; : . 182 
Rubra (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p- 122. 

— Phasianella speciosa, Muhlf. : 

Rubra (Aleyna), Pease. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 436 : 
Rubra ‘Callonins, = Leptothyra Sane Gould. . . 250 
Rubricinetus ( Aavboye Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845, vol. ii, 

p22. = ne ‘a rubricineta, : ; J : . 207 
Rubrilineata ( Leptothyra), Von. Mart. = L. rubricineta, Migh. 257 
Rubrilineata *Celloni: Ler ( (Pease), Sowb. 

—= Leptothyra rubricincta, Mighels, . 257, 208 
Rugosts (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. > ,p. 1234, no. 618. 

= Astralium rugosum, : ‘ ; : « 136, 220). 229 
Rutilis Clorboy CVBy Ads? . : é f f : . 245 

Sandwichensis (Turbo), Pease, ‘ : ; : » 207 
Sangarensis (Turbo), Schrenck. Bull. de la Acad. des. se. de 

St. Petersburgh, iv, p. 409, . ; 5 F : . 248, 250 
Sanguinea (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. fig. 5. 

— P. ventricosa Q and G. Var. . 5 : ; : . 165 
Sancuineus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 763. 

= — Leptothyra sanguinea, . ; ; : . 246, 249, 260 


286 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Sanguineus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. no. 

= Leptothyra cicer, Mke. . : : : ; 2) Von 
Sanguineus (Leptonyx), Carpenter. 

— Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry, : . 247, 248, 249, 186 
Sanguinens (Turbo), Folin. Fonds de la Mer. i, p. 86, no. 9, 

f.11. = Leptothyra folini, Pilsbry, . ; . 252 
Sarmaticus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p- 1235, 

186, 203, 218 


Saxosum (Callopoma), Gray. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 44, « ait 
Saxosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pl. np fie. 2 
sus, Wood. : : : Fay 
Saxosus (Turbo), nee P. Z. S. 1848, p. “49. 
— Turbo saxosus, Wood, . er tl 


Saxosus (Turbo), Wood. Index testac. suppl. ‘pl. 6, fi. 45, rap 
Semicostatus (Trochus), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Troque, De 38, fig. 


1. = Astralium semicostatum, Kn. . . 204 
pea acsinan (Turbo), Pease. P. va 1860, p. 435, : . 206 
Semilugubris (Turbo), Desh. Conch. de ’He de la Reunion, 

p. 72, pl. 9. f. 9, 10. == Leptothyra semilugubris, : . 202 
Senectus H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. . . | ., 18h 
Setosus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594, . > aS 
Shandi (Turbo), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 35, » 21 
Simsoni (Turbo), Tenison- Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 

1876, p. 141, : . 216 
Sirius (Turbo), Gould. ‘Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iil, P 90; 

Wilkes Exped. f. 203. == Astralium sirius. : . 233 
Smaragdus (Turbo), Martyn, Univ. Conch. : : Bid 


Smaragdus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3595, No. 30, 185 
Smithi (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 230, pl. 14, f. 182, 


SS yk 206 
ed Helix), Born. Mus. Caes. V indobon., i 13, fe 19, (1780.) 
= Phase ) 166 | 
Solida (Phasianella), (Desh. ) Kiener. Spee. Gen. Phasianella. 
=="P. ventricosa,;.. : ; ; : : . 165 


Solidus (Turbo), Hanley. Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 201. 
— T. fluctuosus, Wood. ; E : ‘ : , 
Sparverius (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594, No. 


43, . 194, 195 | 
Speciosa (Phasianella), Miuhlf, Verh. Berl. Gesell. if p 214, . 
pleat, dn Asy hee Shoe | 
Speciosus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pl. 8, f. 30, + 163, 208 | 
Speciosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pl. 33, ule | 
— Turbo radiatus, Gmel. . , 4 ‘ é : . 200 . 
Spenglerianus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595, : 
INo=27; 3 : . 205, 208, 209, 210 


Spheerula (Delphinula), Kiener. Coq. Viv. p. 0) plo di, | a8 
Spinosum (Turbo), Kiener. Spee. Gen. Turbo, pl. 20. 
= Turbo radiatus, Gmel. . ’ ; P F : . 200 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


Spinosus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3594. 
—= Turbo radiatus, Gmel. : ‘ : ; ; ; 
Spinulosus (Trochus), Lam. An. sans. Vert., ed. Desh., p. 127. 
= Astralium longispinum, Lam. var. : : . 186, 
Spinulosus (Trochus), Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 55. 


Taeniatus (Turbo), Sowerby. T'ankerville Catal. App. p. xiii. 
= Photinula, 


— A. petrosum, Mart. Fi ; : : : . 254 
Spinulosus (Trochus), Lam. Reeve. Conch. Icon. sp. 55, and 

Sowb. Thes. Conch. p. 217. — Astralium petrosum, Mart. . 222 
Splendida (Phasianella), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1849, p. 30, 

: ; ; ; : ; Fite : . 180, 270 
Splendida (Phasianella), Phil. Kuister’s Conch. ae Monog. 

Phasiaella. ; : : ‘ . 210 
Splendidulus (Turbo), Sowb. hes. Conch. p. 299), ete. 14, f. 

SO. ASL A: : : : » LOK 
Squamatus (Turbo), (A. INL ) Sab. Thes. Conch. p. 210, pl. 

8, f. 88, ; : ; F 4 : 264 
Squamiger (Turbo), Rye. oP. Z. 8. 1842, p. 186, ; 204 
Squamosus (Turbo), Gray. Voy. Fly. ii, p. 359, pl. 2, f. 8 

— Turbo foliaceus, Phil. : : : : 201 
Stamineus (Limax), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 71. 

== Turbo stamineus. Sant is : : . : . 212 
Stellaris Eee Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 5600, No. 

47. Astralium stellare. : : : : : 232 
Stenogy: rus (Turbo), Fischer. Cog. Viv. p. 118, pl. 41, f.°3. 205 
Stramineus (Turbo), Wood. = T. stamineus, Mart. Be Ally 
Striata (Phasianella pulla, var.) Brusina. Zool. Bot. Ver. xv, 

oY 24. == P: pullus, Le var: 
Shines (Alcyna), Pease Am. Jour. Conch: V, Pp 70, 182 
Striata ( Sey Gray. . ; : : : i . 264 
Strigata (Phasianella), Phil. Conch. Cab. 1853, p. 15, t. 4, f. 

6.7 == P: pulla, L. ‘ : ; : ; b . 168 
Strigata (rs hi asianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 19. 

= P. pullus, Linn. var. dubia, Pilsbry. : : 169 
Striulata (Phasianella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., No. 2830. 

——= oro ee C. B. Ad. 178 
Subangulata (Aleyna), Pease. 182 
Subcastuneus (Turbo), Pils sbry. 204 
Subsanguinea (Phasianella), Pilsbry. : : . 165 
Substriata (Eucosmia variegata, Cpr. var.) Cpr. Ann. and 

Mag. N. Hist. xiii, 1864, p. 475, : , aul ett 
Sulcata (Turbo torquatus, Gmel. var.), Rve. Con. Icon. pl. 6. 

= Turbo stamineus, var. lamellosus, Brod. Loos 
Suleatum (Astralium), Martyn. . 242 
Supragranosus (Trochus), E. A. Smith. 

= Leptothyra lta, Montr. ‘ ; : : 259 


288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Taylorianus (Turbo), Smith. P. Z. 8. 1880, pl. 48, f. 9, p. 483, 244 
Tentoriiforme (Trochus), Jonas. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1845, p, 66. 
= Astralium tentoriiforme, . 231, 240 
Tenuis (Phasianella), Michaud. Bull. She Tn Bord. il, p. 
270, ; 19, 20, : . LOS 
Tenuis (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f, Mal. 1844, p- 110, 
, . 163, 168 
Tesselata (Phasianella), G. B. Adams. Contr. Conch., p. 67, 
== P: tessellata; Poet Me cea Li! 
Tessellata (Phasianella), Potiez et Mich, Galerie, i, P 312, pl. 
29, f. (-8,. . 170 
Tessellata (Phasianella) ; ), Anton. Verzeich, p- 61, no. 2141, 
oe : 
Tessellatus ae eee Wood, var.) Kiener. Spec. Turbo, 
pl Oy hes : : : . 3 : : 
Ticaonicus (Turbo), ‘B re. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 185, 202, 203 
Torquatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3597, no 106. 
== T. stamineus, Mart. ; : 5 . : pu 
Transenna (Turbo), Watson, : : : . 262 
Tricingulata (Leptothyra purpurata var. ) Mart. Mobius Reise 
n. Mauritius, eee ene 251 
Tricolia Risso, ‘Hist. Nat. ’Eur. Merid. 167 
Tricoliella Monterosato, ——LEeaWa, ; : : » LOL. 
Tricostatus oe smaragdus Martyn, var.) Hutton. Proce. 
Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, ix, p. 509, 217 
Tritonis ( (iveeapia) “Chemn.” Auct. 
— Phasianella australis, Gmel. 165 


Triumphans (Trochus), Philippi. Fiinftey Jahr. des Ver. f. 


Naturk. zur Cassel, p. 8, 1841. == Astralium triumphans, 228 
Trochide, : ; , . 266 
Trochoides (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Teon., pl. 12, f 58, P. Z. 8. 

1848, p. 50, Reet 
Tuber (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xl, ‘Dp. 12 230, no. 596. 

— Astralium tuber,  . ; ‘ a 295 
iBuberoulatas (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo; pl. 3 By hae 

— Turbo radiatus, Gmel. . 200 
Tuberculosus (Turbo), Quoy and Gaim. “Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, 

iii, p. 247, a 60, fig. 1-5. == Turbo radiatus, Gmel. 200 
Tuberosus ( i rochush: hie - Astralium tuberosum, 2a 
Tuberosus (Lrochus), Reeve. = Astralium petrosum, Mart. 234 
Tubicanthus Swains. == eal E 229 
Tumidulus (Turbo), Re Conch. Icon. pl. 10, fig. 45, P. 725 

1848, p. 51. = T. radiatus Gmel. var. - 202 
Turbinine, 184 
Turbinide, ; ; : : . ed 
Turbinopsis (Delphinula), Lamarck: An. sans Vert. ed. 1, vi, 

231. == Turbo turbinopsis, . ; : : 198. 4199 
Turbo Thain Syst. Nat. x, p. 761, : ; : peal lis }smy howl eai 


=, ys 
a ee 


INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 289 


PAGE. 
‘Turcicus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. a 12; fig. GOP) Zee S: 
13848, p. 50, : : : ; . 230 
Tursicus (Calear), Fischer. Coq. Viv. 5 p. : . 230 
Turgida (Phasianella), Phil. Conch. Cab., p. 5, t. 2, f Ve 10, 165 
Tyria (Delphinula), Rve. P. Z.S. 1842, ; . 268 
Umbilicata (Phasianella), @Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 77, t. 19, 
fier, e4.) == anis ©; B. Ad... .. : Hoss) dad 
Undosum (Trochus), Wood. Index test. ‘suppl, pl. 51, fie. ie 
— Astralium undosum, P . 187, 243 
Undulatus (Turbo), Martyn. ‘Univ. Conch., ; . 216 
Unguis (Trochus), Wood. Index Test. Suppl. pl. b, fie. 2 
— Astralium unguis, . : . 242 


Unifascialis (Phasianella), Kiener. p. ie pl. 4, fig. ot Ws - 166, 179 
Urvillei (Turbo), Phil. Conch. Cab. p. 215, pl 2 4, 


= Astralium tentoriiformis, Jonas, 


Uvanilla Gray, : : ; : 5 : ; - Dole gad 
Varia (Phasianella), Lam. Ency. Meth. pl. 449, fi 

— Phasianella australis, Gmel. . . 165 
Variabilis (Turbo), Reeve. Proc. Zooi. Soe. 1842, p. 186. 

== spetholatus, Te (0. . 194 
Variabilis (Phasianella), Pease. P. Z. S 1860, p- ASG. eins ie 
Varians (Eudora), Leach. Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit. ps zt 00. 

== Phasianella pulla, Linn. : sp loa 


Wiidie ( ‘Phasianella), Anton. V ayescethy p- 80, : 
a Eucosmia), Cpr. Ann. Mag. Nat: Hist. xiii, 1864, 


p- 475, : 2 : S163. tie nite 
Variegata (Phasianella), Lam. : é : : : - 179 
V ariecatus (Collonia), A. Ad. (Sowb). 

— Turbo nocturnus, Gould. : ; : : . 265 
Venosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon;, fof 

= P. ventricosa, Q. and G. , : P : » 165 
Ventricosa (Phasianella), Swainson. Exot. Conch. p. 38, 1841, 

= P. ventricosa Q. et G : : ‘ : . 165 
Ventricosa (PI rasianell a), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. 

Zool. pl. 59, f. 8, 9, : ; : d . 165 
Venusta (Phasianella), Rve. Elem. Conch. i pL 325 pleat? ite 

58. = P. australis, Gmel. : : : ; : AAS: 
Venustus (Turbo). Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1845, p. 148. 

= T. saxosus, Wood. : ; ; F 3 : lel 
Verruca (Trochus), Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 27. 

== Leptothyra verruca. , : . : : - 2201 
Versicolor (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xili, p. 3599, No. 

43. = T. porphyrites, Mart. var. , DiS 
Vieuxil ‘(Phasianella) Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse. a 146, pl iG f. 

5, 6. = P. speciosa, Muhlf. ; SoG 

19 


290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 


PAGE. 
Virens (Turbo), Anton. Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malacol., 1848, p. 
99. — I. castaneus, Gmel. . 203 
Virescens (Pachypoma), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., pea 73, pl. 
8, f. 10. == Astralium petrosum, Mart. var. . 235. 
Virgo (Phasianella), Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 115, pl. Be: f. 
20, : : : i 81 
Viridis (Phasianella), Anton. “Verzeich. p- 60, No. 2135. 
= P. lineolata, Lam. . ie tt J 
Vitrea (Phasianella), Desh. Moll. PTle Reunion. p. 76, pl. 8, 
of PS5 bie be 4 : : : : : . 16g 
ey Cpe ae Baird. bee Curacoa, P. 436, pl. 
OO; fi Oy Hy x Bab 


Zebra (Phasianella), Gray. mss. Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 4. 

= P. ventricosa, Q. et G. var... 166 
Zebrina (Phasianella), d@Orb. Moll. Cuba. il, i, D- 7 ee 19, f, 

30, 37. =P. tessellata, P. et M. : : . 170 


Pene he NOE TO:PLATES: 


PLATE 1. 


FIGURE. 


— 


bo 


. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Portion of radula. Fischer’s 


Manual, f. 568, ; é : 3 ; , 
Navicella clypeolum. Dentition, Troschel, Gebiss der 
Schnecken ii, t. 16, f. 1, 


3. Neritina reclivata, Say. Dentition. Ibid. ii, t. 16, f. 10, 

4, Cy rclostrema basistriatum, Jeffr. Dentition. Ibid. ii, t. 2, 

05. 0: Peltarion bilobatus, Desh. Operculum.  Fischer’s 
Manual, f. 569, : : ; : : ; 

G3: Neritopsis radula, Linn. Operculum. a, external face, 
b, internal face. Fischer’s Manual, f. 570, : 

9, 10. Neritina. Operculum, 9 internal, 10 external face. 
Fischer’s Manual, f. 563, 561, : P : : 

11, 12. Navicella operculum, 6, internal, a, external face. 
Ibid. f. 566, : : : : : 

15. Naticopsis placida, Kon. Operculum. Ibid. f. 572, 

14, Naticopsis planispira, Kon. Operculum. Ibid. f. 573, 

15. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Showing absorption of inner 
walls. Ibid. f. 559, ‘ : d ‘ ; 

16. Neritina zigzag, Lam. Showing apophysis. Ibid. f. 562, 

17. Naticopsis ampliata, Koninck. “bid. f. 571, 

18. Craspedostoma elegantulum, Lindstr. Ibid. f. 588, 

19, 20. Crossostoma reflexilabrum, d’Orb. Ibid. f. 589, 

PLATE 2. 

21-23. Nerita albicilla, L. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 64, 

24. Nerita venusta, Phil. (= albicilla, L.) Phil. Abbild. 
iS ial cams es : : : 3 

25, 26. Nerita forskalii, ‘Reel. = albicilla. ) Reeve, Nerita, 

Sea LON, 48 , : : : 

27. Nerita plexa, Chemn. Ibid. f. ‘12, : 

28. Nerita chlorostoma, Lam. ( = -plexa, Chemn.) Ibid. f. 
SHEEN Oy cae : : , 

29. Nerita exuvia, i. Nordea: 

30. Nerita gr anulata, vee lbrditetoied..1 -; : 3 

31-33. Merit stella, Chemn. ( — chamaeleon- ) Ibid. f. 60, 

34-56. Nerita squamulata Le Guill. (= chamaeleon.) Ibid. 
faibe: 


oT. 


PLATE 3. 


Nerita modesta Hombr. et Jacq. (= chamaeleon.) Voy. 
Astrol. et Zel. t. 16, f. 6, : : 
(291) 


PAGE, 


12 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 
38. Nerita arabica Rve. (—  chamaeleon). -Conch. Icon. f. 
Gest : : : . : : : 

39. Nerita annulata Rve. (= chamaeleon.) Ibid. f. 78, b, 
40. Nerita oryzarum, Recl. Ibid. f. 46a. . . : : 


. Nerita semirugosa, Recl. Ibid. f. 19a. : : 
. Nerita histrio, Gmel. (== semirugosa.) Ibid. f. 27, bees 
. Nerita maura, Recl. (= tab Ue) Ibid 07 by 


- Nerita longii, Recl. Ibid. f. 52 : : ee 
Nerita hindsii, Recl. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 17, 
18, : 3 


. Nerita atropurpurea. oe planospira). Reeve, Conch. 


Teon. f. 38a. 


). Nerita signata,.McCleay. «(= ‘reticulata, Kars.) Ibid. f. 


44a. 


. Nerita fracum , Rye i == ae eviculltea: Kars.) Tide f AL, 


51, 52. Nerita unidentata, H. et J. (= ‘patula.) Voy. Astrol. 
et: Zelst. Li, eG, : : ; 

538, D4, ‘Nerita patula, Reel. ea ean MOL! S ae 

55. Nerita beaniana, Recl. Ibid. f, 856. . : ‘ é 

56. Nerita dombeyi, Recl.. Ibid. f. 71 6. : : : : 

57. Nerita senegalensis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 35, a. : : : 

58. Nerita largillierti, Phil. (= senegalensis.) Specimen. 


PratE 4. 


. Nerita argus, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 53, b. 
. Nerita anthracina. Abbild. Neuer. Conch. 1, e ects 9, 
. Nerita maculata, Pse. Specimen. 


62. Nerita fulgurans, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 51, b. 
63. Nerita preecognita, Ad. Ibid. f. 50, a. 
64. Nerita antillarum. Thes. Conch. f. 54, 
65. Nerita albipunctata, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 61, a, 
66, 67. Nerita bernhardi, Reel. Ibid. f. 57, 
68. Nerita genuana, Rve. Ibid. f. 77, 0. 
69. Nerita bernhardi, Recl. Specimen. é é : 
70. Nerita granulata (— Bernhardi). Conch. Icon. f. 79, a, 
71. Nerita tessellata, Gmel. Ibid: 25K. : 3 : 
72. Nerita comma-notata, , Ry e. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 72, b. 
73. Nerita listeri, Recl. (= tessellata.) Ibid. f. 36, a. . : 
74. Nerita nivosa, Rve. ee tessellata.) Ibid. f. 66 a. 
75, 76. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Thes. Conch. f. 30, 
77. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 8 oh 
78, 79. Nerita versicolor, Gmel. Ibid. f. 56, 

PLATE 6. 
80. ae versicolor, Gmel. Specimen. L A 
81, 82. Nerita plicata, L. Conch. Icon. f. 49. ; Ms 
83. Nerita ringens, Rye. (= plicata.) 7 bid: f. 75, : 
84. Nerita costata, Chemn. Ibid. f. 6, 6. ‘ : : 5 


PAGE. 


—_ 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


293 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
85. Nerita grossa Linn. Ibid. f. 10, a. . : : : 28 
86. Nerita quadricolor, Gmel. Ibid. f. 4, a. . : 29 
87. Nerita leguillouana, Rec]. (— undata.) Ibid. f. ae: a. 28 
88. Nerita savieana, Reel. Ibid. f. 37, b. , 28 
89. Nerita crassa, Gld. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f. 1! 5, (t. 28 
90. Nerita novee-guinez, Less. Conch. Icon. f. 59, 0. 28 
91. Nerita chrysostoma, Recl. Ibid. f. 18, 28 
92. Nerita aurantia, Recl. Ibid. f. 49, a, 28 
93. Nerita grisea, Rve. Ibid. f.19,a. . 28 
94. Nerita essingtoni, Rve. Ibid. f. 29, a, 29 
95. Nerita funicula, Rve. Ibid. f. 9, 29 

PLATE 6. 
96, 97. Nerita oleagina, Rve. ( = spengleriana). | Conch. 
Icon. f. 47, : : : : 29 
98. Nerita spengleriana, Rieck: [bids £73. a: : ‘ 29 
99. Nerita ineurva, Mart. IJxtister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 14, 9 
100. Nerita erubescens, Rve. (= striata). Conch. Icon. f. 54a, 29 
1. Nerita neritopsoides, Rve. (= striata.) Ibid. f. 69, 8, 29 
2. Nerita grayana, Recl. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t..7, f. 10, 29 
3. Nerita grayana, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 33, a, : 29 
4, Nerita annulata, Rve. (= chamaeleon.) Ibid. f. 78, a, 20 
5. Nerita ornata, Sowb. (= seabricosta.) —_ Ibid. f. 3, 6, 30 
6. Nerita deshayesii, Recl. (— scabricosta.) Ibid. f. 7, a 30 
7. Nerita polita, Linn. Ibid. f. 2, a, 30 
8-11. Nerita rumphii, Reel. Ibid. f. 62, 3 
PEATE 
12. Nerita polita, Linn. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 65, fi ¢ 3 
15,, 14. Nerita polita, Linn. Conch. teat ie 2. 30 
15, 16. Nerita rumphii, Recl. Ibid. f. 62, 31 
17. Nerita antiquata, Rec]. Ibid. f. 5, 8, 3 
18. Nerita umlaasiana, Krauss. Thes. Conch. f. 12 Dy 3 
19, 20. Nerita orbignyana, Reel. (= polita.) Conch. Icon. f. 
08, a, : i ‘ ‘ 30 
Ale Nerita aurora, Tie. Abbila. ieee ep i 12. ; : 3 
22. ae guamensis, Quoy. (<= rumphii.) Voy. Astrol. t. 
Oye 45, : : ; : : me) 
23. Nevita doreyana, Quoy. = rumphii, pp -dbidst,05 gta 
24. Nerita maxima, Gime: Conch. Icon. f. 18, 6, 3 
25. Nerita obatra, Recl. Jour. de Conch. ii, t. 5, f. 4, 3 
26. Nerita bisecta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 39, b, ul 
27. Nerita ascensionis, Chemn. Ibid. f. 14, 3, 4 : ans 
28. Nerita alveolus, H. et J. (= fulginata,) Voy. Astrol. et 
el steal 7,.t: 8; ; ‘ : f ; : : 32 
29. Nerita birmanica, Phil. (— lineata.) Thes. Conch. f 
29 


82, : : 


294 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 


30. Nerita punctata. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 41, . «ee 
31. Nerita georgina, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 74, d, . : i. 38 
PLATE 8. 

32. Nerita lineata, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 13, a, : oe 
33. Nerita balteata, Rve. (= lineata.) Ibid. f 28,4, . = Seb 
34. Nerita excavata. Thes. Conch. f. 84, . , : 20 
35. Nerita filosa, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 48, 6, 3 es 

36, 37. Nerita cerostoma, Trosch. Archiv. fiir Naturg. tid) 

£ Dy ASo2 ss Ve “Boe 
38. Nerita zemmulata, Res. Seance teat a “40, at, 4 Ra y's 
39. Nerita fulginata, Reve. Ibid. f. 50, b, , : 2 . tae 
40, Nerita atrata, ve. bid. £16; 6: 26 
41. Nerita carbonaria, Recl. (= morio.) Abbild. yt, iN f 5, 33 
42. Nerita nigerrima, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 11; p : 5 
3. Nerita achatina, Rve. (—nigerrima.) Ibid. f. 68, a, . 26 
44, Nerita atramentosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 25, a, ae 


45. Nerita essingtoni, Recl. Jour. de Conch. i, t. ae ie 9, cn 33) 
46. Nerita neritinoides, Rve. (— morio.) Conch. Icon. fli 


47. Nerita picea, Reel. ‘Thid. f. 20, b, « : . 3d 
48. Nerita incerta, Busch. Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 6, : ; ae 
PLATE 9. 

49, 50. Nerita samoensis Dkr. Conch. Icon. f. 80, 5 . oA 
51. Nerita affinis Rve. Ibid. f. 81, ; d ; ; . oA 

52. Nerita obscura H. et J. (= ec ‘ee Astrol. et Zel. 

i. eee 33 
53, 54. Nerita vitiensis H. et J. (ce affinis.) “Thid. t. ibe Le a 

A, : d4 
55. Nerita yoldii Recl. “Conch. Icon. f. ‘82a, 2 | 
56. Nerita haustrum Rve. (= ‘yoldii. ) Ibid. f. 34, Die 27 
57. Nerita peruviana Phil. (= yoldii.)  Abbild, be 1 4,. 27 
58. Nerita japonica Dkr. (= pica.) Thes. Conch. f. 112, . o-4 
59, 60. Nerita pica, Gould. Specimen, : : . 34 
61. Nerita vexillum Rve. Conch, Icon. f. 65, : ; 5. ok 
62. Nerita stricta Bd. hes. Conch. f. 118, ; : «he 
65. Nerita albipunctata. Ibid. f. 118, 24 
64, 65. Nerita arcta Homb. et. Jacq. Voy. Astr. et Zel. t. 16, 

fh fe 34 


66. Nerita electrina Rye. (= vehameleom) Conch Icon. f. 10, 20 
67, 68. Nerita nove caledoniz Bd. (= stricta.) Voy. Curacoa, 


tid, f, IZ 20S. : : : ‘ . . : » ‘op 
69. Nerita scalpta. - Conch. Icon. f. 31, b,  . ; : » ae 
70. Nerita bullula Rve. (= picea.) Ibid. f. 76, . . oo 


1. Nerita helicinoides Rve. Ibid. f. 80, b, ‘ : 2-2 2p 
2. Nerita pellis-serpentis Rve. (= helicinoides.) Ibid f. 83, 25 
3. Nerita winteri Phil. Abbild. J, t. 1, f. 10, : ; a Oe 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


295 


'BIGURE. PAGE. 
74. Nerita insculpta Rve. (= picea.) Conch. Icon. Neritina, 

f. 70, b, 33 
75. Nerita morio Sowb. “Ibid. Neritina, f 43, b, 33 
‘76. Nerita rudis Pse. oe Am. Jour. Conch. IIL t. 24, 

f, 4, : ; E . 34 

PLATE 10: 

77. Neritina gagates Lam. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f. 12, 35 
78. Neritina gagates var. minor. Ibid. t. 10, f. 18, Bi) 
79. Neritina gagates var. subplanospira. Ibid. t. 13, 30 
80. Neritina natalensis Rve. Ibid. t. 11, ft 11, 35 
$1. Neritina natalensis Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 75, 8, pats 15. 
82-84. Neritina variegata Lesson. Kister, Conch. Cab. t. 10, 

£2 T6RLT, : : ' 2 : Rigas. 
35, 86. Neritina cuvieriana Reel. (= variegata.) Conch. 

"Toon. f. Ora: ‘ ‘ : 56 
87. Neritina ziczac Sowb. Kiister, Conch Cab, fe 10, f. “20, 36 
88, 89. Neritina ziczac Sowb. Thc: fot Gee : 36 
90. Neritina ziczae var. interstitialis. Ibid. t. 10, f. 23, 36 
91. Neritina serrulata, Reel. (ziczac.) Conch. Icon. f. 55, 36 
92. Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var. triangularis. Ibid. f. 32, a 36 
93. Neritina zebra, Brug. var. lineolata. Kiister, Conch. 

CabstehOysi i.” =: OT 
94. Neritina zebra, Brug. Ibid. fi: 10, f.3 3, ; OT 
95. Neritina sobrina, Recl. (zebra.) Conch. Icon. f. 40, b, 37 
96. Neritina smithi, Sowb. Ibid. f. 42,a, . . con 
‘97, 98. Neritina fulgurata, Desh gagates.) Moll. Re- 
union, t. 10, f. 1, 2, 35 
PLATE 11. 
99. Neritina aterrima, Koch. Conch. Icon. f. 78, 40) 
100. Neritina aquatilis, Rve. (— » ZC.) Ibid. f. 73, , 36 
1. Neritina turrita, Chemn. bid: foie oe 37 
2,°3 - Neritina turrita, Chemn. Iiister, "Conch: Cab. tr ‘fae g 
21,2 23, F ot 
4. Neritina semiconica, ‘Lam. Conch. Toon. f. 36, ¢ ov 
-). Neritina jovis, Recl. (= ziezac.) Ibid. f. 117, ae 36 
6. Neritina plumbea, Martens (not Recl.) (= — gagates). 
Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f. 13, . : ; ; oo 
Ligerer Neritina plumbea, Reel. Thes. Conch. inet Maleate oe 
120, : : : au 
9. Neritina moquiniana, Recl. e& natalensis. ) Jour. de 
Conch: i, t. 7, f. 9, 5 ; . 389 
10. Neritina roissyana, Recl. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. se 
14, 38 
11. Neritina cuprina, Reel. (= roissyana.) “Conch. Icon. f. 
oT; a; 38 


296 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
12. Neritina chrysocolla, Gld. (= oe Moll. Wilkes 
Exped. 2-163) os: 38 
13. Neritina navigatoria, Rve. (ee ‘yoissyana.) Conch. Icon. 
fF LOD a, : : . 33 
cD: Neritina armen Reel. Kiister. Conch: Cab: t. 13) 
1s aoe : ; : : : . dd 
16. Neritina communis, Q. et G. Ibid. t. 2, f. 4, : . 38 
17-22. Neritina communis. Conch. Icon. f. 88, . : . od 


PratH 12. 


23, 24. Neritina pulchra, Sowb. (= variegata.) Conch. Icon. 


ne a beets en : ‘ : . : - Be 
Hdd endo Neritina reclivata, § S say. Thes. Conch. ii, t. 116, f. 
240, 241, : ‘ . ; : : ; . oot 


. Neritina reclivata, § Say. Kiister, Conch. Cab, t. 10, £ 10," 39 
a Neritina striolata, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 100, 6, — . Bi 


29. Neritina fondant Shutt. Phid. fa, 4% t evittes 
30. Neritina fulgetrum, Rve. Ibid. f. 105, . : : . 0d 
31-35. Neritina virginea, Linn. Thes. Conch. ii, t..114, f. 
232—289, é : ‘ ! P : : : . “3 
36. Neritina listeri, Pfr. (= virginea.) Ibid. u, t. 116, f. 
Doers) fos : AQ 
37-42. Neritina virginea Sein: Riister . Coneh. Cab. ts 14, £ 
1-21, ; ao 
48. Neritina virginea Manns Thes. Couch. Li if ie. £3 Mes 
44, 45. Neritina. elegantissima Hartm. (— virginea.} Cam 
Sehiweizs tage areal ee. x : : : : hee 
46, 47. Neritina triserialis Sowb. Conch. Iedn. f.95, . . 40 


48. Neritina wallacei Dohrn. Zool. Proc. t. 26, f.1, 1861, . 40 
49 Neritina poncheti Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zelee. 
t. gar ek. EL, : é . . c : : . 40 
PLATE 13. 


50. Neritina adansoniana Recl.  Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, 


tee ‘ : : : ; F . 40 
ol. Neritina adanconiane Reel. Thes, Conehs 1 to i.G ee 

254, 3 : : A : 2 : : : . AO 
52, 53. Neritina picta Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 19, f. 22, 

24, : : : : : . = ame 
54, 55. Neri itina picta Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 101, a, 6, > MAE 
56.: Neritina ualanensis Lesson. Ktister, Coneh. Cab. t. 20, 

f. 5, : : : ‘ ; 8 
oT, 58. Nerina alone var. lbidti20. ieee ~ (AX 
59, 60. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 17, 19, | ay 


61-63. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 9, 10, 12, mee 1 
64-66. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f.13,14,15, . 48 
67, 68. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 21, 23, . 48 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 

69, 70. Neritina nouletiana Gass. Moll Nouv. Caled. II, t. 
Backs ree : 

ales Nenana qaodeeella est ’ Moll. Reunion, tl 10, fe 3. 


PLATE 14, 


72. Neritina pupa Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 93,6, . 
73. Neritina pupa var. tristis d’Orb. Ibid. f. 93, ¢, : d 
74. Neritina tristis d’Orb. (= pupa L.) Moll. Cuba. t. ili 
fa); ‘ é : : : ‘ i ; F ; 
Woe 1G: Neritina reticulata Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 121, a, 6, 
77. Neritina holoserica Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch. VII, t. 
1S ae ol Ra 
78, 79. Neritina codeffroy: 
Conch. Cab. t. as f. 4, 5, ; : : 
80. Neritina amecena, Gould. Moll. Wallces Exped, f. 192, 
81. Neritina morosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. IJ, t. 8, f. 7, 
82. Neritina obtusa Bens. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 11, 
85. Neritina spiralis, Rve. (= obtusa.) Conch. Icon. f. 99. a, 
84. Neritina guerini Recl. (= ameena.) Ibid. f. 128, 6. : 
85. Neritina guttulata, Gassies. Moll. Nouy. Caled. ITI, t. 4, 
f. 4, ‘ 5 j 3 : ‘ i i : 
86. Neritina salmacida, Morel. Jour. de Conch. t. 12, f. 5, 
IRAs eee ‘ 5 . : , 2 
87, oe Neritina Morchiana, Dkr. Moll. Novara Exped. t. 
ripe iad ; : : ; ; : : 
89. Neritina incerta, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4, f. 6, 
90-93. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 90,  . : 
94. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 12, f. 4, 
95. Neritina apiata, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 98, b, 
96. Neritina cornea, Linn. Ibid. f. 7, }, 
97. Neritina cornea, Linn.  Kiister, Conch. Cab.. ie 12, £18, 
98. Neritina subsuleata, Sowb. Conch! leon 10:03. © 
99. Neritina subsuleata, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. a ey f 


a.) Kuster, 


1s , ; ; 
100. Neritina chimmoi, Reeve, bide ted eS oes : : 
1. Neritina saves, Gassies, (= cornea I.) Moll. Nouy. 


Caled. tii, t. 3, f. 12, 
PAG A TE LS, 


297 


PAGE, 


41 
42 


42 
42 


2-7. Neritina ee Muhlf. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 3,_ 


f. 7-29, A 
8. Neritina anhalt var. serratilinen, Zgl. Ibid. t. 22, f. 
3) : 
9. Neritina danubialis v var. chrysostoma, Kutsch. Ibid. t. 22, 
fel: 


10. Neritina fluviatilis, Line Cancel. Leow. f. 125, By) kz : 
11-25. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 21, 
ISG t. 3, £38, ; : : : 3 : 


298 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


PLATE 16. 


Se PAGE. 
26,27 eae transversalis, Zgl. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 

“99, ied , : ‘ s . AT 

28. Neritina Bynes Issel. Ibid. ts OA, f, 22 ae 4/0 

29, 30. Neritina liturata, Eichw. Ibid. ibe D1, 1 24-26, . AT 

31, 32. Neritina heldreichi, Schw. Ibid. t. 29, fos 10, ee 


99 


33, 34. Neritina varia, Zglr. Ibid. t. 21, f. 17, 19, : . AT 
35, 36. Neritina meridionalis, Phil. Ibid. as Py Aa ean OBB Kes a 


37. Neritina nigrocerulea, Parr. Ibid. t. 22, f. 14. : . 48 
38. Neritina elongatula, Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f. 16, : 48 
39. Neritina elongatula, var. violacea, Morel. Thid. ‘Sn 29 £. 

18, , : ‘ : : . 48 
AQ. Neritina lutesta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 137a, . ; 48 
41. Neritina hispalensis, v. Mart. ay Conch. Cab. t. 22, 

ey, | oie 5 48 


ADA: Neritina ouadianensis; Morel. “Thid. tis 29, f. 29, 24, 49 
43. Seay guadianensis, var. valentina, Graells. Tbid. t. 


De. 2 ce : : : : . 49 
AD. Shoes aullenes Desh. Thids t..227- 221, : : eg 
46. Neritina prevostiana. Kister, Conch. Cab. t. 3; 1-0) — See 
47. Neritina baetica, Lam. Ibid. t. 23, f. 1, ; : . 49 
48. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 4, f. 21, A : . 49 
A9. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 28, f. 3, : : eee) 
50. Neritina peloponnesia, Rec]. Ibid. t. 3, f. 15, : OU 


51, 52. Neritina numidica, Recl. Ibid. t. 23, f. 5,8, . « Foe 


PLATE 17. 


53. Neritina syriaca, Bourg. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, £9, 50 
54-56. Neritina hidalgoi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. t. 11, f. 2 

1880: . ; ; ¢ : . : 449 
57. Neritina pallida, Dkr. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f.11, 50 
58-60. Neritina schultzii, Grimm. — Ibid. t. 25, f. 192: Ly 17, 50 
61. Neritina panayana, Recl. Ibid. t. 23, f.17, . 50 
62. Neritina baconi, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 127, 51 
63. Neritina africana, Parr. (= nilotica.) Thid. a 38, b, 51 
64. Neritina nilotica, Rve. Ibid. f. 157, 6, . 51 
65. Neritina euphratica, Mouss. Ktister, Conch. ‘Cab. ‘t. 15, 

£9, 5 , ; : : : : : : : ROE 
66. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Ibid. t. 2, f. 15, : : ~~ ow 
67. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 129, a, : 51 


68. Neritina anatolica var. hausknechti, Mart. Thid. £4148, a; ae 
69. Neritina anatolica var. boissieri, Mart. Kuster, Conch. 

Cab. tz 3. 4to. : ‘ : . , : s EDS 
70. Neritina anatoliea var. olivieri, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f.1&,. 52 
71. Neritina anatolica var. bellardii, Mart. Ibid. fi. bootie 2D oe 
72-74. Neritina macrii, Recl. Ibid. t. 4, f 12; t. 13, f 13, 

28, A : : ; 52 
75. Neritina mesopotamica, Mouss. Ibid. t. 13, f. 20, : a 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 299 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
76. Neritina cinctella, Martens. Ibid. t. 13, f. 22, ; ae 
77. Neritina perottetiana, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 124, a, oe 
78. Neritina coluber, Thorpe. Conch. Ind. t. nae vie I . O38 
79. Neritina jayana, Recl. Jour. de Conch, aed we 13, . Oo 
80. Neritina neritoides. Zool. Proc. t. 33, f. 19, 1881, : roe 
81, 82. ue showalterii, Lea. Obs. Gen. Unio. ix, t. 35, 

83. Neus succinea, Reel. Coneh. Icon. f. 158,40, . . D4 


84. Neritina rubida, Pse. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f.19,°. 54 
PrarE 16: 
85. Neritina rubida, Pse. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f.-20, 54 


86. Neritina consimilis, Mart. Ibid. t. 23, f. 25, . : estoy: 
87. Neritina manoeli, Dohrn. Ibid. t. 23. ey Le : . 204 
88. Neritina viridis, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 153, a, ; et: 
89. Neritina rangiana, Recl. Ibid. f. 142, a, ‘ ; . 00 


90. Neritina rangiana, Recl. Kuster, Genel Cabiitz2a.te 24, ea 


91, 92. Neritina viridissima, — pein, Ann. Mus. Genova, 
Reeve Lede LOO ts : é : See 
93. Neritina souverbiana, Montr. "Moll. N vouv. Caled. i, t. 8, 
Haat Ns : : : : 2 wD 
94, 95. Neritina pulcherrima, Angas, (== souverbiana.) Zool. 
ee tl, 25, ae : : ; : 3 ; 00 
6, Neritina semen, Tap-Can. (= souverbiana.) Ann. 
ae Genova, xix, t. 1, f. 8, 9° ; P i : . | oo) 
98. Neritina pauluceiana, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. ii, t 
8, 1.-6, . ; ; 50 
99. Neritina paulucciana, Gassies. Specimens, 5D 


100, 1. Neritina suavis, Gassies. Moll. Nouy. Caled. iii, t. 4, 
coe Cae ; - 1.56 
2-5. Neritina elabrata, Sowb. @onch: Renn! t 134, 135, SON Ot 


6. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f ny dT 
7. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Conch. Icon. a Na ali : 57 
8. Neritina ovalis, Sowb. ‘Govt? Ga eg Were ie , f ee 
9. Neritina larga, H. et J. (= pulligera.)’ Voy. Astr. 
ie touy ee LO. ‘ : é : : : On 
10. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 1, . . 56 
11. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 9, a, : wl 
12. Neritina petiti, Recl. Ibid. f. 8, b, . ; ‘ : J Po 
3. Neritina californica, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, 8, s 108 
PLATE 19. 
14. Neritina expansa, Gassies. (= ae) Moll. Nouv. Caled. 


Vian ie: Sn be 5) 

15. Neritina bruguieri, Recl. - petiti.) Conch. Icon. f. 46, b, 5 
16. Neritina knorri, Rve. (= pulligera.) Kuster, Conch. Cab. 

tS) £ Ay : : ; : as : rol 

\ 


: 


300 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 


We 
18. 
19. 


_ Neritina listeri, Rve. ( 


Neritina beckii, Recl. (= pulligera, Var.) Conch. Icon. 
entiae eryptospira, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f 
Nertina lenormandi, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. TG 8, 
bo Oi Neritina co cornuta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 63, a, b, 


, 24. Neritina conglobata, Mart. _Kiister, Conch. Cab. fe 


oi Me to : : : ; 
Deena iris, Mouss. hid t.29,4. 5; 
. Neritina knorri, Rve. (= Beckii Recl.) 
. Neritina sanguinea, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 44, at, 


27. Neritina squamipicta, Recl. Ibid. f. 4, a, 
28. Neritina powisiana, Reel. Ibid. f. 76, b. 
29. Neritina immersa, Mart.  Ktister, Conch. Cab. im 9, f, 18, 


31. Neritina asperulata, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. ioe GAD 


PLATE 20. 


2. Neritina arcifera, Mérch. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 28, 
. Neritina piperina (= pennata). Conch. Icon. f. 19, 6 


b 


Neritina hieroglyphica, Watteb. Jour. de Conch. t. 3, 2 
1, 1886, 


. Neritina aolemonense Poe = poreata, Conch. Icon. 


f. 106, d, : 

Neritina spiralis, Mart. & suleulosa.) ‘Kiister, Conch. 
Cab. t. 8, £. 24, 

38. Neritina punctulata, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. AB, « a, b, 

. Neritina cassiculum, Sowb. (= punctulata.) Ibid. f. 118, 
b, 5 


: oe bahiensis, Reel. (== punctulata.) Jour. de Conch. 


4d, tool 


; Nevitin’a turbida, Morel. & punctulata.) Conch. Icon. 


f{-138-00, 


afra.) Ibid. f. 71, b, “ 
44. Neritina rubricata, Morel. (— afra.) Kuster, Gonche 
Cab. &. 132891, 


). Neritina fraseri, Reeve. Conch. Teon: f. 113, b, 
5. Neritina sandalina, Recl. Ibid. f. 58, 6, 


47. Neritina cholerica, Gld. (= sandalina.) Moll. Wilkes, 
Exped. f. 187, : : . i : ; 

48. Neritina vanicorensis (=s sandalina.) Voy. Astrol. et 
Zel. t. 17, f. 30, : 2 : : 

49. Neritina adumbrata, Rve. Couch. Icon. f. 57, a, 


ol. 


. Neritina mar chionatal Rye. Dbid: £126; 


PLarE 21. 


52. Neritina granosa, Sowb. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 
lem, 


=) 


PAGE. 


62 


63 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 301 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
53. Neritina labiosa, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 3, b, 62 
54, 55. Neritina planissima, Mouss. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 

Sere lees ; : : 62 
56, 57. Neritina macgillivrs iyi, Rve. Corich. Icon. f. 16, a, b, 62 
58, 59. Neritina auriculata, Lam. Thbid. f. 83 OO. : 73 

60. Neritina subauriculata, Recl. Ibid. f. 80, a, 2 : nes 
61, 62. Neritina rostrata, Rve. Ibid. f. 151, a, 6, : Male 
63. Neritina layardi, Rve. Ibid. f. 105, a, . : : Par lics: 


64, 65, Neritina rubicunda, Mart.  Kister, Conch. Cab. t. 
Grok 22, ; : : 3 : ca 
66, 67. Neritina taheitensis Less. Conch: leon, £. 62) <a; base 
68, 6 69. Neritina christovalensis Rve. Ibid. f. 150, a, 3, G 
70. Neritina bicanaliculata Recl. Ibid. f. 79, }, : t 


PLATE 22: 


71. Neritina vespertina Nutt. (= tahitensis.) Conch. Icon. f. 


61, a, . ; 5 ; te 
U2: Nerina anarekai Desk: (2 ‘slhfiametes ) Moll. Wilkes 
Exped. f. 180, : ; ; : : : : Bays: 
73. Neritina sandwichensis, Rve. (= tahitensis.) Conch. Icon. 
£182; 6, ; : : 5 : i igo 


74. Neritina lecontei, Reel. Jour. de Conch. ivy, t. cc fe oy ie: 
75. Neritina lecontei, Recl. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 22, 74 
76. Neritina novee caledoniz, Rve. (— lecontei.) Conch Teon. 


OT. a : f 3 : : : . ee 
77, 78. Neritina aciculata, Moreh. Ibid. f. 108, a, 6, . . TA 
79-81. Neritina cariosa, Gray. Kister, Conch. Cab. t. 6, f. 

Wet, A te Ob d : : : 75 
82. Neritina mauriti, Lesson. Ibid. t. 6, f. 8, : ES 
83. Neritina lugubris, Sowb. (— cariosa.) Conch. Icon. f. 

GOR : : ; : : ‘ kites 
84. Neritina lifouana, Caccics. Moll. Nouv. Caled, iii, t. 3, f. 

10, ; ; : : ; ; (6 
85, 86. Neritina dilatata, Brod. Conch. Icon. f. 81, a, 6, 75 
87. Neritina latissima, Brod. Ibid. f. 13, d, 76 


88. Neritina latissima, Brod. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 6, 76 


89. Neritina intermedia, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 14, a, . LRG 
90. Neritina oweniana, Gray. Ibid. f. 59, a, f , aici 
91. Neritina latissima, var. pilsbryi, Tryon. Specimen, te 


92 


Pratem 23: 


92, 95. Neritina Fontaineana, d’Orb. Voy. Amer. mérid, t. 


1G, te VAL. ; 76 
94. Neritina guayaquilensis, Sowb. (== - fontainiana. aon © ‘onch. 
Teon. f. 103, b, ; : 2 : ; nee 


95-99. Neritina crepidularia, Tam. Thes. Conch. t. 118, f. 
139-143, : i ; : ‘ : 4 ; £) ek 


302 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 
100. Neritina depressa, Bens. (= crepidularia.) Ibid. t. 115, 
f. 147, 4 
1. Neritina siquijorensis, Reel. Gu crepidularia.) Ibid. t. 
113; ‘fe 145, . 
2. Neritina montrouzieri, Gassies. es crepidularia.) “Moll. 
Nouv. Caled. iii, t. A, Ld, 
2, 4. Neritina longispina, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 21, a,c, 
5. Neritina mauritiana, Morel. Specimen, : 
6. Neritina spinosa, Budgin. Conch. Icon. f. 52, a, 
7. Neritina spinosa, var. inermis. Kiuister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, 
alps : : : : 
8, 9. Neritina souleyetana, Recl. Canch, Teon. f. 115) ack: 
10. Neritina recluziana, Guill. (= souleyetana.) Ibid. f. 53, 6, 
11. Neritina madecassina, Morel. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 16, 
‘sl es : : 4 ; : 
12. Neritina donovana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 25, a, : 
13. Neritina donovana, ‘= diadema.) Ibid. f. 25 ¢, 
14. Neritina spinifera, (e ‘diadema.) Tbid.t- 49: Ue 
15. Neritina diadema, Recl. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 24, 
16. Neritina corona, L. (= brevispina.) Conch. Icon. f. 27, ¢, 
17, 18. Neritina subgranosa, Sowb. (= brevispina.) Ibid. f. 
24, b, «, ; ; ; 
PLATE 24, 
19. Neritina brevispina, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 28, 
20. Neritina corona, L. (= brevispina.) Ibid. f. 27, at, 
74) Weegee Neritina angulosa, Reel. Ibid.:f.:515:a36; ; 
23. Neritina pritchardi, Dohrn. (= brevispina.) Kiister, 
Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 24, 
24. Neritina discors, Mart. (S angulosa.) Thid. t. V7 f. 8, 
25. Neritina squamosa, Reel. (= squarrosa. ) Gangn Teon. 
f. 56, b, : 
26. Neritina squarrosa, Reel. e brey ispina.) Kiister, Conch, 
Cab. t. 16; £13; 
27, 28. Neritina rugata, Recl. (—— brevispina.) Conch. Icon. 
f. 69;-a, 0; 
29, 30. Neritina rhytidophora, Tap. Can, Ann. Mus, Genova 
Xie: 1.) 1 deo, G; 
5 iia y a Neritina ruginosa, Recl. (= angulosa.) "Kuster, 
Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 19, 23, g : ; ; 
33. Neritina aspersa, R Osa. ) ‘Conch. Icon. f. 
114, a, : 
o4. Neritina subrugata, ‘Ba. ie angulosa.) "Voy. Curacoa, 
Boy bods é 
30, 6 Neritina thermophila, “Mart. ites Conch. Cab. t. 
ieee AS Ts : : : 
oT. Netitina heemastoma, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. Gr 
38, 39. Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. Conch. Icon. if 94, a TK 


PAGE, 
77 
“i 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303 


FIGURE. PAGE,. 
40. Neritina retropicta, Mart. ,Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 17, f. 
20, : : : Od 
41. Neritina obtusa, Rve. eS retropicta.) Conch. Icon. f. 
116, 8, : : , : JNO 
42. Neritina castanea, Hombr. et Jz acq. ’ Kiister, Conch. Cab. 
(i oo A ae : ie ; d ee ay 6 
43, 44. Neritina ee Morel. Jour. ‘de Coneht tv, t..11,£. 
ea | ae t : 3 : : Boy 
45. Neritina sowerby ana, , Recl. Kuster, Conch. Cab. t. 18, f. 
iL : : : : F ‘ : ‘ : = Od 
PLATE 25. 
46, 47. Neritina sowerbyana, Recl. —_Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 
SAL oy 40! o, ; : : : - nen 


48, 49. Neritind sowerbyana, ‘Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 89. a, e, 67 
50, 51. Neritina pulchella, Reel. (= sowerbyana.) Ibid. f. 


91, a, ¢, : : : : ; ; Loh 
5D. Weritina Perel Reel: Ibid. f. 64, . 68 
53-55. Neritina avellana, Recl. JKtister, Conch. Cab. t 18, 

7, 95 ‘ 68 
56. Neritina interrupta, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 66, : 68 
57-59. Neritina faba, Sowb.  Kiister, ‘Conch. Cab. feG £ 

14-16, . : : : : : ‘ . 68 
60. Neritina faba Sowb. Thes. Conch. t. 115, f. 291, ; . 68 
61. Neritina tritonensis, Guill. Conch. Icon. f. 68, i 69 
62. Neritina lentiginosa, Rve. (= chlorostoma. ) Ibid. f. 110, b, 66 
63, 64. Neritina nucleolus, Morel Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 16: 

Lal: a a , ; : : ; . 68 


65, 66. Neritina rarispina, Mouss. Moll. Java. t. 12, f..6,5, 69 
67. Neritina subpunctata, Reel. (= bicolor.) Conch. Icon. f. 


260; = : : , ; f , : 69 
68. Neritina bicolor, Recl. Mord) £5: 6; : : ) ; (69 
69. Neritina celata, Reel. (== bicolor.) ) Ibid: £. 67; a, . 69 
70. Neritina subocellata, Schep. (— olivacea.) Notes Leyden 

Mos: vil; t., 45h. 3, ; ; : ; E f iO 

PLATE 26. 

71. Neritina olivacea, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 2, . : PAL tS, 
72. Neritina dolium, Rve. Ibid. f. 15, 8, ; 70 
73, 74. Neritina obsecurata, (= brevispina.) Ibid. fs 23 ss by 65 
75. Neritina rugata, Gassies. (Wallisii Mouss.) Moll. Nouv. 

Caled. a, t./8,'f,3,°. : : : : : : 2 460 
76. Neritina flavovirens, Busch. Jtister, Conch. Cab. t. 19, 

£1, : 4 f ‘ : : ; . © 
67. Neritina cyanostoma, Morel. Jour. de Conch. iY; (bs) LD ke. 

10, ; : : 3 ; ; ; ee 


78. Neritina spiniperda, Morel. Ser. Conch. ii, t. 6; f. 3, 2 ae 


304 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. 


FASE 
80, 
82. 
83. 


84. 


16. 
Wie 


Neritina fuliginosa, Busch. Ktister, Conch. Cab. t, 19, f. 
18, . : : : : ; : : 

81. Neritina ac uleata, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 84, a, ¢, 

Neritina circumvoluta, Recl. Ibid. f. 35, 6, . F : 

Neritina siderea, Gld. (= chlorostoma.) Moll. Wilkes 
Exped. f. 190, : 

Neritina dispar, Pse. (= chlorostoma.) Am. Jour. Conch. 
TLE t.-24 63: 


5. Neritina tristis, Rve. (= chlorostoma.) “Conch. Icon. f 


144, 


: Neritina Juctuosa, Recl. Kater! Guach! cay t. TSY, e 21, 
. Neritina peguensis, Blanf. Ibid. t.19,f10, . 

8. Neritina retifera, Bens. hes. Conch. t. nae it: 264, 

. Neritina michaudi, Reel. (— retifera.) Ibid. 6. 115, f. pid uf ls 
, 91. Neritina dringi, Recl. Conch. Icon. f. 132, a, b, ; 
. Neritina flexuosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled IH, t. 4, 


f. 5, : : : 
, Neritina unidentata, Recl. Jour. de Conch. Ltt: £ gi 
95. Neritina comorensis, Morel. Ibid. t. 18, f. 156 ee 


5 

Nerita anthracina, Busch. Phil. Abbild. 1, t. a Be 
By Ane 9273 

Navicella laperousi, Reel. Ktster, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 1, 


. Navicella a Rve. (= borbonica.) Reeve, Conch. 


Icon: f. 6, : ‘ ; : : ‘ 
Navicella SEG itera (—borboniea.) Ibid. f. 10, a, 
5. Navicella cookii, Reel. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 14, a, 

b, : : E ; : ‘ : : oe 
Navicella bimaculata, Rve. (= borbonica.) Ibid. i 2,00. 
Navicella apiata, Sowb. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 22, b, 


. Navicella affinis, Rve. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 15, a, 


Navicella livida, Rve. a borboniea.) Ibid. f. 13. tt, 


. Navicella depressa, Lesson (= borbonica, Be Kiister, 


Conch: ‘Cab: t. 5; tS, 


. Navicella de ressa, econ = = orhaniee var. Reeve, 
of 


Conch. Icon. f. 3, 6, 


2. Navicella haustrum, Rve. (== depressa.) “Ibid. f. 18, a, 


14. Navicella sanguisuga, Rve. (= macrocephala.) Ibid. 
£17550, 3 


5. ney ricellla scarabzeus, Rve. iS macrocephala.) Ibid. f. 


BO le 
N: ee magnifica, Rve. = maerocephala.) Ibid. f. 
LO nDs0 3 : ; 
18. Navicella soulptay v. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 
2, £ 5, 6, . . . . . . . 


PAGE. 


70 
70 
71 


66 


LS ce 


4 
4 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


19. Navicella luzonica, Soul. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 11, 8, 


PLATE 28. 


20. Navicella crepiduloides, Rve. a ee Reeve, 
Conch. Icon. f. 19, a, ‘ : ‘ : 

21. Navicella luzonica, Soul. var. compressa, ’ Kiister, Conch. 
Cabot is: : é : 

22. Navicella luzonica, Soul. var. “depressa. “Ibid. iopeee moa iL 

23, 24. Navicella parva, Mouss. (= macrocephala.) Ibid. t. 
Pegs 21 : : : : : : 

2, 26: ’ Navicella bougainvillei, Recl. Reeve, Conch. Icon. 
Be OU,UsC, 

21; 28. Navicella macrocephala, Guill. Ibid. f, 28, Gi; 6, 

29. Navicella cumingiana, Recl. Ibid. f. 7, 6, 

30, 31. Navicella janella, Recl. Ibid. f.1,a,¢,  . 

32. Navicella janella, Recl. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. iy ie 18, 

33. Navicella Gacbeae Rive. (== janella.) Reeve, Conch. 
Teon; £9 , : ‘ : : : 

34. Navicella oe Redl. Kiister, Conch. oe t. 5; £. 12; 

39, 36. Navicella lutea, Mart. Ibid. t. 6, f. 1, 

37. 39. Navicella freycineti, Recl. Reeve, Cnn Icon. fe 4, 


CONC: 
40, 41. Navicella psittacea, Rve. (= freyeinet. Tbid. f 23, 
PRG s 
42, 43. Navicella’ junghuhni, Herklots. ’ Kiister, Conch. Cab. 
(Wa: Bags ae tesa A : 


PLATE 29. 


44, Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 
(OH Pa Gs : : ; : ; : ; : : 

45, 46. Navicella orbicularis, Reeve. (— _ suborbicularis). 
Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 5, a, 6, 

AZ, 48. Navicella variabilis, Recl. 
Conch Wabet, 6.1.15, 16). 

49. Navicella apiata, Gull. -Ibid. t. ‘y f. 3 oe : : 

50-52. Navicella clypeolum, Reel. (= tessellata). Reeve, 
Conch. Icon. f. 24, a-e, 

53, 54. Navicella variabilis, Rve. i tessell: ita). Ibid. f. 8, Ge 

59. Navicella insignis, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. D1, b, 

56. Navicella pulchella, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 25, a, 

57. Navicella tessellata, Lam. Ibid. f. 27, a, : ‘ 

58. Navicella lineata, Lam. Ibid. f. dl, b, : 

59. Navicella entrecasteauxi, Recl. e- tessellata). Ibid. f. 
Oo GA, 

60. Navicella pictinata, Garrett. (Ss lineata). Specimen, 

‘61. Navicella eximia, Rve. (= reticulata). Reeve, Conch. 
Icon. f. 26, ), : ; : : 

62. Navicella reticulata, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, a, 
20 


aris). Kuster, 


05 


FIGURE. PAGE. 


79 


306 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. ; PAGEL 
63-65. Navicella cxerulescens, Recl. Ibid. f. 29, d, 6, a, Bee 4 
66. Navicella ori i Ibid: £.33) a," 982 


67. Navicella compressa, Bens. Kuster, 
. Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 30, . : : ; : 5 hog ee 
68. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Woodward’s Manual, t. 8, f. 9, 82 

PLATE 30, 

69, 70. Adeorbis plana, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. iii, t. 256, f. 
3, 4, ; ; : : 5 So 
(ile Adeorbis elegans, A. Ad. ibid yt 25651 eae 2 . 8&3 
72. ah depressa, A. Ad. Ibid. t. § 256, f 14, : 83 

73, 74. Adeorbis striatella, Montr. Jour. de Conch. t. 14, f. 
7, 1870, 83. 
75. Adeorbis “orbella, A. Ad. Thes Conch. t. 256, f ne, . 83. 
76. Adeorbis clausa, A A@. Weide tezobr ital ae : a) tes 
77. Adeorbis japonica, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 10, : . 83: 
78. Adeorbis adamsi, Fischer. Ibid. t. 256, f. 8, . : . 84 

79. Adeorbis seguenzianus, Tryon. Zool. Proe. t. 4, fi 8, 
1885, . : : : : : , : . 84 

80. Adeor bis fragilis, G. O. Sars. Moll. Aret. Norway, t. 22, 
CuLO Te, : : : : . 84 
81, 82. Adeorbis prominula, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. f. 23, 24, 84 


83. Mien mamula AL wands Nord ie ro2es te. Mah te . 84 
84. Adeorbis ove. AP Ad. bids ts 7. : . Bio: 2 
85, 86. Adeorbis patruelis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 35, 36, : . 84 
87, 88. Adeorbis subangulata, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 33, 34, . . 8d 
89, 90. Adeorbis sinensis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 21, 22, : mee 5 
91, 92. Adeorbis nitida, A. Ad. bid: £.9, 10, : Peee.s i) 
93, 94. Adeorbis carinata, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 18, 19, : - 85 
95, 96. Adeorbis planorbula A. Ad. Ibid. f. 5, 6, : . 85 
97. Adeorbis subcarinata, Monts * Tibid inte oe 3 : ome. 
98, 99. Adeorbis angasi, A. Ad. Ibid: f. 37, 38, . : . 89 
99. a, b, Adeorbis secaber, Phil. _Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, 


ere 86. 
100. Adeorbis Sentai Angas. Zool. Proe, im 40, fig; 1880, 86 
1-3. Adeorbis tenuilirata, Smith. Specimen, 86 
4, 5. Archytzea suturalis, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. f. 27, 28, 87 
6. Archytzea delicatum, Phil. Moll. Reg. Arct. More: te 29, 
it, 18a, : 5 ° . 87 
(fe ce trea delicatum, var. "expansum, Sars. Ibid. t. 22, f. 
ie q , : Bayo) 
Sane ries corniculum, aay Ad. Thes. Conch. £:29).30 5 on 


10, i. Archytzea diaphana, "A. Ad. Ibid. f. 39,40, . Vom 

12, 138. Archyteea exquisitum, Jeff. Ann. Mag. N. Hist id, us 
1LES£ 851883! : : 87 

14. Archy tea eranulum, Brugn. Mises Malacol, f. 25, i, OE 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


307 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
PLATE 31. 
1D; LG: eral etna anagly pta, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 255, 
Teo y 20s Ws 88 
17,18: Cyclostrema micans, A. Ad. Ibid. f. iG 27, ; 88 
19, 20. Cyclostrema pulchella, Dkr. Dunker, Moll. Jap. t. 
eget 3 88 
Dil 2s Cyelostrema Calameli, Jouss ‘Guerin’s Mag. t. 19, 
£5, 1872; 88 
Do, 24. Cy Glostrema marchen. Tose: lise i “19, £3 Sinks 88 
25. Cyclostrema sculptilis, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 2, 
f 15, 1873; : : 28s 
26. Cyclostrema reeveana, Hinds. . Thes. Conch. t. 250, f.9, 88 
DT DO. Cyclostrema cancellata, Marr. Thes. Conch. t. 255, 
f.5,.6; : : ‘ . F . oo 
29, 30. Cyclostrema eburnea, Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. xliv, 
& Of fe 2122: : ; : #89 
31, 32. Cyclostrema alveolatum, Jouss. Guerin’s Mag. t. 19} 
f 4; 1872, , : ; : . 89 
39. Cyclostrema schrammi, Fischer. Thes. Conch. t. 259, f. 
26, ; : : 89 
34, 3 35. Cyclostrema ammonoce! S A. ‘Ad. Thes. Conch. t 
AG a te ALU, 89 
36, 37. Cyclostrema excavata, Cpr. Ibid. f. 15, 16, k 90 
Ban 39. Cyclostrema atomus, Issel. Mar. Rosso. t.2,f.11, . 90 
40. Cyclostrema nevilli, H. ‘Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 28, a 17, 1868, 90 
41, 42. Cyclostrema militaris, Jouss. Guerin’s Magazine, t. 
1954/6 1872 : : : Seg. 

are Cy clostrema areolatum, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. 
34, f. 6, i : : . 90 

46, oe verrilli, Tryon. Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, t. 32, 
fel Ae. . 90 
AZ. Cyclostrema diaphana, Vi eral Ibid. t. 39 £. 16, 90 

PLATE 32. 

48, 49. Cyclostrema dunkeri, Tryon. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 
23, 24, é ec 

50, 51. Cy clostrema philippii, Issel. Savigny, Moll. Egypte, 
t. 5, f. 33, 91 

52. Cyclostrema verreauxii, Fischer. Jour. de Conch. vi, t. 
OME TL, ot 

53, ae Cyclostrema cingulata, Phil. Savieny, Moll. Exypte, 

Bis) f,. 3 32, 91 
5d. as leevis, Kiener. Thes. Conch. t ti2Os frown eee 
56, 57. Cyclostrema biporeata, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255. f. 30, 31, 92 
58. Cyclostrema duplicata, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch. i rat : 

Oy ta a 92 


308 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
59, 60. Cycles ae lactea, Jouss. (= levis.) Guerin’s Mag. 

te LOBEL ; ; ; A gt) 

oy 62: Cee virginive, ‘Jouss. Lbid: t 19.4% 2. S72 ae 
63. Cyclostrema beani, “Fischer (= angulata, Ad.). Jour. 


‘de Conch. vi, t. 10, f. 12 : Meee 
64, 65. Cyclostrema angulata, A. Ad. hes. Conch. +. 25D, 

een oe y ; , : aoe 
66-6 8. Cyclostrema tricarinata, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. tos 

“26, STAN es. : : : Sige 
69. Cyclostrema sphaeroides, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 

ix, tb, £ ele42: ; ; : : 98 
70. Cy clostrema roseotineta, Smith. Zool. Proce. t. 70; £ 27, 

“8 yale : 4 93 
ele Cyclostrema Garinate, Be ‘Ad. ‘Thid. ti 23, e 8, 1873, 32) Oey 
72, 73. Cyclostrema cingulifera, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 255, 

£13; 24, i ‘ : : 93 
74, 74a. Cyclostrema tatei, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 54, f. 10, 

LSS : 93 
75, (6. Cyclostrema tornata, a Ad. Thes. iWonek itp 255, f. 

ee 20, ; : : : : . 94 


CG ot _ Cy clostrema suleata, A. ea Thid. t. 255548 116 (ees 
79, Bs Cyclos strema exigua, Phil. Keister, Conch. Cab. Del- 
phinula, t. 5, £. 16, : : : ; 2 . 94 
Wee. Cyclostrema watsonl, Tryon. Voy. Challenger, xv, 
oc ih da tae : : : : aa V5 : Aor 
PLATE 33. 
83. Cyclostrema conica, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 8, 
£9, k ; : ‘ . 94 
84, 85. C yclostrema archeri, Tryon. Specimen. : Rt) 
87, 88. Cyclostrema Bane Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 255, f. 39, 
40, ; A 5: 
89, 90. Cy closieenae: nivea, A. Ad. hie vos 36, : 96 
91, 92. Cyclostrema rugulosum, Jeff. Moll. Reg. Aret. Norv. 
fleece eae ; 96 
93, 94, Cyclostrema basistriatum, Brugnone. Moll. Reg. 
AretsNorv.t..8,'6, E ; : : pee | 
95. Cyclostrema Saath aia. Jeftr. an Mag. N. Hist. 5 ser. 
Milter liGyheelky ; ‘ 96 
96. Cy clostrema cutlerianum, Clark. Sowb. Ind. Brit Shell 
GAA ae a : 96 
Sie Cyclostrema nitens, Phil. Ibid. t. ike fds ot 
98, o Cyclostrema trochoides, Jeff. Moll. Ree. Arct. Norv. 
testo, : ; 97 
100. C yclostrema dalli, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad. Voit 57, 
fet , ‘ ‘ : see) 


13 Cyclostrema ornatum, Vi; errill. " Thid. Visor ade Bares i 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE 
2, 3. Cyclostrema bythinoides, Jeff. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 6, 
1883, ‘ : ; : : ano 
4. Cyclostrema proxima, Tryon. Trans. Conn. vi, t. 32, f.15, 98 
5. Cy clostrema affinis, Jeff. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 5, 1883, . 97 
6, Cyclostrema tenera, Jeff. IThid. t. 19, f. 2, 1883, 98 
le Cyclostrema eimnilie. Jeff. Ibid. t. 19, f. 4, 1883, 98 
8. Cyclostrema valvatoides, Jeff. Ibid. t. 19, f. 3, 1883, 98 
9. Cyclostrema josephi, Tenison- Woods. Specimen, 95 
10. Cyclostrema susonis, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, $158 
11. Cyclostrema weldii, Tenison-W oods. Specimen. 95 
12, 13. Cyclostrema micra, Tenison- Woods. Specimen, 95 
14, 15: Cys ee cornuella, A. Ad. -Thes. Conch+t. 255, 

f. 37 , : ; 95 
162 C ae eyclotina, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 34, . 99 
£7 18. Cyclostrema subexcayata, Tryon. Voy. oka 

mVite Oy t. VO; : 99 
fo: Cyclostrema semisulcata, Tesel. Mar Rosso. tuDy fei SS, 

PLATE 34. 
20, 21. Cyclostrema catenoides, Monts. Ann. Mus. Genova, 

ix, 417, 2 ; f : : ad 
22. yclostrema Bemisulcata, Teel. Mar. Rosso, t. 5, f. 6 99 
93 94. Cyclostrema octolyrata, Carp. Ibid. t. 5, f. 5, 99 
25, 26. Cyelostrema spirula, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 255, f. 

32, 33, . ; : : Ras) 
27. Cyclostrema subdisjunct a, Pied) Yook reer Zoot wee 

‘1868, d P : . 100 
JASN Cyclostrema Peer nic! Seouenza. Zoe Proc ta 40 hae 

1883 ; : : . 100 
29. C yelostrema nidiuceulas eno Tbid: ts 19 £9, 185325 5 Oe 
30. Cyclostrema pruinosa, Jeff, Ibid. t. 19, f. 8, 1883, . . 100 
31. Vitrinella pura, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. Doieate liege 

i RoW ke Pees : LOL 
oe: Vitrinella iiricincta, “Garrett. Thid! 2, 14, 1873, San 
30. Vitrinella coelata, Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 16, 1873 ae aaa! 
34. Vitrinella nodosa Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 17, 1873. On 
39. Vitrinella ponceliana Folin. Meleagrin, t. 5, f. 7 2 LOW 
36. Vitrinella parva C. B. Ad. Specimen, AOE 
37, Vitrinella decussata, Carp. Specimen, . 102 
38. Vitrinella monile, Carp. Specimen, . £02 
39. Vitrinella subquadrata, Carp. Specimen, : . 102 
40, 41. Vitrinella helicoidea, C. B. Ad. Specimen, , 102 
42, 43. Vitrinella striata, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18, f 29, 31, 102 
44, 45. Vitrinella anomala, d’Orb. Ibid. t. 18, f. 32, 33, ae 2) 
46, 47. Teinostoma politum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t £2908 4 

43, 44, : : . 108 
48, 49, ‘Teinostoma punctatum, Jouss. Guerin’s Mag. t. 18, 

f. 5, 1872, , : "104 


310 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE, 


50, 51. Teinostoma morlieri, Jouss. Ibid. t. 18, f. 4, 1872, . 104 


PLATE 35. 
52, 53. Teinostoma carpenteri, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 256, f. 


“bese Wide é . 0s 
54, 55. Teinostoma gence cana ie Ad. ie t. 265, % 45, 
46, : : > 103 


56, 57. Teinostoma radiatum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 47, “48, : . 103 
58, 59. Teinostoma lucidum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 49,50, . . 104 


60, 61. Teinostoma amplectans, Carp. Ibid. f. 51, ipa . 104 
62, 63. Teinostoma substriatum, Carp. Ibid. f. 53, 54, . 104 
64, 65. Teinostoma bec ‘Orb. Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18; 

f. 23, 24, : . 104 


65a. Teinostoma Paneredincaa Thid. fis 19, i 29, ; ; 
66, 67. Teinostoma carinatum, Orb. Ibid. t. 18, £. 26, 27, . 104 
68. Teinostoma solidum, FE. re Smith. Zool. Proc! t.Wiogahs 2s 


Lien Ae . : ; . 105 
69; -70: Teinostoma pusillum, ©. B. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 256, 

50250; : : : ; . 105 
71-75, Teailone semistriata, d’Orb. “Voy Cuba, t. 18, f. 

20-22, : : : : ‘ . 105 


oe Teinostoma émalos: inal Fonds de la Mer. I, t. 23, f. 6, 105 
Teinostoma costulatum, Folm« bid. 1, 29 hae . 106 
76, 77. Teinostoma erenelliferum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. t. 256, 
14 AD : f : . : 106 
78. 79. Teinostoma obvoluta, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, £..48, 44, 106 
80- 89, Teinostoma moreleti, Fischer. Jour. de Conch. t. 4, f. 


llreal earn ; : p ; : . 106 
83, 84. Teinostoma australis, ‘Angas. Zool. Proc: f2o.telias 

Sitar 5 F : all i 
85, 86. Leucorhynchia caledonica, ‘Orc sse Jour. de Couch. 

Padi ca GS EC al : : : : . 106 
86a, 86). Leucorhynchia crossei, Tryon. Specimen, . . 106 


PLATE 36. 


87. Liotia scalaroides, Rve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, f. 


Diese , : : ; : f : 10S 
88. Liotia depressa, Rve. Ibid. f. 14, 8, ; : : . 108 
89. Liotia varicosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 12, d, : 3 ; . 108 
90: ‘Liotia cidaris, Rive:;” Ibidet27, 9): . 108 
91, 92. Liotia peronii, Kien. Coq. Viv. Delphin. tion f 5, . 108 
93. Liotia hermanni, Dkr. (= peronii Kn.) Specimen. . 108 


94. Liotia Guasei basis, Smith. Zool. Proe. t. 48, f. 10, 1880, . 108 
95. Liotia clathrata, Rve. Conch. Ieon. Delph. £. Dib: . 109 
96. Liotia granulosa, Dkr. Stidafr. Moll. t. 5, f. 28, . . -L09 
97. Liotia fenestrata, Carp. Thes. Conch. t. 478, f. 23, . 109 


°° 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


511 


@IGURE. PAGE. 
98-100. Liotia semiclathratula, Schr. Amurl. Moll. t. 16, f. 
19-21, hog 
1. Liotia acuticostata, Carp. Specimen. : . 109 
2. Liotia cobijensis, Rve. (= cancellata Gray. ) Reeve, 
Delphin. f. 22 ; 109 
3. Liotia discoidea, Rve. Thid. fi i a: a. : F ; a ALO, 
4. Liotia angasi, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. 3d Ser. iv, t. 18, 
ie eae : : : : 3h 
5. Liotia speciosa, Angas. Zool.sProe: t. it. 26.1870, 110 
6. Liotia asteriscus, Gld. Specimen, . 110 
7, 8. Liotia gowllandi, Brazier. Zool. Proc lik 83, a ce De 
1874, ; sei 
9. Liotia radiata, ian Gamat ean Delphin. if OA, il, iT 
10. Liotia siderea, Rve. Ibid. f. 23, b. . ; 110 
11. Liotia ellaley He Ad? Zool. Proc! fg Be i ts 1873. 1910 
12, 13. Liotia crenata, Kn. Conch. Icon. eee ite El) gel! 
14. Liotia cancellata, Kn. (= Kiener, Phil.) Ibid. f. 25, a, 111 
15. Liotia stellaris, Ads. & Reeve. Thes. Conch. t. 478. f.14, 112 
16, 17. Liotia muricata, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 18, 112 
18, 19. Liotia australis, Kien. Coq. Viv. Delphin. t. 4, f. 7, 112 
20. Liotia annulata, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . po 
21. Liotia tamsiana, Dkr. Ktister, Conch. Cab. Delphin, t 
5) liked) ; : , , ; x 5 ek? 
PLATE 37. 
‘22, 25. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Conch. Icon. xii, f. 1a, 
ie) ; : ; ; ; : : 2 164 
23. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 1, f 1a, 164 
24. Phasianella venusta, Rve. (= australis, saune Conch. 
Icons 2a, : 165 
26. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Thid. f. le, 164 
27, 28. Phasianella australis, oa es Viv. t. i f, 
GIO; oes 164 
29-39. Phasianella vieuXxil, Pay (== 5) “‘Thid. 
(its ' : : 167 
'33. Phasianella vieuXli, var. spirolineata, Moll. Rouss., t. 40, 
f. 14, 167 
o4, 30. Phasianella histrio, Rve. Con. Teon. f. 15, 166 
36. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . ees 
37, 38. Phasianella kochii, Phil. Ibid. f. 13, 170 
PLATE 388. 
39. Phasianella venosa, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Con. Icon. f. 
Da, . 165 
40, Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. ec ventricosa.) ‘Thid. f. 3b, 165 
41. Phasianella ventricosa, Q. et G. Ibid. f. 68, 165 
42. Phasianella reticulata, Rve. (— ventricosa.) Ibid. £7 i, . 166 
43. Phasianella zebra, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 4, 166 


312 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 

44. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . me hs 
45. Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. (= ventricosa.) ‘Thid. f. 3a, 165. 
46. Phasianella bulimoides, Lam. (= australis.) Coq. Viv. 

Teal ii 164 
47, 48. Phasianella rubens, Lam. es variegata Lam.) ‘Tid. 

t. 4, f. 4, : ; : , ; : ite 
49, 50. Ph Semele nivosa, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 8a, 8e, - ae 
51. Phasianella lentiginosa, Rve. (= variegata, Lam.) Ibid. 

f. 10a, . . 179 
52. Phasianella australis, var. “ subsanguinea, Pils. “Specimen, 165 
53, 54, Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. leon. £126, 126) 166 
55. Phasianella fulgurata, Rve. (= variegata.) Ibid. f. ‘9, a ES 
56, 58. Phasianella pulla, L. Ibid. f. 20, a, 8, ¢, . 168: 
59, 60. Phasianella pulla, L. Coq. Viv. t. 5, fd: . 168. 
61, Phasianella strigata; Rve. (= dubia.) Con. leon. ‘a 19, > 469 
62. Phasianella perforata, Pink bid ay . 172; 

PLATE 39. 
63-66. Phasianella brongniarti, Aud. (= splendida Phil.) 

Savieny, Moll. Eeypte t. Deleon é - BTL 
67, 68. Phasianella angasi, Crosse. Ge de Goneh. 1864, t. 

13, f. 5 | AS 
69-72. Phasianella compta, Gould. Specimens, 173 
73, 74. Phasianella wisemanni, Bd. Voy. Curacoa, t. ioe. £ 

eh ten: : : ; a at 

5, 76. Phasianella histrio, Rve, Gon: Teou: & 15, a, = . 166: 
77-80. Phasianella tenuis, Mich. Moll. Rouss, t. 39, f. it. 2, 168 
81, 82. Phasianella graeffei, Dkr. Specimen, : . 181 

, Phasianella vitreea; Desh, Moll. Is. Reunion, t. 8, f. $, . 169 
84, 85. Ph asianella petiti, Craven. Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg. 

vil telel sates : : : 169: 
86-88. Ph: aaidelas capensis, Dkr. Thes. Coneh. t. 476, f. 

34-56, . Be i 
89, 90. Phasianella munieri, Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. vi, 

ti Ay acyl ee - 176 
91. Phasianella brevis, (— munieri. ) Tiel t. Af. 3, . 176 
92. Phasianella rosea, Angas. P. Z.S. 1867, t. 13, f£. 24, . 174. 

3. Phasianella virgo, Angas. Ibid. f. 25, s . 181 
94. Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. Icon. f. 12a, . 166. 
95. Phasianella umbilicata, @Orb. Specimen,  . : ~ wae 
96. Phasianella unifascialis Kn. Coq. Viv. t.4, f. 2 . 179 
97, 98. Phasianella variegata, Lam. Ibid. t. 4, ie i i 17 
99, 100. Phasianella zebrina, d’Orb. (= tessellata P. et tM) 

Moll. Cuba, t. 19, f. 55, 36, Beet A 

1, 2. Phasianella affinis, C. B. ‘Ad. Specimens, . : - 17 

3, 4. Phasianella umbilicata, d’Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 19, ie 39, : 

39, : . : : : : . 17 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


PLATE 39a. 


FIGURE. PAGE 
5. Phasianella splendida, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 3, f. 6, 
6,7. Phasianella rubens, iam.. Ibid. t. 2, f- 11, 15, ie 


8. Phasianella (“ ele solida, Born. Test. Mus. Cees. 
Vindob, t. 4, 7%. 2, . ; : : : . 166 
9. Phasianella flammulata, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 4, f. 1, 180 
10. Phasianella bicarinata, Dkr. Ibid. t. 4, f. 10, 176 
11. Phasianella amoenula, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 7, 180 
12. Phasianella perforata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 14, he 
13. Phasianella strigata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 6, . 168 
14. Phasianella grata, Phil. Ibid. t. 3, f. 8, aD) 
15. Phasianella pygmea, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 11, . 174 
16. Phasianella guttata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 15, ens a: 
iy Phasianella ecoturnix, Phil. - Ibid:-t. 4, f: 2, . 166 
18. Phasianella fulgens, Koch. Ibid, t. 4, f.18, . . ETS 
19. Phasianella inconspicua, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f 16, . a. 
20. Phasianella pulchella, Recl. (= pulla, L.) Ibid. t. 5,3, 168 
21, 22. Phasianella variabilis, Pse. Specimen, : . 176 
25-25. Phasianella elongata, Krauss. Specimen, . 168 
26-29. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen, . 247 
30, 31. Leptothyra verruca, Gld. Specimen, . 207 
39. Leptothyra rubricincta, Migh. Specimen, Laie 
39. Leptothyra bacula, Carp. Specimen, . 248 
34. Turbo trochoides, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 58, OT 

PEATE 40; 
5. Phasianella fordiana, ne bry. Specimen, ? Let ee 
6, 7. Aleyoa rubra, Pse. Con. Icon. f. ; : ssl Ms 
8, 9. Eucosmia brevis, @Orb. Moll. Cuba. ZO LO 2Oo alin 
10, 11. Phasianella neritina, Dkr. Specimen, . . arto 
12. Aleyna occellata, A. Ad. Jour. de Conch. 1868, t. 4, f. . 182 
13. Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 166, , AD 
14. Turbo petholatus, iy loidest IZ, ©. : . 193 
15, 16. Turbo variabilis, Rve. (== petholatus. ) Ibid. f. 8, . 194 
17. Turbo sarmaticus, L. Ibid. f. il, 218 
18. Turbo margaritaceus, Rye. = auruyrostomus, ‘Ibid. f. 29, 198 
19. Turbo chrysostomus, L. Ibid. f. 2 . 200 
20. Astralium rugosum, L. Ibid. f. o : : ? 229 
21, 22. Trochus viridis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 79a, 79D, ; V ae Re 
Puate 41. 

23. Turbo marmoratus, L. Conch. Icon. f. 2, Ot 
24. Turbo circularis, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 460, . : 214 
25, 26. Euchelus asper, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 94, f. 3, Vol. xi. 
27. Eutrochus scitulus, H. Ad. Ibid. t. 90, f. 3, : Vol. xi. 
28. Calliostoma eximia, Rve. Ibid. t. 64, f. 1, ; Vol. xi. 
29. Calliostoma bicingulatum, Lam. ‘Ibid. t. 64, f. 2, Vol. xi. 
30. Calliostoma granatum, Chem. Ibid. t.15,f1, . Vol. xi. 


ay 14 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
31-33. Trochus cariniferus, Beck. Ibid. t. 75, f. 1, 2, Vol. oa: 
34. Calliostoma doliarium, Mart. Ibid. t.16,f1,  . Vol. xi. 
35. Calliostoma meyeri, Phil. Ibid. t. 17, f. 2, : Vol. sar 
36. Calliostoma pellucida, Val. Ibid.t.15,f2,.  . Voli 
37. Calliostoma moniliferum, Lam. Ibid. 16, f. 2, Vol. xi, 

PLATE 42, 
38. Turbo torquatus. (= stamineus.) Con. Icon. f. 25d, . 212 
39. Turbo versicolor. (= porphyrites.) Ibid. f. 19, . 215 
40. Turbo undulatus, Martyn. Ibid. f. 3a, yOhG 
41. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Ibid. f. 7, ea 7 
42. Turbo niger, Gray. Ibid. f. 49, . . 219 
43. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Ibid. f. 20, . 208 
44. Turbo nivosus. (— radiatus.) Ibid. f. 43, 200 


45. Turbo Cae Rve. (= erassus, Wood.) Ibid. f. 


Ale . 194 
46. Turbo nivosus, Tee, vee riaeae Gm.) Thid. He 44, . 200 
47. Trochus lineatus, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 28,f.2, © Vol. xi. 
PLATE 48. 
48, 49. Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. Con. Ieon.f.  . . 210 
48a, Turbo tessellatus, (— fluctuosus.) Con. Icon. f. 18, - Zio 
ah Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Ibid. f. 4, « 2kO 
Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Ibid. f. 23, ; . 202 
2S Turbo japonicus, Rve. (= cornutus.) Ibid. f.3 oa. Lo 
53. Turbo imperialis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 6, cle 
54. Turbo lamellosus, (== foliaceus.) Ibid. f. 25, . 201 
55. Trochus surgillatus, Reeve. Ibid. f. 85,  . : Vol. xi. 
56. Euchelus gallina, Forbes. Coq. Viv. t. ii, f. 2, Voller 
57. Trochus tenebricus, Reeve. (== sandwichensis: Soul: ) Con. 
Teon. f. 81, : : : ; Vol. xi. 
a Trochus sacclluan oh Var. |Qaskc laste vitohs. : Vol. xi. 
Trochus fastigiatus, Ad. Ibid. f. 88, . ; : Vol. xi. 
a Trochus cumingi, Ad. Ibid. f. 87, : t Vol. xi. 
61, 62. Omphalius impressus, Jonas. Coq. Viv. i: Shi 
: : ; : : Vol sai: 
63. Trochus textilis, Reeve. con iene fe 82, : : Volar 
PLATE 44. 
64, 65. Turbo smithi, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f, 182, 183, . 206 
66, 66a. Turbo squamatus, Ad. Sowb. Ibid. f. 88, . 264 
67. Turbo pyropus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 61, . 263 
68. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Ibid. f. 62, . 206 
69. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Thes. Conch. f, 56, 4 ‘ . 206 
70. Leptothyra pusio, Anton. Conch. Cab. t. 16, £10; . 260 
71. Turbo bicolor, Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 33, : / 198 
72. Turbo splendidulus, Sowb. Ibid. f. 181, . mia sf 
73, 74. Turbo parvulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. maksigie 15, 16, . 206 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


515 


FIGURE, PAGE. 
().. Lurbo letus, Phil. Dbid. t:.17, £. 1, é LOT 
76. Turbo moluccensis, Phil. Ibid. t. 11, f. 5, . 203 
77. Turbo ferrugineus, Ant. Ibid. t. 17, f. 7, . 199 
78. Turbo cepoides, Smith. Thes. Conch. f. 65, . : ROS 
79. Turbo quadriseriatus, Ant. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f. 8, . 204 


80. Turbo pustulatus, Brocchi. Savigny, Desc. Egypte t. 5, 


eee me h : , 3 : ; : : 4s LUG 
81. Turbo cernicus, Sowb. (= Japonicus, Rve.) Thes. Conch. 
£29; mF 
PrAre. 45; 
88, 89. Turbo castaneus, Gm. Cog. Viv. t. 27, f. 1,2 2; wes 
90. Turbo crenulatus se castaneus. ) Con, ae f. 38, S208 
dle beeen . Cog. Viv. t. 36, f. 5, 


93-95. Astralium sirius, Gld. "Wilkes en t; 12). 208; 


233 


96. Turbo artensis, Montr. Jour. de Conch. 1861, t. 11, f. 5, 196 

97. Turbo artensis, Montr. Cog. Viv. t. 37, f. 1, . 196 

98. Turbo articulatus, Rve. Con. Icon. t. 39, é » 202 

99. Turbo petholatus, var. caledonicus. Coq. Vi livsits 24 flay lero 

100. Turbo margaritaceus, (— argy aes Thid. t. Siti op eloe 

1. Phasinella tessellata, var. concolor Ad. aS. Wal 

PLATE 46. 

4. Turbo articulatus. Con. a eecelle : F 4 . 202 
5, 6. Turbo elegans, Phil. (— T. intercostaiis.) Cog. Viv. t 

Aleiieste : : é y 202 

. Turbo pulcher, ‘Rye. Con. Icon. f. 4), . 203 

8 Turbo argvrostomus, L. Coq. Viv. t. Toe Tha 5 Se 

9. Turbo lamelliferus, (—foliaceus.) Ibid. t. 28, f. 1, . 201 
10. Turbo pustulatus, Rve. (— subcastaneus. ) Con. Icon. f. 

59: : . 204 

11. Tnrbo Sabedetarieue: Pils bry. ‘Specimen, . 204 

12, 13. Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. Cog. Viv. t. a f, eS 

14. Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. Voy. Bonite. t. 37, f. 15, 219 


15. 16. Elenchus peroni, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 50, o 4, Vol. xe 
17. Elenchus peroni, Phil. var. Ibid. t. 51, f. 8, Vokpxt: 


£5. Curbo coronatus,-yar. Ibid. t.28, f 2. 


PLATE 47. 


19. Turbo coronatus, var. coreensis Recl. Jour. de Conch. 
LESS toh: : ; : é : 

20. Turbo Crassus, NVonteesGog:Vave telly tle, ; : 

21..Turbo canaliculatus, Kn. (= crassus.) Ibid. t. 21, f. 2, . 

22. Turbo ticaonicus, Reeve. Ibid. t. 32, f. 2, 

23. Turbo spinosus, Gmel (= radiatus.) Con. Teon. f. 74, 

24. Turbo speciosus, Reeve. Coq. Viv. t. 33, f. 1, ; 

25. Turbo carduus, Fischer. Coq. Viv. t. 42, f. 6, 

26. Turbo sparverius, Gmel. Ibid. t. 21, f. 1, 


. 216 


516 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE- 
27. 28. Leptothyra, sangarensis Schrenck. Ibid. t. 39, f. 4, . 250 
29. Elenchus leucostigma, Mke. Ibid. t. 52, f. 1, Vok rz 

PLATE 48. 
30. Turbo aurantius, Kn. Cog. Viv. t. 27, f.3, . : . 198. 
51. Turbo saxosus, Wood. *Con. Icon. t. 14b, : : B41) 
32. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Coq. Viv. t. 16bis, f. 2, : ey a 
33. Turbo funiculosus, Kn. Ibid. t. 30, f. 1, é : . 196 
34. Turbo poreatus, Rve. Ibid. t. 35, f. Ohne ‘ : 206. 
35. Turbo tursicus, Rye. Con. Icon. f. 60) : ‘ . 230 
36. Turbo filosus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 13, f. 2, . ; . 205 
37. Turbo cailleti, Poets bid: teso ot 3. ‘ . 205 
38. Leptothyra Tenner: (Eases cock: ita. ) Thbid. t. 39, 1, 3, 205 
39. Turbo granosus, Martyn. Tord st sl2 ee Lely : . 213 
40. Turbo regenfussi, Desh. Ibid. t. 15, f. i, ; : aS. 
41. Turbo japonicus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 55, ; d . 196 
PLATE 49. 
42. Turbo lajonkairii, Desh. Coq. Viv. t. 17, f. 1, - eee 
43. Turbo squamiger, Rve. ee Teon. f sah : ; . 204 
44, 45. Turbo moltkianus. Specimen, . : é : . 204 
46. Turbo torquatus, (— stamineus.) Voy. Astrol. t. 60, f. 
15, : ‘ ho ie 
47, Turbo heteroclitus, Kn. = lamellosus, Brod.) Coq. Viv. 
[ra rie : : 21s 
48, 49. Leptothyra sanguinea, L. nbd: iF 39, {2 . 249 
50. Astralium petrosum, var. virescens, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch. 
Witieecee beater : . 235 
51. Elenchus fulmineus, Kn. (peroni Phil.) “Coq. Viv. t. 50, 
f. 8, j Vol. xi 
52. Blenchus nia! Kien. a eracilis, Anton.) Ibid. i 
Silat De , ; ; : y ‘ © Volias 
53. Turbo jourdani, Ken. 9) Cog. Viv. i182 ; ; . 192 
PLATE 50. 
54. Turbo fluctuosus, var. tessellatus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t.9, #2, 211 
55. Turbo assimilis, Kn. (= fluctuosus.) Ibid. t.34,f.1, . 211 
56. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Con. Icon. f. F Baril! 
57. Turbo lugubris, Kiener. (== eg ne ese Coq. Vi lv. 
D8. tos < io 
58. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Ibid. t. 28, £9 Die. 4 . 215 
59. Turbo coronatus, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 29, s . 216 
60. Turbo creniferus, Kn. (= coronatus.) Coq. Viv. t. 34, ff 
Ds : : : : : : : ; ? + BEE 
61. Turbo coronatus, var. Ibid. t. 40, f. 4, . é ‘ 2G: 
62, 63. Turbo cidaris, Gmel. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, : : . 214 
64. Turbo stenogyrus, Fischer. Ibid. t. 41, f. 3, . i . 200 
65. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmek) Ubidite25. ide es 4 . 208 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 317 


PLATE 51. 


®IGURE. PAGE. 
1. Astralium longispina, Lam. Coq. Viv. t, 4, f. : : wazen 
2. Astralium longispina, Lam. Specimen, . 221 
3. Astralium longispina, Lam. (juv.) Coq. Viv. th 4, i La, 221 
4, 5. Astralium longispina, var. costulosum. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, 222 
6. Astralium longispina, var. spinulosum. Specimen, . 222 
7. Astralium longispina, var. costulosum. Coq. Viv. t. 5, f. 
ile : : : : : : ; i ‘ 222 
8, 9. Astralium longispina, (A. ean hae Phil.) | Conch. 
Calte4a ate 2: : ; ; F Dee 
10, 11. Astralium armatum, Phil. Ibid. (ifae: 8 Isr ied eee =D 
PLATE 52. 
12, 13. Astralium brevispina, Lam. Coq. Viv. t.7,f.2,  . 222 
14, 15. Astralium papillatum, P. et. M. Ibid. t. 78, Toye t. aap 
16, 17. Astralium papillatum, P. et. M. Galerie Moll. t. 30, 
vies MO Per ale j : ; : ; ; : F = 22) 
18. 19. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimens, F . 224. 
20. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 31, . . 224 
21, 22. ‘Astralium babelis, Fischer. Coq. Viv. t. 78, f:2, . 238 
23, 24. Lcpioeh ym transenna, Watson. Challenger, Rept. t, 
Gadel? : : : : ; ; 262 
ay,) 26: Astralium henicum, W atson. Pid t, Gately S285 
27, 30. Astralium ae L. var. aculeatum. Cog. Viv. te! Zar 
Ply ' : ; : : ’ ; P ae 
Do, ols Astralium C: calear, “ire enermum. Lb. tae, tones oe 
29, Astralium calear, var. aculeatum. Con. Icon. f. 52c. S232 
PLATE 53. 
32. Astralium calcar, var. laciniatum, Gld. Coq. Viv. t. 79, 
tee? : : : : : : ; Be 
a. Astralium calear, var. laciniatum, Gld. © Wilkes Exped. 
Mollrt. 12:6 204, : : ; ; : Y 232 
34, 36. Astralium unguis, Wood. Conch. Cab. t. 46, f.2, . 242 
35. Astralium unguis, Wood. Con. Icon. f. 50, . ; . 242 
37. Astralium buschi, Phil. Ibid. f. 42. , F : weal 
38. Astralium buschi, Phil. Cog.. Viv. t. 14, f. 2, : Bye a 
39, 40. Astralium olivaceus, Wood. Ibid. t.13,f2, . 24 
41. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Conch. Cab. t. 32, f.4, . 240 
42. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 43, . . 240 
43, 44. Astralium guadalouper nse, Crosse. Jour. de Conch. 
cltel aay siete NOP Ma ke : ; : : 3 S226 
45. Astralium euadaloupense, Crosse. Specimen, ; 226 


PLATE 54, 


46. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 32, f. 2a. ~ . 239 
47. Astralium fimbriatun, Lam. Delessert, Recuel. ete. t. 34, 
dln. : : ; : : : : : . 239 


318 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
48, 49. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 32, f.2, . 239 
50, 51. Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. Ibid. t. 32, f. 3, . . 239 
52. Astralium fimbriatum, var. squamiferum. Specimen, . 240 
53, 54. Astralium fimbriatum, var. pileolum. pes Viy. t. 


37 ae L ; . 239 
55. Astralium rotularium, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 48, 238 
56. Astralium confragosum, Gld. Wilkes Exped, t. 12, f 

7A A : : . 234 
57, 58. Netralien hematragus. Cog. Vi Iv. t. 78, 2 ais . 236 
59, 60. Astralinm plicatospinosum, De Specimen, . 235 
61. Leptothyra purpurata, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, f. dig 251 
62. Leptothyra cicer, Menke. Conch. Cab. t. 29, f 24, . 254 

PLATE 955. 

63. Astralium modestum, Rve. Coq. Viv. t. 109, f. 1, . 229 
64. Astralium modestum, Rve. Ibid. t. 76, f.1, . 229 


65. Astralium modestum, var. girgyllus. Con. Teon. £. 53, 230 
66. be chemnitzii, i stellare.) Moll. ee Venus, 


tr 2 bis falar , . 200 
67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Cog. Viv. t. 3, £2 2 . 232 
68. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, i261, Bie = tee 
69. Astralium asterisous, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 44, f ; . 233 
70. Astralium imbricatum, Gmel. Ibid. f. 37,  . ; 226 
71, 72. Leptothyra amussitata, Gld. Specimen, . . 250 
73. Tarte Ore ae (= elevatus Soul.) Hist. Chili, 

be 4D, Oe aoe : . 219 

PLATE 56. 

74, Astralium calcar, L. var. Specimen,  . : , . 2o8 
75. 76. Astralium calear, var. planorbis. Specimen, . , 282 
77. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 40, f. 5, . 225 
78. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Coq. Viv. t beOE tse nae . 225 
79; 80. Astraliumm tuber, i: bid. t- 35.4, J: : : .. 225 
O1.. Turbo cidaris. 9 indi ooieke : : Oe 
82. Turbo gruneri, Phil. (= circularis ee Conch. Cab. t. 

Le ‘ wee 


83. Turbo Tata Krauss. Coq. Waly 49, fE aes . 218 
84. Turbo natalensis, Krauss. Con. Icon. t. 1, f 1, i » 2S 
85. Astralium rugosum, L. Coq. Viv. t. 15, f. 1, Dee 
87. Astralium helotropium, Martyn. Con. ‘Icon. f. 30, . 228 


PiAre bi, 


45, 46. Astralium coelatum, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 23, f.1, . 224 
48, 49. Astralium olfersi, Phil. Conch. ‘Cab, bee a le oae6 
47. Astralium olfersi Phil, Coq. Viv. t. 77, f.1, . , . 226 
50. Turbo saxosum, Wood. Con. Icon. f. 14a, : peralldl 
51, 52. Astralium ineequale, Martyn. Coq. Viv. t. 14, f. 1, . 244 
53. Leptothyra munda, A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, t. 238, f 6: es 2on 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 31% 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
54, 55. Leptothyra roseopunctata, Angas. Ibid. 1880, t. 40, 

oP am , : , : : : : : . 258: 

56, 57. Leptothyra cunninghami, Smith. Ibid. t. 4, f.10, . 249 


58. Leptothyra sanguinea, Folin, (== folini.) Fonds de la 


Meret Oste bi d : ; : : E = 2028 
59. Leptothyra granulosa, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch. iy, t. 11, 

PA sya ; : : : i . 259 
60. Leptothyra maculosa, Peet Ebidbaveta kth. 256 


PLATE 58. 


51. Leptothyra marginata, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 57, : . 248 
52. Leptothyra marginata, Rive. Thes: Conch.f. 94; |. . 248 
52a, Leptothyra semilugubris, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, 
ey oe ‘ : ; : : . 202 
53, 54. Leptothyra Galifornicus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 3, 260 
5d, 06. Leptothyra nanina, Souverbie. Jour. de Conch. 1875, 
AC AVS ee a 259 
57, 58. Leptothyra filifer, Desh. Moll. Reunion, iteaten f E12, 
15, : ; : ‘ : . 254 
59. Leptothyra pilula, Dkr. “Specimen, : 258 
60. Leptothyra ene tan Savigny, Dese. Egypte, t. 5, f. 
21, ; : : . 261 
61. Leptothyra arsinoensis. ae t. ie f 28, : . 261 
62. Leptothyra murreus, Reeve. Con. Icon. nf 54, : ; 264 
65. Astralium japonicum, Dkr. Coq. Viv. t. 36, f. la, . 248 
64. Astralium japonicum, Dkr. Con. Icon. f. 23, _ 248 
65, 66. Astralium heimburegi, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 6, 
feeO eis 235 
67, 68. Astralium triumphans, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. Quite 2, . 228 
69. Astralium undosum, Wood. Ibid. t. 12, f.1, . f cn ee 
70. Astralium undosum, Wood. (juv.) Specimen, : 243 
PLATE 59. (OPERCULA). 
1, 2. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Specimen, : : ; sly, 
3. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. Specimen, . ; : » ale 
4. Turbo chrystomus, L. Specimen, . : : F 200 
5, 6. Astralium heliotropium, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 61, 
f. 3,4, . ; : : : . 228 
7. Turbo argyrostomus, L. (juv.) Specimen, . : « LO 
8. Turbo castaneus, Gmel. Specimen, : : : . 208 
10. Turbo lajonkairii, Desh. Specimen, : 199 
11, 12. Turbo foliaceus, Phil. Voy. Astrol. et alee (tp ae f. 
BOS his. yi: : , : é : . 201 
15, 14. Turbo sar maticus, iE Specimen. ; 218 
15, 16. Turbo stamineus, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60, ¢ 17, 
18, : . 212 
17. Astralium unguis, Wood. Specimen, : : 3 . 242 


18-20. Astralium| undosum, Wood. Specimen, . 4 «Dee 


320 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
21. Turbo marmoratus, L. Cog. Viv.t.1, . i HON 
22, 23. Astralium olfersii, teen Tbid. eal bs f. Ag ten : 226 
24, 25. Astralium olivaceum, Wood. Specimen, ‘ 3 . 241 
26. Astralium sulcatum, Mart. Specimen, . : : . 242 
27. Astralium buschii, Phil. Specimen, . 3 : 2a 
28. Astralium tentoriiforme, (see pl. 60, f. 46.) Specimen. 

29. Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. Specimen, . : i . 210 
30, 31. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Specimen, . : : : 2a 
32. Turbo crassus, Wood. Specimen, . , : A ote 
PLATE 60. (OPERCULA AND RADULZ.) 

33. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Specimen, . : s : ~ 200 
34. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. (juv.) Specimen, ; é . 210 
35. Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Specimen, . . 208 
36, 37. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60, f. 4,5, 200 
38. Turbo tumidulus, Rve. Specimen, : : . 202 
39, 40. Astralium rugosum, L. Specimen, 4 . . 229 
41. Turbo petholatus, L. Specimen, . E f ; ales} 
42, 43. Astralium tuber, L. Specimen, : : ; » 225 
44. Astralium ccelatum, Gmel. Specimen, . : 1 eee 
45. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimen, . : . 224 
46. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Specimen, . ; . 240 
47. Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Specimen, : : 5 . 202 
48. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Specimen, Bor : .. 220 
49. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Pe eee 215. 
50. Astralium plicatospinosum, Pilsbry, : ; . 235 
51, 52. Leptothyra amussitata, Gid. Specimen, : : . 250 
53. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen, : : : : . 205 
54, 55. Leptothyra sanguinea, L. Specimen, : . 249 
56. Leptothyra transenna, Watson. Chellenger, Rept. . 262 
57, 58. Astralium longispina, Lam. Specimen, . 221 
59. Astralium henicum, Watson. Challenger Rept. t. f lie, 255 
60. Astralium triumphans, Phil. Ads. Gen. Rec. Moll. t. AA, 228 
61. Collonia ee Lam. (shell and operculum.) Desh. 

Coq. Foss. t. 23, f. 18, 20, 246 
62. Collonia ean Lam. Woodwards’ Manual, t 10, f. 

15, : . 246 
63. Leptothyra pict a, Pse. Am. Tone Conch. : ie ey . 256 
64. Astralium chemnitzi, Val. Voy. Venus t. 2 2 his, £1. eae 
65. Leptothyra lzta, Montr. Specimen, : : . 208 
66. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen, . 247 
67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 6, 7 . 232 
68, 68a, Astralium inzequale, Martyn. Specimen, : . 244 
69. Tricolia fordiana, Pilsbry (jaws.) Specimen, : . 163 
70. Orthomesus virgo, Angas. (central, Ist ae and Ist, 

2d and 3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, ; 163 
71. Lithopoma americanum Gmel. (central tooth.) " Specimen, 186 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. oi 


FIGURE, PAGE, 
72. Tricolia speciosa, Muhlf. (central, 1st lateral, Ist, 2d and 
3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, . 163 
73. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. (central, ‘Ist lateral, 6th, 
7th, 8th, 11th and 12th marginal teeth.) Specimen. . 188 


PuaTE 61. (RapDuLz.) 


1. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Troschel, Das Gebiss der 


Schnecken ii, t. 18, f. 9, ‘ ; ; : “162 
2. Tricolia pulla, sige dct oe 10, . 165 
3, 4. Orthomesus lineolata, Lam. Tid frlSa techie we Ge 
5. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 4, : : . 185 
6. Turbo radiatus,Gm. Ibid. t.19,f. 7a, . ‘ ’ . 185 
7. Sarmaticus sarmaticus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 14, : . 186 
8. Lithopoma tuber, Gmel. Ibid. t. 20, f.13, . : . 186 
9. Prisogaster niger, Gray. Ibid. t. 20, f. 6, 3 . 186 
10. Marmorostoma porphyrites, Gmel. Thid. t. 20, f. i . 185 
11. Pomaulax undosum, Wood. Specimen. 3 3 . 187 
12. Astralium spinulosum, Lam. ee : ; . 186 
15. Bolma rugosa, L. Specimen, . : : g . 186 
14. Cyclocantha plicatospinosa, Pilsbry. Specimen, . - 137 
iy: Leptothyra sangarensis, Shrenck. Specimen, : . 188 


PLATE 62. 


1. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Cog. Viv. t. 20, f.1, . : . 200 
2. Turbo histrio, Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 39. : = 20 
3-5. Leptothyra exilis, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 6, . 257 
6. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen, : : . 205 
7. Turbo intercostalis, Specimen, ; ‘ ‘ . 201 
8. Turbo imperialis. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. it : : . 192 
9. Turbo turbinopsis, Lam. Ibid. t. 42, £ 4, : ; : 199 
10-12. Leptothyra globula, Phil. Specimen, : : . 262 
13. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. Con. Icon. f. 13, . : oat. 
14. Turbo speciosus, Rve. Ibid. f. 35, . , : 2 204 


PLATE 63. 
ee; 16. Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 38, f. 1, . 237 


18. Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Specimens, . 231 
19 Turbo semicostatus, Pse. Thes. Conch. t. 14, f. 199, . 206 
20. Turbo corallinus, Rve. (= pee sangarensis. Con. 

Leon? £. 56}... ’. : : : ; . 250 
21, 22. Astralium latispina, Phil. Coq. Vivotesilyin . 223 
23, 24. Leptothyra albida, Dall. Specimea, ¢ : . 258 


25, 26. Turbo exquisitus, Angas. P. Z. 8. 1877, t. 26, f. 1S 20% 

7. Leptothyra pancicostata, Dall. Am. Jour. Canal 1872, 
teclori LO, :. : . 248 

28. Astralium aculeatum, Rye. Con. Icon. f. G2 ; : 

29, 30. Leptothyra laeta, Montr. Jour. de Conch. 1863, t. 
Date. : : ; , ; ; . 258 
21 


322 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 


FIGURE. PAGE. 
31. Astralium taylorianum, Smith. P. Z. 8. 1880, t. 48, £9, 244 
32. Turbo setosus, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. ‘ : : 496 
33. Turbo setosus, var. patulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f.5, 195 
34. Leptothyra peloritana, Cantraine. Mal. Med. t. 6, f. 23, 252 
35. Leptothyra carinata, Cantraine. Ibid. t. 6, f.22, . . 252 
36. Leptothyra induta, Watson. Challenger, Rept. t. 6, f. 1, 

G6; 0,765" : é ‘ : s . 258 
37. Astralium nobilis, Gray. Voy. H.. M.S. Fly; t. 2, £27; 22e8 
38. Astralium prevosti, Sowb. Thes. Conch. t. 12, f. 134, . 235 
39. Turbo guttatus, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 7, f. 68, : . 213 
40. Leptothyra candida, Pse. Ibid. t. 13, f. 162:"% . 256 
PLATE 64. 
40-43. Phasianella deaniana, Pilsbry. Specimens, . 169 
44, 46. Astralium hexagonum, Phil. Conch Cab. t. 22, af: 6, 237 
47, 48. Leptothyra fluctuosa, Hutton. Specimens. . 259 
49. Astralium lapillus, Rve. Con. Icon. f.65, —. . 233 
50, 51. Astralium rotularium, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 12, £2, . 238 
52. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Ibid. t.104,f.3, . . 240 
53, 54. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 58, 59, . 240 
55. Astralium suleatum, Martyn. Coq. Viv. é ; . 242 
56. Leptothyra globula, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 35, f.3, . 262 
57, 58. Astralium tuberosum, Phil. Ibid. t. 22, f. 2, 22k 
59. Leptothyra sangarensis, Schrenck. Specimen, . 250 
60, 61. Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. Specimen, . . 249 
62, 63. Astralium plicatulum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 32, i 5, 227 
64-66. Astralium petrosum, Martyn. Specimen, . . 234 
PLATE 65. 
6. Delphinula imperalis, Rve. (= melanacantha.) Con. Icon. 
268 
if Delphinula distorta Kn. = melanacantha Rve.) Coa. Viv. 
t. 2, f 2 268 
8. Delphinula rugosa, Kn. je distorta Lam.) Ibid. t. 3, f 
4a, ; . 268 
a Delphinula fort mosa, “Rye. (== laciniata.) Conch. Cab. t. 
5 LOA . . . 267 
10. Delphinula (?) nitida, Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn. 
Acad. vi, t. 44, f. 21, : . 269 
die Delphinula formosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) ‘Con. Icon. f, 26, 267 
PLATE 66. 
12, 18. Telpianle tyria, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 6, . . 268 
14. Delphinula aculeata, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f. 2S . 26% 
15. Delphinula atrata, Rve. Ibid f. 4, : . 267 
16. Delphinula incisa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f 5, . 267 
17. Delphinula euracantha, (= laciniata var.) Thes. Conch. 
t. Ali ee, : ; ; 267 


REFERENCE TO PLATES. 320 


FIGURE, PAGE, 
18. Delphinula nodosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Con. Icon. f. 
: : : : : : 5 : . 267 
19. Delphinula martinii, A. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1854, t. 27, f. 8, . 268 
PLATE 67. 
1. Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Coq. Viv. t.1,f.1, . . 266 
2 Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 9a, . : . 266 
3. Delphinula, formosa, Rive: jlbid. 4.2, \. 267 
4.. Delphinula aculeata, var. & Rve. (= ‘laciniata.) Ibid. f. 
3b, : 2267, 
5. Delphinula spheerula, Kiener. Cou. Viv. t. 3, i ay . 268 
PLATE 68. 
6-3. Angarina lesourdi, Wright. Jour. de Conch. 1898, t. 
Spiele. . : : ‘ 269 
9-11. Neritina nordquisti, Westrl. Vega Exped. t. 5, f. 
24, : ; ‘ : (4) 
12, 13. Delphinula distorta, Lam. Specimen ; . 268 
14-19. Leptothyra roseocineta, Martens. Mébius Reise n. 
Mauritius, t. 20, f. 22-25... 2254 
20, Delphinula spheerula, Kiener. Spec. ‘Delphinula, t. 5, i 3, 268 
PLATE 69. 
21. Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f 1, 192 
22, 23. Turbo heterocheilus, Pilsbry. Specimen, . a 20a 
24. epic eh yea ee Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 
12, f..2, . 261 


20. Leptothyra marmoreus, Pse. Thes. Conch. t. B. f iba . 263 
26. Leptothyra rubra, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap, t. 12; £9,251 
27. Turbo tursicus, Reeve. Zool. H. M.S.‘ Alert’ t. 44, f vu, 230 


28. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Thes. Conch. t. vii, f. 64, . 5 Al 
29, 30. Turbo gestroi, Caramagna. Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital. xiii, 

enon Gon a ae : ; ; : : ‘ : . 262 
31. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 40, ; ‘ 2 
32, 33. Turbo niger, Gray, (operculum. ) Specimen, : wails 


35. Leptothyra picta, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. 1868, t. rile 
ay oes : : ; 


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