NERITIDvE.
PLATE 1
MAN UAL
OF
Structural and Systematic.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.
A
By GEORGE W, TRYON, Jr, ^^^ ,
CONTINUED BY
HENRY A. PILSBRY.
VoL X.
NERITID.E, ADEORBIID^, CYCLOSTREMATID/E, I.IOTIID^
By Gfo. W. Tryon Jr.
PHASIANELLINyE. TURBINID.E. DELPHINULIN^.
By Henry A. Ph.sbry.
PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Conchological Section,
ACADEMY OF NAl URAL SCIENCES, CpR. 19TH AND RACE STS.
1888.
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Blonogrcq-jh of the Families Neritidce, Neritopsidce,
Adeorbiidcb, Cydostrematidce, and Liotiidce.
Family NERITIDM
Animal with a broad, short muzzle, and long slender tentacles,
with eyes on jDromineut pedicels at their outer bases, foot oblong,
wide in front, attenuated behind, branchia long, triangular, pointed,
free at its extremity, ventricle embracing the intestine, anus on the
right side.
Dentition : 8-I-(3 -+ I + 3)-I-8. The middle tooth- small, sub-
quadrangular, second central tooth very large, transverse, sub-
rhomboidal, third and fourth central teeth very small ; lateral tooth
with reflected, simple or denticulated margin ; marginal teeth nu-
merous, narrow, curved, serrated. PI. 1, figs. 2, 3.
Shell imperforate, thick, semiglobose, porcellanous, spire very
small, internally porcellanous, the cavity simple from the absorjD-
tion of the internal portion of the whorls by the animal (PI. 1, fig,
15), aperture semilunate, entire, the columellar lip flattened, septi-
form, with a rectilinear, plain or dentate margin, outer lij) rounded,
sharp or thickened, not reflected.
The impression of the adductor muscle is horse-shoe shaped, open
in front, and is visible within the ajoerture.
Operculum calcareous, usually subspiral, provided with projecting
lobes on its inner face, the inner margin forming a pseudo-articula-
tion with the columellar lip.
Aquatic, although some species can live out of water ; herbivor-
ous.
The Neritidse have been monographed by:
Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, 1855.
Sowerby, Thes. Conch, ii, and v.
Von Martens, Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 1879, 1881, 1887.
The latter author has given for this family the most comj^lete and
carefully worked-up generic monographs that have lately appeared
(3)
4 NERITID.E.
in either of the iconographies. I have, in the main, followed his
arrangement of the species, although a different disposition of some
of the groups has ap})eared to me more desirable, and has accord-
ingly been attempted. In the Neritinse Von Martens has made the
opercular processes the l^asis of his classification, whilst I have con-
sidered characters of the shell as of more importance ; the result is
a different succession of groups, whilst their contents remain es-
pentially alike.
Synopsis of Genera.
Genus Is^ERITA, Adanson. 1757.
Shell thick, smooth or spirally ridged and grooved, porcellanous,
under a corneous adhering epidermis — sometimes wanting ; outer
lip thick, usually denticulated within, columellar lip flattened, its
margin dentate, straight. Operculum calcareous, the outer face
granulated or with a decurrent groove, paucispiral, with excentric
nucleus, inner fjice callous, the apical and claviform apophyses well-
marked, marginal apojDhysis more or less developed, corresponding
with the groove of the outer face.
Animal usuall}' with festooned mantle margin. Living on rocks
and stones, generally inactive by day, but said to be active at night,
roaming about and feeding on algse, etc. Gregarious, and littoral,
and nearly exclusivel}^ marine.
About 200 living species have heretofore been recognized, in-
habiting tropical and semitropical shores throughout the world.
Sixty fossil species have been enumerated, but the earlier forms are
somewhat doubtful, and may more probably be referred to Nerito-
domus.
Section Nerita, Lamarck. 1799 (sensu stricto).
Columellar lip granular or tuberculated. N^. albicilla, Linn.
Theliostyla, Morch. 1852, and Natere, Gray. 1858, are synonyms.
Section Peloronta, Oken. 1815.
Columellar lip nearly smooth, its margin strongly dentate, outer
lip dentate within. N. peloronta, Linn.
Tenare, Gray. 1858, is a synonym.
Section Pila, Klein. 1753.
Columellar lip rugosely grooved and ridged, its edge dentate,
outer lip plicate Avithin, with a large tooth at either extremity of the
series. N. plicata, Linn.
• Ritena, Gray. 1858, is a synonym.
NERITIDiE. O
Section Odontostoma (Klein, 1753), Morch. 1852,
Columellar lij^ smooth or nearly smooth, its margin dentate, outer
lip scarcely denticulated within. N, polita, Linn.
Subgenus Lissochilus, Petho. 1882.
Inner lip smooth, its margin not dentate, outer lip sharp, not
thickened or dentate within. Triassic and Jurassic.
N. SIGARETINA, BuV,
Subgenus Otostoma, d'Archiac. 1859.
Shell with longitudinal plications and very fine spiral lines, col-
umellar lip thick, with dentate margin.
Cretaceous of Europe, Algiers and Asia Minor. N. rugosa,
Hoeningh.
These fossils have usually lost the columellar lip and the inner
layer of the outer lip, but traces of these destroyed parts are found
upon casts. The discovery of a silicified specimen in good preser-
vation and intact has proven the identity of Otostoma with Nerita ;
its longitudinal plications will serve to distinguish it subgenerically,
Lyosoma, White. 1882, appears to be synonymous. Its type is
L. PowELLi, White, from the Jurassic of Utah.
Genus DESHAYESIA, Raulin. 1844
Shell subglobose, thick, umbilicated, spire short ; aperture entire,
semicircular, oblique, columella convex, denticulated, outer lip
smooth internally.
Eocene and Miocene ; Paris and Bordeaux basins.
D. Neritoides, Grat. Struct, and Syst. Conch, PI. 78, f. 59.
This genus presents a very remarkable combination of the char-
acters of Nerita and Natica, and appears to establish a passage be-
tween those genera.
Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1809.
Shell imperforate, rather thin, globose, with short spire, usually
smooth, columellar lip flattened, smooth, straiglit-raargined, finely
denticulated or smooth, outer lip sharp, not callously thickened or
toothed within, aperture with a projection on the inner surface near
the base of the columella (PI. 1, fig. 16).
Operculum calcareous, completely closing the aperture ; exteri-
orly paucispiral with excentric nucleus, interiorly with an apical
6 NERITID^.
and a claviform apophysis, both arising from the summit, and some-
times a medio-margiual apophysis in addition, arising from the
columellar or inner margin (PI. 1, figs. 9, 10).
No important differences in the soft parts have been detected be-
tween Nerita and Neritina. Dentition, PI. 1, fig. 3.
About 200 generally recognized species have been described.
They are mostly fluviatile, but a few inhabit marine or brackish
water, and a very few are of terrestrial habitat. They are mostly
tropical and subtropical in distribution. Fossil, they occur from
the liassic downwards, the pattern of coloring being well preserved ;
the genus becomes numerous in species in the miocene and pliocene.
The Neritin^e are small, smooth, globular shells, ornamented with
a great variety of black or purple lines, bands or spots, covered by
a smooth, polished, horny epidermis. Some species are amphibious,
clinging to the roots of Nipah palms and other trees on the mar-
gins of rivers, while a few inhabit the foliage of tall trees that over-
hang the water.
Neritella (Humphrey. 1797), Gray. 1847, Lamprostoma, Swains.
1840, and Neritcea, Roth, are synonyms.
Section Nekitina (seusu stricto), Swainson. 1840.
Lip sharp, columellar lip rather convex, with crenellated margin,
parietal ridge well marked, dentiform, form ovoid with rather high
spire, usually strigate. Operculum reddish or blackish, both pro-
cesses well developed, separate. Fluviatile. N. zigzag, Lam.
Section Puperita, Gray. 1857.
Shell white, with black zigzag strigations, yellowish within.
Similar to the above, but marine. N. pupa, Linn.
Section Neeitodryas, Martens. 1869.
Columellar margin smooth. Rib of the operculum deeply furrowed,
multilobate at the tip, deeply excavated beneath. Terrestrial.
N. CORNEA, Linn.
Inhabit damp foliage, Philippines, etc.
Section Theodoxus, Montf. 1810.
Transversely globose, smooth or nearly smooth, columellar mar-
gin smooth. The claviform apophysis of the operculum distinct,
the apical apophysis rudimentary. Fluviatile. Inhabits mostly
rivers of Europe and Western Asia.
NERITID.E. /
Neritoglobus, Kobelt. 1871, Elea, Ziegler. 1833, and Neritoconus,
Kobelt. 1871, are synonyms, N. fluviatilis, Linn.
Kobelt separates the species into two subsections, according to the
globose or conical shape of the shell, but the latter form represents
an abnormal growth, including specimens of species undoubtedly
belonging normally to the former.
Section Neritodonta, Brusina. 1884.
Columella thickened, callous, columellar margin subdenticulated ;
parietal apophysis projecting. N. Lukovici, Brusina. Tertiary
of Dalmatia. The genera (!) Tripaloia, Letourn., and . Calvertia,
Saint-Slmonia, Petrettinia and Burgersteinia, Bourg., are identical.
Section Neritilia, Martens. 1879.
Columella smooth ; operculum with a single erect spatulate pro-
cess. N. succiNEA, Recluz. Guadeloupe, W. I.
Section Smaragdia, Issel. 1869.
Eyes sessile at the base of the tentacles. Shell greenish, ob-
liquely oval, with short spire ; columellar area callous, the margin
finely denticulate. N. viridis, Linn. Marine.
West Indies, Mediterranean, Pacifie.
Gaillardotia, Bourg. 1876, is a synonym.
Section StAnleya, Bourg. 1885.
Brilliantly polished, transparent, spirally sulcate, imperforate,
with large parietal callus, 3 sp. Lake Tanganyika. N. neki-
TOiDES, Smith.
Section Clypeolum, Recluz. 1850.
Shell globular, oval or conic, covered by a corneous epidermis,
columellar margin not dentate, outer lip prolonged upward on the
spire in a tongue-like manner. Operculum colored, with well de-
veloped apophyses, the claviform apophysis grooved. Fluviatile.
Indo-Pacijic. N. pulligera, Linn.
Section Neritona, Martens. 1869.
Oval globular, with very short spire ; peritreme widely developed,
subcontinuous, columellar margin not denticulate. Operculum with
the apical process depressed, flattened, lobate at the tip. Fluviatile.
N. labiosa, Sowb.
Subgenus Clithon, Montfort. 1810.
Shell coronated with tubercles, or short or long spines (sometimes
unarmed), and covered by a corneous epidermis ; margin of colum
8 NERITIDiE.
ellar lip usually finely denticulated, often with a large sujDerior
tooth. Operculum with rib and apophyses well developed, the
latter connected for half their length.
The spines that usually ornament the whorls are tubular, and
sometimes very long. They are fluviatile and tropical, crawling
slowly, and only showing during locomotion the tentacles and tip of
the muzzle ; they seem to prefer a stony bottom, clear and free from
weeds, and quiet Avater. N. longispina, Recluz,
Subgenus Neriptekon, Lesson. 1830.
Shell flattened, biauriculated posteriorly, spire posterolateral ;
inner lip septiform, with non-denticulated margin, outer lij^ very
much dilated behind. Operculum typical. Fluviatile. Polynesia.
N. Tahitensis, Lesson.
Section Alixa, Recluz. 1842.
Shell flattened, transversely dilated, lip irregularly expanded,
sinuous, margin of inner lip finely denticulated. Operculum typi-
cal. Fluviatile. Central America. JST. latissima, Brod.
Subgenus Dostia, Gray. 1840.
Shell sandal-shaped, solid, the apex completely posterior and a
little lateral ; peristome continuous and free ; inner lip septiform,
arcuated and denticulated in the centre of its margin. Operculum
typical. Brackish water. Ea.st Indies. N. crepidularia. Lam.
Genus VELATES, Montfort. 1810.
Oval conic, spiral at the apex only ; last whorl greatly enlarged,
resembling Trochita externally ; aperture basal, semicircular, its
margin forming with that of the wide, flat columellar lip a circular
outline, columellar margin dentate. Operculum as in Neritina.
Tertiary of Europe, India, Madagascar, etc. V. perversa,
Linn. (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 81, 82).
Young individuals are Neritiniform, and the apex is completely
lateral.
Section Velatella, Meek. 1878.
Shell small, oval; apex posterior, spiral, dextral, submedian.
V. CARDiToiDES, Meek (Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 85, 86).
Laramie formation, N. America.
NERITID^E. 9
Subgenus Tomostoma, Desh. 1823.
Shell oval, apex slightly spiral, iuclined posteriorly, base I'ounded.
PiLEOLus NERiTOiDES, Desh. Eocene, Europe.
Calana, Gray, 1844, is a synonym.
This group, resembling the recent Navicellie, has been referred
by myself and others to Pileolus.
Genus NERITOMA, Morris. 1849.
Shell ventricose, thick, apex eroded ; aperture with a notch in
the middle of the outer lip, inner lij^ excavated in the middle,
without teeth. Jurassic, Europe. N. angulata, Sowb. (Struct,
and Syst. Conch., t. 78, fig. 63).
Casts of this shell are common, and exhibit the interior charac-
teristic of the Nerites: — it was probably fluviatile.
Subgenus Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. 1850.
Smooth, ovately globose, spire small, oblique ; last whorl very
large ; aperture ovate or semilunar, outer lip thick, inner lip con-
vex, smooth. Great Oolite, England. N. hemisph.erica, Romer.
(Struct, and Syst. Conch., t. 78, f. 64).
Subgenus Oncochilus, Petho. 1882.
Shell smooth, columellar area covered by a swollen, thick callos-
ity, the margin smooth or with two or three small teeth ; outer lip
sharp, smooth within. Triassic, Jurassic. N. globulosus, Klip-
stein.
Genus DEJAXIRA, Stoliczka. 1860.
Shell subglobose, consisting of a few whorls, the last one large,
spirally grooved, often carinated posteriorly ; aperture large, sub-
trigonal or oval-elongated, columellar lip callous, having three large
plications, outer lip sharp. Operculum calcareous, inner margin
sinuous, with groove corresponding with columellar plication, inner
face with an obtuse claviform apophysis.
Lacustrine Cretaceous of Europe. D. bicarinata, Stol. (Struct.
and Syst. Conch., t. 78, figs. 57, 58).
Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas. 1884, is a synonym.
Genus NAVICELLA, Lamark. 1809.
Shell imperforate, oblong, smooth, limpet-like with a posterior,
submarginal apex, clothed with a corneous epidermis, often eroded
10 NERITIDiE.
at the apex ; aperture large, basal, with a small, not dentate col-
umellar shelf, and elongated lateral muscular scars. Operculum
much smaller than the aperture, irregularly subtetragonal ; labral
margin subcai'tilaginous ; coluniellar margin sinuous, partly bor-
dered by a parietal apophysis, projecting at its extremity ; apex
vermicularly granulated on the inner face, with a few radiating
strijB on both fiices (PI. 1, figs. 11, 12).
Head large, eyes on long peduncles, foot large, regularly oval,
attached on each side to the visceral mass, forming a cavity open
behind, in which the operculum is j^artly buried. Dentition, PI. 1,
fig. 2.
The species, about fifty in number, are exclusively East Indian
and Polynesian in distribution. They are usually found on the
banks of rivers adhering to floating sticks and to the petioles and
roots of the Nipah palms and other plants that live near the water ;
they are also found attached to smooth stones.
The synonymy includes Septaria, Fer. 1807, which has priority,
but has not usually found accejitance, Catillus (Humphrey. 1797),
Swainson. 1840.
Section Cimber, Montf 1810.
Apex median, usually decorticated, projecting beyond the posterior
margin. N. porcellana, Linn.
Dr. Gray has characterized three sections of this group, under
the names of Laodia, Elana, and Paria, all in 1867: they are dis-
tinguished partly from the opercula, partly from the shells. The
former are so variable in their characters that they aflford but
slender material for systematic purposes. The following may per-
haps be maintained :
Subsection Paria, Gray. 1867.
Septum projecting, and truncated in the middle. N. Freycineti,
Recluz.
Section Stenopoma, Gray. 1867.
Apex median, posterior, submarginal, entire; shell generally
narrow. N. lineata, Lam.
Section Elara, H. and A. Adams. 1854.
Apex a little elevated above the posterior margin and laterally
recurved. N. Lapeyrousei, Recluz.
To these Gray adds a group Orthopoma, 1867, characterized by
an operculum only, the shell of which is unknown.
MACLUREIDyE. 11
Genus PILEOLUS (Cookson), Sowerby. 1823.
Shell limpet-like, solid, circular or elliptical at the base, convex,
with subcentral, non-spiral apex; a])erture small, semilunar; col-
umellar septum convex, smooth or toothed, peritreme continuous.
Operculum unknown. Fossil; Jurassic to Cretaceous. P. plica-
Tus, Sowb.
Subgenus Gargania, Guiscardi. 1856.
Apex elevated, inclined backwards beyond the peritreme, surface
radiately ribbed ; lij^ with a central, internal depression. Creta-
ceous. G. Brocchii, Guiscardi.
Family MACLUREIDM
Shell discoidal, few whorled, longitudinally grooved at the back,
and slightly rugose with growth-lines ; dextral side convex, deeply
and narrowly perforated, sinistral side flat, exposing the inner
whorls. Operculum calcareous, solid, sinistrally subspiral, with
two internal apophyses, one of them beneath the nucleus, very thick
and rugose.
Genus MACLUREA, Lesueur, em. 1818.
The characters are those of the family, of which this is the sole
genus. A dozen palaeozoic sj)ecies from North America and Scotland
have been described. M. Logani, Salter. (Struct, and Syst. Conch.,
t. 82, f. 8, 9) ; M. magna, Lesueur. (Ibid, t. 65, f. 10).
Conchologists have been at a loss where to place this singular
genus ; according to some it has been included in Solariidse ; others
have placed it in Pleurotomariidse and in Atlantidi?e. In my "Struc-
tural and Systematic Conchology" I have given it a position be-
tween Bellerophontidie and Haliotidie. I think that Dr. Fischer's
removal of the group to the vicinity of Neritidte, on account of the
apophyses of the operculum, is a happy idea of that learned con-
chologist.
12
Family NERITOPSIDM
Animal with large head, and distant, elongated tentacles, the
gyes on short peduncles at the exterior base, buccal orifice plicate,
foot obtuse at either extremity, operculigerous disk surrounding the
operculum, columellar muscle forming a ring interrupted above,
mantle-margin thickened and papillary. Dentition, 8'l'(2-)-0+2)"l*8,
PL 1, fig. 1.
Shell imperforate, neritiform, solid, columellar lip not dentate, the
margin with a sinus in the middle. Operculum thick, calcareous,
symmetrical, not spiral, with lateral, median nucleus, the exterior
face convex, the interior face divided into two unequal parts, the
columellar margin with a median appendage.
Fossil oi^ercula of this family, occurring frequently without the
shell, were long objects of doubt to scientists, and have received the
names of Peltarion, Deslongchamps. 1858 (PI. 1, figs. 5, 6), Sca-
phanidea and Cydidea, Rolle. 1862, and Hypodevia, Koninck. lo53.
They have been supposed to be the beak of a cephalojiod, a valve
of a brachiopod or of a chiton, and an operculum of the polyp
Calceola.
Genus NERITOPSIS, Grateloup. 1832.
General characters those of the family. Shell white, cancellated
by spiral and longitudinal ridges and striae. Operculum having on
its exterior face and columellar margin a large truncate appendage,
interior face depressed, with a labral, semilunar, smooth part, and
a striate columellar part, with a pit on either side of it. (PI. 1, figs.
7, 8). Radula, Gray, 1840, is a synonym. East Indies, Polynesia.
N. RADULA is the only recent species. Fossil, secondary and ter-
tiary.
Genus NATICOPSIS, M'Coy. 1844.
Shell imperforate, naticiform, thick, suture plicate; columella
callous, more or less flattened, sometimes minutely tuberculated or
transversely plicate, lip sharp ( F*l. 1, fig. 17). Operculum something
like Neritopsis, with convex exterior face, the interior face un-
equally two-parted, one part smooth, the other rugose, no appen-
dage on the columellar margin (PI. 1, figs. 13, 14).
Devonian-Triassic.
Europe, India.
I included this group in Naticidee (Vol. viii, 8) ; the oi^erculum,
however, shows it to be a member of the present group. Nerito-
mopsis, Waagen. 1880, Carboniferous of India, is a synonym.
ADEORBIIDiE. 13
Subgenus Trachydomia, Meek and Wortheu. 1866.
Whorls regularly ornamented with small tubercles. N. nodosa,
Meek and AVorthen. Carboniferous. Illinois.
Included in Naticidse (vol. viii, 8), but is better j^laced here
Family ADEORBIIDM
Shell umbilicated, auriform, depressed, paucis2:)iral, with oblique,
entire aperture, simple columella, and rounded, sharp outer lip.
Oj^erculum corneous, paucispiral, with excentric nucleus.
Animal differing from Trochidse by having no cirriform appen-
dages of the foot. Dentition unknown.
In this group are provisionally included a few small shells, the
relationships of which remain somewhat obscure.
Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood. 1842.
Shell depressed, flattened below, white, sub translucent, paucis-
piral, periphery angulated, widely umbilicated; aperture oblique,
angular behind, lip sharp, not continuous.
Europe, Japan, Philippines, West Indies, etc. A. hubcarinatus,
Mont.
Genus ARCHYT^A, Costa. 1869.
Turbinated, but little elevated, thin, widely and deeply umbili-
cated, very finely decussated, appearing smooth, apertui-e rounded,
with sharp, simple lip. Operculum corneous, smooth and flattened
.exteriorly, the spire slightly pi'ominent in the centre of the inner
side. A. DELiCATUM, Phil. Norway.
Traehysma, Jefireys, 1878, is a synonym.
Subgenus Pseudorbis, Monts. 1884.
Scarcely unibilicated, aperture circular, surface spirally costate,
not cancellated. A. granulum, Brugn. Mediterranean.
14
Family CYCL OSTREMA TIDM
Animal with ciliated, thread-like tentacles, the eyes on short pe-
duncles ; snout bilobed ; foot elongated, truncate in front, and ex-
tending at each angle into a filament ; sides with three or four pairs
of ciliated cirri, and a pair of auricular appendages in front, be-
tween the cirri and the tentacles. Jaws scaly.
Dentition, 8-(4 + 1+ 4)-8, PI. 1, fig. 4.
Shell small, umbilicated, depressed, white, corneous or transpar-
ent, not nacreous ; aperture circular, with continuous, sharp peris-
tome. Operculum corneous, multisjiiral.
Genus CYCLOSTKEMA, Marryatt. 1818.
Shell white, or uniformly colored, last whorl obliquely striate.
C. CANCELLATA, Marryatt.
About 25 species have been described ; distribution nearly uni-
versal. Fossil, tertiary.
Delphinoidea, Brown. 1727, is a synonym.
Section Cyclosteema (sensu stricto).
Spire short, surface with spiral ridges, cancellated.
Section Tubiola, A. Ad. 1864.
Whorls rounded, simple, contiguous, spirally striate. C. serpu-
LOiDES, Montagu.
Section Daronia, A. Adams. 1864.
Planorbiforra, spire depressed, concave, whorls rounded, more
or less disunited. C. spirula, A. Ad.
Subgenus Tharsis, Jefl^reys. 1883.
Globular, solid, polished ; aperture circular, peristome continuous,
adhering at the columellar margin ; the umbilicus closed in the
adult by a callus.
C. RoMETTENSis, Seguenza. Atlantic, Mediterranean.
Subgenus Ganesa, JeflTreys. 1883.
Naticiform, thin, always perforate, axis of the spire oblique;
aperture subcircular, peristome continuous.
Atlantic Ocean ; abyssal. C. pruinosa, JeflTreys.
CYCLOSTREMATIDJE. 15
Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams. 1850.
Shell minute, depressed turbiniform, white, often -with spiral
cariniB, widely umbilicated, and the umbilical region widely indented,
whorls few, aperture large, rounded. Operculum unknown.
V. VALVATOiDES, C. B. Ad. A considerable number of species
have been described by Prof. Adams from Jamaica and Panama.
They ai'e mostly unfigured, and Dr. Fischer thinks that species of
Cyclostrema, Adeorbis, Teinostoma and Pseudorotella are included.
Genus Teinostoma, H. and A. Adams. 1853.
Shell orbicular, depressed, polished or spirally striated, spire
short, obtuse, not projecting; whorls few, the last with rounded or
angulated periphery ; umbilical region covered by a large, flat cal-
losity ; aperture transverse, distant from the axis, j)eristome con-
tinuous, lip sharp, simple. Philippines, Japan, Mazatlan.
T. POLiTUM, A. Ad. Deshayes enumerates fourteen species from
the Parisian Eocene.
Section Calceolina, A. Adams. 1863.
Neritiform, depressed ; inner lip with a large wide callus, cover-
ing the umbilicus — its margin straight, simple. T. pusilla, Adams.
Japan.
Subgenus Pseudorotella, Fischer. 1857.
Shell thin, diaphanous, subdiscoidal, paucispiral, finely striated ;
aperture oval, peristome not continuous, outer lip sharp ; umbilical
region covered by a polished, transparent callus. T. semistriata,
d'Orb. West Indies.
Parkeria, Gabb. 1880, Miocene of West Indies, is a synonym.
Subgenus Discopsis, Folin. 1869.
Shell discoidal, much depressed, flattened above, carlnated, vitre-
ous white, widely umbilicated ; whorls few ; aperture very oblique,
triangular, the margins united by a channeled callosity, prolonged
posteriorly. C. omalos, Folin. Gulf of Mexico.
Subgenus Leucorhynchia, Crosse. 1867.
Shell small, perforate, polished ; whorls few ; aperture rounded,
coluraellar and basel margins united into a callous rostrum, pro-
longed past the umbilical region, but without touching it ; peristome
continuous, simple. L. Caledonica, Crosse. New Caledonia.
Evidently nearly allied to the preceding group.
16 • CYCLOSTREMATID^.
? Subgenus Microtheca, A. Adams. 1863.
Shell globosely turbinate, widely umbilicated, somewhat porcel-
lanous, radiately, rugosely plicate, suture channeled and crenulated;
aperture semicircular, peritreme continuous, inner lip thickened
and arcuate, outer lip with thickened margin ; umbilicus crenulated.
Operculum unknown. C. crenellipeea, A. Ad. Japan.
? Subgenus Morchia, A. Adams. 1860.
Shell obliquely oval, depressed, widely umbilicated, convex
above, flattened beneath ; whorls rapidly increasing, the last di-
lated and ascending, embracing the others to the apex ; aperture
oblong, obliquely horizontal, dilated below, narrowed above, peri-
treme continuous, thickened, bilabiate. Oi^erculum unknown. (1
MoRELETi, Fischer, C. obvoluta, A. Ad. Japan, China, Red Sea.
? Subgenus Cirsonella, Angas. 1877.
Shell minute, globosely turbinated, smooth, narrowly umbilicated;
aperture circular, peristome continuous, slightly thickened. Oper-
culum unknown. C. australis, Angas. Australia.
? Subgenus Haplocochlias, Carpenter. 1864.
Shell solid, turbinate, subperforate ; aperture rounded, peristome
continuous, thick, exteriorly varicose, columella not callous. Oper-
culum unknown. C. cyclophoreus, Carp, Mazatlan.
? Subgenus Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. 1854.
Shell turbinate, depressed, with large, deep umbilicus encircled
by a spiral callosity ; whorls ornamented by spiral granular ribs ;
aperture circular, inner lip straight ; outer lip rather thick, sub-
crenulated, prolonged behind upon the penultimate whorl. Japan.
C. granulata, a. Ad.
ijotiid.e. 17
Family LIOTIID^.
Head proboscidiform, epipodial line with a pair of conical lobes
and three pairs of cirri. Dentition ?
Shell turbiniforni or discoidal, white, with longitudinal ribs or
clathrate ; aperture feebly nacreous, peristome continuous, thick,
with a callous varix. Operculum multispiral, hispid, corneous,
with a calcareous layer formed of pearly particles spirally disposed.
Genus LIOTIA, Gray. 1842.
Characters those of the family.
Tropical and subtropical seas. L. Peronii, Kiener.
Section Arene, H. and A. Adams. 1854.
Ornamented with reddish radiating markings, periphery spinosely
carinated. L. radiata, Kiener.
Subgenus Liotina, INIunier-Chalmas. 1877.
Shell solid, cancellated, subdiscoidal, umbilicus large, with a
spiral funieulum, aperture not nacreous, j^eristome varicose, re-
flected, sub-bilabiate. L. australis, Kiener, is a living represen-
tative ; otherwise the group is Eocene.
? Subgenus SciEVOLA, Gemmellaro. 1878.
Sinistral, thick, more or less conic, turriculated or conic-de-
pressed, umbilicated, spire sharp, longitudinally variciformly pli-
cate, crossed by spiral rihlets; aperture circular. Liassic, Sicily.
S. INTERMEDIA, Gemmellaro.
Genus CRASPEDOSTOMA, Lindstrom. 1884. '
Naticiform, with longitudinal laminae ; aperture circular, with a
widely expanded thick peristome, which is aliformly produced to
the left at the base ; umbilicus narrow. Silurian of Gotland. C.
ELEGANTULUM, Lindstrom (PL 1, fig. 18).
? Genus CROSSOSTOMA, Morris and Lycett. 1854.
Imperforate, thick, turbinated, apex obtuse ; ai)erture contracted
circular, entire, sharp edged, with a reflected peristome some dis-
tance behind it ; umbilical region with a dentiform callosity,
formed by a funieulum which fills the umbilicus.
Jurassic. C. reflexilabrum, d'Orb. (PI. 1, figs. 19, 20).
18 NERITA.
Family NERITIDjE.
Geuus NERITA, Adanson. 1757.
Dr. vou Martens, in the prefoceto his monograph of Nerita, now
in course of publication, thus divides the geuus into groups, which
he considers " more or less natural," whilst not so sharply distin-
guished one from another as the similar divisions of Neritina. I
find the older and more simple divisions W'hich I have adopted full
of difficulties to the systematist, which Avould be much increased by
a more elaborate system. It is noticeable that Dr. von Martens
has not arranged his own monograph by the system he proposes.
His groups are : —
1. Theliostyla, Morch. Whorls flattened, strongly ribbed,
columellar area granular, the marginal teeth mostly small. Oper-
culum granular. N. textilis. Natere, Gray, is a synonym.
2. Cymostyla, Martens. With weaker spiral ribs, whorls
rounder, columellar area with parallel plications, the teeth stronger.
Operculum granular. N. undata. Plia, Mtirch, in part, but not
Pila, Klein.
3. Pila, Klein. Shell bullet-shaped, with strong rounded spiral
ribs, and strong columellar teeth. Operculum concave, weakly
granular or smooth. N. plicata. Ritena, Gray, and Tenare,
Troschel (not Gray), are synonyms.
4. Tenare, Gray. Teeth of the interior of the outer liji vanish-
ing. Oper(ailum smooth, with polished marginal zone. /
a. Peloronta, Troschel. With weak spiral ribs. Marginal
zone of the operculum swollen, distinct. N. peloronta.
h. Ilynerita, Martens. Spiral sculpture stronger, teeth of the
mouth weaker. Operculum with scarcely developed marginal zone.
N. PLANOSPIRA.
5. Nerita (restricted). Spiral sculpture weak or Avanting, colum-
ellar area swollen, smooth. Operculum flat, with ribbed margin.
N. POLiTA. Odontostoma, Morch (in part), is a synonym,
6. Amphinerita, Martens. Shell as in preceding group. OjDer-
culum granular. N. Umlaasiana, N. Senegalensis, etc.
7. Heminerita, Martens. Outer lip not toothed, columellar
margin likewise toothless. Operculum with strongly developed
skinny projection on its convex margin. N. pica. This group is
the most nearly related to Neritina.
NERITA. 19
Section Nerita, Lain. 1799 (sensu stricto).
N. ALBiciLLA, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 21-26.
With wide, fiatly convex ribs, separated by narrow sulci, whitish,
yellowish or orange color, densely or sparsely clouded, maculated
or interruptedly or irregularly banded with black ; aperture white,
the columellar area tuberculated, with small teeth on the middle of
the margin, outer lip with numerous small teeth.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Natal, Singapore, China, Philippines,
Viti Is., etc.
It is N. sanguinnlenta, Menke, N. venusta, Phil. (fig. 24), JSf.
marmorata. Reeve (not Hombr. and Jacq.), =^ N. crassilahrum,
Smith, 'IN. marginata, Gmel., N. cornea, Forsk., N. Erythrcea,
Desh., and j\^. Forskalii, Eecluz (figs. 25, 26).
N. PLEXA, Chemn. PI. 2, figs. 27, 28.
With rugose or somewhat nodose spiral ribs, alternately smaller,
whitish, maculated with black ; aperture whitish, black spotted on
the fimbriated outer margin, lij^ numerously jilicate-dentate within,
columellar area with a raised plicate outer border, the face numer-
ously granulate, the centre of the margin two-toothed.
Diam. 30-45 mill.
East Africa, Cape, Madagascar, India, etc.
The synonyms are N. costata, Schum., N. te.vtiUs, Gmel., N. chlo-
rostoma, Lam. (fig. 28).
N. ExuviA, Linn. PL 2, fig. 29.
With strong, rugose, high ribs, broadest at the top, or somcAvhat
overhanging, the intermediate sulcatious deep, often in the larger
specimens with a median thread-like, rugose, but much smaller rib-
let in each, the ribs blackish or obscurely maculated, the sulci grey-
ish or yellowish grey, with zigzag black stripes ; aperture white,
the columellar area, including the raised border, covered by very
numerous small granulations. Diam. 30-35 mill.
Indian Ocean, East Indies, Philipj^ines.
It is N. Malaccensis, Lam. N. chlorostoma. Lam., which I have
referred to the preceding species. Dr. von Martens places here ; in
the outer border of the columellar area it combines the characters
of both, but its exterior ornamentation is, I think, decidedly that
of N. ple.ra.
20 NERITA.
N. GRANULATA, Reeve. PI. 2, fig. 30 ; PI. 4, fig. 70.
Blackish, spirally subcostate or Urate ; columellar area strongly,
granulated, outer lip very strongly plicate within. Diam. 17 mill.
Hab. unknown.
N. CHAM.ELEON, Linn. PI. 2, figs. 31-39 ; PL 6, fig. 4 ; PI. 9, fig.
66.
Shell with numerous, low, rugose sj^iral ribs, sometimes alter-
nately smaller, the interspaces varying from a mere line to the
width of the ribs, whitish, yellowish white or orange color, macu-
lated with dark grey, brown or black, often forming three indistinct
interrupted bands ; aperture white, columellar area with a few
granules behind the marginal teeth, and some plications on the
raised outer margin. Diam. 25-30 mill.
East Indies to Polynesia, East Africa.
The synonymy includes N. stella, Chemn. (figs. 31-33), N. squa-
mulata, LeGuillou (figs. 34-36), N. modesta, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig.
37), ? N. chloroleuca, Phil., N. scahrella, Phil., N. Arabica, Reeve
(fig. 38), a tessellated specimen, N. annulata, Reeve (figs. 39, 4),
N. bizonalis, Lam., and probably N. electrina, Reeve (fig. 66).
N. EXCAVATA, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 34.
With strong, approximate, flattened spiral ribs, black variegated
with white ; aperture yellowish, black-margined, columellar area ex-
cavated, granular, marginal teeth tumid, acute, plications of lip
strong, the up2:)er and lower larger. Diam. 22 mill.
Hab. unknoivn.
Apparently not very difierent from N. granulata, Reeve.
N. ORYZARUM, Recluz. PI. 3, fig. 40.
With rather distant and faint low spiral riblets, black, with zig-
zag maculations and sometimes an interrupted band of white, lip
with faint plicate denticles within, columellar margin with three or
four minute denticles, the area with several small granulations,
its outer margin with a few plications. Diam. 1 inch.
Aracan (Hanley), Bombay (Recluz).
N. SEMiRUGOSA, Recluz. PI. 3, figs. 41-43.
With numerous low riblets and much narrower grooves, whitish,
with usually small, frequently linear series of black maculations,
sometimes undulated, or more or less confluent ; lip plicately
toothed within, columellar margin strongly three-toothed, tlie area
NERITA. 21
convex, with a few more or less elongated granules below, the outer
margin frequently plicate. Diam. 25-40 mill.
Indian Ocean, Manritms, E. Africa, East Indies, Philippines,
Australia, Polynesia.
The synonyms ai*e N. maura, Recluz (fig. 43), N. histrio, Gmel'
(fig. 42), N. atrata, Lam. (last whorl entirely l)lack), and N. CJiem-
nitzii, Recluz.
N. LoNGii, Recluz. PI. 3, figs. 44, 45.
With rather wide, close, smooth, rounded ribs, yellowish, well
covered with brownish or blackish maci;lations, sometimes obscurely
trifasciate; lip numerously toothed within, the upper two teeth
strong, columellar margin tridentate, area granular, outer margin
convexly raised, strongly plicate. Diam. 25-33 mill.
Red Sea to Bombay.
N. HiNDsii, Recluz. PI. 3, figs. 46, 47.
With rather distant thread-like, granularly rugose lirse, and
sometimes intermediate much smaller ones, whitish, yellowish or
greyish, punctate and maculated with black ; ajoerture white, col-
umellar margin minutely two to four toothed, area flattened, with a
few granules. Diam. 16-20 mill.
^ Philippines.
N. PLANOSPiEA, Anton. PI. 3, fig. 48.
Shell flattened above, with an obtuse shoulder angle, with ele-
vated, rounded, somewhat irregular, thread-like riblets, and fre-
quently much smaller intermediate lines, yellowish grey or light
purplish, with maculations, bands or zigzag strigations of brownish
black or purplish black ; aperture yellowish white, lip teeth obsolete,
columellar margin obtusely 4-dentate, area with a few granules,
outer margin with a long blotch of black. Diam. 20-30 mill.
Indian Ocean, Japa^i, Australia, Polynesia.
The synonyms are N. atropurpurea, Recluz, N. bizonalis, Morch,
and N. angularis, Hombr. and Jacq.
N. RETICULATA, Karstcn. PI. 3, figs. 49, 50.
With very irregular crowded spiral sculpture, often with inter-
mediate smaller threads, or with a pair of smaller lines between
each pair of ribs, rugosely crossed by close growth-lines, whitish,
unicolored, or more frequently maculated, subtessellated or undu-
latingly strigate with red or black ; lip with numerous small plicate
denticles, columellar margin slightly sinuous in the middle with 2
22 NERITA.
or 3 minute teeth, area flat, with a few granules below, and pli-
cations above, marked by a central bright orange red sjiot.
Diam. 12-20 mill.
East Indies to Polynesia.
The red spot on the columellar area is very characteristic and is
seldom absent. The species is very generally known under the
later name of N. signata, Macleay ; other synonyms are N. rudis,
Wood, N. peticJiialis, Morch, ? N. musiva, Gould (in part), and
X. fragum, Reeve (fig. 50).
N. PATULA, Recluz. PI. 3, figs. 53-56, 51, 52.
With 30-40 close, unequal, flattened riblets, crossed by close
strife, variegated with grey and black, sometimes Avith black bands
articulated w'ith white ; aperture white, the lip-teeth minute, numer-
ous or obsolete, columellar margin distinctly sinuous in the middle
and the sinuosity indistinctly toothed, the area concave, yellowish,
with a central semicircular depression, granular and blotched with
black, base with a transverse j)lica. Diam. 18-25 mill.
Moluccas, Philippines.
It is N. musiva, Gould, N. Beaniana, Recluz (fig. bb), N. Dom-
beyi, Recluz (fig. 56), N. dilatata, Recluz, and N. unidentata,
Hombr. and Jacq. (figs. 51, 52).
N. Senegalensis, Gmel. PI. 3, figs. 57, 58.
With numerous, low, flat-topped riblets, divided by incised lines,
the sculpture often very faint, blackish, maculated aud variegated
with yellowish grey ; lij) minutely dentate within, columellar mar-
gin concave and moderately 2-3 dentate in the middle, area flat-
tened with a number of tubercles, outer margin narrowly elevated
and plicate. Diam. 15-25 mill.
W. Africa, Cape Verd Is.
N. Largillierti, Phil., is a sy.^.onj'm.
N. anthracina, Busch. PL 26, fig. 96.
Black, marl)led with yellowish, spirally, and irregularly longi-
tudinally striate, epidermis rough ; lip toothed within, columellar
margin quadridentate, median tooth minute, area concave, granular.
Diam. 14 mill.
Java.
This species has not been identified.
NKRITA. 23
N. NiGERRiMA, Cliemii. PI. 8, figs. 42, 43.
Shell thick, spirally grooved, groov^es often becoming obsolete
towards the aperture, black, polished ; aperture whitish or yellowish
white, the outer lip finely denticulated within, columellar margin
toothed in the middle, area obscurely wrinkled above, granular
below. Diam. 1'25 inch.
Australia, Polynesia.
This is iV. nigerrima, Chemn., as unfolded by Reeve and others ;
the original figures are not readily determinable. N. achatina,
Reeve (fig. 43), is a probable synonym.
N. MACULATA, Pease. PL 4, fig. 61.
Minutely spirally ribbed, separated by engraved lines, polished,
black, minutely, numerously flecked with yellowish grey ; aperture
white, lip numerously toothed within, columellar margin with two
small median teeth and a larger quadrangular one above them, area
concave, tuberculated. Diam. 15-18 mill.
Central Polynesia.
It is N. Schmeltziana, Dunker.
N. ARCiUS, Recluz. PI. 4, fig. 59.
Shell smooth, indistinctly, closely spirally striate, olive brown or
blackish, shagreened with minute white flecks, often apj^arent only
on close inspection ; aperture yellowish white, outer lip with numer-
ous small plicate denticles, larger at the extremities of the series,
columellar margin with four minute teeth, area flattened, with a
few granules. Diam. 1 inch.
Philippines, Hong Kong, China.
The species was described as from Rio Janeiro, but has never
been authoritatively illustrated ; for convenience, Reeve's identifica-
tion of it with a rather common oriental species, is followed.
N. FuLGURANs, Gmelin. PL 4, figs. 62, 63, 66-69 , PL 9, fig. 63.
Shell with numerous, narrow, distinct rounded ribs, separated by
incised lines, minutely scabrous from the crossing of close growth-
strise, black, unicolored or maculated with yellowish grey; aperture
white, lip with two stronger teeth above and below, and numerous
intermediate plicate denticles, columellar margin with two minute
median teeth and a larger quadrate one above them, area flattened,
granular. Diam. ■75-l"25 inch.
West Indies, Brazil, Panama to Gulf of California.
vo
/^
24 NERITA.
Var. PR.ECOGNITA, C. B. Ad. Fig. 63.
Embraces the lighter colored specimens, being yellowish grey,
upon which are blackish maculations composed of separate short
lines and markings, sometimes forming indistinct, irregular, inter-
rupted bands.
Var. Bernhardt, Recluz. Figs. 66-69 ; PI. 9, fig. 63.
Spire usually somewhat flatter so as to form an obtuse, almost
obsolete shoulder-angle, color varying from black to spotted, and
maculated with yellowish grey or orange color. Size somewhat
smaller.
West Coast of N. America, Panama, Mazatlan.
Usually distinguished by the above chai-acteristics, which are,
however, all shown not infrequently by occasional West Indian
specimens. N. funiculata, Menke, and N. genuana, Reeve (fig. 68),
are synonyms ; to which may probably be added N. alhipunctata,
Reeve (fig. 65, and PI. 9, fig. 63), the locality of Avhich is unknown.
N. TESSELLATA, Gmcliu. PL 4, figs. 71-74 ; PI. 9, fig. 69.
With ten or twelve rounded low ribs, separated by deep, narrow
grooves, white, strigate, tessellated or nearly covered with black ;
aperture white, lip with numerous plicate teeth within, the upper
and lower ones larger, columellar edge concave, with small teeth in
the middle, area flattened, with a few granules. Diam. 18-24 mill.
West Indies, Florida.
Sometimes the ribs are more numerous by their division, and by
the interpolation of smaller intermediate ones. The species is al§o
subject to erosion in such manner that the black markings become
elevated and the ribs obliterated, in this condition becoming ^•
exarata, Pfr. Other synonyms are N. varia (Meusch.), Morch, JSf.
Antillarum, Gmel., N. .striata, Chemn., N. Listeri, Recluz (fig, 73),
a nearly black condition, as is also N. nivosa, Reeve (fig. 74), re-
ferred here with some doubt, and N. comma-notata, Reeve (fig. 72),
and N. scalpta, Reeve (fig. 69), the localities of both of which are
unknown.
Section Peloronta, Oken. 1815.
N. PELORONTA, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 75-77.
With broad, flatly rounded ribs and narrow intervening sulci —
which very seldom give rise to very small riblets ; yellowish or
whitish tessellated or marked in a zigzag manner with dark red and
black, the tessellations sometimes forming broad spiral bands in
NERITA. 25
which the colors alternately appear, in other cases promiscuously
scattered; aperture white, outer lip minutely dentate within, colum-
ellar margin with one or two strong central teeth, area somewhat
concave, with a few plicate granules, the central portion, and sur-
rounding the teeth, stained blood-red. Diam. 1-1'75 inch.
Florida, West Indies,
The well-known " bleeding tooth." The ribs are sometimes very
faint, and occasionally the surface is entirely smooth.
N. VERSICOLOR, Gmelin. PI. 4, figs. 78, 79 ; PL 5, fig. 80.
With broad, rounded ribs, separated by narrow grooves, varying
occasionally to entirely smooth (fig. 80); light yellowish, rosy or
whitish, tessellated, maculated or with zigzag stripes of red and
black, in some cases of the latter only, in others forming alternate
spiral bands of markings in one color or the othei', but mostly
intermingled; aperture white, outer lip dentate within, columellar
margin decidedly convex, with three or four distant strong teeth,
area smooth or obsoletely plicate. Diam. 75-r25 in.
Florida, West Indies.
This is N. striata, Chemn., N. variegata, Chemn., and N. tricolor,
Gmelin.
N. HELiciNOiDES, Recve. PI. 9, figs. 71, 72.
Whorls faintly spirally ribbed, yellowish, maculated with black
or red, sometimes forming alternate bands; lip plicate within,
columellar area smooth, the mai'gin two or three dentate.
Diam. 15 mill.
Hub. unknoion.
N. pellis-serpentis. Reeve (fig. 72), is doubtless identical. Very
probably this species to be referred to the proceeding, but the figures
do not show its convex margined columella.
N. WiNTERi, Phil. PI. 9, fig. 73.
Spirally costate, whitish ; lip very thinly toothed within, columellar
margin four-toothed, area plane, a little wrinkled. Diam. 16 mill.
2Ioluecus.
I know nothing about this species.
N. iNCERTA, Busch. PI. 8, fig. 48.
Dark brownish or blackish, minutely speckled with greyish
white; lip minutely denticulated within, columellar margin with
five small teeth, area smooth. Diam. 14 mill.
Java.
26 NERITA.
The condition of the specimen figured l)y PJiilippi was too poor
to do justice to its characters; I can only guess at its relationships.
N, ATRATA, Keeve. PL 8, fig. 40.
Black, spirally linearly grooved; aperture white, the outer lip
black margined, with rather strong internal plicate teeth, columellar
area smooth, the margin minutely toothed in the middle.
Diam. 28 mill.
Australia, New Zealand, etc.
Reeve figured this species for the N. atrata, Chemnitz — which it
probably is not, and on this account von Martens preferred for it
the name N. jmndata. Quo}' — which it ertainly is not, whilst
Hutton imposed the name of X. saturata, and E. A. Smith that of
N. melanotragus, both in 1884, with a probable priority of publica-
tion of the former name. "NVatson (Voy. Challenger, xv, 132) reviews
the whole subject, preferring the name N. punctata. Inasmuch as
Chemnitz was not binomial and therefore not entitled to quotation,
and his figures and description are neither of them sufficient for
identification, whilst they indicate that at least two species were
confounded by him, I think it preferable to treat him as non-existent,
and quote Reeve ; especially as he has been followed by others, so
that his atrata has become well-known. N. nigra, Gray (who quotes
Quoy) in "Dieflenbach's New Zealand" has been cited by authors as
applying to the present species, but the name is not accepted by
them on account of the prior N. nigra, Chemn. They show that
Quoy never described a N. nigra, but then neither did Gray; he
merely mentioned the name in his above list, and it is impossible to
determine what species he may have intended. Finally, different
as this species is from N. nigerrima, Chemn., in its form and absence
of columellar granulations— actually a group distinction, I have never-
theless some suspicion that it is only a variety of it, and that it
connects that species with N. morio, which, on account of its smooth
inner surface of the lip belongs to still another group. In my
saner moments I am well-aware that such vagaries of conjecture
are simply the demoralizing result of the questionable questioning
which has largely supplanted the questionless faith of the last
generation of conchologists.
N. ATRAMENTosA, Reevc. PL 8, figs. 44.
Shell slightly spirally striated, black or dark olivaceous variega-
ted with black ; aperture white, outer lip strongly toothed within at
NERITA. 27
the extremities of a row of fine denticles, inner margin with two
small teeth and a superior, quadrangular larger one.
Diam. 28 mill.
Sivan River, Australia.
N. YoLDii, Recluz. PI. 9, figs. 55-57.
Faintly, closely spirally striate or smooth, yellowish white macula-
ted in a zigzag manner with black, sometimes black with white
markings, often with a light baud on the darker specimens, or a
dark band on the lighter ones; aperture yellowish, the outer lip
dentate within, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate
in the middle, area smooth or very faintly marked by a few tubercles.
Diam. 18 mill.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Hongkong.
Sometimes this sj^ecies, like some West Indian ones is subject to
an erosion which excavates the white portions leaving the black
in relief N. haustrum, Reeve (tig. 56), and N. Peruviana, Phil.
(fig. 57), which is not from Peru, are synonyms.
Section Pila, Klein. 1753.
N. PLicATA, Linn. PL 5, figs. 81-83.
Shell spirally ridged, with equal, excavated interstices, each
about 18-20 in number on the body whorl, whitish or brownish
white, here and there sj)otted and streaked with black ; lip crenated,
with several minor internal teeth, with a larger one at each extrem-
ity of the series, columellar margin with four strong teeth, columellar
region rugosely wrinkled. Diam. 15-30 mill.
Indian Ocean, Formosa, Polynesia, Sandwich Is.
Sometimes unicolored whitish, sometimes regularly tessellated
with black, or the spots so dis^^osed as to form interrupted bands.
Occasionally very thick specimens occur in which the sculpture is
reduced to rugose strii« or partially or wholly disappears. Entirely
black specimens are known as N. ringens, Reeve (fig. 83). Other
synonyms are : N. lactaria, Linn., N. Otaiensis, Lesson.
N. cosTATA, Chemn. PI. 5, fig. 84.
With about 12-15 strong spiral ridges, which are black, and
equal, with excavated yellowish olivaceous interspaces ; lip crenula-
ted, toothed as in the preceding species, columellar area tuberculated
below the plications. Diam. 15-35 mill.
Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan, Australia, Philippines, etc.
It is N. grossa. Born, and N. scabricosta, Delessert.
28 NERITA.
N. GROSSA, Linn. PI. 5, fig. 85.
With 10-12 strong, spiral ridges and rather wider deeply excava-
ted sulci, frequently developing a central, much smaller riblet,
white, subradiately maculated with dark grey, varying to blackish ;
lip scarcely crenulated, very thick, internally bearing two strong
teeth above and usually one beloAV, with an intermediate series of
numerous fine denticles, columellar teeth strong, o or 4, the area
covered with wrinkles. Diam. 25-33 mill.
Indian. Ocean, PhUipj}ine.i, N. E. Australia.
N. Ascensionis, Lam, is a synonym.
N. UNDATA, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 86-95; PL 6, figs. 96-3; PL 7, fig.
30.
With 30-40, rounded, small spiral riblets and narrower shallow
interspaces, yellowish, light brown or greyish with darker, olivaceous
grey or black maculations, often arranged in radiating, undulating
stripes, sometimes broad so as almost to cover the shell, aperture
often stained with yellow, median teeth of outer lip very numerous,
small, columellar area strongly rugose. Diam. 30-42 mill.
East Indies, Philippines, etc.
The above may be regarded as the typical system of coloration
in a species varying much in this respect. It has, under different
aspects received a number of names, several of which I retain as
varietal, not so much because of intrinsic value as for mere con-
venience, these several forms having been heretofore recognized as
species. With the type may be included N. Papnuina, Recluz, N.
LeGuillouana, Recluz (fig. 87), N. marmorata, Hombr. et Jacq.,
N. Savieana, Recluz, (fig. 88), N. crassa, Gould (fig. >*9), N. undulata,
Gmel. and N. Novce-Guinece, Lesson (fig. 90), the two last juveniles.
Var. MicRONEsrCA, Martens.
Blackish olivaceous, with two spiral black bands.
Var. STRIATA, Burrow. Figs. 91-94, 100, 1.
Costulations small, close, somewhat unequal, greyish, yellowish,
or light brownish, usually spotted, undately strigate or trifasciate
with dark grey, olivaceous or black, aperture tinged with yellow.
The synonyms are N. chrysostoma, Recluz (in part, fig. 91), N.
undata, Gould, Var. icterina, Marts, including N. aurantia, Recluz,
(fig. 92), iV. Tongaensis, Hombr. et Jacq. N. grisea. Reeve (fig. 93),
NERITA. 29
N. erubescens, Reeve (fig. 100), N. Neritopsoides, Reeve (fig. 1),
and N. costulata, Biisch and i\". Essingto)ii, Reeve (fig. 94), the two
latter juveniles.
Var. Spengleeiana, Recluz. PI. 6, figs. 96-98.
Greyish, maculated Avith white, interruptedly trifasciate with
greyish black, riblets flattened, obscure, evanescent below, aperture
white.
The type was a juvenile; and iV. oleagina, Reeve (figs. 96, 97)
is a synonym.
Var. QUADBicoLOR, Gmelin. Fig. 86.
Whitish, yellowish white or rosy white, the ribs maculated with
purplish black, aperture white.
Red Sea, Bombay, E. coast of Africa, Southward to Natal.
It is N. maris-rubrce, Chemnitz.
Var. INCURVA, Martens. Fig. 99.
Variegated and interruptedly banded with black and yellowish
grey, aperture white tinged with yellow or fulvous, the outer margin
elongated and sinuated at the extremities, above and below; riblets
about 30, flat, close, nnequal. Diam. 30-39 mill.
Mozambique, E. Africa.
Var. Grayana, Recluz. Figs. 2, 3.
Riblets rather narrow and high, sometimes with intermediate
smaller ones, jnirplish, varying to ash grey, somewhat obscurely
maculated with purplish black or darker grey. Diam. 30-34 mill.
East Indies and Philippines.
Somewhat distinctive in color, but the markings and sculpture of
the usual patterns.
Var. FUNicuLATA, Reeve. Figs. 95, 30.
Black, with scattered white or yellowish white spots on the ribs,
aperture tinged with yellow.
Neiv Caledonia to Central Polynesia.
The ribs vary in number and development, and are often irregular
in size on the same sjiecimen. Some collectors have confounded it
with the West American V. scabricosta, but that species is larger
and more compressed and rounded and generally more rugose.
Probably N. punctata, Quoy and Gaimard (PI. 7, fig. 30) is identical.
30 NERITA.
Var. FLAMMULATA, Recluz.
Yellowish grey, maculated sjiarsely with black, ribs about 24,
alternately smaller. Diam. 23 mill.
Malay Arcldpelago.
N. scABRicosTA, Lam. PI. 6, figs. 5, 6.
Shell with numerous, rather close rounded ribs, crossed by close
scabrous longitudinal strise, dark greyish or black, more or less
maculated or spotted with orange brown, occasionally irregularly
banded with the latter; lip black-margined, numerously toothed
within, with larger teeth at the extremities, columellar teeth very
strong and ])rominent, the area deeply plicate, with a peri)endicular
series of three tubercles below, sometimes confluent or obsolete.
Diam. 30-50 mill.
Panama, northward to Loiver California.
The synonyms are N. ornata, Sowb. (fig. 5), N. fuscata, Menke,
N. Deshayesii, Recluz (fig. Q&), and 'N. multijugis, Menke. I retain
Lamarck's name for this species although the identification is some-
what doubtful, Delessert figuring a N. eostata for it; and I do this
because in the United States the species has been usually so designa-
ted. Dr. von Martens calls it N. ornata, Sowerby, a name published
about the name date. The scabrous surface and compressed rounded
form well distinguish the species.
Section Odontostoma, (Klein. 1753), Morch. 1852.
N. POLiTA, Linn. PL (i, figs. 7-11 ; PL 7, figs. 12-23.
Shell thick, smooth, polished, sometimes with faintly rugose
growth-lines or very obscure spiral riblets, greyish, flecked or
spotted or banded with white, yellow, orange, red or black, the
ground color itself varying rather unusually to one of the other
colors, with or without flecks and bands; aperture porcellanous,
polished, thick, outer lip smooth or obscurely dentate w'ithin, colu-
mellar lip feebly dentate, the area smooth. Diam. 25-40 mill.
Hed Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia, Mawritius.
The immense variation of coloving in this beautiful species has
been the cause of a considerable duplication of specific names. I
give examples showing the usual as well as some of the rarer
patterns of ornamentation. The synonymy includes N. nigra, N.
flavescens, and N. hieroglyphica, Chemn., N. bidens and JV. bifaseiata,
GmeL, ^Y. Orbignyana, Recluz (figs. 19, 20).
NERITA. 31
Var. ANTiQUATA, Recluz. Fig. 17.
Closely wrinkled by impressed growth-lines, aperture and colu-
mella orange-tinted.
Var. AURORA, Dunker. Fig. 21.
Closely wrinkled as in Var. antiquata, but the shell less transverse,
with somewhat elevated spire ; white, with three yellowish brown
bauds mottled with chestnut, aperture orange-tinted.
Var. Umlaasiana, Krauss. Fig. 18.
More obliquely elongated, the outer lip more extended upon the
spire above, dark olivaceous, mottled with black.
So. Africa.
Var. RuMPHii, Recluz. Figs. 8-11, 16, 22, 28.
Smaller, usually closely spirally striate, coloring often in definite,
wide or narrow bands, but varying to unicolored, mottled or
interruptedly banded.
X. Doreyana (fig. 23) and X. Giiamensis (tig. 22), of Quoy, are
synonyms.
M. maxima, Gmel. PI. 7, figs. 24, 25.
Thick, lightly decussated by incremental strise and evanescent
spiral sulcations, yellowish grey interruptedly banded with black,
and irregularly strigated and maculated with black and white ;
interior of outer lip numerously denticulate, columella smooth,
bearing three jDrominent teeth on its edge, tinged with yellow.
Diam. 36 mill.
Central Pacific Ocean.
Var. OBATRA, Rqcluz. Fig. 25.
Shell olivaceous black, obscurely maculated.
Var. trifasciata, Montr, from New Caledonia, appears to repeat,
on a darker ground-color the banded condition of the type.
N. BisECTA, Reeve. PL 7, fig. 26.
Shell with strong revolving ridges and equal intermediate sulci,
the ridges black and divided in the middle by an incised line, sulci
yellowish grey ; outer lip many-toothed within, teeth of the extrem-
ities larger, columella smooth, yellowish, the margin three-toothed.
Diam. 23 mill.
West Africa.
N. AscENsiONis, Chemn. PL 7, fig. 27.
Shell with strong spiral ridges and somewhat wider sulci, yellow-
ish grey, strongly tessellated with black on the ridges, outer lij)
32 NERITA.
uuiiierously hut inconspicously minutely toothed, inner lip three-
toothed, area plane and smooth. Diam. 30-36 mill.
Ascension Isl.
X. diversicolor, Martyn is a synonym.
N. LiNEATA, Chemn. PI. 8, figs. 32, 33; PI. 7, fig. 29.
Purplish grey or yellowish olive, with numerous, thread-like,
purplish black spiral elevated lines, often spar&ely speckled with
white; outer lip numerously denticulate within, inner lip three-
toothed, area smooth. Diam. 30 mill.
Malaysian Is., N. Australia, etc.
X. Birmanica, Phil. (fig. 29) is a synonym. N. balteata. Reeve
(fig. 33) diflTej-s only in the riblets being a little more distant.
N. CEROSTOMA, Troschel. PI. 8, figs. 36, 37.
Black, with about 22 strong, rugose, rounded spiral ribs, the
upper ones wider, interstices narrow; aperture yellowish, outer
lip numerously denticulate, columellar area smooth, the margin
three toothed. Diam. 27 mill.
Peru.
N". GEMMULATA, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 38.
Greyish, with thin, i-ather distant, acutely granulated spiral lirse,
tessellated with black and blue; outer lip without internal teeth,
columellar margin obscurely tridentate, area smooth.
t)iam. 1 in.
Hab. unknown.
N. FULGiNATA, Reeve. PL 8, fig. 39; PI. 7, fig. 28.
With depressed close spiral riblets, purplish or orange red banded
with black or maculated; aperture yellowish white, outer lip numer-
ously minutely toothed within, columellar area smootli, the margin
three-toothed. Diam. 20 mill.
Singapore (Schmacker), Viti Is. (Garrett).
N. alveolus, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 28), appears to be identical and
if the date on the title page is correct, was published a year earlier.
N. FiLOSA, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 35.
Yellowish, with somewhat distant reddish, serrated, divided
spiral ridges; aperture white, lip numerously toothed within, colu-
mellar area smooth, tlie margin with four teeth. Diam. 22 mill.
Hab unknown.
NERITA. oS
N. Georgina, Recluz. PI. 7, fig. 31.
With acute, subdistant ridges, frequently in pairs, yellowish grey
articulated with black ; aperture yellowish, with black spots on the
margin, columellar area smooth, the margin obscurely dentate, den-
ticles of interior of outer lip obsolete. Diani.18 mill.
King George s Island.
N. MORio, Sowb. PI. 9, fig. 75; PI. 8, figs. 41, 46.
Black, usually polished, with slightly impressed spiral lines;
aperture yellowish, the outer lip callously thickened Avithin, but not
toothed, columellar lip minutely or obsoletely toothed in the middle,
area somewhat concave, polished, smooth. Diam. 18-22 mill.
Atistralia, New Zealand, Polynesia.
Confounded with ^V. atrata, Linn. N. nigerrima, Chemn. N. Sene-
galensis, Gmel. etc. but differs by the smooth interior of the outer
lip, as well as by its oblique last whorl. It was described as a
Neritina, and afterwards by Reeve as ^Y. Neritinoides (fig. 46);
another synonym is N. carbonaria, Philippi (fig. 41).
"N". EssiNGTONi, Recluz. PL 8, fig. 45.
Shell with somewhat high sjjire, black, conspicuously spirally
sulcate; outer lip smooth within, columellar lip slightly dentate on
the middle margin, the area smooth. Diam. 18 mill.
Australia.
Has much the appearance of ^Y. nigerrima externally, but diflfers
in its columellar area ; also resembles N. atramentosa, except in the
absence of the teeth within the outer lip. Very probably they will
all prove to belong to one and the same species.
N. picEA, Recluz. PI. 8, fig. 47; PI. 9, figs. 52, 70, 74; PI. 4, fig. 60.
Shell smooth, polished, with close or distant slight engraved lines,
black, often showing faint minute greyish flecks, but frequently so
obscure as to be scarcely visible; aperture white, outer liji without
teeth, columellar margin minutely or obsoletely dentate in the
middle, area flat, smooth, polished. Diam. 12-18 mill.
Japan, Polynesia to Sandivich Is^
I have been on the point of merging this in the preceding species
as a synonym. In its unspotted state it is only distinguished by
smaller size. iV. obseura, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 52), N. insculpta,.
Reeve (fig. 74), and N. bullula, Reeve (fig. 70), are synonyms,,
The shell which Philippi has figured for N. picea (fig. 60), if that
species, is a somewhat abnormal specimen.
3
34 NERITA.
N. AFFiNis, Reeve. PI. 9, figs. 51, 58, 54; PL 8, figs. 49, 50.
Shell usually transverse, closely, somewhat scabrously spirally
striate, marbled and speckled with white and grey or olivaceous ;
aperture bluish white, minutely obsoletely toothed or edentulate
within the outer lip, columeHar area smooth, the margin obsoletely
toothed. Diam. 10-18 mill.
Viti Islands.
N. Samoensis, Dunker (figs. 49, 50), K costulata, Busch, and
probably K Vitiensis, Hombr. et Jacq. (figs. 58, 54) are synonyms.
N. PICA, Gould. PI. 9, figs. 59, 60, 76.
Usually smooth, sometimes spirally striate, black with cuneiform
markings or reticulations of white; aperture whitish, the outer lip
.smooth within, columellar margin minutely denticulated, the area
flattened, smooth. Diam. 15 mill.
Japan, Polynesia.
X. Japonica, Dunker is evidently synonymous, but the figure
given for that species in Thes. Conch, and which I have inadver-
tently copied (PI. 9, fig. 58), is evidently something else. N. Melal-
euca, Martens and N. rudis, Pease (fig. 76), are to be added to the
synonymy. The figure of N. rudis (copied from Pease), very poorly
represents the shell ; the types before me are undoubtedly ^Y. pica.
N. ve;xillum. Reeve. PI. 9, fig. 61.
Spirally ribbed, with narrow intermediate gi'ooves, orange colored,
with two broad black, orange-spotted bands; aperture yellowish
white, outer lip edentulous, columellar margin sharply toothed, the
area flat. Diam. 22 mill.
Hab. unknown.
N. AECTA, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 9, figs. 64, 65.
Spirally ribbed, white, witli scattered dark spots; aperture with-
out teeth, columellar area flattened, smooth. Diam. 17 mill.
Ami Is., N. of Australia.
I know nothing of this species ; it has been overlooked, as most
of the species of these authors have been, by Reeve and Sowerby.
N. sTRicTA, Baird. PL 9, figs. 67, 68, 62.
With low spiral ridges, and broad siiallow interstices, whitish
with scattered black markings, varying to greyish black ; aperture
yellowish, lip thickened within, edentulate, columellar area smooth,
the edge obsoletely dentate. Diam. 12-15 mill.
Polynesia, Xeiv Caledonia.
NERITIXA.
X. XorcB-Caiedonice, Baird (tigs. 67, GS), is a syuoiiym. My
figure of K. drida is unfortunately taken from Sowerby's Thesaurus*
and is certainly not typical, Baird's figure being exactly like N.
Novce- Caledonia' in all its features exce])t being darker colored.
Unfigured Species of JVerita.
N. TENEBROSA, Rccluz. Solo /., N. of Bomeo.
N. coRROSULA, Recluz. N. Guinea.
N. 8CABRELLA, and N. RiNGicuLA, Phil. Hob. unknoivn.
N. HiLLEAXA, Dunker. Samoan Is.
N. Nov^-HiBERNiiE, Lesson. K. Ireland.
Genus NERITINA, Lam. 1801).
Section Np^ritina (sensu stricto), Swaiuson. 1840.
N. GAGATEs, Lam. PL 10, figs. 77-79, 97, 98 ; PI. 11, fig. 6.
Striulate, polished, olivaceous or brownish black, with close black
zigzag lines; aperture bluish white. Diam. 18-26 mill.
Mauritius, Seyehelles, Isle of Bourbon.
The synonyms are J\\ liturata, Recluz, N. Caffra, Gi'ay, N. zigzag,
Morelet. Von IVIartens has vars. minor (fig. 78), and subplanispira
(fig. 79), the latter for depressed specimens. I think that N. ful-
gurata, Desh. (figs. 97, 98), from Isle of Bourbon, described from a
single specimen, is simply a light-colored examj^le of this species.
N. Natalensis, Reeve. PI. 10, figs. 80, SI ; PI. 11, fig. 9.
Striulate, somewhat shining, yellowish brown with oblique black
strigations, more or less decurrent or reticulately confluent; aper-
ture bluish white. Diam. 19-28 mill.
Mozambique to Natal.
It is N. zebra, Krauss. N. Moquiniana, Recluz (fig. 9), is an un-
identified si^ecies from "Islands of the South Sea," which appears
to be closely related.
N. variegata. Lesson. PI. 10, figs. 82-86; PL 12, figs. 23, 24.
Somewhat shining, variegated with yellowish brown and black,
usually in an irregular net-woi'k jiattern, the meshes large or small,
sometimes the black reticulations form irregular broad bands, and
occasionally they cover the entire surface so as to make it nearly
unicolored ; aperture whitish or bluish white, the columella with a
tinge of orange-l)rown. Diam. 16-23 mill.
East Indies, Polynesia.
36 NERITINA.
The synonyms are JV. Siiviatrensis, Sowb., X. pidchra, Sowb. (figs.
23, 24), N. gagates, Morch, Clithon Zelandicus, var. helvola, Mous-
son (not Gould). N. WalUsiarum, Recluz, is black, with inconspicu-
ous pellucid-white or brown dots, and is probably not distinct from
N. variegata; I think it likely that N. Guvieriana, Reel. (figs. 85,
86), should also be placed here. N. pidchra, Sowb. (figs. 23, 24),
was described as from Panama, Avhere it is believed no such species
exists. kSowerby's figure shows some reddish zones alternating with
olivaceous, which are not present in specimens of pidchra received
from Sowerby as from Panama, but of a number of specimens of
variegata from the Viti Islands, collected by Mr. Garrett, two have
this peculiar red banding.
N. ziczAc, Sowb. PL 10, figs. 87-92 ; PL 11, figs. 100, 5.
Striulate, shining, olivaceous or yellowish, with zigzag or undu-
lating radiating black stripes; aperture bluish white, columella
often tinged yellowish-brown. Diam. 20 mill.
East Indies, Polynesia.
According to the relative thickness of the stripes and interspaces
the pattern sometimes appears to be black on an olivaceous ground,
at others olivaceous on a black ground. Originally identified with
N. ziczac, Lam., but is not that species ; yet, as it has become well-
known under that name, I have not deemed it advisable to adopt
another for it, as Martens has done. The synonyms are N. strigil-
lata (Lam.), Recluz, N. aquatilis. Reeve (fig. 100), N. Jovis, Reel.
(fig. 5), N. ramosa, Meusch., and var. inter stitialis, Martens, in
which the olive color is replaced by orange brown.
The true N. ziczac of Lam. appears to be most nearly related to
N. reclivata. Say.
Var. COROMANDELIANA, Sowb.
Olivaceous, with subtriangular black maculations.
N. triangidaris, Meusch., and N. pulcherrima and N. insignis,
Mousson, are synonyms. Martens has adopted this varietal name
for the species.
Var. SERKULATA, Recluz.
Black, with numerous small olivaceous spots.
N. gidtxdata, Mouss., and var. xanthostigma, Martens, are syno-
nyms.
NERITINA. 87
N. ZEBRA, Brug. PI. 10, figs. 93-95.
Somewliat shining, yellowish olive or orange brown, with un-
dulating radiating broad black stripes ; aperture whitish.
Diam. 21-23 mill.
Northern So. America to Brazil; Porto Ricof, Panama?.
I find no characters by which to distinguish this from varieties
of jSf. ziczac, unless it be by the less angulated patcern of the stripes
and their greater width ; moreover, I know of no such American
form, and I cannot help thinking that, at least as to some of the
identifications, the mistake has been made of confounding ^vith it
varieties of N. reclivata and N. virginea. Entirely similar shells
are in the Philadelphia Collection, received from Cuming as from
Taheiti. N. lineolata (? Lam.), of Sowb., Reeve, etc., and N. so-
hritia, Recluz (fig. 95), are referred here by INIartens.
N. Smithi, Sowb. PI. 10, fig. 96.
Smooth, somewhat shining, light olivaceous, with close undulat-
ing black lines, occasionally confluent into varicose-looking wider
ones ; aperture bluish white. Diam. 22 mill.
Bengal.
N. tigrina, Benson, and N. hamtdigera, Troschel, are synonyms.
N. PLUMBEA, Reel. p. 11, figs. 7, 8.
Striulate, a little shining, greyish olivaceous, unicolored or with
two broad dark bands ; a]>erture whitish. Diam. 19-25 mill.
Philippine Islands.
Is. TURRiTA, Chemn. PI. 11, figs. 1, 2.
Shell oblong conical, lightly striulate, shining, spire elevated,
pointed, olivaceous or brow'nish with oblique, curved or somewhat
flexuous black stripes ; aperture bluish white, columellar area yellow
tinted. Length, 25-32 mill.
J^ast Indies, Philippines, Australia.
The synonyms are N. strigillata, and N. luguhris. Lam., N. no-
bills, Chenu.
Var. CuMiNGiANA, Recluz. Fig. 2.
Strigations narrower, closer and more numerous.
N. SEMicoNiCA, Lam. PI. 11, figs. 3, 4.
Olivaceous or light brownish, with two or three spiral rows of
black markings, sometimes faintly olivaceous banded.
Length, 25-30 mill.
India.
38 NERITINA.
iV. fimbria, Meusch., is a synonym. Von Martens and others
consider X. semiconka a variety of N. tiirrita, but it appears to me
to have the characters of a distinct species.
N. RoissYANA, Recluz. PI. 11, figs. 10-13.
Conical, olivaceous or bluish white, with very close zigzag black
lines, often wider than the interspaces, so that the whole shell ap-
pears blackish ; aperture bluish white, the columellar area yellow-
tinted. Length, 16-20 mill
Australia to Central Polynesia.
Shaped like a JSf. turrita in miniature, but with the broad stripes
of that species replaced by very close zigzag lines. The synonyms
are N. cuprina, Reel. (fig. 11), K chrysocolla, Gould (fig. 12), N.
Navigatoria, Reeve (fig. 13), ^V. rivula, Hombr. and Jacq., and N.
Vitiensis, Mousson.
N. TuRTONi, Recluz. PL 11, figs. 14, 15.
Orange or orange-red, often Avith a coppery lustre, with close,
undulating, oblique, broad black stripes ; aperture light olivaceous-
or greenish white, columella bright salmon color.
Diam. 18-25 mill.
Viti Is., in brackish and fresh water.
The locality, jSTew Ireland, given by Hinds, needs confirmation.
The synonymy includes N. lugubris, Sowb., N. Zelandica, Recluz,
N. helvola, Gould, and perhaps N. mix, Brod., a unicolored brown-
ish shell from Tahiti.
N. FULGETRUM, Rcevc. PI. 12, fig. 30.
Shell olivaceous, with blackish maculations and strigatious ;
aperture whitish, columellar area orange-red. Diam. 16 mill.
Hab. miknoton.
The direction of the pattern of ornantentation is the principal
difference between this species, which remains unidentified, and the
preceding one.
N. COMMUNIS, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 11, figs. 16-22.
Smooth and shining, variously solidly zoned with white, yellow
or purple, a portion of the banding usually overlaid with zigzag
oblique black stripes ; aperture bluish white, the convex columellar
area white or yellowish. Diam. 15-21 mill.
East Indies, Philippines; brackish water.
The figures which I have selected will give some idea of this
beautiful species, but there are besides, many other combiiuitions of
NERITINA. 39
coloring. N. Waigiensis, Lesson, N. strlgillata, Sowb., N. zebra,
Troschel, N. elegantina, Bnsch, and N. clegmiiissima, Morch, are
synonyms,
N. RECLivATA, Say. PI. 12, figs. 25-30.
Shell olivaceous, sometimes light brownish, with oblique, some-
what undulating or zigzag narrow black lines, usually jDarallel but
sometimes reticulating, the aperture and convex columellar area
bluish white. Diam. 15-23 mill.
Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Central America
N. lineolata, Lam., is now supposed to be identical, and according
to printed dates of publication has three months' priority ; but con-
ceding this, it would still be of very questionable advantage to
science to substitute a name which has been variously identified for
one the application of which has never been doubted, and so has
become well-known. N. zigzag of Lam., not authors, has also been
referred here. Other synonyms are N. microstoma, d'Orb., ^
gravis, Shuttl. and Morelet, N. olivacea, Wiegm., and var. conoidalis,
Martens, for the conical, lineolate form with parallel strigations; N
reticulata, Cristofori and Jan, for the specimens with reticulated
pattern; and jV. striolata, Recluz (fig. 28), iV. Floridana, Shuttlew.
(fig. 29), and var. rotundata. Martens, for a short-spired form.
N. viRGiNEA, Linn. PI. 12, figs. 31-45.
Smooth, polished, usually white, sage colored, yellowish or vio-
laceous, with a fine, close painting of parallel longitudinal darker
colored lines, either extending across the entire surface or inter-
rupted so as to form spiral zones, upon this surface of close lines are
placed miscellaneously numbers of subtriangular spots of the ground
color of the shell, sometimes covering it entirely, at other times
forming spiral bands of large spots, with smaller intermediate ones.
Diam. 6-20 mill.
West Indies to Brazil.
I have figured some of the common as well as the more striking
color modifications of this elegant and very variable species. There
are tAvo or three patterns of coloring which are much more comhion
than the others, yet which cannot be called varietal ; they are 1st,
whitish violaceous, covered by close violet lines upon which are
triangular spots ; 2d, a similar pattern, but the colors light and
dark olivaceous ; 3d, light sage green, with darker lines, but almost
covered over by the spots which are arranged somewhat as on a
40 NERITINA.
serpent's skin. The synonymy is enormous, including N. Brasili-
ana, Recluz, N. trabalis, and K chlorina, Link, J\\ flavojneta and
N. vinosa, Mouss,, N. Listen, Pfr., N. turriculata, Meuke, N. Matoni,
Morch, N. meleagris, Lam., N. elegantissima, Hartm. (figs. 44, 45),
K. Jamaicensis, Ads., K. pulchella, Gray, probably N. Leachii,
Recluz, and N. tenebrlcosa, Ads., and vars. ohlouga and elongata,
von Martens.
N. TRiSERiALis, Sowb. JPl. 12, figs. 46, 47.
Whitish, closely lined with dark grey, covered by white triangu-
lar spots which are usually more conspicuous in three spiral series
or bands. Diam. 14 mill.
Hab. unknown.
This species has not been identified ; its coloring resembles that
of N. virginea, but its form is more globose, with the whorls a little
excavated above.
N. Wallace!, Dohrn. PI. 12, fig. 48.
Striulate, greenish, with seven narrow, dark green or blackish
spiral bands ; aperture white, columellar area strongly callous.
Diam. 18 mill.
Ami Islands.
N. PoucHETi, Honibr. and Jacq. PI. 12, fig. 49.
Brownish, with black transverse striae ; aperture large, rounded,
with the columellar margin numerously dentate. Diam. 17'5 mill.
Amboina.
This species is only known through the original figure and de-
scription.
N. Adansonl\na, Eecluz. PI. 13, figs. 50, 51.
Yellowish brown, fiexuously strigate, and reticulate with dark
olivaceous or black, usually with an overlaying pattern of miscel-
laneously arranged light spots ; aperture and columellar area bluish
white or yellowish white. Alt. 11 mill.
Senegal, Cape Palmas, W. Africa.
X. Sangara, Morelet is a synonym.
N. ATERRIMA, Koch. PI. 11, fig. 99.
Globosely oblong, smooth, black, the spire elate, conical, some-
what acute ; aperture white, columellar area flattened, the margin
toothed in the middle. Diam. 15 mill.
Habitat nnknoivn.
This sj)ecies lias not been identified.
NERITINA. 41
N. Sayana and N. phasiana, Recluz. Unfigured. Philippines.
N. piCTA, Sowb. PI. 18. figs. 52-55.
Smooth, polished, yellowish or grey or broadly alternately banded
with both, with flexuous oblique, bluish white strigations; aperture
bluish, columellar area flattened, chestnut color, margin rather
strongly denticulate. Diam. ll-13'5 mill.
Gulf of California to Panama.
Various color variations have been narmed vars. nigrofasciata,
Inteofasciata, guttata and albescens, Miller.
N. Ualanensis, Lesson. PI. 13, figs. 56-68.
Smooth, shining, many colored, usually yellow, olivaceous or pink,
with subundulating to reticulating close longitudinal purple-black
or reddish lines, continuous over the whole surfiice, or interrupted
to form spiral bands, often with subtriangular light colored spots
with darker margins in spiral series ; aperture usually yellowish,
sometimes bluish white, columellar area narrow, a little convex,
yellowish, faintly coriaceous-rugulose and foveolate, the margin
with a central sinus which has four or five minute teeth, and a
larger one above them. Diam. 7-12 mill.
Indian Ocean to Polynesia.
A widely distributed species, which closely mimics the West
Indian N. virginea. Like that species, it inhabits both brackish
water and the ocean, and it is equally variable in its markings. It
is perhaps less conical, as a rule, smaller, its columellar area is more
yellowish and flatter. The operculum differs somewhat from that
of N. virginea, the rib and apophyses are well-developed, nearly
equally large, with a connecting band almost equally elevated.
The synonymy includes N. Oualaniensis, Lesson, N. nuhila,
Busch, iV. MertonianM, Recluz, N. nehulata, and N. Ceylonensis,
Recluz, N. Garretti, Mousson, N. indchella, Morch, N. cincta and
N. columbaria, Recluz, N. Gaimardi, Souleyet, N. ornatella, N.
delicatula, N. guttulata, and N. multipicta, Mouss. Mss. and the
following color-varieties, named by von Martens : conferta (fig. 56),
polydelta (figs. 57, 58), diremta (figs, 59, 60),frondicincta (figs. 61-
64), nigrobifasciata (figs. 65, Q6), j^arcepicta (figs. 67, 68).
N. NouLETiANA, Gassics. PL 13, figs. 69, 70.
Solid, shining, blackish violaceous, with superimjjosed tent-shaped
whitish or yellowish maculations, apex violaceous ; columellar area
42 NERITINA.
and aperture greenish yellow, the former concave, with 2-3 margi-
nal teeth. Diam. 7, alt. 10-12 mill.
New Caledonia.
Possibly a variety of the preceding species.
N. MODicELLA, Desh. PL 13, fig. 71.
Oval-globose, whorls 3, the last large, rugose, blackish brown,
Avith small greyish-white irregular scale-like spots ; aperture yellow-
ish white, columellar area wide, plane, smooth, the edge with a
single obscure tooth-like elevation. Alt. 12, diam. 9 mill.
Ins. Bourbon.
Section Puperita, Gray. 1857.
N. PUPA, Linn. PI. 14, figs. 72-74.
Smooth, opaque, white, longitudinally more or less flexuously'and
anastomosely strigate or coarsely or finely, reticulated Avith black ;
aperture light orange-brown. Diam. 8-13 mill.
West Indies.
The synonyms are N. delineata, Boubee, N. liturata, Schultze, N.
venosa, Menke and var. tristis, d'Orb., the latter for closely reticu-
lated specimens.
N. RETICULATA, Sowb, PI. 14, figs. 75, 7(3.
Solid, smooth or obsoletely spirally engraved, transverse, whitish,
openly or closely reticulated with black ; aperture yellowish.
Diam. 13 mill.
Tahiti, Pauinotus, Mauritius.
Distinguished from JV. pupa by its more transverse form and sul-
cations- — when the latter are present. The synonyms are : X. Des-
mo'idinsiana and X. Bensoni, Recluz.
N. HOLOSERicA, Garrett. PI. 14, fig. 77.
Closely spirally striate, with sharp spire, blackish, under a thin
greyish olivaceous, somewhat tomentose epidermis ; aperture oli-
vaceous yellow, columellar area flattened, polished, but very mi-
nutely granular. Diam. 12 mill.
Viti Is.
N. AMQiNA, Gould. PI. 14, figs. 78-80, 84.
Shell transverse, whorls rapidly increasing, the last whorl swollen,
spire scarcely raised ; with rugose growth-lines and slight, impressed
spiral strite ; greyish olivaceous or purplish-blue, sometimes with
NERITINA. 43
light reddish purple bands, speckled over with white spots ; aper-
ture tinged with yellow. Diani. 9-11 mill.
Viti and ^Samoa Is.
JSf. Godeffroyana, Mousson, PI. 14, fig. 80, and probably N. Gue-
rini, Recluz (fig. 84), are synonyms : if the latter determination be
correct, it has precedence in publication ; it is misprinted N. Gui-
nerii, in Reeve.
N. MOROSA, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 81.
Solid, shining, strinlate, greyish black, irregularly punctate with
white ; aperture bluish grey, the columellar area brown-tinged.
Alt. 14 mill.
Neiv Caledonia.
N. OBTUSA, Benson. PI. 14, figs. 82, 83.
Shell spirally engraved, epidermis greenish or olivaceous ; aper-
ture ash color. Diam, 12 mill.
India, Java.
N. spiralis, Reeve (fig. 83), is a synonym.
N. GUTTULATA, Gassies. PL 14, fig. 85.
Longitudinally and spirally striate, scarcely shining, violaceous
black, sparsely white-dotted ; whorls I2, rapidly enlarging; aper-
ture yellowish corneous, columellar area convex, minutely sub-
granular. Alt. 9 mill.
New Caledonia.
Appears to be allied to X. avicena, Gould. Described originally
as N. gidtata, a specific name preoccupied by Recluz.
N. 8ALMACIDA, Morelet. PI. 14, fig. 86.
Thick, shining, laterally compressed, striate, with engraved sjiiral
lines, more apparent above, greenish brown ; aperture ashy white,
columellar area light yellowish, the centre of its margin with two
or three minute teeth. Alt. 13 mill.
Comoro Is.
N. MoRCHiANA, Dunker. PI. 14, figs. 87, 88.
Rather thin, olivaceous, with black zigzag narrow lines, thinly
striate; aperture bluish white. Alt. 12 mill.
Madras^
I am not acquainted with this species.
44 NERITINA.
N", iNCERTA, Gassies. PI. 14, fig. 89.
Solid, striate, with spiral engraved lines, whitish under a black
and rosy epidermis, with black lines or flames forming three bands ;
peristome whitish, interior white, yellowish or rosy. Alt. 13 mill.
JV. Caledonia.
Only known to me by the figure and description.
N. ELLIPTICA, Guillou. Unfigurcd. Marquisas Is.
Section Neritodryas, Martens. 1869.
N. DUBiA, Chemn. PL 14, figs. 90-95.
Finely, faintly striulate, without sj)iral sculpture, olivaceous or
orange-brown, with a fine or coarse pattern of zigzag black lines,
often interrupted to form bands, sometimes only appearing here and
there, or entirely absent, seldom confluent, making the entire sur-
fiice thick ; aperture bluish white, often with an orange tint near
the margin, columellar area usually tinted with yellow, varying to
orange brown, the margin edentulous. Diam. 20-27 mill.
East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, etc.
The synonyms are N. fasciata, Lam., N. lugubris, Lesson, N. reti-
culata, Quoy and Gaim., N. zebroides, Lesson, N. Philippinarum,
Sowb.,? N. vestita, Souleyet, JV". bella, Busch, N. Adamsi, Issel, JSf.
atra. Lesson.
Var. APIATA, Recluz. Fig. 95.
Yellowish olivaceous, transversely flecked with yellowish white.
Diam 16 mill.
As this has heretofore been treated as a distinct species, I retain
it as a variety, but its characteristic markings shade ott' into those
of JV. dubia, of which it is a juvenile state of growth.
N. CORNEA, Linn. Pi: 14, figs. 96-100, 1.
With low, flatly rounded riblets separated by incised spiral lines,
the sculpture usually faint, sometimes obsolete, yellowish brown or
olivaceous, generally more or less interruptedly banded and sub-
tessellated with black, occasionally all black ; aperture whitish,
columellar area white, or more or less tinged with yellowish to
orange-brown, when ^vhite often Avith black blotches behind, margin
edentulate, varying to obsoletely minutely toothed.
Diam. 25-42 mill.
East Indies, Philippines, New Caledonia, Viti Is., etc.
NERITINA. 45
I have included in the above de^^cription forms heretofore re-
garded as distinct, but which do not appear to possess permanent
differential characters. The principal mark of this species is the
presence of spiral sculpture, but I have before me specimens in
which this is partially obsolete, suggesting very strongly a connec-
tion with N. dubia. The typical ^V. cornea embraces the smaller
forms, with less developed sculpture, columellar area yellowish, be-
coming deeper, orange or blackish on the outer edge, the margin
edentulate. Here may be placed as synonyms N. amphibia and N.
ampxdiaria, Lesson, N. morio, Deshayes, N. sulcata, Anton, N. Savesi,
Gassies (fig. 1), and N. gagates, Troschel, with var. atramentaria,
Tapparone Canefri.
Var. suBSULCATA, Sowb. Figs. 98, 1)9.
The shell is somewhat larger, often more distinctly sculptured, the
color patterns more obscure or unicolored, the columellar margin
obsoletely denticulated, the area white, with black blotches behind.
N. subsinuata, Mousson is a synonym, being a typographical
error for subsidcata.
Var. Chimmoi, Eeeve. Fig. 100.
The largest form of the series, with moderate sculpture and
darker epidermis, unicolored or obsoletely maculated and dotted ;
columellar margin edentulate, area orange-brown.
Var. NoLANi, Try on.
Light violaceous, with several black bands over wliich are scat-
tered opaque white fleckings.
A single specimen of this exquisite color-variety of the typical
N. cornea is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy.
Section Theodoxuw, Montf. 1810.
N. Danubialis, Miihlf Fl. 15, figs. 2-9.
Subglobose, occasionally spirally constricted (fig. 7), yellowish
white, with irregular purple or brown undulating or zigzag lines,
aperture bluish white. Diam. 11-18 mill.
Loiver Danube, Northern Italy, etc.
The synonyms of the typical form are X. Marsigliana, Hartm.,
N. Damibiensis, Sadler.
Var. stragulata, Miihlf Figs. 4, 5.
Angulate form ; sjiire depressed, shoulder of whorl obtusely an-
gular, strigations wider, sometimes entirely black. The synonyms
46 NERITINA.
of this form are JS\ gatKjrenosa, Schmidt, X. atrata, Ziegler, K elata,
Hauti"., and X. nigresoens and X.fusca, Kutschig.
Var. CARTNATA, Kokeil. Fig. 7.
Cingulate form : last whorl spirally constricted, with carinated
shoulder.
Var. SERRATILINEA, Ziegler. Fig. 8.
Transverse form : shell wide, with zigzag strigations, sometimes
almost entirely black.
The synonyms are iV. lacustris, Olivi, N. Gardemis, Stenz, N.
Benacensis, Stenz, N. Mantuana, Porro, and N. atra, Parr.
Var. CHRYsosTOMA, Kutschig. Fig. 9.
Golden mouthed form : larger, variously strigate, aperture golden
yellow, posterior portion of columellar area blackish.
N. modesta, Kiister and N. incrusfans, Ziegl., are synonyms.
N. FLUviATiLis, Linn. PL 15, figs. 10-25.
Shell transverse, rapidly enlarging, last whorl swollen, white,
light green, pink, violet, grey or brown with transversely elongated
or subtriangular spots of white, or darker zigzag strigations, some-
times irregularly banded ; aperture bluish white or yellowish, show-
ing the external markings by transparency, columellar margin
edentulous. Diam. 6-12 mill.
Northern and Middle Europe : Great Britain., France, Holland,
Germany, Russia, Norway and Stveden, Italy, Dalmatia.
This common European species is widely distrii)uted in fresh
Avater, its normal habitat, and occurs also in thermal and salt
springs, in brackish and even in sea water. Its distinguishing
character is its transverse form ; the colors vary considerably, but
the pattern is usually either transverse, nebulous light spots and
streaks on a dark ground, or oblique dark zigzags on alight ground,
the difference of appearance being due to the greater or less thick-
ness and frequency of the dark markings. Fig. 15 represents a
form from a salt stream; fig. 16 is a marine form from the Baltic
coasts, known as N. Baltica, Beck, and which is N. littoralis, Linn,
in part ; fig. 17, the N. thermalis of Boubee (V. Prevostiana,
Dupuy), occurs in thermal springs ; figs. 18, 19 represent specimens
from Southern France, described as N. Parreyssii, Villa, N Mit-
treana, Recluz, N. Reynesiana, Paladilhe, N. Pyrenaica, Moquin-
Tandoi), and V. zebrlni, Rocluz ; figs. 20, 21 ai'e from Northern
Italy, and have received the local names of N. rhodocolpos, Jan, N.
NEEITINA. 47
trifasciata, N. Ticinenxis and N. intexta, Villa ; rigs. 22, 28 are from
Central Italy, including ^V. 7:>it.'>'<itA(^a, Parr., N. meridionalis, Mar-
tens, N. Orsiuii, Pecchioli ; fig. 24, from Dalmatia, is iV. Dalmatica,
Partsch, N. Diocletiana and N. guttata, Kiister, N. Petteri, Stentz,
etc. ; and fig. 25 is a South Russian form described as N. dendritica,
Ziegler, JSf. purpurata, Parr., N. subthermalis, Bourg. etc. Among
the general synonyms may be enumerated N. lutetiana, Montf , N.
Europcea, Leach, X. trifasciata, Menke, N. Porrol, Stabile, N. varia-
bilis, Hecart, N. Bourguignati, Recluz, IN. lacustris, Linn., N. fon-
tinalis, Brard, N. halophila, Klett, N. Bottgeri, Westerl., and vars.
dilatata, Moquin-Taudon, and elongata, Broeck.
N. TRANsvERSALis, Ziegler. PI. 16, figs. 26, 27.
Shell obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, shining, greyish lead
color, usually with three narrow dark bands. Diam. 10 mill.
Danube and tributaries, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Tranxyhania,
etc.
It is N. trifasciata. Reeve, N. trizona, Zglr., and N. radiata, Lang.
N. BoniM, Issel. PI. 16, fig. 28.
Thin, distinctly striate, shining, blackish, with zigzag lighter
strigations, sometimes interrupted ; aperture bluish white or yellow-
ish. Diam. 6 mill.
Southern Persia, in warm springs.
N. LiTURATA, Eichwald. PI. 16, figs. 29, 30.
Transverse, yellowish to olivaceous, with oblique, more or less
zigzag dark strigations, rarely replaced by small flecks irregularly
arranged in bands. Diam. 5'0-7'5 mill.
Caspian, Aral and Black Seas.
It is ^V. DanubiaUs, Siemaschko, N. fluvlatilis, Menetries, N. ser-
ratilinea, Hohenacker, and N. pu])a, Pallas.
K. Heldreichi, Schwerzenb. PI. 16, figs. 31, 32.
Obliquely transverse, closely, slightly striate, light violaceous or
greyish, reticulated with white and purple, with three ill-defined
zones; aperture purplish, yellow-margined, columellar area flat-
tened, minutely rugulose, bluish white. Diam. 7-11 mill.
Asia Minor, Candia.
N. vARiA, Ziegler. PI. 16, figs. 33, 34.
Globosely subturbiuate, slightly striated, shining, yellowish olive,
with narrow red strigations, or white, red-bordered macub.itions ;
48 NERITINA.
aperture diiiphanuuf;, showing the external markings, eolumellar
area bhiisli, finely punctate. Diam. 6 mill.
Co-^fu, Cephalonia, perhaps also Dahnatia.
It is ^V. rimlls, Zglr., N. picturata, Jan, N. lutescens, Muhlf., N.
Baetica, Mousson, X. Salatana, Zelebor.
N. MERIDIONALLS, Phil. PI. 16, figs. 85-37.
Turbinate, with rather high spire, last whorl obliquely transverse,
very smoothly striulate, a little shining, yellowish, with zigzag red,
l^urple or black strigations, more or less confluent, so that the sur-
face sometimes appears of the darker color, with flecks of the
lighter; eolumellar area a little hollowed, very slightly rugulose,
whitish, (;olored above. Diam. 8'5 mill.
Sicily.
The synonyms are ^V. Philippii, Recluz, N. tessellata, Ziegler.
Var. NIGROC.95RULEA, Parr. Fig. 87.
Smaller, slightly more gloliose, black, tlie markings obsolete.
Diam. 7 mill.
Sicily, Algiers,
It is X. iiif/rita, Ziegl., ^V. Prerostinna, Benoit, and X. Maresi,
Bourg. The latter from Algiers.
N. ELONGATULA, Morelct. PL 16, figs. 38-40.
Very obliquely transverse, slightly striulate, whitish or yellowish,
with orange or purple zigzag or anastomosing lines, sometimes close
enough to form a dark ground on Avliich the lighter color appears
as irregularly triangular specks ; eolumellar area convex, white,
lightly rugulose, callous and distinctly margined posteriorly.
Diam. 6-12 mill.
Portiujul.
N. Baetica, Sowb., N. violacea (fig. 39), X. uiquinata, Morelet,
and X. lutesfa, Reeve (fig. 40), are synonyms. The latter appears
to be very similar to X. inquinata.
N. HisPALENsis, von Martens. PI. 16, fig. 41.
Transversely globose, last whorl swollen, slightly rugose, orange-
brown or light olivaceous, with close, subvertical, undulating or
angulated black or dark brown strigations, sometimes interrupted ;
eolumellar area convex, minutely punctulate, greyish yellow, cal-
lous posteriorly. Diam. 7 mill.
Southern Spain.
NERITINA. 49
N. GuADiANENsis, Morelet. PL 16, figs. 42-44.
Colloidal varying to globosely conoidal, olivaceous or yellowisli,
reticulated by jiurplish or blacki!?h lines, with sometimes rather
broad purple bands ; columellar area minutely punctate, rugulose,
yellowish or bluish. Diam. 6'5-10 mill.
Sotdherii provinces of Spain and Portugal.
The typical form, with usually reticulated coloring is that shown
by fig. 42, and of this N. Anatensis, Recluz is a synonym ; iV. Ve-
lascoi, Graells (fig. 44), is one extreme of variation, being more
globose, and dark banded, and N. Valentina, Graells (fig. 43), is the
other -extreme, narrowly conoidal, a little constricted, and also dark
banded.
N. HiDALGOi, Crosse. PL 17, figs. 54-56.
Suboval, thin, not shining, white, interruptedly, obliquely, longi-
tudinally streaked or reticulated with narrow black lines, sometimes
Avith three black bands ; whorls rapidly increasing, convex ; aper-
ture yellowish, translucent, showing the external bands, columellar
area yellowish grey. Alt. 5, diam. 3 mill.
San Julian River, near Jativa, Eastern Spain.
]Sr. CALLOSA, Desh. PL 16, fig. 45.
Smooth, subglobose, white, reticulated with black lines, often
forming spiral bands, and faint or vanishing in the interspaces^
sometimes covering the whole surface, without bands.
Diam. 8 mill.
3Iorea..
N. Prevostiana, Partsch. PL 16, fig. 46.
Subglobose, striulate, shining, black, last whorl sometimes sub-
angulated ; columellar area slightly rugulose, white. Diam. 8 mill.
Austria, Hungary..
N. Hungarica, Kiister, is a synonym.
N. Baetica, Lam. PL 16, fig. 47.
Shell closely striulate, a little shining, brownish black, with
scarcely visible spiral black lines ; columellar area flat, rugulose^
somewhat narrow, distinctly circumscribed, ash-colored.
Diam. 6 mill.
Northern Spain, Southern France.
N. Sardoa, Menke. PL 16, figs. 48, 49.
Rugosely striulate, opaque, black, often unicolored, more rarely
closely uudulatingly longitudinally strigate or maculated with
50 NERITINA.
white ; columellar area plane, rugulose, bluish white, blackish be-
hind, distinctly arcuately circumscribed. Diana. 5-6"5 mill.
Isl. of Sardinia.
N. gymnocephala, Kiister is a synonym.
N. Peloponnpisia, Recluz. PI. 16, fig. 50.
Rugosely striulate, blackish violaceous, with transversely oblong
white maculations ; columellar area white, a little wrinkled, nar-
row, flat, aperture brownish grey. Diam. 8 mill.
Central Greece.
It is N. Baetica, Desh., and N. melanoleuca, Kiister.
N. NuMiDiCA, Recluz. PL 16, figs. 51, 52.
Varying from semiglobose to transversely semiovate, rugosely
striulate, purplish black,, with white dots, or yellowish reticulated
with black ; columellar area plane, slightly rugulosely scabrous,
bluish white. Diam. 6-9 mill.
Algeria.
The transverse form recalls iV. fiuviatilis, Linn. The synonyms
ai-e N. Baetica, Morelet, N. algira, Kuster, N. fiuviatilis, Poiret, N.
Prevostlana, Terver.
N. Syriaca, Bourg. PL 17, fig. 53.
Transversely semiovate, slightly rugosely striate, black, sometimes
with minute white spots ; columellar area plane or a little concave,
slightly rugulose, bluish. Diam. 6 mill.
Beirut, etc., in Syria.
N. PALLIDA, Dunkei'. PL 17, fig. 57.
Lightly striulate, greyish yellow, nearly unicolored ; columellar
area plane, very slightly rugulose, whitish. Diam. 4 mill.
Persepolis, Persia.
It is N. Schirazensis, Parr.
N. ScHULZii, Grimm. PL 17, figs. 58-60.
Quadrately semiglobose, rugosely striate, light yellowish ; body
whorl de^jressed above and obtusely biangulated, aperture sub-
quadrate, the peristome continuous, columellar margin plane, punc-
tate-rugulose, yellowish white. Diam. 7 mill.
Caspimi Sea.
This shell has much the appearance of a Pileopsis ; fig. 60 is
probably from an abnormal specimen.
NERITINA. 51
N. Panayana, Recluz. PL 17, fig. 61.
Lightly striulate, light yellowish olivaceous, with dark purple or
blackish zigzag strigations, often subreticularly confluent; aperture
and coluniellar area bluish, the latter slightly rugulose.
Diam. 9 mill.
Philijjpine Is.
N. Baconi, Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 62.
Spire subexserted, obtuse, whorls convex, striate, shining, colum-
ellar area subcallous ; ash color, reticulated or flexuously lineated
with black. Diam. 14 mill.
Swan River, Australia.
N. Nilotica, Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 68, 64.
Conically semiglobose, smooth, a little shining, ash colored, with
numerous close subundalating purplish black strigations ; colum-
ellar area plane, yellowish white. Diam. 8 mill.
Nile River.
It is N. ardiUneata, Recluz, and N. Africana, Parreyss and Reeve
(fig. 63), not Recluz, also N. Dongolensis, Ehrenb.
N. EuPHRATiCA, Mou?son. PL 17, fig. 65.
Somewhat solid, striulate, yellowish ash color, with close, rather
wide zigzag blackish or dark violaceous strigations ; last whorl ob-
tusely subangulated above, columellar area bluish white, circum-
scribed posteriorly by a semielliptical line. Diam. 6 mill.
Samava, Lotver Euphi'ates.
N. JoRDANi, Sowb. PL 17, figs. 66, 67.
Ovate-conoidal, more or less constricted, striulate, solid, whitish,
with subconfluent, flexuous black strigations ; aperture bluish white,
columellar margin slightly sinuated, obsoletely denticulated, area
plane, yellowish behind. Diam. 7'5-14 mill.
River Jordan.
Fig. 67 represents a less compressed shell which may connect this
species with the preceding. ? N. Aleppensis, Recluz, and var. turris,
Mousson, are synonyms.
N. Anatolica, Recluz, PL 17, figs. 68-71.
Semiglobose, a little shining, lightly striulate, sometimes with fine
spiral sculpture, convex, often obtusely angulated, suture deep,
black, or more rarely violaceous with sjjiral black bands or longi-
tudinal wide strigations; columellar margin edentulous, area plane,
bluish white. Diam. 5-10 mill.
Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Rhodes, Scio, etc.
52 NEKITINA.
The synonyms are N. Jordcmi, var. nitida, Recluz, N. nigrita,
Ziegler, N. nitida, Parr., N. interposita, Mouss. I follow von Mar-
tens in designating four varieties for convenience only ; their char-
acters have no permanence.
Var. Bellardii, Mouss. Fig. 71.
Larger, black, subangulated.
N. Schirazensis, Bourg. is a synonym.
Var. Hausknechti, Martens. Fig. 68.
Size moderate, obsoletely angulated, fulminately strigate.
Var. Olivieri, Martens. Fig. 70. •
Size moderate, rounded, light violaceous, spirally banded.
Var. BELLADONNA, Mousson. Fig. 69.
Small, rounded, subdilated, black.
It is N. Trojana, Charp., and var. Boissieri, Martens.
N. Macrii, Recluz. PI. 17, figs. 72-74.
Globosely ovate, a little shining, lightly striulate, unicolored
black, rarely fulminately strigate on a lighter color; columellar
area convex, whitish, margin edentulous.
Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine.
Has not the spiral stride which rather indistinctly mark N. Anato-
lica. The synonyms are N. Karasuna, Mouss., and N. Michonii,
Bourg.
N. Mesopotamica, Mousson. PL 17, fig. 75.
Lightly striulate, shining, black, usually unicolored, rarely ma-
culated with white, whorls scarcely convex, the last somewhat flat-
tened above, wider l)elow ; a2:)erture bluish white, columellar area
rather wide, plane, minutely rugulose, mai'gin finely denticulate.
Diam. 6*5-7 mill.
Upper Mesopotamia.
Described as a variety of N. meridionalis, and at first considered
by Martens a variety of N. Anatolica.
N. ciNCTELLA, Martens. PI. 17, fig. 76.
Lightly striulate, somewhat shining, greenish olivaceous or black-
ish, last whorl tumid below the suture, then constricted, base wider ;
aperture bluish white, columellar area convex, greyish, margin mi-
nutely denticulate. Diam. 4'5 mill.
Upper Mesopotamia.
NERITINA. 53
Lives in same region as the preceding form, but is said to be con-
stantly distinguished by its constricted whorl.
N. Perottetiana, Recluz. PI. 17, fig. 77.
Shell globose, striulate, black, unieolored, whorls scarcely three,
the last tinged at the suture ; aperture bluish white, columellar area
plane, narrow, middle of the margin obtusely denticulate.
Diam. 9-11 mill.
India, Ceylon, Pegut.
N. tristis, Phil, is a synonym.
N. COLUBER, Thorpe. PL 17, fig. 78.
Undescribed, and only a single figure published, showing the
back. It is yellowish green, with black zigzag markings, and (if
not enlarged) is 15 mill. diam.
Ceylon.
N. Jayana, Recluz. PL 17, fig. 79.
Thin, concentrically striulate, epidermis yellowish, with reticulate,
flexuously angulated lines, mixed with small white spots ; suture
narrowly channeled ; inner lip maculated with black, aperture yel-
lowish. Diam. 6 mill.
An undetermined species sent by Dr. Jay of N. York to Recluz,
and therefore doubtfully ascribed to North America. I believe
that no one has recognized it ; it almost certainly is an old-world
species.
N. Showalterii, Lea. PL 17, figs. 81, 82.
Smooth, diaphanous, yellowish corneous, whorls 3, rapidly in-
creasing, suture inconspicuous, last whorl somewhat inflated, aper-
ture bluioh white, edentulate, peristome continuous, forming a pos-
terior raised margin which limits the rather wide columellar area,
area smooth, slightly concave. Diam. 5'5 mill.
Coosa River, Alabama.
Several specimens were obtained, all without the oj)erculum. It
has been suggested that this is a young Anculosa, but it has not
the characters of that group ; on the contrary, it more nearly ap-
proaches in general Neritina crepidularia. The coloring of the
epidermis more nearly resembles Anculosa however, than the other
fluviatile species of Neritina.
54 NERITINA.
\ Unfigured and undetermined Species of Theodoxus.
N. Saulcyi, Bourg. Athens.
N. Maroccana, Palad. (Figure inaccessible to me). Morocco.
N. LURiDA, Jan. (Perhaps = Littorina obtusata, L,). Antilles.
N. EuxiNA, Clessin. Dobrudscha.
Section Neritilia, Martens. 1879.
N. succiNEA, Recluz. PI. 17, iig. 83.
Obliquely elliptical, striulate, thin, yellowish, or yellowish cor-
neous ; columellar area plane, very slightly rugulose, margin eden-
tulous. Diam. 3-3-4'5 mill.
Guadeloupe, W. I.
N. coNsiMiLis, Martens. PI. 18, fig. 86.
Obliquely elliptical, slightly, closely striulate, a little shining,
diaphanous, corneous yellow, spire blackish ; columellar area slightly
convex, and faintly rugulose, blackish, margin edentulous.
Diam. 3-3 mill.
Mauritius.
The shell is scarcely distinguishable from that of N. suecinea, but
the operculum of the former is reddish, that of consimilis trans-
parent, but appearing l)lack when the animal is enclosed.
N. RUBiDA, Pease. PI. 17, fig. 84 ; PI. 18, fig. 85.
Transversely ovate, thin, translucent, lightly striulate, yellowish
corneous, usually more or less incrusted with black (epidermal ?) ;
columellar area nearly plane, ash-colored, margin edentulous.
Diam. 5 mill.
Central Polynesia.
N. ossea, Garrett, is a synonym.
N. Manoeli, Dohrn. PI. 18, fig. 87.
Obliquely turbinate, lightly striulate, thin, corneous yellow,
partly incrusted with black (epidermal ? ) ; columellar area yellowish
white, margin straight, edentulous. Diam. 4 mill.
Prince's Isl., W. Africa.
Section Smaragdia, Issel. 1869.
' N. viRiDis, Linn. PI. 18, fig. 88.
Obliquely ovate, dorsally compressed, smooth, shining, bright
green, varying to yellowish green, more or less interruptedly stri-
gate or maculate with white, or sometimes with black ; columellar
NERITINA. 55
area greenish white, convex, wide, margin sinuate and minutely
dentate. Diam. 7'5 mill.
Florida, Wed Indies, Mediterranean Sea.
It is iV. pallidula (DaCosta), Risso, N. Feuilletii, Audouin.
N. Rangiana, Recluz. PI. 18, figs. 89-92.
Somewhat less oblique than N. viridis, usually with a subangu-
lated shoulder on the body whorl, greenish, occasionally varying to
yellow or rose color, with short white flames below the suture, and
spiral bands formed of longitudinal white lines, occasionally coal-
lescing, or absent, and sometimes intermingled with reddish spots in
spiral series ; columellar area convex, wide, white, margin distinctly
toothed. Diam. 8 mill.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Mauritius, Philijipines,
Australia.
I think that the un figured N. puella, Gould, from the Loo Choc
Is., and N. viridissima (figs. 91, 92), of Tapparone Canefri, fall
within the range of variation in form and color usually attributed
to N. Rangiana. The latter is a New Guinea species.
N. SouvERBiANA, Moutrouzier. PI. 18, figs. 93-97.
Smooth, shining, corneous yellow, variously longitudinally stri-
gate, fasciculated, or reticulated with black lines, sometimes inter-
rupted to form spiral bands, and three or four spiral series of white
maculations; columellar margin sinuate and minutely denticulated,
area convex. Diam. 5-7 mill.
New Caledonia, New Guinea, Pt. Jackson, Australia.
It is N. semen, Tapparone-Canefri (figs. 96, 97), N pulcherrima,
Augas (figs. 94, 95).
It is possibly only a variety of N. Rangiana.
Var. Hellvillensis, Crosse.
Besides the brown or black strigations and white maculations,
there are two or three orange bands.
N. Paulucciana, Gassies. PI. 18, figs. 98, 99.
Moderately thick, shining, Avhite, yellowish or light pink, dis-
tantly or closely reticulated with red or black, sometimes with sj)iral
bands ; aperture yellowish, columellar margin edentulous, area sub-
granular. Diam. 4"5 mill.
New Caledonia.
56 NERITINA.
N. suAYis, Gassies. PI. 18, figs. 100, 1.
Obliquely ovate, striulate, shining, translucent, yellowish or red-
dish, Avith narrow red and black bands ; aperture reddish, showing
three bands, columellar margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 6 mill.
Loyalty Is. (near N. Caledonia).
N. GLABRATA, Sowb. PI. 18, figS. 2-5.
Obliquely ovate, rather solid, smooth, shining, yellowish or cor^
neous, with obliquely longitudinal black strigations often reticu-
lated, or sometimes with spiral black or reddish bands ; columellar
area convex, white, margin obscurely dentate. Diam. 5-7 mill.
Gambia, lAberia, Went Africa.
N. Wehhei, Recluz, is a synonym.
Unfigured and undetermined Species.
N. Matonia, Risso. Mediterranean.
N. miliacea, Reel, is a synonym.
N. ORNATA, C. B. Ad. (J=^N.viridis). Jamaica.
The color is pale greenish or livid brown, ornamented with nu-
merous rather small irregular spots of bright red ; there are
crowded spiral microscopic lines ; the columellar lip is obsoletely
toothed. Operculum divided into two concave regions by an acute
ridge, which is curved in the direction of the growth.
Section Stanleya, Bourg. 1885.
N. NERiToiDEs, Smith. PI. 17, fig. 80.
Imperforate, rather thin, smooth; whorls 4, convex, subolivaceous,
with spiral brownish lines ; columella callous, edentulous.
Diam. 5, alt. 6*5 mill.
Lake Tanganyika, Africa.
Unfigured Species.
N. GiRAUDi and N. Smithiana, Bourg. Jjake Tanganyika.
Section Clypeolum, Recluz. 1850.
N. PULLiGERA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 10, 11, 6-9, 12, 13; PL 19, figs.
14-19, 22, 24.
Lightly striate, outer lip raised into a ridge above, epidermis
dark brown, sometimes nearly black, or olivaceous, obsoletely or
faintly minutely dotted with black ; aperture yellowish with a deep
NERITINA. 57
orange band parallel with the ouler lip, coluniellar area flattened,
polished, very minutely punctate, greyish black varying to yellow-
ish olivaceous, edge very minutely dentate. Diam. 40 mill.
East Indies, Australia, Central Polynesia.
N. rubella, JNIiiller, N. larga, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 9) N. conglo-
bata, Martens (figs. 22, 24), and vars. sulcata, T. Woods, and sub-
■canalis, Mouss. are synonyms.
Var. Knorri, Recluz. Figs. 16-18.
Smaller than N. piUligera, body whorl without the sutural ridge,
but extending over the sj^ire, which it completely covers, epidermis
jet black, unicolored; aperture bluish with an orange band within
the margin, coluniellar area violaceous, the edge minutely toothed.
Diam. 28 mill.
E. Africa, Mozambique to Madagascar; Ins. Labuan, near Borneo?
It is N. Beckii, Sowb., (fig. 17), and N. cryptospira, Martens
(fig. 18), from the last named locality.
Var. CANALis, Sowb. Figs. 6, 7.
Epidermis black, or very dark brown punctate or minutely retic-
ulated with black ; aperture varying from bluish to yellowish, colu-
mellar area yellow becoming reddish orange posteriorly, edge very
minutely dentate, or smooth. Diam. 20-30 mill.
Australia, New Caledonia, Viti Is.
Typically distinguishecl by its strong sutural ridge and interven-
ing channel, but from this character insensibly merges into the
parent form; the coloring of the coluiuellar region also, varies to
that of N. pulligera through intermediate shades.
N. bicanalis, Phil, is a synonym.
Var. ovALis, Sowb. Fig. 8.
More transverse, with terminal apex, spirally striated, aperture
yellowish, deepening to orange color on the coluniellar area, edge
very obscurely crenulated. Diam. 25 mill.
Tahiti.
Var. Petitii, Recluz. Figs. 12, 15, 19.
Striate, body whorl somewhat extended above, but not covering
the spire, and appressed, not ridged, dark brown, faintly black-
spotted, varying to black ; aperture and columellar area yellowish
to orange, columellar edge minutely dentate or smooth.
Diam. 30-40 mill.
Indo- Australian, Central Polynesian.
58 NERITINA.
N. Californica, Reeve (fig. 13), N. expansa, Gassies (fig. 14), N.
Bruguierei, Recluz (fig. 15), of which N. Dunalii, Montr. Mss.,
N. cirrata and N. circinata Philippi, are synonyms, and N. Lenor-
mandi, GarSsies (fig. 19), may all be placed here.
N, SQUAMiPicTA, Recluz. PL 19, figs. 27, 20, 21, 23, 25-27.
Striate, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brownish, nebulous, or
with reticulations or biangular markings of black lines, varying from
minute to large, sometimes intensified into bands, sometimes absent
or only apparent here and there, last whorl appressed and envelop-
ing the spire; aperture bluish white to olivaceous, columellar area
slightly punctate, flattened, yellowish white or pale olivaceous
margin minutely dentate. Diam. 25-35 mill.
Philippines, Moluccas.
I think it not unlikely that this form will prove to be only a
color variety of N. puUigera, from which it is distinguished mainly
by its lighter color and more prominent and diversified markings.
Like that species it has its varieties depending upon the appression
or erection of the sutural edge, color of interior, etc ; and as in that
species, so far as these differences have caused separate names to be
given them, I have treated them as varieties-si mply for convenience.
This form is N. pulligera, Quoy and Gairnard, JV. Delestennei,
Recluz.
Var. Bfxkii, Recluz. Figs. 20, 21, 25.
Lip rained into a sutural ridge above, columellar area greyish
black. It is N. 'Knorri, Reeve (fig. 25), N. Brandti, Phil, of which
N. cornuta, Reeve (Figs, 20, 21) and its Var. Pacifica, Mousson are
synonmys.
Var. IRIS, Mousson. Fig. 23.
Spire subimmersed beneath the last whorl, yellowish olive, con-
spicuously reticulated Avith brown or black ; aperture bluish, yellow
around the margin, columellar area purple-red, edge numerously
dentate. Diam. 18-30 mill.
Malaysian Archipelago.
The synonyms are N. Knorri, Sowb., JV. testudinea, Hombr. et
Jacq. N. Delesserti, Recluz.
Var. sANGuiNEA, Sowb. Fig. 26.
Flexuously striate, upper part of body whorl appressed to and
enveloping the spire, olive yellow, reticulately mottled with black ;
NERIJINA. 59
aperture yellowish, with marginal border of blood red, the latter
color extending over the columellar area, edge edentulous.
New Ireland, on stones in mountain streams.
N. PowisiANA, Recluz. PL 19, figs. 28, 29.
Last Avhorl partially enveloping the spire, raised into a ridge
towards the aperture, yellowish olivaceous, reticulated or spotted
with black, sometimes faintly banded with violaceous upon which
are nebulous light spots; aperture and area olive yellow, columellar
margin edentulous. Diam. 20 mill.
Neiv Ireland, on stones.
Var. iMMERSA, Martens. Fig. 29.
Pale violaceous with darker bands, with white, black-bordered
triangular markings ; ajjerture yellowish.
Japan f
N. A8PERULATA, Recluz. PI. 19, figs. 30, 31 ; PI. 20, fig. 32.
Whorls very rapidly increasing, somewhat flattened above a very
obsolete shoulder-angle, spire minute, but visible, not raised, spirally
and longitudinally somewhat roughly striate, the spiral lines im-
pressed, olivaceous brown, transversely reticulated with black,,
epidermis thin, rough, not shining, aperture bluish white to light
yellowish, columellar margin edentulous. Diam. 16-25 mill.
East Indies, N. Caledonia, Philippines^
I think that X. arclfera, Morch (fig. 32), will prove synonymous,
or at most a variety with somewhat more produced spire.
N. PENNATA, Born. PI. 20, fig. 33.
Semiglobose, slightly striate, somewhat shining, olivaceous or
brownish with subtriangular black spots often in oblique series;
aperture and columellar area yellowish to orange color, margin
concave, numerously minutely toothed. Diam. 16-25 mill.
East Indian Archipelago^
N. piper ina, Chemn. is the young of the species.
N. HiEROGLYPHiCA, Wattebled. PI. 20, fig. 34.
Conically globose, solid, shining, scarcely striulate longitudinally,
brownish olivaceous, with zigzag dark brown or blackish markings;
aperture and columellar area bluish white or slightly yellowish,,
columellar margin concave, minutely dentate.
Diam. 22, alt. 34 mill.
Annam..
60 NEEITINA.
N. PORCATA, Gould. PI. 20, fig. 35.
Equally, closely plicate, epidermis dark brown with inconspicuous
black reticulations, varying to entirely black, last wdiorl appressed
on the spire, Avhich is partially covered ; aperture yellowish with a
deeper zone around the margin, columellar area flattened, minutely
punctate, yellow, deepening into orange red 2)osteriorly, margin
minutely dentate. Diam. 18-27 mill.
Viti and Samoan Is.
It is -tY. Solomonensis, Reeve, X. Graffei, and Var. frondosa,
Mousson.
N. SULCULOSA, Martens. PI. 20, fig. 36.
Closely spirally engraved, striulate, dark olivaceous brown, with-
out markings; aperture bluish ash color, columellar margin sinuated,
distinctly rather strongly dentate, area jDlane. Diam. 14 mill.
I}is. Flores, E. of Java.
Is N. spiralis, Martens, not Reeve.
N. PUNCTULATA, Lam. PI. 20, figs. 37-41.
Nearly smooth, the striae of growth fine and inconspicuous, last
whorl enveloping the spire, light brown, sometimes Avith a violet
tinge, varying to black, covered throughout with close light colored
suboval spots; aperture bluish white, varying to light yellowish,
columellar area wide, flattened, minutely punctate, yellowish grey,
edge minutely dentate, Diam. 20-30 mill.
West Indies, Central America, New Grenada, Bay of Montija,
Panama to Mazatlan.
Probably inhabits the sea as well as fresh water; some of the
specimens have the spire extensively eroded. The distribution on
both shores of the American continent is singular, but is well-
established. The species need not be confounded with N. virginea,
Linn., as has been done; in its spire-enveloping body whorl and
other characters it is very distinct from that species, and completely
indentified with the present group.
The principal synonym is N. cassiculum, SoAvb. (fig. 39), which
von Martens by an erroneous reference to Sowerby's illustrations
has referred to N. reclivata, Say ; other synonyms are N. fnscilabris,
Wiegmann; and N. aperta, Budgin. I think that to these may pro-
bably be added JSf. Bahiensis, Recluz (fig. 40), from Brazil, and
N. turbida, Morelet (fig. 41), from Central America — both of them
young shells.
NERITINA. 61
N. Afra, Sowb. PI. 20, figs. 42-44.
Very slightly stviulate, spire somewhat prominent, partially en-
veloped by the last whorl, yellowish olive to brown or nearly black,
reticulated with black, often forming obscure spiral l)ands; aperture
bluish white, columellar area yellowish brown, flattened, the margin
finely toothed. Diam. 15-20 mill.
West Coast of Africa.
As in most sinnlarly marked species, the interspaces of the reticu-
lations sometimes have the appearance of nebulous spots on a dark
surface. The synonyms are N. cequinoxialis, Morelet, N. Listen,
Reeve (figured), JSf. Africcuia, Recluz, iV. r(f6r/c(fto, Morelet (figs. 43,
44), and N. Calabarica, Mousson.
N. Fraseri, Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 45.
Olive black, longitudinally ridged-striate, spire but little exserted;
aperture bluish white, columellar margin sinuous and minutely
dentate in the middle, area flattened, yellowish. Diam. 14 mill.
West Afriea.
This species is unknown to me.
N. Sandalina, Recluz. PI. 20, figs. 46-48.
Growth strise crossed by very faint impressed lines, last whorl
obtusely shouldered, slightly concave above the shoulder, more or
less enveloping the rather high spire, brown to black, sometimes
obscurely reticulated ; aperture and columellar area bluish white or
yellowish, columellar margin sinuous and dentate in the middle.
Diam. 16-22 mill.
Sandalwood Bay, Malaysian Archipelago, Viti Is. etc.
N. cholerica, Gould (fig. 47), JSf. Vanicorensis, Honibr. (fig. 48),
and N. Caffra, of Garrett are synonyms. There is but little differ-
ence between this species and JV. propinqua, Mousson in the appear-
ance of the shell: the latter has not columellar teeth.
N. ADUMBRATA, Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 49.
Last whorl a little depressed around, but not enveloping the spire,
smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous to brown, closely or coarsely
reticulated with black, or appearing nebulous on a darker ground;
aperture bluish w'hite, columellar area flattened, posteriorly orange
brown, edge slightly sinuous and minutely dentate in the middle.
Diam. 18-30 mill.
Solomon^s Is.
62 NERITINA.
More elevated, brighter color, aud not enveloping the spire like
the preceding species.
N. Marchionata, Reeve. PI. 20, fig. 50.
Rather thin, orbicular, shining, body whorl concavely impressed
next the spire, with conspicuous waved yellowish and black striga-
tions, sometimes nebulous; aperture yellowish, somewhat expanded,
columellar area rather narrow, the edge minutely toothed.
Diam. 22 mill.
Marquesas Is.
Unfigured Species.
N. TRUNCATA, Sganzin. Madagascar.
N. RARA, Dufo. Seychelles.
N. RossMAssLERiANA, Recluz. Hab unknown.
Section Neritona. Martens. 1869.
N. LABiosA, Sowb. PI. 21, fig. 53.
Semiglobose, last whorl partially enveloping the spire, expanded
at the aperture, rugosely striate, olive brown, with short black trans-
verse markings; aperture large, peristome subcontinuous with the pos-
terior margin of the columellar area, lip and area yellowish white to
deep orange color, the margin edentulous. Diam. 35-50 mill.
Celebes, Philippines.
For operculum, see description of the section, p. 7.
N. PLANissiMA, Mousson. PI. 21, figs. 54, 55.
Oval, depressed, striulate, olivaceous, somewhat rough ; aperture
bluish, columellar area orange tinted, the inargin edentulous, peri-
stome subcontinuous. Diam. 28 mill.
3Its. in Navigator's Is.
Unknown to me, but appears very closely related to the preceding
species.
N. Macgillivrayi, Reeve. PL 21, figs. 56, 57.
Depressed auriform, usually more or less eroded, smooth, brownish
olivaceous; peristome subcontinuous, columellar area deep orange
color, margin arcuate in the middle and edentulous, aperture bluish.
Diam. 29 mill.
Port Carteret, Solomon Is.
NERITINA. 63
N. GRANOSA, Sowb. PL 21, figs. 51, 52.
Much depressed, covered with warts throughout, arranged some-
what in quincunx order, rayed on the sides ; aperture bluish w hite,
radiated and speckled with darker short lines and spots, columellar
area whitish or more or less tinged and colored with yellow, varying
to reddish orange. Diam. 30-45 mil).
Sandwich Is.
N. papulosa, Jay and N. gigas, Lesson are synonyms.
Subgenus Clitiion, Montfort. 1810.
When the spines are developed, as they usually are, there is no
difficulty in determining these shells; but occasionally the same
species is spineless, and even some of the species referred here
appear to never develope spines, in which cases they are only
separable from Clypeolum by the characters of the operculum.
N. LONGisPiNA, Reel. PI. 23, figs. 3-5.
Epidermis varying from rather dark brown to nearly black, the
lighter colored specimens often with black lines and bands, surface
plicately rugose, with a series of long, cylindrical spines on the
shoulder; aperture bluish white, showing the exterior bands, colu-
naellar area flattened, smooth, usually w'hitish or posteriorly tinged
with yellow, terminated by a distinct rounded line, margin incurved
in the middle and edentulous or minutely dentate.
Diam. 15-30 mill.
Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon, Rodriguez, Madagascar.
It is N. corona, Linn, in part, N. coronata, Leach.
Var. Mauritiana, Morelet. Fig. 5.
Spines not developed. N. desjiliwsa, Mouss. is a synonym.
N. spiisosA, Budgin. PI. 23, figs. 6, 7.
Rather smooth, with a few wrinkles, shining, light yellowish
brown with irregular black spiral bands, and a corona of moderately
long, subcylindrical black spines; aperture bluish white, showing
the bands, columellar area flattened, distinctly circumscribed pos-
teriorly, often tinged with yellowish, deepening into reddish-orange
behind, margin a little incurved but scarcely dentate in the middle.
Diam. 15-20 mill.
Taheiti.
64 NERITINA.
N. undata, Lesson, and vfvr. mermls, Martens (fig. 7), are syno-
nyms, the latter for specimens in which the spines are broken or
not well developed ; but I have never seen a specimen without some
indication of their presence.
N. SouLEYETANA, Rccluz. PI. 23, figs. 8, 9.
Rather smooth, shining, black, with white or yellowish, more or
less interrupted and undulated longitudinal strigations, shoulder
subangulated, with distant rather short, somewhat stout spines,
aperture yellowish or bluish white, columellar margin incurved and
very faintly minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 13-20 mill.
Marquisas Is., New Ireland, Moluccas, etc.
Small specimens entirely devoid of spines are of frequent occur-
ance. N. Recluziana, Guillou (fig. 10), N. hapa, Hombr. et Jacq.,
and N. rarispina, of the same authors, N. nigrispinis, Lesson, and
var. Studeriana, Martens are synonyms.
Var. Keraudkenii, Le Guillou.
The strigations replaced by numerous small rounded or subtri-
angular yellowish or whitish spots.
N. Armstrongiana, Hinds is a synonym.
N. Madecassina, Morelet. PI. 23, fig. 11.
Slightly striate, somewhat plicately folded, yellowish or olivaceous,
more or less variegated in spots or bands, or uniformly reddish
brown, with a more or less defined shoulder, sometimes unarmed
but usually cord-like with an occasional short spine; aperture
bluish white or yellowish white, slightly sinuous on the middle of
the columellar margin — which is minutely dentate throughout,
Diam. 15-21 mill.
Madagascar.
It is N. corona Bengalensis, Chemn., but does not inhabit the
neighborhood of Bengal.
N, DiADEMA, Recluz. PL 23, figs, 12-15.
Lightly striulate, smooth, shining, yellowish olivaceous, occasion-
ally pale violaceous, with white, black-bordered subtriangular
spots, shouldered, with usually moderately long spines, sometimes
scarcely developed; aperture whitish or bluish white, columellar
edge minutely dentate. Diam. 12-16 mill.
East Indies, Philippines.
N. aranea and N. cryptospina, Mousson are synonyms.
NERITINA. 65
Var. spiNiFERA, (Recluz) Sowb. Fig. 14.
Reticulated with reddish browu. It is very doubtful whether
this is the spuiifera of Recluz.
Var. DoNOVANA, Recluz. Figs. 12, 13.
With subvertical flexuous reddish or blackish strigations.
N. strigillata, Canefri is a synonym.
Var. Celebensis, Mousson.
With alternate orange and black spiral bands, the orange ground
with triangular black-margined yellowish spots.
N. BREvispiNA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 16-18 ; PL 24, figs. 19-28, 31-34.
Rugosely plicate, and usually very irregularly subgranular, often
unarmed, or with a shoulder somewhat shortly spinose, yellowish
brown, with granules whitish, varying to darker brown or nearly
black, sometimes obscurely maculated or indistinctly banded, some-
times pinkish under the epidermis; aperture yellowish or bluish
white, columellar edge usually edentulous in large specimens, mi-
nutely faintly dentate in small ones. Diam. 1 in.
East Indies to Central Pacific.
A very common, widely distributed form which rejoices in an
extensive synonymy. It is N. corona, Linn, in part (figs. 16, 20.)
N. spinosa, Wood, jV. variabilis,- Jjesson, N. cardinalis, Guillou, N.
Montucute, Recluz, N. musiva, N. flexuosa, and N. corrugata, Hombr.
et Jacq., N. suhgranosa, (figs. 17, 18) and var. mutica, Sowb., N. squar-
rosa, Recluz, (figs. 25, 26), N. ruida, Mousson, N. squamosa (Reel.)
Sowb., iV. Pritchardi, Dohrn (fig. 23), — with which may be
united N. aspera, Phil., N. deltoldea, Garrett and var. Vitiana,
Mousson, N. rugata, Recluz (figs. 27, 28), and its var. monilifera.
Marts., in which granules tend to unite into longitudinal plicee.
Var. ANGULOSA, Recluz. Figs. 21, 22.
Irregularly longitudinally plicate, blackish olivaceous, usually
Avith minute yellowish spots, which are sometimes black margined,
sometimes replaced by short black lines, spines scarcely developed
on the' shoulder.
Typically, this form seems very distinct, but it passes into brevis-
pina by intermediates; one of these is N. obscurata, Reel, others are
N. discors, Mart. (fig. 24), and N. ruginosa, Reel. (figs. 31, 32), —
of which N. aspersa, Reel. (fig. 33), N. humerosa, Mousson N. sub-
rugata, Baird. (fig. 34) are synonyms.
66 NERITINA.
N. EHYTiDOPHORA, Tapparoue-Cauefri. PI. 24, figs. 29, 30.
With elevated, obliquely longitudinal rugre, olivaceous gi*een, or
light greenish pink, with undulating brown or black lines, sometimes
evanescent, and sometimes with a submedian black spiral band;
aperture light yellowish or brownish grey, columellar area brownish,
shining, very minutely rugulose, margin centrally incurved and
finely toothed. Diara. 15 mill.
Ins. Sorong, N. Gkdnea.
N. THERMOPHiLA, Martens. PI. 24, figs. 3u, 36.
Plicately striate, olivaceous brown, with occasional yellowish
maculations, sometimes black-margined, occasionally triseriate,
slightly shining, peristome yellowish within, sub-thickened, columellar
margin obtusely dentate in the middle, upper tooth much larger,
area slightly rugose, orange-yellow. Diam. 6'5 mill.
Isl. New Britain.
Only known to me by the description and figure, but appears not
unlike a spineless JV. brevispina.
N. H^MASTOMA, Martcus. PI. 24, fig. 37.
Striulate, olivaceous brown, with small yellowish, black-margined
sjjots; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly incurved in
the middle, with a few indistinct teeth on the upper part of the
sinus, area plane, scarlet. Diam. 26'5 mill.
Philippines.
Described from a single specimen.
N. CHLOROSTOMA, Brod. PI. 24, figs. 38, 39 ; PL 25, fig 62 ; PI. 26,
figs. 83-85.
Smooth, somewhat shining, greyish, varying to violaceous, light
brown or black, with numerous, usually minute white dots and
spots which, when the ground color is light, are black-margined,
sometimes indistinctly darker banded; apertui'e whitish, yellow,
olivaceous etc, columellar margin scarcely sinuous in the middle,
edentulous, or obscurely dentate, area plane, smooth, often tinged
with yellow posteriorly. Diam. 7-12 mill.
Marquesas, Harvey, Cook's, Samoan and Viti Is. etc.
The synonymy includes N. pisiformis, Recluz, iV. siderea, Gould,
(fig. 83), N. parvula, Guillou, iV". tristis, Reeve, (fig. 85), N. lentigi-
nosa, Reeve, (rig. 62), N. dispar. Pease, (fig. 84), N. Harveyensis,
Mousson, N. paludosa. Garrett, lV[s.
NERITINA. 67
N. RETROPiCTA, Marteus. PI. 24, figs. 40, 41.
Closely striulate, subopaque, olivaceous, with subtriangular yel-
low markings, bordered on the basal margin with black, aperture
bluish or yellowish, columellar margin siuuated and obtusely dentate
in the middle, area light greyish yellow, slightly rugulose.
Diam. 14-17 mill.
Southern Japan, Siam, Viti Is.
I susj^ect that this will prove a variety of the preceding species.
The synonyms are N. obtusa, Reeve, (fig. 41), N. nuhila. Martens,
and N. obscura, Diinker.
N. CASTANEA, Hombr. and Jacq. PI. 24, fig. 42.
Minutely flexuously striulate, somewhat sharply so above, dark
brown, with black zigzag longitudinal lines, so obscure that they
are not usually visible except when the surface is wetted, epidermis
of last Avhorl appressed to and partially or entirely covering the
spire; aperture bluish white, columellar margin slightly sinuous, and
scarcely dentate in the middle, area flattened, minutely punctate
and rugose. Diam. 15-18 mill.
Samoa and Caroline Islands.
X. j^ropinqua, Mousson is a synonym.
N. RETUSA, Morelet. PI. 24, figs. 43, 44.
Subrugosely striate, soiled olivaceous, with scarcely visible brown-
ish maculations, with short spines on the shoulder in the young state
which are mostly lost in the adult; aperture yellowish white, the
columellar area becoming orange color behind, edge sub-emarginate
in the middle and minutely dentate. Diam. 12 mill.
JSfeiu Hebrides.
N. Sow-ERBYANA, Recluz. PI. 24, fig. 45; PI. 25, figs. 46-51.
Solid, subopaque, closely, faintly striate, shining, yellowish brown,
orange brown or rosy, frequently with minute white and red spots,
sometimes more or less interruptedly bauded or longitudinally
strigate with black; aperture usually bluish white, columellar mar-
gin dentate for most of its length. Diam. 10-15 mill.
Gulf of Siam, China, Japan, Philipjnnes.
Great as is the typical difference between this species and N.
brevispina. Lam., I have specimens before me which seem to estab-
lish a passage between that species and the granvilar, spineless form
of the latter, N. pulehella, (figs 50, 51), Recluz, and JSf. Soiverbii,
Reeve, (figs. 48, 49), are synonyms.
bo NERITINA.
N. AVELLANA, Recl. PI. 25, figs. 52-55.
Solid, irregularly striate, subopaque, somewhat shining, olive
grey, yellowish or orange-red, with articulated black bands; aper-
ture bluish white, columellar area minutely j^unctate, the margin
sinuous in the middle, and obsoletely dentate.
Borneo, Formosa, Philippines.
I fear that this will prove synonymous with the preceding species.
The synonyms are N. dubia, Issel (^=var. Isseliana, Martens) and
vars. 2)6tholata, and cJdorostida, IMartens.
N. FABA, Sowb. PL 25, figs. 57-60.
Solid, irregularly striulate, shining, yellowish or reddish, more
or less interruptedly strigate or reticulated with chestnut or black,
sometimes black-banded ; aperture bluish white, columellar margin
scarcely sinuous in the middle, obsoletely dentate.
Diam. 15 mill.
Western part of the Indian Archipelago, Singapore, etc.
My only specimens of this species, types from its author, strongly
indicate identity with N. Soiverbyana. N. Baliensis, Mousson, and
the color-varieties strigosa, sagittata and fasciata. Martens are
synonyms.
N. iNTERRUPTA, Recluz. PI. 25, fig. 56.
Solid, striulate and occasionalty subplicate, yellowish, with fine
olivaceous somewhat anastomosing longitudinal lines, often interrupt-
ed partially, 'to form lighter colored spiral bands, young shells
frequently and old ones occasionally with several short spines above-
aperture bluish or yellowish, the columellar margin dentate nearly
throughout, with stronger teeth at the extremities of a central sinus,
area subrugose and minutely punctate, usually tinged with bluish
black behind ; often the base of the shell has a jet-black fasciole.
Diam. 9-16 mill.
Philippines; New Caledonia.
Von Martens considered the species of Recluz a synonym of N.
avellana; on the contrary it ap]3ears to possess all the characters of
the more recently named New Caledonian N. nucleolus, Morelet,
(fig. 63). N. plieata, and N. Pazii, Gassies, and var. spinifera.
Martens are synonyms. The unfigured N. costulata and ^V. Artensis
of Gassies, likewise New Caledonian, are probably to be added.
NERITINA. 69
N. RARispiNA, Mousson. PI. 25, figs. 65, 66.
Striate, dark greenish, minutely punctulate with black, last whorl
obtusely angulated, and obsoletely or shortly spinose; aperture
bluish, columellar area rather narrow, plane, margin with a dentate
median sinus. Diani. 6-9 mill.
■Java.
According as the shell is with or without spines, Mousson has
made varieties spinosa and destltuta,— which, of course, have no
varietal value. The species itself has not been identified.
N. Tritonensis, Guillou. PI. 25, fig. 61.
Greenish, with arcuate longitudinal yellowish lines, spire entirely
eroded, flat; aperture oblique, with a rather narrow, flat area, its
margin subarcuate, unidentate, lip rounded, depressed above.
Triton Bay, Nero Guinea.
The above is a copy of the original description — which was not
illustrated. The figure is from Reeve, and I cannot believe that it
pertains to the same species; it looks more like N. chlorostoma, Brod.
N. BicoLOR, Reel. PI. 25, figs. 68, 67, 69 ; PL 26, fig. 75.
Shell j^licate-striate, the body whorl enveloping the spire, some-
what shining, closely finely strigate with r.lternate yellowish and
olivaceous green, sometimes minutely punctate with the lighter color
ujDon the darker, as though serrating the margins of the strigations;
aperture bluish white, columellar area flattened, subrugose, margin
slightly incurved and faintly dentate in the middle, the curve boun-
ded by a stronger tooth above. Diam. 15-27 mill.
East Indies to Philipjnnes.
It is N. eelata, Recluz, (fig. 69), N. s'ubpunetata, Recluz, (fig. 67),
iV. rugata, Souleyet, N. rugosa, Bush, JV. punctifera, Mousson, and
varieties glandiformis, Molluccensis and tricolor of Martens — the
latter with reddish brown rug?e and a basal zone of the same, with
elongate triangular diaphanous yellowish maculations. I have not
seen this variety, nor has it been figured except a section showing
coloring, but I can scarcely believe it to belong here — the pattern
is more like N. avellana. Finally in N. WalUsii, Mousson (fig. 75)
=N. rugata, Gallies, we have a sparsely spinose form which appears
to connect very closely with the spinose form of the next species.
N. OLivACEA, Recluz. PI. 26, figs. 71, 72 : PI. 25, fig. 70.
Smooth, slightly striate, dark olivaceous varying to brownish with
obscure black undulating lines, often obsolete, occasionally with one
70 NERITINA.
or two short spines above, but mostly without them ; aperture bhiish
Avhite, columeUar area flattened, subrugose, sometimes bounded by
a callous orange-brown fasciole, edge incurved in the middle and
dentate there, and slightly so above the curve. Diam. 15-24 mill.
Moluccas, Philijjjyines, Viti Is.
N. inconspicua, Busch is a juvenile, and N. suhocellata, Schepmaun
(fig. 70). a spinose specimen ; other synonyms areiV. solium, Recluz,
=iV. dolium, Rve., (fig. 72). I suspect that this will, after all, jjrove
a smooth form oi N. blcolor, Recluz. Mousson has described a var.
Vitiana.
N. FLAvoviRENS, Busch. PL 26, figs. 76, 77.
Lightly striulate, sliining, greenish with yellow, black-margined
maculations, sometimes a few spines at the suture ; aperture bluish-
white, columellar margin with a denticulate sinus, terminated by a
larger tooth above and below, area convex, very slightly punctate
rugulose, Diam. 15 mill.
Java, Borneo, etc.
The synonyms are N. emergens, Mouss., N. Cochinsmce, Recluz,
N. cyanostoma, Morelet (fig. 77).
N. spiNiPERDA, Morelet. PI. 26, fig. 78.
Uniform olive green, roughly longitudinally ridged, ridges some-
times articulated, young shells with an obtuse shoulder bearing an
occasional short spine ; aperture bluish or livid white, columellar
area callous, dilutely maculated with orange color or greyish green,
margin arcuated and dentiulated, Avith a median larger tooth and
another below\ Diam. 18 mill.
Ins. Nossl-be, near Madagascar.
Perhaps a variety of N. blcolor, Recluz.
N. FULiGiNOSA, Busch. PL 26, fig. 79.
Plicately striate, shining, olivaceous brown, with numerous pallid
dots scarcely visible ; aperture whitish, black-bordered ; columellar
area white, plane, fiiintly rugose, margin arcuate and dentate in the
middle, with a larger tooth above and below. Diam. 13-15 mill.
Batavia.
N. Bataviensis, Mousson, is a synonym.
N. ACULEATA, Gmeliu. PL 26, figs, 80, 81.
Shell with revolving ridges elevated into nodes and short spines,
olivaceous brown ; aperture bluish white with yellowish bands, col-
NEEITINA. 71
umellar margin slightly .concave, multidentate, area flattened, mi-
nutely punctate. Diam. 18-25 mill.
Indian Archipelago.
It is N. squamcespina, Mousson and N. sulcata, Nyst.
N. ciRCUMvoLUTA, Recluz. PL 26, fig. 82.
Smooth, fulvous, or pink, with minute white maculations, ■with
two or three spiral black bands articulated with white ; aperture
bluish white, the columellar margin slightly arcuate and minutely
dentate in the middle, with a stronger tooth at either extremity.
Diam. 18 mill.
Ins. Negros, Philippines ; on stones in a mountain stream.
N. LUCTUOSA, Recluz. PI. 26, fig. 86.
Shell small, smooth, greyish, with close undulating black sfcriga-
tions ; columellar area plane, narrow, whitish defined on the middle
and base by a semicircular line, margin slightly arcuate in the
middle, the tooth above the sinus prominent. Diam. 3"5-7 mill.
Ne^v Guinea, Norfolk Island.
N. Peguensis, Blanford. PI. 26, fig. 87.
Striulate, shining, greenish or yellowish olivaceous, sometimes in-
distinctly darker banded, covered with minute white dots, shaded in
front with brow'n or black ; aperture bluish white, columellar area
bluish grey, slightly corrugated, margin slightly sinuous in the mid-
dle, the sinus and above it minutely toothed, with a stronger tooth
between. Diam. 14 mill.
Irawadi River, Pegu, Burmah.
It is N. fuliginosa, Theobald.
N. RETiFERA, Benson. PI. 26, figs. 88, 89.
Lightly striulate, yellowish olivaceous or greenish, with oblique
angulated reddish or blackish lines, sometimes forming a coarse re-
ticulation ; aperture bluish white, columellar margin incurved and
minutely dentate in the middle with a stronger tooth at the top,
area somewhat convex, wide, whitish. Diam. 9-12 mill,
Calcutta, Madras.
The synonyms are N. Michaudi, Recluz, (fig. 89) N. reticidaris,
Sowb., N. capillulata, Gould, of Sowb., N. Morchiana, Frauen., N.
humeralis, Theob. Perhaps N. fxdgetrum, Reeve (PI. 12, fig. 30)
which I have described on p. 38, and for which no habitat is given,
should also be referred here.
72 NERITINA.
N. Dringii, Recluz. PI. 26, figs. 90, 91.
Rather thiu, whorls obliquely rugulose, with yellow bands ou a
blackish ground, sometimes obliquely longitudinally strigate with
black or brownish and yellow ; aperture bluish, tinged with yelloAV
around the margin and on the columellar area, columellar margin
subarcuated and dentate in the middle. Diam. 12 mill.
Hanover Bay, N. Australia.
N, FLEXUOSA, Gassies. PI. 26, fig. 92.
Oblique, flexuous, striulate, scarcely shining, thin, yellowish oli-
vaceous, somewhat anatomosely strigate with longitudinal black
lines, sometimes obscurely yellowish banded ; aperture yellowish,,
columellar area bluish white, flattened, subpunctate, margin sub-in-
cised, with a superior, rather sti'ong tooth. Diam. 5, alt. 7"5 mill.
New Caledonia.
N. UNIDENTATA, Recluz. PL 26, fig. 93.
Thin, olivaceous, wdth oblong, oblique yellowish maculations, last
whorl a little angulated and flattened above ; aperture yellowish
green near the margin, columellar lip narrow, whitish, its margin
with a single superior tooth, and scarcely arcuated.
Diam. 12 mill.
Taheiti.
Sometimes a short spine occurs at the superior angle of the lip.
The species has not been recognized.
N. CoMORENSis, Morelet. PI. 26, figs. 94, 95.
Solid, irregularly striulate, not shining, greenish grey ; brown-
spotted ; aperture grey or greyish brown, columellar area plane,
yellowish, the margin with one to three obtuse denticles.
Diam. 9 mill.
Comoro Is.
Unfigured species, jn'obably belonging to CUthon.
N. RARispiNA and N. Lesloni, Recluz. Sicily.
The locality is doubtless erroneous.
N. GUTTATA, Recluz. Neiv Guinea.
N. Pfeifferiana, Recluz. Neiv Ireland.
N. Bourgainvillei, Recluz. Samoa Is.
N. Dacostje, Recluz. Philippines.
N. Menkeana, Recluz. Taheiti.
NERITINA, 73
N. Troscheli, Recluz. Hah. unknoivn.
N. CORONOIDES, Lesson. Ne^v Guinea.
N. PENiciLLATA, Gould. New Ireland.
Subgenus Neripteron, Lesson, 1830.
In the diagnosis of tins group (p. 8), the cohinielhir margin is
stated to be edentulous, but this is in fact, only occasionally the case ;
usually there are traces of teeth, and sometimes they are very dis-
tinct, although small,
N. AURicuLATA, Lam. PI. 21, figs. 58-63.
Rather convex, slightly striate, somewhat shining, brownish or oli-
vnceous, obsoletely reticulated with black lines or with lighter spots ;
aperture yellowish white, bluish black around the lip and on the
columellar area, margin of columella a little arcuate in the middle,
and minutely or obsoletely toothed. Diam. 15-25 mill.
Ceylon, East Indies, Philippines, Viti Is.
It is M. suhalata, Recluz, N. subauriculata, Recluz (fig. 60), N. ros-
trata (figs. 61, 62), and N. Layardi (fig. 63,), Reeve, as well as var.
inaurita, Morch.
N. RUBicuNDA, Martens. PI. 21, figs. 64, 65.
Convex, very slightly striulate, yellowish brown or chestnut, uni-
colored, a little shining ; aperture ash color, peristome reddish, col-
umellar margin minutely multidentate, area large, a little rugose,
slightly convex. Diam. 12 mill.
Kapera River, Borneo, on floating timber.
Supposed to differ from the preceding species by its small size,
want of reticulated markings, etc. I think it will prove identical.
N. Tahitensis, Lesson. PI. 21, figs. QQ, 67.
Striate, and spirally slightly engraved with subdistant lines, light
olivaceous brown, without markings ; aperture greyish blue or yel-
lowish grey, columellar margin slightly sinous and minutely dentate
in the middle, columellar area slightly rugose and minutely punc-
tate. Diam. 19-25 mill.
Ins. Taheiti, Samoan Is., Sandwich Is.
The synonyms are X. auriealata, Sowb., N. Lamarckii, Desh.,
N. marginata, Hombr. and Jacq., N. vespertina, Nuttall (PI. 22, fig.
71), and K Sandivichensis, Reeve (PI. 22, fig. 73).
74 NERITINA.
Von Martens separates N. vespertma on account of a slight differ-
ence in convexity of whorls, and habitat, but in the large series
before me frojn both Taheiti, and Sandwich Is., the supposed local
peculiarities disappear.
N. Christovalensis, Keeve. PI. 21, figs. 68, 69.
Convex, striulate, yellowish, with spiral bands of reddish chestnut
markings ; aperture yellowish, columellar area slightly arcuate and
minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 19 mill.
San Christoval, Solomon^s Is.
K. BicANALicuLATA, Recluz. PI. 21, fig. 70.
Rather depressed and somewhat widely winged ; olive brown,
rather closely reticulated and sometimes banded with reddish chest-
nut ; aperture bluish white clouded or changing to greyish yellow,
columellar margin without teeth, area minutely punctate.
Diam. 15-20 mill.
Philippines, Viti Is.
The ears are usually broader than in the specimen figured, but
the depressed form and markings are pretty constant in the series
before me. It is X. biauriculata, Reel.
N. Lecontei, Recluz. PI. 22, figs. 74, 75, 76.
Very convex, with numerous elevated close spiral lines, olivaceous
brown, spirally more or less liueated with black ; aperture lead color
or yellowish grey ; columellar margin incised, minutely and reg-
ularly dentate in the middle, area rugose and minutely granular.
Diam. 1 in.
New Caledonia.
N. Novce- Caledonica, Reeve, (fig. 76) is a synonym.
N. ACicuLATA, Morch. PI. 22, figs. 77, 78.
With small, distinct, obliquely lateral spire, closely radiately
striated, dark olivaceous, unicolored ; columellar margin arcuate
and dentate in the middle. Diam. 17 mill.
Nicohar Is.; Sumatra f
It is N. navicularis, Morch (undescribed).
N. MARMORATA, Brazier. Unfigured. New Guinea.
NERITINA, 75
Section Alina, Recluz, 1842.
N. CARiosA, Gray. PL 22, figs. 79-81.
With distinct growth lines, and sometimes engraved spiral strise,
body whorl convex, swollen, dilated into wings above and below,
spire visible, flattened, epidermis black or very dark brown, with
nnmerous close minute yellowish spots, sometimes scarcely visible ;
aperture bluish, sometimes yellowish, columellar margin scarcely
arcuate in the middle and slightly dentate, terminating with a larger
superior tooth. Diam. 18-25 mill.
Sandwich Is.
In young specimens the wings are often not developed, and then
the shell would scarcely be taken for a member of this group. Von
Martens changes the name to N. Sandwichensis, Desh. because he
thinks that Gray's figure should be referred to N. Maiiritii. Lesson ;
I do not agree with him : the figure appears to me to be decidedly
that of the present species. Other synonyms are N. Nuttalli, Recluz.
N. convexa, Nuttall, N. solldissima, Sowb., N. lugubris, Phil., N. per-
striata, Mousson, N. tristis, Phil., N. affinis, Recluz., (=A". lugnbris,
Sowb. fig. 83.)
N. Mauritii, Lesson. PI. 22, fig. 82.
Rather more depressed than the preceding species, with the wings
larger and more dilated, somewhat rugose, epidermis black, unicol-
ored ; aperture bluish white, columellar nuirgin minutely dentate in
the middle. Diam. 18 mill.
Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Mas Karene Is., E. coast of Madagascar.
It is N. auriculata, Sowb., N. alata, Robillard, N. Deshayesii, Pease,
N. Sandwichensis, Desh,
N. LiFOUANA, Gassies. PI. 22, fig. 84.
Spirally striulate, shining, light yellowish, unicolored, translucent ;
aperture yellowish white, columellar margin with about five minute
teeth in the middle. Diam. 18 mill.
Neiu Caledonia.
I have not seen this species.
N. DiLATATA, Brod. PI. 22, figs. 85, 86.
Shell broadly winged, rather regularly striulate, yellowish olive,
sometimes with three indistinct spiral pink bands, covered through-
76 NERITINA.
out with zigzag black reticulations ; aperture bluish white or yellow-
ish grey, columellar margin slightly arcuate and dentate in the
middle. Diam. 16 mill.
Taheiti, in streams.
iV. navicellina, Guillou, N. florida, Recluz are synonyms. Von
Martens refers here jS\ Owenii, Wood's Index Test. Suppl. t. 8, f.
16, but it appears to me to belong to the next species.
N. LATissiMA, Brod. PI. 22, fig. 87-89.
Finely striulate, Avith produced but broadly rounded ears, oliva-
ceous or brownish black, reticulated A\'ith black or triangularly
marked with numerous light, black margined spots ; aperture bluish
or yellowish grey, columellar margin a little concave, scarcely in-
curved but minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 20-37 mill.
West coast of Central America.
The synonvms are X. glohosa, Brod., 3". intermedia, Sowb. (fig. 89).
Var. PiLSBRYi, Tryon. PI. 22; fig. 91.
A color variety characterized by a purplish or pink very fine re-
ticulation upon a white ground, upon which are numerous subtri-
angular white s])ots with dark margins.
Var. FoNTAiNEANA, d'Orb. PI. 23, figs. 92,' 93.
Smoothish, olivaceous, reticulated with black, with one or two
greenish or blackish zones. Less winged than the type.
Gtuiyaquil, Eqaador.
It is N. Guaquilensis, Sowb. (fig. 94.)
N. OwENiAXA, Gray. PI. 22, fig. 90.
Slightly, closely striulate, yellowish or brownish olivaceous, with
a small or large reticulating pattern of black lines, often forming
triangular light spots, last wdiorl usually enveloping the spire ;
aperture bluish white to greyish yellow, showing the external pat-
tern, columellar margin nearly straight, edentulous, or obscurely,
minutely dentate in the middle. Diam. 18-25 mill.
West coast of Africa; Ins. Fernando Po, Cape Pahnas.
N. CRIST ATA, Moi-elet. Unfigured. Gabon, W. Africa.
N. ALATA, Brod. and Sowb. Taheiti.
NERITINA-NAVICELLA, 77
Subgenus Dostia, Gray, 1840.
N. CREPiDULARiA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 95-99.
Very convex, lightly striulate, sometimes unicolored, varying from
light yellowish, or olivaceous to blackish, but usually reticulated,
checkered or spotted with a light color on a dark ground or dark on
a light ground, frequently the darker tint is violaceous, and some-
times it is reddish ; aperture bluish, bluish grey, yellowish grey etc.,
peristome continuous, columellar area slightly rugose, margin a
little arcuate and dentate in the middle. Diam. 15-25 mill.
Indian Ocean, India to Malay Archip., China, Philippines, Neiv
Caledonia.
The form is pretty constant, but the coloring exhibits considerable
variation, within rather narrow limits, however; not sufficient to
excuse the immense synonymy. It is N. violdcea, Gmel. in part,
N. jmrpurea and N. gracilenta, Budgin, N. concentriea, N.p)lumata and
N. mitrida, Menke, iV. intermedia, Desh., N. eornuco2nai, and N. de-
jjressa, Benson, N. melanostoma, Troschel, N. Indicce and N. TouT'
annensis, Souleyet, N. Siquijorensis, N. exaltata. and iV^. pileolus,
Recluz, N. Schlcejlii and N. compressa, Mousson, and N. Montrouzieri,
Ga8sies.
N. LiFUENSis, Angas. Unfigured. Viii Is.
N. LACUSTRis, Jan. Unfigured. Brazil.
Unassigned species described as Neritinye.
N. PYGMiEA, C. B. Adams. Jamaica.
N. PusiLLA, C. B. Ad. =Teinostoma.
N. neglecta, Pease. Sandwich Islands.
N. MINIMA, Recluz. Nukahiva.
N. Hessei, Bottger. Moidh of River Congo, W. Africa.
Genus NAVICELLA, Lam., 1809.
Section Cimber, Montfort, 1810.
The shells of the Navicellee are modified in form and convexity
according to the nature of the surface to which they adhere ; thus
the form called N. lineata, is a N. tessellata, higher and laterally
compressed from inhabiting the stems of sea- weed, whilst the typical
N. tessellata is from surfaces giving the shell a chance to spread ; so
78 NAVICELLA.
also the projection of the apex varies so that it may reasonably be
considered as effected by environment; again, the central projection of
the septum, usually conspicuous in JV. Freycineti, is sometimes want-
ing in that species, whilst it occasionally occui's in others. Thus the
sectional characters (made subgeneric by Messrs. Adams), insensibly
coalesce. As to coloring, certain patterns have been regarded as
characteristic of species, but there appear to be no breaks in the
modifications by which most of the species may be connected.
In the interest of scientists (and so, perhaps, of science) it becomes
necessary to set iq^ some arbitrary landmarks, be they varieties,
species or sections, it matters not, for the recognition of certain
stages of the variations else in unbroken progresssion, and to these
stages the names given by naturalists at a time when species were
entities have been applied. This task Dr. von Martens has per-
formed as well as his opportunities, learning and experienced judg-
ment permitted : if I have succeeded in making any improvement,
it is due to having his work as a foundation.
N. BoRBONicA, Bory. PL 27, figs. 2-12.
Rather convex, apex small, somewhat attenuated, produced be-
yond the posterior margin ; color varying from dark chestnut brown,
unicolored to light olivaceous brown, or tinged with purple and
marked with radiating reiiculations, interior bluish or blackish,
the posterior margin usually with a long black stain on either side.
L. 25-40 mill.
Mauritius, Ins. Bourbon, Madagascar, Seychelles Is.
It is N. ellij)tica. Lam., (fig. 3) N. tabernaculata, Montf., iV. por-
ce/lana, Recluz, not Linn., N. Cookii, Recluz (figs. 4, 5), iV. bimac-
ulata. Reeve (fig. 6), var. triloba, Martens=A\ apiata, Sowb. in part
(fig. 7), N. livida, Rve. (fig. 9), very similar to var triloba, Yiir. com-
pressa, ]V[artens = J^. affinis, Reeve (fig. 8). I do not separate as
such the two varieties given by Dr. von Martens, because such forms
occur in all the species and are the result of station upon the growth of
the individual. The black markings which Reeve has commemorated
in his name bimaculata are very usually, but not always present, and
unfortunately occur in other species. A more depressed form has
been treated by von Martens as a distinct species, but seems to con-
nect insensibly with Borbonica ; it is called N. depressa, Lesson,
(figs. 10, 11), and N. zebra, Lesson, N. hai(strum. Reeve (fig. 12) and
NAVICELLA. 79"
its var. fissa, Mousson, N. hupeana, Gassies and N. affinis, Mousson
are referred to it as synonyms. It occurs from New Caledonia to
Tahiti.
Both iV. borbonica and the form depressa have been x'eferred to
N. porcellana, Linn., but that species, devoid of epidermis, must re-
main unrecognizable.
Morelet has figured (Jour, de Conch., Oct. 1887) a color variety
from the (Jomoros Is. It is large, and bimaculate with vermillion
inside in young as well as adult individuals.
N. MACROCEPHALA, Guillou. PI. 27, figs. 13-16.
Convex, laterally compressed, beak much produced, large, worn
away below, epidermis dark chestnut color, with somewhat rugose
growth lines. L. 25-35 mill.
New Caledonia to Vitl Is.
iV. sanguisuga, Reeve (figs. 13, 14), N. scarabceus, Reeve (figs. 15),
and its var. decapitata, Mousson, and N. magnifica, Reeve (fig. 16),
with its var. truncata, Mousson, are synonyms. N. parva, Mousson
(PI. 28, figs. 23, 24), from the Malay Archipelago appears to
have no distinctive character, except its nuich smaller size: I think
it is identical.
N. scuLPTA, von Martens. PI. 27, fig. 17, 18.
Elliptical, lateral margins compressed, beaks large, dark chestnut
color, without markings, distinctly longitudinally, granularly lirate.
L. 13 mill.
Sumatra.
N. LuzoNiCA, Souleyet. PI. 27, fig. 19.
Chestnut brown, rather smooth and somewhat shining, very mi-
nutely radiately reticulated, the markings barely visible except on
the beak ; convex, beak narrow, recurved, projecting beyond the
margin. L. 20-40 mill.
Celebes,. Philipj)ines, Marquesas Is., etc.
The insufficient distinction of this species rests on the fineness of
its reticulating dark lines. N. crepiduloides, Reeve (PI. 28, fig. 20),
= var. compressa, Martens (PI. 28, fig. 21) and var. adspersa, Mar-
tens (PI. 28, fig. 22) are synonyms.
N. BouRGAiNviLLEi, Recluz. PL 28, figs. 25, 26.
Broadly elliptical, chestnut color or yellowish olivaceous, with a
large j^attern of radiating, transverse, black reticulations.
L. 20-30 mill.
Netv Caledonia to Viti Is.
80 NAVICELLA.
The synonyms include N. macrocephala of Sowb. and Reeve (figs.
27, 28), N. Freycineti, Gould, N. Caledonica, Morelet, N. affinis,
Gassies, N. ornata, Adams and Angas, N. undxdata, Mousson, N.
squama, Mousson, and N. nana, Montr, (juvenile).
N. CuMiNGiA'NA, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 29.
Olivaceous yellow with irregular concentric greenish brown or
blackish bands and reticulations. L. 15-30 mill.
Philippines.
The undulating, transverse alternate series of light and dark col-
ored stripes give character to this species ; it is scarcely as convex
as N. Boitrgainvillei.
N. Janella, Recluz. PI. 28, figs. 30-33.
Broadly ovate, laterally somewhat produced, convex, with high,
narrow, recurved beak, olivaceous yellow, with numerous, close ra-
diating strigations of greenish black, sometimes coalescing, smooth,
shining. L. 30-45 mill.
Philippines, Marianne Is., Moluccas.
N. lentiginosa. Reeve (fig. 33) is a synonym.
N. Laperousei, Recluz. PI. 28, fig. 34.
Convex, elliptical, with compressed sides, chestnut color, with
here and there a black longitudinal strigation, sometimes forking,
postero-lateral margins of the lij) black stained. L. 18-25 mill.
Marianne, Guam, Ponape Is.
Will probably prove a variety of N. macrocephala, Guillou.
It is N. elliptica, Quoy.
N. LUTEA, Martens. PI. 28, figs. 35, 36.
Broadly oval, convex, epidermis thin, yellowish, without mark-
ings, apex reddish, interior light greyish. L. 17'5 mill.
Vili Is.
Subsection Paria, Gray, 1867.
N. Freycineti, Recluz. PI. 28, figs. 37-41.
Oval, convex, yellowish brown, varying to chestnut color, diver-
gently radiated and coarsely reticulated with black ; septum trun-
cately produced in the middle. L. 17-35 mill.
New Hebrides to Viti Is.
The synonyms are N. jxila, jNIousson and its var. Vitiensis, Mouss.,
var. compressa. Martens, which includes N. suffreni, Reel., N. psit-
tacea. Reeve (figs. 40, 41), and N. jKila, xav. pirofunda, Mouss.
NAVICELLA. 81
N. JuNGHUHNi, Herklots. PL 28, figs. 42, 43.
Sub-rotund, smooth, shining, convex, dark olivaceous brown, the
apex often purplish, with undulating transverse black lines, rest of
surface without markings ; septum a little produced in the middle.
L. 30-35 mill.
Java.
Section Elara, H. and A. Adams, 1854.
N. suBORBicuLARis, Sowb. PL 29, fig. 44.
Rounded oval, rather elevated, ajjex elevated and recurved, inter-
marginal, a little oblique, epidermis yellowish green, varying to oli-
vaceous brown, the lighter colored specimens sometimes purple
tinted above, with triangular radiating markings or irregular ra-
diating blackish strigatious. L. 20-30 mill.
Andaman, Is., to Java, and Philij)2)i'iies.
The synonyms are ? N. jiorcellana, Linn., N. picta, Schum, N. el-
liptica, Blainv. (in part), X. orbicularis, Reeve (figs. 45, 46), N.
squamata, Dohrn, N. Javanica, Mouss., N. Forstenii, Herklots, N.
Urvillei, Recluz, and its vars. Gaimardi and Quoyi, Recluz, and
N. pulcherrima, Tapparone-Canefri. I am also compelled to unite
with this species A. variabilis, Recluz, (figs. 47, 48) ; typically it is
somewhat higher and more elliptical in outline, but shades away in
both respects : N. Schmeltziana, Mousson, is a synonym of it.
Philijyjjines, Viti Is.
N. APiATA, Guillou. PL 29, fig. 49.
Obovate, apex high, blunt, olivaceous yellow, variegated with
black, so as often to form large tear-like radiating blotches of the
lighter color. L. 25-32 mill.
Marquesas to Viti Is.
N. TESSELLATA, Lam. PL 29, fig. 57.
Subelliirtical or oblong, rather depressed, spire narrow, recurved,
not terminal, thin, not much shining, olivaceous yellow, tessellated
with pur})le brown or black, Avith obscure rays, varying to olivaceous
or purplish brown, with a few short radiating lines and minute spots
of white. L. 18-30 mill.
Ceylon, Java to Philippines.
The synonymy includes A^. clypeolum, Recluz (figs. 50-52), A".
Reclazii, and N. variabilis, Reeve (fig. 53, 54), A^ ambigua, Recluz,
N. atra, Reeve, A. radiata, Reeve, var. subrostrata, Martens, and its
6
82 NAVICELLA.
synonyms N. jyulehella (fig. 56) and N. insignis, Reeve (fig. 55), var.
oblonga. Martens, and its synonym N. maculifera, Mousson, var.
compressa, Mart., and its synonym N. Eiitrecasteauxi, Reel., (fig. 59)
N. reticulata, Reeve (fig. 62), inclnding, N. eximia, Reeve (fig. 61)
and its var. compressa, Martens (fig. 67), of which N. Livesayi, Dohrn
is a synonym, and N. ccerulescens, Reel. (figs. 63, 65), with its syn-
onyms N. plumhea, Sowb., N. comjoressa, Benson, and N. orientalis,
Reeve (fig. QQ).
Section Stenopoma, Gray, 1<S67.
N. LiNEATA, Lam. PI. 29, fig. 58.
Shell compressed elliptical, light yellowish, with a radiating pat-
tern of chestnut or purplish longitudinal reticulations, forming tes-
sellations and triangular markings of the lighter color, very thin,
translucent, interior showing all tlie exterior markings, light bluish
or yellowish. L. 25 mill.
Philippines, Viti Is.
Von Martens unites this species with N. tessellata, Lam., and I
have no doubt that he is correct, but the latter might with equal
propriety be united with N. sub orbicular is, etc. : in fact, the charac-
ters in this group anastomose in every direction.
N. navicula, Fer., and N. pictinxUa, Garrett (fig. 60) are syn-
onyms : in the latter the ground color varies from yellow to pale
purple, and the tessellations are often replaced by distinct radiating
bands.
Unfigured species of Navicella.
N. APONOGETONis, Valil. East Indies.
N. EXCELSA and IST. Moreletiana, Gassies. JSfew Caledonia.
These two have the interiors only, figured, and those have no
characters.
Family NERITOPSIDM
Genus NERITOPSIS, Grat, 1832.
N. RADULA, Linn. PI. 29, fig. 68.
Shell opaque, thick, white, with thick, close, beaded, spiral ribs,
the narrow interstices pitted ; outer lip fluted by the ribs.
Alt. •75-l"5 inch.
Singapore, Java, Mauritius.
adeorbis. 83
Family ADEORBIID^.
Genus ADEORBIS, S. Wood, 1842.
A. PLANA, A. Ad. PI. 80, figs. (39, 70.
Much depressed, last whorl obliquely flattened, broad, spirally
striated, umbilicus very large, its wall spirally flattened, ajDerture
wide, oblique, white. Diam. 12 mill.
Philijjpines, Japan.
A. ELEGANS, A. Adams. PI. 30, fig. 71.
White or yellowish white, depressed, closely striate and with im-
l)ressed spiral lines, last whorl obliquely flattened in front, umbilicus
large, its wall rounded, aperture wide, obliquely subtriangular.
Diam. 10-12 mill.
Ins. St. Thomas, W. I.
A. DEPREssus, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 72.
Much depressed, broad, smooth, last whorl not obliquely flattened
above, umbilicus moderate white. Diam. 4 mill.
Mino-Sima, Japan.
A. STRiATELLA, Montr. PI. 30, figs. 73, 74.
Spirally striate with impi-essed lines and suboblique curved lines
of punctations, white, subtranslucent, shining, umbilicus narrow,
spire somewhat elevated, aperture transversely oval.
Diam. b'b mill.
Neiv Caledonia.
A. ORBELLA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 75.
White, moderately depressed, with somewhat elevated spire, whorls
sloping above, umbilicus very large, defined, aperture obliquely
rounded. Diam. 4 mill.
Mino Sima, Jap)an.
A. CLAUsus, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 7G.
Finely concentrically striated, translucent, spire convexly de-
pressed, whorls somewhat flattened above, umbilicus partly covei'ed
by callus. Diam. 3 mill.
Mino-Sima, Japan.
A. Japonicus, a. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 77.
Depressed, smooth, semipellucid, concentrically obliquely striated,
whorls slowly increasing, rounded, with impressed suture, umbilicus
wide, bordered by a strong rib. Diam. 2*5 mill.
Gotta Is., Japan.
84 ADEORBIS.
A. Adamsi, Fischer. PI. 30, fig. 78,
Convexly depressed, with sharp spire, sinuously concentrically
striate, umbilicus rather Avide, aperture wide, obliquely oval.
Diam. 4 mill.
Guadeloupe, W. I., Cedar Key, Fla.
A. Seguenzianus, Tryon. PI. 30, fig. 79.
White, widely umbilicated, whorls very oblique, spire elevated,
suture impressed, microscopically striate, with intermediate spiral
lines, last whorl very oblique, umbilicus surrounded by an obtuse
angle of the base. Diam. 4 mill.
Italy, Sicily ; 11-108 fms.
Seguenza describes this species as A. depresses, preoccupied by A.
Adams.
A. FRAGiLis, G. 0. Sars. PI. 30, fig. 80.
Thin, fragile, whitish, or slightly brownish, spire elevated, reg-
ularly si)irally striate, whorls convex, with deep suture, last whorl
obliquely flattened above, aperture obliquely ovate, patulous, umbil-
icus large, defined by an obtuse angle. Diam. 2 mill.
LoffodenlsL; W. coast of Norway ; 60-190 fms.
A. PROMiNULA, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 81, 82.
Umbilicus moderate, slightly bordered; thinly concentrically stri-
ate, translucent, polished, whorls scarcely prominent, rapidly increas-
ing, aperture obliquely I'ounded. Diam. 2 mill.
Mino-Shna, Japaii.
A. MANULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 83.
Moderately umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, the spire a little
exserted, Avhorls rounded, slowly increasing, umbilicus bordered,
aperture rounded, Diam. 2'5 mill.
Mino-Sima, Japan.
A. TROCHULA, A. Ad. PI. 30, fig. 84.
Umbilicus small, defined by a rib, spire rather elevated, trochiform,
the whorls slojiing above, periphery bluntly angulated, aperture
rather round. Diam. 3*5 mill.
Gotta Is., Japan.
A. PATRUELis, A. Adams. PL 30, figs. 85, 86.
Semipellucid, white, spire slightly elevated, last whorl sloping-
above, obtusely triangular, rather flattened below, umbilicus some-
what narrow, columellar lip erect. Diam. 3 mill.
Mino-Sima, Japjan .
ADEORBIS. 85
A. suBANGULATus, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 87, 88.
Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, rather solid, last whorl
gibbous and obscurely angular near the suture, outer lij) sinuously
produced above. Diam. 3 mill.
Gotto Is., Japan.
A. Sinensis, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 89, 90.
Depressed, solid, opaque, spire slightly elevated, decussated by
minute concentric and spiral striae, Avhorls rounded, umbilicus rather
large, aperture nearly round. Diam. 3 mill.
China Sea.
A. NiTiDus, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 91, 92.
Whorls rounded, with impressed suture, spire slightly elevated,
umliilicus large, defined by an angle, a2)erture nearly round.
Diam. 3"5 mill.
Philippines.
A. CARiNATUS, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 93, 94.
Whorls rounded, the last gibbous towards the suture, flattened on
the base, which is surrounded by a keel, becoming stronger towards
the aperture, umbilicus rather large, defined by an angle, aperture
obliquely subquadrate. Diam. 4 mill.
Seto-Uchi, Japan.
A. PLANOEBULUs, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 95, 96.
Shell much depressed, planorbiform, spire not raised, whorls round-
ed, the last rapidly increasing towards the aperture, umbilicus very
large, not defined, aperture round. Diam. 4'5 mill.
Philijjpines.
A. suBCARiNATUS, Montagu. PI. 30, fig. 97.
Depressed turbinate, white, subcostulate-striate, er.circled by two
or three equidistant spiral threads above, sometimes obsolete, occa-
sionally developed into ridges, base convexly flattened, bicarinated,
umbilicus moderate. Diam. 3 mill.
Europe.
It is ^. carinatus, Wood, and Delphinula jjusilla, Phil.
A. Angasi, a. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 98, 99.
^[uch depressed, discoidal, thin, white, convexly flattened above,
whorls few, rapidly increasing, perijohery shar])ly carinated and
crenulated by radiating strong growth strite, which also crenulate
86 ADEORBIS.
the suture, coiicavely flattened below, with the folds of the growth
striae very prominent, umbilicus wide, aperture large, basal.
Diam. 4-5 mill.
A ustralia ; Singajwre (Archer),
A. ViNCENTiANUS, Angas. PI. 80, fig. 100.
Widely unibilicated, rather thin, semipellucid, white ; whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, the last very large, convex, finely undulately
concentrically striated, obtusely keeled below the periphery, and
Avith a basal keel surrounding the umbilical region, which is slightly
crenated by rude growth-iines ; a|ierture semilunar, the inner lip
nearly straight, sinuously angulated above. Diam. 6 mill.
Aldinga Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf, Australia.
A. scABER, Phil. PI. 30, figs. 99 a, h.
White, scabrous, with elevated, subserrated s])iral lines above,
and sublamellar incremental lines below, whorls rapidly increasing,
the last with acutely angulated periphery. Diam. 3 mill.
• Panama.
A. TENUiLiRATUs, Smith. PI. 30, figs. 1-3.
Moderately unibilicated, yellowish, marked with spiral interrupted
lines and oblique radiating streaks of dark olivaceous, base yellowish
white, unicolored ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly increasing, with deep
suture, obliquely striate, and with thin spiral lirse ; aperture sub-
circular, receding at the base, whitish, showing the external mark-
ings. Diam. 3 mill.
Sa7i Christoval, Solomon Is.
I think this will 2:)rove to be a Trochus ; there are slight evidences
of pearly nacre on the specimens before me.
JJnfigured and doubtful species.
A. COSTATUS, Garrett. =^Fossarus Garretti, Pease, Manual, ix, 272.
A, VARius, Hutton. =Fossarina, Manual, ix, 276.
A. ABJECTA, C. B. Ad. ^^Fossariis, Manual, ix, 274.
A. STRIATUS, Chemn. z=Circulus striatus, Phil.
A. iMPERSPicuus, Monts. Sicily^
A. Orbignyi, Fischer, Cuba.
A. pimbriatus, Martens. New Guinea.
A. PICTUS, Tenisou-Woods. Tasmania.
aechyt.t:a. 87
Genus AECHYTiEA, Costa, 1869.
I have added to this genus a number of species described as Ad-
eorbis, but which are related to the following type species by the
characters of the shell.
A. DELiCATUM, Phil. PI. 30, fig. 6.
Moderately umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, white ; whorls 3i,
convex, the last large, suture well imj^ressed, base a little flattened;
surface smooth, microscopically decussated ; aperture oval, peristome
simple, nearly continuous. Diam. I'l mill.
Norivay ; fossil in Sicily.
Var. EXPANSA, Sars. PL 30, fig. 7.
Shell and aperture more oblique, dilated below. Diam. 1"4 mill.
Xortvay.
A. suTURALE, A. Ad. PI. 30, figs. 4, 5.
Rather narrowly umbilicated, very finely concentrically striated,
thin, semipellucid, white, spire a little elevated ; whorls somewhat
convex, rapidly increasing, suture deep ; aperture rounded.
Diam. I'd mill.
Tsu-jSima, Japan.
A. coRNicuLUM, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 8, 9.
Umbilicus narrow, defined by an angle, white, translucent, very
minutely striated ; whorls somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the
last rounded, large ; aperture round. Diam. 2 mill.
3Iino-Sima, Japan.
A. DIAPHANUM, A. Ad. PL 30, figs. 10, 11.
Narrowly umbilicated, globose, transparent ; whorls rounded, the
last inflated; aperture round. Diam. I'd mill.
Gotto Is., Japan.
A. EXQUisiTUM, Jeffreys.' PL 30, figs. 12, 13.
Rather widely, deeply umbilicated, white, rather thin, transparent
and glossy, microscopically decussated, the crossings slightly nodose ;
whorls 3, convex, with deep suture; aperture obtusely subtriangular.
Diam. 175, alt. 2-5 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.
Subgenus Pseudorbis, Monts., 1884.
A. GRANULUM, Brugnone. PL 30, fig. 14.
White, subglobose, spire a little exserted, whorls 3, spirally ribbed,
ribs elevated, scarcely umbilicated, peristome subcontinuous.
Diam. 1.5 mill.
Mediterranean Sea.
88 CYCLOSTEEMA.
Faault C rCL OSTBEMA TID^.
Genus CYCXOSTREMA, Manyan, 1818.
Section Cycix)STRE3i[a, « .^emu *tndo).
C. A>rAGLYPrA. A. Ad. PI. 31, figs. 15, 16.
Turbinate, with broad, flattened umbilicus, last whorl with three
spiral, beaded ribs, convex, white, solid, lip externallv cienulated.
Diam. 4 mill.
Seto- Uchi, Japaiu
C. MiCA>.-^. A. Ad. PL 31, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20.
More depressed than the preceding species, thick, white, last
whorl with three spiral nodulous ribs, the middle one more prc»mi-
nent, peristome continuous, thick, externally crenulatel. iimbilieus
rather small.
Japan, Sin'rij^H-rt. Au-<rrfilia,
C. puleheUa, Dunker, (figs« 19, 20) is a synonym.
C. Calaaleli, Jousseanme. PI. 31, figs. 21, 22.
Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, minutely costulate,
with an obscure spiral line above, periphery angulated, base with
three carina crowing the radiating striae, producing a subnodulous
surface. Diam. 2"5 milL
Prinees Isl. W. Africa.
C. ^Iakchei, Jou^eaume. PL 31, figs. 23, 24, 25.
Rather widely umbilicated, white, thick, solid, with spiral rihlets,
that in the midtlle of the upper surface tuberculated, riblets closer
on the base. Diam. 2'5— 1"5 milL
Ponhj-Penaiig. Sv.gapore, Yiti Is.
The larger diameter and last locality are for VitrineUa sculptilis.
Garrett (fig. '2o), an undoubted svnonym. the types agreeing com-
pletely with Singapore specimens coDected by Archer.
C. RzEVEAXA, Hinds. PL 31, fig. 26.
Moderately umbilicated, white, radiately lirate. crossed above
by several spiral ridges, of which the centre one is more prominent,
fi>rming an angle, ridges close below, spinously tuberculated by the
radiating lirte, umbilical wall radiately closely striate.
Diam. 10 mill. Singapore.
CYCLOSTREMA. 89
C. CANCELLATA, Marrvatt. PL 31, figs. 27, 28.
White, sublenticular, flattened convex above, more convex below,
with oblique radiating riblets, interrupted by an obtuse peripheral
rib, the interstices of the riblets finely sj^irally striated, umbilicus
moderate. Diam. 6 mill.
West Indies; Philippines f
C. EBURNEA, Nevill. PI. 31, figs. 29, 30.
Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, shining, longitudinally ob-
liquely plicate, the interstices spirally striated, suture narrowly mar-
gined, periphery with a corded carina, bordered by an impressed
line above and below, base sculptured like the upper sui-face.
Diam. 4'75 mill.
Pooree, Bay of Bengal.
The Philippine specimens referred to C. concellata, ]\Iarryatt by
Sowerby, may prove to belong to this species.
C. ALVEOLATA, Jousseaumc. PI. 31, figs. 31, 32.
Depressed, widely umbilicated, rather thick, transparent, vitreous
white, with an occasional spiral ridge, between which are radiating
riblets, both above and below, the interstices spirally striate.
Diam. 1-5 mill.
Hub. unknown.
C. ScHRAMMii, Fischer. PI. 31, fig. 33.
Subdepressed, spire rather flattened, whorls excavated below the
suture, with strong, oblique, sharp radiating ribs.
Diam. 3*5 mill. Isl. Guadeloupe, West Indies.
C. Archeri, Tryou. PI. 33, fig. 84, ^r).
Rather widely umbilicated, shell depressed, spire scarcely elevated,
whorls rounded, with regular convex longitudinal ribs, the inter-
stices finely spirally lirate, peristome thickened. Diam. 2"5 mill.
Singapore (Archer).
C. Ammoxoceras, a. Ad. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35.
Depressed, spire slightly elevated, la.st Avhorl flattened near the
suture and around the moderate umbilicus, with rather thick, dis-
tant longitudinal ribs, the interstices finely spirally striated, aperture
large, outer lip thin. Diam. 3 mill.
Japan.
Less depressed, with more distant and prominent ribs than the
preceding species; diflers also in the thin peristome, and sutural
and basal flattenino; of the bodv whorl.
90 CYCLOSTREMA.
C. EXCAVATA, Carpenter. PI. 31, figs. 36, 37.
Flatly convex above, flattened below, the wide umbilicus defined
by an angle, minutely spirally striated, last whorl angulated at the
base, peristome thin. Diam. 6 mill.
China Sea.
C. ATOMUS, Issel. PI. 31, figs. 38, 39.
Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, greenish, a little shining,
obliquely longitudinally striate; whorls 4^, rapidly enlarging,
slightly convex, the l^st subangulated at the base, umbilical area
longitudinally crispate; peristome thickened, continuous.
Diam. I'o mill. Suez.
C. Nevilli, H. Adams. PI. 31, fig. 40.
Narrowly umbilicated, disk-like, subpellucid, shining, thin, spirally
lirate and radiately striate, smooth at the periphery, spire subplane,
suture scarcely impressed; whorls 4, moderately increasing, flattened,
the periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome simple, um-
bilicus with callous margin. Diam. 4'5 mill.
Ceylon.
C. MiLiTARis, Jousseaume. PL 31, figs. 41, 42.
Widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, pellucid, slightly convex
and faintly, finely, irregularly striate above, base nearly plane,
equally striate, the strise becoming stronger upon the walls of the
umbilicus, with a spiral thread-like carina near the periphery of the
base, and another close to the umbilicus. Diam. 2'75 mill.
Prmce's Isl., W. Africa.
C. AREOLATA, Sars. PI. 31, figs. 43-45.
"Widely, perspectively umbilicated, solid, semipellucid, white,
finely spirally lirate, crossed by close incremental stripe; whorls 3,
convex, moderately increasing; aperture orbicular, peristome thin.
Diam. 1*4 mill. Arctic Norway.
C. Verrilli, Tryon. PI. 31, fig. 46.
Widely umbilicated, depressed, with low spire, white, finely, longi-
tudinally, obliquely striate, with several spiral lines on the body
whorl above the periphery, more numerous and closer on the base;
whorls 3=1, the last large, very convex, base oblique; aperture large,
very obliquely ovate, periphery thin and sharp.
Diam. 2*2 mill. Off Xew Engla.nd; 545 fms.
Described by Verrill as C. cingidatum, a specific name twice pre-
occupied.
CYCLOSTREMA. 91
C. DiAPHANA, Verrill. PL 31, fig. 47.
Narrowly umbilicated, depressed trochiform, thin, translucent,
white, smooth, shining; whorls 82, very convex, with deep suture,
smooth, except twenty to twenty-five close spiral lines around the
umbilical perforation. Diam. 3 mill.
Off New England; 98 fms.
C. DuNKERi, Tryon. PL 32, figs. 48, 49.
Widely umbilicated, depressed, with a spiral rib near the suture,
another on the periphery, and a third circumscribing the umbilicus.
Diam. 2'5 mill. Jajyan.
Described by Duuker as C. clngulata, a name preoccupied by
Philippi.
C. Philippii, Issel. PL 32, figs. 50, 51.
Widely umbilicated, yellowish white, obsoletely radiately plicate-
striate, with three spiral ridges, one near the suture, the other defi-
ning a narrow peripheral area; whorls ?)h, rapidly increasing, flat-
tened above, a little convex below, umbilicus defined by a granular
rib. Diam. 1"5 mill.
Suez.
O. ciNGULATA, Philippi. PL 32, figs. 53, 54.
Narrowly umbilicated, with radiating low, broadly rounded un-
dulations above, scolloping the periphery, quadricarinate in the
adults, bicarinate in the young, the carime being more acuate, sin-
uately dentate, and dotted with brown ; aperture subcircular in the
adult. • Red Sea.
The only figure represents a young shell, Vb mill, in diam.
The size of the adult is not given.
C. Verreauxii, Fischer. PL 32, fig. 52.
jNIoderately umbilicated, whorls rapidly increasing, the last en-
circled by three keels, of which the peripheral one is most prom-
inent, and produced at the aperture into a tongue-shaped lobe,
umbilical wall flattened, defined by an angle, peristome produced
by the peripheral keel. Diam. 4*5 mill.
California.
I believe that the indefinite locality given by Fischer thirty
years ago remains unverified.
92 CYCLOSTREMA.
C. BiPORCATA, A. Ad. PI. 32, figs. 56, 57.
Rather narrowly unibilicated, orbicularly depressed, last whorl
with two sharp keels of which the lower is most prominent, aperture
rather rounded, outer lip two-lobed. Diam. 2"5 mill.
Seto- UcJii, Japan.
C. L.EVis, Kiener. PL 32, fig. 55, 59, 60.
Widely unibilicated, depi'essed, smooth, last whorl encircled by
a number of rather distant keels, one of which forms an angular
periphery, umbilicus with a flat wall, defined by a rib.
Diam. 15 mill.
Port Lincoln, Australia; Japan; Viti Is.
It is C. diatreta, Gould, and Delphinula nivea, Reeve. The latter
attribvites his species to Chemnitz, who in this, as in many other
instances was not binomial. C. lactea, Jouss, (figs. 79, 60), a species
described as differing from loevis in the regularity of its keels, also
appears to belong here, for the keels are very irregularly developed
in number, prominence and spacing; it was described from a single
specimen, without locality.
C. DUPLiCATA, Lischke. PL 32, fig. 58.
Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striate, carinate at the suture,
bicarinate at the periphery, with tw^o less developed carinas on the
base, circumscribing the flat-walled umbilicus; periphery thickened.
Diam. 4 mill. Japan.
C. Virginia, Jousseaume. PL 32, figs. 61, 62.
Widely umbilicated, thick, solid, opaque, white, with about eleven
rounded spiral ribs on the last whorl, the intervening grooves longi-
tudinally striate, the strise more prominent around the umbilicus,
whorls 4j, rapidly enlarging, convex ; peristome thickened.
Diam. 6 mill. Madagascar?
Has more ribs than C. cingvlifera, A. Ad.
C. ANGULATA, A. Adams, PL 32, figs. 63, 64, 65.
Widely umbilicated, periphery keeled, with spiral lira) above it,
base with a submedian keel, defining the umbilicus, and producing
the basal margin of the peristome. Diam. 12 mill.
Isl. Zebu, Philippines; Guadeloupe, St. Martin, W. Indies.
C. angulata. A, Ad. was described as from the Philippines on the
authority of Cuming, but as that great collector sometimes made
CYCLOSTREMA, 93
mistakes, the locality needs confirmation. There can be no doubt of
the identity with this species of C. Beaux, Fischer (fig. 63), a West
Indian species.
C. TRicARiNATA, Smith. PI. 32, figs. 66-68.
Widely umbilicated, depressed, white ; whorls 5, rapidly increas-
ing, spirally lirate, the last whorl acutely tricarinated, the peripheral
carina strongest; aperture subhexagonal, peristome acute.
Diam. 3 mill. Whydah, West Africa.
C. ROSEOTiNCTA, Smith. PI. 32, fig. 70.
Moderately umbilicated, rosy white; whorls 4, convex, distantly,
slightly, spirally lirate, decussated by faint incremental strife, suture
depressed; peristome thin. Diam, 1 "75 mill.
Whydah, W. Africa.
C. CARINATA, H. Adams. PL 32, fig. 71.
Widely umbilicated, solid, with regular, angular spiral carin?e>
the interstices radiately sculptured; whorls 4, convex, rapidly in-
creasing, the last dilated in front; aperture subcirciilar, peristome
thickened, subcoutinuous. Diam. 2'5 mill.
Persian Gulf.
C. ciNGULiFERA, A. Ad. PI. 32, figs. 72, 73.
Widely, flatly umbilicated, depressed, whorls rapidly increasing,
the last encircled by six prominent, very sharp ribs; peristome ex-
ternally fluted. Diam. 3*5 mill.
Philippines, Japan.
C. Tatei, Angas. PI. 32, figs. 74, 74a.
Widely, deeply umbilicated, moderately thin, shining, pearly
white, microscopically striated; whorls 4, rounded, flattened and
slightly excavated next below the suture, with one, or sometimes
two, narrow thread-like keels at the upper part, and strongly keeled
round the umbilical region, suture distinct; aperture subcircular,
lip simple. Diam. 2*5 mill.
South Australia.
" The above is the normal condition of the species ; but examples
occur which are thinner and have a greater number of keels, some-
times as many as seven or eight. At first I was inclined to regard
the many-keeled variety as specifically distinct; but on the examina-
tion of a large series by Professor Tate, he assures me that the
number of keels varies so greatly that it would be impossible to
separate them. The thin hyaline examples with many keels are
probably younger shells."
94 CYCLOSTREMA.
I have figured both the illustrations given by IMr. Angas. If his
above remarks be well-founded, which I am very willing to believe,
several species herein described, and which are principally distin-
guished by the number of revolving riblets will need to be suppressed ;
that of the inconoclast himself will be deservedly lost in the general
ruin which he has caused.
C. TORNATA, A. Ad. PI. 32, figs. 75, 76.
Rather narrowly umbilicated, depressed-subglobose, spire slightly
elevated; whorls slowly increasing, rounded, spirally six-ribbed;
aperture rounded. Diam. 4'5 mill.
Japan.
C. SULCATA, A. Adams. PI. 32, figs. 77, 78.
Umbilicus very wide, grooved, spire convexly depressed, whorls
regularly spirally sulcated, the last broad, aperture nearly rounded.
Diam. 4 mill. Pldlippines, Jajxin.
C. EXiGUA, Phil. PI. 32, figs. 79, 80.
Rather widely umbilicated, subdiscoidal, with radiating riblets
fimbriating four spiral carini?e. Diam. 2"3 mill.
Aden, Arabia.
C. Watsoni, Try on. PI. 32, figs. 81, 82.
Widely umbilicated, rather depressed, with a narrow, concave
shoulder on the whorls, periphery rounded, umbilicus broadly funnel-
shaped, bordered by a thread-like carina, with another within it;
Avhite, under a slightly mottled or longitudinally banded smoky
brown membranous, epidermis ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing.
Diam. 28 mill. Off Per mimbuco, Brazil; 675 fms.
This is C. sulcata, Watson ; preoccupied b^ A. Adams.
C. CONIOA, Watson. PI. 33, figs. 83.
Narrowly umbilicated, conical, with about 17 longitudinal lamellie,
the interstices spirally striate, white, suture well-impressed : whorls
42 , well-rounded, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peristome con-
tinuous, but not solute. Diam. Vb mill.
Off Peniamhuco ; 350 fms.
Looks more like a Scalaria than a Cyclostrema.
CYCLOSTREMA. 95'
Unfigured species, described as Cyclostrema.
C. FLUCTUATA, Huttoii. = TurbinidcB.
C. IMMACULATA, aud C. SPINOSA, Teiiison-AVoods. Tasmania.
C. MODESTA, Gould. Hong Kong..
This has been referred to C. micans, A. Ad. but the description
does not agree.
C. PENTEGONiosTOMA, Carpenter. Red Sea.
C. Carbonnieri, Jousseaume. Aden.
C. Harriett.^;, and C. micra, Petterd. Tasmania.
C. JoHNSTONi and C. Brunxiensis, Beddonie, Tasmania.
C. CONSPICUA, and C. depressa, Monts. Mediterranean.
Section Tubiola, A. Ad. 1864.
C. coRNUELLA, A. Ad. PL 33, fig. 14, 15.
Widely unibilicated, depressed turbinate, smooth, spire somewhat
elevated, whorls rounded, rapidly increasing, the last large, aperture
rounded. Diam. 2 mill. Jajxin.
Is possibly a Skeuea.
C. JosEPHi, Tenison- Woods. PL 33, fig. 9.
Widely unibilicated, obliquely turbinate, thick, white, opaque,
maculated with very pale chestnut ; whorls 5, rounded, closely
spirally striate ; peristome thick, posteriorly produced.
Diam. 3 mill. Tasmania.
C. 8USONIS, Tenison-Woods. PL 33, fig. 10.
Widely unibilicated, depressed, translucent white, polished, spire
slightly exserted, whorls 4, rounded, aperture simple, orbicular.
Diam. 1'5 mill. N. coast of Tasmania.
C. Weldii, Tenison- Woods. PL 33, fig. 11.
Moderately unibilicated, umbilicus margined, depressed turbinate,
somewhat translucent, thin, shining, smooth, with faint growth striae,
whitish; whorls 6, depressed convex; aperture rounded, everted
posteriorly. Diam. 2 mill.
Long Bay, Tasmania.
C, MICRA, Tenison-Woods. PL 33, fig. 13.
Perspectively unibilicated, turbinate, minute, polished, white;
whorls 5, rounded, with deep suture ; peristome simple, acute.
Diam. 1"5 mill. Long Bay, Tasmania.
96 CYCLOSTEEMA.
C. DivisA, Adams. PI. 33, figs. 87, 88.
Widely umbilicated, turbinate, spire elevated, with obtuse ajDex,
white ; whorls 3, rouuded, last whorl obliquely descending, becoming
free ; aperture obliquely ovate. Diam. 4 mill. Euroj^e.
C. serpuloides, Mtg. is a synonym,
C. NivEA, A. Ad. PI. 33, figs. 89, 90.
Widely umbilicated, obliquely semiglobose, convex above, some-
what flattened below, spire slightly elevated, whorls rapidly increas-
ing, aperture large, obliquely ovate. Diam. 5 mill.
Japan.
Adams very curiously publishes this as Chemnitz's nivea, and
says that it is exactly similar to the figures in the "Couehylieu
Cabinet." The latter, is however, not being binomial, a synonym of
C. IcBvis, Kiener, and neither agrees with the description nor the
figures published by Adams (which I copy).
C. RUGULOSA, Jeffreys. PI. 33, figs. 91, 92.
Narrowly umbilicated, pellucid, yellowish white, with short,
obtuse spire, smooth, microscopically rugulose and spirally striate;
Avhorls 3, convex, the last large, suture well-impressed.
Diam. 1'3 mill.
Norway, Mediterranean, New England (Verrill).
C. BAsiSTRiATA, Bruguone. PI. 33, figs. 93, 94.
Narrowly umbilicated, shining, smooth; whorls 4?, tumid, with
deep suture, rapidly increasing, base with oblique, arcuate stripe
running into the umbilicus. Diam. 2"2.5 mill.
Spitzbergen to Drobak; 50-1 333 /ms. Fossil, Italian plioiene.
The strise sometimes extend over the whole shell, this state being
C. profundnm, Friele; C. striolatum Sars ms., is another synonym.
C. MiNUTUM, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 95.
Perforate, thin, transparent, polished, Avhite; whorls 3, convex,
ra])idly increasing; peristome continuous, partly appressed.
Diam. 62 mill. Mediterranean Sea.
C. CuTLERiANA, Clark. PI. 33, fig. 96.
Narrowly umbilicated, depressed globose, spirally striate, Avhite,
whorls convex, rapidly increasing, suture deeply excavated.
Diam. 2 mill. Europe.
Helicella mutabilis, Costa, is a synonym.
CYCLOSTREMA.
§7
C. NiTENs, Phil. PI. 88, fig. 97.
Narrowly umbilicated, more depressed and thicker, more glossy
than the preceding species; there are a few indistinct grooves on the
upper part of the umbilicus, otherwise the surface is smooth and
polished. Diam. 87 mill. Euroj)e.
Margarita pusilla, Jeffreys is a synonym.
Var. Alderi, JefiTreys.
Shell thinner and more transparent. Skenea Icevis, Forbes and
Hanley is possibly identical.
C. TROCHOiDES, Jeffi'eys. PL 33, figs. 98, 99.
Perforate, somewhat solid, white, opaque, smooth, shining, base
sometimes with a few faint oblique, curved lines; whorls 4, convex,
with deep suture; columellar lip vertical, forming a slight angle
with the outer lip at their junction. Diam. 2 mill.
• Norway.
It is C. Peterseni, Friele.
C. Dalli, Verrill. PL 33, fig. 100.
Umbilicus imperforate or narrowly rimate, yellowish white, smooth
except for minute grooth-lines; whorls 3 i, rapidly enlarging, well
rounded, with deep suture, base with seven or eight spiral incised
lines. Diam. 2*25 mill.
Off N. England Coast.
It is C. troehoides, Verrill, not Jeffreys.
Var. ORNATUM, Verrill. PL 33, fig. 1.
Spiral lines of the base crossed by thin, impressed, oblique lines.
C. BiTHYNOiDES, Jeffi'eys. PL 33, fig. 23.
Narrowly umbilicated, thin, the fine growth lines crossed by
microscopic close-set spiral strife, giving the surface a frosted appear-
ance, whitish; whorls 3?, rapidly increasing, the last tumid; peri-
stome continuous, but partly adnate. Diam. 1"25, alt. 1'66 mill.
European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.), Mediterranean.
C. AFFiNis, Jeffreys. PL 33, fig. 5.
Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, semitransparent glossy, with-
out sculpture, white, suture narrow but deep; whorls 4, swollen,
rapidly increasing; periphery simple, acute. Diam. 1'87 mill.
Bay of Biscay, Palermo; 103-913 /)us.
98 CYCLOSTREMA.
C. PROxiMA, Tryon. PL 33, fig. 4.
Narrowly umbilicated, faintly striate, with a few indistinct spiral
lines below tlie sutnre, and numerous well defined ones on the base,
around the umbilicus the inferior strife stronger, surface smooth,
greyish white, suture impressed, whorls very convex, rapidly in-
creasing; periphery round, thin, slightly in contact.
Diam. 2-2 mill. Off New England Coast; S-iZ fms.
Said to be closely allied to C basistriata, Brugnone. Described
by Prof. Verrill as C. afflnis, preoccuj)ied by Jeffreys for the pre-
ceding species.
C. TENERA, Jeffreys. PI. 33, fig. 6.
Narrowly umbilicated, thin, semitransparent, lustreless, with
nearly microscopic spiral stride, which are wanting on the base and
replaced by a rugose or fretted appearance, pale yellowish white,
with a faint greenish tinge, suture very deep; whorls 4, convex;
mouth circular, peristome thin, slightly expanded. Diam. 2*5 mill.
European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)
C. siMiLis, Jeffreys. PI. 33, fig. 7.
Moderately umbilicated, depressed turbinate, rather thin, glossy,
opaque, without sculpture; whorls 42, convex, rapidly increasing,
suture wide and deep; mouth nearly circular, slightly appressed,
peristome thin. Diam. 1"25 mill.
European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)
C. Valvatoides, Jeffreys. PI. 33, fig. 8.
Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, opaque, glossy, with a few'
irregular growth-lines, yellowish white, spire with rather flattened
apex, suture deep ; whorls 4, well-rounded ; peristome considerably
expanded. Diam. 3'12 mill.
European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)
C. sph^roides, S. Wood. PI. 32, fig. 69.
Narrowly umbilicated, white, spirally costate; whorls three, rapidly
increasing, suture deep. Diam. 1*25 mill.
Bay of Biscay^
Described as a fossil of the Crag, Sutton, England, and said to
be nacreous in the original diagnosis.
CYCLOSTREMA. 99
C. TUBERCULOSA, d'Oi'b. PI. 35, fig. 65a.
Narrowly umbilicated, thick, white, with six tuberculated spiral
ribs ; whorls 4, convex, the last large ; aperture x'ounded, peristome
thick, externally tuberculated. Diam. 2 mill.
Cuba.
Section Daronia, A. Adams. 1864.
C. CYCLOTINA, A. Ad. PI. 33, fig. 16.
Umbilicus lai'ge, flat within, surface smooth, spire flat, last whorl
rapidly increasing, not contiguous, aperture subangular above.
Diam. 4 mill. Japan.
C. suBEXCAVATA, Tryon. PI. 33, figs. 17, IS.
Umbilicus wide, perspective, shallow, whitish under a yellowish
brown, membranous epidermis, spire scarcely raised, suture broadly,
angularly impressed, a little below the suture there is a bluntly
angulated spiral keel, and on the middle of the base, towards the
mouth there is another keel; whorls 4, rather slowly increasing,
until the last, which is rather large ; mouth a little oblique, peristome
simple, thin. Diam. 2'15 mill.
Off Cidebra IsL, W. Indies; 390 >s.
Described by Watson as C. excavata, preoccuj^ied by Carpenter.
C. CATENOIDES, Monts. PI. 34, figs. 20, 21.
Widely umbilicated, closely spirally striated throughout, with
several spiral chain-like lines on the base, whorls convex, regularly
increasing. Diam. 1"25 mill.
Harbor of Civita Vecchia, Italy.
C. sEMisuLCATA, Issel. PI. 34, fig. 22.
Widely umbilicated, subpellucid, shining, closely spirally sulcate
above, smooth below; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, convex; peris-
tome simple, acute, margin interrupted. Diam. 3 mill.
Red Sea.
C. OCTOLYRATA, Carpenter. PL 34, figs. 24, 23.
Widely umbilicated, with eight spiral lirie covering the last whorl;
whorls Si, convex, regularly increasing; peristome thin, modified
by the lirse. Diam. 1"75 mill. Bed Sea.
The figure is from a shell identified by Issel with Carpenter's
description.
100 CYCLOSTEEMA-VITRINELLA.
C. SPIRULA, A. Ad. PL 84, figs. 25, 26.
Very widely umhilicated, planorbular, spire excavated, whorls
rapidly increasing, spirally striated, with a sloping, smooth sutural
margin, last whorl becoming disjointed; ajicrture large, round, outer
margin of periphery crenate. Dimensions not stated.
Philipjnnes.
C. suBDisjuNCTA, H. Adams. PI. 34, fig. 27.
Widely umbilicated, spire somewhat elevated, suture deep, white,
subpellucid, with numerous spiral riblets, the interstices very mi-
nutely longitudinally striate ; whorls 82, rounded, rapidly increasing,
the last solute and descending in front; peristome continuous, simple.
Diam. 10 mill. Ceylon.
Subgenus Tharsis, Jeffreys, 1883.
C. RoMETTENSis, Segucuza. PL 34, fig. 28,
Imperforate, solid, polished, white; whorls somewhat convex, with
well-impressed suture; aperture round, peristome simple, continuous,
but slightly appressed, columellar margin callously reflected over
the umbilicus. Diam. 2* 25 mill.
European Atlantic, Mediterranean.
Subgenus Ganesa, Jeffreys, 1883.
C. nitidiuscula, Jeffreys. PL 34, fig. 29.
Rimate, opaque, rather glossy, with remote, flexuous growth strife,
peristome sharp, simple, interrupted by the parietal wall.
Diam. 3*12 mill.
Between the Hebrides and Faroe Is., 570 fnis.
C. PRUINOSA, Jeffreys. PL 34, fig. 30.
Narrowly rimate, semitransparent, frosted by minute numerous
white tubercles, which are partly embedded in the substance of the
shell, on one specimen there are slight spiral lines l)elow the suture;
whorls 4, swollen, rapidly increasing, snture deep.
Diam. 3-75 mill.
European Atlantic (Porcupine Exped.)
Genus VITRINELLA, C. B. Adams, 1850.
As stated under the generic description, this is probably a group
of heterogeneous shells, many of which might be referred to other
genera. The resemblance of the following species described by
Garrett to Cyclostrejna and Daronia is striking.
VITRINELLA. 101
V. PURA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 31.
Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, smooth, shining, Avhite, with
faint microscopic growth-lines; w^horls 4, flatly convex, rapidly in-
creasing, the last large, rounded, slightly deflected in front, base
somewhat angular near the umbilicus, suture channeled, umbilicus
spirally grooved; peristome rather thick, nearly continuous.
Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is.
V. LiRiciNCTA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 32.
Widely umbilicated, hyaline, white, shining; whorls 4, convex,
rapidly increasing, the last encircled by from 9 to 11 ridges, most
crowded on the base, suture linear, lunbilicus spirally ridged ; peri-
stome nearly continuous. Diam. 1"5 mill.
Viti Is.
V. ciELATA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 33.
Narr"owly uml)ilicated, vitreous, shining, subpellucid, white;
whorls 3i', angular, the last one trigonal, angles slightly carinate,
crossed by small closely-set, rounded, slightly flexuous ribs; peri-
stome thick, continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is.
V. NODOSA, Garrett. PL 34, fig. 34.
Umbilicus large, crenulated, shell discoidal, with flat spire; whorls
Si, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, subtrigonal, trans-
versely nodose, crossed by crowded thin elevated stride; peristome
nearly continuous. Diam. 2 mill. Viti Is.
V. PoNCELiANA, Foliu. PL 34, fig. 35.
Moderately umbilicated, very minute, discoidal, thin, hyaline,
pellucid ; whorls 4, the last large, Avith thin spiral ridges, the inter-
stices radiately striate, suture subimpressed ; peristome simple, nearly
continuous. Diam. 2 mill.
Bay of Panama.
V. PARVA, C. B. Adams. PL 34, fig. 36.
Narrowly umbilicated, white, with numerous stout, prominent
transverse ribs; whorls 3l', the last very large with a spiral ridge
above and another below the periphery; aperture very oblique, lip
slightly thickened. Diam. 1"2 mill.
Panama— Mazatlan.
V. dathrata, Carp, is a synonym.
102 VITRINELLA.
V. DECUSSATA, Cpr. PL 34, fig. 37.
Moderately urabilicated, turbiniform, thiu, porcellanous, white;
whorls 4:i, rounded, the last with about 15 spiral ridges, decussated
by more or less distant radiating strise; peristome continuous in the
adult. Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan.
V. MONiLE, Carp. PI. 34. fig. 38.
Narrowly umbilicated, subelevated, heliciform, diaphanous, white;
whorls 4j, very minutely decussately striate on the last whorl, the
spiral lines being about twenty in number; peristome continuous,
sinuous as in lanthina. Diam. 1*3 mill. Mazatlan.
The decussating sculpture enters the umbilicus; the interstitial
spaces are suboval, punctate, appearing (in a favorable light) like
rows of pearl necklaces.
V. suBQUADRATA, Carp. PI. 34, fig. 39.
Widely umbilicated, subhyaline white, smooth, shining, discoidal
planate, whorls 4, sometimes striate at the suture, the last whorl
subangulated near the umbilicus and below the periphery; aperture
subquadrate, lip sinuated at the suture and in the middle.
Diam. 1 mill. Mazatlan.
V. HELicoiDEA, C. B. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 40, 41.
Widely umbilicated, discoidal, white, opaque or translucent, with
an impressed sutural line, and transverse unequal stride, spire convex,
scarcely elevated ; whorls 4, subcouvex, the sutui'e scarcely impressed;
peristome subthickened; umbilicus defined by a spiral angle.
Diam. TST mill. Jamaica.
V. STRIATA, d'Orb. PI. 34, figs. 42, 43.
Narrowly umbilicated, translucent, whitish, spirally striate; aj^er-
ture oblique, peristome slightly thickened, slightly sinuous; pe-
riphery subangulated. Diam. 1 mill. Cuba.
V. AXOMALA, d'Orb. PL 34, figs. 44, 45.
Umbilicated, subdiscoidal, translucent, smooth, whitish; whorls 5,
flatly convex, periphery subangulated; peristome slightly thickened.
Diam. 2 mill. Cuba.
JJnfigured Species.
Neither Adams nor Carpenter figured any of the numerous species
described by them. I have been able to illustrate a few of the
species of both authors, by drawings from authentic specimens; many
VITRINELLA-TEIXOSTOMA. 103
of the others might be identified in the type collections of these
authors, but tlie labor and expense attending such an investigation
Avould scarcely be repaid by the result. The paucity of material
and minuteness of the species must prevent satisfactory conclusions,
most of the descriptions being based upon dead specimens, unique
or few in number.
V. Panamensis, V. coNcmNA, V. Janus, V. modesta, V, semi-
NUDA, V. TRicAKiNATA, C. B. Adams. Panama.
V. ExiGUA, C. B. Ad. (V. TEiGONATA, Cpr. a synonym).
Fanama-Mazatla7i.
V. HYALINA, V. INTERRUPTA, V. TiNCTA, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
V. MEGA8TOMA, C. B. Ad. (?= Ethalia). Jamaica.
V. REGULARIS, V. VALVATOIDES, V. MINUTA, C. B. Ad. (?=Ethalia).
Panama.
V. MONILIFERA, V. LIRULATA, Y. BIFILATA, V. BIFRONTIA, V.
CORONATA, V. ANNULATA, V. CINCTA, V. CARINULATA, V. NATI-
COIDES, V. PLANOSPERATA, V. ORBIS, Y. TENUISCULPTA, Y. SPI-
RULoiDES, Y. ORNATA, Carpenter. Mazatlan.
Y. PERPARVA, C. B. Ad. and var. nodosa. Carp.
Panama— Mazathm.
Genus TEINOSTOMA, H. and A. Adams, 1853.
T. POLITUM, A. Ad. PI. 34, figs. 46, 47.
!Much depressed, flattened above, polished, white, periphery sub-
angulated, peristome thickened above and below. Diam. 7"5 mill.
Philippines.
T. Carpentert, a. Ad. PI. 35, figs.- 52, 53.
Much depressed; spire nearly covered by a callous deposit, only
exposing the apex, last whorl flattened, periphery faintly angulated,
umbilical callus rounded. Diam. 2"75 mill.
Gulf of Pechili.
T. coNCENTRicuM, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 54, 55.
Depressed convex, finely spirally striate, white, body whorl round-
ed at the periphery, aperture transversely ovate.
Diam. 2'75 mill. Takano-Sima, Japan.
T. RADiATUM, A. Ad. PL 35, figs. 56, 57.
Depressed orbicular, convex above, somewhat flattened on the
base, periphery rounded, ridged by strong growth-lines, peristome
callously projecting above, basal callus somewhat excavated.
Diam. 3 mill. Kino-0-Sima, Japan.
104 TEINOSTOMA.
T. PUNCTATTTM, Jousseauiiie. PL 3-4, figs. 48, 49.
Depressed convex, solid, subtrauslucent, yellowish white, more
flattened below, umbilicns almost covered, surface covered *by mi-
croscopic, close granular spiral stride, more apparent at the suture
and around the umbilicus. Diam. 2'o mill.
Prince's Isl. W. Africa.
T. MoRLiERi, Jousseaume. PI. 34, figs. 50, 51.
Subopaque, milk-white, slightly convex above, nearly flat lieloAv,
umbilicus almost completely covered, suture narrow-margined^
surface microscopically spirally striate. Diam. 3'5 mill.
Martinique.
In this species the heavy umbilical callus joins at a somewhat
acute angle with the cclumellar lij), of which it is an extension, the
angle forming a pit.
T. LUCiDUM, A. Adams. PI. 35, figs. 58, 59.
Depressed orbicular, smooth, white, spire enveloped with callus,
umbilicus covered by a heavy, convex callous deposit, aperture a
little oblique. Diam. 1"5 mill. Japan.
T. AMPLECTANS, Carpenter. PI. 35, figs. 60, (U.
Depressed-convex, white, whorls very rapidly increasing, spire
small, last whorl large, oblique, periphery subangulated, aperture
subtriangular, umbilical region covered by a large callus.
Diam. 2"5 mill. Mazatlan.
T. SUBSTEIATUM, Carp. PI. 35, figs. 62, 63.
Shining, smooth, white, very minutely impressly striated near the
suture, callus strong,convex, narrow, coiling round the umbilical
fissure, lip thick. Diam. 2 mill. Mazatlan.
T. DiAPHANUM, d'Orb. PI. 35, figs. 64, 65. .
Depressed orbicular, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, smooth, shining,
white, umbilicus slightly callous, whorls convex, rather slowly in-
creasing. Diam. 1'5 mill.
St. Thomas, W. I.
T. CARiNATUM, d'Orb. PI. 35, figs. 66, 67.
Depressed convex, lenticular, periphery strongly carinated, the
carina forming a sutural margin above, smooth, thin, dia})hanous
white, umbilicus minutely callous. Diam. 1"5 mill.
St. Thomas, W. L
TEINOSTOMA. 105
T. soLiDUM, E. A. Smith. PI. 35, fig. 68.
Shell solid, small, light fulvous, smooth ; whorls 4, rapidl}' increas-
ing, the last smooth above, base flattened, with three exterior sjiiral
sulci, umbilical region callous ; peristome receding at the base.
Diam. 3-3 mill. Whydah, W. Africa.
Unfigured Species.
T. Carbonnieri, T, Deschampse, T. rhinoceras, Jousseaume.
Aden.
Section Calceolina, A. Ad. 1863.
T. pusiLLUM, C. B. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 69, 70.
Orbicular-depressed, very minutely striated, suture impressed,
last whorl large, aperture widely lunate, columellar lip septiform,
with straight margin, whence a wide callus spreads over the umbili-
cus. Diam. 1*5 mill.
Jamaica, Jajxm (A. Adams).
This species, figured from Japanese S2:)ecimens, is said by A-
Adams to be identical with the above named Jamaica species; I
have no means of verifying this. T. anomalum, H. and A. Adams is
a synonym.
Subgenus Pseudorotella, Fischer, 1857.
T. semistriata, d'Orb. PI. 35, figs. 71-73.
Orbicularly depressed, thin, diaphanous whitish, closely, minutely
spirally striate above, smooth below, with a somewhat flat, shining,
transparent umbilical callus; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly in-
creasing, peristome thickened. Diam. 1*5 mill.
Cuba.
Subgenus Discopsis, Folin, 1869.
T. OMALOs, Folin. PI. 35, fig. 74.
Shell much depressed, disk-like, thin, diaphanous, vitreous, shin-
ing, almost plane above; whorls 3, rapidly increasing, the last whorl
spirally tri-lirate, widely cristate at the periphery, base slightly con-
vex, umbilicated, aperture large, oblique, subti'iangular, peristome
acute, left margin a little reflected, separating into a thickened
tongue-like projection at the base. Diam. 1"7 mill.
Pointe a Pitre, Guadeloupe, W. I.
106 TEINOSTOMA.
T. cosTu LATUM, Foliii. PI. 35, fig. 75.
Deeply uiubilicated, depressed, disk-like, very slightly convex
above, subplauate below, vitreous, whitish, lougitudiually minutely
costulate, above the base these are decussated by a spiral thread ;
whorls 3, rapidly increasing, base with cord below the periphery ;
aperture oblique, subcordiform, margins subacute, joined by an
oblique channel above the penultimate whorl. Diam. 2 mill.
Cape Sta. Anne, W. Africa.
Subgenus Leucorhynchia, Crosse, 1867.
T. Caledonicum, Crosse. PI. 35, figs. 85, ^Q.
Subdiscoidal, slightly convex above and below, polished, shining,
whitish; whorls 3, flattened, rapidly increasing, periphery carinate;
peristome continuous, simple, thickened at the base and produced
into a tongue-like callus past the umbilicus, leaving a perforation
between it and the columellar wall. Diam. 3 mill.
New Caledonia.
T. Crossei, Tryon. PI. 35, figs, ^a, 866.
Diflfers from the above in having a rounded periphery ; surface
polished, without a trace of strife. Diam. 3 mill.
Singaj)ore, (Archer).
Subgenus Microtheca, A. Ad. 1863.
T. crenelliferum, a. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 76, 77.
Thick, globose, broadly umbilicated, longitudinally, somewhat
obliquely plicate, whorls crenulated at the channeled suture, umbuli-
cus Avith a crenulated marginal angle, peristome thick.
Diam. 3'5 mill. Japan.
Subgenus Morchia, A. Adams, 1860.
T. OBvoLUTA, A. Ad. PI. 35, figs. 78, 79.
Obliquely ovate, laterally compressed, last whorl angular above
and below, the spire depressed, umbilicus wide, its margin suban-
gulate, aperture obliquely ovate, j^eristome thick, continuous.
Diam. 3-5 mill.
Japan.
T. jMoreleti, Fischer. PI. 35, figs. 80-82.
Depressed, whitish, whorls 4, the first ones obliquely immersed,
the last embracing, obliquely flattened with a tuberculate-crenate
TEINOSTOMA. 107
peripheral carina, prominent and crenate at the sntnre, base flattened,
widely umbilicated, the umbilicus bordered by a crenate angle ;
aperture horizontal, subbasal, peristome thickened, duplicate, con-
tinuous, callously reflected. Diam. 2 mill.
CJihia Sea.
A bizarre affair, which differs widely in ajDpearance from the type
of the group.
T. BiPLicATA, Fischer.
Like the preceding species, but smaller, more convex above, and
concave below, last whorl radiately ribbed, carinated below, ribs
paired, uniting in a pre-sutural tubercle. Diam. 1'75 mill.
China Sea.
Unfigured.
Subgenus Cirsonella, Angas, 1877.
T. AUSTRALE, Angas. PI. 35, figs. 83, 84.
Globosely turbinate, narrowly umbilicated, semi-opaque, smooth,
shining, white ; whorls 4, convex ; the last large, rounded at the
periphery; aperture circular, 2:)eristome continuous, slightly thick-
ened on the columellar margin. Diam. 2 mill.
Botany Bay, JV. S. Wales, Australia.
Subgenus Haplocochlias, Carpenter, 1864.
T. CYCLOPHOREus, Carp.
Compact, small, solid, whitish or light yellowish ; whorls 5, rap-
idly enlarging, suture impressed ; very minutely spirally striate,
shining ; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thickened, varicose
exteriorly, inner lips distinct; umbilicated in the juvenile, adult
rimate. Diam. 5 mill.
Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.
Subgenus Cynisca, H. and A. Adams, 1854.
T. GRANUEATUM, A. Adauis.
Orbicularly depressed, widely umbilicated, white, with granular
:spiral ribs, last whorl rounded, umbilicus patulous, perspective, cal-
lously margined, aperture rounded, columella sinuate, lip thickened
within, subcrenulated.
Philijjpines.
No dimensions or figure.
T. Japonica; A. Ad. Unfigured. Japan.
This is said to = Collonia p)ihda. Danker.
108 LIOTIA.
Family LIOTIIDjE.
Genus LIOTIA, Gray, 1842.
L. scALAROiDEs, Keeve. PI. 36, fig. 87.
Subglobose, white, stained with chestnut, with seven distant oblique
varices, crossed by a few raised spiral stride, umbilicus moderate, with
angular mai'gin, interior of aperture salmon-colored. Diam. 15 mill.
Phili^ypines.
L. DEPRESSA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 88.
Flatly rounded, spire remarkably depressed, last whorl somewhat
shouldered, distantly obliquely costate. with distant s})iral ribs, the
intersections subspinous or nodose, interstices punctate in spiral
series. Diam. 21 mill. Phil'qjpmes.
L. VARicosA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 89.
Angularly globose, with longitudinal thick varices, rendered nod-
ulous by the crossing of spiral liri^e, interstices punctate.
Diam. 18 mill.
Philippines.
L. ciDARis, Reeve. PI. 86, fig. 90.
Depressed globose, solid, rounded, with broad varices and rather
wider interspaces, crossed by spiral ribs, of which two median ones
are more prominent, lower part of the iDody whorl deeply punctate.
Diam. 21 mill. Philippines.
L. Peronii, Kiener. PL 36, figs. 91, 92.
Shell shouldered, radiately distinctly ribbed to the shoulder, be-
low which they become obsolete, with a spiral rib forming the
shoulder and another just below it, tooth somewhat tubercular, and
numerous small elevated spiral lirse, becoming granular below, be-
tween the lirse are minute punctations, and a row of large, deep pits
revolves around the base, outer lip strongly, crenulately varicose.
Diam. 12-20 mill.
China, Australia, Philippines, Ilauritiiis, Viti Is.
L. Hermanni, Dunker is a synonym.
L. CRAssiBAsis, E. A. Smith. PI. 36, fig. 94.
Solid, umbilicated, smooth ; whorls 4, plane above, scarcely slop-
ing, bicarinate, radiately ribbed, and spirally lirate, base produced
and greatly thickened, forming a very thick basal lip.
Diam. 14 mill. Hah. unknown.
LIOTIA. 109
L. CLATHRATA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 95.
Somewhat discoidal, with rounded whorls, regularly latticed hj
equidistant spiral and longitudinal ridges, the former more prom-
inent, lip varicose, umbilicus very large. Diam. 12 mill.
Philippines, A ustrcdia.
L. GRANULOSA, Dunker. PI. 30, fig. 96.
Depressed subglobose, with rounded whorls, with spiral riblets,
which above are granular, umbilicus wide ; whitish or rosy, some-
times w^iite with the ribs colored. Diam. 6*4 mill.
Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius
It is Monilea spuria, of Gould.
T. SEMiCLATHRATULA, Schrenck. PI. 36, figs. 98-100.
Dej^ressed turbinate, whitish, spirally costate, the costpe slightly
tuberculate above, suture channeled, lip crenately varicose, umbili-
cus large, bicarinate within, crenulately margined.
Diam. 6'25 mill.
Amur region, E. Asia.
L. FENESTRATA, Carp. PI. 36, fig. 97.
Depressed, clathrate by equidistant spiral and radiating riblets,
with deep interstices, sculpture terminating with a spiral ridge sur-
rounding the rather wide, deep umbilicus. Diam. 4*5 mill.
Catalina IsL, California.
L. ACUTicosTATA, Carp. PI. 36, fig. 1.
Turbinate, with revolving riblets, which are more or less nodose
above, imperforate. Diam. 4 mill.
Catalina IsL, California.
L. CANCELLATA, Gray. PI. 36, fig. 2.
Turbinate, whorls convex, regularly latticed with equidistant
spiral and longitudinal ribs, umbilicus moderate, defined by a spiral
rib. Diam. 5 mill.
Cohija, Peru.
L. Cobijensis, Reeve is a synonym.
Has the sculpture and umbilicus of L. fenestrata. Carp., but is
more elevated.
L. DiscoiDEA, Reeve. PI. 36, fig. 3.
Discoidal, with flattened spire, periphery with two prominent
ribs, connected by lattices which subspinously project, surface Avith
clathrate ridges, the interstices of which are finely striated.
Philippines.
No dimensions are given, but the figure is said to be magnified.
110 LIOTIA.
L. Angasi, Crosse. PI. 36, fig. 4.
Moderately umbilicated, strong, solid, light brownish or greyish,
with abont five strong revolving series of rounded tubercles, the last
defining the umbilicus, peristome tubercularly varicose.
Diam. 8 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.
L. sPECiosA, Angas. PI. 36, figs. 5, 7, 8.
Rather solid, depressly orbicular, pale brown, with three prom-
inent spiral ribs, and longitudinally finely, distantly plicate, the
intersections nodose, suture excavated, umbilicus moderate, encircled
by a rib, its walls decussated with concentric and radiating striae,
outer lip a little thickened, with continuous peristome.
Diam. 2 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.
Notwithstanding some differences in the descriptions, I think this
will prove synonymous with the preceding species.
L. Gowllandi, Brazier (figs. 7, 8) appears to me to be synomymous,
judging from description and figure. Mr. Brazier states that it ap-
proaches closely to L. speciosa, but does not give distinctive charac-
ters. It comes from Percy Isl., N. E. coast of Australia.
L. ASTERiscus, Gould. PI. 36, fig. 6.
Solid, brownish white, with about twenty radiating ribs, cut by a
subsutural sulcus, another at the periphery and a third around the
moderate umbilicus; whorls 4, convex, very minutely spirally
striate. Diam. 1*5 mill.
Hong Kong.
Figured from a type specimen. Too close to the two preceding
species.
L. siDEREA, Reeve. PL 36, fig. 10.
Depressed turbinate, with three prominent spiral ribs on the mid-
dle of the body whorl, and smaller ones above and below them,
crossed by distant, sharp longitudinal ribs, forming nodosely spin-
ous intersections, suture deeply channeled, umbilicus very wide,
perspective.
Philippines.
The peculiarity of the species is its star-like projection of tubercles
on the periphery of the whorls. The figure is enlarged, and dimen-
sions not oiven.
LIOTIA. Ill
L. BELLULA, H. Adams. PL 3G, fig-. 11.
Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish, cancellated by dis-
tant longitudinal and spiral sculpture, suture crenulated ; whorls
Si, tabulate above, the last crenulately, carinate at the periphery and
on the base ; umbilicus scalariform, with a marginal crenulated rib,
and another interior rib. Diam. 2'5 mill.
Persian Gulf.
L. KiENERi, Phil. PI. 36, fig. 14.
Planorbiform, encircled b> three distant, sharp ribs on the middle
of the last whorl, and smaller ones above and below them, clathrate
by distant, sharp radiating ridges, the intersections nodosely spinous,
umbilicus very wide, perspective. Diam. 10 mill.
St. Thomas, W. I. (Swift), Philippines (Cuming).
Described by Kiener as L. cancellata, preoccuj^ied by Gray.
L. AKNULATA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 36, fig. 20.
Planorbiform, opa(}ue white, flattened above, rounded below, with
somewhat distant longitudinal lamellse, above and l)elow, otherwise
smooth, umbilicus wide. Diam. 1'5 mill.
Blackman's Bay, Tasmania.
One of the ring-like lamellae forms the ])eristome.
Section Arene, H. and A. Adams, 1854.
L. RADiATA, Kiener. PI. 36, fig. 9.
Subtrochiform, spire exserted, with deep suture, periphery strongly
carinate, with scale-like spines, radiately striate, one or more tuber-
culate or shortly spinose cinguli below the periphery ; base gran-
ularly concentrically striate, umbilicus large, encircled by two or
three granular riblets, white, with radiating red strigations.
Diam. 12-15 mill.
West Indies.
The locality " Indian Seas " given by Kiener, is very questionable.
L. CRENATA, Kiener. PI. 36, figs. 12, 13.
Depressed turbinated, spire whorls somewhat exserted, all showing
a pair of peripheral keels, which are strongly, or subsi^inosely cren-
ulated, whorls encircled by a spiral series of granules above, base
smooth, umbilicus moderate, defined by a riblet ; peristome strongly
crenately varicose; whitish stained with chestnut. Diam. 15 mill.
Philiiypines (Cuming).
112 LIOTIA.
L. STELLARTS, Ads. 1111(1 Reeve. PL 86, fig. 15.
Discoidal, flat and smooth above, with a spinose periphery, scaly-
spinose and convex beh^w ; whitish, tinged with chestnut.
Diam. 18 mill. Eastern Seas-
L. MURicATA, Reeve. PL 36, figs. 16, 17.
Rather narrowly umbilicated, pale orange yellow, radiated and
spotted with a reddish chestnut, whorls with three scaly-prickly
keels at the periphery, slopingly flattened above, suture excavated,
surface above and below with minutely beaded revolving stride.
Diam. 12-20 mill.
Australia, Philippines.
L. TAMSiANA, Dunker. PL 36, fig. 21.
Moderately umbilicated, whorls with three somewhat distant spiral
tubcrculated ridges, shouldered above, spire exserted, suture excava-
ted, base with less conspicuous series of beaded stride, a stronger one
surrounding the umbilicus ; peristome crenately varicose ; whitish,
distantly rayed with chestnut. Diam. 4 mill.
Pto. Cabello, Venezuela.
Subgenus Liotina, Munier-Chalmas, 1877.
L. australis, Kiener. PL 36, figs. 18, 19.
Rather widely umbilicated, white, whorls rounded, with spiral
riblets and longitudinal stripe, a beaded riblet winds into the umbil-
icus ; peristome varicose, the inner margin produced below and above.
Diam. 14 mill. Australia, Pohjnesia.
This, the only living example of the group, has also been referred
by Mr. A. Adams to Cynisca (p. 107).
Unfigured species of Liotia.
L. daedala and L. tantilla, A. Ad. Japan.
L. PAULLA, Phil. China Sea.
L. LOCULOSA (Loo Choo), L. fulgens (Cape), L. solidula (China)
of Gould.
L. ARMATA, A. Ad. Korea Strait.
L. CARINATA, L. STRiuLATA, L. Adamsi, Carp. Mazatlan.
L. COMPACTA, and L. Lodder^, Petterd. Tasmaiiia.
L. iNCERTA, L. Tasmanica, Tenisou-Woods. Tasmania.
L. PILULA, Dunker (=Collonia), Japan.
? L. Bryareus, Dall. Off Havana, Cuba.
L. Shandi, Hutton (? = Turbo). Neiv Zealand.
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
NERITID/€, ADEORBIID/E, CYCLOSTREMATID/E,
LIOTIID>E.
Abjecta (Adeorbis) C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 257.
= Fossarus abjectus, Ad. Manual ix, 274, . . .86
Achatina (Nerita) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 68, 1855.
= N. nigerrina, Chemn. ....... 23
Aciculata (Neritina) Morch. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 108,
1855, 74
Aculeata (Neritina) Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, p. 3686, . 70
Acuticostata (Liotia) Carp. Second Report 652, 1863, . 109
Adamsi (Neritina) Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova vi, t. 7, figs. 23,
24. = N. dubia, Chemn 44
? xldamsi (Liotia) Carp. Mazat. Cat. 249, . . . .112
Adamsii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Journ. de Conch., 173, t. 10, f.
11, 1857, 84
Adansoniana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 313, . 40
Adeorbis, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. N. Jlist., ix, 530, 1842, . 83
Adspersa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var.) Martens. Kiist.
Conch. Cab., p. 16, t. 2, f. 9-11, 79
A(himbrata (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi, 12, f. 57, . 61
Aequinoxialis (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 355.
^ N. afra, Sowb. 61
Afra (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. III., no. 39, f. 13, ... 61
Africana (Neritina), Parreyss in Hartmann, Gasterp. d.
Sehweitz. 1840, 8, 133. = N. Nilotica, Reeve. . . .51
Africana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc, 198, 1843.
:^^ N. afra, Sowb 61
Affine (Cvclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p. 199,
1)1. 32, f. 15. ■■= C. proxima, Tryon. . . . ,98
AHine (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys, P, Z. S., 1883, p. 92, pi. 19, f.
5, 97
Affinis (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 81, 1855, ... 34
AHinis (Navicella), (Reeve) Gassies. Fauna Conch., Nouv.
Caledon. p, 112, pL 8,f. 15. = N. Bourgainvillei, Reel. . 80
Affiuis (Navicella) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 15, 1856.
= N. Borbonica, var. compressa. Martens. . . . .78
Affiiiis (Navicella), Mousson. Journ. de Conch., 1865, p. 189.
^= N. depressa. Less. . . . , . . , .79
Affinis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 153.
^= N. cariosa. Gray, ........ 75
8 (113)
114
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
Alata (Neritina), Robillard in coll.
=^ N. Mauritii, Less. ........
Alata (Neritina), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, p.
871. -^ N. Nuttallii, Reel
Albescens (Neritina picta Sowb. var.), Miller. Mai. Bliit. 1879,
p. 168, .........
Albicilla (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., Ed. x, p. 778,
Albipunctata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 61, 1855.
= N. fulgnrans, Gmel. ....
75
76
41
4, 19
Brit.
24
Conch., iii.
97
51
8,9.
Guerin's Mag. 1872,
Voy. Astrolabe et
50
8, 75
89
Alderi (Cyclostrema nitens, var.), Jeffreys
289, ' :
Aleppensis (Neritina), Recluz.
= N. Jordani, Sowb. ....
Algira (Neritina), Kiist., Conch. Cab., 1863, t. 3, f.
= N. Nuiuidica, Reel. ....
Alina, Recluz. Rev. Zool., 235, 1842,
Aveolata (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume.
p. 392, t. 19, f. 4, ...
Alveolus (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq
Zelee, v, p. 66, pi. 17, f. 8-10, 1854.
? = N. fulginata. Reeve
Ambigua (Navicella), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 376
= N. tessellata, Lam. ......
Ammonoceras (Cvclostrema), ^4. Adams. Ann. and Mag
Nat. Hist., 1863, P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73
Amoena (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,
1847, p. 238, 42, 43
Amphibia (Nerita), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool., ii, p.
372, pi. 16, f. 1. = Neritina cornea, Linn.
Amphinerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887,
Amplectans (Teinostoma), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 253,
Anaglypta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73, .
Anatensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1851, p. 150.
= N. Guadianensis, Morelet. ......
Anatolica (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 342, 51,52, 53
Angasi (Liotia), Crosse. Journ. de Conch., 343. t. 13, f. 4,
1864,
Angasi (Adeorbis), A. Ad. P. Z. S., 424, t. 37, f. 11, 12
1863,
Angularis (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astralabe et
Zelee., v, p. 61, pi. 16, f. 7-11. = N. planospira, Anton.
Angulata (Cyclostrema), A. Ad. P. Z. S., 44, 1850,
Angulosa (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173
= N. brevispina. Lam., var. ....
Annulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 78, 1855.
= N. chamseleon, Linn. .....
Annulata (Liotia), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.
121, 1877
Annulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 245,
32
81
89
45
18
104
88
49
110
21
92
65
20
111
103
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 115
PAGE.
Anomala (Rotella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 64, t. 18. f. 32-
34. — Vitrinella anomala, d'Orb 102
Anomalum (Teinostoma), H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec.
IVIoll., I, 120. ^ Calceolina pusillum, C. B. Ad. . . 105
Anthracina (Nerita), Busch, in Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neur.
Conch., 7, 22
Autillarum (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3685.
= N. tessellata, Gmel. . . , . . . .24
Antiquata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 106.
:= N. polita, Linn .31
Aperta (Nerita), Budgin ms. Sowb. Cat. coll. Tankerville,
p. 45. •-= Neritina punctulata, Lam. . . . .60
Apiata.(Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 72.
= N. dubia, Chemn., var. ....... 44
Apiata (Navicella), Guillou in Reel., Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 376, 81
Apiata (Navicella), Sowb. Thes. ii, p. 549, pi. 117, f. 14, 15.
in part = N. Borbonica, var. triloba, Martens.. . . 78
Aponogetonis (Navicella), Vahl. Skrifter naturhist., Selskab,
Kopenhagen iv, 2, 1798, p. 153, 82
Aquatilis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 15, f. 73.
= N. ziczac, Sowb. ........ 36
Arabica (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 20, 1855.
? = N. chamseleon, Linn. ....... 20
Aranea (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
= N. diadema, Recluz. ....... 46
Architea, Costa. Ann. Mus. Nap., iii, 1869, . . 13, 87
Archeri (Cyclostrema), Tryon. . . . . . .89
Arcifera (Nei'itina), Morch. Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 324.
? = N. asperulata. Reel. ....... 59
Arcta (Nerita), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Astralabe et Zelee,
V, p. 62, pi. 16, f. 12-13, 34
Arctilineata (Neritina), Reel. ms. in Sowb., Thes. Conch., ii,
p. 531, pi. 116, f. 223, 224.
= N. Nilotica, Reeve. 51
Arene, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. 1, 404, 1854. 17, 111
Areolata (Cyclostrema), Sars. Moll. arct. Norv. 345, t. 34, f.
6, 90
Argus (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 150, . . 23
Armata (Liotia), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1861, . .112
Armstrongiana (Neritina), Hinds. Ann. Nat. Hist., x, p. 86.
= N. Souleyetana, Recluz. ....... 64
Artensis (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1866, p. 51.
? = N. interrupta, Gassies. . . . . . .68
Ascensionis (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab 31
Ascensionis (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vi, p. 193.
= N. grossa, Linn. ........ 28
Aspera (Neritina). Phil. Arch. f. Naturg. i, 1845, p. 63.
= N. Pritchardi, Dohrn 65
116 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Aspersa (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, 1853, p. 319,
t. 7. f. 6. = N. brevispiua, Lam., var. . . . .65
Asperulata (Neritina), Eecluz in Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p.
512, pi. 144, f. 160, 161, . • 59
Asteriscus (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc, vii, p. 142, . 110
Aterrima (Neritina), Koch. Phil. Abbild. u. Beschweib. neuer
I, p. 28. Neritina, t. 1, f. 11, 1843, 40
Atomus (Liotia), Issel. Mai. Mar. Ross., p. 217, t. 2, f. 11, . 90
Atra (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., pi. 199, f. 4.
= N. tessellata, Lam. ....... 81
Atra (Neritina), Parr. Teste Villa, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., iv, 3,
1871. ? = N. Danubialis, Miihlf. vai\ serratilinea, Ziegl. 46
Atra (Neritina), Less. Voy. de la Coquille ii, pt. i, p. 376.
= N. dubia, Chemn 44
Atrata (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab. vol. v, p. 296, f. 1954,
1955. ? = N. atrata, Reeve 26
Atrata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 16, 1855, . . 26
Atrata (Nerita), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 191.
= N. semirugosa, Recluz. ....... 21
Atrata (Neritina), Ziegler. mss.
= N. Danubialis, Miihlf., var. 46
Atramentaria (Neritina cornea, L. var.), Tap-Canefri. Ann.
Mus. Genova, ix, p. 286, 45
Atramentosa (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25, 1855, 26, 33
Atro-purpurea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 107.
= N. planospira, Anton. ....... 21
Aurantia (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., vol. i, pi. xi,
f. 11. = N. striata. Burrow _. .28
Auriculata (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, 508,
t. 118, f. 129, 130. = N. Mauritii, Less. ... 75
Auriculata (Neritina), Lam. Encyc. Meth. Vers., ii, pi. 455,
f. 6, 73
Auriculata (Neritina), Sowb. Couch. 111., f. 17.
= N. Tahitieusis, Less. ....... 73
Aurora (Nerita), Dunker. Phil., Abbild., i, p. 87, t. 1, f. 12.
^ N. polita, Linn., var. ....... 31
Australis (Liotina), Kiener. Monog. Delphiuula. Coq. Viv.,
p. 8, t. 4, f. 7, 17, 112
Australe (Cirsonella), Angas. P. Z. S., 38, t. 5, f. 16, 1877, 16, 107
Avellana (Neritina), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 76, . 68, 69
Baconi (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ii, pi. 28, f. 127, . 51
Baetica (Neritina), Lam. An. s. vert., p. 188, . . .49
Baetica (Neritina), (Lam.) Morelet. Journ. de Conch., 12, 1853,
p. 297. = N. numidica. Reel . 50
Baetica (Neritina), Desh. Exped. au Moree, p. 155, pi. 19,
f. 1-5. = N. Peloponnesia, Recluz 50
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 117
PAGE.
Baetica (Neritina), (Lam.) Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 23, f. 45.
= N. elongatula, Morelet. 48
Baetica (Neritina), Mousson. Ein Besuch auf Corfu u. Catalon-
ien p. 73. := N. varia, Ziegler. ...... 48
Bahiensis (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 154.
pi. 7, f. 10. ? = N. punctulata, Lam. . . . ^ 60
Baliensis (Neritina), Mousson in coll. = N. faba, Sowb. . 68
Balteata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 28.
= N. lineata, Chemn. ....... 32
Baltica (Neritina), Beck. Oerstzd de region, mar., 1844, p.
69. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. 46
Basistriata (Cyclostrema), Brugnone. Misc. Malacol., ii, 17,
1876 ; Jeffr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser. xix, p. 234,
1877 ; P. Z. S., 90, 1883, 96, 98
Bataviensis (Neritina), Mousson, in coll.
= N. fuliginosa, Busch. ....... 70
Beaniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 200.
= N. patula, Reel 22
Beanii (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 173, pi.
10, f. 12. = C. angulata, A. Adams 93
Becki (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 275.
= N. squamipicta. Reel., var. ...... 58
Beckii (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 572, pi. 109, f.
13. = N. Knorri, Recluz. ...... 57
Bella (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. neuer Conch., i. 27, t.
l,f. 8. = N. dubia, Chemn 44
Belladonna (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. Mouss. Jour, de
Conch., p. 16. = N. anatolica, Recluz., var. . . .52
Bellardii (Neritina), Mousson. Naturf. Gessel. Zurich., vi,
1861, p. 62. = N. anatolica, Recluz, var. . . .52
Bellula (Liotia), H. Adams. P. Z. S., 1873, p. 206, pi. 23, f.
7, . Ill
Benacensis (Neritina), Stentz. Recluz, Jour, de Conch., i, 1850,
p. 150. = N. Danubialis, Miihlf., var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . 46
Bengalensis (Nerita corona), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi. t. 197,
f. 1911. = Neritina, madeeassina, Morelet. . . .64
Bensoni (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 150.
= N. reticulata, Sowb 42
Bernhardi (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., vol., i, p. 285.
= N. fulgurans, Gniel., var. ...... 24
Biauriculata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p.
145. = N: bicanaliculata, Recluz 74
Bicanalis (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Naturg., i, 1845, p. 64 ;
Zeit. Malacol., 160, 1848. = N. canalis, Sowb. . . 57
Bicanaliculata (Neritina), Recluz. Sovvb. Thes., ii, p. 509, f.
135-137 74
Bicolor (Neritina) Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 172, . . 69,70
118 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Bidens (Nerila), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii.
= N. polita, Linn. . . . . . . . .30
Bifasciata (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed., xiii.
=^ N. polita, Linn 30
Bifilata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat, 241 , . . .103
Bifrontia (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 242, . . .103
Bimaculata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2, 1856.
= N. Borbonica, Bory. (Juv.) . .... 78
Biplicata (Morchia), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1877, p. 203, 107
Biporcata (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1863; P. Z. S., 1863, p. 73 92
Birmanica (Nerita), Phil. Sowb. Thes., f. 82.
= N. lineata, Chemn. ....... 32
Bisecta (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 39, . . . .31
Bithynoides (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p. 93, pi.
19, f. 6, 97
Bizonalis (Nerita), Lam. Encyc. Meth., pi. 454.
= N. chamreleon, Linn. ....... 20
Bizonalis (Nerita), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 168, 1852.
= N. planospira, Anton. ....... 21
Boissieri (Neritina), Martens. Conch. Cab., 86.
= N. anatolica, Reel., var. ...... 52
Borbonica (Navicella), Bory St. Vincent. Voy. dans le qua-
tre princip. iles d'Afrique, i, p. 287, pi. 37, f. 2, . . 78, 79
Bottgeri (Neritina), Westerl. = N. fluviatilis, var. . . 47
Bourgainvillei (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p.
159, .72
Bourgainvillei (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 79, 80
Bourguignati (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iii, 293,
1852. = N. fluviatilis, Linn 47
Brandti (Neritina), Phil. Zeitschr. f. Malak. zool, 1848, p.
61. = N. Beckii, Recluz. 58
Brasiliana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 314, 1841.
= N. virginea, Linn. ........ 40
Brevispina (Nerita), Lam. An. s. vert., vi, 2, p. 188, 65, 60, 67
Briareus (Turbo), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 52, , 112
Bruguierei (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 274.
= N. Petitii, Recluz, 57
Bruniensis (Cyclostrema), Beddome. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,
1882, p. 168, . 95
Bullula (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 76, 1855.
= N. picea, Reel 33
Burgersteinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 51.
= Neritodonta, Brusina, ....... 7
Cffilata (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S. Phila., 1873, p. 214,
pi. 2, f. 16, 101
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 119
PAGE.
Cserulescens (Navicella), Reel. Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 550, pi. 118,
f. 129, pi. 118, figs. 36-38.
= N. tessellata. Lam. ....... 82
Caffra (Neritina), Wood, Garrett, in coll.
= N. sandalina, Reel. ....... 61
CafFra (Neritina), Gray, in Wood. Suppl. viii, f. 10.
^= N. gagates, Lam. ........ 35
Calabariea (Neritina), Mousson coll.
^ N. rubrieata, Morelet, ....... 61
Calameli (Cyclosti'ema), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 393,
pi. xix, f. 5, 88
Calana, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1844.
= Tomostoma, Desh. ........ 9
Calceolina, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hi?t., xi, 264, 1863, 15, 105
Caledoniea (Leueorhynchia), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1867,
320, t. 11, f. 4 15, 106
Caledoniea (Navicella), Morelet. Test. Nov. Austral, 1857,
p. 6. = N. Bougainvillei, Reel. . . . . .80
Californica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., fig. 20.
= N. Petiti, Recluz 58
Callosa (Neritina), Desh. Exped. Seientif. de Moree, iii, Zool.
p. 156, ])1. 19, figs. 16-18 49
Caivertia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 50.
= Neritodonta, Brusina. ........ 7
Canalis (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville coll. Catal, p. 44, 1825.
= N. pulligera, Linn. var. . . . . . . .57
Cancellattt (Liotia), Kiener. Coq. Viv. Delphinula, t. 4, f. 10.
= L. Kieneri, Phil Ill
Cancellata (Liotia), Gray. Spieil. Zool., 3, 1829 . . .109
Caneellata (Cyelostrema). Marryatt. Trans. Linn. Soe., 1818,
vol. xii, p. 338, 89
Capillulata (Neritina), Gould. Sowb. Thes., f. 267.
= N. retifera, Bens. . . . . . . . .71
Carbonaria (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. u. Beschreib. neuer Coneh.
i, 84, t. 4, f. 5. = N. morio, Sowb 33
Carbonnieri (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soe. Zool., France,
1881, p. 184 105
Carbonnieri (Cyelostrema), Jousseaume. Bull. Soe. Zool., 1881,
p. 181, 95
Cardinalis (Nerita), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 345.
= Neritina brevispina, Lam. ...... 65
Carinata (Adeorbis), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 75. . . 85
Carinata (Liotia), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 248. . . . .112
Carinata (Rotella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 62, t. 18, f. 26-28. . 104
Carinata (Neritina Danubialis, Miihlf. var.), Kokeil. Ferd.
Schmidt, Land und Siiss-wasser Conch, in Krain, 1847.
= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var 46
120 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Carinata (Cyclostrema), H. Adams. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 207, pi.
23, f. 8 _ . . . .93
Carinatus (Adeorbis), Wood. == A. subcarinatus, Montg. . 85
Carinulata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, . . .103
Cariosa (Neritina), Gray, in Wood Index. Test. Supplement,
1828, fig. 11, 75
Carpenteri (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1861, . 103
CassicLilum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., no. and f. 55.
= reticulata. ......... 60
Castanea (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool, ii,
p. 68. pi. 17, fig. 24-26, .67
Catenoides (Cyclostrema), Monts. Ann. Mus. Civico Genova
ix, p. 417, fig. . . 99
Catillus (Humphrey, 1797), Swainson, Malac. 21, 1840.
= Navicella, Lam. . . . . . • . . .10
Celata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S. 1845, p. 120.
=^ Neritina bicolor, Recluz, ...... 69
Celebensis (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
= N. diadema, Recluz, ....... 64
Cerostoma (Nerita), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., 1852, p. 180,
t.5, f. 5, 32
Ceylonensis (Nerita), Recluz. Journ. Conch., ii, 1851, p. 202.
:= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ...... 41
Chamteleon (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, 779; ed. xii,
1255, ' 20
Chemnitzii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 103, 1841.
= N. semirugosa, Reel. ....... 21
Chimmoi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., vol. ix, pi. 37, fig.
171. • = N. cornea, Linn. var. . . . . . .45
Chlorina (Vitta), (Link), Morch. Cat. Yoldi., p. 167.
= N. virginea, Linn. ........ 40
Chlorosticta (Neritina avellana. Reel, var.) Martens in Conch.
Cab. p. 174, fig. 5-9 68
Chloroleuca (Nerita), Phil. Zeitsch f. Mai., 1848, p. 14.
? = N. chameleon, Linn. ....... 20
Cholerica (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1847, p. 225. ::= N. Sandalina, Recluz, . . . .61
Chlorostoma (Nerita), Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. viii, p. 603.
-= N. plexa, Chemn 19
Chlorostoma (Neritina), Bcod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, . 66, 69
Christovalensis (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi, 33, fig.
150, 74
Chrvsocolla (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, ii,
1847, p? 225. = N. Roissyana, Recluz 38
Chrysostoma (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 104.
= N. striata. Burrow. ....... 28
Chrysostoma (Neritina Danubialis, Miihlf. var.), Kutschig.
Kiisters Verkauts-Katalog., 1845. . . , . .46
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 121
PACK.
Cidaris (Liotia), Rve. Zool. Proc, 1843; Conch. Icon. sp. 27, 108
Cimber, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 82, 1810, . . . .77
Cincta (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 245. . . .103
Cincta (Neritina), Rechiz. Jour, de Conch., 1850, i, p. 158.
= N, Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41
Cinctella (Neritina), Martens. Norderasiatische Conch., 1874,
p. 34, t. 5, f. 43 52
Cingulata (Cyclostrema), Diinker. Mai. Bliitt., vi, p. 225, . 91
Cinguhita (Cyclostrema), Philippi. Kiister's Conch. Cab. Del-
phinula, p.'24, 1853, • ^1
Cingulatum (Cyclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p.
198, pi. 32, f. 14, 90
Ciugulifera (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850,
p. 43, . ; 92, 93
Circumvoluta (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173, . 71
Circinata (Neritina), Philip. Menke Zeitsch., 1848, p. 161.
== N. Brugiueri, Reel. ....... 58
Cirrata (Neritina), Phil. Arch. f. Naturg., i, 1845, p. 64.
= N. Brugiueri, Reel. ....... 58
Cirsonella, Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc, 38, 1877, . . 16, 107
Clathrata (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 29,
1843, 109
Clathrata (Vitrinella), Carp. Cat. Mazat.
=: V. parva, C. B. Ad 101
Clausa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., 245, 1861, . . 83
Clithon, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 326, 1810. . . 7, 63
Clypeolem (Navicella), Red. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 157.
= N. tessellata. Lam. ....... 81
Clypeolum, Recluz. Jour, de Conch., i, 1850, . . 7, 56
Cobijensis (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp. 22,
1843. = L. cancellata, Gray, 109
Cochinsinae (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 159.
^ N. flavovirens, Busch, ....... 70
Coluber (Neritina), Thorp. Hani, and Theobald. Conch. Ind.
p. 64, pi. 157, fitr. 10, 53
Columbaria (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121.
= N. Ualanensis, Less. ....... -41
Comma-notata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 72, 1855.
= N. tessellata, Gmel 24
Communis (Neritina), Quoy and Gaim.. Voy. de 1' Astrolabe,
Zool., iii, p. 195, pi. 65, fig. 12-14 38
Comorensis (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., 1877, xxv, p.
345, pi. 13, fig. 6, 72
Compacta (Liotia), Petterd. Jour, de Conch., iv, 135, . . 112
Compressa (Neritina), Mousson, in coll.
= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77
Compressa (Navicella tessellata. Lam. var.) Martens, in Conch.
Cab. p. 38, t. 8, fig. 4-8-194, 82
122 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Compressa (Navicella), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, 1836, p. 749.
= N, cserulescens, Reel. 82
Conij)ressa (Navicella reticulata, Rve. var.) Martens, in Conch.
Cab., p. 41, 82
Compressa (Navicella Luzonica, Souleyet, var.) Martens, in
Conch. Cab., p. 16, t. 2, fig. 16-18, 79
Compi^essa (Navicella Freycineti, Reel, var.) Martens, in Conch.
^ Cab., p. 21, t. 3, fig. 23-24, 80
Compressa (Navicella Borbonica, var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab.
^ p. 11, t. 1, fig. 9-12 78
Concentria (Neritina), Menke. Verzeichn. d. Conchyl.-Samml.
des Fr. v. Malsburg, 1829. -— N. crepidularia, Lam. . 77
Coucentricum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. H., 267,
1863, 103
Concinna (Vitrinella),»C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 258, . 103
Conferta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less, var.), Martens, in Conch.
Cab., p. 193, t. 20, fig. 5, 41
Conglobata (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 57, t. 8, f.
7-9. = N. pulligera, Linn. ...... 57
Conica (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Rept., xv, 122, t.
8, f. 9 94
Conoidalis (Neritina reclivata, Say var.) Martens, in Conch.
Cab., p. 119, . 39
Consimilis (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 243, t. 123,
f. 25, 26, 54
Conspicuum (Cyclostrema), Monts. Nuova Revista, p. 23, . 95
Convexa (Neritina) Nuttall, in Jay's Cat., 3rd edition, p. 66.
= N. cariosa, Gray 75
Cookii (Navicella), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 197.
= N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent 78
Cornea (Nerita), Forsk. Desc. Anim., 123, 1775.
= N. albicilla, Linn. 19
('ornea (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 777, . 44, 45
Corniculum (Archyta^a), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245. 1861, . 87
Cornu-copite (Neritina), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, 1836, p. 748.
= N. crepidularia. Lam. ....... 77
Cornelia (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Zool. Proc, 74, 1863, . 95
Conuta (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 63.
r--^ N. Brandti, Phil 58
Coromandeliana (Neritina), Sowb. Conch 111. no., 53, f. 52.
= N. ziczac, Sowb. var. ....... 36
Coronata (Clithon), Leach. Zool. Misc., ii, 1815, pi. 104.
=^ Neritina longispina, Recluz. ...... 63
Coronata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 244, . . .103
Corona (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, x, 777; edit, xii,
1252. in part = N. brevispina, Lam. . . . .65
Corona (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed., x, p. 777, in part
= Neritina longispina, Recluz. . . . . .63
IXDKX ANlJ .SYNONYMY. 123
VAGK.
'Coronoides (Neritina)., Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. ZooL, ii,
p. 381, 73
Oorrosula (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1842, p. 177, . . 35
CoiTugata (Neritina), Hoinbr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. ZooL,
V, p. 70, pi. 17, f. 45, 47.
= N. brevispina, Lam. ....... 65
Costata (Nerita) Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, 299, pi. 191, f.
1966, 1967, 27
Costata (Nerita), Sebum. Nouv. Syst., 287, 1817.
= N. plexa, Chemn. ........ 19
Costatus (Adeorbis), Garrett. Proe. Cal. Acad., i, p. 103.
= Fossarus Garretti, Pse. Manual, ix, 272, . . . .86
Costulata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch. 1866, p. 52.
? = N. interrupta, Gassies, ....... 68
Costulata (Nerita), Buseh. Phil. Abbild., i, 86, 1844.
= N. striata, Burrow, 29
Costulata (Nerita), Busch. Cat. Godeffroy, no. iv, 99; No. v,
144. = N. affinis, Reeve, 34
Costulatum (Discopsis), Folin. Fonds de la Mer., i, 205, 1869, 106
Craspedostoma, Lindstrom, 1884, ...... 17
Crassa (Nerita), Gould. Expl. Exped., p. 166, f. 195. 195a.
= N. undata, Linn. ........ 28
Crassibasis (Liotia), E. A. Smith. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 484, pi.
48, f. 10, 108
■Crassilabrum (Kerita), Smith. P. Z. S. 603, 1885.
= N. albicilla, Linn 19
Crenata (Liotia), Kieuer. Coq. Viv. Delphinula, t. 4, f. 8, .111
Crenellifera (Teinostoma), A. Adams. Sowb. Thes. Conch.,
ii, Cyclostrema, f. 41 , 42, .......
Crepidularia (Neritina), Lam. An. sans Vert, vi, pt. 2. . 106
1822, 53, 77
Crepiduloides (Navicella), Reeve, tig. 19, 1856.
= N. Luzonica, Souleyet var. compressa. Martens, . . 79
Cristata (Neritina), Morelet., Journ. Conch., xii, 1864, p. 288, 76
Crossei (Leucorhynchia), Tryon, ...... 106
Crossostoma, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gt. Oolite, 1854, . 17
Cryptospina (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
= N. diadema, Recluz, ....... 64
Cryptospira (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. 61, pi.
8, f. 10-12. = N. Knorri, Recluz, 57
Cumingiana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1842, p. 74.
r= N. turrita, Chemn. var. ....... 37
Cumingiana (Navicella), Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 157, . . 80
Guprina (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 151.
=^ N. Roissyana, Recluz, ....... 38
Cutleriana (Cvclostrema), Clark. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
iv, p. 424, ' 96
Curvieriana (Neritina), Reel. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 338, . 36
124 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Cyanostoma (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. Conch., iv, 1853, p.
373, pi. 12, f. 9, 10. = N. flavovirens, Busch, . . 70
Cyclidea, Rolle, 1862. = Neritopsis, Grat 12
Cyclophoreus (Haplocochlias), Carp. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d.
Ser., xiii, 474, 1864, 16, 107
Cyclostrenia, Marryatt. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii, 1818, . 88, 14
Cyclotina (Cyclostrema), A.Adams. Sowb. Thes., f. 35, 36, . 99
Cymostyla, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, . 18
Cynisca, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i. 406, 1854,
16, 112, 107
DaCostffi (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 199, .
Dsedala (Liotia), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 72,
Dalli (Cvclostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad, v, p. 532, pi
57, tig". 39,
Dalmatica (Neritina), Partsch. Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 44, fig
57. = flnviatilis. Linn. var. .....
Danubialis (Neritina), Miihlf. Land und Wasser Schnechen
Pt. 3, 1828, t. 8, f. 17, 18
Dannbialis (Neritina), Siemaschko. Bnll. Soc. Imp. Moscou
1847, p. 102. = N. liturata, Eichwald,
Danubiensia (Neritina), Sadler. Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 47.
= N. Danubialis, Miihlf.
Daronia, A. Ad. Sowerby's Thes. Conch., 1864, . 14, 99.
Decapitata (Navicella scarabseus Rve. var.), Mousson. Jour,
de Conch, xvii, 1869, p. 384. = N. macrocephala., Guillou,
Decussata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 239,
Deficiens (Neritina), Mabille. Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr., iv, 160
1887,
Dejanira, Stoliczka, Sitzb. Akad. Wien., xxxviii, 488, 1860
Delessertii (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, p. 260, pi
7, f. 2. =1 N. ills, Mousson,
Delestennei (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., iv, 1853, p
259, pi, 7, f. 3. = N. squamipicta, Recluz, .
Delicatula (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
=^ N. Ualanensis, Less. ......
Delineata (Neritina), Boubee. Villa, Disp. syst., 1841, iv, 38
= N. pupa, Linn. .......
Delicatum (ArchvtKa), Phil. Moll. Sicil, ii, 222, 1844,
Delphinoidea, Brown. 111. Conch. Gt. Brit., t. 51, 1827.
= Cyclostrema, Marryatt, ......
Deltoidea (Neritina), Garrett Ms. Mousson, Jour, de Conch
xviii, 1870, p. 224. == N. Pritchardi, Dohrn. .
Dendritica (Neritina), Ziegler. Villa disp, Syst. Conch., 1841
p. 38. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. ....
Depressa (Navicella), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, 1830
p. 386. = N. Borbonica, Bory. ....
Depressa (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 14, 1843,
72
112
97
47
45
47
45
100
79
102
9
58
58
41
42
87
14
65
47
78
108
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 125
Depressa (Cyclostrema), Monts. Enum. e Sinon. p. 20, . . 95
Depressa (Neritina), Benson. J. A. S. B., v, p. 1836, p. 748,
^= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77
Depressa (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 245,
1861, . . _ . . .83
Depressus (Adeorbis), Seg. Bull. Real. Comit. Geol. Ital. Fasc.
2, p. 382, 1874. == A. Seguenzianus, Tryon, ... 84
Divisa (Cyclostrema), Adams. Linn. Trans., iii, 254, . . 96
Deschampsi (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool., France,
1881, p. 182, 105
Deshaysia, Raulin, 1844, 5
Deshayesii (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch, iv, 1869, p.
130. = N. Mauritii, Less 75
Deshayesis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 104.
= N. scabricosta, ........ 30
Desmoulinsiana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Couch., i, 1850, p.
153, 162. = N. reticulata, Sowb 42
Despinosa (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
=^ N. longispina, Recluz. ....... 63
Destituta (Neritina rarispina Mouss. var.), Mousson. Moll.
Java., p. 84, ......... 69
Diadema (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 277, . . 64
Diaphana (Teinostoma) d'Orb. Moll. Cuba., ii, 62, t. 18, f.
23-25, 104
Diaphana (Archyta?a), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1863, f. 76, . 87
Diaphanum (Cylostrema), Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, p.
199, PL 32, f. 16 91
Dilatata (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Kiister's Conch. Cab., 53.
= N. patula. Reel 22
Dilatata (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, . . . 75
Dilatata (Neritina fluviatilis L. var.), Moq.-Tand., p. 549, . 47
Diatreta (Cyclostrema), Gould. Bost. Proc. Soc. N. H. ii, 205,
1847; Moll. Wilkes Exped., f. 126. = C. lajvis, Kiener, . 92
Diocletiana (Neritina), Kiist. Verkaufskatalog.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. 47
Diremta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less, var.), Martens, in Conch.
Cab, p. 193, t. 20, f. 17-19, 41
Discoidea (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delph inula, sp. 15,
1843, 109
Discopsis, Folin. Fonds de la Mer, 190, 205, 1869, . 15, 105
Discors (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. 160, t, 17,
f. 7, 18, 11, 65
Dispar (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 1867, p. 285,
pi. 24, f. 3. = N. chlorostoma, Brod 66
Diversicolor (Nerita), Mart. Univ. Conch., t. 108, 1784.
= N. Ascensionis, Chemn. ....... 32
Doingii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121.
= Neritina Dringii, Reel. ....... 72
126
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
70-
22
51
64
47
31
68
Dolium (Neritiiia) Recluz), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 15.
= N. solium, Reel. ......
Dombeyi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 149,
Dongolensis (Neritina), Ehrenberg. Ms. in Berlin Mas
= N. Nilot'ica, Reeve. ......
Donovana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 73.
= N. diadema, Recluz. .....
Dorise (Neritina), Issel. Mem. Acad. Torino., 1865, p. 23, t.
6, f. 14, 16
Doreyana (Nerita), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astiolabe iii, jd. 190,
pi. 65, f. 43-44. = N. polita, var. Rumphii.
Dostia, Grav. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840,
Dringii (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121, .
Dubia (Neritina), (Chemn) Issel. Moll. Borneensi.
= N. avellana, Recluz. .....
Dubia (Neritina), Chemn. Conch. Cab., bd. v, p. 324, t
f. 2019, 2020,
Duplicatum (Cyclostrema), Lischke. Mai. Bliit., xix, p
Dunalli (Neritina), INIontrouzier, mss.
= N. Bruguieri, Reel.
Dunkeri (Cyclostrema), Try on. ....
Eburnea (Cyclostrema), G. and H. Nevill. J. A. S. B.,
pt. 2, p. 101, pi. viii, f. 21-22,
Elana, Gray. P. Z. S., 994, 1867
Elara, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, 387, 1854
Elata (Neritina), Hauff". Krain, p. 35.
= N. stragulata, Miihlf. . . . . . . .46
Elea, Ziegler. Fitzing. Syst. V£rz., 116, 1833.
= Theodoxus, Montf. .7
Elegans (Adeorbis), H. Ad. P. Z. S. 44, 1850, . . .83
Elegantina (Neritina), Busch. In Phil. Abbild., i. m. 25, t. 1,
f. 3. = N. communis, Quoy and Gaim. . . . .39
Elegantissima (Neritina), Hartmann. Gastropod, d. Schweiz,
1841, p. 189. = N. virginea, Linn 40
Elegantissima (Neritina), Moreh. Yoldi Cat., 166.
= N. elegantina, Busch. ....... 39
Electriua (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 70, 1855.
= N. squamulata, Le Guillou. ...... 20
Elliptica (Navicella), Lam. Phil. Zool., 1809.
= N. Borbonica, Bory St. Vincent 78
Elliptica (Septaria), Blainville. Man. de Malaeologie, pi. 36,
bis, f. 1. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. . . .81
Elliptica (Navicella), (Lam.) Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de I'Ur-
anie., Zool., p. 458. = N. Laperousei, Recluz. . . .80
Elliptica (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346, . .44
Elongata (Neritina virginea, L. var.), Martens. Mai. Bliitt., xii,
S. 63. = N. virginea, Linn, .' 40
124,
44,
45
101,
92
58
•
91
sliv,
89
,
10
10,
81
INDEX AND SYNONYMY, 127
PAGE.
Elongata (N. fluviatilis, Linn, var.), Broeck. Ann. Soc. Mai
Balz., V, p. 32, 47
Elongatula (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr, et Fluv.
Portugal, p. 96, pi. 9, fig. 4, 48
Emergens (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 162.
;= N. flavovirens, Busch, ....... 70
Entrecasteauxi (Navicella), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 380.
=:: N. tessellata. Lam. 82
Erubescens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 1855.
= N. undata, Linn. var. ....... 29
Erythrsea (Nerita), Desh. Laborde, Voy. Mer Rouge.
= N. albicilla, Linn 19
Essingtoni (Nerita), Recluz, Petit, Journ. Conch, i, pi. 11, f. 9, 33
Essingtoni (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 29.
= N. striata, Burrow, ....... 29
Euphratica (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1874, p
49, 51
Europiiea (Neritina) Leach. Brit. Moll; Menke, Zeit. fiir. Mai.,
vi, 1849. == N. fluviatilis, Linn 47
Euxina (Neritina), Clessin. Mai. Bliitt. N. S., viii, p. 55, . 54
Exaltata (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 6Q.
= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77
Exarata (Nerita), Pfr. Wiegm. Archiv Naturg., vi, 255, 1840.
= N. tessellata, Gmel. 24
Excavata (Nerita), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., p. 109, f. 84, . 20
Excavata (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1850, . 90
Excavatum (Cyclostrema), Watson. Challenger Mollusca, xv,
121, t. 8, f. 10, 99
Excelsa (Navicella), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., xviii, 1870, p.
Nouv. 150, Caled., t. 8, f. 4, 82
Exigua (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat, No. 259, . 103
Exiguum (Cyclostrema), Phil. Zeitsch f. Mai., 1849, p. 25, 94
Eximia (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. 6, f. 26, 1826.
= N. reticulata, Rve. ........ 82
Expansa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., ]875, p. 231.
= N. Petitii. Recluz, . • 58
Expansa (Trachysma delicatum, var.), Sars. Moll. Arct
Norv., 212, t. 22, f. 17, . 87
Equisitus (Adeorbis), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag., xi, p. 399,
1883, . 87
Exuvia (Nerita), Linn. Mus. Reg. Ulricae, p. 682, . . 19
Faba (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111. no., 38, f. 16,
Fasciata (Neritina faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, in Conch. Cab.
p. 176, f 16,
Fasciata (Neritina), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vi, 186.
= N. dubia, Chemn. .......
Fenestrata (Liotia), Carp. Second Report, 652, 1863,
68
68
44
109
128 INDEX AND SYNONYMY,
PAGE.
Fenilletii (Neritina), Andouin. Descr. Egypte vol. xxii, pi. v,
f. 11, 1827. = N. viridis, Linn 55
Filosa (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 48, 1855, . . .32
Fimbria (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll. ed. 2, p. 48, and 139,
= N. semiconica, Lam. ....... 38
Fimbriatus (Adeorbis), Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1881, p. 64, . 86
Fissa (Navicella haustum, var.), Mousson. Journ. de Corxch.,
xvii, 1869, p. 383. = N. depressa. Less 79
Flammulata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 180, 1841.
= N. undata, Linn., var. . . . . . , . 30
Flavopincta (Neritina), Mousson, in coll.
= N. virginea, Linn . . . 40
Flavovirens (Neritina), Busch in Phil. Abbild., i, sp. 26, t.
1, f. 6, . . . 70
Flavescens (Nerita), Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.
— N. polita, Linn ,30
Flexuosa (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud.
Moll., p. 69, pi. 17, f, 39-41. = N. brevispina. Lam. . 65
Flexuosa (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 342, . 72
Florida (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 160, pi.
7, f. 6, 7. = N. dilatata, Brod 76
Floridana (Neritina), Shuttlewerth ms. Rve., Conch. Icon.,
i: 85. = N. reclivata, Say 39
Fluctuata (C3'^clostrema), Hutton. N. Z. Journ. Science., i, p.
477. ^ Turbiuidie. ........ 95
Fluviatilis (Nerita), Poiret. Voy. en Barberia, ed. ii, p. 33.
= Neritina Numidica, Recluz. ...... 50
Fluviatilis (Neritina), Menetries. Catal. rais. Hist. Nat.
Caucase., 1832. — N. liturata, Eichwald 47
Fluviatilis (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 777, . 46, 50
Fontaineana (Neritina), Orb. Vov. dans I'Amer. Mer. Moll.,
p. 406, pi. 76, f. 14, 15. == N. latissima, Brod., var. . . 76
Fontinalis (Nerita), Brard, Hist. Nat. d. coquilles Paris 1815,
]). 196, pi. 7, f. 11. -^r^ Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . . 47
Forskalii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 147, 1841.
= N. albicilla, Linn. 19
Forstenii (Navicella), Herklots in Leiden Museum.
= suborbicularis, Sowb. ....... 81
Fragilis (Adeorbis), G. O. Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 213,
t. 22, f. 19 a-c 84
Fragum (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 41, 1855.
=: N. reticulata, Karsten . 22
Faseri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon, xi, t. 25, f. 113, . 61
Freycineti (Navicella), Reel. Gould. U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll.,
p. 156, pi. 11, f. 177. =^ N. Bougainvillei, Reel. . . 80
Freycineti (Navicella), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 375, . 80
Frondicincta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less, var.). Martens, in
Conch. Cab., p. 193, t. 20, f. 212, 41
FNDRX AXD SYNONYMY.
129
oiisson.
PACE.
Journ.
. 60
. 112
38, 71
Frondosu (Neritiiiu ])orcata, Gld. var.), M
Conch., xviii, p. 221, ......
Fulgeus (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc, vii, p. 142,
Fidgetrum (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 103, 1855,
Fulglnata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 50,
Fuliginosa (Neritina), Theobald. J. A. S. B., vol. xxvii,
p. 315. = N. Peguensis, Blanf. . . . , ,
Fuliginosa (Neritina), Busch.- in Phil. Abbild., i, s. 2G, t. 1,
f. 5, . . . . . . . . .
Fulgurans (Nerita), Gnielin. Syst. Nat. xiii,
Fulgurata (Neritina), Desh. Moll de li'le Reunion, p.
lb, f. 1, 2, ? == N. gagates, Lam.
Funiculata (Nerita), Mke. Zeitscli f. Mai, 1850, p. 166
= N. Burnhardi, Reel. .....
Funiculata (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 9, 1855.
= N. undata, Linn. var.
Fuscilabris (Neritina), Wiegmann
= N. punctulata. Lam. ....
Fusca (Neritina), Kutschig, mss.
= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var.
Fuscata (Nerita), Menke. Verzeichn, 15, 1829
= N. scabricosta. Lam. ....
Ms. in Berl. Mus.
1858,
8, pi.
71
70
23
35
24
29
60
46
30
Gagates (Neritina), Lam. Morch, Cat. Yoldi., p. 766.
^= N. variegata, Lesson. ....... 36
Gagates (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, p. 185, 1822, 35
Gagates (Neritina), Troschel. Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, t. 16,
f. 15. = N. cornea, Linn. ....... 45
Gaillardotia, Bourg, 1876. = Smaragdia, Issel. ... 7
Gaimardi (Navicella Urvillei var.). Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, ]).
o78. = N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . .81
Gaimardi (Neritina), Souleyet. Voy. Bonite., t. 34, f. 16, 19.
= N. Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41
Ganesa, Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 94, 1883, . . . .14, 100
Gangrenosa (Neritina), Schmidt. Conch. Krain, 24.
= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var. stragulata, Miihlf. . . 46
Gardensis (Neritina), Stenz. Villa, Cat. Moll. Lombardia,
1844, p. 10.
:= N. Danubialis, Miihlf. var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . . 46
Gai'gania, Guiscardi, 1856, . . . . . . .11
Garretti (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xviii, 1870, p.
223. =z N. Ualanensis, Less 41
Geuuana (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 77, 1855.
= N. fulgurans, Gmel. Var. Bernhardi. . . . .24
Geinmulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 40, 1855. . . 32
Georgina (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841. p. 180, . . 33
Gigas (Neripteron), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 186 and 234.
r= Neritina granosa, 8o\vb. ....... 63
!)
180 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
p.\c,v..
Giniudi (Stanleya), Bourg. Notic Lac Tanganyika, 88, 1885, 5(>
Glabrata (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 535, pi. 116, f.
256-263, 56
Glandiforniis (Neritina snbjunctata, Reel, var.). Martens.
in Conch. Cab. p. 180, f. 22, 6&
Globosa (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201.
= N. latissinia, Brod. ........ 76
Godeffroyana (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Concli. 1869, p.
371, pi. 151, f. 7. == N. amoena, Gld 43
GowUandi (Liotia), Brazier. P. Z. S., 672, t. 83, f. 1, 2,
1874. = L. sj)ccio8a, Angas. ...... 110
Gracilenta (Nerita), Budgin. ms. Sowb. Cat. Tankerv, 1825,
p. 45. ^= Neritina crepidularia. Lam. . . . .77
Griiffei (Neritina), ^Nlousson, Ms.
= N. porcata, Gould, ........ (iO
Granosa (Neritina), Sowb. Tankerville, Catal., Appendix, p. 11, ()3
Granulata (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1853, p. 183, . 107
Granulata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 79, 1855, . . 20
Granulosa (Liotia), Dunker. Krauss, Sudafr. Moll., 94, t. 5, f.
28, 109
Granulum (Pseudorbis), Bruguone. Misc. Malac, p. 13, f. 25,
1873 87
Gravis (Neritina), Shuttleworth. Mittheil. d Naturf. Gessell.
Berne, 1854, S. 160. ^ N. reclivata, Say 39
Gravis (Neritina), Morelet. Test. Novissima, 1849, p. 27.
— ^ N. reclivata, Sav 39
Grayana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1843, p. 200.
= N. undata, Linn., var. ....... 29
Grisea (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 23.
= N. striata, Bun'ow. ....... 28
Grossa (Nerita), Born. Mus. Caes. Vindob., 407, 1780.
= N. costata, Chemn. ....... 27
Grossa (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 778, . . . 2<S
Guadianensis (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. Moll. Terr, et Fluv.
Portugal, p. 98, pi. 9, f. 3, 49
Guamensis (Nerita), Quoy and Gaini. Astrolabe iii, p. 191, t.
6d, f. 45. =-- N. polita, var. Rumphii. . . . .31
Guayaquilensis (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 520. pi.
114, f. 177. = N. Fontaineana, Orb. . . . .76
Guerini (Neritina), Reel. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 314.
= N. amoena, Gould. ........ 43
Guinerii (Neritina), Recluz. Sowb. Thes., p. 541, p]. 176, f.
272. ? = N. amoena, Gould 43
Guttata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 316, . . 72
Guttata (Neritina), picta, Sowb. var.) Miller. Mai. Bliitt, 1879,
p. 168, 41
Guttata (Neritina), Kiister. Verkaufskatalog.
= N. tluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 131
PAGE.
Guttata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1875, p. 230.
= jS". guttulata, Gassies. ....... 43
Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
=^^ N. Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41
Guttulata (Neritina), Gassies. Nouv. Caled., iii, 90, : . 43
Guttulata (Neritina), Mousson in cojl. = N. ziczac, Sowb. . 36
Gvmnocephala (Neritina), Kiist. Anton Yerzeichn. Conch.,
1839, p. 30. = N. Sardoa, Menke 50
Haemastonia (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab. p. 167,
t. i3,_f. 6, 7, . . . . .^ . . . . m
Halophila (Neritina fluviatilis var.), Klett. . . .47
Hamuligera (Neritina), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturg., iii, 1837,
f. 177. ■-= N. Smithii, Sowb 37
Hapa (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool. i, p.
68, pi. 17, f. 33-35. = N. Souleyetana. Kecluz. . . 64
Haplocochlias, Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xiii, 476,
1864, 16, 107
HarriettiB (Cyclostrema), Petterd. Journ. Conch., iv, p. 141, 95
Harveyensis (Neritina), Mousson, nis.
= N. chlorostoma, Er. ....... 66
Haustruni (Navieella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 4, f. 18,
=: N. depressa, Less. ........ 78
Haustruni (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 34, 1855.
= N. Yoldii, Recluz 27
Hausknechti (Neritina), jNIartens. Conch. Cab., 86.
= N. anatoiica, Recluz, var. ...... 52
Heldreichi (Neritina), Schwerzenbach. Samml. von Prof.
Mousson. .......... 47
Helicinoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 80, 1855, . . 25
Helicoidea (Vitrinella). C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit. 9, 1850, . 102
Hellvillensis (Neritina Scuverbiana, Montrouzier, var.) Crosse.
Jour, de Conch., 1881, p. 208, 55
Heminerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, . 18
Helvola (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii, p.
225, 1847. = N. Turtoni, Recluz. 38
Helvola (Clithon zelandicus, var.), Gould. Mousson Jour, de
Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 374. = Neritina variegata, Lesson. . 36
Hermanni (Liotia), Dunker. = L. Peronii, Kiener. . . 108
Hessei (Neritina), Bottger. Ber. OfFenb. Ver., xxiv-xxv, 192,
1885, 77
Hidalgoi (Neritina), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1880, p. 320, pi.
xi, f. 2, 49
Hieroglyphica (Nerita), Chemnitz. Couch. Cab.
:^ N. polita, Linn. ........ 30
Hieroglyphica (Neritina), Wattebled. Jour, de Conch., 68,
1886, , .... 59
Hilleana (Nerita), Dunker. Mai. Bliit., xviii, p. 167, . . 35
lo2 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Hindsii (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 201, ... 21
Hispalensis (Neritina), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 220, t. 22,
f. 20-21, .' . . . .48
Histrio (Nevita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3681.
= N. semirugosa, Recluz. . . . . . . .21
Holoserica (Neritina), Garrett. Am. Journ. Conch., viii, 1872,
p. 219, pi. 19, f. 1, 42
Humeralis (Neritina), Theobald, ms. = N. retifera Benson. 71
Humerosa (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xiii, 1865,
p. 188. = N. ruginosa, Reel. . . . . . . 65
Hungarica (Neritina), Kiist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 13, 1863.
— N. Prevostiana, Partsch. 49
Hupeana (Navicella), Gassies. Faun. Conch. Nouv. Caledon.,
p. 114, pi. 8, f. 13. = N. depressa, Leason. ... 79
Hyalina ( VitrineUa), C. B. Ad. Monog. Yit., 5, 1850, . . 103
Hypodema, Koniuck. 1853. =; Neritopsis, Grat. . . 12
Icterina (N. striata, var.), Martens. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 37, 28
Ilynerita, Martens. Monog. Nerita, Conch. Cab., 9, 1887, . 18
Inimaculata (Cyclostrenui), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, 1876, p. 128, ........ 95
Immersa (Neritina), Martens. Mai. Bliitt, 1860, p. 51.
:= N. Powisiana, Reel. var. . . . . . .59
Impei-spicuus (Adeorbis), INIonts. Nouv. Revist. 36, . . 86
Inaurita (Neritina subauriculata, Reel, var.), Morch. Jour.
de Conch., 1872, p. 323, 73
Incerta (Liotia), Tenison-Woods. Rov. Soc. Tasmania, 1678,
p. 118; ^ 112
Incerta (Nerita) Busch in Phil. Abbild, i, p. 85, t. 1, f. 6, . 25
Incerta (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 341, . 44
Inconspicua (Neritina), Busch. Phil. Abbild. i, p, 27, t. 1, f. 7.
= N. olivacea, Reel. juv. ....... 70
Incrustans, ( Neritina), Ziegler, ms.
=:= N. Danubialis, Miihl. var. chrysostoma, . . .46
Incurva (Nerita), Martens. Kiister's Conch. Cab. 50.
= N. undata, Linn. var. . . . . . . .29
Indica (Neritina), Souleyet. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269.
=: N. crepidularia. Lam. ....... 77
Inermis (Neritina spinosa, Sowb. var.). Martens, in Conch. Cab.
p. 151, t. 15, f. 14, 15, 64
Inquinata (Neritina), Morelet. Desc. INIoll. Terr, et fluv.
Portugal, p. 93, f. 2. = N. elongatula, Morelet, . . 48
Insculpta (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 70, 1855.
= Nerita picea. Reel. ........ 33
Insignis (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
^ N. ziczac, SoAvb. var. ....... 36
Insignis (Navicella), Reeve. Couch. Icon., f. 21.
= N. tessellata, Lam. ........ 82
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 133
PAGE.
Intermedia (Neritina), Deshayes. Belanger Voy. Ind. Orient.,
p. 240, pi. 1, f. 7. = N. crepidularia. Lam. . . .77
Intermedia (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201.
■^ N. latissima, Brod. . . . . . . .76
Interposita (Neritina), Mousson in coll.
= N. Anatolica, Recluz, 52
Interrnpta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 6, 1850, . 103
Interrupta (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173, . . 68
Interstitialis (Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var.), Martens. Kiist.
Conch. Cab., p. 101, t. 60, f 23, 36
Intexta (Neritina), Villa dispos. Conch. 1841, p. 38, 60.
= N. fiuviatilis, Linn. 47
Iris (Neritina), Mousson. Land und Siissw. Moll, von Java,
1849. s. 81, t. 12, f. 10. = N. squamipicta. Reel. var. . 58
Isseliana (Neritina avellana Reel, var.), Mart^^ns. Kiist. Conch.
Cab. p. 170, 68
Jamaicensis (Neritina), C. B. Adams. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
N. Y., 1852, p. 29. = N. virginea, Linn 40
Janella (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 376. . . 80
Janus (Vitrinella), C. B. x\d. I'anam. Cat. No. 260, , . 103
Japonica (Cynisca), A. Ad. Ann. Mag., viii, 244, 1861.
-= Collonia pilula, Dunker. ...... 107
Japonica (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag.. 246, 1861, . 83
Japonica (Nerita), Dunker. Mai. Bliit., vi, p. 233, 1859 ; Moll.
Japon., t. 2, f. 23. = N. pica, Gould. . . . .34
Javanica (Navicella), Mousson, in seiner Saninilung.
= N. suborbieularis, Sowb. ...... 81
Jayana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 157, pi.
7, f. 13 _ . 53
Johnstoni (Cvclostrema), Beddome. Proc. Rov. Soc, Tasmania,
1882, p. 168 '• . . .95
Jordani (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 48, f. 49, . ^^. 51
Josephi (Cyclostrema), Tenison-Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1876,
p. 147, ' . . . .95
Jovis (Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 72.
^^ N. ziczac, Sowb. ........ 36
Junghuhni (Navicella), Herklots. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 22, . 81
Karasuna (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xxii, 1874,
p. 34. = N. Macrii, Recluz 52
Kerondrenii (Nerita), Le Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346.
= Neritina Souleyetana, Recluz. . . . . .64
Kieneri (Liotia), Phil. Kiister's Conch. Cab. Delphin., 22, t.
5, f. 19, . . ; 111
Knorri (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 511, \)\. 113, f.
150. =^ N. iris, Mousson 58
134 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Knorri (Neritina), Reeve, (^onch. Icon., f. 6.
= N. Becki, Recluz 58
Knorri (Neritina), (Recluz). "Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 274.
= N. puUigera, Linn., var. ....... 57
Labiosa (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. Ill, f. 48, . . . . .62
Lactaria (Nerita), Linn. Mantissa, 551. =r N. plicata, Linn. 27
Lacteuni (Cyclostrema), Jonsseaume. Guerin's Mag., 1872, p.
388, pi. 19, f. 1. r= C. Ia3vis, Kiener. 92
Lacustris (? Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 77.
= Neritina fluviatilis, Linn., var. . . . . .47
Lacustris (Neritina), Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., p. 7, . 77
Lacustris (Nerita), (L.) Oliv. Zool. Adriat., 1792, p. 181,
182. = Neritina Danubialis, IMiihlf., var 46
Lsevis (Cvclostrema), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Delphinula, p. 12,
pi. 4, 16, . 92, 96
Lsevis (Skenea), Forbes and Hanley. Brit. Moll., iii, 165.
? = Cyclostrema nitens, var. Alderi. . . . . .97
Lamarckii (Neritina), Desliayes. Lam. An. s. Vert, viii, p. 578.
= N. Tahitensis, Less. ....... 73
Lamprostoma, Swains. Malacol, 350, 1840.
^ Nei'itina, Lam. ........ 6
Laodia, Gray. P. Z. S., 996, 1867, 10
Laperousei (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 378, 1841, . 80
Larga (Neritina), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. an Pole Sud. ZooL,
ii, p. 67, pi. 17, f. 17, 18. = N. pnlligera, Linn. . . 57
Largillierti (Neritina), Philip. Menke Zeitsch, 1840, 160.
= N. Senegalensis, Gniel. ....... 22
Latissima (Neritina), Brod. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 200, . . 76
Layardi (Neritina), Reeve, f. 104, 105.
= N. auriculata. Lam. ....... 73
Leachii (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 312.
= N. virginea, Linn. ........ 40
Lecontei (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch., 1853, p. 257,
. pi. 8, f. 3, 74
Le Guillouana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1842, p. 178.
= N. undata, Linn 28
Lenormandi (Neritina), Gassies. Journ. C^onch., xviii, 1870,
p. 150. = N. Petitii, Recluz, 58
Lentiginosa (Neritina), Rve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 25, f. 110, iid
Lentiginosa (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 9, 1856.
== N. Janellei. Reel, (juv.) 80
Lessoni (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1841, j). 311, . . 72
Leucorhynchia, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 319, 1867, . 15, 106
Leymeria, Munier-Chalmas, 1884.
=- Dejanira, Stol. ........ 9
Lifouana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 343, 75
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
135
n,
VI, 2, p
p. 2
Lifuensis (Neritina), Angas. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 36,
Limosa (Xeritiiia Jordani, var.), Recluz. P. Z. S. 121, 1845.
= N. varia, Ziegler, ......
Liiieata (Navicella), Lam. Encyc. Meth., pi. 356, f. 4,
Lineata (Kerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., vol. v, £ 19, 58,
liJ59,
Lineolata (Neritina) ? Lam. 8owb. Conch. 111., f. 37, Reeve,
etc. = N. zebra, Bnig.
Lineolata (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert, ed
Apr. 1822. = N.-reclivata, Say.
Liotia, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mas., 57", 89, 1842, .
Liotina, JMunier-Chalmas, 1877,
Liricincta (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S., 1873
2, f. 14,
Lirulata (Vitrinella), Carp. jNIazat. Cat., 241, .
Lissochilus, Petho. 1882, ....
Listeri (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 71.
= N. Afra, Sowb. .....
Listeri (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 277.
=-- N. tessellata, Gmel. ....
Listeri (Neritina), L. Pfr. Wiegmann's Arcliiv. f. Naturg.
vi, 1840, S. 225. = N. virginea, Linn.
Littoralis (Nerita), Linn. Fauna Seucise, ed. ii, 2195.
= Neritina fluviatilis, Linn, var.
Liturata- (Neritina), Eichwald. Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou.,
p. 147, ........
Liturata (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 315.
^^ Neritina gagates, Lam. .....
Liturata (Neritina), Schultze, in coll.
= N. pupa, Linn. ......
Livesayi (Navicella), Dohrn. P. Z. S., 1858, p. 135.
= N. reticuUita, Reeve, var. compressa, Martens.
Livida (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 13, 1856.
= N. Borbonica, Bory. .....
Loculosa (Liotia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc, vii, p. 141,
Lodderte (Liotia), Petterd. Jour, de Conch., iv, 135,
Longii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 178,
Longispina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 312
Lucidum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
1863,
Lucutosa (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1741, p. 317,
Lugubris (Neritina), Philippi. Abbild, i, sp. 29, t. 1, f. 9
= N. cai'iosa. Gray. .......
Lugubris (Neritina), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 115, pi. Ill, f. 1
= N. cariosa. Gray. ......
Lugubris (Neritina), Lesson. Voy. de la Coquille. Zool
378. -= N. dubia, Chemn. ....
PAGE.
77
82
32
37
. 186,
. 39
17, 108
17, 112
3, pi
101
103
5
61
24
40
46
47
35
42
82
78
112
112
21
63
104
71
75
75
44
1837
267
71.
11, p
136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PACE.
Lugubris (? Neritina), Lam. An, s. Vert., ed. i, vi, 2, p. 185.
= N. turrita, Chcnin. ........ 37
Lugubris (Neritina), Lam. Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 8, f. 38.
= N. Turtoni, Recluz. 38
Lurida (Neritina), Jan. Catal. Conch. Sect. 2, 1832, p. 8, . 54
Lutea (Navicella), Martens, in Conch. Cab., p. 30, t. 6, f. 1-4, 80
Luteofasciata (Neritina picta, SoAvb., var.) Miller. Mai. Blatt,
1879, p. 1(38, 41
Lutesta (Neritina), Morelet, ms. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 137.
=^. N. elongatula, Morelet. ....... 48
Lutescens (Neritina), INIiihlf. Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 46, f. 56.
= N. varia, Ziegler. ........ 48
Lutetianus (Theodoxus), Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 1810, p.
351. = Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . . . . .47
Luzonica (Navicella), Sonleyet. Rev. Zool., 1841, ji. 375, . 79
Lyosoma, White, 1882. = Otostoma, d'Arch. . . .5
Macgillivravi (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, Neritina,
pi. 4, f. 16, 62
Maclurea, Lesueur. Jour. Philad. Acad., i, pt. 2, 312, 1818, . 11
Maculata (Nerita), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 24, pi.
24, f. 6, . . . . 23
Maculata (Neritina), Villa. In collections.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn.
Macrii (Neritina), Recluz, nis. Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 531,
pi. 116, f. 222. . . . . . . . . ^ ^. 52
Macrocephala (Navicella), (Le Guillou), vSowb. Thes., p. 547,
f. 4, 5. = N. Bougainvillei, Reel 80
Macrocephala (Navicella), Guillou. Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841,
p. 374, 79
Maculifera (Navicella), Mousson. Land und Siiss-wasser, Moll.
Java, p. 85, t. 12, f. 13. = N. tessellata. Lam. . . . 82
Madecassina (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., ii, 1860, p. 122,
pi. 6, f. 2, . . . . 64
Malacensis ( Nerita), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., xi, ii, 193.
= N. exuvia, Linn. ........ 19
Manoeli (Neritina), Dohrn. Mai. Blatt, xiii, p. 135, . . 54
Mantuana (Neritina), Porro. Betta, Mai. Veneta, 1870, p. 102.
= N. Danubialis, JMiihlf., var. serratilinea, Ziegl. . . 46
Marchei (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Rev. Zool., 1872, p. 391,
pi. xix, f. 3, . . . . . . , . . .88
Marchionata (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 3, f. 12, 62
Maresi (Neritina), Bourg. INIal. de I'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 271, pi.
16, f. 293. = N. meridionalis, PhiL 48
Marginata (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3678.
?= N. alhicilla, Linn 19
Marginata (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. an Pole Sud.
Zool., V, 1854, p. 67, pi. 17, f. 22, 23.
= N. Tahiteusis, Less. 73
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 137
PAGE.
MarisrubriB (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., v. 304.
= N. quadricolor, Gmelin. ....... 29
Marmorata (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1855.
=: N. albicilla, Linn. . . , 19
Marmorata (Neritina), Brazier. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, p. 22, 74
Marmorata (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Vov. Pole Sud. Moll., t.
16, f. 14-17. = N. undata, Linn. .* ... 28
Maroccana (Neritina), Paladilhe. Rev. Zool., (iii) 3, 1875, p.
95, pi. 6, f. 26-28, . ... . . . .54
Marsigliana (Nerita), Hartnian. Sturm Deutschl. Fauna, vi,
pt. 5, 8, 57. = Neritina Danubialis, jMiihlf. . . .45
Matoni (Vitta), (Reel.) Morcli. Cat. Yoldi., p. 167.
=^ Neritina virginea, Linn. ....... 40
Matonia (Neritina), Risso. Hist. Nat. Europ. Mer.,iv, p. 271, 56
Maura (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 179.
= semirugosa, Recluz. . . . . . . .21
Mauritii (Neritina), Les.sou. Vov. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p.
384, 1830, . . , . ' 75
Mauritiana (Neritina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 1867, p. 440,. 63
Maxima (Nerita), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3683, . . .31
Megastoma (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Monog. Vit., 7, 1850, . 103
Melaleuca (Nerita), Martens. Mai. Bliitt, vii, I860, p. 52.
= N. pica, Gould. ........ 34
Melanotragus (Nerita), E. A. Smith. Zool. Alert, p. 69, 1884.
= N. atrata. Reeve 26
Melanolenca (Neritina), Kiist, Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 13-15, 1863.
= N. Peloponnesia. Recli:z. ...... 50
Melanostoma (Neritina), Troschel. Archiv. f. Naturg., 1837,
p. 179. = N. crepidularia. Lam. . . . . .77
Meleagris (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert. ed. I, vi, 2, p. 187.
=^ N. virginea, Linn. ........ 40
Menkeana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183, . 72
Meridionalis (Neritina), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 1836, p.
159, t. 9, f. 13, 48
Meridionalis (Neritina), (Phil.) Martens. Mai. Bliltt, xxi,
1857, p. 136, 158. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. . . .47, 52
Mertoniana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 71.
=: Neritina Ualanensis, Less. ...... 41
Mesopotamica (Neritina), INIousson. Jour, de Conch., xxii, 1874,
Mesopotamica (Neritina Anatolica, var.). Martens. Vorder-
asiat. Conch., 1873, p. 33, t. 5, f. 42.
= N. Mesopotamica, Mousson. ...... 52
Magnihca (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 16, 1856.
= N. macrocei)hala, Guillou. ...... 79
Micans (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. P. Z. S., 1850, p. 44, , 88, 95
Michaudi (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 315.
;= Neritina retifera, Bens. ....... 71
138 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Michonii (Neritina), Boiirg. Test. Novis?. 1852, p. 25.
= N. Macrii, Recluz. ........ 52
Micra (Cyclostrenia), Petterd. Journ. de Conch., iv, p. 139, . 95
Micra (Cyelostreina), Tenison- Woods. Proc. Rov. Soc. Tasma-
nia, 1876, p. 147, " . . .95
Micronesica (Nerita undata, var.), Martens. Kiistei-'s Conch.
Cab.. 35, 28
Microstoma (Neritina), Orb. Sagra, Hist. Cuba, v, p. 177, pi.
17, f. 32. = N. reclivata, Say. 39
Microtheca, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 264,
1863, 16, 106
Miliacea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 316.
= Neritina Matonia, Risso. . . . . . .56
Militaris (Cyclostrema), Jousseaume. Guerin's Mag. de Zool.,
1872, p. 394, pi. 19, f. 6, 90
Minima (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 346, . . 77
Minor (Neritina gagates. Lam. var.), Martens. Kiist., Conch.
Cab., p. 94, t. 10, f. 18, 19 35
Minuta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat.. No. 261, . . 103
Minutum (Cyclostrema), Jeffreys. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
5 ser. xi, p. 395, pi. 16, f. 1, 96
Mittreana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181.
= N. tluviatilis, Linn., var. . . . . . .46
Mitrula (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll, 48, 1830.
= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77
Modesta (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat, No. 262, . . 103
Modesta (Nerita), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Bud,, t. 16, f. 5.
6. = N. charna^leon, Linn. . . " . . . .20
Modesta (Neritina), Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 4, f. 23-26, 1863.
= N. Danubialis, Miihlt. var. chrysostoma. . . .46
Modestum (Cyclostrema), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc, vii, p. 148, 95
Modicella (Neritina), Desh, in ^Maillard Notes sur I'ile Reunion
Moll., p. 70, ])1. 10, f. 3, 4, 42
Moluccensis (Neritina subpunctata, Recluz, var.j, Martens,
Kiist., Conch. Cab., p. 180, 69
Monile (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 240, . . . .102
Monilifera (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 240, . . .103
Monilifera (Neritina rugata, Reel., var.). Martens. Kiist., Conch.
Cab., p. 164, t. 16, f. 27-29, 65
Montacuti (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 174.
^= N. brevis])ina. Lam. ....... 65
Montrouzieri (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., 1875, p. 228.
= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77
Moquiniana (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850. p. 156,
pi. 7, f. 9, ' . .35
Morchia, A. Adams. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 301, 1860, 16, 106
Morchiana (Neritina), Dunker. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Gessell,
Wien, 1866, p. 913, 43
IKDEX AND SYKONYMY. 139
I'AGE.
Morchiana (iSTeritina), Frauenfeld. Reise Xavara, Moll., t. 2,
f. 54. = N. retifera, Bens. ....... 71
Moreleti (Morchia), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1877, p. 202, pi.
10, f. 1, . 106
Moreletiana (Navicella), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., xiv, 1866,
p. 52 ; Nouv. Caled., t. 8, f. 3, 82
Morlieri (Teinostonia), Jouss. Guerin's Mag., 335, 1872, t. 18,
f. 4, . . . .104
Morio (Neritina), Deshayes, in Lam., An. s. vert. ed. 2, viii,
p. 585. = N. cornea, Linn. ....'■ 45
Morio (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, . . 26,33
Morosa (Neritina), Gassies. Journ. Conch., 1870, p. 149, . 43
Multijugis (Nerita), Menke. Zeit. Malak., 179. 1847.
= N. scabricosta, Lam. ....... 30
Multipicta (Neritina), IMousson in roll. =;N. Ualanensis, Less. 41
Muricata (Delphinula), Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, sp.
18,1843, 112
Musiva (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud. Zool., ii,
p. 70, pi. 17, f. 42-44. := N. brevispina. Lam. . . 65
Musiva (Nerita), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc, p. 238.
= N. patula. Recluz 22
Mutabilis (Heliciella), Costa. Microdoride ^lediterranea, ]j.
62, t. X, f. 4, 5. = Cyclostrema Cutlerianum, Clark. . . 96
Mutica (Neritina brevispina, Lam., var.), Sowb. Conch. 111.,
£ 80, 6o
Nana (Navicella), Montr.ouzier. Jour, de Conch., xxvii, 1879
]). 135. = N. Bougainvillei, Reel, (juv.) .
Nanula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245, 1801,
Natalensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75, .
Nate re, Gray. Zool. Proc, 92, 1858.
= Nerita. Adanson. .......
Naticoides(Vitrinella), Carp. ]Mazat. Cat., 246, .
Naticopsis, M'Cov. Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844,
Navicella, Lam.' Phil. Zool., 1809 9,-77
Navicellina (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. Zool., 1841, ]). 346.
==; N. dilatata, Brod. .......
Navicula (Septaria), De Ferussac. Bull. Sc. Nat., x, 413, 1827
= Navicella lineata, Lam. ......
Navicularis (Neritina), Morch. Catal. Coll., 1852, j). 164.
= N. aciculata, jNIorch. . . . .
Navigatoria (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 102.
= N. Roissyana, Reel. ......
Nebulata (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1844, p. 71.
= Neritina Ualanensis, Less. .....
Neglecta (Neritina), Pease. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 435,
Neridomus, Morris and Lycett. 1850,
Neripteron, Lesson. Voy. Coquille, ii, 384, 1830, . . 8, 73
80
84
35
4
103
12
76
82
74
38
41
77
9
6
7,
54
6,
35
6,
35
33
,
7
7-
6,
44
140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Nerita, Adanson. Hist. Senegal, 188, 1757, . . . 4, 18^
Neritsea, Roth. Martens, Kiister's Concliylien Cab. Neritina
16, 1879, 6
Neritella (Humphrey 1797), Gray. 1847.
= Neritina, Lam. .......
Neritilia, ^Martens. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 1879,
Neritina, Swains. ]Mah\coL, 347, 1840,
Neritina, Lam. Phil. ZooL, 1809. . . . . .'
Neritinoicles (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 21, 1855.
= N. morio, Sowb. .......
Neritoconus, Kobelt. Cat. Eur. Binnenconch., 66, 1871,
Neritodonta, Brusina. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell,, 1884, .
Neritodryas, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, . .
Neritoglobus, Kobelt. Cat. Euroj). Binnenconch., 67, 1871.
= Theodoxus, Montf. ........ 7
Neritoides (I^ithoglyphus), Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vi,
426, 1880 ; Zool". Proc, 287, 1881 ; (Tanganyica) Crosse,
Jour, de Conch., 126, 288, 1881. = Stanleva/ . . 7, 56
Neritomu, Morris. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, v, 332, 1849, . 9
Neritomopsis, Waagen. Pal. Indica, series xiii, p. lOfi, . . 12
Neritona, Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 1869, ... 7, 62
Neritopsis, Grateloup. Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., v, 129, 1832, 12, 82
Neritopsoides (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1855.
;= N. undata, Linn., var. ....... 29
Nevilli (Cyclostrema). H. Ad. P. Z. S., 1868, p. 293, pi. 28, f.
17, 90'
Nigerrima (Nerita), Chemn. Conch. Cab., v, p. 309, pi. 192,
f. 1985, 1986 • . 23, 26, 33
Nigra (Nerita), (Quoy and Gaimard), Gray. Dieffenbach's
New Zealand, vol. ii, p. 240, . . . . . .26
Nigra (Nerita), CJhemnitz. Conch. Cab.
= N. polita, Linn 26, 30
Nigrescens (Neritina), Kutschig, ms.
= N. Danubialis, JMiihlf., var. 46
Nigris))inis (Clithon), Less. Voy. de la Coquille, p. 382.
= .N. Souleyetaua, Reeluz. ...... 64
Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler. Reeluz, Journ. Conch., i, p. 149,
1851. = N. meridionalis, Phil., var. . . . . .48
Nigrita (Neritina), Ziegler in coll. Jan. Catal., 1830, p. 7.
= N. anatolica, Reeluz. ....... 52
Nigrobifasciata (Neritina Ualanensis, Lesson, var.). Martens.
Kust.,p. 193, t. 20, f. 13-15, ...... 41
Nigrocierulea (Neritina), Parreyss. In Anton, Yerzeich. d.
Conch., 1839, p. 30. = N. meridionalis, Phil., var. . . 48.
Nigrofasciata (Neritina picta, Sowb. var.). Miller. Mai. Bliitt,
1879, p. 168,
Nilotica (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 34, fig. 157, . 41
INDICX AND SYNONYMY. 141
I'AC.K.
Nitens (Cyclostrema), Philippi. Enum. Moll. 8icil., ii, p. 146,
pi. 25, f. 4, . . . . 97
Nitida (Xerita Jordani var.), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 121.
^= Neritina Anatolica, Recluz, . . . . . .52
Nitida (Neritina), Parreyss. Villa, Dysp. syst., 1841.
= N. Anatolica, Recluz, ....... 52
Nitida (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 43, 1350, . . .85
Nitidiuscula (Ganesa), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1883, p. 94, pi. 19,
f. 9, . . . . • 100
Nivea (Cyclostrema), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Concb., t. 255, f.
35, 36, ' 96
Nivea (Delpbinula), Reeve. Concb. Icon. Delpbinula, sp, 26,
1843. = Cyclostrema la?vis, Kiener. . . . .92
Xivosa (Nerita), Rve. Concb. Icon., f. 66, 1855.
? = N. tessellata, Gmel 24
Nobilis (Xeritina), Cbenu. Man. Concb., 1859, i, p. 336, f.
2452. = N. turrita, Cbemn 37
Nodosa (Vitrinella\ Garrett. P. A. N. S. Pbila., 1873, p. 214,
pL 21, f. 17, 101
Nodosa (Vitrinella perparva, var.), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 243, . 103
Nolani (Xeritina cornea, var.), Tryon, . . . . .45
Nordquisti (Neritina), Westerl. Vegi^. Exped., iii, 21J,t. 5,
f. 24, 1887
Nouletiana (Neritina), Gassies. Fauna Concb. Terr, and Fluv.
Nouv. Caledon., p. 104, pi. 8, f. 5, 41
Nov?e-Caledoni?e (Nerita), Baird. Cruise of Curacoa, p. 439,
pi. 38, f 12-13. = N. stricta, Baird, .... 35
Novte-Caledonica (Neritina), Reeve. Colicb. Icon., ix, f 107.
= N. Lecontei, Recluz, ....... 74
Novae-Guinese (Nerita), Lesson. Petit. Journ. Concb., i, p.
283. =:. N. undata, Linn 28
Novse-Hibernise (Nerita), Lesson. Voy. Coquille, v, pt. i, p.
371, 35
Nubila (Neritina), Buscb. Pbil. Abbild., i, s. 30, t. 1, f 13.
= N. Ualanensis, Less. ....... 41
Nubila (Neritina), Martens. Mai. Bliitt., x, 1860,
= N. retropicta. Martens, ....... 67
Nucleolus (Neritina), Morelet. Jour, de Concb., 1869, p. 180,
Test. Nov. Austral., 1857, p. 6. i= N. interrupta, Recluz, . 68
Numidica (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p. 343, . 50
Nuttalli (Neritina), Recluz. Rve. Zool., 1841, p. 276,
= N. cariosa. Gray. ........ 75
Nux (Neritina) Brod. Zool. Proc, 201, 1832,
? = N. Turtoni, Reel 38
Obatra (Nerita), Recluz, Jour, de Concb., ii, p. 203, pi. v, f.
4, 5. = N. maxima, Gmel. .....
ol
142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Oblonga (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var.), Martens. Kiist. p.
38, t. 8, f. 1-3, 82
Oblonga (Neritina virginea, L. var. ), Martens. Mai. Bliitt.,
xii, p. G3. = N. virginea, Linn. . . . . .40
Obscura (Neritina), Dunker. Catal. von Godeffroy coll.
= N. retropicta, Mat-tens, ....... 67
Obscnra (Nerita), Honibr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrolabe et Ze-
lee, V, p. 65, pi. 17, f. 1-2. :=: N. picea, Reclnz. . . 33
Obscurata (Neritina), Reel. Rev. Zool., p. 183, 1842.
= N. brevispina. Lam. ....... 65
Obtusa (Neritiua), (Bens.) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 116.
= N. retropicta. Martens. ....... 67
Obtusa (Neritina), Benson. Jour. As. Soc., x, 1836, p. 749, . 43
Obvoluta (Cyclostrema), A. Adams. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1860, . . . . • 106
Octolyrata (Cyclostrema), Carpenter. P. Z. S., 1856, p. 169, . 99
Odontostoma (Klein, 1758), Morch. Cat. Yoldi, 167, 1852, 5, 30
Oleagina (Nerita), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 47.
= N. Spengleriana, Reclnz 29
Olivacea (Neritina), Wiegmann. ]\[us. Berlin.
= N. reclivata. Say 39
Olivacea (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 172, . . 69
Olivieri (Neritina), ]\rartens. Conch. Cab., 86.
= N. anatolica, Reel., var. ....... 52
Omalos (Discopsis), Folin. Fonds de la Mer., i, 190, 205,
1860, 105
Ouiatum (Cyclostrema Dalli, Verrill, var.), Verrill. Trans.
Conn. Acad., iii, p. 255, pi. 32, f. 17, . . . . .97
Onalaniensis (Neritina). Less. Voy. de la Coquille, ii, pt. I, p.
379, 41
Oncochilus, Petho. 1882. 9
Orbella (Adeorbis), A, Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 245,
1861, 83
Orbicularis (Navicella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 5, 1856.
= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. ....... 81
Orbignyana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 108.
= N. polita, Linn 30
Orbignyi (Adeorbis), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., vi, 286, 1857, 86
Orientalis (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 33.
= N. cferulescens, Reel. ....... 82
Orbis (Vitriuella), Carp. Mazat. Cat.. 247, . . . .103
Ornatus (Catillus), Adams and Angas.- P. Z. S., 1864, p. 36.
= Navicella Bougainvillei, Reel. . . . . .80
Ornata (Nerita), Sowb. Gen. Shells, no. 10.
= N. scabricosta, Lam. ....... 30
Ornata (Neritina), C. B. Adams. Contr. to Conch., vii, 1850,
p. 112, . . , 56
Ornata (Vitrinella), Carp. Zool. Proc, 270, 1865. . . 103
47
10
20
54
27
5
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 143
PAGE.
Ornatella (Neritina), Moussou in coll.
= N. Ualaueiisie, Less : . . 41
Orsinii (Neritina), Pecchioli in coll.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ....
Orthoponia, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867,
Oryzarum (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 178,
Ossea (Neritina), Garrett, ms. = N. ruhida. Pease.
Otaitensis (Nerita), Less. Voy. Coquille, ii, pt. 1, p. 370
= N. plicata, Linn. ......
Otostoma, d'Archiac. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr.. xvi, 871, 1859,
Ovalis (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 507, i>l. 113, f.
121, 122. = N. pulligera, Linn 57
Oweniana (Neritina), Gray. In Wood, Ind. Test, suppl., n. f.
8, . . '. .^ ■ . . 76
Pacifica (Neritina cornuta, Rve., var.), Mousson. Jour, de
Conch., 1870, p. 210, 58
Pala (Navicella), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xii, 1865, p, 189,
201. ==: N. Frevcineti, Reel 80
Pallida (Neritina),' Dunker. Mai. Bliitt, viii, p. 40, . . 50
Pallidula (Nerita), Da Costa. Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.,
iv, p. 131, 271. = Neritina viridis, Linn. . . . .55
Paulucciana (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. Conch., xviii, 1870, p.
149, 55
Paludosa (Neritina), Garrett, ms.
= N. chlorostoma, Brod .66
Palnise (Neritina reclivata, var.), Dall. Proc. Nat. Mus., 259,
1885, 39
Panamensis (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 238, . . 103
Panavana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 70, . . 51
Papillosa (Neritina), Jay. Cat. of Shells, 1839, pi. 4, f. 11.
=: N. grauosa, Sowb. ........ 63
Papuana (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 105, 1841.
= N. undata, Linn 28
Parcepicta (Neritina Ualanensis, Less., var.). Martens. Kiist.,
p. 193, t. 20, f. 20-24, 41
Paria, Gray. P. Z. S., 1867, p. 997, . . . . 10, 80
Parkeria, Gabb. Jour. Philad. Acad., 1880.
= Pseudorotella, Fischer. .......
Parreyssi (Neritina), Villa. Dispos. Syst. Conch., 1841, p. 38
and 60. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. . . . . .46
Parva (Navicella), Mousson. Land und Siiss-wasser, Moll.
Java, p. 119, t. 22. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. . . 79
Parva (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316, . .101
Parvula (Neritina), (Guillou.) Recluz. Jour. Conch., i, p. 148.
= N. chlorostoma, Brod. ....... 66
Patruelis (Adeorbis). A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245, 1861, . 84
Patula (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 148, . . 22
144 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGK.
Paulla (Liotia), Pliil. Kiister's Conch. Cab. Delphin., 24, .112
Paya (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 71.
= N. interrupta, Recluz. ....... 68
Peguen'sifc (Neritina), Bhxnf. Jour. Asiat. Soc, ii, p. 68, pi. 1,
f. 1-16 .71
Pellis-serpentis (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 83, 1855.
= N. helicinoides. Reeve. .....'. 25
Peloponnesia (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1851, p.
49, 50
Peloronta, Oken. Zool., 360, 1815, ... 4, 18, 24
Peloronta (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778. . . 24
Peltarion, Deplongchamps. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm., iii, 153,
1858. = Neritopsis, Grat. . . . . . .12
PeniciUata (Neritella), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vii, p.43, . . . .^ . . . . . . 73
Pennata (Neritina), lioin. Index rerum Nat. Mus. Caes. Vin-
dob., 1778, p. 42, 59
Pentegoniostonia (Cvclostrema), Car^^enter. P. Z. S., 1856, p.
169, . . '. .95
Peronii (Liotiaj, Kiener. Coq. Viv. Monog. Delphinula, t. 3,
f. 5, . 17, 108
Perparva (XltrineUa), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., 187, 316; Carp.
Mazat. Cat., 243, 103
Perottetiana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 337, . 53
Per-striata (Neritina), Mousson, ms. Kiister, C^onch. Cab., 276.
= N. cariosa. Gray. ........ 75
Peruviana (Nerita), Phil. Abbild. p. 2, pi. 1, £ 4,
= N. Yoldii, Recluz 27
Peterseni (Cyclostrema), Friele. Vid. Forh., 1872.
=^ C. trochoides, Jeffr. var. ...... 97
Petholata (Neritina avellana. Reel, var.), Martens. Kiist., p.
174, f. 7-11, .68
Petichialis (Nerita), Morch. Yoldi Cat., 167, 1852.
= N. reticulata, Karsten, ....... 22
Petiti (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 373.
= N. pulligera, Linn. var. . . . . . .57
Petrettinia, Bourg. Foss. Dalniat. Lettres Mai., 50.
^=- Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7
Petteri (Neritina), Stentz. Porro. Cat. Conch, terr and fluv.
Europ., 1839, p. 4. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. ... 47
Pfeifferiana (Neritina), Reel. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 72, . . 72
Phariana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 75, . . 41
Philippii (Cvclostrema), Issel. Mar. Rosso., p. 189, . . 91
Philippii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 341.
= Neritina meridionalis, Phil. . . . . . .48
Philippinarum (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111. no. 54, f. 53.
= N. dvibia, Chemn. . . . . . . .44
Pica (Nerita), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 43, 34
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145
PAGE,
Picea (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, . . . 33
Pictus (Adeoi'bis), Tenisou- Woods. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1876,
p. 146, 86
Picta (Neritina), Sowb. P. Z. S., 1832, p. 201, ... 41
Pictum (Sandalium), Schumacher. Essai d'un nouv. Syst.,
1817, p. 183. = Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. . "^ .81
Picturata (Navicella), Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 224,
pi. 19, f. 13. = N. lineata, Lam 82
Picturata (Xeritina), Jan. Rossmass. Icon., h. ii, 1835.
^ N. varia, Ziegler. ........ 48
Pihi, Klein. 1753, 4, 18, 27
Pileolus (Neritina), Recluz. Journ. Conch., i, 1850, p. 65, pi.
3, f. 3. = N. crepidularia. Lam. . . . . .77
Pileolus (Cookson), Sowerbv. Genera of Shells, 1823, . . 11
Pilula (Liotia), Bunker. Mai. BlJitt, vi, p. 226, . . 107, 112
Piperina (Neritina), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. bd. ix, 1795, }).
173, t. 197, f. 1905, 1906. = Neritina pennata. Born. . 59
Pisiformis (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 181.
= Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. . . . . . . i5Q
Plana (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 43, 1850, . . .83
Planissima (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1869, p. 378,
pi. 15, f. 9, 62
Planorbula (Adeorbis), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 43, 1850, . . 85
Planospira (Nerita), Anton Verzeieh., p. 30, 1839, . . .21
Planospirata (Vitrinella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 246, . . 103
Plexa (Nerita), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab., vol. v, p. 190, f. 1944,
1945 19
Plicata (Neritina), Gassies. Jour, de Conch., vii, 1858, p. 372.
= N. interrupta, Recluz. ....... 68
Plicata (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 779, . . .27
Plumata (Neritina), Menke. Syn. Moll., 1830, p. 39.
= N. crepidularia. Lam. ....... 77
Plumbea (Navicella), Sowb. In coll.
= N. cffirulescens. Reel . 82
Plumbea (Neritina), Reel. ms. Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p.
538, pi. 112, f. 119, 120, 37
Polita (Nerita), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, . . .30
Politum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 1854, . . . 103
Polydelta (Neritina Ualanensis, Lesson, var.), Martens. Kiist.,
p. 193, f. 1-4, 7, 41
Ponceliana (Vitrinella), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, p. 51, t. 5, f.
7, 101
P()rcata (Neritina), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,
1847, p. 225, 60
Porcellana (Navicella), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 372, 1841.
= N. Borbonica, Bory. ...... 78, 79
Porcellana (Patella), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, p. 781.
= Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . .81
10
146 IKDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Porcellna (Navicella), (L.) Gould. U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll.,
p. 156, f. 178. = iSI". depressa. Less 81
PoiToi (J^eritina), Stabille. Fauna Helv., p. 46.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. 47
Poucheti (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud.
Moll, p. 66, pi. 17, f. 11-13, 40
Powisiana (Neritina), Recluz. Zool. Proc, 71, 1843. . . 59
Pnecognita (Nerita), C. B. Adams, Ms. in Mus. Cuming.
= N. fulgurans, Gmel. var. ...... 24
Prevostiana (Neritina), Dupuy. INIoll. France, 549,
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46
Prevostiana (Neritina), Partsch. Terver, Cat. Moll, du Nord.
de 1' Afrique, p. 38. = N. Numidica, Reel. . . .50
Pi-evostiana (Neritina), Partsch, Pfr., Land und Wasser-
Schnecken, iii, 49, 1828, 49
Prevostiana (Neritina) (Partsch ), Benoit. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,
1875, p. 162. = N. meridionalis, Phil 48
Prevostianus (Theodoxus), Pax'tch. Issel. Moll, della Pur.
Pisa., 1866. := Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. . . . .46
Pritchardi (Neritina), Dohrn. P. Z. S., 1861, p. 206, pi. 26,
f. 2, . 65
Profunda (Navicella pala, Mousson, vai'.), Mousson, Cat. Mus.
Godefli-oy, p. 97.
= N. Freyeineti, Reel. var. compressa, Martens. . . 80
Profundum (Cyclostrema), Friele. Jefl^reys, Zool. Proc, 91,
1883. = C. basistriatum, Brugnone, . . . .96
Prominula (xldeorbis), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag., 245, 1861, . 84
Pro])inquus (Clithon), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xvii, p.
373, pi. 15, f. 8. = Neritina castanea, Hombr. et Jacq. 61, 67
Proxima (Cvclostrema), Tryon, 98
Pruinosa (Ganesa), Jeffreys. P. Z. S., 1884, p. 94, pi. 19, f. 8, 100
Pseudorbis, Monterosato. Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Med. p.
109, 1884, 13, 87
Pseudorotella, Fischer. Jour, de Conch., vi, 52, 1857, . 15, 105
Psittacea (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, f. 33.
= N. Freyeineti, Reel 80
Puella (Neritella), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, p.
43. ? = N. Rangiana, Recluz, ...... 55
Pulchella (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1842, p. 175.
= Neritina Sowerbiana, Reel. ...... 67
Pulchella (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25.
= N. tessellata, Lam 82
Pulchella (Cyclostrema), Dunker. Mai. Blatt., vi, p. 225, 1860.
= C. micans, A. Adams. ....... 88
Pulchella (Neritina), Gray. Wood's Index Test. Suppl., t. 8,
f. 18. = N. virginea, Linn. ...... 40
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
14<
Pulchella (Neritiua), Morch. Vidensk. Meddelels Naturh. for
Kjobeiihavn, 1872, p. 27. ^ N. Ualaneusis, Less.
Pulcherriina (Septaria), Taj^iiarone-Cauefri, Ann. INIus. Gen
ova, 1883, p. 85,
Pulcherrima (Neritina), Mousson, Jouru. de Conch., vi, 1857
p. 164. = N. ziczac, Sowb. var. ....
Pulcherrima (Vitta), Angas. P. Z. S., 1871, p. 19, 96, pi. i, f.
25. ;=: Neritina Sowerbiana, Montrouzier,
Pulchra (Neritina), Sowb. Couch. 111., no. 57, f. 59.
= N. variegata. Lesson, ......
Pulligera (Neritina), Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool
iii, p. 198, pi. 65, f. 6. = N. squamipicta, Recluz.
Pulligera (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1253, 56, 57
Punctata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrolalje, iii, p. 185, pi
Qr,, f. 41-42. ? = N1 undata, Linn., var. funiculata. . . 29
Guerin's Mag. 387, t,
In coll.
41
81
36
55
36
58
Punctatum (Teinostoma), Jouss. Guerin's Mag. 337, t. 18, f.
5, 1872, . _ .
Punctifera (Neritina), Mousson.
:^ N. subpunctata, Recluz. .
Punctulata (Neritina), Lam. Encyc. Meth. ii, pi. 455, f. 2,
Pupa (Neritina), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 378,
Pu])a (Nerita), Pallas, Reisen d. verschied. Prov. d. Russ
Reiches, vol. i, p. 345. = N. liturata, Eichwald. . . .47
Puperita, Gray. Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., 137, 1857, . 6, 42
Pura (Vitrinella), Garrett. P. A. N. S., Phila., 1873, p. 213,
pi. 2, f. 13,
Purpurata (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll. = N. fluviatilis, Linn.
Purpurea (Nerita), Budginr. Mss. in Sowb., Cat. Tankerv.
Coll., 1828, p. 45. = Neritina crepidularia. Lam.
Pusilla (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Cont. to Conch., p. 112
Pusilla (Natica), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, 141, t. 24, f. 13,
1844. ^ Adeorbis subcarinatus, Montagu.
Pusilla (Margarita), Jeffreys, Zool. Proc, 91, 1883.
= Cvclostrema nitens, Phil. ....
Pusilla"'(Neritina), C. B. Ad., Contrib. Conch., 112.
= Calceolina. .......
Pustulata (Neritina), Parreyss, in coll.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. ....
Pygmsea (Neritina), C. B. Adams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
ii, p. 7, ^ ■_ .
Pyrenaica (Neritina fluviatilis, L. var.) Moq.-Tand., p. 549
104
69
60
42
101
47
77
77
85
97
105
47
77
46
Quadricolor (Nerita), Gmel. Syst. Nat., ed. xiii, p. 3684.
= N. undata, Linn. ........ 29
Quoyi (Navicella Urvillei, var.). Reel., Rev. Zool., 2841, p.
378. = N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . .81
148 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Racliata (Liotia), Kieuer. Coq. Viv., Monog. Delphinula, 7, t.
4, f. 9, Ill
Radiata (ISTavicella), Reeve. Couch. Syst., pi. 199, f. 7.
= N. tessellata, Lam. . . . ' 81
Radiata (Neritina), Lang. Jan. Conspect. Metli. Test., 10, \).
7. = N. transversalis, Ziegler. ...... 47
Radiatum (Teiuostoraa), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 267,
1860, 103
Radula (Nevitopsis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, 1252, . . 82
Radula, Gray. Syn. Brit. Mus., 1840. = Neritopsis, Grat. 12
Ramosa (Neritina), Meuscli. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 166, 1852.
:= N. ziezac, 8o\vb. ........ 36
Rangiana (Xeritina), Reel. Rev, ZooL, 1841, p. 339, . . 55
Rara (Neritiua), Dufo. Ann. d. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, 1840, p.
195, 62
Rarispina (Neritina), Mousson. Land und Siiss-wasser, Moll.
von Java, p. 83, t. 12, f. 5-6 ; t. 12, f. 12, . . . 69
Rarisi)iua (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 311, . 72
Rarispina (Neritina), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole Sud, ZooL,
V, p. 69, pi. 17, f. 36, 38. := N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64
Reclivata (Neritina), Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii,
2, July 1822, p. 257, " . •. . . . 36, 37, 39, 60
Recluzii (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Syst., ii, pi. 199, f. 6.
= N. tessellata. Lam . . .81
Recluziana (Neritina), Guillou. Rev. ZooL, 1841, p. 345.
= N. Souleyetana, Reel. ....... 64
Reeveiana (Cvclostrema), Hinds. Voy. Suli)hur., p. 52, pi.
16, f. 17, \ . . . , 88
Regularis (Vitriuella), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., No. 266, . 103
Reticularis (Neritina), Sowb. Conch. 111., no. 51, f. 44.
= N. retifera, Bens. . . 71
Reticulata (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, 1856, pi. 5, f.
20. = N. tessellata. Lam 82
Reticulata (Nerita), Karsten. Mus. Lesk., 296, 1789, . . 21
Reticulata (Neritina), De Cristofori et Jan. Cat. Rev. Nat.,
1832, p. 7. = N. reclivata. Say., var. reticulata. . . 89
Reticulata (Neritina), Sowb. Proc. ZooL Soc, 1832, p. 201 , . 42
Reticulata (Nerita), Quoy et Gaimard. Voy. de I'Astrolabe,
ZooL, iii, p. 193, pi. 65, f. 3, 4, =: Neritina dubia, Chemn. 44
Retifera (Neritina), Benson. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii,
1836, p. 749 71
Retropicta (Neritina), Martens. Kiist. Conch. Cab., p. 169, t.
17, f. 18-20, .' 67
Retusa (Neritina), Morelet. Journ. de Conch., iv, 1853, p. 372,
pL ii, f. 9, 10, 67
Revnesiana (Neritina fluviatilis, L. var.) Paladilhe. Dubreuil,
Cat. Moll. Terr, et fluv. de I'Herault, 1869, p. 73.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 149
PAGE.
105
Rhinoceras (Teinostoma), Jousseaume. Bull. Soc. Zool. France
1881, p. 184,
Rhodocolpos (Neritina), Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test, 1830, p
7. = N. fluviatilis, Linn., var. .....
Rhytidophora (Neritina), Tap-Canelri. Ann. IMus. Civ. Geuova
xix, p. 76, t. 1, f. 5, 6, 7,
Ringicula (Nerita), Philip. Zeitsch. f. MaL, 1851, p. 86,
Ringens (Nerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 75.
= N. plicata, Linn. .......
Ritena, Gray. Zool. Proc, 92, 1858. = Pila, Klein. .
Rivula (Neritina), Horabr. et Jacq. Voy. Pole. Slid. Moll.,
p. 17, pi. 18, f. 27-29. = N. Roissyana, Recluz..
Rivalis (Neritina), Ziegler. Jan. Conspect. Meth. Test., 1830
p. 7. = N. varia, Ziegler. ......
Romettensis (Tharsis), Seguenza. Graells, Desc. Esp. Nouv. etc.
7, 1877 ; Jeffreys, Zool., Proc, 93, t. 19, f. 7, 1883,
Roseotincta (Cyclostrema), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc, p. 737
pi. 75, f. 27, 1871,
Rossnitissleriana (Neritina), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1845, p. 119,
Roissyana (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 338,
Roissyi (Neritina), Recluz. Jour, de Conch. 1850, p. 151.
= N. Roissyana, Reel. ......
Rostrata (Neritina), Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 151.
= N. auriculata. Lam. ......
Rotundata (Neritina reclivata, Sav. var.). Martens. Mai. Bliitt
xii, 1865, S. 61. " =N. reclivata, Say
Rubella (Nerita), O. F. Miiller. Hist. Vermium, ii, p. 195
= Neritina pulligera, Linn. .....
Rubricata (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., i, 1858, p. 30
I>l:3,f.2, . _ . . . ^.
Rubicunda (Neritina), Martens. Kiister Conch. Cab., p. 32, t
6, f. 20-23
Rubida (Neritina), Pease. Am. Journ. Condi., iii, 1867, p
285, pi. 24, f -. 5
Rudis (Nerita), Wood. Index Test. Suppl., t. 8, f. 13, 1828.
= N. i-eticulata, Karsten. ......
Rudis (Nerita), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 285, t. 24, f. 4
1867. = N. pica, Gould .
Rugata (Nerita), (Reel.) Souleyet. Voy. de la Bonite, Zool.
ii, p. 566, ])1. 34, f. 24-27. = Neritina subpunctata, Recluz
Rugata (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool,, 1842, p. 75.
= N. brevispina. Lam. ......
Ruginosa (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 310.
= N. brevispina, Lam., var. .....
Rugosa (Nerita), Busch in Phil. Abbild., i. t. i, f. 4.
=^ Neritina subjiunctata. Reel. .....
46
66
35
27
4
48
100
93
62
38
38
73
39
57
61
73
54
22
34
69
65
65
69
150 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Rugulosum (Cyclostrema), (Jeffrey's Mss.), Sai's, Moll. Reg.
Arct. Norv., p. 129, pi. 21, f. 1, 96
Ruida (Neritiua), Mousson. Journ. Conch., vi, 1857, p. 162.
^= N. squarrosa, Recluz. ....... 65
Rumphii (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 147.
= N. polita, var. ........ 31
Sagittata (Neritina faba., Sowb. var.). Martens. Kiist., p. 176,
t. 18, f. "14, 17, 68
Saint-Siraonia, Bourg. Foss. Dalmat. Lettres, Mai., 50.
= Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7
Salatana (Neritina), Zelebor. In litt.
= N. varia, Ziegler. ........ 48
Salmacida (Neritina), Morelet. Jour, de Conch., 1879, p. 312,
pi. xii, f. 5, 43
Salonitana (Neritina), Lanza. In collections.
— N. fluviatilis, Linn; 46
Samoensis (Nerita), Dunker. Mai. Blatt, xviii, p. 167.
= N. affinis. Reeve. ........ 34
Sandalina (Neritina), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 76, . . 61
Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes. Conch. I'isle Reunion,
p. 81, = N. Mauritii, Less 75
Sandwichensis (Neritina), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 82,
= N. vespertiua, Nuttall 73
Sandwichensis (Neritina), Deshayes. An. s. Vert., 2nd, ed.,
1838, p. 519. N. cariosa. Gray 75
Sangara (Neritina), Morelet. Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 355.
= N. Adansoniana, Recluz. ....... 40
Sanguinea (Neritina), Sowb. Thes. Conch., ii, p. 513, pi. 114,
f. 162, 58
Sanguinolenta (Nerita), Menke. Verzeichn., 15, 1829.
= N. albicilla, Linn 19
Sanguisuga (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. iv, f. 17.
= N. macrocephala, Guillou. ...... 79
Sardoa (Neritina), Menke. Syu. Moll., ed. ii, 1830. p. 49,
140, 49
Saturata (Nerita), Hutton. Proc. Linn. Soc, N. S. Wales, ix,
p. 354. = N. atrata, Reeve 26
Sauleyi (Neritina), Bourg. Test. Nov., p. 25, . . .54
Savesi (Neritina), Gassies. Jour. de. Conch., 1878, f. 345.
= N. cornea, Linn. ........ 45
Savieana (Nerita), Recluz, Ms. Mus. Cuming, Conch. Icon.,
f. 37, 1855. = N. undata, Linn. ... . . .28
Sayana (Neritina), Recluz. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1843, p. 199, . 41
Scaber (Adeorbis), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 129, 1848, ... 86
Scabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mai, 1848, p. 14, . . 35
Scabrella (Nerita), Phil. Zeit. f. Mai., 14, 1849.
= N. chamseleon, Linn. ....... 20
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 151
PAGE
Scabricosta (Nerita), Lam. An, s. Veit., vi, 2, ji. 194,
1822, 29, 30
Scabricosta (Nerita), Delessert. Rec. de Coq., t. 32, f. 6.
= N. costata, Cliemn. ....... 27
Scsevola, Gemmellaro. Bull. Soc. Sc. Palermo, xiii, 2, 1878, . 17
Scalaroides (Liotia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., Sp. 11, 1843, . 108
Scalpta (jSTerita), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 31, 1855.
= N. tessellata, Gmel 24
Scaphanidea, Rolle, 1862. = Neritopsis, Grat. . . .12
Scarabeeus (Navicella), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ix, pi. 3, f. 12.
= N. macrocephala, Guillou. . . . . . .79
Schlaflii (Neritina), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., 1874, p. 49.
:= N. crepidularia, Lara. ....... 77
Schiragensis (Xeritina), Parreyss in coll.
= N. pallida, Dunker. " 50
Schiragensis (Neritina), Bourg. Issel, Moll. Miss. Ital. Pers.,
p. 24. = N. Anatolica, Recluz., var. . . . .52
Schmeltziana (Nerita), Dunker. = N. maculata, Pse. . . 23
Schmelziana (Navicella), Mousson. Jour, de Conch., xviii,
1870, p. 227. = N. variabilis, Reel 81
Schraumii (Cyclostrema), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., pi. 10, f.
10, 1857, 89
Schulzii (Neritina), Grimm. Kaspinskoe more fauna, ii, 1877,
p. 77, t. 8, f. 16, 50
Sculpta (Navicella), Martens. Kiist., Conch. Cab. p. 15, t. 2,
f 5—8 79
Sculptili's (Vitrinella), Garrett.' P. A. N. S. Phila., p. 213, pi.
2, f. 15, 1873. = Cyclostrema Marchei, Jouss. . . 88
Seguenzianus (Adeorbis), Tryon. . . . . . .84
Semen (Neritina), Tap-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova vii, p.
1031. = Souverbiana, Montr. . . . . . .55
Semi-clathratula (Liotia), Schrenck. Amur-land Moll., p. 370, 109
Semi-conica (Neritina), Lam. An. s. Vert., ed. I, vi, 2, p.
187, 37, 38
Seminuda (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad. Panam. Cat., No. 267, . 103
Semirugosa (Nerita), Recluz. Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 102. .
Semistriata (Pseudorotella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 61., t. 18, f.
20-22, 105
Semisulcata (Cyclostrema), Issel, Mar. Rosso, 287, t. 5, f. 6, . 99
Senegalensis (Nerita), Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686, . . 22, 33
Septai"ia, Fer., Essai d'une meth. etc. 1807.
= Navicella, Lam. ........ 10
Serpuloides (Helix), Montagu, Test. Brit., suppL, p. 147, t. 21,
f. 3. = Cyclostrema divisa. Ad. . , . . .96
Serratilinea (Neritina), Hohenacker., Bnil. Soc. imp. Moscou,
1837, p. 147. = N. liturata, Eichwali. . . . ' . 47
152 IXDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGK.
Serratilinea (Neritina Dauubialis, var.), Ziegler, Jan, Couspec-
Metli. Test. 1830, p. 7, 4()
Serrulata (Nerita), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 76.
= N. ziczac, Sowb., var. ....... 36
Shandi (Liotia), Hutton, Cat. N. Z. Moll., p. 35.
= ? juv. Turbo creniferus, Kiener. 112
Showalteri (Neritina), Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1861, p. 55, . 53
Siderea (Liotia), Rve., Conch. Icon. s]i. 23,
Sideria (Neritina) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist ii, 1847, p
228. = N. chlorostoma, Brod. .
Signata (Nerita) Macleay, Lam., An. s. Vert., vi, Pt. 2, p. 175
= N. reticulata, Karsten. ......
Simile (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 92, pi. 19, f. 4^
Sinensis (Adeorbis) A. Adams, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1861, p
305,
Siquijorensis (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 198.
= N. crepidularia, Lam. ....... 77
Smaragdia, Issel, Mai. Mar Rosso, p. 212. 1869, . 7,54
Smithiana (Stanleva), Bourg., Notic Lac Tanganyika, p. 88,
1885, . . ' ^
Smithi (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 36, .
Sobrina (Nerita) Recluz., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 119.
= Neritina zebra, Brus,-. ....
Solida (Teinostoma), E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., p. 737
1871,
Solidissima (Neritina) Sowb., P. Z. S., 1849.
-=- N. cariosa. Gray. .....
Solidula (Liotia) Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc, vii, p. 141,
Solium (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1845, p. 120.
== N. olivacea, Reel. .......
Solomonensis (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 106.
= N. porcata. Gould. .......
Souleyetana (Neritina), Recluz, Rev, Zool., 1842, .
Souverbiana (Neritina) Monti'ouzier, Jour, de Conch, 1863. p
75, 175, pi. 5, fig. 5,
Sowerbiana (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 174,
Sowerbii (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 89.
= N. Sowerbiana, Reel. ......
Speciosa (Liotia), Angas. P. Z. S., p. 19, t. 1, f. 26, 1871.
Spengleriana (Nerita), Recluz. P. Z. S., 1843, p. 201.
= N. undata, Linn., var.
Spharoides (Cvclostrema), S. Wood, Ann. Mag. p. 533, t. 5
f. 3, 1842; Jeffreys, P. Z.S., p. 93, 1883, .
Spinifera (Neritina), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 183.
? :=: N. Diadema, Recluz. ......
Spinifera (Neritina), (Recluz), Sowb., Thes., ii, p. 526, pi. 110
fig. 53, 54. = N. diadema, Reel. ....
110
66
22
98
85
56
37
37
105
75
112
70
60
64
55
67
67
110
29
98
64
64
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 153
PACK.
Spinifera (Neritina nucleolus, Morelet, var.) Martens. Kiist.
Conch. Cab., p. 177, t. 16, fig. 4-6, . . _ . . . GS
Spiniperda (Neritina), Morelet. Series Conch., ii, p. 121, pi. 6.
fig. 8, 70
Spinosa (Nerita), Wood. Suppl. Ind. Test. p. 25, pi. 8, fig. 12.
= Neritina brevispina. Lam. ...... 65
Spinosa (Neritina rarispina Mouss., var.) Mousson., Moll.
Java, p. 84, . _ . 69
Spinosa (Cyclostrema) Tenison- Woods, Roy. Soc. Tasmania,
1876, p. 147 ' . . . .95
Spinosa (Neritina) (Budgin) Sowb., Cat. Coll. Tankerville, p.
45, 1845, 63
Spiralis (Neritina) Reeve, Conch. Icon., ix, t. 23, fig. 99.
= N. obtusa, Benson. ........ 43
Spiralis (Neritina) Martens (not Reeve), Kust. Conch. Cab., p.
69. = N. sulculosa. Mart 60
Spirula (Cyclostrema) A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 44, . .100
Spiruloides (Vitrinella) Carp., P. Z. S., p. 169, 1856, . . 103
Spuria (Monilea) Gould. = Liotia granulosa, Dunker. . 109
Squama (Navicella) Mousson, Cat. ]\Ius. Godetfrov iv, 1869, p.
28. = N. Bourgainvillei. Reel. . . . " . . .80
Squamse^pina (Neritina) Mousson, in coll.
= N. aculeata, Gmel. ........ 71
Squamata (Navicella) Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135.
= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . . .81
Squamipicta (Neritina) (Recluz in mus. Cuming) Sowb., Thes.,
p. 513, . . .58
Squamosa (Neritina) (Reel.) Sowb. Thes. ii, p. 527, pi. 119,
fig. 26, 27. = N. squarrosa, Recluz. . . . . .65
Squamulata (Nerita) Le Guillou, Rev. Zool. p. 344, 1841.
= N, cham?eleon, Linn. ....... 20
Squarrosa (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 173, . . 65
Stanleva, Bourguignat, Notice Lac Tanganyika, p. 86, 1885, 7, 56
Stella '(Nerita) Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 197, fig. 1907,
1908. r=3 N. chamaeleon, Linn .20
Stellaris (Delphinula) Ads. and Reeve, A^oy. Samarang, t. 11,
f. 7, . . . . 112
Stenopoma Gray, P. Z. S., 1867, p. 998 10, 82
Stragulata (Neritina Danubialis, Muhlf. var.) Muhlf.. Land und
Wasser Schnecken, pt. 3, 1828, t. 8, f. 19, . . . .45
Striata ( Rotella) d'Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 63, t. 18, f. 29-31, . 102
Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. 311, t. 192, f. 1992-
1995. ;= N. versicolor, Gm. ...... 25
Striata (Nerita) Chemn., Conch. Cab., v, p. 298, t. 191, f.
1962-3. = N. tessellata, Gmel 24
Striata (Nerita) BurroAv, Elera. Conch., p. 172, 1815.
:= N. uudata, Linn. var. ....... 28
154 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Striatella (Adeorbis) Montrouzier, Jour, de Couch., 1869, p.
419, 83
Striatus (Adeorbis) Chemu, ]Mauuel de Conch., i. p. 352. f.
2589, 2590. = Circulus striatus, Phil 86
Stricta (Nerita) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438, jil. 38, fig.
10, 11, 34
Strigillata (Neritiua) Sowb., Couch. 111., No. 18, fig. 4.
■=^ N. comuiuuis, Quoy et Gaim. . . . . .89
Strigillata (Neritiua) Lam., An. s. Vert., ed. i, vi, p. 187.
= N. turrita, Chemn. ....... 37
Strigillata (Neritiua) (Lam.) Recluz, Jour, de Conch., i, p. 151.
:= N. ziczac. (Lam.) Sowb. ....... 36
Strigillatus (Clithon) Tapparone-Canefri, Zool. R. Freg. Mag-
enta, Mai., p. 54, t. 1, fig. 6. = N. Donovana, Recluz. . 65
Strigosa (Neritiua faba, Sowb. var.) Martens, Kiist. Couch. Cab.,
p. 176, . . . ■ 68
Striolata (Nerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 337.
= Neritiua reclivata. Say, var striolata 39
Striolatum (Cyclostrema) Sars, Mss.
= C. basistriatum, JefFr. ....... 96
Striulata (? Liotia) Carp., Mazat. Cat., p. 248, . . . .112
Studeriana (Neritiua Souleyetana, Reel, var.) Martens, Mon-
atsb. Berlin, p. 284, 1877. ;= N. Souleyetana, Recluz. . 64
Suavis (Neritiua) Gassies, Jour, de Couch., xxvii, 1879, p. 134, 56
Subalata (Neritiua) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1862, p. 269.
= N. auriculata. Lam. ....... 73
Subaugulata (Adeorbis) A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 76, . 85
Subauriculata (Neritiua) Recluz in Sowb., Thes. Conch., ii, p.
510, fig. 138. =^ N. auriculata. Lam. . . . .73
Subcaualis (Neritiua pulligera, Linn, var) Mousson, Jour, de
Conch, xiii, 1865, p. 205, 57
Subcariuatus (Adeorbis), Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 438, t. 7, f. 9, 85
Subdisjuncta (Cyclostrema) H. Adams, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 293,
pi. 28, f. 18, . . ^ 100
Subexcavata (Cyclostrema) Tryon. . . . . . ,99
Subgrauosa (Neritiua) Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 14.
= N. brevispina. Lam. ....... 65
Subocellata (Neritiua) Martens, Schepmanu, Notes Leyden
Mus., vii, 49, t. 4, f. 3, 1885. = N. olivaeea. Reel. . . 70
Suborbicularis (Navicella) Sowerby, Cat. Taukerville Coll.
1825, appendix x. ........ 81
Subplauospira (Neritiua gagates. Lam. var.), ^Martens, Kiister.
Couch. Cab., t. 13, fig. 8, . . . . . .35,82
Subpuuctata (Neritiua) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1843, p. 199, . . 69
Subquadrata (Vitriuella) Carp., Mazat. Cat., 241, . . 102
Subrostrata (Navicella tessellata, Lam. var.) jNIartens, Kiist.
Couch. Cab., p. 37, t. 7, figs. 16, 17, 81
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 155
PAGE.
Subrugata (Neritina) Baird, Cruise of Curacoa, p. 438, pi. 38,
figs. 7-9. = N. brevispina, Lam. var. .... (io
Subsinuata (Neritina) (Sowb.) Mousson, Jour, de Conch., xviii,
p. 222. = jST. subsulcata, Sowb. . . . . .45
Substriatum (Teinostoma) Carp., Mazat. Cat., 254, .
Subsulcata (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. Conch. 111., fig. 50.
= N. cornea, Linn. var. ......
Subthermalis (Neritina fluviatilis, Linn, var.) Bourg., Issel
Moll. Miss. Ital. Persia, p. 23,
Succinea (Neritina) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 343,
Suflfreni (Navicella), Recluz, Rev. Zool, 1841, p. 374, 375.
^ N. Freycineti, Reel. var. compressa. Martens.
Sulcata (Neritina) Nyst, Recluz, Journ de Conch., i, p. 149.
= N. aculeata, Gmel. . .
Sulcata (Cyclostreraa) A. Adams, P. Z. S,, 1850, p. 44,
Sulcata (Neritina pulligera. Lam. var.) Tenison-Woods, Proc
Lin. Soc. N. S. W., 1878, p. 3,
Sulcata (Nerita), Anton, Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 29.
= Neritina cornea, Linn. ......
Sulcatum (Cyclostrema) Watson, Challenger Rept. p. 121, t. 8
f. 11, . . . . • . . . . ^^
Sulculosa (Neritina) Martens, Kiister's Conch. Cab., 277, t. 8
f. 23-26,
Sumatrensis (Neritina), Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 54.
= N. variegata. Lesson. ......
Susonis (Cyclostrema) Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasma
nia, 1876, p. 147, ' .
Suturalis (Adeorbis), A. Ad., Ann. and Mag., p. 245, 1861,
Syriaca (Neritina) Bourg., Cat. Raisonne Moll, Recueillies
1853, p. 71,
Tabernaculatus (Cimber) Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 1810, p. 82
= Navicella Borbonica, Bory St. V. .
Tahitensis (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., ii, p. 385,
Tamsiana (Liotia), (Dunker) Phil., Kiister's Conch. Cab., Del-
phin. 16, t. 5, f. 9,
Tantilla (Liotia) A. Adams, P. Z. S., 1863. p. 72, .
Tasmanica (Liotia) Tenison-Woods, Proc. Rov. Soc. Tasmania
1875, p. 153, \
Tatei (Cvclostrema) Angas, P. Z. S., 1878, p. 862, pi. 54, f. 10
Tenare, Gray. P. Z. S., 1858, p. 92. = Peloronta, Oken.
Tenebricosa (Neritina) C. B. Adams, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N
Y., 1852, p. 99. = N. virginea, Linn. ". . ,
Tenebrosa (Nerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool, 1842, p. 180,
Tenerum (Cyclostrema) Jeffreys, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 91, pi 19,
fiff. 2, . ' 98
104
45
47
54
80
71
94
57
45
94
60
36
95
87
50
78
73
112
112
112
93
4
40
35
156 INDEX AND SYNONOMY.
PAGE.
Teinostoma, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, p. 122,
1853, .15, 103
Tenuiliratus (Adeorbis) E. A. Smith, Jour. Linn. 8oc., xii, 557,
t. 30, f. 18, 1876, 86
Tenuisculpta (Vitrinella) Carp, P. Z. S., p. 270, 1865, . . 103
Tessellata (Navicella) Lam., Encvc Meth., pi. 456, fig. 4, 77, 81, 82
Tessellata (Nerita) Gmel, Syst. Nat., p. 36, 85, . . . 24
Tessellata (Neritina) Ziegler. Villa. Disp. Syst., 1841, p. 33.
= N. raeridionalis, Phil. ....... 48
Testudinea (Neritina) Honib. et Jacq., Vov au Pole Sud, p. 67,
pi. 17, fig 14-16. = N. Iris, Mousson. ' . . . .58
Textilis (Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3683.
= N. plexa, Chemn. . . . . . . . .19
Tharsis, Jeffi-evs, P. Z. S., 1883, p. 93, .... 14,100
Theliostyla, :\Iorch, Cat. Yoldi, 167, 1852.
= Nerita, Adanson. . . . . . . . .18
Theodoxus, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 351, 1810, ... 6
Thermalis (Neritina) Boubee, Bull. d'Hist. Nat. France, 1833,
p. 11, 12. = N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. . . . .46
Thermophila (Neritina) Martens, Monatsb. Berlin Akad., 284,
t. 1, f. 12, 1877 . . .66
Ticinensis (Neritina) Villa, Dispos. Syst. Conch., p. 38, 60.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47
Tincta (Vitrinella) C. B. Ad., Monog. Vit., 8, 1850, . . 103
Tigrina (Neritina) Benson, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, v, 1836,
p. 749. = N. Smithi, Sowb 37
Tornata (Cvclostrema) A. Adams, Sowb., Thes., f. 13, . . 94
Toraostoma, Desh., Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, Dec. 19, 1823, . . 9
Tougaensis (Nerita) Homb. et Jacq., Voy. Pole Sud., t. 16, f.
15-20. = N. striata. Burrow. . ." . . . .28
Tourannensis (Nerita) Souleyet, Rev. Zool, 1842, p. 269.
=1 Neritina crepidularia, Lam. ...... 77
Trabalis (Vitta), (Lam.) Morch, Cat. Yoldi. p. 167.
^ Neritina virginea, Linn. ...... 40
Trachydomia, Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. 111., ii, 1866, . 13
Trachysma, Jeffreys, Sars, Moll. Arct. Norveg, 211, 1878.
= Architsea, Costa. . . . . . . . .13
Transversalis (Neritina) (Ziegler) Porro, Mai. Comasca, p. 107,
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. . . . . . . .46
Transversalis (Neritina) (Ziegler). Pfr., Deutsche Land und
Wasser Schnecken, pt. iii, 1828, t. 8, figs. 13, 14, . . 47
Triangularis (Neritina), Meusch. Morch., Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p.
166. =: N. ziczac, Sowb., var. ...... 36
Tricarinata (Cvclostrema) E. A. Smith, P. Z. S., 1871, p. 737,
])1. 75, f. 26,' . : 93
Tricarinata (Vitrinella) C. B. Ad., Panama. Cat., No. 268, . 103
INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 157
PAGE.
Tricolor (Xerita) Gmel., ^ys-t. Xat., ed. xiii.
=; N. vei-sicolor, Gm. ........ 25
Tricolor (Neritina subpunctata; Reel, var.) Martens, Kiist.
Conch. Cab., p. 180, fig. 19, 69
Trifasciata (Neiatina) Menke, Syn. ]Moll. p. 84,
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... -17
Trifasciata (Xeritina) (Menke) Villa, Dispos. Syst. Conch., p. 38.
= X. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 47
Trifasciata (Neritina) (Menke), Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 147.
= N. transversalis, Ziegler. ...... 47
Trifasciata (Nerita obatra, Reel, var.) Montrouzier, Jour cle
Conch., 2d ser. iv, 118. = N. maxima, Gmel. var. . . ol
Trigonata (Vitrinella), Carp., Mazat. Cat., 244.
^ V. exigua, C. B. Ad 103
Triloba (Navieella Borbouica, var.) Martens, Kiister's Conch.
Cab., 11, 78
Tripaloia, Letourn. Bourg., Foss. Dalmat. Lettres Mai., 50.
= Neritodonta, Brusina. ....... 7
Triserialis (Neritina) Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 60, . . .40
Tristis (Nerita) Phil. Expl. ])1. 1st part of Kiister Conch. Cab.
=^ Neritina Perottetiana, Recluz. . . . . .53
Tristis (Neritina) Phil., Abbild., Nerita. I, Register.
= N. cariosa. Gray. ........ 75
Tristis (Neritina pupa, L., var.), d'Orb., Moll Cul)a, p. 176, <. 42
Tristis (Neritina) (Orb.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 144.
= N. chlorostonia, Brod. ....... 66
Tritonensis (Neritina) Guillou, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 345, . 69
Trizona (Neritina) Ziegler, Kreglinger, Binnen-Conch., 321.
== N. transversalis, Ziegler. ...... 47
Troscheli (Neritina) Recluz, Jour, de Conch., i, 1850, p. 155, , 73
Trochoides (Cyclostrema), Jeff., Friele, . . . . .97
Trochoides (Cyclostrema) Verrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 1880,
p. 378. = C. Dalli, Verrill 97
Trochula (Adeorbis) A. Adams, P. Z. >S., 1863, p. 75, . . 84
Trojana (Neritina) Charpentier in coll.
= N. Anatolica, Recluz, var. ...... 52
Truueata (Navieella magnifica, Rve. var.) Mousson, Jour de
Conch., xvii, 1869, p. 385. = N. macrocephala, Guillou. . 79
Truncata ( Neritina) Sganzin Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourgh,
iii, 2, 1843, p. 20, 62
Tuberculosa (Liotia ?) d'Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii. 69, 1. 19, f. 28, 30, 99
Tuhiola, A. Ad. P. Z. S. p. 71. 1864 14,95
Turbida (Neritina) Morelet, Test. Novissima, Paris, 1849, p. 27,
? = N. punctulata, Lam. ....... 60
Turriculata (Neritina) Menke, Syu, Moll., ed. i, 1828, p. 27,
84. =: N. virffinea, Linn. ....... 40
158 IXDEX AND SYNONOMY.
PAGE.
Turns TNeritina Jordaui, Sowb. var.) Mousson, Naturf. Gesell,
Zurich, vi, 1861, p. 62, ....... 51
Turrita (Neritina) Chemn. Conch. Cab., ix, 1786, t. 124, fio-.
1085, 37, 38
Turtoui (Neritina) Recluz, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 71, . . . 38
Ualanensis (Neritina) Less., Vo3\ de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p.
379, . . _ 41
Umlaasiana (Nerita) Krauss, Siid-Afr. Moll., p. 89, t. 5, f. 25.
= N. polita, Linn, var. . . . . . . .31
Undata (Nerita) Linn., Svst. Nat. x, p. 779, . . . .28
Undata (Nerita) Gould, Wilkes Expl. Exp. Shells, 167.
= N. striata, Burrow 28
Undatus (Clithon) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, 1830,
p. 381, pi. 13, fig. 13. = Neritina sjiinosa, 8owb. . . 64
Undulata (Nerita)" Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 36, 78.
:= N. undata. Linn. ........ 28
Undulata (Navicella Bougainvillei. Reel, var.) Mousson, Jour.
de Conch., xiii, 1865, p. 206 80
Unidentata (Nei'itina) Reel, Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 158,
pi. 7, fig. 8 72
Unidentata (Nerita) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy. Astrolabe et Zelee,
V, p. 66, pi. 17, f. 6-7, 22
Urvillei (Navicella) Recluz, Rev. Zool. 378, 1841.
= N. suborbicularis, Sowb. . . . . . .81
Valentina (Neritina) Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. Espana, p. 21,
fig. 31-34. == N. Guadianensis, Morelet 49
Valvatoides (Cvclostrema) Jeffreys, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 92, pi. 19,
f. 3. . : . . , 98
Valvatoides (Vitrinella), C. B. Ad., Panama Cat., No. 269, . 103
Vanikorensis (Neritina) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy an Pole Sud.,
Moll., p. 68, pi. 17, figs, 30, 32. ^- N. Sandalina, Reel. . 61
Varia (Neritina) Ziegler, Meuke, Svnops. Moll, 1828, p. 27, . 47
Varia (Nerita) Meusch, Morch, Cat. Yoldi, 168.
= N. tessellata, Gmel 24
Variabilis (Neritina.) Hecart, Mem. Soc. Agri. Valenciennes,
1833, p. 146. = N. fluviatilis, Linn 47
Varial)ilis (Navicella) Recluz, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 155, . . 81
Variabilis (Clithon), Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p.
383, t. ix, f. 14. = Neritina brevispina, Lam. . . .65
Variabilis (Navicella) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 8.
= N. tessellata, Lam. ........ 81
Varicosa (Liotia) Reeve, Conch. Icon., Delphinula, sp. 12, 1843, 108
Variegata (Nerita) Chemn., Couch. Cab.
= N. versicolor, Gmel. ....... 25
INDEX AND SYNONOMY. 159
PAGE.
Variegata (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de laCoquille, Zool.,ii, 1830,
p. 378, 35
Varius (Adeorbis) Hutton, Cat. Moll. N. Z., p. 35.
= Fossarina, (Manual ix, 276.) ...... 86
Veiascoi (Neritina) Graells, Cat. Moll. Terr. Espana 1846, p.
20, figs. 25-30. =- N. Guadianensis, Morelet. . . .49
Velatella, Meek, Geol. Surv. Terr., 499, 1872, ... 8, 49
Velates, Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, 354, 1810, ... 8
Venosa (Neritina) Menke, Synops. Moll., ed. i, 1828, p. 26, 83.
= N. pupa, Linn. ........ 42
Venusta (Nerita) Dunker, Phil., Abbild. i, p. 86, t. 1, f. 11.
= N. albicilla, Linn. ........ 19
Versicolor (Nerita) Gmel, Syst. Nat., p. 3684, . . .25
Vespertina (Neritina) Nuttall, Jay's Cat. of Shells, p. 68, 73, 74
Vestita (Nerita) Souleyet, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 269.
? 3= Neritina dubia, Chenin. . . . . . .44
Verreauxii (Adeorbis) Fischer, Jour, de Conch., vi, 171, 1857 91
Vexillum (Nerita) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 65, 1855, . . 34
Vidovichii (Neritina) Sandri, in collections.
= N. fluviatilis, Linn. ....... 46
Vincentianas (Adeorbis) Angas, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 417, pi. 40,
f. 9, . . . . _ 86
Vinosa (Neritina) Mousson, in coll.
= N, virginea, Linn. ........ 40
Violacea (Neritina) Morelet, Desc. Moll. Terr, et fluv. Portugal,
p. 92, fig. ]. := N. elongatula, Morelet. . . . .48
Violacea (^Nerita) Gmel., Syst. Nat., p. 3686.
? = Neritina crepidularia. Lam. ...... 77
Virginia (Cyclostrenia) Jouss., Guerin's Mag., 1872, t. 19, f. 2, 92
Virginea (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, . 37, 39
Viridis (Neritina) Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 778, . . 54, 56
Viridissima (Neritina) Tap.-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Genova, ix, p.
287. ? :=: N. Rangiana, Recluz. . . . . . .55
Vitiana (Neritina olivacea, Recluz, var.) Mousson, Jour, de
Conch., 1870, p. 223, 70
Vitiana (Neritina Pritchardi, Dohru, var.) Mousson, Jour, de
Conch., 1870, p. 219 . . 65
Vitiensis(Navicella pala, Mouss. var.) Mousson, Jour.de Conch.,
xviii, p. 235. = N. Freycineti, Reel 80
Vitiensis (Neritina) Mousson, Jour, de Conch, xiii, 1865, p.
304; 1870, p. 218. = N. Roissyana, Reclnz. . . . 38
Vitiensis (Nerita) Hombr. et Jacq., Voy Astrolabe et Zelee, v,
p. 651, pi. 17, f. 3-5. = N. aflinis. Reeve 34
Vitrinella, C. B. Adams, Monog. Vitrinella, 1850, ... 15
Waigiensis (Neritina) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p
379. = N. communis, Quoy Gaim. ....
39
160 INDEX AND SYNO^MOMY.
PAGK.
Wallacei (Xeritina) Dolira, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 206 ; pi. 26, fig. 1, 40
Wallisiarum (Neritina) Recluz, Jour, de Couch, 1, p. 161, pi.
vii, tigs. 11, 12. 1850. = N. variegata. Lesson. . . .36
Wallisii (Neritina) Mousson, in coll.
-- N. bicolor, Recluz. ........ 69
Webbei (Neritina) Recluz, Jour, de Conch., t. 1850, p. 151.
= N. glabiata, 8owb. ........ 56
Weldii (Cyclostrenia) Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-
mania, 1876, p. 147, ........ 95
Winteri (Nerita) Phil., Abbild, i, p. 86, t. 1, f. 10, . . . 25
Xauthostigma (Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var.) ^Martens, Kiist.
Conch. Cab., p. 101, 36
Yoldii (Nerita) Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 151, . . . 27
Zebra (Neritina) Troschel, Gebiss der 8chnecken, p. 177, t. 16,
tig. 11. = N. communis, Quoy et Gaim. . . . .39
Zebra (Neritina) (Lam.) Krauss, Siid-afr. Moll. p. 88.
= N. Natalensis, Reeve. ....... 35
Zebra (Neritina) Brug., Mem. de la Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Paris,
1799, p. 126, . . . . . . . _ . .37
Zebra (Navicella) Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., ii, p. 386.
= N. depressa. Lesson. . . . . . . .178
Zebrina (Neritina), Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1841, p. 341.
^ N. fluviatilis, Linn. var. . . . . . • . -16
Zebroides (Nerita), Lesson, in coll. = Neritina dubia, Chemn. 44
Zelandica (Nerita) Recluz, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 120.
= Neritina Turtoni, Reel 38
Ziczac (Neritina) Sowb. (et Auct.) Thes. Conch., f. 105, 106, . 36
Zigzag (Neritina) Lam, (not of authors). An. s. vert, viii, p.
570. ? = N. reclivata. Say 39
Zigzag (Neritina) Morelet, Series C*Dnch., ii, p. 120,
= N. gagates, Lam. ........ 35
MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
t
Vol. X, Part Second.
MONOGRAPHS OF THE TURBINIDiE AND
TROCHIDiE,
BY H. A. PILSBRY,
Conservator of the Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.
Family TURBINIDjE.
Animal with an oval, broad or narrow foot, truncated anteriorly;
rostrum rather short, truncate; tentacles long, slender, cylindrical,
the eyes on peduncles at their exterior bases. Across the front of the
head, between the tentacles extends the more or less developed
"veil" ; and from a point below the tentacles, a fleshy ridge, the
"epipodial line" extends backward parallel with the margins of the
foot, and bearing usually several slender cirrhi on either side.
Radula rhipidoglossate, usually with the formula go 'b'Vb'oo , but
sometimes lacking the median and one outer lateral tooth. The
lateral teeth are all of nearly the same form ; so that a transverse
row of teeth shows only three distinct forms. Jaws usually present.
Shell turbinate or trochiform, generally solid, smooth or rugulose;
aperture circular, oval or subtetragonal ; peristome simj^le. Oper-
culum calcareous, heavy, flat or concave with a thin corneous layer
internally, convex and calcareous externally, the nucleus multispiral
and either subcentral or at the margin.
The nervous system is chiastoneurous ; ( i. e. the viceral nervous
loop surrounding the intestine is thrown into a figure 8 form — the
right cord passing above the left — by that torsion of the viceral mass
which brings the outlet of the digestive tract to the right side of the
neck.)
The Turbinidce are mostly litoral in station, and inhabitants of
tropical and subtroj^ical seas. They are herbivorous.
11 (161)
162 TURBINID.E.
Dr. Paul Fischer, in his excellent Manuel de Conchyliologie, divi-
des the TurhinicUc into three subfamilies, defined as follows :
" I, Phasianellince — shell not nacreous ; II, Turbinince — shell na-
creous ; outer surface of operculum with few whorls ; III, Cydonem-
atince, — shell nacreous, outer surface of operculum conical, elevated,
scalariform, with very numerous whorls."
The last group, embracing Cydonema Hall, Oriostovta Munier-
Chalmas, and other exclusively fossil genera will not be further
considered here.
Contrary to the usual custom, the more aberrant subfamily, Phas-
ia?ie^Zwice, will be considered before taking up the Turbinince; this
course being less objectionable than the unnatural sequence of groups
which would result from interpolating the Phasianella? between the
Turbines and the Trochids.
Subfamily Phasianellin.e.
Shell bulimiform or subglobose, polished, without epidermis or na-
cre, variegated with bright colors; operculum heavy, calcareous, inter-
nally paucispiral, with nucleus near the basal margin, extei'nally
convex, white; animal with long tentacles, and usually pectinated
head lobes ; epijwdial line generally with cirrhi ; branchial plume
long ; foot narrow, long, pointed posteriorly, rounded before, beloAV
divided longitudinally by a median groove; jaws rhomboidal, cov-
ered with imbricating scales. Radula rather short ; formula of teeth
typically oo "S'l'S" oo, but sometimes lacking the median and outer lat-
eral teeth.
The considerable diversity which has been observed in the denti-
tion of the Phasianellince renders a brief review of our knowledge of
that organ in the various groups desirable. Unfortunately the soft
parts of i'HCosj/u'rt, Chromatis and Alcyna have not been observed ;
and I have been unable to obtain specimens of them containing the
animal.
Phasianella{ty\)\^i•^i\). The radulaof P. a^/s^ra^ts has been figured
by Eberhard. A transverse row of teeth forms a w- shaped line.
The median tooth is wide, oval, a simple plate, without cusp, over-
lying the bases of the inner laterals ; the lateral teeth (" Zwischen-
platten " of Troschel) are of a rhomboidal form, and bear well de-
veloped cusps with a long and several small denticles ; the outer
(fifth) one is narrow ; marginals (" Seitenplatten ") with long
sini{)le cusps, except the inner, which bears accessory small denticles
TURBINID.E. 163
at the base of the cusp. (PI. 61, fig. 1.) It is desirable that ad-
ditional specimens be examined.
Tricolia. The type species, P. speciosa, has a broad simple median
tooth, overlying the bases of the inner laterals ; these are sub-rhom-
boidal, produced at their outer angles into wings Avhich overlie the
bases of the adjacent tooth outward, and have denticulate cusps.
The outer lateral is narrow, not produced on the outer angle. The
mai'giual teeth have long simple cusps, (pi. 60, fig. 72.) Troschel
has figured the radulse of P. pulla, (pi. 61, fig. 2.) P. Kochii and
P. capensis, all agreeing with P. speciosa. The following also I have
found to be of the same type.; P. tenuis, P. umbilicata, P. comptci,
P. affinis, P. fordicma. The jaws of the latter species are figured
(pi. 60, fig. 69). Several of these species lack the outer lateral tooth,
the formula being go" 4' 1. •4" oo .
Orthomesus. In this group the median tooth is reduced to a lin-
ear rudiment or wholly absent. The lateral teeth are of a squareish
form, their outer angles scarcely or not at all " winged," and but
slightly or not at all projecting over the adjacent tooth. They form
straight rows across the middle of the membrane, not V-shaped, as
in the preceding groups. In the typical species, P. variegata, the
laterals bear long cusps, with minute sj^urs at their bases ; the inner
marginals are very large, with enormous cusps, the outer ones with
long denticulate or laciniate cusps (pi. 61, figs. 3, 4.) Troschel fig-
ures this type of dentition for P. variegata, P. flammulata, Phil, and
P. lineolata. I have found the same in P. nivosa Rve., (=P. varie-
gata Lam.). In P. virgo Angas (pi. 60, fig. 70) I have found an ex-
tremely peculiar and interesting modification of the Orthomesus type
of dentition. The two inner lateral teeth are united by their inner
edges, forming a pseudo-median tooth ; the free laterals remaining
are three in number on either side, and are of the same form as the
one shown in the figure. As in the smaller species of Tricolia, the
narroAV outer (fifth) lateral has evidently been lost. The marginals
all have long laciniate cusps. The lateral teeth have the basal plate
projecting at the upper outer angle, forming a sort of hood, which
reminds one of a similar structure in the median teeth of Littorina.
This " hood," marked a in the figures, is probably homologous with
the similarly mai'ked basal plate which projects above the cusps in
P. variegata, etc. The reduction in number of the teeth in this form
is probably due to the same cause which has, I believe, acted in the
mure minute members of the Pulmonata and other groups which
164 PHASIAKELLA.
have nuinerous teeth ; if the individual teeth were reduced iu size in
the proportion that the shell is, they would be too minute to fulfil
their function as efficient rasps.
The Phasianellinm have been monographed by
Philippi, in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 1853.
Reeve, iu the Conchologia Iconica, 1862.
Fischer, in Kiener's Coquilles Vivants, 1873.
Sowerby, in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1884.
Philippi's work is perhaps the best; but lie describes many species
characterized only by the color-pattern. Reeve unites all the
smaller and more difficult species, and redescribes most of the larger
several times. Fischer's work includes only a few species, but these
are well described and beautifully figured.
Ke%j to subgenera.
Columella smooth, arcuate, not dentate, shell ovate, elongated, im-
perforate; radula with median teeth.
Large species; head with frontal lobes. . . Phasianella,
Small species; head without frontal lobes. . . Tricolia.
Shell as in Phasianella; radula without median teeth. Orthomesus.
Shell subglobular, small, imperforate ; aj^erture large. Chromotis.
Shell minute, globose, umbilicate. .... Eucosmia.
Columella with a strong curved denticle. . . . Alcyna.
Genus Phasianella Lam., 1804.
Shell bulimiform or oval; columella smooth, concave. Type,
P. australis Gmel.
Eutroiyia (Leach) Gray is a synonym.
Subgenus Phasianella s. str.
Shell rather large, bulimiform, imperforate; epipodial line bearing
cirrhi; head with pectinated frontal lobes.
S. African and Australian Provinces.
P. austealis Gmelin, 1788. PI. 37, figs. 22-28. PI. 38, fig. 46.
Shell large, elongated, rather thin, pointed-ovate ; spire conical,
elevated ; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, slightly flattened below the
sutures; aperture long-ovate, somewhat pyriform, usually less than
half the total length of shell ; outer lip thin ; columella with more
or less white shining callus ; surface " variously longitudinally cloud-
PHASIANELLA. 165
ed and transversely articulated with red and purple olive " on a
23olished flesh-colored, cream or white ground. Alt. 50-100 mill.
Tasmania; South Australia.
The synonyms are Buccinum tritonis, etc., Chemnitz, P. tritonis,
Auct., P. bulimoides and P. varia Lam., P. pida DeBlaiu, P. leh-
manni and P. prelssi Mke., P. decorata Chenu.
Specimens are frequently found exceeding the dimensions given
above. The color pattern is extremely variable, as is shown by the
figures. There is one form which is omitted in my illustrations ; it
is of a pinkish-cream color, with rather distant, narrow, spiral white
and deep red articulations. The form is either very elongated, or
rather short ; it is always, however, longer and with much less convex
whorls than P. ventricosa.^
Var. VENUSTA Reeve, 1862. PI. 37, fig. 24.
Entire surface tessellated by revolving series of squarish red
blotches.
A variety is figured (PI. 37, fig. 26) which reverses the arrange-
ment of colors in venusta.
Var. SUBSANGUINEA Pilsbry, 1888. PL 38, fig. 52.
Shell turreted, elongated ; painted with broad longitudinal irreg-
ular deep red stripes ; aperture small.
P. vENTRicosA Quoy et Gaim., 1833. PI. 38, figs. 39-43.
Shell large, s.)lid, ovate ; spire conic, short ; whorls 6, very con-
vex, except immediately below the deeply impressed sutures ; aper-
ture ovate, acutely angular above, broadly rounded below, usually
exceeding half the entire length of shell ; surface polished, light
colored, variously marked with revolving series of arrow-shaped,
square or oblong blotches, or longitudinally striped with white-
edged pinkish-purple festoons, or broad crimson flammules.
Alt. 40 mill.
S. Australia; Tasmania.
A deep water form. As noted under the last species, size and color
are very variable.
The synonyms are : P. sanguinea (figs. 40, 45) P. venosa (fig. 39)
of Reeve ; P. perdix (Gray) Phil., P. turgida Phil., = P. brevis
Mke. ; P. solida Desh., of Kiener, P. delessertii Chenu, and prob-
ably P. ventricosa and P. inflata Swainson, and P. articulata Anton.
166 PHASIANELLA.
Var. ZEBRA Reeve, 1862. PL 38, fig. 43.
" Obliquely, longitudinally, conspicuously, broadly banded with
chestnut red and yellow, liueated with flesh-color."
Swan River, Australia.
Var. RETICULATA, Reeve 1862. PI. 38, fig. 42.
" Closely undulately painted throughout with brown lines and
with flesh-colored flames beneath the sutures." Shorter than the
type.
Sivan River and St. Vincent's Gulf, Atistralia.
P. ^THiopicA Phil., 1853. PL 38, figs. 53. 54 ; PL 39, fig. 94.
Pointed-ovate, thick, solid ; whorls 5-6, moderately convex, slop-
ing below the sutures ; aperture about half the length of shell, ob-
lique, ovate ; columella with heavy white or rosy callus, thickened
and subdentate near posterior angle of aperture ; color, light brown
or rose, with revolving series of arrow-shapeci or irregular flecks of
lighter shade, or with longitudinal oblique light stripes extending
downward to middle of body whorl, apex and base stained with rose
color. Alt. 25-30 mill. Seychelles (Reeve) ; Austral ia( f) ;
E. coast of Africa ; Zanzibar {Philippi).
I am inclined to believe that this is the Helix solida of Born,
(1780). The latter has been ignored by modern authors. On my
plate 39a, fig. 8, one of the original figures given by Born is copied.
Compare also P. unifascialis Kiener, which has somewhat the same
color pattern as P. solida, and may be the same.
P. HisTRio Reeve, 1862. PL 37, figs. 34, 35.
" Shell conically turbinated, amber, flaked with white, spotted at
the sutures with deep crimson-rose ; spire rather exserted, whorls
rounded ; aperture small." Alt. 10 mill.
Philippines ( Cuming.)
" A very peculiarly marked species, the colors being of a delicate
transparent kind, edged with brilliant crimson-rose."
Reeve's description and figure are above copied.
P. coTURNix (Koch) Philippi, 1853. PL 39a, fig. 17.
This is a species of about 15 mill, alt., rather solid, very smooth
and shining ; aperture ovate, with rather heavy columella and inner
lip ; the color consists of a wliitish ground with yellow flames, which
behind are bordered with dark and l)rown, and in front ai-e dift\ised
in the clear ground-color, which here and there shows undulating
PHASIANELLA. 167
yellowish longitudinal lines. There is no trace whatever of spiral
lines; and in this respect T. coturnix differs wholly from T. flammu-
lata, a species otherwise very similar.
Habitat unhioivn.
All the information given by Philippi may be obtained from the
above paragraph, and from the figure, which is a copy of the original
Subgenus Tricolia Risso, 1826.
Shell small ; head without frontal lobes. Type, P. speciosa Miihlf.
A/l tropical and subtropical seas.
I have included in this group most of the smaller species, although
the characters of the animal have not been described in the larger
number of them. The dentition in the type species, P. speciosa, is
not very different from that of the typical species of Phasianella.
The synonymy includes TrlcoUella Monts., 1884, type, P. pulla
L., (not intermedia Sc. as stated by some authors), and Eudora
Leach, 1852, type P. pulla L. Troschel wholly mistook the char-
acters and limits of this group ; a fact which should be born in mind
when studying his figures and descriptions.
P. SPECIOSA Miihlf, 1824. PI. 37, figs. 29-33.
Shell ovate-elongate, thin, shining, white, with alternate red and
white short flammules below the sutures, and several revolving series
of white spots, the interstices covered with fine pink or yellowish
obliquely descending lines; whorls 5, convex, separated by deeply
constricting sutures ; aperture long-oval, rather produced below, the
posterior angle occupied by a heavy callus. Alt. 13, diam 6 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas:
The following are synonyms : P. nica'ensis Risso, P. vieuxii Payr.,
P. ferussaci Guer-Men., and P. lymnceoides Anton.
Var. RUBRA, Risso, 1826. PI. 37, fig. 32.
Uniform carmine, with a series of subsutural white flammules.
Var. sanguinea Monts. and var. purpurea Dautz., are synonyms.
Var. MAJOR Monts., alt. 18 mill. ; lactea Monts., a white form ;
ATRA ]\Ionts., brown in color ; marmorata Monts., with large zig-
zag white flammules ; maculata Monts., an irregularly white macu-
lated variety ; spiro-lineata Monts., fig. 30, are the principal color
varieties.
This species is found fossil in tlie Italian pliocene.
168 PHASIANELLA.
P. TENUIS Michaud, 1829. PL 39, figs. 77-80.
Rather thin, shining, oval, elongated ; spire elevated, conic, com-
posed of 4-5 somewhat convex whorls, separated by slightly im-
pressed sutures ; aperture rounded oval ; columella arcuate ; color
yellowish or rose, with red and white flammules and decurrent lines,
sometimes punctate with red. Alt. 10 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic; rarely on the Atlantic coast of France.
P. intermedia Scacchi is a synonym.
Intermediate in form between speciosa and pnlla. The sutures
are not so deeply impressed as in the first, and it is more eloiigated
than the latter. It exhibits the same color varieties as P. speciosa.
P. PULLA Linn., 1758. PL 38, figs. 56-60.
Shell ovate-pointed, solid, subtranslucent, more or less elongate ;
spire short, conic ; whorls about 4, more or less convex, with deep
sutures ; aperture large, short oval ; color crimson, yellowish or
white, above generally longitudinally flammulate with red, Avhite or
deep brown, below with one or more revolving serrate bands of the
same colors, and all over minutely punctate with red or with fine
oblique reddish lines. Alt. 9 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; English coast ; Canaries and
Azores.
The following are synonyms : P. pidchella Recluz (PL 39«, fig.
20), P. punctata Risso, P. tenius Phil., P. Jiammeus Von Salis, P.
exigua (?) P. Hoherti and P. striata Brus., P. varians Leach, P.
crassa Brus., Turbo pictiis DaCosta, and P. pullulus Anton. There
are many color varieties ; but these are founded on such slight char-
acters that they are scarcely worth naming.
Var. ELONGATA Krauss, 1848. PL 39a, figs. 23-25.
More elongated, last whorl more drawn out longitudinally, the
penultimate one rather large and very convex ; coloration as in P.
pulla, with bold subsutural flammules, and revolving bands below.
Cape Region, S. Africa.
Var. STRIGATA Phil., 1853. PL 39a, fig. 13.
Shell elongated, with yellowish-white ground-color marked with
narrow red lines, a subsutural series of brown flammules, and a sub-
median girdle of diamond-shaped red blotches ; umbilicus marked
by a slight fissure. Alt. 12 mill.
Habitat unknown.
PHASIANELLA. 169
Var. DUBiA Pilsbry. PI 38, %. 61.
" Rather transparent, conspicuously distantly striped with deep
purple-red ; whorls contracted round the upper part, then rounded ;
aperture small."
Mouth of Gaboon River, W. Africa.
This is P. strigata Reeve, 1862. I have seen neither this form
nor the preceding ; but they seem to me scarcely distinct from P.
pulla.
P. PETiTi Craven, 1882. PI. 39, figs. 84, 85.
Shell very small, subrimate, shining, microscopically spirally stri-
ate ; color corneous with irregular spots of reddish brown, except
immediately below sutures, where they are replaced by a band of
alternate oblique white, cream and reddish flaramules ; whorls 4?,
very rapidly increasing ; apex obtuse ; aperture subcircular, colored
inside, the same as outside ; columella a little thickened, white ; sut-
ure deep. There is sometimes a band of large blotches on periphery.
Alt. 3, diam. U mill.
Mouth of Congo River, W. Africa.
P. DEANiANA Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 64, figs. 40-43.
Shell rather thin, ovate-conic, subtranslucent, coi-neous or orange-
colored, marked with very distinct round or oval dots of deep crim-
son, scattered over the surface or gathered around the base and
suture, sometimes with large maculations of opaque white ; spire
conic, apex acute ; whoi'ls 5, moderately convex, often obtusely an-
gular and with a light or translucent girdle around the base ; aper-
ture ovate, slightly less than half the total length of shell, showing
the coloration inside ; columella thin ; genei*ally imperforate, some-
times lacunate in large specimens. Alt. 5-6, diam. 3 2 mill.
Corisco, W. Africa.
This lovely little species is allied to the preceding, but differs in
the longer, conic, acute spire, larger size, and the pattern of colora-
tion.
I am indebted to Rev. A. Dean, of Muncy, Pa., for numerous
specimens.
P. viTREA Desh., 1863. PI. 39, fig. 83.
" Shell ovate-turbinate ; apex rather obtuse ; very smooth, shining,
polished, diaphanous-white ; Avhorls 6, convex, the last large ; base
obtuse, imperforate ; aperture ovate ; operculum white, solid, con-
vex." Alt. 7, diam. 4 mill.
Ins. Reunion.
170 PHASIANELLA.
P. CAPENsis Dunker, 1846. PL 39, figs. 86-88.
Shell small, ovate-oblong, subacute, solid, usually brown or rosy
with white flecks or zigzag lines, sometimes unicolored, or encircled
by red spiral bands ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, sutures distinct,
last whorl tumid; aperture rounded, half the length of shell; colu-
mella white or tinted, flattened. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill.
Cape of Good Hope; Manritms.
P. KocHi Phih, 1847. PI. 37, figs. 87, 38.
Shell short-ovate, solid, with short conic spire; whorls 5, rapidly
increasing, convex, the last large ; aperture large, roundly ovate ;
columella flattened; color deep rose, sometimes yellow, above with
light flammules radiating from the sutures, below with a revolving
serrate light band, the entire surface minutely mottled with white
and rose. Alt. 9 mill.
South Africa; Mauritius; Poit Jackson, Australia (Angas.)
The markings above described are occasionally obsolete. There
are several flesh colored specimens before me. Fresh shells some-
times show ill defined revolving stripe. It is extremely similar to
P. pulla in coloration, but is more globose. Probably this species
and P. capensis will prove to be identical, the latter name having
priority. Both are, I believe, quite distinct from F. pmlla L.
P. AFFiNis C. B. Adams, 1850. PI. 39, figs. 1, 2.
Shell pointed ovate, elongate, rather thin, smooth, shining; spire
conic, of about 5 rather convex whorls, separated by well impressed
sutures ; apex acute, rose colored ; aperture oblique, oval, outer
lip thin, translucent; columella with a white callus which is some-
what distended at the slightly impressed and grooved sub-perforate
or imperforate umbilical region ; color white, yellow or pale rose,
more or less clouded longitudinally with rose, orange or brown,
sometimes only with subsutural and peripheral series of short
flammules, the entire surface closely and regularly punctate tvith pink
or orange, and white. Alt. 8, diam 4 mill.
West Indies ; Florida (Simpson).
The synonyms are P. brevis C. B. Ad., and its synonym P. adanisi
Phil., and P. concinna, C. B. Ad.
P. TEssELLATA Poticz ct Michaud, 1838. PL 39, figs. 99, 100.
Short solid, smooth, oval or ovate, spire conic, apex obtuse ; whorls
4 to 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large and obtusely
PHASIANELLA. 171
angulate at periphery ; sutures lightly impressed ; aperture oblique,
ovate, outer and inner margins equally curved ; columella with a
white callus; umbilical region excavated, and usually obviously
perforated ; color white, yellow or reddish, longitudinally clouded
with white, red or brown, sometimes broken into subsutural and
peripheral series of flammules, encircled with close continuous narrow
revolving obliquely descending, regularly sjxiced orange or red lines.
Alt. 5? diam. 3^. mill.
West Indies.
P. minuta Anton (?), P. zehrina d'Orb. (figs. 99, 100.), and P.
tesselata C. B. Ad. are synonyms.
This species and the P. affinis are very abundant in many AVest
Indian localities. They are usually associated together. Fresh
specimens of both exhibit microscopic revolving impressed strije.
Reeve, who has subdivided the larger species of this genus so minute-
ly, "lumps" these forms, with most of the other small species, under
P. pulla L. I have never seen a specimen among hundreds I have
examined from the West Indies which could not be most readily
separated from the Mediterranean shell. Indeed both affinis and
tessellata exhibit a surprising uniformity in color-pattern and form.
The dentition of affinis differs from that oi pulla. P. perforata Phil.
I should be inclined to unite with tessellata were it not from the
West Coast. ,
The P. concolor of Adams I have identified with a rather rare
color-variety whicli generally, occurs with P. tessellata. It is extremely
dark, almost unicolored ; but with a glass one can perceive still
darker diagonal lines upon the surface. This form is figured on PI.
45, fig. 1. The following description is from the original one of
Adams :
P. concolor C. B. Adams, 1850.
Shell rather long ovate-conic; uniform glossy brown, rarely with
a sutural band of a deeper shade of the same; surface polished,
apex rather obtuse; sutures impressed ; spire with nearlj- rectilinear
outlines; whorls 5, convex, the last subangular; aperture ovate;
columella with a thick deposit, and witli an umbilical indentation.
Alt. 2i mill. Jamaica.
P. UMBiLicATA d'Orb., 1853. PI. 39, figs. 95, 3, 4.
Shell ovate-conic, composed of 5 very convex whorls, separated
by deeply impressed sutures, and encircled by rather coarse revoh -
172 PHASIANELLA.
iug impressed Hues; spire conic, the upper whorls sometimes carinate
or biangulate from the prominence of one or more of the revolving
strise; last whorl obscurely angular around the lower part, some-
times rather acutely carinate above the periphery; aperture less
than half the length of shell, rounded ovate, columella arched,
scarcely thickened; umbilical region deeply grooved and narrowly
umbilicate; color white, sparsely punctate with red, more or less
flammulate longitudinally with red and white. Alt. 5 mill.
Cuba; Florida.
The revolving stride are entirely wanting on some individuals.
There is great variation in the degree of exsertion of spire, some
shells attaining a length nearly double that given above.
The more stable characters of the shell are its narrow but decided
umbilicus, and the very convex whorls.
D'Orbigny described the smooth form of this species, as will lie
seen by his diagnosis translated below:
"Shell elongate, thin, smooth, umbilicate, punctate with red,
maculate with red and white; spire elevated, apex acute, whorls 5,
convex, separated, the last anteriorly subangulate ; aperture oval."
P. PERFORATA Phil., 1848. PI. 38, fig. (32; PI. 39a, fig. 12.
"Oblong-conoid, perforate, white, subtessellated with oblique pur-
ple lines; suture and periphery ornamented with large maculations
of white and purple; whorls deeply convex, last subangulate; aper-
ture oblong ovate, equal to spire."
Payta, Panama; Mazatlan.
"This beautiful shell closely resembles the West Indian species-
Like many of its congeners, it has parallel diagonal lines of red and
brown. The first Avhorl of the five is discoidal. It is characterized
by extremely minute wrinkling over the whole surface, only dis-
cernable under the microscope when quite fresh. The umbilicus is
very large when young, and sharply keeled ; when adult it is often
nearly filled up by the callous labium. Operculum radiately
wrinkled over a large part of the outer surface; within spire \)yo-
duced, sharply keeled. The largest specimen measures: Alt. '13,
diam. "12 in." {Carpenter.)
My figure on plate 38 is a copy of that given by Reeve. On pi.
39a, Philippi's figure is reproduced.
PHASIANELLA. 173
P. coMPTA Gould, 1857. PL 39, figs. 69-72.
Small, pointed-oblong, somewhat solid, yellowish, pinkish or whit-
ish, more or less clouded longitudinally with purple, dull pink or
gray, marked with numerous narrow close revolving descending
lines of purple, pink or drab, sometimes conspicuously flammulate
below the sutures, and broadly transversely fasciate on base ; whorls
5-6, closely coiled above, with shallow sutures, the last more rapidly
descending, separated by a deep suture ; aperture usually less than
half the length of shell, very oblique, short ovate, inner margin
arcuate, umbilical region excavated and generally minutely perfo-
rate. Alt. 8-12 mill.
California.
Radula similar to that of P. pul/a, but with only 4 lateral teeth
on either side, by atrophy of the narrow outer one. Operculum
white, inside stained Avith blue above.
Var. FULLOiDES Cpr.
Somewhat similar to P. pulla; solid, compact, with shorter spire ;
suture distinct.
Sta. Barbara ; Monterey ; Catalina Id.
Var. ELATIOR Cpr.
Very small, spire elongate, painted as in P. pulla; whorls sub-
planulate, suture scarcely impressed, columella lacunate.
Sta. Barbara, Cal.
Var. PUNCTATA Cpr.
Similar to P. compta ; more elevated ; sutures impressed ; whorls
tumid, minutely punctate with brown ; columella lacunate.
San Diego, Cal.
P. FORDiANA Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 40, fig. 5.
Shell minute, long-ovate or conoid, composed of 5 convex whorls
separated by deep sutures ; aperture scarcely more than one-third
the length of shell, rotund oval, angled above; outer lip thin ; col-
umella scarcely callous ; umbilical region indented and in adult
shells perforated; color Avhite, miv.utely dotted with pink or brown-
ish, usually with a subsutural series of short alternate white and red
or brown flammules, sometimes repeated on periphery.
Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill.
Singapore (Archer).
This species has something the aspect of a Pissoa.
174 PHASIANELLA.
In old specimens the color pattern is very faint. The radula is
that of Tricolia. Central teeth broad-oval, submembranous ; later-
als 5-5, with very broad, expanded peduncles ; cusps short, armed
with several large acute subequal denticles ; outer two laterals nar-
row. Specimens are in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy,
the U. S. National Museum, and the collection of Mr. John Ford of
Philadelphia.
P. HUTTOXi Pilsbry, 1888. Unfignred.
Shell smooth, polished ; aperture rounded ; color bright glossy
rose, generally with oblique white rays; w^horls 65. Alt. 6 mill.
Auckland.
Described by Hutton as Rissoa flammulata. This specific name
is several times preoccupied in Phasianella.
P. ROSEA Angas, 1867. PL 39, fig. 92.
" Shell minute thin, shining, ovate, of a uniform deep rosy color
throughout ; whorls 4, somewhat flattened at the upper part, then
convex ; cohuiiella white ; edge and outer lip stained with a line of
dark rose." {Angas.) Alt. 8, diara. 2 mill.
Coodgee Bay, X. S. Wales; Tasmania.
One of the specimens before me has a subsutural series of short
white flammules.
P. DELiCATULA Tenison-Woods. JJn.figured.
" Minute, tumidly ovate, aperture longer than spire, smooth, shin-
ing, polished, intense olive, with girdles of fine regular distant spotted
white lines, and ornamented with broad flames of clouded chestnut
proceeding from sutures ; aperture broadly ovate, columella white,
conspicuously margined with a spotted olive line ; base convex,
with punctate lines ; operculum bluish white."
Alt. 3i, diam. 2 mill. ,
Long Bay, Tasmania.
First named P. pidche/la Tenison-Woods, but changed on account
of the preoccupation of that name. The author suggests that it
may be a variety of P. rosea Angas.
P. PYGM^A Phil., 1848. PI. 39a, fig. 15.
"The shell is solid for its minute size, long-conoidal, perforate,
smooth, shining, white, decorated with a few pale yellow flecks and
numerous red jwints. The whorls, of which I count 5i, are almost
cylindrical, and more deeply separated than in any other species ;
PHASIANELLA. 175
the upper ones are somewhat augulate, and the last scarcely exceeds
one-third of the entire altitude. The ajjerture is nearly circular."
Alt. 4 mill.
Habitat unknoum.
Phili])pi's description is translated above.
P. GUTTATA Phil., 1853. PI. 39a, fig. 16.
Shell ovate-conoid, imperforate, very smooth and shining, whorls
very convex, rapidly increasing, the last over three-fifths the entire
altitude ; aperture broad-ovate, nearly circular. One example is
brown with green spots [" Tropfen "] Avhich are sometimes bordered
on one side with dark broAvu ; in the other specimen the ground-
color is brownish rose-red, and the "drops" have united into yellow-
ish-white longitudinal flammules; the spire is brownish purple in
both. Alt. 4 mill. Habitat %m.known.
Description and figure are from Philippi.
P. iNCONSPicuA Phil., 1853. PI. 39a, fig. 19.
Shell ovate-conoid, j^^ffarate, very smooth and shining; whorls
5?, very convex, and rapidly increasing, the last three-fifths of the
total length ; spire conic, but apical whorl blunt, white ; the following-
whorls reddish brown, with oblique white brown-bordered flammules
above, apparently unicolored brown below, excepting a series of
white flecks around the umbilicus, but upon close inspection showing
very oblique brown lines as in P. minuta [= tessellata P. et M.] and
P. perforata. Alt. 5 mill. Habitat unknown.
From P. minuta and P. perforata it is distinguished by the more
rapidly increasing whorls, etc; from P. guttata it is separated by the
umbilical perforation. My description and figure are from Philippi.
p. FULGEN8 (Koch) Phil, 1853. PI. 39a, fig. 18.
"The shell is thin, imperforate, steeple-shaped, acute, smooth and
very shining, unicolored olive brown. Only a narrow l)order on the
columella is white. The 7 whorls of which it is composed are but
slightly convex, especially above; the last attains almost half the
altitude of the shell; the aperture is ovate, acute above." {Philippi.)
Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. West Coast of Australia.
Very distinct, says Philippi, by the turreted form, the nearly
plane whorls and the uniform coloration. I have not seen the
species.
176 PHASIANELLA.
P. VARIABILIS Pease, 1860. PI. 39a, figs. 21, 22.
"Shell small, thiu, ovate, shining; whorls 3-4, convexly rounded,
marked with very fine oblique longitudinal stride; inner lip callous,
slightly expanded at the base, indented at the umbilical region and
with a groove behind the inner lip; aperture ovate; color white,
variously painted with pink lines and blotches, the lines fine, oblique,
extending over a portion of the whorls, sometimes flexuous and
covering the whole surface; blotches of a longitudinal shape;
periphery of last Avhorl usually ornamented with a row of pink
spots." (Pease) Alt. 3, diam. 2 mill.
Sandwich Is.
This is Collonia variabilis Pse. My figures are drawn from sjieci-
mens received from Mr. Pease.
P. BicARiNATA Duuker, 1846. PI. 39a, fig. 10.
Shell small, somewhat solid, ovate-conic, rose colored, variegated
with white, transversely lightly striate; Avhorls somewhat convex,
the last obsoletely bicarinate. Alt. 4 mill.
Cape of Good Hope.
P. MUNiERi Velain, 1877. PI. 39, figs. 89-91.
Rather thick, white or slightly greenish, turbinate, short, spire
slightly exserted ; whorls 4 very rapidly increasing, the upper ones
narrow, rounded and convex, the last very large, rather flattened
above, surface smooth or slightly irregularly striate above; aperture
oblique, oval, sub-circular, columellar margin somewhat thickened
and strongly concave ; operculum as usual in the genus.
Alt. 3 mill. Ins. St. Paul
P. brevis Velain (fig. 91) seems to me to be identical ; the name
is preoccupied. This species seems to form a passage to Chromotis.
Subgenus Chromotis A. Adams, 1863.
Shell subglobose, auriform; spire very short; whorls few, rapidly
increasing; aperture large, oval; operculum as in Phasianella.
S. African Province.
P. NERiTiNA Dunker, 1846. PI. 40, figs. 10, 11.
Small, subglobose, smooth, rather solid, composed of about 3
convex rapidly increasing volutions, the last descending toward
ajjerture, and rather flat on the superior portion; aperture very
oblicjue, large, two thirds the entire length of shell, roundly oval,
outer lip thin, columella arched, flattened, with a rather heavy
PHASIANELLA. 177
white callus; umbilical region excavated ; color white, with numerous
narrow red revolving, obliquely descending lines.
Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. Cape of Good Hope.
Subgenus Eucosmia Carpenter, 1864.
"Shell solid, shining, variegated, not nacreous; aperture and
whorls rounded ; conspicuously umbilicated ; peritreme scarcely con-
tinuous, not callous." type, E. variegata Carp,
Californian Pro oince.
No species of Eucosmia have been figured, and I have no speci-
mens. My descriptions are taken from the original ones of
Carpenter.
P. VARIEGATA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured.
Shell small, smooth, turbinate, bi-ight, outlines of spire convex,
variously maculated with rose color and reddish brown; whorls
normally 4, very convex, rapidly increasing, the last one produced
anteriorly, separated by well impressed sutures; nuclear whorls
regular, apex marnmillated ; base rounded ; umbilicus carinated ;
aperture scarcely indented by parietal margin, peristome nearly
continuous, acute. Alt. '1, diam. '07 inch.
Cape St. Lucas, L. Cal.
Var. SUBSTRIATA Carpenter.
Form as in E. variegata; but whorls, except the nuclear, very
delicately striate, the last with about ten striae.
As the name variegata is preoccupied in Phasianella, it would be
better to use the varietal name, substriata, for this species.
P. PUNCTATA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured.
Much larger, more elongated and narrower than E. variegata,
and more like a Phasianella, the greater part densely punctate with
brown; umbilicus small; Alt. '22, diam. -15 inch:
Cape St. Lucas.
P. CYCLOSTOMA Carpenter, 1864. Unfigured.
Shell small, very obtuse, wide, regular, valvatoid, outlines of spire
scarcely convex; pale cinereous, densely punctate or maculate with
brownish olive ; apex pale, mammillated ; whorls normally 3, very
convex, with deep sutures; aperture scarcely indented parietally ;
umbilicus large, subspiral. Alt. -05, diam. -05 inch.
12 Cape St. Lucas.
178 PHASIANELLA.
P. PHASIANELLA C. B. Ad., 1852. Unfigured.
"Shell ovate-conoid ; color various, mostly red or browu, some-
times uniform, frequently in dark flammules on a light ground,
sometimes with spiral darker stripes or series of spots; surface covered
with spiral strise; apex subacute; spire conoid, with the outlines
moderately curvelinear; whorls 5, convex, with a distinct suture;
aperture broad ovate, subeffuse; labrum thin; umbilicus very small.
-Mean divergence about 64°; Alt. "16, diam. "11 in. Operculum
<?alcareous, very thick and solid." {Adams). Panama.
"In the calcareous sand we collected about 112 specimens in
various stages of growth" (Adams).
This species, the Turbo (?) phasianella of Adams, is said by
Carpenter to be the same as his P. (P. jyerforata var. ?) striulata.
I have seen neither. The descrii)tion of the latter here follows:
P. STRIULATA Carpenter, 1857. Unfigured.
Shell similar to P. perfoi'ata, but lacking colored lines; punctate
and spotted with rufous ; spiral strise below, and in the umbilicus,
occasionally upon the spire. Alt. •09, diam. '07 in.
Mazatlan.
Only two specimens found. One is very slender, the other of the
ordinary form. There is no trace of the minutely wrinkled surface
[of P. perforata']. ( Carjyenter).
.*,
'h ^
P. MINIMA Phil. Vol. ix, PL 46, fig. 24.
Ovate glol)ose, thin, bluish black, smooth, slightly striate on last
portion, umbilicate; spire short, very obtuse; whorls 3, not convex,
last large; aperture oval, lip thin. Alt. 1*5 mill.
Coast of Peru.
Littorina wnhilicata d'Orb., preoc. in Phasianella, is a synonym.
Has been considered a Littorina, but the operculum is that of
Phasianella.
I do not know that this and the following species belong to
Eucosmia. They resemble that group in the minute size, umbilicate
base and depressed form.
P. BREVis d'Orb., 1853. PI. 40, figs. 8, 9.
Shell short, umbilicate, thin, smooth, white, variously flammulate
or irregularly maculate with blackish or red; spire very short,
obtuse; Avhorls 4, convex; aperture nearly round. Alt. 11 mill.
Cuba.
PHASIANELLA. 179
The name brevis is several times preoccupied iu Phasianella. l)ut
not, I believe, for well established species. However if it be deemed
desirable to avoid this duplication, the present species may be call-
ed P. brevissima.
Subgenus Orthomesus Pilsbry, 1888.
Shell and operculum similar to Phasianella ; radula with the cen-
tral tooth reduced to a minute rudiment or absent.
Indo-Pacific Province.
Type, P. variegata Lam.
P. VARIEGATA Lam., 1822. PI. 39, figs. 97, 98.
Shell rather lai'ge, ovate-conic, solid; whorls 5, someAvhat convex,
separated by well marked sutures, somewhat flattened above; spire
pointed, conic; aperture rather small, short ovate, less than half the
length of shell, widely rounded below, angular above; columella
with a flattened callus ; parietal Avail more or less Avhite callus, and
decidedly thickened near the posterior angle ; color variable, usually
flesh tinted, ashen or broAvn, more or less clouded with darker and
lighter shades, and flammulate Avith dark and light beloAV the
sutures, spirally traversed by narrow hair-like li)ies of brown or red
interrupted by white dots and intervals, the Avhite sometimes pre-
dominating. Alt. 20-25 mill.
Zanzibar; Bed Sea ; New Caledonia ; Mauritius, etc.
Rather variable in coloration, but the narrow lines, — too narroAV
to be plainly shoAvn in the figures, and difficult to make out Avithout
a glass — are constant.
The synonymy is extensive ; including P. nivosa (pi. 38, figs. 49,
50) P. jaspidea, (fig. 44, 36.) P. lentiginosa (fig. 51.) and P. fulgurata
(fig. 55) of Reeve, P. grata (pi. 39a, fig. 14), P. splendida (pi. 39rt,
fig. 5,) of Philippi, P. lineolata Wood, P. viridis Anton, and P. rubens
Lam.. The latter I cannot identify; but judging from Philippi's
description and figure (pi. 39a, figs. 6, 7) of Avhat he supposes to be
Lamarck's species, and from Kiener's, (pi. 38, figs. 47, 48) I Avould
place it in the synonymy of P. variegata. Philippi giA'es Australia
as the locality of P. rubens. P. broungniarti Audouiu, (PI. 39, figs.
63-66) is said to belong here. It is from the Red Sea.
P. UNiFAsciALis Kieucr. PI. 39, fig. 96.
Shell, oval, conic, moderately thick, spire moderately elevated,
formed of 5 whorls, not very coua'cx, the last large ; aperture large,
oval, somcAvhat angulate above; color orange-red, Avith a subsutural
180 PHASIANELLA.
sharply defined fascia of white and brown flammules, and a similar
one encircling umbilical region. Alt. 16 mill.
Australia.
No narrow revolving lines are noticed in the description of this
species, nor ar.e they visible in the figure. There are however before
me specimens which have all the characters of this species, plus
the capillary lines, and I am inclined to believe it a variety of the
P. variegata.
P. FLAMMULATA Phil., 1848. PI. 39a, fig. 9.
"The shell is jjretty solid, long conoidal, very smooth and very
shining, and consists of 6 whorls, which are strongly convex and of
which the last is about three-sevenths the entire length. The aper-
ture is ovate, [eiforniig] angular and with a little canal above,
caused by a thickening upon the inner wall, which stops just short
of the insertion of the outer lip; the coloration, in the numerous
examples which! have seen, is very constant; it consists of a yellow-
ish ground-color, merging into olive, with wavy milk-white flames
which are anteriorly bounded with dark, posteriorly becoming lost
in the ground-color, and still finer undulating parallel lines showing
upon the ground color, as well as spiral rows of milk-wkite points,
which are not connected by brown lineo as in P. lineolata and P.
splendida. Alt. 12 mill. Ped Sea.
Philippi's somewhat circumstantial description is above translated.
The italics are my own. I have seen no specimens of this species,
and it is noticed in neither of the three monographies.
P. AMCENULA Phil., 1853. PI. 39o, fig. 11.
Shell long-ovate, somewhat conic, acute, imperforate, rather thin,
translucent, smooth, shining; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not
perceptibly rounded, but with an indication of a carina, somewhat
over half the total length; upon a pale flesh-colored ground are
numerous spiral bright red lines, punctate with white, and longi-
tudinal wavy flames, which are dark-bordered toward the suture.
Alt. 8 mill. Australia.
This species, like the last, has not been seen by me, nor noticed
by authors. My description and figure are taken from the original
ones.
P. ANGAsi Crosse, 1864. PI. 39, figs, 67, 68.
Bhell imperforate, elevated-conic, somewhat solid, smooth, orna-
mented with minute regular subdistant spiral lines of reddish purple
PHASIANELLA — ALCYXA. 181
articulated with white, at sutures brownish, variegated and flanimu-
late with white; spire subacuminate, apex obtuse, rose colored; whorls
6, slightly convex, the last large, convex; aperture ovate, white,
columellar and parietal margins callous. Alt. 24, diam. 12 mill.
Tasmcuna; Port Elliott, S. Anstralia.
P. GRAEFFEi Duukcr, 1875. PL 39, figs. 81, 82.
Small, ovate-pointed, rather thin, smooth, glabrous below sutures,
with 6 convex whorls, the apex usually pink, balance of shell light
brown or yellowish, with distant narroAV revolving lines of red or
brown articulated or interrupted with white, encircling the whorls,
over a varial)le clouding of rich or blackish brown, generally with
short flammules below the sutures of alternate light and dark; aper-
ture shorter than spire, ovate; margins neai'ly equally curved.
Alt. 10, diam 6 mill. Samoan and Viti Is.
P. wisEMAXNi Baird, 1873. PI. 39, figs. 73, 74. •
'' Shell small, polished ; whorls 5=1, apex rather obtuse and black-
ish ; the remaining whorls yellowish with transverse pink bands,
the body whorl having seven or eight of these, also marked through-
out with brown spiral hair-like lines. Beneath the sutural line there
are alternately blackish and white blotches, the latter being produced
zigzagly over the whorls ; aperture subcircular, equalling the spire
in length." Alt. 7 mill.
Netv Hebrides.
A variety is described with shell of lighter color, only slight indi-
cations of pink bands, but with the same subsutural dark and light
blotches.
P. VIRGO Angas, 1867. PI. 39, fig. 93.
" Minute, rather thin, globosely conical, white ; whorls 4, the last
ventricose, and painted with fine undulating pink lines, darker at
sutures, where they are separated by several broad descending white
flammules, the lower portion of the last whorl encircled by a row of
white spots ; columella slightly excavated, white." Alt. 2 mill.
Coodgee Bay, N. S. Wales, Australia.
Sometimes su])perf »rate. The peculiar dentition is figured on PI.
60, fig. 70.
Genus Alcyna A. Adams, 1860.
Shell minute, similar in form to Phasianella; aperture ovate;
columella with a heavy callus, bearing near the base a strong curved
182 ALCYNA,
denticle projecting into the aperture; outer lip simple. Operculum
arid animal unknown. Type, ^4. ocellata A. Ad.
Japonic and Pacific Provinces.
A. OCELLATA A. Ad., 1860. PI. 40, fig. 12.
Shell smooth, imperforate, whorls slightly convex, pale crimson,
the last encircled by occellated spots; columella terminating in a
prominent acute denticle.
Sea of Japan, off Talen-Sima. Dredged in 25 fms.
A. LEPiDA A. Ad., 1860. Unfig lived.
Shell smooth, shining, imperforate, pale reddish brown, apex
blackish, and encircled with pale blackish lines ; whorls 5, rather
flat ; parietal callus terminating below in a small acute tooth.
Sea of Japan, off Talen-Sima, in 25 fins.
A. RUBRA Pease, 1860. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7.
"Shell small, ovate, smooth, polished ; whorls 4, convexly rounded;
aperture ovate ; indented at the umbilical region, and grooved ;
columella with a prominent tooth near the base ; color red, of differ-
ent shades, or painted in a variety of })atterns with blotches and
spots of red and white, or marked with oblique longitudinal red
lines." (Pease.) Hawaiian Is.
A. LiNEATA Pease, 1869. TJnfigured.
"Shell somewhat elevately turbinate, solid, thick ; narrowly per-
forate, transversely ridged; whorls 4, convex ; aperture ovate ; lip
thickened within ; ridges red, interstices whitish ; columella and
apex white. Alt. 2], diam. \\ mill." (Pease.)
Ins. Oahu.
A. STRIATA Pease, 1869. * Unfig ured.
"Shell elevately turbinate, rather solid, narrowly perforate, trans-
versely impressly striate; whorls 4, angulate beneath the suture;
aperture ovate ; outer lip slightly thickened within ; speckled and
mottled Avith black and gray of different shades, whitish beneath
the sutures. Alt. 2, diam. 1! mill." (Pease.)
Hawaiian Is.
A. SUBAN(4ULATA Pcasc, 1860. Unfigured.
"Shell minute, rather solid, turbinate, ovate, ornamented with
raised spiral stria?; whorls 4, depressed soniewhat in the center;
PHASIANELLA.
outer lip thickened externally ; aperture circular; columella ending
in a prominent tooth ; coh^r deep red, wtth oblique light red lines."
(Pease.) Hawaiian Is.
Unfigured and unidentified species of PhafianeUince.
It is scarcely worth while to attempt to identify species of this
group without figures or very good descriptions. Nevertheless, in
order that my readers may have before them all the information
that is accessible to me, I here reprint verbatim the descriptions of
Phasianellime not noticed in the preceding pages.
EuTROPiA MODESTA Gould, 1862.
"T. parva ovato-conica, glabra, lutescens, fasciis obscuris articula-
tis et maculis fuscis ad suturas et ad basim ornata ; anfr. 6, ventri-
cosis ; apertura rotundato-ovata ; columella pallida, vix incrassata.
Alt. 10, diam. 6 mill." ( Gould.)
Loo Choo.
P. MELEAGRis (Beck) Pot. et Mich., 1838.
"Coquille petite, ovale-conique, ventrue, lisse, luisante, brune, mar-
quee de petits points ronds allignes dans tous les sens ; ceux de la
partie superieure des tours de la spire sout peu distincts, ce qui fait
paraitre la coquille plus blanche ; spire composee de quatre tours
convexes, les trois premiers simple ; columella droite et anguleuse a
sou insertion au bord columellaire ; rime ou fente ombilicale mar-
quee, mais peu profonde." Alt. 9-10, diam. 6-7 mill. {Potiez et
Michaud.) Habitat unknouin.
P. MARMORATA Dufo, 1840.
" Tet de petite dimension, ovale, lisse et convert d'une pellicule
tr^s mince et transparente ; le dernier tour de spire beaucoup plus
grand que le reste ; I'ouverture ovale presque circulaire, le bord droit
tranchant, la columelle arrondie, lisse et blanche. Les couleurs ex-
terieures sout tonjours marbrees et tres varices, ay ant a chaque su-
ture des points allonges d'une nuance differente de celles du fond."
(Dufo.) Seychelles and Admiralty Is.
Operculum as usual in the genus.
P. PULCHRA Gray.
" Testa minuta, oblique conica, tenui, pellucida, linea albida opnca
et fasciis coccineis ornata ; anfractibus valde convexis,"
"Alt. 2, diam. Ij lines."
Australia.
184 TURBININ/E.
The above I have copied from Philippi, who quotes from Gray.
I cannot find the original description.
P. FLAVA Anton, 1839.
'' Lang conoidisch oval, 6 flache AVinduugen, die letzte f des
Ganzen, glatte, glanzend, blass isabellgelb, mit dunkelisabellgelben
vier-eckigen Flecken ; Spindel etwas abgestutzt, weiss ; ungenabelt ;
Miindung lang-oval." Alt. 5, diam. 2 J lines. . (Anto7i.)
Habitat unknown.
Subfamily Turbinin^.
Shell turbinate or trochiform, solid, nacreous within, smooth or
sculptured outside ; operculum circular or elongated, smooth or rug-
ulose outside. Foot rather short and broad ; epipodial line with
or without cirrhi. Dentition always according to the formula
oo*5*l"5*oo.
In this subfamily there are three well-marked groups, here con-
sidered to rank as genera, of perhaps nearly equal systematic value.
The principal characters upon which this division is based are the
ojierculum and the radula. The latter is discussed as fully as my
material permits below. The operculum, in the entire group, com-
mences as a multispiral disc, like that of a trochus, upon the outer
side of which is deposited a thin calcareous layer by a lobe of the
foot which projects partly over it. This arrangement produces an
operculum which exhibits all the whorls beneath, l)ut which is only
feebl}', or not obviously spiral above, from the more or less general
distribution of the calcareous matter.
In the genus Leptothyra the development does not go beyond the
primitive stage. The operculum is multispiral, with a thin, calca-
reous stratum, slightly more prominent around the outer whorl. In
Turbo the nucleus is the same ; but several more rapidly increasing
whorls are added, upon which a much heavier layer of calcareous
material, covering the whole surface, is deposited. In Astralium a
very rapidly enlarging whorl starts from the multispiral nucleus,
forming far the greater portion of the operculum, and usually leaving
a pit at the starting point.
The radula is broad and generally rather short. Median, lateral
and marginal teeth are always present, and the formula is invariably
30 "S'l^'S" 00. The central teeth are always more developed than in
the Phasianellince, (in which the central tooth represents the part
here called the body.) l>ut never have the long sen-ate cusps so
TURBO. 185
frequent in the Trochidce. They are made up of three parts, which
are lettered on my plate 61, fig. 12; the body of the tooth d, which
bears the emp, e, when any is present ; this is usually expanded at
the lateral margins into supporting wings, c, (the "Stutzlamelle" of
Troschel.) Under it lies the basal plate, a. ("Basalplatte" of
Troschel.)
Between the body and the basal plate there is frequently an
accessory plate, marked b in the figure, the function of which is
unknown to me.
y Genus Turbo.
A. Central teeth tvithout cusps.
Turbo, including Seiiectus and Batillus. Troschel has figured
the radulffi often species of this group including, however, only one
of tyi)ical Turbo, T.petholatus ; and I have examined those of several
additional forms. There is but slight variation in the several species,
and for detailed descriptions of each the student is referred to
Troschel's work. The median tooth consists of a narrow oblong
quadrate l)asal plate, frequently with accessory plates of various
forms, to the lower end of which is attached the oval body of the
tooth, — a simple plate without cusp, bearing supporting wings at
the sides. (pi. 61, fig. 6, T. radiatus Gmel.). Frequently the
central teeth are asymmetrical in this group. The laterals l)ear
supporting wings at their outer angles, and are various in form, with
or without cusps ; the inner marginals are very large, with large
cusps, (pi. 61, fig. 5, T. argijrostomus.)
Callopoma. Median teeth like those of Turbo; laterals Avith
simple cusps, and, except the outer one, supporting wings, giving
the body of the tooth a trigonal form. INIarginals as in Senectiis.
Nmella. Very similar to Co/^^o^irt in character. (See Troschel)
Modelia, Ocana. Radula unknown.
B. Central teeth with cusps.
Marmorostoma. In this and the following subgenera the central
teeth have decidedly reflected simple cusps. The lateral margins
bear supporting wings. Lateral teeth similar, but asymmetrical,
the outer one without supporting wing; marginals as in Senectns.
{T. porphyrites, pi. 61, fig. 10.) Additional species are figured l)y
Troschel. T. smaragdus, which I include in this group, has similar
teeth, except that the basal plate projects above the cusps of median
and lateral teeth.
186 TURBO — ASTRALIUM.
Sarmatmis. (T. ■sarmaUcus, pi. 61, fig. 7.) This form is peculiar
in the central teeth, which are composed of three lamellae overlying
each other; the cusp is wide and simple. Laterals with cusps, and
basal plates projecting beyond the cusps. Marginals as in Senectus.
Prisogaster. (T. niger, pi. 61, fig. 9.) Median tooth with a very
wide body, and supporting wings, cusp narrowly reflected along
the whole upper margin of the tooth ; laterals with prominent
cusps, their bases denticulate ; inner marginals not enlarged as in
the preceding groups, but rather narrow, with long simple cusps;
outer marginals with long serrate cusps. In the denticulate cusps
of the lateral teeth, and the narrow inner marginals this form ap-
proaches more closely than any other to Leptothyra.
Genus Astralinm.
A. Central teeth with cusps.
Astralium, s. str. {A. spinulosum, p\. 61, fig. 12.) The median
tooth has a long basal plate, a, upon which an accessory obovate
plate, b rests; upon this is placed the body, d, with ''stiitzlamelle,"
c, and cusp, e. The laterals are provided with cusps, and, except
the outer two, with supjiorting wings.
Lithopovia. (A. tuber, pi. 61, fig. 8.) Median teeth as in A.
americanum, but with the basal plate projecting below. Laterals
similar, asymmetrical. In A. ccdatum the central teeth are nearly
as wide at the apex as at the base ; cusp equally wide ; otherwise
similar in'essential characters. In A. americanum {\>\. 60, fig. 71,)
the basal plate does not project above the cusp; the tooth is sub-
triangular, with supporting wings on the sides.
Imperator. The radula is known only by a figure published by
Hogg many years ago. The central and lateral teeth bear cusps.
The marginals are not especially large toward the inside. No
further characters can be made out from the figure.
Guildfordia. Radula unknown.
B. Central teeth ivithout cusps.
Bolma. Troschel has figured the radula of Jl. rngosa. My own
preparations show a decidedly different form from his figures ; the
centrals (pi. 61, fig. 13) have a narrow long basal plate, which is
produced above the body of the tooth ; the latter is wide, oval, not
reflected above ; its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens
vthich are, however, not stained ; the laterals are of the usual form
and bear cusps. This group does not seem to be more related to
ASTEALIUM. 187
Turbo than the other subgenera of Astralium ; I have no hesitation
in placing it in the division oi Astralium containing species without
cusps to the central teeth. Compare Troschel, Das Gebiss der
Schnecken, t. xxi, f. 1.
Cyclocantha. Troschel has examined the dentition of "A. rhodo-
stoma." His figures show very nearly the same form that I have
figured for ^4. Aynericanum, and especially in the central teeth. I
have examined the radula of only one species, A. plicatospiyiosum,
and find it of a wholly different form. (PI. 61, fig. 14.) The median
teeth do not have a basal plate projecting above ; the body is quad-
rangular, somewhat the shape of a maltese cross, without cusp. The
laterals have long cusps with spurs at their bases. I am inclined to
believe that Troschel's figure was drawn from a species of the West
Indian group of Astralium, not the real Cyclocantha. In view of
the great discrepancy between his results and my own, it is very de-
sirable that additional species of Cyclocantha be examined.
Uvanilla. Radula unknown.
Cookia. My knowledge of the radula of this form is derived from
a figure and description given by Hutton. Median tooth with a
long basal plate and short body, of the general form shown on pi. 61,
fig. 11 for Pomaulax. It bears no cusp, and has small supporting
wings. The first lateral also is much like that shown in Pomaulax;
the others bear cusps, and, except the outer, have ''stutzlamelle."
Inner marginal very broad, with wide cusp. Cusps of outer mar-
ginals simple.
Pomaulax. (pi. 61, fig. 11.) In ^4. undosum I find much the same
type of dentition as Hutton has figured for Cookia. The median
teeth have long basal plates, and a cuspless body, with its lateral
margins produced into supporting wings. The inner lateral is quite
complex in structure ; its upper edge is not reflected, but seems
turned upward somewhat ; its outer upper angle, a, lies under, and
its supporting wing ("Stiltzlamelle "), b, over the succeeding lateral
tooth. The three following laterals have the same form of body,
but their apices bear broad simple cusps ; the outer lateral is narrow,
with a bidentate cusp. The marginals offer no unusual characters ;
the inner ones are large, with long cusps denticulate at their bases ;
the outer ones have serrate margins.
Pachypoma. Median tooth with a narrow basal plate, projecting
above a rectangular simple accessory plate, which l^ears about the
middle the oval body, without cusp, but with the sides produced into
188 LEPTOTHYRA.
supporting wings. Laterals narrow, with simple cusps and supporting
wings, the outer narrower and with bidentate cusp. Inner marginals
with very large cusps. (See Troschel.)
Genus Leptothyra.
I have examined the dentition of the following species : L. car-
penteri, (pi. 60, fig. 73,) L. bacii/a, L. kcia, L. aviussittata, L. sangaren-
sis, (pi. 61, fig. 15) L. granulosa. In all of these species the median
teeth are oval, wide, with a narrow projection above, and more or
less narrowed toward the base ; the u]>per margin is in no case re-
flected, so that cusp, cutting point or edge, in any usual sense, there is
none. In L. carpenter'i and L. hacula, however, there is a ledge or
thickening, more or less irregular on its lower raai'gin, extending
across the body near its upper margin ; but this is not formed by a re-
flection of that margin, and so cannot be considered as a cusp ; in the
other species this structure is absent. The lateral margins are pro-
duced into supporting wings. The laterals are long, excavated on
the inner side for the reception of the supporting wings of the cen-
trals, and with a process, b, underlying these supporting wings.
Their outer margins are produced into supporting wings like those
of the centrals. The cusps are provided wdth several minute denti-
cles at their outer bases. All of the laterals are of this form, except
the outer ones which have no supporting wings. The marginals are
armed with long blunt narrow cusps, which are longest on the teeth
about the sixth from the inside, and decrease in size in either direc-
tion from that point ; about the twelfth from the inside their margins
begin to become serrate. It will be seen that my results are very
different from those obtained by Troschel, who has figured the rad-
ula of /j. carpenteri (under the name of "L. coccineus Desh."). I am
constrained to believe that, owing probably to some imperfection in
his preparation or other cause, he misinterpreted certain structures
of these minute radulje. The characters of the radula lend no sup-
port to the opinion expressed by some authors as to the position of
this genus in the Trochidce ; but it is not very closely allied to any
group- of the Turbinida'. I am undecided about the nature of the
projection from the upper margin of the central tooth of Leptothyra ;
it may be homologous with the basal plate of the j)receding groups ;
but if so it seems to be united with the body as far as the upper
margin of the latter, — a condition which is not found in Turbo, etc.
In concluding this review, I wish to direct the attention of con-
chologists to the desirability of procuring and examining the radula;
TURBININ.E. 189
of those subgenera in which tliis organ is unknown, in order that
their correct systematic position may be confirmed. More especially
is it necessary that in the cases of Cyclocantha and other groups
where the testimony of different observers is considerably at variance,
additional species be investigated.
In the following account of the various species, subgenera and
genera of this family, I have taken every care to adopt a nomencla-
ture that wall prove stable ; deviating in many instances from the
usage of previous authors upon this family in oi'der to attain this
end. Notably is this the case in certain subgenera of Astralium, in
which the pernicious practice followed by many systeniatists of select-
ing Avhat they believe to be a " natural " type for a group, instead of
restricting the group to species with the organization of the " histor-
ical " type, has led in some instances to the exclusion from a subgenus
of the very species designated by the describer of that group as its
type ! I have quoted polynomial or "historical" synonymy only in
cases in which such names have been ado]) ted into general use.
In describing sculpture, I have usually avoided the use of the term
" transverse," because there seems to be considerable confusion in the
minds of many as to whether such sculpture is transverse to the
whorls or to the axis of the shell. The term " longitudinal " is here
used to designate markings parallel to the axis, and "spiral" to de-
note such as follow the direction of the whorls ; in flattened species
the former is frequently designated as " radiating," and the latter as
" concentric."
The Turbines have an old and extensive literature. Most of the
niore prominent species were figured by Chemnitz, and before him
by Lister, Rumphius, Knorr, and many another quaint old author,
whose tomes now stand undisturbed on our library shelves, as per-
haps our own will rest a century hence. From these store-houses
Linnseus drew freely in his mammoth task of cataloguing all animate
nature, fitting the species defined by previous authors into his Systema
with no other addition than a binomial aj^peilation.
In modern times each of the four princij^al monographic works
have considered this group :
Conchylien Cabinet, monograph by Philippi, 1846-8, 18 — .
Conchologia Iconica, Reeve, 1848, 1861.
Coquilles Vivants (Kiener), text by Dr. Fischer, 1873, 1880.
Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Sowerby Jr., 1886.
190 TURBININ^.
Ill the preparation of the following pages the characteristically
careful and relialjle work of Dr. Paul Fischer has been of constant
assistance to me.
Key to genera and subgenera.
I. Shell turbinate or depressed, convex below, young not spinose ;
operculum convex outside, usually smooth or granulose, sometimes
with concentric ribs, nucleus near the centre.
a. operculum simply convex, smooth or granulose
shell turbinate, spire exserted .... Turbo, s. s.
shell depressed above, produced at base . Mamwrostoma.
b. operculum with spiral ribs outside
shell imperforate, turbinate, elevated, solid . Callojjoma.
shell imperforate, thin, depressed, granulose . Modelia.
shell imperforate, thin, depressed, smooth . . . Ocana.
shell widely umbilicate, depressed . . . Ninella.
V. operculum formed of club-shaped processes . Sarmatieus.
II. Shell turbinate, oval, solid ; operculum with submarginal nu-
cleus. ......... Prisogasfer.
III. Shell trochiform, flattened above or below, young carinated
and spinose ; operculum with submarginal or terminal nucleus,
generally with ribs outside.
a. shell conic, flat or concave below
imperforate, periphery rounded, base concave . . Cookia.
imperforate, periphery cariuate
operculum oblong, very convex . . . Paehypoma.
operculum oval, 2-ribbed outside
base flat or concave ..... Uvanilla.
base somewhat convex, spire plicate . . Lithopoma.
operculumjo-ribbed outside ..... Pomaulux.
umbilicate, base concave . . . . . . Imperator.
b. shell depressed, carinated, conic al)ove, convex below
polished, granulate, spines not projecting at sutures Chiildfordia.
not polished, spines projecting at sutures
West Indian species Astralmm s. s.
Oriental species Cyclocantha.
c. shell turbinate, not flat below, periphery not cariuate
operculum with subcentral nucleus . . . . Bobna.
operculum with submarginal nucleus . . . Lithopoina.
IV. Shell turbinate or globose, small, solid ; operculum multispirai,
with subcentral nucleus, concave in the centre outside. Leptothyra.
TURBO. 191
Geuus Turbo Liun., 1758.
Shell turbinate or de^jressed, imperforate or umbilicate; young
not carinated nor spinose; base convex; operculum- flat or concave
inside, with three or four whorls and subcentral (multispiral)
nucleus; outside convex, smooth, tuberculate, or with concentric
ribs.
The diversity of forms of both shell and operculum in this genus
is very great, and has caused the formation of numerous subgenera.
The affinities of the minor groups I have attempted to express in
the following table :
Central teeth without cusps.
Turbo,
Callopoma,
Ninella,
Modelia,
Occma.
Central teeth with cusps, operculum f ,r i.
convex, granular, (
Central teeth with cusps, oi)erculum ( o i-
^ ^ \ barniaticus.
tuberculose,. (
Central teeth with cusps, oiierculum f d • j.
. , , \ Jrrisogaster.
with submarguuil nucleus, (
Subgenus Turbo s. str.
Shell large or moderate in size, turbinate; whorls rounded, smootli'
or ribbed, spinose or carinated, umbilicate or imperforate; aperture
subcircular, more or less produced at base. Operculum circular,
with subcentral nucleus; outside convex, granulate or smooth, not
spiral nor ribbed.
Indo-Pacific Provivce.
Synonyms: Olearia Klein, Senectus Swainson.
Three subdivisions may be distinguished, diflferiug in unimportant
characters: Turbo, (restricted), shell large, dilated at base, imperfor-
ate; whorls smooth or nodulous. Senectus (Humph.) Swainson,
shell generally perforate; whorls spirally lirate. Batillus ^cXwvoa.,
shell inflated, imperforate ; whorls spinose ; operculum with a convex
spiral rib outside. The dentition is essentially the same in all.
T. MARMORATus Linn., 1758. PL 41, flg. 23.
Shell large, imperforate, solid, ventricose, as broad as long, green,
marbled with white and rich brown; whorls 6-7 flattened or con-
cave above, rounded and bearing two nodose keels below, and a
] 92 TURBO.
stronger nodose carina above; aperture large, pearly within, base
produced, columellar region more or less excavated. Alt. 100-200
mill. Indian Ocean; Philippines; Seychelles; Japan, etc.
T. regenfussiVhW., not Desli., and T. olearius Gmel. are synonyms.
Operculum (PI. 59, fig, 21 ) subcircular, somewhat concave within,
exterior closely tuberculate, whitish.
T. iMPERiALis Gmel, 1788. PI. 43, fig. 53; PI. 62, fig. 8.
Shell large, globose-conic, ventricose, imperforate, solid, green,
irregularly mottled and spirally striped with chestnut, closely
irregularly striate with the same color; whorls 6-7 convex, with
well marked sutures, and numerous more or less conspicuous revolv-
ing furrows; last whorl large, somewhat flattened above; aperture
subcircular, pearly white within; outer lip rather thin; columella
arched, with a pearly callus, which reappears at the posterior angle;
parietal wall nearly devoid of callus, green ; base slightly dilated,
scarcely produced. Alt. 75-100, diam. 70-90 mill.
Indian Ocean ; China Se<(S.
Most specimens have less prominent i*evolviug wrinkles than the
figure, and some occur almost smooth. Perhaps Reeve's figure,
copied in my fig. 53, is a form of T. marmoratus.
Operculum circular, flat inside, with four whorls and subcentral
nucleus; outside convex, partly granulose, pale brownish olive.
T.VouRDANi Kiener, 1839. PI. 49, fig. 53.
Shell large, ovate-conic, solid, imperforate; epidermis castaneous
or olive ; spire acute ; whorls 8, rounded, regularly increasing, the
upper ones 1-3-carinate, the lower transversely obsoletely lirate,
the last large, ventricose, descending, nearly smooth, or with wide
spiral cost?e; aperture circular, white within, outer lip thin, colu-
mella arcuate, not expanded at base. Alt. 140-210, diam. 110-170
mill. Australia.
T. MAGNiFicus Jonas, 1844. PI. 40, fig. 13.
Shell ovate-conic, turgid, imperforate, brownish, maculated and
marbled with violaceous; whorls 6, rounded, finely transversely
striate, the upper ones obscurely ungulate in the middle, the last
obtuse; spire a little exserted, suture distinct, linear; aperture large,
circular, pearly within, opaque at margin ; columella cylindrical,
callous above. Alt. 63, diam. 60 mill.
Bay of Sechura, Peru, in fomieen fins.
I have not seen this s])ecies.
TURBO. 193
T. CEPOiDES E. A. Smith, 1880. PI. 44, fig. 78.
Shell ovate-conic, narrowly but profoundly perforate, pale brown,
strigate with green variegated with white ; whorls 7, very convex,
slightly compressed or sub-excavated above, with conspicuous irreg-
ular sub-lamellose incremental striae and inconspicuous spiral lines
and sulci above; aperture almost circular, slightly shorter than the
spire, inside pale salmon, pearly. Alt. 80, diam. 70 mill.
Habitat unknown.
This «ipecies seems to be most nearly allied to T. iinperialis and
T. jourdani. Smith compares it to T. magnificus Jonas, and says
that it is distinguished from that form by the presence of a deep
perforation, the narrow sulcations revolving around the upper part
of the whoi'ls, and by the coloration.
T. EEGENFUSSi Desh., 1843. PI. 48, fig. 40.
Shell ovate-conic, thick, imjoerfbrate, whorls 5-6, smooth, convex,
the last large, dilated, veutricose, angulate above, with a revolving
series of more or less prominent tubercles, below rounded ; aperture
circular, inside pearly; peristome simple, posterior angle with a
thick callus, columella arcuate, not produced at base ; color vivid
green, variegated with spiral series of square alternating white and
deep chestnut maculations. Alt. 84, diam. 80 mill.
Indian Ocean.
Operculum as in T. imperlalis, reddish and granulose without.
I am not at all certain that the figures cited by Deshayes do not
represent a form of T. marmoratm; they are more produced at the
base than the figure given by Fischer (and which I have copied)
indicates. It may prove to be a variety of T. marmoratiis.
T. PETHOLATus Linn., 1758. PI. 40, ng. 14.
Shell imperforate, solid, polished, shining, rich brown, variously
ornamented with dark bands interrupted with white blotches and
narrow stripes; whorls 5, flattened beneath the suture, sometimes
carinated above ; aperture about half the length of the shell, circular,
pearly within ; peristome and columella tinged with greenish-yellow,
Alt. 50-70 mill.
Red Sea; Indian Ocean; New Caledonia; Philippines, etc.
Operculum (PI. 60, fig. 41.) circular, with four whorls and nucle-
us placed one-third the distance across the face; outside convex,
shining, bright green on the center, margins brown on one side,
white upon the other, slightly granulose about the edges.
T. militai'is Reeve, is-: a synonvm.
13
194 TURBO.
Yar. REEVEi Phil. PL 40, fig.s. 15, 16.
Deep or reddish browu, clouded and minutely flecked with white;
peristome white; columella with a heavy callus. Differs from the
type in the more obscure, marbled color pattern.
Red Sea; Philipjmies.
It is T. variabilis Rve. (preoc.)
Var. CALEDONicus Fischer. PI. 45, fig. 99.
Rufous-orange, spotted with white, variegated with numerous
angular maculatious; spiral zones obsolete; form slender, elongated:
columella white Neiv Caledonia.
{Seneetus.)
T. cRASsus Wood, 1856. PI. 47, fig. 20.
Shell large, ovate-conic, heavy, solid, imperforate ; dirty white, or
greenish, maculated with angular, alternating blackish or brown and
lio-ht patches on the broad flat spiral ribs, the interstices narrow,
superficial, whitish ; whorls 6, convex, more or less prominently
shouldered above ; ribs obsolete around the axis ; aperture white
within, over half the length of shell, ovate, angled posteriorly and
at position of carina; its margin more or less green tinged, not
fluted ; columella thickened and effiise at base, callous posteriorly.
Alt. 80, diam. i^o mill. N. Australia; New Caledonia, etc.
T. canal icidatus of Kiener, (PI. 47, fig. 21) and of Reeve (PI. 42,
fig. 45), and T. psittacinus Phil.? are synonyms.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 32) subcircular, concave internally, with
nucleus one-third the distance across face; outside very convex,
centre dark-brown, coarsely granulose, lighter toward outer margin
and more minutely granulate; margin of increment white.
T. spARVERius Gmelin, 1788. PL 47, fig. 26.
Shell ovate- conic, solid, imperforate ; dirty white or greenish, mac-
ulate or tessellate with dark ; whorls 6, convex, rounded, more or
less angular around the upper part, with inconspicuous incremental
striifi and revolving lirse, which on last whorl are wide and flattened
with narrow interstices and are obsolete around the axis ; aperture
over half the length of shell ; white within, oval, angular above and
below; peristome scarcely crenulated, frequently greenish ; columella
with a heavy white callus, dilated and eff^use at base. Alt. 80 mill
EaM Indies.
Operculum (as figured by Gould) green outside.
T. canaliculatm Gniel. is probably this species. It cannot be de-
termined with certainty. It is T. margaritaceus of Kiener.
TURBO. 195
I am inclined to believe that T. sparverius is a variety of T. a-as-
SKS. Both are separated from T. setosus and its allies by the ol)so-
lesceuee of the spiral lirpe around the axis.
T. SETOSUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 63, fig. 32.
Shell solid, ovate-pointed, imperforate, whitish, or greenish, macu-
lated with brown and olive ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6, convex,
striate and spirally lirate, the ridges unequal, wider than the inter-
sjjaces, frequently Avith interstitial lirulie ; aperture large, oval, white
within ; outer lip frequently green-tinged, fluted ; columella arcuate,
deflexed and dilated at base. Alt. 70-80, diam. 60-70 mill.
South-western Pacific; Pownotus Is., N. Caledonia; Marquesas;
Kingsmill Is., Seychelles ; Isle of France.
Operculum circular, flat or slightly concave within, with four
whorls and subcentral apex ; outside convex, brown, coarsely gran-
ulose in the middle, paler and more finely granular at margins.
T. granosus Phil, is prol)al)ly this species. It cannot be positively
determined.
Var. PATULUS Phil. PI. 63, fig. 33.
Shell shorter, thicker with larger mouth, shorter spire and canal-
iculate sutures. Alt. 84, diam. 75 mill.
T. JOBiENsrs Tapparone-Canefri, 1878. Unfigured.
Shell ovate-conic, narrowly umbilicate, solid ; spire acute; whorls
6, with irregular incremental stria?, spirally lirate, the lir?e unequal ;
last whorl carinate above, lilanulate between carina and suture, in-
flated around the middle ; revolving lirse fine, close, minutely gran-
ulose ; base with larger and irregular lira? ; aperture round, smooth,
silvery within ; peristome crenulated, subangulate above, narrowly
margined with lemon yellow and orange ; columella arcuate, mar-
gined without with reddish orange, effliseatbase ; color rufous- whitish
with vivid wide irregular reddish-chestnut maculations.
Alt. o8. diam. 46 mill.
Ins. Jobi, Bay of Geelvmk, N. Guinea.
Operculum flat within, castaneous, with 4 whorls and nucleus
one-third the distance across the face ; outside very convex, polished
and greeenish at centre, minutely granulose and variegated with
brown and white at mar2:ins.
19B TURBO.
T. ARTENsis Montrouzier, 1860. PI. 45, figs. 96, 97.
Shell oval or subrhomboidal in outline, ventricose, solid, imperfor-
ate, covered with a strong olivaceousepiderrais; spire short, acute;
sutures subcanaliculate ; whorls 5-6, convex, with sj^iral lirje which
are narrower than their interstices, and number 11-12 on the body-
whorl, grooves closely radiately lamellar striate, with a central
riblet; aperture ovate, augulate above and below, white within;
columella flattened, wide, effiise at base. Alt. 65, diam. 60 mill.
Ins Art, Neiv Caledonian Archipelafio.
Operculum slightly concave within, castaneous, Avith 3 whorls,
the nucleus situated at one-third the distance across the face; outside
white, convex, center obsoletely granulose, outer part obliquely
striate.
T. FUNicuLOSUs Kiener. PI. 48, fig. 33.
Shell ovate-ventricose, solid, imperforate ; spire short, acute, whorls
5, convex; sutures canaliculate; spirally Urate; body-whorl large Avith
unequal line and one or two intermediate lirulje in the interstices;
aperture ovate, silvery within, peristome greenish, somewhat fluted;
columella dilated and produced at the base ; color chestnut-olive,
maculated and tessellated with white. Alt. 48, diam. 49 mill.
Habitat unknou'U.
I have not seen this form, which Fischer compares with setosus
und artensis. In coloration it is similar to T. fluctuosus ; and Car-
penter has identified it with doubt with that species.
T. JAPONicus Reeve, 1848. PI. 44, fig. 81 ; PI. 48, fig. 41.
"Shell ovate, imperforated, rather thin, somewhat inflated; whorls
smooth, spirally ribbed, ribs sometimes prominent and regulai", some-
times rather flattened and very irregular; fawn-yellow, variously
stained and blotched with red, interior silvered." (Reeve.)
Reeve confounded two forms in his illustrations and diagnosis of
this species: One of his figures, (pi. ix, fig. 336. of the Conchologia
Iconica) is the young of T. cornidus Ginel.; the other, (pi. viii, fig.
33, of the Iconica) precedes this on his plates, and has been recogni-
zed by Kiener and by Fischer as the real T. Jajwnieus. Under these
circumstances I am compelled to place in the synonymy Sowerby's
T. reriiiciis, which he founds upon shells which are (teste Sowerby,
Thes. Cb?zc/(., p. 197.) identical with Reeve's first figure of T.japoni-
cus. According to Sowerby the species is from Mauritius, not Ja])aii.
The following is Sowerby's description.
TURBO. 197
T. cernicns Sowerby, 1886, (pi. 44, fig. 81,) "Shell ovate conic,
solid, subventrieose, imperforate, yellowish, longitudinally flammulate
with reddish-brown ; spire acute, elevated; whorls convex sloping
above, minutely obliquely striate, encircled by wide flattened ribs,
alternating with smaller ; last whorl obtusely angulated above,
lightly depressed above the angle, scarcely canaliculate ; aperture
circular, lip acute, scalloped; columella thick, convex, slightly
arcuate and slightly produced at base, longitudinally plicated."
"Operculum very convex outside, green, sufi^used with bright
reddish-brown, conspicuously granulose." Sowerby's figure, copied
on my plate, is two-thirds natural size.
Specimens before me from Mauritius, of this species, are rather
smaller than Reeve's figure ; the broad flat ribs, apd brown opercu-
lum, conspicuously granulose in the middle, are the more prominent
characters.
T. SPLEXDIDULUS Sowcrby, 1886. PI. 44, fig. 72.
"Shell large, ventricose-conoid, imperforate, orange-brown, white
and lirown punctate and variegate ; si)ire small, acute, gradate ;
suture scarcely impressed ; whorls about 62, above concavo-planate,
then convex, longitudinally obliquely striate, spirally lirate, the
lira^ numerous, unequal, about 15 on penultimate whorl, the first
(subsutural ) prominent, subnodulose, brown and white articulated ;
base convex, smooth, subobsoletely sulcate. overspread by white
and dark brown maculations ; umbilical region with a white and
orange callus ; aperture subample, circular, throat silvery." (Soiver-
hy.) Habitat unhunvn.
Described from a single specinien of unknown origin.
T. L.T3TUS Philippi, 1848. PI. 44, fig. 75.
Shell conoid, imperforate, spirally lirate, smooth, pale flesh
colored, painted with large radiating ferrugineous maculations; liroe
about nine in number on the body-whorl, alternately smaller,
the third nuich elevated forming an angle; lir^e of base slightly
elevated, white and black maculated ; columella surrounded by an
orange colored area; aperture sub-circular, silvery within. Alt. 6.S
mill. Habitat unknotim.
T. ARGYROSTOMUS Linu., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 18; PL 42, fig. 41;
PI. 46, fig. 8.
Shell large, ovate-pointed, solid, whitish, irregularly maculated
with greenish and brown ; whorls 6, convex, separated by subcan-
aliculate sutures, the upper two smooth, the lower spirally lirate and
radiately more or less squamose striate, body-whorl Avitli about
thirteen liriie, which are generally wider than their interstices, and
of which the subcoronal and one or two median ones are more
198 TURBO.
prominent; penultimate and last whorl bearing numerous elevated
vaulted scales upon the lirne; aperture white or brownisli tinted
within, about half the length of the shell, round-ovate, angled above,
dilated and sub-channelled below ; columella thickened, somewhat
flattened and grooved below the narrow deeply perforating umbili-
cus. Alt. 90, diam. 70 mill.
Seychelles; Ins. Reunion ; Ins. Annaa, Pacific O.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 1,2,7,) flat inside with 5 whorls, nucleus
situated one-third the distance across the face ; outside convex, with
coarse obtuse granules, which are largest upon the higher part, nearly
surrounded by a marginal series of fine oblique wrinkles ; color
wdiite, more or less tinged with flesh color upon the outer half, and
with a narrow marginal orange line.
The synonymy includes T. princeps Phil., T. lamarckii Phil., =
Delphinula turhinopsis Lam. ? (see next species) T. argenteus, Anton.
A very variable species. I have seen many imperforate and sub-
perforate specimens otherwise typical in character. The lirse are
sometimes subequal and nearly smooth ; this form is the T. margarita-
ceus of Reeve, Fischer, and other authors. The margaritaceiis of
Linmeus seems to have been intermediate in character between the
smooth and spinose forms.
Var. mar(;aritaceus (Linn.) Auct. PI. 45, fig. 100.
Similar in form to T. argyrostovius ; lirse nearly or entirely smooth,
usually with riblets in the interstices except on the base.
Var. CARDUUs Fischer. PI. 47, fig. 25.
Differs from T. argyrostomus in the more conical form, less dilated
body-whorl, and imperforate umbilicus. Alt. 51 mill.
Var. AURANTius Kiener. PI. 48, fig. 30.
Shell imperforate, yellowish fulvous, whorls 6, convex, subcarinate,
longitudinally striate and spirally lirate, with unequal Vine, larger on
the median portion, and numbering about seven on the penultimate,
fifteen on the last whorl ; body-whorl with a sub-corOnal distantly
nodose liration. Alt. 43, diam. 38 mill.
Habitat uukuorcn.
Var. BicOLOR Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44, fig. 71.
This form seems to me to be a synonym of T. vmrgnritacens.
Sowerby says of it : " In the only specimen I have met with of this
species, the broad brown oblique rays are very clearly defined upon
TURBO. 199
a whitish ground ; the longitudinal strise form minute laminar ridges ;
the suture is narrowly impressed, not broadly channelled as in T.
foliaceus."
Habitat unknown.
Var. FERRUGiNEUS (Anton) Phil., (1849 ?). PI. 44, fig. 77.
Shell ovate-conoid, perforate, yellowish, painted with wide ferru-
ginous flammules ; last whorl with about fourteen line, penultimate
with about six, the fourth subnodose, forming a distinct angle.
Alt. 25, diam. 20 mill.
Habitat unknown.
T. TURBiNOPsis Lam., 1819. PI. 62, fig. 9.
"Shell elongato-ovate, uuibilicate, pale flesh-colored, maculate
with ferrugineous; whorls rounded, traversed by elevated spiral
ciuguli, the interstices crispate with lamellar incremental striae;
larger cinguli squamose; aperture subcircular; umbilicus narrow."
Philippine Is. (Philippi.)
It is the Delphinula turbinopsis of Lamarck ; T. lamarckii Phil,
is a synonymy.
With the exception of Philippi whose identification is doubtful,
no one, in recent times, has seen this form.
T. LAjONKAiRii Desh., 1839. PI. 49, fig. 42.
Shell large, turbinate, solid, umbilicate, white, sometimes sparsely
maculate with chestnut; whorls 6, striate, spii'ally lirate, bicarinate,
the last one and one-half armed with erect long stout tubular spines
on the carime, ten to twelve in number on the last whorl, usually
tinged with green ; apertui-e ovate, pearly white and iridescent
within; columella thickened below, deflexed, produced and some-
what channelled, excavated at the conspicuous umbilicus. Alt. 80,
diam. 80 mill. Keeling Id., Indian 0. ; E. Indies.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 10,j subcircular, inside dark brown, with
four whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, coarsely granose,
and dark brown in the center, lighter and minutely granulate
toward edges, margin sub-striate, with an orange line.
This species is most nearly allied to T. argyrostomus, differing in
the greater developn)ent of spines and the wider umbilicus. The
spines first appear as vaulted scales upon the upper carina; only in
well grown specimens do they become closed in front into tubes.
200 TURBO.
T. CHRYsosTOMus Liiiii., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 19.
Shelljovate-pointed, subperforate, solid, brownish or white, mar-
bled with chestnut; whorls 6, convex, spirally Urate and longitudi-
nally regularly sublamellose striate, the lirae unequal, numerous,
sometimes with a coronal and several median carinte, l)earing vaulted
recurved spines ; a prominent funicle around the umbilical region;
aperture about one-half the length of shell, rotund-oval, golden-
orange within, peristome white-edged, undulating, slightly produced
at base, columella arched, umbilical region indented, subperforate.
Alt. 60-70 mill.
New Caledonia; Philippines ; Viti and Samoan Is.
The golden-orange color of the throat, though sometimes rather
pale, is diagnostic of this form. Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 4) flat and
brown inside with four whorls and subceutral nucleus ; outside very
convex, smooth and shining, brown or yellowish (or green, teste,
Fischer) in the middle portion, lighter and obliquely striate toward
the outer margin, white and smooth on margin of increment.
T. RADIATUS Gmel., 1788. PL 47, fig. 23 ; pi. 62, fig. 1.
Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, solid, whitish, streaked and macu-
lated with brown or green, the darker color often predominating;
spire conic, acute, whorls 5-6, convex, irregularly spirally lirate
and finely regularly lamellosely longitudinally striate; subcarinate
above, sutures subcanaliculate ; last whorl usually biangulate, with
a coronal and one or two submedian linf promkient and armed with
more or less numerous vaulted scales or spines; a})erture about half
the length of shell, pearly white within; lip crenate, slightly pro-
duced at base; umbilical region sometimes slightly indented. Alt.
40-50 mill.
Red Sea to Madagascar ; Eastward to New Caledonia, Nicobar and
Philippine Is., etc.
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 86, 87) flat inside, with 5 whorls and sub-
central nucleus ; outside finely tuberculate, cinereous or pale olive.
Under the above specific name I unite a number of nominal spe-
cies which agree in all essential chai-acters. The more important
are T. speciosus Kiener, (pi. 47, fig. 24) T. spinosus Grael. et auct.,
T. tuberculatus Kiener, T. chemnitzianus Reeve — founded upon the
same figure cited by Gmelin for T. radiatus — T. nivosus Reeve, (pi.
42, figs. 44, 46) P. tuherculosns Quoy et Gaim., T. winteri Phil. (?)
This is not the T. radiatus of Reeve nor of Kiener, nor (probably)
of Anton.
TURBO. 201
T. HiSTRio Reeve, 1848, PL 62, fig. 2.
"Shell somewhat globose, swollen, imperforated, sutures of the
spire excavately channelled, spirally ridged, ridges very finely lani-
iniferous, squamate, scales strong, erect ; snowy-white, broadly rayed
with orange-rust color. Interior silvered." {Reeve.)
Alt. 4.5, diam. 40 mill.
Habitat unknown.
I can add nothing to Reeve's description and figure of this species,
T. sPECiosus Reeve, 1848. PI. 62, fig. 14.
" Shell ovate, scarcely umbilicated ; spire somewhat raised ; whorls
rounded, encircled throughout by very beautifully closely scaled
ridges ; yellowish ; ridges here and there bright green ; interior sil-
vered." {Reeve.)
Australia.
Closely allied to T. radiatus ; and probably only a variety of that
species.
T. FOLiACEUs Philippi, 1846. PI. 46, fig. 9.
Shell pointed-ovate, solid, umbilicate, greenish, longitudinally
flammulate with black; spire conic, pointed ; whorls 6, very convex,
separated by canaliculate sutures ; last vdiorl with about nine rather
si'parated line, the whole surface covered with crowded elevated
sibfoliaceus radiating lamellai; aperture round, half the length of
shell or less ; peristome usually nearly free from body whorl above,
flited; columella excavated at the deep and prominent umbilicus.
Alt. 40, diam, 33 mill.
Torres Straits; Port Essington; Port Darwin, Anstralia.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 11, 12.) with subcentral nucleus ; outside
green, granulate, wrinkled on outer margin, with a radial sulcus
marking the limit of the margin of increment.
The synonymy includes T. foliaceus Hombr. et Jacq., T. lamivif-
erus Reeve, T. lamellosus Phil., and T. squamosus Gray.
T. iNTERCosTALis Menke, 1846. PI. 45, fig. 98 ; PI. 46, fig. 4 ; pi.
62, fig. 7.
Shell ovate-conic, solid, perforate, green or gray, radiately flam-
mulate with black, green or brown, sometimes unicolored ; whorls
6, convex, sometimes subangulate above, with numerous unequal re-
volving liraj and obsolescent incremental stria^ ; aperture round, the
202 TURBO.
upper angle sometimes separated from body-whorl, and projecting,
l)ase rounded, columella excavated at umbilicus. Alt. 40-50 mill.
Xew Cahdoma ; Sandwich Is.
Operculum circular, with 5 whorls ; outside granulose, green or
olivaceous at centre, yellowish at margins.
.Sculpture less sharp than in the following form, and color greener.
The synonyms are T. disjiuictus Anton, T. concinnus Phil., and
T. articulatus Reeve, (pi. 4.5, fig. 98) T. elegans Phil., =; T. radiatus
Rve., (pi. 46, figs. 5, 6) is a form somewhat intermediate between
typical intereostalis and tlcaoniciis Reeve.
T. TicAONicus Reeve, 1848. PI. 47, fig. 22 ; pi. 4.3, fig. 51.
Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, dirty white or greenish, radiate-
ly flammulate above and maculate below Avith black or brown ;
whorls 6, convex, slightly flattened below the subcanaliculate sut-
ures, sometimes subcarinate, spirally sculptured with inequal lirse,
the intervening furrows sharjily squamose with striee of increment;
aperture round, produced into a projecting angle posteriorly and
frequently disconnected from the body-whorl, white and pearly with-
in, rounded or slightly produced below; outer lip crenulate, colu-
mellar arched, excavated at the narrow umbilicus, which is some-
times subimperforate. Alt. 50-60 mill.
Philippines; New Caledonia; Seychelles ; Madagascar; Singapore, etc.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 47, 49,) with four whorls and subcentral nu-
cleus ; outside very convex, deep green, olive or brownish in the
centre, lighter toward the margins, all over except side of increment
finely granulose, and with a radial sulcus marking the limit of the
margin of increment. The prominent character of the operculum
in this species, as well as in T. foliaceus etc., is the manner in which
the outer layer of calcareus matter overlies tlie granulose surface
below, with an obvious sulcus at their junction. PI. 60, fig. 38, is
the operculum of the form known as T. tiimidubis Rve.
The following are synonyms: T. radiatus Kiener (in part), T.
tumidiilus Reeve. This species is closely related to T. intereostalis
Mke., but differs in color, in tlue greater prominence of the ribs, and
in the operculum. My description and figure of the operculum of
ticaonicHS are drawn from alcoholic specimens containing the animal.
T. foliaceus Phil, is also allied, and has similar operculum, but has
much more conspicuous incremental lamella?. The umbilicus is in-
differently perforate or closed, sometimes rather wide, and the
variation in sculpture is considerable. T. jmlcJier Reeve is separated
from this species principally because, according to Sowerby, its oper-
culum is different. I suspect however that he is mistaken in this,
and that it will prove to l)e the same; pulcher is the prior name.
TURBO. 203
T. PULCHER Reeve, 1842. PL 46, fig. 7.
Shell ovate-conic, solid, subimperforate, yellowish fawn color,
greenish toward the apex, painted with short blackish waved longi-
tudinal lines ; whorls 6-7, not very convex, lirate with numerous
irregular ribs, alternately large and small, the interstices scaly ;
aperture subrotund, pearly white Avithin, peristome crenulate ; col-
umella slightly thickened and somewhat produced at base. Alt. 60
mill. N. Andralia.
Operculum, according to Sowerby, like that of T. sarmaticus.
This however is highly improbable. I expect to find it like that of
T. ticaonkus and other allied species of Senedns.
T. MOLuccENsrs Phil, 1846. PI. 44, fig. 76.
Shell globose-conoid, umbilicate, green, rufous marbled ; whorls
rounded, the upper ones reddish, spirally lirate, the line unequal,
slightly elevated, separated by narrow obsoletely crenulated inter-
stices ; aperture subcircular, lip within green-margined, obsoletely
crenulated. Ins. Amboina.
Philippi's description and figure are given.
T. CASTANEUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 45, figs. 88-90.
Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, solid, orange-colored, brown or
gray, sometimes banded, flammulate, or maculated with white ; spire
conic, acute; suture subcanaliculate; whorls 5-6, convex, ornamen-
ted with numerous unequal spiral granose, spinose or squamose lira?,
of which the subsutural and three or four submedian are more
prominent; aperture white, subcircular, subangular above; peristome
slightly produced below; columella wath a heavy white callus.
Alt. 30, diam. 25 mill.
West Indies; coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
Operculum (PI. 59, fig. 8,) castaneous within, with four rapidly
increasing whorls, nucleus one-third the distance across the face;
outside convex, nearly smooth, white, or stained with brown and
green around the middle.
T. n-enulatus Gmel., T. virens Anton, and T. hippocastanum Lam.
are synonymous.
The typical form is very sharply sculptured, the principal lirse
bearing vaulted scales. In crenulatus Gmel. the ribs bear less con-
spicuous tubercles. An abundant and variable species.
204 TURBO.
T. QUADRisERiATUS Antcwi, 1839. PI. 44, fig. 79.
This form is known to me only by a short description and
Philippi's figure, which I have reproduced. I am inclined to believe
it a form of T. castaneiis, although I have seen no specimen of that
species approaching very nearly to it. Anton says that it has "45
bauschige Windungen, letzte mit vier Reiheu stumpfer Tuberkeln
besetzt, die iibrigen bloss quergestreift," etc.
West Indies (Anton.)
T. SQUAMiGER Reeve, 1842. PI. 49, fig. 43.
Shell globosely ovate, imperforate, suture excavated ; whorls 5-6,
convex, carinate, the last ventricose, with erect tubercles at the
suture, "spirally armed throughout with scales, upper and lower
scales much larger; pale green, dotted and variegated with reddish
brown, interior silvery." Alt. 27, diam. 26 mill.
W. coast Mexico and Central America : Galapagos.
I have not seen this species. It may perhaps belong in Callojioma,
but also resembles a very roughly sculptured T. castaneiis.
T. MOLTKiANus Gmel., 1788. PI. 49, figs. 44. 45.
Shell ovate-conic, solid, imperforate ; whorls 5, convex, subcari-
nate above, striate, irregularly Urate and bearing a series of rather
elongated radiating tubercles below the suture ; shoulder tuberculate,
median portion of body-whorl with several less prominent nodose
carinse ; aperture oval ; columella callous, arched, deflected and
somewhat produced below ; color whitish with broad revolving
bands of dull red. Alt. 40, diam. 35 mill.
West ( 'oast of Mexico.
This is undoubtedly the cochlea liinaris moltkiana etc. of Chemnitz,
Turbo moltkianus Gmelin. I have been on the point of placing this
and the next species in Callopoma. The resemblance to T. saxosus
is striking ; but it differs in its less sloping shoulder and in the
absence of the columellar^groove. The operculum is unknown.
T. suBCASTANEus Pilsbry, 1888. PL 46, figs 10, 11.
Shell ovate-pointed, imperforate, grayish; spire conic, acute;
w-horls 5, marked with revolving series of tubercles, subangulate
and nodulose at shoulder ; suture well impressed, with a series of
coarse radiating corrugations below it ; aperture rounded, slightly
exceeding half the length of shell, white within ; columella arched,
slightly dilated at base. Alt. 23, diam. 19 mill.
Habitat iinknoivii.
TURBO. 205
This is the T. pudulatus of Reeve, preoc. by Brocchi. I add to
Reeve's figure of this species, one drawn from a specimen in the
Academy's museum. I have a form of T. castaneus which ap-
proaches it; and subcastaneus may prove to be a vari^^ty of that
species; an opinion already advanced by Sowerby Jr. The oper-
culum is unknown.
T. CAiLLETi Fischer et Bernardi, 1856. PI. 48, fig. 37.
Shell ovate-conic, perforate, solid, shining; sutures impressed;
whorls 5-6, convex, rounded, spirally Urate; last whorl exceeding
balance of shell in length, with six prominent spiral lirse and mi-
nutely lirate around the umbilicus; aperture ovate, transversely
dilated, silvery within; peristome acute; columella white, thickened;
colo)' intense orange-red, the lira- punctate with white.
Alt. 27, diam. 28 mill.
Guadaloupe, West Indies.
Operculum convex without, white.
T. FiLosus Kiener, (18 ?) PL 48, fig. 86 ; pi. 62, fig. 6.
Shell ovate-conic, umbilicate, sjiire acute, orange colored, or with
longitudinal alternating orange and white flames ; whorls 5-6 ; de-
pressed around the upper part, rounded, spirally lirate, the lirse
about fifteen on the last whorl, finer beneath, and generally with
liruke in the interstices about the middle portion ; suture impressed,
l)ordered below by a fiat tract ; aperture oval, white within ; colu-
mella thickened into an outwardly flaring lip below, and connecting
above with a parietal callus which partly covers the umbilicus and
is produced in front of the aperture. Alt. 25-26, diam. 23-25 mill.
Habitat unknown.
To Kiener's illustration (fig. 36,) I add that of a specimen with
longitudinal fiames of color, (fig. 6.)
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 53,) white outside, and showing an obsolete
spiral structure like that of T. spenglerianus. With this species it
seems to be most nearly allied.
T. STENOGYRUS Fischer, 1873. PL 50, fig. 64.
Shell ovate-conic„ acute, elongate, imperforate ; whorls 6, rounded,
transversely lirate, radiate and finely striate; last whorl scarcely
exceeding balance of shell in length ; suture margined ; lir^ narrow.
bel(jw with flat ribs, the interstices and below the suture striate ;
aperture circular, silvery within, columella regularly arcuate, not
206 TURBO.
produced at base ; color pale green, with chestnut maculations, the
lirse white and brown articulated. Alt. 26, diam. 21 mill.
Ins. BasiJan, PhUipphics.
T. GEMMATus Reeve, 1848. PI. 44, figs. 68, 69.
"Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the
spire somewhat deeply channelled, whorls beaded throughout with
small nodules, light coral red, interior silvered." {Reeve.)
Habitat unknoum.
I have added Sowerby's figure (69) to the original one of Reeve.
I do not know the species.
T. pARVULus Phil., 1848. PI. 44, figs. 73, 74.^
Shell ovate-conoid, imperforate, with strongly convex whorls, en-
circled by flat lii'se, which are wider than the striate interstices,
smooth, the incremental stri?e scarcely marking them ; aperture sub-
circular ; coloration variable; in one example green predominates,
marbled with black and yellowish-white flecks ; another is reddish-
brown mingled with olive-green, nearly unicolored.
Alt. 20, diam. 17 mill.
Lieu'kiew Is.
The description and figures are taken from those of Philippi.
T. SEMicosTATus Pease, 1860. PI. 63, fig. 19.
"Shell depressly ovate,' finely striated, obliquely and longitudi-
nally ; spire and upper part of last whorl ridged, lower half smooth,
ridges irregular in size, somewhat angulated at the centre, aperture
circular, lip slightly effuse at base, imperforate, color light brownish
red, marbled and variegated with darker, and ornamented with a
broad yellowish spiral band below the periphery of the last whorl."
(Pease.) Ins. Capu/. {Cuming.)
I copy the original description of Pease, and the figure given by
Sowerby. The species may be a Leptothyra.
T. sMiTHi Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44, figs. 64, 65.
Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, yellowish brown, or yellow clouded
with orange-brown ; spire elevated, acute ; whorls 5, sloping above,
convex, longitudinally irregularly striate, spirally costate, the costse
rugose, irregular, slightly elevated, about four on penultimate, twelve
on body-whorl ; aperture circular, peristome simple, columella
white.
Ins. Capul. {Cuming.)
TURBO. 207
This species is known to me only by Sowerby's description and
figures.
T. SANDWICENSIS Pcase, 1860. Unfigured.
Shell ovately turbinated, slightly perforated, somewhat tubulous,
spirally ridged ; — ridges smooth alternately rather smaller, squa-
mose; scales most prominent on the last whorl, interstices between
the ridges finely imbricately laminated ; last whorl somewhat angula-
ted at the upper part, color green, marbled and variegated with
dark brownish red." {Pease.) Sandwich Is.
T. TROCHOiDES Rceve. 1848. PI. 39a, fig. 34.
"Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, perforated; whorls spirally
grooved, concave round the upper j)art, then obsoletely nodose;
yellowish- white, radiately blotched with oliv^e and obliquely vermicu-
lated with very minute orange-brown lines." (Beeve.)
Habitat unknown.
T. EXQUI8ITUS Angas, 1877. PI. 63, figs. 25, 26.
"Shell small, imperforate, solid, pale greenish buff or light pink,
painted with very broad descending flames of an orange color on
the upper portion of the whorls; whorls 42, angulated on the
periphery, flattened above, the upper whorls encircled below the
angle with two and the last whorl with five stout scabrously nodulous
ribs; between these and the sutures are four or five smaller and
closer ribs of a similar character, and on the base of the last whorl
about eight ribs which are less nodulous and scabrous than those
above, the interstices being crossed by finestriic; spire somewhat
elevated ; aperture nearly circular ; columella thickened, terminat-
ing in a blunt callosity at the base ; pearly within." (Angas.) Alt.
12, diam. 9 mill.
Cape Solander, Botany Bay, Australia.
A variety occurs of a brilliant orange-red color throughout.
T. PUSTULATUS Brocchi. PI. 44, fig. 80.
"This interesting species, which was perfectly defined by Brocchi,
is characterized by a trochiform shell extremely solid and thick,
ornamented exteriorly by nodulous transverse ribs, slightly elevated
and irregular. Its whorls are 5 in number. It is of a dirty green
color, except around the aperture where small red points appear.
The aperture is round, and has the right lip interiorly furrowed
and granulated. The operculum is very convex, and of an ashy
color. Alt. 15, diam. 12 mill." Suez.
208 TURBO.
I do not have access to Brocchi's description of this form. The
al)ove is a translation of Issel's note in Mai. del Mar Rosso, p. 219.
My figure is a copy of that of Savigny, to which Issel refers.
I cannot learn the exact date of Brocchi's paper, "Chtalogo di una
serle di conchiglie raccolte presso la costa africana del golfo arabico
dal signor G. Forni," in which this form was described. It was
published in a journal entitled Bihlioteca Italiana, sometime between
1819 and 1823.
T. cucuLLATUs Tenisou-Woods, 1878. Unfignred.
Shell solidly turbinate, with large irregnlar scorched patches on
a dirty white ground ; whorls Ak, spirally closely keeled with small
round alternating keels, on the larger of which, about twelve in
number, there are small tubercles or small raised hooded scales ;
the whole shell is obliquely closely imbricately striate; suture im-
pressed; aperture round, entire, and with an outer margin, within
which there is a very clearly defined line of silvery nacre which
lines the throat ; base convex, lirate. Alt. 24, diam. 18 mill.
King's Id., Bass Sts., Tasmania.
The proper position of this Senechis is unknown to me.
T. spENGLERiANus Gmel., 1788. PI. 42, fig. 43 ; pi. 50, fig. 65.
Shell imperforate, large, ovate-conic, white, irregularly maculated
and articulated with brown ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6-7, rounded,
separated by widely channelled sidures, the last whorl ventricose, en-
circled by about seventeen smooth ribs wdiich are as broad or broader
than their interstices ; aperture ovate, white within, outer lip thin,
base rounded ; columella with a very broad white callus which is
refiexed over the axis from umbilical region downward ; parietal
wall callous. Alt. 85, diam. 70 mill.
West Indies ; Gulf of Mexico.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 35) light brown inside, flat, with 3-4
whorls, rapidly increasing, with apex scarcely more than one-fourth
the distance across face ; outside convex, white, much elevated close
to the columellar edge, minutely acutely and sparsely granose, spiral,
the beginning of the spiral more roughly asperate, partly covered by
a rude callus ; outer edge marked by several concentric impressed
lines.
TURBO. 209
T. HETEROCHEiLus Pilsbiy, 1888. PL 69, figs. 22, 23.
Shell subimperforate, turbinate-conic, solid, soiled white, above
longitudinally flammulate with greenish and brown, base irregular-
ly maculated with the same colors ; sculpture consisting of spiral
lirte cut into regular close rounded beads ; the interstices between
the principal lirse occupied by beaded lirulre, or, on' the upper
whorls by very close regular small folds, in the direction of
incremental lines, the surfaces of which show traces of microscopic
impressed spiral lines; the lirse number about 20 on the last whorl ;
three or four about the peripheral region are more prominent; those
of the base are subequal, and less conspicuous ; the sculpture also
becomes obsolescent toward the termination of the last whorl; spire
conic, acute, small ; sutures subcanaliculate, with a beaded border;
whorls 5o-6, quite convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, con-
vex, slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture about half the total
altitude of shell, oblique, oval, rounded above and below, silvery
within, the outer lip acute, rather thin, regularly arcuate, the col-
umellar callous continued upon the parietal wall, forming a regu-
larly arcuate inner lip ; parietal callus dilated upon the body-whorl
in front of the aperture ; columella rounded, the lip slightly everted,
partly covering the umbilical fissure, which is encircled by a spiral
ridge terminating at the base of the columella.
Alt. 35, diam. 33 mill.
Hahitat unJcnotvn.
This handsome Senedus is more closely allied to T. Jilosus than to
any other known species. The general form and proportions are
the same , but the beautifully beaded lirse and especially the almost
perfectly oval aperture will separate it from that species. In color,
too, the forms are diverse. The parietal callus is not shaped like
that of T. Jilosus, nor is the columella below so broadly everted and
lipped as in that species. The anterior outline of the callus, from
the base to the superior angle of the aperture, is wholly diflferent in
the two species. The sculpture and columella will separate this
form from T. spencjlerianus, w^hich, with heterodiellas and jilosus
form a group of species, lying on the outskirts of Senectus, the more
prominent characters of which are found in the peculiar parietal
callus and the operculum Avhich exhil)its a feebly spiral structure
outside.
14
210 TURBO. '
(Batillus.)
T. CORXUTUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 43, figs. 50, 52.
Shell large, ventricose, ovate-pointed, imperforate, brown, grayish
or' greenish, with irregular incremental striee and spiral lirte; spire
conic, acute ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls 6, the last one and
one-half ventricose, somewhat bicarinate, armed about the middle
Avith two spiral series of erect tubular spines, and frequently a small-
er accessory row above; aperture oblique, rounded, w'hite within;
lip thin ; columella broad, flattened and somewhat grooved, pro-
duced and channelled at base. Alt. 95, diam. 95 mill.
Japanese Seas-
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 33, 34) within brown, concave, Avith four
Avhorls, nucleus one-thir<l the distance across the face ; outside con-
vex, white or tinged with brow^n and olive, more or less sharply as-
perate with elevated points, and with a spiral rib commencing in an
axial elevation and terminating at the margin of increment.
T. japonicus Reeve, in part, (pi. 43, fig. 52) is synonymous.
The lower series of spines is sometimes absent.
Subgenus Callopoma Gray, 1850.
Shell turbinate, imperforate, dark colored ; aperture round ; face
of the columella with a deep curved longitudinal groove. Opercu-
lum circular with subcentral apex ; outside convex, granulose, with
a deep central pit and a marginal cordon of granulose ribs, separa-
ted by narrow, deep concentric grooves.
Californian and Panamic Provinces.
The afl&nities of this group are with Ninella on the one hand and
Senectus on the other. In the latter group, the opercula of T. speng-
lerianus and T. cornutus show some affinity to those of Callopoma.
T. FLiTCTuosus Wood. PI. 43, figs. 48a, 49 ; PI. 50, figs. 54, 55.
Shell ovate-conic, short, solid, imperforate, olivaceous, green,
brown or grayish, longitudinally strigate or tessellate with white ;
spire conic ; whorls 5, generally angulate and nodose at shoulder,
W'ith a varying number of coarse subnodose revolving carinse and of
intermediate liruke upon the median and lower portions of the body-
whorl ; aperture large, iridescent within ; columella Avide, w'hite,
slightly produced at the base, and Avith a longitudinal excavation
or groove upon its face. Alt. 58, diam. 65 mill.
West Coast of America, from Gulf of California northward.
TURBO. 211
The synonyms are T. fluctuatus Reeve, T. moUManus Reeve, T.
fokkesi Jonas, T. assimilis (fig. 55) T. fessenafu-s, (fig. 54) and in
])art T, saxosus, of Kiener.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 29) rounded oval, witli four whorls and
subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, central portion elevated, white,
sharply granulate, bounded by a wide groove which connects with
a deep central pit by a lunate channel; outside of this is a zone
bearing about six narrow concentric beaded green lirulse, which are
not continuous over the side of increment.
Sometimes most of the sculpture is subobsolete; whorls rounded.
The largest specimen I have seen measures alt. 80, diam. 75 mill.
Yar. DEPRESsus Carp. PI, 43, fig. 48.
Shell much more depressed than the type.
California.
Carpenter cites Reeve's pi. viii, fig. 34 as representing his variety;
but that figure is of the common form. Reeve's fig. 3c on pi. ix, is
probably what Carpenter intended.
T. SAXOSUS Wood. PI. 48, figs. 31, 82; PI. 50, fig. 56; PI. 57, fig.
50.
Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, brown, olive or gray, above radi-
ately marked, below irregularly maculated with snowy white, some-
times dark, unicolored; spire conic, acute; suture canaliculate;
whorls 5-6, lamellosely densely striate and spirally irregularly
lirate, carinated, usually more or less nodose at shoulder, and
bearing a subsutural series of stout erect tubercles; aperture half
the length of shell, rounded, white and iridescent within ; columella
arched, callous, concave, with a deep semilunar longitudinal groove,
slightly produced at base. Alt. 35-50, diam. 30-45 mill.
W- Coast Central America to Galapagos.
T. nitzschii Anton ("mitzchii Anton" Sby.), and T. venustus Phil.
are synonyms.
Opprculum (pi. 59, figs. 30, 31) rounded oval, flat and dark
chestnut inside, with four or five whorls and subcentral nucleus :
outside convex, white, middle portion coarsely granulose, with a
deep narrow central pit, bounded by a deep concentric farrow not
continuous over the margin of increment, outside of Avhich are three
narrow minutely beaded concenti'ic ridges, margin of increment
granulose.
212 TURBO.
An extremely variable species. Frequently several tuberculate
lirse encircle the base ; and in this strongly nodose variety the in-
cremental striae are usually inconspicuous. In another form the
spiral lirse are not noticably tuberculate.
T. SHANDi Hutton, 1873. Unfigured.
"Shell with three smooth spiral ribs near the periphery, with two
or three nodulous ribs both above and below; white, s^wtted with
reddish or purplish brown."
Chatham Is.
The above description, (copied from Proc. Linn. Soe. X. S. ]Vales
ix, p. 355) is all the information I can give regarding this species.
The copy of Hutton's "Catalogue of Marine Mollusca of New
Zealand" to which I have access is without the signature containing
his description. The operculum is unknown. Hutton places it with
doubt in Ccdlopoma, probably not its correct position.
Subgenus Ninella Gray, 1850.
Shell depressed, widely umbilicate ; whorls lirate, sometimes car-
inate. Operculum oval, nucleus excentric ; outside concave in the
middle, with two strong spiral ribs, the outer margin thin, granulate.
A ustralo-Zealandic Province.
T. STAMiNEUS Martyu, 1784. PI. 42, fig. 38 ; pi. 49, fig. 46.
Shell large, orbiculate, conic, solid, umbilicate, whitish, mottled
and strigate with dark brown ; whorls 6, with dense lamellose in-
cremental striae and coarse spiral lirae, the upper ones carinated, the
carina becoming obsolete on body- whorl ; sutures canaliculate, bor-
dered below by a row of nodules; aperture round, oblique, white
within ; columella white, perforated by the wide and deep umbili-
cus, and Avith a spiral groove extending to the base.
Alt. 60-80, diam. 75-110, mill.
S. Australia; New Ireland; New Zealand.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 15, 16) oval, flat within, with four whorls,
nucleus situated one-third the distance across the face ; outside white^
excavated at the center, with two strong spiral ribs, the inner one
decidedly the stronger ; a sharply granular tract outside the outer
rib.' The figure given does not well show the character of the ribs.
Synonyms: T. torquatas Gmel., " T. stramineiis Wood" of authors.
This species varies much in degree of elevation and carination.
It merges by insensible degrees into the var. lamellosus. In the
typical form the sutures are frequently simple, not canaliculate, and
the subsutural tubercles are wanting.
TURBO. 213
Var. LAMELLOSUS Brod. PI. 43, fig. 54; pi. 49, fig. 47.
Shell more depressed; last whorl strongly carinate at periphery;
color light. Alt. 50, diam. 68 mill.
This is T. heteroditus Kiener and var. sxdccda Reeve.
Subgenus Modelia Gray, 1840.
Shell depressed, imperforate, granulate all over ; "operculum with
a convex subcentral granular rib and a sharp-edged submarginal
keel."
A ustra Jo-Zealandic Prov in ce.
T. GRANosus Marty n, 1784. PI. 48, fig. 39.
Shell orbiculate, depressed-conic, imperforate, pinkish yellow, uni-
colored, or clouded with purplish or brown ; whorls 7, rounded, the
upper two smooth, the others closely minutely grauulose in regular
spiral series ; last whorl rounded, descending ; apertui'e subcircular,
Avhite and iridescent within ; columella wide, Avhite, subexcavated
in the center, callus thin, shining, rose-tinted.
Alt. 40-64, diam. 50-05 mill.
Aew Zealand ; Chatham Is.
"Operculum ovate, flat within, with ^i-^o whorls and subcentral
nucleus ; outside white, thick, subgibbous, and minutely tuberculate
at center, subcanaliculate at periphery."
"T. rubicundits Chemnitz" of authors is a synonym.
This species was first figured by Chemnitz in 1781 under the des-
criptive name of cochlea lioiaris ruhicunda granosa etc. Reeve in
his Conch. Syst. figures the shell, naming it T. rubicnndus, and re-
ferring to P. Z. S., 1842, for description. His reference has been
copied by subsequent authors, but curiously enough, the species is
not even mentioned in the "Proceedings," for 1842 or any other year.
Martyn's figure is excellent, and being the first publication of the
species under a binominal name, has been here adopted.
T. GUTTATA A. Ad., 1863. PI. 63, fig. 39.
Shell turbinate-conic, umbilicus covered by callus, spire elevated ;
flesh-colored, gold-tinted, punctate with reddish ; sutures canalicu-
late, deep; whorls convex, cingulate with rows of bead-like separa-
ted granules, interstices longitudinally obliquely striate, at the suture
ornamented with a series of squamiform tubercles ; aperture circular,
sulcate within, a thin wide callus covering the umbilicus.
Tatiyama, Japan.
214 TURBO.
Subgenus Ocana Adams, 1861.
"Shell turbinate, solid, smooth ; axis imperforate ; spire short,
conical ; aperture subcircular, Avider than long, inner lip flattened,
excavated, scarcely produced anteriorly, with an extended thin cal-
lus. Operculum with a convex granular spiral rib, axis deeply per-
forated, outer lip simple."
South African Province.
T. ciDARis Gmel., 1788. PI. 50, figs, 62, 63 ; pi. oQ, fig. 81.
Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, smooth and polished ; red-
dish, brown or yellow, usually llammulate above, variously marked
below, with white ; spire short, whorls 5-6, the upper ones bicari-
nate, the last often considerably descending, rounded ; aperture circu-
lar, oblique, white within, rounded below; columella wide, callous,
excavated at the umbilical region. Alt. 25-40, diam. 33-48 mill.
South African Coasts.
Operculum slightly concave inside, with six whorls and subcen-
tral apex ; outside sharply granulate, white, convex, spiral, with a
central pit.
I have not had an opportunity to examine 'either animal ()r
opercnlum of this species.
T. ciRCULARis Reeve, 1848. Pi. 41, fig. 24.
Shell orbicular, conoid, imperforate, pale flesh-color, maculated
with bright rufous; apex acute; whorls convex, spirally sculptured
with granulose lirse; aperture circular, columella wide, callous,
slightly dilated, bounded outside by a spiral funicle.
Alt.'32, diam. 34 mill.
Adelaide, and St. Vincents Gidf,S. Australia.
T. (jruneri Phil. (pi. 56, fig. 82) is a synonym.
There is some uncertainty about which of the above names has
priority for this species. The volume of the Conchylien Cabinet in
which Philippi's description occurs, bears date of 1846 ; but it was
not completed until after the publication of Reeve's monograph of
Turbo in the Iconica. Philippi begins to cite Reeve in his synonymy
on p. 69 of his Avork, so that from that point onward we may be
certain that his work appeared subsequent to Reeve's; but whether
liis description of T. gntneri (p. 52 of the Couch. Cab.) Avas actually
j)ublished before Reeve'.s description I am unable to decide. Brazier
TURBO. 215
(Trans. Roy. Boc. S. Australia, ix, p. 125) gives priority to gruneri,
"Philippi in Zeitschrift fur Malalc, p. 98." The species was never
published in the Zeitschrift.
The operculum is unknown to me; the species may perhaps be
found to group elsewhere.
Subgenus Marmorostoma Swainson, 1840.
Shell depressed-turbinate, very solid, deeply and widely umbili-
cate (except . in T. coronatus), smooth, lirate or nodulose; spire
depressed, of few whorls; aperture round, produced but not chan-
nelled at base. Operculum circular, nucleus subcentral, outside
convex, smooth or granulose.
Anstralo- Zealandic Province.
T. roRPHYRiTEs Martyn, 1784. PL 50, fig. 58.
Shell depressed-turbinate, solid, umbilicate, greenish or blackish,
irregularly marked with maculations and angular patches or with
spiral bands of white and dark ; spire depressed, obtuse ; Avhorls 5,
the upper ones frequently carinate ; suture subcanaliculate, or often
scarcely at all impressed, sometimes bordered below by a series of
obsolescent undulations; upper whorls spirally striate or granulate,
the sculpture becoming obsolete on last whorl but sometimes re-
appearing around the base; last whorl somewhat descending, large ;
aperture oval, angulate above and below, white and iridescent
within, frequently margined with greenish ; parietal wall frequently
excavated or callous; broad, somewhat flattened below the deep
narrow umbilicus, dilated and produced or rostrate at base.
Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill.
Indian 0.; Philippines; Neio Caledonia; Solomon Is.; Australia, etc.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 49) inside flat, with five whorls and sub-
central nucleus; outside very convex, white, the outer part green,
obsoletely granulose, nearly smooth.
This is T. versicolor, mespilus, ludus and porj^hyrites Gmel. T.
lugubris Kiener (PI. 50, fig. 57). T. versicolor Rve. (pi. 42, fig. 39,)
is somewhat intermediate between porjihyrites and porcatus.
T. mespilus is said by Fischer to be thinner, more uniform in
color, more rostrate at base, last whorl more descending; but all the
characters are so variable that I cannot draw the line between the
several forms.
216 TURBO.
Var. PORCATUs Rve. 1848. PI. 48, fig. 34.
Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate; spire obtuse; suture
slightly undulating; whorls 5, spirally lirate, and with limine in the
interstices ; aperture, color and operculum as in T. j)orphyriies.
N. Australia; Neio Ireland.
Separated from T. porphyrites by the strong spiral sculpture.
T. UNDULATUS Martyn, 1784. PI. 42, fig. 40.
Shell depressed-globose, solid, umbilicate, bright green, longitudi-
nally strigate with white under a brown epidermis; spire dome-
shaped, or low-conic, obtuse; whorls 5, the upper ones sometimes
angulate, spirally lirate, the liri?e wider than their interstices, on the
body-whorl often subobsolete; last whorl descending, somewhat
concave below the suture; aperture oval, white within ; columella
with a very wide white flattened callus which extends over the
umbilical tract ; umbilicus wide and deep.
Alt. 35-58, diam. 40-63 mill.
New Zealand; Australia.
Sometimes unicolored green, or with the white strigations broken
into tessellations. Reeve's figure which I have copied is more de-
pressed than most specimens.
Var. siMSONi Tenison-Woods, 1876. Unfigured. .
Separated from T. undidatus by the smaller size, the numerous
red and black radiating flammules and the peculiar raised carina
on the upper side of the last whorl, continuing around the suture in
a kind of hem. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill..
Georges Bay Head and Blachnan^s Bay, Tasmania.
T. CORONATUS Gmel., 1788. PI. 50, figs. 59-61.
Shell depressed-turbinate, diamater greater than the altitude, solid
imperforate, covered with irregular spiralseriesof nodules and gran-
ules, of which the subsutural series and two on the median portion
of body-whorl are more prominent; spire depressed, dome-shaped,
apex frequently eroded and red ; whorls 4—5, the last very large ;
aperture large, round, iridescent within; columella wide, flattened
and excavated, deflexed recurved and somewhat chanelied at base,
Alt. 40, diam. 50 mill.
Indian Ocean; Japanese and Chinese Seas.
Operculum inside flat, greenish and golden, iridescent, Avith about
5-6 whorls and subcentral nucleus ; outside convex, greenish, sparce-
ly granulate all over.
TURBO. 217
T. luguhris Reeve, T. hemprichi Troscliel, T. crenljerus, Kieuer
and T. ducalis Phil, are synonyms.
Usually smaller than the dimensions above given. The figures
illustrate the wide variation to -which this species is subject. The
passage from the strongly tuberculate forms into those in which the
transverse striae simply cut the lirae into diamonds or granules is
made by imperceptible degrees.
Var. GRANULATUS Gmel, 1788. PI. 46, fig. 18.
Shell typically more elongated than T. coronatus, altitude about
equalling the diameter ; umbilicate, finely granulose all over, with
subsutural and coronal series of tubercles, and sometimes one or two
additional series upon the median part of body-whorl.
Indian 0. ; Chinese Seas, etc.
T. granulosus (Kiener) Sby., T. modestus Phil., are synonyms.
Var. coREENSis Recluz. PI. 47, fig. 19.
Similar in sculpture to var. granulatus, but imperforate.
Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill.
Corea; Japan.
T. SMARAGDus Martyn, 1784. PI. G2, fig. 13.
Shell depressed, heliciform, imperforate, solid, covered with a
strong blackish cuticle, beneath which it is green ; usually eroded
at apex ; whorls 4-5, upper ones spirally sulcate or carinate, the
last large, flattened above, with incremental wrinkles and subobso-
lete spiral sulci ; aperture large, oblique, rounded, pearly white with-
in ; outer lip thin, black-edged, columella arched, with a pearly cal-
lus ; unibilico-parietal area excavated, concave, white.
Alt. 40-50, diam. 50-60 mill.
Xeiv Zealand; Fiji Is.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 8,) flat inside with four whorls, tlie nucle-
us more than one-third the distance across the face; outside deep
green except on the side of increment which is white ; very minute-
ly remotely granose ; according to ITutton, smooth.
It is T. helicinus Born, 1780. This name has precedence over
Martyn's ; but I doubt the expediency of changing the w'ell-known
name at this late day. I am not sure that the species belongs in
Marmorostoma, but it certainly should not be placed in Turbo ss. as
is usually done.
Yar. TRicosTATUs Hutton, 1884. Unfigured.
Body-whorl with three spiral ribs.
Wellington to Dunedin, N. Zealand..
"218 TURBO.
Subgenus Sarmaticus Gray, 1840.
Shell depressed, ventricose, imperforate, smooth or nodulous;
aperture oblique, large, columella wide. Operculum composed out-
-side of a dense tuft of club-shaped processes; inside flat, Avith sub-
central nucleus.
Soidh African Province.
Cidaris Swainson, 1840, (not of Klein nor Bolt.) is a synonym.
T, SARMATicus Linn., 1758. PI. 40, fig. 17.
Shell globose-depressed, imperforate, dull brownish, above flam-
Tuulate, below more or less banded or maculate with white, usually
showing more or less of the underlying orange-red layer, between
Avhich and the nacre there is a stratum of intense black; spire verj'
.short, conic; whorls 5-6, convex, the upper ones with revolving
liroe, frequently carinated, the last traversed by several rows of
nodules, of which the coronal is the more prominent and constant,
concave above; aperture large, very oblique, beautifully nacreous
"vvithin, orbicular; outer lip thin, margined with intense black within,
nacre not extending to the edge; columella arcuate, wide, slightly
produced below, broadly excavated above; parietal wall eroded,
showing a black blotch. Alt. 60-100, diam. 70-120 mill.
Cape Region of S. Africa.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 13, 14) flat within, with 5-6 whorls and
submedian nucleus ; outside convex, whitish, composed of a dense
tuft of club-shaped profoundly separated agglomerated j)rocesses.
S. classariiis Gray is synonymous.
This species, the " Turk's Cap " of the shell dealers, is extremely
iibundant at the Cape.
T. NATALENsis Krauss, (January) 1848. PI. oQ, figs. 83, 84.
Shell orbicular depressed, imperforate, olivaceous or brownish,
radiately maculate above, irregularly below, with rufous and whit-
ish ; spire depressed-conic, obtuse, apex crimson , whorls 5-6, con-
vex, compressed below the sutures, spirally coarsely Urate, the last
whorl with about twelve rather widely separated ribs; aperture
subcircular, oblique, pearly within, outer lip thin, columella more
■or less tinged with yellow or green, concave, broad above, with a
•deep curved pit in the place of the umbilicus.
Alt. 20-30, diam. 25-40 mill.
Natal.
Operculum like that of T. sarmaticus.
T. natalensis Reeve (Jan.) 1848, is a synonym,
Pischer mentions a uniform orange variety.
TURBO. 210
Subgenus PRrso(4ASTER ]Morch, 1850.
Shell very solid, ovate or subglobular, dark colored, imperforate;
aperture large, oblique ; Operculum inside yellow, subconcave, with
submarginal, basal nucleus; outside very convex.
Peruvian Province.
Amyxa Troschel, 1852, is a synonym.
T. NIGER Gray, 1839. PI. 42, fig. 42.
Shell ovate, very solid, imperforate, deep dull purplish or bluish
black ; spire short, convex, blunt ; whorls 5-H, somewhat flattened
below the sutures, with superficial spiral line, and marked with light
incremental strite ; aperture large, very oblique, ovate, silvery inside,
rounded below; outer lip slightly fluted within; columella wide,
white, bearing on its face a longitudinal rib which rises in the region
of the umbilicus; parietal wall eroded, white, smooth, or with three
white transverse rugre. Alt. 25-27, diam. 25-80 mill.
Coasts of Chili and Peru.
Amyxa nigra Troschel and possibly T. lur/ubris King, (1831), are
synonymous.
Operculum oval, concave within, buff, with 2-3 very rapidly in-
creasing whorls, nucleus one-fourth the distance across the face from
basal margin ; outside white, very convex, obsoletely rugose, (pi.
69, figs. 32, 33.)
The animal has four lateral filaments upon the epi^jodial line on
either side.
An example of which Fischer gives measurements is larger than
any I have seen. Alt. 38, diam, 35 mill.
T. ELEVATUS Souleyet, 184 . PI. 46, figs. 12-14; pi. 55, %. 73.
Shell ovate-conic, imperforate, ashy-black, spire acute, elevated;
whorls 5, convex, slightly excavated at sutures, nearly smooth, ob-
soletely spirally lirate ; last whorl large, convex below; aperture
ovate, silvery within; lip black; columella planate, depressed-con-
cave, not produced at base. Alt. 13, diam. 12 mill.
Coast of Chili.
Operculum yellowish inside, ovate, with two to three whorls and
sublateral nucleus ; outside convex, white, rugose, subumbilicate.
T. propinqniis Hupe (pi. 55, fig. 73,) is a synonym.
220 ASTRALIUM.
Gemis ASTRALIUM Link, 1807.
Shell trochiform, generally more or less flattened above or below;
imperforate or umbilicate ; young speciynens ahvays carincded and
spinose at the periphery ; operculnm oval or oblong, with (except in
JBolma) submarginal or terminal multispiral nucleus; the last
whorl forming far the greater portion of the operculum, usually
with one or several ribs exteriorly, following the course of the spiral
and most elevated at the distal extremity.
The synonyms are Calear (Montf.) Fischer and other authors,
Imperator (Montf) Auct., Trochus, in part, of all earlier authors,
and Tarho, in part, Sowerby Jr. and others.
Authors have been consideral)ly at variance in regard to both
the limits and the proper designation of this genus. I have exam-
ined the history of every name proposed for species of the group,
either as generic or subgeneric, and find that none prior in date to
that of Link (1807) are entitled to any standing in nomenclature,
I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Dall for a copy of Link's description
of Astralium. It was defined in the Beschreihung der Naturlien-
Sammlnng der Universitdt zii Rostock, von D. H. F. Link, Professor,
etc., p. 134-135, May 17, 1807 ; the genus is briefly described by
Link and ^4. deplanoium given as the first species, with a reference
to figures in Chemnitz, which fix the identity of deplanatmn with
Lamarck's A. costulatum, a species of the West Indian group.
Those species having a turbinate form, convex base and rounded
periphery, such as ^4. rugosum, A. cwlatinn, A. tuber, have been
frequently adduced by authors as supplying the connecting links
between Turbo and Astralium ; but such resemblance as they have
to Turbo is to be attributed not to any real relationship, but to a
secondary modification which they have undergone from the stellate
forms of Astralium. That this is the case is shown by the young of
the turbinate species, Avhich we find to be flattened, acutely carinated
and spinose, precisely as in typical Astralium. As a rule, the young
of species of this genus are depressed, carinated and spinose at the
periphery, the sjiines frequently being reduced in size or lost in the
adult ; whilst in Turbo the young are in the spinose species smoother
than the adult, the spines becoming always more prominent with age.
The real connecting forms between these genera the student must
look to palaeontology to supply; for the recent species which at first
seem to be intermediate in characters are undoubtedly descending
from stellate types of Astralium.
ASTRALIUM.
221
Like Turbo, this geiuis is composed of a number of quite diverse
subgenera of various degrees of affinity to each other. I am in-
clined to divide them first into two series : those with the central
teeth of the radula composed of several plates overlying each other,
and without a reflected cusp at the superior margin, and those with
a reflected cusp above. The natural sequence and affinities of the
subgenera are sliown in the following table :
f f Astraliuni, s.s.
Central teeth of radula \ ^ ^
with cusps. I ^ Imperator.
t 1 Guildfordia.
Central teeth of radula
without cusps.
<. Bolma.
( Cyclocantha.
I U vanilla.
r Cookia.
-] Pomaulax.
(^ Pachypoma.
Subgenus Astralium, Link, s. str.
Shell conical, elevated or depressed, narrowly umbilicate or im-
perforate, carinate at the periphery, base planulate or convex, whorls
above flattened or concave, costate or tuberculate ; operculum oval,
outside smooth or nearly so, very convex, excavated near the center.
West Indian Province.
Calcar Schum., 1817, is a synonym.
A. LONGispiNA Lam., 1822. PI. 51, figs. 1-9.
Shell depressed conic or lens-shaped, umbilicate or imperforate ;
Avhite, yellowish or light brown ; apex obtuse ; whorls o-Q, acutely
carinated at periphery, concavely flattened above, obliquely plicate
or spirally Urate, the lirse bearing tubercles or squamose processes ;
periphery armed with recurved triangular obliquely wrinkled spines,
usually thirteen to eighteen in number on the last whorl, and more
or less projecting at the sutures ; base gently convex, densely laniel-
lose radiately striate, and with about four concentric subnodose lira3 ;
aperture transversely ovate, angled and canaliculate at termination
of carina ; columella short, curved, somewhat dilated over the slight-
ly indented umbilical tract ; umbilicus generally very narrow or not
perforated. Alt. 30, diam. 65 mill.
Entire West Indies; Bahamas; Bermuda; Tbrf tty as (Simpson) ;
Guatemala.
222
ASTRALIUM.
Operculum (pi. oO, i^g^. 57, 58) oval, nucleus sublateral ; outside
white or slightly brownish, very convex, nearly smooth, excavated
near the center.
Trochus orichalceus (figs. 8, 9) T. aster, and T. heliucus Phil., T.
planus (Gm.) Phil., Astmlium deplanatum Link and perhaps T.
inermis Gniel. are synonymous.
An abundant and variable sjjecies. Figs. 1, 2, represent the typ-
ical form. The following variety has typically a very distinct as-
l)ect; but I am unable to separate it specifically by constant or
well marked characters.
Var. spiNULosuM, Lam., 1822. PI. 51, figs. 4-6.
Shell conically elevated, imperforate ; whorls flattened above, ra-
diately costulate or spirally lirate, or both, and tuberculate or squa-
mose ; peripheral carina generally subspinose or nodose ; concentric
lirse on the base three to six in number, the inner generally nodose.
Two specimens measure as follows :
Alt. 32, diam. 61 mill ; alt. 38, diam. 45 mill.
W. Indies; Florida.
Fig. 6 is drawn from a specimen from Key West, Florida, collec-
ted by Hemphill. Lamark's T. costulatus (pi. 51, fig. 7), is in form
intermediate between typical longispina and var. spinulosum; it is
umbilicate and obliquely plicate above. I cannot tell what species
Reeve figured as T. spinttlosus ; it seems to be a very depressed form
of A. petrosum Mart. It is certainly not the spinulosum of Lamarck.
A. ARMATUM Phil, 1848. PI. 51, figs. 10, 11.
Shell conic, apex acute ; sculpture as in var. spjinnlosum.
Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill.
Antilles (Philippi); St. Croix.
A single specimen of this form I found in a suite of yl. longispina
from St. Croix. From that species it diflTers in the conical acute apex.
A. BREVispiNA Lam., 1822. PI. 52, figs. 12, 13.
Shell conic, imperforate, solid ; whorls 6-7, flat above, obliquely
costate below the sutures, then with several revolving series of gran-
ules; periphery sharply carinate, armed w'ith short triangular spines
which festoon the sutures and project more or less, about 10-13
in number on the last whorl ; base a little rounded, radiately lamel-
lose striate and concentrically lirate, the liras three to five in num-
ber, mostly tuberculate, especially in the young ; aperture transverse,
oval, channelled at outer angle ; columella short, arched ; place of
ASTRALIUM. 22-?
the umbilicus excavated, whitish, bounded by an intensely orange-
vermillion tract. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill.
West Indies ; Florida Keys (Simpson); Costa Rica; Venezuela.
T. aurispigmentmn Jonas is synonymous.
It is frequently larger than I have indicated.
A. LATispiNA Phil., 1844. PI. 63, figs. 21, 22.
Shell imperforate, conic, greenish, brown maculated ; whorls 7,
subplanate, obliquely costulate below the sutures, then with two
beaded spiral lirae ; margins of whorls exserted, expanded, com-
pressed, armed with triangular spines ; last whorl sharply carinate ;
base radiately lamellose and ornamented with three or four granose
concentric costse; umbilical area depressed, pale greenish or yellow-
ish, aperture oblique, angulate. Alt. 35, diam. 50 mill.
Gulf of Mexico to Rio Janeiro.
Operculum oval, outside white, smooth, with a single arcuate
wide rib ; inside flat, chestnut colored, nucleus submai'ginal.
T. huschi Kiener, and T. tentorium Anton are synonyms.
This form I have not satisfactorily identified with any shells I
have seen. It seems to be closely allied to the preceding species.
Subgenus Lithopoma Gray, 1850.
Shell turbinate or trochifonn, elevated, imperforate, periphery^
carinated or rounded, whorls above radiately plicate ; oj^erculuni
oval, outside coarsely granulose, and either simply convex or with a
curved spiral rib with its terminations connected by a straight one;
nucleus submarginal. West Indian Province.
A. Turbinate species tviih rounded peripherij.
A. TUBER Linn., 1767. PL 56, figs. 79, 80.
Shell turbinate-conic, imperforate, ver}^ solid, dirty white or pale
green, radiately maculated with brown above, irregularly marked
and lighter below ; whorls 6, upper two smooth by erosion, the fol-
lowing obliquely coarsely plicate and finely wrinkled in the same
direction above, somewhat shouldered, obtusely angular near per-
iphery, above which several obscure beaded lirse revolve, shagreeii-
ed by intersection of incremental strise and oblique wrinkles ; base
nearly smooth ; aperture very oblique, oval, silvery within ; colu-
mella short, wide, generally bituberculate at the base, exca;vated
over the location of the umbilicus. Alt. 45, diam. 50 mill.
West Indian Province ; Florida
224 ASTEALIUM.
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 42, 43) oval, nucleus submarginal ; out-
side white, excavated around the upper edge, with a heavy coarsely
grauulose rib following the central part of the spiral, its ends con-
nected by a short rib.
The young are subspinose at the periphery ; adults generally lose
the more minute suface-sculpture described above.
A. c.ELATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 57, figs. 45, 46.
Shell conic, solid, imperforate, soiled white, more or less tinged
with green and brown ; spii*e elevated, apex acute ; whorls 6-7,
convex, with fine incremental strise and oblique radiating folds
above ; periphery with several prominent squamose or spinose lirie ;
base somewhat flattened, with close squamose lirse separated by
deep interstices ; aperture silvery within, transversely ovate, very
oblique, its margins fluted ; columella extended, oblique, arcuate.
Alt. 80, diam. 80 mill.
West Indies; Bahamas, etc.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 44) oval, nucleus submarginal ; outside
convex, white or brown tinted, coarsely granulose.
This is the Trochus caelatus etc. of Chemnitz, T. ccelatus Chemnitz
of authors.
B. Conic species, with carinated lyeriphery and flattened base.
In this section of Lithopoma the species are very variable, and it
is difficult to find characters salient enough to satisfactorily sepa-
rate several of them. Much more material than I have before me
must be studied before the synonymy and limits of the various
forms can be settled.
A. AMERicANUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 52, figs. 18-20.
Shell trochiform, elevated, imperforate, solid, white or yellowish ;
Avhorls 7, the upper three smooth in adults by erosion of the sculpt-
ure, flattened or concave on their upper surfaces, longitudinally
obliquely plicate, the folds numbering about thirty-six on the last
whorl, terminating on the periphery in nodules (or spines in the
young,) generally intersected about the middle by two to four spiral
impressed lines, periphery angled, more or less swollen ; base nearly
flat, more or less sharply radiately striate, and spirally lirate, the
lirse about six in number, or sometimes more, frequently nodulose ;
aperture very oblique ; outer lip usually crenulated ; columella
short, heavy, bituberculate at base, bounded by a radiately plicate
cordon. Alt. 35, diam. 30-35 mill.
West Indies ; Florida Keys.
ASTEALIUM. 225
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 45) oval, light brown within, with sublat-
eral nucleus ; outside convex, white, granulose, more or less excava-
ted around the upper margin, excavated near the center ; young with
a stout curved central rib following the spiral, its ends connected
by a short straight rib.
A. cuBANUM Phil., 1.S4S. PI. 56, figs. 77, 78.
Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, solid, wdiitish or pale j'ellow ;
whorls 7, upper two smooth by erosion, sutures moderately impress-
ed ; whorls flattened above, longitudinally coarsely plicate, nodulous
on the ijeripheiy, the folds about twenty-two to twenty-eight in num-
ber on the last whorl, cut about the middle by a lew spiral impress-
ed lines ; base slightly convex, concentrically Urate, and radiately
densely striate, the lira3 about six in number, sometimes nodose ;
aperture wide, subtrapezoidal ; columella arcuate, grooved slightly
at position of umbilicus, bituberculate at base, surrounded by a ra-
diately plicate cordon. Alt. 38, diam. 35 mill.
West Indies ; Tortugas (Simj^son).
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 48) with a strong central spiral granular
rib, with Its terminations joined by a short riblet, the interval be-
tween them deeply excavated.
Allied to A. amerlcanum, but separated by the more decidedly
granulate and ribbed operculum, which resembles closely that of A.
olfersii. The peripheral nodes are less numerous than in A. amer-
ieanum, and more numerous than in A. olfersii.
A. PAPiLLATUM Potiez et Michaud, 1838. PL 52, figs. 14-17.
Shell conic, elevated, imperforate, solid greenish-olivaceous, ob-
scurely banded, spire acute ; wdiorls 7, nearly flat, slightly excavated in
the middle, finely obliquely striate and radiately costate, folds wdiite,
oblique, slightly prominent above, at. the peripher)^ tuberculose ; last
whorl carinated, with about fourteen short tubercles on the carina ;
base a little convex, radiately striate, with five concentric subnodose
lira? separated by very shallow grooves ; aperture transverse ; colu-
mella arcuate, bituberculate at the base ; umbilical tract bounded
by a plicate cordon. Alt. 25, diam. 29 mill.
West Lidies.
Operculum nearly like that of A. cuhanum.
Figs. 16, 17 are from the original ones of Potiez and Michaud.
The species is nearly allied to A. cuhanum, perhaps identical.
15
226 ASTRALIUM.
A. GUADALOUPENSE Crosse, 1865. PI. 53, figs. 43-45.
Shell imperforate, solid, elevated-conic, longitudinally suboblique-
ly crinkled, reddish orange, marked in places "with white and oli-
vaceous ;sutnre impressed, irregular ; whorls 6j, subplauulate above,
slightly concave in the middle, the apical one or two smooth, the
following longitudinally plicate, the folds cut in the middle by two
impressed spiral lines, projecting at the carinated jieriphery, and
about twenty-three in number on the body-whorl ; base nearly flat
with radiating stripe and five subgranose liras ; aperture oblique,
rliomboidal, columella white, arcuate, bidentate at base, umbilical
tract pale violaceous, bounded by a plicate cordon.
Alt. 23i diam. 25 mill.
Guadaloupe, West Indies.
Operculum outside convex, with a median rib, minutely granulose,.
excavated near the middle.
It is closely allied to A. papillaiHm P. & INT., but may be separa-
ted by the flatter base and perhaps the number of the basal lirse.
Compare also A cnbcuium. In the only specimen of this species I
have seen (fig. 45) the peripheral tubercles number twenty on the
body- whorl. I believe that this species will be found to be a form
of ^. euhanun or A. jmpillatuvi.
A. OLFERSiTroschel, (18 ?). PI. 57, figs. 47-49.
Shell imperforate, solid, conic, gray, olive-green and reddish brown;
longitudinally plicate, the folds about thirteen in number on the last
whorl ; periphery nodulose ; base slightly convex, with four concen-
tric lirse ; aperture subtrapezoidal, white ; columella arcuate, bitu-
berculate at the base. Alt. 45, diam. 52 mill.
Brazil (Philippi); Bakia (Clery).
Figs. 48, 49 are drawn from the original ones. I have seen no
specimen corresponding with them. The variety figured by Kiener
(pi. 57, fig. 47) scarcely looks the same to me. It differs in the "less
oblique ^ud more numerous longitudinal folds, which are more in-
terrupted about the middle and more nodulose above." A specimen
of this variety before me is marked "West Indies.'^
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 22, 23) oval, granulose outside, strongly
ribbed.
T. saxosus Phil., is a synonym.
A. IMBEICATUM Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, fig. 70.
Shell conic, solid, imperforate, Cinereous or light brownish ; whorls
7, planulate above, very obliquely striate, and longitudinally plicate,
ASTRALIUM. 227
the folds generally eighteen to twenty in number on the last -whorl,
sub-interrnpted or excavated about the middle, produced at the
sharply carinate peri23hery into squamose square soniewhat descend-
ing spines ; base flattened, radiately striate, and with four to six
concentric irregular subnodose lirre ; aperture very oblique, wide :
lip scalloped, chanelled at outer angle ; columella bidentate below,
its face slightly grooved. Alt. 40, diam. 45 mill.
Honduras (Reeve); West Indies.
T. corolkt Reeve is synonymous.
A. TUBEROSUM Phil. PL 64, figs. 57, 58.
This thick-shelled Trochid stands near to T. ccelatus, but is distin-
guished by the following characters ; the whorls are flat, not arched,
in the middle ; the superior nodules are situated near to the suture,
are hemi-sphserical and solid ; the last whorl has but a single row of
nodules ; the carina is sharper, the base flatter, with only three con-
centric nodose lirse ; the aperture is lower, more rhomboidal ; color
reddish brown, more or less vei'ging on violet.
Coast of Mexico.
I have translated from Philippi the more important portion of his
description. I am unable to identify the form with any shells I have
seen. It is 2:)robably immature.
A. PLicATULUM Philippi. PI. 64, figs. 62, 68.
Shell strictly conic, imperforate, yellowish white ; whorls planu-
late, the last acutely angled, obliquely plicate, the folds small, about
forty in number on the body-whorl, interrupted by two spiral fur-
rows, of which the upper is in middle of the Avhorl, the lower midway
between that and the wavy lower margin of the whorl ; base nearly
flat, with six strong, elevated concentric lirse, and radiating lamel-
lose strise, Alt. 23, diam. 25 mill.
Habitat unknoivn.
Known to me only by Philij^pi's figure and description from which
the above is taken. It j^robablj^ does not belong to this group.
Subgenus Imperator, Montfort, 1810.
Shell large, trochiform, concave and umbilicate below, carinated
and spinose at periphery, whorls convex and granulose above ; oper-
culum oval, outside smooth, obsoletely uuicostate.
Australo-Zealandic Province.
Canthorbis Swainson, 1840, and in part Guildfordia Gray, 1850,
are synonynis.
228 ASTRALIUM.
A. iiELioTROPiUM Martyn, 1784. PI. 56, fig. 87.
Shell large, depressed-conic, below widely uaibilicate and concave,
spire dome-shaped, of 5 convex whorls ; suture rendered zigzag by
the prominent compressed triav.gular recurved vaulted spines which
arm the acutely carinated periphery ; whorls above and below with
numerous spiral series of granules ; umbilicus wide, deep, coarsely
obliquely striate within ; aperture transversely oval, oblique, pearly
Avithin, peristome continuous ; columella slightly dilated, impinging
upon the umbilicus ; color brownish or ])urplish above, light below.
Alt. 50-60, diam. 100-120 mill.
Neiv Zealand ; Hauraki Gulf, Foveaux Sts., Cook's Sts., Bay of
Tasmania.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 5, 6) oval, with cxcentric nucleus ; outside
smooth, obsoletely unicostate.
The synonyms are. Trochus solarium imjjeralis etc. Chemnitz, T.
imperialis Gmel., and of most authors, Imperator aureolatus Mont-
fort, and Guildfordia lieliopliorus Gray.
This large handsome species was brought to Europe for the first
time by the famous Captain Cook.
Subgenus Guildfordia Gray, 1850.
Shell wheel-shaped, imperforate ; hnv-conic and graiiulose above,
convex below, periphery armed with long slender radiating spines,
"which are concealed at the sutures ; operculum flat, with a subol)so-
lete arcuate rib outside.
Ja])onic Province.
A. TRiuMPHA>'s Phil, 1841. PI. 58, figs. 67, 68.
Shell low-conic, imperforate, metallic brownish-purple above,
nearly white below ; whorls 6, slightl}^ convex above ; body-whorl
armed around the carinate i^eriphery with long slender closed tubu-
lar radiating spines, about eight in number on the body-wdiorl,
and Avhich are reabsorbed as the growth advances leaving only short
stumps to festoon the sutures ; upper surface with close revolving
series — generally eight to ten on the last whorl — of minute laterally
compressed granules; base slightly convex, usually w'ith a marginal
row of granules, and several rows surrounding the central callus ;
aperture transversely ovate, angulate and channelled at peri})heral
carina, iridescent within ; peristome sinuous above ; umbilical re-
ASTRALIUM. 229
2:1011 covered witli a heavy callus, more or less stained with pinkish,
somewhat excavated at center, and obsoletely spirally ridged.
Alt. 25, diam. (including spines) 70 mill. Jajxin.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 60).
T. guildjordm Reeve is a synonym.
Subgenus Bolma Risso, 1826.
Sliell turbinate, spire conic, imperforate, whorls rounded at the
periphery, the upper ones spiny, base convex ; operculum nearly
round, nucleus excentric, outside polished, concave in the middle,
with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.
Mediterranean and Japanese Seas.
Tubicanthus Swains., 1840, is a synonym.
In the Mollusca of the Challenger, p. 131, Watson corrects the
orthography of this name, making it Bollna. But I find that Gray
and authors generally have not deviated from the orthography of
Risso. (see Hist. Nat. de I'Europe mh-ldionale iv, p. 117).
A. RUGOSUM Linn., 1767. PI. 40, fig. 20 ; pi. m, fig. 85.
Shell solid, conic, imj^erforate, brown or cinereous ; suture canalic-
ulate, bordered below by a series of curved radiating tubercles ; whorls
(^)-7, obliquely lamellose striate, the upper ones carinate and tuber-
culate or s|)inose at the periphery, the last descending, rounded or
bicarinate, spirally lirate ; base conspicuously radiately striate ; aper-
ture obliquely, transversely oval, pearly within ; columella arched,
white, and pearly, with an orange callus dilated over the umbilical
region and extending over the parietal wall. Alt. 50, diam. 55 mill.
Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic shores of Spain and S. W.France;
Azores, Madeira and Canary Is.
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 39, 40) short-oval, brown within, with
four w'horls, the nucleus situated one-third the distance across the
face ; outside bright orange, polished, with a spiral callous ridge.
T. camanensis \\\\. is a synonym.
A. MODESTUM. Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, figs. 63, 64.
"Shell imperforate, conically turbinated, orange-rose ; whorls con-
vexly sloping, then encircled with two rows of scales, papillary-
grained throughout; base rather fiat, tinged with chrome orange."
(Reeve). Jajmn.
230 ASTRALIUM.
Var. GiRGYLLUS Reeve, 1861. PI. 55, fig. 65.
" Very closely related to the preceding, but distinguished by a
more square form, while the scales are curiously expanded."
{Reeve.) China.
A. TURSicus Reeve, 1848. PI. 48, fig. 35.
Shell somewhat pyramidally ovate, imperforated ; sutures of s\m'e
excavated ; whorls spirally squamately ridged, slanting around the
upper part, sharply angled, erectly squamate at the angle ; aperture
small ; yellowish, beautifully rayed with scarlet red.
Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. ' ' _ _
Philippine Is.
Calcar turcicus (Rve.) Fischer is the same.
Reeve's figure and description are copied above. Of this form
Mr. E. A. Smith says :
This beautiful species is well characterized by its style of paint-
ing. It is whitish with broad scarlet rays, particularly distinct on
the sloping upper surfaces of the whorls; these are sometimes
edged with black posteriorly, and the suture is more or less stained
■with that color. The lower part of the body-whorl is for the most
part scarlet with a few narrow white streaks (sometimes black-spot-
ted) radiating from the umbilicial region. The o])erculum is white,
thick, convex, and granose externally. (Zool. Coll. H. M. S.
'Alert: p. 504.)
T. tursicus was collected by the ' Alert ' at Darros Island, one
of the Amirante group. I have copied on pi. 69, fig. 27, Mr.
Smith's figures. The species apparently is not a Bolma, but with-
out examining the shells and ascertaining the position of the
nucleus and nature of the whorls of the operculum, I am not able
to form an opinion as to its true position.
Subgenus Cyclocantiia Swainson, 1840.
Shell conic or depressed trochiform, usually im]>erforate ; whorls
above smooth, granulate or plicate ; periphery spiuose, tuberculate,
or with a ])rojccting flange ; base convex, flat, or concave, concen-
trically lirate ; columella with a more or less obvious tubercle at
the base ; operculum oval, convex outside, with a more or less
prominent curved central rib, its terminations connected or nearly
so by a straight short accessory rib.
Indo-Pacific, Australo-Zealandie and Juj)0)iic Provinces.
ASTRALIUM. 231
Synonyms: Stella (Klein) H. and A. Adams, 1858, (type, A.
asteriscns Rve.), Calcar Montfort, 1810, (type, A. calcar Linn. ?)
and Carinidea Tenison-Woods, not Swainson.
There has been considerable diversity of opinion regarding the
group above defined, both as to its contents and its proper designa-
tion. Stella was the first name proposed for it ; but since the no-
menclature (almost) universally adopted by zoologists dates from
the publication of the tenth edition of Linmeus (1758), we are com-
pelled to reject the names proposed by Klein in 1753. This course
is rendered the more imperative by the nature of Klein's work ; for
his " genei-a " are as often denominated by a phrase as by a single
word. Calcar of Montfort was probably founded on a species of
this subgenus. But this is very uncertain, as his figure might be-
long to any one of several very different forms. (See also Fischer,
3fan. de Conch., p. 813.) As to Carinidea Swains., which Tenison-
Woods has supposed to include the group of A. Jimbriatum, A. ten-
toriiforme etc., there is no warrant for using it in any such sense;
for Swainson's two types are (1) an umhilicated species of Trochus,
and (2) a species of Uvanilla, (A. buscJiii Phil.). Hercoles Montf.
referred to this group by some authors, is not a mollusc. As to the
limits and contents of Cyclocantlia, as here defined, I am aware that
there is room for controversy. Fischer and others have distributed
a portion of the species among several adjacent subgenera. I have
included with considerable hesitation A. fimbrlatum and A. tentorii-
forme.; but I do not think that they would be any better placed
with ^4. olivaeeus etc. in Uvanilla.
It is very difficult to express in a diagnosis the differences be-
tween the shells of this group and of Astralium, .s. s. Both contain
flattened wheel-shaped umbilicate forms, with long peri2:)heral
spines, and both have com]:)act trochiform species. The two groups
occupy almost opposite areas upon the globe.
A. CALCAR Linn., 1758. PI. 52, figs. 27, 29, 30 ; PL 56, fig. 74.
Shell conoid, more or less depressed at ajiex ; grayish greenish,
or brownish cinereous ; whorls 6, flattened above, and radiately pli-
cate, the folds rather unequal and irregular ; periphery carinated
spinose, bearing about twelve radiating more or less foliated spines
upon the body-whorl ; last whorl deeply descending toward the
aperture ; base convex, concentrically more or less densely squa-
mosely lirate, the outer lirae generally prominent and subspinose,
sometimes causing the periphery to appear bicarinate ; ajjerture
282 ASTRALIUM.
transversely oval, very oblique, generall)^ golden Avithiu, and stained
with pnrple or blue on the columella. Alt. 28, diam. 40 mill.
Indian Ocean ; Australia ; Philippines ; New Caledonia,; Java, etc.
023erculum oval, nucleus submarginal ; outside deep bluish-green,
excavated around the upper margin and near the middle, edges
rugose, center nearly smooth.
Trochus aculeatus Gmel. is a synonym.
An extremely variable species. In form it may be either conic
with nearly flat base, or flat above with very convex and uuibilica-
ted base. The spines are generally triangular and oliliquely wrink-
led above, but are often square and elaborately foliated at the ex-
tremities. Restricting the typical calcar to shells with moderately
exserted scalariform spire, depressed a{)ex, and body- whorl deflected
toward the aperture, we may define several varieties which are typ-
ically quite distinct, but which, in the large series before me, are
connected with each other and with the type by insensible grada-
tions.
Var. HELiciNUM Gmel. PI. 52, figs. 28, 31.
Last whorl not descending ; spire conical, not much depressed at
apex ; marginal spines generally short. Usually larger than the-
typical form. A specimen before me measures : alt. 40, diam. 70
mill.
Var. LACiNiATUM Gould. PI. 53, figs. 32, 33.
Shell bullet-shaped in the adult ; aperture subcircular, white
within ; columella generally stained with purple.
Alt. 28, diam. 22 mill.
Philippines (Gould), Viti Is.
Young shells are like var. helicinum; the adults are very difl^er-
ent in shape, and sometimes even more elongated than in the figure.
Var. PLANORBis Pilsbry. PI. o6, figs. 75, 76.
vSpire planulate, scarcely at all exserted ;. base very convex, nra-
bilicated. x\.lt. 10, diam. 27 mill.
A curious form, very different from the preceding.
A. STELLARE Gmel., 1788. PI. 55, figs. 66-68.
Shell imperforate, conoid, solid, more or less elevated, whorls
5-6, obliquely radiately costate, imbricately spinose at periphery,
the last carinated, carina with about ten long vaulted sj)ines ; base
A8TRALIUM. 235
Avith about ten concentric squamose lira?, columella oblique, white,
generally rosy margined, rarely bluish ; aperture angulated.
Alt. 34, diam. 35 mill.
East Indian Seas.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 67) granulose outside, white or green.
Animal (fig. 68) without lateral filaments.
T. chemnitzii Val. and T. asperatus (Lam.) Phil, are synonymous.
This species seems to be very closely allied to A. helicinuni Gmel.
Var. ASTERTScus Reeve, 1842. PI. 55, fig. 60.
Shell conical; whorls obsoletely wrinkled, produced at the carina
into prominent vaulted sjiines ; basal callosity rose-red or blue-
green.
Port Essington, Australia.
Identified by Fischer with T. chemnitzii Val., but that ioxnx
seems to me to differ in no respect from typical stellare.
A. LAPiLLUs Reeve, 1861. PL 64, fig. 49.
Imperforate, obtusely turbinated, fulvous, tinged with red at the
base ; Avhorls convexly sloping next the suture, then tumidly round-
ed, longitudinally rudely ribbed, ribs irregularly wrinkled and
tuberculated ; base convex, very closely irregularly scaled. (Reeve.)
Habitat unknown (Reeve); Levuka, Eiji,12fms. (Challenger Exjxl.)
Watson, who places this species in " Bolina " (= Bolma), says :
" There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum,
which differ from one another in the number of spirals on the base
and. have only a faint tinge of purple at the pillar. In the two
Challenger specimens, the scaly spirals are much fewer, and a bril-
liant crimson streak to the left of the pillar, and also in front of it
on the left corner of the l)asal mouth li}), is a marked feature. I
observe, however, that as is often the case with these brilliant col-
ors, the crimson has somewhat faded during the years the shell has
been in my hands."
A.siRius Gould, 1849'. PI. 45, figs. 93-95.
Shell small, low pyramidal, pale emerald green ; whorls 4, acute-
ly compressed at periphery, above with about ten oblique folds on
the lower half of the whorl, each of which is produced into a trian-
gular spine at the periphery, and with spines intercalated making
about eighteen on the peri2:)hery of last whorl ; surface corrugated
by oblique wrinkles ; base nearly flat, imperforate, with about five
234 ASTRALIUM.
-delicate, distantly nodose, concentrip, iuequal lirse ; aperture circu-
lar, augalate at carina, lip below horizontal ; columella smooth,
rounded, arcuate. Alt. Ti, diam. 12 mill.
Australia.
Seems to be a young shell.
A. PETROSUM Martyn, 1784. PL 64, figs. 65, Q6.
Shell conic, imperforate, solid, greenish or cinereous ; whorls 6,
above planulat^, obliquely radiately plicate or wrinkled ; periphery
bicarinate, with two rows of" rather short radiating spines, about 12
in number on the body-whorl in the upper row, smaller and more
numerous in the lower ; base flattened, concave toward the center,
concentrically densely squamose-lirate ; aperture transverse, white,
pink or blue inside, channelled at the carina ; peristome crenulate,
columella wide, with a slight semilunar groove and a denticle near
the base, generally more or less purplish, pink or bluish.
Alt. 30-35, diam. 32-40 mill.
Viti and Haivaiian Is. ; New Caledonia; Indian Ocean.(f)
Operculum (pi. 64, fig. 64) oval, rugose, outside, with a broad
central curved callosity ; center excavated ; color usually the same
as the columella.
T. rJiodostomus Lam., and T. tuberosus Reeve (not Phil.) are syn-
onyms. T. spinidosus Reeve is probably a depressed form of this
species.
Martyn's name has been overlooked by most authors, but I see
no reason for rejecting it for that of Lamarck. His figures in the
" Universal Conchology " are so superior as to compare favorably
with modern work ; and represent unmistakably the typical form,
Avith the two subequal rows of spines upon the j)eriphery.
Var. C0XFRAC40SUM Gould, 1848. PI. 54, fig. 56.
Shell low conical, rugose, the wrinkles small, rounded, irregular,
oblique, slightly squamose here and there; whorls 6, somewhat
shouldered above, declivous at the upper part, obtusely biangulate
toward the base ; periphery angulate, stellate by the projection of
folded ribs ; base plane, encircled with about eight squamose ridges.
Dean's Is., Paumotus Groiq).
[ have copied Gould's figure of this form and have added two
which are identified by Dr. Fischer with it. These last are nmch
more prominently plicate above, and have colored columella, a
character not mentioned by Gould.
ASTRALIUM. 235
Var. PLicATOSPiNOsuM Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 54, figs. 59, 60.
Rather low-conic, conspicuously radiately plicate above, the folds
somewhat sigmoid and oblique, bearing a series of short rounded
knobs above, and terminating in short spines, eighteen to twenty in
number, at the carinated periphery ; base flat ; squamosely lirate ;
aperture tinged with green, especially at the columella.
Alt. 20-25, diam. 25-30 mill.
Hawaiian Is.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 50) deep green, wrinkled.
Var. viRESCENs Pease, 1869. PI. 49, fig. 50.
Shell conoidal, slightly swollen at the middle ; whorls concave
above, rudely irregularly rugosely plicate ; lower margin of whorls
encircled by two rows of nodose contiguous scales ; upper whorls
deeply pitted, the last acutely carinated at periphery ; base planu-
late, with about nine concentric unequal squamose line.
Alt. 25, diam. 25 mill.
Ins. Tarawa, Polynesia.
A. HENicus Watson, 1879. PI. 52, figs. 25, 26.
Shell conical, elevated, light yellowish ruddy, paler below ; whorls
7-8, apex round, first whorl flattened, upper three whorls radiately rib-
bed, the following radiately slightly plicate in the direction of lines of
growth, with a spiral series of rather large white separate beads upon
the edge of the flattened shoulder below the suture, and six series of
distinct small beads, separated by interstices of half their breadth
upon the slope of the whorl ; periphery sharply bicarinate, the upjier
carina stellate with sharp compressed hollow spines, about twelve in
number on body-whorl ; lower carina with thirty to thirty-five vault-
ed scales, becoming spines toward the aperture ; between the carinte
there are four rows of beads ; base flat, with about ten concentric
rows of very regular beads; fiperture oblique, white within ; colu-
mella bluntly toothed below ; umbilical tract polished, slightly
ridged, white. Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill.
Matuka, Fiji, 315 /ms. in coral mud.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 59) oval, within flat, brown ; outside thick,
white, granulose, Avith a slight flange on the outer margin.
Differs from other species of the petrosam group in being granu-
late instead of plicate on the upper surface.
A. PREvosTi Sowerby Jr., 1886. PI. 63, fig. 38.
Shell rather wide-conic, imperforate, green, brown tinged and
banded ; Avhorls about six, subconve.K, sloping, encircled by minute
236 ASTRALIUM.
granulose liree, above nodose-plicate, last wliorl subacutely angled-
below, the angle beainng square, thick vaulted scales ; base inibri- '
cately quadri-lirate ; ajDcrture suboblique ; columella arcuate, silvery,,
umbilical callus white.
Habitat unlaioxon..
"A trochiform S})ecies in -which the longitudinal ribs may be only
faintly traced, leaving nodules at the top of the whorls, and strong
obtuse square looking scales at the margin, while the whorls are en-
circled in the middle with two or three rows of minute granules."
Sowerby's description and figure are given. Compare A. tubero-
sum Phil. p. 227.
A. PAGODULUM Sowerby Jr., 1886. PI. 63, fig. 28.
"Shell imperforate, conical, orange-drab; whorls slopingly convex^
obliquely wrinkled-plaited, plaits, rather large, swollen, basal margin
of the whorls i:)rickly scaled, base scale-ridged around the callosity."'
Habitat nnhiown.
Trochus acaleatus Reeve (preoc.) is a synonym.
The original figure and description are given.
A. PAooDus Tenison- Woods, 1879. Unjigured.
Shell narrowly pyramidal, thin, pale roseate, variegated with
Avide longitudinal olive bands; whorls 6, concave, very acutely
angular at the suture, armed with a regular row of short spines, and
girdled wdtli four or five lines of indistinct granulose lirse ; spines
numerous, obtusely angular, concave, 18 in number at the periphery
of the last whorl ; apex acute ; aperture obliquely quadrate, de-
l^ressed smooth inside, nacreous ; labrum acute ; columella curved,,
truncate ; base quite Hat, spirally. Urate and very finely transversely
striate, pale yellowish white and very faintly spotted with brown.
Alt. 15, diam. 18 mill. (Tenison- Woods)
Moreton Bay, Australia.
The original description is giving above. I do not know the exact
systematic i:)osition of the form.
A. ii.T-MATRAGus Meuke. PI. 54, figs. 57, 58.
Shell imperforate, pale ashen, elevated-conic, apex acute ; whorls
7, planulate above, with radiating oblique folds, which are produced
into short spines at the periphery ; last whorl carinated, with ten
to twelve spines in a single series ; base plano-concave, concentrical-
ASTRALIUM. 237
ly squamose-Hrate ; aperture transverse, channelled at the carina;
columella arcuate, purple or hlue margined, dentate at base.
Alt. 27, diam. 32 mill.
Japanese and Chinese Seas.
T. columellaris Phil, and T. gratus Phil, are synonyms, and in
part, perhaps, T. asteriscus Rve.
Base more- concave than in ^1. j^&t^'osum, peripheral spines in a
single series, and finer than in that species.
A. HEXAGONUM Phil. PI. 64, figs. 44-46.
tShell perfectly conic, imperforate, rjeddish-white, redder in the
furrows, costate and obliquely rugose-sulcate, the ribs six in number,
subcontinuous, terminating in small vaulted spines at the base ; per-
iphery acute, anguiate, stellate, with twelve points ; base flat, squa-
mosely eight or nine lirate ; aperture suborbicular, anguiate at out-
er margin. Alt. 13, diam. 15 mill.
• Habitat unknoivn.
Philippi's description and figure are given. The species may be
an immature form of .4. limmatragum.
A. SEMic'OSTATU.Ai Kicner. PI. 63, figs. 15-18.
Shell elevated-conic, solid, imperforate, olive-brown or cinereous,
apex acute ; whorls 6-7, sharply carinated, upjier surface concave,
longitudinally more or less finely and irregularly plicate below the
sutures; coarsely plicate on the lower half of the whorls, the folds
terminating in short nodes at the periphery, twelve to sixteen in
number on the last whorl, and also scalloping the sutures; base
flat, somewhat depressed around the middle, finely concentrically
lirate and radiately striate, the lirJB about eight to sixteen in number ;
aperture very oblique, suboval, white within, slightly channelled
at the carina, but scarcely anguiate ; columella bluish, rosy or white,
short, curved, dentate below ; base of aperture horizontal, sometimes
Avith a submarginal row of minute tubercles within.
Alt. 27, diam. 25 mill.
Indian Ocean; Australia {1)
This is Troch'us stellatus of Philippi and of Reeve. It may possi-
bly be the stellatus of Gmelin. That species was said by him to be
West Indian.
In some specimens the peripheral sjjines are rather long and direct-
ed outward. The liras of the base are sometimes coarser than the
figures indicate ; and in fully matured individuals the outer ones be-
238 ASTRALIUM.
come obsolete ; finally, the base of the aperture acquires the arma-
ture shown in fig. 18.
A. BABELis Fischer, 1874. PI. 52, figs. 21, 22.
Shell imperforate, conic, elevated, pale yellowish, apex acute ;
Avhorls 7, slightly convex, obliquely radiately costate with -distant
folds, which are prominently nodulose at the sutures and periphery;
interstices smooth ; last whorl carinated, the carina bearing about
eight nodules; base flat, smooth, with fine oblique incremental strife;
aperture angalated; cohimellar region white, blue margined, uniden-
tate at base. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill.
Habitat unhioivn.
I have not seen this species. The original figures and description
are given.
T. barbells Sowb. is the same.
A. HEiMBURGi Dunker, 1882. PI. 58, figs. 65, 66.
Shell conic, imperforate ; whorls 5, flattened, subgranosely dense-
ly lirate; peripheiy carinated, armed with comjiressed imbricated
subdeflexed spines ; base plano-convex, ornamented with spiral
subimbricated lirse ; columella with an oblong excavation at its ter-
mination; aperture subrotund, silvery margaritaceous within ; shell
whitish, subroseous at the base. Alt. 12, diam. 20 mill.
Japan (J)
Operculum and animal unknown.
It is Uvanilla heimburgi, Dkr. I am undecided about the real
position of this species, but do not believe it to belong to Uvanilla
as restricted in this work.
The following species have been placed in Uvanilla by Fischer;
but they do not seem to be as nearly allied to U olivacea, the type
of that group, as to Cyclocantha. The dentition is unknown in all
of them.
A. ROTULARiUM Lamaxck, 1822. PI. 54, fig. 55; pi. 64, figs. 50, 51.
Shell subdepressed, conoid, Avhite, imperforate ; spire subacute;
Avhorls 6, obliquely finely costulate ; with numerous prominent im-
bricating laterally compressed plicae at the sutures ; last wdiorl cari-
nated, carina plicate-nodose, base convex, squamosely concentrically
lirate ; columella arcuate, white, not dentate ; aperture oblique.
Alt. 25, diam. 36 rilill.
Australian Seas (Reeve),
ASTRA LIUM. 239
A. NOBiLis Gray, 1847. PI. 63, fig. 37.
" Shell^trochiform imperforate, pale white ; spire conical ; whorls
nearly flat, smooth, the outer edge of the upper whorls being fui--
nished with a broad expanded margin, which is broadly plaited on
the upper side ; the plaits becoming thicker and more prominent on
the edge of the last whorl ; front [base] of last whorl with regulai*
sj)iral ridges, each crossed with regular imbricate-arched scales, the
second and third near the circumference largest, and those nearest
to them closer together" aperture crenated, throat silvery pearly."
Darnley Is., S. Pacific.
The original description and figure are copied. I have not seen
this species ; it is evidently closely allied to A. rotulariuvi.
A. FiMBRiATUM Lam., 1822. PI. 54, figs. 46-54.
Shell conic, more or less depressed, imperforate ; whorls 5-6
flattened above, obliquely striate, generally more or less longitudi-
nally finely plicate below the sutures, and spirally lirate ; periphery
acutely carinated, the margin pinched out into a thin, generally
undulating flange or rim, which is usually projecting above the sut-
ures; last whorl generally descending; base slightly convex, spir-
ally lirate and radiately striate ; aperture very oblique, transverse-
oval, channelled at the outer angle, white or pinkish within ; colu-
mella broad, flat ; color grayish, variegated above with brown, base
lighter. Alt. 20, diam. 26 mill.
Australian Seas ; Tasmania.
An extremely mutable type. The following* varieties have been,
considered distinct species, but I cannot find characters stable
enough to separate them.
Var. piLEOLUM Reeve, 1842. PL 54, figs. 53, 54.
Shell grayish white ; sculpture obsolete above and nearly so be-
low ; keel very broad and thin. Alt. 23, diam. 34 mill.
T. limbij'erus Kiener is synonymous. Neither was ever described
by their authors.
The aperture is often more deeply deflected than in the specimen
figured. The young are plicate above as in A. fimhriatum.
Var. cucuLLATUM Kiener. PI. 54, figs. 50, 51.
Shell conical ; whorls 7-8, somewhat plicate, and except the up-
per ones, densely granose-lirate above and below.
Alt. 35, diam. 46 mill.
More conical and elevated than the type.
240 ASTRALIUM.
Var. SQUAMiFERus Koch. PI. 54, i^g. 52.
Similar to the type ; but flange not exserted at the sutures, and
scarcely undulating. Alt. 19, diam. 30 mill.
A. TENTORiiFORME Jonas, 1845. PI. 53, figs. 41, 42.
Shell elate-conic, imperforate, solid, pale yellowish, spire elevated,
whorls 7-8, very obliquely finely wrinkled, flat above, base concave;
periphery acutely cariuated, above the carina obscurely longitudi-
nally folded ; base with numerous regular concentric squamose
lirse; aperture very oblique, silvery within, angled at the carina,
basal margin nearly straight, tinged with pink; columella short,
wide, arcuate, sometimes pinkish, terminating in a tubercle below;
parietal callus usually covering more than half the surface of the
base, its margin often elevated. Alt. 35, diam. 35 mill.
Australia .
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 46) oval, brown within with sublateral
nucleus; outside white, with a curved sub-obsolete central rib and
an obsolete short basal rib.
Synonyms: T. urv'dlei Phil., T. f/eorgianus C^uoy, fide Kiener.
Some specimens are more elevated, others more depressed than
the figures.
A. AUREUM Jonas, 1844. PI. 64, figs. 52-54.
Shell small, dej^ressed-conic, solid, golden yellow or olive, imper-
forate; spire low-conic; whorls 5, scarcely convex above, plicate at
the sutures, the folds becoming fainter and frequently, bifurcating
toward the periphery, spirally lirate, the lirse below rather coarse,
beaded, above finer, cutting the folds more or less into granules; last
whorl generall}" descending toward the aperture, compressed toward
the periphery, which is subangular excej)t in large specimens ; aper-
ture rather small, oblique, pearly white, columellar callus dilated
over the umbilical region, and excavated there, and with an indis-
tinct denticle near its base. Alt. 10-14, diam. 12-19 mill.
Australia.
A very attractive little species, quite distinct in aspect from its
nearest allies.
Subgenus U vanilla Gray 1850.
Shell conic, imperforate, periphery sharply carinated, carina
nodose, spinose or nearly smooth; whorls flattened above, flat or
ASTRALIUM. 241
concave below; operculum oblong, nucleus nearly on the margin,
subterminal, outer face with two strong ribs.
Panamic and Californian Provinces,
Cariiildea Swains., in part, is a synonym.
A. OLivACEUM Wood. PI. 53, figs. 39, 40.
Shell conic, acute, imperforate, olive-green or brownish ; whorls
6-7, slightly convex, obliquely finely striate, longitudinally finely
plicate, the folds at right angles to the striaj, and interrupted one-
third of the distance from the suture to the periphery by two spiral
impressed furrows; suture undulating, linear; peripheral carina
slightly nodose; l>ase concave, radiateiy finely lamellose striate,
with a somewhat nodulose rib revolving midway between the pe-
riphery and the center; aperture silvery white within, oblique, angled
and channelled at outer side; base nearly straight; columella arched,
deeply excavated at position of umliilicus, the whole umbilical area
brilliant vermillion, with a black sj^iral rib. Alt. 55, diam. 65 mill.
Central America to Gidf of California.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 24, 25) oval, black to yellowish inside,
with marginal apex, frequently concealed by growth of the last
whorl; outside white, strongly bicostate. T. erythropthalmvs Phil,
and T. brevispinosus Val. are synonyms.
A. BuscHii Phil., 1844. PI. 53, figs. 37, 3cS.
Shell conic, imperforate, solid, olivaceous brown, maculated ob-
scurely above with brown, green or white; whorls 7, longitudinally
costate below the sutures and above the j)eriphery, with two spiral
series of tubercles around the middle of the flattened upper surface,
or sometimes finely irregularly plicate over the whole upper surface;
periphery acutely carinated, bearing numerous short compressed
triangular radiating spines ; base flat, densely radiateiy lamellose-
striate, with a strong rib revolving midway between periphery and
center; aperture oblique, pearly white within, ti-ansversely ovate,
deej^ly channelled at periphery ; columellar region white, strongly
bicostate, deeply excavated at position of umbilicus ; parietal callus
not much extended. Alt. 30-40, diam. 40-50 mill.
Panama to the Gulf of California.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 27) oblong, nucleus submarginal ; outside
white, with a strong curved central rib, its terminations joined by
a A-shaped ridge.
16
242 ASTRALIUM.
T. breviapinosus Sowb., T. inermis Lam. and some authors, are syn-
onymous. Differs from A. olivaceum in the white umbilical callus;
from A. unguis in the sculpture of the base.
A. UNGUIS Wood. PI. 53, ftgs. 34-36.
Shell conic, solid, imperforate, brown or gray ; spire conic, acute ;
whorls 6, above very obliquely striate and flattened, longitudinally
inegularly plicate, sharply carinated at the periphery and produced
into radiating compressed truncated digitations; base flat or concave,
concentrically regularly and finely lirate, lirse about seven in number,
radiately densely, finely lamellose-striate; aperture very oblique?
silvery within, angular at periphery, lower margin nearly straight;
columella oblique slightly concave, excf»vated at position of umbili-
cus, with a spiral white rib; parietal callus covering over half the
base of the shell. Alt. 40. diam. 50 mill.
Panama to Mazatlan.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig, 17) white outside, excavated on each side
of a strong granulose curved central rib, the terminations connected
by a shorter ridge curved in the opposite direction.
T. amictus Val. and T. multipes Phil, are synonymous. T. dir/ita-
tiLS Desh. is a variety with strong longitudinal folds (fig. 34.)
Subgenus Cookia Lesson, 1832.
Shell large conical, imperforate; periphery rounded ; base con-
cave ; umbilical tract concave, smooth ; operculum ovate, narrowed
toward the distal extremity, nucleus subterminal, outside with two
convex smootii ribs.
Audralo-Zealandic Province.
A. SULCATUM Martyn, 1784. PI. 64, fig. 55.
Shell large, conic, imperforate, rather thin ; spire more or less
elevated; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls 7, well rounded, with
close lamellose incremental striae, and corrugated by obliquely des-
cending subtuberculose folds ; periphery rounded, base flattened,
bearing concentric densely squamose lirse, deeply concave in the cen-
ter, and indented in the place of the umbilicus; aperture transverse-
ly oval, very oblique, pearly and somewhat corrugated within; col-
umella arcuate, thin ; umbilical region and part of base covered Avith
a thin callus. Alt. 65-80, diam. 90 mill.
New Zealand ; Chatham Is.
Operculum (pi. 59, fig. 26) brownish or white outside.
ASTRA LIUM. 243
The synonyms are .Trochns cooksianus etc., Chemnitz, T. cookii
'Gmel. and of most authors, Cookia nohilis Lesson.
This species frequently exceeds the above dimensions.
Yar. DAVisii Stowe, 1871. Unfigured.
Whorls keeled at the perij^hery.
Blmd Bay, N. Z.
Subgenus Pomaulax Gray. 1850.
Shell large, conic, solid, imperforate ; periphery carinated ; base
flattened ; umbilical tract with a strong curved rib ; operculum ob-
ovate, narrower toward the proximal extremity, nucleus terminal,
outside with four strong granulose ribs radiating from the nucleus.
Japonic and Cafifornian Provinces.
A. UNDOSUM Wood, 1828. Tl. 58, figs. 69, 70.
Shell large, conic, imperforate, white, covered with a strong ob-
liquely lamellose corneous epidermis ; whoids 6-8, planulate, with
oblique radiating tuberculate costa3 above ; periphery with an un-
dulating nodose carina; base flattened, with thceetofive concentric
corrugations ; aperture subovate, very oblique, angular, pearly wdth-
in ; columella dilated, with a semicircular groove at the position of
umbilicus, the umbilical tract bounded by a white grooved ridge.
Alt. 80, diara. 110 mill. California.
Operculum (pi. 59, figs. 18-20) o'bovate, slightly convex inside,
nucleus terminal ; outside white, with four strong curved sharply
granulose ribs radiating from the apex.
T. gigas Anton, and T. baloenarum Val. are synonyms.
T. rutilus C. B. Ad. is said to be a very young worn shell of this
species.
Specimens of this shell frequently attain much larger size than
the dimensions above given. I have seen specimens of 130 mill. alt.
135 mill. diam. Very large examples sometimes become I'ounded
at the periphery, and acquire corrugated sculpture upon the last
whorl, quite similar to that of A. sideatum Mart.
A. jAPONicuM Dunker, 1845. PI. 58, figs. 63, 64.
Shell large, depressed-conic, imperforate; pale yellowish; whorls
6, planulate above, obliquely tuberculate-plicate ; periphery expand-
•ed, compressed, carinated, bearing wide nodose spines ; base planu-
244 ASTRA LIUM.
late, with concentric tuberculate lirte ; umbilical tract white, callous,
depressed ; aperture transversely dilated, subrhoniboidal, angulate.
Alt. 65, diam. 95 mill. Japanese Seas.
A rare species in collections.
A. TAYLORiANUM E. A. Smith, 1880. PI. 63, fig. 31.
Shell turbinate-conic, flattened below, imperforate, purple rose
colored, marked with indistinct and very oblique strigations above,,
below white ; spire short-conic, with rectilinear outlines ; whorl&
about 8, subconcave above, slightly convex, Avith a subsutural sub-
squamose carina, and encircled by numerous subequal granulose
lirse ; last whorl acutely carinated below the middle, slightly exca-
vated above and flat below the carina ; base white with an outer
zone of purple red, concentrically ornamented with series of gran-
ules ; umbilical I'egion with a white smooth callous, its margin stained
with yellow. Columella arcuate, white calloused."
Alt. 40, diam. 49 mill.
Habitat unknown.
The original figure and description are given.
It probably does not belong to Pomaulax. The operculum is
unknown.
Subgenus Pachypoma Gray, 1850.
Shell similar in form to Pomaulax, but umbilical tract scarcely
ribbed ; operculum oblong, narrow, the nucleus terminal ; outside
very convex, white, smooth, with a broad central convexity and ob-
solete narrow side ribs.
Californian Province.
I restrict this subgenus to A. inequale, the first species mentioned
by Gray in his description. A. ccelatum Gmel., usually classed here,
belongs to a wholly different section of the genus.
A. inequale Martyn, 1784. PI. 57, figs. 51, 52.
Shell conic, imperforate, rather solid, with a chestnut brown cuti-
cle, lighter beneath ; whorls 6-7, planulate above, sutures slightly
impressed, bordered below by a series of obliquely descending cor-
rugations, which are cut into granules by from one to five spiral
furrows ; periphery carinate, subspinose on the upper whorls, usual-
ly nearly smooth on body-whorl ; base nearly flat, concentrically
lirate, the lira^ more or less tuberculate, five or six in numbei', their
interstices regularly striate ; aperture subtriangular, white within.
LEPTOTHYPvA. 245
the lower margin fluted; columella arcuate, broad, excavated at
position of tlie umbilicus, and terminating in a tooth-like promi-
nence below. Alt. 45, diam. 55-62 mill.
Western America, Acapulco to Vancouver Id.
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 68, 68a) inside deep brown, convex at up-
per, concave toward lower margin ; outside smooth, or rugose at the
distal extremity, and white, brownish toward the nucleus.
Synonyms, Trochus glbherosus Zealandlce Novcc etc., Chemnitz,
Trochus gibberosus (or Pachypoma gibberosum) "Chemnitz" of au-
thors, (not Trochus inaequalis umbilieatus etc., Chemnitz,= jr.
incequalis Gmel. a species of Trochid(e), T. diadematus Yal., and T.
ochraceus Phil.
The name inequalis Martyn, here adopted for this species, has four
years priority over Chemnitz's name. Besides, the latter author
was a polynomialist, and merely copies Martyn's excellent figures
of the species.
Genus LEPTOTHYEA (Carpenter^ Dall, 1871.
Shell small or minute, globose-depressed, solid, compact; umbili-
-cate or imperforate, whorls .S-7, spirally sculptured, the last generally
somewhat deflexed at the aperture; aperture subcircular, white and'
nacreous within; columella generally but not always bluntly den-
ticulate near the base. Operculum subcircular, nearly flat or
concavo-convex, inside with a very thin corneous layer, slightly
convex, w'ith many gradually increasing wd^orls, the nucleus sub-
-central; outside calcareous, subspiral, with a slightly convex con-
centric elevation or ridge around the margin, most prominent at
its termination, the middle portion concave and more or less rugose.
The species are numerous, inhabiting nearl)^ all tropical and sub-
tropical seas; but most numerous in the Pacific.
The synonymy includes Collonia Gray (in part), Collonia of most
authors, Leptonyx and Homalopoma. Carpenter (pi'eoc), Cantrainea
Jeftreys, Ca.ntraiiieia Fischer, Anadema H. & A. Adams. The
genus is very homogeneous, and neither of the subgenera proposed,
(^Cantrainea Jeff", for L. carinata, and Anadema Ads. for L. coelata
Ad. have sufficient characters for any systematic rank.
The characters of the dentition are discussed on p. 188. The
rank and position of this group has been the subject of considerable
controversy; but partly, perhaps, on account of the minute size of
the species, partly because of the scattered and inexact condition of
246 LEPTOTHYRA.
the literature relating to it, the grouj) has never been made an
object of critical systematic study. Previous monographers have
included the few species noticed at all in Turbo and Trochiis.
As to the family affinities of Leptothyra, the totality of its charac^
ters seem to me to indicate that its position is at the end of the
Turbiiiidce, rather than in the Trochidce, where it has been placed
by Von Martens, Tryon and others. There is, in fact, no character
save the ulultispiral operculum, which at all affiliates Leptothj/ra to
the latter family; and, as I have shown, (p. 184), all the genera of
Turbmidce possess in the very young stage, multispiral opercula
precisely similar to that of Leptothyra ; so similar, indeed, that they
are scarcely distinguishable from it. It is altogether probable that
the Turbines are a divergent branch from the Trochid stem ; and
that Leptothyra and Collonia .represent the primitive condition of
the entire family.
The more complex structure of the operculum in the Turhinidce
and the reduction of the lateral teeth to five on either side, — a
number frequently exceeded in the Trochidw, — indicate higher rank
than the latter family.
X am inclined to believe that the relationship of Leptothyra to
Collonia is very close, I am not, however, autoptically acquainted
with the latter genus ; and until we are in possession of fuller infor-
mation regarding it, I deem it best to retain them separate,
I will briefly recapitulate the history of the
Genus Cqllonia Gray, 1850.
" Operculum circular, of many gradually increasing whorls, with
a convex external rib and central pit. Shell top-shaped, solid,
spirally striated, imperforated ; aperture circular, contracted ; inner
lip rather callous. Tyjie, C (^Delphinula) marguutta Lam."
{Gray.)
This genus was described from a Paris Basin Eocene fossil, but
was evidently intended by its author to include also the recent spe-
cies of the type of Turbo sanguineus L. In this "wider sense the
name Avas used by most authors until 1864, when P. P. Carj^enter
proposed for the recent shells the name Lejytonyx, which being pre-
occupied was changed to Leptothyra. Dall, Fischer, and a few
others, accepting this division, have restricted Collonia to the fossil
forms. My information regarding the genus as thus restricted is
derived from the original description copied above, and from the
figures of operculum and shell of the type species given by Deshayes
LEPTOTHYRA. 247
and by Woodward. (PI. 00, figs. 61, 62.) I do not understand
the discrepancy between the description of the operculum and De-
shayes' figure of it. The main character distinguishing Gollonia
from Leptothyra seems to be the peculiar peristome of the former.
Fischer says of it: "peristome continu, epaissi, dilate, excepte sur le
bord columellaire ; labre epais, parfois su])double on subreflechi. '■'
^ ^ >!<
Les coquilles de ce groupe ne paraissent pas avoir ete nacrees-
Leur opercule ressemble a celui des Leptothyra, mais leur ouvertiire
rappelle celle des Liotia." (Manuel de Conch., p. 812.)
There are numerous Tertiary species.
Note. The operculum of Leptothyra frequently otlers excellent
specific characters, just as it does in Turbo and AstraUum ; and at-
tention to these will often enable one to readily separate sj^ecies of
which the shells exhibit considerable similarity.
L. CARPENTER! Pilsbry, 1888. PI. 39a, figs. 26-29.
Shell small, globose, very solid, imperforate, spire conic, more or
less depressed ; suture moderately impressed ; whorls 5, slightly
convex, the last decidedly deflected toward the aperture, encircled
by about fifteen subequal spiral lira?, separated by interstices about
as wide as the ridges ; incremental strire generally strongly devel:
oped, causing the lirse to appear nodose or somewhat irregular, and
the interstices to appear pitted ; aperture oblique, pearly white
within, about half the length of shell ; columella arcuate, base ob"
soletely uni- bi- or tri-dentate ; color red, ashen or purple.
Alt. 8, diam. 8-9 milh ; dark form alt. 5, diam. 5 mill.
Cape St. Lucas, L. California to Vancouver Id.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. ^'o) rounded oval; outside much thinner
and less elevated around the margins than that of X. sanguinea,
slightly concave in the middle, nearly smooth.
This is L. cocci neus of Troschel, not Miihlf., Ij. calijornicus von
Martens, not of Philippi, L. sanguineus of Carpenter and authors
generally, not of Linn., and vav. purjmreus Carpenter, (preoc).
The Californian shells a})pear to me to be quite distinct from the
Mediterranean species ; I have been unable to find, in the numerous
specimens of the latter form which I have examined, any trace of
the peculiar indentations in the grooves or of the uneven character of
the lirae which are so conspicuous in the Californian species. The
lirse ofX. Carpenteri ai-e genei-ally smaller and more numerous;
about five or six are visible on the penultimate whorl ; and those
248 LEPTOTHYRA.
upon the base are but little, if at all, uarrower than the upper ones ;
whilst iu L. sanguineus and X. sangarensis the difference in width is
decided and constant. I have seen specimens of L. carpenteri
strongly lirate both above and below. As to color, "the species is
of all shades of crimson and purple, some specimens being banded
with white, or having the red color of the ribs interrupted by ob-
lique streaks of white ; some specimens, excepting the dark apex,
being pure white." (Dall.)
I did not adopt the varietal name pHrjnireus, proposed by Car-
penter, because it has already been twice used in this genus.
L. PAucicosTATA Dall, 1871. PI. 63, fig. 27.
Shell small, depressed-globose, solid, imjjerforate ; whorls 4, rap-
idly increasing, very strongly spirally lirate, the lirse seven to eight
in number on the last whorl, separated by deep grooves, iu which
incremental strife are evident ; sutui*es canaliculate ; aperture con-
tracted, pearly white within ; columella ending in a callous tubercle;
color rusty brown or rose-red, frequently with alternating white
spots on the ribs, interstices generally lighter, sometimes })ui'e white.
Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill.
Monterey, Catalina Id. and San Diego, Cal.
Most nearly allied to the preceding, but differing sufficiently in
the extremely coarse prominent ribs.
L. BACULA Carpenter, 1865. PI. 39«, fig. 33.
Shell small, depressed-globose, solid, imperforate, rufous ashy ;
whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, obsoletely but regu-
larly spirally striate ; aperture large, oblique, deflexed above.
Alt. 4, diam. 5 mill.
CoUoiiia paucicostata Sowb. (not Dall) is a synonym.
Allied to L. carpenteri, but readily separated by the nearly obso-
lete spiral sculpture.
L. MAEGiNATA ("Nuttall") Rceve, 1848. PI. 58, figs. 51, 52.
" Shell ovate, rather solid, imperforated, spirally striated, slightly
grooved ; aperture small ; whitish stained and blotched with livid
olive." {Reeve.)
Upper California.
I have copied Reeve's description aud the figures of Reeve and of
Sowerby — the latter said to be twice the natural size. If this shell
ever came from California, which is very improbable, it might be a
form of L. hacula Cpr. It is not the T. maginatus Nuttall mss.,
which is a species of Trochidce.
LEPTOTHYRA. 249
L. cuNNiNGHAMi E. A. Smith, ]881. PI. 57, figs. 0(1, 57.
Shell small, subglobose, perforate in the young state, when adult
imperforate, of a rose-madder color ; whorls 42 , the apical one whit-
ish, the rest convex, and finely spirally striated, also marked with
faint oblique lines of growth ; suture rather deep; last whorl ob-
li(piely descending near the lip, somewhat flattened beneath near
the center ; aperture obliquely subcircular, iridescent Avithin ; colu-
mella pearly, spread over the umbilicus ; labrum with a narrow
pinkish margin within. Alt. 42 , diam. 5 mill. (Smith.)
Port Rosario and Portland Bay, Patagonia.
Operculum as usual in the genus.
L. SANGuiNEA Linn., 1758. PI. 49, figs. 48, 49 ; pi. 64, figs. 60, 61.
Shell small, very solid, orbicular, depressed, with conic spire;
whorls 42-5, convex, strongl}^ spirally lirate, the linie smooth, about
twelve in number on body-whorl, three on penultimate whorl, not j)er-
ceptibly crenulated by the very subtle incremental stride ; above the
lirse are coarse, smooth, and generally irregularly spaced, interstices
smooth, as wide or wider than the ribs; below more finely lirate ; last
whorl well rounded, deflected anteriorly ; aperture somewhat con-
tracted, oblique, pearly white within, peristome rather thick, its ends
not converging, columella short, slightly arcuate, thick and heavy,
terminating below in an obtuse tubercle, base of aperture some-
times bearing an inconspicuous dentiform callus at margin ; color
deep crimson. Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill.
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.
The species has also been dredged ofl" the Atlantic Coast of France.
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 54, 55) inside slightly convex, light yel-
low, with about ten very slowly and regularly increasing whorls,
the last third of the outermost considerably widened ; outside
calcareous, white, flat, concave in the central area and coarsely ru-
gose, outer margins with a slightly elevated very finely radiately
wrinkled concentric rib, which is slightly more elevated near its ter-
mination.
The synonyms are T. purpureus Risso, T. coccineus Miihlf, and
T. helUa-i Payr.
The diflerential characters of L. earpenteri, L. sanguinea and L.
sangarensis are pointed out under the descriptions of the first and last
species. There is not the slightest occasion for any longer confound-
ing these three unfortunate species. The occurence of the real Z/.
sanguinea Linn, in Japanese waters still requires confirmation.
250 , I.EPTOTHYRA.
L. sANGARENSis Sclireiick, 1861. PI. 47, figs. 27, 28 ; pi. 64, fig. 59.
Shell small, turbinate-conic, almost trochiform, imperforate, solid,
dark purplish-brown or reddish; sculpture consisting of fine crowd-
ed spiral concentric lirfe on the base, which is very slightly convex,
and coarse cord-like lirre above, about five or six in number on the
body-whorl and with more or less minute lirulse between them : incre-
mental striuhe visible nnder a lens ; spire elevated conic, subacute, the
apical whorl white; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 4-5; last whorl
but slightly descending, subcariuate below the middle ; aperture
small, less than half the total length of shell, oblique, rounded, within
pearly, and iridescent; outer lip rather thin ; columella obliquely
arcuate, rather broad and flattened, very obtusely subtuberculate
just below the middle. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill.
Japan,
T. coralliuus Keeve (pi. 63, fig. 20) is probably synonymous.
Quite variable in its proportions, according to Schrenck, one of his
specimens measuring, alt. 7j, diam. 8 mill.
This seems to be the shell which many authors have reported from
Japan as T. sanguineus L. From that species it differs in the conic
form, more finely lirate base, narrower ribs above, flatter base, etc.
From L. amussitata the lack of distinct decussation will separate
sangarensis. I was unfortunate enough to lose the only operculum
of this form in my possession, before describing it.
L. AMUSSITATA Gould. PL r)':,, figs. 71^ 72.
Shell globose-conic, imperforate, solid, uniform deep crimson ; sut-
ures deeply impressed ; whorls 5, convex, spirally lirate, the lirsfr
large and prominent on middle portion of Avhorl, alternating with
smaller intercalated riblets ; base very finely concentrically striate,,
the whole surface decussated by numerous regular oblique impress-
ed lines in the direction of incremental striae ; last whorl descending
anteriorly; aperture subeircular, oblique, less than half the length
of shell, silvery within ; columella slightly tuberculate at base.
Alt. 8-10, diam. 8-10 mill.
Japan.
Operculum (pi. 60, figs. 51, 52.)
CoUonia rubra A. Ad., mss. is a synonym according to Sowerby.
A charming little shell, easily separated from its allies by the
finely decussated surface.
LEPTOTHYRA. 251
L. RUBRA Duuker, 1882. PL 69, fig. 26.
Shell small, solid, globose ; Avhorls 4-4^, rotund, marked with sub-
grauose transverse costulse ; suture obvious; aperture rotund, irides-
cent and pearly within ; lip thickened.
Alt. scarcely 6, diani. 6-6 ^ mill. (Dunker.)
Japan.
Collonia rubra Dunker, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 128, pi. 12, f. 7-9.
Nearly allied to L. sangidnea L., but differing in the sculpture of
the ribs.
L. PURPURASCENS Dunker, 1882. PL 69, fig. 24.
Shell globose, whorls 5, rounded, separated by subcanaliculate
sutures, transversely sculptured by unequal graniferous costulse ;
aperture rotund, sulcate within and pearly ; columella thickened.
Alt. 8, diam. 9-10 mill. (Dunker.)
Japan.
Collonia purpu7-ascens Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 129, pi. 12,
f. 1-3.
I have not seen this species, nor L. rubra Dkr. Both are allied
to amiissitata Gould, and purpurascens may prove to be a synonym
of that species. X. rubra seems to be distinct.
L. PURPURATA Desh., 1863. PL 54, fig. 61.
Shell minute, turbinate, subglobose, imperforate, somewhat de-
pressed, vivid purple, white-fasciate in the middle; whorls 4, the
first obtuse, the following convex, spirally sulcate, the last large;
base a little depressed, white at center; aperture very oblique, cii'cu-
lar, pearly within, margin thickened; columella arcuate, simple.
Alt. IJ, diam. 2 mill.
Mauritius.
Var. TRiciNGULATA vou Martens, 1880.
Subglobose, umbilicate; whorls 3, gradate, the last with three
elevated contiguous cinguli; the upper one nodulous, brick-red, the
basal white, encircled by a deep red band ; aperture circular, white,
columellar margin thickened. {Martens.)
Mauritius.
L. ROSEociNCTA von Martens, 1880. PL 68, figs. 14-19.
Shell globose, imperforate, smooth, white, apex rosy, peripheral
fascia rather wide, frequently composite, rose-colored, basal fascia
narrow; whorls 31, slightly convex, the last rotund ; suture super-
:252 LEPTOTHYRA.
ficial ; base slightly excavated at the position of tlie umbilicus ; aper-
ture oblique, circular ; peristome white, thickened.
. Alt. IJ, diam. 1] mill. (Martens.)
Mauritius.
L. FOLiNi Pilsbry, ] 888. PL 57, fig. 58.
Shell minute, turbinate, subglobose, vivid blood red ; whorls 4,
the first depressed, subcarinated, apical Avhorl subcostate, transverse-
ly lirate, l.irse rounded, the wide interstices regularly minutely
transversely striate ; last whorl large, umbilicate ; aperture sub-
circular, right margin somewhat thickened, the left reflexed ; colu-
mella simple, arcuate. Alt. 1*2, diam. 1'5 mill.
3fauritius.
This is Turbo sanc/ui)iei(s de Folin, (preoc.)
L. sEMiLUGUBiiis Dcsh., 1863. PI. 58, fig. 52«.
Shell small, turbinate, subglobose, white, marbled with black ;
gpire somewhat obtuse ; whorls 5, declivous above, spirally deeply
sulcate, the sulci subgranulose ; last whorl large, base perforate ;
aperture circular, pearly within, very oblique ; columella arcuate,
flat, truncate anteriorly. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill.
Mauritius.
L. CAKiNATA Cantraine, 1835. PL 63, fig. 35.
Shell subconie, thick, glabrous ; upper whorls carinated, the last
depressed above, lightly striate in the median portion ; base smooth,
shining. (Cantraine.') Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill.
Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay, 125 to 7 SI fins.
Also found in the Italian and Sicilian Tertiary.
Troehus carinatus Cantr., Bull. Soc. Roy. Bruxelles, 1835, p. 387.
(not Troehus carinatus Borson, Mem. Ac. Torino, 1822, which is ap-
parently a species of Astralium.)
Troehus glahratus Phil., Fauna Moll. SiciL, 1844, is synonymous.
This deep water form of the Mediterranean and adjacent Atlan-
tic, seems to be specifically identical with the Western Atlantic
shells dredged by the Challenger and the Blake and describ-
ed under the names T. indutiis Watson and L. albida Dall. I
have before me specimens of the latter form which correspond very
nearly .with Cantraine's figures.
Var. peloritana Cantraine, 1835. PL 63, fig. 34.
Shell subconie, thick, very lightly striate, transversely subcostate
the costse subgranose ; whorls convex ; base shining, smooth.
Alt. 12, diam. 13 mill. (Cantraine.)
Troehus filosns Phil., 1844, is synonymous.
LEPTOTHYRA. 255
L. iNDUTA Watson, 1879. PL 63, %. 36.
Small, couoidal, high, whorls tumid, base flattened ; color white-
glossy ; whole surface faintly marked with remote spiral threads,,
and very faintly scratched with closer microscopic striae ; whorl&
bluntly angulated in the middle, and the last is so, besides, at the
base below the j)eriphery ; this angulation meets the outer lip ; the
the second and third whorls have two or three strong spiral threads ,
there are very many close unequal oblique lines of growth ; of these
the strongest rise in close-set infra-sutural puckerings, which on the
third whorl resemble small beads ; there is a glossy, thin ivory-
white calcareous coat over a brilliant pearly white layer ; spire high,
fine-pointed; apex blunt, the smooth rounded 11 whorl scarcely
projecting ; whorls 6, of rapid increase, tumid, the penultimate ris-
ing swollen out of the suture ; base a little flattened ; suture linear,
not impressed, a little coarse, slightly marginated by the up-lap ot
the succeeding on the preceding whorl and the slight tumidity
caused by the infra-sutural puckerings ; aperture very oblique^
round, with a soft pearly nacre all round : outer lip very slightly
descending, thick, bevelled outwards to a sharp edge; there is a
broad thin hyaline pad spread over the body and connecting the
outer lip and the pillar, which is broad, thick, shallowly excavated,
with a slight external median horizontal tooth or ridge ; the edge is
reverted and closely appressed. Alt. '27, diam. -25 inch.
350 fins, in Pteropod ooze, off CiUebra Id., W. Indies^
Operculum small, thin, calcareous, flat, convex on the inside,
where it shows 7i whorls; the last whorl close to its end begins
suddenly to enlarge. ( Watso7i.)
Although I have above expressed the opinion that this species a&
well as the following one, is identical with L. carinata Cantraine, I
have deemed it best to give the original description and figure.
L. ALBiDA Dall, 1881. PI. 63, fig. 23, 24.
" Shell stout solid, heavy, very nacreous, variable in form and
sculpture, rather elevated for the genus, dead white or brownish ex-
ternally, with the usual solid shelly operculum ; whorls 5, rounded,
apex obtuse, suture distinct ; sculpture of stout revolving ribs vary-
ing from three to six on the upper side of the whorl, crossed by
slight plications, most noticeable just below the sutures, but distin-
guishable also on the base; the ribs may be few and widely separat-
ed, or numerous and close-set; they may near the sutures be nodu-
254 LEPTOTHYRA.
lated by the plications or not. The base is usually more finely
sculptured and sometimes quite smooth except for lines of growth."
{Ball.)
Aperture very oblique, small, its upper margin produced forward
and slightly deflected ; columella with a stout transverse tubercle
about midway its length, and a minute denticle at the point of its
junction with the basal lip ; parietal wall with a bright white callus.
Alt. 7, diam. 6f mill.
Gulf of Mexico {off Havana, etc.) 1 25-1002 /his. ; off' Cajie Hatteras,
142 fais.
Operculum inside pale yellow, multispiral ; outside calcareous,
polished, white, nearly smooth, showing one whorl with a concen-
tric convexity, much elevated at its termination, central area con-
cave.
" This shell is so variable that I should be disj^osed to think
Watson's Turbo {Collonia) indutus a mere abnormally smooth spec-
imen * * * it is very probable that they will turn out to be
varieties of the same species." (DaU.)
L. FiLiFER Desh., 1863. PI. 58, figs. 57, 58.
Shell subgiobulose, solid, turbinate, perforate, rosy rubescent,
variegated with castaneous and white ; spire short, obtuse ; whorls
5, spirallv finely Urate, the last large; base subdepressed ; aperture
lunate-circular, oblique, pearly within; columell.a callous below.
Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill.
Mauritius.
L. ciOER (Menke) Phil., 1844. PI. 54, fig. 62.
Shell small, globose-conic, solid, perforate, whitish, tessellated
with purple-brown or reddish, the markings usually arranged in
regular longitudinal series; spire conic ; whorls 4^-5, convex, with
moderate sutures, somewhat flattened and sloping around the upper
part, spirally coarsely and rather obscurely lirate; aperture oblique,
slightly deflected above ; columella obsoletely dilated toward the
base, umbilicus very narrow ; base finely lirate.
Alt. 6-7, diam. 6-7 mill.
Cape of Good Hope.
T. sanguineus Reeve = T. roseus Phil, may be synonymous with
this species. At any rate no one can tell positively fi'om Reeve's
■wretched description and figure what form he had before him.
LEPTOTIIYRA. 255
I.. coELATA A. Ad., 1854. PI. 48, fig. 38.
Shell ovate-conoid, trochiform, thick, slightly elevated, below
subdepressed, umbilicate ; spire obtuse ; whorls 5-6, slightly convex,
longitudinally and obliquely striate, spirally granose-lirate ; suture
impressed; last whorl obtusely angular at the middle, with 16-18
spiral granose lirte, the granules small, close; aperture transversely
ovate, silver}' within ; lip simple ; columella narrow, arcuate, thick-
ened at the base ; umbilicus deep, with a spiral funicle inside ; co-
lor reddish yellow. Alt. 11, diam, 16 mill.
Mogador ; E. coast Africa.
Operculum calcareous.
This is the Omphallus coelaius A. Ad., and the Turbo MacAn-
dreivi Morch, T. maca»drel Sby. It is the type of Anadema A. Ad.,
proposed as a subgenus of Omphalius, and characterized by the
spiral funicle within the umbilicus.
L. FRiCKii Crosse, 1865. Unfigured.
Shell narrowly umbilicated, depressed-turbinate, delphinuliform,
r<omewhat thick, spirally finely striate, bicostate, white, more or less
variegated with black ; suture subcrenulated ; whorls 4, (embryonic
I2 smooth, white j, rapidly increasing, subplane at sutures, the last
tri-costato-carinate, the costffi articulated with Avhite and black,
slightly descending ; base somewhat convex, spirally granulose-
striate ; aperture round, white, scarcely pearly, the basal margin
thickened. Alt. 4, diam. 02 mill.
Gnlf of California.
Var. beta is gray, obscurely maculated with black.
L. EUCHARis Crosse, 1865. Vtifignred.
Shell narrowly perforate, turbinate, delphinuliform, rather thick,
dirty white, spirally articulated with black and white, with longitu-
dinal very fine suboblique impressed stria; and spiral costate, the
central rib prominent, forming a carina ; apex obtuse, subplanulate •
whorls 4i, (embryonic I2 smooth, white, flat,) rapidly increasing,
convex, carinate, the last descending ; base slightly convex, concen-
trically costulate and finely radiately striate; aperture round,
Avhite, scarcely pearly, basal margin rather wide, subthickened.
Alt. 6i, diam. 5^ mill.
Habitat unknown.
256 LEPTOTHYRA.
Operculum calcareous Avith central nucleus ; outside subtly gran-
ulose, concave in the center, with two prominent concentric costas.
A variety has the dark color replaced by scarlet ; the spiral
costse are articulated with white and scarlet.
The above two descriptions are derived from the original ones of
Crosse.
L. MACULOSA Pease, 1862. PL 57, fig. 60.
"Shell small, globose, umbilicate, rather thin, shining, concentric-
ally irregularly ribbed, interstices grooved, concave, transversely
very faintly striate, white, ribs spotted remotely with rose red" (Pwse).
Alt. 2, diam. 1 1 mill.
Ins. Panmotus.
To Pease's description of this lovely species, I would add that the
spire of adults is more obtuse than his figure, which I have copied^
indicates. The altitude is about equal to the diameter; the subsut-
ural rib is frequently nodose ; and the umbilicus, as in the follow-
ing species, is cu-enated within the margin. It is most nearly allied
to L. pieta Pse.
L. CANDIDA Pease, 1860. PI. 63, fig. 40.
"Shell minute, thin, perforate, orbicular, ornamented with raised
spiral striae (margins of upper whorls granose at the sutures?) inner
lip callous ; aperture circular." (Pease).
Sandwich Is.
I have given Sowerby's miserable figure of this species. I have
not seen specimens ; and so inadequate a description does not deserve
recognition.
L. PicTA Pease, 1868. PI. 69, fig. 35.
Shell small, solid, globose, umbilicate, concentrically ribbed ; spire
somewhat exsei-ted ; whorls angulated at their upper part ; aperture
circular; columella slightly callous; wdiitish, striped on the upper
part of the whorls longitudinally with reddish brown, below spotted.
(Peage). Alt. 3, diam. 2i mill.
Tahiti ; Paumotus.
Operculum, pi. 60, ng. 63.
The upper whorls of the spire are grannlose above. There is con-
siderable variation in the prominence of the \irse on the central por-
tion of the body-whorl ; the margin of the umbilicus is more or less
plicate ; and the last whorl is slightly deflected toward the aperture.
LEPTO'J'HYRA. 257
I.. RUBRiciNCTA Migliels, 1845. PI. 39a, fig. 32.
Shell minute, depressed-globose, perforate ; spire short, apex ob-
tuse ; Avhorls 4, convex, encircled by coarse white spiral ribs, the in-
terstices deep red ; base smooth, with concentric red stripes ; aper-
ture large, rounded, oblique ; umbilicus narrow.
Alt. Il', diam. If mill. Hawaiian Is.
The synonyms are Turbo inHltllineata Garrett, Collonia rubrilin-
eata and C. miiltistriata (Pse.) Sowerby, and Leptothyra ruhrilineata
(Garrett) v. Martens.
Some specimens are beaded below the sutures, and there is some
variation in the width of the umbilical perforation. The revolving
ribs are sometimes obsolete ; but so far as I know the red spiral
stripes are constant ; of these there are usually eight to double that
number on the body-whorl.
Mr. Pease distributed this species under the name of "ruhrilineata
Garrett." This fact probably accounts for the names quoted by
Sowerby.
L. EXiLis Philippi, (1849?) PL 62, figs. 3-5.
"Intermediate between T. sanguineus and T. ruhricindus, and
separated from both by its rather wide umbilicus ; there are 4 whorls,
which are rapidly increasing and well rounded ; the spiral ridges are
about 12 on the body-whorl, but vary in number ; they are subgran-
ulose, and at the suture distinctly tuberculose. The border of the
umbilicus is crenated ; aperture circular ; color bright carmine, some-
what lighter in the furrows ; umbilical tract pure white ; aperture
inside pale red." Alt. 3i mill.
Habitat unknown.
This species is unknown to me. Tlie above paragraph contains
all the information given by Philippi.
L. VERRUCA Gould, 1845. PL 39a, figs. 30, 31.
Shell small, short ovate-conic, solid, imperforate or narrowly um-
bilicate, white with numerous revolving series of red or broAvn tessel-
lations ; whorls 5, spirally lirate, the lira largest at middle of whorl,
and sometimes causing a slight carina there ; last whorl slightly but
abruptly deflected anteriorly; aperture circular, white, columella
arcuate, wide, white, not dentate below ; base with a minute inter-
nal denticle. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill.
Sandwich Is.
17
258 LEPTOTHYRA.
Some specimens are almost entirely red ; others are white, with red
spots at the periphery. There is some variation in form, also, and
in the prominence of the spiral riblets.
Turbo g/ariosa Gould is a synonym, according to Sowerby. I can-
not find that Gould ever described such a species.
An annoying tangle in the synonymy of this speeiesand L. rub ri-
cincta Migh. resulted from the identiHcation of Gould's verruca with
Mighel's species by Mr. Pease, and, following him by Von Martens,,
who figures and describes rubricinda Migh., under the name rubri-
liueata Garrett, aiid verruca Gld. under the name rubrioincta Mighels..
L. ROSEOPUNCTATA Angas, 1880. PL 57, figs. 54, 55.
"Shell minute, narrowly and deeply umbilicated, globosely tui'bi-
nate, solid, white, more or less dotted or flamed all over with bright
rose color; whorls 4, convex, closely concentrically ridged througli-
out ; aperture subcircular ; peritreme a little thickened and contract-
ed." {Angas). Alt. 2^, diam. 3^r mill.
Holdfast Bay, St. Vincents Gulf, Australia, (in shell sand)..
L. PiLULA Dunker, 1860. PI. 58, fig. 59.
Shell small, globose-conic, umbilicate, solid, dirty white, obscure-
ly radiately maculated and spotted above and banded below Avith
dull purplish brown; spire short, conic; whorls 4, the apical one al-
most flat, the last not deflected anteriorly, spirally lirate, the line
about 25 in number, unequal, finely transversely striate ; aperture
subvertical, circular, peritreme thick ; columella excavated at the
deep umbilicus, which bears internally a spiral callous rib ; margin
of umbilicus crenulate or plicate. Alt. 4j, diam. 5-6 mill.
Japan,
Cyniscajaponica A. Ad., is synonymous. It is also the T. ( Colloniay
pillula of Sowerby. Described originally as a Liotia.
L. L.ETA Montrouzier, 1863. PI. 63, figs. 29, 30.
Shell small, umbilicate, subconoid-globose, solid, spirally unecjual-
ly lirate, upper whorls granulate and base sometimes slightly so,
dull white, maculate, generally flammulate above with chestnut, ir-
regularly spotted below ; spire short, apex obtuse ; whorls 4, suture
impressed, the last whorl briefly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture round-
ed, oblique, in adults crenulated within; columella excavated at the
narrow deep umbilicus. Alt. 4}, diam. 5 mill.
New Caledonian Archipelago; Viti and Solomon Is., Australia.
LEPTOTHYRA. 259
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 65) inside yellowish, multispiral, nucleus
somewhat excentric ; outside calcareous, white, concentrically coarse-
ly striate and radiately marked, except on mai'gin of increment,
which is smooth and elevated ; center subconcave and coarsely gran-
ulose.
The synonyms are T. costulosits Sowb., T. costulatus ("Gld") Sowb.,
and Trochus (Gibbula) swpragranosiis E. A. Smith.
A well marked form, of wide distribution, of which I have before
me many examples, all agreeing in the peculiar operculum. I can-
not follow Sowerby's synonymy in this group ; beseems to have unit-
ed species from a mere superficial likeness. Here, as in the typi-
cal Turbo and Astralium, the characters derived from the opercula
are of high specific value, and this organ should be examined before
uniting the numerous described species.
L. NANiNA Sowerbie, 1864. PL 58, figs. 5^, 56.
Shell minute, umbilicate, suborbicular ; apex obtuse; spirally im-
pressed-striate ; apex, subsutural tract and base with impressed ra-
diating strife ; white, marked around the periphery with rosy equal-
ly spaced spots ; whorls 5, convex ; aperture rounded ; columella
thickened ; umbilicus narrow, deep, rounded, radiately plicate on
the edge. Alt. 8, diam. 3 mill.
Ins. Art, Archipelago of N. Caledonia.
Evidently closely allied to L. Iceta. Operculum unknown.
L. GRANULOSA Pease, 1868. PL 57, fig. 59.
Shell small, solid, umbilicate, depressed orbicular, spire but slight-
ly exserted, very obtuse ; whorls 4, the first planorboid, upper ones
granulose, the last spirally lirate, the iirse about 25 in number, un-
equal ; aperture subcircular, deflected above; umbilicus plicate
within ; color whitish, painted with broad radiating stripes and
spots of reddish brown ; white around the umbilicus.
Alt. 3^, diam. 4 mill.
Ins. Ponape.
The spire is usually slightly shorter than in the figure.
The aperture does not show the nainute lirre w'ithin its outer mar-
gin, and teeth within the base which are found in L. Iceta, and is
smaller and more oblique than in X.j9i7 ',</«.
L. PLUCTUATA Hutton, 1884. PL 64, figs. 47, 48.
Shell small, rather solid, spirally striated, not iridescent ; color
yellowish white or pale brownish, with irregular waved longitudinal
260 LEPTOTHYRA.
bands of brown which are rather indistinct ; spire depressed, obtuse ;
whorls 4, rounded, distinctly and closely spirally grooved, the um-
bilical region smooth [or finely lirate] ; suture scarcely impressed ;
umbilicus narrow, deep ; aperture subrotund ; peristome acute, not
continuous, the lower lip thickened. (Hutton.)
Alt. 21, diara. 3 mill.
Foveaux Straits.
Operculum inside as usual in the genus, showing about 6 closely-
coiled whorls ; outside subvitreous and translucent, nearly smooth,
calcareous, slightly concave in the center.
It is Cyclostrema flactuata Hutton.
Separated from L. ktta by the lack of spiral sculj)ture on the
operculum and the somewhat smaller size. My figures are from
sj^iecimens received from the author.
L. pusio (Anton) Phil., (1849 ?) PI. 44, fig. 70.
Shell minute, globose-conoid, narrowly umbilicate, yellowish,
maculated and spotted with clear and dark brown flecks ; whorls
5, the last with about sixteen, penultimate with six to eight spiral
lirse, which are as broad as their interstices; umbilicus with cren-
ate margin ; aperture circular, very smooth within.
Alt. Al, diam. 5 mill.
Habitat unL-noicn.
I am unable to satisfactorily identify this form with any other
known to me. Its sculpture and smooth aperture separate it from
L. keta Montrouzier.
L. cALiFORxrcA (Troschel) Phil, (1849 ?'). PI. 58, figs. .38, 54.
Shell small, perforate, globose-conoid, very solid, white, variega-
ted with purplish ; whorls 4, the last very closely transversely striate
and obsoletely transversely costate ; aperture orbicular; lip inside
densely crenulated. (Phi/ipjn.) Alt. 5, diam. 6 mill.
'' California " (Philippi:)
This species is apparently very nearly related to the T. sanguin-
eus L., but is distinguished by the crowded transverse strise of the
upper surface, by the narrowly but conspicuously umbilicate base,
■by the plica^ within the outer lip, and finally by the coloration,
which consists of large deep-red maculations above at the suture
and in the middle of the lower side, and smaller paler flecks around
the umbilicus and at the periphery. I see no tubercle ujion the
columella. (Philippi.)
LEPTOTHYRA. 261
Von Martens (Xachriclitsbl. d. JNIal. GeselL, 1878, p. 88,) consid-
ers this species the same as Leptothyra sanguinea Carp, {non Linn.)
-= L. carpenteri Pilsbry. The al)ove description, translated from
the original one of Philippi, shows it to belong to an entirely differ-
ent group of species — tliat of L. Iceta Montrouzier ; and it may in-
deed be nothing more than a bright colored example of that species.
At all events, nothing of the sort has been found upon the Califor-
nian coast.
L. MUNDA A. Ad., 1873. PI. 57, fig. 53.
Shell depressed turbinate, solid, narrowly umbilicate, white, stri-
gate and maculate with pale fulvous ; whorls 4, convex, angulate
above, finely striate, spirally lirate, the lirre larger at periphery;
aperture circular, peristome varicose, deeply crenate ; base slightly
convex ; umbilicus with a crenulate nuirgin.
Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill.
Persia/I, Guff.
I have not seen this species. It is apparently related to the fol-
lowing.
L. ARsiNOEN.SLs Issel, 18Gi>. PI. 58, fig. 61.
Shell small, rather solid, orbicular conoid, depressed, narrowly
perforate, white, granulose above; spire very obtuse, apex planu-
late ; suture slightly impressed; whorls 3o, the last angulate, en-
circled by three conspicuous costa^ ; base minutely concentrically
costulate ; aperture subrotuud, right margin arcuate, acute, columella
nearly straight, much thickened ; umbilicus narrow, nearly closed,
bounded by a crenulated margin. Alt. IV, diam. 21 mill.
Bed Sea.
My description is taken from Issel. He says : " Of this species I
have seen but a single subfossil example."
L. EROOPOLITANA Issel, 1869. PI. 58, fig. 60.
Shell small, somewhat solid, orbicular-conoid, subj^erforate, white,,
with very fine elevated longitudinal strife ; spirally costulate ; apex
obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, angulate above, separated by
a distinct suture, the last with three spiral lirse, obscurely angulate
at base ; aperture subtetragonal, over half the length of shell ; base
slightly convex, concenLrically cingulate ; operculum white, calca-
reous, convex outside. Alt. 2-2, diam. 2i mill.
Suez.
262 LEPTOTHYRA.
L. GLOBULA Philippi, 1848. PI. 62, figs. 10-12. pi. 64, fig. 56.
Shell small, very thick and solid, white, radiately painted oi-
sparsely spotted with pink, depressed, globose-conic ; "whorls 4—5,
rounded, apex smooth and flattened, the followiug whorls spirally
sculptured with closely beaded unequal lirte, of which there are
about eight to twelve principal ones, and in the interstices between
these (except on the base) several similar but much smaller beaded
lirul?e revolve ; last whorl slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture
subcircular, slightly ol)lique ; columella obsoletely subdentate at
base ; umbilicus rather large, with a spiral scalloped rib inside its
margin. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill.
Antilles (Philippi) ; Indian Ocean (Academy coll.).
In this beautifully sculptured species the granulation Avhich
marks the spires in the allied forms extends over the whole surface
of the shell.
L. TRAN8ENNA Watsou, 1879. PI. 52, figs. 23, 24.
Low, conical, round with expanded base, sculptured, solid; cross-
hatched by narrow impressed infersecting lines which cross the
whorls obliquely and not (juite regularly nor uniformly, and which
cut the surface into little diamonds resembling shagreen ; color dirty
rusty wdiite ; spire rather low, but conical ; whorls of rather rapid
increase, apparently about 6 ; suture linear, scarcely impressed ;
mouth very oblique, round, nacreous to the very edge ; outer lip
very patulous, sharp on the edge, with a thick nacreous layer bev-
elled off to the edge above and in front, but on the base turned
over and advancing in a rounded pad beyond the lip ; pillar lip
consists of a rounded mass of nacre backed and above obscured by a
considerable porcellanous deposit, wdiich is widely but thinly spread
out over the body, so as to connect in a continuous sweep the outer
and the pillar lips ; it is distinctly impressed with the scale-like
pattern of the underlying sculpture; its edge abrupt and chipped.
Alt. -87, diam. 11)4 inch. ( Watson.)
Off Japan, in 565 fins.
Operculum (pi. 60, fig. 56) thin, flat on the outside, highly por-
cellanous with a translucent and slightly thinner central area ;
inside yellow with many whorls, the nucleus nearly central.
( Watson.)
L. GESTROi Caramagna, PI. 6!>, figs 20, 80.
Shell conoid, imperforate, -whitish, thick ; whorls 5, convex, separat-
ed ))y slightly profound suture, all over obliquely minutely striate.
LEPTOTHYRA. 263
encircled by minutely granulose Yirve, with smaller ones intercalated ;
three first whorls but little projecting, the fourth double the length
of the first three, the last inflated ; penultimate and last whorls with
a median series of reddish-brown quadrangular maculations or with
the spiral lirse articulated with brown ; beneath with a less obvious
zone of the same color; spiral line 7 to 8 on the penultimate, 15
on the last whorl ; outer lip acute, slightly suleate, with dots of
carmine ; inner lip arcuate, reflexed, planate ; aperture subrotund,
pearly; operculum calcareous, pearly. Ait, 11, diam. 10 mill.
( Carmnaffna.)
Bed Sea at Assab.
Collonla gestroi Caramagna, BuU. Soc. Mai. Ifal., xiii, 1888, p. 132
t. 8, £10, 10a.
Compare Turbo piistalatus Brocchi, a species with which L. gestroi
may jjossibly prove synomymous.
L. PYROPUS Reeve, 1848. PL 44, fig. 67.
Shell somewhat depressly ovate, imperforated, sutures of the spire
simple, whorls smooth, spirally encircled with striaj; whitish, lines
bright red, interior silvered. {Reeve?)
Habitat unknown.
Known to me only by Reeve's description and figure. It may
not be a Leptothyra.
Doubtful, undetermined and spurious species of Leptothyra.
A portion of the following species can be determined by an inspec-
tion of the type specimens, in those cases where they can be found.
The others or all of them, perhaps, had better be ignored. I have
given the original descriptions.
T. (collonia) marmoreus ("Pease") Sowerby, 1886. PI. 69, fig.
Testa rainuta, ovata, imperforate, alba, pallide fusco-marmorata ;
spire i)arva ; anfr. eonvexo-declives, ultimus leviter elevatus, infra
medium obtuse angulatus ; apertura ol)lique ovata. (Sowerby.)
Sandwich Is. f
Said to be in the British Museum under the above name. The
figure is from Sowerby.
L. cosTATA Pease, 1869.
Shell thick, solid, turbinate, nurrowly perforate; whorls 4, Irans-
-versely ribbed, augulate at the middle, ribs largest at the angulation
264 LEPTOTHYEA.
and below, longitudinally finely striate ; aperture somewhat oblique,,
nearly circular ; mottled and spotted with white black and brown,,
apex white.
Alt. 3, diam. 82 mill. (Pease.) Ins. Maui.
Turbo murreus Reeve, 1848. PI. 58, fig. 62.
Shell minute, somewhat orbicular, slightly umbilicated, smooth,
polished, white neatly blotched with pale rose. (Reeve).
Habitat luiknoirn.
"A minute delicately colored porcelain shell." (Beeve.)
Turbo (?) pulcheluus C. B. Ad., 1845.
Testa minina, albida, raaculis rubris quadratis inequalibus, maj-
oribus nigrescentibus, serie decurrentibus depositus, ornata ; sutura
profunda ; anfr. 5, mediis carinatis, lineis elevatispluribus decurren-
tibus instructis ; labro tenui ; umbilico nullo. Alt. 1'65, diam. "1 inch ;
divergence of spire, 45°. (Adams.)
Jamaica..
CoLLONiA STRIATA Gray, 1850. JJnfigurcd.
"Shell red, white-marbled, striated. (Gray.) Africa.'^
Turbo (collonia) squamatus (A. Ad.) Sowerby, 1886. PI. 44,
figs. 66, 66a.
Testa ovato-conica, tenuiscula, im perforata, sordida ; spira acutius-
cula; anfr. 5, supei'ne concavo declives, deinde obtuse angulati,
spiraliter lirati, utrinque spiraliter minute striati, et striis obliquis-
minutissime squamatis sculpti ; anfr. ultimus ad perij^heram angu-
latus ; apertura parviuscula, subcircularis. Specimens in British
Museum with name by A. Adams, but he does not seem to have
published any description of the species. (Soiverby.)
Habitat unknown.
T. (collonia) armillatus (A. Ad.) Sowerby, 1886.
Testa suborbicularis, imperfoi*ata, albida, flammulis obliquis anguS"-
tis rubro-fuscus ornata ; spira depressiuscula ; anfr. rotundati, costis
latiusculis confertis subplanulatis spiraliter cingulati. (Soiverby.)
Australia^
Sowerby's figure of this species is reversed and wholly unrecog-
nizable.
LEPTOTHYRA. 265-
COLLONIA LENTICULA Gould, 1861.
Testa minuta, solida, alba, globoso-leuticularis, ubiqiie striis con-
fertis tenuissimus cincta ; anfr, 4, depresso-convexis, cito crescentibus ;
basi convexo, imperforate, callo copioso munito ; apertura parva,.
circularis. Diam. 4, alt. 2 mill. ( Gould.)
Chinese Seas-
COLLONIA QUANTILLA Gould, 1861.
Testa minuta, solida, depresso-orbicularis, rosacea, sulcis pallidior-
ibus circ. 4 cincta ; anfr. 4, vix convexis, peripheria obtusa ; basi
convexo, pallidiore, arete perforate; apertura circularis; labro
crasso ; columella robusta declivi. Diam. 3, alt 2 -f- mill. (Gotilcl.)
Simons Bay.
Turbo nocturnus Gould, 1861.
Testa parvula, globoso-conica, solida, rufo-fuscescente et rosaceo-
alternatim strigata ; apice albo ; anfr. 5, convexis, sulcis equalibus
aratis ; sutura impressa ; basi convexo, imperforate, concentrioe
striate ; apeirtura subcircularis ; columella expansa, argentata, granu-
lata, extus erecta. Operculum osseum, pauci-spirale, apice excentrico,
extus granulate. Alt. 7 mill. (Gould.)
Simoda, Japan.
Evidently not a Leptothyra. Sewerby considers Collonia variegata
A. Ad. a synonym ; and gives a figure of a Leptothyra. which might
represent almost anything in the genus; but which, together with,
his description, certainly has nothing to do with Gould's species.
•266 DELPHINULA
Family TROCHIDiE.
Sub-family Delphinultn.e.
Shell turbinate or subdiscoidal, umbiiicate, solid, pearly witliiu
whorls loosely coiled, the last frequently free from the preceding,
more or less angulated, rudely spirally lirate, scaly or spinose ;
aperture circular, peristome sinuous on the columellar margin, acute,
often slightly produced or subrostrate below. Operculum thin,
corneous, multispiral.
Animal with large foot ; epi2:>odial line bearing cirri ; without
inter-tentacular lobes ; eyes on short peduncles at the outer bases of
the tentacles ; tentacles long, slender ; mouth provided with jaws ;
radula with the formula oo . 5-1-5 . oo , the central tooth broader
than long, with a broadly reflected simple cusp, lateral teeth with
cusps, the two outer very large; marginals with short simple cusps,
the outermost with serrate cusps.
The relations and limits of tliis subfamily will be more fully
considered in the monograph of the Trochidcb in the next volume of
the Manual.
Synopsis of recent Genera.
Genus DELPHINULA Lamarck, 1808.
Shell rather large, solid, umbilicated, turbinate, the upper whorls
flattened, the last descending, rudely spinose or scaly, more or less
carinated, but slightly in contact with the preceding ; aperture cir-
cular ; peristome usually sgmewhat produced at base.
Angaria (Bolt. 1798) H. & A. Adams, 1858, is a synomyn.
In this genus were formerly included the species now classed in
Liotia, Collonia and some other genera.
Subgenus Angarina Bayle, 1878.
Shell depressed, discoidal, sinistral (?), widely umbiiicate, spirally
lirate, aperture , rounded ; umbilical area bounded by a series of
spines. Animal and operculum unknown. Delphinidopsis Wright,
1878, (preoc.) is synomymous. Probably not a valid genus.
Genus DELPHINULA, Lam., 1803.
D. LAciNiATA Lamarck, 1819. PI. 67, figs. 1, 2, 4.
Shell depressed-turbinate or nearly planorboid, solid, heavy, um-
biiicate; whorls 42, the inner ones planulate, planorboid, apex
DELPHINULA. 267
minute; body-wliorl descending, frequently free or nearly free from
the preceding, iu section subtriangular, angled below and less con-
s])icuously so at the shoulder ; all over finely spirally Urate, the lira;
either smooth, densely squamose or spinose ; perii^hery bearing
large irregular more or less hollow foliated processes, which droop
foreward or downward ; one or two series of smaller spines usually
revolve about the middle of the last whorl ; base carinated, the
carina usually nodose or irregular, bounding a circumumbilical
tract usually acutely squamose ; the umbilicus proper is narrow
and deep ; aperture rounded trigonal, inside perfectly circular,
pearly, white or tinged with golden ; peristome irregular, acute, the
columellar margin sinuous, the base more or less produced. Color
whitish, pink or yellowish, the projecting processes and spinelets
often redder or blackish.
Alt. 55, diam. 70 mill. ; alt. 35, diani. oo mill.
Lidian 0. ; E. Indies; Philippines ; Mergul Archipelago, etc.
The following are synonyms : D. delphinnlm "Linn., D. forniosa
Rve. (pi. 6o, fig. 9, 11; pi. 67, fig. 3), Z>. mem Reeve (pi. 66, fig. 16),
D. nodosa Rve. (pi. 66, fig. 18), D. nodulosa (Gm.) Phil. D. ncu-
leata Rve. (pi. 66, fig. 14) and I), euracanihra A. Ad. (pi. QQ, fig. 17)
lire forms intermediate between the tyi)e and var. melanacantha.
Turbo delphin.ul\is of Linn?eus, was undoubtedly the first binomial
name applied to this form ; but since, it has been ignored by authors
for more than a century, science would probably not be benefitted
by an attempt to revive it.
The variation in foi'm, sculpture and color iu Delphinula is very
great. I am unable to distinguish the numerous species described
by Reeve. The last whorl, in D. laciniata, may be deeply descend-
ing, almost or quite free from the preceding at the aperture, or it
may be but slightly descending, nearly planorboid. Its upper sur-
face is plane or very obscurely radiately undulate. The peripheral
spines in the typical form defined above, are large, foliated, and
drooping ; but are nearly as frequently narrow and subsimple. The
following varieties may, when typically developed, be distinguished ;
but the transition forms are more numerous in collections than the
typical ones.
Var. ATEATA Reeve, 1842. PI. 66, fig. 15.
Differs from the type in having the superior series of foliations or
spines less conspicuous and those upon the middle and base of the
whorl numerous and more developed ; peristome pink-margined
within ; ground-color pink or grayish, lira; and spines black.
208 DELPHINULA.
Delphinus decrepltus and I)elphhw8 afratiis Chemnitz are identi-
cal with this species.
D. viartinii A. Adams, (pi. 66, fig. 19) from Padang differs only
in the color. The spines are red or purplish on a pink ground.
Var. MELAXACANTHA Reevc, 1842. PL Q^, figs. 6, 7.
Whorls rounder, less carinated below than in the type; surmount-
ed by a corona of slender long radiating or ascending spines ; um-
bilicus wider.
D. imperiaUs Reeve and I), distoiia Kiener (not Lam. nor Linn.)
are synonymous.
D. SPH-V.RULA Kiener. PI. 67, fig. 5 ; pi. 68, fig. 20.
I know this form only by the description and figures given by
Kiener. The latter are copied on my plates. In the simple, appar-
ently very regular spines, the form is different from any specimens
I have seen.
Indian Ocean.
D. DiSTORTA Linn, 1758. PI. 65, fig. 8 ; PI, 68, figs. 12, 13.
In general form similar to D. laciniata. Upper surface of lohovh
radiately conspicuously plicate, the folds terminating in solid knobs
or short spines at the carina ; lirse rather coarser than in laciniata ,-
base of body-whorl rounded or only obtusely carinated ; the sculpt-
ure and color of the umbilical area not notably different from that
of the whorl outside ; color white or pink, the line, spines and scales
deep crimson; size smaller than laciniata. Alt. 30, diam. 40 mill,
or less.
, Indian ; Nicohar Is., etc.
This is the Tarho distortm of Linn., Delphinula distorta Lam.,
and D. rugosa of Kiener's plates.
Afc far as my material allows me to judge, this form does not in-
tergrade with D. laciniata.
D. TYRiA Reeve, 1842. PI. 66, figs. 12, 13.
In general form like D. laciniata. Whorls angulate at the shoul-
der, rounded or obtusely angular around the umbilicus, covered all
over with densely and acutely squamose lirse ; upper surface of
whorls plane or gently radiately undulating; color white, the um-
bilical region and a subsutural spiral band, deep purple or purplish
crimson. Alt. 45, diam. 50 mill.
A^istralia.
The fine uniformly scaled sculpture will distinguish this beautiful
species.
DELPHINULA. 269
D. NiTiDA Verrill and Smith, 1885. PI. fi5, fig. 10.
Shell t^mall. fragile, very delicate, with a slight .«ilvery iridescence.
Our specimen which has lost the apex, consists of o gradually en-
larging whorls, entirely disconnected with each other and nearly
round in a cross section. When perfect the spire must have been
rather elevated, gradually tapering to an acute tip. The surface is
sculptured by thin elevated riblets, crossed by distinctly raised re-
volving lines of about the same size, producing a pretty regularly
cancellated or reticulated sculpture, in which the meshes are mostly
elongated in the direction of tlie spire around the periphery, but in
the opposite direction on the lateral and inner surfaces ; the trans-
verse riblets are m^ist elevated on the uj^per sides of the whorls,
where they rise into small thin lamellre ; they also form similar
lamellae on the inner and lower surfaces ; the revolving lines are
most consijicuous ai'ound the periphery ; minute but distinctly
raised lines of growth also cross the intervals between the riblets.
In a front view of the base the shell ajipears umbilicated, and the
upper whorls can be partially seen within the umbilicus. Color
silvery white, slightly iridescent. Alt. (of last three whorls) 5,
diam. 4 mill. ; diam. of aperture, 1'6 mill. (Verrill.)
Off' Chesapeake Bay, in. 1428 /»i6-.
Animal unknown. The systematic position of this form is un-
certain ; but tlie pearly structure of the shell indicates, as Verrill
observes, that it belongs in the vicinity of Delphinula. although not
I believe, strictly speaking, to tliat genus.
Subgenus Angahina Bayle, 1878.
A. LESOURDi B. Wright, 1878. PI. 6S, figs. 6-8.
Sinistral, profoundly perviously umbilicate, depressed, suborbicu-
lar, somewhat solid, transversely cbstate lirate, pale greenish, macu-
lated with chestnut ; spire plane, suture profoundly impressed,
broadly canaliculate ; whorls remaining 4-2, (the apex wanting,)
spirally lirate, the costte about 14 in number; base bearing a series
of short spines; umbilical area white within ; aperture round, pearly
within, peristome simple, the columellar margin subexpanded.
Diam. 41, alt. 24 mill.
Japan.
Described from a single young specimen, which has every appear-
ance of being abnormal. Fischer surmises that the shell is really
270 APPENDIX.
dextral, instead of sinistral, as described by Wright, the spire im-
mersed, forming a false umbilicus. Von Martens suggests that it is
a distorted Turbo. ('ompare the sculpture with that of Turbo cor-
nutus.
APPENDIX.
Neritina, subgenus Clithon ^NFontf., p, 63.
N. NORDQuisTi AVesterlund, 1887. PI. 68, figs. 9-11.
Ovate, semiglobose, closely striate, with incremental wrinkles,
densely covered with spiral lines; black or rarely brownish-olive,
concolored or painted with numerous black points in transverse series,
black rhomboidal reticulations, or variously marked with pale yelloAV ;
spire prominent but nearly always eroded ; body-whorl strongly de-
pressed, subconcave at the suture ; suture appressed, anteriorly
subdescending ; ajjerture bluish within, angular above ; outer lip
slightly curved, basal margin arcuate, columella slightly sinuous,
obtusely denticulate , columellar area grayish yellow, finely rugose
and foveolate, its superior portion brown, sliining, punctate.
Alt. 21, diam. lo mill.
Japan.
PHASiAXEr.LA, subgeuus Orthomesus, Pilsbry.
P. splendida Philippi, 1849. PI. 39a, fig. 5.
This form 1 inadvertently jilaced in the synomymy of P. variegatct
Lam. (p. 179). It seems to be quite distinct from that species. I
translate Philippi's description, Avliich applies perfectly to the speci-
mens before me.
" Shell ovate-oblong, conoid, very thin, very smooth and shining,
olivaceous, sometimes varied by narrow milk-white fianuiiules marked
Avith transverse red lines articulated with white dots ; aperture ovate,
longer than the spire.
" The shell is long-oval, conoidal, thin, very smooth and very
shining. The whorls seven in number, are moderately convex The
last occupies more than half the entire altitude. The two embryonic
whorls are milk-white, and form a blunt apex. The aperature is
rather broadly ovate. The color is olive-brown, verging on red,
sometimes with narrow milk-white fiammules, always with evenly
spaced red spiral lines, which are regularly interrupted by milk-
APPENDIX. 271
white points, and which are visible within the aperture. {Philippic
in Kilst. Conch. Cab., ii, p. 8.) Alt. 10, diani. 7 mill.
Red Sea..
P. hrongniartl Audonin is a synomym of this form, not of P. varie-
gata.
I neglected to state in the text that fine spiral capillary lines upon
the shell are characteristic of the species of Orthomesiis, but are not
found upon the true PhaslaneUa nor on TrlcoUa. Variable as is the
coloration of shells of this family generally, these fine lines seem ta
be most constant.
P. MARMORATA Dufo. p. 183.
I have identified with this form a series of shells from the Sey-
chelles which I have received, but, unfortunately, too late to figure
it in this volume of the Manual. The locality should read, Sey-
chelles and Amirante Is.
Turbo.
T. magnificus Jonas, p. 192.
The figure given on pi. 40, does not show the characters of this
species as well as is desirable. The original figure given by Philippi
is copied on pi. 69, fig. 21.
T. militaris Reeve, 1848. PL 69, fig. 31.
Tlie figure of this species in the Iconica led me to believe it aform
of T. pefhnlatus. If Sowerby's figure, copied on my pi. 69, fig. 28,
really belongs to militaris, I am inclined to think it distinct. Fig.
29 is a copy of the original one of Reeve.
P. 191, seventh line from bottom, read Senectus (Humph.) IT.
and A. Ad((vis, not Senectus (Humph.) Swainson. The latter author
applied this name to the typical Turbo. \
T. LAJONKAiRii Desh., p. 199. Delj)hinula ducalls Phil, is a
synomym.
T. HisTRio Rve., p. 201. This species was collected by the 'Alert'
at African and Darros Is., Amirante group.
NDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PHASIANELLIN/E, TURBININ/E, DELPHINULIN/E.
Aculeata (Delphinula), Rve. P. Z. S., 1842.
= D. laciniuta, Lam. 267
Aculeatus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Ed. xiii, p. 3600.
= Astralium calcar, Linn. ' 232, 236
Aethiopica ('Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 12, . . 166
Affinis (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 67,
163, 170, 171
Albida (Leptothyra), Dall. Bull. INIus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 48,
252, 253
Adamsi (Phasianella), Phil. :^ P. affinis, Ad. . . .170
Alcyna A. Ad., . 181
Alternata (Phasianella pulla, Linn, var.), Monts. II. Nat. Sicil.
iii, p. 110. = Phasianella i)ulla, L. .
Americanus (Trochus), Gmelin. Svst. Nat., ed xiii, p. 3581.
= Astralium americanum. '. . . 186, 187, 224, 225
Amussitatus (Turbo), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
1861. = Leptothyra amussitata . . .188,250,251
Amictus (Trochus), Val. Voy. de la Venus, pi. 2 bis, f. 2, . 242
Amocnula (Phasianella), Phil. 180
Amyxa, Troschel. =- Prisogaster Morch, .... 219
Auadema Adams. = Lejjtothyra, 245
Angaria Bolt. = Delphinula. 266
Angarina Bayle, 266, 269
Angasi (Phasianella), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1864. p. 344,
t. 13, f. 5, . . . 180
Augasii (Phasianella), "Philippi." Sowb.
= P. angasi, Crosse. ........ 180
Anguis (Limax), Martyn. Univ. Conch., ii, t. 70.
= Turbo porphyrites, Mart. 215
Argyrostomus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. Ed. xii, p. 1236,
' . . 185, 197, 198, 199
Armatus (Trochus), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai, 1848, p. 102.
= Asti'alium longispiua, Lam. 222
Arsinoensis (Turbo), Issel. Mai. INIar Rosso, p. 220.
= Leptothyra arsinoensis ....... 261
Artensis (Turbo), Montrouzier. Jour, de C(mch. 1860, p. 370, 196
Articulatus (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich. p. 60, . . 165
Articulatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 39, 41, P. Z. 8.
1848, p. 51. = T. intercostalis, Menke 202
Armillata (CoUonia), Sowb. .- 264
(272)
233
219
990
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
Asperatus (Trochus), Phil. =: A. stellare, .... 233
A^teriscus (Trochus), Rve., = A. stellare, var.
Astralium Link 186
Aster (Trochus), Phil. = A. longispina,
Assiniilis (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Turbo, pi. 34, f. 1,
= Turbo fluctuosus. Wood. . . . . . .211
Atrata (Delphiuuln), Rve. Conch. Syst., ii, t. 212, f. 12.
^= D. laciniata. Lam. ........ 267
Aurantius (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 27, f. 3.
= Turbo argyi'ostonus L. var. . . . . . .198
Australis (Buccinum), Gmelin. Svst. Nat. p. 3490.
= Phasianella australis. . '. . . , 162, 164, 165
Aurispignieutuni (Trochus), Jonas. = A. brevispina, . . 223
Aureus, (Trochus), Jonas. Zeitschr. f. Mai., .... 240
Babelis (Calcar), Fischer. Jour, de Conch., 1874, p. 205, . 238
Bacula (Leptothyra), Carpenter. Cal. Soc. Proc. iii, p. 177,188, 248
BalKnaruni (Trochus), Val. Voy. de la Venus.
=^ Astralium undosum, ....... 243
Batillus Schum 185,191,210
Bicarinatu (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1846, p.
110, , .176
Bicarinatus (Turbo), Sowerby. Tankerv. Cat., 121.
= Trichotropis.
Bicolor (Turbo), So^vb. Thes. Conch, pi. xliii, p. 198, pi. 4, f.
33. = T. margaritaceus L. var. . . . . .198
Bolina. = Bolma 229
Bolma Risso 186, 229
Brevis (Phasianella). d'Orb., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 79, t. 20, f. 19,
21, 178
Brevis (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. Contr. Conch., p. 67.
= P. atlinis, Ad 170
Brevis (Phasianella), Velaiu. Arch. Zool. Exper., vi, p. 117,
t. 4, f. 3. --= P. munieri Velain. ..... 176
Brevispinus (Trcchus), Lam. An. sans, vert., ed. Desh., ix,
J). 125. ==r Astralium, brevispina, . . , .179, 222
Brougniarti (Phasianella), Audouin. Expl. des pi. Savigny,
Desc. Egypt., p. 81. := P. splendida, Phil. . . 179, 271
Bulimoides (Phasianella), Lam. An. sans, vert., vii, p. 52.
= Phasianella australis Gmel. ...... 165
Buschi (Trochus), Philii)pi. Conch. Cab., ed. ii, p. 213, t. 32,
f. 1. =r Astralium buschi, 223,241
Caledonicus (Turbo). =:T. petholatus, var. .... 194
Callopoma, Gray. ........ 185, 210
Cantrainea Jeff'r. =; Leptothyra, ...... 245
Cailleti (Turbo), Fischer & Bernardi. Jour, de Conch., v, p.
294, t. 10, figs. 10-11, 205
18
^ J) 7.9
274 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Calcar (Turbo), Linn., Svst. Nat. ed. x, p. 762.
^ Astralium calcar, / 221,231
Califbrnicus (Turbo), (Troschel), Philippi. Conch. Cab., p. 68.
= Leptothyra californica, ...... 247, 260
Candida (Collonia), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 436, . . .256
Caualiculatus (Turbo), Ginel. Syst. Nat. p. 3594.
=^ Turbo sparverius, Gniel. ...... 194
Caualiculatus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec, genre Turbo, t. 21, f. 2.
= Turbo crassus. Wood, ....... 194
Capensis (Phasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch f. Mai, 1846, p.
110, 163, 170
Carpenteri (Leptothyra), Pilsbry, ...... 247
Carinidea Swainson. = Uvanilla. . . . . .241
Canthorbis Swainson. = Imperator INIontf. .... 227
Carinatus (Troclius), Cantraiiie. = Leptothyra carinata. . 252
Carduus (Turbo), Fischer, in Coq. Viv., p. il2, t. 42, f. 6.
= T. argyrostomus, Linn. Var. . . . . . .198
Castanea (Turbo). Gmelin. Syst Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595,
- ' 203, 204, 205
Cateniferus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec, genre Turbo, pi. 31, fig. 1.
= Troehidte.
Cepoides (Turbo), E. A. Smith. Ann. ct :Mau-. Nat. Hist. 1880,
p. 397, . . . . . . ^. . . .193
Cernicus (Turbo), Sowerbv. Tlies. Conch., p. 197, pi. 4, f. 29,
196, 167
Chenmitzi (Trochus), Val. Voy de la Venus, t. 2 Ijis.
= Astraliuni stellare, Gmel. var. ..... 233
Chemnitzianus (Turbo), Keeve. • Conch. Icon., fig. 36.
=^ Turbo radiatus, Guiel. ....... 200
Chrysostomus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii., p. 1237, . 200
Cicer (Turbo), Menke. Philippi, Conch. Cab. (Trochus), t. 29,
f. 24. = Leptothyra cicer. 254
Chromotis Ad 162, 176
Cidaris (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3596, . . 214
Circularis (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 46, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 51, . .214
Classarius (Sarmaticus), Gray. = Turbo sarmaticus, Linn. . 218
Coccineus (Leptothyra), (Desh.) Troschel. = L. carpenteri,
188, 247
Coccineus (Turbo), Miihlf. Mag. Berl. Gesell. 1818, p. 9, t. 2,
f. 15. = Leptothyi-a sjuiguinea, Linn. .... 247
Coelatus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. v, p. 33, pi. 162, fig.
1536, 1537. = Astralium caelatum. Gmel. .... 224
Coelatus (Omphalius), A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 39.
= Leptothyra coelata. • 245, 255
Collonia Gray, 246
Columellaris (Trochus), Phil. Abbild. etc., ii, Trochus, t. 7, f.
3. = Astralium ha?matragus, ...... 237
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 275
PAGE.
■Compta (Phasianella), Gould 163, 173
Coucinna rPhasianella), C. B. Adams. Contr. (>onch., p. 69.
:= Phasianella affinis, Ad 170
•Coucinnus (Turbo), Phili])pi. Coucli. Cab. Ed. 2, p. 44, t. 2, f.
6. = T. iiitercostalis, Menke * . 202
Coucolor (Phasianella), C. B. Ad. = P. tessellata, . . 171
Coufragosum (Turbo), Gould. U. S. Expl. Expd. p. 171, t. 12,
f. 202. := Astralium petrosum, Martyn, var. . . . 234
Cookii (Tui'bo), Quov and Gaiiu. Yov. de I'Astrolabe iii, p.
224, pi. 60, f. 19-20. = Astralium sulcatum. Mart. 187, 221
Cookia Lesson, ......... 242
Cookianus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. v, p. 36, t. 163, f.
1540; t. 164, f. 1551. =-- Astralium sulcatum. Mart. . . 243
Corallinus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 56, P. Z. S. 1848, p.
50. -=: Leptothyra sangarensis, Schreuck. . . . 250
Coreensis (Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var.) Recluz. Jour, de
Conch., 1853, p. 245, t. 8, f. 2, . . . . . . 217
Cornutus (Turbo), Gmelin. 8vst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3593,
....:.... 196, 210, 270
Coronatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat-, p. 3594, . 215, 216, 217
Corolla (Trochus), Reeve. Con. Icon., f. 37.
= A imbricatum, Gmel. ....... 227
Costata (Leptothyra), Pse. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 70, . 263
Costulatus (Trochus), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., ed. Desh.,
ix, p. 127. = Astralium longispinum. Lam. var. . 220, 222
Costulosus (Collonia ), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 213, pi. 13, f.
Kil. = Leptothvra ijeta, Montrouzier. .... 259
Coturnix (Phasianella) (Koch), Phil. Conch. Cab. 1853, p. 13,
t. 4, f. 2, _ . 166, 167
Crassa (Eutropia), Brusina. Conch. Dalm. Ined., p. 23, Zool.-
Bot. Yerein, xv. = Phasianella pulla, Linn. . . . 168
Crassus (Turbo), Wood. Index, test, suppl., pi. 6, f. 43, 194, 195
Creniferus (Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var.), Kiener. Spec. gen.
Turbo, pi. 34, f. 3, . . 217
Creniferus (Turbo), Chenu. INIanuel de Conch., i. 2544.
= Turbo coronatus, Gmel. ....... 216
Crenulatus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Kat. p. 3575.
= Turb(i castaneus, Gmel. ...... 203
Cubanus (Trochus), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 104.
= Astralium cubanum. ...... 225, 226
Cucullata (Turbo). Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm.
1877, p. 121, " . . . .208
Cucullatus (Trochus), Kiener. Spec. Genre. Trochus, pi. 32, f.
1. = Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. var 239
Cumanensis (Turbo), Valenciennes. Coq. univ. mar. de I'Amer.
p. 272. = Astralium rugosum, L. . . . . . 229
Cunninghami (Collonia), E. A. Smith. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 33,
pi. ij. 10, 10a, . . , 249
276 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE„
Cyclocaiitlm Swainson, 230, 187, 189
Cycdonema Hall, 162
Cyclostomata (Eucosmia), Carp. Ann. Mag. Nilt. Hist., xiii,
"1864, p. 476, 177
Davisii (Iniperator), Stowe. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xiv, p. 218.
■=r- Astraliuni sulcatum Martyn, var. ..... 243
Deaniana (Phasianella), Pilsbry, ...... 169
Decorata (Phasianella), Chenu. Manuel de Conch.
= P. australis, Gmel. . . . . . . . .165
Decrepitus (Delphinus), Chemnitz. = D. atrata. Eve. . . 268
Delesserti (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, t. 35, f. 1.
= Turbo cidaris, Gmel. ...... 214
Delessertii (Phasianella), Chenu, Manuel de Conch.
= P. ventricosa, Q. et G. 165
Delicatula (Phasianella), Tenisou-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc.
Tasm. = P. australis juv. (?) ...... 174
Delphinula Lam. ......... 266
Delphinulus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Jfat. ed., x, p.
= Delphinula laciniata, Lam. ...... 267
Delphinulopsis, B. Wright. Jour, de Conch., 1878, p. 160, . 266
Deplanatum (Astralium), Link. = A. costulatum Lam. . 220
Depressum (Turbo fluctuatus var.) Carpenter. P. Z. S. 1848,
p. 234, 211
Digitatus (Turbo), Deshayes. Guerin Mag. de Zool., 1841, pi.
36. = Astralium unguis, Wood. ..... 242
Disjunctus (Turbo,) Anton. Verzeichn, ^. 59, J^o 2098.
= T. intercostalis TMke 202
Distorta (Delphinula), Lam. An. sans Vert., vol. vi, p. 231.
= distorta, Linn 268
Distortus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, p 268
Dubia (Phasianella), Pilsbry, 169
Ducalis (Delphinula), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai., 1845, p. 148.
^ Turbo lajonkairii, Desh 217, 271
Echinatus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst, Nat. ed., xiii, p. 3591.
= Astralium heliotropium, ^Nlartyn, ....
Elatior (Phasianella), Cpr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, p
180, 1865. = P. compta, var. .....
Elegans (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed., ii, p. 64, pi. 15
fig. 5. = T. intercostalis, Menke, ....
Elevatus (Turbo), Souleyet. Vov. de la Bonite, ii, p. 594, t
37, f. 15-19, . . ' . . '
Elongata, (Phasianella), Krauss. Die Siidaf. Moll. p. 104, t
6, f. 3. = Phasianella ]>ulla, Linn. var.
Eroopolitanus (Turbo), Issel. Moll. Mar Rosso., p. 219.
=; Leptothyra eroopolitana, .....
Erythropthalmus (Trochus), Phil. = A. olivaceum.
228
173
202
219
168
261
241
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
277
255
177
267
Eucharis (Collonia), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1865, p. 56
= Leptothyra eucharis, ......
Eucosmia C^arpenter, .......
Euracantha (Delphiuula), xVdams. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 51.
== D. laciniata Lam. var. ......
Exiijua (PhasianeUa), Brusina. Zool. Bot. Verein., xv, p. 24, 168
Exi'lis TLeptothyra), Phil 257
Exquisitus (Turbo), Angas. P. Z. S. p. 175, pi. 26, f. 18, 1877, 207
Ferruu'ineus (Turbo), Anton. Philippi Conch. Cab., ]>. 75, pi.
17, f. 7 199
Filifer (Turbo), Desh. Moil, de I'lle Reunion, p. 74, t. S, f.
11-13. = Leptothvra filifer, 254
Filosus (Turbo), Kieuer. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 13, f. 2, 205, 209
Filosus (Trochus), Phil. Fauna INIoU. Sicil.
= Leptothyra peloritana, Cantr. ..... 252
Fimbriatum (Torchus), Lam. An. sans. Yert. ed., vii, p. 12.
= Astralium fimbriatum. ...... 231, 239
Flammeus (PhasianeUa), Von Salis Reise ins Koen. Neap., p.
377, pi. S, f. 11. = PhasianeUa pulla, Linn. . . .168
Flammulata (PhasianeUa), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. IMal. 1848, p.
18, ■ . . 168, 167, 180
Flammulata TRissoa), Hutton. Jour, de Conch., xxvi, p. 28.
= PhasianeUa huttoni, ....... 174
Flava (PhasianeUa), Anton. Verzeich p. 60, . . . 184
Fluctuata (Cvclostrema), Hutton. Trans. N. Z. Inst, xvi, 215,
1883. ~ Leptothyra fluctuata, 259, 260
Fluctuatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pi. 8, f. 34, pi. 9, f.
3c. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 52. := Turbo fluctuosus, AYood, . . 211
Fluctuosus (Turbo), AYood. Index test, suppl., pi. 6, fig. 44,
196, 210
Fokkesi (Turbo), Jonas in Philippi Abbild, i, t. 2, f. 1.
= Turbo fluctuosus. Wood, 214
Foliaceus (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, p. 41, t. 11 f.
2-3, . 199, 201, 202
Foliaceus (Turbo), Horabr. et Jacq. Yov. au Pole Sud., vol.
V, ]x 60, pi. 14, f. 34-37. = Turbo foliaceus, Phil.
Folini (Leptothyra), Pilsbry,
Formosa (Delphinula) Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 2.
=: D. laciniata. Lam. ......
Fordiana (PhasianeUa), Pilsbry, ....
Fricki (Collonia), Crosse. Joul*. de Conch., 1865, p. 45
Fulgens (PhasianeUa), Koch. .....
Fulgurata (PhasianeUa), Rve. Conch Icon., f. 9.
=: P. variegata. Lam. ......
Funiculosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec, o-enre. Turbo, pi. 30, f.
1, ..... . ^ 196
201
252
267
173
255
175
179
278 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGK..
Funiculiitus (Turbo) (Philippi), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 207.
=: Turbo fluctuosus, Wood. 210
Gemmatus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 62, P. Z, S. 1848, p.
50, . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Georgianus (Torchus), Quoy. Kiener. = A. tentoriiforme, 240
Gestroi (Collonia), Caramagna, ...... 262
Gibberosum (Calcar), Chemnitz. Conch. Cab. x, p. 287, f. 2.3.
= Astralium inaequalis, Martyn ..... 245
Gigas (Trochus), Anton. = A. undosum, Wood, . . . 243
Glabratus (Trochus) PhiL Fauna, ^MolL J-^icil.
= Leptotliyra carinata Cantr. ...... 252
Glariosa (Collonia) (Gould), Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 210.
= Leptotliyra verruca, Gould. ...... 258
Globulus (Trochus), Phil. Conch. Cab. = Leptotliyra giobula, 262
GraefFei (Phasianella) Dunker. Mai. Bliitt xviii, p. 168, . . 181
Granulatus (Turbo), Gnielin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 8601, var.
of Turbo coronatus, Gmel. . . . . . . . 217
Granosus (Turbo), Martyn. Univ. Conch. .... 213
Granulosa (Collonia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, iv, p. 92, pi.
ii, f. 4, . . . . . . . ... 259
Granulosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 28, f. 2.
=3Turbo coronatus, Gmel. ....... 217
Grata (Phasianella), Philippi. Kiist. Conch. Cab., t. 3, f. 8, . 179
Gruneri (Turbo), Philinpi. Condi. Cab., ed. ii, p. 52, pi. 12,
f. 7. == Turbo circularis, Rve. .... 214, 215
Guadeloupense (Astralium), Crosse. .Tour, de Conch., 1865, p.
36, pi. 1, f. 10, . . . . . . . . . 226
Guildfordia Grav, * . . . 186, 228
Guttata (Turbo)", A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. pi. 7, f. 68, . . 213
Guttata (Phasianella), Phil 175
Haematragus (Trochus), Menke. Cat. Coll. Malsb. p. 18,
^= Astralium. ........ 236
Heimburgi (Uvanilla), Dunker. Index Moll. Mar. Japan, p.
130, t. 6,f. 6, 7, . . 238
Heliacus (Trochus), Phil. = Astralium longispina. . . 222
Helicinus (Turbo), Born. Test. Mus. Cues. Vindob., 1780.
= Turbo smaragdus,-]Martyn. . . . . . .217
Heliotropium (Astralium), ]\iartyn. Univ. Conch. . . 228
Hernprichi (Turbo), Troschel. In Philippi Conch. Cab. ii, p.
67, pi. 16, f. 1. = Turbo coronatus, Gmel. var. . . . 217
Henicus (Turbo), AVatson. Moll. Challenger Exp. p. 73.
= Astralium henicum ....... 235
Heterocheilus (Turbo), Pilsbry. Sp. nov. .... 209
Heteroclitus (Turbo), Kiener. Gen. Turbo pi. v, f. i.
r= Turbo torquatus, Gmel, 209, 21 a
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 279
PACK.
Hexagonns (Trodius), Phil. Conch. Cab. No. 149, t. 22.
= Astralium hexagouuiii. ....... 287
Hippoeastanum (Turbo), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert. ed.
Desh., ix, p. 198. = Turbo castaneus, Gmelin. . . 20^^
Histrio (Turbo), live. Conch. Icon., pi. 8, f. 32.
=^ Turbo radiatus Gmel. var. ...... 201
Histrio (Phasianella), Eve. Conch. Icon. f. 15, . . 166, 271
Hoberti (Phasiauella puUa, Linn, var.), Brusina. Zool. Bot.
Ver. XV, p. 24. =: P. pullus, L., var. 168
Hoinalopoma, Carpenter. = Leptotlivra. .... 245
Tluttoui (PhasianeUa) Pilsbry. . ' 147
Inibricatus (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Xat. ed. xiii, p. 3581.
= Astralium imbricatum. ....... 226
Imperialis (Trochus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3576.
= Astralium heliotropium, Martvn. .... 228
Imperialis (Delphinula), Eve, F. Z. S. 1842.
=: D. laciniata. Lam. var. . . . ... . . 268
Imperator, Montf. ......... 227
Imperialis (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3594, 192, 193
Iniequale (Astralium), Martvn. ...... 244
Incisa (Delphinula) Eve. P. Z. S. 1843.
=- I), laciniata. Lam. var. ....... 267
Incom[)arabilis (Phasianella pulla, var.), Monts. II. Nat. Sicil.
iii, p. 111. = Phasianella pulla. L. . . . . . 168
Induta (Leptothvra), Watson. 3Ioll. Challenger Exped., p.
715, . . ' . . . . . . ^ . . 253, 254
Inermis (Turbo), d'Orbigny. ^[oll. de Cuba, t. 2, p. 72.
^- Astralium costulatum. Lam. ...... 222
Inflata (Phasianella), Swainson. Esot. Conch, p. 38. . . 165
Intercostalis (Turbo), Meuke. In Philippi Conch. Cab. ed. ii,
p. 42, 68, pi. ii, f. 3, pi. 16, f. 4-5, . . . .201, 202
Intermedia (Phasianella), Scacchi. Catal. Conch. Eegni. Neap.
t. 25. f. 21. = Phasianella tenuis. Mich 168
Japonicus (Trochus), Dunker. In Philippi Abbild., vol. i, pi.
5, fig. 1. = Astralium japonicum. ..... 243
Japonicus (Turbo), Eve. Ccmch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 33 ; P. Z. S.
1848, p. 57, 196
Japonicus (Turbo), Eve. Conch. Icon. t. 9, f. oob. '
= T. cornutus, Gmel. . . . . . . .210
Jaspidea (Phasianella), Eve. Conch. Icon. fig. 11.
= P. variegata. Lam. . . . . . . . .179
Jobiensis (Turbo), Tapp.-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova.
xii, p. 97, 195
Johnstoni (Delphinula), Beddome. Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tasm. 1882,
p. 178. =z Caucellaria, Sp.
Jourdani (Turbo). Kiener. Eev. Zool. 1839, p. 324, . 192, 193
280 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Kochii (Pliasianella), Philippi. Krauss, Siidaf. Moll. p. 104,
pi. 6, f. 4. . 163, 170
Kochii (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 17, . 170
Laciuiata (Delphinula), ^jam. An. s. Vert. vol. vi, p. 130,
266, 267, 268
Laciniatus (Turbo), Gould. Post. Proc. 1849, p. 90, U. S.
Expl. Expd. pi. 12, f. 204, = Astralium calcar, Linn. vur. 232
Lietus (Turbo), Montrouzier. Jour, de Couch., 1865, p. 277,
pi. xii, f. 2. = Leptothvra la3ta. 167,188,258,259,160,261
Laetus (Turbo), Philippi. ' Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 100, . 197
Lajoukairii (Delphinula), Desh. Mag. de Zool. 1839, pi. 6.
^ Turbo lajonkairii. ■ ..... .199,271
Laniarcki (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. ii, p. 55, pi. 13.
f. 3. =- T. argyrostonuis, Linn. (?) 199
Lamellosus (Turbo), Broderip. Zool. Journ. v, p. 331, Suppl.
t. 49, f. 2. = Turbo staniineus, Mart. .... 213
Lamellosus (Turbo), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1846, p. 98.
= Turbo foliaceus, Philippi 201
Laminiferus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 17.
=: Turbo foliaceus, Philippi. ...... 201
Lapillus (Trochus), Rve. . . . . . . .233
Latispina (Trochus), Philippi. Abbild. vol. i, pi. 3, f. 2.
= Astralium latispina. ....... 223
Lehraanni (Phasianella), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 12, No.
41. = P. australis, Gmel 165
Lenticula (Collonia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. viii, p. 21, . 265
Lentiginosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 10-
;=: P. variegata. Lam. . . . . . . . .179
Lepida (Alcyna), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1860, p. 488, 182
Lesourdi (Delphinulopsis), B. AVright. Journ. de Conch. 1878.
p. 161, pi. iii, f. 1. = Angarina lesourdi. .... 269
Limbiferus (Trochus), Kiener. =: Astralium fimbriatum. . 239
Lineata (Alcyna), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., v, t. 1, p. 69, . 182
Lineolata (Phasianella), Wood. Ind. test. Buppl. fig. 26.
= P. variegata. Lam. . . . . . . 163, 179.
Lithopoma, Gray, 186, 223
Longispina (Trochus), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert. ed. Des-
haves, ix, p. 122. := Astralium longispina, . 221, 222
Ludus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3601, no. 52.
= Turbo undulatus, Gmel. • (Juv.) 215
Lugubris (Turbo), King. Zool. Journ. vol. v, p. 345.
:^ Chlorostoma ater, Less. (?) 219
Lugubris (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Turbo, pi. 28, f. 3.
=; Turbo porphyrites Mart, var. . . . . . . 215
Lugubris (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. fig. 63, P. Z. S. 1848, p.
50. = T. coronatus, Gmel. var. . . . . . .217
Lymnreoides (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich., p. 60, no. 2131.
*= P. speciosa Miihlf. 167
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 281
PAGE.
Mac-Andrewi (Turbo), Morch. Am. Journ. Conch., iv, 1868,
p. 46. = Leptothyra cielata, A. Ad 255
INIaculosa (Collonia), Pease. Am. Jour. Coneli., iv, p. 91, 1. 11,
f . 1 256
^lagnificus (Turbo), Jonas. Zeitsch, f. ^lalak. 1844, p. 167,
192. 193, 271
!Margaritaceus (Turbo), Ivinn. 8yst. Nat., x.
= T. argyrostonuis, Linn. var. ...... 198
jNIargaritaceus (Turl>o), Kiencr. Spec. gen. Turbo, pi. 21, f. 1,
^^= Turbo sparverius, Gniel. ....... 194
Marginata (Delpliinula), Lam. ^=-- Collonia marginata, . 246
Marginatus (Turbo), (Nuttall Mss.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig.
57, . . 248
ISIarmorata (Phasianella), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat., xiv, 1840, p.
191, . . . . . . . . . . 183, 271
^larmoratus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1234,
191, 192, 193
[Marmorostoma Swains, ....... 1.85, 215
Martinii (Delphinula), A. Adams. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 42, pi. 27,
f. 8. = D. laciniata. Lam. var. ...... 268
IMauritiana (Phasiunella), Lam. An. sans vert, vii, p. 54.
=: Littorina.
^Melanacantha (Delphinula), Rve. Conch. Svst. ii, pi. 211, f.
4, pi. 212, f. 10. = D. laciniata. Lam. var. . . . 268
^Meleagris (Phasianella), Beck. .'...., 183.
3Iespilus -(Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3(>01.
=: Turbo porphvrites. Mart., var. . . . . . 215
:\[ilitaris (Turbo),"' Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 9,"f. 40, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 51, . . . .• 271
Minima (Phasianella), Philipj)!. Atacama, p. 186, . . 178
Minuta (Phasianella), Anton. Yerzeichniss p. 60, No. 2129.
== P. tessellata, P. et M 171, 175
Mit7.chii (Turbo) (Anton), Sowb. := Turbo saxosus, Wood. .
Modelia Gray. . 185, 213
Modesta (Eutropia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii,
p. 18, 183
Modestus fTrochus), Rve. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 185.
=; Astralium modestum. ....... 229
Modestus (Turbo) ("Philippi ") Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 205.
= T. coronatus, Gmel. . . . . . .217
Moltkianus (Turbo), Gmel. Svst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595, . 204
Moluccensis (Turbo), Philippi." Zeitsch. f. ^lalak. 1846, p. 99, 203
i\Iultilineata (Turbo), Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. i, p. 102.
1857. ^^ Leptothvra rubricincta. ^Nliuh. .... 257
Multipes (Trochus), Jonas in Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1849, p.
119. = Astralium unguis. Wood. var. .... 242
Multistriata (Collonia), (Pse.) Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 212.
;:= Leptothyra rubricincta, Mighels. ..... 257
282 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE..
Munda (CoUonia), H. Ad. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 206, pi. 23, f. 6, . 261
Munieri (Phasianella), Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. ii, p. 116,
pi. 10, f. 1-2, 176
Murreus (Turbo), Rve.. Conch. Icon. pi. 12, fig. 54, . . 264
Naninus (Turbo), Souverbie. Jour, de Conch., 1864, p. 263,
pi. 10, fig. 6. = Leptothyra nanina. .... 209
Natalensi.s (Turbo), Krauss. Die Siidaf. Mollusken, p. 101, ]>].
6, fig. 1, 218
Natalensis (Turbo), Reeve. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 49, . . .218
Neritina (Piiasianella), Dunker. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1846, p. 110, 176
Nic^eensi^ (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iv, p. 122.
-^ Piiasianella speciosa, Miililf. ...... 167
Niger (Turbo), Gray. Beechey's Voy. p. 143, pi. 36, fig. 1.
. '. . ." . ' . . . . 186, 219
Nigra (Amyxa), Troschel. Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1852, i, p.
183. = Turbo niger, Gray 219
Ninella, Gray. . . " 185,212
Nitida (Delphinula), Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn. Acad.
vi, p. 424, pi. 44, f. 11, 269
Nitzschii (Turbo), Anton. Verzeichniss. p. 59, No. 2104.
= Turbo saxosus. Wood. . . . . . . .211
Nivosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 8.
= P. variegata, var. ....... 163, 179
Nivosus (Turbo) Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 10, f. 43, 44, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 51. = T. radiatus, Gmel 200
Nobilis (Imperator) Gray. Voy. Flv., ii, p. 358, t. 2, f. 7, . . 269
Nocturnus (Turbo), Gould. Otia, p.'l60, . . . .265
Nodosa (Delphinula), Rve. = D. laciniata. .... 267
Nodulosa (Delphinula), Phil. = D. laciniata. . . . 267
Norrisi (Turbo), Desh. in Lain. An. sans vert., ed. ii, ix, p.
221. = Trochiseus norrisi, Sowb. . . . . .
Ocana, H. Adams. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 148, . . . .214
Ocellata (Alcyna), A. Ad. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 18(i0, p.
408, .'....,.'.... 182
Olearius (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1235.
=; Turbo marmoratus, Linn. ...... 192
Olfersi (Trochus), Troschel in Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. 2, p.
126, pi. 22, fig. 1. = Astralium olfersii, . . . 225, 226
Olivaceus (Trochus), Wood. Index, test. Suppl., pi. 5, fig. 3.
= Astralium olivaceum, ...... 231, 241
Orichalceus (Trochus), Koch. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1848, p. 110.
= Astralium longispina. Lam. ...... 222
Orthomesus, Pilsbry, . . . . . .163,179,271
Pachypoma Gray, 187, 244, 221
Pagodus (Astralium), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S.
Wales, iv, p. 110, 23&
INDEX AND 8YN0NTMV. 283
PAGE.
Pagodulus (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch, p. 220, pi. 9, f. 100.
= Astraliiim, 236
Papillatum (Trochus), Potiez and Micbaud. Gal. des Moll, i,
p. 537, pi. 30, figs. 10-11. == Astralium papillatum, 225, 226
Patulus (Turbo), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1848, p. 100, . 195
Parvulus (Turbo). Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1848, p. 189, 206
Paucicostata (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch.
=:^ Leptothyra bacula. Carp.. ...... 248
Paucicostata (Leptothyra), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 131, 248
Peloritanus (Turbo), Cantraine. Bull. Soc. Roy. Sciences et
Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles.
= Leptothyra carinata Cantr. var. ..... 252
Perdix (Phasianella), Gray. ....... 165
Perforata (Phasianella), Phil. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 164,
171, 172, 175, 178
Petholatus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, ]). 1233, 185, 193
Petiti (Phasianella), Craven. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. p. 18, ]d.
ii, fig. a. b. c. . . . . . . . . . 169
Petrosum (Astralium), Martyn, 234
Phasianella(Turbo),C.B. Ad., Cat. Panama Shells, . . 178
Phasianella Lam. ........ 162, 164
Phasianellus (Turbo), Desh. IMoll. de ITle de la Reunion, p.
74. =: Trochida>.
Pillula (Collonia), Sowb. = Leptothyra pilula, Dkr. . . 258
Picta (Collonia), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 91, pi. 11,
figs. 2. 3, .256
Picta (Phasianella), De Blainville.
= Phasianella australis, Gmel. . . .
Pictus (Turbo), Da Costa. British Conchology, t. viii, f. 3.
= Pliasianella ])ulla, Linn. ....... 168
Pileolum (Torchus), Reeve. Conch. Syst. pi. 217, fig. 5.
= Astralium fimbriatum, Lam. var. ..... 239
Pilula (Liotia), Dunker. Mai. Blatt. vi, 226.
= Leptothyra pilula, 258, 259
Planorbis (Astralium), Pilsbry, ...... 232
Plicatospinosum (Astralium), Pilsbrv, ..... 235
Pomaulax Gray ' . . . . 187, 243
Porphyrites (Turbo), Martyn, 215
Porcatus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. pi. 11, fig. 52, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 51. = T. porphyrites, Mart. var. . . . 215, 216
Porphyrites (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3602.
= Turbo porphyrites, ]Martyn, ...... 185
Preissii (Phasianella), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 12, no. 42.
= Phas. australis Gmel. .......
Prevosti (Turbo), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 222, pi. 12, f. 134, . 235
Princeps (Turbo), Philippi. Conch. Cab. ed. ii, p. 62.
= Turbo argyrostomus, Lara. . . . . . .198
Prisogaster, Morch 186, 219
284 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Propiuquus (Turbo), Hupe in Gay, Hist. Fis. y Polit. de
Chile, viii, p. Ill, pi. 4, f. 5. = Turbo elevatus, Soulevet. . 219
Pulchella (Phasianella), Recluz. = Phasianella pulla, Linn. 168
Pulchellus (Turbo), C. B. Adams. Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
2, p. 7, . . . . . . . . . . 264
Pulchella (Pliasiauella), Tenison-Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc.
Tasm. 1876, p. 141. ^ P. delicatula, Tenison-Woods. . 174
Pulcher (Turbo), Pwe. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 195, . 202, 203
Pulla (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1233.
= Phasianella pulla. ". . 163, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173
Pulloides (Phasianella), Cpr. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, xy,
1865, p. 180. = P. conipta, Gld. yar 173
Punctata (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. iy, p. 123.
= Phasianella pulla, Linn. ...... 168
Punctata (Eucosniia), Cpr. Ann. and ]Mag. Nat. Hist, xiii,
1864, p. 475, . . . . ... . 173, 177
Punetatus (Turbo), Anton. Verzeich. j). 58, No. 2081,
Punctulata (Phasianella compta, yar.) C])r. Ann. and INIag.
Nat. Hist., xy, 1865, p. 179, . . • . . • .
Puri)urascens (Le])tothyra), Dkr. ...... 251
Purpurata (Leptothyra), Desh 251
Purpuratus (Turbo), Desh. Moll, de ITle de Reunion p. 73,
})1. 9, f. 11, 12, = Leptothyra purpurata Desh. . . 251
Purpureus (Leptonix sanguineus, L. yar.) Carpenter. Cal.
Proc. iii, p. 176. =^ Leptothyra carpenter!, Pilsbry. . 247
Purpureus (Turbo) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. merid., iy, p. 116,
f. 48. = Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. .... 249
Pusio (Turbo), Anton. In Phil. Conch. Cab. p. 71, pi. 16, f.
10. = Leptothyra ])usio. ....... 260
Pustulatus (Turbo), Reeyc. Conch. Icon. f. 59, P. Z. S. 1848,
p. 50. n:^ T.subcastaneus, Pilsbry. . ; . . .205
Pustulatus (Turbo), l^rocchi. Catal. di Coneli. raccolte presso
la costa Afric. del Golfo Arab. p. 30, .... 207, 263
Pygmaea (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Mai. 1848, p. 18.
"= P. tessellata, P. et M 174
Pyropus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 61, P. Z. S. 1848, p.
'50, . . . . . 263
Quadriseriatus (Turbo), Anton. Verzeichn. p. 59, No. 2106.
= T. castaneus, Gmel. yar. ...... 204
Quantilla (Collonia), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. yiii, p. 22, . 265
Radiatus (Turbo), Rye. Couch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 31.
= T. intercostalis, Menke 200, 202
Radiatus (Turbo), Gnielin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594,
■;.... 185, 200, 201
Eadiatus (Turbo), Anton. Verzeichn. p. 57, No. 2073, 1839.
= Trochida\
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 285-
PAGE.
Eeevei (Turbo", Pliilippi), Conchyl. Cub. ed. ii, p. 48, pi. 12,
figs. 1-2. ^==: T. petholatus L. var. . . . . .194
Regenfu!*si (Turbo), Desh., in Lam., ed. ii, t. ix, p. 222, . . 19S
Regenfussi (Turbo), Phil. = T. marmoratus L. . . . 192
Reticulata (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., fig. 7.
= P. ventricosa Q. et G. var. . . . . . .166
Rhodostomus (Trochus), Lam. An. 8ans Vert., ed. Desh. ix,
p. 127. = Astralium petrosum Martyn. .... 234
Roseocincta (Leptothyra), Mart., ^lobius Reise n. Mauritius,
p. 294, t. 20, f. 22-25, 251
Roseopunctata (Collonia), Angas. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 417, pi. 40,
fig. 8, , • .258
Rosens (Phasianella), Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 114, pi. 13, f.
24, 174
Rosens (Turbo), Philippi. = Leptothyra cicer, Mice. . . 254
Rotelliformis (Turbo), Jay. Catal. of Shells 3rd. Edit. 1839,
p. 3, pi. 1, figs. 2-3. =: Trochiscus ISTorrisi, Sowb.
Rotularius (Trochus), Lam. An. sans Vert., ed. Desh., ix, p.
125. = Astralium rotularium, ...... 238
Rubens (Phasianella), Lam. Encyc. Meth., pi. 449, fig. 2a, b,
= P. variegata. Lam. . . . . . . . .179
Rubicundus (Turbo), Chemnitz. Conchyl. Cab. v, p. 207, pi.
181, f. 1803-1804'. = Turbo granulosus. Mart. . . . 213
Rubicundus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Syst. v, ii, pi. 220, figs. 11,
12. ^^ Turbo granulosus, Mart. ..... 213
Rubra (Leptothyra), Dkr 251
Rubra (Phasianella), Pease. Rve. Couch, Icon. f. 18.
= Alcyna rubra Pse 182
Rubra (Tricolia), Risso. Hist. Xat. Eur. ]\Ierid. iv, p. 122. .
== Phasianella speciosa, Muhlf. ....
Rubra (Alcyna), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 436,
Rubra (Collonia). = Leptothyra annissitata, Gould. . . 250
Rubrieinctus (Turbo), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Hoc. 1845, vol. ii,
p. 22. =; Leptothyra ruln-icincta, ..... 25T
Rubrilineata (Leptothyra), Von. Mart. = L. rubrieincta, Migh. 257
Rubrilineata (Collonia), (Pease), Sowb.
= Leptothyra rubrieincta, Mighels, .... 257, 258
Rugosus (Turbo), Linn. Svst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 1234, }io. 618.
= Astralium ruirosum, ^ 186, 220, 229
Rutilis (Turbo), C.^B. Ad., 243
Sandwichensis (Turbo), Pease, ...... 207
Sangarensis (Turbo), Schrenck. Bull, de la Acad. des. sc. dc
St. Petersburgh, iv, p. 409, 248, 250
Sanguinea (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon. fig. 3.
= P. ventricosa Q and G. Var. . . . . . .105
Sanguineus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. x, p. 763.
^=: Leptothyra sanguinea, ..... 246, 249, 260'
286 IXDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Sanguineus (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon. no.
= Leptothyra cicer, Mke. ....... 254
Sanguineus (Leptonyx), Carpenter.
= Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry, . . 247, 248, 249, 188
Sanguineus (TurBo), Folin. Fonds de hi Mer. i, p. 86, no. 9,
f. 11. = Leptothyra folini, Pilsbry, ..... 252
Sarmaticus (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, p. 1235,
186, 203, 218
Saxosum (Callopoma), Gray. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 44, . .211
Saxosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pL 17, fig. 2.
= Turbo fluctuosus. Wood. . . . . . .211
Saxosus (Turbo), Eve. P. Z. S. 1848, p. 49.
= Turbo saxosus, AYood, . . . . . . .211
Saxosus (Turbo), Wood. Index testae. suppL ph 6, f. 45, . 211
Semicostatus (Trochus), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Troque, pi. 38, fig.
1. =^ Astralium semicostatum, Kn. ..... 237
.Semicostatus (Turbo), Pease. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 435, . . 206
Semilugubris (Turbo), Desh. Conch, de ITle de la Reunion,
p. 72, pi. 9, f. 9, 10. = Leptothyra semilugubris, . . 252
Senectus H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. . . . 185, 194
Setosus (Turbo), Gmelin. Svst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594, . . 195
Shandi (Turbo), Huttou. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 35, .212
Simsoni (Turbo), Tenison- Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc. Tasmania,
1876, p. 141, \ . . . 216
Sirius (Turbo), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, iii, p. 90;
Wilkes Exped. f. 203. = Astralium sirius. . . . 233
Smaragdus (Turbo), Martvn, Univ. Conch. . . . 217
Smaragdus (Turbo), Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3595, No. 30, 185
Smithi (Turbo), Sowb. Thes.' Conch., p. 230, pi. 14, f. 182,
183, 206
Solida (Helix), Born. ]\Ius. Caes. Yindobon., t. 13, f. 19, (1780.)
( ^ Phasiauella.) . . . . . . . . 166
Solida (Phasianella), (Desh.) Kiener. Spec. Gen. Phasiauella.
= P. ventricosa, ......... 165
Solidus (Turbo), Hanley. Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 201.
= T. fluctuosus, Wood. .
Sparverius (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3594, No.
43, ' 194, 195
Speciosa (Phasianella), Miihlf. Verb. Berl. Gesell. i, ji. 214,
pi. ii, f. 4 167
Speciosus (Turbo), Reeve. Couch. Icon. pi. 8, f. 35, . 163, 201
Speciosus (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 33, f. 1.
= Turbo radiatus, Gmel. ....... 200
Spengleriauus (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3595,
No. 27, ^ . . 205, 208, 209, 210
Sphtierula (Del]>hinula), Kiener. Coq. Viv. p. 5, pi. 3, f. 3, . 268
Spinosum (Turbo), Kiener. Spec. Gen. Turbo, pi. 20.
= Turbo radiatus, Gmel 200
INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 287
PAGE.
Spiuosiis (Turbo), Grael. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3594.
= Turbo radiatus, Guiel. ....... 200
Spinulosus (Trocbus), Lam. An. sans. Vert., ed. Desh., p. 127.
= Astraliuiu longispiuuin. Lam. var. . . . 186, 222
Spinulosus (Trocbus), Reeve. Con. Icon. f. do.
= A. petrosum, Mart. 234
Spinulosus (Trocbus), Lam. Reeve. Concb. Icon. sp. 55, and
Sowb. Tbes. Concb. p. 21 7. = Astraliuni petrosum. Mart. . 222
Splendida (Pbasianella), Pbil. Zeitscb. f. Mai. 1840, p. 30,
. . . ' . _ . ... . . . 180, 270
Splendida (Pbasianella), Pbil. Kiister's Concb. Cab., Monog.
Pbasiaella. 270
Splendidulus (Turbo), Sowb. Tbes. Conch, p. 229, etc. 14, f.
180, 181, 197
Squamatus (Turbo), (A. Ad.) Sowb. Tbes. Concb. p. 210, pi.
8, f. 88, 264
Squamig-er (Turbo), Rve. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 186, . . .204
Squamosus (Turbo), Grav. Yov. Flv. ii, p. 359, pi. 2, f. 8.
= Turbo foliaceus, Pliil. .' .' 201
vStamineus (Limax), Martyn. Uuiv. Concb., t. 71.
= Turbo stain ineus. . .. . . . . .212
Stellaris (Trocbus), Gnielin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3600, No.
47. --= Astraliuni stellare. ' 232
Stenogyrus (Turbo), Fiscber. Coq. Viv. p. 118, pi. 41, f. 3. . 205
Stramineus (Turbo), AVood. = T. stamineus, jNIart. . . 212
Striata (Pbasianella pulla, var.) Brusina. Zool. Bot. Ver. xv,
p. 24. = P. pullus, L. var. . ...
Striata (Alcyna), Pease. Am. Jour. Concb. v, p. 70, . . 182
Striata (Collonia), Gray. 264
Strigata ( Pbasianella),' Pbil. Concb. Cab. 1853, p. 15, t. 4, f.
6. = P. pulla, L. var 168
Strigata (Pbasianella), Rve. Concb. Icon. f. 19.
= P. pullus, Linn. var. dubia, Pilsbry. .... 169
Striulata (Pbasianella), Carp. Mazat. Cat., Xo. 283/>.
= Turbo pbasianella, C. B. Ad. ..... 178
Subangulata (Alcyna), Pease. ...... 182
Subcastaneus (Turbo), Pilsbry. . . . . . . 204
Subsanguinea (Pbasianella), Pilsbry. ..... 165
Substriata (Eucosmia variegata, Cpr. var.) Cpr. Ann. and
Mag. N. Hist, xiii, 1864, p. 475, .177
Sulcata (Turbo torquatus, Gmel. var.), Rve. Con. Icon. i)l. 6.
= Turbo stamineus, var. lamellosus, Brod. . . . 213
Sulcatum (Astraliuni), Martyn. ...... 242
Supragranosus (Trocbus), E. A. Smitb.
= Leptotbyra beta, Alontr. ...... 259
Taeniatus (Turbo), Sowerby. Tankerville Catal. App. p. xiii.
= Pbotinula,
288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE.
Tayloi-iaiuis (Turbo). Smitli. V. Z. S. 1880, pi. 48, f. 9, p. 483, 244
Tentoriifornie (Trochus), Jonas. Zeitscli. f. Malak. 1845, p, 66.
= Astralium tentoriifornie, ...... 231, 240
Tenuis (Phasianella\ Michaud. Bull. Soc. Linn. Bord. iii, p.
270, f. 19, 20, 168
Tenuis (Phasianella), Philippi. Zeitscli. f. Mai. 1844, p. 110,
163, 168
Tesselata (Phasianella), C. B. Adams. Contr. Coneh., p. 67,
:== P. tessellata, P. et M 171
Tessellata (Phasianella), Potiez et Mich. Galerie, i, p. 312, pi.
29, f. 7-8 • 170
Tessellata (Phasianella), Anton. Yerzeieh, p. 61, no. 2141, .
= ?
Tessellatus (Turbo fluctuosus. Wood, var.) Kiener. Spec. Turbo,
pl- 9, fig. 2,
Ticaonicus (Turbo), Rve. Proc. Zool. Soo. 1842, p. 185, 202, 203
Torqnatus (Turbo), Gmel. Svst. Nat. ed. 13, p. 3597, no 106.
= T. staminens, Mart. \ 212
Transenna (Turbo), Watson, ....... 262
Tricingulata (Leptothyra purpurata var.) INIart. ^Mcibius Reise
n. Mauritius, p. 294^ . . . ' 251
Tricolia Risso, Hist. Nat. I'Eur. Merid 167
Tricoliella Monterosato, = Tricolia, . • . . .167
Tricostatns (Turbo sniaragdus Martyn, var.) Hutton. Proc.
Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, ix, p. 355, . . . . .217
Tritonis (Eutropia) "Chenin." Auct.
= Phasianella australis, Gmel 165
Triumphans (Trochus), Philippi. Fiinftej" Jahr. des Ver. f.
Naturk. zur Cassel, p. 8, 1841. = Astralium triumphans, 228
Trochidre, . . . . . ... . . . 266
Troehoides (Turbo), Reeve. Conch. Icon., pl. 12, f. oS, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 50, 207
Tuber (Turbo), Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 1230, no. 596.
= Astralium tuber, 220, 223
Tuberculatus (Turbo), Kiener. .Spec. Gen. Turbo, pl. 3, f. 2.
= Turbo radiatus, Gmel 200
Tuberculosus (Turbo), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de I'Astrolabe,
iii, p. 247, pl. 60, fig. 1-5. ^^ Turbo radiatus, Gmel. . . 200
Tuberosus (Trochus), Phil. = Astralium tuberosum, . . 227
Tuberosus (Trochus), Reeve. = Astralium petrosum. Mart. 234
Tubicanthus Swains. = Bolma, ...... 229
Tumidulus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pl. 10, fig. 45, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 51. = T. radiatus Gmel. var 202
Turbininie, . . . . . . . . . .184
Turbinidie, . . . . . . . . . .161
Turbinopsis (Delphinula), Lamarck. An. sans Vert. ed. i,vi,
p. 231. = Turbo turbinopsis, 198, 199
Turbo Linn. Syst. Nat. X, p. 761 185,191,271
INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
289
Turcicus (Turbo), Rve. Conch. Icon. pi. 12, fig. 60, P. Z. S.
1848, p. 50, 230
Tursicus (Calcar), Fischer. Coq. Viv., p 230
Turgida (PhasianeHa), PhiL Conch. Cab., p. 5, t. 2, f. 7-10, 165
Tyria (Delphinuhi), Rve. P. Z. S. 1842, . . . .268
Uml)ilicata (Phasianella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 77, t. 19,
f. 32, 34. = affinis C. B. Ad 163, 171
Undosum (Trochus), Wood. Index test, suppl., pi. 51, fig. 1.
= Astralium undosum, . . . , . .187, 243
Undulatus (Turl)o), Martyn. Univ. Conch., .... 216
Unguis (Trochus), Wood. Index Test. Suppl. pi. 5, fig. 2.
= Astralium unguis, ........ 242
Unifascialis (Phasianella), Kiener. p. 7. pi. 4, fig. 2. . 166, 179
Urvillei (Turbo), Phil. Conch. CJab. p. 215, pi. 32, f. 4.
=:= Astralium tentoriiformis, Jonas, .....
Uvanilla Gray, 231, 240
Varia (Phasianellaj, Lam. Ency. Meth. pi. 449, f. 1.
^ Phasianella australis, Gmel. .."...
Variabilis (Turbo), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 186.
= T. petholatus, L. ....... ,
Variabilis (Phasianella), Pease. P. Z. S., 1860, p. 436. .
Varians (Eudora), Leach. Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit. p. 200.
-— Phasianella pulla, Linn. . . . . . .
Viridis (Phasianelhi), Anton. Vezeieh, p. 60, . . . .
Variegata (Eucosmia), Cpr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, xiii, 1864,
p. 475, . . . . . . . . 163, 177,
Variegata (Phasianella), Lam. ......
Variegatus (Collonia), A. Ad. (Sowb).
=^ Turbo nocturnus, Gould. ......
Veuosa (Phasianella), Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 5.
= P. ventricosa, Q. and G. ......
Ventricosa (Phasianella), Swainson. Exot. Conch, p. 38, 1841.
= P. ventricosa Q. et G
Ventricosa (PhasianeHa), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de I'Astrol.
Zool. pi. 59, f. 8, 9, . '. . . . . " .
^" ' " " Elem. Conch, i, p. 132, pi. 12, f.
165
194
176
168
Zeitsch. f. Malak. 1845, p. 148.
Venusta (Phasianella), Rve.
58. = P. australis, Gmel
Venustus (Turbo). Philippi.
= T. saxosus, Wood. .......
Verruca (Trochus), Gld. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 27.
= Leptothyra verruca. .......
Versicolor (Turbo), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3599, No.
43. = T. porphy rites. Mart, var
Vieuxii (Phasianella) Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, p. 146, pi. 7, f.
5, 6. = P. speciosa, Miihlf. ......
19
179
179
265
165
165
165
165
211
257
215
167
290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY.
PAGE,
Virens (Turbo), Anton. Phil. Zeitsch. f. Malacol., 1848, p.
99. = r. castaneus, Gmel 203
Virescens (Pacliypoma), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., ji. 73, pi.
8, f. 10. ^= Astralium petrosum, Mart. var. • . . 235'
Virgo (Phasianellaj, Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 115, pi. 13, f.
25, 181
Viridis (Phasianella), Anton. Verzeich. p. 60, No. 2135.
= P. lineolata, Lam. . 17&^
Vitrea (Phasianella), Desh. Moll. I'lle Reunion, p. 76, pi. 8,
f. 8, 169-
Wisemanni (Phasianella), Baird. Voy. Curacoa, p. 436, pi.
38, f. 3, 4, 181
Zebra (Phasianella), Gray. mss. Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 4.
= P. ventricosa, Q. et G. var. . . . . . .166
Zebrina (Phasianella), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 78, pi. 19, f.
35, 37. = P. tessellata, P. et M 170
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
Plate 1.
FIGURE. PAGE.
J. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Portion of radula. Fischer's
Manual, f. 568, 12
2. Navicella clypeolum. Dentition, Troscliel, Gebiss der
Sehnecken ii, t. 16, f. 1, . . , . . .10
3. Neritina reclivata. Say. Dentition. Ibid, ii, t. 16, f. 10, . 6
4. Cyclostrema basistriatum, Jeffr. Dentition. Ibid, ii, t. 2,
f. 3, . . . . U
5. 6. Peltariou bilobatus, Desli. Operculum. Fischer's
Manual, f. 569, 12
7, 8. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Operculum, a, external face,
b, internal face. Fischer's Manual, f. 570, . . .12
9, 10. Neritina. Operculum, 9 internal, 10 external face.
Fischer's Manual, f. 563, 561, . . . . .6
11, 12. Navicella operculum, b, internal, a, external face.
Ibid. f. 566, 10
13. Naticopsis placida, Kon. Operculum. Ibid. f. 572, , 12
14. Naticopsis planispira, Kon. Operculum. Ibid. f. 573, . 12
15. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Showing absorption of inner
walls. Ibid. £ 559, 18
16. Neritina zigzag, Lam. Showing apophysis. Ibid. f. 562, 5
17. Naticopsis ampliata, Koninck. Ibid. f. 571, . . .12
18. Craspedostoma elegantulum, Lindstr. Ibid. f. 588, . 17
19. 20. Crossostoma reflexilabrum, d'Orb. Ibid. f. 589, . 17
Plate 2.
21-23. Nerita albicilla, L. Reeve, Conch. Icon, f 64,
24. Nerita venusta, Phil. ( = albicilla, L.) Phil. Abbild
i, t. 1, f 11,
25, 26. Nerita forskalii. Reel. (= albicilla.) Reeve, Nerita
, f67,
27. Nerita plexa, Chemn. Ibid. f. 12, .
28. Nerita chlorostoma. Lam. ( = plexa, Chemn.) Ibid. f.
32, 6, . . . . . . .
29. Nerita exuvia, L. Ibid. f. 1, a,
30. Nerita granulata, Rve. Ibid. f. 79, a,
31-33. Nerita stella, Chemn. ( = chamaeleon.) Ibid, f 60,
34-36. Nerita squamulata, Le Guill. (:= chamaeleon.) Ibid
f 63
Plate 3.
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
37. Nerita modesta Hombr. et Jacq. (= chamaeleon.) Voy.
Astrol. et Zel. t. 16, £ 6, 20
(291)
292
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
(:^ cliamaeleoii). Concli. Icon. f.
Ibid. f. 27, b,
Ibid. f. 17, b,
FIGURE.
38. Nerita aiabica Rve.
16, b, . .
39. Nerita aimulata Rve. {= chamaeleon.) Ibid. f. 78, b
40. Nerita oryzarum, Reel. Ibid. f. 46a.
41. Nerita semirugosa, Reel. Ibid. f. 19a.
42. Nerita histrio, Gmel. (= .«emirugosa.)
43. Nerita maura, Reel. (= semirugosa.)
44. 45. Nerita lougii. Reel. Ibid. f. 52,
46, 47. Nerita hindsii. Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 17
18
48. Nerita atropurpurea. (= planospira). Reeve, Conch
Icon. f. 38a. .
49. Nerita signata,. McCleay. •(= reticulata, Kars.) Ibid. f.
44a. . . . ^
50. Nerita fragum, Rve. ( = 'reticulata, Kars.) Ibid. f. 41
51. 52. Nerita unidentata, H. et J. (== patula.) Voy. Astrol
etZel. t. 17, f. 6, 7, . ' .
53, 54. Nerita patula. Reel. Reeve, Icon. f. 84,
■"io. Nerita beaniaua, Reel. Ibid, f, 85 b.
56. Nerita dombeyi. Reel. Ibid. f. 71 b.
57. Nerita senegaleusis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 35, a.
58. Nerita largillierti, Phil. (=^ senegalensis.) Specimen.
Plate 4.
59. Nerita argus, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 53, b.
60. Nerita anthracina. Abbild. Neuer. Conch, i, t. 1, f. 9,
61. Nerita maculata, Pse. Specimen. .
62. Nerita fulgurans, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 51, b.
63. Nerita pra}cognita, x\d. Ibid. f. 30, a.
64. Nerita antillarum. Thes. Conch, f. 54, .
Qo. Nerita albipunctata, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 61, a,
66, 67. Nerita l)ernhardi, Reel. Ibid. f. 57,
()8. Nerita genur.na, Rve. Ibid. f. 77, b.
69. Nerita bernhardi, Reel. Specimen.
70. Nerita granulata (= Bernhardi). Concli. Icon. f. 7
71. Nerita tessellata, Gmel. Ibid. f. 43, b,
72. Nerita comma-notata, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f.
73. Nerita listeri, Reel. (=- tessellata.) Ibid. f. 36, a.
74. Nerita nivosa, Rve. (= tessellata.) Ibid. f. 66 a.
75. 76. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Thes. Conch, f. 30, 31,
77. Nerita peloronta, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 8, b
78, 79. Nerita versicolor, Gmel. Ibid. f. 56,
Plate 5.
80. Nerita versicolor, Gmel. Specimen.
81, 82. Nerita plicata, L. Couch. Icon. f. 42,
83. Nerita ringens, Rve. (= plicata.) Ibid. f. 75,
84. Nerita costata, Chemn. Ibid. f. 6, b.
9, a,
72, b
25
27
27
97
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 293
FIGURE. PAGE.
85. Nerita grossa Linn. Ibid. f. 10, a .28
86. Nerita quadricolor, Gmel. Ibid. f. 4, o. . . . .29
87. Nerita leguillouana, Reel. (= iindata.) Ibid. f. 15, a. . 28
88. Nerita savieana. Reel. Ibid. f. 87, h 28
89. Nerita crassa. Old. Moll. Wilkes Exped. f. 195, a. . 28
90. Nerita novse-guinea^, Less. Conch. Icon. f. 59, b. . .28
91. Nerita chrysostoma, Reel. Ibid. f. 18, . . . .28
92. Nerita aurantia, Reel. Ibid. f. 49, a, . . . .28
93. Nerita grisea, Rve. Ibid. f. 19, « 28
94. Nerita essingtoni, Rve. Ibid. f. 29, a, . . . .29
95. Nerita funicula, Rve. Ibid. f. 9, 29
Plate (3.
96. 97. Nerita oleagina, Rve. ( = spenglei'iana). Conch
Icon. f. 47, .
98. Nerita spengleriana, Reel. Ibid. f. 73, a,
99. Nerita incnrva, jMart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 14,
100. Nerita erubescens, Rve. (= striata). Conch. Icon. f. 54o
1. Nerita neritopsoides, Rve. (^= striata.) Ibid. f. 69, b,
2. Nerita grayana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 7, f. 10,
3. Nerita grayana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 33, a,
4. Nerita annulata, Rve. (= chaniaeleon.) Ibid. f. 78, a,
5. Nerita ornata, Sowb. (= scabricosta.) Ibid. f. 3, b,
6. Nerita deshayesii, Reel. (= scabricosta.) Ibid. f. 7, a,
7. Nerita polita, Linn. Ibid. f. 2, a, ...
8-11. Nerita rumphii, Reel. Ibid. f. 62,
Plate 7.
12. Nerita polita, Linn. A^oy. Astrolabe, t. 65, f. 31, .
13,. 14. Nerita polita, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 2,
15, 16. Nerita rumphii. Reel. Ibid. f. 62, .
17. Nerita autiquata. Reel. Ibid. f. 5. b, . . .
18. Nerita undaasiana, Krauss. Thes. Conch, f. 125,
19. 20. Nerita orbignvana. Reel, (^polita.) Conch. Icon. f.
58, a, . ^ '. . •
21. Nerita aurora, Dkr. Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 12.
22. Nerita guamensis, Quoy. (;= rumphii.) Voy. Astrol. t.
65, f. 45,
23. Nerita doreyana, Quoy. (.= rumphii.) Ibid. t. Qo, f. 43,
24. Nerita maxima, Gmel. Conch. Icon. f. 18, b,
25. Nerita obatia, Reel. Jour, de Conch, ii, t. 5, f. 4, .
26. Nerita bisecta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 39, b,
27. Nerita ascensionis, Chemn. Ibid. f. 14, b,
28. Nerita alveolus, H. et J. (=^ fulginata,) Vov. Astrol. et
Zel. t. 17, f. 8, ■.
29. Nerita birmanica, Phil. (:== lineata.) Thes. Conch.
82, .......... 32
294 EEFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
30. Nerita punctata. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 41, . . 29
31. Nerita georgiua, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 74, b, . . .33
Plate 8.
32. Nerita lineata, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 13, a, . .32
33. Nerita balteata, Rve. (= lineata.) Ibid. f. 28, a, . .32
34. Nerita excavata. Thes. Conch, f. 84, . . . . 20
35. Nerita filosa, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 48, b, ... 32
36. 37. Nerita cerostoma, Trosch. Archiv. fiir Naturg. t. 5,
f. 5, 1852, 32
38. Nerita gemmulata, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 40, a, . .32
39. Nerita Sfulginata, Rve. Ibid. f. 50, b, 32
40. Nerita atrata, Rve. Ibid. f. 16, b, . . . .26
41. Nerita carbonaria, Reel. (= morio.) Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 5, 33
42. Nerita nigerrima, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 11, i, . . 23
43. Nerita achatina, Rve. (= nigerrima.) Ibid. f. 68, a, . 23
44. Nerita atramentosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 25, a, . . .26
45. Nerita essingtoni, Reel. Jour, de Couch, i, t. 11, f. 9, . 33
46. Nerita neritinoides, Rve. (=^ morio.) Conch. Icon. f. 17,
b, 33
47. Nerita picea. Reel. Ibid. f. 20, 6, 33
48. Nerita iucerta, Busch. Abbild. i, t. 1, f. 6, . . . 25
Plate 9.
49. 50. Nerita samoensis Dkr. Couch. Icon. f. 80, . . 34
51. Nerita afhnis Rve. Ibid. f. 81, 34
52. Nerita obscura H. et J. (= picea.) Vov. Astrol. et Zel.
t. 17, f. 2 ^. . . .33
53. 54. Nerita vitieusis H. et J. (^= affiuis.) Ibid. t. 17, f. 3,
4, 34
55. Nerita voldii Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 82o, . . .27
56. Nerita haustrum Rve. (= yoldii.) Ibid. f. 34, b, . .27
57. Nerita peruviana Phil. (= yoldii.) Abbild, I. t. 1, f. 4,. 27
58. Nerita japonica Dkr. (= pica.) Thes. Couch, f. 112, . 34
59. 60. Nerita pica, Gould. Specimen, . . . .34
61. Nerita vexillum Rve. Conch, Icon. f. Go, . . .34
62. Nerita stricta Bd. Thes. Couch, f. 118, ... 34
63. Nerita albipunctata. Ibid. f. 118, . . . .24
64. 65. Nerita arcta Homo. et. Jacq. Voy. Astr. et Zel. t. 16,
f. 12, 13, 34
66. Nerita electrina Rve. (= chamreleon.) Conch Icon. f. 10, 20
67, 68. Nerita uovpecaledonifeBd.(= stricta.) Vov- Curacoa,
t. 38, f. 12, 13, '. . . 35
69. Nerita scalpta. Conch. Icon. f. 31, b, . . . .24
70. Nerita bullula Rve. (= picea.) Ibid. f. 76, . . 33
71. Nerita helicinoides Rve. Ibid. f. 80, b, ... 25
72. Nerita pellis-serpentis Rve. (= helicinoides.) Ibid f. 83, 25
73. Nerita wiuteri Phil. Abbild. I, t. l,f. 10, . . . 25
REFERENCE TO PLATES, 295
FIGURE. PAGE.
74. Nerita insculpta Rve. (= picea.) Conch. Icon. Neritiua,
f. 70, 6, . 33
75. Nerita morio Sowb. Ibid. Neritina, f. 43, h, . . 33
76. Nerita rudis Pse. (= pica.) Am. Jour. Conch. III. t. 24,
f. 4, 34
Plate 10.
77. Neritina gagates Lam. Kiister, Couch. Cab. t. 11, f, 12, 35
78. Neritina gagates var. minor. Ibid. t. 10, f. 18, . . 35
79. Neritina gagates var. subplanospira. Ibid. t. 13, f. 8, . 35
80. Neritina uatalensis Rve. Ibid. t. 11, f. 11, ... 35
81. Neritiini natalensis Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 75, h, . . 35
82-84. Neritina variegata Lesson. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 10,
f. 12,16,17, 35
^5, 86. Neritina cuvieriana Reel. (= variegata.) Couch.
Icon. f. 87, a,h, 36
87. Neritina ziczac Sowb. Kiister, Conch Cab, t. 10, f. 20, . 36
88, 89. Neritina ziczac Sowb. Ibid. t. 2, f. 6, 7, ' . . 36
90. Neritina ziczac var. interstitialis. Ibid. t. 10, f. 23, . 36
91. Neritiua serrulata, RecL (ziczac.) Conch. Icon. f. 55, . 36
92. Neritina ziczac, Sowb. var. triangularis. Ibid. f. 32, a, . 36
93. Neritina zebra, Brug. var. lineohita. Kiister, Conch.
Cab. t. 10, f. 1, 37
94. Neritina zebra, Brug. Ibid. t. 10, f. 3, . . . . 37
95. Neritina sobrina. Reel, (zebra.) Conch. Icon. f. 40, b, . 37
^6. Neritina smithi, Sowb. Ibid. f. 42, a, . • . .37
•97, 98. Neritina fulgurata, Desh. (= gagates.) Moll. Re-
union, t. 10, f. 1, 2, 35
Plate 11.
99. Neritina aterrima, Koch. Couch. Icon. f. 78, . . 40
100. Neritina aquatilis, Rve. (= ziczac.) Ibid. f. 73, b, . 36
1. Neritina turrita, Chenni. Ibid. f. 31, 6, . . . . 37
2, 3. Neritina turrita, Chemn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 11, f.
21,23, 37
4. Neritina semiconica. Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 36, a, . . 37
5. Neritina jovis, Reel. (=; ziczac.) Ibid. f. 117, a, . . 36
6. Neritina plumbea, Martens (not Reel.) (= gagates).
Kiister, Couch. Cab. t. 11, f. 13, . . . . .35
'7, 8. Neritiua plumbea, Reel. Thes. Couch, ii, t. 112, f. 119,
120, 37
9. Neritina moquiuiaua, Reel. (= natalensis.) Jour, de
Conch, i, t. 7, f. 9, 35
10. Neritina roissyana, Reel. Kiister, Couch. Cab. t. 11, f.
14, . . . . 38
11. Neritiua cuprina, Reel. (= roissyana.) Conch. Icon. f.
97, a, 38
296 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
12. Neritina chrysocolla, Gkl. (= roissyana.) Moll. Wilkes
Exped. f. 188, . . . _ . . . . . 3S
13. Neritina navigatoria, Rve. (= roissyana.) Conch. Icon.
f. 102, a, .38
14. 15. Neritina turtoni. Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 13, f.
1,5, . : . .38
16. Neritina communis, Q. et G. Ibid. t. 2, f. 4, . . 38
17-22. Neritina communis. Conch. Icon. f. 88, . . . 38
Plate 12.
23, 24. Neritina pulchra, Sowb. (= variegata.) Conch. Icon.
f. Ill, a,b, 36
25, 26. Neritina reclivata. Say. Thes. Conch, ii, t. 116, f.
240,241, 39
27. Neritina reclivata, Say. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 10, f. 10, 39
28. Neritina striolata. Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 100, 6, . . 39
29. Neritina floridana, Shutt. Ibid. f. 85, . . . . 39
30. Neritina fulgetrum, Rve. Ibid. f. 103, . . . . -38
31-35. Neritina virginea, Linn. Thes. Conch, ii, t. 114, f.
232-239, 39
36. Neritina listeri, Pfr. (= virginea.) Ibid, ii, t. 116, f.
251, . . . . . . , . . .40
37-42. Neritina virginea Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f.
1-21, 39
43. Neritina virginea Lam. Thes. Conch. II, t. 116, f. 38, . 39
44, 45. Neritina elegantissima Hartm. (^ virginea.) Gastr.
Schweiz, t. 78, f. 7, 11, 39
46, 47. Neritina triserialis .Sowb. Conch. Icdn. f. 95, . . 40
48. Neritina wallacei Dohrn. Zool. Proc. t. 26, f. 1, 1861, . 40
49 Neritina poncheti Hombr. et Jacq. Vov. Astrol. et Zelee.
t. 17, f. 11, . . . . ' . . . .40
Plate 13.
50. Neritina adansoniana Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14,
f. 22,
51. Neritina adansoniana Reel. Thes. Conch. II, t. 116, f.
254, ...... . ^ . • . • .
52. 53. Neritina picta Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 19, f. 22,
24,
54, 55. Neritina picta Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 101, a, b,
56.' Neritina ualanensis Lesson. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 20
f.5,
57, 58. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 1, 7,
59, 60. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 17, 19,
61-63. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 9, 10, 12,
64-66. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 13, 14, 15,
67, 68. Neritina ualanensis var. Ibid. t. 20, f. 21. 23,
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 297
FIGURE. PAGE.
69, 70. Neritina nouletiana Gass. Moll Nouv. Caled. II, t.
8, f. 5, 41
71. Neritina modicella Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 10, f. 3, . 42
Plate 14.
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
72. Xeritina pupa Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 93, h,
73. Neritina pupa var. tristis d'Orb. Ibid. f. 93, e,
74. Neritina tristis d'Orb. (= pupa L.) Moll. Cuba. t. 17
f. 35, .
75. 76. Neritina reticulata Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 121, a, h
11. Neritina holoserica Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch. VII, t
^ 19,f. 1,
78, 79. Neritina godeffroyana Mouss. (= amoena.) Kiister
Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 4, 5,
80. Neritina amoena, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped, f. 192,
81. Neritina morosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. II, t. 8, f. 7, 43
82. Neritina obtusa Bens. Kiister, Conch. Cab. 1. 15, f. 11, 43
83. Neritina spiralis, Rve. (= obtusa.) Conch. Icon. f. 99. a, 43
84. Neritina guerini Reel. (= amoena.) Ibid. f. 128, h. . 43
85. Neritina guttulata, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. Ill, t. 4,
f. 4, : .^ 43
86. Neritina salmacida. Morel. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f. 5,
1879, _ . . . . . . . . . .43
87. 88. Neritina Morchiana, Dkr. Moll. Novara Exped. t.
2, f. 24, 43,
89. Neritina incerta, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4, f. 6, 44
90-93. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Conch. Icon. f. 90, . . 44
94. Neritina dubia, Chemn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 12, f. 4, 44
95. Neritina apiata. Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 98, b, . . .44
96. Neritina cornea, Linn. Ibid. f. 7, &, . ". . . 44
97. Neritina cornea, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 12, f. 18, 44
98. Neritina subsulcata, 8owl). Conch. Icon. f. 10, h, . . 45
99. Neritina subsulcata, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 12, f.
11, 45
100. Neritina chimmoi, Reeve, Ibid. t. 12, f. 8, . . . 45
1. Neritina savesi, Gassies, (=; cornea L.) Moll. Nouv.
Caled. iii, t. 3, f. 12, 45
Plate 15.
2-7. Neritina danubialis, Miihlf. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 3,
f. 7-29, 45
8. Neritina danubialis var. serratilinea, Zgl. Ibid. t. 22, f.
3, 46
9. Neritina danubialis var. chrysostoma, Kutsch. Ibid. t. 22,
f. 1, . . . . ■ 46
10. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 125, b, . . 46
11-25. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 21,
f. 1-16; t. 3, f. 33, 46
.298 reference to plates.
Plate, 16.
ariGURE. PAGE.
26, 27. Neritina trausversalis, Zgl. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
22, f. 5, 7, 47
28. Neritiua doriaj, Issei. Ibid. t. 21, f. 22, ... 47
29, 30. Neritiua liturata, Eichw. Ibid. t. 21, f. 24-26, . 47
31, 32. Neritina beldreichi, Schw. Ibid. t. 22, f. 9, 10, . 47
33, 34. Neritina varia, Zglr. Ibid. t. 21, f. 17, 19, . . 47
So, 36. Neritina meridionalis, Phil. Ibid. t. 22, f. 11, 13, . 48
37. Neritina nigrocserulea, Parr. Ibid. t. 22, f. 14. . . 48
38. Neritina elongatula, Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f. 16, . . 48
39. Neritiua elongatula, var. violacea. Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f.
18 48
40. Neritina lutesta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 137a, ... 48
41. Neritina hispalensis, v. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 22,
f. 20, 48
42. 44. Neritina guadianensis. Morel. Ibid. t. 22, f. 22, 24, 49
43. Neritina guadianensis, var. valentina, Graells. Ibid. t.
22, f. 25, . . 49
45. Neritina callosa, Desh. Ibid. t. 22, f. 27, . . . 49
46. Neritina prevostiana. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 3, f. 3, . 48
47. Neritina baetica, Lam. Ibid. t. 23, f. 1, . . .49
48. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 4, f. 21, . • . 49
49. Neritina sardoa, Mke. Ibid. t. 23, f. 3, . . .49
50. Neritina peloponnesia. Reel. Ibid. t. 3, f. 15, . . 50
51. 52. Neritina numidica. Reel. Ibid. t. 23, f. 5, 8, . . 50
Plate 17.
■53. Neritina syriaca, Bourg. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 9, 50
54-56. Neritina hidalgoi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 2,
1880, . . " 49
57. Neritina pallida, Dkr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 11, 50
-58-60. Neritina schultzii, Grimm. Ibid. t. 23, f. 13, 15, 17, 50
61. Neritina panayana, Reel. Ibid. t. 23, f. 17, . . . 50
62. Neritina baconi, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 127, a, . . 51
63. Neritina afi-icana. Parr. (= nilotica.) Ibid. f. 138, b, . 51
64. Neritina nilotica, Rve. Ibid. f. 157, b, . . . .51
■65. Neritina euphratica, Mouss. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15,
f.9, 51
66. Neritina jordani,Sowb. Ibid. t. 2, f. 15, ... 51
67. Neritina jordani, Sowb. Couch. Icon. f. 129, a, . . 51
68. Neritina anatolica var. hausknechti, Mart. Ibid. f. 148, a, 52
•69. Neritina anatolica var. boissieri, INIart. Kiister, Conch.
Cab. t. 3, f. 5, 52
70. Neritina anatolica var. olivieri. Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 18, . 52
71. Neritina anatolica var. bellardii, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 25, 52
72-74. Neritina macrii, Reel. Ibid. t. 4, f. 12 ; t. 13, f. 13,
28, 52
75. Neritina mesopotamica, Mouss. Ibid. t. 13, f. 20, . . 52
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 299
FIGURE. PAGE.
76. Neritina cinctella, Martens. Ibid. t. 18, f. 22, . . 52
77. Neritina perottetiana. Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 124, a, . 53
78. Neritina colnber, Tliorpe. Conch. Incl. t. 157, f. 10, . 53
79. Neritina jayana, Reel. Jour, de Conch, i, t. 7, f. 13, . 53
50. Neritina neritoides. Zool. Proc. t. 33, f. 19, 1881, . . 56
51, 82. Neritina showalterii, Lea. Obs. Gen. Unio. ix, t. 35,
f. 78, . . ,53
83. Neritina succinea, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 158, a, . . 54
■84. Neritina rubida, Pse. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 19, . 54
Plate 18.
85. Neritina rubida, Pse. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 20, 54
S6. Neritina consimilis, Mart. Ibid. t. 23, f. 25, . . . 54
ST. Neritina nianoeli, Dohrn. Ibid. t. 23, f. 21, . . . 54
SS. Neritina viridis, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 153, a, . . 54
<S9. Neritina rangiana. Reel. Ibid. f. 142, a, . . .55
W. Neritina rangiana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 23, f. 27, 55
^1, 92. Neritina viridissima, = rangiana. Ann. Mus. Geneva,
xix, t. 1, f. 10, 11, 55
D3. Neritina souverbiana, INIontr. Moll. Nouv. Caled. i, t. 8,
f. 7, 55
94, 95. Neritina pulcherrima, Angas, (^= souverbiana.) Zool.
Proc. t. l,f. 25, 1871, 55
96, 97. Neritina semen, Tap-Can. (^^= souverbiana.) Ann.
Mus. Genova, xix, t. 1, f. 8, 9, 55
■98. Neritina paulucciaua, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. ii, t.
8, f. 6, 55
99. Neritina paulucciana, Gassies. Specimens, . . .55
100, 1. Neritina suavis, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4,
f. 10, 56
2-5. Neritina glabrata, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 134, 135, . 56
6. Neritina canalis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 13, 57
7. Neritina canalis, 8owb. Conch. Icon. f. 1, a, . . .57
8. Neritina ovalis, Sowb. Ibid. f. 17, 6, . . . . 57
9. Neritina larga, H. et J. (:^ pulligera.) Voy. Astr. et
Zel. t. 17, f. 18 57
10. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Voy. Astrol. t. 65, f. 1, . . 56
11. Neritina pulligera, Linn. Conch. Icon. f. 9, a, . . 56
12. Neritina petiti. Reel. Ibid. f. S, b, 57
13. Neritina californica, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, b, . . .58
Plate 19.
14. Neritinaexpausa, Gassies. (= petiti.) Moll. Nouv. Caled.
iii, t. 4, f. 3, 58
15. Neritina bruguieri, Reel. (= petiti.) Conch. Icon. f. 46, b, 58
16. Neritina knorri, Rve. (-= pulligera.) Kiister, Conch. Cab.
t. 8, f. 4, 57
300 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
17. Neritina beckii, Reel. (= pulligera, Var.) Conch. Icon.
Ill, a, ......... 57
18. Neritina cryptospira, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 8, f.
10, . . . . . . . . . . 57
19. Neritina lenorniandi, Gassies. MolL Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 8,
f. 2, 58
20. 21. Neritina cornuta, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 63, n, b, . 58
22, 24. Neritina conglobata. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
8, f. 7, 8, . . . . . . , . .57
23. Neritina iris, Mouss. Ibid. t. 9, f. 5, . . . . 58
25. Neritina knorri, Rve. (= Beckii Reel.) . . .58
26. Neritina sangiiinea, Sowb. Conch. Icon. f. 44, a, . . 58^
27. Neritina squamipicta, Reel. Ibid. f. 4, a, . . .58-
28. Neritina powisiana, Reel. Ibid. f. 76, b, ... 59-
29. Neritina iramersa. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 18, 59'
30. 31. Neritina aspernlata, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 45, a, b, . 59-
Plate 20.
32. Neritina arcifera, ^M/irch. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 28, 59'
33. Neritina piperina (= pennata). Conch. Icon. f. 19, b, . 5^
34. Neritina hieroglyphica, Watteb. Jour, de Conch, t. 3, f.
1, 1886, . . . 59'
35. Neritina solomonensis Rve. (= iiorcata.) Conch. Icon.
f. 106, b,
36. Neritina spiralis, Mart. (== sulculosa.) Kiister, Conch.
Cab. t. 8, f. 24,
37. 38. Neritina punctnlata. Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 48, a, b, . 60
39. Neritina eassiculum, Sowb. (= punctnlata.) Ibid. f. 118,
b, • ... 60
40. Neritina bahiensis. Reel. (= punctnlata.) Jour, de Conch.
i, t. 7, f. 10, 60
41. Neritina turbida, Morel. (-= punctnlata.) Conch. Icon.
f. 133, b, .60
42. Neritina listen, Rve. (= afra.) Ibid. f. 71, b, . . 61
43. 44. Neritina rubricata, Morel. (= afra.) Kiister, Conch.
Cab. t. 13, f. 9, 11, 61
45. Neritina fraseri. Reeve. Conclu Icon. f. 113, 6, . . 61
46. Neritina sandalina. Reel. Ibid. f. 58, b, ... 61
47. Neritina choleriea, Gld. (= sandalina.) Moll. Wilkes,
Exped. f. 187, . . 61
48. Neritina vanicorensis (= sandalina.) Vov. Astrol. et
Zel. t. 17, f. 30, . . . . . ■ . . .61
49. Neritina adumbrata, Rve. Couch. Icon. f. 57, a, . . 61
50. Neritina marehionata, Rve. Ibid. f. 12, b, . . .62
Plate 21.
51. 52. Neritina granosa, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f.
1,2, . 63
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 301
■FIGURE. PAGE.
53. ISTei'itina labiosa, Sowl). Conch. Icon. f. 3, b, . . 62
54, 55. Neritina planissima, IMouss. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
9, f. 1,2, . 62
56, 57. Neritina macgillivrayi, Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 16, a, b, 62
58, 59. Neritina auriculata. Lam. Ibid. f. 83, a, b, . . 73
60. Neritina subauvicuhita, Reel. Ibid. f. 80, a, . . .73
61, 62. Neritina rostrata, Rve. Ibid. f. 151, a, b, . . 73
63. Neritina hiyardi, Rve. Ibid. f. 105, a, . . . . 73
64, 65. Neritina rubicunda, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
j3,f.21,22, 73
66, 67. Neritina taheitensis Less. Conch. Icon. f. 62, a, b, . 73
68, 69. Neritina christovalensis Rve. Ibid. f. 150, a, b, . 74
'70. Neritina bicanaliculata Reel. Ibid. f. 79, b, . . 74
Plate 22.
71. Neritina vespertina Nntt. (^ tahitensis.) Conch. Icon. f.
61, fl, . 73
72. Neritina himarckii Desh. (= tahitensis.) Moll. Wilkes
Exped. f. 180, 73
73. Neritina sandwichensis, Rve. {= tahitensis.) Conch. Icon.
f. 82, 6, ; . . . 73
74. Neritina lecontei, Reel. Jour, de Conch, iv, t. 8, f. 3, . 74
75. Neritina lecontei, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 9, f. 22, 74
76. Neritina novre caledoniee, Rve. (= lecontei.) Conch. Icon.
f. 107, a 74
77. 78. Neritina aciculata, iNIorch. Ibid. f. 108, a, b, . .74
79-81. Neritina cariosa, Grav. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 6, f.
1, 2; t. 4, f. 9, . : 75
82. Neritina niauritii. Lesson. Ibid. t. 6, f. 8, . . .75
83. Neritina lui^nibris, Sowb. r= cariosa.) Conch. Icon. f.
mx . " . . . ^ 75
84. Neritina lifouana, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled, iii, t. 3, f.
10,^ 75
85. 86. Neritina dilatata, Brod. Couch. Icon. f. 81, a, b, . 75
87. Neritina latissima, Brod. Ibid. f. 13, b, ... 76
88. Neritina latissima, Brod. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 6, 76
89. Neritina intermedia, 8o\vb. Conch. Icon. f. 14, a, . . 76
90. Neritina oweniaua. Gray. Ibid. f. 59, a, ... 76
91. Neritina latissima, var. pilsbryi, Tryon. Specimen, . 76
Plate 23.
92, 93. Neritina Fontaiueana, d'Orb. Yoy. Amer. merid, t
76, f. 14, 15, . . . . \
94. Neritina guayaquilensis, Sowb. (= fontaiuiana.) Conch
Icon. f. 103, b,
95-99. Neritina crepidularia, Lam. Thes. Conch, t. 113, f.
139-143,
76
76
77
302 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
100. Neritina depressa, Bens. (= crepidularia.) Ibid. t. Ho,
f. 147, .......... 77
1. Neritina siquijorensis, Reel. (^ crepidularia.) Ibid. t.
113, f. 145, . . . ^ 77
2. Neritina montrouzieri, Gassies. (:= crepidularia.) Moll.
Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 4, f. 7, 77
2, 4. Neritina longispina, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 21, a, c, . 63
5. Neritina mauritiana. Morel. Specimen, . . .63
6. Neritina spinosa, Budgin. Conch. Icon. f. 52, a, . . 63
7. Neritina spinosa, var. inermis. Kiister, Conch. Cab. 1. 15,
f. 15, 64
8. 9. Neritina souleyetana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 115, a, b, 64
10. Neritina recluziana, Guill. (= souleyetana.) Ibid. f. 53, b, 64
11. Neritina madecassiua, Morel. Kiister, Couch. Cab. t. 16,
f. 1, 64
12. Neritina donovana. Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 25, a, . . 65
13. Neritina donovana, (= diadema.) Ibid. f. 25 c, . . 65
14. Neritina spiuifera, (= diadema.) Ibid. t. 49, a, . . 65
15. Neritina diadema, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 15, f. 24, 64
16. Neritina corona, L. (^= brevispina.) Conch. Icon. f. 27, c, 65
17. 18. Neritina subgranosa, Sowb. (= brevispina.) Ibid. f.
24, 6, c, 65
Plate 24.
19. Neritina bi-evispina, Lam. Conch. Icon. f. 28, . . 65
20. Neritina corona, L. (=: brevispina.) Ibid. f. 27, a, . 65
21. 22. Neritina angulosa. Reel. Ibid. f. 51, a, b, . . 65
23. Neritina pritchardi, Dohrn. (= brevispina.) Kiister,
Conch. Cab. 1. 16, f. 24, 65
24. Neritina discors. Mart. (= angulosa.) Ibid. t. 17, f. 8, . 65
25. Neritina squamosa. Reel. (= squarrosa.) Conch. Icon.
f. 56, t, ^ . . .65
26. Neritina squarrosa, Reel. (= brevispina.) Kiister, Conch.
Cab. t. 36, f. 18, 65
27. 28. Neritina rugata. Reel. (= brevispina.) Conch. Icon.
f. 69, a, 6, 65
29, 30. Neritina rhvtidophora, Tap.-Can. Ann. Mus. Genova
xix, t. l,f. 5,6 66
31, 32. Neritina ruginosa. Reel. (= angulosa.) Kuster,
Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 19, 23, 65
33. Neritina aspersa, Reel. (= angulosa.) Concli. Icon. f.
114, a, 65
34. Neritina subrugata, Bd. (= angulosa.) Vov. Curacoa,
t. 38, f. 7, '. . . 65
35. 36. Neritina thermophila. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
17, f. 12, 13, 66
37. Neritina htemastoma, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 6, . . . 66
38, 39. Neritina chlorostoma, Brod. Conch. Icon. f. 94, a ,b, 66
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303
FIGURE. PAGE..
40. Neritina retropicta, Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 17, f.
20, . . . ■ 67
41. Neritina obtusa, Rve. (= retropicta.) Conch. Icon. f.
116,6, 67
42. Neritina castanea, Hombr. et Jacq. Kiister, Conch. Cab.
t. 17, f. 21, , . .67
43. 44. Neritina retusa. Morel. Jour, de Conch, iv, t. 11, f.
9, 10, 67
45. Neritina sowerbyana, Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 18, f.
1, 67
Plate 25.
46, 47. Neritina sowerbyana. Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
18, f. 8, 4, 67
48, 49. Neritina sowerbyana, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 89. a, e, 67
50, 51. Neritina pulchella, Reel. (= sowerbyana.) Ibid. f.
91, a, c, 67
52. Neritina avellana, Reel. Ibid. f. 64, . . . . 68
53-55. Neritina avellana. Reel. Kiister, Coneh. Cab. t 18,
f. 5,7, 8, 68
56. Neritina interrupta, Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 66, . . 68
57-59. Neritina faba, 8owb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 18, f.
14-16, 68
60. Neritina faba 8owb. Thes. Conch, t. HS, f. 221, . . 68
61. Neritina tritonensis, Guill. Conch. Icon. f. 68, b, . .69
62. Neritina lentiginosa, Rve. (-chlorostoma.) Ibid. f. 110, 6, 66
63. 64. Neritina nucleolus, Morel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 16,
f. 4, 8 Q8
65, 66. Neritina rarispina, Mouss. Moll. Java. t. 12, f. 6, 5, 69
67. Neritina subpunctata. Reel. (= bicolor.) Conch. Icon. f.
26, 6, 69
68. Neritina bicolor, Reel. Ibid. f. 5, 6, . . . .69
69. Neritina cajlata. Reel. (= bicolor.) Ibid. f. 67, a, . . 69
70. Neritina subocellata, Schep. (=olivacea.) Notes Leyden
Mus. vii, t. 4, f. 3, 70
Plate 26.
69
70
65
71. Neritina olivaeea. Reel. Conch. Icon. f. 2, .
72. Neritina dolium, Rve. Ibid. f. 15, b, . . .
73. 74. Neritina obscurata, (= brevispina.) Ibid. f. 23, a, b.
75. Neritina rugata, Gassies. CWallisii Mouss.) Moll. Nouv
Caled. i, t. 8, f. 3, .
76. Neritina flavovirens, Busch. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 19
f . 1
67. Neritina eyanostoma, Morel. Jour, de Conch, iv, t. 12, f.
1<), 70
78. Neritina spiniperda. Morel. Ser. Conch, ii, t. 6, f. 3, . 70^
69
70
304
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE.
79. Neritiua fuligiuosa, Buscb. Kiister, Concli. Cab. t, 19, f.
18,
80, 81. Neritiua aculeata, Gmel. Concb. Icon. f. 84, a, c,
82. Neritina circumvoluta, Reel. Ibid. f. 35, h, .
83. Neritini) siderea, Gld. (=r. cblorostoma.) MolL Wilkes
Exped. f. 190,
•84. Neritina dispar, Pse. (= cblorostoma.) Am. Jour. Concb
III. t. 24, f. 3,
^b. Neritina tristis, Rve. (= cblorostoma.) Concb. Icon. f.
144,
86. Neritina luctuosa, Reel. Kiister, Concb. Cab. t. 19, f. 21
37. Neritina peguensis, Blanf. Ibid. t. 19, f. 10, .
88. Neritina retifera, Bens. Thes. Conch, t. 116, f. 264,
89. Neritina miebaudi, Reel. (= retifera.) Ibid. 1. 115, f. 217
90. 91. Neritina dringi, Reel. Concb. Icon. f. 132, a, 6,
92. Neritina flexuosa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. Ill, t. 4
f.5, . .■
1)3. Neritina unidentata. Reel. Jour, de Concb. I, t. 7, f. 8,
.94, 95. Neritina comorensis. Morel. Ibid. t. 13, f. 156, 1877,
dQ Nerita antbracina, Buscb. Pbil. Abbild. 1, t. 1, f. 7,
Plate 27.
1. Navicella laperousi. Reel. Kiister, Concb. Cab. t. 1, f. 1,
2. Navicella porcellana, Rve. {^= borbonica.) Reeve, Conch.
Icon. f. 6, a, .
3. Navicella elliptica, Lam. (= borbonica.)
4. 5. Navicella cookii. Reel. (:= borbonica.)
h, .......
6. Navicella bimaculata, Rve. (= borbonica.)
7. Navicella api'ata, Sowb. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 22, b, .
8. Navicella affinis, Rve. (= borbonica.) Ibid. f. 15, a,
9. Navicella livida, Rve. (^ borbonica.) Ibid. f. 13, a,
10. Navicella depressa. Lesson (=^ borbonica, var.) Kiister,
Concb. Cab. t. 5, f. 3, .
11. Navicella depressa. Lesson (= borbonica, var.) Reeve,
Concb. Icon. f. 3, 6,
12. Navicella baustrum, Rve. (= depressa.) Ibid. f. 18, a, .
13. 14. Navicella sauguisuga, Rve. (= macroeepbala.) Ibid.
f. 17, a, 6,
15. Navicellla scaraba)us, Rve. (;== macroeepbala.) Ibid. f.
V2,b,
16. Navicella magnifica, Rve. (= macroeepbala.) Ibid. f.
16,6, • . .
17. 18. Navicella sculpta, v. Mart. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
2,f.5,6, . . .
Ibid. f. 10, a,
Ibid. f. 14, a,
PAGE.
70
70
71
66
71
71
71
71
72
72
72
72
99
80
78
78
. . 78
Ibid. f. 2, h, 78
78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
79
79
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 305
FIGURE. PAGE.
19. Navicella luzonica, Soul. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f.ll,b, . 79
Plate 28.
20. Navicella crepidaloiJes, Rve. (= luzonica.) Reeve,
Conch. Icon. f. 19, a, . . ; . . . .79
21. Navicella luzonica. Soul. var. compressa. Ki'ister, Conch.
Cab. f. 18, 79
22. Navicella luzonica, Soul. var. depressa. Ibid. t. 2, f. 11, 79
23. 24. Navicella parva, Mouss. (= macxocephala.) Ibid. t.
2, f. 20, 21, . 79
25, 2(3. Navicella bougainvillei. Reel. Reeve, Conch. Icon.
f. 30, rt, c, 79
27, 28. Navicella raacrocephala, Guill. Ibid. f. 28, a, c, . 79
29. Navicella cumingiana. Reel. Ibid. f. 7, 6, . . . 80
30, 31. Navicella janella, Reel. Ibid. f. 1, a, e, ... 80
32. Navicella janella. Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1, f. 18, 80
33. Navicella lentiginosa, Rve. (= janella.) Reeve, Conch,
Icon. f. 9, «, . ^ 80
34. Navicella laperousi. Reel. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 5, f. 12, 80
35. 36. Navicella lutea, Mart. Ibid. t. 6, f. 1, 3, . . 80
37, 39. Navicella freycineti, Reel. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 4,
a, b, c, . . . . . . . . .80
40, 41. Navicella psittacea, Rve. (= freycineti.) Ibid. f. 23,
a,b, 80
42, 43. Navicella junc^huhni, Herklots. Kiister, Conch. Cab.
t. 4,f. 13, 15', " 81
Plate 29.
44. Navicella suborbicularis, Sowb. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t.
(3, f. 7,_ 81
45, 40. Navicella orlueularis. Reeve. (= suborbicularis).
Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 5, a, b, . . . . . 81
47, 48. Navicella variabilis. Reel. (= suborbicularis). Kiister,
Conch. Cab. t. (3, f. 15, IG, 81
49. Navicella apiata, Gull. Ibid. t. 7, f. 3, . . . .81
50-52. Navicella clypeoluni, Reel. (= tessellata). Reeve,
Conch. Icon. f. 24, a-e, . . . . . .81
53, 54. Navicella variabilis, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 8, a, c, 81
55. Navicella insignis, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 21, b, 82
56. Navicella pulchella, Rve. (= tessellata). Ibid. f. 25, a, 82
57. Navicella tessellata, Lam. Ibid. f. 27, a, . : . 81
58. Navicella lineata, Lam. Ibid. f. 31, 6, . . . .82
59. Navicella eutrecasteauxi, Reel. (= tessellata). Ibid. f.
32, 6, . . . . . . ... .82
60. Navicella pictinata, Garrett. (= lineata). Specimen, . 82
61. Navicella eximia, Rve. (=-- reticulata). Reeve, Conch.
Icon. f. 26, 6, 82
62. Navicella reticulata, Rve. Ibid. f. 20, a, . . . 82
20
306 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGP,
63-65. Navicella cferulesceus, Reel. Ibid. f. 29, d, b, a, . 82
66. Navicella orientalis, Rve. (= caerulescens). Ibid. f. 33, a, 82
67. Navicella compressa, Bens. (= caerulescens). Kuster,
Conch. Cab. t. 8, f. 30, . . . . . . .82
68. Neritopsis radula, Linn. Woodward's Mannal, t. 8, f. 9, 82
Peate 30.
69. 70. Adeorbis plana, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, iii, t. 256, f.
3,4 83:
71. Adeorbis elegans, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 1, . . . 85
72. Adeorbis depressa, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 14, . .83
73. 74. Adeorbis striatella, Montr. Joui\ de Conch, t. 14, f.
7, 1870, 83
75. Adeorbis orbella, A. Ad. Thes Conch, t. 256, f. 16, . 83
76. Adeorbis clausa, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 14, . . . 83
77. Adeorbis japonica, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 256, f. 10, . . 83
78. Adeorbis adamsi, Fischer. Ibid. t. 256, f. 8, . . . 84
79. Adeorbis seguenzianus, Trvon. Zool. Proc. t. 4, f. 8,
1885, . . . . ■' 84
80. Adeorbis fragilis, G. O. Sars. Moll. Arct. Norway, t. 22,
f. 19, 84
81. 82. Adeorbis prominula, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, f. 23, 24, 84
83. Adeorbis nanula, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 32, . ... .84
84. Adeorbis trochula, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 13, . . . .84
85. 86. Adeorbis patruelis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 35, 36, . . 84
87, 88. Adeorbis subangulata, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 33, 34, . . 85^
89, 90. Adeorbis sinensis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 21, 22, . . 85
91, 92. Adeorbis nitida, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 9, 10, . . . 85
93, 94. Adeorbis carinata, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 18, 19, . • 85
95, 96. Adeorbis planorbula A. Ad. Ibid. f. 5, 6, . . 85
97. Adeorbis subcarinata, Mont. Ibid, f . 7 85
98. 99. Adeorbis angasi, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 37, 38, ... 85
99. (/, b, Adeorbis scaber, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 1,
f. 2, 86
100. Adeorbis vincentiana, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 40, f. 9, 1880, 86
1-3. Adeorbis tenuilirata. Smith. Specimen, . . .86
4, 5. Archvtrea suturalis, A. Ad. Thes. Couch, f. 27, 28, . 87
6. Archytiea delicatum, Phil. Moll. Pvei^^ Arct. Norv. t. 22,
f. 18a, '^ . ._ . .87
7. ArchytDea delicatum, var. expansuui, Sars. Ibid. t. 22, f.
17, a, 87
8. 9. Archvta^a corniculum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, f. 29, 30, 87
10, 11. Arciiytteadiaphaua, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 39, 40, . . 87
12, 13. Archvttea exquisitum, JefF. Ann. Mag. N. Hist, ii, t.
16, f. 8,' 1883, " . . .87
14. xVrchytsea granuluni, Brugn. Misc. Malacol, f. 25, . 87
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 307
FIGURE. PAGE.
Plate 31.
15, 16. Cyclostrenia anaglypta, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,
f. 28, 29, 88
17, 18. Cyclostrema micaiis, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 7, 27, . . 88
19, 20. Cyclostrema piilchella, Dkr. Dunker, Moll. Jap. t.
3, f. 5, . . . 88
21, 22. Cyclostrema Calameli, Joiiss. Guerin's Mag. t. 19,
f. 5,"1872, . , 88
23, 24. Cyclostrema marchei, Joiiss. Ibid. t. 19, f. 3, . . 88
25. Cyclostrema sculptilis, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 2,
f. 15, 1873, 88
26. Cyclostrema reeveana, Hinds. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 9, 88
27. 28. Cyclostrema cancellata, Marr. Thes. Conch, t. 255,
f. 5, 6, 89
29, 30. Cyclostrema eburuea, Nevill. Jour. Asiat. 8oc. xliv,
t. 8, f. 21, 22, 89
31, 32. Cyclostrema alveolatum, Jouss. Guerin's Mag. t. 19,
f. 4, 1872, 89
33. Cyclostrema schrammi, Fischer. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.
26, 89
34, 35. Cyclostrema ammonoceras, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t.
255, f. 21, 22, 89
36, 37. Cyclostrema excavata, Cpr. Ibid. f. 15, 16, . . 90
38, 39. Cyclostrema atomus, Issel. Mar. Rosso, t. 2, f. 11, . 90
40. Cyclostrema nevilli, H. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 28, f. 17, 1868, 90
41, 42. Cyclostrema militaris, Jouss. Guerin's Magazine, t.
19, f. 6, 1872, . . . . . . . .90
43-45. Cyclostrema areolatum, Sars. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv.
t. 34, f. 6, 90
46. Cyclostrema verrilli, Tryon. Trans. Conn. Acad, vi, t. 32,
^ f. 14, 90
47. Cyclostrema diaphana, Verrill. Ibid. t. 32, f. 16, . .90
Plate 32.
48. 49. Cyclostrema duukeri, Tryon. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.
23,24, 91
50, 51. Cyclostrema philippii, Issel. Savigny, Moll. Egypte,
t. 5, f. 33, '..':. 91
52. Cyclostrema verreauxii, Fischer. Jour, de Conch, vi, t.
10, f. 13, . . .91
53, 54. Cyclostrema cingulata, Phil. Savigny, Moll. Esi'ypte,
t. 5, f. 32, . ' '. . 91
55. Cyclostrema kievis, Kiener. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 3, . 92
56, 57. Cyclostrema biporcata, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255. f. 30, 31, 92
58. Cyclostrema duplicata, Lischke. Jap. Meeres Conch, iii,
t. 3, f. 9, 92
308 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
59, 60. Cyclostrema lactea, Jouss. (= Itevis.) Guerin's ISIag.
t. 19, f. 1, 1872, 92
,,61, 62. Cyclostrema Virginia?, Jouss. Ibid. t. 19, f. 2, 1872, . 92
68. Cyclostrema beani, Fischer (= angulata, Ad.). Jour.
de Conch, vi, t. 10, f. 12, 92
64, >do. Cyclostrema angulata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,
f. 1, 2, . . ". . 92
66-68. Cyclostrema tricarinata. Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 75, f.
26, 1871, 93
69. Cyclostrema sjihaeroides, S. Wood. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
Ix, t. 5, f. 3, 1842, . _ 98
70. Cyclostrema roseotincta. Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 75, f. 27,
'1871, 93
71. Cyclostrema carinata, H. Ad. Il)id. t. 23, f. 8, 1873, . 93
72. 73. Cyclostrema cingulifera, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255,
f. 13, 14, .93
74, 74a. Cyclostrema tatei, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 54, f. 10,
1878, 93
75, 76. Cyclostrema tornata, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.
19, 20, 94
77, 78. Cyclostrema sulcata, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 11, 12, . 94
79, 80. Cyclostrema exigua, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Del-
phinula, t. 5, f. 16, . . . . . . .94
81, 82. Cyclostrema watsoni, Tryon. Voy. Challenger, xv,
t. 8,f. 11, . . . ' . . ' .■ . . .94
Plate 33.
83. Cyclostrema conica, Watson. Voy. Challenger, xv, t. 8,
f. 9, . .■ . . ' 94
84, 85. Cyclostrema archeri, Tryon. Specimen. . . 89
87, 88. Cyclostrema diyisa, Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f. 39,
40,' 96
89, 90. Cyclostrema nivea, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 35, 36, . . 96
91, 92. Cyclostrema nigulosum, Jeff. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv.
t. 21, 1. 1, 96
93, 94. Cyclostrema basistriatum, Briignone. Moll. Reg.
Arct. Norv. t. 8, f. 8, 96
95. Cyclostrema minutum, JcfFr. Ann. Mas;. N. Hist. 5 ser.
xi, t. 16, f. 1, . . . . ^ . . . 96
96. Cyclostrema cutlerianum, Clark. Sowb. Ind. Brit Shells,
t. 11, f. 24, 96
97. Cyclostrema uitens, Phil. Ibid. t. 11, f. 23, ... 97
98. 99. Cyclostrema trochoides, Jeff. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv.
t. 8, f. 9, 97
100. Cyclostrema dalli, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad, v, t. 57,
f. 39, . . . . . . . . . .97
1. Cyclostrema ornatum, Verrill. Ibid, vi, t. 32, f. 17, . 97
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 309
FIGURK. PAGE.
2, 3. Cvcloj^treraa bvtliinoides, JefF. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 0,
18<S3, . . \ 97
4. Cyclostrema proxinia, Tryon. Trans. Conn, vi, t. 32, f. 15, 98
5. Cyclostrema affinis, Jeff'. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 5, 1883, . 97
6. Cvclostrema tenera, Jeff'. Ibid. t. 19, f. 2, 1883, . . 98
7. Cyclostrema similis, Jeff'. Ibid. t. 19, f. 4, 1883, . . 98
8. Cyclostrema valvatoides, JefF. Ibid. t. 19, f. 3, 1883, . 98
9. Cyclostrema josephi, Teuison-Woods. Specimen, . . 95
10. Cyclostrema siisonis, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . . 95
11. Cyclostrema weldii, Tenison-Woods. Specimen. . . 95
12. 13. Cyclostrema micra, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . 95
14, 15. Cyrdostrema corniiella, A. Ad. Thes. Concb. t. 255,
f. 37, 38, . . . . 95
16. Cyclostrema cyclotina, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 34, . . 99
17, 18. Cyclostrema subexcavata, Tryon. Voy. Challenger,
XV, t. 8, f. 10, . . . ' . . ' . . . 99
19. Cyclostrema semisulcata, Issel. Mar Rosso, t. 5, f. 6, . 99
Plate 34.
20, 21. Cyclostrema catenoides, Monts. Ann. Mus. Geneva,
ix, 417, 99
22. Cyclostrema semisulcata, Issel. Mar. Rosso, t. 5, f. 6, . 99
23, 24. Cyclostrema octolyrata, Carp. Ibid. t. 5, f. 5, . . 99
25, 26. Cvclostrema spirula, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 255, f.
32,33, 100
27. Cyclostrema subdisjuncta, H. Ad. Zool. Proc.t. 28, f. 18,
1808, . . ' . . . . . . . .100
28. Cyclostrema romettensis, Seguenza. Zool. Proc. t. 19, f. 7,
1883, 100
29. Cvcb)5treina nitidiuscida. Jeff. Ibid. t. 19, f. 9, 1883, . 100
30. Cyclostrema pruinosa, Jeff. Ibid. t. 19, f. 8, 1883, . .100
31. Vitrinella pura, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad, t.2, f. 13,
1873, 101
32. Vitrinella liricincta, Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 14, 1873, . 101
33. Vitrinella coelata, Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 16, 1873, . 101
34. Vitrinella nodosa Garrett. Ibid. t. 2, f. 17, 1873. . .101
35. Vitrinella ponceliana Folin. Meleagrin, t. 5, f. 7, . 101
36. Vitrinella parva C. B. Ad. Specimen, .... 101
37. Vitrinella decussata, Carp. Specimen, .... 102
38. Vitrinella monile, Carp. Specimen, . . . .102
39. Vitrinella subquadrata. Carp. Specimen, . . . 102
40. 41. Vitrinella helicoidea, C. B. Ad. Specimen, . . 102
42, 43. Vitrinella striata, d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, t. 18, f. 29, 31, 102
44, 45. Vitrinella anomala, d'Orb. Ibid. t. 18, f. 32, 33, . 102
46, 47. Teinostoma politum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256, f.
J3, 44, 103
48, 49, Teinostoma punctatum, Jouss. Gueriu's Mag. t. 18,
f. 5, 1872, 104
310 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURK. PAGE.
50, 51. Teiuostoma niorlieri, Jouss. Ibid. t. 18, f. 4, 1872, . 104
Plate 35.
52, 53. Teiuostoma caqjenteri, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256, f.
41, 42, 103
54, 55. Teinostoma couceutricum A. Ad. Ibid. t. 265, f. 45,
46, 103
56, 57. Teinostoma radiatum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 47, 48, . . 103
58, 59. Teinostoma lucidum, A. Ad. Ibid. f. 49, 50, . . 104
60, 61. Teinostoma amplectans. Carp. Ibid. f. 51, 52, . . 104
62, 63. Teinostoma substriatnm, Cai-p. Ibid. f. 53, 54, . 104
64, 65. Teinostoma diaphanum. Orb. Orb. Moll. Cnba, t. 18,
f.23,24, . . . . • 104
65«. Teinostoma tuberculosa. Ibid. t. 19, f. 29, .
66, 67. Teinostoma carinatum, Orb. Ibid. t. 18, f. 26, 27, . 104
68. Teinostoma solidum, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 75, f. 25,
1871, 105
69, 70. Teinostoma pusillum, C. B. Ad. Thes. Couch, t. 256,
f. 55, 56, 105
71-73, Teinostoma semistriata, d'Orb. Vov Cuba, t. 18, f.
20-22 \ ... 105
74. Teinostoma omalos, Foliu. Fonds de la Mer. I,.t. 23, f. 6, 105
75. Teinostoma costulatum, Foliu. Ibid. I, t. 29, f. 4, . . 106
76. 77. Teinostoma creuelliferum, A. Ad. Thes. Conch, t. 256,
f. 41, 42, 106
78. 79. Teinostoma obvoluta, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 255, f. 43, 44, 106
80-82. Teinostoma moreleti, Fischer. Jour, de Conch, t. 4, f.
I, 1877, 106
83, 84. Teinostoma australis, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 5, f. 16,
1877, 107
85, 86. Leucorhynchia caledonica, Crosse. Jour, de Conch.
t. ll,f. 4, 1867, 106
86«, 866. Leucorhynchia crossei, Tryon. Specimen, . . 106
Plate 36.
87. Liotia scalaroides, Rve. Conch. Icon. Delphinula, f.
II, c, 108
88. Liotia depressa, Rve. Ibid. f. 14, 6, .... 108
89. Liotia varicosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 12, b, . . . . 108
90. Liotia cidaris, Rve. Ibid. f. 27, 108
91. 92. Liotia peronii, Kien. Coq. Viv. Dclphin. t, 3, f, 5, . 108
93. Liotia hermauni, Dkr. r= peronii Ku.) Specimen. . 108
94. Liotia crassibasis. Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 48, f. 10, 1880, . 108
95. Liotia clathrata, Rve. Conch. Icon. Delph. f. 21, b, . 109
96. Liotia o-ranulosa, Dkr. Siidafr. Moll. t. 5, f. 28, . . 109
97. Liotia fenestrata. Carp. Thes. Conch, t. 478, f. 23, . 109
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 311
•FIGURE. PAGE.
98-100. Liotia semiclathratula, Schr. Ainurl. Moll. t. 16, f.
19-21, . . 109
1. Liotia acuticostata. Carp. Specimen. .... 109
2. Liotia cobijeiisis, Rve. (= cancellata Gray.) Reeve,
Delphiu. f. 22, " . . . 109
3. Liotia discoidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 15, a. .... 109
4. Liotia angasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch. 3d Ser. iv, t. 13,
f. 4, 110
5. Liotia speciosa, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 1, f. 26, 1871, . 110
6. Liotia asteriscus, Gld. Specimen, . . . . .110
7. 8. Liotia gowUandi, Brazier. Zool. Proc. t. 83, f. 1, 2,
1874, 110
9. Liotia radiata, Kn. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 24, «, . Ill
10. Liotia siderea, Rve. Ibid. f. 23, h 110
11. Liotia bellula, H. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 23, f. 7, 1873, . Ill
12. 13. Liotia crenata, Kn. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 19, . Ill
14. Liotia cancellata, Kn. (= Kiener, Phil.) Ibid. f. 25, a, 111
15. Liotia stellaris. Ads. & Reeve. Thes. Conch, t. 478. f. 14, 112
16. 17. Liotia muricata, Reeve. Conch. Icon. Delphin. f. 18, 112
18, 19. Liotia australis, Kien. Coq. Viv. Delphin. t. 4, f. 7, 112
20. Liotia annulata, Tenison- Woods. Specimen, . . . Ill
21. Liotia tamsiana, Dkr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. Delphin. t.
5, f. 9, • .112
Plate 37.
22. 25. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Conch. Icon, xiii, f. la,
19, . . . ■ 164
23. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 1, f. \a, . . 164
24. Phasianella venusta, Rve. (= austi-alis, Gmel.) Conch.
Icon. f. 2a, . . . . . . . . . 165
■26. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Ibid. f. le, . . .164
27, 28. Phasianella australis, (operculum.) Coq. Viv. t. 1, f.
a,h, . . . , . . . . . .164
■29-32. Phasianella vieuxii, Pavr. (= speciosa Muhlf.) Ibid.
t. 5, f. 2, . . / . . . . . .167
33. Phasianella vieuxii, var. spirolineata, Moll. Rouss., t. 40,
f. 14, 167
34, 35. Phasianella histrio, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 15, . . 166
36. Phasianella jaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . . . . 177
37, 38. Phasianella kochii, Phil. Ibid. f. 13, . . . 170
Plate 38.
39. Phasianella venosa, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Con. Icon. f.
5a, .165
40. Phasianella sanguinea, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. ob, 165
41. Phasianella ventricosa, Q. et G. Ibid. f. 66, . . . 165
42. Phasianella reticulata, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 7, . 166
43. Phasianella zebra, Rve. (= ventricosa.) Ibid. f. 4, .166
812 REFERENCE TO PLATES,
FIGURE. PAGE^
44. Phasianellajaspidea, Rve. Ibid. f. 11, . . . . 17&
45. Phasiauella sangiiinea, Rve. (= veutricosa.) Ibid. f. 3a, 165
46. Phasiauella bulimoides, Lam. (= australis.) Coq. Yiv.
t. 1, f. 1, 164
47. 48. Phasiauella rabeus, Lam. (= variegata Lam.) Ibid.
t. 4, f. 4, 179
49, 50. Phasiauella nivosa. Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 8a, 8e, . 179
51. Phasianella lentiginosa, Rve. (^= variegata, Lam.) Ibid.
f. 10a, 179
52. Phasianella australis, var. siibsanguinea, Pils. Specimen, 165
53. 54, Phasianella aethiopica, Phil. Con. Icon. f. V2b, 12c, 166
55. Phasianella fulgurata, Rve. (= variegata.) Ibid. f. 9, . 179
56, 58. Phasianella ])ulla, L. Ibid. £ 20, a, 5, e, . . . 168
59, 60. Phasianella pulla, L. Coq. Viv. t. 5, f. 1. . . 168
61, Phasiauella strigata, Rve. (= dubia.) Con. Icon. f. 19, . 169
62. Phasiauella perforata, PhiL Ibid. f. 17, . . . .172-
Plate 39.
63-66. Phasianella brongniarti, And. (= splendida Phil.)
Savigny, Moll. Egypte t. 5, f. 23, 24, . . . • 271
67, 68. Phasianella angasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch. 1864, t.
13, f. 5, . . , 180
69-72. Phasiauella compta, Gould. Specimens, . . . 173
73, 74. Phasianella wisemanni, Bd. Voy. Curacoa, t. 38, f.
3, 4, 181
75, 76. Phasianella his trio, Rve, Con. Icon. f. 15, a, b, .166
77-80. Phasianella tenuis, Mich. Moll. Rouss, t. 39, f. 1, 2, 168
81, 82. Phasiauella graeftei, Dkr. Specimen, . . . 181
83, Phasianella vitrasa^ Desh. Moll. Is. Reunion, t. 8, f. 8, . 169
84, 85. Phasiauella petiti. Craven. Bull. Soc. Mai. Belg.
xvii, t. 11, f. 3, 169
86-88. Phasiauella capensis, Dkr. Thes. Conch, t. 476, f.
34-36, . . . .^ 170
89, 90. Phasianella munieri, Velain. Arch. Zool. Exper. vi,
t. 4, f. 1, 2, . 176.
91. Phasiauella brevis, (= munieri.) Il)id. t. 4, f. 3, . .176
92. Phasianella rosea, Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, t. 13, f. 24, . 174
93. Phasianella virgo, Angas. Ibid. f. 25, .... 181
94. Phasiauella aethiopica, Phil. Con. Icon. f. 12a, . . 166-
95. Phasianella umbilicata, d'Orb. Specimen, . . . 171
96. Phasiauella unifascialis Kn. Coq. A^iv. t. 4, f. 2, . . 179
97. 98. Phasiauella variegata. Lam. Ibid. t. 4, f. 1, . . 179
99, 100. Phasianella xebrina, d'Orb. (= tessellata P. et M.)
Moll. Cuba, t. 19, f. 35, 36, 171
1, 2. Phasianella affinis, C. B. Ad. Specimens, . . . 170
3, 4. Phasianella umbilicata, d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, 1. 19, f. 32,
33, 171
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
313
f.7,
Plate 39a.
FIGURE.
5. Phasianella splendida, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 3, f. 6,
6, 7. Phasianella riibens, Lam. Ibid. t. 2, f. 11, 15,
8. Phasianella ("Helix") solida, Boru. Test. Mus
A^indob, t. 4, f. 2,
9. Phasianella flamniulata, Phil
10. Phasianella bicarinata, Dkr.
11. Phasianella amoenula, Phil.
12. Phasianella pei'forata, Phil.
13. Phasianella strigata, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 6,
14. Phasianella grata, Phil. Ibid. t. 3, f. 8, .
15. Phasianella ])ygmea, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 11,
16. Phasianella guttata, Phil.
17. Phasianella coturnix, Phil.
18. Phasianella fulgens, Koch.
19. Phasianella inconspicun, Phil. Ibid. t. 4, f' 16,
20. Phasianella pulchella, Reel. (= pulla, L.) Ibid, t
21. 22. Phasianella variabilis, Pse. Specimen,
23-25. Phasianella elongata, Krauss. Specimen, .
26-29. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen,
30, 31. Leptothyra verruca, Old. Specimen,
32. Leptothyra rubricincta, Migh. Specimen,
33. Leptothyra bacula, Carp. Specimen,
34. Turbo trochoides, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 58,
Conch. Cab. t. 4, f.
Ibid. t. 4, f. 10,
Conch. Cab. t. 7
Ibid. t. 4, f. 14, ,
Ibid. t. 4, f. 15,
Ibid. t. 4, f. 2,
Ibid, t. 4, f. 13,
Cc-es.
5, f.
179
166
180
176
180
172
168
179
174
175
166
175
175
168
176
168
247
257
257
248
207
Plate 40.
5. Phasianella fordiana, Pilsbry. Specimen, . . » • 173
6, 7. x\lcyna rubra, Pse. Con. Icon. f. . . . . 182
8, 9. Eucosmia brevis, d'Orb. Moll. Cuba. t. 20, f. 19, 20, 178
10, 11. Phasianella neritina, Dkr. Specimen, . . , 176
12. Alcyna occellata, A. Ad. Jour, de Conch. 1868, t. 4, f. . 182
13. Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 166, . . • 192
14. Turbo petholatus, L. Ibid. f. 12, 193
15. 16. Turbo variabilis, Rve. (=^ petholatus.) Ibid. f. 8, . 194
17. Turbo sarmaticus, L. Ibid. f. 15, . . . _ . .218
18. Turbo margaritaceus, Rve. (= argyrostomus.) Ibid. f. 29, 198
19. Turbo chrysostomus, L. Ibid. f. 28, . . . . 200
20. Astralium rugosum, L. Ibid. f. 26, .... 229
21. 22. Trochus viridis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 79^. 796, . Vol. xi.
Plate 41.
23. Turbo marmoratus, L. Conch. Icon. f. 2, . . .191
24. Turbo circularis. Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 466, . . . 214
25. 26. Euchelus asper, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 94, f. 3, Vol. xi.
27. Eutrochus scitulus, H. Ad. Ibid. t. 90, f. 3, . Vol. xi.
28. Calliostoma eximia, Rve. Ibid. t. 64, f. 1, . Vol. xi.
29. Calliostoma bicingulatum, Lam. 'Ibid. t. 64, f. 2, Vol. xi.
30. Calliostoma granatum, Chem. Ibid. t. 15, f. 1, . Vol. xi.
14
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
.•FIGURE. PAGE.
31-33. Trocliiis caviniferus, Beck. Ibid. t. 75, f. 1, 2, Vol. xi.
34. Calliostoiua doliariuui, Mart. Ibid. t. 16, f. 1, . Vol. xi.
35. Calliostoma meyeri, Phil. Ibid. t. 17, f. 2, . Vol. xi.
36. Calliostoma pellucida, Val. Ibid. t. 15, f. 2, . . Vol. xi.
37. Calliostoma moniliferum. Lam. Ibid. 16, f. 2, . Vol. xi^
Plate 42.
38. Turbo torquatus. (= stamineus.) Con. Icon. f. 256
39. Turbo versicolor. (= porphyrites.) Ibid. f. 19,
40. Turbo undulatus, Martyn. Ibid. f. 3rt, .
41. Turbo argvrostomus, L. Ibid. f. 7,
42. Turbo niger, Gray. Ibid. f. 49,
43. Turbo s])englerianus, Gmel. Ibid. f. 20,
44. Turbo nivosus. (= radiatus. ) Ibid. f. 43,
45. Turbo canaliculatus, Rve. (= crassus. Wood.) Ibid. f.
27, . . • • . • • • . • • •
46. Turbo nivosus, Rve. (= radiatus, Gm.) Ibid. f. 44,
47. Trochus liueatus. Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 28, f. 2, . Vol
Plate 43.
48. 49. Turbo fluctuosus, "Wood. Con. Icon. f.
48a, Turbo tessellatus, (= fluctuosus.) Con. Icon. f. 18
50. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Ibid. f. 4, .
51. Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Ibid. f. 23,
•52. Turbo japonicus, Rve. (== cornutus.) Ibid. f.
53. Turbo imperialis, Gmel. Ibid. f. 6,
54. Turbo lamellosus, (= foliaceus.) Ibid. f. 25, .
55. Troclius surgillatus, Reeve. Ibid. f. 85,
56. Euchelus gallina, Forbes. Coq. A-^iv. t. iii, f.
212
215
216
197
219
208
200
194
200
. xi.
57
58
59.
60
Trochus tenebricus, Reeve. (
Icon. f. 81, .....
Trochus sacellum, Phil. Var. Ibid. f. 78,
Trochus fastigiatus, Ad. Ibid. f. 88, .
Trochus cumingi. Ad. Ibid. f. 87,
sandwichensis. Soul.) Cc
Vol.
Vol.
on.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
Vol.
61, 62. Omphalius impressus, Jonas. Coq. Viv. t. 85, f. 2,
Vol.
Vol.
210
210
210
202
210
192
201
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi.
xi.
63. Ti'ochus textilis. Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 82, .
Plate 44.
64, 65. Turbo smithi, Sowb. Thes. Conch, f. 182, 183, . 206
66. 66a. Turbo squamatus, Ad. Sowb. Ibid. f. 88, . . 264
67. Turbo pyropus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 61, . . . . 263
68. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Ibid. f. 62, .... 206
69. Turbo gemmatus, Rve. Thes. Conch, f. 56, . . . 206
70. Leptotiivra pusio, Anton. Conch. Cab. t. 16, f. 10, . 260
71. Turbo bicolor, Sowb. Thes. Conch, f. 33, . . .198
72. Turbo splendidulus, Sowb. Ibid. f. 181, . . . 197
73. 74. Turbo parvulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 19, f. 15, 16, . 206
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 315
FIGURE. PAGE.
75. Turbo L-etus, Phil. Ibid. t. 17, f. 1, . . . .197
76. Turbo moluccensis, Phil. Ibid. t. 11, f. 5, . . . 203
77. Turbo ferrugineus, Ant. Ibid. t. 17, f. 7, . . . 199
78. Turbo cepoides, Smith. Thes. Couch, f. 65, . . . 193
79. Turbo quadriseriatus, Ant. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f. 8, . 204
80. Turbo pustulatus, Brocchi. Savignv, Desc. Egypte t. 5,
f. 262, '..... 207
SI. Turbo cernicus, Sowb. (=; Japonicus, Rve.) Thes. Conch.
f. 29, 197
Plate 45.
m, 89. Turbo castaneus, Gm. Coq. Yiv. t. 27, f. 1, 2, . 203
90. Turbo crenulatus (== castaneus.) Con. Icon. f. 38, . 203
91, 92 Coq. Viv. t. 36, f. 5,
93-95. Astralium sirius, Gld. AVilkes Exped. t. 12, f. 203, 233
96. Turbo artensis, Monti-. Jour, de Conch. 1861, t. 11, f. 5, 196
97. Turbo artensis, Montr. Coq. Viv. t. 37, f. 1, . . .196
98. Turbo articulatus, Rve. Con. Icon. t. 39, . . . 202
99. Turbo petholatus, var. caledonicus. Coq. Viv. t. 24, f. la, 199
100. Turbo margaritaceus, (= argyrostomus.) Ibid. t. 37, f. 3, 197
1. Phasiuella tessellata, var. concolor Ad. Specimen, . 171
Plate 46.
4. Turbo articulatus. Con. Icon. f. 41, . . . .202
5, 6. Turbo elegans, Phil. (= T. intercostaiis.) Coq. Viv. t.
41, f. 1, 202
7. Turbo pulcher, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 9, . . . . 203
8. Turbo argvrostomus, L. Coq. Viv. t. 7, f. 1, . . . 197
9. Turbo lamelliferus, (=foliaceus.) Ibid. t. 28, f. 1, . . 201
10. Turbo pustulatus, Rve. (= subcastaneus.) Con. Icon. f.
59, 204
11. Tnrbo subcastaneus, Pilsbrv. Specimen, . . . 204
12. 13. Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. Coq. Viv. t. 41, f, . . 219
14. Turbo elevatus, Souleyet. Vo}^ Bonite. t. 37, f. 15, . 219
15. 16. Elenchus peroni, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 50, f. 4, Vol. xi.
17. Elenchus peroni, Phil. var. Ibid. t. 51, f. 3, Vol. xi.
18. Turbo coronatus, var. Ibid. t. 28, f. 2, 216
Plate 47.
19. Turbo coronatus, var. coreensis Reel. Jour, de Conch.
1853, t. 8, f. 3, . 217
20. Turbo crassus, AVood. Coq. Viv. t. 11, f. 1, . . .194
21.. Turbo canaliculatus, Kn. (— - crassus.) Ibid. t. 21, f. 2, . 194
22. Turbo ticaonicus. Reeve. Ibid. t. 32, f. 2, . . . 202
23. Turbo spinosus, Gmel (= radiatus.) Con. Icon. f. 74, . 200
24. Turbo speciosus. Reeve. Coq. Viv. t. 33, f. 1, . . 201
25. Turbo carduus, Fischer. Coq. Viv. t. 42, f. 6, . . 198
26. Turbo sparverius, Gmel. Ibid. t. 21, f. 1, . . . 194
316
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
27. 28. Leptothyra, sangarensis Schrenck. Ibid. t. 39, f. 4, . 250
29. Elenchus leucostigma, Mke. Ibid. t. 52, f. 1, Vol. xi..
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44,
46.
47,
48,
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
59.
60.
61.
62,
64.
65.
Plate 48.
Turbo aurantius, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 27, f. 3, . . . 198
Turbo saxosus. Wood. * Con. Icon. t. 14b, . . . 211
Turbo saxosus, Wood. Coq. Viv. t. 16bis, f. 2, . .211
Turbo funiculosus, Kn. Ibid. t. 30, f. 1, ... 196
Turbo porcatus, Eve. Ibid. t. 35, f. 3, . . . .216
Turbo tursicus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 60, . . . . 230
Turbo filosus, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 13, f. 2, . . . . 205
Turbo cailleti, F. et. B. Ibid. t. 38, f. 3, ... 205
Leptothyra macandrewi, (= L. coelata.) Ibid. t. 39, f. 3, 255
Turbo granosus, Martyn. Ibid. t. 12, f. 1, . . . 213
Turbo regenfussi, Desh. Ibid. t. 18, f. 1, . . . 193
Turbo japonicus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 33, . . . 196'
Plate 49.
Turbo lajonkairii, De.sh. Coq. Viv. t. 17, f. 1, . . 199
Turbo squamiger, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 21, . . . 204
45. Turbo moltkianus. Specimen, ..... 204
Turbo torquatus, (^ stamineus.) Vov. Astrol. t. 60, f.
15, ' . . . . 212
Turbo heteroclitus, Kn. (=-- lamellosus, Brod.) Coq. Viv.
t. 5, f. 1 21.'^
49. Leptothyra sanguinea, L. Ibid. t. 39, f. 2, . . 249
Astralium petrosum, var. virescens, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch.
V, t. 8, f. 10, . . . . ._ . • ^. • ^ • 235
Elenchus fulmineus, Kn. (peroni Pliil.) Coq. Viv. t. 50,
f. 8, . . . .^ . . . . .. Vol. xi
Elenchus nitidus, Kien. (=r gracilis, Anton.) Ibid. t.
51, f. 2, Vol. xi
Turbo jourdani, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 18, .... 192
Plate 50.
Coq. Viv. t. 9, f. 2,
Ibid. t. 34, f. 1, .
Turbo fluctuosus, var. tessellatus, Kn
Turbo assimilis, Kn. (= fluctuosus.)
Turbo saxosus. Wood. Con. Icon. {'.....
Turbo lugubris, Kiener. (-- porphyrites.) Coq. Viv. t.
28, f. 3, . . . . ".
Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Ibid. t. 28, f. 2, .
Turbo coronatus, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 22, . . .
Turbo creniferus, Kn. (= coronatus.) Coq. Viv. t. 34, f.
Turbo coronatus, var. Ibid. t. 40, f. 4, .
63. Turbo cidaris, Gmel. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, . . .
Turbo stenogyrus, Fischer. Ibid. t. 41, f. 3, .
Turbo spenglerianus, Gmel. Ibid. t. 25, f. 1, .
211
211
211
215
215
216
217
21&
214
205
208
KEFEPvENCE TO PLATES.
317
Plate 51.
FIGURE. PACK.
1. Astralium lon!2;'ispma, Lam. Coq. Viv. t, 4, f. 1, . . 221
2. Astralium longispina, Lam. Specimen, .... 221
3. Astralium longispina, Lam. (juv.) Coq. Viv. t. 4, f. la, 221
4. 5. Astralium longispina, var. costulosum. Ibid. t. 5, f. 2, 222
6. Astralium longispina, var. spinulosum. Specimen, . . 222
7. Astralium longispina, var. costulosum. Coq. Viv. t. 5, f.
1,
8, 9. Astralium longispina, (A. orichalceum, Phil.) Conch
Cab. t. 41, f. 2,
10, 11. Astralium armatum, Phil. Ibid. t. 41, f. 1,
Plate 52.
12, 13. Astralium brevispina. Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 7, f. 2,
14, 15. Astralium papil latum, P. et. M. Ibid. t. 78, f. 3,
16, 17. Astralium papillatum, P. et. M. Galerie Moll. t. 30
f. 10, 11,
18. 19. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimens,
20. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Con. Icon. f. 31,
21, 22. Astralium babelis, Fischer. Coq. Viv. t. 78, f. 2,
23, 24. Leptothvra transenna, Watson. Challenger, Kept, t
6, f. 12, '
25, 20. Astralium henicum, Watson. Il)id. t. 6, f. 11, .•
27, 30. Astralium calcar, L. var. aculeatum. Coq. Viv. t. 23
f. 1,
28, 31. Astralium calcar, var. helicinum. Ibi<l. t. 23, f. 3,
29, Astralium calcar, var. aculeatum. Con. Icon. f. 52c.
222
222
222
222
225
225
224
224
238
262
235
232
232
232
32.
33.
34,
35.
37.
38.
39,
41.
42.
43,
45.
46.
47.
Plate 53.
laciniatuni, Gld.
Coq. Viv. t. 79,
Wilkes Exped.
Astralium calcar, var.
t. O, . ...
Astralium calcar, var. laciniatum, Gld.
Moll. t. 12, f. 204,
36. Astralium unguis. Wood. Conch. Cub. t. 46, f. 2,
Astralium unguis. Wood. Con. Icon. f. 50,
Astralium buschi, Phil. Ibid. f. 42. . . . .
Astralium buschi, Phil. Coq.. Viv. t. 14, f. 2,
40. Astralium olivaceus, AVood. Ibid. t. 13, f. 2, .
Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Conch. Cab. t. 32, f. 4, .
Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 43, .
44. Astralium guadaloupense, Crosse. Jour, de Conch.
1865,"t. 1, f. 10, 11, ;
iVstralium guadaloujDcnse, Crosse. S2:)ecimen,
Plate 54.
Astralium fimbriatum. Lam.
Astralium fimljriatun, Lam.
f. 6b, ....
Coq. Viv. t. 32, f. 2a. " .
Delessert, Recuel. etc. t. 34,
939,
232
242
242
241
241
241
240
240
226
226
239
239
318 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PAGE.
48, 49. Astraliiini fimbriatum, Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 82, f. 2, . 23^
50, 61. Astraliiun fiaibriatum, Lam. Ibid. t. 82, f. 3, . . 239
52. Astralium fimbriatum, var. s(]uamiferiim. Specimen, . 240
53, 54. Astraliiim fimbriatum, var. pileolum. Coq. Viv. t.
82, f. 1, 239
55. Astralium rotuhirium, Lam. Con. Icon. f. 48, . . 238
5Q. Astralium conf'ragosum, Gld. Wilkes Exped, t. 12, f.
202, 234
57, 58. Astralium litematragus. Coq. Viv. t. 78, f. 1, . . 236
59, 60. Astralium plicatospinosum, Pilsbry. Specimen, . 235
61. Leptothyra purpurata, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, f. 11, 251
62. Leptothyra cicer, Menke. Conch. Cab. t. 29, f. 24, . 254
Plate 55.
63. Astralium modestum, Rve. Coq. Viv. t. 109, f. 1, . 229
64. Astralium modestum, Rve. Ibid. t. 76, f. 1, . . . 229
65. Astralium modestum, var. girgyllus. Con. Icon. f. 53, 230'
66. Astralium chemnitzii, (=: stellare.) Moll. Voy. Venus,
t. 2, bis, f. la, 233
67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. 2, . . 232
68. Astralium stellare, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 61, f. 5, . 232
69. Astralium asterisous, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 44, . . . 233
70. Astralium imbricatum, Gmel. Ibid. f. 37, . . . 226
71. 72. Leptothyra amussitata, Gld. Specimen, . . . 250
73. Turbo proj^inquus, Hupe (= elevatus Soul.) Hist. Chili,
t. 45, f. 6, 219
Plate oQ.
74. Astralium calcai*. L. var. Specimen, .... 231
75. 76. Astralium calcar, var. planorbis. Specimen, . . 232
77. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 40, f. 5, . 225
78. Astralium cubanum, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 30, f. 2, . .225
79. 80. Astralium tuber, L. Ibid. t. 35, f. 1, . . . 223
81. Turbo cidaris. Ibid. t. 35, f. 1, 214
82. Turbo gruneri, Phil. (= circularis Rve.) Conch. Cab. t.
12, f. 7, . 214
83. Turbo natalensis, Krauss. Coq. Viv. t. 42, f. 5, . . 218
84. Turbo natalensis, Krauss. Con. Icon. t. 1, f. 1, . . 218
85. Astralium rugosum, L. Coq. Viv. t. 15, f. 1, . . 229
87. Astralium heliotropium, Martyu. Con. Icon. f. 30, . 228
Plate 57.
45, 46. Astralium coelatum, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 23, f. 1, . 224
48, 49. Astralium olfersi, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 22, f. 1, . 226
47. Astralium olfersi Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 77, f. 1, . . . 226
50. Turbo saxosum. Wood. Con. Icon. f. 14a, . . . 211
51, 52. Astralium ina}quale, Martyn. Coq. Viv. t. 14, f. 1, . 244
53. Leptothyra munda, A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, t. 23, f. 6, . 261
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 319"
FIGURE. PAGE.
54, 55. Leptothyra roseopiinctata, Angas. Ibid. 1880, t. 40,
f. 8, . ' . . 258-
56, 57. Leptothyra cunninghami, Smith. Ibid. t. 4, f. 10, . 249*
58. Leptothyra sanguinea, Foliu, (r=: folini.) Fouds de la
Mer., t. 9, f. 11, 252
59. Leptothvra granulosa, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch, iv, t. 11,
f. 4, "^ 259
60. Leptothyra maculosa, Pse. Ibid, iv, t. 11, f. 1, . . 256
Plate 58.
51. Leptothyra marginata, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 57, . , 248
52. Leptothyra marginata, Rve. Thes. Conch, f. 94, . . 248
52a, Leptothyra semilugubris, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9,
f. 9, . . ' 252
53. 54. Leptothyra californicus, Phil. Conch. Cab. 1. 16, f. 3, 260
55, 56. Leptothyra nanina. Souverbie. Jour, de Conch. 1875,
t. i3,f. 9, 259
57, 58. Leptothyra filifer, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 8, f. 12,
13, 254
59. Leptothyra pilula, Dkr. Specimen, .... 258
60. Leptothyra eroopolitanus. Savigny, Desc. Egypte, t. 5, f.
27, . . . 261
61. Leptothyra arsinoensis. Ibid. t. 5, f. 28, . . . 261
62. Leptothyra nuirreus, Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 54, . . 264
63. Astralium japonicuni, Dkr. Coq. Viv. t. 36, f. la, . 243
64. Astralium ja^jonicum, Dkr. Con. Icon. f. 23, . . 243
Go, 66. Astralium heimburgi, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 6,
f. 5, 7, . . . 238
67, 68. Astralium triuniphans, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 9, f. 2, . 228
69. Astralium undosum, Wood. Ibid. t. 12, f. 1, . . .243
70. x\stralium undosum. Wood, (juv.) Specimen, . . 243
Plate 59. (Opercula).
1, 2. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Specimen, .
3. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. Specimen, .
4. Turbo chrystomus, L. Specimen, .
5. 6. Astralium heliotropium. Mart. Voy. Astrolabe,
f. 3, 4, ' .
7. Turbo argyrostomus, L. (juv.) Specimen,
8. Turbo castaneus, Gmel. Specimen,
10. Turbo lajonkairii, Desh. Specimen,
11, 12. Turbo foliaceus, Phil. Voy. Astrol. et Zelee, t.
36,37, .....'...
13, 14. Turbo sarmaticus, L. Specimen.
15, 16. Turbo stamineus, Mart. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60,
18,
17. Astralium unguis, Wood. Specimen,
18-20. Astralium undosum, Wood. Specimen,
t. 61 ,
14, i
f.n;
197
217
200
228
197
203
199
201
218
212
242
243
S20
EEFEREXCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE.
21. Turbo marmoratus, L. Coq. Yiv. t. 1, .
22, 23. Astralium olfersii, Troschel. Ibid. t. 77, f. 1. la,
24, 25. Astralium oHvaceum, Wood. Specimeu, .
26. Astralium sulcatum, Mart. Specimen, .
27. Astralium buscbii, Phil. Specimen,
28. Asti'alium tentoriiforme, (see pi. 60, f. 46.) Specimen.
29. Turbo fiuctuosus, Wood. Specimen,
30. 31. Turbo saxosus, Wood. Specimen,
32. Turbo crassus, Wood. Si^ecimen, ....
PAGE.
191
226
241
242
241
210
211
194
Plate 60. (Opercula and Radul.e.)
33. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. Specimen, .
34. Turbo cornutus, Gmel. (juv.) Specimen,
35. Turbo s])englerianus, Gmel. Specimen, .
36. 37. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 60, f. 4, 5
38. Turbo tumidulus, Rve. Specimen,
39, 40. Astralium rugosum, L. Specimen, .
41. Turbo petliolatus, L. Specimen,
42, 43. Astralium tuber, L. Specimen,
44. Astralium ccx^latum, Gmel. Specimen, .
45. Astralium americanum, Gmel. Specimen,
46. Astralium tentoriiforme, Jonas. Specimeu,
47. Turbo ticaonicus, Rve. Specimen,
48. Astralium cul^anum, Phil. Specimen,
49. Turbo porphyrites, Martyn. Specimen, .
50. Astralium plicatospinosum, Pilsbry,
51. 52. Leptothyra amussitata, Gld. Specimen,
53. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen,
54, 55. Leptothyra sang-uinea, L. Specimen,
56. Leptothyra transenna, Watson. Chellenger, Rept,
57, 58. Astralium longispiua. Lam. Specimen, .
59. Astralium lienicum, Watson. Clialleuger Rept. t. f. lie,
60. Astraluim triumphans, Phil. Ads. Gen. Rec. Moll. t. 44,
61. Collonia margiiiata, Lam. (shell and operculum.) Desh.
Coq. Foss. t. 23, f. 18, 20, ... .
62. Collonia marginata. Lam. Woodwards' Manual, t. 10, f.
15,
63. Leptothyra picta, Pse. Am. Jour. Conch, t. 11, f. 3,
64. Astralium chemnitzi, Val. Voy. Venus t. 2 bis, f. 1,
65. Leptothyra lieta, IMontr. Specimen, . . . .
66. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. Specimen,
67. Astralium stellare, Gmel. xlstrolabe, t. 61, f. 6, 7,
68. 6Sa, Astralium insequale, Martyn. Specimen,
69. Tricolia fordiana, Pilsbry (jaws.) Specimen,
70. Orthomesus virgo, Angas. (central, 1st lateral, and 1st,
2d and 3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, . . .
71. Lithopoma americanum Gmel. (central tooth.) Specimen,
210
210
208
200
202
229
193
223
224
224
240
202
225
215
235
250
205
249
262
221
235
228
246
246
256
233
258
247
232
244
163
163
.186
REFERENCE TO PLATES.
321
der
FIGURK. PAGE.
72. Tricolia speciosa, Miihlf. (central, 1st lateral, 1st, 2d and
3d marginal teeth.) Specimen, ..... 163
73. Leptothyra carpenteri, Pilsbry. (central, 1st lateral, 6th,
7th, 8th, 11th and 12th marginal teeth.) Specimen. . 188
Plate 61. (Radul^.)
1. Phasianella australis, Gmel. Troschel, Das Gebiss
Schnecken ii, t. 18, f. 9,
2. Tricolia pulla, L. Ibid. t. 18, f. 10,
3. 4. Orthomesus lineolata. Lam. Ibid. t. 18, f. 1
5. Turbo argyrostomus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 4,
6. Turbo radiatus, Gm. Ibid. t. 19, f. 7a, .
7. Sarmaticus sarmaticus, L. Ibid. t. 19, f. 14,
8. Lithopoma tuber, Gmel. Ibid. t. 20, f. 13,
9. Prisogaster niger. Gray. Ibid. t. 20, f. 6,
10. Marmorostoma porphyrites, Gmel. Ibid. t. 20, f. 1,
11. Pomaulax undosum. Wood. Specimen.
12. Astraliura spinulosum. Lam. Specimen,
13. Bolma rugosa, L. Specimen, .
14. Cyclocantha plicatospinosa, Pilsbry. Specimen,
15. Leptothyra sangarensis, Shrenck. Specimen,
Plate 62.
1. Turbo radiatus, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. 20, f. 1,
2. Turbo histrio. Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 32,
3-5. Leptothyi'a e.xilis, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 15,
6. Turbo filosus, Kn. Specimen,
7. Turbo intercostalis. Specimen,
8. Turbo imperialis. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. 1,
9. Turbo turbinopsis. Lam. Ibid. t. 42, f. 4,
10-12. Leptothyra globula, Phil. Specimen,
13. Turbo smaragdus, Martyn. (^on. Icon. f. 13,
14. Turbo speciosus, Rve. Ibid. f. 35, .
f. 6,
Plate 63.
15, 16
17. 18
19
20
21
162
163
163
185
185
186
186
186
185
187
186
186
187
188
200
201
257
205
201
192
199
262
217
201
Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Coq. Viv. t. 38, f. 1, . 237
Astralium semicostatum, Kn. Specimens, . . 237
Turbo semicostatus, Pse. Thes. Conch, t. 14, f. 199, . 206
Turbo corallinus, Rve. (=^ Leptothyra sangarensis.) Con.
Icon. f. 56, 250
. 22. Astralium latispina, Phil. Coq. Viv. t. 31, f. 1, . 223
23, 24. Leptothyra albida, Dall. Specimen, . . . 253
25, 26. Turbo exquisiUis, Angas. P. Z. S. 1877, t. 26, f. 18, 207
27. Leptothyra pancicostata, Dall. Am. Jour. Conch. 1872,
t. 15, f. 10, 248
28. Astralium aculeatum, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 62, .
29. 30. Leptothyra laeta, Montr. Jour, de Conch. 1863, t.
12, f. 2, 258
21
322 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE. PACK.
31. Astralium taylorianum, Smith. P. Z. S. 1880, t. 48, f. 9, 244
32. Turbo setosus, Gmel. Coq. Viv. t. . . . .195
33. Turbo setosus, var. patulus, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 17, f. 5, 195
34. Leptothyra peloritana, Cantraine. Mai. Med. t. 6, f. 23, 252
35. Leptothyra carinata, Cantraine. Ibid. t. 6, f. 22, . . 252
36. Leptothyra induta, Watson. Challenger. Kept. t. 6, f. 1,
a,h,c 253
37. Astralium nobilis, Gray. Voy. H. M. S. Fly, t. 2, f. 7, . 239
38. Astralium prevosti, Sowb. Thes. Conch, t. 12, f. 134, . 235
39. Turbo guttatus, A. Ad. Ibid. t. 7, f. 68, ... 213
40. Leptothyra Candida, Pse. Ibid. t. 13, f. 162, . . . 256
Plate 64.
40-43. Phasianella deaniana, Pilsbry. Specimens, . . 169
44, 46. Astralium hexagonum, Phil. Conch Cab. t. 22, f. 6, 237
47, 48. Leptothyra fluctuosa, Hutton. Specimens. . . 259
49. Astralium lapillus, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 65, . , . 233
50, 51. Astralium rotularium. Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 12, f. 2. . 238
52. Astralium aureum, Jonas. Ibid. t. 104, f. 3, . . . 240
53, 54. Asti-alium aureum, Jonas. Con. Icon. f. 58, 59, . 240
55. Astralium sulcatum, Martvn. Coq. Viv. . . . 242
56. Leptothyra globula, Phil. ^ Conch. Cab. t. 35, f. 3, . . 262
57. 58. Astralium tuberosum, Phil. Ibid. t. 22, f. 2, . . 227
59. Leptothyra sangarensis, Schrenck. Specimen, . . 250
60, 61. Leptothyra sanguinea, Linn. Specimen, . . . 249
62, 63. Astralium plicatulum, Phil. Conch. Cab. t. 32, f. 5, 227
64-66. Astralium petrosum, Martyn. Specimen, . . . 234
Plate 65,
6. Delphinula imperalis, Rve. (= melanacantha.) Con. Icon.
t\h, 268
7. Delphinula distortaKn. (=:: melanacantha Rve.) Coq. Viv.
t. 2, f. 2, 268
8. Delphinula rugosa, Kn. (= distorta Lam.) Ibid. t. 3, f.
4a, 268
9. Delphinula formosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Conch. Cab. t.
1, f. 6, 267
10. Delphinula (?) nitida, Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn.
Acad, vi, t. 44, f. 21, 269
11. Delphinula formosa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Con. Icon. f. 26, 267
Plate 66.
268
12, 13. Delphinula tyria, Rve. Con. Icon. f. 6, .
14. Delphinula aculeata, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f. 3, . 267
15. Delphinula atrata, Rve. Ibid f. 4, .... 267
16. Delphinula incisa, Rve. (= laciniata.) Ibid. f. 5, . 267
17. Delphinula euracantha, (= laciniata var.) Thes. Conch.
t. 477, f. 8, 267
REFERENCE TO PLATES. 323
FIGURK. PAGE.
18. Delphinula nodosa, Rve. (:= laciniata.) Con. Icon. f.
8, 267
19. Delphinula martinii, A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1854, t. 27, f. 8, . 268
Plate 67.
1. Delphinula laciniata. Lam. Coq. Viv. t. 1, f. 1, . . 266
2 Delphinula laciniata, Lam. Con. Icon, f, 9a, . . . 266
8. Delphinula, formosa, Rve. Ibid. f. 2, . . . . 267
4. Delphinula aculeata, var. /?. Rve. (~ laciniata.) Ibid.f.
36, . . .267
5. Delphinula sphserula, Kiener. Coq. Viv. t. 3, f. 3, . 268
Plate 68.
6-S. Angarina lesourdi, Wright. Jour, de Conch. 1898, t.
3, f. 1, . 269
9-11. Neritina nordquisti, Westrl. Vega Exped. t. 5, f.
24, .' 270
12, 13. Delphinula distorta. Lam. Specimen . . . 268
14-19. Leptothyra roseocincta, Martens. Mobius Reise n.
Mauritius, t. 20, f. 22-25 251
20. Delphinula sphaerula, Kiener. Spec. Delphinula, t. 5, f. 3, 268
Plate 69.
21. Turbo magnificus, Jonas. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 14, f. 1, 192
22. 23. Turbo heterocheilus, Pilsbry. Specimen, . . . 209
24. Leptothyra purpurascens, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap, t.
12, f. 2 251
25. Leptothyra marmoreus, Pse. Thes. Conch, t. B. f. 171, . 263
26. Leptothyra rubra, Dkr. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. t. 12, f. 9, 251
27. Turbo tursicus. Reeve. Zool. H. M. S. ' Alert ' t. 44, f. u, 230
28. Turbo militaris, Reeve. Thes. Conch, t. vii, f. 64, . . 271
29. 30. Turbo gestroi, Caramagna. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiii,
t. 8, f. 10, 262
31. Turbo militaris. Reeve. Con. Icon. f. 40, ... 271
32, 33. Turbo niger. Gray, (operculum.) Specimen, . . 219
35. Leptothyra picta, Pease. Am. Jour, Couch. 1868, t. 11,
f. 2. , . , 256
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