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68  DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

B.  heynemanni  and  B.  inglorius,  and  after  having  examined  a  con- 
siderable number  of  specimens  collected  by  Herr  Hoge,  I  quite  agree 
with  him."     (Martens.) 
Var.  heynemanni  (Pfr.).     PI.  3,  figs.  44,  45,  47-52. 

Boldly  marked  with  wide,  irregular  black-brown  stripes. 

E.  Mexico:  Orizaba  (Botteri).  Central  Mexico  :  Tecomavaca,  in 
the  State  of  Puebla,  S.  E.  of  Tehuacan,  Cactus-  and  .M'/woso-region 
(Hoge).  £  Mexico :  Cerro  de  San  Antonio  de  la  Cal,  in  the  State 
of  Oaxaca,  on  shrubs  (Boucard);  Tlacohda,  in  the  same  State,  copi- 
ously (Hoge). 

Bulimus  heynemanni  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt.,  xiii,  p.  83  (1866) ; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.,  vi,  p.  110;  Novit.  Conch.,  iii,  p.  423,  pi.  96, 
fig.  3,  4 — Bulimulm  (Scutalus)  heynemanni  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 
Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  527. — Bulimulus  heynemanni  STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.  Conch,  v,  p.  68,  pi.  6,  fig.  7 — Buli- 
mulus (Scutalus]  inglorius  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit.,  p.  538,  pi. 
21,  fig.  9,  9a  (not  of  Reeve). —  0.  inglorious  var.  heynemanni  MAR- 
TENS, Biologia,  p.  220,  pi.  14,  f.  1,  la,  4,  4a. 

GROUP  OF  D.  TRIPICTUS. 
D.  IRAZUENSIS  (Angas).     PL  6,  figs.  16-20,  24,  25. 

Shell  somewhat  elongately  ovate,  rimate,  moderately  thin,  longi- 
tudinally irregularly  striated,  shining,  more  or  less  longitudinally 
striped  or  freckled  with  black,  and  ornamented  with  numerous  small 
white  spots  ;  whorls  6,  rather  convex.  Spire  a  little  shorter  than  the 
aperture.  Aperture  oblong-ovate;  lip  thin,  simple,  tinged  inside  with 
rose  color. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  12J  mill.     (Angas.) 

Central  Costa  Rica :  Volcan  de  Irazu,  on  low  aromatic  bushes  on 
the  eastern  slope  (Boucard);  Tierra  Blanca,  on  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Volcan  de  Irazu,  at  an  elevation  of  1800  metres  above  the  sea 
(Biolley). 

Bulimus  irazuensis  ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1878,  p.  73,  pi.  5,  fig.  17-20. 
—  Otostomus  irazuensis  VON  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  224,  pi.  14, 
f.  12,  12a,  13,  13a. 

The  following  principal  color-patterns  occur : 

a.  More  or  less  numerous  zigzag  stripes  (figs.  17,  18). 

b.  Pale  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  dots  (figs.  16,  24,  25). 

c.  Three  rather  wide  brown,  white-spotted  bands  (figs.  19,  20). 


DRYM^EUS,     MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  69 

"  The  varieties  a  and  b  have  been  procured  in  company,  together 
with  specimens  approaching  to  c  (see  fig.  16),  both  by  Boucard 
and  Biolley,  on  the  slopes  of  the  Volcan  de  Irazu.  Of  var.  c,  I  know 
of  only  one  specimen,  here  figured,  found  among  those  collected  by 
Van  Patten  :  in  one  of  his  examples  the  peristome  is  slightly  ex- 
panded. 

"  This  species  agrees  with  0.  tripictus  in  having  a  rose-colored, 
simple  peristome,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  more  elongate  form  and 
the  rougher  sculpture  of  the  shell,  also  in  the  style  of  painting." 
(Martens.'} 

D.  TRIPICTUS  (Albers).     PL  6,  figs.  12,  13,  14,  15. 

Shell  very  narrowly  perforate,  ovate,  ventricose,  thin  ;  white  or 
yellowish-white,  with  three  to  five  brown  girdles  elaborately  figured 
with  white,  or  reduced  to  bands  of  arrow-shaped  spots ;  sometimes 
landless,  longitudinally  streaked  and  more  or  less  variegated  with  ob- 
lique, zigzag  whitish  lines.  Surface  glossy,  striatulate,  without  spiral 
striae.  Spire  short,  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymceus 
sculpture.  Whorls  4j,  rather  convex,  the  last  ventricose. 

Aperture  large,  oblique  ;  peristome  thin,  not  expanded,  bordered 
inside  and  out  with  pink ;  columella  pink,  slender,  subvertical,  more  or 
less  concave,  the  edge  shortly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  20,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  12J  mill. 

Alt.  17,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  10^  mill. 

Costa  Rica  (Coll.  Mousson,  Carmiol,  Gabb). 

Bulimus  tripictus  ALBERS,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  iii,  p.  97  (1857) — 
PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  468. — VON  MARTENS,  in  Jahr- 

biicher  d.  deutschen  Malak.  Ges.,  iii,  p.  256 ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1879, 

p.  478. —  Otostomus  tripictus  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  225, 
pi.  14,  f.  11,  lla  (var.  hojfmanni). — Bulimulus  rhodotrema,  VON 
MART.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xv,  p.  156  (1868);  see  also  Jahrb.  d.  M. 
Gesell.  iii,  p.  256  (1876). — Bulimus  rhodotrema  PFR.,  Novit.  Conch, 
iii,  p.  463,  pi.  101,  fig.  10,  11;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  viii,  p.  146. 

Easily  recognized  by  its  globose  form,  roseate  peristome  and  the 
complicated  pattern  of  the  bands,  which  are  cut  into  spots  .or  figures 
of  very  irregular  and  various  shapes  by  oblique  or  zigzag  lines  or  dots, 
in  endless  variety  of  design.  Often  the  bands,  typically  five  in  num- 
ber, are  reduced  to  three  by  loss  of  the  upper  and  lower  ones,  or  their 
coalescence  with  the  adjacent  bands  ;  and  sometimes  they  are  re- 


BERKELEY 


DIVERSITY  OF  JREESE  LIBRARY 

CALIFORNIA  y 

OF  THE 

OF  CALIFORNIA. 
Deceived          ^\J^,         ,  ISffl 
Accession  No.  '/X//t~)  Y-   Class  No. 


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SECOND   SERIES:    PULMONATA. 


MANUAL 


OF 


CONCHOLOGY 


STRUCTURAL  IND  SYSTEMATIC.  ' 


WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  SPECIES. 


BY  GEORGE  ¥.  TRYON,  JR. 

CONTINUED    BY 

HENRY  A.  PILSBRY,  Sc.  D., 

CONSERVATOR  or  THE  CONCHOLOGICAL  SECTION  OF  THE  ACADEMY  OF 
NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 


Vol.  XII. 

AMERICAN  BULIMULID^E:  NORTH  AMERICAN  AND  ANTILLEAN  DRY- 
S,   LEIOSTRACUS,  ORTHALTCIN^E  AND  AMPHIBULIMIN^. 


// 

PHILADELPHIA: 

'ublished  by  the  Conchological  Section, 

ACADEMY   OF    NATURAL   SCIENCES,    COR.    I9TH    AND    RACE   STS. 
1899. 


EARTH 

SCIENClt 

LIBRARY 


. 


CONTENTS. 


[The  present  volume  completes  the  account  of  American  Bulimu- 
lidce,  with  the  exception  of  the  toothed  genera,  Odontostomus,  Anctus, 
Tomigerus   and    Anostoma,   which   form   a   sub-family  to   be    mono- 
graphed in  the  next  volume,  which  will  be  occupied  chiefly  with  the 
Australian  and  Oriental  groups  of  Bulimulidce,  completing  the  mono- 
graph of  this  family.] 
Family  BULIMULID^E  (continued). 
Subfamily  BULIMULIN^K  (continued). 
Genus  Drymasus  Albers. 

Species  of  the  West  Indies,  Trinidad  and  Florida,      .        1 
Species  of  Mexico  and  Central  America,   .          .          .29 
Subgenus  Leiostracus  Albers,    .          .          .          .          .90 

Subfamily  OKTHALICIN^:,      .......     99 

Genus  Oxystyla  Schliiter,    -     .          .          .          .          .          .101 

Antillean  and  Floridian  species,         ....    105 

Mexican  and  Central  American  species,     .          .          .111 
South  American  species,  ......    132 

Genus  Porphyrobaplie  Sliuttleworth,  ....    149 

Genus  Liguus  Montfort,  .          .          .          .          .          .          .160 

Subgenus  Liguus  Montf., .          .....    161 

Subgenus  Corona  Albers, 175 

Subgenus  Hemibulimus  Martens,       ....    184 

Genus  OrthaKcus  Beck,  .          .          .          .          .          .          .186 

Subgenus  Metoithalicus  Pilsbry,        .          .          .          .192 

Subfamily  AMPHIBULIMIN^E, 211 

Genus  Simpulopsis  Beck,          .          .          .          .          .          .212 

Section  Bulimulopsis  Pilsbry     .....   220 

Subgenus  Platysuccinea  Ancey,         ....   223 

Genus  Gceotis  Shut  tie  worth,    .          .          .          .          .          .227 

Genus  Peltella  Webb  &  v.  Beneden,  .          .          .          .231 

[Genus  Cryptostrakon  W.  G.  Binriey,        .          .          .  232] 

Genus  Amphibulima  Lamarck,          .          .          .          .          .232 

Subgenus  Rhodonyx  Fischer,    .....   239 

Subgenus  Pellicula  Fischer,      .....   241 

Explanation  of  plates,    ........   244 

Dates  of  issue  of  vol.  XII, 258 

(iii) 


i,  Ml  A". 


MANUAL  OF  CONCHOLOGY. 


Vol.  JLII—BUL1MUL1DJE. 


Genus  DRYM^EUS  Albers.     (Continued.) 

II.  SPECIES  OF  THE  WEST  INDIES,  TRINIDAD  AND  FLORIDA. 

With  the  exception  of  D.  undulatus  and  D.  elongatus  and  its  im- 
mediate allies,  the  Drymczus  species  of  this  area  form  a  homogeneous 
group,  undoubtedly  derived  from  the  group  of  allied  forms  in  Vene- 
zuela and  the  adjacent  region,  which  has  the  same  characters.  There 
are  also  a  few  species  in  eastern  Mexico  belonging  to  the  same  group. 
While  some  of  the  species  have  the  expanded  lip  of  typical  Drymcem, 
others  have  no  perceptible  expansion,  and  would  technically  be  classed 
in  Mesembrinus  ;  but  the  distinction  here  is  purely  artificial,  and  had 
better  be  disregarded.  With  an  identical  pattern  of  sculpture,  the 
various  forms  show  gradations  in  texture  from  the  excessive  fragility 
of  D.  dominicus  to  the  solidity  of  D.  liliaceus.  In  the  more  fragile 
forms,  the  upper  whorls  of  the  spire  usually  exhibit  an  excessively 
dense  and  minute  granulation,  below  the  grated  apical  portion. 

The  land  snails  of  the  Lesser  Antilles  are  in  large  measure  peculiar 
to  the  region  ;  and  though  there  are  conspicuous  exceptions,  the  local- 
ities on  the  mainland  of  South  America  which  authors  quote  for  them 
are  to  be  received  with  great  caution.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
many  such  records  which  have  been  copied  by  Pfeiffer  in  the  Mono- 
graphia,  and  thence  by  Mr.  Smith  in  some  of  his  valuable  Antillean 
lists,  were  based  upon  errors  of  determination  or  false  locality  labels. 
Drouet  has  been  particularly  unfortunate  in  the  introduction  of  such 
errors,  and  except  where  the  extrinsic  evidence  corroborates  the  state- 
ments in  his  "  Terrestrial  and  Fluviatile  Mollusks  of  French  Guiana," 
I  do  not  consider  them  worthy  of  quotation.  Among  the  snails  cred- 
ited by  him  to  Guiana,  there  are  many  species  such  as  Helix  nuxden- 
ticulata,  dentiens,  Isabella,  badia,  orbiculata,  Bulimus  perversus,  papy- 

(i) 


2  DRYM^US,    FLORIDA    AND    WEST    INDIES. 

raceus,  multifasciatus,  virgulatus,  exilis,  tenuissimus,  auris-sileni, 
Achatina  virginea,  etc.,  which  we  cannot,  without  further  confirma- 
tion, consider  actual  inhabitants  of  that  region.  See  also  pp.  39,  40 
of  volume  XI. 

Besides  the  species  described  below,  the  following  forms  have  been 
attributed  by  Beck  to  the  Antilles: 

Bulimus  (Bulimulus)  venustus  Beck,  Index  Moil.,  p.  Go,  "I. 
Antill." 

Bulimus  (J3ulimulus)  pugio  Beck,  Index  Moll.,  p.  66,  "I.  Antill." 

Bulimus  (Bulimulus}  ochraceus  Beck,  Index  Moll.,  p.  67,  "  I. 
Antill." 

Bulimus  (Mastus]  niveus  Beck,  Index  Moll.,  p.  73,  "  I.  Antill." 

Bulimus  {Cochlicellus}  subantiquatus  Beck,  Index  Moll.,  p.  G3, 
"I.  Antill." 

All  are  nude  names,  unknown  to  subsequent  authors.  The  Index 
Molluscorum  was,  according  to  a  MS.  note  (apparently  by  Beck)  in 
my  copy,  projected  to  consist  of  three  parts,  of  which  "fasciculus  3 
nondum  publicatus,  dontinet  speciarum  novarum  descriptiones." 

D.  DORMANI  (W.  G.  Binney).     PI.  5,  figs.  14,  15,  1(5,  17. 

Shell  umbilicate,  ovate-conic,  thin  (oiten  fragile),  white  or  cor- 
neous-white, opaque  or  somewhat  transparent,  with  (typically)  four 
spiral  bands  of  squarish  brown  spots,  the  upper  band  narrow,  often 
wanting;  the  spots  frequently  irregular,  oblong,  or  coaiescent  verti- 
cally or  horizontally,  or  even  wholly  wanting.  Surface  smooth, 
glossy  or  corroded,  with  delicate  spiral  strise  when  not  effaced.  Spire 
decidedly  conic;  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  5^  to  G,  the  last  convex. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate,  showing  the  external  markings  within; 
peristome  simple  or  a  trifle  expanded,  the  columellar  margin  dilated, 
reflexed. 

Alt.  29,  diam.  16,  length  of  aperture  15  mill.,  often  smaller. 

Peninsular  Florida:  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  River,  and  Cedar 
.Keys,  south  to  the  Caloosahatchie  River. 

Bulimus  dormani  W.  G.  B.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  Oct., 
1857,  p.  188;  Terrestr.  Moll,  iv,  p.  132,  pi.  80,  f.  10.— PHR.,  Malak. 
Bl.,  1859,  p.  45;  Monogr.  vi,  p.  109. — Bulimulus  dormant.  W.  G.  B., 
Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  N.  A.,  i,  p.  194,  f.  339  ;  Proc.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1876,  p.  190  (anatomy);  Terrestr.  Moll,  v,  p.  397, 


DRYM.EUS,    FLORIDA    AND    WEST    INDIES.  3 

f.  280,  pi.  x,  f.  F  (teeth),  pi.  xv,  f.  J  (genilalia):  Man.  Arner.  Land 
Shells,  p.  406,  f.  44G,  447;  Fourth   Suppl.   Terr.   Moll,  v  (Bull.  M. 

C.  Z.  xxii,  no.  4),  p.. 191,  pi.   1,  f.   6. — SIMPSON,   Proc.  Davenport 
Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  v,  p.  G7 — Liostracus  dormani  TUYON,  Amer. 
Journ.  .Conch,  iii,  p.  169,  pi.  13,  f.  8. — Drymceus  dormani  PILSBRY, 
Nautilus  ix,  p.  115. 

Larger  and  more  conic  than  D.  dominicus  (marielinus)  or  D.  mac- 
ulatus.  Figures  14  and  15  represent  the  typical  form  as  found  in  the 
northern  St.  John's  valley,  where  it  is  large,  rather  opaque,  and 
more  or  less  deficient  in  basal  bands  in  the  adult.  Further  south  in 
the  St.  John's  valley  the  shells  are  generally  thinner  and  smaller, 
with  two  or  three  spot-bands  above,  and  two  continuous  bands  below, 
the  lower  one  circum-umbilical.  While  quite  variable,  D.  dormani  is 
a  perfectly  distinct  species,  not  especially  close  to  any  other  described 
form.  Among  other  differences,  D  dominions  and  its  several  varie- 
ties have  the  two  basal  bands  contiguous,  the  lower  one  not  close  to 
the  axis. 
Var.  albida  B.  H.  Wright.  PI.  5,  figs.  16,  17. 

More  slender  and  elongated  than  the  type,  whorls  as  many  as  6^; 
very  thin  and  glossy  ;  whitish-hyaline,  somewhat  translucent,  im- 
maculate or  with  two  or  three  subcontinuous  brown  bands,  the  sub- 
peripheral  band  widest,  circum-umbilical  and  peripheral  indistinct. 

Alt.  32,  diam.  15^,  length  of  aperture  14J  mill. 

A  "  hammock  "  near  Lake  Helen,  Florida.     (G.  W.  Webster.) 

Bulimulm  dormani  var.  albida  WRIGHT,  Nautilus  iv,  Oct.,  1890, 
p.  61 — WEBSTER,  t.  c.,  p.  86.  Of.  SIMPSON,  t.  c.,  p.  79. — Bulimulus 
dormani  forma  nov.  subfatciatus  COCKERELL,  Zoe  ii,  p.  18  (April, 
1891). 

The  specimens  figured  are  banded,  but  as  Mr.  Webster  has  pointed 
out,  they  vary  in  the  original  locality  by  imperceptible  stages  from 
3-banded  to  bandless.  The  bands  are  represented  as  too  dark  and 
distinct  in  fig.  16.  The  narrow  contour  is  characteristic  of  this  local 
form. 

D.  DOMINICUS  (Reeve).     PI.  20,  figs.  30,  31,  32;  pi.  5,  fig.  26. 
Shell  subperforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  and  fragile,  yellowish  or  whit- 
ish corneous,  more  or  less  translucent,  with  typically  four  or  five  spiral 
dark-brown  bands,  the  upper  three  (typically)  interrupted  into  small 
spots,  the  lower  two  continuous  or  nearly  so,  contiguous  and  nearly 


4  DRYM^EUS,    FLORIDA    AND    WEST    INDIES. 

midway  between  axis  and  periphery  on  the  base.  Surface  smooth, 
showing  light  growth  lines  and  fine  engraved  spirals  under  the  lens, 
becoming  densely  and  most  minutely  puncticulate  or  beaded  above. 
Spire  conic,  apex  usually  brown-tipped  and  with  typical  Drym&us 
sculpture.  Whorls  5^,  the  last  oval,  equably  rounded,  subangular  in 
the  immature  shell. 

Aperture  ovate,  oblique ;  peristome  thin,  simple ;  columellar  margin 
narrowly  reflexed  and  mainly  adnate  above. 

Alt.  15J,  diam.  8^,  length  of  aperture  8  mill.  (Porto  Plata.) 
Alt.  15^,  diam.  7-J,  length  of  aperture  7^  mill.  (Yuma  R.) 
Island  of  Hayti :  San  Domingo,  without  exact  locality  (Salle) ; 
environs  of  Santiago  and  at  Porto  Plata  (Hjalmarson),  and  Yuma 
river  (H.  Prime).  Cuba:  Mariel  (Poey),  Manzanillo,  Trinidad  S*la 
Ferina  en  Bemba  (Gundlach),  Cayo  Carenas,  near  Cienfuegos  (Cis- 
neros).  Florida:  Upper  Matacumba  Key  (Hemphill,  Velie),  near 
Miami  river  (Binney),  Micco  (Baker),  and  on  the  west  coast  at  Marco, 
near  Charlotte  Harbor  (Hemphill),  and  on  the  Caloosahatchie  river 
below  Fort  Thompson  (C.  W.  Johnson),  with'/?,  dormani ;  also,  Lake 
Helen  (Wright).  Mexico:  Chiapa,  State  of  Chiapas  (Ghiesbreght), 
State  of  Tabasco,  Mirador,  State  of  Vera  Cruz  (Berendt),  Callejon  de 
la  Zamorana,  near  Vera  Cruz  (Strebel),  Labna,  Yucatan  (Heilprin 
Exped.).  Nicaragua:  San  Nicolas  (Tate). 

Haitian  references  : — Bulimus  dominicus    REEVE,    Conch.  Icon. 

pi.  88,  f.  659  (Feb.,  1850) PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  410 Bulimulus 

dominicus  CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1891,  p.  128. 

Cuban  references  : — Bulimus  marielinus  POEY,  Memorias  sobre 
la  Historia  Natural  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba,  i,  p.  204,  212,  213,  447,  pi. 
12,  f.  32,  33  (1851).— PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  406;  Malak.  Bl.,  1854, 

p.  195 ARANGO,  Fauna  Malac.   Cubana,  p.  80 — Bulimus  (Lepto- 

merus)  marielinus  TRYON,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch,  iii,  p.  174,  pi.  14, 
f.  23. — Bulimulus  marielinus  CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1890,  p. 
200. 

Floridian  references  : — Bulimulus  marielinus  BINNEY,  Land  and 
Fresh-water  Shells  N.  A.  i,  p.  193,  f.  337  (1869);  Terrestr.  Moll. 

v,  p.  398,  f.  281  ;  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  408,  f.  450 DALL, 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1885,  p.   260 Bulimulus  flon danus  W.  G. 

BINNEY,  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  408,  f.  449  ;  Third  Suppl. 
Terr.  Moll,  v  (Bull.  M.  C.  Z.  xix,  no.  4),  p.  201,  fig.  in  text.— 


DRYM^EUS,    FLORIDA    AND    WEST    INDIES.  O 

Bulimus  floridanus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1856,  p.  330  ;  Monogr.  iv,  p.  406. 
— Bulimus  floridianus  (sic)  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll,  iv,  p. 
134. — Bulimulus  hemphilli  B.  H.  WRIGHT,  West  American  Scien- 
tist, vi,  April,  1889,  p.  8  (referring  to  fig.  449  of  Binney's  Man. 
Amer.  L.  Shells).  See  also  WRIGHT,  Nautilus  iii,  p.  19  ;  iv,  p.  61. 

Mexican  references  : — Bulimulus  dominicus  FISCHER  and  CROSSE, 
Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  i,  p.  540 — STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land 
und  Siisswasser-Conch.,  iv,  pi.  6,  f.  17;  v,  p.  94.  See  also,  von 
MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  237. — Bulimus  maculatus 
Lea,  TATE,  Amer.  Journ.  of  Conch.,'  v,  p.  156. 

D.  dominicus  is  the  senior  name  for  a  shell  existing  under  various 
names — dominicus^  marielinus,  floridanus,  hemphilli — in  Haiti,  Cuba, 
Florida  and  eastern  Mexico.  The  San  Domingo  specimens  before 
me  from  two  collectors  show  conclusively  that  the  doubt  expressed 
by  Crosse  as  to  its  occurrence  there  is  not  well  founded,  and  it  is 
equally  certain  that  the  true  dominicus  occurs  in  eastern  Mexico, 
Yucatan  and  Nicaragua.  Having  specimens  before  me  of  undoubted 
authenticity  as  to  locality,  I  fail  to  find  the  slightest  grounds  for  sep- 
arating the  Mexican  from  the  Haitian  shells  as  a  variety,  much  less 
a  species,  though  on  a  priori  grounds  1  would  be  inclined  to  do  so 
if  I  could. 

Reeve's  figure  (copied  on  my  pi.  5,  fig.  26)  is  faulty  in  showing 
the  columellar  expansion  too  broad,  but  is  otherwise  a  good  represen- 
tation of  the  shells  before  me  from  Porto  Plata  (pi.  20,  fig.  31).  Those 
from  Yuma  R.  (pi.  20,  fig.  30)  are  more  slender,  with  the  earlier 
whorls  reddish.  All  of  these  San  Domingo  shells  have  the  bands 
above  the  periphery  spotted,  in  this  respect  differing  from  most,  though 
not  all  Floridian  specimens,  in  which  all  the  bands  are  usually  sub- 
continuous. 

Mexican  shells  are  very  like  Haitian.  In  that  described  and  fig- 
ured by  Strebel,  band  i  (subsutural)  is  wanting,  as  in  some  Haitian, 
Cuban  and  Floridian  shells.  The  Labna,  Yucatan,  shell  wants 
bands  i  and  ii,  band  iii  (peripheral)  being  dotted,  bands  iv  and  v  con- 
tinuous and  contiguous.  Two  specimens  collected  by  Prof.  Ralph 
Tate  in  Nicaragua,  and  listed  by  him  under  the  name  "  B.  macu- 
latus" are  wholly  typical  in -coloring. 

Cuban  specimens  are  either  practically  typical,  like  Poey's  type  of 
marielinus  (pi.  5,  figs.  24,  25),  which  has  the  formula  00345,  the 


6  DRY.M.EUS,    FLORIDA.  AND    WEST    INDIES. 

third  or  third  and  fourth  bands  dotted,  .or  they  have  all  the  bands 
subcontinuous  as  in  most  Floridian  shells. 

Floridian  specimens  (pi.  5,  figs.  18,  21,  22,  23,  and  pi.  20,  fig.  32) 
are  the  most  variable  of  all.  In  one  lot  from  the  Caloosahatchie 
river  there  are  two  specimens  with  the  typical  band-formula  12345, 
upper  three  bands  dotted  ;  four  with  the  formula  10345,  the  upper 
band  very  faint,-  dotted,  the  peripheral  also  dotted;  two  without 
bands,  and  one  (pi.  20,  fig,  3-2)  with  faint  traces  of  the  basal  bands. 
Mr.  Hemphill  found  the  same  form  in  the  vicinity  of  Charlotte  Har- 
bor, Fla., -one- of  his  specimens'.figured  .by  Binney  (Man.  Amer.  Land 
Shells,, p.  408,  fig.  449),  having  the  formula  12345,  the  upper  three 
bands  broken  into  dots.  ,  The  shell,  in  this  form,  is  often. more  ven- 
tricose  with  shorter  spire  than  in  most  Cuban  marielinus,  but  this 
varies  a  good  deal.  Mr.  Wright's  B.  hemphilli  applies  to  these  forms. 
It  is  the  ordinary  South  Florida  form  of  the  species,  stated  to  be  a 
"thinner  shell  than  J5.  marielinus  Poey,.  and  more  corpulent,  while 
the  revolving  bands  are  redder,  finer  and  continuous  in. the  last-named 
species  ;  the  substance  of  the  shell  of  B.  marielinus  is  white,  while 
that  of  B.  hemphilli  is  light  amber  colored."  These  supposed  differ- 
ences are  largely  due  to  erroneous  ideas  regarding  marielinus,  which 
is  really  not  "  white  "  nor  has  it  "  continuous  "  bands  ;  and  Cuban 
specimens  are  .fully  as, thin  as  "J9.  hemphilli." 

Specimens  from  Upper  Matacumba  Key,  near  Miami  river,  and 
Micco,  vary  from  12345  to  02345  or  Q0345,  all  bands  generally  con- 
tinuous though  irregular  (pi.  5,  (igs.  22,  23).  These  often  exceed  the 
dimensions  of  .the  largest  Haitian  shells  I  have  seen,  reaching  as  great 
a  size  as  alt.  21^,  diam.  Ill,  length  of  aperture  10.J  mill.  t  The  shell 
varies  from  as  obese  as  typical  dominicus  to  as  narrow  as  Binney's 
figure  of  "  marielinus."  This  is  what  was  figured  by  Binney  as  B. 
marielinus.  A  Cuban  specimen  before  me  has  the  same  characters, 
alt.  17,  diam.  8^,  length  of  aperture,  10^  mill. 

Still  another  Floridian  form  remains  to  be  noticed :  the  bandless, 
oblong  shells,  light  brown,  very  translucent,  with  indistinct  corneous 
streaks,  alt.  19^,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  10  mill.  (pi.  5,  figs.  18, 
21).  The  apical  whorl  is  a  little  more  depressed  than  in  the  typical 
dominicus.  It  occurs  at  Lake  Helen,  Volusia  Co.,  and  between 
Mosquito  lagoon  and  the  Atlantic.  This  local  variety,  which  has  no 
name,  has  been  referred  by  Mr.  Wright  to  his  B.  hemphilli,  but  is 
not  mentioned  in  the  original  account  of  that  form.  Similarly  col- 


DRYMyEUS,    WEST    INDIES.  7 

ored  specimens  were  collected  with  typical  dominions  on  the  Caloosa- 
hatchie  river  by  C.  W.  Johnson. 

Pfeiffer's  B.floridanus  (name  pre-occupied  by  .Conrad),  was  based 
upon  slender  specimens  with  interrupted  bands.  Whether  the  figures 
given  by  Binney  (copied  on  my  pi.  5,  figs.  19,  20),  are  floridanus 
or  not,  they  certainly  do  not  represent  Pfeiffer's  type,  as  he  mentions 
no  bandless  form  of  his  species.  See  W.  G.  Binm-y,  Terr.  Moll,  iv, 
pi.  79,  f.  3  ;  L.  and  Fr.-W.  Sh.  N.  A.,  f.  338  ;  Terr.  Moll,  v,  f.  282 ; 
Man.  N.  A.  Land  Shells,  f.  448;  Third  Suppl.  to  Terr.  Moll,  v 
(Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  xix,  no.  4),  pi.  3,  f.  7  ;  also  Wright,  Nauti- 
lus iv,  p.  62.  The  above  references  to  Binney's  work  do  not  include 
his  description,  which  is  in  each  case  an  inaccurate  translation  of 
Pfeiffer's  diagnosis.  As  the  name  is  pre-oceupied,  and  in  all  prob- 
ability a  pure  synonym  of  dominicus,  it  had  better  be  dropped. 

In  conclusion  :  Throughout  its  range,  D.  dominicus  shows  no  ap- 
preciable variation  -in  texture  or  sculpture-  ;  it  ;vari^s  in  degree  of  in- 
flation, the  variation  not  being  correlated  with  geographic  location. 
It  varies  in  coloration,  the  typical  pattern  occurring  in  Haiti,  Cuba, 
Florida  and  .Mexico,  forms  with  subco.ntinuous  bands  and  of  larger 
size  in  Cuba  and  Florida,  and  bandless  forms  in  Florida  only,  so  far 
as  known,  though  often  associated  there  'with  banded  individuals.  It 
attains  a  larger  size  in  Florida  than  elsewhere.  All  the  synonyms 
are  based  upon  specimens  with  dotted  bands  above* 

The  distribution  of  D.  dominicus  is  enigmatic,  but  D.  multiline atus, 
the  melanocheihis  group  of  Orthalicus,  and  Cerion  uva,  offer  similar 
anomalies. 

D.  HJALMARSONI  (PfeifFer). 

Shell  subperforate,  oblong-fusiform,  thin,  nearly  smooth  (seen 
under  a  strong  lens  to  be  very  finely  decussated),  shining,  diapha- 
nous, whitish,  indistinctly  painted  with  series  of  spots.  Spire  long- 
conic,  rather  acute.  Whorls  6,  moderately  convex,  the  last  as  long 
as  the  spire,  somewhat  attenuated  at  base.  Aperture  oblique,  oblong- 
oval;  peristome  thin,  narrowly  expanded ;  columella  thread-like, 
slightly  arcuate,  entering;  the  columellar  margin  slightly  dilated 
above,  nearly  adnate. 

Alt.  21,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  11,  width  of  mill.  (Pfr.). 

Pajas  plantation,  Manati,  Porto  Rico  (Hjalmarson). 

Bulimus  hjalmarsoni  PFR.,  Malak.   Bl.  iii,  1856,  p.  51  ;   Monogr.. 


8  DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

iv,  p.  398. — Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  hjalmarsoni  CROSSE,  Journ.  de 
Conchyl.  1892,  p.  23. 

Apparently  none  but  the  original  lot  have  been  found.  It  may 
prove  to  be  a  form  of  D.  dominions  or  closely  related  thereto. 

D.  MOUSSONI  (Pfeiffer). 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-conic,  rather  smooth  (marked  with  im- 
pressed spiral  obsolete  lines),  rather  shining,  white,  ornamented  with 
about  5  roseate  bands.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  acute,  red.  Whorls 
6,  nearly  flat,  the  last  a  little  shorter  than  the  spire.  Aperture  ob- 
long-oval, colored  within  like  the  outside  ;  peristome  simple,  unex- 
pancled,  the  columellar  margin  reflexed,  vaulted  ;  columella  arcuate, 
somewhat  twisted  above. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  12,  width  7  mill.  (Pfr.). 

Yaquesi,  San  Domingo,  Haiti  (A.  Salle). 

Bulimus  moussoni  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1851,  p.  147;  Monogr.  iii,  p.  423. 
— Bulimulus  (Mesembrinus)  moussoni  CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl. 
1891,  p.  129. 

The  bands  and  red  apex  are  distinguishing  characters  of  this  un- 
figured  species,  which  was  described  from  the  Cuming  collection. 

D.  BAHAMENSIS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  13,  figs.  81,  82,  83,  84,  85. 

Shell  oblong-turreted,  openly  rimate,  rather  solid,  opaque ;  uniform 
white,  or  marked  with  tawny  brown  streaks  parallel  with  growth- 
lines,  arid  generally  interrupted  by  two  white  basal  bands,  and  often 
having  wider  vertical  purplish  clouds  above  the  periphery.  Surface 
glossy,  under  the  lens  showing  faint  growth-lines  and  minute,  close, 
superficial  spiral  incised  stria3.  Spire  long,  its  lateral  outlines  nearly 
straight;  apex  minute,  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture. 
Whorls  7,  slightly  convex,  the  sutures  at  first  hardly  impressed,  be- 
coming deeper  below. 

Aperture  decidedly  less  than  half  the  total  alt.,  ovate,  rather  ob- 
lique, white  or  faintly  streaked  within;  peristome  very  slightly  ex- 
panded along  the  outer,  more  along  the  basal  margin ;  columella 
straight,  slightly  oblique,  the  margin  broadly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  31,  diam.  13,  alt.  of  aperture  12J  mill. 

Alt.  32,  diam.  13,  alt.  of  aperture  14  mill. 

New  Providence,  Bahamas  (Bland,  Bendall,  et  «/.). 

Bulimus  bahamensis  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.  ix,  1862,  p.  204;  Monogr. 


DRYM^US,    WEST    INDIES.  9 

viv  p.  50;  Novit.  Conch,  iii,  p.  415,  pi.  94,  f.  21-24.— Bulimulus 
bahamensis  BLAND  &  BINN.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.  of  N.  Y.  x,  1871,  p. 
82,  pi.  2,  f.  3,  4  (dentition) — Drymceus  bahamensis  W.  G.  BINN., 
Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  of  Sci.  iii,  p.  121,  pi.  xii,  f.  F.  (jaw  and  dentition). 
— Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  bahamensis  BENDALL,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc. 
Lond.  i,  p.  293. 

Bendall  found  it  on  trunks  of  cocoanut  palms.  It  is  closely  allied 
to  D.  immaculatus  of  Jamaica,  although  rather  more  elongated  and 
without  the  basal  pink  tint  common  in  that  species. 

For  Haitian  references  see  D.  sallei  var.  haitensis.  I  have  not  seen 
specimens  from  Durham  Creek,  Great  Inagua  (Sargent),  which  are 
on  record. 

D.  ERUBESCENS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  13,  fig.  89. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-turreted,  thin  but  moderately  solid,  whitish- 
flesh  or  yellowish-flesh  colored,  becoming  pink  or  pinkish-brown  above; 
surface  rather  dull,  smooth,  showing  faint  growth-lines  and  indistinct, 
fine,  spiral  lines  under  the  lens.  Spire  much  elongated,  apex  sub- 
acute,  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture.  Whorls  about  6,  nearly  flat. 

Aperture  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  oblique,  pinkish 
inside,  peristome  thin,  the  outer  and  basal  margins  somewhat  ex- 
panded, columella  oblique,  slightly  twisted  above,  its  edge  reflexed 
above. 

Alt.  29,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  13  mill. 

Alt.  21,  diam.  8,  length  of  aperture  10  mill. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  12  mill. 

Jamaica. 

Bulimus  erubescens  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1846,  p.  112;  Monogr.  ii,  p. 
44;  vi,  p.  57. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  57,  f.  381. 

The  exceptionally  slender  form  and  ruddy  color  of  the  spire  are 
characteristic.  Probably  Gray's  B.  rufescens  belongs  here.  It  is 
known  only  by  the  following  description  : 

Bulimus  rufescens.  Shell  ovate-conic,  perforate,  glabrous,  very 
minutely  striated,  buff-whitish  ;  apex  acute,  brown  ;  peristome  simple. 
Length  1  inch.  Jamaica  (Gray,  Ann.  of  Philos.  (N.  Ser.),  ix,  1825, 
p.  414).  This  name  is  prior,  but  may  I  think  fairly  be  held  insuf- 
ficiently diagnostic. 


10  DltYMxKUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

D.  IMMACULATUS  (C.  B.  Ad.,  Reeve).     PI.  13,  figs.  8G,  87,  88. 

Shell  perforate  or  nearly  closed,  oblong-conic,  solid  ;  opaque  white? 
suffused  with  pink  below,  and  sometimes  brownish  around  the  colu- 
mella;  but  some  shells  have  a  delicate  canary-yellow  tint  instead  of 
pink.  Surface  somewhat  glossy,  showing  growth-lines  and  fine  spiral 
striation  under  the  lens.  Spire  straightly  conic,  .the  apex  slightly 
obtuse,  1-f  earlier  whorls  with  typical  Drym&us  sculpture.  Whorls 
6^  to  7,  but  slightly  convex,  the  last  tapering  below. 

Aperture  slightly  oblique,  irregularly  ovate;  peristome  simple, 
hardly  expanded  below  ;  columella  with  slightly  oblique,  straight 
edge,  or  (in  quite  old  specimens)  strongly  projecting  in  the  middle, 
the  reflexed  margin  becoming  very  heavily  calloused  with  age. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  18,  length  of  aperture  12^  mill. 

Alt.  32^,  diam.  13J,  length  of  aperture  15  mill. 

Alt:  26,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  13  mill. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  11^  mill. 

Jamaica  at  Mandeville  (Gloyne),  Port  Maria  (Rush,  Henderson), 
Long  Mt.  (Henderson  and  Simpson). 

Bulimus  immaculatus  C.  B:  Adams  MS.  in  Cuming  collection, 
REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.- pi:  85,  f.  631  (Feb.,  1850). — PFR.,  Monogr. 
iii,  p.  4-11.— GLOYNE,  Journ.  de  Gonchyl.  xx,  1872,  p.  32.-—BuIi>n- 
ulus  immaculatus  \V.  G.  BINNEY,  Bull.  Mus.  (Jomp.  Zool.  v.  p.  338, 
pi.  1,  f.  D  (jaw  and  dentition). — HENDERSON,  Nautilus  viii,  p.  19. 
—  Thaumastm  immaculatus  Ad.,  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Ann..N.  Y.  Acad. 
Sci.  iii,  p.  122,  ph  12,  f.  H^(radula). 

Fresh  specimens  are  somewhat  roseate  throughout,  though  only  on 
the  last  whorl  is  the  tint  pronounced.  Old  cabinet  specimens  fade 
.to  white.  In  D.  liliaceus  the  columella  has  more  of  a  spiral  twist, 
and  so  far  as  I  know  the  shell  is  never  pink  tinted.  The  two  species 
are  very  closely  allied.  The  uniform  white  form  of  D.  bahamensis  is 
also  excessively  like  some  specimens  of  immaculatus.  The  dentition 
is  like  that  of  D.  bahamensis. 

D.  LILIACEUS  (Ferussac).     PI.  13,  figs.  90,  91,  92. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-conic,  with  long  spire,  solid;  rather  glossy 
and  cretaceous ;  opaque  white  more  or  less  stained  with  bluish  or  with 
a  narrow  bluish  streak  or  two.  Growth-stria?  fine,  the  lens  revealing 
minute  spiral  incised  lines.  Spire  with  nearly  straight  lateral  out- 
lines, the  apex  somewhat  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture. 


DRYMJEUS,    W-EST    INDIES.  11 

Whorls  6^  to  7,  hardly  convex,  the'  last  rathe?  swollen  at  "and  below 
the  periphery. 

Aperture  ovate,  oblique,  white:  within  ;  peristome  very  slightly  ex- 
panded, col u me Iht  rather  sinuous,  the  margin  reflexed  and  pressed  in 
above. 

Alt.  33^,  cliiim.  141,  length  of  aperture  15  mill. 

Alt.  28,  diarn.  121,  length  of  aperture  12^  mill.  ,    - 

Porto  Rico:  San  Juan  and  Mayaques  (Swift);  Las  Pietras  and 
Humacao  (Blauner);  Quebradillas  and  Utuado  (Gundhich);  Ponce 
(A.  D.  Brown  coll  A  Also  reported  from  Dominicd  (Angas,  Ram- 
age),  and  Les  Cayes,  Haiti  (Rolle). 

Helix  (Cochlogena)  /?7wcm  FER.,  Prodfonrf.  p.  54,  no.  401;.Hist- 
oire,  pi.  142  B.  f.  11  (\&'2\}.—Bulirhm  UUaceus  PFE.,  Symbolae  ad 
Hist.  Hel.  i,  p.  43  ;  Monogr.  ii,  p.  203. — DESIIAYES,  Hist,  ii>  p.  83. 
— SHUTTLW.,  Diagn.  n.  Moll.,  no.  6,  Bern  Mittheil.  1854;  p;  136. 
— Not  B.  liliaceus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  45,  f.  287,  inor  of 
ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1883,  p.  596. — Bulimus  (Leiostracus)  liliaceus 
E.  A.  SMITH,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6)  ii,  p.  '230,'  ±l(J.—£iilimulus 
liliaceus  CROSSE,  Journ  de'  Concliyl.  l'89l,  p.  128,  2()5  ;  1892,  p. 
23,  65. — STREBEL  and  PFEFFER,  Beifr.'  Mex.  Land  und1  Siissw. 
Moll,  v,  p.  90,  pi.  15,  f.  3  a-d  ;  pi.  16,  f.  5,  6  (anatomy)-—  Otbstomus 
liliaceus  MARTENS,  Jahrb.  d.  m.  Ges.,  1877,  p.  350;  Biol.f  Centr. 
Amer.,  p.  226,  pi.  14,  f.  19,  20. 

This  species  wras  originally  described  from  Porto  Hico.  It  has  also 
been  reported  from  Haiti,  St.  Kitts,  Dominica  and  Mexico.  The 
Mexican  specimens,  supposed  to  be  liliaceus,  have  been  referred 
to  D.  sulphureus  by  Dr.  von  Martens,  in  my  opinion  correctly.  That 
species  is  thinner  than  liliaceus,  with  the  body  whorl  'more  tapering 
below — the  base  in  liliaceus  being  decidedly  convex,  and  the  texture 
solid  and  cretaceous  in  adult  specimens.  Numerous  specimens  are 
before  me  from  Porto  Rico,  but  I  have  seen  none  from  Haiti,  St. 
Kitts  or  Dominica. 

D.  SALLEI  Pilsbry,  n.  sp.     PI.  12,  fig.  15. 

Shell  subperforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  ;  white,  delicately  tinted  with 
lemon-yellow  on  the  spire  and  often  on  the  base.  Surface  rather 
glossy,  with  slight  growth  lines  and  very  fine,  dense,  engraved  spiral 
strise.  Spire  straightly  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  very  minute 
typical  Drymceus  sculpture.  Whorls  5|,  hardly  convex,  the  last 


12  DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

subangular  at  the  periphery.  Aperture  ovate,  oblique,  slightly  ex- 
ceeding half  the  length  of  shell ;  outer  lip  acute,  simple  ;  columella 
concave  below,  straight  above,  the  edge  reflexed,  appressed. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  SJ  mill, 

Island  of  Haiti,  around  San  Domingo  and  Rancho  Arriba  (Salle) ; 
around  Port-au-Prince  (Park hurst). 

Balimus  stramineus  Richard,  BLAND,  Ann.  New  York  Lye,  N,  H. 

xi,  p,  84,  1876 Bulimus  stramineus  WEINLAND,  Jahrb.  D.  M,  Ges. 

vii,  1880,  p.  376. — Bulimulus  stramineus  CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl,, 
1891,  p.  127. 

It  is  with  some  hesitation  that  I  describe  these  shells  which  Bland 
thinks  may  be  a  variety  of  D.  lilaceus,  and  Weinland  refers  to  D. 
stramineus;  but  I  am  satisfied  that  they  cannot  be  a  variety  of  the 
former  species,  and  the  latter  is  widely  separated  geographically  and 
presents  several  differential  characters.  The  specimens  before  me, 
from  the  Robert  Swift  and  A.  D.  Brown  collections,  are  probably 
none  of  them  quite  mature. 

Var.  HAITENSIS  n.  var.     PL  39,  fig.  4. 

Shell  short  and  rather  stout,  thin,  somewhat  translucent  whitish, 
with  5  dark-brown  spiral  bands,  the  lowest  circumumbilical,  those 
above  the  periphery  interrupted  by  occasional  rather  opaque,  white 
longitudinal  streaks,  or  even  broken  into  squarish  spots.  Surface 
glossy,  engraved  with  fine  spirals. 

Alt.  17,  diam.  9^  mill,  (immature). 

Alt.  21,  diam.  llj  mill 

Alt.  16,  diam.  8  mill. 

Haiti  (Bland,  in  A.  D.  Brown  coll.);  Fort  Jacques,  near  Port-au- 
Prince  (Linden). 

Bulimulus  bahamensis  BLD.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.  of  N.  Y.  xi,  p.  199. 
— CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1891,  pp.  128,  206. — Bulimus  baha- 
mensis WEINLAND,  Jahrb.  d.  mal.  Ges.  vii,  1880,  p.  376. 

The  exact  position  and  status  of  this  form  are  not  easily  decided. 
It  seems  to  be  what  Bland  and  others  have  referred  to  bahamensis  as 
a  variety.  Some  forms  of  D.  palpaloensis  Strebel  are  very  similar, 
and  the  more  slender  forms  are  not  unlike  D.  semimaculatus  Pilsbry. 

D.  VIRGINALIS  var.  DOMINICANUS  Pilsbry.  n.  v.     PL  12,  fig.  24. 
This  Venezuelan  species  has  already  been  discussed  in  vol.  xi,  p. 


DRYM^US,    WEST    INDIES.  13 

309.  Specimens  from  Dominica  are  white,  with  barely  6  whorls 
(instead  of  6J  as  in  the  typical  form),  the  last  subangular  at  the 
periphery  in  front,  decidedly  tapering  below.  Peristome  with  a  very 
slightly  expanded  edge,  the  columella  straight  above,  the  reflection 
decidedly  pressed  in  at  its  insertion.  Smaller  than  Venezuela  speci 
mens. 

Alt.  22-22J,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  10  mill. 

D.  STRAMINEUS  (Guilding).     PI.  12,  fig.  7. 

Shell  subperforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  ;  faint  straw-colored  or  white. 
Surface  rather  glossy,  with  slight  growth-lines  and  fine  spiral  engraved 
striae.  Spire  conic  with  nearly  straight  lateral  outlines,  the  apex 
rather  obtuse,  earlier  If  whorls  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture  ;  last 
whorl  somewrhat  tapering  below,  often  showing  a  faintly  indicated 
peripheral  angle  in  front. 

Aperture  oblique,  half  the  length  of  shell,  ovate  ;  outer  lip  thin,  a 
trifle  expanded  at  the  edge  ;  columella  nearly  straight,  the  edge  re- 
flexed  above,  appressed,  leaving  a  mere  chink  at  the  axis. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  14J,  length  of  aperture  15  mill. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  15,  length  of  aperture  14  mill. 

St.  Vincent  (Guilding  et  aL)  ;  Mustique,  Grenadines  (Bland,  H.  H. 
Smith,  Rawson)  ;  Becquia,  Grenadines  (H.  H.  Smith) ;  Dominica 
(Sharp). 

Bulimulus  stramineus  GLDG.,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.,  London,  xiv,  p. 

340  (1824);  Zool.  Journal,  iv,  p.  170 BLAND,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H. 

N.  Y.  xi,  1875,  p.  84.— SMITH,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.,  Lond.,  i,  p.  304, 
321,  with  var.  fasciata,  op.  cit.  p.  305,  pi.  21,  f.  9. — not  B.  stram- 
ineus CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1891,  p.  127  (Haiti). — Bulimu* 
stramineus  PFR.,  Monogr.  vi,  p.  44;  viii,  p.  57. — REEVE,  C.  Icon, 
pi.  85,  f.  632. — Not  Bulimus  stramineus  WEINLAND,  Jahrb.  D.  M. 
Ges.  1880,  p.  376  (Haiti). — Bulimus  lucidus  REEVE,  C.  Icon.  pi.  40, 
f.  245  (1848).—  ?  Bulimulus  debilis  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  65  (1837), 
based  on  Fer.  Hist.,  pi.  cxlii  B,  f.  10.  See  vol.  XI,  p.  311. 

Much  thinner  than  D.  liliaceus,  less  straightly  conical,  and  pale 
yellow  in  color,  though  fading  in  time  to  white. 

Mr.  Smith,  in  his  article  cited  above,  refers  to  a  B.  lucidus  Beck  ; 
evidently  an  error  for  B.  debilis  Beck.  Fresh  specimens  are  almost 
of  a  golden  yellow,  but  this  soon  fades  to  nearly  white.  Guilding 
writes:  "It  abounds  in  rainy  weather  in  the  underwood  about  Fort 


14  DKYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

Charlotte  and  other  parts  of  this  island,  and  when  withdrawn  into 
the  shell  resembles  the  pale  green  side  of  a  reversed  leaf,  an  appear- 
ance which  renders  it  difficult  to  be  found,  and  doubtless  protects  ij; 
from  the  birds."  H.  H.  Smith  found  it  "common  locally,  princi- 
pally on  the  leeward  side,  in  rather  damp  forest  hillsides  below  1,500 
feet.  In  damp  weather  it  is  found  on  leaves  or  tree-trunks;  conceals 
itself  at  roots  of  trees  in  dry  weather." 

Specimens  before  me  from  Mustique  do  not  differ  appreciably 
from  those  of  St.  Vincent.  Examples  of  the  shells  referred  to 
stramineus  by  Weinland  and  Crosse,  from  the  Haitian  localities  men- 
tioned by  the  latter  are  before  me,  and  while  very  similar  to  the  true 
strctmi/teus,  I  prefer  to  consider  them  a  variety  or  species  allied  to 
D.  liliqeeus. 

Several  specimens  were  collected  by  Dr.  Benj.  Sharp  on  ihe  wind- 
ward side  of  Dominica  a  few  years  ago,  which  are  so  similar  to 
D.  stramineus  that  I  dare  not  call  them  anything  else,  though  the 
island  is  rather  separated  from  the  well  established  range  of  the 
species. 

Var./am'tfta  Smith.      PL  12,  fig.  8. 

Like  the  type,  but  banded  with  purplish  black  or  purplish  red. 
There  are  usually  four  bands  on  the  body-whorl — one  at  the  middle, 
one-half  way  between  it  and  the  suture,  the  third  equally  distant  be- 
low the  middle,  and  the  fourth  around  the  umbilicus  (Smith). 

Leeward  side  of  St.  Vincent,  in  dry  forest  below  1,000  feet,  on 
leaves  in  wet  weather,  or  at  roots  of  trees  and  in  crevices  of  rocks  in 
dry  weather.  The  animal  is  green  like  the  allied  (typical)  form, 
and  this  is  probably  a  variety,  but  i.t  is  found  in  much  dryer  situa- 
tions, principally  on  the  ridges  between  Cumberland  and  Largon. 
Rarely  the  two  forms  are  associated ;  nowhere  common  (//.  H. 
Smith}. 

D.  MULTIFASCIATUS  (Lamarck).     PI.  13,  figs.  93,  95,  90,  97. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-conic,  thin  ;  white  or  yellowish,  with  Jive 
dark  purple-brown  bands,  the  uppermost  narrow  and  sutural,  the 
second  about  midway  between  suture  and  periphery,  the  third  wider, 
just  above  the  periphery,  the  space  between  these  two  crimson,  or 
occasionally  the  two  widen  and  coalesce  ;  fourth  band  the  widest  ; 
fifth  a  mere  crescent  around  the  perforation,  the  space  between  bands 
iv  and  v  crimson.  Surface  glossy,  with  fine  growth-lines  and  minute, 


PRYMJLUS,  WEST  INDIES.  15 

crowded,  spiral  incised  lines.  Spire  rather  long,  somewhat  slender, 
the  apex  somewhat  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymtzus  sculpture,  several 
earlier  whorls  black  or  blackish.  Whorls  about  6,  somewhat  convex, 
the  sutures  rather  impressed,  defined  by  a  white  line. 

Aperture  short  ovate,  rather  oblique,  banded  within  ;  outer  lip 
thin,  a  trifle  expanded  ;  columella  somewhat  concave,  its  edge  re- 
flexed  above  and  impressed  at  the  insertion  ;  the  peristome  not  angular 
at  juncture  of  columellar  with  basal  margins. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  10^  mill. 

Alt.  23,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  10  mill. 

Martinique,  at  Fort  de  France,  and  Massif  des  Pitons,  living 
mainly  between  100  and  150  meters  alt.,  on  leaves  of  trees.  Guade- 
loupe, numerous  localities  between  375  and  610  meters  above  the  sea 
(Maze).  Dominica  (Angas,  Brown,  Ramage). 

BuUmu?  multifasciatus  LAMARCK,  An.  s.  Vert,  vi,  p.  123  (1819)  ; 

Edit.    Desh.  viii,    p.    233.— DELESSERT,    Recueil,    pi.    28,   f.    3 

REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  46,  f.  295. — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  108  ;  iii, 
343  ;  iv,  406  ;  vi,  52  ;  vii,  66.;  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  239,  pi.  63,  f.  11, 
12. — Bulimus  (Leiostracus)  multifasciatus  E.  A.  SMITH,  Ann.  Mag. 
N.  H.  (6),  ii,  p.  230,  419. — Balimulus  multifasciatus  BECK,  Index, 

p.  65 MAZE,  Jour,  de  Conchyl.  1874,  p.  163,  with    var.  albicans ; 

also  1883,  p.  16. 

/  Liostracus  multifasciatus  FFLD.,  Verh.  Zool.  bot.  Ges.  Wien, 
xix,  1869,  p.  874. 

Helix  (Cochlogena)  pictnrata  FER.,  Prodr.  p.  54,  no.  400 — Buli- 
mus picturatus  POT.  and  MICH.,  Galerie,  i,  p.  147  (1838). 

The  crimson  zones  between  bands  ii  and  iii,  and  iv  and  v  remind  one 
of  some  forms  of  D.  pcecilus  Orb.  In  some  Martinique  shells  bands 
ii  and  iii  are  coalescent,  and  this  is  perhaps  invariable  in  Dominica 
specimens. 

Besides  the  localities  recorded  above,  the  species  has  been  re- 
ported from  Trinidad,  Cayenne  and  La  Guayra.  The  continental 
localities  are  so  doubtful  and  ill-attested  that  I  wholly  discredit  them. 
Lamarck's  t} pes  probably  come  from  Martinique,  as  they  agree  per- 
fectly with  specimens  from  that  island. 

The  Guadeloupe  form,  according  to  Maze,  is  quite  different  from 
that  of  Martinique,  and  is  distinguished  by  a  thin,  fragile  shell,  of  a 
beautiful  light  golden-yellow,  with  numerous  transverse  bands  of  vio- 
laceous brown  on  the  last  three  whorls.  Whorls  6^.  Some  specimens 


16  DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

measure   alt.  33.  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  16  mill.;  the  ordinary 
size  of  the  species  being,  alt.  25,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  12  mill. 

Of  Dominica  specimens  collected  by  Ramage,  Smith  writes: 
"  Three  specimens  from  Dominica  are  very  different  in  colouring 
from  the  type  as  figured  by  Delessert  (Recueil,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  3}. 
They  are  of  a  warm  reddish-pink  color,  banded  with  purple-black. 
The  upper  whorls  exhibit  two  bands,  one  just  beneath  the  suture  and 
the  other,  a  trifle  broader,  rather  below  the  middle.  The  body-whorl 
has  a  third  zone  beneath  the  centre  somewhat  narrower  than  the  one 
above  it.  The  fine  spiral  striae  correspond  with  those  of  the  typical 
form,  and  the  minute  pitting  of  the  dark  apical  whorls  is  the  same." 

Var.  alMcans  Maze.  Shell  entirely  white  except  the  earlier  three 
whorls,  which  show  faintly  three  brown  bands. 

St.  Pierre,  Martinique,  at  200  meters  alt. 

Var.  christopheri  Pilsbry,  n.  v.      PL  13,  figs.  98,  99. 

Similar  to  D.  multifasciatus  in  texture  and  sculpture,  but  without 
pink  markings,  the  fourth  band  with  a  light-brown  border  above,  the 
same  tint  also  appearing  around  the  fifth  band  and  sometimes  above 
the  third;  spir<j,  stouter,  with  somewhat  convex  lateral  outlines; 
aperture  longer,  less  rounded  ;  umbilicus  more  open. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  12J,  length  of  aperture  12J  mill. 

St.  Christopher  (Swift,  Bland). 

There  is  also  a  clear  lemon-yellow  tinted  whitish  form  of  this  vari- 
ety, agreeing  with  the  banded  specimens  in  contour.  Bland  has 
already  reported  it  from  St.  Christopher  under  the  name  Bulimus 
multifasciatus. 

W.  G.  Binney  has  described  the  jaw  and  radula  of  a  shell  from 
Antigua,  which  he  refers  to  Liostracus  multifasciatus  (Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  121). 

D.  LATICINCTUS  (Guppy).     PL  13,  fig.  94. 

Shell  perforate,  conic-elongate,  thin,  fuscous  or  yellow,  shining, 
decussate,  zoned  by  four  dark  chestnut  bands,  of  which  two  are  visi- 
ble on  the  upper  whorls,  the  second  (reckoning  from  the  suture)  be- 
ing the  widest.  Whorls  6,  a  little  convex,  regularly  increasing,  the 
last  about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  shell;  spire  elongate,  the  apex 
acuminate.  Aperture  semi-oval ;  peristome  simple,  acute,  hardly 
expanded  ;  columellar  margin  reflected  over  the  narrow  perforation  ; 
columella  slightly  twisted. 


DRYM^SUS,    WEST    INDIES.  17 

Alt.  24,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  10,  width  5  mill.     (Guppy.) 

Var.:  like  the  type,  but  yellowish  or  greenish,  devoid  of  color- 
bands,  and  somewhat  broader. 

Dominica  (Guppy,  Ramage,  G.  E.  &  A.  H.  Verrill). 

Bulimulus  laticinctus  GUPPY,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (4),  i,  1868,  p. 

431 BLAND  &  BINN.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  x,  1871,  p.  81,  pi.  2,  f.  1, 

5  (dentition). — PILSBRY,  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.  viii,  p.  356. — Buli- 
mus  (Leiostracus)  laticinctus  E.  A.  SMITH,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6), 
ii,  p.  230. — Mormus  laticinctus  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 
iii,  p.  122,  pi.  12,  f.  I  (radula). 

M6re  slender  and  elongated  than  D.  multifasciatus,  but  similar  in 
texture  and  sculpture.  The  broad  second  band  may  be  regarded  as 
formed  by  the  coalescence  of  bands  ii  and  iii  of  a  5-banded  parent 
stock. 

D.  VINCENTINUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  13,  figs.  1-7. 

Shell  subperforate,  fusiform,  thin  ;  white  or  faintly  yellow  tinted, 
unicolored  or  with  five  chestnut  or  bluish-brown  spiral  bands,  usually 
subequal  in  width,  and  equidistant,  or  with  the  upper  and  lower  in- 
tervals slightly  wider.  Surface  glossy,  showing  fine  growth-lines  and 
minute  engraved  spiral  strise  ;  spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse, 
with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture,  and  usually  reddish  or  blackish  in 
banded  specimens.  Whorls  6,  slightly  convex,  the  last  tapering  be- 
low the  periphery. 

Aperture  oblong,  decidedly  oblique,  the  length  usually  exceeding 
twice  the  width  (measured  inside),. yellow  tinted  or  showing  bands 
within  ;  peristome  thin,  the  lower  part  of  the  outer,  and  the  basal 
margin  well  expanded ;  columella  with  convex  inner  edge,  obliquely 
truncated  at  base  (figs.  4,  6),  with  no  perceptible  fold  above  ;  the 
margin  triangularly  reflexed  above,  nearly  closing  the  perforation. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  15  mill. 

Alt.  261,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture!3J  mill. 

Trinidad  (Guppy  and  others)  ;  Tobago  (Dr.  B.  Sharp) ;  St.  Vincent 
(Pfr.). 

Bidimus  vincentinus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1846,  p.  30  ;  Monogr.  ii,  p. 
103;  iii,  338;  iv,  397;  vi,  44;  viii,  56. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon, 
pi.  55,  f.  366. — BLAND,  Amer.  Jour.  Conch,  iv,  p.  182. — Bulimulus 
vincentinus  CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1890,  p.  42. — GUPPY, 
Journ.  of  Conch,  vii,  p.  219  (1893). — Bulimulus  vincentinus  Pfr., 
2 


' 


18  DRYMJEUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

var.f  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Proc.  Acad.  N.  S.,  Phila.,  1874,  p.  53  (jaw 
and  dentition). — Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  vincentinus  Pfr.,E.  A.  SMITH, 
Journ.  of  Conch,  viii,  p.  244  (Oct.  1896)  ;  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond. 
i,  p.  305. — Drymaus  vincentinus  Pfr.,  var.  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Ann.  N. 
Y.  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  120  (jaw  and  radula  of  Tobago  specimens). — 
Bulimulus  multifasciatus  Lam.,  GUPPY,  Proc.  Scient.  Asso.  Trini- 
dad, 1866,  p.  17  ;  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (3),  xvii,  1866,  p.  49  (exclusive 
of  var.  imperfectus) — Bulimus  immaculatus  C.  B.  Ad.,  GUPPY, 
1.  c.  p.  49,  not  of  C.  B.  Adams. 

The  long,  narrow,  oblique  aperture,  decidedly  expanded  lip,  effuse 
at  base,  and  the  abrupt  backward  bend  of  the  columella  belows  are 
characteristic. 

Some  specimens  show  a  varix  or  two,  caused  by  continuation  of 
growth  after  an  expanded  peristome  had  been  formed.  Like  many 
allied  species,  two  forms  occur:  a  five-banded,  the  typical  vincentinus 
of  Pfeiffer,  and  a  baridless,  yellowish-white,  which  may  be  known  as 
form  purissimus.  Bland  writes  of  the  experiences  of  Gill  and  Guppy 
as  follows :  "  The  banded  form  lives  on  trees  and  is  found  through- 
out the  colony,  being  perhaps  more  common  at  Monos  Island.  The 
yellowish-white,  bandless  variety  is  found  on  the  tops  of  trees  in  the 
forests  over  a  great  part  of  the  island.  It  is  very  abundant  in  some 
localities,  particularly  in  some  gardens  at  Port-of-Spain." 

Pfeiffer  gave  the  locality  St.  Vincent,  upon  whose  authority  does 
not  appear.  It  has  not  been  found  there  by  several  naturalists  who 
have  collected  land  snails  on  the  island,  and  there  is  ground  for 
Bland's  belief  that  it  does  not  occur.  D.  vincentinus  has  also  been 
reported  from  the  mainland  in  Venezuela.  This  too  requires  con- 
firmation. The  Tobago  form  (figs.  5,  6,  7)  is  rather  smaller  and 
more  slender  than  that  from  Trinidad,  and  the  bands,  when  present, 
are  wider.  Binney  examined  the  radula  of  a  specimen  from  this 
island. 

Var.Jlavotmctus  Pilsbry,  n.  v.     PL  12,  fig.  11. 

Shorter,  more  ovate,  the  spire  short,  whorls  hardly  6,  almost  flat, 
the  sutures  not  impressed.  Aperture  very  large;  lip  broadly  ex- 
panded below.  Glossy,  white,  with  the  three  earlier  whorls  and  a 
basal  patch  pale  yellow. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  nearly  16  mill. 

Trinidad. 

Somewhat  like  D.  eurystomus  Phil, 


DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES.  19 

D.  IMPERFECTUS  (Guppj).     PL  12,  figs.  1,  2,  14. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  oblong  conic,  thin;  milk-white,  translu- 
cent below  the  periphery  and  on  the  spire,  with  five  chestnut  bands, 
the  second  (from  above)  usually  narrowest,  the  fourth  widest,  apical 
two  whorls  red-brown.  Surface  very  glossy,  under  a  strong  lens 
showing  delicate  growth-lines  and  minute  engraved  spiral  striae. 
Spire  straightly  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse.  Whorls  5^,  nearly 
flat,  the  earlier  1^  convex,  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture,  the  last 
whorl  perceptibly  angular  at  the  periphery  in  front. 

Aperture  less  than  half  the  shell's  length,  oblique,  ovate  ;  outer  lip 
thin,  unexpanded,  white-edged,  the  bands  not  continued  quite  to  the 
edge ;  columella  slightly  concave,  triangularly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  15,  diam.  7^,  length  of  aperture  7  mill. 

Alt.  14,  diam.  7,  length  of  aperture  6^  mill. 

Southern  part  of  Trinidad  (Guppy). 

Bulimus  multifasciatus  var.  imperfectus  GUPPY,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H. 
(3),  xvii,  1866,  p.  49  ;  BLAND,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Conch,  iv,  1868,  p. 
184 — B.  aureolus  var.  imperfectus  GUPPY,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Conch, 
vi,  p.  308;  Jour,  of  Conch,  vii,  1893,  p.  219. — Bulimulus  (Drymceus) 
trinitarius  E.  A.  SMITH,  Jour,  of  Conch,  viii,  p.  242,  pi.  8,  f.  7,  7a 
(1896) — ?  Bulimulus  aureolus  var.  fasciatus  GUPPY,  Amer.  Journ. 
Conch,  vi,  p.  184. 

With  the  band  pattern  of  D.  vincentinus,  this  shell  is  smaller  and 
has  an  aperture  and  lip  of  very  different  form.  Description  and  fig- 
ure 14  are  from  specimens  received  from  Mr.  Guppy.  The  series 
of  seven  before  me  shows  but  slight  variations. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  has  described  the  same  species  as  B.  trinitarius 
(figs.  1,2),  apparently  overlooking  Mr.  Guppy's  good  diagnosis  of 
imperfectus  published  thirty  years  previously.  His  specimens  are  a 
little  larger  than  those  before  me,  alt.  19,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture 
9  mill.,  with  6  whorls,  and  the  lip  is  described  as  somewhat  expanded 
in  front. 

It  is  allied  to  D.  rufolineatus  Drouet,  but  differs  somewhat  in  form 
and  banding. 

D.  AUREOLUS  (Guppy).     PL  12,  fig.  3. 

Shell  subperforate,  ovate-conic,  rather  acuminate,  thin,  yellow, 
shining,  translucid  ;  finely  striated  by  minute  and  close  longitudinal 
lines  of  growth,  crossed  by  finer  decussating  striae.  Whorls  5  to  6, 


20  DRYM^US,    WEST    INDIES. 

or  in  large  specimens  6J  to  7,  scarcely  convex,  except  the  last,  which 
is  somewhat  carinate.  Aperture  ovate ;  peristome  acute,  slightly 
effuse. 

Alt.  25,  breadth  10,  length  of  aperture  10  mill.     (Guppy.) 

Savana  Grande,  Trinidad,  on  trees  (Guppy). 

Bulimus  aureolus  GUPPY,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (3),  xvii,  1866,  p.  49. 
— BLD.,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Conch,  iv,  p.  184. — PFR.,  Monogr.,  p.  148. 
— Bulimulus  aureolus  GUPPY,  Amer.  Jour.  Conch,  vi,  p.  307  (exclu- 
sive of  varieties  fasciatus,  imperfectus  and  rawsoni);  Jour,  of  Conch, 
vii,  p.  218  (exclusive  of  same  varieties);  Jour,  of  Conch,  i,  p.  109. — 
CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1870,  p.  42 — Bulimulus  (Drymceus) 
aureolus  SMITH,  Journ.  of  Conch,  viii,  p.  241,  pi.  8,  f.  6. 

D.  RAWSONI  (Guppy).     PI.  12,  fig.  6. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  oblong-conic,  rather  thin,  glossy,  milk 
white,  with  the  apex  and  a  small  area  around  the  columella  luff. 
Growth'  striae  fine  and  faint,  decussated  by  minute  engraved  spiral 
striae.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse,  showing  typical  Drymceus 
sculpture.  Whorls  about  6,  slightly  convex,  the  last  subangular  in 
front  in  young,  and  slightly  so  in  most  adult  individuals;  tapering 
below. 

Aperture  slightly  oblique,  oblong,  narrowed  toward  the  ends  and 
acuminate  above,  white  inside  ;  peristome  thin,  simple,  the  outer  lip 
slightly  sinuous,  basal  lip  a  trifle  expanded,  columella  straight,  ob- 
liquely truncated  below,  the  profile  view  showing  a  projecting  angle 
as  in  D.  vincentinus ;  margin  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  11-llJ  mill. 

Island  of  Tobago  (Rawson). 

Bulimulus  aureolus  var.  rawsoni  GUPPY,  Amer.  Journ.  of  Conch, 
vi,  1871,  p.  308,  pi.  17,  f.  6 — Bulimus  (Drymceus)  rawsonis  H. 
ADAMS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1873,  p.  208,  pi.  23,  f.  12. — PFR.,  Monogr.  viii, 

p.  151 Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  rawsoni  H.  Ad.,  SMITH,  Journ.  of 

Conch,  viii,  p.  242. — Drymceus  rawsonis  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  121  (radula). 

Milk  white,  with  yellow  apex  and  columellar  streak  ;  the  aperture 
decidedly  less  than  half  the  total  length,  shaped  much  as  in  D.  vin- 
centinus  except  that  the  peristome  is  not  expanded.  Mr.  Smith  in- 
cludes it  in  his  Trinidad  list,  but  I  know  of  no  record  of  its  occur- 
rence outside  of  Tobago. 


DRYMJEUS,    WEST    INDIES.  21 

D.  MOSSI  (E.  A.  Smith).     PI.  12,  fig.  4  ;  pi.  39,  fig.  6. 

Shell  elongate,  rimate  ;  white,  yellowish  at  the  apex  and  around 
the  base  ;  spire  acuminate  ;  whorls  5  to  6,  the  upper  two  embryonic 
whorls  punctate-reticulate,  a  little  convex,  the  restless  convex,  sepa- 
rated by  slightly  oblique  sutures,  edged  below  the  suture  by  a  very 
narrow  opaque  white  line ;  sculptured  with  very  delicate  oblique 
growth-.lines  and  somewhat  waved,  extremely  fine  spiral  lines  ;  last 
whorl  elongated.  Aperture  reversed  ear-shaped,  exceeding  half  the 
total  altitude  of  the  shell ;  outer  lip  thin,  a  little  expanded  anteriorly ; 
columella  thin,  reflexed  over  the  narrow  perforation.  Alt.  21^, 
diam.  9J,  length  of  aperture  12,  width  6^  mill.  (Smith.) 

Trinidad  (W.  E.  Broadway). 

Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  mossi  SMITH,  Journ.  of  Conch,  viii,  no.  8, 
p.  243,  pi.  8,  f.  8  (Oct.  1,  1896). 

In  color  this  species  resembles  B.  Rawsoni  of  H.  Adams.  It  differs 
from  that  species,  however,  in  form,  the  more  effuse  outer  lip,  and 
the  more  narrowly  reflexed  columella.  In  B.  Rawsoni  the  spire  is 
longer  and  the  aperture  shorter  than  in  this  species,  and  the  relative 
proportions  are  quite  different.  The  single  specimen  examined  has 
been  kindly  submitted  to  me  for  examination  by  Mr.  W.  Moss,  after 
whom  I  have  the  pleasure  of  naming  the  species.  (Smith.) 

D.  BINOMINIS  (Smith).     PL  12,  fig.  9. 

Shell  subperforate,  somewhat  thin,  oblong-conic,  rather  ventricose, 
pale  reddish-brown  or  inclining  to  yellowish-white.  Whorls  6,  grad- 
ually increasing,  the  last  somewhat  ventricose,  equal  to  two-thirds  of 
the  length  of  the  shell.  Spire  conic,  sharp.  Aperture  oblong-oval ; 
peristome  acute,  not  expanded  ;  columellar  margin  reflexed  over  the 
narrow  umbilicus.  Dimensions  of  a  typical  example,  alt.  23,  diam. 
12,  length  of  aperture  11,  width  6  mill.  (Guppy.) 

Island  of  Grenada,  shady  places,  500-1500  feet  alt.,  on  trees ; 
rather  rare  (H.  H.  Smith). 

Bulimulus  indistinctus  GUPPY,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  i,  p.  436 
(June,  1868). — BLAND,  Amer.  Jour.  Conch,  iv,  p.  188. — Bulimus 
indistinctus  Guppy,  PFK.,  Monogr.  viii,  p.  184.  Not  B.  indistinctus 
Pfr.  1852. — Bulimulus  (Drym&us)  binominis  E.  A.  SMITH,  Proc. 
Malac.  Soc.  London,  i,  p.  316,  pi.  21,  f.  13  and  f.  14,  var.  lascel- 
lesiana. 


22  DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

Var.  lascellesiana  Smith.     PL  12,  fig.  10. 

Of  a  very  dark,  almost  black,  tint,  with  two  narrow  yellowish  or 
whitish  transverse  zones  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  and  four  on  the 
last.  The  edge  of  the  peristome  is  also  whitish.  The  third  zone 
from  the  suture  is  the  broadest,  and  the  fourth  or  basal  one  is  some- 
times somewhat  indistinct  (Smith).  It  is,  I  believe,  only  found  on 
the  Annandale  estate,  and  only  on  one  small  part  of  that — a  strip  of 
land  facing  west  on  a  rocky  mountain  side,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000 
to  1,200  feet  (Lascelles). 

Mr.  Smith's  figure  shows  five  bands  upon  the  last  whorl. 

D.  BROADWAYI  (E.  A.  Smith).     PL  12,  fig.  5. 

Shell  short,  ovate,  slightly  rimate,  thin,  subpellucid,  whitish-cor- 
neOus  with  a  brown  band  at  the  suture.  Spire  short,  conic,  rather 
obtuse  and  blackish  at  the  apex.  Whorls  5,  somewhat  rapidly  in- 
creasing, a  little  convex,  earlier  two  minutely  punctate  cancellate, 
the  following  a  little  shining,  striated  with  delicate  growth-lines ; 
last  whorl  slightly  globose,  having  slender,  oblique,  more  or  less 
numerous  riblets.  Aperture  a  little  exceeding  half  the  total  altitude 
of  the  shell;  peristome  very  thin;  columellar  margin  slightly  thick- 
ened, thinly  and  narrowly  reflexed. 

Alt.  14,  diam.  8J,  length  of  aperture  8,  width  6  mill.  (Smith). 

Trinidad  (W.  E.  Broadway). 

Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  broadwayi  SMITH,  Journ.  of  Conch,  viii, 
p.  243,  pi.  8,  f.  9  (Oct.  1,  1896). 

Mr.  Moss  informs  me  that  this  very  interesting  addition  to  the 
fauna  was  discovered  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Broadway,  who  at  that  time  was 
an  assistant  in  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Trinidad.  We  are  also  in- 
debted to  him  for  the  discovery  of  the  preceding  species  (D.  mossi). 
Mr.  Moss,  who  has  received  from  him  a  fine  series  of  the  Trinidad 
shells,  has  liberally  placed  one  of  his  three  specimens  of  this  species 
in  the  British  Museum  collection.  It  is  very  different  from  all  the 
other  indigenous  forms,  and  quite  distinct  from  any  of  the  continental 
species.  The  fine  rib-like  lines  of  growth  on  the  body-whorl  are 
peculiar,  and  the  style  of  coloration  is  very  remarkable.  I  have 
much  pleasure  in  naming  this  very  interesting  form  after  Mr.  Broad- 
way (Smith). 

D.  TJNDULATUS  (Guilding).     PL  13,  figs.  77,  78,  79,  80. 

Shell  perforate  and  openly  rimate,  ovate-conic,  moderately  solid  ; 


23 

white  or  yellowish  with  numerous  purple-brown  longitudinal  undula- 
ting stripes  which  are  widened  at  intervals,  forming  on  the  body- 
whorl  four  spiral  bands  of  spots,  sometimes  in  part  coaleccent  spirally, 
three  on  the  spire,  leaving  the  umbilical  area  and  a  band  along  the 
outside  of  the  lip  light ;  markings  absent  on  the  earlier  whorls.  Spire 
conic,  apex  rather  obtuse,  white,  with  typical  Drymaus  sculpture. 
Whorls  about  6,  slightly  convex,  the  last  not  descending. 

Aperture  vertical,  elliptical,  narrowed  above  and  below,  maculated 
inside,  one-half  the  length  of  the  shell ;  peristome  rather  broadly 
bordered  with  white,  moderately  expanded,  the  columellar  lip  dilated, 
columella  slightly  concave,  with  a  faint  fold  above. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  13^;  alt.  of  aperture  14  mill. 

Alt.  34,  diam.  14;  alt.  of  aperture  17  mill. 

St.  Vincent,  on  a  mountain  ridge  between  Mt.  $t.  Andrews  and  the 
Grand  Bonhomme,  about  2000  ft.  alt.,  damp  forest,  generally  on  the 
leaves  of  palm  trees  (H.  H.  Smith). 

Bulimulus  undulatus  GUILDING,  Zool.  Journal  iv,  p  169 — Buli- 
nus  undulatus  SOWB.,  Conch  lllustr,  f.  54 — Bulimus  undulatus 

REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  40,  f.  247 PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  95  ;  iii, 

374;  iv,  444;  vi,  80;  viii,  112;  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  167,  pi.  50,  f.  7. 
— Bulimus  (^Plecochilus}  undulatus  E.  A.  SMITH,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  i, 
p.  306.  Not  Plekocheilus  undulatus  GLDG.,  see  vol.  x,  p.  65. — 
Bulimulus  Jluctuatus  BECK,  Index,  p.  66. 

This  species  has  the  color-pattern  of  a  typical  Drymceus,  though 
with  the  lip  less  expanded  than  usual.  The  pattern  of  scalloped 
streaks  is  broken  into  spots  on  the  spire,  in  the  usual  and  typical 
form.  Figs.  79,  80,  copied  from  Pfeiffer,  represent  a  variety  or  form 
with  quite  modified  color-pattern. 

Beck  has  named  three  varieties :  exalbidus^  subfasciatus  and  litur- 
atus  ;  the  latter  only  is  defined  by  a  reference  to  Sowerby's  Conch, 
lllustr.  f.  54.  This  figure  is  somewhat  more  slender  than  my  fig.  77, 
but  has  no  claims  to  varietal  distinction  so  far  as  I  can  see. 

D.  ELONGATUS  (Bolten).     PI.  11,  figs.  1-26. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  perforate  or  closed,  solid  and  strong.  White, 
yellowish  or  red,  unicolored  or  variously  banded  or  streaked  with 
chestnut,  chocolate  or  purplish-brown.  Shining,  smoothish,  with 
slight  growth-lines  and  generally  minute,  sub-obsolete  spiral  striation. 
Spire  straightly  conic,  long,  apex  rather  obtuse.  Whorls  about  6£, 
but  slightly  convex. 


24  DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

Aperture  ovate,  ochre,  red  or  brown  inside,  slightly  oblique,  gen- 
erally less  than  half  the  shell's  length ;  outer  lip  thickened  within,  a 
trifle  expanded  at  the  edge;  columella  subvertical,  generally  brown, 
often  white. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  13^,  alt.  aperture  15  mill.     (Porto  Rico.) 
Alt.  30,  diam.  12,  alt.  aperture  13  mill.     (Porto  Rico.) 
Alt.  26,  dia'm.  12J,  alt.  aperture  14  mill.     (Porto  Rico.) 
Alt.  27 -J,  diam.  14,  alt.  aperture  14  mill.     (Anageda.) 
Alt.  27,  diam.  12^,  alt.  aperture  12  mill.     (Anageda.) 
Alt.  26,  diam.  11J,  alt.  aperture  11^  mill.     (S.  Eustatius.) 
Alt.  31,  diam.  13^,  alt.  aperture  15  mill,     (extinctus.) 
Alt.  23,  diam.  9±,  alt.  aperture  10  mill.     (S.  Croix.) 
Alt.  33,  diam.  14J,  alt.  aperture  15  mill.     (S.  Croix.) 
Porto  Rico,  Virgin  Is.  and  Northern   Caribbean  Is.,  Curasao  and 
Bonaire.     Porto  Rico :  Fojardo  and  Ceibo  (Blauner)  ;  Manati,  Are- 
cibo,  Quebradillas  Guanica,  Utuado  (Gundlach)  ;   Penuelas  (Sinten- 
sis)  San  Juan  (Swift).     Vieque  (Blauner,  Swift).    Anageda  (Cleve). 
Tortola  (Swift).     St.  Thomas  (Bland,  "  hills  about  Baker's,"  Swift). 
St.   John   (Bland,   Swift).      St.    Croix,   Recovery   Hill  (Riise).     St. 
Martins,  on  the  mountains  (Swift);  Simson  Bay  (Kohlmann,  Van 
Rijersma).     St.  Bartholomew  (Dr.  Cleve).     St.  Eustatius  (F.  Ober, 
John  E.  Hill).     Antigua  (Rev.  A.  Hamilton).      Gaudeloupe  (Beau, 
Schramm,  Bland).     Bonaire  (Bland).      Oruba  (Hartert).      Curacao 
(Raven).     Doubtful  localities:   Martinique  (Bid.  in  coll.  A.  N.  S.). 
Caracas,  Venezuela  (Ernst). 

Typical  Form. 

Helix  elongata  BOLTEN,  Mus.  Boltenianum,  p.  107,  no.  1371,  based 
upon  Chemnitz,  ix,  pi.  134,  f.  1225a  (1798). — Bulimus  elonc/atus 
Bolt.,  PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  p.  482;  vi,  128;  viii,  165. — Bulimulus 
elongatus  E.  A.  SMITH,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond.  iii,  p.  113. — Helix 
(Cochloaena)  virgulata  FERUSSAC,  Tabl.  Syst.,  p.  54,  no.  396  (1822); 
Histoire,  pi.  142  B,  f.  1-7.  —  Bulimus  virgulatus  MENKE,  Syn., 

edit.   2,  p.  27 POT.  &  MICH.,  Galerie  i,  p.  132,  pi.  12,  f.  7,  8 

(young). — PFEIFFER,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  202  ;  iii,  421  ;  Conchol.  Cab., 
p.  161,  pi.  46,  f.  9,  10. — DESH.  in  Fer.,  Hist,  ii,  p.  91,  pi.  150,  f.  7, 
8. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  49,  f.  320. — SHUTTLEWORTH,  Diag- 
nosen  neuer  Moll.,  no.  6,  Bern  Mittheil.,  1854,  p.  136. — BLAND  in 
Adams'  Contrib.  to  Conch.,  no.  11,  p.  220  (1852) Bulimulus  vir- 


DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES.  25 

gulatus  MAZE,   Journ.   de   Conchyl.,  1883,   p.   18 ;   1890,  p.  25 

CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1892,  p.  24,  62,  66,  67 MARTENS, 

Jahrb.  D.   Mai.  Ges.  iv,   1877,  p.  350;   Nachrbl.,  1891,  p.  132 

SEMPER,  Reisen  im  Archip.  Phil.,  Landmoll.,  p.  153,  pi.  xv,  f.  4 
(genitalia),  pi.  xvii,  fig.  6  (teeth) — Otostomus  virgulatus  MARTENS, 
Binnenmoll.  Venez.,  p.  184  (28). — Helix  detrita  Mull.,  CHEMNITZ, 

Conchyl.  Cab.  ix,  p.  161,  pi.  134,  f.  1225  a,  b.  (not   of  Miiller) 

Helix  exilis  }  GMEL.,  Syst.  Nat.  (13),  p.  3669.— Bulimus  caribce- 
orum  LAM.,  Anim.  s.  Vert,  vi,  pi.  2,  p.  124  (1822);  Edit.  DESK., 
viii,  p.  233 — Bulimuhis  caraibceorum  BECK,  Index,  p.  66. 

Fossil  form. 

Bulimus  extinctus  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.  ii,  1855,  p.  103,  pi.  4,  f.  9,  10  ; 
Monogr.  iv,  p.  470. — Bulimulus  extinctus  BLD.,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad. 
Sci.  ii,  p.  122. 

Blue  tipped  form. 

Bulimus  apiculatus  GRAY,  P.  Z.  S.  1834,  p.  66 — PFR.,  Monogr. 
ii,  p.  209 — Bulimus  k'dmrnereri  MORCH,  Catal.  Conch.  Yoldi,  p.  23 
(1852)  ;  no  description. — B.  virgulatus  var.,  PFEIFFER,  Monogr.  iii, 
p.  421  (1853),  referring  to  Conchyl.  Cab.  pi.  46,  f.  11,  12. 

Red  color -variety. 

Bulimulus protevs  GUILDING,  in  Swains.,  Malacology,  p.  335  (nude 
name)  of.  PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  202 — Helix  ludovica  RANG,  in  Paris 
mus.  (j*de  Pf'r.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  202.) — Bulimus  elongatus  var.  rubra 
Pfr.,  Monogr.  iv,  p.  482. — Bidimidus  virgulatus  var.  carnea  MORCH, 
Catal.  Yoldi,  p.  23  (nude  name). 

Variety  anguiUensis. 

Bulimm  anguiUensis  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.  xii,  1865,  p.  123;  Novit. 
Conch,  fasc.  23,  p.  281,  pi.  69,  f.  3-6  ;  Monogr.  vi,  p.  146. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  variable  species  of  the  genus.  The  color- 
varieties  may  be  arranged  as  follows : 

1.  Uniform  white,  the  columella  generally  brown  stained,  and  in- 
terior of  aperture  olive  or  brown.  Apex  generally  white,  often  blue 
(fig.  5). 

1  a.  White  or  whitish,  with  three  or  four  spiral  bands  of  chestnut 
or  purplish,  either  continuous  or  interrupted  (fig.  6). 

1  b.  White  or  whitish,  with  many  narrow  longitudinal  streaks,  no 
3 


26  DRYMJEUS,    WEST    INDIES. 

bands.     This   is   the  typical   color-form  of  the  species,  historically 
(figs.  3,  8). 

1  c.  The  same,  but  streaks  coalescent. 

2.  Flesh,  salmon   or   scarlet  red,  paler  above.     (Form  ludovica 
<Rang'  Pfr.,  pi.  11,  fig.  16). 

2  a.  Red  or  reddish,  with  three  spiral  bands,  subcontinuous  or  in- 
terrupted into  spots  (figs.  15,  17). 

2  b.  Red  or  reddish,  with  longitudinal  streaks,  no  bands  (fig.  13). 

3.  Dirty  white,  with  blue  apex  and  wide  spiral  zones  composed  of 
vertical  lines  or  streaks.     (Form  apiculatus  Gray,  pi.  11,  figs.  4,  12.) 

4.  Fossil  in  St.  Croix  ;  rather  slender  with  pyramidal  spire  of  flat 
whorls  (form  extinctus  Pfr.,  pi.  11,  f.  24-26.) 

5.  Small,    rather   slender,   bands   when    present  purplish,  "  dis- 
tinguished from  all  forms  of  elongatus  by  the  much  more  lengthened 
contour,  narrow  aperture  and  lip-like  internal  thickening  of  the  peri- 
stome"  (Form  anguillensis  Pfr.,  pi.  11,  f.  20-23.) 

None  of  the  patterns  of  coloring  seem  to  be  constant  or  sharply 
restricted  geographically,  although  frequently  the  specimens  from 
one  special  locality  are  alike.  Thus  of  34  specimens  from  Porto 
Rico  there  are  7  uniform  white,  5  red,  2  red  with  bands,  5  whitish 
with  interrupted  bands,  10  with  narrow  streaks,  and  the  rest  various 
transitions.  In  Tortola  the  various  forms  with  red  ground  color  pre- 
dominate, but  forms  1,15  and  Ic  also  occur.  In  a  series  of  27  from 
Curacao  there  are  6  red,  3  red  with  bands,  2  white,  15  white  with 
bands  or  spots  (some  with  the  apex  blue),  and  1  white  with  streaks. 

While  I  have  above  given  the  names  applied  to  various  forms,  1 
do  not  regard  them  as  of  subspecific  value ;  my  conclusions  being 
based  upon  a  series  of  some  hundreds  of  shells  covering  every  island 
mentioned  in  the  above  paragraph  of  geographic  distribution. 

B.  extinctus  Pfr.  (pi.  11,  figs.  24-26),  originally  described  from 
one  specimen,  is  shown  by  my  series  to  be  absolutely  equivalent  to 
elongatus  (virgulatus),  numerous  specimens  intergrading  perfectly. 
It  is  from  Pleistocene  deposits  of  St.  Croix. 

B.  anguillensis  Pfr.  (pi.  11,  figs.  20-23),  is  typically  rather  small, 
slender  and  pale  colored.  It  also  intergrades  with  virgulatus  through 
the  form  apiculatus  Gray  (kammereri  Morch).  Typical  anguillensis 
is  from  Anguilla,  but  a  series  of  twenty  shells  from  St.  Croix  (pi. 
11,  figs.  18,  19)  exactly  correspond  in  form  and  color,  but  are  thinner, 
with  the  lip  hardly  thickened ;  these  being  the  thinnest  specimens  of 


DRYM^EUS,    WEST    INDIES.  27 

the  species  I  have  seen.  Some  of  the  St.  Martin  and  St.  Barts  ex- 
amples might  also  be  called  "  anguillensis."  It  seems  to  be  an  ill- 
defined  or  incipient  subspecies. 

Red  forms,  both  plain  and  banded,  occur  on  Porto  Rico  (rare), 
Tortola,  Bonaire  and  Cura9ao ;  also  Guadaloupe  and  Martinique. 
It  is  possible  that  the  specimens  from  the  latter  two  islands  are  an 
importation.  If  so,  the  anomaly  of  the  occurrence  of  virgulatus  in 
Cura9ao  is  even  more  accentuated  ;  but  that  island  has  also  a  species 
of  Cerion,  a  genus  not  occurring  in  the  Caribbees,  but  common  on 
the  Virgin  Islands. 

Figs.  1-4  are  from  Porto  Rico  shells ;  5,  6,  Anageda ;  7,  8,  St. 
Thomas;  12,  St.  Eustatius;  13-17,  Tortola;  18,  19,  St.  Croix; 
20-23,  Anguilla;  24-26,  St.  Croix. 

D.  MULTILINEATUS  (Say).     PI.  11,  figs.  27-33. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  oblong-pyramidal,  solid;  opaque  white, 
faintly  blue-  or  brown-tinted,  becoming  purplish-blue  on  the  earlier 
whorls,  irregularly  obliquely  streaked  with  chestnut,  having  a  blackish 
chestnut  band  below  the  suture  and  an  umbilical  patch  of  the  same,  usu- 
ally with  a  basal  band  also,  and  often  another  narrow  one  a  short 
distance  below  the  sutural  band.  Surface  slightly  shining,  densely 
but  rather  obsoletely  striated  spirally.  Spire  long,  straightly  conic, 
the  apex  rather  obtuse.  Whorls  7,  rather  convex,  the  last  decid- 
edly so. 

Aperture  oblique,  oblong-ovate,  streaked  within,  its  length  con- 
tained nearly  or  quite  2^  times  in  that  of  the  shell ;  peristome  simple, 
broadly  dark -bordered  inside  and  out;  columella  concave,  dilated 
and  sub-appressed  above. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  10.8  ;  alt.  of  aperture  10  mill. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  10.5;  alt.  of  aperture  10.2  mill. 

Florida:  Key  West,  Balda  Honda  Key  and  Lower  Matacumba 
Key;  north  to  Marco.  Yucatan:  Sisal  (Morel et).  Colombia:  Santa 
Marta,  Magdalena,  Bambo  Bay  and  Barranquilla  (Swift,  Bland), 
Savanilla  and  Carthagena  (Gibbons).  Venezuela:  Maracaibo  and 
Puerto  Cabello  (Swift),  Valencia  (Simon),  Aagostura  or  Ciudnd  Boli- 
var (Gruner,  Swift).  Island  of  Curacao  (Swift,  Gibbons). 

Bulimus  multilineatus  SAY,  Journ.  Acad.  Phil,  v,  p.  120  (1825). 
— PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  204 — Mesembrinus  multilineatus 
TRYON,  Am.  Journ.  Conch,  iii,  p.  169,  pi.  9  (13),  fig,  11,  12,^- 


28  DRYM^US,    WEST    INDIES. 

Bulimulus  (Mesembrinus)   multilineaius    BINNEY    &    BLAND,  Land 

and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  N.  A.,   i,   p.   197,  fig.  344 FISCH.  & 

CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  545. — Bulimulus  mul- 
tilineatus  BINNEY,  Terr,  air-breath.  Moll,  of  N.  A.  v,  p.  395  ; 

Manual  of  Am.  Land-Shells,   p.  404,  fig.  443 DALL,  Proc.  U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus.  1885,  p.  260 — GIBBONS,  Journ.  of  Conch.  (Leeds),  ii, 
p.  136. — Bulimus  menkei,  GRUNERin  Wiegm.  Arch.  f.  Naturg.  1841, 
p.  277,  pi.  11,  fig.  2.— PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  176  ; 
Martini  &  Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch. -Cab.  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  190, 
pi.  49,  figs.  19,  20 — Bulimus  (Mesembrinus)  menkei  ALBERS,  Die 

Helic,  ed.  I,  p.  157 PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  158  (1855) 

Bulimulus  (Mesembrinus^)  menkei,  VON  MART,  in  Albers'  Die  Helic. 
ed.  2,  p.  214 — Otostomus  (Mesembrinus)  menkei,  MART.,  Binnen- 
moll.  Venezuela's  p.  28 ;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Moll.,  p.  235. — Mesem- 

brinus  menkei  Jouss.,  Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  ii,  p.  241 Bulimus 

sisalensis  MORELET,  Test.  Noviss.  i,  p.  9  (1849),  ii,p.  27 — Bulimus 
venosus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  45,  fig.  285 — Bulimus 
virgulalus  (Ferussac),  LEIDY,  in  Binney's  Terr,  air- breath.  Moll,  of 
N.  A.  i,  p.  259,  pi.  15,  figs.  7,  8  (anatomy). — BINNEY,  op.  cit.  ii,  p. 
278,  pi.  58. — Bulimus  parvus  LEA,  Trans.  Amer.  Philos.  Soc.  vi, 
p.  84,  pi.  23,  f.  96  (June,  1838)  ;  Obs.  Gen.  Unio,  ii,  p.  84,  pi.  23, 
f.  96. 

The  geographic  range  of  this  species  is  remarkably  discontinuous, 
but  with  large  series  before  me  from  Venezuela,  Colombia  and  Flor- 
ida, I  am  compelled  to  agree  with  von  Martens  and  others  that  no 
specific  separation  is  possible.  There  are,  however,  one  or  two  in- 
cipient subspecies  in  South  America.  These  are  too  ill-defined  to 
deserve  names,  but  as  the  tendency  toward  differentiation  exists,  I 
have  below  used  the  names  already  given.  The  South  American 
forms  are  doubtless  the  parent  stock,  and  the  Floridian  probably  a 
colony  introduced  by  some  "  accidental "  or  rarely  efficient  agency. 

The  typical  Floridian  form  always  has  the  earlier  whorls  dark  blue 
with  a  light  subsutural  border,  and  the  color-pattern  of  the  whole  shell 
is  well  developed.  Some  South  American  shells  (form  menkei  Gruner, 
pi.  11,  fig.  33)  also  show  these  characteristics  ;  but  the  majority  have 
the  earlier  portion  of  the  spire  white  or  rose-tinted,  and  very  frequently 
the  color-pattern  throughout  is  weaker,  spiral  bands  absent  (fig.  31) 
or  all  the  streaks  lost  except  a  few  on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl 
(fig.  30,  Yaracui,  Venezuela). 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  29 

The  shells  from  Curayao  often  lack  the  subsutural  and  umbilical 
markings,  and  show  traces  of  a  peripheral  band  (fig.  32),  but  occa- 
sionally lack  all  spiral  bands  ;  the  apex  generally  white.  They  are 
readily  distinguishable  from  D.  elongaim  Bolt.,  which  occurs  on  the 
same  island,  the  only  locality  to  my  knowledge  where  the  two  are 
associated. 

Form  parvus  Lea.  (PI.  25,  figs.  37,  38 ;  vol.  XI,  pi.  25,  f.  58.) 
In  Colombia,  at  Carthagena  and  Barranquilla,  a  very  pale  form 
occurs,  the  purple  on  spire  either  faint  or  of  typical  intensity 
oblique  streaks  varying  from  numerous  to  very  few,  of  paler  tint 
than  typical ;  spiral  bands  faint,  subobsolete  in  the  adult,  subsutural 
and  umbilical  bands  wanting  ;  outer  lip  with  an  ochraceous  border 
inside. 

Lea's  type  specimen  of  B.  parvus  (see  vol.  XI,  pi.  25,  fig.  58),  is 
a  half-grown  shell,  dead  and  lusterless,  with  purple  tip,  radially 
striped  base  and  with  a  single  narrow,  occasionally  interrupted  tawny 
band  on  the  upper  whorls,  with  some  spots  indicating  the  presence  of 
the  other  band  mentioned  in  the  description  ;  the  periphery  is  ab- 
ruptly angular;  whorls  5  J ;  alt.  13,  diam.  7  mill.  It  corresponds 
exactly  with  young  of  the  form  figured  on  pi.  25,  figs  37,  38.  The 
type  of  parvus  is  no.  105077  U.  S.  National  Museum.  The  shell  has 
been  broken  and  repairt,  1. 

I  have  not  seen  specimens  from  Yucatan,  but  there  is  no  doubt  of 
their  essential  identity  with  multilineatus,  as  they  have  the  same  form, 
size  and  coloration,  "apex  violet-bluish." 

III.  SPECIES  OF  MEXICO  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Of  the  50  or  more  species  of  the  genus  known  from  this  area,  all 
of  which  the  apices  have  been  examined  show  the  grated  sculpture 
typical  of  Drymceus.  The  species  have  been  distributed  among  var- 
ious subgenera  by  authors ;  thus  Dr.  von  Martens,  in  his  excellent 
account  in  the  Biologia  Centrali  Americana,  recognizes  the  subgenera 
DrymczuS)  Mesembrinus,  Mormus  and  Scutalus,  though  he  evidently 
lays  no  great  stress  upon  them  ;  and  previous  authors  accept  even 
more  groups.  Of  these  subgenera,  Scutalus  is  a  subordinate  group 
of  Btdimuhtt)  and  is  here  misapplied  ;  the  type  of  Mormus  probably 
has  no  close  genetic  relation  to  Mexican  species ;  and  between  Dry- 
mceus  and  Mesembrinus  there  is  a  complete  chain  of  intermediate 
forms.  Under  these  circumstances,  subgeneric  divisions  having  any 


30  DRYMJSUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

natural  basis  whatever,  cannot  be  made ;  and  while  there  is  a  great 
variety  of  forms  among  the  several  species,  they  must  still  be  re- 
garded as  a  nearly  homogenous  assemblage. 

The  origin  of  the  main  mass  of  this  stock  may  be  traced  to  forms 
emigrating  from  the  adjacent  portion  of  South  America,  at  various 
times,  probably  beginning  immediately  after  the  last  interruption  of 
communication  between  the  two  oceans  at  the  Isthmus,  and  contin- 
uing to  the  present  day.  A  small  number  of  forms,  including  prob- 
ably D.  domim'cus,  totonacus,  and  some  of  their  allies,  were  possibly 
derived  frpm  the  Antilles  by  way  of  Cuba  and  Yucatan  ;  though  the 
ancestors  of  this  fauna  also  were  ultimately  from  the  Spanish  main. 
That  the  Mexican  Drymcevs  species  are  comparatively  recent  intrud- 
ers from  South  America,  is  shown  by  their  close  alliance  to  Colom- 
bian forms,  most  of  the  "groups"  into  which  the  species  fall  being  in- 
separable from  those  of  northern  South  America,  and  by  the  fact  that 
the  number  of  these  "  groups  "  becomes  much  greater  as  we  go 
southward,  from  northern  Mexico  to  Costa  Eica.  Were  they  an  old 
constituent  of  the  Mexican  fauna,  we  would  expect  peculiarly  Mexican 
types,  such  as  occur  among  Helices,  etc. 

In  the  following  account  of  the  species,  I  have  quoted  largely 
from  Dr.  von  Martens,  whose  work  on  this  genus,  in  the  Biologia, 
is  worthy  of  high  praise  ;  though  the  material  studied  has  caused  me 
to  reach  different  results  in  some  instances,  as  would  be  expected. 
With  the  earlier  great  work  of  Crosse  &  Fischer,  Strebel  &  Pfeffer's 
Beitrage,  and  von  Martens'  Biologia,  the  Mexican  Bulimulid  fauna 
may  be  considered  comparatively  well  known  ;  though  so  numerous 
are  the  local  races  and  closely  allied  species  that  much  doubtless  re- 
mains to  be  done. 

Mexican  Groups  of  Drymaus. 
a.  Peristome  conspicuously  expanded. 

b.  A  broadly  open  rimation ;  no  spiral  stria?. 

Group  of  D.josephus,  p.  31. 

£>'.  Perforation  narrow.         Group  of  D.  serperastrum,  p.  33. 
a'.  Peristome  but  slightly  or  not  expanded. 

b.  Short-oval,  no  spiral  striae,  peristome  colored. 

Group  of  D.  tripictus,  p. 

bf.  Elongated,  moderately  opaque,  and  usually  streaked  or 
spotted. 


DRYMuEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL   AMERICA.  31 

c.  More  or  less  wrinkled  or  plicatulate. 

Group  of  D.  sitlcosus,  p. 

c1.  Smoother.  Group  of  D.  attenuates,  p. 

I".  Elongated,  thin,  often  translucent,  unicolored  or  with 
bands  or  rows  of  spots ;  spirally  striated,  nearly  smooth, 
glossy.  Group  of  D.  totanacus,  p. 

Group  of  D.  sulphureus,  p. 
Group  of  D.  altemans,  p. 
bf".   Elongated,  rather  opaque,  streaked  or  banded. 

Group  of  D.  multilineatus,  p.  27. 

GROUP  OF  D.  JOSEPHUS. 
D.  ZHORQUINENSIS  (Angas).     PL  26,  figs.  14,  15. 

Shell  perforate  and  openly  rimate,  ovate-conic,  rather  solid  ;  whit- 
ish, with  oblique,  spaced  brown  streaks,  narrower  than  their  inter- 
vals. Surface  smooth,  marked  with  slight  growth  lines.  Spire  conic, 
the  apex  rather  obtuse ;  whorls  nearly  seven,  convex,  the  first  with 
typical  Drymam  sculpture,  the  last  full,  very  convex  below,  ascend- 
ing toward  the  lip. 

Aperture  vertical,  ovate,  the  peristome  very  broadly  expanded, 
white;  columellar  margin  broadly  dilated,  channelled  at  its  junction 
with  the  whorl ;  columella  with  a  deep  spiral  fold.  Alt.  44,  diameter 
23J,  length  of  aperture  23^  mill. 

S.-E.  Costa  Rica:  middle  Zhorquin  to  Cuabre,  on  low  hills  and  flat 
ground  (Gabb). 

Bulimus  zhorquinensis  ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.  1879,  p.  478,  pi.  40,  f.  4. 
Otostomus  zhorquinensis  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  202. — Buli- 
mulus  (Scutalus)  pallidior,  "specimens  from  Costa  Rica,"  DALL, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xvi,  1893,  p.  640. 

Allied  to  D.josephus  only,  among  known  Mexican  shells,  though 
as  Angas  remarks,  the  great  expansion  of  the  peristome  gives  it  a 
resemblance  to  D.  expansus,  Pfr.,  which  also  has  a  widely-open 
rimation.  Angas'  figures  (which  are  copied  on  my  plate)  do  not 
show  the  broad  flare  of  the  columellar  lip  very  well.  The  brown 
streaks  are  also  closer  than  in  the  specimen  in  the  Academy  collec- 
tion. Somewhat  worn  and  decolored  specimens  collected  by  Senor 
Zeledon  in  Costa  Rica  were  referred  by  Dall  to  B.  pallidior,  which 
they  much  resemble. 


32  DRYM^TJS,  MEXICO  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

D.  JOSEPHUS  (Angas).     PI.  26,  figs.  6-13. 

Shell  oblong-turreted,  broadly  rimate,  thin  but  solid  ;  white  with 
thin  pale  buff  cuticle,  unicolored  or  with  longitudinal  stripes  or  spiral 
series  of  spots  of  brown.  Surface  glossy,  smooth,  the  growth-lines 
inconspicuous,  some  very  fine  spiral  lines  generally  to  be  seen  on  the 
base,  under  a  strong  lens.  Spire  long,  conic,  with  convex  or  nearly 
straight  lateral  outlines,  the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  7,  convex,  the 
apical  with  typical  Urymceits  sculpture,  the  last  very  convex  and 
full  below,  slightly  ascending  in  front. 

Aperture  decidedly  less  than  half  the  length  of  shell,  ovate,  the 
peristome  thin  ;  broadly  expanded,  columellar  margin  very  much 
dilated,  impressed  or  channelled  at  the  insertion  above,  the  outer  edge 
produced  in  a  wide  lobe  ;  columella  with  a  deeply  entering  fold. 

Alt.  32,  diam.  14^,  length  of  aperture  15  mill. 

Alt.  32J,  diam.  15,  length  of  aperture  13J  mill. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  14J,  length  of  aperture  13  mill. 

Puerto  Viejo,  on  the  Rio  Sarapfgui,  in  N.~E.  Costa  Rica  (Biolley); 
San  Jose  (Boucard)  and  Talamanca  (Gabb)  in  central ;  and  on  the 
banks  of  Rio  Pacuare  del  Sur^  in  its  middle  course  at  about  500  meters 
alt.,  valley  of  the  upper  Savegal,  at  1000  meters  alt.,  and  in  tlie  ivoods 
near  Terr  aba ;  Quelrada  de  Tocori  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Paquete, 
and  El  Pital  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Naranjo,  in  S.~  W.  Costa  Rica 
(Pittier). 

Bulimus  josephus  ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1878,  p.  73,  pi.  5,  f.  13,  14; 

1879,  p.  478 Otostomus  josephus  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll., 

p.  202,  with  var.  maculosus,  pi.  12,  f.  7,  and  var.  concolor,  pi.  12,  f. 

8-10  (Aug.,  1893) Bulimulus  (Leptolyrsus}  zeledoni  DALL,  Proc. 

U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xvi,  p.  644,  pi.  71,  f.  2  (Nov.  23,  1893). 

Closely  resembles  D.  zhorquinensis  in  the  form  of  the  umbilicus, 
peristome  and  columella,  as  wrell  as  in  the  color  pattern  ;  but  smaller, 
with  longer  spire  and  less  dilated  last  whorl. 

The  typical  color-form  (figs.  11,  12)  is  striped  longitudinally  with 
brown,  the  stripes  either  straight  or  somewhat  angulated. 

Color- var.  maculosus  Martens  (fig.  9),  has  four  series  of  square 
spots.  It  is  from  the  banks  of  the  Rio  Pacuare  del  Sul,  in  south- 
western Costa  Rica. 

Color-var.  concolor  Mart.  (figs.  6,  7,  8,  10,  13),  uniform  pale  yel- 
lowish. Occurs  in  N.-E.,  Central  and  S.-W.  Costa  Rica.  Ball's 
B.  zeledoni  (fig.  13)  is  a  synonym. 


DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  33 

GROUP  OF  D.   SERPERASTRUM. 

D.  DOMBEYANUS  (Ferussac).     PI.  2G,  figs.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

Shell  rimate-umbilicate,  ovate-acuminale,  white,  solid,  longitudi- 
nally rugose.  Spire  acuminate  ;  whorls  7,  flattened.  ColumelJa 
nearly  straight,  brown.  Aperture  oval-oblong,  brown  in  the  throat ; 
peristome  brown,  very  broadly  expanded  and  reflexed  ;  the  columellar 
margin  dilated  (Pfr.).  Alt.  G2,  diam.  34,  length  of  aperture  38  mill. 

Central  Mexico  :  On  the  slope  of  the  hill  Ajusco,  near  the  city  of 
Mexico  (Hahn,  var.)  ;  IF.  Mexico:  Venta  de  Zopilotc,  State  of  Guer- 
rero (H.  H.  Smith). 

Helix  dombeyana,  Ferussac,  in  Mus.  Paris,  PFR.  Symb.  Hist. 

Helic.  ii,  p.  76  (1842)  (without  description) Bulimus  dombeyanus^ 

PFR.  Symb.  Hist.  Helic.  ii,  p.  114  (1842),  iii,  p.  83  (1846)  (first 
description  of  the  shell)  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  57,  vi.  p.  38. 
— REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  30,  f.  186. — Bulimus  (Dry- 

miens')  dombeyanus,  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  151  (1855) Bull- 

mulus  ( Otostomus)  dombeyanus,  v.  MART,  in  Albers'  Die  Helic.  ed. 

2,  p.  211  ;  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  23  (1865) Balimulus  (Scutalus) 

dombeyanus,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Sclent.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p. 
515 — Lymnaa  ruyosa*  VALENC.,  in  Humboldt  &  Bonpland's  Obs. 
Zool.,ii,  p.  250,  pi.  56,  fig.  5  (young)  (1833). 

Bulimus  alcantarce,  BERNARDI.  Journ.  de  Conch.,  iv.  p.  35,  pi.  3. 

fig.  1  (1853).— PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  393 Bulimulus 

dombeyanus,  var.  p,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca, 

1,  p.  516. — Bulimulus  dombeyanus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land  und 
Siissw. -Conch,  v,  p.  74,  pi.  7,  fig.  3a,  b. 

The  largest  species  of  the  genus.  The  variety  alcantara  Bernard! 
(pi.  26,  figs.  4,  5)  is  distinguished  by  its  white  peristome.  Von 
Martens  writes  as  follows  :  Of  three  full-grown  specimens  before  me, 
two  exhibit  the  prominent  edge  of  a  former  lip  on  the  back  of  the 
last  whorl,  one-third  or  one-half  of  the  circumference  backwards  frcm 
the  aperture.  The  color  of  the  peristome  varies  in  these  specimens 
from  very  pale  brown  to  white,  which  proves  that  B.  alcantarce  can 
scarcely  be  distinguished  even  as  a  variety ;  Strebel  came  to  the  same 
conclusion.  The  interior  of  the  aperture  is  also,  in  the  variety, 
brownish.  The  young  specimen  from  Venta  de  Zopilote  (pi.  26,  figs. 

2,  3),  has  a  pale-brown  band  immediately  below  the  angular  periph- 
ery, as  in  the  figure  given  by  Valenciennes. 


34  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  previous  to  the  year  1882  no  exact  locality 
was  known  for  this  very  remarkable  shell,  the  largest  of  the  Mexican 
species  of  this  genus.  It  seems  that  in  the  Paris  Museum  it  has  been 
mixed  with  shells  collected  by  Mr.  Dombey  in  Peru,  or  rather  Chili: 
see  Lamarck,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Anim.  sans  Vert.  ed.  I,  vi,  p.  141, 
Auricula  (Chilina)  dombeyana,  and  ibid.  p.  76,  Helix  peraviana, 
identical  with  laxata,  Fer.,  which  botli  inhabit  Chili  and  not  Peru; 
hence  the  name  "  dombeyanus"  and  the  erroneous  indication  of 
Peru  as  habitat.  Bernard! 's  assertion  that  his  specimen  came  from 
the  Solomon  Islands  is  still  less  trustworthy. 

The  name  alcantarce  was  given  in  honor  of  the  then  Prince-Royal 
of  Portugal,  Dom  Pedro  de  Alcantara,  afterwards  king  (1861). 

D.  FENESTRATUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  7,  figs.  11,  12,  13,  14. 

Shell  rimate-umbilicate,  conic-ovate,  rather  solid,  sculptured  with 
oblique  minutely  undulating,  close  stride  and  some  spiral  impressed 
lines;  brown-whitish,  painted  with  five  interrupted  blackish  bands; 
spire  conic,  rather  acute,  pale  flesh  colored  above.  Whorls  7,  a 
little  convex,  the  last  very  shortly  ascending  in  front,  narrowed  and 
rounded  at  base. 

Aperture  oval-oblong,  little  oblique,  a  little  exceeding  half  the 
shell's  length;  columella  pliciform,  receding,  intense  violaceous; 
throat  violaceous-brown  ;  peristome  rather  widely  reflexed,  white ; 
columellar  margin  somewhat  dilated,  white  ;  parietal  callus  distinct, 
violaceous  (Mart.). 

Alt.  51,  diam.  26,  length  of  aperture  28  mill. 

ManzaniUo  near  Colima,  western  Mexico  (Pieschel). 

Bulimus  fenestratus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1846,  p.  29 ;  Monogr.  Helic. 
Vivent.,  ii,  p.  101 — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v.,  Bulimus,  pi.  36,  fig.  214. 
Orthalicus  (Mesembrinus)  fenestratus  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Moll.  ii. 
p.  157. — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  fenestratus  FISCH.  and  CROSSE,  Miss. 
Scient.  Mex.  Mollusca,  i,  p.  528. — Bulimulus  (Otostomus)  piescheli 
v.  MART,  in  Monatsb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl.  1863,  p.  541  ;  Malak.  Blatt. 

xii,  p.  22,  pi.  1,  fig.   10  (1865) Bulimus  piescheli  PFR.,  Monogr. 

Helic.  Vivent,  vi.  p.  38 — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  piescheli  FISCH.  and 
CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  509. — Bulimulus  pies- 
cheli STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Sussw.-Conch.  v,  p.  77. 
Otostomus  fenestratus  v.  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  200, 
pi.  12,  f.  1,  1  a,  b. 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  35 

Fig.  11  is  Pfeiffer's  original  fenestratus ;  figs.  12-14  represent  the 
unique  type  of  piescheli  Mart. 

This  species,  writes  von  Martens,  is  somewhat  intermediate  be- 
tween 0.  dombeyanns  and  0.  lilacinus,  but  is  nearer  to  the  latter, 
from  which  it  differs  chiefly  in  the  much  rougher,  wrinkled  and 
malleated  sculpture.  The  apex  is  unicolorous  white  with  a  reddish 
hue.  and  smooth  ;  the  band  commences  on  the  third  whorl,  and  only 
three  are  visible  on  all  whorls  except  the  last,  the  two  others  being 
concealed  by  the  following  whorl.  The  sculpture  consists  of  broad 
raised  wrinkles,  most  of  which  are  covered  by  much  finer  undulated 
lines. 

I  have  seen  only  one  specimen  (pi.  7,  figs.  12-14),  collected  at  the 
above-mentioned  locality  and  given  to  the  Berlin  Museum  by  Herr 
Pieschel,  once  Secretary  of  the  Prussian  Embassy  to  Mexico.  From 
Reeve's  figure  it  is  evident  that  the  original  specimen  of  Pfeiffer's 
Bulimus  fenestratus  in  Cum  ing's  collection  belongs  to  the  same 
species  ;  but  in  the  German  collections  this  name  has  been  applied 
by  Philippi  to  another  species,  in  which  the  light  intervals  between 
the  dark  bands  and  streaks  have  not  the  appearance  of  bow-  or  bay- 
windows,  but  the  interrupted  brown  bands  themselves  represent 
square  windows. 

Pfeiffer  himself  seems  to  have  confounded  afterwards  his  own 
species  with  another,  figured  by  Philippi  as  "  B.  fenestratus  "  (see 
0.  dunkeri,  Pfr.),  as  the  specimen  from  Pfeiffer's  collection  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  Strebel,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land  und  Siissw.- 
Conch.  v,  p.  75,  t.  6,  fig.  19,  evidently  belongs  to  the  latter;  there- 
fore neither  the  name  of  Liebmann  as  collector,)  which  is  not  men- 
tioned by  Pfeiffer  in  the  first  description,)  nor  its  position  in  the 
subgenus  DrymcEus,  close  to  B.  dunkeri  (Pfeiffer,  Malak.  Blatt. 
1855,  p.  151),  can  be  safely  quoted  for  this  species. 

D.  LILACINUS  (Reeve).     PI.  7,  figs.  1-10. 

Shell  umbilicate,  oblong-pyramidal,  rather  solid,  somewhat  roughly 
striate  ;  white,  ornamented  with  purple-brown  bands  which  are  here 
and  there  interrupted.  Spire  long  conic,  rather  acute  ;  whorls  7^  to 
8,  a  little  convex,  the  last  about  two-sevenths  the  entire  length,  base 
somewhat  compressed  around  the  rather  wide,  compressed,  violaceous 
umbilicus.  Columella  inflated,  somewhat  twisted,  lilac  colored. 
Aperture  little  oblique,  semioval-auriform,  lilac  within,  banded ; 


36  DRYMuEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

peristome  broadly  expanded,  white,  the  columellar  margin  much 
dilated,  vaulted.  Alt.  47,  diam.  18,  length  of  aperture  inside,  18 
mill.  (Pfr.) 

Western  and  southwestern  Guatemala  ;  Nicaragua. 

Bulimus  lilacinus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  74,  fig. 
532  (1849)  (young  specimen). — PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iii, 
p.  326 — Bulimus  (Drymceus)  lilacinus  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p. 
151  (1855). —  Otostomus  (ffamadryas)  lilacinus  H.  &  A.  ADAMS, 
Gen.  Moll,  ii,  p.  150 — Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  lilacinus  ALBERS, 
Die  Helic.  ed.  2,  p.  211 — FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex., 

Mollusca,  i,  p.  479,  pi.  20,  figs.  1,  2  ;  pi.  24,  figs.  5,  5a Otostomus 

(Drymceus}  lilacinus  v.  MART.,  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p,  191  ;  Biol. 
Centr.  Amer.,  Moll,  p.  201,  pi.  12,  f.  3-6. — Bulimus  patricius 
REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  81,  fig.  600  (Dec.  1849). 

"According  to  the  MS.  notes  of  Dr.  O.  Stoll,  this  species,  and 
especially  the  var.  unicolor,  is  characteristic  of  the  forests  of  the  west- 
ern or  Pacific  slope  of  the  Guatemalan  Cordillera,  at  an  elevation  of 
between  3000  and  4000  feet  above  the  sea,  descending  in  some  local- 
ities nearly  to  2000  feet.  The  specimen  collected  by  Mr.  Champion 
at  El  Reposo  in  the  lowlands  between  Retalhuleu  and  the  Pacific 
coast  is  remarkably  small,  attaining  only  36^  millim.  in  length  ;  it 
exhibits,  nevertheless,  the  remains  of  an  older  expanded  aperture 
(such  as  is  often  to  be  seen  in  0.  dombeyanus)  at  the  back  of  the  last 
whorl,  which  corresponds  to  a  length  of  30  millim.  This  early  build- 
ing of  an  aperture,  as  if  it  were  adult,  seems  to  indicate  a  longer  in- 
terruption or  slowness  of  growth,  caused  by  unfavorable  conditions  of 
the  locality.  The  var.  d,  which  I  know  only  from  the  description 
and  figure  of  Fischer  and  Crosse,  closely  resembles,  at  first  sight,  0. 
chiapensis.' '  ( Martens. ) 

Von  Martens  gives  the  following  varieties : 

a.  Typical  (figs.  1,  2,  3).     4-5  purple  brown  bands,  striolate,  fre- 
quently interrupted  ;    throat  violaceous ;    peristome  yellow-bordered 
outside.     (Reeve,  fig.  600  ;  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  pi.  20,  fig.  1,  2.) 

S.  W.  Guatemala:  San  Augustin,  department  of  Solola  (Bocourt)  ; 
same  locality,  at  an  elevation  of  3000  feet  above  the  sea  (Stoll). 

b.  Undulosus  (fig.   4).  '   Pale    violaceous,    with    undulating   vio- 
laceous streaks  ;  throat  violaceous,  peristome  yellow  outside. 

W.  Guatemala :  Hacienda  de  las  Nubes,  Cerro  Zunil,  Pacific  slope, 
4000  feet  alt.  (Champion). 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  37 

c.  Unicolor  :    white,    the    columella   only    violaceous,    peristome 
yellow  outside. 

Bulimulus  (Drymaus)  lilacinus  var.  /3,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 
Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  479. — Bulimulus  delattrei,  schlanke 
Lokalform,  STOLL,  Guatem.  Reisen,  p.  198  (1886). 

W.  Guatemala:  Cholhuitz  (Stoll);  Cerro  Zunil  4000  feet;  El 
JReposo  1000  feet  (Champion)  ;  Hacienda  Buenavista  and  Hacienda 
Helvetia,  in  virgin  forest,  at  an  elevation  of  from  3000  to  4000  feet, 
descending  in  some  localities  to  about  2000  feet  (Stoll);  Cuesta  be- 
tween Antigua  and  Escuintla  (Stoll). 

d.  Crossei  (figs.  5,  6).     White,  with  three  narrow  brown  continu- 
ous bands,  the  peristome  whitish  outside. 

Bulimulus  (Drymaus)  lilacinus  var.  y,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit. 
p.  479,  pi.  24,  fig.  5,  5a. 

N.  Guatemala:  Aha  Vera  Paz  (Sarg). 

e.  Jansoni  (figs.  7,  8,  9).     Fleshy,  whitish,  with  4  purple-brown 
interrupted  bands,  and  some  narrow  streaks ;  peristome  whitish  out- 
side, the  throat  roseate.     Alt.  46,  diam.  22,  apert.  24  mill. 

Nicaragua  (Janson). 

f.  Ictericus  (fig.  10).     More  slender,  unicolored,  yellow,  the  colu- 
mella only  violaceous. 

W.  Guatemala,  Cerro  Zunil  (Champion). 

D.  SERPERASTRUM  (Say).     PI.  9,  figs.  34-41. 

Shell  umbilicate,  oblong-ovate,  thin  but  moderately  strong  ;  white 
or  ochre  tinted,  with  six  blackish  bands,  the  upper  four  or  all  of  them 
irregularly  interrupted  into  oblong  spots,  bands  iii  and  iv  frequently 
having  the  spots  coalescent ;  in  some  specimens  all  markings  absent. 
Surface  shining,  somewhat  wrinkled  and  finely  malleated,  the  degree 
of  rugosity  very  variable  ;  some  fine  interrupted  spiral  lines  generally 
visible  under  the  lens.  Spire  long,  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse, 
with  typical  Drymaus  sculpture.  Whorls  6  to  6§,  moderately  convex. 
Aperture  ovate,  banded  within  ;  peristome  expanded,  white,  thin, 
the  columellar  margin  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  38,  diam.  18,  length  of  aperture  18  mill.     (Say's  type.) 
Alt.  35,  diam.  16,  length  of  aperture  16  mill.     (Ticul.) 
Alt.  33,  diam.  16±,  length  of  aperture,  17  mill.    (Ticul.) 
Alt.  30,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture,  15  mill.     (Sitilpech.) 
Alt.  33^,  diam.  13£,  length  of  aperture,  15  mill.    (Tekanto.) 


38  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Bulimus  serperastrus  SAY,  New  Harmony  Disseminator,  Jan.  1, 
1829,  p.  25  (ed.  Binney,  p.  30).— PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii, 
p.  102;  iii,  p.  341  ;  and  in  Martini  &  Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch.  Cab. 
ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  82,  pi.  32,  fig.  1,  2,  pi.  39,  fig.  5 — REEVE, 
Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  40.  fig.  252. — PHILIPPI,  Abbild.  neuer 
Conch,  iii,  p.  97,  Bulimus,  pi.  9,  fig.  6. — BINNEY,  Terr.  Air-breath. 
Moll.  N.  Am.,  ii,  p.  274,  pi.  50,  fig.  2,  and  iv,  p.  126 — Bulimus 
(Drymaus)  serperastrus  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  152  (1855). — 
Bulimulus  (Drymceus}  serperastrus  v.  MART.,  in  Albers'  Die  Helic., 

ed.  2,  p.  212 BINNEY  &  BLAND  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of 

N.  Am.,  i,  p.  192,  fig.  334,  335  (the  latter  copied  from  a  drawing  by 
Mrs.  Say) — FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p. 
488,  pi.  24.  fig.  4  (copied  from  Mrs.  Say's  drawing) — Drymaus 
serperastrus  TRYON,  in  Am.  Journ.  Conch,  iii,  p.  167,  pi.  9  (13), 

fig.  4 Bulimulus  serperastrus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land  und 

Su'ssw. -Conch,  v,  p.  83,  pi.  6,  fig.  12. — STEARNS,  North  Amer. 
Fauna  no.  7,  p.  274 — Bulimus  liebmanni  PFR.,  in  Zeitschr.  fur 

Malak.  1846,  p.  158;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  106 Bulimus 

ziebmanni  (error  for  liebmanni}  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus, 

pi.  70,  fig.  506 Bulimus  (Mesembrinus}  liebmanni  ALBERS,  Die 

Helic.  ed.  i,  p.  157. —  Orlhalicus  (Mesembrinus)  liebmanni  H.  &  A. 
ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  ii,  p.  157. — Bulimus  nitelinus  REEVE, 
Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  59,  fig.  398  (young  specimen). — Bull' 
mus  paivanus  PFR.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xiii,  p.  81  (1866);  Novit. 
Conch,  iii,  p.  309,  pi.  75,  fig.  4,  5  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p. 
35. — Bulimulas  (Drymceus)  paivanus  Fisci-i.  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 
Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  490,  pi.  21,  fig.  1,  la. — Bulimulus 
paivanus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land  und  Su'ssw. -Conch,  v,  p. 
82,  pi.  6,  fig.  11  ;  pi.  12,  fig.  18;  pi.  13,  fig.  12  (radula),  pi.  14, 
fig.  9  G.  (genitalia),  10  A,  B,  D,  11  ;  pi.  16,  fig.  3  (jaw) — Otostomvs 
paivanus  v.  MART.,  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  192. — Otostomus  serper- 
astrum  v.  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  203. 

E.  Mexico :  on  the  road  between  Vera  Cruz  and  Mexico  (Say) ; 
Jalapa  (Ho'ge);  Tierra  Colorada,  between  JaJapa  and  Vera  Cruz 
(Dona  Estefania);  Paso  de  San  Juan  and  Loma  de  Piedra  on  the  Rio 
Jamapa,  near  Vera  Cruz ;  and  between  Paso  de  Ovejas  and  the  plan- 
tation of  Mirador  (Strebel);  Bobo,  near  the  Port  of  Vera  Cruz  (Ho'ge); 
Vera  Cruz,  in  the  littoral  region  (Berendt).  N.-E.  Mexico  :  Hidalgo, 
Tamaulipas  (Wm.  Lloyd).  Yucatan:  Sisal  (Morelet);  Port  of 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  39 

Silam,  Ticul,  Tekanto,  Sitilpech  and  Uxmal  (Heilprin,  Baker 
et  al.). 

Seems  to  range  from  the  State  of  Tamaulipas  to  Yucatan,  where, 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  peninsula  at  least,  it  is  a  common  species. 
Although  extremely  variable  in  coloration,  form  and  size,  it  is  readily 
recognized,  and  not  closely  allied  to  any  species  but  the  following. 

Fig.  35  is  copied  from  a  drawing  by  Mrs.  Say  of  the  type  speci- 
men, which  is  still  extant  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy.  It  is 
the  largest  shell  of  a  considerable  series  before  me. 

Binney  records  serperastrum  from  Texas,  but  without  giving  any 
definite  locality.  Its  occurence  north  of  the  Rio  Grande  requires 
confirmation,  as  it  has  not  been  found  in  Texas  during  the  last  forty 
years  or  more. 

D.  ZIEGLERI  (Pfeiffer).     PL  40,  figs.  4,  5,  6. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  rather  slender,  perforate;  opaque  white,  uni- 
colored  or  with  a  few  oblong  spots  arranged  in  vertical  rows,  or 
interrupted  bands  (six  in  number  when  most  developed)  of  dark 
brown:  surface  lightly  striatulate  and  showing  fine  faint  spiral  lines 
under  the  lens.  Spire  long,  apex  obtuse,  yellowish-corneous,  with 
typical  Drymceus  sculpture.  Whorls  6,  slightly  convex,  the  last 
somewhat  tapering  below. 

Aperture  less  than  half  the  shell's  length,  oblong,  the  lip  slightly 
expanded  below,  columellar  lip  reflexed ;  columella  nearly  straight. 

Alt.  29,  diam.  12^,  length  of  aperture  13^  mill. 

Mazatlan,  N.-W.  Mexico,  also  Altata  (Stearns). 

Bulimulus  ziegleri  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1846,  p.  113,  exclusive  of  var.  j3. 
Orthalicus  ziegleri  CPR.,  Maz.  Catal.,  p.  177.  Bulimulus  zieglen 

BINNEY,  L.  and  F.-W.  Sh.,  N.  A.,  i,  p.  193,  f.  336 STEARNS, 

Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xvii,  p.  165. — Bulimus  caltfornicus  Reeve. 

The  description  and  figures  4,  5,  are  from  Mazatlan  specimens 
in  the  collection  of  the  Academy.  These  vary  from  whitish  without 
markings  to  sparsely  spotted,  and  finally  to  as  fully  developed  a  pat- 
tern as  D.  serperastrum.  Perhaps  Carpenter's  Orthalicus  f  mexicanus 
(Maz.  Cat.  p.  177)  was  a  banded  specimen  ;  it  was  a  solitary  shell. 
Fig.  6  is  copied  from  Binney's  figure  of  a  specimen  received  from 
Pfeiffer. 

Closely  allied  to  D.  serperastrum,  but  more  slender,  smoother, 
more  polished  than  most  specimens  of  that  species,  and  showing 


40  DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

microscopic,  close  spiral  striae  more  clearly  on  the  base.  The  main 
distinction,  however,  is  geographic,  serperastrum  being  an  eastern, 
ziegleri  a  western  form.  So  far  as  present  information  goes,  its 
range  is  separated  from  that  of  serperastrum  by  the  table-land  of 
Mexico. 

The  original  description  of  B.  ziegleri  Pfr.,  which  was  drawn  from  a 
small  or  immature  specimen,  is  as  follows:  Shell  subperforate,  ovate- 
conic,  thin,  closely  striatulate,  obsoletely  decussated  with  spiral  lines, 
under  the  lens  ;  whitish  ;  spire  conic,  rather  acute.  Whorls  6,  a 
trifle  convex,  the  last  subangulate  in  the  middle,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  spire  ;  columella  a  little  receding  ;  aperture  oval ;  peristome  sim- 
ple, the  columellar  margin  narrowly  reflexed,  subappressed.  Long. 
21,  diam.  10  mill.  Aperture  10  mill,  long.,  6  wide  (Pfr.,  Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.  1846,  p.  113).  Locality  unknown. 

A  var.  P,  with  the  shell  pellucid,  buff,  encircled  by  chestnut  bands, 
on  the  upper  whorls  interrupted  into  spots,  is  also  described.  This 
variety  is  figured  by  Reeve,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  58,  f.  389.  Von  Mar- 
tens refers  it  to  B.  emeus  Say.  Probably  it  has  nothing  to  do  with 
the  typical  ziegleri. 

In  the  Monographia,  Pfeiffer  gives  the  localities  Central  America 
(Largilliert)  and  Mexico  ?  (Liebinann).  Pfeiffer  furnished  to  Bin- 
ney  the  shell  figured  as  ziegleri  in  L.  and  F.-W.  Sh.  N.  A.,  p.  193, 
f.  336.  Carpenter  records  it  from  Mazatlan,  as  Orthalicus  ziegleri 
(Maz.  Catal.  p.  177). 

From  the  series  before  me,  I  am  disposed  to  consider  the  Mazatlan 
ziegleri  as  identical  with  californicus  specifically;  the  description  of 
the  latter  here  follows  : 

B.  californicus  Reeve  (pi.  49,  fig.  34).  "Shell  somewhat  acumin- 
ately  ovate,  rather  thin,  scarcely  umbilicated ;  whorls  6  in  number, 
smooth  ;  columella  reflected  ;  lip  simple.  Cream  color,  encircled  with 
interrupted  transverse  blue-black  zones." 

Gulf  coast  of  Lower  California  (Stearns),  or  perhaps  mainland 
coast  of  the  Gulf;  California  (Hartweg,  according  to  Reeve). 

Bulimus  californicus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  56,  f.  378  (Dec., 

1848). PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  122. — BINNEY,  Land  and  F.-W.  Sh. 

N.  A.,  i,  p.  199,  f.  345 — Bulimulus  (Drymaus)  californicus  DALL, 
Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xvi,  1893,  p.  641 — STEARNS,  ibid,  xvii,  1894, 
p.  165. 

As  stated  above,  this  is  apparently  the  much  variegated  extreme 


DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  41 

of  the  typically  spotless  ziegleri.  It  is  of  course  not  found  in  Cali- 
fornia in  the  present  limits  of  that  State,  and  probably  not  on  the 
peninsula. 

D.  LATTREI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  8,  figs.  15-26,  28. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  but  rather  solid ;  white  or  whit- 
ish, either  unicolored,  or  4  or  5  banded,  or  longitudinally  streaked 
with  brown  or  purple-brown.  Surface  shining,  irregularly  striated, 
finely  malleated,  and  usually  showing  fine  spiral  lines  in  places. 
Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  5§-6^,  but  slightly  convex, 
the  last  large,  oval. 

Aperture  large,  but  slightly  oblique,  colored  within  like  the  out- 
side; outer  lip  reflexed,  white;  columellar  lip  reflexed  and  appressed  ; 
columella  and  part  of  the  parietal  wall  purple. 

Alt.  40,  diam.  19,  length  of  aperture  22  mill. 

Alt.  45,  diam.  19,  length  of  aperture  25  mill. 

Alt.  43,  diam.  23,  length  of  aperture  27  mill. 

Northern  and  Central  Guatemala. 

Bulimus  lattrei  PFR.  in  Philippics  Abbild  neuer  Conch,  ii,  p. 
112,  pi.  4,  fig.  11  (1846);  Monogr.  Helic.  Viv.  ii,  p.  56— DESHAYES, 
in  Ferussac's  Hist.  Nat.  Moll.  Terr,  ii,  2,  p.  48,  pi.  Ill,  figs.  12,  13, 
pi.  149,  figs.  12,  13. — Bulimus  (Gonyostomus)  lattrei  ALBERS,  Die 
Helic.  ed.  1,  p.  150. — Bulimus  (Eurytus)  lattrei,  v.  MART,  in  Albers' 
Die  Helic.  ed.  2,  p.  195. — Bulimus  {Drymceus}  lattrei  PFR.  in 
Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  151  (1855). —  Otostomus  (Goniostomus)  lattrei, 
H.  &  H.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  151 — Bulimulus  (Drymteus) 
delattrei  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.  Mollusca,  i,  p.  481, 
pi.  20,  fig.  3  (living  anim.),  4;  pi.  22,  fig.  1-14  (jaw,  radula, 
anatomy. —  Otostomus  (Drymezus)  delattrei,  v.  MART.  Conch.  Mitt- 
heil.  ii,  p.  191  ;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  204,  pi.  12,  f.  11-14. 
Bulimus  focillatus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  36,  fiV.  211 

(1848) Bulimus  pazianus,  TRISTR.,  P.   Z.   S.,  1861,  p.  230  (not 

Pfr.  nor  Orbigny). 

A  large  species,  varying  much  in  contour,  comparative  size  of 
aperture  and  coloration.  In  some  obscurely  streaked  examples,  such 
as  that  shown  in  fig.  25,  the  interior  of  the  aperture  is  purple ;  and 
this  color  almost  always  tints  the  columella.  Very  commonly  two  or 
more  of  the  color-varieties  defined  by  von  Martens  occur  together. 

Von  Martens  recognizes  the  following  forms : 
4 


42  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Normal  form.  Sculpture  strong;  aperture  about  ^  the  length  of  the 
shell ;  large  (length  about  40  mill.). 

a.  (Fig.  20.)     Pale  lilac,  with   a   few  narrow  brownish   streaks. 
(Pfr.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  56,  form  a;  REEVE,  loc.  cit.  fig.  211  c;  Des- 
hayes,  loc.  cit.  p.  48,  troisieme  variete.) 

N.  Guatemala:  Vera  Paz.  (by  error  "  Vera  Cruz"  in  Mono- 
graphia);  Ooban  (Salvin,  Bocourt).  Central  Guatemala:  Depart- 
ment of  Salama  (Morelet);  San  Geronimo  near  Salama  (Champion). 

b.  (Figs.  21-24).     Pale  lilac,  with  interrupted  bluish  bands  (Pfr. 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii.  p.  56,  form  /?,  and   in   Philippi,   loc.  cit. 
middle  fig.;   Reeve,  loc.  cit.  fig.  211  b;  Deshayes,  loc.  cit.  pi.  111. 
fig.  12,  13;  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit.  p.  481  ;  Martens,  fig.  11). 

North  Guatemala:  Vera  Paz  (Delattre).  Central  Guatemala: 
San  Geronimo  (Champion). 

c.  (Figs.  15,  16).     Uniform  straw  colored  or  whitish,  the  columella 
violaceous.  (Pfr.   Monogr.   Helic.   Vivent.  ii,  p.  56,  form  y,  and  in 
Philippi,  loc.  cit.  right  fig.;  Reeve,  loc.  cit.  fig.  21  la;  Deshayes,  loc. 
cit.  pi.  149,  figs.  12,  13  ;  Martens,  fig.  12). 

North  Guatemala:  Vera  Paz  (Delattre);  Coban  (Salvin,  Bocourt, 
Conradt).  Nicaragua  (Janson). 

Var.  hiabundus  Martens.  Smoother,  aperture  about  ^  the  length 
of  shell ;  small  (length  about  30  mill.). 

d.  White,  with  3-5  wide  purple-brown  bands  (fig.  17-19). 

e.  uniform  white  (fig.  28). 

W.  Guatemala:   Cerfo  Zunil  (Champion). 

D.  CHIAPASENSIS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  8,  figs.  27,  29-33. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  ovate-conic,  rather  solid,  striate  and  de- 
cussated by  very  fine  spiral  striaB ;  dull  whitish,  the  spire  conic  with 
slightly  convex  outlines,  apex  rather  acute,  suture  lightly  impressed, 
very  finely  serrate.  Whorls  5^,  a  little  convex,  the  last  longer  than 
the  spire,  ascending  slightly  in  front,  subcompressed  at  base.  Colu- 
mella thread-like,  slightly  arcuate.  Aperture  oblique,  oval ;  shining 
white  inside  ;  peristome  simple,  the  outer  margin  strongly  dilated 
below,  expanded  ;  columellar  margin  dilated  above.  Alt.  35,  diam. 
14,  length  of  aperture  21  mill.  (Pfr.} 

States  of  Chiapas  and  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

Bulimw  chiapasensis  PFR.  in   Malak,  Blatt.  xiii,  p.  81   (1866); 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  43 

Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  42  ;  Novit.  Conch,  iii,  p.  417,  pi.  95, 
figs.  3-6 — Balimulus  (Drymceus)  chiapasensis  FISCH.  &  CROSSE, 
Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  483 — Bulimulus  chiapasensis 
STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Su'ssw. -Conch.,  v,  pp.  70-73,  pi. 
5,  fig.  14  a,  b,  c  ;  pi.  6,  fig.  13,  15,  16  ;  pi.  12,  fig.  19  a,  b,  c.—Buli- 
mulus  (Drymaus]  delattrei,  var.  $,  £,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit.  pi.  20, 
fig.  5,  6. —  Otostomus  chiapensis  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer., 
Moll.,  p.  205,  pi.  12,  f.  15. 

Dr.  von  Martens  arranges  the  color-varieties  thus : 

a.  typicus:  Uniform  white  (figs.  27,  30,  31).     (Pfr.  Novit.  Conch., 
fig.  5,  6;  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit.  fig.  6  ;  Strebel,  loc.  cit.  pi.  6,  fig. 
13;  pi.  12,  fig.  19  b.) 

E.  Mexico:  Cordova  (Salle);  Cerro  de  Palmas  near  Cordova  (Hoge); 
Orizaba  (Berendt,  Botteri);  Coatepec  (Quirozj.  Central  Mexico: 
Cuautitlan  (Strebel).  S.  Mexico:  Cumbre  de  Manzanilla,  in  the  State 
of  Chiapas  (Ghiesbreght). 

b.  quadrifasciatus.     Whitish  with  four  continuous  brown  bands. 
(Fig.  32.)     (Bulimulus  chiapasensis,  var.  y,  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit. 
fig.  6  ;  B.  chiapasensis-delattrei,  Strebel,  loc.  cit.  fig.  19  a,  c.) 

E.Mexico:  Matlaquihahuitl,  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz  (Salle); 
Cerro  de  Plumas  near  Cordova  (Hoge). 

c.  nebulosus:  clouded,  the   suture   white,  throat   brown    (fig.  33). 
(Bulimulus  chiapasensis,  form  D  (part),  Strebel,  loc.  cit.  p.  72,  pi.  6, 
fig.  15,  16.) 

E.  Mexico:  Coatepec  (Quiroz);  Quimistlan,  between  Coatepec  and 
the  borders  of  the  State  of  Puebla  (Dona  Estefania).  Central  Mexico  ; 
Cuautitlan  (Strebel). 

D.  CASTUS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  9,  figs.  42-53. 

Shell  perforate  or  nearly  closed,  ovate-fusiform,  rather  thin,  white 
or  whitish,  often  becoming  pink  or  brown  on  the  spire,  and  either 
without  markings  or  with  three  spiral  bands,  or  spaced  longitudinal 
streaks  of  purplish-brown.  Surface  glossy,  densely  and  regularly 
spirally  striate  under  a  lens.  Spire  long,  the  apex  rather  obtuse, 
with  typical  Drymczus  sculpture,  last  whorl  lengthened  and  graceful. 

Aperture  large,  white  or  marked  inside  ;  peristome  very  broadly 
expanded,  flaring,  white  or  pinkish  ;  columellar  margin  narrowly  re- 
flexed,  and  with  the  parietal  wall,  pink  in  color. 

Alt.  34,  diam.  15,  length  of  aperture  18  mill. 


44  DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Alt.  27,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  14^  mill. 

Northern    Guatemala. 

Bulimus  castus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1846,  p.  112  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vi- 
vent.  ii,  p.  47 — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  45,  fig.  282. 
— TATE,  Am.  Journ.  Conch,  v,  pp.  152,  156  (1870). — Bulimus 
(Leiostracus)  castus  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  153  (1855). —  Otos- 
tomus  (Leiostracus)  castus,  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p. 
151 — Bulimulas  castus  v.  MART.,  in  P.  Z.  S.  1875,  p.  648 — Bull- 
mulus  (Drymceus)  castus,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Sclent.  Mex., 

Mollusca,  i,  p.  485,  pi.  24,  figs.  11,  11  a-d Otostomus  castus  v. 

MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  206,  pi.  12,  f.  16-21. 

Peculiarly  graceful  in  contour,  and  while  allied  to  the  two  species 
preceding,  yet  easily  distinguished  by  its  slender  form,  smooth,  not 
malleated  surface,  fine  spiral  striation,  and  purity  of  coloring. 

Pfeiffer's  types  were  whitish,  with  a  blush  toward  the  base  and 
aperture,  the  peristome  roseate.  Dr.  von  Martens  offers  the  follow- 
ing arrangement  of  varieties  and  variations. 

A.  typicus  ;    Small,  length  19-23,  diam.  11,  aperture  10-12^  mill. 
a :  unicolored,  white,  peristome,  more  or  less  roseate. 

b:    irregularly  streaked  with  brown  (Fig.  42). 

c:    Three    blackish-brown  bands,  either    interrupted    (Reeve, 

loc.  cit.  fig.  282)  or  continous  (fig.  43,  44). 

Central  America  :  probably  Vera  Paz  (Delattre  var.  a).  '  N.  Guat- 
emala: Coban  (Morelet,  Salvin  :  varr.  a,  b,  c);  Tamahu  (Sarg). 

B.  xantholeucus :  large,  a  little   more    inflated,  length  25,  diam. 

14,  apert.  15  mill.);  white,  apex  and  peristome  yellowish  (Fig-  52,  53). 
N.  Guatemala :  Sabo,  in  a  tributary  valley  of  the  River  Polochic, 

at  an  elevation  of  3800  feet  above  the  sea  (Champion). 

C.  porrectus:    Elongated,  more  slender,  length  30-35,  diam.  14- 

15,  apert.  18-19  mill.) 

a.  Uniform  white,  the  columella  only  pink  (Figs.  47,  49),  (Bali- 
mulus  castus  var.  B,  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit.  fig.  11  b.) 

b.  Two  or  three  purple-brown  bands,  the  aperture  roseate  (figs. 
45,  46).  (Bulimulus  castus  var.  y,  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit.  fig.  lie,  d). 

c.  Streaked,  columella  only  roseate  (Fig.  48.) 

N.  Guatemala:   Coban  or  Tamahu  (Morelet  or  Sarg.:  varr.  «,  b)\ 
Vera  Paz  (Stoll :  varr.  b,  c). 
"  The  three  varieties,  A,  B,  C,  appear  to  be  distinct  at  first  sight, 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  45 

but  there  are  transitions  between  them  in  size,  form,  and  color.  For 
example,  one  of  Dr.  S  toll's  -specimens  from  Vera  Paz  (fig.  48)  is 
only  27  millim.  long,  but  it  exhibits  the  slender  figure  and  more  solid 
shell  of  Var.  C.  Fischer  and  Crosse  do  not  give  separately  the 
localities  for  the  different  varieties  which  they  have  described  and 
figured.  Tate  doubtfully  records  the  occurrence  of  the  species  in 
Nicaragua  —  *  in  the  mountain-forests  of  Javali  and  Pena  Blanca, 
at  an  elevation  of  about  2500  feet  above  the  sea,'  and  at  '  Chontales;' 
he  does  not  mention  either  the  size  or  the  coloration  of  his  specimens, 
so  that  we  cannot  refer  them  even  by  conjecture  to  any  of  the  three 
forms  which  are  indicated  above."  (Mtirtens.) 

D.  DUNKERI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  10,  figs.  54,  55  j  pi.  15,  fig.  31. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  rather  thin,  longitudinally  roughly 
striate  and  obsoletely  reticulated  by  impressed  spiral  lines;  whitish- 
buff,  streaked  and  maculated  with  reddish-brown,  and  with  smaller 
scattered  white  spots.  Whorls  6,  rather  fiat,  the  last  as  long  as  the 
spire.  Columella  vertical,  inflated  :  aperture  oblong-oval  ;  peristome 
simple,  the  margins  distant,  outer  lip  somewhat  expanded,  columellar 
lip  broadly  reflexed;  Alt.  37,  diam.  16,  length  of  aperture  19  mill. 


Central  Mexico  :  State  of  Michoacan  (Hegewisch,  Uhde);  Lake 
Patzcuaro,  in  the  same  state  (Baker,  Heilprin).  W.  Mexico  :  Tepic 
(Richardson);  inland  from  Guaymas  (Gabb,  pi.  15,  fig.  31). 

Bulimus  dunkeri  PFR.  in  Philippi's  Abbild.  neuer  Conch,  ii,  p.  112, 
pi.  4.  fig.  10  (1846);  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  101—  REEVE, 
Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  74,  fig.  533  —  Bulimus  (Mesembrinus) 
dunkeri  ALBERS,  Die.  Helic,  ed.  i,  p.  157.  —  Bulimus  (Drymceus) 
dunkeri  PFR.  in  Malak.  Bliitt.,  ii,  p.  151  (1855).  —  Orthalicus 
(Mesembrinus)  dunkeri,  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  157. 
—  Bulimus  (Scutalus")  dunkeri  v.  MART,  in  Malak.  Blatt.,  xii,  p.  36 
(1865)  —  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  511. 
—  Bulimulus  dunkeri  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.- 
Conch.  v,  p.  76.  —  Otostomus  dunkeri  v.  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer., 
Moll.,  p.  207,  pi.  13,  f.  1. 

The  typical  form  (pi.  10,  figs.  54,  55  ;  pi.  15,  fig.  31,  specimen 
from  inland  from  Guaymas)  is  easily  recognizable  by  the  pale  round 
spots  on  a  brownish  ground.  In  the  variety  the  brown  color  is 
limited  to  more  or  less  numerous  patches,  which  are  either  somewhat 


46  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

square  and  arranged  in  spiral  rows  (fhilippi^  and  specimens  from 
Chihuahua),  or  more  irregular  and  combined,  sometimes  at  acute 
angles  (specimen  from  Ventanas).  In  a  specimen  from  Chihuahua 
the  pale  spots  of  the  type  are  seen  within  some  of  the  larger  brown 
patches.  The  sculpture  of  this  species  is  somewhat  coarsely  rugoso- 
striate,  but  it  cannot  be  termed  undulated,  as  in  0.  fenestratus  Pfr. 
Most  of  the  -specimens  I  have  seen  show  remarkable  irregularities 
and  scars,  some  even  at  the  apex,  caused  by  previous  fractures  dur- 
ing life.  Probably  they  live  on  conspicuous  objects  during  the  wet 
season,  and  often  fall  to  the  ground.  (Martens.) 

Var./orrm  (Mousson).     PL  10,  figs.  56,  57,  58. 

Shell  oblong-ovate,  rimate-perforate,  rather  thin,  irregularly  sub- 
plicose-striate ;  dull  whitish,  painted  with  grayish  spots  in  series  or 
obscure  zigzag  streaks  and  clouds.  Spire  conic,  the  outlines  a  trifle 
convex,  apex  white,  polished ;  suture  a  little  impressed,  rather  ir- 
regular. Whorls  6,  a  little  convex,  regular,  the  last  not  descending, 
ovate,  subvertical,  longer  than  the  spire.  Aperture  broadly  oval, 
whitish  inside,  weakly  showing  the  markings  through  ;  peristome 
well  expanded,  acute,  the  margins  converging,  joined  by  a  very 
thin  lamina ;  columellar  margin  broadly  reflexed.  Alt.  37,  diam. 
21  mill.  (Mouss.) 

N.  Mexico:  Chihuahua  (Hoge)  N.  W.  Mexico:  Ventanas,  State  of 
Durango  (Forrer),  and  near  Mazatlan  (Gabb). 

Bulimus  fenestratus  (Pfr.),  PHILLIPI,  Abbild.  neuer  Conch,  iii,  p. 
96,  pi.  9,  fig.  1,  5. — Bulimulus  fenestratus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex. 

Land-  und  Siissw. -Conch.,  v.  p.  75,  pi.  6,  fig.  19 Bulimus  (Mesem- 

brinus)  fenestralis  ALBERS,  Die  Helic.  ed.  1,  p.  157  (misprint). — 
Bulimulus  forreri,  MOUSSON,  Journ.  de  Conch.,  xxi,  p.  217,  pi.  9, 
2  (1883). —  Otostomus  dunkeri  var.  forreri  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr. 
Amer.,MolL,  p.  207,  pi.  13,  f.  2,  2  a. 

D.  CHAPERI  (Crosse  &  Fischer).     PI.  15,  figs.  29,  30. 

Shell  nearly  covered  perforate,  long- ovate ;  dull  whitish,  with 
rather  widely-spaced  pale-brown .  streaks  and  longitudinal,  close, 
somewhat  oblique  impressed  wrinkles.  Spire  rather  long,  the  apex 
rounded,  suture  simple.  Whorls  6-J,  a  little  convex,  the  first  two 
smooth,  the  following  strongly  wrinkle-striate,  last  longer  than  the 
spire,  ventricose,  inflated,  tapering  at  base. 

Aperture  oblong-ovate,  whitish  inside  ;  peristome  simple,  whitish, 


DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND     CENTRAL    AMERICA.  47 

the  margins  distant,  columellar  margin  expanded,  nearly  closing  the 
perforation,  basal  and  outer  margins  thin,  subexpanded,  a  little  re- 
flexed. 

Alt.  43,  diam.  25,  length  of  aperture  26  mill.     (C.  $  F.) 

Island  of  Mescala,  in  lake  Chapala,  State  of  Jalisco,  Mexico. 
(diaper). 

Bulimulus  chaperi  C.  &  F.,  Jour,  de  Conch.,  1892,  p.  296  (1893); 
1893,  p.  31,  pi.  1,  f.  1,  2 — FISCHER,  t.  c.,  p.  32,  pi.  1,  f.  2  (animal 
living). 

This  species,  of  which  I  have  not  seen  specimens,  should  probably 
stand  as  a  race  or  variety  of  D.  dunlceri.  It  is  near  var.  forreri 
Mousson. 

D.  COLIMENSIS  (Rolle). 

Shell  conic-elliptical,  perforate,  rugose-striate,  whitish,  ornamented 
with  three  series  of  violaceou  s-brown  spots  on  the  whorls  of  the  spire, 
five  on  the  last  whorl.  Whorls  6-J,  rather  flattened,  separated  by  a 
slightly  impressed  suture,  the  upper  3  whorls  unicolored,  apex  rather 
obtuse,  last  whorl  more  convex,  perceptibly  tapering  at  base,  brown 
tinted  in  the  umbilical  region. 

Aperture  elliptical,  very  slightly  oblique ;  peristome  narrowly  ex- 
panded, thin,  white,  the  basal  margin  narrowly  rounded,  columellar 
margin  rather  widely  reflexed,  triangularly  dilated  above,  violaceous 
tinted  in  well-preserved  specimens;  parietal  callus  thin  but  distinct. 

Alt.  31,  diam.  15,  length  of  aperture  15  mill.     (Rolle). 

Colima,  Mexico. 

Otostomits  colimensis  ROLLE,  Nachrichtsbl.  d.  d.  Malak.  Ges., 
xxvii,  p.  130  (August,  1895). 

According  to  Rolle  this  is  nearest  to  D.  fenestrellus  and  D.  dunkeri 
var.  forreri j  distinguished  from  the  former  by  the  reflexed  peristome, 
from  the  latter  by  the  more  lengthened  contour  and  less  obese  whorls. 

GROUP  OF  D.  SULCOSUS. 
D.  BOTTERII  (Crosse  and  Fischer).     PL  15,  figs.  34,  35. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-conic,  rather  thin,  but  somewhat  solid,  a 
little  shining,  impressed  with  rather  strong,  somewhat  distant  longi- 
tudinal wrinkle-striae,  decussated  by  numerous  very  delicate  transverse 
visible  only  under  a  lens ;  pale  fleshy  reddish,  transversely 


48  DKYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

banded  obscurely  with  brown.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  a  little  obtuse, 
suture  irregularly  impressed.  Whorls  5-^,  a  little  convex,  the  em- 
bryonal 1-J  smoothish,  pale  fleshy-brown,  the  last  whorl  a  little  longer 
than  the  spire,  obscurely  three-banded  with  brown. 

Aperture  subovate,  shining  and  fleshy-white  within,  vividly  show- 
ing the  external  bands;  peristorne  a  little  expanded,  milk  white,  the 
margins  separated  ;  columella  somewhat  twisted  inside,  reflexed,  di- 
lated, partly  closing  the  perforation  ;  basal  arid  outer  margins  a  little 
reflexed,  the  outer  narrowing  toward  its  insertion. 

Alt.  32,  diam.  15;  length  of  aperture  scarcely  17  mill.  (G.  #  F.) 

Near  the  city  of  Orizaba  (Botteri.). 

Bulimulus  (Drymceus)  botterii,  CROSSE  &  FISCII.  in  Journ.  de 
Conch,  xxiii,  p.  52  (1875);  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  487, 
pi.  24,  fig.  10,  10  a — Strebel,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Stissw.- 
Conch.  v,  p.  63 — Bulimus  botterii  PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.,  viii, 

p.  61 Bulimus  sulcosus,  form  A  (part),  STREBEL,  loc.  cit.  p.  61, 

pi.  6,  fig.  17;  form  B,  p.  62,  pi.  5,  fig.  4  (teste  Martens) — Otostomus 
sulcosus  var.  botterii  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Moll.,  p.  208. 

Considered  a  variety  of  D.  sukosus  by  von  Martens;  but  it  seems 
to  differ  in  the  fine  spiral  sculpture,  which  is  wanting  in  sulcosus. 

D.  SULCOSUS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  10,  figs.  59,  60,  61,  62,  63. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  perforate,  solid  and  strong;  opaque-bluish,  or 
fleshy- white,  frequently  clouded  longitudinally  with  reddish-brown  on 
the  spire,  and  sometimes  showing  faint  traces  of  three  wide  bands  on 
the  last  whorl.  Surface  lustreless,  deeply,  coarsely  and  irregularly 
wrinkled,  the  spire  smoother,  conic,  apex  with  typical  Drymaeus 
sculpture,  whorls  6-6^,  convex. 

Aperture  ovate  or  squarish-ovate,  pinkish-purple  within,  moderately 
oblique  ;  peristome  blunt,  whitish,  someAvhat  expanded,  columeliar 
margin  reflexed  above;  columella  nearly  straight  above,  and  white, 
or  with  the  parietal  wall,  purple-tinted. 

Alt.  33 J,  diam.  17,  length  of  aperture  16  mill. 

Alt.  42,  diam.  17J,  length  of  aperture  20J  mill. 

Central  Mexico  :  near  the  city  of  Mexico  (Boucard,  Hahn);  valley 
of  Mexico  (Bourgeau);  Tacubaya  (Hegewisch);  summit  of  the  Sierra 
de  las  Aguas  Escondidas,  at  an  elevation  of  9500  feet  above  the  sea 
(H.  H.  Smith);  Tuxpan  (Strebel),  Soledad,  State  of  Guerrero  (H.  H. 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  49 

Smith);  Mountains  near  Chilpancingo,  Guerrero,  in  pine  and  oak 
forest  at  9500  feet  elevation  (E.  W.  Nelson). 

Bulimus  sulcosus  PFR.  Symb.  Hist.  Helic.,  i.  p.  43  (1841) PHIL- 

IPPI,  Abbild.  nener  Conch,  i,  p.  56,  pi.  1,  fig.  9 — PFR.  Monogr. 
Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  196 — Bulimus  (Mesembrmus')  sulcosus  ALBERS, 
Die  Helic.  ed.  i,  p.  157.— PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  158  (1855).— 
Ortltalicus  (Mesemlrinus)  sulcosus,  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll, 
ii,  p.  157 — Bulimiilus  (Scutalus)  sulcosus  MART,  in  Albers'  Die 
Helic.,  ed.  2,  p.  217 — FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mol- 
lusca,  i,  p.  520,  pi.  23,  fig.  2,  2  a,  b — Otostomus  (Scutalus)  sulcosus 
MART.  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  193;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p. 
208,  pi.  13,  f.  3,  3a,  4 — Bulimus  hyematus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v, 
Bulimus,  pi.  49,  fig.  324  (I848).—Bu,limulus  (Scutalus)  sulcosus  var. 
a,  hiemalus  MART,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  33  (1865). 

Very  closely  allied  to  rudis  and  glneslreghti,  all  of  them  character- 
ized by  the  very  strong  folds  of  the  last  whorl.  It  is  likely  that  the 
three  may  prove  to  be  merely  varying  races  of  one  species.  In  most 
specimens  the  columella  and  parietal  wall  are  whitish,  but  in  those 
above  recorded  from  Soledad  and  Chilpancingo  the  upper  portions  of 
the  columella  and  the  parietal  wall  are  deep  purplish-rose,  the  other 
characters  being  typical.  The  interior  of  the  aperture  is  purplish- 
rose  in  all  of  the  specimens  before  me.  Von  Martens  writes  as  fol- 
lows :  "  All  authors  describe  the  aperture  of  this  species  as  having  a 
simple  (not  reflected)  edge,  but  I  can  see  in  some  specimens  a  very 
faint,  but  distinct,  expansion  of  the  edge  outwards  :  in  one  of  the  ex- 
amples collected  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Smith  it  is  quite  strong  and  2 
mill,  broad*  The  interior  of  the  aperture  is  described  as  chocolate- 
colored  :  in  the  specimens  collected  by  Uhde  it  is  of  a  greyish 
rose-color,  in  those  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Smith  either  rose-colored  or  pure 
white  ;  the  columella  is  in  all  of  them  white.  The  largest  specimens, 
long.  44  mill.,  unicolorous,  white,  are  from  the  summit  of  the  Sierra 
de  las  Aguas  Escondidas,  9500  feet,  near  Omilteme,  in  the  State  of 
Guerrero,  collected  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Smith." 

D.  RUDIS  (Anton).     PI.  15,  figs.  43-46  ;  pi.  10,  figs.  65,  66,  67. 

Shell  openly  perforate,  ovate-conic,  sculptured  with  coarse,  irreg- 
ular growth  strias ;  a  little  shining  ;  white,  flamed  and  banded  with 
brown  and  livid.  Spire  rather  lengthened,  the  apex  acute.  Whorls 
5^,  a  little  convex,  the  last  inflated,  as  long  as  the  spire.  Aperture 


50  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

oblong-oval,  brownish  [or  white]  inside,  black-striated,  shining  ; 
peristome  acute,  the  columellar  margin  vaulted,  dilated  (Pfr.). 

Alt.  23,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  12  mill. 

Alt.  24J,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  12^  mill. 

Central  Mexico  :  environs  of  the  city  of  Mexico  (Halm);  Chapulte- 
pec  (Hegewisch,  Heilprin);  Anganyues,  State  of  Michoacan  (Deppe). 

Bulimus  rudis  ANTON,  Verz.  d.  Conch.  Samml.  p.  43  (1839) 

PFR.  Symb.  Hist.  Helic.  ii,  p.  50  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  197. 
— REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  44,  fig.  286. — Bulimus 
(Mesembrinus)  rudis  ALBERS  Die  Helic.  ed.  i,  p.  157. — PFR.  in 
Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  158  (1855) — Orthalicus  (Mesembrinus)  rudis, 
H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  157. — Bulimulus  (Scutalus) 
rudis,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  523,  pi. 
23,  figs.  6,  6a  ;  pi.  22,  figs.  7-11  (jaw,  radula,  anatomy) Bulimu- 
lus rudis  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  63, 
pi.  5,  fig.  3;  pi.  6,  fig.  9. —  Otostomus  (Scutalus)  rudis,  MART., 
Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  193. — Bulimulus  sulcosus,  form  A,  STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  61,  pi.  5,  figs.  1,2;  pi. 

11,  flgs.  12  a,  b,  13,  14,  15;  pi.  13,  fig.  8  (radula) ^Bulimulus 

(Scutalus)  sulcosus,  var  P-  fenestratus,  MART,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xii, 
p.  34  (1865) — Otostomus  rudis  MART.,  Biologia  p.  209. 

The  thinner,  more  ventricose  shell,  usually  much  le&s  strong  sculp- 
ture, and  bold  striping,  distinguish  this  species  from  D.  sulcosus.  Of 
twelve  specimens  before  me,  two  show  three  somewhat  interrupted 
spiral  bands  in  connection  with  the  usual  streaks ;  the  others  have 
longitudinal  stripes  or  ragged  streaks  only.  Figs.  43,  44  of  pi.  15 
are  drawn  from  specimens  from  the  gardens  of  Chapultepec,  near  the 
City  of  Mexico,  collected  by  Heilprin's  Mexican  Expedition.  They 
are  very  smooth  for  the  species,  being  merely  wrinkle-striate,  and 
thin,  almost  fragile.  Figs.  45,  46  are  from  specimens  more  like  that 
illustrated  by  Fischer  &  Crosse.  The  blackish  streaks  vary  from  a 
dozen  on  the  last  whorl,  to  two  or  three,  and  may  be  either  continuous 
or  ragged  and  blotched. 

D.  GHIESBREGHTI  (Pfeiffer).  PI.  15,  figs.  32,  33  ;  pi.  1,  figs.  72-80. 
Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  solid,  somewhat  rugulose-striate, 
scarcely  shining ;  white,  ornamented  with  sparse  brown  streaks. 
Spire  rather  regularly  conic,  the  apex  somewhat  acute,  suture  mi- 
nutely serrulate.  Whorls  6,  the  upper  ones  hardly  convex,  the  last 


DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  51 

about  equal  in  length  to  the  spire,  more  convex,  slightly  tapering  at 
base.  Columella  lightly  arcuate,  lilac  colored.  Aperture  slightly 
oblique,  acuminate-oval;  peristome  simple,  the  right  margin  narrowly 
expanded,  columellar  margin  vaulted,  reflexed. 

Alt.  31-32,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  16±  mill.     (Pfr.) 

S.Mexico:   Chiapas  (Ghiesbreght);   Tlacolula  (Ho'ge). 

Bulimus  ghicsbreghti  PFR.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xiii,  p.  82  (1866); 
Novit.  Conch,  iii,  p.  309,  pi.  75,  figs.  6,  7  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent. 
vi,  p.  46 — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  ghiesbreghti  FISCH.  &  CROSSE, 

Miss.   Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,   i.  p.  522,  pi.  23,  fig.  4 Bulimulus 

ghiesbreghti  Strebel,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw. -Conch,  v,"  p.  60, 
pi.  6,  fig.  14 — Otoftomus  ghiesbreghti  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer., 
Moll.,  p.  209,  pi.  13,  f.  5-10  (with  varieties). 

The  typical  form  of  D.  ghiesbreghti  (pi.  15,  figs.  32,  33),  is  rather 
smooth,  and  has  narrow  brown  streaks.  Von  Martens  recognizes 
the  following  varieties. 

Var.  stolli  Martens  (pi.  1,  figs.  72,  73,  76,  77,  78).     More  rugose. 

Bulimulus  (Scutalus~)  ghiesbreghti  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit.,  p. 
522,  pi.  23,  fig.  4a — Bulimulus  ghiesbreghti  STREBEL,  loc.  cit.  pi. 
5,  fig.  5. — Bulimulus  jonasi  var.  stolli  MART.,  in  Sitz.-Ber.  Ges. 
Naturf.  Freunde  Berl.  1886,  p.  161. —  Otostomus  g.  var.  stolli  MART., 
Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  pi.  13,  f.  5-8,  10. 

Central  Guatemala :  Llano  of  Quezaltenango,  at  an  elevation  of 
from  6000  to  9000  feet  above  the  sea,  common,  chiefly  on  Agave, 
and  on  various  shrubs  (Stoll);  Argieta,  department  of  Solola,  in  the 
"  tierra  fria "  (Bocourt);  Los  Encuentros,  at  an  elevation  of  8000 
feet,  at  Tecpam  7000  feet,  also  on  the  northern  slope  of  the  Volcan 
de  Agua,  in  the  belt  of  tall  forest-trees,  at  from  8000  to  9000  feet, 
and  at  Antigua  (Stoll).  W.  Guatemala:  in  the  forest  above  the 
Hacienda  de  Las  Nubes,  on  the  southern  slope  of  Cerro  Zunil 
(Champion). 

Var.  interstitialis  Martens  (pi.  1,  fig.  75).  Regular  white  or 
brownish  longitudinal  ribs,  the  intervals  tawny  on  the  last  whorl; 
parietal  wall  of  the  aperture  pale  rose,  columella  white. 

Central  Guatemala  :  Cumbre  de  San  Martin,  on  the  N.  W.  slope 
of  the  Cordillera,  at  an  elevation  of  6000  feet  (Stoll). 

Var.  iodostylus  Pfr.  (pi.  1,  figs.  79,  80).     Sculpture  less  strong. 

Bulimus  iodostylus  PFR.  P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  p.  23;  Malak.  Blatt,  xi, 
p.  13  (1864);  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  48 ?  Bulimulus 


52  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

(Scutalus)  iodostylus  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mol- 
lusca,  i,  p.  539 — Balimus  iodostylus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land- 
und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  70,  pi.  12,  figs.  8a,  8fr. 

S.   W.  Mexico  :   Santa  Efigenia,  Tehuantepec  (Sumichrast). 

The  variety  stolli  is  so  much  like  D.  sulcosus  as  to  suggest  specific 
identity.  Von  Martens  writes  as  follows:  Dr.  0.  Stoll  states,  in  his 
MS.  notes,  that  this  species  is  very  common  at  the  above-mentioned 
elevations,  but  apparently  dees  not  occur  on  the  most  elevated  ridges 
between  Totonicapan  and  Tecpam,  nor  lower  than  6000  feet  on  the 
terraces  of  the  Cordillera  at  Santa  Maria  and  San  Martin.  In  dry 
weather  it  conceals  itself  on  the  lower  face  of  blades  of  grass,  but 
during  and  after  rain  it  creeps  about  freely. 

The  relative  proportion  of  the  breadth  to  the  length  of  the  shell  is 
very  variable,  as  is  also  the  size  in  this  species.  Its  chief  character- 
istics are  the  coarse  plaits  of  the  last  whorl,  the  preceding  whorls 
being  remarkably  smoother,  and  the  rose-color  of  the  apertural  wall 
and  of  the  columella.  The  last-mentioned  character  distinguishes 
it — with  few  exceptions — from  0.  sulcosus,  which  is  the  corresponding 
form  in  the  elevated  plain  of  Central  Mexico.  The  rose  color,  how- 
ever, is  somewhat  variable  ;  it  is  never  wanting,  and  more  or  less 
intense  on  the  upper  half  of  the  columellar  margin,  and  extends 
sometimes  upwards  on  to  the  parietal  wall  and  beneath  to  near  the 
base  of  the  aperture;  in  some  specimens  the  whole  interior  of  the 
aperture  is  pale  rose-colored,  and  a  stripe  which  on  the  outside  is 
dark  brown  appears  in  the  interior  intense  reddish-brown. 

D.  HEGEWISCHI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  1,  figs.  81,  82,  83,  84,  85. 

Shell  ovate,  thin  but  moderately  strong,  very  narrowly  perforate  ; 
whitish,  usually  stained  in  places  with  light  brown,  and  having  un- 
equally spaced,  narrow,  brown  longitudinal  streaks  which  do  not  ex- 
tend to  the  suture  above,  and  are  often  obsolete  at  the  base.  Surface 
shining,  irregularly  wrinkle-striate,  and  showing  fine,  subobsolete 
spiral  lines  under  the  lens.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  typi- 
cal Drymczus  sculpture  ;  whorls  5J,  but  slightly  convex,  the  last  oval. 

Aperture  long-ovate,  light  brown  or  yellowish  inside,  showing  dark 
streaks  ;  peristome  thin  and  unexpanded,  acute  ;  columellar  margin 
reflexed  for  a  short  distance  above,  nearly  closing  the  perforation. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  12^,  length  of  aperture  14  mill. 

Central   Mexico:    environs    of  Mexico,  in   tierra    fria,  on   Cactus 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  53 

(Salle  and  Boucard);  San  Antonio,  near  City  of  Mexico  (Heilprin 
Exped.);  Toluca  (Hoge);  Cuernavaca  (Godman);  Puebla  and  Tehu- 
acan  (Uhde);  Tenango  (Hegewisch). 

?  Bulimus  (Bulimulus)  nitidulus  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  67  (1838) 
(without  description) — Bulimus  hegewischi  PFR.,  Symb.  Hist.  Helic. 
ii,  p.  46  (1842)  (excl.  var.);  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  172. — 
REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  70,  fig.  508 — Bulimus  (Mesem- 
brinus')  hegewischi  ALBERS,  Die  Helic.  ed.  i,  p.  157 — PFR.  in  Malak. 
Blatt.  ii,  p.  158  (1855). —  Orthalicus  (Mesembrinus)  hegewischi,  H.  & 
A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  157 Bulimulus  (Mormus)  hege- 
wischi MARTENS  in  Albers'  Die  Helic.,  ed.  2,  p.  216;  Malak.  Blatt. 
xii,  p.  28  (1865). — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  hegewischi  Fiscu.  & 
CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  526,  pi.  23,  fig.  10,  10a, 
and  var.  minor,  gracilior,  f.  lOb. — Bulimulus  hegewischi  STREBEL, 

Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  66,  pi.  6,  fig.  10 Otos- 

tomus  hegewischi  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  211,  pi.  13,  f.  14. 

Var.  c,  yellowish,  with  numerous  chestnut  streaks. 

Bulimulus  (Mormus)  hegewischi  Var.  e,  MART,  in  Malak.  Blatt. 
xii.  pp.  28,  29  (1865). — Bulimulus  hegewischi,  No.  2,  STREBEL,  loc. 
cit.  p.  67. 

E.  Mexico  :   Orizaba  (Uhde). 

Var.  d,  yellowish,  with  faint  diaphanous  streaks  (fig.  82). 

W.  Mexico,  Omilteme,  in  the  State  of  Guerrero  at  an  elevation  of 
8000  feet  (H.  H.  Smith). 

Differs  from  the  foregoing  species  in  the  long,  oval  body-whorl  and 
narrower  perforation.  Figs.  84  and  85  show  this  characteristic 
shape  better  than  the  others.  The  longitudinal  stripes  vary  from 
many  to  very  few  and  inconspicuous.  Dr.  von  Martens  writes : 
This  species  is  about  intermediate  between  0.  recluzianus  and  0. 
ghiesbreghti,  Pfr.;  it  is  rougher  than  the  former  and  not  so  coarsely 
wrinkled  as  the  latter ;  the  stripes  are  ordinarily  not  abrupt  below, 
and  the  columellar  margin  is  white.  Of  the  var.  c,  1  know  of  only 
two  young  specimens  ;  their  stripes  break  up  at  the  same  height,  but 
perhaps  in  the  adult  shell  this  may  be  otherwise.  It  is  strange  that 
the  vars.  c  and  d  should  not  have  been  found  by  other  collectors,  but 
I  am  unable  to  refer  them  to  any  other  known  Mexican  species.  I 
have  already  stated  that  the  locality  Pazqqaro  (Patzcuaro),  state  of 
Michoacan,  is  given  in  Pfeiffer's  first  description  only  for  the  var- 
iety /?,  "  fasciis  latis  tesselatis  violaceo-fuscis,"  which  is  probably  my 


45  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

O.femstrellus;  but  in  his  other  work  it  stands  alone  for  the  whole 
species,  owing  possibly  to  the  unintentional  omission  of  the  locality 
Tenango.  Neither  Fischer  and  Crosse  nor  Strebel  have  noticed  this. 

D.  JONASI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  10,  figs.  64,  68,  69,  70,  71. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-conic,  rather  thin  but  moderately  solid  ; 
shining,  white  or  buff,  with  numerous  narrow  longitudinal  corneous  or 
corneous -brown  streaks,  occupyiny  the  sulci  between  prominent,  unequal 
wrinkles  or  folds  of  the  surface;  rather  slight  and  superficial  spiral 
striae  appearing  under  the  lens.  Spire  long,  the  apex  obtuse,  with 
typical  Drym&us  sculpture,  whorls  nearly  6,  moderately  convex,  the 
last  revolution  of  the  suture  deeply  impresses 

Aperture  long-ovate,  colored  within  like  the  outside;  peristome 
thin,  acute,  the  outer  lip  moderately  expanded  in  large  individuals; 
columellar  margin  reflexed  for  a  short  distance  above. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  121  miH. 

Alt.  24^,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  12  mill. 

Central  Guatemala  :  Environs  of  the  city  of  Guatemala  (Salle,  Stoll); 
Antigua  and  Amatitlan  (Stoll)  ;  Duenas  (Champion).  [?  N.  Guat- 
emala: Vera  Paz.  (by  error  Vera  Cruz)  (Delattre)  ;  Coban 
(Salvin)].  Costa  Rica  (van  Patten  in  Berlin  Museum). 

Bulimus  jonasi  PFR.  in  Philippi,  Abbild.  neuer  Conch,  ii,  p. 
125,  pi.  5,  fig.  4  (1846)  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  107  ;  in 
Martini  &  Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch. -Cab.,  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  168, 

pi.  50,  figs.  11,  12 DESHAYES,  in  Ferussac,  Hist.  Nat.  Moll.  Terr. 

ii,  2,  p.  183,  pi.  150,  figs.  17,  18 REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v, 

Bulimus,  pi.  55,  fig.  363.— Bulimus  (Leiostracus)  jonasi  PFR.  in 

Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  153  (1855) Otostomus  (Leiostracus)  jonasi  H. 

&  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Reo.  Moll,  ii,  p.  151 — Bulimulus  (Morrnus) 
jonasi  MART,  in  Albers,  Die  Helic.  ed.  2,  p.  216 — BINNEY,  Am. 
Journ.  Conch,  vii,  p.  182  (1872)  (jaw,  radula). 

Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  jonasi  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  525,  pi.  23,  figs.  7,  7a. — Bulimulus  jonasi 
MART,  in  P.  Z.  S.  1875,  p.  648;  Jahrb.  d.  M.  Ges.  iii,  p.  257.— 
O.  STOLL,  Guatem.  Reisen,  p.  53  (1886). —  Otostomus  (Mormus) 
jonasi  MART,  in  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  193;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer., 

Moll.,  p.  212,  pi.  13,  f.  11-13 Mormus  jonasi  W.  G.  BINNEY, 

Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  123  (jaw  and  teeth). 

D.  jonasi,  like  the  allied  ghiesbreghti,  varies  a  good  deal  in  the 


DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  55 

^ 

prominence  of  the  fold-like  sculpture.  Four  specimens  before  me 
collected  by  Morelet  have  three  broad,  continuous  or  interrupted, 
dark  purple-brown  bands  (fig.  64). 

D.  AURIFLUUS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  1,  figs.  86,  87. 

Shell  subperforate,  ovate-conic,  thin,  pale  whitish  corneous,  with 
numerous  longitudinal  brown  streaks  alternating  with  white  ones  of 
the  same  width  or  wider;  surface  glossy,  nearly  smooth,  with  faint 
growth-lines  and  extremely  fine,  close  superficial  spiral  striae.  Spire 
conic,  whorls  5J,  slightly  convex,  the  last  tapering  below. 

Aperture  long-ovate,  striped  within  ;  peristome  thin, acute  and  not 
expanded  ;  columellar  margin  with  a  short,  narrow  reflection  above. 

Alt.  201,  diam.  10^,  length  of  aperture  llf  mill. 

E.Mexico:  Jalapa  (Hoge);  Mirador  (Berendt);  Cordova  (Salle, 
Hoge);  Plantation  Toxpa  (Tospan)  near  Cordova  (Berendt). — S. 
Mexico:  Yalalag,  near  Villa  Alta  in  the  Stale  of  Oaxaca,  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Cordillera,  in  dense  forest  (Hoge)  ;  Juquila, 
State  of  Oaxaca  (Hoge). 

Bulimus  aurifluus  PFR.  P.  Z.  S.  1856,  p.  319,  pi.  35,  fig.  10; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  400  ;  Novitat.  Conch,  iii,  p.  420,  pi. 
95,  figs.  13,  14 — Bulimulus  (Mormus)  auriflum,  MART  in  Albers 
Die  Helic.  ed.  2,  p.  216. — Bulimulus  (Drymceus}  aurifluus  FISCH. 
&  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  499,  pi.  20,  figs.  21, 
22. — Bulimulus  aurifluus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Su'ssw.- 
Conch.  iv,  pi.  6,  fig.  14;  v,  p.  79 — Otostomus  aurifluus  MART., 
Biologia,  p.  213. 

'•At  first  sight  this  species  much  resembles  0.  jonasi;  in  0.  auri- 
foms,  however,  the  yellow  stripes  are  on  the  same  level  as  the  whit- 
ish ground,  whereas  in  0.  jonasi  the  pale  brown  stripes  are  placed  in 
depressions  between  the  elevated  whitish  plaits.  The  edge  of  the 
aperture  is  also  distinctly  expanded  in  0.  aurifluus,  but  only  in  full- 
grown  specimens.  The  locality,  'Vera  Cruz,'  quoted  by  Dr.  Pfeiffer, 
is  probably  intended  for  the  State  of  that  name,  not  the  town." 
(Martens.^ 

D.  RECLUZIANUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  1,  figs.  92,  93,  94,  95. 

Shell  subperforate,  subfusiform-oblong,  rather  smooth,  delicately 
sculptured  with  close  spiral  lines;  shining,  opaque,  flesh- colored, 
ornamented  with  wide,  irregular  chestnut  and  grayish-purple  streaks. 


56  DRYM.EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Sp:re  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse,  suture  white-margined.  Whorls 
6,  a  little  convex,  the  last  as  long  as  the  spire.  Columella  thin,  lightly 
arcuate,  somewhat  twisted  above.  Aperture  subvertical,  oblong ; 
peristome  simple,  acute,  the  columellar  margin  reflexed  and  sub- 
adnate  above. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  16,  width  7-J  mill.      (/yV.) 

South  Mexico:  Chiapas  (Ghiesbreght).  Central  ('osta  Rica:  San 
Jose  (Pittier  and  Biolley);  La  Uruca,  near  San  Jose,  at  an  elevation 
of  1,100  metres  above  the  sea  (Biolley);  San  Francisco  de  Jos  Rios, 
also  near  San  Jose,  on  hedges  which  surround  the  plantations  of  coffee 
(Pittier). 

Bulimus  recluzianus  PFR.  in  Zeitschr.  fiir  Malak.  1847,  p.  82  ; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  172,  and  iv,  p.  468  ;  and  in  Martini  & 
Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch.  Cab.  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  119,  pi.  36,  figs.  5, 
6. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  74,  fig.  530. — Bulimus 
(Oxycheilus^  recluzianvs  ALBERS,  Die  Helic.  ed.  i,  p.  174. — Bulimus 
(Mesembrinus)  recluzianus  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  159  (1855). 
Orthalicus  (Oxycheilus}  recluzianns  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec. 
Moll,  ii,  p.  155. — Bulimulus  (Drymceus^  recluzianus  MART,  in  Al- 
bers'  Die  Helic.,  ed.  2,  p.  212. — Bvlimulus  (Scutalus)  recluzianus 
FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  510. — Bull- 
mulus  recluzianus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw. -Conch., 
v,  p.  68,  pi.  6,  fig.  8. — Otostomus  recluzianus  MARTENS,  Biologia,  p. 
213  (with  "  var.  lineolatus"). 

The  Costa  Rica  localities  given  above  are  for  what  von  Martens 
calls  var.  lineolatus,  identifying  it  with  the  species  so  named  by  Con. 
rad.  It  is  not,  however,  the  true  lineolatus,  and  may  be  called  var. 
martensianus.  Smaller,  yellowish,  the  length  of  the  aperture  not 
exceeding  the  diameter  of  the  shell. 

Dr.  von  Martens  further  remarks:  "The  stripes  of  this  species 
are  very  irregular  ;  even  in  the  same  specimen  some  are  near  one 
another,  and  others  have  large  intervals  between  them  ;  often  they 
are  more  greyish  violet  than  brown,  from  being  situated  in  a  more 
internal  layer  of  the  shell,  and  covered  by  a  thin  whitish  superficial 
coating.  Ordinarily,  the  stripes  break  up  at  the  same  height  at 
some  distance  from  the  umbilicus;  in  young  specimens,  as  a  general 
rule,  they  break  up  at  the  angularity  in  the  middle  of  the  whorl. 

"  The  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  have  generally  a  thinner  and 
more  yellow-colored  shell,  and  the  largest  which  I  have  seen  from 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  57 

that  country  is  only  20  millim.  long,  perhaps  not  full  grown.  0. 
roseatits,  Reeve,  from  Columbia,  comes  very  near  this  species." 
(Martens.) 

D.  LINEOLATUS  (Conrad).     PL  1,  figs.  90,  91. 

Shell  scarcely  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  but  moderately  solid  ; 
opaque  white,  somewhat  more  than  the  lower  half  of  the  last  whorl 
tinted  with  light  chestnut ;  striped  longitudinally  with  dark  purplish- 
chestnut,  the  stripes  not  reaching  to  the  suture  above,  nor  to  the 
base  below.  Surface  glossy,  smooth,  showing  traces  of  an  excessively 
fine,  dense  spiral  striation  in  places.  Spire  rather  short,  conic,  with 
slightly  convex  lateral  outlines  ;  apex  obtuse  ;  sutures  but  slightly 
impressed.  Whorls  5J. 

Aperture  oblong,  decidedly  exceeding  half  the  total  length  of 
shell,  and  greater  than  the  total  diameter;  sub  vertical,  streaked  in- 
side ;  columellar  margin  reflexed  and  closely  appressed  above,  pressed 
in  at  its  insertion  ;  columella  cord-like,  vertical  and  straight;  outer 
lip  a  little  and  gently  expanded. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  15,  width  within  7-J  mill. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  11.8,  length  of  aperture  14,  width  within  6§  mill. 

Volcan  de  Cartago,  Central  Costa  Rica. 

Bulimus  lineolutus  CONRAD,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  viii,  p. 
42  (1855) — PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  398 — not  Otosto- 
mus  recluzianus  var.  lineolatus  Martens,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Moll., 
p.  214. 

The  spire  is  decidedly  shorter  than  in  D.  recluzianus  Pfr. ,  the 
aperture  longer,  produced  at  base,  and  -with  less  arcuate  outer  lip, 
and  the1  columella  is  cord-like,  and  almost  perfectly  straight  and  ver- 
tical. Description  and  figures  are  from  the  types  in  coll.  A.  N.  S.  P. 

D.  LIRINUS  (Morelet).     PL  1,  fig.  96. 

Shell  nearly  imperforate,  oblong-fusiform,  irregularly  rugate- 
striatulate,  very  obsoletely  decussated  (under  the  lens)  with  incon- 
spicuous transverse  lines,  thin,  delicate,  milk-white.  Spire  length- 
ened, the  apex  rather  obtuse  ;  suture  impressed,  whorls  6,  a  little 
convex,  the  embryonal  1^  smooth,  corneous,  the  last  scarcely  longer 
than  the  spire  ;  columella  spirally  twisted,  filiform,  of  the  same  color. 
Aperture  acuminate-oblong,  shining  and  white  within  ;  peristome 
5 


58  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

simple,  the  terminations  separated,  columellar  margin  a  little  ex- 
panded, reflexed  and  appressed,  basal  and  outer  margins  acute. 

Alt.  30,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  15£  mill.     (C.  $  F.). 

N.  Guatemala:  San  Luis  de  Peten  (Morelet). 

Bulimus  lirinus  MOREL.,  Testae.  Noviss.  ii,  p.  11  (1851) — PFR., 
Monogr.  iii,  p.  313;  viii,  p.  26 — Bulimulus  (Drymceus}  lirinus  FISCH. 
&  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll,  i,  p.  494,  pi.  20,  f.  10. 

D.  CUCULLUS  (Morelet).     PI.  1,  figs.  88,  89. 

Shell  imperforate,  oblong-ovate,  thin,  rather  obliquely  rugose- 
striate,  milky-whitish,  spire  rather  long,  the  apex  rounded,  rather 
obtuse ;  suture  impressed.  Whorls  4,  convex,  the  embryonal  1 J 
smooth,  hyaline,  the  last  whorl  large,  ventricose,  longer  than  the 
spire,  somewhat  attenuated  at  base.  Aperture  acuminate-ovate, 
within  shining  and  colored  like  the  outside  ;  peristome  simple,  the 
margins  joined  by  a  rather  thick  white  callus ;  columellar  margin 
dilated,  whitish  ;  basal  and  outer  margins  acute. 

Alt.  18,  diam.  8,  length  of  aperture  9^  mill.     (C.  $.  F.) 

Yucatan:  Sisal,  on  sandy  ground  (Morelet). 

Bulimus  cucullus  MORELET,  Test.  Noviss.  i,  p.  9  (1849) — PFR. 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iii,  p.  383 ;  in  Martini  &  Chemnitz,  Syst. 
Conch.  Cab.  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  217,  pi.  60,  fig.  11,  12.— Bulimus 
(Leptomerus)  cucullus  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  159  (1855).— 
Bulimulus  (Mormus}  cucullus  MARTENS  in  Albers'  Die  Helic.,  ed.  2, 

p.  216 Bulimulus  (Scutalus}  cucullus  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 

Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  519,  pi.  20,  fig.  11  ;  with  var.  gracilior, 
loc.  cit.  p.  519,  pi.  20,  fig.  12. 

The  var.  gracilior,  pi.  1,  fig.  88,  is  probably  only  an  extreme  indi- 
vidual variation  rather  than  a  true  variety.  It  measures:  alt.  17, 
diam.  scarcely  7,  length  of  aperture  9  mill. 

GROUP  OF  D.   ATTENUATUS. 

D.  FENESTRELLUS  (v.  Martens).     PL  2,  figs.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

Shell  minutely  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  but  moderately  strong ; 
white,  with  4  or  5  broad  interrupted  bands  composed  of  large  square 
purple-brown  spots  :  the  bands  rarely  subcontinuous,  occasionally  re- 
duced to  few  spots  or  none  by  encroachment  of  the  white  streaks. 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  59 

Surface  glossy  or  dull,  with  inconspicuous  wrinkles  of  growth,  on  the 
base  decussated  or  scratched  by  impressed  spiral  lines.  Spire  conic, 
subacute,  black-tipped  in  banded  specimens.  Whorls  fully  6,  mod- 
erately convex,  the  last  ventricose.  Aperture  oblong-ovate,  inside 
white  with  vivid  chestnut  spots  ;  outer  lip  acute,  white-edged,  not 
expanded  ;  columellar  lip  shortly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  26^,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  14  mill. 

Alt.  241,  diam.  12J,  length  of  aperture  12J  mill. 

Central  Mexico  :  elevated  plain  of  Mexico  (Uhde);  Matamoras  Izu- 
car,  Slate  of  Puebla  (Boucard);  Puebla  (Berkenbusch);  Patzcuaro, 
State  of  Michoacan  (Hegewisch). 

?  Bulimus  hegeivischi  var.  ft  PFR.  Symb.  Hist.  Helic.  ii,  p.  46  ; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  173. — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  fenestrellus 
MART,  in  Monatsber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berl.,  1863,  p.  541  ;  Malak. 
Blatt.  xii,  p.  35  (1865)  (part). — FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  529. — Bulimus  fenestrellus  PFR.  Monogr.  Helic. 
Vivent.  vi,  p.  144. — Bulimulus  fenestrellus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex. 
Land-  und  Siissw-Conch.  v,  p.  64,  pi.  5,  fig.  lOb  ;  pi.  13,  fig.  5 
(radula)  ;  pi.  14,  fig.  6  A,  B  (anatomy). — Bulimus  gealei,  H. 

ADAMS,  P.  Z.  S.  1867,  p.  309,  pi.  19,  fig.  21 PFR.  Monogr.  Helic. 

Vivent.  vi,  p.  110. — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  gealei,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE, 
loc.  cit.  p.  536,  pi.  21,  figs.  3,  3  a,  b — Otostomus  fenestrellus 
MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  214. 

More  inflated  than  any  form  of  D.  attenuatus,  with  shorter  aperture 
and  smaller  triangular  columellar  reflection. 

Var.  subunicolor  Martens  (pi.  2,  iig.  5).  White,  with  light 
chestnut  bands  showing  only  in  the  throat. 

Bulimulus  (Mormus}  hegewischi,  varr.  c,  d,  MARTENS  in  Malak. 
Blatt.  xii,  pp.  28,  29  (1865). — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  gealei  var.  ft, 
FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit.  p.  536,  pi.  21,  figs.*3c,  3d — Bulimulus 
fenestrellus  var.,  STREBEL,  loc.  cit.  p.  65,  pi.  5,  fig.  lOa. —  Otostomus 
fenestrellus  v.  MARTENS  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  193  ;  var.  subuni- 
color v.  MARTENS,  Biol.,  p.  215. 

'Dr.  von  Martens  writes:  The  variety  seems  to  be  found  in  com- 
pany with  the  banded  specimens.  In  the  disposition  of  the  bands 
this  species  bears  some  resemblance  to  Otostomus  serperastrum  and 
even  to  0.  emeus;  but  the  sculpture  is  distinctly  more  coarse,  the 
vertical  strire  are  somewhat  more  wrinkled  and  prominent,  the  spiral 
strise  are  not  so  fine  and  crowded,  but  rather  irregular  and  broad, 


60  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

and,  finally,  the  whole  shell  is  more  or  less  provided  with  small 
rounded  impressions,  which  look  as  if  they  had  been  inflicted  by 
blows  from  a  hammer  (malleated). 


D.  ATTENUATES  (Pfeiflfer).     PI.  2,  figs.   6-16. 

Shell  oblong-fusiform,  thin  but  solid  ;  white,  with  irregular  purple- 
brown  longitudinal  blotched  streaks,  generally  broken  into  spots  ; 
all  markings  sometimes  lacking.  Surface  glossy,  with  inconspicuous 
growth-stride  and  very  fine,  dense,  shallowly  engraved  spiral  lines 
throughout.  Spire  conic  with  slightly  convex  outlines,  the  apex  ob- 
tuse. Whorls  6,  the  earlier  ones  yellowish  ;  last  whorl  oblong,  tap- 
ering below. 

Aperture  oblong,  white  or  showing  the  markings  inside  ;  peristome 
very  gently  expanded,  white,  thin  ;  the  columellar  margin  reflexed 
above,  with  an  impression  or  groove  at  its  insertion;  the  columella 
cord-like,  ivith  a  long  fold  above. 

Alt.  30J,  diam.  12^,  length  of  aperture  16  mill. 

Alt.  311,  diam.  13J,  length  of  aperture  17  mill. 

E.Mexico:  Vera  Cruz  (coll.  Cuming);  Orizaba  (Boucard,  Bot- 
teri);  Cordova,  commonly,  on  orange-trees  (Hoge,  Berendt);  Atoyac 
(H.  H.  Smith);  Mirador  (Sartorius). 

Bulimus  attenuatus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  p.  256;  in  Martini  & 
Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch.  Cab.  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  83,  pi.  30,  figs.  9, 
10;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iii,  p.  336  (not  of  Mousson,  1854). — 
Bulimus  (Liostracus)  attenuatus  PFR.  in  Malak.,  Blatt.  ii,  p.  152 
(1855). — Bulimulus  (Drymceus}  attenuatus  VOK  MARTENS  in  Albers' 

Die  Helic.  ed.  2,  p.  212 FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex. 

Mollusca,  i.  p.  491,  pi.  23,  figs.  1,  la. — Bulimulus  attenuatus  STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Su'ssw. -Conch,  v.  pp.  79-81,  pi.  5,  figs. 
7a,  b  (not  full-grown),  8a,  b,  c;  pi.  13,  fig.  13  (jaw);  pi.  5,  f.  15 
(white  form). —  Otostomus  (Drymaus)  attenuatus  VON  MARTENS 
Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  192;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  p.  215,  pi.  13,  f.  15, 

16 Bulimus  Kefersteini  PFR.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xiii,  p.  82  (I860); 

Novit.  Conch,  iii,  p.  310,  pi.  75,  fig.  8;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi, 
p.  53. 

Specimens  collected  by  W.  M.  Gabb  in  Costa  Rica  (locality  not 
more  exactly  recorded)  are  somewhat  thinner  than  Mexican  speci- 
mens; see  pi.  12,  figs.  16, 17.  Some  of  these  shells  look  deceptively 


DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  61 

like  D.  papyraceus,  having  quite  the  color  and  pattern  of  some  forms 
of  that  Brazilian  species. 

D.  attenuatus  is  closely  allied  to  D.  costaricensis,  but  differs  some- 
what in  the  pattern  of  coloring,  and  in  being  more  elongated  than 
the  typical  form  of  the  latter  species.  Costa  Rican  specimens  col- 
lected by  Gabb  practically  efface  this  distinction,  however,  having 
the  long  form  of  attenuatus  and  the  color-pattern  of  costaricensis. 
The  spotless  form  (var.  concolor  Martens,  pi.  2,  fig.  14)  occurs  with 
the  typically  colored  form. 

Dr.  von  Martens  writes:  The  brown  stripes  are  nearly  perpendic- 
ular, often  interrupted  near  the  suture,  and  ordinarily  less  numerous 
in  the  last  whorl  than  in  the  preceding  ones ;  in  some  specimens  they 
are  entirely  wanting  in  the  last  whorl,  these  forming  a  transition  to 
the  white  variety.  In  a  few  specimens  the  stripes  become  broader 
and  look  rather  like  those  of  0.  serperastrum  var.  paivanus  ;  but  the 
shell  is  easily  to  be  distinguished  from  that  of  Otostomus  serperastrum 
by  its  more  attenuated  shape  and  the  much  thinner,  conspicuously 
spirally-twisted  columella.  The  apex  of  the  shell  and  the  inside  of 
the  aperture  are  in  some  specimens  yellowish.  The  var.  pittieri, 
from  Costa  Rica,  differs  in  the  shell  being  smoother  and  rather  yel- 
lowish, the  streaks  not  interrupted  ;  it  has  the  aperture  formed  ex- 
actly as  in  typical  attenuatus. 

Var.  VARICOSUS  Pfeiffer.  (PI.  15,  figs. '36,  37;  pi.  2,  figs.  9-11). 
A  little  more  ventricose  ;  alt.  36-37,  diam.  16-18,  length  of  aperture 
17-19  mill. 

Bulimus  varicosus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1851,  p.  256;  in  Martini  &  Chem- 
nitz, Syst.  Conch. -Cab.  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  83,  pi.  30,  figs.  7,  8; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iii,  p.  326 — Bulimus  kefersteini  var.  /?,  PFR. 
Novit.  Conch,  iii,  pi.  76,  fig.  9 — Otostomus  attenuatus  var.  varicosus 
MARTENS,  Biologia,  p.  216,  pi.  13,  f.  16. 

Var.  PITTIERI  von  Martens  (pi.  2,  fig.  16).  Lightly  striatulate 
and  with  scarcely  noticeable  spiral  lines,  yellow,  shining,  with  con- 
tinuous, undulating  widely  separated  streaks.  Long.  30,  diam.  13, 
apert.  long.  15,  diam.  8  mill. 

Bulimus  attenuatus  ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.  1879,  p.  478 0.  attenuatus 

v.  pittieri  VON  MART.,  Biologia,  p.  216,  pi.  16,  f.  1. 

S.  W.  Costa  Rica :  Alto  de  Mano  Tigre,  near  Terraba,  690  metres 
above  the  sea  (Pittier);  Central  Costa  Rica:  Dota,  a  high  hill-region, 
south  of  San  Jose  (Gabb). 


62  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

D.  TRIMARIANUS  (von  Martens).     PI.  2,  figs.  17,  18. 

Shell  riinate  perforate,  ovate-fusiform,  rather  thin,  lightly  striatu- 
late,  somewhat  shining ;  white,  usually  painted  with  fragments  of 
interrupted  bands.  Spire  attenuated,  rather  acute,  the  apex  pale. 
Whorls  7,  a  little  convex  ;  suture  impressed,  delicately  and  irregu- 
larly crenulated,  the  last  whorl  moderately  attenuated  at  base.  Aper- 
ture nearly  vertical,  less  than  half  the  total  length  of  the  shell,  oval- 
oblong;  peristome  a  little  thickened,  narrowly  expanded,  white ; 
columellar  margin  nearly  straight,  a  little  thickened,  reflexed,  half 
covering  the  perforation  (Martens). 

Alt.  32,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  14J,  breadth  7  mill. 

Alt.  27,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  12J,  breadth  7  mill. 

N.-W.  Mexico:  Tres  Marias  Islands  (Forrer  and  Richardson). 

Otostomus  trimarianus  v.  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p. 
216,  pi.  13,  f.  17  (August,  1893). 

"  This  species  almost  forms  a  connecting  link  between  Otostomus 
attenuatus,  0.  serperastrum  and  0.  pallidior  Sow.  the  latter  from  the 
Peninsula  of  Lower  California  ;  it  resembles  0.  attenuatus  but  has 
not  its  thread-like,  twisted,  columellar  margin.  From  0.  pallidior 
it  is  distinguished  by  the  less  conical,  in  the  last  whorl  much  more 
oblong,  form,  the  thinner  shell,  and  the  narrower  aperture ;  from  0. 
serperastrum  also  by  the  general  shape  of  the  shell.  Some  specimens 
are  entirely  white;  others' have  more  or  less  distinct  traces  of  pale 
brown  spots  on  the  penultimate  whorl  arranged  in  four  spiral  rows, 
corresponding  in  position  to  those  of  0.  serperastrum  (the  fifth  and 
sixth  being  covered  by  the  following  whorl)  but  they  do  not  extend 
over  more  than  half  the  whorl  in  the  spiral  direction  "  (Martens.) 

D.  HEPATOSTOMUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  2,  figs.  23-27. 

Shell  perforate,  subfusiform-oblong,  rather  solid,  smoothish  ;  white, 
marked  sparsely  with  brown  streaks.  Spire  conic,  rather  acute ; 
suture  subnaargined.  Whorls  6,  moderately  convex,  the  last  a  little 
longer  than  the  spire,  somewhat  tapering  at  base.  Columella  verti- 
cal, straightened.  Aperture  scarcely  oblique,  oblong,  liver-colored 
inside,  glossy  ;  peristome  white,  the  right  margin  narrowly  expanded, 
columellar  margin  flat,  broadly  reflexed. 

Alt.  32,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  17  mill.     (Pfr.) 
S.  Mexico:   Tepanistlahuaca  (Boucard);  Juquila,  State  of  Oaxaca 
(Hoge). 


DRYALEDS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  63 

Bulimus  hepatostomus  PFR.  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  p.  23,  pi.  3,  fig.  4;  Malak. 
Blatt.  viii,  p.  13  (1861);  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  43. — Bulimulus 
(Drymaus)  hepatostomus  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mol- 
lusca,  i,  p.  493,  pi.  21,  fig.  2,  2a. —  Otostomus  hepatostomus  MARTENS, 
Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Moll.,  p.  217,  pi.  13,  f.  18-20. 

"  Nearly  allied  to  0.  attenuates,  but  less  attenuated,  also  somewhat 
variable  in  form.  The  brownish  hue  of  the  inside  of  the  aperture  is 
in  some  specimens  very  distinct,  in  others  scarcely  to  be  seen.  On 
the  outside  of  the  second  half  of  the  last  whorl  the  shell  becomes  in 
some  examples  rather  wrinkled."  (Martens.) 

D.  COSTARICENSIS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  2,  figs.  19,  20  (21,  22). 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-fusiform,  rather  solid,  irregularly  striate, 
whitish,  painted  with  interrupted  or  serrate  streaks  of  buff  and  light 
red.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  acute,  corneous.  Whorls  5, 
scarcely  convex,  the  last  three-fifths  the  total  length  of  the  shell,  more 
inflated,  having  a  prominent  varix  in  the  middle,  tapering  at  base; 
columella  compressed,  thread  like,  slightly  twisted.  Aperture  sub- 
vertical,  oblong-oval;  peristome  simple,  narrowly  expanded. 

Alt.  23,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  14J  mill.     (Pfr.) 

Alt.  31J,  diam.  18J,  length  of  aperture  16  mill.     (Martens.) 

Central  Costa  Rica:  San  Jose  (Pittier  and  Biolley)  ;  San  Fran- 
cisco de  los  Rios,  near  San  Jose,  on  hedges  (Pittier)  ;  Alajuela,  at  an 
elevation  of  900-1000  metres  above  the  sea  (Orqsco)  ;  Cartago  and 
Navarro  (Boucard) ;  elevated  plain  of  Costa  Rica  (Hoffmann). 

Bulimus  costaricensis  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ix,  p.  153  (1862)  ; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  47  ;  Novit.  Conch,  iii,  p.  419,  pi.  95, 
figs.  11,  12.— ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.  1879,  p.  478.— Bulimulus  (Drymaus) 
costaricensis  PAETEL,  Catalog,  p.  100 — Otostomus  costaricensis 
MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  p.  217. — Bulimus  navarrensis  ANGAS, 
P.  Z.  S.  1878,  p.  73,  pi.  5,  figs.  15,  16. 

"  Very  near  Otostomus  attenuatus  and  0.  hepatostomus,  but  less 
attenuated,  and  with  the  stripes  more  interrupted,  appearing  in  the 
upper  whorls  rather  like  interrupted  spiral  bands.  Rather  variable 
in  size  and  proportional  breadth  :  see  the  measurements  given  under 
the  description  above.  Most  of  the  specimens  I  have  seen  are  some- 
what more  elongated  and  less  ventricose  than  Pfeiffer's  original  type  ; 
but  there  are  many  gradations  in  this  respect. 

"  Dr.  Pfeiffer  received  his  specimen  of  this  species  from  Dr.  von  der 


64  DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Busch,  in  Bremen,  with  the  statement  that  it  came  from  Costa  Rica. 
The  Berlin  Museum  received  examples  of  it  many  years  ago  from 
Mr.  Carmiol,  who  travelled  in  Costa  Rica,  but  he  could  not  give  the 
locality  more  definitely.  Dr.  Gabb  has  also  reported  it  from  the 
same  country,  without  nearer  indication."  (Martens.*). 

The  specimens  collected  by  Gabb  are  intermediate  between  costa- 
ricensis  and  attenuatus,  but  in  my  opinion  referable  to  the  latter. 
See  pi.  12,  figs.  16,  17. 

B.  navarrensis  Angas  (pi.  2,  figs.  21,  22)  is  referred  to  costaricensis 
as  a  synonym  by  Dr.  von  Martens. 

D.  PLUVIALIS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  3,  figs.  28,  29. 

Shell  subperforate,  oblong-turrited,  rather  solid,  rudely  rugose- 
striate ;  whitish,  painted  with  linear  rufous  streaks  which  are  zigzag 
on  the  penultimate  whorl.  Spire  elevated-conic,  the  apex  rather 
acute,  buff;  whorls  nearly  6,  a  little  convex,  the  last  a  little  shorter 
than  the  spire,  obsoletely  subcompressed  at  base.  Columella  arcuate, 
thread-like.  Aperture  little  oblique,  elliptical ;  peristome  simple, 
unexpanded,  the  columellar  margin  narrowly  reflexed. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  9J,  length  of  aperture  11^  mill.     (Pfr.) 

Costa  Rica  (von  d.  Busch). 

Bulimus  pluvialis  PFR.,  in  Malak.  Bl.  ix,  1862,  p.  153;  Monogr. 
vi,  p.  115;  Novit.  Conch,  iii,  p.  423,  pi.  96,  f.  5,  6. —  Otostomus  plu- 
vialis MARTENS,  Biologia  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  218. 

Differs  from  D.  costaricensis  in  the  peristome  not  being  expanded 
and  in  the  more  numerous  linear  brownish  streaks. 

D.  BUGABENSIS  (von  Martens).     PI.  3,  figs.  34,  35. 

Shell  subimperforate,  oblong-fusiform,  rather  thin,  lightly  striatu- 
late,  shining,  yellow,  painted  with  rather  wide  black,  flexuous 
streaks,  mostly  short  above.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse, 
colored  like  the  shell  or  whitish.  Whorl  6,  a  little  convex,  the  last 
perceptibly  attenuated  at  base.  Aperture  half  the  length  of  the  shell? 
subperpendicular,  ovate-oblong,  colored  within  like  the  outside  ;  per- 
istome slightly  expanded,  the  columellar  margin  somewhat  thickened, 
distinctly  twisted.  Alt.  27,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  7^?  mill, 
(Mart.). 

S.  Panama :  Bugaba,  Department  of  Chiriqui,  at  an  elevation  of 
1000  ft.  (Champion). 


DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  65 

Otostomus  bugabensis  von  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p. 
218,  pi.  13,  f.  21,  21a  (Sept.,  1893). 

The  two  specimens  obtained  have  the  aperture  damaged,  but  I 
cannot  refer  them  to  any  known  species  (Martens}. 

D.  SARGI  (Crosse  &  Fischer).     PI.  3,  figs.  30,  31,  32,  33. 

Shell  scarcely  rimate,  oblong-ovate,  thin,  a  little  shining,  nearly 
smooth,  with  rather  distant,  obsoletely  rugulose,  scarcely  percepti- 
ble striae;  dull  whitish,  painted  with  transversely  interrupted  dark 
blackish-brown  streaks  and  spirally-arranged  series  of  spots.  Spire 
conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse,  suture  somewhat  irregularly  impressed. 
Whorls  5-J,  moderately  convex,  the  embryonal  first  1J  smooth,  livid 
brownish  white  ;  the  last  whorl  a  little  longer  than  the  spire  (as 
12:10),  inconspicuously  submargined  at  the  suture,  painted  with 
twice  interrupted  longitudinal  streaks  and  three  spiral  series  of  spots, 
sometimes  confluent,  lost  on  the  base  and  toward  the  lip.  Aperture 
acuminate-ovate,  dull  whitish  inside,  showing  the  bands  and  spots 
through  ;  peristome  simple,  whitish,  the  margins  joined  by  a  very 
thin  callus ;  columellar  margin  twisted  inside,  outwardly  dilated, 
almost  completely  closing  the  umbilical  chink  ;  basal  and  outer  mar- 
gins a  trifle  expanded. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  scarcely  12  mill.     ( C.  $  F.} 

Northern  Guatemala:   Tamahu  (Sarg). 

Bulimulus  sargi  CROSSE  &  FISCH.,  in  Journ.  de  Conch.,  xxiii,  p. 
52  (1875). — Bulimulus  (Scutahu)  sargi  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 
Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  534,  pi.  24,  fig.  6,  6a. — Bulimus  sargi 
PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.,  viii,  p.  59. —  Otostomus  sargi  MAR- 
TENS, Biologia,  p.  218,  with  var.  motagua,  pi.  14,  f.  2,  2a. 

"  Distinct  from  its  allies  by  the  smaller  size,  and  the  dark,  almost 
completely  black,  stripes  on  a  white  ground  "  {Mart.} 

Var.  motagucK  Martens  (pi.  3,  figs.  32,  33).  Smaller,  the  streaks 
more  distinct,  straight,  wanting  on  the  upper  whorls. 

Alt.  19-21^,  diam.  8J,  length  of  aperture  11  mill.     (Mart.) 

Central  Guatemala:    Valley  of  the  Rio  Motagua  (Stoll). 

D.  DROUETI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  3,  figs.  36-43. 

Shell  nearly  covered  perforate,  ovate  conic,  thin,  rugulose-striate 
(very  obsoletely  decussated  with  spiral  striae);  pale  straw-colored, 
typically  marked  with  five  reddish-chestnut  interrupted  bands  formed 

5 


66  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

by  the  transverse  coalescence  of  blotches  on  longitudinal  streaks,  but 
varying  considerably  in  development  of  bands  or  streaks;  spire  conic, 
rather  acute.  Whorls  6,  slightly  convex,  the  last  slightly  longer  than 
the  spire. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate;  peristome  thin,  a  trifle  expanded,  the  col- 
umellar  margin  dilated  above,  abruptly  reflexed;  columella  narrow. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  10J,  length  of  aperture  13  mill. 

E.  Mexico :  Pacho,  Molina  de  Pedreguera,  Coatepec,  Chirimoyo, 
all  near  Jalapa,  and  Barranca  de  Mahuistlan,  and  San  Jose  Miahu- 
atlan  (Strebel);  Jalapa  (Hoge);  Mirador  (Berendt);  Orizaba  (Bot- 
teri,  Salle);  Cordova  (type  locality,  Salle,  Hoge);  Plantation  Toxpa 
(Tospan)^  near  Cordova  (Berendt),  Atoyac  (Hoge). 

Bulimus  droueti  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1856,  p.  319,  pi.  35,  f.  12;  Monogr. 
Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  399. — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  droueti  FISCH.  & 
CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i.  p.  533,  pi.  23,  figs.  9,  9a, 
b. — Bulimulus  droueti  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.- 
Conch.  iv,  pi.  6,  fig.  13  ;  v,  p.  77,  pi.  6,  fig.  6.  (young);  pi.  12,  figs. 
7a,  b,  c — Bulimus  sporlederi  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt.  xiii,  p.  83  (1866); 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  112 — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  sporlederi 
FISCH  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  535,  pi.  21, 
figs.  5,  5a — Bulimulus  sporlederi  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und 
Siissw.-Conch.  iv,  pi.  6,  fig.  12 ;  v,  p.  78,  pi.  12,  fig.  9  ;  pi.  13,  fig.  10 
(radula);  pi.  14,  fig.  18 A,  B,  C  (anatomy) — Otostomus  (Scutalus) 
sporlederi  v.  MART.,  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii.  p.  193 — Otostomus  droueti 
v.  MART.,  Biologia,  p.  218. 

The  coloration  described  above  is  that  of  Pfeiffer's  type,  the  spe- 
cimen used  being  from  Mirador,  which  is  also  the  type  locality  of 
sporlederi.  Dr.  von  Martens  enumerates  the  following  color-forms. 

a:  (Typical  form,  pi.  3,  figs.  36,  37,  38,  43).  Streaks  and  spiral 
bands  in  combination.  (Pfr.  P.  Z.  S.,  1856,  pi.  35,  fig.  12  :  Fisch. 
&  Crosse,  loc.  cit.  pi.  23,  figs.  9,  9a;  Strebel,  loc.  cit.  iv,  pi.  6,  fig.  13; 
v,  pi.  12,  fig.  U.) 

1):  Streaks  rather  numerous  and  wavy.  (Strebel,  loc.  cit.  iv,  pi. 
6,  fig.  12;  v,  pi.  12,  figs.  7«,  7c.) 

c:  (Var.  sporlederi,  pi.  3,  figs.  40,  41,  42).  Streaks  fewer, 
straight,  oblique  (Fischer  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit.  pi.  23,  fig.  95,  droueti, 
var.  y.) 

"  The  vars.  a  and  b  have  been  procured  together  at  Cordova  by 
Herr  Hoge,  the  var.  b  only  at  Atoyac  by  the  same  collector.  The 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  67 

var.  d  is  only  known  from  Orizaba.  The  var.  c  (sporlederi)  is  per- 
haps also  distinguished  by  somewhat  more  flattened  whorls,  but  in 
this  respect  there  is  also  much  variation  in  vars.  a  and  b.  Pfeiffer 
has  placed  his  Bulimus  sporlederi  far  apart  from  B.  droueti  in  another 
sub-division,  because  his  specimen  was  not  full-grown  and  had  there- 
fore the  peristome  quite  straight,  whereas  in  adult  specimens  it  is  a 
little  expanded,  though  always  very  thin." 

D.  INGLORIUS  (Reeve).     PL  3,  figs.  44-52. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  rather  solid.  Striate,  obsoletely  gran- 
ulated by  impressed  spiral  lines ;  dull  white,  painted  with  narrow, 
brown,  white-dotted  streaks.  Spire  conic,  rather  acute.  Whorls  5^, 
a  little  convex,  the  last  slightly  exceeding  the  spire  in  length, 
rounded  at  base.  Columella  somewhat  straightened.  .Aperture  lit- 
tle oblique,  oblong-oval ;  peristome  simple,  unexpanded,  the  col- 
umellar  margin  dilated  above,  vaulted,  reflexed. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  14  mill.  (Pfr.). 

S.  Mexico :  Juquila,  State  of  Oaxaca  (Ho'ge). 

Bulimus  inglorius  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus^  pi.  55,  fig. 
368  (1848).— PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iii,  p.  419.  Bulimus 
(Mesembrinus)  inglorius  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  159  (1855) — 
Otostomus  inglorius  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  219. 

The  typical  form  (pi.  3,  fig  46)  u  has  only  a  few  scattered  brown 
stripes,  ornamented  by  white  dots  ;  but  the  var.  heynemanni  is  very 
richly  painted  with  broad  black  stripes  on  a  ground  which  is  whitish 
on  the  upper  whorls  and  becomes  more  and  more  ochraceous-yellow 
towards  the  lower  half  of  the  last  whorl.  The  stripes  often  include 
small  pure  white  round  spots,  or  are  jagged  on  the  side  towards  the 
aperture,  sometimes  projecting  two  or  three  branches  in  that  direc- 
tion, which,  if  they  are  repeated  in  the  following  stripes,  may  form 
three  broad  interrupted  spiral  bands.  All  the  stripes  break  off  at  the 
same  distance  from  the  umbilicus.  Inside  the  aperture  the  black 
stripes  are  quite  as  conspicuous  as  on  the  outside.  In  Dr.  Pfeiffer's 
monograph,  Bulimus  heynemanni  Pfr.,  and  B.  inglorius  Reeve,  are 
somewhat  widely  separated,  the  former  in  §  49,  u  subperforati  vel 
obtecte  perforati,"  and  the  latter  in  §  54,  "  perforati  vel  umbilicati." 
The  umbilicus  is  always  minute,  but  in  some  specimens  cleft-like, 
oblong  ;  in  others  from  the  same  locality,  similar  in  all  other  respects, 
it  is  nearly  circular.  Strebel  has  already  suggested  the  identity  of 


68  DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

B.  heynemanni  and  B.  inglorius,  and  after  having  examined  a  con- 
siderable number  of  specimens  collected  by  Herr  Hoge,  I  quite  agree 
with  him."     (Martens.) 
Var.  heynemanni  (Pfr.).     PL  3,  figs.  44,  45,  47-52. 

Boldly  marked  with  wide,  irregular  black-brown  stripes. 

E.Mexico:  Orizaba  (Botteri).  Central  Mexico :  Tecomavaca^m 
the  State  of  Puebla,  S.  E.  of  Tehuacan,  Cactus-  and  Mimosa-region 
(Hoge).  S.  Mexico :  Cerro  de  San  Antonio  de  la  Cal,  in  the  State 
of  Oaxaca,  on  shrubs  (Boucard);  Tlacolula,  in  the  same  State,  copi- 
ously (Hoge). 

Bulimus  heynemanni  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt.,  xiii,  p.  83  (1866) ; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.,  vi,  p.  110;  Novit.  Conch.,  iii,  p.  423,  pi.  96, 
fig.  3,  4 — Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  heynemanni  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 
Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  527. — Bulimulus  heynemanni  STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.  Conch,  v,  p.  68,  pi.  6,  fig.  7 — Buli- 
mulus (Scutalus)  inglorius  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit.,  p.  538,  pi. 
21,  fig.  9,  9a  (not  of  Reeve). —  0.  inglorious  var.  heynemanni  MAR- 
TENS, Biologia,  p.  220,  pi.  14,  f.  1,  la,  4,  4a. 

GROUP  OF  D.  TRIPICTUS. 
D.  IRAZUENSIS  (Angas).     PI.  6,  figs.  16-20,  24,  25. 

Shell  somewhat  elongately  ovate,  rimate,  moderately  thin,  longi- 
tudinally irregularly  striated,  shining,  more  or  less  longitudinally 
striped  or  freckled  with  black,  and  ornamented  with  numerous  small 
white  spots  ;  whorls  6,  rather  convex.  Spire  a  little  shorter  than  the 
aperture.  Aperture  oblong-ovate;  lip  thin,  simple,  tinged  inside  with 
rose  color. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  12J  mill.     (Angas.) 

Central  Costa  Rica :  Volcan  de  Irazu,  on  low  aromatic  bushes  on 
the  eastern  slope  (Boucard);  Tierra  Blanca,  on  the  southern  slope  of 
the  Volcan  de  Irazu,  at  an  elevation  of  1800  metres  above  the  sea 
(Biolley). 

Bulimus  irazuensis  ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1878,  p.  73,  pi.  5,  fig.  17-20. 
—  Otostomus  irazuensis  VON  MART.,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  224,  pi.  14, 
f.  12,  12a,  13,  13a. 

The  following  principal  color-patterns  occur : 

a.  More  or  less  numerous  zigzag  stripes  (figs.  17,  18). 

b.  Pale  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  dots  (figs.  16,  24,  25). 

c.  Three  rather  wide  brown,  white-spotted  bands  (figs.  19,  20). 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  69 

"  The  varieties  a  and  b  have  been  procured  in  company,  together 
with  specimens  approaching  to  c  (see  fig.  16),  both  by  Boucard 
and  Biolley,  on  the  slopes  of  the  Volcan  de  Irazu.  Of  var.  c,  I  know 
of  only  one  specimen,  here  figured,  found  among  those  collected  by 
Van  Patten  :  in  one  of  his  examples  the  peristome  is  slightly  ex- 
panded. 

"  This  species  agrees  with  0.  tripictus  in  having  a  rose-colored, 
simple  peristome,  but  differs  from  it  in  the  more  elongate  form  and 
the  rougher  sculpture  of  the  shell,  also  in  the  style  of  painting." 
(Martens.') 

D.  TRIPICTUS  (Albers).     PI.  6,  figs.  12,  13,  14,  15. 

Shell  very  narrowly  perforate,  ovate,  ventricose,  thin  ;  white  or 
yellowish-white,  with  three  to  five  brown  girdles  elaborately  figured 
with  white,  or  reduced  to  bands  of  arrow-shaped  spots ;  sometimes 
band  less,  longitudinally  streaked  and  more  or  less  variegated  with  ob- 
lique, zigzag  whitish  lines.  Surface  glossy,  striatulate,  without  spiral 
striae.  Spire  short,  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymczus 
sculpture.  Whorls  4f,  rather  convex,  the  last  ventricose. 

Aperture  large,  oblique ;  peristome  thin,  not  expanded,  bordered 
inside  and  out  with  pink ;  columella  pink,  slender,  subvertical,  more  or 
less  concave,  the  edge  shortly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  20,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  12^  mill. 

Alt.  17,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  10^  mill. 

Costa  Rica  (Coll.  Mousson,  Carmiol,  Gabb). 

Bulimus  tripictus  ALBERS,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  iii,  p.  97  (1857) — 
PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  468. — VON  MARTENS,  in  Jahr- 

biicher  d.  deutschen  Malak.  Ges.,  iii,  p.  256 ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1879, 

p.  478. —  Otostomus  tripictus  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  225, 
pi.  14,  f.  11,  lla  (var.  hoffmanni). — Bulimulus  rhodotrema,  VON 
MART.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xv,  p.  156  (1868);  see  also  Jahrb.  d.  M. 
Gesell.  iii,  p.  256  (1876). — Bulimus  rhodotrema  PFR.,  Novit.  Conch, 
iii,  p.  463,  pi.  101,  fig.  10,  11;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  viii,  p.  146. 

Easily  recognized  by  its  globose  form,  roseate  peristome  and  the 
complicated  pattern  of  the  bands,  which  are  cut  into  spots  ,or  figures 
of  very  irregular  and  various  shapes  by  oblique  or  zigzag  lines  or  dots, 
in  endless  variety  of  design.  Often  the  bands,  typically  five  in  num- 
ber, are  reduced  to  three  by  loss  of  the  upper  and  lower  ones,  or  their 
coalescence  with  the  adjacent  bands  ;  and  sometimes  they  are  re- 


70  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

duced  to  simple  rows  of  spots  (fig.  12).  In  other  specimens,  bands 
are  wanting;  inconspicuous  or  distinct  corneous-brown  streaks,  with 
more  or  less  zigzag  white  lineolation  composing  the  pattern  (fig.  13). 
The  apex  may  be  either  roseate  or  pale,  in  perfectly  preserved  shells. 
Var.  hoffmanni  Martens.  PL  6,  figs.  5,  6. 

More  slender,  the  upper  and  lower  bands  simple,  the  middle  band 
only  being  maculated. 

Alt.  19,  diam.  9J,  aperture  10 J  mill. 

Central  Costa  Rica:  Woods  of  San  Lorenzo  de  Dota,  1300  metres 
above  the  sea  (Pittier).  S.  W.  Costa  Rica:  Heredia,  on  trees  (Carl 
Hoffmann,  1856). 

D  GABBI  (Angas).     PL  6,  figs.  7,  8,  9,  10,  11. 

Shell  imperforate  or  subperforate,  obliquely  ovate,  obese,  thin  but 
rather  solid  ;  white  or  light  greenish-yellow,  unicolored,  or  pale 
fleshy  with  scattered  white  dots  and  several  spiral  bands  composed  of 
irregular  brown  spots.  Surface  very  glossy,  smooth,  with  slight 
growth-lines  but  no  spiral  sculpture.  Spire  short,  conic,  the  apex 
with  typical  Drymteus  sculpture  ;  whorls  4^-4f ,  slightly  convex,  the 
last  large,  oblique,  flattened  above  on  its  latter  portion,  inflated  at 
the  periphery. 

Aperture  ovate,  oblique,  whitish  within  ;  peristome  thickened  within, 
a  little  expanded,  rose  colored ;  columellar  margin  narrowly  reflexed 
above  ;  columella  narrow,  concave  ;  parietal  wall  deep  rose-colored. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  12  mill. 

Alt.  15,  diam.  11^,  length  of  aperture  8^  mill. 

Central  Costa  Rica,  upon  the  flank  of  Pico  Blanco,  alt.  3000-6000 
ft.,  on  the  ground  (Gabb);  N.-E.  Costa  Rica  at  La  Paz,  on  the  road 
to  the  Rio  Sarapiqui  (Biollev). 

Bulimus  gabbi  ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1879,  p.  477,  pi.  40,  f.  3,  3a. 
Not  Bulimulus  gabbi  Crosse  &  Fischer,  1872,  see  p.  147 — Otostomus 
angasi  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  207  (August, 
1893). — Bulimulus  irazuensis  BINNEY,  Ann.  New  York  Acad.  i,  p. 
262,  pi.  11,  fig.  1  (radula,  jaw)  (1879) — Bulimulus  gabbianus  BIN- 
NEY, Ann.  New  York  Acad.  iii,  p.  124,  pi.  12,  f.  L  (jaw,  teeth). 

A  very  distinct  and  peculiar  species,  slightly  resembling  D.  castus 
in  the  pink  peristome,  but  much  more  closely  allied  to  D.  tripictus 
Alb.,  in  form,  absence  of  spiral  sculpture,  and  in  the  color  pattern. 
The  peculiar  oblique  compression  of  the  last  whorl,  most  conspicuous 
as  seen  from  behind,  is  a  characteristic  feature. 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  71 

Von  Martens  changes  the  name  to  angasi  on  account  of  the  prior 
Bulimalus  gabbi  of  Crosse  &  Fischer ;  but  the  latter  was  described 
as  a  Bulimnlus,  not  as  a  Bulimus ;  and  as  the  present  species  is  not  a 
Bulimulus,  and  was  not  described  as  such,  I  fail  to  see  that  there  is 
any  conflict  of  names. 

Binney  has  figured  the  radula  under  the  names  B.  irazuensis  and 
B.  gabbianus.  It  has  typical  Drymcem  dentition. 

GROUP  OF  D.  TOTONACUS. 
D.  SEMIMACULATUS  Pilsbry.     PI.  5,  figs.  8,  9. 

See  vol.  xi,  p.  297.  Described  from  Colombia,  but  specimens  col- 
lected in  Nicaragua  by  Gabb  agree  exactly  with  the  types.  The 
locality,  "  San  Nicolas,  Central  Nicaragua,"  given  on  the  authority 
of  Tate  (Amer.  Journ.  Conch.,  1870,  p.  156),  should  be  deleted, 
Tate's  specimens,  some  of  which  are  before  me,  proving  to  be  typical 
D.  dominions. 

D.  TOTONACUS  (Strebel).     PL  5,  figs.  11,  12,  13. 

Shell  thin  though  pretty  solid,  somewhat  glossy,  and  rather  trans- 
lucent ;  bluish-  or  milk-white,  sometimes  with  occasional  transparent 
growth  striae,  but  always  with  widely-separated,  small,  triangular  or 
rounded  chestnut-brown  spots,  which  are  regularly  placed  in  the  line  of 
growth-striae,  but  more  obviously  along  the  spiral  direction,  forming 
five  narrow  bands  represented  by  these  spots,  more  distinct  on  the 
upper  whorls  where  the  spots  are  more  closely  placed.  Sculpture  of  in- 
conspicuous, fine  longitudinal  wrinkles  with  some  coarser  ones  inter- 
mingled, decussated  by  fine  and  close,  sharply-engraved,  short-waved 
spiral  lines,  which  are  often  interrupted  and  in  places  disappear  on 
the  last  whorl.  Whorls  5|-6|,  rather  convex,  the  last  somewhat 
ventricose  (in  young  shells  weakly  keeled).  Peristome  generally 
expanded,  the  columellar  margin  narrowly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  34.6,  diam.  13.4,  length  of  aperture,  11.7  mill. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  11.2,  length  of  aperture  8.6  mill. 

E.  Mexico :  Rancho  de  Quilate,  near  Misantla  (Dona  Estefania, 
Hoge);  Agua  Caliente,  also  near  Misantla  (Dona  Estefania). 

Bulimulus  totonacus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.- 
Conch.  v,  p.  84,  pi.  5,  fig.  13,  13a  (shell);  pi.  13,  fig.  11,  A.  H. 
(radula);  pi.  14,  ng.  9  A-F,  and  10  E  (anatomy). —  Otostomus  (Mor- 
mus)  totonacus  MART.,  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  193  ;  Biologia,  p.  221. 


72  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

'*  This  fine  species  is  distinguished  by  its  thin  pure  white  shell, 
with  not  very  numerous  round  brown  spots  ;  these  are  arranged  on 
the  last  whorl  in  four  spiral  rows,  on  the  preceding  whorl  in  three,  in 
the  one  before  that  in  two  rows,  those  of  the  second  row  being  often 
a  little  larger  than  the  others.  The  spots  are  placed  rather  distant 
one  from  the  other,  and  they  can  also  be  regarded  as  being  arranged 
in  vertical  rows,  forming  interrupted  stripes  from  the  suture  towards 
the  umbilicus,  but  this  arrangement  is  not  so  regular  as  the  spiral 
one.  The  spiral*  striae  of  the  shell  are  exceedingly  fine.  The  aper- 
ture is  pure  white,  the  peristome  very  slightly  reflected. 

"The  average  length  of  the  shell  is  28-30  mill.;  but  one  figured 
by  Strebel  (fig.  12)  attains  even  34^  mill.,  and  one  reported  by  Herr 
Hoge,  from  Mexico,  the  locality  of  which  is  not  especially  stated,  is 
only  24  mill.  long.  The  breadth  of  the  shell  is  equal  to  the  length 
of  the  aperture  and  to  about  half  the  length  of  the  whole  shell." 
(Martens.) 

The  only  species  closely  allied  to  this  is  D.  dormant,  but  in  that 
the  spire  is  more  conic.  The  name  totonacus  is  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  tribe  of  the  Totonacs,  that  dwell  in  the  district  of  Mis- 
antla. 

D.  DOMINICUS  Reeve.     (See  p.  3.) 

Callejon  de  la  Zamora,  near  Vera  Cruz  (Strebel);  Mirador  and 
Tabasco  (Berendt);  Chiapas  (Ghiesbreght);  Labna,  Yucatan  (Heil- 
prin  Exped.);  San  Nicolas,  central  Nicaragua  (Tate). 

D.  ALBOSTRIATUS  (Strebel).     PI.  12,  figs.  25,  26. 

In  most  respects  so  similar  to  D.  dominicus  that  only  its  differen- 
tial characters  need  be  stated.  The  shell  is  only  slightly  shining, 
light  horn-color,  and  has  separated,  rather  wide,  whitish  growth- 
streaks  shading  out  on  both  sides.  Apex  brownish  horn-color;  be- 
tween the  2d  and  4th  whorls  three  narrow  dark  brown  bands  appear, 
mostly  interrupted  and  crossed  by  brown  longitudinal  streaks,  form- 
ing an  irregular  marking  quite  similar  to  that  of  B.  heterogeneus. 
The  sculpture  does  not  differ,  and  of  the  structure  and  form  of  the 
whorls  it  is  only  to  be  said  that  the  basal  half  of  the  last  whorl  is 
sometimes  darker  colored.  There  is  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  peri- 
stome a  rather  strongly  thickened  whitish  streak,  showing  the  whit- 


DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  73 

ish  streaks  of  the  surface  to  be  growth-periods.     Columellar  reflec- 
tion, columella  and  umbilical  chink  as  in  dominions. 

Alt.  14.2,  diam.  8.4,  length  of  aperture  5.3  mill.;  whorls  5J. 

Alt.  13.6,  diam.  8.3,  length  of  aperture  4.8  mill.; 

Tehuantepec 

Bulimulus  albostriatus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Su'ssw.- 
Conch.  v,  p.  94,  pi.  6,  f.  3  (1882). 

Based  on  four  similar  specimens  received  from  an  English  dealer 
as  an  unknown  species,  among  material  from  Tehauntepec,  which  in 
all  probability  was  collected  by  Dr.  Sumichrast.  Very  likely  a  form 
of  dominions. 

D.  CHAMPIONI  (von  Martens).     PI.  5,  fig.  10. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin,  closely  and  finely  spirally  stri- 
ated, shining,  diaphanous  whitish.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  ob- 
tuse ;  whorls  6^,  slightly  convex,  regularly  increasing,  with  the  suture 
white,  the  last  whorl  ventricose ;  painted  with  a  subsutural  brown 
band  becoming  obsolescent  in  front,  and  some  sparse  brown  spots. 
Aperture  rhombic-oval,  a  little  oblique ;  peristome  thin,  a  trifle  ex- 
panded, the  columellar  margin  triangularly  dilated,  vertical,  whitish. 

Alt.  27,  diam.  14J,  length  of  aperture  13,  width  9  mill.  (Mart.). 

W.  Guatemala:  Hacienda  de  Las  Nubes,  Cerro  Zunil,  Pacific 
slope,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coffee  plantations,  elevation  about  5000 
ft.  (Champion.) 

Otostomus  championi  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  222,  pi.  14, 
f.  5  (Sept.,  1893). 

Described  from  a  single  specimen. 

D.  EMEUS  (Say).     PI.  4,  figs.  52-61. 

"With  crowded,  minute,  transverse  striae.  Inhabits  Mexico.  Shell 
conic  or  elongate  ovate,  slightly  angulated  on  the  middle  of  the  volu- 
tions, and  covered  with  minute,  undulated,  impressed,  capillary  lines; 
whitish,  with  maculated  bands;  suture  not  deeply  impressed ;  aper- 
ture shorter  than  the  spire;  labrum  exteriorly  simple,  interiorly  with 
a  thickened  submargin  ;  columella  short,  recurved  ;  umbilicus  small, 
but  distinct ;  spire  with  the  angulation  concealed  by  the  suture  ;  body 
whorl  with  the  angulation  almost  obsolete.  Length  thirteen-tvventieths 
of  an  inch ;  greatest  breadth  (parallel  to  the  suture)  three-tenths. 
(Say.) 


OF  THE 

^NIVERSITY 


74  DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

E.  Mexico:  Papantla  and  Misantla,  in  woods  (Deppe  and  Schiede); 
Quilate,  Arroyo  del  Obispo,  Camino  de  Arroyo  Hondo,  and  Rancho 
de  Guerrero,  all  near  Misantla  (Berendt  and  Strebel);  Nautla,  Molino 
de  Pedreguera,  Coatepec,  Dos  Arroyos,  Pacho,  and  Cuauatitlan,  all 
near  Jalapa  (Berendt  and  Strebel);  Jalapa,  Playa  Vicente,  Cordova, 
and  Atoyac  (Hoge);  on  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico  (Say); 
San  R afael,  Jicaltepec  (Townsend.)  S.  E.  Mexico:  Teapa  in  Tabasco 
(H.  H.  Smith). 

Bulimus  emeus  SAY,  New  Harmony  Disseminator,  Jan.  1,  1829, 

p.  26  (ed.  Binney,  p.  40) PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  221. 

— Otostomus  emeus  (Say)  MARTENS,  Biologia  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll., 
p.  222,  pi.  14,  f.  6,  6a,  8,  8a. — Bulimus  mexicanus,  var.  p.  gracilior 
PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  102 — Bulimus  mexicanus  (La- 
marck), REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  40,  fig.  244. — Buli- 
mus (Liostracus)  mexicanus^  var.  P.  gracilior  MARTENS  in  Malak. 
Blatt.  xii,  p.  23  (1865). — Bulimus  ziegleri,  var.  P,  PFR.,  Monogr. 
Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  175 — Bulimus  ziegleri  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v, 
Bulimus,  pi.  58,  fig.  389. — Bulimulus  (Thaumastus)  tryoni  FISCH.  & 
CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  565  (part.) — Bulimulus 
(Liostracus)  alternans,  var.  d,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  loc.  cit.,  p.  501  — 
Bulimus  baezensis  (Hidalgo),  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  viii,  p. 
47  (part.). — Bulimulus  palpaloensis  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land- 
und  Sussw.-Conch.  v,  pp.  85-87,  pi.  5,  figs.  12  a-c ;  pi.  13,  fig.  14 
(radula);  pi.  15,  figs.  1  A-L  (anatomy);  pi.  16,  figs.  4,  7,  8,  11  (jaw). 
—  Otostomus  (Drymaus)  palpaloensis  MARTENS,  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii, 
p.  190 — Bulimulus  sulphureus  Pfr.,  PILSBRY,  Nautilus  x,  p.  59 
(1896). 

The  following  arrangement  of  color  and  local  varieties  is  given  by 
Dr.  von  Martens : 

b.  hypozonus :   small,   a   little   more   ventricose,   peristome  unex- 
panded,  usually  yellow ;  bands  only  1  or  2,  basal,  continuous.     (Bu- 
limulus palpaloensis,  var.  Strebel,  loc.  cit.  p.  85,  pi.  5,  figs.  12d,  16). 

E.  Mexico :  Jalapa  and  Cordova  (Hoge,  M.  Trujillo). 

c.  albivaricosus :  much  smaller  ;  nearly  unicolored,  with  few  white 
streaks,  bands  visible  only  on  the  upper  whorls  (figs.  56,  57). 

E.  Mexico :  Playa  Vicente,  dense  forest,  oaks  prevailing  (Hoge). 

d.  membranaceus :    unicolored,    diaphanous    whitish.     (Otostomus 
(Mormus}  membranaceus  von  Mart.,  Binnenmoll.  Venez.,  p.  30  (speci- 
men from  Mirador) — Bulimulus  palpaloensis,  var.,  Strebel,  Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  85,  pi.  5,  fig.  12e.) 


DRTM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  75 

E.Mexico:  Mirador  (Sartorius);  at  one  or  more  of  the  above- 
named  localities,  probably  Misanila  (Strebel). 

This  is  identified  by  von.  Martens  with  B.  membranaceus  Phil., 
with  some  doubt.  I  consider  that  species  as  more  likely  to  be  an 
Andean  form.  See  vol.  xi,  p.  237. 

B.  emeus  var.  membranaceus  is  recorded  by  J.  G.  Cooper  (Proc. 
Cal.  Acad.  2d  ser.,  p.  166)  from  the  vicinity  of  Tepee,  in  western 
Mexico.  This  lends  some  color  to  the  locality  given  in  Monographia 
vi,  p.  57  :  "  Hab.  in  provinciis  mexicanis  pacificis ;"  but  still  I  con- 
sider it  improbable  that  a  Drymceus  of  the  east  Mexican  lowland 
should  re-appear  at  Tepee. 

Von  Martens  gives  the  following  notes  on  D.  emeus:  The  varia- 
tions in  color  are  fully  described  by  Strebel ;  the  ground-color  is  either 
white  or  pale  yellow,  and  there  are  ordinarily  five  reddish-brown 
bands,  which  are  either  continuous  or  interrupted  into  rows  of  spots, 
or  also  very  pale  with  darker  spots.  The  lower  bands  are  mostly 
continuous.  The  uppermost  or  the  two  upper  bands  are  absent  in 
several  specimens ;  if  also  the  third  is  wanting,  we  have  the  variety 
hypozonus,  which,  however,  is  ordinarily  of  a  more  ventricose  form. 
Many  young  specimens  show  only  two  lower  bands.  The  two  and  a 
half  upper  whorls  are  finely  cancellated. 

"  Strebel  states  that  this  species  is  often  found  on  a  shrub  called 
'  huichin,'  which  bears  umbels  of  40-50  yellow  flowers  (capitula?) 
and  belongs  to  the  natural  order  Compositse  ;  the  botanical  name  of 
this  plant  he  could  not  ascertain.  Palpalo  is  the  name  of  a  river  in 
the  district  of  Misantla. 

"  This  species  has  been  greatly  misunderstood  and  confounded  with 
others,  no  doubt  on  account  of  its  great  variation  in  color  and  its 
peristome  being  so  slightly  expanded  ;  in  an  artificial  system  it  might 
quite  as  well  be  placed  among  the  species  with  simple  and  straight  as 
among  those  with  expanded  peristome.  From  the  original  descrip- 
tion, together  with  the  locality  indicated,  I  have  no  doubt  that  Say's 
Bulimus  emeus  is  identical  with  Strebel's  Bulimulus  palpaloensis  " 
(Martens).  For  Bulimus  mexicanus  of  Lamarck,  see  vol.  xi,  p.  291. 

D.  TRYONI  (Fischer  &  Crosse).     PI.  3,  fig.  53. 

Shell  acuminately  ovate,  thin,  but  slightly  umbilicated,  whorls  6 
to  7  in  number,  longitudinally  finely  striated  ;  coiumella  reflected,  lip 
thin,  simple.  Whitish  encircled  by  three  or  four  zones  of  blackish- 
brown  (Reeve). 


76  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  13  mill,  (from  fig.) 

N.  W.  Mexico  :  Sinaloa  (Tryon).  Mexico,  without  nearer  indica- 
tion of  locality  (Reeve). 

Bulimus  mexicanus  (Lamarck),  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus, 
pi.  40,  fig.  244 — Drymceus  mexicanus  (Lamarck),  TRYON,  Am.  Journ. 
Conch,  iii,  p.  168,  pi.  9  (13),  fig.  5  (copy  from  Reeve)  (1867).  Not 
B.  mexicanus  Lam.,  see  vol.  xi,  p.  291. —  Bulimulus  (Thaumastus) 
tryoni,  PISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Sclent.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  565, 
and  v.  pochutlensis,  pi.  24,  f.  3,  3a. —  Otostomus  tryoni  MARTENS, 
Biologia,  p.  232. 

A  somewhat  doubtful  species,  based  upon  Reeve's  figure  of  "B. 
mexicanus"  I  do  not  know  where  the  specimens  are  upon  which 
Tryon  based  the  locality  "  Cinaloa."  It  seems  to  be  near  1).  emeus 
Say. 

Var.  POCHUTLENSIS  Crosse  &  Fischer.     PI.  3,  figs.  54,  55. 

Encircled  by  brown,  white  and  pale  tawny  bands ;  peristome 
whitish-brown. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  11^  mill.     (C.  &  F.) 

W.  Mexico:  Pochutla,  near  Chilapa,  in  the  State  of  Guerrero  (Salle). 

GROUP  OF  D.  SULPHUREUS. 
D.  SULPHUREUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  4,  figs.  65,  66,  67,  68. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin,  somewhat  translucent,  pale  sul- 
phur colored  or  (probably  by  exposure  to  light)  white.  Surface 
glossy,  with  slight  growth  striae  and  fine,  regular  engraved  spiral 
lines.  Spire  lengthened-conic,  apex  rather  obtuse.  Whorls  5|-6 
(6^  according  to  Pfr.),  but  slightly  convex,  the  last  convex.  Aper- 
ture decidedly  oblique,  ovate;  peristome  slightly  and  narrowly  ex- 
panded at  the  edge,  the  columellar  margin  shortly  reflexed  above,  im- 
pressed at  its  insertion  ;  columella  straight  above. 

Alt.  29|,  diam.  15,  length  of  aperture  14^  mill. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  14,  length  of  aperture  13^  mill. 

Central  Mexico :  near  the  city  of  Mexico  (Hahn).  E.  Mexico : 
Consolapa  and  Soncoantla,  both  near  Jalapa  (Strebel)  ;  Mirador 
(Strebel);  Atoyac  and  Orizaba  (Hoge);  Cordova  (Salle);  S.  E.  Mex- 
ico: Teapa  in  Tabasco  (H.  H.  Smith).  N.  Guatemala:  Cubilgmtz, 
north  of  Coban,  in  the  dense  forests  of  Vera  Paz,  drainage  into  the 
Rio  de  la  Pasion  (Champion);  Chiacam^  near  Lanquin,  on  the  Ca- 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  77 

baton  River  (Champion);  Coban  (Sarg);  San  Joaquin,  below  San 
Cristobal,  in  the  valley  of  Rio  Chisoy  (Champion);  Chacoj  and  Sen- 
aim,  Polochic  Valley  (Champion);  Panzos  in  the  same  valley  (Con- 
radt  and  Godman).  Nicaragua:  La  Libertad  (Belt). 

Bulimus  sulphureus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  8.,  1856,  p.  318,  pi.  35,  fig.  11; 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  412 — Bulimulus  (Drymaus)  sulfureus 
vox  MART.,  in  Albers'  Die  Helic.,  edit.  2,  p.  212 — Bulimulus  (Dry- 
mceus)  sulphureus  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca, 
i,  p.  495,  pi.  23,  figs.  3,  3a — Bulimulus  sulphureus  STREBEL,  Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Susswasser-Conch.,  v,  p.  87,  pi.  5,  figs.  11  a-d ;  pi. 

1.3,  figs.  15,  15&,  16  (radula);  pi.  15,  figs.  2  A-C  (anatomy) Otos- 

tctnus  (Drymceus)  sulfureus  VON  MARTENS,  Conch.  Mittheil.,  ii,  p. 

192;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  225,  pi.  14,  f.  14-18 Bulimus  mori- 

candi  (Pfr.),  TRISTR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  p.  230. 

Dr.  von  Martens  writes  of  this  species  thus:  "Animal  greenish 
(Berendt).  Animal  of  var.  citronellus  white;  tentacles  very  long ; 
arboreal  (Gabb).  H.  Pittier  found  the  same  variety  under  the  bark 
of  a  dead  tree. 

"  This  species  has  been  confounded  sometimes  with  the  white  0. 
(ffelix)  liliaceus  of  Ferussac  (antea,  p.  10),  from  Porto  Rico.  Ac- 
cording to  the  specimens  collected  by  Herr  Gundlach  at  Quebradil- 
las  and  elsewhere  in  this  island,  0.  liliaceus  differs  from  0.  sulphur- 
eus not  only  in  its  pure  white,  somewhat  cretaceous  color,  but  also  in 
the  more  conical  form  of  its  shell,  the  last  whorl  being  less  attenuated 
beneath,  more  bag-like  (saccatus)."  As  the  difference  is  more  easily 
explained  by  a  drawing  than  by  description,  the  figures  of  the  Porto 
Rican  shell  should  be  referred  to  (pi.  13,  figs.  90,  91,  92). 

"Although  neither  the  figure  in  Deshayes'  continuation  of  Fe>us- 
sac's  Hist.  Nat.  Moll.  Terr.,  pi.  142  B,  fig.  11,  nor  that  given  by 
Fischer  &  Crosse  (pi.  23,  fig.  8),  exhibits  this  difference  very  clearly, 
I  prefer  to  restrict  the  name  liliaceus  to  the  Porto  Rican  shell.  Fer- 
ussac's,  fig.  14,  and  Fischer  &  Crosse's,  fig.  8a,  well  represent  0. 
flavidus  Menke,  from  Venezuela  :  see  my  essay  on  the  Land  and 
Fresh-water  Mollusca  of  Venezuela  (Die  Binnenmollusken  Venezue- 
la's), p.  29  (1873).  0.  virginalis  Pfr.,  from  Venezuela,  common 
near  Caracas,  also  belongs  to  the  same  group  ;  it  is  white,  and  nearly 
as  slender  as  var.  b  of  sulphureus,  with  proportionately  smaller  aper- 
ture, only  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  shell.  Pfeiffer  (Novitates 
Conchologica?,  iii,  p.  422),  mentions  a  variety  of  it  from  Chiapas, 


78  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

distinguished  by  the  more  rounded  last  whorl  and  a  rounded  aperture ; 
I  suspect  this  is  a  whitish  specimen  of  0.  sulphureus,  var.  b. 

"  The  specimens  of  0.  virginalis  examined  by  Strebel,  Beitr.  Mex. 
Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v,  pp.  88,  89,  were  from  Caracas." 

Dr.  von  Martens  notes  the  following  variations : 

b.  Whitish.     (Fisch.  &  Crosse,  1.  c.  p.  496.  pi.  23,  f.  8).     Jalapa 
(Hoge) ;   Teapa,  in  Tabasco  (H.  H.  Smith);   Northern   Guatemala 
at  San  Luis  de  Peten  (Morelet),  and  Coban  (Bocourt,  Salvin). 

c.  Var.  gracilior.     PI.   4,  fig.   65.     Length  28-29,  diam.   11-12, 
aperture  11-13  mill.     (F.  &  C.,  1.  c.  p.  496,  pi.  23,  fig.  8a ;  Strebel, 
1.  c.,  p.  88,  pi.  6,  fig.  5.) 

N.  Guatemala:  Senahu  (Champion).  W.  Guatemala;  Retalhulen 
(Stoll).  S.  W.  Guatemala:  San  Agustin  (Bocourt);  Zapote,  on  the 
slope  of  the  Volcan  de  Fuego  (Champion).  Nicaragua:  La  Liber- 
tad  (Belt). 

"  Our  var.  c,  gracilior,  is  very  near  O.flavidus  Menke  [see  vol.  xi, 
p.  310,  pi.  26,  figs.  71-73;  Ferussac,  pi.  142  B.  fig.  14;  Reeve, 
Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  45,  fig.  287  (liliaceus)];  but  I  have  not 
yet  seen  a  specimen  from  Mexico  or  Central  America  with  the  deli- 
cate rosy  hue  on  the  lower  half  of  the  last  whorl,  which  is  so  charac- 
teristic of  this  species." 

d.  Var.  citronellus:  Angas  (pi.  4,  fig.  67),  subconic,  bright  yellow, 
the  suture  white.     Length  27,  diam.  13,  aperture  12  mill.     (Buli- 
mus  citronellus  Angas,  P.  Z.  S.,  1879,  p.  479,  pi.  40,  fig.  5). 

N.-E.  Costa  Rica:  Puerto  Viejo  on  the  Rio  Sarapiqui  (Biolley). 
Central  Costa  Rica :  San  Jose,  and  La  Uruca  near  San  Jose  (Biolley); 
Alajuela  at  an  elevation  of  900  to  1000  metres  above  the  Sea  (Orosco); 
Suralres,  alt.  600  metres,  near  San  Mateo  (Biolley).  S.  W.  Costa 
Rica:  Boruca,  alt.  450  metres  (Pittier);  Alto  de  Mano  Tigre,  690 
metres  (Pittier).  S.  E.  Costa  Rica :  between  Urea  and  Liporia,  on 
the  low  hills  (Gabb). 

e.  Var.  obesus  Mart.  (pi.  4,  fig.  68).     Subconic,  shorter,  uniform 
whitish.     Long.  26,  diam.  14,  apert.  13  mill. 

E.  Mexico :  Huatusco,  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz  (Hille,  in  Bun- 
ker's collection). 

D.  MORICANDI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  4,  figs.  62,  63,  64. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin,  engraved  with  subcontinuous 
spiral  lines ;  subdiaphanous,  citron-colored.  Spire  conic,  rather 


DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  79 

acute  ;  suture  submargined  with  a  paler  tint.  Whorls  6,  slightly 
convex,  the  last  as  long  as  the  spire  ;  columella  straightened  ;  aper- 
ture suboblong,  truncate-oval,  colored  within  like  the  outside  ;  peri- 
stome  simple,  narrowly  expanded,  the  columellar  margin  shortly  re- 
flexed  above. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  13  mill.  (Pfr.). 

N.  Guatemala:  Coban  (Delattre);  Vera  Paz  (Morelet). 

Bulimus  moricandi  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1846,  p.  113;  Monogr.  Helic. 
Vivent.,  ii,  p.  109 — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  45,  fig. 
283. — Bulimus  (Leiostracus)  moricandi  PFR.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p. 
153  (1855). — Bulimulus  (Liostracus}  moricandi  MART.,  in  Albers' 
Die  Helic.,  ed.  2,  p.  213. — Bulimulus  (Drymceus')  moricandi  FISCH. 
&  CROSSE,  Miss.  Seient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  497,  pi.  24,  figs.  9,  9«. 
—  Otostomus  moricandi  VON  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  p.  227. 

Var.  hyalino-albidus.  Clear  whitish.  Bulimus  moricandi  var., 
Pfr.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  398  ;  Bulimulus  (Drymaus)  mori- 
candi var.  Pt  hyalino-albida  Fisch.  &  Crosse,  loc.  cit.,  p.  498). 

S.  Mexico:  Chiapas  (Ghiesbreght);  Yucatan  (F.  D.  Godman);  E. 
Guatemala:  Tzabal  (Stoll). 

Evidently  very  close  to  D.  sulphureus,  from  which  its  somewhat 
more  ventricose  form,  larger  aperture,  and  stouter,  perhaps  convexly- 
conic  spire,  may  perhaps  distinguish  it.  Specimens  before  me  lab- 
elled "  B.  moricandi,  Guatemala,  Sarg,"  prove  to  be  merely  sulphureus. 

GROUP  OF  D.  MULT1LINEATUS. 

D.  MULTILINEATUS  (Say).     See  page  27. 

D.  MORITINCTUS  (von  Martens).     PI.  6,  figs.  26,  27,  28,  29. 

Shell  rimate,  ovate-oblong,  rather  thin,  irregularly  striatulate, 
shining;  isabelline-whitish,  with  very  few  oblique  streaks,  a  single 
rather  wide  peripheral  band  of  blackish,  and  sparsely  scattered  dots 
of  the  same  color.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse,  blackish  or 
brown.  Whorls  6,  a  little  convex,  the  last  slightly  attenuated  basally, 
and  sometimes  rose-tinted  there. 

Aperture  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  a  little  oblique,  acuminate- 
oblong,  colored  within  like  the  outside;  peristome  simple,  not  ex- 
panded, the  columellar  margin  thin,  lightly  arcuate,  shortly  reflexed 
and  appressed  at  the  umbilical  chink. 

Alt.  26-29,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  14-15  mill.     (Mart.) 


80  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

W.  Mexico:  Chilpancingo,  State  of  Guerrero,  at  an  altitude  of 
4600  ft.  (H.  H.  Smith.) 

Otostomus  moritinctus  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  228,  pi. 
14,  f.  9,  10  (Sept.,  1893.) 

A  very  distinct  species,  allied  to  D.  livescens,  but  thinner,  larger, 
with  more  ventricose  whorls  and  larger  aperture.  One  of  the  speci- 
mens before  me  shows  scarcely  any  of  the  scattered  dots  mentioned 
above,  and  in  another  the  peripheral  band  is  only  faintly  indicated. 
The  apex  shows  the  fine  grating  characteristic  of  Drymceus.  Von 
Martens  writes: 

"  Varies  somewhat  in  the  more  or  less  pure  whitish,  yellowish  or 
slightly  reddish  hue  of  the  general  coloration,  in  the  more  or  less 
broad  and  dark  peripheral  band,  in  the  presence,  disposition,  and 
number  of  the  black  points,  which  are  either  arrow-like  or  rounded, 
and  in  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  large  brown  streak  near  the 
aperture;  the  base  of  the  shell  near  the  umbilical  cleft  is  in  some 
examples  bright  rose-colored.  The  uppermost  whorl  is  curiously 
punctured." 

D.  LIVESCENS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  4,  figs.  76-81. 

Shell  scarcely  perforate,  ovate-turreted,  smooth,  livid-whitish 
marked  with  a  few  brownish  streaks.  Spire  long,  acute.  Whorls  7, 
nearly  flat,  the  last  shorter  than  the  spire.  Aperture  narrow,  oblong, 
brownish  inside  ;  peristome  simple,  the  columellar  margin  slightly 
revolute,  covering  the  small  perforation. 

Alt.  23,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  10,  width  5  mill.     (Pfr.) 

Central  Mexico :  Tehuacan  (Hegewisch,  Uhde);  Tecomavaca,  in 
the  State  of  Puebla,  S.  E.  of  Tehuacan,  Cactus  and  Mimosa  region 
(Hoge).  W.  Mexico:  Chilpancingo,  in  the  State  of  Guerrero  (H.  H. 
Smith). 

Bulimus  livescens  PFR.,  Symb.  Hist.  Helic.  ii,  p.  48  (1842); 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  175 — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus, 

pi.  47,  fig.  304 PHILIPPI,  Abbild.  neuer  Conch,  iii,  p.  96,  pi.  9, 

fig.  3 Bulimus  (Mesembrinus]  livescens  ALBERS,  Die  Helic.  ed.  1, 

p.  157 — PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  158  (1855).—  0rthalicus  (Me- 
sembrinus)  livescens  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  157. — 
Bulimulus  (Mesembrinus)  livescens  VON  MART,  in  Albers'  Die  Helic., 
ed.  2,  p.  214;  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  27  (1865) — FISCH.  &  CROSSE, 
Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  543 — Bulimulus  livescens  STREBEL, 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  81 

Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  91,  pi.  6,  fig.  4. —  Otos- 
tomus  livescens  VON  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  228,  pi.  15,  f. 
7,  8  (var.). 

The  original  diagnosis  describes  the  shell  as  streaked,  no  bands 
being  mentioned  ;  and  the  locality  was  merely  "  Mexico."  It  seems 
allied  to  moritinctus  and  especially  to  discrepans.  Von  Martens 
enumerates  the  following  color-forms  : 

a.  Brown  bands  and  streaks  distinct. 

b.  Bands  and  interstitial  streaks  paler. 

c.  Three  bands,  no  streaks  (fig.  79). 

d.  Upper  band  narrow,  lower  a  little  wider,  a  series  of  spots  be- 
tween (fig.  78). 

e.  Two  basal  bands  (figs.  80,  81). 

f.  Subunicolored  whitish,  with  a  few  streaks  (typical  form). 

D.  DISCREPANS  (Sowerby).     PI.  12,  figs.  18,  19. 

Shell  subperforate,  oblong-ovate,  thin  ;  whitish,  with  few  or  num- 
erous narrow,  brown,  obliquely-longitudinal  streaks,  interrupted  at  the 
periphery  by  a  narrow  white  spiral  band,  below  which  there  is  a  faint 
or  distinct,  wide  corneous  band  upon  which  the  streaks  reappear,  suc- 
ceeded by  a  wide  whitish  band ;  a  very  narrow  umbilical  area  being 
defined  by  a  narrow  brown  band.  Surface  shining,  smooth,  under  a 
strong  lens  showing  slight  growth-striae  and  faint,  fine,  dense  spiral 
lines.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymaus  sculpture. 
Whorls  nearly  6,  moderately  convex. 

Aperture  less  than  half  the  shell's  length,  ovate,  striped  inside, 
oblique  ;  peristome  thin  and  not  expanded  ;  columellar  margin  nar- 
rowly reflexed  at  the  perforation,  which  it  nearly  closes. 

Alt.  18,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  8  mill. 

Alt.  17,  diam.  8,  length  of  aperture  1\  mill. 

Central  Guatemala:  Salama  (Morelet);  San  Geronimo  near  Salama 
(Champion).  E.  Guatemala:  Zacapa,  on  Cereus  sp.  (Stoll).  Sal- 
vador: Conchagua,  under  the  bark  of  trees  (Cuming;  type  locality). 
Central  Nicaragua :  Granada,  Masapa,  San  Nicolas,  in  the  Savana 
region  (Tate).  N.  W.  Costa  Rica:  Guanacasta,  in  the  Bay  of  Sali- 
nas, in  the  woods  (Pittier). 

Bulinus  discrepatis  SOWERBY,  P.  Z.  S.,  1833,  p.  72;  Conch.  II- 
lustr.,  Bulinus,  fig.  52. — Bulimus  (Bidimulus^)  discrepans  BECK, 
Index  Moll.,  p.  65. — Bulimus  discrepans  DESHAYES,  in  Lamarck's 


82  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

Hist.  Nat.  des  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  2,  viii,  p.  279 PFR.,  Monogr. 

Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  176. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  23, 
fig.  145 — TATE,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch,  v,  pp.  152,  156  (1870).— 
Bulimus  (Mesembrinus)  discrepans  ALBERS,  Die  Helic.  ed.  i,  p.  158 

—PFR.,   in   Malak.    Blatt.   ii,   p.   158  (1855) Orthalicus  (Mesem- 

brinus)  discrepans  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  157. — 
Bulimulus  (Liostracus)  discrepans  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  503. —  Otostomus  discrepans  VON  MARTENS, 
Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  230. 

Allied  to  D.  livescens  and  some  forms  of  D.  multilineatus^  but  thin- 
ner than  the  latter,  with  fewer  whorls  and  somewhat  different  color- 
ation. Some  specimens  show  a  narrow  spiral  band  revolving  a  little 
above  the  middle  on  the  ante-penultimate  and  next  earlier  whorls. 
Specimens  from  Guenacasta  examined  by  Dr.  von  Martens  are 
smaller,  measuring:  Alt.  16,  breadth  8,  and  aperture  9  mill.  Sow- 
erby's  type  from  Conchagua  measured  :  Alt.  0.7,  diam.  0.33  inch. 

D.  SEMIPELLUCIDUS  (Tristram).     PI.  4,  figs.  71,  72,  73. 

Shell  imperforate,  oblong-conic,  fragile,  shining,  semipellucid, 
white,  marked  with  sparse  opaque  streaks.  Spire  conic,  acute:  suture 
deep.  Whorls  6,  convex,  the  last  a  little  longer  than  the  spire,  in- 
flated, rounded  at  base  ;  columella  vertical,  straightened.  Aperture 
slightly  oblique,  angulate-oval ;  peristome  thin,  the  right  margin  very 
little  expanded,  columellar  margin  shortly  reflexed. 

Alt.  18,  diam.  8  mill.     (Tristr.) 

Guatemala  (Salvin).  N.  W.  Costa  Rica:  Guanacasta,  in  the  Bay 
of  Salinas  (Pittier).  N.  E.  Costa  Rica :  Puerto  Viejo,  on  the  Rio 
Sarapiqui  (Biolley).  Central  Costa  Rica:  Alajuela  (Orosco). 

Bulimus  semipellucidus  TRISTRAM,  P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  p.  230,  pi.  26, 
fig.  8. — PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  22 — Bulimulus  (Liostra- 
cus)  semipellucidus  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca, 
i,  p.  507. —  Otostomus  semipellucidus  MARTENS,  Biologia,  p.  236,  pi. 
15,  f.  10. 

"  I  am  rather  inclined  to  think  that  this  is  an  albino  variety  of  0. 
discrepans.  The  specimen  from  Guanacasta,  from  which  our  figure 
is  taken,  has  a  few  brownish  oblique  stripes  on  the  whorl  before  the 
last,  whereas  in  all  respects  it  agrees  with  the  Rev.  H.  B.  Tristram's 
description  and  figure ;  but  as  the  whorls  are  a  little  more  convex 
than  in  0.  discrepans,  and  the  umbilical  cleft  completely  closed,  I 


DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  83 

dare  not  assert  it  positively.  Tristram's  figure  is  somewhat  magni- 
fied, as  is  proved  by  his  statement  in  the  text,  that  the  length  of  the 
shell  is  18  mill.  He  gives  the  breadth  as  8  mill.;  but  this  is  too  nar- 
row, as  by  reducing  the  measurements  of  his  figure  we  find  9J  mill, 
as  the  breadth  of  the  last  whorl.  Probably  he  has,  judging  from  the 
example  of  Dr.  Pfeiffer,  measured  the  breadth  just  above  the  upper 
edge  of  the  aperture,  which  is  in  reality  the  breadth  of  the  penulti- 
mate whorl.  This  must  be  kept  in  mind  when  comparing  my  meas- 
urements with  those  given  by  Dr.  Pfeiffer. 

"  The  Costa  Rica  specimens  have  stripes  only  on  the  upper  w norl- 
and also  here  less  numerous  than  in  the  type."  (Martens.) 

• 

D.  UHDEANUS  (v.  Martens).     PI.  15,  figs.  47-53. 

Shell  rimate,  oblong-conic,  rather  thin,  perpendicularly  rather 
coarsely  striate,  showing  very  fine  spiral  lines  under  a  lens,  opaque, 
fleshy-straw-colored,  usually  ornamented  with  three  white  bands. 
Spire  long-conic,  rather  acute,  the  apex  corneous-yellow.  Whorls  6, 
convex,  the  last  tapering  at  base.  Aperture  oval-oblong,  colored 
within  like  the  outside  and  slightly  roseate,  columella  a  little  arcuate, 
rose  colored;  peristome  simple,  unexpanded,  the  columellar  margin 
narrowly  reflexed  and  overhanging. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  10  mill.  (Mart.). 

Mexico,  without  nearer  indication  of  locality  (  Uhde).  JE.  Mexico : 
Aculcingo,  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  south  of  Orizaba  (Boucard).  W. 
Mexico:  Sayula,  State  of  Jalisco  (Hoge). 

Bulimulus  (Mesembrinus)  uhdeanus  VON  MART.,  in  Monatsber. 
Akad.  Wiss.  BerL,  1863,  p.  541  ;  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  25,  pi.  1,  figs. 

4,  5  (1865). — PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  114 Bulimulus 

(Scutalus)  uhdeanus  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca, 
i,  p.  530,  pi.  21,  figs.  4,  4a. — Bulimulus  uhdeanus  STREBEL,  Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p.  90,  pi.  11,  figs,  lla,  b — Otos- 
tomus  uhdeanus  MARTENS,  Biologia,  p.  233,  pi.  15,  f.  1-6  (with  vars. 
cuernavacensis,  tepecensis  and  borealis  (Sept.,  1893.) 

"The  first  one  and  a  half  whorls  are  unicolorous,  yellow,  and  finely 
reticulated.  The  typical  form  may  be  described  as  white  with  fawn- 
colored  bands,  or  fawn-colored  with  white  bands ;  the  latter  defini- 
tion is  perhaps  the  best,  as  the  fawn  occupies  a  greater  part  of  the 
surface,  and  is  the  only  color  present  in  subvar.  c,  and  I  have  used  it 
in  my  earlier  descriptions.  But  if  we  examine  the  var.  cuernavacen. 


84  DRYM^US,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

sis,  and  the  majority  of  the  other  species  of  this  genus,  we  shall,  per- 
haps, prefer  to  regard  the  coloration  as  white  with  fawn  bands,  but 
then  we  must  admit  that  the  uppermost  band  reaches  the  suture  and 
the  lowest  one  the  umbilicus,  and  that  the  unicolorous  subvariety  c 
is  produced  by  all  the  bands  uniting  together.  The  variation  in  the 
number  of  bands  is  caused  by  the  uppermost  disappearing,  and  by  the 
fourth  and  fifth  uniting  into  one. 

k'  This  species,  as  regards  the  shell,  bears  some  resemblance  to 
Bulimulus  exilis  Gmel.  (guadelupensis  Brug.),  the  type  of  the  genus 
Bulimulus ;  but  having  examined  the  radula  of  0.  uhdeanus,  I  have 
found  that  it  agrees  better  with  that  of  Otostomus,  the  median  tooth 
being  also  remarkably  smaller  than  the  neighboring  ones"  (v.  Mar- 
tens). 

The  following  varieties  are  distinguished  by  von  Martens : 

A.  Typical.     Length  22,  diam.  and  aperture  10  mill. 

a.  Whitish,  with  3-5  pale  fulvous  equal  bands  (figs.  49,  50). 

b.  Whitish,  with  5  pale  fulvous  bands  spotted  with    brown 

(fig.  48.) 

c.  Unicolored  pale  fulvous  (fig.  47). 

B.  Var.  cuernavacensis  C.  &  F.  (pi.  15,  figs.  42,  51).     Larger,  the 
bands  more  distinct,  rather  broad  ;  length  29,  diam.  15,  aperture  13 
mill. 

Central  Mexico  :  Cuernavaca  (Boucard).  E.  Mexico,  Orizaba  and 
Maltrata,  a  little  west  of  Orizaba  (Hoge). 

Bulimulus  (Scutalus)  cuernavacensis  CROSSE  &  FISCH.,  in  Journ. 
de  Conch,  xxii,  p.  283  (1874);  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  532,  pi.  23,  fig.  11,  lla  (young?) — Bulimus 
cuernavacensis  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  viii,  p.  152. — Bulimulus 
cuernavacensis  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  p. 
65,  pi.  12,  fig.  17. 

0.  Var.  tepecensis  Martens  (pi.  15,  fig.  52).  Smaller,  upper  whorls 
banded,  median  ones  maculated,  the  last  pale,  with  one  wide  weak 
band  on  the  base.  Alt.  18,  diam.  9,  aperture  8-|  mill. 

West  Mexico:  Tepee,  State  of  Jalisco  (Hoge). 

D.  Var.  borealis  Martens  (pi.  15,  fig.  53).  Smallest,  grayish-white, 
above  with  1-3  series  of  spots,  beneath  with  one  wide  pale  band. 
Alt.  15,  diam.  8,  aperture  7  mill. 

N.-  W.  Mexico  :  Ventanas,  State  of  Durango,  at  2000  ft.  elevation. 
(Forrer.) 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  85 

D.  HETEROGENEUS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  12,  figs.  22,  23. 

Shell  subperforate,  ovate-turreted,  thin,  striatulate,  decussated  with 
microscopic  spiral  lines,  slightly  shining,  whitish-corneous.  Spire 
elevated  conic,  the  apex  rather  acute,  suture  impressed,  simple. 
Whorls  6^,  a  little  convex,  the  apical  unicolored,  following  with 
chestnut  lines  and  dots,  last  two  painted  with  pale  corneous  streaks, 
on  the  penultimate  whorl  irregularly  spotted  ;  last  whorl  about  ^  the 
total  length,  rounded  at  base.  Columella  receding.  Aperture  ob- 
lique, angulate  lunar ;  peristome  simple,  the  right  margin  a  trifle 
expanded,  columellar  margin  dilated  above,  overhanging,  subap- 
pressed. 

Alt.  17,  diam.  7-|,  length  of  aperture  8  mill.     (Pfr.) 

W.  Mexico:  Tepee,  State  of  Jalisco  (Hoge).  E.  Mexico:  Mirador, 
Pala  Gacho,  on  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Jalapa,  and  Rinconada 
near  the  same  place  (Strebel);  Vera  Cruz  (Berendt,  type  locality). 

Bulimus  heterogeneus  PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  viii,  p.  118  (1866); 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  118. — Bulimulus  (Liostracus)  hetero- 
geneus FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  506.— 
Bulimulus  heterogeneus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.- 
Conch.  iv,  pi.  6,  fig.  18  a,  b;  v,  p.  92. —  Otostomus  heterogeneus  MAR- 
TENS. Biologia,  p.  235. 

"  The  species  approaches  0.  livescens,  as  Strebel  has  already  stated, 
and  0.  discrepans.  From  0.  livescens  it  differs  in  the  somewhat 
more  convex  whorls,  the  less  tapering  spire,  the  more  yellowish  hue 
of  the  white  color,  the  subangular  last  whorl,  and  the  very  slight 
turning  out  of  the  apertural  margin ;  the  last  mentioned  character 
proves  it  to  be  adult,  although  the  shell  has  one  whorl  less  than  that 
of  0.  livescens.  The  stripes  are  pale  brown,  disposed  at  unequal  in- 
tervals, and  very  variable ;  they  are  seen  chiefly  on  the  whorl  before 
the  last,  sometimes  also  on  the  last,  while  on  the  other  whorls  spiral 
rows  of  spots,  or  even  bands,  also  pale,  however,  predominate.  On 
account  of  some  of  the  whorls  being  differently  painted  to  the  others, 
Dr.  Pfeiffer  seems  to  have  used  the  name  "heterogeneus"  which  at 
first  leads  one  to  suppose  that  the  species  possesses  much  more  pecul- 
iar and  unusual  characters  "  (v.  Martens). 

D.  TROPICALIS  (Morelet).     PI.  6,  figs.  21,  22,  23. 

Shell  sinistral,  perforate,  long  ovate-conic;  moderately  solid  ;  white 
with  two  or  three  pink  or  pinkish-brown  spiral  bands,  the  tip  of  the 


86  DRYMJEUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

apex  of  the  same  color.  Surface  somewhat  shining,  smooth,  showing 
fine,  superficially  engraved  spiral  lines  under  a  strong  lens.  Spire 
high,  straight-sided,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture. 
Whorls  6^-7,  but  slightly  convex. 

Aperture  small,  ovate,  typically  showing  the  bands  inside;  peri- 
stome  acute,  thin,  unexpanded  ;  columellar  lip  triangularly  reflexed 
above  ;  columella  straight. 

Alt.  28,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  12  mill. 

Alt.  21J,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  9  mill. 

Yucatan:  Campeche,  on  the  shore  (Morelet);  Tabi,  S.  of  Merida, 
in  the  interior  (F.  D.  Godman,  Febr.,  1888);  Ruins  of  Labna  (Heil- 
prin  Exped.). 

Bulimus  tropicalis  MORELET,  Test.  Noviss.  i,  p.  9  (1849). — PFR., 
in  Martini  &  Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch. -Cab.,  ed.  2,  Bulimus*  p.  198, 
pi.  55,  figs.  5,  6  ;  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iii,  p.  424. — Bulimus 
(Pyrgus)  tropicalis  PFR.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  159  (1855) — Bui- 
imulus  (Liostraeus)  tropicalis  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex., 
Mollusca,  i,  p.  504,  pi.  20,  figs.  7,  8 — Bulimulus  tropicalis  STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.,  v,  p.  95. — PILSBRY,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1891,  p.  315. —  Otostomus  tropicalis  MAR- 
TENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  233. 

The  specimens  collected  by  Morelet  (pi.  6,  figs.  21,  22)  have  three 
brownish-red  bands  on  the  last  whorl,  and  are  27  to  28  mill,  long, 
with  7  wrhorls.  Those  taken  at  Labna  by  the  expedition  from  the 
Academy  (fig.  23)  are  smaller,  21-22  mill,  long,  with  the  bands  pink, 
the  upper  two  almost  obsolete,  and  with  a  pink  band  just  behind  the 
columella,  which  is  somewhat  stained  with  the  same  tint.  The  young 
are  a  little  keeled  and  the  bands  are  more  brown.  This  is  the  only 
sinistral  species  of  Drymaus  known. 

GROUP  OF  D.  ALTERNANS. 

D.  ALTERNANS  (Beck).     PI.  15,  figs.  38,  39,  40. 

Shell  narrowly  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  but  moderately  solid ; 
white  or  faintly  buff-tinted  with  five  spiral  brown  bands ;  the  upper 
one  narrow,  bordering  the  white-edged  suture,  the  fifth  forming  a 
rather  large  umbilical  patch.  Surface  glassy,  smooth,  with  slight 
growth  wrinkles  and  close,  fine,  engraved  spiral  striae,  in  some  speci- 
mens subobsolete  in  places.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse, 
having  typical  Drymseus  sculpture.  Whorls  5^,  moderately  convex. 


DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA.  87 

Aperture  ovate,  banded  inside,  oblique  ;  peristome  thin,  not  ex- 
panded, the  columellar  margin. triangularly  reflexed  above  ;  columella 
straight  or  with  a  low  convex  fold  above.  Alt.  20,  diam.  11,  length 
of  aperture  9-10  mill. 

JV.  Guatemala:  Panzos  (Conradt).  Central  Guatemala:  San 
Geronimo,  near  Salama  (Champion);  vicinity  of  Guatemala  City 
(Stoll).  Central  Costa  Rica:  San  Jose  (Pittier);  La  Uruca,  near 
San  Jose,  at  an  elevation  of  100  metres  above  the  sea,  under  dry 
leaves  (Biolley);  Alajuela  (Orosco).  S.Panama:  hla  del  Rey  (San 
Miguel)  in  the  Pearl  Islands,  and  Taboga  Island*  both  in  the  Bay  of 
Panama  (coll.  Cuming). 

Bulinus  vexillum  BRODERIP,  P.  Z.  S.,  1832,  p.  105. — SOWERBY, 
Conch.  Illustr.,  Bulinus,  fig.  26. — Bulimus  vexillum  DESHAYES,  in 
Lamarck,  Hist,  des  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  2,  viii,  p.  272. — REEVE, 
Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  23,  fig.  152  (not  of  Wood,  1828). — 

Bulimus  (Bidimtdus)  alternans  BECK,  Index  Moll.  p.  65  (1837) 

Bulimus  alternans  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  207. — Bulimus 
(Leptomerus)  alternans  ALBERS,  Die  Helic.  ed.  1,  p.  166. — PFR.,  in 
Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  160  (1855)  —  Orthalicus  (Leptomerus}  alternans 
H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  156. — Bulimulus  (Liostracus) 

alternans  v.  MART.,  in  Albers'  Die  Helic.,  ed.  2,  p.  213 BINNEY, 

Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist,  of  N.  Y.,  x,  p.  305  (jaw  and  radula) — FISCH. 
&  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i.  p.  500,  pi.  23,  fig.  5. — 
O.  STOLL,  Guatem.  Reisen.  p.  33. — Liostracus  alternans  W.  G. 

BINNEY,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.   122  (jaw  and  radula) B* 

alternatus  FORBES,  P.  Z.  S.,  1850,  p.  54  (not  of  Say). 

More  allied  to  the  thin,  banded  species  of  Colombia,  Trinidad, 
etc.,  than  to  any  of  the  preceding  Mexican  species.  The  number  of 
bands  is  constantly  five,  in  the  series  before  me,  but  they  vary  in 
width.  Usually  the  fourth  band  is  wider  than  those  above,  and  the 
second  band  narrow  ;  but  in  some  shells  the  second  band  is  wide, 
and  the  third  reduced.  Von  Martens  writes  : 

"•  Dr.  O.  Stoll  has  observed  this  species  upon  a  shrub,  Baccharis 
salicifolia,  in  company  with  0.  jonasi  but  much  less  frequent.  Dur- 
ing the  dry  season  it  conceals  itself  beneath  stones  and  amongst  the 
roots  of  the  above-mentioned  shrub,  more  rarely  on  its  branches,  and 
closes  the  aperture  with  a  thin  transparent  epiphragma ;  in  this  state 
it  often  becomes  the  prey  of  the  rapacious  Glandina  aurata,  which 
does  not  ascend  the  shrubs.  He  mentions  also  that  full-grown  spe- 


8  DRYM^EUS,    MEXICO    AND    CENTRAL    AMERICA. 

cimens  are  comparatively  rare.  An  unusually  large  specimen — long. 
28,  diam.  14,  apert.  11  mill. — found  at  Panzos  (Conradt),  has  been 
sent  to  me  by  Prof.  Hausknect  of  Weimar  ;  its  bands  are  very  dark, 
nearly  black,  the  shell  thus  approaching  0.  nigro-fasciatus  Pfr.,  from 
Colombia  [vol.  xi,  p.  307,  pi.  50,  figs.  98,  99],  but  differs  from  it  in 
the  distinct  spiral  striation  and  the  comparatively  narrower  bands." 

Var.  JUQUILENSIS  Martens  (fig.  40).    Bands  narrower.    Length  19^, 

diam.  9-10  mill. 

S.  Mexico:  Juguifa,  in  the  State  of  Oaxaca  (Boucard)  ;  Oaxaca 
(Uhde).  N.Guatemala:  Vera  Paz  (Salvin). 

Bulimus  virgulatus  TRISTRAM,  P.  Z.  S.,  1863,  p.  412 — Bulimus 
alternans  var.  #,  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  131. — Bulimu- 
lus  (Liostracus)  alternans,  var.  /3,  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  501,  pi.  23,  fig.  5a. —  Otostomus  (Liostracus) 
alternans  VON  MART.  Conch.  Mittheil.  ii,  p.  192. — Bulimulus  (Lios- 
tracus} mexicanus,  var.,  VON  MART.,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  24 
(1865)  (ex  parte). 

D.  TRICINGULATUS  (Anton). 

Shell  oval-conic,  spire  nearly  steeple-shaped,  acute ;  7  rather  flat 
whorls  with  deep  suture,  the  last  whorl  two-fifths  the  whole  length  ; 
translucent,  shining,  smooth  ;  light  yellow  with  three  dark-brown 
bands  on  the  last  whorl,  and  two  light  brown  ones  on  the  others ; 
perforate  ;  aperture  oval-oblong.  Alt.  1  inch  1  line,  diam.  6  lines. 
(Anton.)  Saboja  Ins.  (Anton). 

Bulimus  tricingulatus  ANT.,  Verzeich.  der  Conch.  Sammlung 
H.  E.  Anton,  p.  43,  no.  1566  (1839) PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  212. 

More  lengthened  than  vexillum  (Brod.),  the  last  whorl  more  obese, 
somewhat  shorter,  and,  therefore,  more  conic-oblong.  Besides  the 
ground-color,  the  slim  form  and  delicate  peristome  also  distinguish  it 
from  trifasciatus  Brug.  (Anton.) 

Has  not  been  recognized  by  later  authors.  The  locality  is  evi- 
dently Taboga  island,  in  the  Bay  of  Panama. 

D.  HONDURASANUS  (PfeifFer).     PI.  15,  fig.  41. 

Shell  openly  perforate,  ovate-conic,  smooth,  shining ;  yellowish- 
white,  ornamented  with  three  bands  and  an  umbilical  area  of  rose- 
brown.  Spire  conic,  acute,  whorls  6,  a  trifle  convex,  the  last  a  little 
shorter  than  the  spire  ;  columella  straightened,  vertical,  the  aperture 


DRYM^EUS,  MEXICO  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA.          89 

oval-oblong,  colored  within  like  the  outside  ;  peristome  unexpanded, 
simple,  the  columellar  margin  expanding  in  a  triangular  plate.  Alt. 
18J,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  9  mill.  (Pfr.) 

Honduras  (Dyson). 

Bulimus  Jiondurasanus  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1846,  p.  29;  Monogr.  Helic. 
Vivent.  ii,  p.  209. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  59,  fig.  400. 
— ?  Bulimus  honduratianus  TRISTRAM,  P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  p.  230. — Buli- 
mus (Leptomerus)  Jiondurasanus  PFR.  in  Malak  Blatt.  ii,  p.  160 
(1855). —  Orthalicus  (Leptomerus)  hondurasanus  H.  &  A.  ADAMS, 
Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  156. — Bulimulus  (Liostracus)  Jiondurasanus 
FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  503. —  Otosto- 
mus  honduranus  VON  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  p.  232. 

Known  to  rne  only  by  the  description  and  Reeve's  figure,  and  per- 
haps, as  von  Martens  remarks,  not  separable  from  D.  alternans.  l'A 
very  delicate,  transparent,  rose-tinged  shell."  (Rve.) 

D.  TRANSLUCENS  (Broderip).     PI.  24,  figs.  28,  29. 

Shell  oblong-pyramidal,  with  a  small  umbilical  chink,  pale  yellow- 
ish white,  translucent,  thin  ;  surface  glossy,  showing  fine,  irregular 
growth  lines  and  some  faint,  almost  obsolete  spiral  strias  under  the 
lens.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  with  typical  Drymceus  sculpture; 
whorls  5,  a  little  convex,  rapidly  widening,  the  last  ventricose, 
(keeled  in  immature  shells).  Aperture  ovater  large,  about  half  the 
length  of  the  shell ;  outer  lip  thin,  unexpanded ;  columella  reflexed 
and  appressed  above,  somewhat  excised  and  slightly  subtruncate 
below. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  12.5  mill. 

King's  and  Saboga  Is.,  Bay  of  Panama,  (Cuming). 

Bulinus  translucens  BROD.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1832,  p.  31. — SOWB.,  Con- 
chol.  Illustr.  f.  11. — Bulimus  (Bulimulus)  translucens  BECK,  Index 
Moll.  p.  67 — Bulimus  translucens  DESH.,  in  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert,  viii, 
p.  265 — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  195;  iii,  p.  437;  iv,  501;  vi,  151;  Con- 
chyl.  Cab.  p.  241,  pi.  63,  f.  27,  28.— REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  13,  f. 
71. — Bulimulus  (Leptomerus)  translucens  v.  MART.,  in  Alb.,  Die 
Hel.  (2),  p.  222;  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  250. 

This  species  "  when  in  fine  preservation  is  so  translucent  that  the 
internal  pillar  and  structure  of  the  shell  may  be  plainly  viewed 
through  its  glassy  surface"  (Brod.).  It  has  hitherto  been  referred 
to  Leptomerus,  but  the  apical  sculpture  shows  it  to  belong  to  Drymceus. 


90  DRYM^US LEIOSTRACUS. 

Var.  subfloccosus,  n.  v.     PI.  24,  figs.  26,  27. 

Smaller  and  more  slender  ;  whorls  6  ;  later  whorls  showing  a  slight 
irregular  malleation  under  the  lens.  Translucent  whitish,  with  more 
or  less  opaque  white  strigation,  and  often  some  scattered  dots;  sev- 
eral post-nepionic  whorls  densely  spirally  striated. 

Alt.  19,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  8-J  mill.  (Nicaragua). 
-    Alt.  15J,  diam.  7J,  length  of  aperture  6J  mill.  (Honduras). 

Nicaragua  (Bridges);  Honduras  (Hjalmarson). 

D.  PANAMENSIS  (Broderip).     PI.  24,  fig.  30. 

Shell  ovate-fusiform,  somewhat  glossy,  diaphanous,  pale  fulvous. 
Whorls  6,  subventricose  ;  lip  slightly  subreflexed. 

Alt.  1,  diam.  ±  inch  (Brod.). 

Isla  del  Rey  (San  Miguel},  one  of  the  Pearl  Islands,  and  Taboga 
Island,  both  in  the  Bay  of  Panama,  on  the  trunks  of  large  trees 
(Cuming). 

Balinus  panamensis  BRODERIP,  P.  Z.  S.,  1833,  p.  105 — Sow- 
ERBY,  Conch.  Illustr.,  Bulinus  fig.  25. — Bulinus  panamensis  DES- 
HAYES,  in  Lamarck,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  ed.  2,  viii, 
p.  273.— PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  206.— REEVE,  Conch. 
Icon,  v,  Bulimus,  pi.  13,  fig.  70. — Bulimus  (Bulimulus)  panamensis 
BECK,  Ind.  Moll.,  p.  67. — Bulimus  (Leptomerus)  panamensis  ALBERS, 

Die  Helic.,  ed.  I,  p.  166 PFR.  in  Malak.  Blatt.  ii,  p.  160  (1855). 

—  Orthalicus  (Leptomerus}  panamensis  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec. 
Moll,  ii,  p.  156 — Otostomus  panamensis  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr. 
Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  236. 

Reeve's  figure  shows  darker  obliquely  longitudinal  tawny  streaks 
on  a  paler  ground.  It  is  probably,  as  Dr.  von  Martens  remarks,  a 
Drymeeus  rather  than  a  Leptomerus,  and  may  prove  to  be  a  bandless 
form  of  one  of  the  preceding  species  inhabiting  the  Pearl  Islands. 

Subgenus  LEIOSTRACUS  Albers,  1850. 

Leiostracus  ALBERS,  Die  Heliceen,  1850,  p.  156  (exclusive  of  all 

except  Brazilian  species) Liostracus  VON  MARTENS,  2d  edition  of 

Die  He!.,  p.  213  (same  exclusions),  type  B.  vittatus  Spix.     Not  Lios 
traca  Burmeister,  Handbuch  der  Entomologie  iii,  p.  589, 1842  (Cole- 
optera);  not  Leiostraca  H.  &  A.  Adams,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  i,  p.  237, 
Dec.,  1853  (Mollusca);  not  Liostracus  Angelin,  Palaeont.  Suec.  ii, 
1854  (Trilobita). 

Perforate,  ovate-pyramidal  shells,  with  the  spire  somewhat  turreted, 


DRYM^EUS LEIOSTRACUS.  91 

straight-sided,  the  lip  narrowly  expanded,  surface  smooth,  without 
spiral  striae;  protoconch  with  excessively  fine  spiral  striae,  but  no 
vertical  sculpture  except  occasionally  some  coarse,  low,  hardly  notice- 
able wrinkles.  Type  D.  vittatus  Spix. 

The  species  are  illustrated  on  plate  14. 

Distribution,  eastern  Brazil.     Habits  arboreal. 

Leiostracus^  as  defined  by  Albers  and  retained  by  von  Martens  and 
other  authors,  was  a. heterogeneous  mass  of  thin-lipped  species  from 
both  North  and  South  America.  As  here  restricted,  it  includes  a 
very  natural  group  of  tree  snails  dominant  in  the  Province  of  Bahia, 
Brazil,  remarkable  for  their  almost  smooth  apical  whorls,  straight- 
sided  and  pyramidal  spires,  and  usually  conspicuous  band  or  stripe 
pattern  of  coloration.  The  anatomy  of  the  group  is  wholly  unknown ; 
and  it  is  placed  under  Drymceus  as  a  subgenus  mainly  on  account  of 
the  general  appearance  of  the  shell. 

The  apical  whorls  in  vittatus,  onager,  vimineus,  manoeli,  cinna- 
momeolineatus  and  perlucidus  show  no  fine  vertical  sculpture,  but  only 
spiral  striae,  very  fine  and  close,  usually  more  or  less  interrupted  by 
shallow  rugosities  of  the  surface,  and  often  wholly  effaced  in  adult 
shells  by  superficial  erosion.  D.  obliquus,  which  I  have  not  seen,  is 
said  by  Dohrn  to  have  a  "  ganz  fein  gegittertes  Embryonalende" 
This  indicates  the  close  alliance  of  that  species  to  Drym&us,  and 
perhaps  its  removal  from  Leiostracus. 

As  naturalists  now  generally  adopt  the  principle  that  a  name 
should  be  written  as  its  author  wrote  it,  even  when  the  customary 
system  of  transliteration  from  Greek  to  Latin  has  been  transgressed, 
it  would  seem  that  Leiostracus  may  stand,  though  there  is  an  earlier 
generic  term  Liostraca,  of  the  same  derivation  and  significance. 

D.  VITTATUS  (Spix).     PI.  14,  figs.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

Shell  umbilicate,  oblong-turreted,  thin  but  moderately  strong; 
yellow  or  corneous-buff,  unicolored  or  variously  banded  or  streaked 
with  dusky  reddish  brown.  Surface  glossy,  smooth,  the  growth- 
striae  faint.  Spire  long  conic,  with  straight  lateral  outlines,  the  apex 
rather  obtuse.  Whorls  7  to  8,  moderately  convex,  the  last  well 
rounded  at  the  periphery  and  below  ;  sutures  impressed. 

Aperture  oblique,  colored  within  like  the  outside  ;  peristome  white, 
thin,  decidedly  but  very  narrowly  expanded  at  the  edge,  the  outer 
lip  more  arcuate  above,  basal  lip  well  rounded,  columellar  margin 


92  PRYM^EUS LEIOSTRACUS. 

broadly  expanded  above,  impressed  at  its  junction  with  the  whorl ; 
columella  concave  below,  straight  or  a  little  convex  above. 

Alt.  33£,  diam.  14-16,  length  of  aperture  14^  mill. 

Alt.  29^,  diam.  15,  length  of  aperture  13  mill. 

Provinces  of  Bahia  and  Pernambuco  (Spix,  Acad.  coll.);  forests 
of  llheos  (Blanchet);  Forest  of  St.  Gonzales  and  at  Caxoeira,  prov. 
Bahia  (Blanchet,  for  H.  coxeirana);  Bahia  (Ihering,  Paz). 

Bulimm  vittatus  SPIX,  Testae.  Bras.  p.  7,  pi.  7,  f.  4  (1827). — 

DESK,  in  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert,  viii,  p.  243 PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  105; 

iii,  342;  iv,  403;  vi,  51  ;  viii,  65  ;  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  259,  pi.  70,  f. 
7-11. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  44,  f.  279. — HIDALGO,  Journ.  de 
Conchyl.  1870,  p.  ±1  .—Bulimulw  vittatus  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  65. 
— CLESSIN,  Mai.  Bl.  1888,  p.  166, — Not  Otostomus  vittatus  SEMPER, 
Reisen  in  Arch.  Philippinen,  Landmoll.  iii,  p.  156,  pi.  15,  f.  15 
(anatomy )»  specimens  from  Mexico  and  Caracas.  Helix  coxeirana 
MORICAND,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  d'Hist.  Nat.  Geneve,  vii,  p.  433,  pi. 
2,  f.  7-11  (1836). — Bulimus  coxeiranus  DESK,  in  Lam.,  p.  240. — 
H.  caxoeirana  MORIC.,  Mem.  Geneve  ix,  p.  59. — Bulimus  candidus 
GRAY,  in  Maria  Emma  Gray's  Figs.  Moll.  Anim.,  iii,  pi.  302,  f.  4 
(copy  from  Moricand),  and  iv,  p.  115  (1850) — Bulimus  omphalodes 
MKE.,  Zeitschr.  f.  Mai.  1846,  p.  144. — PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  105. 

Apparently  differs  from  D.  obliquus  in  having  the  aperture  longer 
and  the  apical  sculpture  different.  The  number  of  bands  varies  from 
4  to  0,  but  the  uppermost,  a  line  al  the  suture,  is  generally  absent. 
It  varies  considerably  in  degree  of  elongation,  some  shells  before  me 
having  the  body-whorl  shorter  and  more  convex  than  any  of  those 
illustrated  on  my  plate.  Menke's  B.  omphalodes  was  founded  on 
short  examples,  with  the  aperture  relatively  larger  than  in  the  types, 
measuring  15  mill,  long  with  a  shell  length  of  31  mill. 

The  coloring  of  Spix's  type  is  that  shown  in  fig.  1,  streaked,  with 
a  basal  band.  Moricand  based  his  coxeirana  upon  banded  shells,  and 
gave  names  to  the  several  color-forms.  But  slight  systematic  im- 
portance attaches  to  these  band-varieties,  which  are  as  follows : 
Viitato-ezonata,  streaked  like  fig.  1,  but  bandless ;  unicolor,  citron 
yellow  throughout  (fig.  4) ;  trizona,  three  dark  bands  on  a  light 
ground  (fig.  2) ;  dizona,  two  bands  (fig.  5) ;  nigrescens,  upper  two 
bands  united  (fig.  3) ;  purpurascens,  a  single  subperipheral  vinous 
band. 

Hidalgo  reports  vittatus  from  Rio  Janeiro,  on  the  authority  of  Sr. 


DRYM4SUS LEIOSTRACUS.  93 

Paz ;  but  the  specimens  were  probably  purchased  or  given  to  him 
there,  not  collected,  as  other  naturalists  report  it  solely  from  more 
northern  provinces. 

D.  OBLIQCUS  (Reeve).     PI.  14,  figs.  6-15. 

Shell  umbilicated,  subpyramidal-ovate,  the  base  obliquely  pro- 
duced ;  rather  solid,  smooth  ;  pale  rose-colored,  the  last  whorl  encir- 
cled by  a  single  chestnut  band.  Spire  long-conic,  rather  obtuse. 
Whorls  7-8,  rather  flattened,  the  last  shorter  than  the  spire,  rotund. 
Columella  subplicate.  Aperture  a  little  oblique,  suboval :  peristome 
expanded,  the  columellar  margin  dilated,  vaulted,  refiexed. 

Alt.  23,  diam.  10  mill.;  aperture  9  mill.  long.     (Pfr.) 

Province  of  Bahia  (Cuming,  Will),  and  Minas  Geraes  (Holler- 
bach),  Brazil. 

Bulimus  obliquus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  76,  f.  551  (August, 
1849) — PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  342. — Bulimulus  obliquus  DOHRN, 
Jahrb.  D.  Mai.  Gey.  x,  1883,  p.  352,  pi.  11,  f.  8-15.— MARTENS, 
Sitzungsber.  Ges.  Naturforsch.  Freunde,  Berlin,  1885,  p.  191. — 
— Bulimus  Jeffrey  si  PFR.,  Zeitschr.  f.  Mai.,  1852,  p.  93  :  Monogr.  iii, 
p.  342  ;  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  187,  pi.  49,  f.  9,  10. 

Fig.  14  is  typical  obliquus,  and  fig.  15  the  original  jeffreysi.  Dohrn 
writes  that  different  as  are  Pfeiffer's  diagnoses  of  obliquus  and  jef- 
freysi, he  is  unable  to  separate  the  two  upon  comparing  over  a  hun- 
dred specimens.  In  the  various  color-varieties  the  form  is  sometimes 
more  slender,  sometimes  more  obese,  and  the  aperture  varies  con- 
comitantly  in  length,  and  in  being  more  or  less  oblique.  In  those 
with  long,  subvertical  mouth  the  columellar  margin  of  the  lip  is  nat- 
urally formed  somewhat  differently  than  in  shorter  shells.  Common 
to  all  the  examples  is  the  quite  finely  latticed  and  reddish  embryonic 
extremity  of  the  smooth  shell.  The  following  color-varieties  occur : 

1.  White,  bandless. 

2.  White  or  even  milk-while  or  yellowish-white  or  bluish  white  or 
reddish,  with  a  band  below  the  periphery  (J9.  obliqaus}. 

3.  Straw-yellow,  with  rose-colored  bands  so  broad  that  the  ground 
color  almost  disappears,  and  either  with  a  brown  band  below  the 
periphery,  or  with  also  a  quite  narrow  brown  sutural  stripe,  frequently 
demarked  by  a  white  line  bounding  it  below. 

4.  Like  no.  2,  but  having  a  brown  band  around  the  umbilicus  and 
two  narrow,  brown,  band-like  series  of  flecks  above  the  periphery. 


94  DRYMJSUS  -  LEIOSTRACUS. 

5.  With   three  dark   bands   upon   a  whitish  or  yellowish   ground 


6.  With  four  dark  bands,  the  uppermost  from  the  suture  on  cover- 
ing half  of  the  whorls. 

7.  With  four  or  five  bands,  the  lowest  around  the  umbilicus  light 
brown  or  dark,  the  rest  always  dark  ;  the  uppermost  and  middle  ones 
generally  narrow  and  light  brown,  the  second  always  lilac  or  rose, 
sometimes  decidedly  wider  than  the  others  ;  and  frequently  there  is 
a  fine,  dark  autural  line.     Measurements  of  several  specimens  are: 

Alt.  30,  diam.  13  ;  aperture,  length  12,  width  8  mill. 

Alt.  27,  diam.  14;  aperture,  length  11^,  width  1\  mill. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  13  ;  aperture,  length  12,  width  8J  mill. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  11J;  aperture,  length  10,  width  7  mill. 

Alt.  22^,  diam.  12  ;  aperture,  length  10,  width  6J  mill. 

This  species  is  undoubtedly  distinct  from  B.  vittatus  Spix.  It  is 
doubtful,  in  my  opinion,  whether  B.  coxeiranus  Moric.,  placed  by 
Pfeiffer  as  a  synonym  of  B.  vittatus*  will  not  have  to  be  removed 
thence  and  united  with  the  present  species.  (Dohrn.) 

D.  OLOUEI  (Pfeiffer). 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-turreted,  rather  solid,  striated  and  sometimes 
submalleate;  white,  irregularly  marked  with  streaks,  spots  and  dots 
of  corneous-brown.  Spire  long-conic,  rather  acute.  Whorls  7,  mod- 
erately convex,  the  last  scarcely  equal  to  three-sevenths  of  the  total 
length,  subangular,  having  a  corneous  band  around  the  impervious 
perforation.  Columella  shortly  receding.  Aperture  oblique,  sinuate- 
oval,  brownish  within  ;  peristome  narrowly  expanded,  the  columellar 
margin  dilated  above,  reflexed,  then  descending  to  an  obtuse  basal 
angle.  Alt.  22,  diam.  10  mill.;  aperture  10J  mill,  long,  6  wide.  (Pfr.) 

Brazil  (Cloue,  in  Cuming  coll.). 

Bulimus  clouei  PFR..  P.  Z.  S.,  1856,  p.  390  ;  Monogr.  iv,  p.  408. 

Very  similar  in  form  to  B.  obliquus  Rve. 


D.  ONAGER  (Beck).     PI.  14,  figs.  16,  17. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-turreted,  thin  but  rather  solid  ;  white, 
creamy  or  yellow,  with  longitudinal  purple-brown  stripes  which  may 
continue  to  the  base,  or  be  interrupted  by  a  basal  light  zone  bordered 
by  dark  bands  ;  the  stripes  generally  irregular  or  forked  above.  Sur- 
face glossy,  smooth  except  for  slight  growth-lines.  Spire  long,  apex 
rather  obtuse.  Whorls  6^  to  7,  convex,  the  last  decidedly  so. 


DRYM^EUS LEIOSTRACUS.  95 

Aperture  oblique,  small,  showing  the  external  pattern  within  ; 
peristome  thickened,  white  or  tinted,  expanded,  the  columellar  mar- 
gin triangularly  dilated  above  ;  columella  straight  and  vertical  above. 

Alt.  25,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  11  mill. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  10  mill. 

Alt.  20,  diam.  10^,  length  of  aperture  9  mill. 

Forests  of  Prov.  Bahia,  Brazil  (Spix). 

Bulimus  zebra  SPIX,  Testae.  Bras.  p.  8,  pi.  7,  f.  5  (not  of  Brug.). 
— DESH.  in  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert,  viii,  p.  242. — Helix  zebra  MORI- 
CAND,  Mem.  Geneve,  vii,  p.  432 — Bulimulus  onager  BECK,  Index 
Moll.  p.  64  (1838),  based  upon  Spix's  B.  zebra. — Bulimus  onager 
REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  45,  f.  284 — DESH.  in  Fer.,  Hist.,  p.  73, 
pi.  145,  f.  10,  11.— PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  167,  pi.  50,  f.  9,  10; 

Monogr.  ii,  107;  iii,  342;  iv,  403;  vi,  50 Bulimus  vittattis  KCSTER, 

Conch.  Cab.,  pi.  16,  f.  16. 

D.  onager  is  allied  to  D.  vimineuf,  but  the  aperture  is  entire  and 
rounded  below,  while  in  the  other  species  it  is  produced  and  effuse  at 
the  lower  outer  part. 

The  typical  form  (fig.  16)  has  longitudinal  stripes,  usually  quite 
irregular  and  often  bifurcating  near  the  suture,  but  extending  to  the 
base.  This  varies  to  forms  having  a  small  uniform  brown  tract 
around  the  columella,  or  enlarged  to  cover  half  or  even  all  of  the 
base. 

Color-var.  subtuszonata  n.  v.  (fig.  17).  Base  with  a  wide  white 
zone,  bounded  by  dark  bands  above  and  below.  In  this  form  the 
longitudinal  stripes  are  generally  broad  and  bold,  and  the  shell  is 
frequently  larger  than  the  typical  form,  attaining  a  length  of  28  mill. 

D.  VIMINEUS  (Moricand).     PI.  14,  figs.  18,  19,  20. 

Shell  perforate,  oblong-pyramidal,  rather  solid ;  white  or  whitish, 
with  longitudinal  stripes  of  purple-brown  extending  from  suture  to  base, 
some  of  them  often  accompanied  by  ochre-colored  stripes ;  with 
sparsely  irregularly  scattered  dark  dots,  which  are  translucent  by 
transmitted  light.  Surface  smooth  except  for  slight  growth  lines, 
somewhat  shining.  Spire  high,  the  apex  somewhat  obtuse.  Whorls 
7,  moderately  convex,  the  last  obscurely  angular  at  the  periphery,  in 
front. 

Aperture  oblique,  chestnut-colored  and  streaked  within,  more  or 
less  produced  at  the  outer  basal  portion,  like  a  wide,  shallow  channel 


96  DRYMJEUS LEIOSTRACUS. 

or  spout ;  peristome  thickened  and  broadly  white-edged  within, 
slightly  expanded,  the  columellar  margin  with  a  short  triangular  re- 
flexion above,  narrow  below. 

Alt.  24,  diam.  12,  length  of  aperture  11^  mill. 

Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet). 

Helix  (Cochlogena)  viminea  MORICAND,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  d' 

Hist.  Nat.  Geneve,  vi,  p.  540,  pi.  1,  f.  5  (1833  ?) Bulimus  vimineus 

POT.  &  MICH.,  Gal.  du  Douai,  i,  p.  150,  pi.  13,  t.  19,  20. — DESK,  in 
Lam.,  p.  242 — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  40,  f.  246. — PFR.,  Monogr. 
ii,  p.  95  ;  iii,  p.  375  ;  iv,  p.  444  ;  vi,  p.  80  ;  viii,  p.  113 — HIDALGO, 
Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1870,  p.  59 — BuUmulus  vimineus  BECK,  Index 
Moll.,  p.  64,  with  var.  normalis  and  leucostoma  (undescribed). 

Closely  allied  to  D.  onager;  but  the  aperture  is  always  produced 
or  channelled  more  or  less  at  the  outer  basal  portion,  there  are  some 
ochre-colored  stripes  among  the  purplish  and  white  ones,  and  dots  are 
sparsely  scattered  over  the  surface.  The  pattern  of  coloring  is  not  so 
mutable  as  in  onager,  the  variation  being  in  the  width  of  the  stripes, 
greater  or  less  prominence  of  the  ochre  coloring,  and  number  of  dots. 
There  is  wide  variation  in  the  shape  of  the  aperture,  but  the  outer  lip 
is  shown  too  arcuate  in  fig.  20. 

Hidalgo  reports  vimineus  from  Rio  Janeiro,  on  the  authority  of 
Paz ;  but  I  do  not  think  it  inhabits  that  province. 

D.  MANOELI  (Moricand).     PI.  14,  figs.  23,  24. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  rather  solid  though  thin  ;  fleshy-  or 
yellowish-white,  usually  with  indistinct  purplish  streaks  above,  with 
two  rather  narrow  purple  bands,  one  basal,  the  other  peripheral,  as- 
cending the  spire,  where  it  is  partially  disclosed  above  the  sutures ; 
the  upper  part  of  the  spire  generally  corneous.  Surface  smooth 
except  for  slight  growth-lines,  shining.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather 
obtuse.  Whorls  6J  to  nearly  7,  moderately  convex,  the  last  well 
rounded. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate,  white  with  two  bright  chestnut  bands 
within,  and  often  clouded  with  chestnut  above  the  upper  band  ;  per- 
istome white,  very  narrowly  expanded,  the  columellar  margin  trian- 
gularly dilated  above. 

Alt.  21,  diam.  11£,  length  of  aperture  10  mill. 

Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet,  Anthony,  Ihering). 

Helix  (Cochlogena)  manoelii  MORIC.,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  Hist. 


DRYM^EUS — LEIOSTRACUS.  1)7 

Nut.  Geneve,  ix,  p.  59,  pi.  4,  f.  4,  5  (1838?). — Bulimus  manoelii 
PFK.,  Symbolse  iii,  p.  55;  Monogr.  ii,  p.  110 — REEVE,  pi.  48,  f. 
311 DESHAYES  in  Fer.,  Hist.,  ii,  p.  54,  pi.  145,  f.  12,  13 Bu- 
limus coxiranus  POT.  &  MICH.,  Galerie,  i,  p.  138,  pi.  13,  f.  1,  2. — 
BiiUmulus  (Liostracus)  manoeli  CLESSIN,  Mai.  Bl.  1888,  p.  166. 

Very  variable  in  the  amount  of  purple  or  reddish  streaking  and 
suffusion  above,  this  species  seems  to  constantly  have  two  purplish 
bands,  invariable  in  position  but  showing  some  variation  in  width. 
In  some  shells  there  is  a  wide  obscure  zone  above  and  adjacent  to 
the  peripheral  band,  and  ascending  the  spire.  It  is  named  in  honor 
of  a  Creole  who  assisted  Blanchet  to  collect  natural  history  specimens. 
Fig.  24  was  drawn  from  a  specimen  received  from  Moricand. 

There  is  a  later  Helix  manoeli  of  Pfeiffer,  which  is  a  synonym  of 
Pleurodonte  (Labyrinthus)  manueli  (Higgins). 

D.  CINNAMOMEOLINEATUS  (Moricand).     PI.  14,  figs.  25,  26,  27,  28. 

Shell  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  but  usually  rather  solid  ;  whitish 
with  numerous  narrow,  irregular  light  reddish-brown  oblique  streaks 
continuous  from  suture  to  base  or  leaving  a  small  light  umbilical  area, 
or  nearly  uniform  white  or  yellowish  throughout,  broken  by  incon- 
spicuous grayish  or  yellowish  oblique  streaks.  Spire  pyramidal  with 
straight  lateral  outlines,  the  apex  obtuse.  Whorls  6f,  somewhat 
convex,  the  last  with  a  slight  keel  sketched  around  the  periphery. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate,  white  or  streaked  with  gray  inside  ;  the 
peristome  thin,  very  narrowly  expanded  at  the  edge,  columellar  mar- 
gin triangularly  reflexed  above. 

Alt.  21^,  diam.  11^,  length  of  aperture  9|  mill. 

Alt.  18^,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  8^  mill. 

Alt.  17,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  1\  mill. 

Province  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet  and  others). 

Bulimus  lineatus  SPIX,  Test.  Bras.  p.  8,  pi.  7,  f.  6  (1827). — DESH. 
in  Lam.,  An.  s.  Vert,  viii,  p.  244. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  62,  f. 
428. — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  109  ;  vi,  p.  52.  Not  B.  lineatus  Brug. — 
Helix  (Cochlogena)  cinnamomea-lineata  MORICAND,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys. 
Hist.  Nat.  Geneve,  ix,  p.  60,  pi.  4,  f.  6,  7  (183&?) — Bulimus 
cinnamomeo-lineatus  PFR.,  Symbolse  ad  Hist.  Hel.  iii,  p.  53  ;  Monogr. 
ii,  p.  109  ;  iii,  343  ;  iv,  407. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  46,  f.  293. — 
??  TROSCHEL,  Archiv  fiir  Naturg.  1849,  i,  p.  231,  pi.  4,  f.  4  (teeth 
and  jaw) — ?  ?  DROUET,  Moll.  Guyane  Francaise,  p.  61. 
7 


98  DRYMJEUS LEIOSTRACUS. 

The  species  upon  which  Moricand  inflicted  the  more  than  sesqui- 
pedalian name  of  cinnamomeolineatus  is  usually  somewhat  smaller 
than  any  of  the  preceding,  and  streaked  rather  than  striped  with  cin- 
namon brown,  or  with  the  streaks  obsolete.  The  peripheral  keel, 
while  so  slight  as  to  hardly  affect  the  rotundity  of  the  last  whorl,  is 
still  quite  perceptible. 

I  consider  the  locality,  Guiana,  given  by  Troschel  on  the  evidence 
of  specimens  collected  by  Schomburgk,  as  in  all  probability  erron- 
eous. TroscheFs  investigation  of  the  teeth  was  made  on  Schom- 
burgk's  material,  so  that  this  citation  also  is  open  to  doubt.  See 
Schomburgk's  "  Reisen  in  Britisch-Guiana,"  vol.  iii,  p.  546.  Drouet 
quotes  the  species,  on  the  authority  of  Schomburgk,  in  his  French 
Guiana  catalogue. 

D.  PERLUCIDUS  (Spix).     PI.  14,  figs.  21,  22. 

Shell  perforate,  pyramidal,  thin  but  moderately  strong;  subtrans- 
lucent  opaline  white  throughout,  or  with  the  tip  of  the  spire  red-brown. 
Surface  smooth  except  for  slight  oblique  growth  lines  and  in  places 
some  nearly  obsolete  short  spiral  impressions.  Spire  long-conic  with 
straight  lateral  outlines,  the  apex  somewhat  obtuse,  usually  with  a 
minute  terminal  dark  spot.  Whorls  7  to  7^,  the  first  smooth,  the 
rest  slightly  convex,  last  whorl  decidedly  keeled  at  the  periphery,  mod- 
erately convex  above  and  below  the  keel. 

Aperture  small,  oblique,  ovate  ;  peristome  narrowly  expanded  at 
the  edge,  the  columellar  margin  triangularly  reflexed  above.' 

Alt.  231,  diam.  12^,  length  of  aperture  10  mill. 

Alt.  21,  diam.  11,  length  of  aperture  8f  mill. 

Province  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet,  Will). 

Bulimus  perlucidus  SPIX,  Test.  Bras.  p.  7,  pi.  7,  f.  2  (1827).— 
DESK,  in  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  viii,  p.  248 — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  204  ; 
iv,  p.  405  ;  vi,  p.  51. — Bulimulus  perlucidus  BECK,  Index  Moll.  p. 

67 DOHRN,  Jahrb.   d.   D.  Malak.  Gesellsch.  x,   1883,  p.  351.— 

Bulinus  opalinus  SOWB.,  Conch.  Illustr.  f.  47;  Beechey's  Voy. 
"Blossom,"  p.  144,  pi.  38,  f.  8. — Bulimus  opalinus  PFR.,  Monogr. 
ii,  p.  107  ;  iii,  p.  347. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  58,  f.  394 HI- 
DALGO, Journ.  de  Conch.  1870,  p.  47. — Helix  (Cochlogena)  angulosa 
FER.,  Prodrom.  p.  54,  no.  402  (according  to  Beck). — MORICAND, 
Mem.  Geneve  vii,  435 — Bulimulus  angulosus  BECK,  Index  Moll.  p. 

64 Liostracus  angulosus,  FFLD.,  Verb.  Zool.-bot.  Ges.  Wien,  xix, 

1869,  p.  874. 


ORTHALICIN^E.  99 

Aside  from  some  resemblance  to  Oxycliona  pileiformis,  already  no- 
ticed by  Dohrn,  this  species  resembles  no  other  South  American 
snail,  though  it  is  obviously  related  to  D.  cinnamomeolineatus  and 
its  allies.  Out  of  nine  specimens  before  me,  two  lack  the  reddish  tip 
at  the  apex,  and  one  has  a  light  red  line  bordering  the  suture  below, 
and  about  1  mill.  wide.  As  Dohrn  remarks,  the  whorls  vary  in  con- 
vexity in  different  specimens.  He  gives  the  following  measurements 
of  the  largest  and  smallest  specimens:  Alt.  30,  diam.  13,  length  of 
aperture  13  mill.;  alt.  19,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  10  mill.  The 
soft  parts  are  said  to  be  light  green  with  yellowish  sole. 

On  the  authority  of  Paz,  Hidalgo  records  this  species  from  Rio 
Janeiro  ;  but  1  am  disposed  to  believe  that  some  one  in  that  city  gave 
or  sold  it  to  Paz  with  a  number  of  other  north  Brazilian  snails. 
There  is  no  sufficient  evidence  to  show  that  any  Leiostracus  occurs 
living  in  the  province  of  Rio  Janeiro. 

Subfamily  ORTHALICIN^E. 

Shell  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-conic,  wholly  imperforate,  with 
solid  axis,  the  aperture  ovate,  toothless,  columellar  lip  closely  ap- 
pressed,  the  lip-ends  distant. 

Jaw  composed  of  about  15  broad  plates,  overlapping  or  imbricating 
as  usual  in  Bulimulidce,  the  median  plate  usually  subtriangular. 
Radula  peculiar,  the  basal-plates  short,  oblong  or  quadrate,  the 
cusps  short  and  blunt  or  rounded,  gouge- shaped  throughout,  or  a  few 
median  teeth  have  pointed  cusps  :  no  division  into  ectocone,  entocone 
and  mesocone  except  on  the  marginals,  where  it  is 'not  strongly  indi- 
cated. 

Genital  system  simple,  except  that  there  is  a  small  appendix  or 
accessory  gland  about  midway  on  the  penis,  rarely  replaced  by  a  cir- 
cular swelling.  No  flagellum. 

Oviparous.  The  eggs  are  elliptical,  brown  or  whitish,  and  rough- 
ened by  distinct  granules. 

Distribution  :  tropical  and  subtropical  America.  Most  of  the  spe- 
cies live  on  trees  and  bushes,  but  probably  Hemibulimus  and  part  of 
Orthalicus  s.  str.  are  terrestrial. 

This  subfamily  differs  from  the  Bulimulince  in  the  imperforate,  not 
even  rimate  shell,  the  broad  plates  of  the  jaw  and  their  small  num- 
ber, the  highly  modified,  gouge-shaped  teeth,  and  the  presence  of  an 
appendix  on  the  penis.  It  is  a  very  natural  group,  comprising  several 
quite  closely-allied  genera. 


100  ORTHALICINJ2. 

The  form  of  the  cusps  of  the  central  and  inner  lateral  teeth  varies 
within  several  of  the  genera,  which  are  based  almost  wholly  upon 
characters  of  the  shell.  In  Oxystyla,  Liguus  and  Orthalicus  there  are 
species  with  the  median  teeth  lance-shaped  and  others  with  them 
blunt.  It  is  not  possible  to  divide  the  series  in  any  rational  manner, 
using  this  character  as  a  basis. 

The  fundamental  color-pattern  consists  of  five  spiral  bands  (gener- 
ally reduced  to  three)  and  numerous  longitudinal  stripes.  The  modi- 
fications of  pattern  are  further  discussed  under  the  several  genera. 

In  the  subdivision  of  the  Orthalicince  into  genera,  there  has  been 
wide  divergence  of  opinion  ;  but  few  who  have  occasion  to  study  ex- 
tensive series  will  dissent  from  the  view  that  the  fundamental  division 
of  the  group  cannot  be  based  upon  the  lanceolate  or  obtuse  form  of 
the  median  teeth,  nor  upon  the  truncate  or  continuous  condition  of 
the  columella,  nor  upon  the  simplicity  or  thickening  of  the  outer  lip. 
These  characters  all  intergrade  imperceptibly,  sometimes  even  within 
the  limits  of  one  single  species.  A  far  more  stable  feature  is  found 
in  the  sculpture  of  the  nepionic  shell ;  and  I  would  divide  the  sub- 
family primarily  into  (1)  forms  with  the  ante-natal  shell  pitted  like 
a  thimble,  and  (2)  those  in  which  it  is  smooth  or  slightly  wrinkled 
longitudinally.  The  senior  name  for  the  first  series  of  species  is 
Orthalicus  of  Beck,  1837.  That  for  the  second  series  is  Liguus  of 
Montfort,  1810. 

These  two  groups  are  easily  of  generic  rank  ;  but  when  further 
subdivision  into  genera  is  attempted,  it  is  obvious  that  we  are  dealing 
with  groups  of  less  systematic  value  than  the  genera  of  Bulimulince 
recognized  in  this  work.  The  usage  of  most  conchologists  in  recent 
years,  however,  has  been  to  recognize  two  or  three  genera  within  the 
group  with  smoolh  early  whorls;  and  keeping  in  mind  the  fact  that 
their  differences  are  not  of  much  significance,  it  may  be  best  to  adopt 
some  further  division.  I  would,  therefore,  arrange  the  genera  and 
subgenera  thus: 
I.  Early  whorls  pitted,  ORTHAHCUS,  with  the  subgenus  Metor- 

thalicus. 
II.  Early  whorls  smooth  or  nearly  so, 

LIGUUS,  with  subgenera  Corona  and  Hemibulimus. 

OXYSTYLA. 
PORPHYROBAPHE. 

Or,  to  show  more  clearly  the  true  rank  and  relationship  of  the 
groups : 


OXYSTYLA.  101 

/•v  Ai    i.  (  Orthalicus  s.  str. 

Orthahcus - 

(  Metorthahcus. 

(  Liguus  s.  str. 

Liguus  ....•<  Hemibulimus. 
(  Corona. 

Oxystyla    .         .     <  Oxystyla  B.  *tr. 
( Porphyrobaphe. 

Orthalicus,  in  the  sense  here  intended,  includes  Soutli  American 
species  only,  the  restricted  subgenus  pertaining  to  0.  gullina- sultana 
and  its  immediate  allies ;  Metorthalicus  being  a  new  subgenus  for  spe- 
cies with  pitted  apex  and  thick  or  reflexed  lip. 

Liguus  may  well  include  Corona  and  Hemibulimus  until  some  char- 
acters of  importance  are  found  to  separate  them.  The  nepionic  shell 
generally  has  some  longitudinal  wrinkles,  and  the  columella  is  fre- 
quently truncated  below. 

Oxystyla  is  the  earliest  name  for  the  so-called  Orthalicus  of  Mexico 
and  the  West  Indies,  the  type  being  the  common  0.  undatus  Brug. 
The  group  Porphyrobaphe,  type  iostoma,  is  rightly  only  a  subordinate 
group  to  Oxystyla,  toward  which  it  bears  a  relation  parallel  to  that 
held  by  Metorthalicus  toward  Orthalicus.  On  account  of  its  consid- 
erable superficial  modification,  Porphyrobaphe  will  probably  be  con- 
sidered to  rank  as  a  genus,  though  its  claims  to  that  position  are 
presumptuous. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  any  case,  the  B.  undatus  group  cannot  be 
called  "Orthalicus."  If  Oxystyla  be  not  recognized  as  a  valid  genus, 
the  species  will  revert  to  Liguus,  its  next  of  kin. 

Genus  OXYSTYLA  Schliiter,  1838. 

Oxystyla  SCH LIFTER,  Kurzgefasstes  systematisches  Verzeichniss 
meiner  Conchyliensammlung  (Halle,  1838),  p.  7;  Sole  species  undata 
Schliit.  =  B.  undatus  Brug. — Zebra  SHUTTLEWOKTH,  Notitia?  Con- 

chologicse,  i,  p.  60  (1856) PFR.,  Nomencl.  Helic.  Vivent.,  1878,  p. 

258 — Orthalicus  and  Bulimus  sp.  of  some  authors — Ortalichus  v. 
MARTENS,  Biologia  Centrali-Americana,  mollusca,  p.  179  (May, 
1893). 

For  anatomy,  see  Crosse  &  Fischer,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.  Moll.,  p. 
429;  Binney,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  128;  Strebel,  Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Susswasser-Conchyl.,  Heft  v;  Semper,  Reisen  in 
Archip.  Phil.,  Landmoll.,  p.  248. 


102  OXYSTYLA. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-conic,  usually  rather  thin  but  strong,  com- 
posed of  5  to  8-J-  moderately  or  slightly  convex  whorls  ;  apex  obtuse, 
the  earlier  2  or  3  whorls  smooth;  aperture  ovate,  oblique,  rounded  be- 
low, the  Up  simple  and  unexpanded;  columella  slender,  straight  or  with 
a  moderately  convex  fold,  not  truncated  at  base.  Coloration  usually 
of  longitudinal,  waved  or  zigzag  stripes,  more  or  less  modified  by  three 
equidistant  spiral  bands. 

Type  Bulimus  undatus  Brug.  Distribution,  tropical  and  sub-tropi- 
cal America. 

Genitalia  without  accessories  except  a  small  lobed  gland  upon  the 
penis,  rarely  obsolete.  Teeth  usually  with  rounded  cusps,  but  those 
of  the  median  teeth  are  rarely  pointed,  and  in  some  species,  such  as 
0.  princeps,  the  cusps  vary  in  different  individuals  from  long  and 
lance-shaped  to  short  and  obtuse. 

The  fundamental  color  pattern  is  a  combination  of  three  bands  at 
equal  distances  on  the  last  whorl,  with  longitudinal  stripes,  the  bands 
being  probably  the  more  fundamental  and  older  element.  These 
bands  are  apparently  the  remnant  of  an  original  five-banded  pattern, 
such  as  may  be  seen  in  various  forms  of  Drymceus ;  and  following 
the  usual  notation,  a  banded  Oxystyla  has  the  band  formula  02340. 
In  some  species  and  races,  such  as  0.  melanocheilus,  tricinctvs,flori- 
densis,  this  pattern  stands  alone ;  in  others,  such  as  reses,  ferussaci 
deceptor,  it  is  found  in  combination  with  stripes ;  while  in  the  striped 
forms  without  distinct  bands,  their  position  is  indicated  by  a  sinua- 
tion,  angle  or  spot  in  the  stripes,  showing  the  fundamental  impress 
of  the  tendency  to  trifasciation  in  the  organization  of  the  animal. 
Striped  species  seem  to  have  a  tendency  to  revert  to  the  trifasciate 
condition;  and  the  full  recognition  of  the  several  ,"  melanocheilus  " 
forms  (pi.  18)  occurring  in  Mexico,  Central  and  South  America,  and 
Florida,  as  parallel  modifications  of  several  flammulate  specific  or 
varietal  stocks,  arid  wholly  independent  of  each  other,  is  the  main 
contribution  I  would  make  to  the  body  of  general  ideas  bearing  on 
the  study  of  species  and  races.  In  a  few  forms,  such  as  0.  longa,  the 
bands  seem  wholly  lost,  the  stripes  being  straight.  In  0.  zonifera 
there  is  a  tripartite  division  in  the  general  color  tone  of  the  shell. 

VARICES,  as  the  black  or  dark  streaks  reminiscent  of  former  peri- 
stomes  or  lt  resting  periods  "  may  be  called,  are  doubtless  directly 
due  to  climate ;  their  number  and  spacing  depending  upon  the  two 
factors  of  rate  of  growth  of  the  individual,  and  frequency  or  rarity  of 


OXYSTYLA.  103 

of  its  partial  or  complete  interruption  by  dry  periods.  The  influence 
of  these  dry  seasons  is  to  check  growth ;  the  dark  pigment,  which 
during  rapid  growth  in  seasons  of  humidity  is  distributed  in  flames 
or  bands,  is  concentrated  in.  the  narrow,  slowly  forming  lip-streak; 
finally  growth  ceases,  the  aperture  is  firmly  sealed  to  the  bark  of  a 
shrub  or  tree  by  a  thick  epiphragm,  and  metabolism  is  reduced  to  a 
minimum  until  the  recurrence  of  wet  weather  abruptly  initiates  a 
new  period  of  active  growth. 

Each  varix  corresponds  to  a  light  or  imperfectly  pigmented  sig- 
moid  streak  on  the  parietal  callus,  apparently  caused  by  a  temporary 
deficiency  of  coloring  matter  upon  the  resumption  of  growth  after  a 
resting  period.  Specimens  having  varices  upon  the  latter  portion  of 
the  last  whorl  show  these  pale  streaks  on  the  callus.  From  the  fore- 
going, it  will  be  obvious  that  local  climatic  conditions  govern  the 
development  of  varices  to  a  great  extent ;  and  these  markings  are 
therefore  characteristic  of  the  local  races  into  which  Oxystyla  every- 
where splits. 

The  sculpture  varies  somewhat  in  different  species,  consisting  of 
spiral  stride  and  oblique  malleation.  In  0.  undata  jamaicensis  it  is 
almost  or  entirely  obsolete  ;  in  obducta  it  is  very  faint ;  in  princeps 
sharp,  irregular,  the  striae  anastomosing  or  descending  at  short  inter- 
vals in  a  series  of  steps.  In  0.  bensoni  the  spiral  lines  are  strongly 
developed,  decussating  the  longitudinal  striae. 

None  of  the  species,  so  far  as  now  known,  are  common  to  South 
America  and  Mexico  or  Central  America ;  the  supposed  Central 
American  obducta  being  a  form  of  0.  princeps,  and  the  Colombian 
and  Venezuelan  shells  referred  by  von  Martens  and  Strebel  to  0. 
ferussaci  and  0.  tricinctus  prove  to  belong  to  0.  maracaibensis. 

The  Middle  American  species  have  been  monographed  by  Fischer 
and  Cros»e,  later  by  Strebel  and  Pfeffer  (1882),  whose  work  contains 
a  great  amount  or  original  and  valuable  information,  and  lastly  by 
Dr.  E.  von  Martens  (1893)  who  gives  an  excellent  and  succinct 
account,  marred  only  by  an  insufficient  appreciation  of  the  status  of 
the  "  melanocheilus  "  forms,  and  the  inclusion  of  0.  obducta,  a  species 
not  occurring  in  North  America. 

The  species  are  all  variable.  Those  of  "  Mexico  and  Central 
America  of  the  0.  undata-princ.eps  group  are  nearly  allied  inter  se, 
and  it  may  be  questioned  whether  they  do  not  run  one  into  the  other, 
so  much  so  as  to  be  regarded  as  varieties  of  one  and  the  same  species. 


104  OXYSTYLA- 

Most  authors,  however,  including  Shuttleworth,  in  his  valuable  mon- 
ograph, have  treated  them  as  distinct,  and  I  adopt  this  plan  ;  but  I 
confess  that  in  some  cases  it  is  very  difficult  to  decide  to  which  species 
a  single  specimen  may  belong."  The  material  I  have  studied  fully 
supports  Dr.  von  Martens'  remarks  just  quoted.  It  should  be  added 
that  there  are  several  species  of  the  undata-princeps  group,  such  as 
obducta  and  longa,  which  are  readily  distinguishable  and  undoubtedly 
"good"  species,  and  in  fact  forms  occur  of  every  grade  between  species 
and  mere  local  races.  There  is  no  particular  advantage  in  lumping 
them  under  one  name,  as  the  forms  are  definitely  limited  geographi- 
cally, and  the  knowledge  already  gained  of  their  variation  and  dis- 
tribution would  be  largely  lost  by  lumping  all  of  them  under  one  or 
two  of  the  old  names. 

The  species  are  herein  grouped  geographically  under  (1)  Mexican 
and  Central  American,  (2)  species  of  the  Antilles  and  Florida,  and 
(3)  South  American.  This  arrangement  separates  some  closely- 
allied  forms,  such  as  0.  undata,  maracaibensis  and  ferussaci,  but  is 
probably  more  convenient  than  a  strictly  natural  sequence. 

The  oldest  description  of  a  species  of  this  genus,  Buccinum  zebra 
Miiller,  Vermium  Terrestrium  et  Fluviatilium,  ii,  p.  138  (1774), 
would  apply  to  various  species,  but  is  so  vague  that  it  cannot  be  fixed 
upon  any  one  of  them.  As  illustrations  of  his  species,  Miiller  cites 
numerous  figures:  Lister,  pi.  11,  f.  6  =  Perideris ;  9,  4  and  10,  5 
=  Limicolaria  f ;  580,  34=  Orthalicus  prince ps  f  or  undatus  f  young; 
578,  33  =  Achatina  fulica ;  Petiver,  Gazophyl.  44,  7  =  a  uniform 
white  Oxystyla,  possibly  0.  maracaibensis  f.  imitator ;  Seba,  The- 
saurus, pi.  39,  f.  54,  55  =  O.ferussacif  and  f.  50,  51  =  0.  melano- 
cheilus,  tricinctus  or  imitator. 

The  terms  of  the  specific  description  exclude  Achatina.  The  name 
practically  covers  the  entire  genus  Oxystyla,  with  similarly  marked 
species  of  Limicolaria ;  but  in  my  opinion  neither  the  melon ocheilus- 
like  form  selected  by  Shuttleworth,  nor  the  0.  undatus  of  Bruguiere 
can  fairly  be  called  zebra ;  the  first  because  Muller's  name  and  de- 
scription point  rather  to  a  zebra-striped  and  not  a  three-banded  shell, 
the  second  because  undatus  was  the  first  species  to  be  segregated  from 
Muller's  composite  group,  and  hence  has  a  valid  claim  to  retention. 

There  is  a  specimen  in  Muller's  collection  which  Morch  took  for 
the  type,  apparently  either  melanocheilus,  tricinctus  or  imitator  /  but 
Miiller  states  that  the  type  is  in  Spengler's  collection. 


OXYSTYLA,  ANTILLES.  105 

1  would  therefore  uphold  the  decision  of  Dr.  von  Martens  (Malak. 
Blatter  xii,  p.  44,  1865),  that  the  name  zebra  be  wholly  given  up. 
The  data  are  too  indefinite  to  permit  us  to  fix  upon  any  of  the  modern 
species  as  the  true  zebra  of  Miiller,  either  by  the  process  of  elimina- 
tion or  otherwise. 

It  should  be  mentioned  that  Messrs.  Crosse  &  Fischer,  not  recog- 
nizing the  right  of  Bruguiere  to  dismember  a  composite  species,  have 
arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  name  zebra  was  "  avec  une  certi- 
tude presque  complete  "  based  upon  the  Antillean  form,  and  should 
replace  that  of  undatus.  Their  remarks  on  the  subject  are  worthy  of 
careful  consideration,  in  which,  however,  the  "presque"  should  re- 
ceive due  attention. 

Agatina  varieyata  Rafinesque,  Enumeration  and  Account  of  some 
remarkable  Natural  Objects,  etc.,  p.  3  (1831),  Binney  &  Tryon's 
reprint,  p.  68,  is  an  unidentifiable  species  of  Oxystyla. 

Zebra  loxensis  Miller  =  Strophocheilus  hartwegi  Pfr.,  vol.  x,  p.  52. 

Antillean  Species. 
O.  UNDATA  (Bruguiere).     PI.  27,  figs.  16-26. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  varying  from  ventricose  to  elongate,  rather  solid 
and  strong,  wholly  denuded  of  cuticle  or  with  it  thin  and  inconspicu- 
ous:  white  or  brownish,  with  numerous  ii  regular  undulating  longi- 
tudinal stripes,  often  forked  above,  and  three  frequently-interrupted 
spiral  bands,  often  indistinct ;  apex  white  or  brown-tipped.  Surface 
with  irregular  growth-wrinkles,  more  or  less  puckered  or  plicatulate 
below  the  suture,  but  showing  no  spiral  striation  on  the  last  whorl,  or 
only  the  faintest  indication  of  it  in  places.  Whorls  6^  to  nearly  7, 
moderately  convex. 

Aperture  ovate,  white  with  bluish  or  brown  dark  markings  inside, 
oblique ;  peristome  thin,  narrowly  edged  with  brown  ;  columella 
oblique  or  subvertical,  white,  the  parietal  callus  varying  from  dark 
chestnut  to  very  pale. 

Antilles,  Southern  Florida. 

A  species  of  peculiar  distribution,  closely  allied  to  0.  maracaibensis 
Pfr.,  and  distinguished  from  allied  Mexican  forms  chiefly  by  the 
obsolescence  of  the  spiral  striation.  Several  well-marked  geographic 
races  are  indicated  by  the  extensive  series  of  specimens  examined,  as 
follows  : 


106  OXYSTYLA,  ANTILLES. 

Typical  UNDATA.     PI.  27,  figs.  16,  17,  18. 

The  terms  of  Bruguiere's  description  agree  best  with  specimens 
before  me  from  Trinidad,  collected  by  Mr.  Guppy,  from  the  Bahamas, 
Bendall  and  White,  and  from  St.  Thomas,  StrebeL  The  ground-color 
is  pale  brownish-yellow  or  white  ;  the  stripes  are  purplish-brown, 
rather  wide  in  the  median  region  of  the  last  whorl,  and  mostly  forked 
above,  and  on  the  penultimate  whorl  often  spread  into  blotches,  as  in 
0.  princeps  ;  they  do  not  continue  to  the  base,  there  being  a  lighter 
basal  area;  blackish-brown  varices  narrow,  two  or  three  on  the  last 
whorl ;  the  three  bands  may  be  seen  on  some  part  of  the  last  whorl, 
though  often  not  distinct ;  but  on  the  spire  the  band  above  the  mid- 
dle is  usually  conspicuous,  though  narrow,  and  the  edge  of  another 
may  often  be  seen  in  the  suture.  The  summit  of  the  first  whorl  is 
dark  or  blackish-brown.  Columella  subvertical,  the  white  part  nearly 
straight.  Parietal  wall  rich  chestnut-brown.  Surface  often  rather 
coarsely  and  shallowly  plicatulate. 

Alt.  51,  diam.  31,  longest  axis  of  aperture  30  mill. 

Alt.  49,  diam.  26J,  longest  axis  of  aperture  27  mill. 

Trinidad  (R.  L.  Guppy);  Union  Island,  Grenadines  (C.  D.  Stew- 
art); Cariacou,  Grenadines  (Sir  R.  Rawson);  St.  Thomas  (Strebel); 
Andros  (White)  and  New  Providence  (Bendall),  Bahamas. 

Balimus  undatus  BRUG.,  Encycl.  Meth.  i,  p.  320  (1792) Ortha- 

licus  undatus  BLAND,  Amer.  Journ.  of  Conch,  iy,  1868,  p.  185. — 
GUPFY,  Journ.  of  Conchology  vii,  1893,  p.  217 — 0.  ferussaci- 
undatus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conchylien  v, 
p.  24,  pi.  2,  fig.  10. — Bulimus  zebra  GUPPY,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist. 
(3),  xvii,  1866,  p.  48  ;  Proc.  Scient.  Asso.,  Trinidad,  1866,  p.  16.— 
Orthalicus  zebra  CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchy].,  1890,  p.  41  (peculiar 
synonymy). — E.  A.  SMITH,  Journ.  of  Conchology  viii,  1896,  p.  240. 
— Achatina  undulata  GUILDING,  Zoological  Journal  iii,  p.  531 
(1828?). 

One  specimen  from  Union  Island,  Grenadines,  is  before  me,  agree- 
ing in  all  respects  with  the  Trinidad  form.  Mr.  Smith  also  reports 
it  from  the  adjacent  Cariacou  Island,  though  exactly  what  form 
occurred  there  I  do  not  know  (0.  zebra,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond.  i, 
p.  321).  As  Union  Island  was  the  locality  of  Guilding's  Ach.  undu- 
lata, and  the  description  tallies  well  with  the  present  form,  that  name 
is  in  all  probability  a  synonym. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  also  reports  this  species  from  St.  Vincent,  on  the 


OXYSTYLA,  ANTILLES.  107 

authority  of  specimens  in  the  collection  of  Sir  Rawson  Rawson, 
which  he  received  from  the  late  Thomas  Bland  (0.  zebra  Mull., 
Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond.  i,  p.  306). 

This  species  has  been  reported  from  St.  Thomas  by  Strebel,  who 
gives  the  following  notes:  0.  undatus,  form  B ;  form  from  St. 
Thomas.  A  specimen  in  the  Berlin  Museum,  from  Gruner.  It 
differs  from  those  of  Jamaica  in  the  more  ventricose  form,  and  the 
less  oblique,  sinuous  columella.  The  flame-marking  continues  over 
half  the  last  whorl,  the  general  coloration  being  characteristic  of  the 
species;  embryonic  whorls  with  a  small  brown  tip;  the  peripheral 
and  upper  spiral  bands  are  well  developed  on  the  latter  half  of  the 
last  whorl.  Alt.  60.1,  diam.  36.3,  length  of  aperture  35  mill.;  whorls 
6J.  (Beitrage  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conchylien,  v.  p.  27). 

The  locality  lacks  verification  by  other  observers,  and  can  hardly 
be  accepted  unreservedly  until  confirmed,  although  in  view  of  the 
occurrence  of  the  species  in  the  Bahamas,  there  is  nothing  intrin- 
sically improbable  in  the  record.  It  is  evidently  the  typical  form  of 
the  species. 

Mr.  Bendall  reports  the  species  living  high  up  in  large  trees  in 
New  Providence,  Bahamas  (0.  zebra  Brug.,  Bendall,  Proc.  Malac. 
Soc.  Lond.  i,  p.  293).  He  very  kindly  sent  me  a  young  specimen, 
which  proves  to  be  like  the  Trinidad  form  in  markings  and  apex, 
and  the  dark  parietal  callus. 

A  specimen  from  Andros,  Bahamas  (J.  J.  White),  before  me  be- 
longs also  to  the  dark  tipped,  chestnut  calloused  Trinidad  form.  It 
would  seem  therefore  that  in  the  Bahamas,  0.  undata  belongs  to  the 
typical  form,  not  to  the  Jamaican  or  Floridian  races.  Whether 
man's  intervention  has  been  a  factor  in  the  distribution  of  0.  undata 
is  problematic. 

Var  JAMAICENSIS  n.  v.     PI.  27,  figs.  19,  20,  21,  22,  23. 

Form  more  elongated  ;  solid  ;  destitute  of  cuticle ;  white  with  numer- 
ous bluish-black  or  bluish-brown  stripes,  mostly  continuing  on  the  base 
to  the  columellar  callus  ;  bands  variable,  but  rarely  so  conspicuous  on 
the  spire  as  in  Trinidad  shells;  apex  white;  aperture  showing  blackish 
bands  and  streaks  within,  more  or  less  distinctly,  on  a  white  ground  ; 
the  lip  black  or  dark  brown  ;  parietal  wall  with  a  thin  wash  of  diluted 
chestnut,  or  if  it  be  moderately  dark,  there  is  a  while  zone  around  the 
insertion  of  the  columella;  columella  a  little  sinuous  or  concave. 


108  OXYSTYLA,  ANTILLES. 

Alt.  50,  diam.  27-J,  longest  axis  of  aperture  28  mill.  (Kingston). 

Alt.  70,  diam.  39,  longest  axis  of  aperture  40  mill.  (Yallahs). 

Alt.  59,  diam.  32,  longest  axis  of  aperture  33  mill.  ( Yallalis). 

Alt.  53J,  diam.  27,  longest  axis  of  aperture  28^  mill.  (Yallahs). 

Jamaica  :  "  Rock  Fort,"  etc.,  near  Kingston  (Gloyne,  Feilden,  W. 
J.  Fox,  C.  W.  Johnson)  ;  east  of  Kingston,  and  Hope  River  (Hen- 
derson &  Simpson);  Tallahs  (U.  C.  Smith).  Transported  from  near 
Kingston  to  the  Suburbs  of  Bridgetown  and  on  Pelican  Island,  Bar- 
bados (Feilden), 

Bulimus  zebra  Mull.,  C.  B.  ADAMS,  Contrib.  to  Conch,  no.  3,  pp. 
40,  48;  Catalogue  of  Land  Shells  which  inhabit  Jamaica,  1851,  p. 
184. —  Orthalicus  zebra  (Mull.),  E.  A.  SMITH  and  H.  W.  FEILDEN, 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6),  viii,  1891,  p.  253  (exclusive  of  reference 
to  Reeve). — CROSSE  &  FISCHER,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  441 
(exclusive  of  much  of  the  synonymy  and  distribution),  pi.  18,  f.  8 
(epiphragm). 

Orthalicus  undatus  var.  a,  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiae  Malacologicae 
i,  p.  63,  pi.  3,  f.  4. — Orthalicus  undatus  Brug.,  GLOYNE,  Journ.  de 
Conchyl.,  1875,  p.  120. — W.  G.  BINNEY,  Annals  of  the  Lyceum  of 
Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York  xi,  p.  41,  and  also  the  notes  on  genitalia 
(and  probably  jaw  and  dentition)  of  undatus  in  Terr.  Moll,  v,  p.  410, 
and  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  440. — STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land- 
und  Siisswasser  Conchylien  v,  p.  26,  form  A,  pi.  2,  f.  11  (shell  of  a 
Jamaican  specimen) — TRYON,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch,  iii,  p.  166,  pi. 
13  (9),  f.  1. — HENDERSON,  Nautilus  viii,  p.  19,  1894. 

More  or  less  doubtfully  pertaining  to  the  Jamaican  form  :  Bulla 
zebra  <?,  GMELIN,  Syst.  Nat.  (13),  p.  3431,  based  on  Zebra  mulleri 
CHEMNITZ,  Syst.  Conch.  Cab.  ix,  pt.  2,  p.  24,  pi.  118,  f.  1015,  1016. 
See  also  new  edition,  Bulimus,  pi.  2,  f.  4,  5. — Helix  (Cochlostyla') 
undata  FERUSSAC,  Prodr.  no.  337;  Histoire,  pi.  114,  f.  5,  6 — Orthal- 
icus undalus  (in  part)  Beck,  Index,  p.  59. — ? Orthalicus  zebra  O.  F. 
Miiller,  STREBEL,  Beitrage  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser- Conch,  v,  p. 
24,  pi.  ll,f.  20. 

The  dead,  lustreless,  and  rather  rough  surface  of  most  Jamaican 
shells  is  apparently  due  to  the  extreme  dryness  of  the  climate  of  the 
southern  portion  of  the  island.  East  of  Kingston  the  species  is  locally 
very  abundant,  on  trees,  but  its  range  is  confined  to  a  small  area.  This 
limited  range,  with  the  fact  that  the  species  lives  mainly  near  human 
habitations,  caused  C.  B.  Adams  to  suggest  that  it  had  been  intro- 


OXYSTYLA,  ANTILLES,  FLORIDA.  109 

duced  into  Jamaica  by  the  agency  of  man.  Against  this  view  is  the 
strong  individuality  of  the  Jamaican  race.  I  am  informed  by  Pro- 
fessor Cockerell  that  materials  which  have  been  traced  to  flood-debris 
of  the  Orinoco,  are  commonly  cast  upon  the  southern  coast  of  Jamaica 
near  Kingston.  I  would  suggest  from  this  circumstance  that  0.  un- 
data  may  have  been  carried  from  Trinidad  to  Jamaica  sealed  to  the 
projecting  limb  of  a  floating  tree.  If  so,  the  Floridian  and  Bahama 
colonies  are  possibly  traceable  to  similar  flood  waifs. 

"  It  is  very  common  in  the  neighborhood  of  Kingston,  Jamaica, 
but  seems  confined  to  that  area,  and  may  be  seen  clinging  in  hun- 
dreds to  the  prickly-pear  plants  bordering  the  roads.  I  have  not  met 
with  it  in  any  other  part  of  that  island.  In  1889  I  brought  a  small 
basket  full  of  them  from  Jamaica  to  Barbados  ;  but  being  on  arrival 
placed  in  quarantine,  on  Pelican  Island,  I  turned  them  out  there  on 
the  bushes.  Subsequently  I  found  them  in  limited  numbers  already 
introduced  to  gardens  in  the  suburbs  of  Bridgetown."  (Col.  H.  W. 
Feilden.) 

Var.  RESES  (Say).     PI.  27,  figs.  24,  25,  26. 

Form  ventricose;  thin  and  light,  less  solid  than  the  Jamaican  or 
Trinidad  races.  White  or  slightly  brown-tinted,  this  tint  deepening 
near  the  lip  or  behind  the  later  varices  ;  stripes  few,  purplish  brown, 
running  with  the  growth-lines,  and  mingled  with  streaks  of  the  same 
or  a  bright  rust  color,  the  stripes  and  the  streaks  often  interrupted 
between  the  bands,  and  mostly  not  extending  below  the  lower  one ; 
varices  rather  numerous,  usually  3  or  4  on  the  last  whorl ;  three  spiral 
bands  strongly  indicated;  apex  black  or  chestnut.  Aperture  large, 
showing  the  varices^  bands  and  streaks  vividly  inside;  columella 
straightened  above  ;  parietal  callus  chestnut  with  pale  sigmoid  streaks, 
and  no  white  area  around  the  axis. 

Alt.  52,  diam.  31,  longest  axis  of  aperture  31  mill.  (Sugar  Loaf 
Key.) 

Alt.  46,  diam.  30,  longest  axis  of  aperture  27-J  mill.  (Sugar  Loaf 
Key.) 

Sugar  Loaf  Key,  Florida  (F.  E.  Blanes) ;  Key  West  (Rugel, 
Simpson). 

Bulimus  reses  SAY,  New  Harmony  Disseminator,  Dec.  28,  1831 
(as  synonym  of  B.  undatus};  Say's  reprint,  p.  25 ;  Binney's  reprint, 
Complete  Writings  of  Thomas  Say,  p.  39. 


110  OXYSTYLA,   FLORIDA. 

Bulimus  zebra  D'ORBIGNY,  in  Ramon  de  la  Sagra's  Hisjoire  Phys., 
Polit.  et  Nat.  de  P  ile  de  Cuba,  Moll.,  i,  p.  174  (exclusive  of  syn- 
onymy and  distribution),  pi.  6,  f.  9,  10.  Conf.  ARANGO,  Fauna 
Malac.  Cubana,  p.  130 — Bulimus  zebra  A.  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll. 
N.  A.  ii,  p.  271  (in  part),  pi.  54,  lower  figure  only  (good). 

Orthalicus  undatus  var.  B,  SHUTTLE  WORTH,  Notitiae  Malacologicee 
i,  p.  63,  pi.  3,  f.  5  (a  Key  West  specimen  coll.  by  Rugel). —  Orthali- 
cus undatus  BINNEY  &  BLAND,  Land  and  Fresh- water  Shells  of 
N.  A.,  i,  p.  217  (exclusive  of  part  of  synonymy  and  remarks),  fig. 
372. — W.  G.  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll,  v,  pp.  406,  408  (with  same 
reservation),  fig.  285  (jaw),  pi.  54,  lower  figure  only;  pi.  xvi,  f.  M, 
pi.  x,  f.  H,  (radula);  Manual  of  American  Land  Shells,  p.  438  (same 
exclusions),  f.  482. — SIMPSON,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  v, 
p.  67. 

Very  readily  distinguished  from  the  Jamaican  race  by  its  more 
ventricose  form,  lighter  texture,  more  lively  color  both  outside  and 
within  the  aperture,  the  greater  prominence  of  the  three  bands,  and 
the  dark  apex  and  parietal  wall.  It  is  less  solid  than  the  Trinidad 
race,  brighter  colored,  with  more  prominent  bands  and  varices. 

I  have  revived  the  name  proposed  by  Thomas  Say  for  this  form, 
as  it  is  what  his  brief  remark  under  ]3.  undatus  indicates.  In  form- 
ally introducing  and  defining  the  race,  I  select  the  form  found  on 
Sugar  Loaf  Key  as  the  type. 

D'Orbigny  figures  exactly  this  form  in  de  la  Sagra's  History  of 
Cuba,  but  Arango  repudiates  it  as  a  Cuban  species,  in  his  Fauna 
Malacologica  Cubana,  p.  130. 

Var.  FLORIDENSIS  Pilsbry.     PI.  18,  figs.  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13. 

Ventricose,  moderately  solid,  white,  often  becoming  tinted  with 
light  brown  on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl ;  lacking  longitudinal 
flames,  but  with  a  few  tawny  streaks  and  1  to  3  blackish  varices  (on 
the  whole  shell);  encircled  by  three  brown  or  purplish  bands,  the  basal 
one  generally  widest,  the  peripheral  narrow,  and  the  upper  one  often 
subobsolete;  tip  of  the  apex  dark;  aperture  showing  the  bands,  but 
usually  no  varices  inside  ;  lip  and  the  broad  parietal  callus  deep  chest- 
nut colored ;  columella  white,  straight. 

Alt.  52,  diam.  31,  longest  axis  of  aperture  31  mill. 

Alt.  48,  diam.  28,  longest  axis  of  aperture  27  mill. 

Florida :  near  Cape  Sable  (Hemphill,  Simpson) ;  Key  Biscayne 
(Binney);  Indian  Key  (Wurdemann). 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,   ETC.  Ill 

Bulimus  zebra  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll,  iv,  p.  225,  pi.  78, 
f.  12. —  Orthalicus  zebra  BINN.  &  BLAND,  Land  and  Fresh- water 
Shells  of  N.  A.,  i,  p.  216,  f.  370  (exclusive  of  synonyms  and  fig. 
371). —  Orthalicus  melanoclteihts,  specimens  from  Indian  Key,  only, 
CROSSE  &  FISCHER,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  458 — 0.  undatus 
var.,  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll,  v,  p.  410,  f.  286,  specimen  from 
Key  Biscayne ;  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  440,  f.  483  ;  Fourth 
Supplement  to  Terrestr.  Moll,  v,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  xxii,  no. 
4,  p.  201,  pi.  2,  f.  4. —  SIMPSON,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Sci.  v.  p. 
67. —  0.  melanocheihts  var.floridensis  PILSBRY,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.  1891,  p.  317,  fig.  (Aug.,  1891)  ;  Nautilus  viii,  pp.  37,  38,  fig.; 
p.  57. 

Not  0.  zebra  of  Milller  or  Shuttleworth ;  not  0.  rnelanocheilus 
Valenciennes  ;  not  0.  undatus  Bruguiere. 

Closely  allied  to  0.  undata  reses,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  absence 
of  longitudinal  flames  and  the  far  smaller  number  of  black  varices. 

Quite  similar  to  this  variety  are  0.  melanocheilus,  0.  ferussaci 
tricincta  and  0.  longa  strebeli  of  Mexico,  and  0.  maracaibensis  imi- 
tator of  Venezuela  and  Colombia.  They  are  parallel  modifications 
of  various  more  or  less  diverse  flammulate  species. 

It  may  prevent  confusion  to  place  on  record  here  the  identity  of 
the  specimens  figured  in  the  most  used  works  on  the  United  States 
fauna.  In  Terrestrial  Mollusks  iii  and  v,  pi.  54,  the  lower  figure  is 
0.  undata  reses ;  the  two  side  figures  are  young  0.  princeps;  the 
upper  figure  is  unknown,  the  heavy  columella  being  unlike  any 
species  known  to  me,  and  very  unlike  undatus.  In  Terrestrial  Mol- 
lusks iv,  pi.  77,  fig.  13  is  typical  0.  princeps;  pi.  78,  fig.  12  is  0. 
undata  Jloridensis.  In  the  Manual  American  Land  Shells,  fig.  480  is 
0.  princeps,  and  the  paragraph  at  the  foot  of  p.  439  beginning  "  The 
most  beautiful  form  of  the  species  "  also  describes  princeps.  Fig.  482 
is  0.  undata  reses ;  fig.  483  is  0.  undata  floridensis,  and  fig.  484  is 
correctly  labeled  0.  meJanocheilus.  In  Tryon's  monograph,  Ameri- 
can Journal  of  Conchology  iii,  pi.  13,  f.  1  is  0.  undata  jamaicensis  ; 
fig.  2  is  0.  undata  reses ;  fig.  3  is  0.  longa  uhdeana.  I  have  exam- 
ined the  specimens  figured. 

Mexican  and  Central  American  Species. 

a.  Shell  white,  yellow  or  pale  brownish  with  0-3  spiral  bands,  no 
longitudinal  stripes  except  the  varices,  or  streaks  left  by  former 
peristomes. 


112  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

b.  Varices  few,  gray ;  apex  and  peristome  white  ;  no  bands ; 
surface  plicatulate  leucochilus,  p.  129 

bl.  Varices  few,  blackish,  the  peristome  also  dark. 

tricincta,  p.  120 

ft2.  Varices  numerous,  several  on  the  last  whorl,  and  blackish 
like  the  peristome  ;  bands  0-2.  melanocheilus,  p.  122 

a1.  Shell  rather  thin,  with  longitudinal  stripes  in  addition  to  vari- 
ceal  streaks. 

ft.  Varices  few,  narrow,  1  or  2  on  the  whole  shell. 

c.  Last  whorl  without  spiral  bands  ;  stripes  2-  or  3-forked 
above,  widening  into  broad  blotches  above  the  peri- 
phery ;  last  whorl  large.  princeps,  p.  113 

zonifera,  p.   123 

c1.  Similarly  blotched,  but  with  2  obscure  bands  below  ; 

form  more  slender  and  acuminate.  livens,  p.   118 

c2.  Last  whorl  with  thrice  angulated  narrow  continuous 

stripes.  crossei,  p.  116 

trifracta,  p.  115  uhdeana,  p.  129 

c3.  Last  whorl  with  a  peripheral  band  of  oblong  blackish, 
alternating  with  buff  spots  ;  mottled  ;  2  narrow  bands 
on  spire  ;  shell  large,  with  long,  straight  columella. 

deceptor,  p.  116 

c*.  Last  whorl  with  simple,  rarely  forked  or  zigzag  brown 

stripes,  crossed  by  three  spiral  bands,  ferussaci,  p.  119 

c5.  Last  whorl  with  a  light  zone  below  the  suture  and 

another  around  the  base,  the  wide  intervening  belt 

darker,  with  wider  stripes.  zonifera,  p.  123 

c6.  Shell  large,  with  close,  pale  violaceous  nearly  straight 

stripes,  and  few  varices.  livida,  p.   124 

ft1.  Varices    1-4,   narrow,   a  perceptibly    paler  zone    on    the 

closely  streaked  shell  below  the  suture.       zonifera,  p.   1 23 

a2.  Shell  solid  and  strong  with  longitudinal  stripes  or  spots,  and 

varices. 

ft2.  Varices  rather  wide,  the  lip  very  broadly  dark-bordered 
inside  ;  shell  heavy  and  thick,  boldly  striped  above,  gener- 
ally becoming  rich  reddish-brown  on  the  last  whorl. 

ponderosa,  p.   130 

ft3.  Varices  usually  4  to  6,  wide  and  prominent ;  lip  generally 
rather  broadly  dark-bordered;  usually  a  white  subsutural 
band ;  shell  solid. 


OXYSTTLA,   MEXICO,  ETC.  113 

c.  Streaks  straight,  or  reduced  to  spots  ,  aperture  rather 
short,  oblique,  longa,  p.  126 

c1.  Streaks  straight  or  waved,  generally  rich   blackish- 
brown,  with  tawny  ones  intermingled  boucardi,  p.  128 
c2.  Streaks  angulated  or  obsolete,  two  or  three  broken 
spiral  bands  developed.  uhdeana,  p.  129 

c3.  Solid,  plicatulate,  conic,  mainly  white,  the  varices 
generally  narrow,  columella  short,  oblique,  truncate 
below.  strebeli,  p.  128 

O.  PRINCEPS  (Broderip).     PI.  16,  all  figures;  pi.   17,  figs.   10-12 
(varieties). 

Shell  ovate-conic,  rather  wide,  moderately  solid  ;  growth  stria3 
inconspicuous.  Nearly  white  or  cream-tinted,  with  waved  stripes 
which  are  dilated  into  broad  quadrate  or  irregular  blotches  along  a 
super-peripheral  belt,  each  forking  into  several  branches  along  the  sub- 
sutural  zone,  and  bi-  or  trifurcate  below,  a  girdle  of  small  blotches 
formed  at  angles  in  the  stripes,  encircling  the  middle  of  the  base  ; 
dark  varices  few,  rarely  exceeding  one  or  two  on  the  whole  shell. 
Whorls  6^,  convex,  the  apex  obtuse,  usually  with  a  minute  black  tip. 
Aperture  ovate,  quite  oblique,  white  or  showing  angular  streaks 
within  ;  peristome  not  thickened,  usually  dark-edged  ;  columella 
thin,  white,  straight  or  a  little  concave;  parietal  callus  thin,  dark 
brown. 

Alt.  57,  diam.  34,  longest  axis  of  aperture  31  mill. 
Alt.  63,  diam.  35,  longest  axis  of  aperture  33  mill. 
Alt.  43,  diam.  27,  longest  axis  of  aperture  25  mill. 
Young  (figs.  3,  4)   with  continuous  or  subcontinuous  peripheral, 
circum-umbilical  and  intermediate  bands,  and  broad  stripes  above, 
the  earlier  3  whorls  corneous,  without  markings. 

W.  Mexico:  Mazatlan  (Reigen,  Forrer),  Presidio  de  Mazatlan 
(Richardson);  Tepee  (Cooper);  Tres  Marias  Islands  (Forrer,  Rich- 
ardson); Colima  (Rolle).  E.  Mexico  :  Papantla  (Deppe);  Misantla 
(Salas);  Rancho  de  la  Lima  and  Rancho  de  Quilate,  both  near  Mis- 
antla (Dona  Estefania);  Playa  Vicente,  in  dense  oak-forest  (Hoge); 
Coafepec,  above  Jalapa  (Strebel,  form  C);  Almolonga,  below  Jalapa 
(Hoge);  Mirador  (Strebel,  form  C);  Callejones  de  Malibran,  near 
Vera  Cruz,  living  on  trunks  of  trees  and  on  fences  (Strebel,  form  A); 
Cordova  (Hoge);  Atoyac,  near  Cordova  (H.  H.  Smith);  Vera  Cruz 
(Salle,  Heilprin  exped.).  S.  W.  Mexico:  Panistlahuaca  and  Ixtapa, 


114  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

both  in  Oaxaca  (Boucard);  Cerro  de  Acatepec,  near  Tuletepec  in 
Oaxaca,  on  evergreen  oaks  (Shuttleworth).  Yucatan :  Merida 
(Strebel,  form  D);  Tabi,  south  of  Merida  (F.  D.  Godman);  Shkolak, 
Tekanto,  Ticul,  between  Sitilpech  and  Tunkas,  and  at  Si/am  (Heilprin 
exped.).  N.  Guatemala  :  Cahabon  (Sarg);  Coban  (Conradt);  Senahu 
and  Chacoj  (Champion),  Panzos  (Conradt),  all  in  the  Polochic  val- 
ley. W.  &  S.  W.  Guatemala  :  Western  lowlands,  at  Retalhalen  and 
San  Francisco  Miramar,  also  near  Capetillo,  ascending  to  an  eleva- 
tion of  3,500  feet  above  the  sea,  generally  on  trees,  especially  the 
guava  and  "volador"  (Stoll.);  El  Reposo,  below  Retalhulen,  Cerro 
Zunil,  and  at  San  Isidro  near  Mazatenango  (Champion)  ;  San 
Agustin  (Bocourt,  var  B).  Salvador:  Conchagua  (Cuming).  Nica- 
ragua (Levy,  Janson):  Woods  of  Nicaragua,  in  the  hollows  of  trees 
(Cuming).  N.  W.  Costa  Rica:  Guanacaste,  at  an  elevation  of  250 
metres  above  the  sea,  in  woods  round  the  Bay  of  Salinas  (Pittier, 
A.  Alfaro).  Panama  (Cuming,  Martinez). 

Bulinus  princeps  (Broderip),  Sowerby,  Conch.  Illustr.,  Bulinus,  f. 

18  (1833) Bulimus  (Orthalicus}  princeps  Beck,  Index  Moll.,  p.  59. 

— Orthalicus  princeps  SHUTTL.,  Notitia3  Malac.  i,  p.  64,  t.  3,  f.  6,  7. 
— PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  589. — MORCH,  in  Malak.  Blatt. 
vi,  p.  112  (1859) — v.  MART,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  40  (1865) — 
FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  455,  pi.  18,  f. 

2,  and  varieties  f.  2  a,  2  b STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.   Land-  und 

Siissw.-Conch.  v,  pp.  11-16  (forms  A-D,  not  E,  F),  pi.  3,  f.  1  a-d; 
pi.  4,  f.  1-5,  7,  8,  10,  pi.  8  (anatomy),  pi.  9,  f.  1-11,  and  pi.  11,  f.  1, 
3  (radnla);  pi.  10,  f.  1,  4,  7-10,  12-14,  16,  and  pi.  11,  f.  2  (jaw),  5 
(embryonic  shell). — PILSBRY,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1891, 
p.  317. — HIDALGO,  Viaje  al  Pacifico,  p.  136;  Journ.  de  Conchyl., 
1870,  p.  64.— COOPER,  Proc.  Cal.  Acad.  (2),  v,  p.  166  (1895).— 
Ortalichus  princeps  von  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  182,  pi. 
10, -f.  3-6,  with  var.  Jischeri,  p.  183,  pi.  10,  f.  7 — Bulimus  undatus 
(Brug.),  VALENCIENNES,  Recueil  d*  Observ.  Zoo'l.  ii,  p.  245,  pi.  55, 
f.  1  a,  b  (1833). — Bulimus  zebra,  var.  <?,  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent. 
ii,  p.  144. — Bulimus  zebra,  var.,  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  Bulimus, 
pi.  15,  f.  90. — Bulimus  zebra  (part),  BINNEY,  Terr,  air-breath,  Moll. 
N.  A.,  pi.  54,  two  smaller  middle  figures. —  Orthalicus  zebra  (Mull.), 
CARPENTER,  Cat.  Mazatlan  Shells,  pp.  176,  177 — H.  &  A.  ADAMS, 
Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  pi.  75,  f .  6  a  (shell).— ?  ANGAS,  P.  L.  S.,  1879,  p. 
483. — ? Orthalicus  undatus  Brug.,  STEARNS,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,   ETC.  115 

xvii,  1894,  p.  162. — BALL,  N.  A.  Fauna  no.  14,  p.  11. — ?  BLAND  in 
Grayson,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xiv.  p.  303  (1872),  specimens 
from  Socorro  I. — ?  SEMPER,  Reisen  im  Archip.  Phil.,  Landmoll., 
p.  248,  pi.  15,  f.  9  (genitalia). 

The  type  locality  is  Conchagua,  in  the  republic  of  Salvador.  In 
its  typical  development,  this  species  is  distinguished  by  its  rather 
broad,  full  form,  and  the  series  of  wide,  squarish  or  angulated,  dark 
blotches  above  the  periphery,  branching  upward  and  below  (figs.  1, 
5,  6).  The  surface  is  smooth  to  the  eye,  black  varices  are  wanting 
or  few — one  or  two  on  the  whole  shell — and  spiral  bands,  conspicuous 
in  the  young,  are  lacking  in  adult  shells,  this  being  the  main  differ- 
ence between  princeps  and  ferussaci. 

The  most  slender  specimen  I  have  seen  is  shown  in  pi.  16,  fig.  5. 
The  characteristic  pattern  of  typical  princeps  passes  by  imperceptible 
degrees  into  that  shown  in  fig.  8  of  pi.  16,  and  fig.  10  of  pi.  17,  in 
which  the  blotches  of  the  median  third  of  the  whorl  are  split,  the 
surface  of  the  last  whorl  divided  into  four  subequal  zones  by  three 
series  of  arrow -spots,  or  three  belts  of  angulation  of  the  stripes.  It 
sometimes  becomes  difficult  or  impossible  to  separate  such  examples 
from  0.  ferussaci,  which  is  merely  a  less  developed  or  retarded  race. 

Bland  referred  specimens  of  an  Oxystyla,  collected  on  Socorro  Is- 
land by  Col.  Grayson,  to  Orthalicus  undatus  Brug.  Probably  it  is 
0.  princeps  which  lives  there. 

Var.  trifracta  n.  var.     PI.  17,  figs.  10,  11. 

Contour  typical  and  sculpture  well  developed ;  ground-color  pale 
above,  becoming  decidedly  yellow  on  the  last  whorl,  with  numerous 
dusky  stripes  thrice  broken  by  girdles  of  angle-spots,  and  partially 
obsolete  below  the  lowest  girdle ;  spire  with  broad  stripes  and  two 
continuous  or  subcontinuous  bands,  one  above  the  middle,  the  other 
above  or  at  the  suture.  Apex  with  a  dark  dot. 

Alt.  50,  diam.  32,  longest  axis  of  aperture  30  mill. 

Alt.  53,  diam.  33,  longest  axis  of  aperture  30J  mill. 

Salvador  (Swift). 

?0.  princeps  var.  (3,  FISCHER  and  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex., 
Moll.,  p.  455,  pi.  18,  f.  2  b. 

Specimens  submitted  by  Robert  Swift  to  Shuttleworth  were  con- 
sidered by  him  a  new  species  allied  to  obductus,  according  to  a  MS. 
note  on  the  label  of  the  type. 


116  OXYSTTLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

Var.  crossei  Martens.     PI.  17,  fig.  12. 

Subelongate-conic,  the  whorls  less  convex,  with  numerous  narrower 
stripes.  Alt.  54,  diam.  30,  aperture  28  mill. 

Belize,  British  Honduras  (Bocourt,  Parsons);  Costa  Rica  (van 
Patten). 

0.  princeps  var.  y  CROSSE  &  FISCHER,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll., 
p.  455,  pi.  18,  f.  2  c. —  0.  zoniferus  var.  crossei  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr. 
pp.  180,  186. 

Fig.  8  of  pi.  16  shows  a  specimen  somewhat  transitional  between 
princeps  and  this  variety. 
Var.  fischeri  Martens.     PL  16,  fig.  9. 

Tawny,  with  numerous  slightly  darker  streaks  which  are  but  little 
undulated;  apex  with  minute  brown  dot;  peristome  narrowly  brown- 
edged,  the  parietal  callus  brown.  Alt.  55,  diam.  33,  length  of  aper- 
ture 30  mill.  (Martens.} 

El  Reposa  and  San  Isidro,  near  Mazatenango,  western  Guatemala 
(Champion). 

Ortalichus  princeps  var.  jischeri  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer., 
pp.  180,  183,  pi.  10,  f.  7  (exclusive  of  synonymy). 

Var  DECEPTOR,  n.  v.     PI.  24,  figs.  19-25. 

Form  and  size  about  as  in  obductus ;  general  color -tone  paler,  the 
ground  purplish,  olivaceous-yellow  or  pale  fawn,  mottled  in  indistinct 
pattern  with  dusky  purplish  or  pale  olive-brown  streaks  and  clouds? 
and  with  the  peripheral  band  (or  three  bands)  developed  as  series  of 
oblong  blackish  spots  alternating  with  light  buff  spots.  Spire  with 
whitish  ground,  irregular,  often  sparse  flames,  and  two  brown  bands, 
one  median,  the  other  super-sutural.  Varices  few.  Sculpture  of 
0.  princeps.  Columella  long  and  straight. 

Alt.  67,  diam.  40,  longest  axis  of  aperture  38J  mill. 

Alt.  49,  diam.  30,  longest  axis  of  aperture  28^  mill. 

British  Honduras  :  Belize,  in  the  woods  (Bocourt).  N.  Guate- 
mala:  Coban  (Sarg).  Central  Guatemala:  San  Geronimo  (Cham- 
pion) Polvon,  Nicaragua,  (MacNiel);  Panama  (Cuming)  ;  Islands  in 
the  Bay  of  Panama  (MacNiel). 

Orthalicus  obductus  FISCHER  &  CROSSE,  Miss  Scient.  Mex.,  Mol- 
lusca,  i,  p.  456  (exclusive  of  South  American  references  and  locali- 
ties)  BINNEY,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  York,  xi,  1874,  p.  37,  pi.  6,  f.  iii,  and 

Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  128,  pi.  12,  f.  B.  (radula)— STREBEL, 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC.  117 

Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v.  p.  34,  form  A,  4,  form  B,  C, 
pi.  3,  f.  7b,  7c,  4a,  b — Ortalichus  obductus  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr. 
Amer.,  pp.  181,  187  (exclusive  of  South  American  references  and 
localities). 

This  is  so  like  the  Venezuelan  0.  obducta  that  it  has  deceived 
a  number  of  excellent  conchologists,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  above 
references.  Under  the  lens,  one  at  once  sees  strong  sculptural 
peculiarities,  deccptor  having  a  comparatively  coarse  pattern  of  spiral 
threads,  very  irregularly  waved,  and  modified  by  fine  malleation, 
over  the  entire  surface  of  the  last  whorl ;  while  in  obducta  the 
spirals  are  very  much  finer,  usually  obsolete  or  nearly  so  over  a 
great  part  of  the  surface,  and  in  place  of  the  malleation,  which  is 
wanting,  there  are  distinct  wrinkles  along  the  growth-lines.  0. 
princeps  var.  trifracta  is  to  come  extent  a  transition  form  to  true 
princeps. 

It  is  further  distinguished  from  0.  obducta  by  the  general  color- 
tone  and  pattern  of  the  last,  and  especially  of  the  earlier  whorls  ;  a 
comparison  of  thirty  specimens  from  numerous  Central  American 
and  Venezuelan  localities  showing  these  features  to  be  constantly 
different.  The  long,  straight  columella  is  like  that  of  0.  obducta. 

Figures  19  and  23  of  pi.  24  were  drawn  from  specimens  from  Pol- 
von,  Nicaragua,  the  type  locality.  Fig.  24  is  from  Nicaragua.  Fig. 

20  is  a  very  pale,  partially  albino  specimen  from  Honduras.     Figs. 

21  and  22  represent  a  very  aberrant  shell,  collected  by  Prof.  Ralph 
Tate  in  Nicaragua,  exact  locality  not  known  ;  on  a  white  ground,  it 
is  blotched  with  purplish-black  and  has  three  interrupted  bands  of 
tawny  brown.     The  long,  straight  columella  causes  me  to  refer  it  to 
deceptor  rather  than  to  ferussaci. 

Another  aberrant  shell  is  shown  in  fig.  25.  It  is  from  Panama, 
and  differs  from  all  the  preceding  by  its  elongate  spire  with  the  whole 
first  whorl  black,  the  striping  conspicuous  throughout,  columella 
strongly  convex,  and  aperture  small.  The  sculpture  is  typical.  This 
may  be  called  form  perlonga.  Alt.  50,  diam.  27  J,  longest  axis  of 
aperture  25^  mill. 

The   following  west  Mexican  forms,  elegans  and   colimemis,  are 
known  only  by  brief  differential  diagnoses,  insufficient  to  establish 
their  specific  distinction,  though  they  may  be  valid  species. 
0.  elegans  (Rolle). 

Shell  very  similar  to  0.  princeps,  but  differing  in  the  more  slender 


118  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

form  ;  columella  scarcely  twisted,  nearly  vertically  descending.    Alt. 
62,  diam.  28.5,  alt.  of  aperture  28,  width  14  mill.     (Rolle.} 

Colima,  Western  Mexico. 

Orthalicus  elegans  ROLLE,  Nachr.  Bl.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  1895,  p.  131, 
no.  15. 

''Closely  allied   to  0.  princeps,  but  evidently  separable  specific- 
ally."    It  has  not  been  figured. 
0.  colimensis  (Rolle). 

Differs  from  0.  princeps  in  the  more  solid  shell  and  much  more 
twisted  columella.  Alt.  58,  diam.  30,  alt.  of  aperture  28,  diam.  15 
mill.  A  form  standing  between  0.  princeps  and  0.  ferussaci,  of 
which  unfortunately  only  specimens  collected  dead  are  before  me ;  it 
appears  to  me  specifically  different.  (Rolle.) 

Colima. 

Orth.  (colimensis  n.  sp.f)  ROLLE,  t.  c.  p.  131,  no.  18. 

O.  LIVENS  (Shuttleworth).     PL  23,  fig.  15. 

Shell  elongate-acuminate-ovate,  thin,  striatulate,  marked  with 
close  and  very  minute  undulating  spiral  lines  ;  dull  buff,  ornamented 
with  brown,  somewhat  waved  streaks,  subinterrupted  or  obsolete 
below  the  periphery  of  the  last  whorl,  which  is  narrowly  and  incon- 
spicuously two-banded.  Spire  conic,  livid  above,  apex  intense  purple- 
black.  Whorls  6,  a  little  convex,  the  last  about  as  long  as  the  spire ; 
columella  slender,  thread-like,  rather  straightened.  Aperture  ob- 
lique, truncate-oval,  white  inside,  and  somewhat  streaked  ;  peristome 
unexpanded,  bordered  with  intense  chestnut-brown,  the  margins  con- 
nected by  a  chestnut-brown  callus.  Alt.  48,  diam.  22,  longest  axis 
of  aperture  25  mill.  (S/mtt.) 

Mexico,  probably  near  Vera  Cruz  (Sandoz). 

Orthalicus  livens  SHUTT.,  Notitiae  Malacologies  i,  p.  64,  pi.  3,  f.  8 
(1856) — PFR.,  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.  iv,  p.  589. — ?  FISCHER  &  CROSSE, 

Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll,  i,  p.  453,  pi.  18,  f.  6,  Qa ?0.  livens  BECK, 

Index,  p.  59  (nude  name). 

The  typical  0.  livens  is  still  known  solely  by  Shuttleworth's  de- 
scription and  figure.  He  remarks  that  the  apex  varies  from  intense 
to  pale  purple-black,  and  the  streaks  are  sometimes  wider  and  darker 
colored.  It  is  allied  to  0.  princeps,  but  differs  in  the  more  slender 
form,  the  last  whorl  not  ventricose,  base  narrower,  and  the  color, 
pattern  and  thinness  of  the  shell. 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,   ETC.  119 

The  above  description,  comparisons  and  figure,  from  Shuttleworth, 
contain  all  the  definite  information  available  on  this  species,  the  type 
of  which  is  in  Shuttleworth's  collection  in  Berne.  The  name  was 
adopted  from  Beck,  who  simply  enumerates  0.  livens  among  the  spe- 
cies without  any  reference  or  description,  and  consequently  it  had  no 
standing  before  1856.  According  to  Morch  (Malak.  Bl.  xii,  39, 
1865),  Beck's  type  was  a  rather  solid,  very  obsoletely  keeled,  white 
shell,  like  Ferussac's  pi.  115,  fig.  2 — possibly  an  albino  form  of  0. 
longa ;  but  this  fact  has  only  antiquarian  interest.  The  forms  re- 
ferred to  livens  by  Crosse  &  Fischer  and  Strebel  seem  to  me  different, 
and  probably  members  of  the  0.  longa  mutation-series.  See  0.  longa 
var.  uhdeana. 
O.  FERUSSACI  (von  Martens).  PI.  17,  figs.  13,  14,  15,  16,  17. 

Shell  ovate  conic,  rather  solid,  lightly  striatulate,  somewhat  plicate 
at  the  sutures,  sculptured  with  very  fine  and  close  undulating  and 
frequently  interrupted  spiral  lines  ;  white,  with  rather  close  purple- 
brown  streaks,  generally  simple  and  straight,  rarely  zigzagged  or 
forking  and  narrow,  a  few  spiral  bands,  sometimes  obsolete.  Spire 
conic,  uniform  white  above,  the  apex  with  a  minute  brown  spot, 
whorls  6,  nearly  flat,  the  last  moderately  swollen.  Aperture  rather 
oblique,  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  oval,  acute  above,  white  inside 
and  showing  the  streaks;  columella  straightened,  thin,  white;  peri- 
stome  unexpanded,  acute,  narrowly  brown  edged  ;  parietal  callus  of  a 
more  or  less  intense  brown.  Alt.  65,  diam.  33,  length  of  aperture 
31,  width  17  mill.  (Martens.) 

S.  W.  Mexico:  Tehuantepec,  on  a  species  of  Taberncemontana,  be- 
longing to  the  family  Apocynere  (type  locality;  Deppe).  Yucatan : 
Shkolak  (Heilprin).  N.  Guatemala  :  Panzos,  in  the  Polochic  valley 
(Conradt),  Vera  Paz  (Stoll).  Central  Guatemala :  San  Geronimo 
(Champion)  ;  Zacapa,  on  a  species  of  Cereus,  in  the  treeless  region 
(Stoll).  Nicaragua:  Acoyapa  (Belt).  Costa  Rica:  Guanacaste 
(Pittier)  Salinas  Bay  (A.  Alfaro). 

Cochlea  vesicaria  fluviatilis  exotica,  fyc.,  SEBA,  Thesaurus,  iii,  pi. 
39,  f.  54,  55  (1761) — Zebra  mulleri  CHEMNITZ,  Conch.  Cab.  ix,  2, 

p.  24,  pi.  118,  f.  1015,  1016  (1786) Helix  undata  FERUSSAC,  Hist, 

Nat.  Moll.  Terr,  et  Fluv.  t.  115,  f.  1,  4  (living  animal)-;  Tabl.  Syst., 
p.  48,  no.  337  (part).^-Bulimus  undatus  (Brug.),  PFR,  in  Martini  & 
Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch. -Cab.,  ed.  2,  Bulimus,  p.  7  (part)  pi.  2, 
fig.  5  (copy  from  Chemnitz) — Orthalicus  ferussaci,  v.  MART,  in 


120  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,   ETC. 

Monatsber.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1863,  p.  542;  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p. 
42  (1865). — PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  199 — FISCH.  & 
CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca,  i,  p.  447 — PILSBRY,  Proc. 
Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  1891,  p.  317 — Orthalicus  princeps  STOLL, 
Guatem.  Reisen,  p.  430. —  Ortalichus  ferussaci  MARTENS,  Biol. 
Centr.  Amer.  p.  184,  pi.  10,  f.  8-10  (exclusive  .of  South  American 
localities  and  references). 

Not  0.  ferussaci  MARTENS,  Binnenmoll.  Venez.,  nor  of  STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conchylien,  =  0.  maracaibensis 
Pfr. 

"This  species  is  chiefly  characterized  by  the  combination  of  streaks 
and  spiral  bands.  Some  specimens  come  very  near  to  the  young 
state  of  0.  princeps ;  and  others  to  0.  undata  Brug.,  from  the  Carib- 
bean islands  and  Florida,  which,  however,  is  ordinarily  more  ellipti- 
cally  elongated,  and  has  paler,  rather  bluish-livid,  bands  and  streaks." 

The  description  given  above  is  that  of  Dr.  von  Martens,  and  fig- 
ures 16  and  17  represent  the  typical  specimens  figured  by  him.  Figs. 
14,  15  are  specimens  from  Salinas  Bay,  Costa  Rica,  where  it  occurs 
with  0.  princeps.  Fig.  13  represents  a  shell  from  Shkolak,  Yucatan. 

In  my  opinion,  the  shells  from  Colombia  and  Venezuela  referred 
to  ferussaci  by  von  Martens  and  Strebel  are  forms  of  0.  maracaiben- 
sis Pfr.,  the  large  series  before  me  practically  demonstrating  this 
position.  In  fact,  0.  ferussaci  belongs  to  an  appreciably  different 
stock,  that  of  0.  princeps;  agreeing  with  that  species  in  the  smooth- 
ness of  the  surface,  rarity  of  black  varices  (not  more  than  one  or  two 
on  the  whole  shell,  and  those  usually  remote  from  the  lip-edge),  and 
in  contour.  It  is  sometimes  a  mere  matter  of  opinion  whether  a 
given  specimen  be  referred  to  princeps  or  to  ferussaci.  It  is  perhaps 
better  as  a  sub-species  of  princeps  than  as  a  distinct  species. 

In  its  retention  of  spiral  bands  in  the  adult,  0.  ferussaci  shows  a 
more  primitive  condition  of  the  color  pattern  than  0.  princeps. 

VAR.  TRICINCTA  (von  Martens).     PI.  18,  figs.  4,  5,  6  ;  pi.  17,  fig.  18. 

Form  as  in  ferussaci  or  somewhat  more  slender,  the  aperture  less 
than  half  the  length  of  the  shell;  yellow  or  brownish  below,  paler 
above,  with  three  brown  spiral  bands,  the  upper  one  often  faint, 
almost  wanting ;  longitudinal  streaks  typically  wanting,  but  some- 
times present  though  very  faint ;  apex  blackish  ;  dark  varices  few  or 
one,  usually  none  on  the  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl ;  peristome 


OXYSTYLA,   MEXICO,  ETC.  121 

brown-edged,  parietal  callus  brown.  Last  whorl  puckered  a  little 
below  the  suture. 

Alt.  49,  diam.  29,  length  of  aperture  23-24  mill. 

Alt.  43,  diam.  25,  length  of  aperture  20  mill. 

Nicaragua  (Levy,  Gabb).  N.  W.  Costa  Rica  :  Quebrada  (ravine) 
del  Vijaqual,  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Saveyre,  at  an  elevation  of  150 
metres  (Pittier);  woods  at  Terraba,  at  an  elevation  of  250  to  270 
metres  ;  Alto  de  Mano  Tigre,  690  metres ;  JBoruca,  at  an  elevation  of 
450  metres  ;  El  Pozo,  50  metres,  common  in  clear  primeval  woods 
(Pittier);  Costa  Rica,  without  nearer  indication  of  locality  (Carmiol, 
in  Berlin  Museum). 

Helix  undata  FERUSSAC,  Hist.  Nat.  Moll.  Terr,  et  Fluv.,  pi.  115, 

f.  3,  5  (living  animal);  Tabl.  Syst.,  p.  48,  no.  337  (part) Bulimus 

(Orthalicus}  zebra  (Mull.)  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  59. —  Orthalicus 
zebra  (Mull.)  SHUTTL.,  NotitiaB  Malac,  p.  61,  pi.  8,  f.  3,  4. — PFR., 
Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  589. — H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Moll., 
pi.  75,  f.  6  (living  animal,  copied  from  Ferussac). —  Orthalicus  prin- 
ceps  MORCH,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  vi,  p.  112  (1859) — Orthalicus  melano- 
cheilus  (Val.),  FISCH.  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p. 
458  (in  part),  pi.  18,  f.  5,  5«. —  Ortalichus  tricinctus  MARTENS, 
Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  pp.  180,  185,  pi.  11,  f.  8  (1893). 

"  This  species  has  been  confounded  with  the  North  Mexican  0. 
melanocheilus,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  more  ovate  and  thinner 
shell,  and  the  ordinarily  well-defined  three  dark  brown  spiral  bands." 
It  is  smoother  than  most  specimens  of  the  three-banded  form  of  0. 
maracaibensis,  with  fewer  black  varices,  and  a  shorter  body-whorl 
and  aperture.  In  0.  undata  var.  Jloridensis  the  lody-whorl  and 
aperture  are  larger. 

Typical  0.  tricincta  might  well  be  considered  a  distinct  species 
were  it  not  that  among  the  specimens  collected  by  Gabb  in  Nicaragua 
there  is  one  (pi.  17,  fig.  18)  showing  faintly  but  unmistakably  the 
longitudinal  flames  of  O.ferussaci,  though  with  all  the  other  features 
of  the  tricincta  with  which  it  was  found  associated.  This  causes  me 
to  consider  tricincta  an  extreme  form  of  ferussaci,  which  in  another 
direction  merges  into  princeps. 

I  have  also  before  me  two  specimens  labeled  "  Nicaragua,"  col- 
lected by  Gabb,  in  one  of  which  the  three  bands  are  faintly  visible 
on  close  inspection,  the  other  totally  wanting  them,  being  marked 
with  dark  varices  only. 


122  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

O.  MELANOCHEILUS  (  Valenciennes).     PL  18,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Shell  rather  elongate-conic,  with  lightly  convex  whorls ;  tawny- 
yellow,  unicolored  or  rarely  with  one  or  two  narrow  spiral  bands; 
last  whorl  with  several  narrow  blackish  varices  ;  apex  white.  Aper- 
ture white  inside,  showing  a  black  varix  or  two  ;  peristome  slightly 
thickened,  with  a  rather  wide  black-brown  border. 

Alt.  60,  diam.  34,  aperture  28  mill. 

Alt.  50,  diam.  28,  aperture  21  mill. 

N.  W.  Mexico:  Tres  Marias  Islands  (Forrer,  Richardson); 
Mazatlan  (Reigen)  ;  Sierra  Madre  (?  Tonald  in  Jalisco)  (Xantus)  ; 
Colima  (Rolle). 

Bulimus  melanocheilus  VALENC.  in  Humboldt  &  Bonpland's  Recueil 
d'Observ.  Zool.,  ii,  p.  246,  pi.  55,  f.  3  «,  b.  (1833).—  0rthalicus 
melanochilus  (Valenc.),  v.  MART,  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  pp.  45,  70 

(1865) BINNEY,  Terr.  Air-breath.  Moll.  U.  S.,  v,  p.  410,  f.  287 ; 

Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells,  p.  440,  f.  484.— ROLLE,  Nachrbl.  D.  M.  Ges- 
1895,  p.   130 — Ortalichus  melanochilus  v.   MARTENS,  Biol.   Centr. 

Amer.,  Moll.,  pp.  181,  190,  pi.  11,  f.  6,  7,  7a  (1893) Bulimus 

zebra  var.  e.  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  144 — Orthah'cus 
zebra  (Miill.),  CARPENTER,  Cat.  Mazatlan  Shells,  pp.  176,  177. — 
BINNEY  &  BLAND,  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  of  N.  America,  i,  - 
217,  f.  371,  p.  215,  f.  367  (jaw).—  Orthah'cus  undatus  Brug.,  var. 
?  =  0.  melanocheilus  Val.,  STEARNS,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xvii, 
1894,  p.  163. 

The  more  oblong  body- whorl,  obsolescence  of  the  dark  spiral  bands, 
and  numerous  blackish  varices  are  the  main  features  separating  this 
from  O.ferussaci  var.  tricincta,  which,  moreover,  seems  to  be  widely 
separated  in  geographic  range  from  what  has  been  selected  as  true 
melanocheilus  by  Dr.  von  Martens. 

It  should  be  said,  also,  that  the  selection  of  the  Northern  Mexican 
form  as  the  true  melanocheilus  is  wholly  arbitrary.  The  original 
specimen  may  have  been  either  0.  ferussaci  tricincta  or  0.  maracai- 
bensis  imitator.  As  to  the  original  locality,  "  Valenciennes  gives 
simply  l  Nouvelle  Espagne,'  that  is  to  say  Mexico  and  Central 
America;  his  figure,  although  showing  distinct  bands,  agrees  better 
in  its  more  elongated  form  with  the  N.  W.  Mexican  species  than  with 
the  Central  American  O.ferussaci,  var.  tricinctus." 

It  is  not  known  from  what  striped  form  of  Orthalicus  the  north- 
western melanocheilus  arose  ;  but  probably  future  collections  will  show 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC.  123 

its  genesis  by  bringing  integrading  forms  to  light ;  and  it  may  then 
prove  to  be  merely  a  form  of  some  flammulate  species,  probably  prin- 
ceps  orferussaci,  rather  than  an  independent  species. 

O.  ZONIFERA  (Strebel).     PI.  23,  figs.  10,  11,  12,  13,  14. 

Shell  ovate,  moderately  solid,  smooth,  with  the  usual  microscopic 
sculpture,  finely  plicate  or  puckered  at  the  sutures.  Whitish,  closely 
marked  with  numerous  blackish-brown  or  bluish-brown  streaks,  some 
in  harmony  with  the  growth-lin.  s,  others  sinuous,  narrower  and  gen- 
erally forked  at  the  upper  fourth  of  the  last  whorl,  wider  in  the  middle, 
and  again  narrower  on  the  basal  fourth  ;  penultimate  and  next  earlier 
whorls  with  broad  patches,  forked  or  narrow  above,  earliest  2^  whorls 
yellowish-corneous  with  a  minute  blackish  apical  mark  ;  black-brown 
varices  narrow,  widely  separated,  generally  2  to  4  on  the  whole  shell, 
1  to  3  on  the  last  whorl.  No  trace  of  spiral  bands  on  the  last  whorl, 
but  the  antepenultimate  or  next  earlier  whorl  has  one  submedian 
band.  Aperture  ovate,  streaked  white  and  dark  or  mostly  blue-white 
within,  quite  oblique ;  peristome  with  a  narrow  black-brown  edge ; 
parietal  wall  dark  brown. 

Alt.  60,  diam.  35.5,  length  of  aperture  33  mill. 

Alt.  52.6,  diam.  35,  length  of  aperture  29.6  mill. 

Alt.  50.1,  diam.  30.8,  length  of  aperture  27.1  mill. 

Alt.  50,  diam.  27,  length  of  aperture  25.5  mill. 

Alt.  44,  diam.  28,  length  of  aperture  25  mill. 

Rancho  del  Platanillo  near  Iguala  (Dona  Estefania);  Chilpancingo 
and  Venta  de  Zopilote  (H.  H.  Smith);  Monte  Pelegrino,  north  of  Aca- 
pulco  (Berendt),  all  in  the  state  of  Guerrero.  Colima,  typical  (Rolle). 
Oaxaca  (Hoge). 

Orthalicus  zoniferus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Susswasser- 
Conch.  v,  p.  28,  pi.  1,  f.  la,  Ib,  pi.  3,  f.  11  (shells),  pi.  11,  f.  7,  la, 
8,  9  (anatomy)  (1882). —  Ortalichus  zoniferus  VON  MARTENS,  Biol. 
Centr.  Amer.  p.  180,  186,  pi.  10,  f.  12,  13  (exclusive  of  var.  crossei). 

The  main  differential  feature  of  this  species  is  the  distribution  of 
color  on  the  body- whorl,  the  upper  fourth  and  a  tract  around  the 
columella  being  paler  and  whiter,  with  narrower  streaks  than  the 
broad  intervening  belt,  upon  which  the  ground  is  often  yellowish  or 
light  brown,  and  the  stripes  wider  and  darker  ;  the  surface  being  thus 
divided  between  two  pale  polar  zones  and  a  broad  darker  equatorial 
zone.  The  whorls  of  the  spire  are  broadly  blotched,  as  in  0.  prin- 


124  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,   ETC. 

ceps,  so  that  the  young  could  scarcely  le  distinguished  from  that 
species. 

Von  Martens  refers  the  var.  crossei  to  this  species  ;  but,  though  it 
occupies  an  intermediate  place,  I  consider  it,  from  the  material  seen, 
and  the  geographic  location,  as  decidedly  nearer  0.  princeps. 

0.  nobilis  (Rolle). 

Differs  from  0.  zoniferus,  which  is  near  it,  in  the  flat  whorls, 
scarcely  impressed  suture,  black  apex  and  lip,  columella  nearly  ver- 
tical, margin  vertical,  only  slightly  arcuate  below.  Alt.  59,  diam. 
29,  alt.  of  aperture  28,  width  16  mill.  Holds  the  same  relation  to 
0.  zoniferus  that  0.  elegans  does  to  0.  princeps  (Rolle). 

Colima,  western  Mexico. 
Orth.  nobihs  ROLLE,  Nachrbl.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  1895,  p.  131,  no.  16. 

Completely  typical  0.  zonifera  also  occurs  at  Colima,  according  to 
Rolle. 

O.  LIVIDA  (von  Martens).     PI.  19,  figs.  18,  19. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  rather  solid,  regularly  striated,  plicatulate  at  the 
sutures,  decussated  by  very  fine  spiral  lines  ;  dull  buff,  painted  with 
close,  pale  violaceous,  nearly  straight  streaks  and  some  brown-black 
varices.  Spire  conic,  apex  with  a  large  purple-black  spot,  whorls  7, 
the  upper  rather  flat,  the  last  a  little  more  swollen.  Aperture  oblique, 
hardly  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  oval,  acute  above,  milky-purple 
inside ;  columella  moderately  twisted,  milk-white ;  peristome  unex- 
panded,  black-brown,  the  terminations  joined  by  a  broad  black-brown 
callus.  Alt.  79,  diam.  43,  longest  axis  of  aperture  43  mill.  (Mart.} 
Another  specimen  measures  :  62,  36,  34  mill. 

W.  Mexico:  Mazatlon  (Melchers).  Central  Mexico:  Province  of 
MichommH,  especially  at  the  Volcan  de  Jorullo  (type  locality  ;  Uhde). 

Bulimus  zebra  var.,  MENKE,  in  Zeitschr.  fiir  Malak.  vii,  p.  163 
(1850) — PFR.  in  Martini  &  Chemnitz,  Syst.  Conch.  Cab.,  ed.  2, 
Bulimus,  p.  377,  pi.  22,  f.  \2.—  Orthalicus  lividus  v.  MART,  in 
Monatsb.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1863,  p.  542  ;  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  57 

(1865) — PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  99 FISCH.  &  CROSSE, 

Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  448. — STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land- 
und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  pp.  29-31,  pi.  1,  f,  8,  pi.  4,  f.  6  (and  9?),  pi. 
11,  f.  18. —  Ortulichus  lividus  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  pp. 
180,  186,  pi.  10,  f.  11,  lla  (1893). 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC.  125 

O.  MACLrR^E  (v.  Martens).     PI.  21,  figs.  40,  41,  42. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  solid,  delicately  spirally  striatulate,  plicatulate, 
at  the  sutures;  yellowish,  painted  with  wide,  nearly  straight  black- 
brown  streaks.  Whorls  6J,  a  little  convex,  the  upper  three  yellow, 
not  streaked,  apex  generally  brown ;  last  whorl  regularly  ovate. 
Aperture  a  little  less  than  half  the  length  ;  peristome  rather  widely 
black-brown,  a  little  thickened ;  columella  white,  parietal  callus  in- 
tense chestnut-brown.  Alt.  52,  diam.  29,  aperture  27  mill. 

a.  Last  whorl  equally  streaked,  apex  pale  or  minutely  brown  (fig. 
40). 

b.  Last  whorl  with  the  streaks  confluent,  anteriorly  subequally 
tawny,  varices  repeated,  two  spiral  bands  continued  from  the  fourth 
to  the  first  part  of  the  last  whorl ;  apex  broadly  brown-black  ;  colu- 
mella narrowly  whitish  (fig.  41). 

c.  Albinistic;  streaks  and  callus  very  pale  fulvous,  apex  and  peri- 
stome white  (fig.  42). 

N.  W.  Nicaragua :  Cacao,  in  the  Bay  of  Fonseca,  on  trees  of  the 
yellow-wood,  Madura  aurantiaca,  family  Morece  (Capt.  Joh.  Schaf- 
fer). 

Ortalichus  maclurce  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  pp. 
181,  188,  pi.  11,  f.  1-3  (August,  1893). 

"  Owing  to  the  kindness  of  Fr.  Bocherding,  Vegesack,  Bremen,  I 
have  before  me  twenty-two  specimens  collected  at  the  same  locality, 
which  cannot  be  separated  specifically  one  frotn  the  other.  The 
ground-color  is  very  pale  yellow,  in  worn  specimens  white ;  the 
streaks  are  broad,  dark  blackish-brown,  the  interstices  between  them 
mostly  about  equal  in  width  to  the  streaks  themselves ;  in  the  upper 
whorls,  however,  the  interstices  are  often  even  broader,  and  in  this 
respect  young,  somewhat  bleached  specimens  very  much  resemble 
0.  boucardi;  in  some  adult  specimens,  on  the  contrary,  the  streaks 
are  narrower  and  more  numerous  in  the  last  whorl,  these  examples 
approaching  0.  zoniferus.  In  most  specimens  the  streaks  are  not 
forked  at  their  upper  end  ;  in  some,  however,  a  few  streaks  are  forked, 
but  in  none  is  the  forking  so  constant  and  conspicuous  as  it  is  in  0. 
princeps.  In  a  few  examples,  one,  two,  or  three  narrow  dark  spiral 
bands  are  present  on  the  fourth  and  fifth  whorls,  the  lowest  of  them 
in  the  suture.  In  some  specimens  the  apex  is  of  the  same  pale  yellow 
as  the  three  upper  whorls  ;  in  others,  it  is  to  a  very  small  extent  dark 
brown  ;  in  others,  again,  nearly  the  whole  first  whorl  is  dark.  The 


126  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC* 

coloration  of  the  tip  does  not  coincide  with  the  more  or  less  numerous 
streaks  on  the  last  whorl ;  but  in  the  specimens  with  spiral  bands  the 
dark  color  of  the  tip  is  rather  more  extended.  The  sculpture  usually 
consists  of  spiral  striae  only ;  but  in  several  specimens  numerous  mal- 
leated  impressions  are  also  visible,  sometimes  in  rows  descending 
towards  the  aperture.  The  dimensions  given  above  are  taken  from 
a  most  typical  example  of  middle  size  ;  the  largest  specimen  measures 
58,  30  and  29  millim.,  but  it  is  one  of  those  which  approach  0.  zoni- 
ferus.  The  variety  b  shows  a  prevalent  dark  coloration  of  the  tip, 
the  last  whorl,  and  the  aperture,  together  with  a  spiral  band  which 
is  constantly  present  in  the  first  half  of  the  last  whorl.  The  var.  c 
may  be  termed  an  albino  specimen,  the  brown  color  being  very  pale 
in  the  callus  of  the  aperture,  and  wanting  altogether  at  the  tip  and 
on  the  external  edge  of  the  aperture.  In  short,  these  twenty-two 
specimens  prove  that  it  is  very  difficult,  or  rather  impossible,  to  trace 
clear  and  precise  specific  distinctions  in  this  genus."  (Martens.) 

O.  LONGA  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  21,  figs.  33,  34;  pi.  22,  all  figs. 

Shell  elongate-conic  or  ovate-conic,  rather  thick  and  strong,  white, 
or  yellowish  on  the  last  whorl,  boldly  marked  with  black-brown  or 
purplish-black  stripes  which  are  usually  straight  on  the  body-whorl, 
irregularly  flexuous  on  the  spire,  and  are  often  narrowly  bordered 
with  rust-reddish  ;  varices  prominent,  broad,  black,  often  bordered 
behind  by  a  blue-gray  stripe,  and  usually  4  to  6  on  the  whole  shell, 
3  or  4  frequently  being  upon  the  last  whorl.  A  narrow  brown  band 
sometimes  appears  just  above  the  suture  on  the  spire.  Surface  nearly 
lustreless,  with  rather  coarse  growth-wrinkles,  and  subobsolete,  mi- 
nute, irregular  spiral  striae.  Whorls  6^  to  7,  the  earlier  ones  slightly, 
the  last  two  strongly  convex.  Apex  obtuse,  white  or  black. 

Aperture  small  in  the  typical  form,  very  oblique,  ovate,  white  with 
black  or  purple  stripes  at  the  positions  of  the  varices  within ;  peri- 
stome  simple,  broadly  black  bordered  outside  and  within  ;  columella 
short,  concave,  wholly  black,  or  white-edged  ;  parietal  callus  black- 
brown. 

Alt.  56,  diam.  30.4,  alt.  of  aperture  26.1  mill.     (Pfeiffer's  type.) 

Alt.  60,  diam.  31,  longest  axis  of  aperture  32  mill. 

Alt.  56,  diam.  27^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  28  mill. 

^Localities  for  forms  referred  to  0.  longa  (the  type  locality  of  which 
is  unknown)  :  Central  Mexico :  State  of  Michoacan,  especially  at 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC.  127 

Ario  (Uhde);  Cuernavaca  in  the  State  of  Morelos  (Boucard).  S. 
Mexico:  State  of  Oaxaca  (Boucard). 

Localities  for  forms  referred  to  0.  boucardi:  S.  W.  Mexico:  Villa 
Aha  in  Oaxaca,  on  the  slope  of  the  central  elevated  plateau  towards 
the  Rio  San  Juan,  copiously  (Hoge);  Oaxaca  (Hb'ge);  Mountains 
of  Betaza,  20  leagues  from  Oaxaca  (Boucard);  Cerro  Negro,  Tehuan- 
tepec  (Suinichrast);  Tehuantepec  (Strebel,  Richardson,  Dr.  J.  H. 
Streets). 

Bulimus  zebra  var.  p  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  144 — 
Orthalicus  longus  PFR.  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  39  (1865). — FISCH.  & 
CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  450,  pi.  18,  f.  4. — STRE- 
BEL, Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw. -Conch,  v,  p.  43,  pi.  6,  f.  1  a,  b, 
c,  d. —  Ortalichus  longus  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  pp. 
181,  189. 

Orthalicus  boucardi  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1860,  p.  138,  pi.  51,  fig.  7; 
Malak.  Blatt.  viii,  p.  16  (1861).— v.  MART.  Malak.  Blatt.  xii,  p.  37 

(1865). — PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  vi,  p.  200 FISCH.  &  CROSSE, 

Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Mollusca  i,  p.  451,  pi.  18,  f.  3,  3  a,  b. — STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.-Conch.  v,  pp.  40,  41  (forms  A  B),  pi. 
1,  f.  1  a,  2  a-g  (form  C)  pi.  1,  f.  1  b,  c. —  Ortalichus  boucardi  v.  MAR- 
TENS, Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  pp.  181,  187,  pi.  11,  f.  4,  5,  11. 

The  solidity  of  the  shell,  boldness  of  the  dark  and  rather  straight 
streaks  on  a  white  or  in  part  rusty  ground,  and  numerous  broad  vari- 
ces,  as  well  as  the  rather  short  aperture  with  broadly  black-edged  lip, 
distinguish  this  species  when  typically  developed.  It  is,  however, 
extraordinarily  variable,  and  I  am  compelled  to  unite  0.  boucardi  as 
one  of  its  satellite  forms. 

In  Pfeiffer's  type  of  longa  (pi.  21,  fig.  34),  which  has  been  photo- 
graphed and  described  by  Strebel,  the  stripes  are  but  little  angulated 
but  are  mostly  forked  on  the  upper  fourth  of  the  last  whorl,  and  are 
grayer  there,  giving  the  zone  below  the  suture  a  paler  tone,  the 
suture  being  also  bordered  below  with  white.  The  color  of  the  stripes 
is  not  so  vivid  as  in  0.  boucardi,  and  especially  on  the  last  whorl 
becomes  grayish  ;  they  are  mostly  chestnut-edged,  or  there  are  also 
handsome  chestnut-brown  growth-streaks  besides  the  black  variceal 
streaks.  The  nuclear  point  of  the  apex  is  brown,  and  on  the  third 
or  third  and  fourth  whorls  a  submedian  band,  though  sometimes  in- 
terrupted, is  distinctly  developed.  There  are  no  bands  on  the  last 
whorl,  and  the  longitudinal  streaks  continue  to  the  base. 


128  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

The  specimens  before  rne  show  several  striking  divergencies  from 
the  above.  In  one  lot  from  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  the  short, 
concave  columella  is  black-brown  throughout,  the  shell  long  and 
narrow.  Some  of  them  (pi.  22,  fig.  2)  are  white,  with  widely  sepa- 
rated grayish-purple  streaks,  extending  neither  to  suture  or  base; 
some  of  the  varices  edged  with  rust-brown.  In  others  (pi.  21,  fig. 
33)  the  streaks  are  somewhat  better  developed,  with  some  bright 
chestnut  ones  intermingled,  and  considerable  suffusion  of  chestnut 
on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl.  Sometimes  a  narrow  band  ap- 
pears just  above  the  suture  on  some  whorls  of  the  spire.  Suture 
white-bordered  below.  In  all  this  lot  the  earlier  3  whorls  are  white, 
without  dark  apical  spot.  The  specimen  figured  by  Crosse  and  Fischer 
(pi.  22,  fig.  1)  is  similar  to  the  Tehuantepec  shells,  though  rather 
more  closely  streaked,  and  with  white  columella. 

Another  series  of  three  shells  (pi.  22,  fig.  6),  also  white  at  the 
apex,  has  wide,  waved  grayish-purple  flames  shading  into  reddish  on 
one  edge  ;  the  columella  is  light-edged  and  folded,  and  the  surface 
shows  rather  strong  and  regular  folds.  The  largest  one  is  shown  in 
the  figure.  Alt.  68,  diam.  37,  longest  axis  of  aperture  34  mill. 

Var.  strebeli  n.  v.  (pi.  22,  figs.  7,  8,  9).  Shell  short,  conic,  solid, 
with  sub-regular  fold-like  growth-wrinkles ;  white,  with  some  brown 
flames  or  traces  of  them  on  the  spire,  sometimes  a  few  narrow,  straight 
ones  on  the  body-whorl,  and  with  several  very  narrow  varices;  apical 
one  or  two  whorls  dark  ;  oolumella  passing  gradually  into  the  parietal 
wall,  and  obliquely  truncate  at  base,  white  or  brown  with  white  edge; 
parietal  wall  light  or  dark  brown. 

Alt.  47,  diam.  30,  longest  axis  of  aperture  28-J  mill. 

Alt.  46,  diam.  27^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  26  mill. 

Var.  boucardi  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  20,  figs.  20-26,  29. 

The  type  of  0.  boucardi  is  represented  by  fig.  26  of  plate  20.  It 
is  white  with  broad  brown  bands  and  black  varices,  the  suture  white- 
bordered  below.  Other  forms,  in  which  the  white  predominates,  and 
the  stripes  are  reduced,  sometimes  very  widely  separated,  seldom 
bent  in  zigzag,  and  often  shortened  into  mere  spots,  as  in  figs.  20,  21, 
24,  25,  are  also  referred  to  this  variety.  Another  of  its  manifesta- 
tions is  the  "  form  A"  of  Strebel,  in  which  the  stripes  are  very  broad 
in  the  young  and  on  the  spires  of  adults  (pi.  20,  figs.  23,  29).  On 
the  whole,  the  bands  are  more  vivid  than  in  0.  longa.  The  apex  is 
generally  white. 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC.  129 

Var.  (pi.  21,  figs.  3*5,  36).  This  is  the  "  melanocheilus  form"  of 
0.  boucardi,  reported  by  Strebel.  Six  specimens,  part  of  them  young, 
were  collected  by  Sumichrast  in  the  Cerro  Negro  near  St.  Efigenia, 
Tehuantepec,  together  with  "form  A"  (pi.  20,  f.  23,  29).  They 
agree  with  boucardi  except  in  wanting  stripes.  The  separated  vari- 
ces  are  narrow,  brown-black  ;  two  adult  and  two  young  examples 
show  two  bands  weakly  indicated  on  the  last  whorl. 
Var.  uhdeana  von  Martens.  PI.  23,  figs.  16,  17,  18  ;  pi.  22,  figs.  3, 

4,5. 

Dull  buff,  with  close,  wide,  continuous  zigzag  streaks  of  purplish- 
chestnut,  the  last  whorl  interruptedly  2  or  3  banded ;  apex  purple- 
black  ;  whorls  6J,  but  slightly  convex ;  peristome  broadly  dark- 
bordered. 

Western  Mexico:  State  of  Michoacan  (Uhde). 

Orthalicus  livens  v.  MARTENS,  Malak.  Blatter  xii,  p.  38  (1865) 

PFR.,  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.  vi,  p.  200  (note). — FISCHER  &  CROSSE, 
Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  453,  pi.  18,  f.  6,  6a. — STREBEL,  Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v,  p.  32,  pi.  11,  f.  19. —  Ortali- 
chus  livens  var.  uhdeanus  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  p.  181, 
189  (1893) — Orthalicus  undatus  (part),  TRYON,  Amer.  Journ. 
Conch,  iii,  pi.  13,  f.  3. 

Resembling  0.  longa  in  the  broad  dark  varices,  small  aperture  and 
general  form,  this  differs  in  the  less  convex  whorls  and  spiral  bands 
or  angulated  stripes.  The  two  specimens  illustrated  on  pi.  22,  figs. 
3,  4,  5,  were  collected  by  Gabb,  marked  simply  "  Mexico."  Another 
individual  of  this  lot  was  figured  by  Tryon  as  0.  undatus  (Am.  Jour. 
Conch,  iii,  pi.  13,  f.  3).  Fig.  5  resembles  Fischer  &  Crosse's  figure 
of  *'  livens,"  but  on  the  back  the  penultimate  whorl  shows  angulated 
stripes  like  those  on  the  last  whorl  of  fig.  3.  The  latter  figure  cor- 
responds well  with  the  Michoacan  specimen  collected  by  Uhde,  de- 
scribed by  von  Martens  and  figured  by  Strebel. 

O.  LEUCOCHILUS  (Fischer  &  Crosse).     PL  21,  figs.  37,  38,  39. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  rather  solid,  longitudinally  and  somewhat  ob- 
liquely wrinkle-striate,  but  little  shining;  white,  with  ashen  varices; 
sj)ire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse,  suture  impressed.  Whorls  6£, 
a  little  convex,  the  first  two  smooth,  glossy,  white,  the  last  whorl 
slightly  descending,  slightly  longer  than  the  spire,  more  strongly 
wrinkle-striated.  Aperture  oblong-oval,  somewhat  obliquely  reced- 


130  OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,  ETC. 

ing,  white  inside;  peristome  simple,  white,  the  terminations  joined 
by  a  thin  callus  of  the  same  color;  columellar  margin  dilated,  ap- 
pressed,  basal  and  outer  margins  slightly  thickened.  Alt.  53,  diam. 
30,  longest  axis  of  the  aperture  28  mill.  (  C.  fy  F.) 

Orizaba,  prov.   Vera  Cruz,  Mexico  (Berendt). 

Orthalicus  leucochilus  C.  &  F.,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  xvii,  p.  423 
(1869);  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.  p.  459,  pi.  18,  f.  7,  7a. 

In  the  single  specimen  before  me  (fig.  38),  from  the  original  local- 
ity and  collector,  the  second  whorl  is  yellowish,  and  there  are  some 
very  faint  broad  yellowish  streaks  behind  the  outer  lip.  It  resem- 
bles 0.  longa  var.  strebeli  in  the  coarse  surface  folds,  but  not  in  the 
shape  of  either  spire  or  columella.  There  is  one  greenish-gray  varix 
on  the  back  of  the  last  whorl,  and  another  bluish  one  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  penultimate  whorl.  It  apparently  belongs  to  the  group 
of  0.  longa. 

O.  PONDEROSA  (Strebel).     PI.  19,  figs.  14,  15,  16,  17. 

Shell  thick,  hardly  shining,  apparently  without  cuticle,  embryonal 
whorls  black  shading  into  dark  brown,  often  with  a  violaceous  tinge. 
Ground-color  dirty  whitish,  with  a  yellowish  tint  above,  the  last  whorl 
more  or  less  reddish  brown.  On  the  third  whorl  longitudinal  brown 
stripes  begin,  rapidly  becoming  broad,  angularly  broken  and  forked 
above,  sharply  defined  against  the  ground-color,  but  on  the  last  whorl 
frequently  losing  in  intensity  and  becoming  of  a  grayish  tint,  and 
giving  place  to  continuous  streaks  or  entirely  disappearing,  so  that 
only  the  ground-color  and  the  narrow  black-brown  or  dark  brown 
varix-streaks  remain,  these  being  bordered  behind  by  a  brownish- 
gray  or  greenish-gray  streak,  and  near  the  aperture  often  crowded. 
The  earlier  whorls  usually  show  traces  of  one  band  and  the  last  whorl 
of  three  indistinct  ones.  Peristome  broadly  bordered  inside  with 
black-brown,  fading  though  brownish-purple  to  the  white  of  the  in- 
terior. Sculpture  of  more  or  less  coarse  flat  folds,  so  that  the  shell 
appears  irregularly,  more  or  less  coarsely  striated  ;  toward  the  suture, 
where  the  color  is  lighter,  the  folds  are  sharply  developed.  Spiral 
grooves  weak,  often  mingled  with  coarser  furrows,  and  weak  mallea- 
tion.  Columella  very  strong,  short,  white,  and  vertical. 

Alt.  64,  diam.  39.6,  aperture  33.6  mill.,  whorls  7. 

Alt.  50.7,  diam.  35.2,  aperture  30.8  mill.,  whorls  6. 
Western  Mexico :  San  Bias,  State  of  Jalisco  (Wessel,  in  coll.  Dun- 


OXYSTYLA,  MEXICO,   ETC.  131 

ker);  Tepic  (Richardson);  Culata,  near  Manzam'llo,  State  of  Colima 
(Lloyd,  June,  1889);  Colima  (Rolle);  Dos  Arroyos,  25  miles  N.  E. 
of  Acapulco,  State  of  Guerrero,  at  an  elevation  of  1000  feet  above  the 
sea  (H.  H.  Smith).  S.  W.Mexico:  Tehuantepec  (Strebel). 

Orthalicus  ponderosus  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siissw.- 
Conch.  v,  pp.  35,  36,  pi.  7,  f.  1,  5,  8.— ROLLE,  Nachrbl.  D.  M.  Ges., 
1895,  p.  130. —  Orthalicus  boucardi-ponderosus  STREBEL,  ibid.,  p.  39, 
pi.  1,  f.  4  a,  b  (corrected  on  p.  132  to  ponderosus-boucardi). — Orthal- 
icus lividus-princeps  STREBEL,  ibid.,  p.  31,  pi.  1,  f.  6 — Ortalichus 
ponderosus  v.  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  Moll.,  pp.  181,  190, 
pi.  11,  f.  9,  10,  lOa. 

"  Strebel  did  not  know  the  exact  locality  of  the  specimens  which 
he  described  ;  but  the  collection  of  Dunker  and  the  materials  placed 
in  my  hands  by  Messrs.  Godman  and  Salvin  show  that  this  remark- 
able species  belongs  to  the  western  coast  of  Mexico,  where  it  is  some- 
what widely  distributed.  In  the  Berlin  Museum  there  is  a  shell 
much  resembling  this  species,  received  from  Dr.  H.  Dohrn,  and  said 
to  have  been  found  at  Juraty,  on  the  Amazon  river.  A  similar  shell 
is  also  stated  to  have  been  found  in  Colombia,  in  the  holes  of  trees, 
by  Wallis  (see  Mousson,  Malak.  Blatt.  1869,  p.  179). 

The  apex  is  generally  dark  chestnut-brown,  but  in  some  appar- 
ently fresh  specimens  it  is  pale.  The  broad  black  lip  inside  the 
aperture  is  to  be  seen  in  young  specimens  measuring  43  mill,  in 
length.  The  aperture  is  all  around  of  a  shining  black,  only  the  colu- 
mellar  edge  itself  is  pinkish-white,  with  the  base  of  the  aperture  black, 
the  white  forming  a  more  or  less  narrow  streak  on  the  columella. 
The  general  color  of  the  shell  is  yellowish-brown  ;  the  dark  streaks 
are  more  distinct  on  the  upper  whorls,  confluent  and  often  very  in- 
distinct on  the  last."  (Martens.) 

O.  DECOLOR  (Strebel).     PI.  54,  figs.  43-47. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  thick  and  ponderous.  First  whorl  black,  second 
and  third  yellowish  or  pink,  small  brown  streaks  appearing  on  the 
third  whorl ;  on  subsequent  whorls  of  the  spire  the  ground  is  whitish, 
with  broad  dark-brown  angular  stripes,  usually  forked  above,  and  a 
super-median  interrupted  dark  band.  Stripes  sometimes  continue 
upon  the  first  half  of  the  last  whorl,  angulated  at  positions  of  the  upper 
and  peripheral  bands,  and  terminating  at  an  interrupted  basal  band;, 
the  latter  half  of  the  whorl  reddish-  or  orange-brown,  longitudinally 


132  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH  AMERICAN. 

Clouded  with  lighter,  and  with  wide,  ill-defined  bluish  or  olive-green 
streaks  behind  the  extremely  narrow  blach'sh  varices ;  entire  last  whorl 
sometimes  without  light  flames  or  stripes.  Varices  narrow,  two  or 
three  on  the  last  whorl,  one  or  two  above  it.  Surface  with  'fine, 
irregular  spiral  striae  and  some  shallow  coarser  furrows,  somewhat, 
but  finely,  malleated  ;  plicate  below  the  sutures,  and  sometimes  shal- 
lowly  so  on  the  body  whorl  generally.  Whorls  6|,  slightly  convex. 

Aperture  oblique,  pure  white  or  purple-tinted  inside,  often  showing 
tlark  stripes  at  the  positions  of  the  varices ;  peristome  obtuse,  unex- 
panded,  olivaceous-bordered  outside,  with  a  blackish  border  within, 
shading  into  violaceous.  Parietal  callus  strong,  black  ;  columella 
heavy,  vertical,  straight,  truncate  or  subtruncate  at  base,  white  or 
white-edged. 

Alt.  67,  diam.  38,  longest  axis  of  aperture  36  mill. 

Alt.  63,  diam.  37,  longest  axis  of  aperture  34|  mill. 

Alt.  57-ff,  diam.  31 J,  longest  axis  of  aperture  31  mill. 

Habitat  unknown. 

Orthalicus  decolor  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser- 
Conch.  v,  p.  37,  pi.  7,  f.  2,  3,  4  (1882). 

One  of  StrebeFs  specimens  was  labeled  "Bulimus  mars,  Costa 
Rica."  Those  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  have  borne  the  same 
specific  name,  with  the  localities  "  Ecuador  "  and  "  Brazil;"  but  I 
attach  no  weight  whatever  to  these  data.  Similar  to  0.  mars  in 
general  features,  this  species  differs  markedly  in  the  straight,  vertical 
columella,  without  a  fold  above.  0.  ponderosa  I  have  not  seen,  and 
it  is  not  unlikely  that  decolor  may  prove  to  be  a  form  of  that  species. 
The  differences  do  not  seem  to  be  great. 

South  American  Species. 

A.  Longest  axis  of  aperture  exceeding  half  the  length  of  the  shell; 
columella  concave  or  straight. 

b.   Ventricose,  with  pairs  of  yellow  lines  forming  large  zig- 
zags; whorls  5^;  alt.  50-57  mill.          bifulgurata,  \).  143 
bl.  Ovate-conic,  uniform  whitish  or  with  three  bands,  no  lon- 
gitudinal flames.  maracaibensis  form  imitator,  p.  140 
b2.  With  longitudinal  flames. 

c.  Large,  alt.  56-68  mill.,  with  inflated  body-whorl; 
spire  flamed,  the  last  whorl  brown  with  obscure  or 
sub-obsolete  flammulation,  spiral  bands  inconspicu- 


OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH  AMERICAN.  133 

ous,  the  basal  one  usually  obsolete ;  columella  long 
and  straight.  obductvs,  p.  134 

cl.  Smaller,  regularly  ovate-conic,  the  last  whorl  oval, 
flammulate,  varices  few,  ground-color  yellow  or 
brownish,  often  with  a  light  band  below  the  per- 
iphery, parietal  wall  generally  chestnut,  alt.  44-51 
mill. 

d.   Stripes  numerous^narrowsmd  regular ;  3  bands. 

pulchella,  p.   135 
dl.  Stripes  wide,  irregular 

pulchella  v.  prototypus,  p.   137 

c2.  Ovate-conic,  isabelline  with  pale  blackish  streaks 
and  three  narrow,  interrupted  brown  bands ;  no 
dark  parietal  callus  ;  alt.  49  mill.;  Peru. 

isdbellina,  p.   142 

tf3.  Ovate-  or  oblong-conic,  with   the   cuticle   thin    or 

wanting  ;  white  or  pinkish,  with  narrow,  straightish 

streaks    and    several    varices ;    usually    3-banded 

(rarely  with  wide  stripes).      maracaibensis,  p.   137 

c4.  Similar,  but  obscurely  angular  at  the  periphery. 

fulvescens,  p.   141 

A.1  Longest  axis  of  aperture  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  shell ; 
columella  with  an  oblique  fold  above  ;  form  stout ;  thick  and 
solid,  smoothish,  the  columella,  parietal  wall,  and  a  wide  in- 
ternal lip-border  blackish.  mars,  p.   143 
-42.  Longest  axis  of  aperture  less  than,  or  about  equal  to,  half  the 
length  of  the  shell ;  columella  convex  in  the  middle  or  straight. 
b.   Strongly  striated  spirally,  granulose.           bensoni,   p.   147 
b[.  Spiral  striae  slight  or  wanting. 

c.    Columella  convex,  black  ;  irregularly  streaked  and 
spirally  banded  ;  diameter  less  than  half  the  alti- 
tude ;  Bolivia.  phlogera,  p.   145 
c1.  Columella  pale-edged  ;  cliam.  less  than  half  the  alt. 
d.   Alt.   70,   diam.   30   mill.;    spire  with   2  or  3 
articulated    bands,   wanting   on    last    whorl ; 
Peru.                                       macandrewi,  p.   147 
d.1  Alt.  52,  diam.  23  mill.;  with  narrow,  nearly 
straight    and    close    stripes    throughout ;     no 
bands;  Ecuador.  pfeifferi,  p.   146 


134  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH  AMERICAN. 

c2.  Colurnella  white-edged ;  diam.  half  the  alt.;  streaked 
and  maculated;  Venezuela.  varia,^.  144 

O.  OBDUCTDS  Shuttleworth.     PL  25,  figs.  31-36. 

Shell  large,  ovate-conic,  with  large,  rather  inflated  body-whorl, 
short,  straightly  conic  spire,  and  obtuse  apex  ;  thin  but  moderately 
solid  ;  surface  rather  lustreless,  with  moderate  growth-wrinkles,  sub- 
obsolete,  delicate,  waved  microscopic  spirals  or  none,  and  conspicuous 
folds  below  the  suture  ;  yellowish-brown  or  reddish-brown,  becoming 
whitish  on  the  spire,  which  is  conspicuously  marked  with  brown  stripes 
angulated  and  dilated  near  the  middle  to  form  an  interrupted  girdle, 
the  stripes  becoming  narrower  and  closer  on  the  latter  part  of  the 
penultimate  whorl,  nearly  or  ivholly  obsolete  on  the  last  whorl,  which 
shows  traces  of  two  or  three  narrow  girdles  or  none,  and  is  more  or 
less  obscurely  streaked  obliquely,  with  some  angulated  white,  and 
wider  blackish  stripes  in  places.  Dark  brown  varices  narrow,  1  to 
4  in  number,  usually  all  on  the  last  whorl.  Antepenultimate  or  next 
earlier  whorl  often  with  a  submedian  band  ;  apex  with  a  comma- 
shaped  spot,  the  following  two  or  three  whorls  uniform  yellowish  or 
brownish. 

Aperture  large,  ovate,  milky  with  some  dark  markings  inside  ; 
peristome  narrowly  brown-bordered  ;  columella  white,  straight ;  pari- 
etal callus  broad  and  dark  brown. 

Alt.  68,  diam.  41,  longest  axis  of  aperture  39^  mill. 

Alt.  56,  diam.  32,  longest  axis  of  aperture  32  mill. 

Venezuela :  "Barquimeseto"  probably  Barquisimeto,  S.  E.  of 
Valencia  (from  the  late  dealer  Ed.  Miiller);  on  the  borders  of  the 
lake  of  Valencia  (Moritz);  Puerto  Cabello  (Strebel,  Swift);  Caracas 
(Swift);  Western  Venezuela,  on  the  coast  (Blume).  Ecuador:  Nabon, 
8000  feet  above  the  sea  (Wallis). 

Orthalicus  obductus  SHUTTL.,  Notitiae  Malac.  i,  p.  61,  pi.  3,  f.  1-3 
(1856).— PFR.  Monogr.  Helic.  Vivent.  iv,  p.  587. — MOUSSON,  in 
Malak  Blatt.  xvi,  p.  179  (1869).— v.  MART.,  Die  Binnenmoll. 
Venez.,  p.  33  (189),  pi.  2,  f.  15  a,  b  (jaw  and  radula) — STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.,  v,  pp.  33,  34,  form  A, 
no.  1,  2,  3,  5,  pi.  3,  f.  7a  (shell),  pi.  12,  f.  4,  5  (radula) — SEMPER, 
Reisen  im  Archip.  Phil.,  p.  248,  pi.  15,  f.  8  (genitalia). — Zebra  ob- 
ducta  MILLER,  Malak.  Bl.  xxv,  p.  186  (1878). — COUSIN,  Fauna 
Malac.  Rep.  de  1'  Equateur,  p.  43,  in  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  xii,  p. 


OXYSTYLA,   SOUTH    AMERICAN.  135 

199  (1887).—  0.  zebra  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  154, 
pi.  75,  f.  6  a. 

The  full  body-whorl,  short,  strictly  conic  spire,  with  the  flamed 
upper,  and  brown  clouded  last  whorl,  are  characteristics  of  this  spe- 
cies, which  is  better  defined  than  most  of  the  princeps  group.  The 
variations  in  color-pattern  are  well  shown  on  the  plate. 

Central  American  examples  referred  here  by  authors  on  that  fauna, 
are  distinct  from  the  South  American  shell,  and  in  fact  not  closely 
related.  See  under  0.  princeps  var.  deceptor. 

Figures  31,  32  are  copied  from  Shuttleworth's  original  illustrations. 
Figs.  35,  36  are  specimens  from  Pto.  Cabello,  and  fig.  34  represents 
an  unusually  boldly  marked  shell  from  Caracas,  where  the  species 
does  not  attain  so  large  a  size  as  around  Puerto  Cabello. 

The  young  of  typical  obductus  (pi.  25,  fig.  33)  has,  as  Shuttleworth 
remarks,  some  resemblance  to  0.  pulchella,  showing  numerous  nar- 
row parallel  dusky  stripes,  bent  or  anastomosing  at  the  positions  of 
the  three  spot-bands,  on  a  yellow  ground.  As  a  general  rule,  no 
varices  are  formed  until  near  or  at  the  end  of  the  next-to-the-last 
whorl. 

According  to  Semper,  the  penial  accessory  gland  is  so  small  and 
so  united  with  the  penis  that  it  is  hardly  noticeable.  This  is  quite 
different  from  the  well-developed  gland  in  0.  princeps. 

O.  TULCHELLA  (Spix).     PL  28,  figs.  27-37. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  rather  thin  but  usually  moderately  solid,  nearly 
smooth,  the  lines  of  growth  hardly  or  not  visible  to  the  naked  eye, 
with  rather  coarse,  low,  short  folds  below  the  suture,  and  fine,  crowded 
superficial  microscopic  spiral  lines.  Surface  lustreless,  often  with  a 
velvety  dullness.  Variceal  streaks  narrow,  brown,  generally  a  single 
one  developed,  but  sometimes  none,  or  in  some  old  shells  a  number 
appearing  on  the  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl.  Flesh-tinted  under  a 
thin  light  yellow  cuticle,  marked  with  narrow,  crowded,  equal,  purple- 
brown  longitudinal  stripes,  about  as  wide  as  their  intervals,  nearly 
straight,  but  bent  a  little  below  the  sutures  and  at  the  positions  of  three 
girdles  of  small  spots  or  lunate  and  more  or  less  confluent  dilations  of 
the  stripes;  the  stripes  becoming  irregular  and  wider  spaced  and  the 
upper  (now  median)  band  stronger,  on  the  spire.  Apex  with  ter- 
minal dark  dot,  obtuse.  Whorls  6,  moderately  convex,  the  last  oval. 
Aperture  ovate,  oblique,  light  flesh-tinted  inside,  and  faintly  showing 


OF  THE 

\.  C 


136  OXYSTYLA,   SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

the  external  markings  in  lilac  ;  peristome  narrowly  edged  with  chest- 
nut;  columella  concave  or  nearly  straight,  white,  thin;  parietal 
callus  rather  thin,  chestnut-colored,  often  in  part  wanting. 

Alt.  44,  diam.  26,  longest  axis  of  aperture  27  mill. 

Alt.  51,  diam.  30,  longest  axis  of  aperture  31  mill. 

Eastern  Brazil :  Province  of  Para  (Spix's  type  locality);  Pernam- 
buco  (Moricand);  Bahia  (Blanchet,  von  Ihering,  et  at.).  Southwest- 
ern Brazil :  Corumbd,  prov.  Matto  Grosso  (H.  H.  Smith,  Germain). 
Dutch  Guiana  or  Surinam  (Cuming  coll.).  Venezuela  :  Barcelona 
(C.  Blume). 

Achatina  pulchella  SPIX,  Testae.  Brasilia  pi.  9,  f.  2  (legend  at 
foot  of  plate)  (1827) — Bidimus  pulchellus  PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  144; 

iii,  p.  389 Orthalicus  pulchellus  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  59. — 

SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitise  Mai.,  i,  p.  62,  pi.  4,  f.  6,  7. — PFR., 
Monogr.  iv,  p.  588,  vi,  p.  199 — ANCEY,  Journ.  of  Conch,  vii,  p.  94. 
— Bulimus  undatus  WAGNER,  in  Testae.  Bras.,  p.  9. — Helix  undata 
var.  FER.,  Hist.,  pi.  117,  f.  1. —  Orthalicus  zigzag  BECK,  Index  Moll., 
p.  59 — /? Bulimus  zigzag  LAMARCK,  An.  s.  Vert,  vi,  2d  part,  p. 
118,  no.  4  (1822);  Edit.  Deshayes  viii,  p.  223. 

The  typical  form  (pi.  28,  figs.  27,  28,  29)  appears  at  Para  and 
Pernambuco ;  the  variety  at  Bahia  (figs.  36,  37)  and  in  Venezuela 
(figs.  34,  35).  In  Surinam  the  shells  are  nearly  typical  in  coloring, 
according  to  Shuttleworth's  figures.  I  have  not  seen  specimens  from 
Matto  Grosso,  and  do  not  know  what  form  of  the  species  occurs  there. 
Figs.  30,  32,  33  are  drawn  from  specimens  labelled  "Amazon  River." 

It  is  a  beautiful  species,  very  easy  to  recognize  when  typically  de- 
veloped (figs.  28,  29)  by  its  crowded,  narrow,  dull  purplish  stripes, 
intersected  by  three  narrow  girdles,  on  a  buff-fawn  ground. 

By  coalescence  of  some  of  the  stripes  at  the  positions  of  the  bands, 
triangular  blotches  separated  by  cream  tinted  intervals  are  sometimes 
developed  (fig.  27). 

The  young  (figs.  30-33)  has  less  crowded,  wider  and  more  angu- 
lated  stripes  and  continuous  or  subcontinuous  girdles,  assimilating  to 
the  ancestral  type  of  the  whole  group.  There  is  generally  an  almost 
white  band  below  the  peripheral  girdle,  and  below  the  basal  another, 
the  latter  bounded  below  by  a  circum-columellar  dark  band  which 
does  not  occur  in  other  species  of  the  Zebra  group,  and  is  obsolete  in 
adults  of  pulchella.  The  bands  are  dark  brown  within  the  mouth, 
the  streaks  a  little  lighter,  and  the  white  markings  alluded  to  are 
very  distinct. 


OXYSTYLA,   SOUTH    AMERICAN.  137 

Shuttleworth  examined  the  radula  and  jaw,  stating  that  the  latter 
is  composed  of  22  segments. 
Var.  prototypus  n.  v.     PI.  28,  figs.  32-37. 

Stripes  on  the  median  portion  of  the  last  whorl  having  a  tendency 
to  become  broad,  irregular,  interrupted;  the  girdles  composed  mainly 
of  arrow-shaped  or  wedge-shaped  rather  large  spots ;  markings 
blackish-purple. 

Bahia,  Brazil;  Barcelona,  Venezuela. 

0.  pulchellus  var.  P  SHUTTLEWORTH,  1.  c. — Helix  undata  MORI- 
CAND,  Mem.  sur  les  coq.  terr.  et  fluv.  de  Bahia,  in  Me"m.  Soc.  Phys. 
et  d'  Hist.  Nat.  de  Geneve  vii,  p.  423. 

This  is  an  earlier,  less  differentiated  form  of  the  species,  of  which 
typical  pulchella  is  an  extreme  and  more  local  development.  It  is 
more  widely  distributed  than  the  typical  form,  occupying  the  north- 
western and  southern  peripheral  portions  of  the  range  of  the  species. 

Figs.  36,  37  represent  Bahia  specimens  not  quite  mature.  Figs. 
34,  35  are  drawn  from  Barcelona,  Venezuela,  examples.  The  young 
.of  this  form  sometimes  lack  the  cream-white  sub-peripheral  and  basal 
bands,  or  have  them  but  faintly  developed.  The  apex  has  a  large 
dark  spot;  the  subsutural  puckering  may  be  either  strongly  developed 
though  short,  or  almost  wholly  wanting  ;  and  in  the  specimens  before 
me  there  is  a  single  dark  varix  or  none.  The  parietal  wall  is  only 
lightly  washed  with  chestnut;  the  markings  are  not  so  dark  as  in 
Bahia  specimens,  and  the  ground-color  is  browner. 

That  the  Venezuelan  specimens  approach  certain  form  of  0.  mara- 
caibensis  Pfr.,  there  can  be  no  doubt ;  but  there  does  not  seem  to  be 
an  actual  intergradation.  The  general  tone  of  color  is  much  browner, 
not  pinkish  or  white,  and  the  young  are  differently  marked. 

Possibly  Strebel's  0.  pnnceps  form  E,  from  the  Amazon  (Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Susswasser-Conch.  v,  p.  16,  pi.  3,  f.  5)  is  identical 
with  this  variety.  It  measures  40  to  50  mill,  long,  with  6|  to  7 
whorls.  The  largest  specimen  of  prototypus  before  me  is  45^  mill, 
long,  with  6^  whorls. 

O.  MARACAIBENSIS   (Pfeiffer).     PL   29,  figs.   40-46 ;  pi.  30,  figs. 

49-57. 

Shell  of  the  usual  ovate  form,  thin  but  moderately  solid,  irregularly 
wrinkle-striate  and  with  very  fine,  shallow,  partially  obsolete  spiral 
striae;  nearly  lusterless ;  no  noticeable  cuticle.  Typically  white,  of 


138  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

a  cold,  faint  flesh-tint  on  the  last  whorl,  with  three  more  or  less 
noticeable  spiral  bands,  the  median  one  most  persistent,  narrow,  and 
nearly  continuous,  the  others  wider,  fainter,  and  often  discontinuous 
or  obsolete  ;  longitudinally  marked  with  light  purple  or  bluish-brown 
undulating  stripes,  frequently  mingled  with  narrower  straight  brown- 
ish ones  in  the  direction  of  growth-striae,  or  entirely  without  stripes ; 
varices  narrow  and  rather  numerous,  often  three  or  four  on  the  last 
whorl.  Apex  generally  with  a  minute  brown  dot.  Whorls  6  to  7. 

Aperture  ovate,  purplish-flesh-tinted  inside,  showing  the  external 
markings;  parietal  callus  thin,  light  chestnut,  with  paler  streaks; 
peristome  simple,  narrowly  dark  edged. 

Alt.  48,  diam.  29,  longest  axis  of  aperture  29  mill. 

Alt.  44,  diam.  26,  longest  axis  of  aperture  26  mill. 

Alt.  67.8,  diam.  40,  longest  axis  of  aperture  36.4  mill. 

Venezuela:  Maracaibo  (Gruner,  C.  F.  Penny);  Barcelona  (C. 
Blume) ;  /.  of  Margarita  (Couthouy);  near  the  Lake  of  Valencia 
(Moritz);  Caracas  (Lansberg);  Angostura,  on  the  Orinoco  (Gruner). 
Colombia :  Region  of  the  lower  part  of  the  R.  Maydalena,  in  holes  in 
tree-trunks,  not  higher  than  six  feet  above  the  ground  (Wallis); 
Barranguilla  (Swift),  Santa  Marta  (Grosskopf);  Rio  de  la  Haclia 
(Wessel,  Swift);  Savana  Grande  at  Santa  Marta  and  Valley  Cosai 
(Sievers);  Sierra  Nevada,  on  the  trunks  of  Hecastophyllum  dubium 
(family  Papilionaceae),  and  at  Urumita  in  the  Cordillera  de  Los 
Andes  (Sievers).  Ecuador:  San  Juan  de  la  Cosia  (Reiss).  Peru: 
Maranon  R.  (Warschewitz). 

Typical  form. 

Orthalicus  maracaibensis  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt.  iii,  p.  186  (1856); 
Monogr.  iv,  p.  588. — MARTENS,  Binnenmoll.  Venezuela's  p.  32,  in 
Festschrift  zur  Feier  des  100-jalirigen  Bestehens  der  Gesell.  Natur- 
forsch.  Freunde  zu  Berlin,  p.  188,  pi.  1,  f.  7  (1873).— STREBEL, 
Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v,  p.  27,  pi.  3,  f.  8  a,  I),  c. 
—  Orthalicus  ferussaci  v.  MARTENS,  Binnenmoll.  Venez.,  p.  32  (188), 

pi.  1,  f.   6 Ortalichus  ferussaci  v.  MARTENS   in   pa>rt  (all    South 

American  localities  and  references),  Biologia  Centrali-Americana, 
Moll.,  p.  184. — Orthalicus  ferussaci  forms  A  and  C,  STREBEL,  Beitr. 
Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v.  pp.  18-21,  23,  24,  pi.  2,  f.  4 
a,  5,  5  a,  6  a-d,  7,  9  or,  b,  8  (shell),  pi.  10,  f.  2,  6,  17,  pi.  12,  f.  4,  5 
(anatomy). — ? 0.  princeps  form  E,  STREBEL,  t.  c.,  p.  16,  pi.  3,  f.  2, 


OXYSTYLA,   SOUTH    AMERICAN.  139 

5. — ?£ulimus  undatus  APPUN,  Unter  den  Tropen  i,  p.  141. — ?Tno- 
SCHEL  in  Schomburgk's  Reisen  in  Britisch-Guiana  iii,  p.  548. 

Three-banded  form. 

Orthalicus  zebra  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiae  Malak.  i,  p.  61,  pi.  8, 
•f.  3,  4. — PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  p.  588. — MOUSSON  in  Malak.  Blatt.  xvi, 
1869,  p.  179. —  Orthalicus  ferussaci  form  B,  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex. 
und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v,  p.  21,  pi.  2,  f.  1  a-e,  2  a-d,  3  a,  b  (shells), 
pi.  9,  f.  12,  13,  pi.  10,  f.  3,  5,  pi.  11,  f.  6,  6  a  (anatomy).—  Ortalichus 
tricinctus  v.  MARTENS  in  part  (all  South  American  references  and 
localities),  Biologia,  p.  185  (1893). —  Orthalicus  melanochilus,  in  part 
(all  South  American  references  and  localities)  FISCHER  and  CROSSE, 
Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  458. 

The  literature  of  this  species  lias  been  almost  inextricably  confused 
with  that  relating  to  0.  ferussaci  and  its  form  tricincta.  The  large  ser- 
ies before  me  demonstrates  the  complete  intergradation  of  the  striped 
with  the  three-banded  and  Landless  forms,  and  fully  supports  Strebel's 
contention  that  these  are  only  extremes  of  a  variable  species,  against 
Dr.  von  Martens'  distribution  of  them  between  the  two  species  fer- 
ussaci and  tricincta. 

Numerous  specimens  before  me  from  Maracaibo  and  the  neighbor- 
ing island  of  loas  agree  with  Pfeiflfer's  types,  as  described  by  him 
and  redescribed  and  figured  by  Strebel  (pi.  29,  fig.  41,  type,  and  figs. 
40,  42  other  specimens  from  PfeifFer's  collection).  They  are  rather 
livid,  faded-out  shells,  though  in  quite  fresh  condition.  Sometimes 
there  are  no  bands  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  and  in  some  cases  there 
are  rather  broad  markings  on  the  spire,  bifurcate  above,  somewhat 
as  in  0.  princeps. 

There  also  occurs  at  Maracaibo  a  form  in  which  the  stripes  are 
broad  and  dark  bluish-brown  throughout,  the  surface  less  wrinkled 
and  less  interrupted  by  vicissitudes  of  growth  (pi.  29,  figs.  44,  45). 
Some  of  these  approach  0.  pulchella  var.  prototypus,  but  they  do  not 
have  the  brown  ground-color  of  that  form,  it  being  nearly  white.  A 
wholly  similar  form  occurs  at  Barcelona. 

Another  Maracaibo  specimen,  pi.  29,  fig.  46,  somewhat  simulates 
0.  pulchella,  having  numerous  thrice  angulated  flesh-colored  stripes 
on  a  warm,  pale,  flesh-white  ground. 

On  the  island  of  Margarita  an  ill-defined  form  occurs  (pi.  30,  fig. 
58)  with  very  concave  columella,  narrow  purple-brown  stripes  obso- 


140  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

lete  in  places  and  on  the  base,  on  a  dirty  flesh-tinted  ground,  and  no 
dark  varices,  though  of  rude,  frequently  arrested  growth.  The  lip, 
parietal  wall  and  apex  are  whitish. 

From  the  Rio  Hacha,  a  series  of  eight  specimens  is  before  me, 
some  of  which  are  figured,  pi.  30,  figs.  55,  56,  57.  They  vary  from 
the  typical  coloring  to  more  heavily-marked  forms,  and  through 
specimens  with  fainter  and  fainter  stripes,  to  a  white  form  with  no 
stripes,  a  chestnut  basal  band,  and  traces  of  a  peripheral  band.  The 
intergradation  is  quite  complete,  and  could  be  doubted  by  no  one  who 
saw  the  shells.  All  of  them  are  smaller  than  Maracaibo  specimens, 
an  average  one  measuring,  alt.  40,  diam.  23,  longest  axis  of  aper- 
ture 22  mill. 
Form  imitator  n.  PI.  30,  figs.  49,  50,  51,  52,  53,  54. 

From  near  Maracaibo  we  have  a  series  of  shells  (pi.  30,  figs.  49, 
50,  51,  52)  which  vary  from  (1)  slightly  yellowish-white,  absolutely 
bandless  and  with  no  stripes;  varices  none,  or  one  narrow  olive  line;, 
aperture  white  or  yellowish  inside,  the  apex,  lip  and  parietal  wall 
white,  to  (2)  one  to  three  banded  with  brown  or  purplish-brown  on 
a  white  or  flesh-tinted  ground,  varices,  lip  and  parietal  wall  dark,  apex 
dark  or  white,  or  (3)  in  addition  to  these  markings,  having  extremely 
faint  gray  or  brown  longitudinal  undulating  stripes,  apex  white  (fig, 
50).  Measurements  are  as  follows  : 

Alt.  52,  diam.  30J,  longest  axis  of  aperture  31  mill,  (albino). 

Alt.  51,  diam.  30,  longest  axis  of  aperture  29  mill.  (3-banded). 

The  young  (pi.  30,  fig.  52)  look  like  0.  ferussaci  tricincta,  but 
there  is  a  fourtli  (circum-columellar)  band  well  developed. 

Exactly  the  same  form  occurs  at  Barranguilla  (pi.  30,  figs.  53,  54), 
the  columella  in  these  being  either  rather  straight  and  stout,  and  the 
spire  without  markings,  or  the  columella  slighter  and  concave,  spire 
conspicuously  banded  ;  varixed,  and  with  a  chestnut  streak  behind 
the  varix. 

Besides  the  localities  mentioned  above,  this  form  has  been  collected 
at  Santa  Marta,  in  Colombia,  by  Grosskopf :  on  the  Magdalena  river, 
by  Wallis,  and  in  Ecuador  at  San  Juan  de  la  Costa,  by  Dr.  Reiss. 
It  occurs  almost  everywhere  with  the  striped  typical  form  of  the  spe- 
cies. Dr.  von  Martens  reports  it,  under  the  name  tricincta,  from  the 
Maranon  river,  Peru. 


OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN.  141 

Var.  SUBPULCHELLA  n.  v.     PI.  28,  figs.  38,  39. 

Small  and  rather  thin,  smooth,  showing  under  the  lens  fine,  dense, 
irregular,  wavy  or  anteriorly-descending  spiral  striation  with  occa- 
sional slight  malleation,  exactly  as  in  0.  princeps  and  its  allies. 
White,  with  rather  close,  fine  markings  of  longitudinal  undulating 
stripes,  and  three  interrupted  or  subcontinuous  spiral  bands,  the 
stripes  generally  split  above  the  upper  band,  as  in  many  specimens 
of  0.  pulchella  var.  prototypus ;  varices  narrow,  black  and  conspicuous, 
generally  2  or  3  on  the  last  whorl,  and  one  or  more  on  the  next  earlier; 
apex  black.  Aperture  conspicuously  striped  inside  ;  peristome  edged 
with  blackish  ;  parietal  callus  dark  chestnut,  rather  thin  ;  columella 
rather  straight,  and  white.  Whorls  5|. 

Alt.  34,  diam.  20,  longest  axis  of  aperture  20^  mill. 

Union  Island,  Grenadines  (C.  D.  Stewart). 

Paler  and  more  finely  marked  than  the  Trinidad  0.  undata,  and 
differing  conspicuously  from  all  forms  of  .that  species  in  the  fine 
sculpture.  It  lacks  the  yellow  or  brown  cuticle  of  0.  pulchella  and 
its  variety  prototypus.  It  seems  to  lie  on  the  debatable  borderland 
between  undata,  maracaibensis  and  pulchella. 

O.  FULVESCENS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  29,  figs.  47,  48. 

Pfeiffer's  type,  as  described  by  Strebel,-  is  a  thin  though  strong 
shell,  with  dirty  Isabella  tinted  ground-color,  becoming  lighter  toward 
the  apex,  darker  below,  the  embryonal  whorls  with  no  brown  dot; 
sometimes  spiral  bands  appear,  but  usually  only  narrow  brown-black 
varix-streaks,  light  bordered  in  front.  Whorls  6|.  The  peristome 
is  narrowly  dark-edged  outside,  the  dark  more  broadly  spreading 
inside  ;  the  parietal  callus  is  chestnut-brown,  and  the  interior  of  the 
aperture  brownish-purple-white.  The  sculpture  consists  of  incon- 
spicuous longitudinal  wrinkles,  a  slightly-developed  plication  at  the 
suture,  and  fine,  distinct  spiral  grooves.  The  white  columella  is  sin- 
uous and  stands  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  shell.  The  last  whorl  is 
distinctly  keeled  at  the  periphery. 

Alt.  51.1,  diam.  29.9,  aperture  25.3  mill.  (type). 

Alt.  42.3,  diam.  24.8,  aperture  22.2  mill.  (Rio  Hacha  specimen). 

Rio  Hacha,  Colombia  (Strebel). 

Bulimus  zebra  -y  PFR.,  Monogr.  Helic.  Viv.  ii,  p.  144. — B.  zebra 

var.,  PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  377,  pi.  22,  f.  11 Orthalicus  fulves- 

cens  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatter  iii,  p.  187  (1856);  Monogr.  iv,  p.  590 — 


142  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v,  p.  42,  pi.  6, 
f.  2  a-c. 

The  obtusely  angulated  periphery  of  the  last  whorl  and  distinct 
spiral  striae  seem  to  distinguish  this  form  from  those  varieties  of  0. 
maracaibensis  which  have  a  similar  "  griseo-fulvescens  "  color,  nar- 
row varices  with  clear  light  border,  and  three  bands  or  none.  The 
words  "  obsoletely  clouded  with  bluish  "  of  Pfeiffer's  diagnosis  should 
be  deleted,  as  that  appearance  is  due  to  the  dried  soft  parts,  accord- 
ing to  Strebel. 

A  young  specimen  with  the  type  in  Dohrn's  collection  has  three 
faint  but  distinct  spiral  bands.  Strebel's  specimens  were  received 
with  shells  from  the  Hacha  river,  and  in  all  probability  came  from 
that  place.  The  smaller  one  shows  some  faint  longitudinal  streaks 
on  the  third  and  fourth  whorls,  which  pass  into  spots  and  then  disap- 
pear farther  on.  The  larger  (fig.  48)  shows  a  narrow  peripheral 
band  of  light  chestnut  right  above  the  suture  on  the  fourth  and  fifth 
whorls,  fading  and  changing  to  a  whitish  band  on  the  last  whorl ;  the 
upper  band  appears  on  the  fourth  whorl,  is  white,  and  continues, 
though  indistinct,  to  the  aperture.  The  white  part  of  the  bands  is 
more  transparent  than  the  rest  of  the  shell. 

0.  ISABELLINA  (von  Martens).     PI.  31,  fig.  66. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  rather  thin,  very  lightly  striatulate,  plicatulate 
at  the  suture,  sculptured  with  very  close,  fine  spiral  lines ;  isabelline, 
with  pale  blackish  streaks  and  three  narrow  brown  bands,  generally 
frequently  interrupted,  and  with  a  few  brownish  varices.  Spire  conic, 
the  apex  brown  or  white ;  whorls  nearly  6,  a  little  convex,  the  last 
moderately  swollen.  Aperture  rather  oblique,  a  little  exceeding  half 
the  shell's  length,  rhombic-oval,  brownish  and  variegated  with  chest- 
nut inside ;  columella  straight,  thin,  white  ;  peristome  unexpanded, 
acute,  isabelline  or  pale  brownish ;  no  parietal  callus. 

Alt.  49,  diam.  23^,  length  of  aperture  21 J,  width  13  mill.  (Mts.) 
Peru,  forests  of  the  eastern  slope  of  the  inland  cordillera  (Tschudi). 

Bulimus  zebra  var.  6  TROSCHEL,  Archiv  fiir  Naturgeschichte  1852, 

1,  p.  195. —  Orthalicus  isabellinus  von  MARTENS,  Binnenmoll.  Vene- 
zuela's, in  Festschrift  Ges.  Naturforsch.  Freunde  Berlin,  p.  191,  pi. 
1,  f.  8  (1873).— PFR.,  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.  viii,  p.  263. 

Apparently  belongs  to  the  group  of  0.  ferussaci.  Dr.  von  Martens 
figures  a  smaller  specimen  than  his  measurements  indicate  as  the  size 


OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN.  143 

attained  by  the  species.  It  is  distinguished  from  most  of  the  closely 
allied  forms  of  the  0.  ferussaci  type  by  wanting  a  chestnut  parietal 
callus. 

O.  BIFULGURATA  (Reeve).     PI.  31,  figs.  59,  60,  61, 

Shell  jm perforate,  ovate-conic,  striate  and  minutely  decussated 
with  spiral  lines;  greenish-brown,  elegantly  decorated  with  pairs  of 
yellow  zigzag  lines.  Spire  convex-conic,  obtuse  ;  whorls  5J,  a  little 
convex,  the  last  somewhat  longer,  inflated,  somewhat  tapering  at 
base.  Aperture  a  little  oblique,  oval-oblong;  peristome  simple,  un- 
expanded ;  the  columella  rather  straight,  compressed,  white,  its  mar- 
gin a  little  reflexed  and  adnate. 

Alt.  57,  diam.  36,  longest  axis  of  aperture  33  mill. 

Alt.  50,  diam.  24,  longest  axis  of  aperture  28  mill. 

Andes  of  Colombia  (Reeve);  Pilaton  Valley,  Ecuador,  1000  meters 
alt.  (Wolf). 

Bulimus  lifulguratus  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  82,  f.  606  (Dec., 
1849).— PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  388.— HIGGINS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1872,  p.  687. 
—  Orthalicm  bifulguratus  SHUTTLE  WORTH,  Notitiae  Malacologies  i, 

p.  60 Zebra  bifulgurata  COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  xii,  p. 

198 Zebra  fulgur  MILLER,  Malak.  Blatter  xxv,  p.  186  (1878),  and 

(n.  F.)  i,  p.  201  (as  Orthalicus  fulgur),  pi.  6,  f.  1  «,  b.  Of.  DOHRN, 
Jahrb.  D.  M.  Ges.  vii,  p.  88. 

The  ventricose  form  and  elegant  coloration  are  characteristic.  Fig. 
61  is  the  synonymous  Z.  fulgur  of  Miller. 

O.  MARS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  53,  fig.  42. 

Shell  imperforate,  oblong-conic,  solid,  nearly  smooth  ;  flesh-colored, 
livid-clouded ;  spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse ;  suture  crenulated.  Whorls 
7,  moderately  convex,  the  middle  marbled  with  grayish-white,  the 
last  whorl  about  two-fifths  the  length  of  the  shell,  wrinkle-striated 
anteriorly.  Aperture  oblique,  oval,  pearly  white  in  the  interior; 
peristome  unexpanded,  obtuse,  black-bordered  inside,  the  termina- 
tions connected  by  an  entering  black  callus  ;  columella  black,  callous, 
twisted  and  folded.  Alt.  77,  diam.  35,  aperture  36  mill,  long,  21 
wide  (Pfr.). 

Ecuador  (Cuming  Coll.). 

Orthalicus  mars  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  p.  25,  pi.  2,  f.  8  ;  Malak. 
Blatter  1861,  p.  77  ;  Monogr.  vi,  p.  202. —  Corona  mars  COUSIN, 


144  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

Bull.  Soc.  Zoo\.  France  xii,  1887,  p.  193.— MILLER,  Malak.  Bl.  xxv, 
p.  185,  1878. 

Known  only  by  the  description  and  figure  given  by  Pfeiffer.  The 
folded  columella  apparently  separates  this  species  from  0.  ponderosa 
and  0.  decolor,  which  are  extremely  similar  in  form  and  coloration. 
See  pp.  130,  131. 

O.  VARIA  (von  Martens).     PI.  32,  figs.  69-77. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  rather  thin  but  solid,  the  surface  slightly  glossy, 
with  slight,  fine  growth -wrinkles  but  no  spiral  slrice  or  only  faint  stri- 
ation  in  places;  ground-color  whitish,  light  yellow,  light  olivaceous- 
brown  or  pink,  generally  marked  with  several  narrow  interrupted 
blackish-brown  or  purple-brown  girdles,  and  numerous  narrow  longi- 
tudinal stripes  above  the  upper  girdle,  and  often  irregular  streaks  or 
blotches  over  the  rest  cf  the  last  whorl ;  usually  several  blackish 
varices  on  the  last  whorl,  sometimes  wanting  or  pale.  Spire  long, 
the  apex  obtuse,  whitish.  Whorls  6|— 7,  convex. 

Aperture  small,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  shell,  somewhat  oblique, 
whitish,  variously  marked  within  ;  peristome  thin  and  acute,  narrowly 
dark-edged ;  columella  convex,  twisted,  its  edge  white,  in  old  speci- 
mens calloused ;  parietal  wall  dark  chestnut  or  blackish,  rarely 
colorless. 

Alt.  45,  diam.  22-^,  length  of  aperture  23  mill. 

Alt.  42^,  diam.  23,  length  of  aperture  22-J  mill. 

Alt.  43,  diam.  21^,  length  of  aperture  21|  mill. 

Venezuela:  Angostura  (Gruner,  Blume);  Caracas  (Ernst,  Salle); 
British  Guiana:  Demerara  (Cuming  coll.) 

Bulimus  phlogerus  PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  145  (exclusive  of  syn- 
onymy); Conchyl.  Cab.,  Bulimus,  p.  196,  pi.  47,  f.  7,  8  (?) Orthal- 

icus  phlogerus  var.  /3  and  y,  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiae  Malak.  i,  pp. 
65,  89,  pi.  4,  f.  1,  2 — SEMPER,  Reisen  im  Archip.  Phil.,  Landmoll., 
p.  248,  pi.  15,  f.  2  (genitalia). —  Orthalicus  varius  \\  MARTENS,  Bin- 
nenmoll.  Venez.,  p.  34,  in  Festschr.  Feier  100-jahrigen  Bestehens 
Ges.  Naturforsch.  Freunde  zu  Berlin,  p.  190,  pi.  1,  f.  4a,  4b  (1873). 
PFR.,  Monogr.  viii,  p.  264 — Achatina  flogera  POTIEZ  &  MICHAUD, 
Galerie  i,  p.  127,  pi.  12,  f.  1,  2  (young  shells). 

Extremely  variable  in  coloring,  yet  readily  distinguished  from  all 
other  species  of  the  same  region  by  its  elongated  form  and  small  aper- 
ture. It  is  allied  to  0.  phlogera  and  0.  bensoni.  The  latter  is 


OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN.  145 

readily  distinguished  by  its  granulose  surface,  being  scored  by  distinct 
spiral  stride  cutting  the  growth-wrinkles  into  granules.  0.  phlogera 
is  more  allied  in  its  smooth  surface,  but  the  black  columella  and  de- 
tails of  coloration,  the  narrower  mouth  and  more  oblong  last  whorl, 
probably  indicate  specific  distinction,  in  view  of  the  widely  separated 
habitats.  The  principal  color-forms  are  : 

1.  Uniform  flesh-pink,  varices  light  brown,  parietal  callus  trans- 
parent (fig.  74). 

2.  Yellow  below,  pink  above,  with  a  peripheral  girdle  of  purple- 
brown  spots,  a  narrow  interrupted  line  above,  and   narrow  streaks 
below  the  suture  (fig.  75).    • 

3.  Brown  or  olive-brown,  like  the  last  or  wanting  the  peripheral 
girdle  (figs.  76,  77). 

4.  Variously  and  elaborately  striped  and  streaked  or  blotched  on  a 
yellow  or  whitish  ground  (figs.  69,  70,  71). 

Some  specimens  labelled  "  Brazil "  are  in  the  series  of  the  Acad- 
emy. 

Semper  found  the  accessory  gland  of  the  penis  wanting  in.  this 
species. 

Drouet's  Bulimus  zebra  (Moll.  terr.  et  d'eau  douce  de  la  Guyane 
Fran9aise,  p.  66,  pi.  4,  f.  48,  49)  is  evidently  something  of  the  nature 
of  0.  varia  or  0.  bensoni,  but  I  cannot  reconcile  his  figures  with 
either.  Perhaps  we  have  here  to  deal  with  another  and  still  unde- 
fined species.  It  is  from  around  Cayenne,  the  forest  of  Rouza,  and 
Oyapoc,  French  Guiana.  The  "  variete  "  figured  does  not  look  much 
like  the  k'  type." 

0.  PHLOGERA  (Orbigny).     PI.  32,  figs.  67,  68. 

Shell  elongated,  quite  thin,  smooth  ;  spire  long,  perceptibly  swollen, 
the  apex  obtuse,  black  ;  composed  of  7  slightly  convex  whorls  ;  aper- 
ture oval,  quite  wide,  the  lip  thin,  acute  ;  columella  twisted,  blackish, 
subtruncate  in  the  young,  rounded  in  adults.  Colors  :  general  tint 
whitish  or  purplish,  paler  on  the  last  whorl  ;  ornamented  from  place 
to  place  with  large  longitudinal  brown  stripes,  especially  on  the  last 
whorl  ;  a  wide  band  formed  of  dark  purple-brown  spots  interrupted 
and  flamed,  appears  around  the  middle  of  the  last  whorl  and  the 
upper  portion  of  the  others,  bounded  above  and  below  by  a  blackish 
interrupted  line  ;  the  other  portion  is  marked  with  little  longitudinal 
bands,  equally  spaced,  of  a  purple-brown  color ;  the  summit  is  con- 
10 


146  OXYSTTLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

stantly  black-brown,  and  this  dark  shade  colors  the  right  margin  of 
the  lip  and  the  whole  columella.  Alt.  .55,  diam.  24  mill. 

Around  the  Missions  of  San  Xavier  and  Concepcion,  Prov.  Chiqui- 
tos,  Bolivia  (Orb.). 

Helix  phJogera  ORB.,  Mag.  de  Zool.  1835,  p.  8. — Bulimus  phlogerus 
ORB.,  Voy.  dans  1'AmeV.  Merid.  p.  257,  pi.  29,  f.  6,  7.— PFR.,  Monogr. 
ii,  p.  145  (part). —  Orthalicus phlogerus  BECK,  Index,  p.  59. — Acha- 
tina  phlogera  PFR.,  Symbolae  ii,  p.  134. 

Orbigny's  description,  from  which  the  above  is  taken,  does  not 
tally  very  well  with  his  figures  of  this  species.  It  is  evidently  allied 
to  0.  bensoni  Rve.,  a  larger  and  granulose  species,  occurring  in  a 
moister  and  more  tropical  region.  The  smaller  size  of  0.  phlogera, 
the  less  developed  color-pattern  on  the  last  whorl  as  compared  with 
0.  bensonij  and  the  broad  variceal  streaks,  are  all  attributable  to  the 
sparsely  w7ooded  and  dry  character  of  the  region  it  inhabits. 

O.  PFEIFFERI  (Hidalgo).     PI.  55,  figs.  48,  49,  50. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  rather  solid,  smooth,  little  shining ;  whitish- 
violaceous,  very  closely  painted  with  longitudinal  somewhat  waved 
brown  lines,  and  wide  straight  (variceal)  streaks  at  irregular  dis- 
tances, each  composed  of  a  white  and  a  brown  streak  ;  covered  with 
an  olivaceous  cuticle.  Spire  long-conic,  the  apex  tawny,  rather  ob- 
tuse ;  suture  simple  or  lightly  plicate.  Whorls  7-8,  nearly  flat, 
widening  at  a  moderate  rate,  the  last  not  descending  in  front,  slightly 
angular  at  its  origin,  somewhat  tapering  below. 

Aperture  oblong-semioval,  three  sevenths  the  length  of  the  shell, 
dull  white  or  brown  inside;  peristome  simple,  acute,  broadly  black- 
bordered  inside,  the  margins  joined  by  a  blackish  entering  callus; 
columella  a  little  twisted,  rather  straight,  black,  covered  inside  with 
a  thick  whitish  callus.  (Hid.) 

Alt.  52,  diam.  23  mill. 

Canelos,  Ecuador  (Martinez). 

Orthalicus  pfeifferi  HID.,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1869,  p.  41;  Catal. 
Coq.  Am.  Merid.,  p.  39  (in  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1870),  pi.  6,  f.  8  ; 
Viaje  al  Pacifico,  Moluscos,  p.  135,  pi.  8,  f.  3,  4. — PFR.,  Monogr.  viii, 
p.  261 Zebra  pfeifferi  MILLER,  Mai.  Blatt.  1878,  xxv,  p.  186. 

The  longer  spire,  flatter  whorls,  structure  of  the  columella  and  sys- 
tem of  coloration,  are  the  characters  separating  this  species  from  0. 
phJogera  Orb. 


OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN.  147 

There  are  sixty  longitudinal  lines  on  the  last,  51  on  the  penulti- 
mate whorl  in  the  type  specimen  in  the  collection  of  Sr.  Paz.  In  one 
in  the  Madrid  Museum  there  is  a  whitish  zone  in  the  middle  of  the 
last  whorl,  interrupting  most  of  the  longitudinal  stripes  (fig.  50). 

O.  MACANDREWI  (Sowerby).     PI.  41,  fig.  5. 

Shell  elongated  ;  grayish-fulvous,  streaked  and  zoned  with  brownr 
here  and  there  radiated  with  black.  Apex  a  little  obtuse,  grayish- 
lilac.  Whorls  8J,  regularly  increasing,  a  little  convex,  longitudinally 
lightly  striated,  separated  by  impressed  sutures,  spirally  marked  with 
three  slightly  conspicuous,  brown  and  white  articulated  lines,  vanish- 
ing on  the  whorls  after  the  penultimate  one  ;  the  last  whorl  about  as 
long  as  the  spire,  roundly  convex,  with  a  grayish-fulvous  zone  above, 
brown  ones  at  the  middle  and  beneath  ;  columella  nearly  straight, 
rather  thin,  grayish-lilac  within,  black  outside.  Aperture  semioval, 
lilac  within  ;  peristome  simple,  hardly  reflexed,  slightly  thickened, 
black-edged  ;  columellar  margin  covered  with  a  wide  black  callus 
spreading  inward.  Alt.  70,  diam.  30  mill.;  aperture  28  mill,  long, 
16  wide  (Sowerby). 

San  Diego  de  Cou,  Peru. 

Orthalicus  MacAndrewi  Sows.,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  London  xx, 
Zoology,  p.  399,  pi.  25,  f.  18  (December  31,  1889). 

u  This  species,  of  which  I  have  seen  only  a  single  specimen,  is 
similar  in  form  to  0.  bensoni,  but  it  has  no  spiral  sculpture,  and  the 
coloring  consists  principally  of  light  brown  zones  with  a  few  longitu- 
dinal streaks  of  brown  and  black.  The  articulated  painting  is  very 
slight,  and  is  only  to  be  seen  on  the  upper  whorls."  (Sowb.) 

O.  BENSONI  (Reeve).     PI.  31,  figs.  62,  63,  64,  65. 

Shell  acuminate-oval,  moderately  solid,  purplish  or  fleshy-white, 
usually  covered  with  a  greenish-yellow  cuticle,  and  varied  with 
numerous  narrow  longitudinal  purple-brown  stripes  fading  at  their 
edges,  or  fewer  wide  stripes,  and  encircled  by  three  narrow  girdles  of 
purple-brown  oblong  or  arrow-shaped  spots  alternating  with  shorter 
cream-white  intervals,  the  basal  girdle  less  distinct,  the  median  and 
upper  ones  ascending  the  spire  ;  one  variceal  streak  or  none.  Surface 
scarcely  shining,  with  close  and  rather  irregular  wrinkles  of  growth, 
decussated  and  rendered  granose  by  fine,  close,  deeply- cut  spiral  strife. 
Spire  long,  a  little  contracted  near  the  obtuse  apex ;  whorls  7£  to  8, 


148  OXYSTYLA,  SOUTH    AMERICAN. 

the  first  one  black-tipped,  nearly  planorboid,  the  earlier  two  or  three 
smooth  except  for  short  low  folds  just  above  the  suture,  the  following 
whorls  moderately  convex. 

Aperture  somewhat  oblique,  rather  small,  purple-tinted,  white  in- 
side; peristome  simple,  broadly  bordered  with  purple-brown  inside 
and  out,  columella  subvertical,  rather  long,  slightly  convex,  or  some- 
what calloused,  white  or  dark  chestnut  colored ;  parietal  callus 
chestnut. 

Alt.  62,  diam.  30,  longest  axis  of  aperture  27^  mill,  (specimen). 

Alt.  85,  diam.  40  mill.  (Crosse). 

Banks  of  the  Amazon  (Reeve);  Upper  Amazon  (Orton);  Mission 
of  Sarayacu,  Peru  (Castelnau);  Napo,  Ecuador  (Martinez). 

Bulimus  (  Orthalicus)  adamsoni  (Gray),  BECK,  Index,  p.  60  (1837). 
— Helix  (Cochlitoma)  regina  var.  P  minor,  FERUSSAC  Tabl.  p.  49; 
Histoire,  pi.  119,  f.  1,  2. — Bulimus  bensoni  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi. 

78,  f.  571  (Sept.,  1849) PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  388;  viii,  p.  261; 

Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  75,  pi.  21,  f.  1. — HUPE  in  Castelnau's  Exped.,  p. 
31. —  Orthalicus  bensoni  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiae  Mai.  p.  60,  pi.  4, 

f.  3,  4,  5.—CHENU,  111.  Conch,  i,  p.  439,  f.  3225 HIDALGO,  Journ. 

de  Conchyl.  1870,  p.  64 ;  Viaje  al  Pacifico,  Mol.,  p.  133,  pi.  7,  f.  13. 
— -CROSSE,  Journ.de  Conchyl.  1871,  p.  318. — Zebra  bensoni  MILLER, 
Malak.  Blatter  xxv,  p.  186 — COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  xii, 
p.  198. 

The  long  spire  with  large,  rather  mammillar  apex,  the  three  articu- 
lated girdles,  and  the  fine  but  strong  decussation  of  the  surface  are 
characteristic.  There  is  a  single  variceal  purple-brown  streak  on  the 
penultimate  whorl  of  the  specimen  drawn  in  fig.  62;  one  of  Shuttle- 
worth's  illustrations  shows  a  similar  stripe,  and  F£russac's  shell  has 
one.  The  pattern  varies,  some  specimens  having  narrow,  others 
wide  stripes,  and  the  greenish-yellow  cuticle  of  some  shells  is  largely 
wanting,  or  very  thin  and  pale  yellow  below  on  other  specimens, 
otherwise  in  good  condition.  The  large  specimen  from  Napo  (length 
80,  not  85  mill.),  commented  on  by  Hidalgo  (fig.  65)  has  "a  callos- 
ity superimposed  upon  the  columella,  as  in  0.  regina,  and  due  with- 
out any  doubt  to  advancing  age."  This  group  of  Oxystyla  certainly 
approaches  Corona  in  the  convex  form  of  the  columella. 

This  species  was  noticed  first  by  Ferussac,  who  considered  it  a 
small  form  of  his  H.  regina,  and  figured  it  on  the  plate  of  that  spe- 
cies. Beck,  in  1837,  gives  the  name  "0.  adamsoni  (Gray)  B."  to 


PORPHYROBAPIIE.  149 

these  figures,  referring  to  Ferussac's  plate  ;  and  as  a  synonym  he 
quotes  "Achatina  adamsonii  Gray!  Gray,  Sp.  Z.  fasc.  2,  f.  4,  5." 
No  such  species  occurs  in  either  the  text  or  plates  of  our  copy  of 
Gray's  u  Spicilegia  Zoologica,"  which  is  evidently  the  work  referred 
to;  but  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  for  1833,  Gray 
described  a  Bulinus  adamsonii,  which  is  a  species  of  the  subgenus 
Metorthalicus. 

Fig.  64  represents  Reeve's  type. 

It  is  a  species  of  the  Upper  Amazon  region,  and  the  localities 
"  Guiana  "  and  "  Pernambuco,"  cited  by  some  authors,  require  con- 
firmation. Ferussac  gives  *'  Cayenne  "  as  the  locality. 

Genus  PORPHYROBAPHE  Shuttleworth,  1856. 

Porphyrobaphe  (in  part)  SHUTTL.,  Notitiae  Malacol.  i,  pp.  69,  70 
(for  adamsoni,  iostoma,  kelletii,  latevittata,  labeo,  irrorata] — VON 
MARTENS  in  Albers,  Die  Hel.  edit.  2,  p.  227,  type  0.  iostomus  Sow. 
(1860);  and  of  many  recent  authors — BORUS,  in  part,  of  MORCH, 
Catal.  Yoldi,  1852,  p.  27,  and  of  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll, 
ii,  p.  148. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-conic,  solid,  with  about  2J  smooth  apical 
whorls ;  aperture  ovate,  rather  large,  with  the  lip  reflexed,  expanded, 
or  merely  blunt  and  somewhat  thick. 

Jaw,  dentition,  central  nervous  system  and  genitalia  (of  P.  iostoma) 
similar  to  those  of  Oxystyla,  except  that  the  penis  is  shorter  and  the 
spermatheca  is  larger  with  shorter  duct.  The  penis  bears  a  lobed 
appendix  as  in  Oxystyla. 

Type,  B.  ioftoma  Sowb.  Distribution,  northwestern  Peru,  to 
Colombia. 

The  only  difference  of  much  importance  between  Porphyrobaphe 
and  Oxystyla  is  in  the  peristome,  which  is  thick  and  blunt  or  reflexed 
in  the  former,  thin  and  acute  in  the  latter  group.  This  is  hardly  of 
itself  sufficient  ground  for  generic  separation  ;  but  as  the  name  has 
already  come  into  general  use,  and  the  soft  anatomy  may,  when  more 
fully  examined,  show  other  differences,  it  is  probably  best  to  adopt 
the  group  as  of  generic  value.  It  differs  from  Orthalicus  proper  and 
from  Metorthalicus  in  the  smooth,  not  pitted,  embryonic  shell. 

Key  to  Species  of  Porphyrobaphe. 
[P.  integer  is  not  included  in  this  table. J 


150  PORPHYROBAPHE. 

a.  Lip  blunt,  not  expanded  or  reflexed,  brown  or  white,  the  colu- 
mella  and  parietal  callus  pale  ;  profusely  mottled,  and  with 
several  pale  bands;  finely  decussated.  dennisoni,  p.  158. 

a1.  Lip  expanded  or  reflexed,  at  least  below. 

b.  Parietal  wall  blackish  brown  ;  lip  usually  colored  ;  spiral 
striation  when  present  rather  finer  than  the  longitudinal 
wrinkling. 

c.   Lip  and  columella  purple ;  surface  ashen  or  brown, 
usually  mottled  or  dappled.  iostoma,  p.  150. 

c1.  Lip  and   columella    blackish  ;    surface    striped    and 
black-varixed  on  a  light  ground.        saturnus,  p.  153. 
bl.  Parietal  callus  white  or  bluish  ;    spiral  striae  separated, 
irregularly  cutting  the  surface  wrinkles  into  long  gran- 
ules ;  spire  rather  attenuated  above. 
c.   Base  rounded. 

d.  Columella  folded,  lip  yellow  or  pinkish,  shell 
purplish  brown  with  light  spots,  sometimes 
yellowish.  irroratus,  p.  155. 

dl.  Columella  hardly  folded  ;  peristome  and  pari- 
etal callus  white ;  yellow,  with  some  brown 
streaks  and  spots.  grevillei,  p.  156. 

c1.  Base  strongly  carinated  ;  lip  brown  or  white,  pari- 
etal callus  white.  tm,  p.  157. 

GROUP  OF  P.  IOSTOMA. 

P.  IOSTOMA  (Sowerby).     PI.  49,  figs.  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  solid,  varying  from  rather  thin  to  thick.  Color 
(1)  pale  brownish  or  pink  tinted,  almost  uniform  or  faintly  mottled 
with  purplish  flesh-tint,  or  (2)  creamy  or  light  brown  copiously  strewn 
with  dark  brown  or  purplish-brown  oblong  spots,  the  spire  with 
ragged  or  zigzag  brown  streaks,  or  (3)  rarely  pure  white  ;  frequently 
marked  with  a  few  dark  variceal  streaks.  Surface  dull  or  somewhat 
glossy,  with  coarse,  usually  irregular  growth-wrinkles,  more  or  less 
strongly  plicatulate  below  the  sutures,  sometimes  with  a  projecting 
varix  or  two  on  the  last  whorl;  a  lens  often  showing  close,  fine,  spiral 
striation  on  the  spire,  or  in  smoother,  thin-lipped  shells,  finely  striated 
spirally  throughout.  Apex  obtuse,  the  earlier  2-J  whorls  forming  the 
smooth  nepionic  shell.  Whorls  5^  to  6,  convex,  the  last  well  rounded. 

Aperture  ovate,   white  within   (sometimes  showing  the  external 


PORPHYROBAPHE.  151 

spots),  slightly  oblique ;  peristome  somewhat  thickened,  or  very 
heavily  thickened  and  built  forward,  of  a  rich  purple  color;  columella 
with  a  moderate  white  fold  above  ;  parietal  wall  with  a  thick  dark 
chestnut  callus,  sometimes  purple-edged. 

Alt.  2f,  diam.  1£  inch  (Sowerby). 

Alt.  60,  diam.  35  mill,  (typical  form). 

Alt.  66,  diam.  37  mill.  )  ,.,  , 

v  var.  bilabratus. 
Alt.  54,  diam.  31  mill,  j 

N.-W.  Peru:  Lechugal,  near  Tumbez  (Stolzmann);  Western 
Ecuador:  Prov.  del  Oro,  at  Chacras,  on  the  Rio  Zarumilla  (Wolf), 
Santa  Rosa  (Dohrn) ;  Prov.  Guayas  at  Puna  Island  (Martinez), 
Guayaquil  (Fontaine,  Paz  and  others),  Colonche  (Wolf);  Prov. 
Manabi  at  Portoviego  (Cousin),  Montechristi  (Lehmann),  Island  of 
Plata  (Cuming,  Wolf);  Prov.  Esmeraldas  at  Esmeraldas  (Lehmann), 
a  small  form.  Andean  region  in  the  Pilaton  Valley,  Prov.  Pichincha, 
at  1000  meters  alt.  (Boetzkes),  and  Macas  in  the  Amazonian  drain- 
age, Prov.  Chimborazo  (Martinez). 

Bulimus  iostoma  SOWERBY,  Zoological  Journal  i,  p.  58,  pi.  5.  f. 

1  (1824) DUNKER,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  379 — 

Pachyotis  iostoma  BECK,  Index  Moll.  p.  56  (1837).— Bulimus  yos- 
tomus  VILLA,  Dispositio  Syst.  p.  20. — Bulimus iostomus  PFR.,  Monogr. 
Hel.  Viv.  ii,  p.  29  ;  iii,  307  ;  iv,  370  ;  vi,  14 ;  viii,  22  ;  Conchyl.  Cab. 
p.  190,  pi.  56,  f.  1,  2. — HIDALGO,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1870,  p.  44; 
Viaje  al  Pacifico,  p.  60,  pi.  5,  f.  7,  8. — Bulimus  (Borus)  iostoma 
ALBERS,  Die  Hel.,  1850,  p.  142. —  Orthalicus  {Porphyrobaphe)  iosto- 
mus  MARTENS  in  Alb.,  Die  Hel.  (2),  p.  227  (1860). — REIBISCH, 
Sitzungsber.  u.  Abhandl.  Nat.  Ges.  Isis,  1896,  p.  58  (1837).— Buli- 
mus  (Porphyrobaphe)  iostomus  Sow.,  LUBOMIRSKI,  P.  Z.  S.,  1879, 

p.  721 Porphyrobaphe  iostoma  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitia3  Malak.  i, 

p.  70  (1856) MILLER,  Malak.  Blatter  xxv,  p.  184  (1878) 

DOHRN,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  110  (variation). — 
KOBELT,  Illustr.  Conchylienbuch,  pi.  82,  f.  12. — Porphyrobaphe  ios- 
tomus COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  de  France  xii,  1887,  p.  202.—  Conf. 
FISCHER,  Exped.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll,  i,  p.  433  (brief  account  of 
anatomy). — Porphyrobaphe  jostomus  P^ETEL,  Catal.,  p.  99. 

Bulimus  phasianella  VALENCIENNES  in  Humboldt  &  Bonpland's 
Rec.  d'  Obs.  Zool.  ii,  p.  244,  pi.  55,  f.  4  (1833).— DESHAYES  in  Fer., 
Histoire  ii,  p,  24,  pi.  143,  f.  1-3. — Bulimus  phasianellus  DESH.  in 
Lam.,  Anim.  s.  Vert,  viii,  p.  259. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  15,  f. 


152  PORPHYROBAPHE. 

88  (1848) — ORBIGNY,  Voy.  dans  1'  Amer.  Merid.,  Moll.,  p.  295.— 
Helix  (Cochlostyla)  phasianella  FER.,  Tabl.  System,  p.  48,  no.  336 
(nude  name). — ORB.,  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1835,  p.  7. 

The  well  authenticated  range  of  this  species  extends  from  extreme 
N.-W.  Peru,  and  the  neighborhood  of  the  bay  of  Guayaquil,  to  Es- 
meraldas  in  N.-W.  Ecuador,  including  the  island  of  Plata.  It  thus 
inhabits  both  the  arid  coast  region  and  the  moister  tract  of  low  moun- 
tains and  coast,  chiefly  of  tertiary  or  later  age,  though  also  ascending 
the  Pilaton  valley  to  1000  meters  above  the  sea.  There  i«  no  evidence 
of  its  occurrence  in  Chili,  the  old  citations  being  either  erroneous  or 
based  upon  former  temporary  political  boundaries.  With  one  excep- 
tion, all  of  the  localities  are  in  the  Pacific  drainage,  Macas  being  the 
sole  place  east  of  the  main  chain  of  the  Andes  whence  it  has  been 
reported. 

Cuming  found  it  clinging  to  trees  on  the  island  of  Plata,  and  in 
such  profusion  that  they  looked  as  if  laden  with  fruit.  This  is  con- 
firmed by  Dr.  Wolf.  Others  have  reported  it  from  inside  hollow  logs, 
gregarious  and  in  copious  numbers.  In  consequence,  the;  shell  is 
abundant  in  collections,  though  a  sufficient  account  of  the  anatomy  is 
still  to  be  supplied. 

Sowerby's  original  account,  and  all  of  the  published  figures,  per- 
tain to  the  form  with  only  moderately  thickened  lip  and  spirally 
striated  last  whorl.  The  spirals  are  sometimes  very  close,  regular, 
and  though  minute,  still  strong,  especially  on  the  heavily  mottled 
shells.  The  color  varies  from  creamy  brownish,  paler  above,  to  brown 
and  copiously  mottled  ;  and  there  is  often  a  pale  band  a  little  way 
below  the  suture. 

Nine  specimens  in  the  series  before  me  differ  in  having  the  spiral 
striation  obsolete  on  the  last  whorl,  and  the  lip  and  columellar  margin 
greatly  thickened  and  built  forward  beyond  the  reflection  (pi.  50, 
figs.  26,  27).  This  form  may  be  called  var.  bilabratus.  It  is  lustre- 
less, without  conspicuous  spots. 

Var.  bilabratus  attains  a  larger  size  than  the  typical  form,  one  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Wolf  measuring  82  mill.  long.  The  tendency  to  form 
a  second  or  third  expanded  lip,  leaving  the  former  peristomes  pro- 
jecting as  varices,  is  more  usual  than  in  thinner  shells. 

Hidalgo,  Dohrn  and  Reibisch  have  discussed  the  variations  of  P. 
iostoma,  but  only  the  latter  author  notices  the  oblong,  thick-lipped 
form.  Dohrn  has  called  attention  to  the  relationship  existing  between 


PORPHYROBAPHE.  153 

iostoma  and  saturnus,  Both  have  strongly  defined  varices  indicating 
periodical  growth  and  rest  periods,  and  in  both  the  color  and  sculp- 
ture usually  change  a  little  at  each  varix.  P.  saturnus  shows  more 
clearly  than  iostoma  the  close  relationship  to  Oxystyla  in  its  colora- 
tion of  waved  stripes. 

The  young  of  P.  iostoma  (pi.  49,  fig.  18)  are  exactly  like  Oxystyla 
in  form,  the  columella  being  slender  and  straight,  the  outer  lip  thin, 
and  the  apex,  of  course,  smooth. 

The  jaw  and  teeth  are  similar  to  those  of  the  Mexican  u  Orthali- 
cus,"  according  to  Fischer. 

P.  INTEGER  (Pfeiffer).      Unjigured. 

Shell  imperforate,  solid,  obliquely  irregularly  rugulate,  spirally 
sulcate  (the  interstices  closely  arcuate-lineolate),  flesh  colored, 
painted  with  gray-brown  streaks  and  flammules.  Spire  elongated- 
conic,  rather  obtuse  ;  suture  crenulated.  Whorls  7^,  a  little  convex, 
the  last  a  little  shorter  than  the  spire  ;  columella  grayish-lilac,  cylin- 
drical, somewhat  twisted,  arcuately  passing  into  the  peristome. 

Aperture    nearly    vertical,     truncate-oval;    peristome    somewhat 

thickened,   narrowly   expanded,   the   columellar   margin    subdilated, 

adnate.     Alt.  82,  diam.  39  ;  aperture,  alt.  40,  width  22  mill.     (Pfr.). 

Province  of  Quito,  Ecuador  (Ida  Pfeiflfer)., 

Bulimus  integer  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1855,  p.  114;  Monogr.  iv.  p.  369; 
vi,  13. — Bulimus  (Dryptus)  integer  MARTENS  in  Albers,  Die  Hel. 
Edit.  2,  p.  194. 

Variety:  Shell  generally  unicolored  fleshy-gray;  whorls  6^,  colu- 
mella more  twisted.  Alt.  65,  diam.  31 ;  aperture  alt.  34,  width  17 
mill.  (Pfr.) 

An  unfigured  shell,  the  systematic  position  of  which  is  not  certain. 
Miller  (Malak  Blatter  xxv.  184)  thinks  integer  specifically  identical 
with  P.  iostoma,  but  I  would  hardly  agree  with  this  opinion,  judging 
from  the  description  alone. 
P.  SATURNUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  50,  figs.  23,  24,  25. 

Shell  ovate-conic  or  oblong-conic,  solid.  Pale  lilac  under  a  thin 
yellowish  olive  cuticle,  usually  in  part  lost,  or  remaining  in  spiral  hair- 
lines, the  spire  with  three  earlier  whorls  uniform  yellowish-corneous, 
the  next  whorl  wjth  a  series  of  brown  spots'  below  the  suture,  penulti- 
mate and  next  earlier  whorls  with  numerous  waved  brown  stripes  on  a 
yellowish  ground,  these  stripes  sometimes  continuing  on  the  last  whorl, 


154  PORPHYROBAPHE. 

sometimes  almost  obsolete  there  ;  three  or  four  broad  blackish  varices 
appearing  on  the  penultimate  and  last  whorls.  Surface  slightly  glossy, 
with  rather  strong,  fold-like  striae  on  the  spire,  the  last  whorl  smoother, 
with  a  plicate  band  below  the  suture,  and  decussated  with  irregular 
spiral  grooves.  Whorls  6,  the  earlier  2^  smooth,  forming  the  nepi- 
onic  shell ;  last  whorl  convex,  sometimes  ridged  at  the  varices  ;  apex 
obtuse. 

Aperture  somewhat  oblique,  ovate,  pure  white  within;  peristome 
black,  thick,  somewhat  reflexed  ;  columella  slightly  folded,  nearly 
straight,  mainly  black  ;  a  black  parietal  callus  deeply  entering  the 
aperture. 

Alt.  70,  diam.  38,  longest  axis  of  aperture  39  mill. 

Pallatanga  Ecuador  (Fraser). 

Bulimus  saturanus  (error  for  saturnus)  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  p.  136. 
— B.  satuanus  (error  for  saturnus)  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1860,  Mollusca, 
pi.  51,  f.  6. — Bulimus  saturnus  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatter,  viii,  1861,  p. 
11;  Monogr.  vi,  p.  14. — Porphyrobaphe  saturnus  DOHRN,  Jahrb. 
D.  M.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  111. 

I  have  below  reproduced  Pfeiffer's  description  because  his  type 
(fig.  25)  was  much  more  copiously  striped  than  any  of  the  specimens 
I  have  seen.  The  "  lilac-flesh  "  ground  color  is  concealed  in  good 
specimens  by  a  thin  yellowish-olive  cuticle,  which  is  easily  rubbed 
off,  and  remains  chiefly  in  the  grooves  of  the  spiral  and  growth  striae, 
usually  as  fine  spiral  capillary  lines.  The  varices  are  black  and  con- 
spicuous, usually  three  in  number,  one  being  on  the  penultimate,  the 
others  on  the  last  whorl.  The  columella  becomes  bluish-white  towards 
its  insertion.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  size,  the  smallest 
specimens  I  have  seen  being  about  60  mill,  long,  while  Dohrn  men- 
tions one  measuring  alt.  82,  diam.  33,  length  of  aperture  41  mill. 
Pfeiffer's  original  description  is  as  follows : 

Shell  imperforate,  somewhat  fusiform  oblong,  solid;  of  a  lilac-flesh 
tint  flamed  with  brown.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  acute,  white. 
Whorls  6J,  the  upper  smooth,  the  rest  obliquely  striated,  last  whorl 
smoother,  having  several  wide  blackish  varices,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  spire,  tapering  at  the  base.  Columella  thick,  twisted,  black. 

Aperture  subvertical,  acuminate,  oblong;  peristome  black,  nar- 
rowly reflexed,  the  margins  joined  by  a  black  callus. 

Alt.  76,  diam.  33,  aperture  including  peristome  38  mill.  long. 


PORPHYROBAPHE.  155 

GROUP  OF  P.  IRRORATUS. 

P.  IRRORATUS  (Reeve).     PL  52,  figs.  33-37. 

Shell  imperforate,  conic-ovate,  solid ;  spirally  sulcate  and  closely 
striated  longitudinally,  but  little  shining.  Greenish-fulvous,  with 
irregularly-scattered  fulvous  and  chestnut  spots  [or  "reddish-purple, 
last  whorl  covered  with  a  pale  ash  epidermis,  sprinkled  with  brown- 
shaded  fulvous  white  spots."]  Spire  conic,  attenuated  below  the 
obtuse,  reddish-corneous  apex.  Whorls  6,  a  little  convex,  more 
strongly  plicate  below  the  sutures,  the  last  whorl  ventricose,  longer 
than  the  spire,  with  rounded  base. 

Aperture  slightly  oblique,  oval,  blue  within  ;  peristome  expanded, 
thickened  and  reflexed,  orange-colored  or  roseate  [or  buff],  the  mar- 
gins joined  by  a  thick,  white  or  orange  callus,  right  margin  regularly 
arcuate  ;  columella  somewhat  folded  above,  white  or  reddish,  the 
columellar  margin  reflexed  and  adnate  (Pfr.). 

Alt.  64,  diam.  38,  longest  axis  of  aperture  40^  mill,  (specimen). 

Alt.  77,  diam.  39,  longest  axis  of  aperture  43  mill.  (Reeve's  fig). 

Ecuador:  La  Mocha  and  Guaranda  (Paz);  Macas  (Martinez); 
Nanegal  (Martinez,  Orton,  Wolf,  Stu'bel);  Pilaton  Valley  (Boetzkes, 
var.  elongata  and  minor)-,  Los  Puentes,  near  Gualea  (Cousin,  var. 
elongata)  ;  Quito  (Cuming  coll.)  ;  Valle  del  Pastaza,  near  Mapoto 
(Wolf)., 

Bulimus  irroratus  REEVE,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.,  1849,  p.  16,  pi. 

2,  f.  10  ;  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.   62,  f.  427  (March,   1849) DESHAYES 

in  Fer.  Hist,  ii,  p.  50,  pi.  130,  f.  5,  6 — PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  304.— 
HIDALGO,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1870,  p.  44;  Viaje  al  Pacifico,  p.  59, 
pi.  6,  f.  1. — CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1871,  p.  316 — Porphyro- 

baphe  (?)  irrorata  SHUTTL.,  Notitiae  Malac.  i,  p.  72 COUSIN,  Bull. 

Soc.  Zool.  de  France  xii,  1887,  p.  203  (p.  17  of  separate  copies). — 
Dryptus  irroratus  MILLER,  Malak.  Blatter  xxv,  p.  179;  (n.  F.)  i, 
pi.  5,  f.  2a  (var.  elongata),  2b  (var.  minor) — Orthalicus  (Porphyro- 
baphe)  irroratus  Rve.,  MARTENS,  Conchol.  Mittheil.  p.  159 — REI- 
BISCH,  Sitzungsber.  u.  Abhandl.  Nat.  Ges.  Isis,  1896,  p.  58  (1897). 
—  Orthalicus  irroratus  Rv.,  SCIIACKO,  t.  c.,  p.  197  (dentition). 

"  One  of  the  most  abundant  and  wide-spread  species  of  Ecuador, 
showing  great  variations.  The  peristome  is  sometimes  yellow,  some- 
times more  or  less  rose-colored,  in  some  specimens  thin  and  weakly 
reflexed,  in  others  strongly  thickened.  The  commonest  form  is  ven- 


156  FORPHYROBAPHE. 

tricose,  69-75  mill,  long,  35-37  in  diameter,  the  last  whorl  being 
longer  than  the  spire."  (Miller.} 

"Among  the  examples  from  Nanegal  great  variation  occurs,  as  well 
in  form  as  in  coloration.  The  following  measurements  of  three  shells 
illustrates  the  former  : 

"Alt.  78,  diam.  45,  length  of  aperture  46,  width  including  peri- 
stome  29 

"Alt.  69,  diam.  35,  length  of  aperture  40,  width  including  peri- 
stome  25. 

"Alt.  70,  diam.  39  J,  length  of  aperture  41,  width  including  peri- 
stome  28. 

"  In  respect  to  coloring,  the  peristome  is  sometimes  yellow,  some- 
times rose-red  ;  the  ground-color  of  the  shell  is  sometimes  uniform 
yellowish,  sometimes  dark  clouded,  the  upper  whorls  either  yellowish- 
brown  or  dark  violet-brown  or  white. 

"A  variety  from  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Cinto  at  Pichincha,  1300 
meters  alt.,  is  quite  unicolored,  with  stronger  parietal  callus,  but  no 
nodule  in  the  upper  angle  of  the  mouth."  (Martens.) 

The  jaw,  according  to  Schacko,  is  similar  to  that  of  Orthalicus 
obductus,  composed  of  17  plates,  the  median  one  triangular.  The 
teeth  are  of  the  form  usual  in  the  0.  undatus  group,  except  that  the 
laterals  are  more  massive,  closely  crowded  and  quadrangular. 

Miller  describes  two  varieties  : 

Var.  ELONGATA  Mill.  (pi.  52,  fig.  33).  Last  whorl  hardly  as  long 
as  the  spire  ;  peristome  very  strongly  thickened  and  broadly  reflexed. 
Whorls  6|,  alt.  75,  diam.  30,  aperture  35  mill,  long,  17  wide  inside. 

Pilaton  Valley  (Boetzkes);  Los  Puentes,  near  Gualea,  in  abund- 
ance (Cousin). 

Var.  MINOR  Mill.  (pi.  52,  fig.  35).     Whorls  6  ;  alt.  58,  diam.  26, 

aperture  28  mill,  long  inside,  14  wide. 

Pilaton  Valley. 

P.  GREVILLEI  ("Sowerby"  Pfeiffer).  PI.  53,  figs.  38,  39,  40,  41. 
Shell  ovate-acuminate,  moderately  solid.  Yellow,  with  occasional 
(variceal)  brown  streaks,  and  numerous  irregularly  scattered  brown 
spots  sometimes  shadowed  on  the  side  toward  the  lip  with  paler  yellow. 
Surface  slightly  shining,  coarsely  plicatulate,  puckered  beneath  the 
sutures,  and  decussated  by  wide-spaced  spiral  lines,  cutting  the  sur- 
face-wrinkles into  long  granules.  Spire  rather  slender,  the  lateral 


PORPHYROBAPHE.  157 

outlines  somewhat  concave.  Whorls  o^  to  6,  convex,  the  earlier 
three  smooth,  uniform  yellowish  or  flesh-colored,  last  whorl  well 
rounded  throughout. 

Aperture  but  slightly  oblique,  ovate;  white  and  showing  some 
purplish  mottling  within;  peristome  pure  white,  reflexed  and  re- 
curved, widest  below,  having  a  slight  or  decided  tubercle  on  its  face 
at  the  insertion  above,  outward  from  which  there  is  a  slight  sinus; 
columella  concave,  hardly  folded,  white,  narrow  in  the  middle ; 
parietal  callus  white,  thin  inside,  thickened  into  a  low  nodule  or 
ridge  near  the  posterior  angle  of  the  mouth. 

Alt.  60,  diam.  35,  longest  axis  of  aperture  36^  mill. 

Alt.  67,  diam.  44  mill.     (Pfeiffer's  type). 

Quito,  Ecuador  (Cuming). 

Bulimus  grevillei  Sowerby,  PFR.,  Novit.  Conch,  iv,  p.  143,  pi.  133, 
f.  4,  5  (1876)  ;  Monogr.  viii,  p.  15  (1877). — Dryptus  grevillei  Sow., 
MILLER,  Malak.  Blatter,  xxv,  1878,  p.  180. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  P.  irroratus,  differing  therefrom 
chiefly  in  the  light  coloration,  less  folded  columella  and  wider  basal 
lip.  The  tubercle  at  the  insertion  of  the  outer  lip  (see  fig.  39)  is 
not  constant,  being  very  low  in  a  specimen  before  me  received  from 
Cuming.  Perhaps  the  shallow  sinus  or  bay  in  the  lip  near  the  in- 
sertion, may  prove  more  constant;  but  it  is  not  unlikely  that  grevillei 
may  prove  to  be  a  variety  of  the  older  and  variable  irroratus. 

P.  grevillei  differs  from  P.  iris  and  P.  ivallisianus  in  being  rounded 
beneath,  not  keeled. 

The  locality  "Quito"  rests  upon  the  authority  of  Cumingian 
labels  only.  Wolf,  Boetzkes,  Stubel/Cousin,  Paz  and  other  collec- 
tors in  Ecuador  do  not  seem  to  have  encountered  the  species. 

P.  IRIS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  51,  figs.  28,  29,  30,  31,  32. 

Shell  ovate-acuminate,  moderately  solid  and  strong.  White  under  a 
bright  yellow  or  tawny-brown  streaked  cuticle,  paler  or  white  on  the 
spire  and  basal  keel.  Surface  slightly  shining,  coarsely,  irregularly 
plicate  or  plicatulate,  decussated  by  rather  wide-spaced  spiral  furrows 
or  lines,  cutting  the  folds  into  spiral  bands'  of  oblong  granules. 
Wfhorls  5J,  the  first  2J  forming  the  nearly  smooth,  obtuse  nepionic 
shell,  the  next  whorl  rather  flattened,  penultimate  and  last  whorls 
convex,  the  latter  haying  a  prominently  exserted,  blunt  keel  on  the  base. 

Aperture  irregularly  ovate,  slightly  oblique,  white  within  ;  peri- 


158  PORPHYROBAPHE. 

stome  blunt,  white  or  flesh-colored,  expanded,  becoming  subreflexed 
below  ;  columella  vertical,  straight  or  convex,  white  ;  parietal  callus 
white. 

Alt.  73,  diam.  39,  longest  axis  of  aperture  43  mill. 

Alt.  62,  diam.  39,  longest  axis  of  aperture  39  mill. 

Colombia:  La  Ceja,  Rio  Negro  (type  locality)  and  mountains  near 
Fresno,  between  Salamina  and  Santa  Ana  (Bid.). 

Bulimus  iris  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1852,  p.  136;  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  244, 
pi.  65,  f.  4,  5  ;  Monogr.  iii,  p.  313  ;  iv,  376  ;  vi,  22 — DOHRN,  Jahrb. 

d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  ii,  1875,  p.  298 Bulimus  wallisianus  MOUSSON, 

Malak.  Blatter  xxi,  1873,  p.  9 PFR.,  Novit.  Conch,  iv,  p.  135,  pi. 

130,  f.  7,  8 ;  Monogr.  viii,  pp.  15,  604. — B.utimus  (Borus)fris  H.  &  A. 
AD.,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  148. —  Porphyrobapheiris  Pfr.,  von  MAR- 
TENS, Conchol.  Mittheil.,  p.  174,  pi.  35,  f.  3  (apex). 

Similar  to  P.  irroratus  and  grevillei  in  sculpture,  but  distinguished 
by  its  basal  keel.  Dohrn  has  already  discussed  this  species  at  some 
length,  the  specimens  I  have  seen  supporting  his  opinion  of  the  ex- 
traordinarily wide  swing  of  variation  among  individuals. 

Pfeiffer's  original  specimen  was  rather  small,  length  64  mill.,  with 
the  keel  very  near  the  columella,  and  the  base,  therefore,  only  slightly 
distorted  (figs.  28,  29).  Mousson's  wallisianus  (figs.  31,  32)  was 
based  upon  a  more  strongly  keeled  shell,  with  very  convex  body- 
whorl  and  brown-streaked  coloring.  The  type  measured  62  mill, 
long ;  one  before  me  agrees  exactly  in  color,  form  and  size,  see  sec- 
ond line  of  measurements  above.  A  more  aberrant,  but  in  no  way 
pathologic  individual,  is  shown  in  fig.  30. 

Dohrn  gives  the  following  extremes  of  size  : 

Alt.  87,  diam.  41,  length  of  aperture  48  mill.;  thick  and  calcar- 
eous. 

Alt.  52-59,  diam.  26-27,  length  of  aperture  32-34  mill. ;  thin, 
translucent. 

GROUP  OF   P.  DENNISONI. 

P.  DENNISONI  (Reeve).     PI.  48,  figs.  13,  14,  15,  16. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-acuminate,  rather  thin,  subgranulated  by 
light  growth  striae  and  somewhat  undulating  close  spiral  stria?,  but 
little  shining.  Dull  greenish  buff,  encircled  with  some  pale  bands, 
marked  with  sparse  blackish  streaks  and  strewn  with  purple-brown 
spots.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  whitish,  rather  obtuse  ;  suture  impressed ; 


PORPHYROBAPHE.  159 

whorls  6,  the  upper  ones  flattened,  streaked  with  brown,  the  penulti- 
mate more  convex,  last  whorl  about  as  long  as  the  spire,  rounded  at 
base.  Columella  simple,  rather  straightened,  white. 

Aperture  slightly  oblique,  oval,  livid,  with  a  pearly  luster  inside  ; 
peristome  brown-edged,  UB expanded,  somewhat  duplicate,  not  re- 
flexed.  (Pfr.~) 

Alt.  83,  diam.  43  mill,  (from  fig.  of  type). 

Colombia:  Marmato  among  ferns,  moss  and  dead  leaves,  in  damp 
places  (Bland);  Canea  (Da  Costa);  Bogota  (Wallis). 

Bulinws  dennisoni  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  26,  f.  166  (July,  1848). 
— PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  245,  pi.  G6,  f.  1,  2  ;  Monogr.  iii,  p.  380.— 
BLAND,  in  Adams'  Contrib.  to  Conch.,  No.  11,  p.  229. 

Orthalicus  (Sultana)  dennisoni  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitise  Malac. 
i,  p.  58  (1856). — PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  586  ;  vi,  198 — Of.  Proc.  Malac. 
Soc.  Lond.  i,  p.  290,  and  STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex.  Land-  und  Susswasser- 
Conchyl.  v,  pp.  1,  2  (1882). 

Porphyrobaphe  dennisoni  MOUSSON,  Malak.  Blatter  xxi,  1873,  p. 
13,  with  var.  obscurata,  p.  14. — Bulimus  dennisoni  var.  obscarata 
Mouss.,  PFR.,  Novit.  Conch,  iv,  p.  120,  pi.  127,  f.  12,  13. 

The  nepionic  shell  is  composed  of  two  and  a  half  smooth  corneous- 
buff  whorls  ;  the  next  whorl  has  a  subsutural  band  of  squarish  brown 
spots.  Specimens  collected  by  Bland  at  Marmato  are  small,  alt.  57, 
diam.  34^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  36J  mill.,  with  5J  whorls,  closely 
and  conspicuously  decussated  surface  and  brown  lip  ;  the  columella 
is  not  straight,  as  in  Reeve's  figure,  but  markedly  concave.  This 
form  may  be  called  var.  marmatensis  (pi.  48,  fig..  14).  Another 
specimen  measures  59,  34,  36^  mill.;  it  has  a  tubercle  at  the  upper 
insertion  of  the  outer  lip,  as  figured  for  P.  grevillei.  I  think  it  path- 
ologic. 

Pfeiffer  figures  a  small  specimen  of  the  typical  form,  measuring 
alt.  71,  diam.  35  mill. 

Mousson  describes  a  variety  from  Bogota  :  var.  obscurata  (pi.  48, 
fig.  13).  A  little  smaller,  alt.  71,  diam.  37  mill.,  with  elegant  pat- 
tern of  black -brown  lines  and  diffuse  spots  upon  white  bands,  the  lip 
unexpanded  and  obtuse,  grayish  like  the  interior,  not  colored  with 
brown.  It  is  darker  and  more  copiously  and  elaborately  figured  than 
the  typical  form. 

The  inclusion  of  dennisoni  among  the  species  with  "zierlich  punkt- 
formigen  Griibchen  "  upon  the  nuclear  whorls,  by  Mousson,  caused 


160  LIGUUS. 

some  uneasiness  to  Strebel ;  but  Mousson  evidently  did  not  actually 
see  any  such  sculpture,  but  merely  inferred  it.  The  nepionic  shell  is 
smooth. 

(?)  B.  VICTOR  Pfeiffer.  See  vol.  x,  p.  82.  I  have  not  seen'  this 
species,  but  following  Pfeiffer,  placed  it  in  Eurytus.  Cousin  has  re- 
ferred it  to  Porphyrobaphe  (Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  xii,  p.  204),  and 
states  that  he  procured  it  in  Ecuador,  precise  locality  not  given. 

PORPHYROBAPHE  PEELii  Miller,  Mai.  Blatt.  xxv,  184  =  Drymceus 
peelii,  vol.  xi,  p.  205. 

Genus  LIGUUS  Montfort  (s.  lot.). 

Liguus  Montf.  +  Corona  Alb.  +  Hemibulimus  Martens. 

Shell  oblong-  or  ovate-conic,  with  simple,  thin-edged,  unexpanded 
lip,  and  obtuse,  vertically  wrinkled  or  smooth  nepionic  whorls,  the 
columella  usually  truncated  at  its  base,  though  sometimes  continuous 
with  the  basal  lip,  and  either  concave,  folded,  or  straight  above. 

The  present  group  differs  from  Orthalicus  in  the  sculpture  of  the 
nepionic  whorls ;  from  Oxystyla  in  the  more  lengthened  general 
form,  usual  though  not  invariable  truncation  of  the  columella,  and 
the  vertical  wrinkles  of  the  nepionic  shell,  or  the  last  nepionic  whorl; 
a  character  frequently  lost  in  old  shells  by  wear,  but  probably  in- 
variable in  the  young.  , 

The  genus  as  limited  above,  is  nearly  coincident  in  distribution 
with  the  Helicoid  genus  Plfurodonte,  inhabiting  the  two  largest  West 
Indian  islands  and  the  northern  and  north-western  parts  of  South 
America.  And  as  Pleurodonle  is  represented  in  South  America  by 
two  peculiar  sections,  Labyrintlus  and  Jsomeria,  so  Liguus  appears 
on  the  continent  in  forms  (Corona  and  Hemibulimus)  differing  from 
the  Antillean. 

The  subgenera  of  Liguus  may  be  arranged  thus : 
.    Liguus   (in   the   narrow   sense)  :   Antillean   forms  with   white  or 
bright  colored  shell,  rather  small  apex,  and  strictly  arboreal  habits. 

Hemibulimus:  Colombian  forms  with  the  shell  dark,  somber  col- 
ored, the  columella  concave  above,  truncated  below  ;  habits  probably 
terrestrial. 

Corona:  South  American  forms  with  the  shell  strong,  apex  obtuse 
as  if  cut  off,  the  columella  with  a  callous  fold  above,  colors  not 
vivid. 


LIGUUS.  161 

Subgenus  LIGUUS  Montfort,  1810. 

Liynus  MONTFORT,  Conehyliologie  Systematique  ii,  p.  422  (1810), 
Sole  species  L.  virgineus. 

Chersina  (Humphrey,  in  part,  Museum  Calonnianum,  p.  62, 
1797)  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  74  (1837). 

Pseudotrochus  (Klein,  in  part,  Tent.  Meth.  p.  26,  1753)  MORCH, 
Catal.  Yoldi,  p.  21  (1852);  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1865,  p.  390  (for 
virginea  L.) H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  135  (ex- 
clusive of  several  species  of  Perideris). 

Oxystrombus  (of  Klein,  in  part,  Tentamen  Method!  Ostracologicae, 
p.  32,  1753)  MORCH,  Catal.  Yoldi,  p.  21  (1852);  Journ.  de  Conchyl. 
1865,  p.  270  (for  fasciatus  Mull.). 

OrthaUcinus  FISCHER  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll,  i,  p. 
436  (1875),  type  L.  fasciatus. 

SheH  imperf orate,  oblong-conic,  either  thin  or  solid,  the  nepioriic 
shell  not  differentiated  from  the  subsequent  whorls,  smooth,  or  with 
a  few  spiral  bands  of  vertical  wrinkles  ;  the  later  whorls  smooth, 
dull  or  glossy,  white  or  vividly  banded  or  streaked,  pink,  green  and 
yellow  often  entering  into  the  color-scheme  ;  the  cuticle,  when  pres- 
ent, very  thin  and  inconspicuous ;  aperture  rather  small,  ovate,  the 
outer  lip  acute  and  unexpanded,  columella  vertical,  and  varying  from 
heavy  and  abruptly  truncated  at  the  base  (as  in  Achatina)  to  thin 
and  continuous  with  the  basal  lip  ;  always  simple  above. 

Jaw  as  in  Oxystyla,  Orthalicus,  etc.  Radula  with  the  cusps  either 
all  obtuse  and  rounded,  or  several  in  the  median  part  longer  and 
pointed.  The  penis  lias  a  lobed  accessory  gland  or  appendix,  as  in 
other  genera  of  the  sub-family. 

Type  Bulla  virginea  L.  Distribution  :  Haiti,  Cuba,  with  the  Isle 
of  Pines,  Cozumel  Island,  Southern  Florida  and  the  keys.  Arboreal. 

The  shell  is  generally  less  ventricose  than  in  Oxystyla,  not 
spirally  striated,  and  usually  lighter  or  brighter  colored.  Corona  is 
more  obtuse  and  less  brilliantly  colored,  but  is  doubtless  very  closely 
allied  to  Liguus.  It  agrees  in  the  slight  wrinkles  of  the  last  nepionic 
whorl,  cut  into  long  granules,  and  the  usually  truncated  columella; 
though  in  both  groups,  this  is  a  variable  character. 

Of  the  names  quoted  as  generic  synonyms  above,  Chersina  origin- 
ally appeared  in  the  anonymous  sale- catalogue  of  M.  de  Calonne's 
collection,  and  covered  many  diverse  genera;  its  resurrection  and 
restriction  by  Beck  in  1837  was  long  after  Montfort  had  established 
11 


162  LIGUUS. 

Liguus.  Pseudotrochus  and  Oxystrombus  of  Klein  would  have  no 
standing  in  binomial  nomenclature  even  if  they  had  been  natural 
groups,  which  they  were  not ;  and  Morcli's  use  of  the  names  in  1852 
was  futile.  The  erection  of  Orthalicinus  in  1875  by  Fischer'  and 
Crosse  seems  to  me  to  be  quite  a  needless  addition  to  nomenclature, 
for  if  L.  fasciatus  is  in  need  of  a  subgeneric  name,  Oxystrombus  of 
Morch  fills  every  requirement. 

Key  to  species  of  Liguus. 

a.  Columella  deeply  concave  above,  abruptly  truncated  at  the  base, 
sinuous  within  the  last  whorl. 

b.  Shell  glossy  and  brilliant,  usually  with  3  to  6  distinct 
color-bands,  somewhat  trochiform  ;  basal  lip  subhorizontal, 
but  slightly  arcuate.  Haiti.  virgineus,  p.  162 

b1.  Somewhat  pupiform,  the  last  whorl  rather  contracted  be- 
low ;  basal  lip  deeply  arcuate.     Cuba.      poeyanus,  p.  166 
a1.  Columella  straight  above,  vertical,  hardly  or  not  sinuous  within 
the  last  whorl,  and  either  continuous  or  truncated  at  the  base  ; 
basal  lip  rather  deeply  arcuate.     Aperture  not  deep  purple  or 
pink  within,  though  the  parietal  wall  is  often  colored. 

b.  Pale  yellow  or  whitish,  with  several  blackish  zones,  one 

above  and  one  below  the  periphery  more  or  less  maculated 

with  yellow  ;  columella  but  slightly  truncated  ;  last  whorl 

somewhat  contracted.  blainiamis,  p.  174 

b1.  Without  the  above  combination  of  characters. 

fasciatus,  p.  166 

Several  species  besides  those  defined  above  are  referred  to  Liguus 
and  its  vicinity  in  Pfeiffer's  Nomenclator  Heliceorum  Viventium.  L. 
carinatus  Pfr.  (p.  206,  no.  76)  is  a  Peri  den's ;  L.  emarginatus  >(p. 
260)  is  a  form  of//,  virgineus ;  and  Orthdlicus  (Corona,}  histrio  Pfr. 
(p.  259,  no.  77)  is  a  species  of  Oleacina. 

L.  VIRGINEUS  (Linne).     PI.  56,  figs.  58-^69. 

Shell  ovate-turreted,  solid,  smooth  and  glossy.  Color  white  or 
bright  yellow,  with  distinct,  vivid,  continuous  and  rather  narrow 
bands  of  blackish,  brown,  green,  pink,  purple,  or  light  yellow,  or 
two  or  three- of  these  colors;  the  bands  usually  3  to  6  in  number, 
typical  positions  for  three  of  them  being  the  periphery,  the  middle  of 
the  upper  surface  (ascending  the  spire  midway  between  sutures),  and 


163 

the  middle  of  the  lower  surface  ;  the  earlier  whorls  either  white,  pink 
or  with  the  lower  half  of  each  one  purple.  Whorls  7  to  8,  somewhat 
convex,  the  last  either  subangular  or  rounded  at  the  periphery  ;  apex 
obtuse,  smooth. 

Aperture  small,  oblique,  varying  from  pure  white  to  dark  purple 
within,  paler  near  the  lip;  peristome  acute,  unexpanded,  the  basal 
margin  excised  ;  cohuneUa  concave,  and  deeply  excavated  above,  its 
base  abruptly  truncated ;  and  with  the  parietal  callus,  of  a  deep  pink 
color. 

Alt.  52,  diam.  27,  longest  axis  of  aperture  24^  mill. 

Alt.  49,  diam.  20,  longest  axis  of  aperture  20  mill. 

Alt.  37,  diam.  21^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  18  mill. 

Alt.  36,  diam.  17,  longest  axis  of  aperture  14^  mill. 

Haiti  :  Miragoane  (Rolle);  Jacmel  ( Vend  ryes);  Aux  Caijes  (Swift);. 
Gonave  Island  (Linden)  ;  and  in  Santo  Domingo,  environs  of  Santi- 
ago (Hjalmarson),  Barrera,  San  Juan  and  Neyba  (A.  Salle). 

BuJla  virginea  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.  (12),  p.  1186  (1766). — CHEM- 
NITZ, Conchyl.  Cab.  ix,  pt.  2,  p.  8,  pi.  117,  f.  1002,  1003:  and  x,  pi. 
173,  f.  1682,  1683  (sinistral  form).— GMELIN,  Syst.  Nat.  (13),  p. 
3429. — DILLAVYN,  Descript.  Catal.  i,  p.  491. — MA  WE,  Tiie  Linnaean 
System  of  Conch.,  pi.  22,  f.  6  (1823). — Buccinum  virgimum  MULLER, 
Hist.  Vermium  ii,  p.  143 — Bidimns  virgineus  BRUG.,  Encycl.  Meth. 
i,  p.  363. — Helix  (Cochlitoma)  virginea  FER.,  Prodr.,  p.  49,  no.  344. 

Achatina  virginea  LAM.,  An.  s.  Vert,  vi,  pt.  2,  p.  131  ;  edit.  De- 
shayes  viii,  p.  299 — CROUCH,  Illustr.  Introd.  Lam.  Conch.,  1827, 
p.  29,  pi.  15,  f.  5. — REEVE,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  pi.  176,  f.  2;  Conch. 

Icon.  pi.   10,  f.  36. — SOWERBY,  Conchol.  Man.,  f.  286 KUSTER, 

Conchyl.  Cab.  pi.  7,  f.  8,  9;  pi.  14,  f.  9,  10  (sinistral).— DESHAYES 
in  Fer.,  Hist.,  p.  152,  pi.  118,  f.  3,  4,  (red  banded  form),  pi.  120,  f. 
2-7,  and  8  (sinistral). — PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  300,  pi.  24,  f.  8-10; 
Monogr.  ii,  p.  255  ;  iii,  489;  iv,  604;  vi,  221  ;  viii,  277. — BINNEY 
and  BLAND,  Amer.  Jour,  of  Conch,  vi,  p.  209-211,  f.  3,  4  (teeth)  ; 

Land  and  Freshwater   Shells  of  N.  A.  i,   p.  212,  f.  364  (jaw). 

HJALMARSON  and  PFEIFFER,  Malak.  Blatter  v,  p.  153. — DROUET, 
Moll.  Terr.  Guyane  Francaise,  p.  69 — Achatina  virginice  BLAIN- 
A^ILLE,  Man.  de  Malac.,  p.  456,  pi.  38,  f.  2. 

Chersina  virginea  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  74  (1837). 

Liguus  virgineus  MONTFORT,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  p.  423,  pi.  106  (1810). 
— BINNEY  and  BLAND,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist,  xi,  p.  41,  pi.  3, 


164  LIGUUS. 

f.  A-G  (teeth);  pi.  4,  f.  G  (genitalia).— BLAND,  t.  c.,  p.  198.— von 
MARTENS,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  iv,  1877,  p.  3G2-367.— CROSSE 
&  FISCHER,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  436. — BINNEY,  Ann.  New 
York  Acad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  129,  pi.  12,  f.  A  (dentition) CROSSE,  Jour- 
nal de  Conchyl.  xxxix,  1891,  pp.  129,  204  (with  var.  sinistralis 
Maltzan,  Ms.). — Achatina  virginea  varieties  2,  3,  4,  SWAINSON,  Zool. 
Illustr.  iii,  pi.  122,  123  (1822). — Achatina  (Liguus)  virginea  MAR- 
TENS in  Alb.,  Die  Hel.,  1860,  p.  207 — Pseudotrochus  virgineus  H.  & 
A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  135,  pi.  73,  f.  8a. 

Achatina  vexillum  Humph.,  DEKAY,  Zool.  of  New  York,  pte  v, 
Moll.,  p.  56,  pi.  4,  f.  56. 

Achatina  emarginata  SAVAINSON,  Zool.  Illustr.  ii,  pi.  84,  upper  and 
lower  figures  (1821). — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  256 — Ilotia  virginea  and 
puellaris  BOLT.,  teste  Pfr — Chersina  vittata  HUMPHREY,  Mus. 
Calonnianurn,  p.  62  (1797). 

Pre-Linnean  illustrations:  Lister,  Historia  Conch.,  pi.  15,  f.  10. 
Buonanni,  f.  66  ;  Argentville,  pi.  65,  f.  G  1,  G  3,  G  4,  G  5.  Klein, 
pi.  7,  f.  116  (copied  from  Lister).  Petiver  Gazophylacii,  pi.  22,  f. 
11  (copied  from  Lister).  Gualtieri,  pi.  6,  f.  A.  Seba,  Thesaurus 
iii,  pi.  40,  f.  38.  Schroter,  Geschichte  der  Flussconchylien,  p.  337, 
pi.  8,  f.  3,  4. 

L.  virgineus  differs  from  L.  fasciatus  in  the  shorter  columella, 
strongly  concave  above  and  more  abruptly  truncated  below,  and  in 
being  more  trochiform.  The  columella  is  strongly  sinuous  within  the 
last  whorl,  and  there  is  frequently  a  short  callous  ridge  well  within 
the  aperture  on  the  basal  wall.  The  positions  of  the  four  blackish 
bands,  when  they  are  present,  is  always  the  same,  and  the  dark  green 
(or  purple)  super-peripheral  band,  ending  in  a  slight  notch  in  the  lip, 
is  also  fix e^  in  position  when  present.  The  green  band  is  purely 
cuticular,  and  when  rubbed  off,  a  purple  one  is  seen  in  the  substance 
of  the  shell  beneath  it.  The  number  of  band  combinations,  if  one 
descends  to  minutias  and  transition  forms,  is  considerable  ;  but  the 
chief  patterns  are  noticed  below.  The  variation  in  width  of  the  shell 
is  largely  independent  of  color-pattern. 

I.  With  a  super-peripheral  green  band  terminating  in  a  notch  at 
the  lip-edge. 

la.  One  green  band  and  some  faint  yellow  ones ;  aperture 
white  within  (figs.  58,  59).  This  is  Achatina  emargi- 
nata of  Swainson.  It  occurs  at  Jacmel. 


LIGUUS.  165 

Ib.  Two  to  four  blackish  bands  in  the  typical  positions,  a 
red  band  above  the  peripheral  one  or  replacing  it; 
aperture  dark  within  (figs.  63,  64.) 

bl.  A  second  green  band  above,  both  bordered  be- 
low with  yellow. 

Ic.  Ground  color  yellow,  fading  to  white  or  pink  above  ; 
a  red  line  above  the  dark  green  super-peripheral  band, 
and  a  red  band  at  periphery  ;  grass-green  bands  at 
suture  and  base;  aperture  white  inside  (figs.  61,  62). 
Aux  Cayes. 
II.  Green  bands  wanting  or  replaced  by  purple. 

Ha.  Four  dark  lines  in  the  typical  positions,  the  lower  two 
bordered  above  by  red  bands  or  wanting  (figs.  68,  66). 
lib.   Three  red  bands,  no  dark  ones  (fig.  69). 
lie.    Four  dark  bands  or  lines  only,  in  the  typical  positions 

(figs.  67). 

According  to  Hjalmarson,  L.  virgineus  lives  upon  the  tree  Hcema- 
toxylon  camp  eel teanwn,  the  Campeche  wood,  used  for  dyes.  In  water 
the  dye  diffuses  a  reddish-yellow  color;  acted  upon  by  acids,  it  be- 
comes yellow  or  red  ;  by  alkalies,  violet,  purple  or  blue.  These  are 
the  colors  chiefly  found  in  the  shell.  The  epiphragm  and  the  slime 
of  the  snail  are  green. 

Sinistral  specimens  have  been  figured  by  Chemnitz,  Ku'ster  and 
Ferussac,  and  Rolle  reports  the  sinistral  with  the  typical  form  at 
Miragoane. 

From  the  data  at  hand,  it  would  seem  that  the  chief  color-patterns 
are  probably  local,  all  the  shells  of  one  "  colony  "  being  somewhat 
similar,  though  the  same  color-form  may  occur  in  many  separated 
places.  Further  investigation  is  required  to  definitely  speak  on  this 
point.  Probably  sinistral  shells  occur  of  any  color-pattern,  and  are 
wholly  sporadic  ;  and  in  that  case  v.  Maltzan's  "  var.  sinistralls"  will 
not  stand  for  anything  of  the  nature  of  a  race  or  variety  in  the  true 
sense. 

As  Haiti  was  the  first  Antillean  island  to  be  settled,  and  for  a  long 
time  was  visited  for  provisions  by  most  vessels  trading  to  the  West 
Indies  and  Spanish  Main,  this  brilliant  shell  was  early  carried  to 
Europe,  and  is  figured  in  most  of  the  iconographic  works  of  the  last 
century.  Naturally,  the  habitats  given  by  the  older  authors  scattered 
it  wide  of  the  mark.  Linne  cites  figures  of  L.  fasciatus  as  a  var.  ft  of 


166 

virgineus,  an  error  detected  by  Bruguiere.  Drouet  gives  it  among 
his  Guiana  shells,  from  a  locality  near  Cayenne.  If  it  exists  there, 
it  was  evidently  introduced  by  French  commerce. 

L.  POEYANUS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  55,  figs.  55,  56,  57. 

Shell  dextral  or  sinistral,  oblong-turreted,  somewhat  fusiform, 
solid,  whitish,  becoming  deep  pink  above,  and  more  or  less  yellow 
on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl,  with  three  narrow  brownish 
black  bands  in  the  typical  positions,  sometimes  with  a  light  chestnut 
band  bordering  the  suture  below  and  a  chestnut  patch  around  the 
columella.  Smooth  and  glossy,  whorls  8,  moderately  convex. 
Aperture  oblique,  pink  within  ;  outer  lip  acute  and  simple  ;  col- 
umella and  parietal  wall  rose-colored,  the  former  destroyed  by  crabs 
in  the  specimens  known,  but  said  by  Poey  to  be  truncated. 

Alt.  43-48,  diam.  18-20  mill. 

Oabo  Cruz,  Cuba  (Gundlach,  Jaudenes). 

Achatina  poeyana  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatter  iv,  p.  173,  pi.  4,  f.  3,  4 
(1857);  Monogr.  iv,  p.  605;  vi,  221 — ARANGO,  Fauna  Malacologia 
Cubana,  p.  94 — Liguus  poeyanus  Crosse,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1890, 
xxxviii,  p.  202. —  ?  Achatina  vittata  SWAINSON,  Zool.  Illustr.  pi.  84, 
middle  figures  (1821-2). 

Similar  to  L.  virgineus,  and  unlike  all  other  Cuban  Liguus,  in  the 
three  blackish  bands  in  the  typical  positions  for  bands  in  this  sub- 
family. The  pink-calloused  interior,  narrow7  form  and  smooth  sur- 
face, as  well  as  the  truncated  columella,  are  also  like  L.  virgineus, 
from  which  species  it  differs  chiefly  in  distribution.  The  tapering 
base  of  the  last  whorl,  however,  is  not  quite  like  virgineus. 

The  shells  collected  by  Gundlach  and  sent  Pfeiffer  had  all  been 
inhabited  by  Paguri,  the  columella  being  worn  away.  Those  before 
me  are  also  in  this  condition.  According  to  Gundlach  the  majority 
of  the  specimens  are  sinistral.  None  have  been  observed  with 
green,  purple  or  red  bands,  though  the  spaces  between  the  peripheral 
and  upper,  and  below  the  lower  dark  band,  become  straw-yellow7  on 
the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl  in  one  of  the  shells  before  me. 

I  think  Swainson's  A.  vittata  corresponds  much  better  with  this 
species  than  with  L.  virgineus,  but  as  there  is  some  doubt,  I  do  not 
give  it  precedence. 

L.  FASCIATUS  (Miiller).     Plates  57,  58,  59,  60 ;  pi.  55,  fig.  54. 
Shell  oblong-conie,  thin  or  solid,  smooth.     Color  variable,  being 


LIGUUS.  167 

white,  banded  or  streaked.  Whorls  6J-8,  moderately  convex. 
Aperture  ovate,  oblique;  outer  lip  simple,  thin,  more  or  less  notched 
at  the  terminations  of  green  bands  when  these  are  present ;  colamella 
vertical,  straight  above,  varying  from  heavy  and  strongly  truncate 
below  (in  typical  fasciatus)  to  thin  and  continuous  with  the  basal 
lip  (in  var.  crenatus  etc.). 

Alt.  73,  diam.  34,  longest  axis  of  aperture  33  mill. 

Alt.  60,  diam.  26^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  25  mill. 

Alt.  50,  diam.  27,  longest  axis  of  aperture  25  mill. 

Alt.  41,  diam.  17,  longest  axis  of  aperture  17^  mill. 

Cuba  and  the  Jsle  of  Pines ;  Cozumel  Island,  off  the  east  coast  of 
Yucatan  ;  Florida  Keys,  and  northward  on  the  east  coast  to  Miami, 
on  the  west  to  Goodland  Point. 

Bulla  virginea  ft  LINNE,  Syst.  Nat.  (12),  p.  1186. 

Buccinum  fasciatum  MULLER,  Verm.  Terr,  et  Fluv.,  ii,  p.  145 
(1774),  referring  to  Seba,  Thesaurus  III,  pi.  39,  f.  62-64,  67,  68, 
74  (but  f.  62-74  are  all  fasciatus).  Argenville,  Conch.  (1757),  pi. 
11,  f.  M.  Berlinisches  Magazin,  iii,  (1766),  pi.  5,  f.  52.  Regenfus, 
Conchyl.  pi.  10,  f.  46.  Lister,  pi.  12,  f.  7.  Gualt.  Test.  Conchyl. 
Index,  pi.  6,  f.  D.  Klein,  Ostrac.,  pi.  2,  f.  43,  etc. 

Bulla  fasciata  CHEMNITZ,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  ix,  pt.  2,  p.  13,  pi.  117, 
f.  1004-6.— GMELIN,  Syst.  Nat.  (13),  p.  3430 — DILLWYN,  De- 
script.  Catal.  i,  p.  362. 

Achatina  fasciata  SWAINS.,  Zool.  Illustr.,  ii,  pi.  74;  iii,  pi.  162. 
—REEVE,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  pi.  178,  f.  11,  12  ;  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  9,  f. 

29,  pi.  10,  f.  35  a,  b,  c ORB.,  Moll.  Cuba  i,  p.  172,  pi.  6,  f.  1-7.— 

PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  245;  iii,  479;  iv,  604;  vi,  221;  viii,  277; 
Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  298,  pi.  24,  f.  1-3;  pi.  47,  f.  3-6. — DESHAYES, 
in  Fer.,  Hist.,  ii,  p.  148. 

Chersina  fasciata  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  74. 

Achatina  (Chersina]  fasciata  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.  i,  1854,  p.  197 — 
Achatina  (Corona)  fasciata  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.  ii,  1855,  p.  167. — 
Oxystrombus  fasciatus  MORCH,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1865,  xiii,  p.  270. 
Orthalicus  (  Orthalicinus)  fasciatus  CROSSE  &  FISCHER,  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  436.— CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1890,  p.  201. 

Bulimus  vexillum  BRUG.,  Encycl.  Meth.  i,  p.  362. 

Helix  (Cochlitoma}  vexillum  FER.,  Prodr.  49,  no.  343  ;  Histoire, 
pi.  121,  f.  1-8. 

Achatina  vexillum  LAM.,  Anim.  s.  Vert,  vi,  pt.  2,  p.  130;  edit. 
Desh.,  viii,  p.  298 — KUSTER,  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  7,  f.  1-3. 


168  L1GUUS. 

Achatina  pallida  SWAINSON,  Zool.  Illustr.  i,  pi.  41  (1820). 
Achatina  crenata  SWAINSON,  Zool.   Illustr.   i,  pi.   58  (1821). — 
Chersina  crenata  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  74. 

Achatina  anais  LESSON,  Revue  Zool.  1840,  p.  356  (1841). 
Achatina  lineata  VALENC.  in  Humb.  &  Bonpl.  Rec.  de  Obs.  Zool. 

11,  p.  248,  pi.  55,  f.  2  (1833). 

Achatina  lutea  (in  Berlin  Mus.)  ANTON,  Verzeich.  p.  44  (1839), 
nude  name. — A.  lutea  WIEGMANN  (unpublished). 

Achatina  murrea  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  7,  f.  22  (1849) — 
Pseudotrochus  murreus  H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  135. 

Achatina  picta  REEVE,  P.  Z.  S.  1842,  p.  50;  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  p. 
178,  f.  10;  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  10.  f.  34.— PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  256; 
iii,  p.  490;  iv,  605;  vi,  221. — Pseudotrochus  pictus  H.  &  A.  ADAMS, 
Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  135. — Li  guns  picta  CKOSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchy!. 
1890,  p.  201. 

Helix  hepatica  and  H.  testa  ovis  BOLTON,  according  to  Pf'eiffer. 

Chersina  vexillum  HUMPHREY,  Mus.  Galon.,  p.  62. 

(Floridian  references.} 

Achatina  solida  SAY,  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  v,  p.  122 

(1825)  ;  Edit,  Binney,  p.  29.— DEKAY,  N.  Y.  Moll.,  p.  56 PFR., 

Monogr.  ii,  p.  246. 

Agatina  varlegata  RAFINESQUE,  Enum.  and  Acct.  p.  3  (1833) ; 
edit.  Binney  &  Tryon,  p.  68. 

Buliimis  fasciatus  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll.  U.  S.  ii,  p.  266,  pi. 
55-57  ;  and  LEIDY,  ibid,  i,  pi.  5  (anatomy). 

Achatina  fasciata  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Terr.  Moll,  iv,  p.  138  ;  BINN. 
&  BLAND,  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells  N.  A.,  i,  p.  213,  f.  365 
(shell),  366  (teeth). 

Li guus  fasciata  TRYON,  Amer.  Journ.  Conch,  iii,  1867,  p.  165,  pi. 

12,  f.  1,   2,  3,  5,   6.     (Cuban   specimens!) — Liguus  picta  TRYON, 
1.  c.  p.  165,  pi.  12,  f.  4  (a  Cuban  specimen  !) 

Liguus  fasciatus  W.  G.  BINNEY,  Terrestr.  Moll,  v,  p.  403,  pi.  55, 
56,57  (shell),  pi.  10,  f.  G  (dentition)  ;  Man.  Amer.  Land  Shells, 
Bull.  28  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  p.  432,  f.  478  (teeth),  479  (1885)  ;  Fourth 
Supplement  to  Terr.  Moll,  v,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  xxii,  no.  4,  p. 

201,  pi.  1,  f.  5  (1892) SIMPSON,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 

v,  p.  67. — RHOADS,  Nautilus  xiii,  p.  45. 

The  typical  L.  fasciatus  is  a  solid,  strong  shell  with  the  columella 


LIGUUS.  169 

heavy  and  generally  truncated,  and  a  rich  color-pattern  of  dark  zones 
and  lines  on  a  white  or  light  ground,  as  shown  in  figures  70—74  of 
plate  57.  All  of  the  older  and  especially  the  pre-Linnean  figures 
represent  this  form.  It  is  a  superb  shell,  with  the  appearance  of 
painted  porcelain.  B.  vexillum  Brug.,  A.  lineata  Val.  are  absolute 
synonyms,  and  A.  murrea  Rve.  is  the  young.  The  Achatina  pallida 
of  Swainson  is  a  form  of  L.  fasciatus  retaining  only  a  small  part  of 
the  typical  color  pattern.  Var.  pictus  Reeve  is  another  branch  of 
the  typical  fasciatus  stem,  in  which  the  longitudinal  stripes  have  be- 
come obsolete  except  at  the  ends,  where  they  appear  as  spots.  It  is 
often  thinner  than  typical  fasciatus. 

I  am  convinced  that  no  specific  separation  can  be  made  between 
the  shells  with  strongly  truncate  columella  and  those  with  no  trunca- 
tion. It  is  a  character  of  less  phylogenetic  stability  than  the  mere 
color-pattern  ;  truncate  and  non-truncate  specimens  occtir  together 
in  many  localities,  with  all  possible  intergradations  between  them. 
The  contention  of  MM.  Crosse  and  Fischer  that  L.  fasciatus  should 
be  removed  from  Liguus  to  Orthalicus,  under  the  subgeneric  title  of 
Orthalicinus  was  apparently  based  upon  an  incomplete  knowledge  of 
the  variations  of  the  columella ;  and  such  an  arrangement  of  the  forms 
as  that  given  by  M.  Crosse  in  J.  de  C.  xxxviii,  1890,  p.  201,  is  clearly 
inadmissible. 

No  shells  corresponding  to  this  typical  form  and  its  color-variations 
occur  in  Florida.  They  are  exclusively  Cuban.  A  form  parallel 
with  var.  pictus  Reeve  occurs  in  Florida  (var.  VII),  but  it  evidently 
had  a  different  genesis. 

The  variety  crenatus  of  Swainson,  so  named  from  the  nicks  in  the 
perisiome  at  the  ends  of  the  green  bands,  is  the  oldest  name  for  the 
thin  form  with  numerous  green  lines,  occurring  both  in  Cuba  (pi.  58, 
figs.  80,  81)  and  in  Florida  (pi.  60,  figs.  1,  2,  3).  It  is  likely  that 
this  form  was  the  original  one  which  reached  Florida,  the  other 
peninsular  varieties  being  derivatives  therefrom.  Var.  VIII  occurs 
both  in  Florida  (pi.  59,  figs.  92,  93),  and  in  Cuba  (as  var.  Ill,  pi. 
57,  fig.  76).  The  uniform  white  Cuban  form  (pi.  58,  fig.  88)  is  not 
quite  like  the  white  Floridian  form  (pi.  59,  figs.  94,  96)  and  evi- 
dently arose  from  diverse  antecedents. 

Very  little  is  known  of  the  distribution  of  the  color-varieties  in 
Cuba.  The  heavy,  beautifully  painted  typical  forms,  variety  I  and 
its  subvarieties,  occur  in  western  Cuba  and  the  Isle  of  Pines.  This 


170  LIGUTJS. 

is  also  the  pattern  occurring  in  Cozumel  Island,  where  one  specimen 
(pi.  58,  fig.  83)  was  collected  in  1899  by  Dr.  C.  F.  Miilspaugh  dur- 
ing the  West  Indian  cruise  of  the  yacht  "  Utowana."  It  was  found 
on  the  trunk  of  a  low  Sabal  palm  about  two  feet  from  the  ground, 
and  about  500  feet  from  the  beach. 

It  does  not  seem  to  me  desirable  to  apply  names  to  the  numerous 
forms  of  L.  fasciatus  until  they  are  far  better  understood  than  at 
present ;  but  a  synopsis  of  the  main  variations  may  be  useful. 

Cuban  varieties. 

I.  Typical  form.  Solid  and  strong,  the  columella  more  or  less 
truncate  ;  white  with  a  broad  belt  varying  from  purplish- 
pink  to  bluish  above  and  another  below  the  white  peripheral 
band,  which  is  usually  divided  by  a  brown  line  ;  the  colored 
belts  generally  with  greenish  lines  and  dark  flames ;  spire 
flammulate,  with  spiral  lines  at  the  sutures  ;  columella  and 
apex  pink  or  white ;  parietal  callus  often  pink-edged  (pi.  57, 
figs.  70,  71,  72).  Cienfuegos,  etc.  Through  various  transi- 
tions this  blends  with  form  la. 

•  The  Cozumel  Island  form  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  above. 
It  is  solid  with  distinctly  truncated  columella;  with  two  wide 
blackish  bands,  traversed  by  darker  lines  and  somewhat 
spotted  with  yellow,  on  a  white  ground  becoming  yellowish 
below  and  pink  near  the  apex,  the  bands  gradually  disappear- 
ing on  the  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl,  and  replaced  by 
several  greenish  lines,  (pi.  58,  fig.  83). 

la.  Similiarly  solid,  large,  the  columella  varying  from 
very  strongly  to  weakly  truncate.  White,  often  yel- 
lowish on  the  last  whorl,  with  a  brown  line  at  the 
periphery,  and  numerous  grass-green  or  yellowish- 
green  lines  and  narrow  bands,  and  more  or  less 
streaked  or  maculated  with  purplish  above;  parietal 
callus  often  with  a  dark  chestnut  border,  and  some 
sigmoid  streaks  within  (pi.  57,  figs.  73,  74). 
Transitions  towards  var.  crenata  occur. 
Ib.  Similar  to  a,  but  green  lines  wanting  or  faint  (A.  pal- 
lida  Swains.,  pi.  58,  fig.  82).  The  lack  of  green  lines 
is  often  due  to  wear.  The  chestnut  streaks  upon  the 
parietal  callus  are  often  conspicuous.  This  form  some- 
,times  attains  a  length  of  70-75  mill. 


LKiUUS.  171 

Ic.  No  bands  except  a  white  one  at  the  periphery ;  striped 
with  deep  brown,  like  an  Oxystyla  (pi.  57,  fig.  75). 
An  unusual  color-variety. 

II.  Rather  smaller,  alt.  40-50  mill.,  solid,  the  columella  more  or 
less,  or  not,  truncated  ;  white  or  yellowish,  with  a  few  longi- 
tudinal bluish  or  purplish  smears,  and  a  double  row  of  brown 
or  bluish  spots  at  the  periphery  and  suture  ;  apex  and  colu- 
niella  pink  or  white  (A.  picta  Reeve.  PI.  58,  figs.  84,  85). 
This  is  a  modification  of  var.  I  ;  compare  fig.  74  of  pi.  57. 

III.  Rather  small  and  stoutly  conic  ;  white,  some  whorls  of  the 
spire  with  a  wide   blackish-brown   zone,  replaced   upon   the 
penultimate  or  last  whorl  by  some  green  lines,  or  continuous 
to  the  aperture,  with  another  dark   zone  on  the  base  of  the 
shell ;  apex  and  aperture  either  white  or  pink  (pi.  57,  fig.  76). 

IV.  Small  and  slender,  rather  thin  ;  a  white  peripheral  zone,  with 
longitudinal  bluish,  greenish  or   purplish  streaks  above  and 
below,  the  streaks  either  distinct  or  lost  in  a  general  purplish- 
fleshy    suffusion.     Columellar    truncation    weak    or    scarcely 
noticeable,  parietal  callus  thin,  faint  pink  ;  apex  often  dark- 
tipped  ;  aperture  small  (pi.  57,  fig.  79).     Pinar  del  Rio. 

V.  Pure  white  throughout,  or  with  a  faint  pink  tint  on  the 
parietal  wall.  Columellar  truncation  varying  from  very 
strong  to  imperceptible.  (PI.  58,  fig.  88). 

VI.  Var.  crenatus  Swains.  Rather  thin,  the  columella  straight, 
slightly  or  not  at  all  truncated.  White,  with  numerous  grass- 
green  lines,  the  earlier  whorls,  columella  and  thin  parietal 
callus  white  or  nearly  so.  (A.  crenata  Swains.;  A.  anais 
Lesson.  PI.  58,  figs.  80,  81).  This  form  differs  from  Var. 
la  in  wanting  dark  markings  on  the  spire  and  parietal  wail. 
There  is  sometimes  a  brown  peripheral  line. 

Floridian  varieties. 

VI.  White,  with  few  or  numerous  grass-green  lines,  sometimes 
coalescent  into  bands  ;  no  brown  line  at  periphery  or  else- 
where. Apical  whorls  and  parietal  callus  white  or  pink, 
(var.  crenatus  Swains.,  pi.  60,  figs.  1,  3,  5).  These  are  the 
same  as  the  Cuban  crenatus.  The  bands  are  sometimes  dull 
instead  of  bright  green,  or  even  olive-brown. 

Via.   Similar,  but  more  or  less  tinted  or  broadly  zoned  with 


172  LIGUUS. 

yellow,  varying  to  forms  with  no  green  lines  and 
bright  yellow  color  (pi.  60,  figs.  10,  12,  13,  Miami, 
Fla.). 

VIb.  Similar  to  VI,  but  with  a  broad  interrupted  blackish 
zone  or  series  of  blotches  on  one  or  two  whorls  of  the 
spire;  sometimes  a  brown  line  at  the  periphery  (pi. 
60,  fig.  2). 

Vic.  Similar  to  VI&,  but  the  broad  interrupted  zones  ex- 
tend to  the  last  whorl,  with  or  without  green  lines, 
the  intervals  between  dark  blotches  often  yellow  (pL 
60,  figs.  4,  8,  Miami,  P'la.). 

Vie?.  Last  whorl  elaborately  streaked  with  black-brown,  a 
light  band  at  periphery  and  suture  (pi.  60,  fig.  7, 
Miami  :  also  pi.  20,  figs.  27,  28). 

Vie.  Streaks  reduced  to  series  of  spots  below  the  suture 
and  at  the  periphery  (pi.  60,  fig.  11,  Miami,  Fla.). 
This  form  resembles  and  is  a  transition  to  the  next, 
but  is  more  heavily  marked. 

VII.  Thin  and  light,  the  columella  slender,  not  truncated.  Deli- 
cately greenish-yellow  tinted,  pale  above,  smeared  longi- 
tudinally at  irregular  intervals  with  bluish  or  purplish,  more 
copiously  streaked  on  the  upper  whorls  ;  having  more  or  less 
developed  sub-sutural  and  peripheral  bands  of  spot»  ;  brown 
bands  at  periphery  and  suture,  with  another  above  the  suture; 
and  some  green  lines  (pi.  59,  figs.  90,  91,  Lignum  Vitas  Key)r 
or  none  (pi.  59,  iig.  97,  No  Name  Key)  on  the  last  whorl. 
Apex  and  parietal  wall  faintly  pink-tinted.  Similar  to  var. 
picta  Rve.,  but  thinner,  with  slender  columella,  and  a  white 
band  between  the  suture  and  the  row  of  spots  below  it. 
VIII.  A  broad  blackish  zone  on  the  spire,  two  on  the  last  whorl,  on 
a  white  ground  (pi.  59,  figs.  92,  93,  Key  Largo).  This 
connects  with  VI6  and  the  following  form  though  specimens 
with  the  dark  zones  absent  on  the  last  whorl,  and  replaced 
by  lines  or  a  uniform  white  surface.  In  some  shells  the  bands 
are  yellow  with  brown  streaks. 

IX.  White,   with   faint   pinkish    or  gray  streaks,   the   apex   and 
columella   pink  (pi.  59,  fig.  94,  Key  Largo).     Also  occurs  at 
Goodland  Point. 
X.  Solid  and  strong,    pale  yellow,  or  white   with  yellow  zones. 


173 

the  columella  truncated  at  base  (var.  solida  Say,  pi.  58,  fig. 
86,  Say's  type  ;  also  fig.  87). 

Jn  Florida  L.  fasciatus  is  said  to  range  from  Key  West  to  Miami, 
and  northward  on  the  west  coast  to  Goodland  Point.  It  is  defi- 
nitely known  from  the  following  keys  and  mainland  localities  : 

Key  West  (Binney)  ;  which  color  form  is  not  recorded. 

Pine  Key  (Simpson)  ;  "a  very  large  form,  greatly  elongated  with 
flattened  whorls  and  beautifully  marked  with  brown,  green,  blue  and 
purple  on  a  yellow  ground,  columella  and  tip  of  spire  pink.  One 
living  shell  found,  of  a  chalky-white  throughout,  having  a  single 
very  narrow  olive  line  on  the  body  and  next  whorl,  the  columella 
being  as  distinctly  truncated  as  most  of  the  African  Achatinas." 

No  Name  Key  (Hemphill).  See  Var.  VII  above,  and  pi.  59,  fig. 
97.  Delicate  mottled  shells,  resembling  those  from  Lignum  Vitre 
Key,  and  the  var.  pictus  of  Cuba. 

Key  Vaccas  (Hemphill).  See  pi.  59,  fig.  95.  "  Small,  thick, 
four  upper  whorls  white  with  longitudinal  dark  chestnut  blotches, 
lower  three  w)iorls  very  dark  green,  almost  black,  with  white  longi- 
tudinal flammules  and  black  revolving  bands." 

Grassy  Key  (Joseph  Willcox).  Pure  white,  with  pale  olive- 
green  lines.  Two  specimens. 

Rabbit  Key  (Simpson).     "  Variety  having  a  wide  brown  band." 

Lignum  Vita  Key  (Willcox).  See  var.  VII,  above,  and  pi.  59, 
figs.  90,  91.  Delicately  mottled  with  purple  and  lineate  with  green. 
Resembles  the  form  from  No  Name  Key.  Four  specimens  examined. 

Key  Largo  (Hemphill).  (a)  Pinkish-white,  with  some  grayish 
streaks,  the  apex  and  columella  pink  ;  pi.  59,  fig.  94.  (b)  The 
same,  with  pale  green  lines  on  the  last  whorl,  (c)  White  with  two 
wide  black  or  red-brown  bands,  the  upper  one  ascending  the  spire, 
pi.  59,  fig.  93,  or  the  bands  yellow  with  brown  streaks,  pi.  59,  fig. 
92,  and  sometimes  wanting  on  the  last  whorl  or  replaced  by  greenish 
lines  there.  Thirty  two  specimens. 

Biscayne  Key  (Binney).      Color  forms  not  recorded. 

Miami,  Dade  Co.,  on  the  mainland  (S.  N.  Rhoads,  H.  A.  Pilsbry). 
This  is  apparently  near  or  at  the  limit  of  distribution  northward  on 
the  east  coast  of  Florida.  See  varieties  VI,  Via,  VI&,  Vic,  Vic/, 
Vie,  and  pi.  60,  all  figures.  The  earlier  whorls  and  columella  are 
indifferently  white  or  pink  in  all  the  color-forms.  The  color-patterns 
are  somewhat  localized,  some  colonies  affording  green-banded  shells 


174  LIGUUS. 

only,  while  in  others  many  dark  specimens  occur  also.  The  more 
elaborately-marked  forms,  such  as  Vic?  and  Vie  are  rave  at  Miami, 
the  forms  VI  and  Via  greatly  predominating. 

Cape  Sable,  S.-E.  Florida  (Simpson,  Willcox).  White,  with  pink 
apex  and  columella,  the  later  half  of  the  body-whorl  with  a  pink 
peripheral  line  and  numerous  light  greenish  lines  ;  solid  and  strong, 
with  the  columella  either  heavy  and  strongly  truncated,  or  the  trun- 
cation scarcely  noticeable  (pi.  59,  fig.  96,  coll.  by  Willcox).  Simpson 
writes  :  u  Some  of  the  shells  marked  with  a  broad  spiral  band  of  bril- 
liant orange,  and  on  one  shell  the  band  was  green." 

Goodland  Point,  Lee  Co.,  on  the  west  coast,  about  40  miles  south 
of  Charlotte  Harbor  (Simpson,  Hemphill).  This  is  the  most  north- 
ern point  from  which  the  species  is  known,  though  Mr.  Simpson 
mentions  a  report  of  its  occurrence  on  Sanibel  Island.  It  ascends 
decidedly  further  on  the  west  than  on  the  east  coast.  The  shells 
collected  by  Hemphill  are  white  with  the  apex  and  columella  pink, 
last  one  or  two  whorls  with  a  broad  yellow  zone  or  two,  and  some- 
times numerous  yellowish-olive  lines  toward  the  end  of  the  last  whorl. 
Simpson  mentions  them  as  either  pure  white  or  slightly  marked  with 
greenish  or  brown  lines  on  the  body-whorl.  It  occurs  in  abundance. 

It  will  be  obvious  from  the  foregoing  that  certain  color-patterns  are 
locally  restricted  ;  but  until  many  more  of  the  keys  are  explored  and 
ample  series  collected  with  data  on  the  stations,  etc.,  no  definite  con- 
clusions on  the  distribution  of  the  color-varieties  can  be  formulated. 
The  exact  habitats  of  some  forms,  such  as  the  solidus  of  Say,  are 
unknown. 

L.  BLAINIANUS  (Poey).     PL  55,  figs.  51,  52,  53. 

Shell  oblong-turreted,  rather  solid.  Cream -white  or  yellowish- 
white,  with  five  black-brown  spiral  bands  :  the  upper  one  a  mere  line 
below  the  suture,  the  second  and  fourth  wide  zones  more  or  less 
broken  by  reddish  or  yellow  streaks,  the  third  or  peripheral  narrower, 
continuous,  and  the  fifth  band  encircling  the  columellar  region  or 
forming  a  columellar  patch.  The  first,  third  and  fifth  bands  are 
sometimes  replaced  by  diluted  purplish  or  purple-brown  bands  (fig. 
53),  and  the  degree  of  maculation  of  the  two  main  zones  varies 
within  wide  limits.  Surface  smooth.  Whorls  7^,  the  apex  blackish 
at  the  tip  when  not  removed,  several  whorls  following  reddish,  with 
a  pale  subsutural  border. 


LIGUUS — CORONA.  175 

Aperture  small,  oblique,  whitish  or  maculated  within  ;  outer  lip 
acute  ;  columella  vertical,  moderately  heavy,  somewhat  truncated  at 
the  base;  the  parietal  and  columellar  callus  more  or  less  pinkish,  the 
former  rather  thin. 

Alt.  43,  diam.  19,  longest  axis  of  aperture  19  mill. 

Alt.  38,  diam.  17,  longest  axis  of  aperture  17  mill. 

Sierra  de  Rangd,  in  the  cordillera  de  los  Organos,  about  30  leagues 
S.  S.-E.  from  Havana,  Cuba. 

Achatina  blainiana  POKY,  Memorias  sobra  la  Hist.  Nat.  de  la  isla 
de  Cuba  i,  p.  206,  pi.  12,  f.  4-6  (1851) — PFK.,  Zeitschr.  f.  Malak. 
1852,  p.  176  ;  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  364,  pi.  24,  f.  4,  5  ;  Monogr.  iii,  p. 
489;  iv,  605;  vi,  221 GUNDLACH,  Malak.  Blatter  iv,  1857,  p.  45. 

Poey  mentions  a  specimen  47  mill,  long,  but  the  ordinary  size  is 
about  40  mill.  It  is  closely  allied  to  L.  fasciatus,  with  which  Arango 
unites  it,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  the  more  compressed  or  con- 
tracted last  whorl,  and  the  particular  pattern  of  coloring,  which  does 
not  vary  materially  in  th^3  small  series  of  some  23  specimens  before 
me.  Still,  there  are  certain  forms  of  fasciatus  which  approach 
blaim'anus,  and  when  full  series  from  the  region  adjacent  to  its  local- 
ity are  collected,  I  do  not  have  much  doubt  that  blainianus  will  be 
given  subspecific  rather  than  specific  rank. 

Subgenus  CORONA  Albers,  1850. 

Corona  ALBERS,  Die  Heliceen,  p.  193  (for  Achatina  reyina  Fer. 
and  A.  fiammigera  Fe>.) — SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitia?  Concholngiaei 

i,  p.  66  (1856) VON  MARTENS  in  Die  Hel.  edit.  2,  p.  226  (type  0. 

regina  Fer.). — Bulwms  and  Achatina  sp.,  of  various  authors. — ffelix, 
subg.  Cochlitoma  sp.  of  Fe>ussac.  Not  Corone  Kaup,  1829  (Aves), 
nor  Coronus  Dej.,  1833  (Coleoptera),  nor  Coronia  Ehrenberg. 

Shell  lengthened,  ovate  conic,  solid,  sinistral  or  dextral,  without 
spiral  striation  ;  apex  obtuse,  the  first  whorl  planorboid  above,  smooth, 
the  following  1J  whorls  of  the  nepionic  shell  irregularly  striated  or 
wrinkled  in  the  direction  of  growth-line*,  when  unworn.  Aperture 
oblique,  the  outer  lip  unexpanded,  thin,  the  inner  margin  covered 
with  a  blackish  callus  and  deeply  excavated  at  the  root  of  the  colu- 
mella ;  columella  twisted,  with  a  heavy  callous  fold,  usually  more  or 
less  distinctly  truncate  at  base.  Soft  anatomy  unknown. 

Type  :  Helix  (Cochlitoma}  regina  F£r. — See  plates  33  to  36«. 

Distribution  :  Eastern  side  of  the  Andes  from  Bolivia  to  Ecuador, 
eastward  to  the  province  of  Bahia  and  to  Guiana. 


176  LIGUUS CORONA. 

This  group  is  still  unknown  anatomically.  In  shell-characters  it 
seems  more  nearly  allied  to  Hemibulimus  than  to  other  known  sub- 
genera  of  OrthalicincB)  agreeing  with  that  group  in  the  vertically 
wrinkled  nepionic  shell,  the  deeply  excised  inner  lip,  and  the  truncate 
columella.  It  differs  from  Hemibulimus  in  the  brighter  coloration, 
and  heavily  calloused  columella.  The  structure  of  the  columella  is 
remarkably  like  some  species  of  Metorihalicus,  a  group  distinguished 
by  its  pitted  apical  sculpture,  and  thick  outer  lip. 

Albers,  Pfeiffer,  Shuttleworth,  von  Martens  and  others  have  in- 
cluded a  greater  or  less  number  of  incongruous  species  in  Corona. 
Excluding  these,  the  subgenus  consists  of  a  group  of  very  closely 
allied  forms,  which  when  full  geographic  series  are  collected  and 
studied  may  prove  to  be  varying  races  of  a  single  species.  Cousin 
has  taken  this  view  (Bull.  Zool.  Soc.  France,  vii,  1889,  p.  193); 
but  the  obvious  errors  of  fact  and  crudities  of  judgment  everywhere 
apparent  in  his  "Fauna  Malacologique  de  la  Republic  de  PEquateur," 
and  particularly  so  in  his  paragraphs  upon  Corona  regina,  do  not 
recommend  his  views  to  us. 

The  distribution  of  several  of  the  forms  is  involved  in  obscurity. 
L.  regaiis,  with  its  variety  loroisianus,  is  known  to  be  a  species  of 
the  upper  Amazon,  in  Eastern  Peru  and  Ecuador,  and  western  Brazil, 
L.  incisus  inhabits  the  forests  east  of  the  Cordillera  in  Bolivia,  and 
apparently  occurs  also  in  the  province  of  Bahia  and  in  Guiana.  This 
is  a  wide  range,  and  the  identity  of  the  Guiana  shells  with  those  of 
Bolivia  is  not  absolutely  certain.  Of  L.  perversus  I  have  an  appar- 
ently authentic  specimen  from  Demerara  ;  but  no  habitat  is  yet 
known  for  the  typical  L.  regina. 

When  the  wide  gaps  in  distribution  indicated  above  are  narrowed, 
and  large  series  from  single  localities  are  collected,  the  number  of 
species  and  their  limits  may  become  clear  to  us.  Meantime  these 
are  open  questions;  and  in  declining  to  "lump"  them  I  should  not 
be  understood  as  holding  the  opinion  that  the  forms  are  distinct 
species ;  I  merely  desire  to  leave  the  subject  in  convenient  order  for 
those  who  come  after.  To  this  end  the  several  forms  have  been  dis- 
criminated and  the  whole  literature  rearranged.  Should  the  group 
be  reduced  to  a  single  species,  the  name  perversus  Swains.,  will  take 
precedence  over  regina  F£r.  for  the  whole  assemblage. 

There  are  several  names  similar  to  Corona,  and  of  earlier  date,  in 
use  in  zoology.  If  the  molluscan  group-name  be  considered  pre- 
occupied by  any  of  them,  it  may  be  called  Paraliguus. 


L1GUUS — CORONA.  177 

Key  to  Species  of  Corona. 

a.  Outer  lip  black  or  blackish. 

b.  White  within  ;  a  peripheral  band  generally  developed. 
c.   Dextral  ;  last    half   of    the    body-whorl    blackishr 
spire  pink.  regina,  p.  177. 

c1.  Sinistral,  at  least  typically  ;  last  half  of  the  body- 
whorl  not  darker,  the  occasionally  interrupted 
peripheral  dark  band  giving  place  to  a  whitish 
one  in  some  specimens  ;  ground-color  flesh-tinted. 

perversus,  p.  178» 

b1.  Purple  within  ;  band  in  middle  of  upper  surface  of  each 

whorl  developed,  short  dark  streaks  between  it  and  the 

suture  ;  sinistral.  invttuf,  p.  179. 

a1.   Outer  lip  and  interior  white  ;  no  well  defined  spiral  bands  in 

adults.     Sinistral,  or  rarely  dextral. 

b.  Last  half  of  last  whorl  with  yellow  or  green  streaks. 

regalis,  p.  180. 
b1.  Last  half  of  last  whorl  black  with  orange  spots. 

regalis  var.  loroisianus,  p.  183. 

L.  REGINA  (F£russac).     PI.  33,  figs.  1,  2,  4,  5. 

Shell  dextral,  oblong-turreted,  thick  and  solid.  Spire  pink,  with  a 
median  articulated  band  (sometimes  faint  or  obsolete)  and  some 
rather  wide,  separated  longitudinal  streaks,  brown  on  the  upper, 
purplish  on  the  penultimate  whorl,  upon  which  the  ground-color 
fades  to  the  buff  tint  of  the  last  whorl,  where  there  is  a  variable  number 
of  narrow  brown  longitudinal  lines  ;  and  the  latter  half  of  the  whorl 
usually  becomes  blackish  olive,  with  some  post-variceal  snow-white 
stripes.  It  is  begirt  at  the  periphery  by  a  black-brown  band,  pale- 
edged,  which  may  generally  be  seen  as  a  series  of  arrow-spots  nearly 
concealed  by  the  suture,  on  the  spire.  Surface  somewhat  glossy, 
nearly  smooth,  growth-lines  being  but  slightly  developed.  Whorls 
about  8,  the  apex  usually  self-amputated  in  large  examples. 

Aperture  pure  white  within  ;  perislome  with  a  narrow  black- 
brown  edge ;  columella  with  a  conspicuous  callous  fold  above, 
obliquely  truncated  at 'base;  parietal  wall  and  columella  covered 
with  a  black  callus,  the  fold  of  the  columella  fleshy  white. 

Alt.  86,  diam.  35,  longest  axis  of  aperture  39  mill. 
12 


178  LIGUUS COROXA. 

Habitat  unknown;  "Brazil"  (in  coll.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  with  L. 
regalis). 

Helix  (Cochlitoma^)  regina  FERUSSAC,  Tabl.  Systemat.  p.  4J,  no. 
342,  based  upon  Histoire  pi.  119  (exclusive  of  "  /?,  minor,"  and 
'*  monstrum,  a  sinistra  "  (1823  ?) — Achatina  mtlastoma  SWAINSON, 
Zoological  Illustrations  iii,  pi.  152  (excluding  "  var  (reversed)  A. 
perversa  "),  (1822-3) — Achatina  melanostoma  Sw.,  GRAY,  Annals 
of  Philosophy  (new  series)  ix,  p.  414  (June,  1825) — Orthalicus  rex, 

a.  dextrorsus,  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  60  (1837) Achatina  regina 

Swains.,  REEVE,  Conch.  System  ii,  pi.  177,  f.  8 — Achatina  regina 
Fer.,  PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  244  (A.,  dextrorsa). 

In  any  division  of  the  regina  group,  either  into  species  or  varieties, 
the  typical  regina  of  Ferussac  must  be  restricted  to  his  figures  3,  4, 
5,  of  plate  119  of  the  Histoire  (similar  to  the  form  shown  in  my  pi. 
33,  figs.  1,  2).  That  he  included  a  form  "  /3,  minor"  (=  Oxystyla 
bensoni}  and  a  "  monstrum,  sinistra  "  (Ligaus  perverstis)  as  pertain- 
ing to  the  species,  is  true  ;  but  obviously  neither  of  these  was  regarded 
by  him  as  typical. 

Regardless  of  questions  relating  to  the  limits  of  the  several  var- 
ieties, typical  regina  is  the  large  solid  dextral  form  with  pink  spire 
and  yellow-tinted  body-whorl,  upon  which  yellowish-olive  streaks 
appear,  at  first  separated,  but  upon  the  latter  half  of  the  whorl 
crowded  and  dark,  or  forming  an  almost  uniform  blackish-olive  coat. 
Svvainson's  A.  melastoma  (pi.  33,  figs.  4,  5)  is  a  smaller  specimen  in 
which  the  longitudinal  streaks  are  more  developed  upon  the  spire. 

It  is  difficult  to  tell  what  form  was  collected  by  Lieutenant  Eyries 
near  Cayenne,  French  Guiana ;  for  while  Drouet  (Moll.  terr.  et 
d'eau  douce  Guyane  Fran£aise,  p.  67)  refers  to  Ferussac's  figures 
3-5,  which  represent  the  typical  regina,  yet  he  says  that  the  peri- 
stome  is  white,  and  expressly  states  that  he  has  not  seen  melanostoma 
Gray  from  French  Guiana.  The  white  peristome  would  also  ex- 
clude L.  incisus,  which  is  reported  from  Guiana  on  Cuming's  au- 
thority, and  indicates  the  upper  Amazon  species,  L.  regalis. 

L.  PERVERSUS  (Swainson).     PI.  36,  figs.  20,  21,  22,  23. 

Sinistral,  oblong-conic,  thick  and  solid.  Flesh-colored,  with  a 
black-brown  belt  at  the  periphery,  occasionally  interrupted,  and  over- 
lying a  slightly  wider  white  belt,  which  shows  at  the  edges  of  the  dark 
band,  and  where  the  latter  is  interrupted  ;  a  narrow  black  varix  on  the 


LIGUUS — CORONA.  179 

last  whorl;  several  earlier  whorls  with  wedge- shaped  or  irregular  purplish 
longitudinal  streaks.  Aperture  white  and  thickened  inside,  the  lip 
with  a  black-brown  edge  and  border  within ;  col umella  chestnut  col- 
ored, short,  with  a  particularly  heavy  and  convex  fold  directed  in- 
wardly ;  the  parietal  callus  black. 

Alt.  61,  diam.  29,  longest  axis  of  aperture  29-^  mill.;  whorls  7J. 

Demerara  (Jacobs,  in  R.  Swift  coll.). 

Achatinia  perversa  SWAINSON,  Zoological  Illustrations  i,  pi.  36 
(1820-21)  —  Helix  regina,  monstrum,  sinistra,  FERUSSAC,  Histoire, 
pi.  119,  f.  6. —  Orthalicus  rex,  b.  sinistrorsus,  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p. 
60  (1837). 

Bidimus  regina  d'Orb.,  HUPE  in  Castelnau's  Exped.  dans  1'Amer. 
du  Sud,  p.  33,  pi.  10,  f.  2  ;  pi.  7,  f.  1,  la. 

The  blackish  edge  and  internal  border  of  the  peristome,  the 
shortness  of  the  very  convex  and  deeply  situated  columellar  fold,  and 
usual  absence  of  basal  truncation,  the  more  pronounced  effuseness  or 
retraction  of  the  base  of  the  aperture,  are  all  characteristic  features 
of  this  form  as  contrasted  with  those  following.  The  peripheral  band 
and  occasional  black  varices  are  also  conspicuous,  and  with  the  bold 
longitudinal  blotches  and  partial  or  complete  obsolescence  of  a  me- 
dian articulated  band  on  the  whorls  of  the  spire,  usually  permit  ready 
recognition.  In  large  specimens,  however,  the  peripheral  belt  may 
become  inconspicuous. 

Hupe's  "Bidimus  regina1'  (pi.  36,  figs.  24,  25)  is  apparently  refer- 
able to  this  species  as  a  dextral  form,  rather  than  to  the  typical 
regina;  but  it  is  not  far  from  being  a  transition  form  between  the 
two. 

Swainson's  name  perversa  was  doubtless  properly  published  before 
Ferussac's  regina,  and  was  not  pre-occupied ;  so  that  should  the  two 
be  consolidated  as  the  result  of  further  investigations,  L.  perversus 
will  take  precedence.  Swainson's  type  was  a  specimen  almost  ex- 
actly like  my  figs.  20,  21,  22  in  size  and  coloration. 

L.  INCISUS  (Hupe).     PI.  35,  figs.  15,  16,  17. 

Shell  sinislral,  elongate-turreted,  irregularly  wrinkled  by  longitu- 
dinal striae  ;  spire  pyramidally  acuminate,  the  apex  obtuse  ;  whorls 
somewhat  convex ;  chestnut-brown,  with  longitudinal  flexuous  or 
angulated  flammules,  and  an  articulated  band  in  the  middle  of  the 
whorls  of  the  spire,  and  when  present,  above  the  middle  on  the  last 


180  LIGUUS CORONA. 

whorl.  Aperture  oblong,  oblique,  violaceous  within,  the  inner  mar- 
gin deeply  excavated  in  the  middle  ;  columella  black,  twisted,  thick- 
ened, strongly  truncate  at  base  ;  outer  lip  simple,  acute,  bordered 
with  blackish  inside.  Alt.  62,  diam.  33  mill. 

Surinam,  Demerara  and  British  Guiana  (Cuming  coll.);  Province 
of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Spix);  Provinces  of  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra  and 
Moxos,  Bolivia  (Orb.);  Bolivia  (Hupe). 

Bulimus  incisus  HUPE,  in  Castelnau,  Exped.  dans  I'Ame'r.  du  Sud, 
Moll.,  p.  36,  pi.  9,  f.  1  (1857). —  Orthalicus  incisus  PFR.,  Monogr.  vi, 
p.  202. —  Orthalicus  melanostoma  SHUTTLE  WORTH,  Notitise  Malaco- 
logicae  i,  p.  67  (exclusive  of  references  to  Ferussac). — PFR.,  Monogr. 
iv,  p.  591  (exclusive  of  references  to  Ferussac,  Swainson  and  Gray). 
— Bulimus  regina  ORB.,  Voy.  dans  PAmer.  Me  rid.,  p.  258,  pi.  29,  f. 

4  (living  animal) REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  27,  f.  168c Achatina 

melanostoma  Swains.,  WAGNER  in  Spix,  Testae.  Bras.,  p.  16  (exclu- 
sive of  synonymy),  pi.  8,  f.  1  =  Achatina  perversa  SPIX,  1.  c.  (1827). 

Shuttleworth's  description  under  the  name  U0.  melanostoma"  is 
better  than  that  of  Huj^e,  from  which  the  above  is  taken,  especially 
in  describing  the  coloration.  "  Purplish-flesh  colored,  becoming  dull 
chestnut  toward  the  base,  with  a  median  purple-brown  band  articu- 
lated with  whitish,  and  a  series  of  short  blackish-violaceous  streaks 
between  the  band  and  the  suture."  "  Columella  callous,  twisted, 
thickened  above,  blackish-chestnut  or  purple ;  aperture  semi-oval, 
purple  deep  within,  becoming  whitish  toward  the  margin  ;  peristome 
unexpanded,  bordered  with  blackish-chestnut"  He  gives  the  dimen- 
sions, alt.  78,  diam.  30,  length  of  aperture  34  mil!. 

It  resembles  L.  perversus  in  the'  dark-edged  outer  lip,  but  the 
aperture  is  purple  inside  instead  of  white,  and  the  articulated  band 
is  not  the  peripheral  (band  3  of  the  usual  notation),  as  in  perversus, 
but  the  one  above  that  (band  2);  above  it,  dark  streaks  run  to  the 
suture. 

The  dextral  form   doubtfully  referred   to  this  variety  by  Sliuttle- 
worth,  and  those  cited  by  Pfeiffer,  do  not  belong  here. 
L.   REGALIS   (Hupe).     PI.  35,   figs.  13,  14,   19  ;  pi.  34,  figs.  9,  10, 

11,  12;  pi.  36#,  figs.  26,  27   (specimens   from   Moyobamba);   pi. 

33,  figs.  3,  6. 

Shell  usually  sinistral,  ovate  or  oblong  conic,  the  surface 
varying  from  striatulate  to  plicatulate.  Ground  color  various, 
but  usually  pale  brown,  or  in  denuded  specimens,  cream  tinted, 


LIGUUS — CORONA.  181 

the  cuticle  becoming  heavier  and  olivaceous- chest  nut  or  decidedly  green 
in  streaks  on  the  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl,  where  there  are  usually 
some  ill-defined  varices  ;  the  upper  portion  of  the  spire  either  flesh-pink 
or  whitish  ;  the  markings  consisting  of  some  oblique  brown  streaks,  and 
a  narrow  median  articulated  band  on  the  spire,  the  band  becoming  ob- 
solete on  the  last  one  or  two  whorls,  which  are  variously  figured  with 
wedge-shaped,  light-bordered,  purplish  spots,  or  short  lines  transverse 
to  the  growth  stride,  or  both;  often  with  some  irregular,  longitudinal 
purplish  streaks. 

Aperture  white  inside,  the  peristome  white,  without  a  dark  border 
within;  columella  with  a  prominent  callous  fold  above,  truncated 
below,  brown,  with  more  or  less  of  the  edge  white  ;  parietal  wall  and 
reflexed  columellar  callous  black  or  nearly  so. 

Alt.  84,  diam.  37,  longest  axis  of  aperture  39^  mill.,  whorls  8^. 

Alt.  71,  diam.  45,  longest  axis  of  aperture  36^  mill.,  whorls  7§. 

Alt.  70,  diam.  32,  longest  axis  of  aperture  35  mill. 

Alt.  70,  diam.  31,  longest  axis  of  aperture  33  mill.,  whorls  8^. 

Moyobamba  Peru  (Moricand,  Cuming,  in  R.  Swift  colln.);  Napo 
Ecuador  (Martinez);  "Brazil"  (Hup6  in  Castelnau). 

Bulimus  regina  d'Orb.,  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon,  v,  pi.  27,  f.  168a. 

Achatina  regina  Fer.,  PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  362  (in  part),  pi. 
47,  f.  1,  2 — A.  regina  Swains.,  REEVE,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  p.  86,  pi. 
177,  f.  7. 

Bulimus  regalis  HUPE,  in  Castelnau,  Exped.  dansl'Amer.  du  Sud, 
Moll.,  p.  34,  pi.  10,  f.  3  (1857);  cf.  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt.  1859,  p.  49. 
—  Orthalicus  regalis,  PFR.,  Monogr.  vi,  p.  201. —  Orthalicus  regina 
Fer.,  HIDALGO,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1870,  p.  64;  Moluscos  del  Viaje 
al  Pacifico  i,  p.  134. —  Corona  regina  MILLER,  Malak.  Blatt.  xxv,  p. 

185 COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zoo'l.  France  1887,  p.  193  (exclusive  of 

most  of  the  references  and  localities). 

Orthalicus  (  Corona)  regina  SHUTTLE  WORTH,  Notitiae  Malacologies 
i,  p.  66  (exclusive  of  part  of  references). — PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  p.  591 
(excluding  part  of  the  references). 

Distinguished  from  all  the  foregoing  species  of  the  group  by  its 
white  peristome.  There  is  no  peripheral  band  on  the  adult  shell ;  but 
the  young,  and  often  the  spire  of  old  specimens,  shows  an  articulated 
or  dotted  band  almost  concealed  at  the  suture.  The  markings  con- 
sist of  short  lines  or  streaks  transverse  to  the  growth-striae,  with 
usually  some  wedge-shaped  spots  and  longitudinal  purplish  streaks, 


182  LIGUUS- — CORONA. 

bordered  with  white  on  the  right  side,  as  though  the  pigment  had  been 
withheld  a  short  time  and  then  poured  out  copiously.  Sometimes  all 
of  these  markings  are  sub-obsolete,  as  in  the  chestnut-colored  speci- 
men shown  in  fig.  10  of  plate  34.  There  is  almost  always  more  or 
less  green  in  the  cuticle  on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  whorl,  though 
yellowish-chestnut  occasionally  replaces  it. 

Besides  the  pattern  of  coloring  described  above,  more  heavily 
striped  shells  occur  (pi.  33,  fig.  6),  in  which  the  occasional  stripes  of 
the  ordinary  form  are  emphasized  and  multiplied,  are  either  straight 
or  zigzag,  and  the  shell  is  usually  quite  large.  Fig.  7  of  pi.  177  of 
the  Conchologia  Systematica,  and  fig.  1 68a  of  the  Conchologia  Iconica 
represent  these  richly  colored  specimens,  and  Dr.  Hidalgo,  in  his 
excellent  volume  ou  the  mollusks  of  the  Spanish  Expedition,  has  de- 
scribed similar  individuals  from  Napo,  Ecuador,  collected  by  Sr. 
Martinez.  As  in  the  ordinary  form,  there  is  more  or  less  green  on 
the  latter  half  of  the  last  whorl. 

Fig.  9  of  plate  34  represents  a  rather  small  specimen,  in  which  a 
reddish  band,  more  or  less  obscured  in  places  by  the  overlying  cuti- 
cle, revolves  above  the  periphery  and  just  below  the  articulated  dot- 
band  of  the  spire  ;  the  earlier  whorls  have  broad,  angular,  brown 
stripes  ;  the  first  half  whorl  is  reddish  brown,  the  succeeding  1^ 
whorls  similar  with  a  white  crown.  The  last  whorl  is  distinctly 
though  obtusely  angular  in  front,  and  is  streaked  with  bright  green 
cuticle,  peculiarly  spotted  in  places  with  white.  This  shell  may  be 
referable  to  the  form  loroisiamis,  but  that  seems  to  be  only  a  weakly 
marked  variety  of  L.  regalis. 

A  young  shell  (pi.  35,  fig.  19)  has  an  articulated  or  dotted  band  at 
the  rather  acutely  keeled  periphery,  another  above  the  middle  of  the 
upper  surface,  and  some  light  and  dark  streaks  below  the  suture  ; 
just  below  the  periphery  there  is  a  continuous  dark  chestnut  band, 
and  two  more,  separated  by  a  cream-colored  space  with  faint  purplish 
streaks,  are  upon  the  base.  The  peripheral  angle  is  hardly  acute 
enough  in  the  figure.  D'Orbigny's  pi.  29,  fig.  5,  shows  a  similar 
shell. 

Dextral  form,  (pi.  36a,  figs.  28,  29;  pi.  33,  fig.  3).  Similar  to 
the  ordinary  sinistral  type,  of  which  it  probably  is  a  mere  form  rather 
than  a  race.  The  specimens  figured  on  pi.  36a  are  nearly  denuded 
of  cuticle,  what  remains  showing  the  brownish  or  yellowish-green 
tint  of  the  sinistral  form. 


LIGUUS CORONA.  183 

Var.  loroisianus  (Hupe).  PI.  34,  figs.  7,  8.  Shell  elongate- 
turreted,  sinistral,  with  elevated,  pyramidal-acuminated  spire  and 
obtuse  apex  ;  whorls  8;  surface  with  very  fine,  close  oblique  stria3, 
apparent  on  the  last  whorl  but  hardly  visible  upon  the  earlier  ones. 
Earlier  whorls  bright  yellowish-rose  colored,  the  tint  deeper  at  the 
apex,  traversed  by  a  narrow  brown  or  blackish  articulated  or  in- 
terrupted band,  which  disappears  on  the  last  whorl ;  the  latter  is 
blackish  varied  with  spots  and  irregular  longitudinal  bands  of  orange- 
yellow,  formed  by  a  ground  of  that  ctilor. 

Aperture  oblique,  white  inside;  columella  brilliant  blackish,  strongly 
twisted  in  the  middle,  and  provided  with  a  strong  white  callus  ex- 
tending to  the  base,  with  a  slight  truncation  there.  Alt.  64,  diam. 
30  mill. 

Between  Lamas  and  Tarapoto,  eastern  Peru,  300-400  meters  above 
the  sea  (Stiibel);  Juraty,  middle  Amazonas  (Dohrn). 

Bulimus  loroisianus^  HUPE,  in  Castelnau,  Exped.  dans  1'Amer.  du 
Sud,  Moll.,  p.  35,  pi.  10,  f.  1  (1857);  cf.  PFK.,  Malak.  Blatt.  1859, 
p.  50. —  Orthalicus  loroisianus  PFR.,  Monogr.  vi,  p.  202. — DOHRN, 
Jahrb.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  109 — Orthalicus  (Corona)  melan- 
ostomus  Shuttl.,  var.  loroisianus,  Hupe,  MARTENS,  Conch.  Mittheil. 
ii,  p.  159. 

The  coloration  of  the  last  whorl,  consisting  of  orange  yellow  spots 
scattered  over  a  ground  of  intense  black,  seems  to  be  the  only  char- 
acter separating  this  form  from  L.  regalis,  while  the  blackness  of  the 
last  whorl  suggests  L.  regina,  which  differs  in  having  the  outer  lip 
dark-bordered.  I  have  not  seen  specimens. 

Dr.  Dohrn  records  loroisianus  from  "  Juraty  "  (?  Jutahy  river,  in 
western  Brazil).  Of  fourteen  specimens  from  this  place  examined 
by  him,  the  largest  reached  a  length  of  68  mill.  They  almost  agree 
in  coloring,  the  upper  whorls  being  fleshy-rose,  then  becoming 
.whitish-yellow,  the  last  whorl  covered  with  an  olive-colored  cuticle, 
more  or  less  rubbed  off.  The  typical  narrow  dark  band  of  the  upper 
whorls  is  never  wanting  ;  generally  there  are  similar  streaks  above  or 
below,  always  interrupted.  Dark  stripes  and  flames  are  very  irreg- 
ular in  occurrence,  so  that  a  few  specimens  appear  especially  dark. 
The  aperture  is  milk-white  within,  columella  and  parietal  wall 
glossy  violet-black.  The  columellar  fold  shows  great  variability, 
sometimes  being  but  little  swollen,  sometimes  having  thick  callosities 
which  on  the  edge  bear  one  or  two  protuberances,  this  edge  being 


184  L1GUUS HEMIBULIMUS. 

always  whitish.  The  development  of  the  col umellar  fold  io  indepen- 
dent of  the  more  or  less  slender  form  of  the  shell.  The  lip-edge  is 
white,  only  in  young  specimens,  in  which  the  lip  had  not  attained  its 
full  thickness,  the  external  epidermis  shows  darkly  through.  Only 
one  of  the  lot  is  dextral.  Four  measure  as  follows: 

Length  68,  diam.  30,  length  of  aperture  30,  widtli  16  mill. 

Length  56,  diam.  32,  length  of  aperture  27,  width  17  mill. 

Length  56,  diam.  29,  length  of  aperture  25,  width  14  mill. 

Length  53,  diam.  32,  length  of  aperture  25,  width  16  mill. 

LIGUUS,  sp.  undet.     PI.  35,  fig.  18. 

A  young  shell  before  me  differs  from  all  other  young  specimens  of 
the  group  in  being  rounded  at  the  periphery,  without  trace  of  a  keel. 
Whorls  6^ ;  there  is  no  articulated  band  in  the  middle  of  the  whorls 
of  the  spire,  but  one  shows  at  the  sutures,  and  a  narrow  continuous 
purple-brown  band  bordered  with  cream-tint  above,  encircles  the  per- 
iphery, becoming  obsolete  on  the  latter  part  of  the  whorl ;  another 
narrow  band  is  upon  the  base.  As  the  young  of  regina,  regalis  and 
incisus  seem  to  be  keeled,  I  am  at  a  loss  to  tell  where  this  shell 
belongs.  The  locality,  "Amazon,"  may  not  be  reliable. 

Subgenus  HEMIBULIMUS  von  Martens,  1885. 

Hemibulimus  v.  MART.,  Conchologische  Mittheilungen,  ii,  p.  175. 

Shell  rather  fusiform,  sculptured  and  dark  colored  ;  aperture  about 
half  the  length  of  shell,  the  outer  margin  of  peristome  unexpanded 
and  obtuse,  columellar  margin  deeply  concave,  the  columella  dis- 
tinctly truncated  at  its  base.  Apex  obtuse,  the  first  whorl  finely 
wrinkled.  \  „  --,, 

Jaw  composed  of  13  imbricating  plates,  the  median  one  reaching 
to  the  lower  margin.  Radula  with  the  central  and  inner  two  lateral 
teeth  on  each  side  helicid  in  form,  with  long  lanceolate  mesocones 
and  slight  rudiments  of  ectocones  :  the  other  teeth  as  in  Orthalicince 
generally. 

Type,  Liguus  excisus  Martens  *=  Achatina  magnified,  Pfr. 

The  shell  resembles  Liguus  in  i.ts  Achatina-\\ke  columella,  but 
differs  in  the  sculpture  of  the  apex  as  well  as  of  the  rest  of  the  shell, 
and  the  dark  coloration, — characters  assimilating  it  with  Orthalicus. 
The  radula  resembles  Liguus  virgineus  and  Oriltalicus  gallinasultana 
in  the  lanceolate  cusps  of  the  median  teeth.  Similarly  shaped  teeth 


LIGUUS HEMIBULIMUS.  J85 

have  been  shown  by  Strebel  and  Pfeffer  to  occur  also  in  certain 
Mexican  forms  of  Oxystyla. 

L.  MAGNIFICUS  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  36a,  figs.  30,  31,  32,  33,  34. 

Shell  ovate-subf'usiform,  rather  thin,  lightly  striatulate,  hardly  shin- 
ing; butf,  variegated  with  green  and  chestnut  flames,  and  one  supra- 
median  band,  articulated  buff  and  chestnut.  Spire  conic,  the  apex 
very  obtuse  ;  whorls  5^,  scarcely  convex,  the  last  a  little  longer  than 
the  spire  ;  suture  narrowly  margined.  Columella  straight,  vertical, 
covered  with  a  callus  which  is  white  inwardly,  blackish  outwardly, 
base  red,  obliquely  truncated  at  the  base  of  the  elliptical  aperture, 
which  is  blue-white  inside.  Alt.  47,  diam.  21,  length  of  aperture 
27  mill.  (Pfr.) 

Quito,  Ecuador  (Delattre)  ;  Southern  Colombia,  in  damp  forests 
(Lehmann). 

Achatina  magnified  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1847,  p.  232  ;  Monogr. 

Hel.  Vivent.  ii,  p.  255;  iii,  487;  iv,  602;  vi,  217 REEVE, 

Conch.  Icon,  v,  Achatina,  pi.  9,  f.  33. — DUNKER,  Jahrb.  d.  D. 
Malak.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  380.— COUSIN,  Fauna  Malacol.  de  la.  Re> 
de  1'Equateur  (p.  45  of  separate  copies),  in  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France, 
1887,  p.  231. 

This  species  has  been  described  more  in  detail  by  Dr.  von  Mar- 
tens, as  Liguus  excisus.  There  are  some  differences  in  coloration, 
and  possibly  excisus  may  be  a  local  race  rather  than  an  absolute  syn- 
onym. Fig.  30  represents  Pfeiffer's  type. 

L.  excisus  von  Martens.  (PI.  36«,  figs.  31-34.)  Shell  ovate 
fusiform,  imperforate,  irregularly  striate  and  malleolate,  decussated 
by  some  spiral  lines  (fig.  33)  ;  brownish-green,  painted  with  some 
brown  and  buff  streaks.  Whorls  6,  regularly  increasing,  the  suture 
appressed,  whitish,  somewhat  crenulated  ;  apex  obtuse,  with  an  axial 
dimple,  first  whorl  minutely  granulose,  the  whole  almost  black,  the 
following  three  whorls  more  reddish,  with  a  blackish,  white-spotted, 
sutural  zone. 

Aperture  but  slightly  exceeding  half  the  length  of  the  shell,  ample, 
acutely  angular  above;  outer  lip  nnexpanded,  obtuse,  narrowly 
scarlet-edged,  with  a  blackish  border  within  ;  columellar  margin 
deeply  concave,  strongly  truncated  below,  as  in  Achatina,  and 
scarlet  colored,  passing  into  the  outer  lip  by  a  short,  narrow  basal 
sinus ;  the  parietal  wall  covered  with  a  glossy  black-brown  deposit. 


186  ORTHALTCUS. 

Alt.  44,  greater  diam.  22,  lesser  18,  length  of  aperture  23,  width  13 
mill.  (Martens). 

Popayan,  Colombia,  in  the  cold,  elevated  region,  about  2400 
meters  above  the  sea  (Dr.  A.  Stiibel). 

Liyuus  (Hemibulimus)  excisus  \.  MART.,  Conchol.  Mittheil.  ii,  pp. 
173,  160,  pi.  35,  f.  1,  2,  4,5  (shell) — Liguus  excisus  SCHACKO,  i.e., 
p.  200,  pi.  36,  f.  1-4  (jaw  and  teeth). — Hemibulimm  magnificus  Pfr. 
v.  MART.  Nachtragliche  Bemerkung,  t.  c.  (Nov.  21,  1885). 

Genus  ORTHALICUS  Beck,  1837. 

Orthalicus  Beck  (in  part),  Index  Molluscorum,  p.  59  (for  0.  sultan 
B.,  zigzag  Lain.,  princeps  l&YQ(\.,pulchelhis  Spix,  undatus  Brug.,  zebra 

Mull.,  livens  B.,  pMogerus  Orl.,  adamsoni  Gray,  B.,  rex  B.) TRO- 

SCHEL,  Zeitschr.  f.  Malak.  1847,  p.  50,  footnote  ;  Archiv  f.  Naturg. 
1849,  i.  p.  228,  as  a  genus  for  B.  gallinasultana. — VON  MARTENS  in 
Albers,  Die  Hel.,  edit.  2,  p.  171,  type  0.  zebra  Mull. —  Orthalicus  § 

Sultana  SIIUTTLEAVORTH,  Notitiae  Malac.  i,  p.  58  (1856) Ortha- 

liscus  Beck,  GRAY,  P,  Z.  8.  1847,  p.  176,  type  Helix  sultana. 

Shell  imperforate,  varying  from  ovate  to  oblong-conic,  thin  or  solid, 
with  the  nepionic  shell  composed  of  2\  to  3\  densely  thimble-pitted 
whorls,  the  subsequent  whorls  either  decussated  or  merely  striate. 
Aperture  ovate,  with  the  peristome  either  thin  and  simple,  or  thick, 
expanded  or  broadly  reflexed. 

Jaw  and  dentition  similar  to  those  of  Oxystyla,  or  with  the  teeth  of 
the  median  part  of  the  radula  bearing  longer,  pointed  cusps  ;  the 
penis  (in  0.  sultana)  with  a  mere  swelling  in  place  of  of  the  lohed 
accessory  gland  or  appendix  of  Oxystyla. 

Type,  Helix  sultana  Dillw.  Distribution,  tropical  and  subtropical 
South  America,  especially  in  the  Andean  region. 

Orthalicus  was  founded  by  Beck  for  a  group  of  tropical  American 
snails  previously  described  as  Bulimi.  While  the  "  remarkable  con- 
chological  instinct"  of  Beck  enabled  him  to  accurately  assign  the 
species  then  known  to  his  new  group,  it  was  practically  ignored  by 
his  co-laborers  until  Troschel,  in  1847-8,  announced  that  the  genus 
had  strongly  marked  anatomical  characters,  which  caused  him  to 
adopt  it  for  the  B.  gallina-sultana,  which  he  had  dissected.  About 
the  same  time,  Gray,  in  his  list  of  molluscan  genera  with  their  types 
(P.  Z.  S.  1847),  nominated  "Helix  sultana"  as  type  of  the  genus,  the 
name  of  which  he  misspells  "  Orthaliscus."  These  two  authors  by 


ORTHALICUS.  187 

selecting  the  same  species,  clearly  fix  the  type  of  Beck's  genus; 
although  Herrmannsen  a  year  or  two  later  gives  B.  zebra  Mull.,  as 
type  of  the  group,  a  decision  accepted  by  Dr.  von  Martens  in  1860, 
and  by  some  later  authors. 

Shuttleworth,  in  1852,  published  a  monograph  of  the  genus,  which 
like  ail  of  his  conchological  work  is  a  model  of  lucid  reasoning ;  and 
this  work  established  most  of  the  species  then  known  upon  a  firm 
basis  so  far  as  their  synonymy  was  concerned.  He  divided  Ortha- 
licus  into  three  sections:  SULTANA  for  0.  gallina-sultana  and  its  allies, 
ZEBRA  for  the  undatus  group,  and  CORONA  for  the  regina  group. 
Further,  he  proposed  a  subgenus,  PORPHYROBAPHE,  for  the  species 
with  thickened  or  reflexed  lip.  These  divisions  have  been  retained 
by  authors  generally  up  to  this  time.  MM.  Crosse  and  Fischer,  in 
discussing  the  genus  in  their  volume  on  land  mollusks  in  the  "  Mis- 
sion Scientifique  an  Mexique,"  take  occasion  to  review  the  classifica- 
tion, endorsing  Shuttleworth's  conclusions.  Finally  Herr  Strebel 
has  offered  some  suggestions  of  value  for  the  improvement  of  Shuttle- 
worth's  classification,  in  that  veritable  mine  of  observation  and  original 
suggestion,  the  •*  Beitrag  zur  Kenntniss  der  Fauna  Mexikanischer 
Land-  und  Susswasser-Conchylien."  His  chief  modification  is  in 
proposing  the  definite  separation  of  the  Porphyrobaphe  species  with 
pitted,  from  those  with  smooth,  nuclear  whorls. 

Key  to  groups  of  Orthalicus. 

a.  Shell  thin,  capacious,  with  oblique  large  aperture  and  simple 
and  thin  or  somewhat  thickened  lip  and  columella,  the  former 
unexpended.  Section  ORTIIAI.ICUS  s.  sir.  (see  below,  p.  188.) 
a1.  Shell  solid,  more  lengthened,  the  aperture  smaller,  but  slightly 
oblique  or  vertical,  the  lip  thickened  and  blunt,  or  expanded  or 
reflexed;  columella  usually  with  one  or  two  folds.  Section 
METORTHALICUS  Pilsbry. 

b.    Shell  very  solid,  with  the  lip  thick,  expanded  or  not,  some- 
what purple  or  broadly  purple-bordered  within.      Colom- 
bian. Group  of  0.  atramentarim,  p.  205. 
b1.  No  purple  border  within  the  lip,  and  without  the  above 
combination  of  characters.    Species  of  Ecuador  and  Peru. 
c.   Shell  spirally  striated  ;  peristome  white  or  pale. 
d.   Spaced,  rather  strong  spiral  lines  or  furrows, 


188  ORTHALICUS. 

visible  to  the  naked  eye;  lip  well  expanded  or 
reflexed,  white  or  light  colored. 

Group  of  O.fraseri,  p.  192. 

dl.  Spiral  stria?  fine  and  close,  the  shell  rather 
smooth;  lip  and  entire  aperture  pure  white, 
the  former  expanded  or  reflexed  ;  columella 
with  a  strong  fold  above. 

Group  of  0.  deburghicE,  p.  196. 
c1.  No  spiral  striation  ;  peristome  colored. 

Group  of  0.  labeo,  p.  199. 

Subgenus  ORTHALICUS  (restricted). 

The  selection  of  H.  sultana  Dillw.  (gallina- sultana  auct.),  as  typi- 
cal of  Orthalicus  by  Gray  and  Troschel,  restricts  that  group  to  a  few 
large,  richly  variegated  shells  inhabiting  the  Guianas,  western  Peru 
and  central  and  northern  Bolivia — all  abundantly  watered  forest 
regions.  The  exact  definition  of  the  species  and  varieties  awaits 
fuller  knowledge  of  their  geographic  distribution,  which  in  large  part 
still  remains'to  be  mapped. 
O.  SULTANA  (Dillwyn).  PI.  47,  figs.  6,  7,  8. 

Shell  large,  ovate,  with  rather  short,  conic  spire  and  ventricose 
last  whorl ;  thin  ;  immature  specimens  more  or  less  fragile.  Last 
whorl  buff,  closely  veined  with  irregular  and  anastomosing,  or  fes- 
tooned purplish  or  brown  stripes,  and  encircled  by  three  principal 
blackish-purple  or  brownish-purple  spiral  bands  irregularly  inter- 
rupted by  white  or  creamy  spots  or  stripes  ;  narrower  or  indistinct 
bands  in  the  intervals  between  the  main  ones  (a  variety  with  five 
bands)  ;  the  upper  band  usually  formed  of  a  broad  series  of  large 
dark  alternating  with  light  (or  white)  blotches;  the  spire  closely 
marked  with  festooned  stripes  and  two  or  three  spot-girdles  or  bands 
of  angulation.  Surface  lustreless,  finely  plicatulate  obliquely,  decus- 
sated by  close  spiral  striae,  at  narrow  intervals  stronger.  Whorls  6, 
moderately  convex,  the  first  2^  forming  the  densely  thimble-punctate 
obtuse  nepionic  shell,  the  earliest  two  whorls  dark  brown  above  ;  last 
whorl  very  large  ;  suture  not  deflexed  anteriorly. 

Aperture  large,  oblique,  ovate,  bluish  white  (lilac  colored  in  a 
variety)  and  variously  mottled  within  ;  peristome  thin,  unexpanded, 
light  brown  (or  in  a  variety,  black-brown  in  adults,  with  a  rather 
wide  internal  border  of  the  same  color,  fading  through  purple  into 


ORTHALICUS.  189 

white);  columella  thin,  arcuate,  white  (in  a  variety  nearly  straight  and 
whitish  above  only);  parietal  wall  with  a  brownish  callus,  usually 
white  within  (but  in  the  variety  with  a  broad  blackish-chestnut  cal 
lus  throughout),  wanting  in  young  shells. 

Alt.  84,  diam.  54,  longest  axis  of  aperture  56  mill,  (var.) 

Alt.  53,  diam.  39,  longest  axis  of  aperture  38  mill. 

Alt.  70,  diam.  50  mill. 

La  Poule  Sultane,  FA v ANNE,  Cat.  Syst.  p.  13,  pi.  1,  f.  47 — 
Helix  gallina  sultana  CHEMNITZ,  Conchyl.  Cab.  xi,  p.  281,  pi.  210,  f. 
2070,  2071  (1795). — Bulimus  gallinasultana  LAM.,  An.  s.  Vert.  vi,p. 
117  (1822) — WAGNER,  in  Spix,  Testae.  Bras.  p.  9.— ORBIGNY, 
Voy.  dans  rAme>.  Me>id.  p.  265 — REEVE,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  pi.  173, 

f.  7  ;  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  32,  f.  198 KUSTER,  Conchyl.  Cab.  p.  8,  pi. 

8,  f.  1,  2.— TROSCIIEL,  Archiv  fur  Naturg.  1849,  i,  p.  228,  pi.  4,  f. 
2  (dentition)  ;  Reisen  in  Britisch-Guiana  (Schomburgh),  iii,  p.  547. 
— HUPE  in  Castelnau,  Exped.,  p.  38  (1857).— DROUET,  Moll.  Terr, 
et  Fluv.  Guyane  Francaise,  p.  66  (1859) — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  145  ; 

iii,  381 Succinea  gallina- sultana  PFR.,  Symbolae  ad   Hist.  Hel.,  ii, 

p.  131  (1841) Orthalicus  gallinasultana  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiae 

Malac.  i,  p.  59  (1856.) — PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  p.  587;  vi,  p.  198,  viii, 
p.  261.— BINNEY,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist,  of  N.  Y.  xi.  (1874),  p.  38, 
pi.  4,  f.  A-F(anatomy)  ;  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  iii  (1884),  p.  128, 
pi.  xv,  f.  N  (jaw),  pi.  xii.,  f.  C  (dentition). — STREBEL,  Beitr.  Mex. 
Land-  und  Siisswasser-Conch.  v.  p.  2,  pi.  xi,  f,  10  (genitalia)  — 
MARTENS,  Conchol.  Mittheil.,  p.  158. — Sultana  gallinasultana 
MILLER,  Malak.  Blatt.  xxv,  p.  186 — COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  de 
France,  xii,  1887,  p.  196. 

Helix  sultana,  DILLWYN,  Descriptive  Catal.,  ii,  p.  920  (1817). — 
FER.,  Prodr.,  p.  52;  Histoire,  pi.  117,  f.  2. — WOOD,  Index  Testa- 
ceologicus,  pi.  33,  f.  75. — ORBIGNY,  Mag.  de  Zool.  1835,  p.  8. — 
Achatina  sultana  SWAINS.,  Exotic  Conchology,  p.  26,  pi.  10  (1841). 
—  Orthalicus  sultan  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  59  (1837). — Achatina 
pavonina  SPIX,  Testae.  Bras.,  pi.  9,  f.  1  (1827) — Bulimus  princeps 
POTIEZ  &  MICHAUD,  Galerie  des  Moll.,  i,  p.  151,  pi.  14,  f.  29.— 
Orthalicus  gallinasultana  and  0.  pavoninus  H.  &  A.  AD.,  Gen.  Rec. 
Moll.,  ii,  p.  154. 

The  Guianas:  All  over  British  Guiana,  on  tree  trunks  (Schom- 
burgk);  around  Cayenne,  French  Guiana  (Eyries).  N.-E.  Brazil: 
on  the  Rio  Tocantins,  in  the  region  of  Baiao,  5  meters  above  the  sea 


190  ORTHALICUS. 

(Stiibel).  Peru  :  Maranon  (Orton).  Bolivia  :  Middle  of  the 
republic,  and  near  the  Mission  of  Bibosi,  20  leagues  from  Santa  Cruz 
de  la  Sierra  (Orbigny). 

The  thin  lip  and  columella  distinguish  this  species  from  the  0. 
trullisatus.  The  typical  form  (figs.  6,  7)  is  from  the  Guianas,  where 
it  is  a  widely-distributed  and  common  shell.  The  specimens  from 
the  upper  Amazon  drainage  belong  to  a  more  oblong,  darker  colored 
race,  noticed  below.  It  is  a  magnificent  snail,  formerly  very  rare  ; 
Ferussac  is  said  to  have  paid  560  francs  for  his  specimen,  at  the  sale 
of  the  Count  de  Latour  d'Auvergne. 

It  is  usually  known  as  0.  gallmasultana,  Chemnitz,  variously 
written  as  one  word,  compounded  with  a  hyphen,  or  as  two  words, 
the  latter  being  Chemnitz's  mode.  It  was  not  originally  a  binomial 
name,  and  even  those  who  accept  it  do  not  extend  their  liberality  to 
other  trinomials  in  the  same  volume  of  Chemnitz.  The  first  binomial 
name  is  that  of  Dillwyn. 

D'Orbigny  distinguished  two  varieties  :  the  typical  form  of  Guiana, 
which  is  shorter,  more  ventricose,  and  another  discovered  by  him  in 
Bolivia,  which  is  more  elongated,  larger,  with  five  spiral  zones  and 
black-bordered  peristome.  This  race  (pi.  47,  fig.  8)  which  may  be 
what  Pffeifer  called  B.  meobamben&is,  was  met  with  by  d'Orbigny 
in  the  great  humid  forests  of  mid  Bolivia,  inhabited  by  the  wild  tribe 
of  Guarayos.  It  remains  deeply  buried  at  the  feet  of  the  trees,  com- 
ing forth  upon  the  trunks  of  trees  only  in  the  rainy  season,  when 
only  it  may  be  procured.  He  gives  the  'size  as  80  mill,  long,  45 
wide.  It  is  apparently  what  Herr  Stiibel  collected  on  the  Rio 
Tocantins,  described  by  Dr.  von  Martens  as  follows  :  It  "  is  somewhat 
more  slender  than  the  usual  form  from  Guiana  and  Surinam,  the 
outer  lip  with  a  narrow,  distinctly  defined  black-brown  border  inside, 
parietal  wall  black-brown  throughout,  the  upper  half  of  the  colu- 
mellar  margin  white,  lower  half  dark  brown.  Length  73,  diara.  48, 
height  of  aperture  48,  breadth  30  mill.  Approaches  0.  trullisatus 
Shuttl.,  but  the  columellar  margin  is  thin  and  concavely  arched,  as 
in  0.  gallina  sultana." 

Beck  attempts  to  distinguish  two  varieties  :  a,  cayanensis*  based 
upon  the  figure  given  by  Spix,  the  locality  of  which  is  unknown,  and 
b,  bolivianus,  based  upon  Chemnitz's  figures  (which  are  the  basis  of 
typical  sultana],  and  those  of  Ferussac.  The  latter  represents  a 
Guiana  shell.  It  would  seem  that  these  two  varietal  names  must 
fall  as  pure  synonyms  of  typical  0.  sultana. 


ORTHALICUS.  191 

O.  MEOBAMBENSIS  (Pfeiffer). 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-conic,  rather  solid,  closely  striated,  and 
somewhat  granulated  by  spiral  striae;  green-whitish,  with  interrupted 
black  bands  combined  with  waved  streaks,  and  above  the  middle 
with  large,  angular,  black  spots.  Spire  conic,  obtuse  ;  whorls  6^,  a 
little  convex,  the  last  five-eighths  the  total  length,  ventricose,  some- 
times bearing  varices.  Columella  compressed,  white-calloused, 
straightened  and  receding. 

Aperture  oblique,  angulate-oval,  pearly  within,  the  peristome 
black-margined,  a  trifle  expanded,  margins  connected  by  a  blackish- 
chestnut  callus.  Alt.  88,  diam.  46  mill ;  aperture  55  mill,  long,  33 
wide  (Pfr.). 

Moyobamba,  Peru  (Yates,  in  Curnirig  coll.) 

Bulimus  meobambensis  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1855,  p.  96  (printed  July 
23,  1855,  see  P.  Z.  S.,  1893,  p.  439). — Bulimus  gallinasultana  8, 
PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  381. —  Orthalicus  meobambensis  PFR.,  Monogr. 
iv,  p.  586. —  0.  moyobambensis,  MART,  in  Albers'  Die  Hel.,  edit.  2, 
p.  225. 

"  Differs  from  0.  gallinasultana  in  the  oblong  form,  more  solid 
texture,  more  convex  whorls  and  straight  columella  "  (Pfr). 

Pfeiffer,  in  the  Monographia,  places  0.  trullisatus  as  a  synonym 
under  meobambensis.  From  the  description,  translated  above,  I  would 
think  meobambensis  identical  with  the  upper  Amazonian  variety  of 
0.  sultana.  As  I  am  unable  to  decide  the  question,  the  original  de- 
scriptions are  given. 

O.  TRULLISATUS  Shuttlewortli.     PI.  47,  figs.  9,  10,  11. 

Shell  ovate-acuminate,  rather  thin,  very  closely  rugose-striate,  de- 
cussated with  remote  impressed  spiral  lines  and  others  very  close, 
granulose  and  somewhat  undulating_(fig.  10);  scarcely  shining,  dull 
greenish  buff,  encircled  with  five  purple-black  bands  articulated  with 
white,  with  scattered  narrow  brown  streaks,  broad,  ragged,  blackish- 
purple  blotches,  and  whitish  spots.  Spire  conic,  nuclear  apex 
banded  with  black-brown  and  pitted  (fig.  9);  suture  moderate ; 
whorls  6-J,  a  little  convex,  the  upper  ones  purplish,  conspicuously 
streaked,  the  last  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  spire,  rounded  at 
base.  Columella  a  little  straightened,  callously  thickened,  black- 
brown,  obliquely  subtruncate  at  base.  Aperture  a  little  oblique, 
oblong-oval,  opaque  milky  inside ;  peristome  somewhat  duplicated. 


192  ORTHALICUS. 

unexpanded,  broadly  bordered  inside  with  a  blackish-purple  callus ; 
the  margins  joined  by  a  somewhat  thick  black-brown  callus,  strongly 
thickened  outside  at  the  base  of  the  columella.  Alt.  90,  diam.  52, 
length  of  aperture  53,  width  33  mill.  (Shuttl) 

Tarapoto,  Eastern  Peru  (Moricand). 

Orthalicus  trullisatus  SHUTTL.,  Notitiae  Malacologicae  i,  p.  58  (ex- 
clusive of  synonymy),  pi.  5,  f.  1  (1856). 

Intermediate  between  0.  gallina- sultana  and  0.  dennisoni ;  differing 
from  0.  dennisoni  in  the  thinner,  more  inflated  shell  with  more  convex 
whorls,  the  blackish-purple  bands,  and  color  of  the  aperture  and 
columella;  from  0.  gallina-sultana  it  differs  in  the  more  solid  shell, 
which  is  opaque  and  more  slender,  in  the  thickened  black-brown  col- 
umella, and  color  of  the  aperture  and  peristome  (Shuttl.). 

Subgenus  METORTHALICUS  Pilsbry,  1899. 

Porphyrobaphe,  in  part,  of  Shuttleworth  and  other  authors.  Bul- 
inus,  BRODERIP,  Zoological  Journal  iv,  p.  222  (1828),  not  of  O.  F. 
Miiller,  1781. 

This  new  group  includes  species  with  pitted  nepionic  whorls  as  in 
typical  Orthalicus,  but  differing  in  the  solidity  of  the  shell  and  its 
thick,  blunt  or  reflexed  lip. 

GROUP  OF  O.  FRASERI. 

The  species  placed  here  are  related  to  typical  Orthalicus  in  colora- 
tion and  sculpture,  differing  in  the  less  ventricose  form,  and  devel- 
oped peristome.  0.  galactostoma  and  0.  augusti  are  stated  to  have 
smooth  apical  whorls ;  and  if  this  proves  to  be  true,  they  must  be  re- 
moved to  Porphyrobaphe. 

Key  to  species. 

a.  Columella  with  a  rather  strong  fold  above  ;  aperture  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  shell  ;  having  bands  of  blackish  spots  or 
streaks. 

b.   Aperture  purplish-fleshy  within.  fraseri,  p.  193. 

b1.  Aperture  and  peristome  milk-white,  columella  making  an 

angle  with  the  basal  lip.  galactostoma,  p.  194. 

a1.  Columella  not  folded  above,  but  twisted  below  ;  aperture  less 

than  half  the  length  of  shell,  of  a  deep  livid  rose  color,  the  lip 

whitish ;  shell  very  long,  alt.  93,  diam.  36,  aperture  37  mill. 

buckleyi,  p.  193. 


OKTIIALICUS.  193 


a1.   Columelia  without  noticeable  folds;  aperture   exceeding  half 
the  length  of  shell.  augusti,  p.  195. 

O.  BUCKLEYI  Higgins.     PL  41,  fig.  6. 

Shell  imperforate,  oblong-conic,  solid:  sculptured  with  irregular 
longitudinal  rugose  costae  and  close,  irregular,  deeply  impressed 
spiral  lines.  Fieshy-rubescent  under  a  yellowish-tawny  epidermis. 
Longitudinally  ornamented  with  reddish-brown  streaks. 

Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse,  suture  whitish.  Whorls  7,  a  little 
convex,  the  first  two  minutely  gran  u  lose  -stri  ate,  the  last  nearly  equal 
to  the  spire,  tapering  at  base.  Columelia  thick,  twisted  at  base, 
flesh  colored.  Aperture  subvertical,  acuminate-oblong,  of  a  deep 
•roseate  livid  color  inside;  peristome  thickened,  expanded,  narrowly 
reflexed,  whitish  outside,  the  margins  joined  by  a  thin  glossy  callus. 
Alt.  93,  diam.  36,  length  of  aperture  37,  width  17  mill.  (Hiygins). 

San  Lucas,  Ecuador  (Buckley). 

Orthalicus  (Porphyrobapha)  buckleyi  HIGGINS,  P.  Z.  S.  1872,  p. 
685,  pi.  56,  f.  3.  —  Bulimus  buckleyi  (Orthalicus)  PFR.,  Monogr.  viii, 
p.  21.  —  Porphyrobaphe  buckleyi  MILLER,  Malak.  Blatt.  xxv,  p.  185. 
—  COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zoo'l.  France  xii,  p.  200. 

No  additional  information  is  given  by  the  authors  mentioning  this 
remarkable  species  subsequent  to  Higgins. 

O.  FitASERi  (Pfeitfer).     PI.  46,  figs.  31-35. 

Shell  imperforate,  oblong-fusiform,  solid,  longitudinally  closely 
striated  and  encircled  by  remote  impressed  lines.  Flesh-colored  under 
a  lusterless  greenish-tawny  epidermis,  ornamented  with  interrupted 
bands  of  arrow-shaped  black-brown  marks,  or  confluent  into  light- 
ning-streaks. Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse,  whorls  6,  a  little 
convex,  the  last  about  the  length  of  the  spire,  tapering  at  base;  colu- 
mella  violaceous,  provided  with  a  strong  fold  above,  somewhat 
twisted  belo\v. 

Aperture  very  oblique,  semi-elliptical,  subangular  at  base,  milk- 
white  inside,  peristome  roseate,  thickened  and  expanded,  the  margins 
joined  by  an  entering,  glossy  lilac  tinted  callus;  columellar  margin 
narrow,  adnate.  (P/V.). 

Alt.   89,   diam.   37,  length  of  aperture  with  peristome    49  mill. 

. 

13 


194  ORTHALICUS. 

Ecuador:  Province  of  Cuenca  (Fraser,  in  Cuming  coll.)  ;  Railroad 
of  Quito,  SO  or  Jfi  kilometers  from  Chimborazo.  (Paz.) 

Bulimus  fraseri  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatter,  v,  1858,  p.  239  ;  P.  Z.  S. 
1860,  p.  137,  pi.  51,  f.  5;  Novit.  Conch,  p.  157,  pi.  42,  f.  1,  2; 
Monogr.  vi,  p.  15.  —  HIDALGO,  Journ.  de  Conchy  1.  1870,  p.  44.  — 
Porphyrobaphe  fraseri  Pf'r.,  MILLER,  Malak.  Bl.  xxv,  185  __  COUSIN, 
Bull.  Soc-.  Zool.  France  xii,  p.  200.—  DOHRN,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak. 
Ges.,  ix,  1882,  p.  114. 

Dohrn  remarks  that  the  coloration  of  his  specimens  is  variable  ; 
the  upper  whorls  have  a  subsutural  band  of  white  and  dark  brown 
spots  ;  thje  shells  are  smaller  than  Cuming's,  though  of  the  same  form 
and  sculpture,  measuring: 

Alt.  73,  diam.  33,  length  of  aperture  43,  width  27  mill. 

Alt.  67,  diam.  30,  length  of  aperture  41,  width  22  mill. 

Alt.  60,  diam.  25,  length  of  aperture  36,  width  20  mill. 

Pfeiffer's  type  (fig.  31)  and  the  specimen  figured  in  the  Novitates 
(figs.  32,  33),  are  decidedly  more  lengthened  than  the  only  one  I 
have  seen,  which  probably  represents  a  race  or  variety. 

Var.  BREVISPIRA,  n.  v.  (pi.  46,  figs.  34,  35).  Decidedly  shorter 
than  typical  fraseri,  with  larger  aperture  ;  surface  decussated  with 
close  spiral  grooves  ;  2^  nepionic  whorls  thimble-pitted,  distinctly 
demarked  from  the  post-natal  growth  ;  whorls  of  the  spire  with  occa- 
sional angular  blackish  stripes  and  fine  brown  wavy  streaks,  the  last 
whorl  with  four  girdles  of  blackish  arrow-spots  and  some  black 
streaks,  on  a  ground  of  brown-stained,  somewhat  olivaceous  yellow, 
becoming  duskier  and  reddish  below  ;  lip  obtuse,  thick,  expanded, 
reflexed  below,  white;  columella  purplish  with  white  folds,  the 
parietal  callus  transparent,,  lilac  tinted.  Alt.  (>!),  diam.  38,  longest 
axis  of  aperture  44^ 


O.  GALACTOSTOMA  (Ancey).      Uwfigured. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate,  solid  ;  whitish  under  a  buff,  but  little 
shining  epidermis,  irregularly  marked  with  spots  and  interrupted 
streaks,  brownish  above,  brown  greenish  on  the  last  whorl,  and 
arranged  in  four  rather  wide,  indistinct  transverse  stripes.  Spire 
conoid-attenuated,  rather  short,  obtuse  ;  whorls  6,  rapidly  increas- 
ing, convex;  snture  irregular,  slightly  crenulated  ;  embryonic 
whorls  smooth,  the  following  ones  delicately  granulated,  the  lower 
whorls  obliquely  grooved  with  impressed  growth-stria?  and 


ORTHALICUS.  195 

decussated  by  remote  spiral  lines,  last  whorl  oblong,  attenuated, 
ample. 

Aperture  large,  ovate,  angulated  above,  tapering  below  and  with 
the  peristome  milk-white  within,  showing  the  spots;  moderately 
oblique,  slightly  receding  below  ;  columella  acutely  folded  above, 
thickened,  white,  becoming  nearly  straight,  tapering  below,  forming 
a  distinct  angle  with  the  basal  lip  ;  margins  joined  by  a  glossy  whitish 
callus  ;  peristome  thickened,  expanded,  umbilical  region  narrowly 
marked  with  brown.  (Anc«y.) 

Alt.  72,  diam.  34,  alt.  of  aperture  40  mill.  Ecuador. 

Porphyrobaphe  galactostoma,  ANCEY,  Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  France, 
vii,  p.  153  (1890). 

Akin  to  Porph.  fraseri  Pfr.  and  especially  Porph.  coushii  Jouss.,. 
but  differing  from  both  chiefly  in  the  color,  especially  of  the  aperture,. 
and  the  characters  of  the  columella.  (Ancey.) 

An  unfigured  species,  apparently  more  slender  than  fraseri)  with 
shorter  mouth.  Ancey  apparently  intends  P.  augusti  by  his  reference 
to  "  Porph  coitsini" 

O.  AUGUSTI  (Jousseaume).      PL  44,  fig  20. 

Shell  imperforate,  fusiform-ovate,  solid,  lightly  granule-striated,  en- 
circled by  white  and  greenish  bands.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  obtuse ; 
whorls  6,  the  first  but  little  convex,  the  last  four-sevenths  the  total 
length,  more  convex.  Aperture  oblong-oval,  white  within,  with  a 
pearly  lustre;  peristome  violaceous,  thickened,  reflexed  ;  columella 
white,  slightly  arcuate,  the  margins  joined  by  a  glossy  callus.  (Jouss.) 

Alt.  69,  diam.  34,  length  of  aperture,  40  mill. 

Ecuador:  Machai,  voile  del  Pastaza,  4900  ft.  alt.  (Wolf). 

Porphyrobaphe  augusti  Jouss..  Bull.  Soc.  Zoo'l.  de  France,  xii,  p. 

165,  pi.  3,  f.  10  (August  1,  1887) COUSIN,  t.  c.,  p.  203 Orthal- 

icus  (Pophyrobaphe}  augusti  REIBIS.CH,  Sitzungsber.  u.  Abh.  natur- 
wiss.  Gesell.  Isis,  in  Dresden,  1896,  p.  57  [bis]  (1897). 

This  form  is  apparently  a  member  of  the  group  of  0.  fraseri',  dif- 
fering from  that  species  chiefly  in  its  simple  columella.  Good  speci- 
mens will  probably  show  a  thimble-pitted  nepionic  shell.  Jousst  aume 
gives  further  details  of  the  coloration  as  follows  :  The  two  earlier 
whorls  are  smooth  and  yellowish  ;  the  following  ones  are  ornamented 
with  fine  longitudinal  denticulated  striae,  quite  regular  and  crowded, 
and  decussated  on  the  later  whorls  by  revolving  stria?  which  are  not 


196  ORTHALICUS. 

conspicuous,  and  more  or  less  spaced.  The  color  of  the  third  whorl 
is  formed  of  two  zones  of  about  the  same  width  ;  the  anterior  one  yel- 
lowish with  brown  spots  behind,  the  posterior  one  white  with  quite 
large,  spaced  chesnut-brown  spots;  on  the  following  two  whorls  there 
are  waved  lines  of  light  chestnut  on  a  yellowish  ground,  and  occa- 
sional very  irregular  long  spots  of  deep  brown.  The  last  whorl, 
which  is  a  little  ventricose,  is  of  a  dead-leaf  color,  ornamented  with 
four  revolving  zones  of  very  pale  green,  the  anterior  three  wide  and 
closer  together  than  to  the  narrower  posterior  zone. 

The  locality  in  Ecuador  of  the  original  specimen  was  not  known, 
but  Dr.  Wolf  collected  two  specimens  at  the  locality  given  above. 
One  of  them  is  very  similar  to  the  type  in  coloration,  but  the  other, 
agreeing  with  the  type  in  form  and  size,  the  coloration  of  the  aper- 
ture, lips  and  columella,  has  four  alternating  narrow  and  broad  bands 
composed  of  spots  shaped  like  long,  pointed  scales.  This  is  more 
like  0.  fraseri,  and  is  considered  by  Herr  Reibisch  to  be  a  more 
normal  coloration  than  that  of  the  type. 

GROUP  OF  O.  DEBURGHI.I:. 

The  shell  is  smoothish  with  fine  and  rather  shallow  spiral  striation, 
a  pure  white  aperture  and  strongly-folded  columella.  0.  deburghice 
is  not  an  uncommon  shell,  but  wrzesniowskii  is  as  difficult  to  get  as 
its  name  is  to  pronounce,  and  maranhonensis  is  still  known  by  .the 
type 'specimen  only. 

Key  to  species. 

a.  Shell  with  numerous  broad  dark  stripes  separated  by  narrow 
zigzag  yellow  stripes,  a  wide  subsutural  zone  paler;  the  per- 
iphery and  a  small  basal  tract  encircled  by  interrupted  blackish 
lines.  deburgldce,  p.  196. 

a1.   Shell  flesh-tinted,   with  narrow  brown  streaks  and  dull  lilac 
dots  ;  aperture  over  half  the  total  length,   wrzesm'uivskii,  p.  198. 
a2.   Shell  tawny,  with  livid  clouds  and  irregular  blackish  streaks 
and  spots  ;  aperture  less  than  half  the  total  length. 

maranhonensis,  p.  198. 

O.  DEBURGHI^  (Reeve).     PI.  39,  figs.  3,  5  ;  pi.  42,  figs.  9,   10,  11, 
Shell  ovate-conic,  thick  and   solid.     Pale  yellow  (white  when  de- 
nuded of  the   thin  cuticle),  with  broad,  zig-zag,  blackish-olive   (or 
when  denuded,  purplish-black)  stripes  which  abruptly  cease  at   the 


ORTHALICUS.  197 

upper  fifth  of  the  last  whorl,  or  fade  to  a  much  fainter  tint  there, 
leaving  a  broad,  pale  zone  below  the  sutures ;  the  stripes  becoming 
rich  chestnut  on  the  spire,  the  base  with  a  small  pale  area  below;  en- 
circled by  a  narrow,  frequently  interrupted,  peripheral,  blackish- chestnut 
band,  and  a  similar  but  less  interrupted  one  at  the  base.  Surface 
rather  smooth  to  the  eye,  but  under  a  lens  showing  irregular  growth- 
wrinkles,  and  close,  irregular  spiral  stria:.  Whorls  G^,  moderately 
convex,  the  first  three  forming  a  netted-striolate  or  punctate  nepionic 
shell,  somewhat  more  attenuated  than  the  subsequent  outlines  ;  apex 
obtuse;  last  whorl  convex.  Aperture  pure  white  throughout;  per- 
istome  thick,  reflexed  ;  columella  with  a  strong,  short  fold  above; 
parietal  callus  heavy,  pure  white. 

Alt.  2f,  diam.  1^  inch.   (Reeve's  type). 

Alt.  61,  diam.  33,  longest  axis  of  aperture  32J  mill.  (fig.  31). 

Alt.  75,  diam.  34  mill.  (Hidalgo,  for  gloriosus). 

Alt.  78,  diam.  34,  aperture  38  mill.  (Pfr.  for  gloriosus}. 

Bulimus  deburghite  REEVE,  P.  Z.  S.  1859,  p.  123 PFR.,  Monogr. 

vi,  p.  15 — Porphyrobaphe  deburghioi  MILLER,  Malak. Blatt.  (n.  F.) 
i,  p.  119.— DOHRN,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  112.— 
COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France  xii,  p.  200. — Bulimus  gloriosus 
PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1861,  p.  387,  pi.  37.  f.  4;  Monogr.  vi,  p.  14 HID- 
ALGO, Mol.  Viaje  al  Pacifico,  p.  62,  pi.  4,  f.  2,  3 — Porphyrobaphe 
gloriosus  MILLER,  Malak.  Blatt.  xxv,  1878,  p.  185  ;  and  (n.  F.),  i, 
p.  200,  pi.  5,  f.  1  (var.  elongata).  Conf.  DOHRN,  1.  c. —  Orthalicus 
(Porphyrobaphe)  gloriosus  MARTENS,  Conchol.  Mittheil.  p.  159. — 
REIBISCH,  Sitzungsber.  u.  Abhandl.  Nat.  Ges.  Isis,  1896,  p.  57 
\bis~\  (\^l).—Bidimus  duburghii  Reeve,  HIGGINS,  P.  Z.  S.  1872, 
p.  687. 

Peru:  banks  of  Amazon  rtuer  (Reeve).  Ecuador:  San  Jose 
(Isern  and  Espada);  Nanegal  (Wolf);  road  to  Canelos  (Stiibel);  Rio- 
bamba  (Cisneros)  ;  Machai,  valfe  del  Pastaza,  4900  ft.  above  the  sea 
(Wolf). 

The  broad  pale  zone  below  the  suture,  bold  marking  of  the  median 
portion  of  the  body-whorl,  and  two  narrow,  interrupted  girdles,  with 
the  fine  spiral  striation  of  the  surface  and  pure  white  aperture,  lips  and 
parietal  wall,  easily  separate  this  from  the  other  species.  Pfeiflfer's  B. 
gloriosus  (fi<r.  9)  has  no  varietal  characters.  The  species  is  a  variable 
one  in  size  and  contour,  as  well  as  in  the  prominence  of  the  columellar 
fold.  The  number  of  whorls  varies  from  6^  in  small  shells,  to  7  or  7-J 


198  ORTHALICUS. 

in  large  ones.  Miller  distinguishes  a  var.  elongata  (fig.  o),  which  has 
a  strong  columellar  tooth,  and  the  last  whorl  attains  only  two-fifths 
the  total  altitude  of  the  shell.  Alt.  90,  diam.  34,  aperture  insicje  34 
mill,  long,  18  wide. 

In  one  of  the  specimens  taken  by  Herr  Stiibel,  and  recorded  by  Dr. 
von  Martens,  the  flames  disappear  on  the  last  whorl.  Reibisch  states 
that  one  of  the  21  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  Wolf  is  80  mill,  long; 
several  of  the  others  being  only  60  mill.  One  specimen  is  uniform 
brown,  except  for  the  characteristic  black  spiral  lines. 

O.  WRZESNIOWSKII  (Lubomirski).     PI.  42,  figs.  7,  8. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-elongate,  solid,  glossy,  longitudinally  stri- 
ated, and  very  minutely  decussated.  Fleshy-fulvous,  ornamented 
with  longitudinal  streaks  of  brown  and  dull  lilac  dots.  Spire  conic, 
obtuse  ;  whorls  a  little  convex,  the  last  as  long  as  the  spire,  tapering 
at  base.  Columella  callous,  plicate-twisted.  Aperture  ear-shaped, 
angular  at  the  base,  white  within  ;  peristome  white,  thick  and  ex- 
panded, the  margins  joined  by  a  very  glossy  white  callus,  columellar 
margin  folded  and  adnate.  Alt.  78,  diam.  37  mill.;  aperture  with 
the  peristome  42  mill,  long,  16  wide  inside;  peristome  4  mill,  wide 
(Lubomirski). 

Tambillo,  Peru  (Stolzmann). 

BuUmus  (Porphyrobaphe)  wrzesniowsMi  LUBQMIRSKII,  P.  Z.  S., 
1879,  p.  721,  pi.  55,  f.  7,8. 

In  the  form  of  the  aperture  this  euphoniously  named  species  agrees 
with  0.  yatesi,  but  the  spiral  discussating  strise  and  while  lips,  colu- 
mella  and  parietal  wall,  ally  it  rather  to  O.deburgliice.  Described  from 
a  single  specimen,  now  in  the  Varsovie  museum.  I  am  not  aware 
that  others  have  been  found. 

O.  MAKANHONENSIS  (Albers).     PI.  41,  figs.  3,  4. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-oblong,  solid,  densely  striated  and  decus- 
sated by  very  light,  undulating  spiral  striae.  Tawny,  livid-clouded, 
and  irregularly  painted  with  blackish  streaks  and  spots.  Spire  long- 
conic,  the  apex  obtuse  ;  suture  with  a  thread-like  margin.  Whorls 
7,  a  little  convex,  the  first  minutely  granulated,  pale  flesh-colored, 
the  last  shorter  than  the  spire.  Columella  callous,  white,  strongly 
fold-twisted.  Aperture  little  oblique,  obauriform,  whitish  and 
glossy  inside  ;  peristome  thickened,  narrowly  expanded,  the  margins 


ORTHALICUS.  199 

joined  by  a  glossy  whitish  callus.     Alt.  76,  diam.  30;  aperture,  in- 
side, 31  mill,  long,  15  J  wide  (Albers). 

On  the  Maranon  river  in  Colombia  [now   Peru],  (Warscewicz). 

Bulimus  maranhonensis  ALB.,  Mafak.  Blatter,  i,  1854,  p.  216. — 
PFR.,  Novit,  Conch,  i,  p.  42,  pi.  11,  f.  11,  12  ;  Monogr.  iv,  p.  370. 

Albers  does  not  state  the  color  of  the  Iip3  but  it  seems  from  the 
badly-colored  figure  to  be  white,  shading  into  brown  towards  the 
outer  edge.  The  Albers  collection,  now  I  believe  in  the  Berlin 
museum,  contains  the  only  specimen  yet  put  on  record. 

GROUP    OF    O.   LABEO. 

Species  without  spiral  striation,  the  peristome  colored,  varying 
from  blackish  to  brown  or  flesh-colored,  the  columella  folded  ;  exter- 
nal coloring  vivid  in  the  species  of  Ecuador,  rather  plain  in  those  of 
Peru. 

Key  to  Species. 
a.  Peristome  well  reflexed  (species  of  the  Maranon  drainage). 

b.    Peristome    reddish ;     shell    with    broad    chestnut    zigzag 

streaks.  shuttleworthi,  p.  201 

l>1.  Peristome  and   parietal  wall  very  dark  or  black  brown  ; 

shell  with  narrow  dark  lines  at  periphery,  base,  and  suture, 

and  a  few  streaks. 

c.    Lip  smooth,  purplish  brown.  vicarius,  p.  200 

c1.  Lip  punctured,  very  brown  and  dark,     labeo,  p.  199 

a1.  Peristome  reddish-brown  or  pink,  blunt  and  thickened,  more  or 

less  expanded,  but  hardly  reflexed  ;  color  of  arrow-shaped  or 

trapezoidal  spots  in  bands. 

b.   Aperture  somewhat  angular  at  base  of  the  columella. 

yatesi,  p.  202 
b1.  Aperture  evenly  rounded  beneath.  kelletti,  p.  204 

O.  LABEO  (Broderip).     PL  44,  figs  21,  22. 

u  Shell  stout,  long-oval,  of  a  brown-chestnut  color,  changing  to 
red  at  the  apex  and  on  the  upper  whorls,  which  last  are  longitudi- 
nally striped  with  reddish-brown  towards  the  suture.  Whorls  6, 
ventricose  ;  the  last  has  a  narrow  black  band  across  its  middle,  and 
another  of  the  same  color  close  to  the  suture,  which  is  white;  the  last 
whorl  but  one  has  two  narrow  black  bands,  both  near  the  sutures ; 
the  lower  bands  on  the  last  and  penultimate  whorls  are  each  thrice 


200  ORTHALICUS. 

interrupted.  On  the  last  whorl  near  the  base,  which  is  very  dark, 
is  a  faint,  broad,  lighter  colored  band.  The  columella  is  remarkable 
for  its  obtuse  white  tooth,  surrounded  by  the  rich,  dark  coloring  of 
the  aperture.  The  right  lip  is  of  huge  thickness,  and  much  reflected  ; 
above  it  is  of  a  light  chestnut  color  ;  below  of  a  rich  brownish  japan- 
like  black,  which,  particularly  where  it  is  shading  off  into  the  chest- 
nut, gives,  when  the  light  is  thrown  full  on  it,  the  same  kind  of 
iridescent  appearance  as  is  seen  in  the  Lumachella,  or  fire-marble. 
The  lower  edge  of  this  rich  lip  is  punctured  pretty  thickly  with  dots, 
resembling  those  of  Gyprcea  testudinaria,  which  seem  filled  with  a 
whitish,  opaque  substance,  and  the  formation  of  which  has  given  an 
irregular  and  almost  fungus-like  appearance  to  the  reflected  border 
of  the  lip,  on  its  upper  side.  The  interior  of  the  aperture  is  white. 
Length  3  inches,  breadth,  measured  across  the  body-whorl,  and  in- 
cluding the  lip,  1J  inches."  (Brod.) 

Toulea,  about  nine  leagues  east  of  Chachapoyas,  Peru,  about  8000 
ft.  elevation  (Lieut.  Maw,  R.  N.). 

Bulinus  labeo  BRODERIP,  Zool.  Journ,  iv.  p.  222,  suppl.  pi.  31 
(\%2%}.—Bulimus  labeo  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  35,  f.  207,  copied 

from  Broderin,  (not  pi.  71  and  72,  f.  207  b,  c NYST,  Bull.  Soc. 

Roy.  Bruxellesxii,  p.  149,  pi.  1,  f.  2a,  2b. — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii.  p.  56. 
— Porphyrobaphe  labeo  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiae  Malacologicaei,  p. 
71  (part),  89.  Cf.  FULTOX,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6),  xviii,  p.  104. 

The  type  specimen  was  deposited  in  the  museum  of  the  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  but  disappeared  shortly  afterward,  and  has  nol 
been  recovered.  Other  specimens  have  since  been  found.  It  is  evi- 
dently allied  to  0.  vicarius,  but  the  remarkably  broad  and  curiously 
punctate  peristome  easily  separates  it  from  that  and  all  other  known 
species. 

O.  VICARIUS  (Fulton).     PI.  44,  figs.  18,  19;  pi.  48,  fig.  12. 

Shell  ovate-conic,  thick  and  solid  ;  pale  pinkish-gray  under  a  thin 
olive-yellow  cuticle,  mainly  wanting  on  the  spire,  which  is  irregularly 
streaked  with  purplish,  the  last  whorl  with  some  inconspicuous  dusky 
streaks,  and  a  narrow  dark  band,  more  or  less  interrupted,  at  the 
periphery,  another  continuous  one  on  the  base  just  behind  the  colu- 
mellar  lip.  Surface  somewhat  shining,  with  faint,  low  growth- 
wrinkles  only.  Whorls  7^—8,  the  first  one  planorboid  above,  earliest 
3J  forming  a  closely  pitted  nepionic  shell,  the  fourth  whorl  (at 


ORTHALICUS.  201 

least  in  some  specimens),  witli  a  sub-sutural  band  of  alternating 
chestnut  and  white  spots,  the  rest  of  the  whorls  with  a  whitish  hair- 
line bordering  the  suture  below,  edged  below  by  a  chestnut  line; 
whorls  convex,  the  last  tapering  below. 

Aperture  slightly  oblique,  white  inside,  angular  at  the  base  of  the 
columella;  peristome  blackish  purple-brown,  thickened  within,  con- 
vex, broadly  reflexed,  and  at  the  outer  edge  recurved  and  flesh- 
tinted  ;  columella  sub-vertical,  with  a  fold  or  convexity  near  the 
base  and  a  small  white  fold  above  ;  parietal  and  columellar  callus 
thick,  blackish  brown. 

Alt.  86,  diam.  48,  aperture  with  peristome  44  mill.  long.  29  wide 


Alt.  79,  diam.  37,  greatest  length  of  aperture  38^  mill.   (tig.  12). 

Leimabamba,  Peru,  on  the  road  from  Chachapoyas  to  Truxillo, 
8000  feet  elevation  (Lobb,  Baron). 

Bulimus  labeo  Brod.,  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  71,  f.  207  b,  pi. 
72,  f.  207  c  __  PFR.,  Honour,  iii,  p.  306.  —  MORELET,  Series  Conchyl. 
iii,  p.  Io6  __  ?  Orth  aliens  (Porphyrolaphe)  labeo  Brod.,  H.  ADAMS,  P. 
Z.  S.  1866,  p.  443.  Not  Bulinus  labeo  of  Broderip.  Of.  SHUTTLE- 
WORTH,  Notitire  Malac.,  i,  p.  [89]  —  Porphyrobaphe  vie  aria  FULTON, 
Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6),  xviii,  p.  103  (July,  1896). 

Formerly  referred  to  B.  labeo  Brod.  Shuttleworth  in  1856  ex- 
pressed the  opinion  that  it  was  a  distinct  species,  and  Mr.  Fulton  has 
recently  separated  it  from  that  form,  basing  the  new  specific  term 
vicaria  upon  the  specimen  figured  by  Reeve  (see  pi.  44,  fig.  18,  19). 
This  specimen  is  more  obese  than  the  one  before  me  (pi.  48,  fig.  12). 
It  "  can  be  distinguished  from  snblabeo  Ancey  by  its  light  olive  color, 
the  almost  entire  absence  of  markings,  and  the  dark  purple-brown  of 
the  columella  and  parietal  wall." 

O.  SHUTTLEWORTHI  (  Albers).     PI.  41,  figs.  1,  2. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-conic,  solid,  lightly  striated,  "JVhitish 
under  a  buff  epidermis,  irregularly  ornamented  with  wide  chestnut 
lightning-streaks.  Spire  conic,  obtuse,  suture  a  trifle  marginated, 
whorls  6,  a  little  convex,  the  last  as  long  as  the  spire,  a  little  atten- 
uated at  base.  Columella  callous,  twisted.  Aperture  slightly  ob- 
lique, obversely  ear  shaped,  rose-whitish  inside,  glossy  ;  the  peristome 
reddish,  thick,  expanded  and  reflexed,  the  margins  joined  by  a  glossy 


202  ORTHALICUS. 

callus  ;  columellar  margin  tuberculate  and  adnate.    Alt.  71,  diam.  29 
mill.;  aperture  with  peristome  37  long,  15  wide  inside.     (P/r.). 
•       On  the  Maranon  river  in  Colombia  [now  Peru]  (Warscewicz). 

Bulimus  Shuttleworthi  ALBERS,  Malak.  Blatter  i,  1854,  p.  216 — 
PFR.  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.  iv,  p.  371  ;  Novit.  Conch,  i,  p.  31,  pi.  8,  f. 
14,  15. 

Probably  allied  to  0.  yatesi.     I  have  not  seen  the  species. 

O.  YATESI  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  43. 

Shell  im perforate,  fusiform-oblong,  solid,  smooth,  brown  oliva- 
ceous with  black  bands  interrupted  by  arrow-shaped  buff  markings. 
Spire  long-conic,  obtuse  ;  suture  lightly  margined,  whorls  8,  a  little 
convex,  the  last  slightly  exceeding  two-fifths  the  total  altitude, 
tapering  at  base.  Columella  calloused,  strongly  folded  above. 
Aperture' subvertical,  elliptical  oblong,  subangulate  at  the  base, 
bluish-white  inside  ;  peristome  thickened,  narrowly  expanded,  the 
margins  joined  by  dull  flesh-colored  callus.  Alt.  82,  diam.  32, 
length  of  aperture  inside  32,  width  15  mill.  (Pfr.). 

Peru:  Moyobamba  (Yates,  type  locality);  Tarapoto  (Moricand, 
type  loc.ality  of  latevittata);  Tambo  Yumbite,  near  Moyobamba,  1479 
meters  above  the  sea  (Stiibel). 

Bulimus  yatesi  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.  1855  p.  93,  pi.  31,  f.  5;  Novit. 
Conch,  i,  p.  63,  pi.  18,  f.  1,  2  ;  Monogr.  iv,  p.  371 — Porphyrobaphe 
yatesi  SHUTTL.,  Notitise,  i,  p.  90. —  Orthalicus  (Porphyrobaphe) 
yatesi  MARTENS,  Conchol.  Mittheil.  p.  159.  Not  B.  jatesi  Hupe. — 
Porphyrobaphe  latevittata  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitia?  Malac.,  i,  p.  71, 
pi.  5,  f.  2,  3  (1856) — Porphyrobaphe  sublabeo  Dohrn,  ANCEY,  Bull. 
Soc.  Malac.  France  vii,  p.  153. 

The  thick  lip  is  fleshy  or  brownish  ;  and  the  columella  either  white 
with  a  strong  fold  above  (figs.  15,  17),  or  brown  and  straight  below, 
white  and  weakly  folded  above  (fig.  16).  The  nepionic  shell  is 
large,  composed  of  3J  whorls,  sculptured  with  fine  more  or  less 
anastomosing  longitudinal  wrinkles,  forming  a  striolate  pattern  over 
part  and  a  pitted  pattern  over  the  rest  of  the  surface.  In  0.  kelletti 
only  2^  whorls  compose  the  pitted  nepionic  shell. 

The  original  description  of  yatesi  is  given  above,  and  fig.  17  is  a 
copy  of  the  original  figure.  It  is  an  extremely  variable  species,  dis- 
tinguished from  the  closely  allied  0.  kelletti  by  its  bolder  markings, 
and  the  subangular  production  of  the  aperture  at  the  base  of  the 


ORTIIALICUS.  203 

columella.  This  character  is  shown  in  an  exaggerated  form  in  fig. 
12,  but  the  artist  has  overlooked  it  in  drawing  figures  15  and  16. 
Another  important  feature  separating  yatesi  from  kelletti  is  the  ab- 
sence in  the  latter  of  the  subsutural  series  of  spots  constantly  present 
in  yatesi,  and  the  smaller  number  of  pit-sculptured  nepionic  whorls. 
There  are  typically  four  bands  of  blackish-purple  spots,  the  basal  two 
more  or  less  united,  on  a  yellow  ground  with  dusky  streaks;  but  in 
specimens  without  cuticle  the  ground  color  is  whitish,  profusely 
streaked  with  purple.  About  2J  whorls  at  the  summit  are  uncolored, 
the  next  whorl  showing  only  a  subsutural  band  of  alternating  dark 
and  white  spots.  This  series  of  spots  descends  gradually  during 
post-nepionic  growth,  and  becomes  the  upper  band  of  arrow  spots  on 
the  last  whorl. 

Var.  sublabeo  ("  Dohrn  "  Ancey). 

Differs  from  the  allied  species  P.  yatesi  in  the  shorter  spire,  more 
slender,  solid  shell,  more  ovate,  larger  last  whorl  and  consequently 
wider  aperture,  the  peristorae  being  thicker,  much  wider,  deep  chest- 
nut colored;  columella  straight,  thickened  within,  scarcely  twisted, 
almost  straight,  forming  a  distinct  angle  with  the  base  ;  whorls  less 
numerous,  7,  instead  of  7^  to  8  (Ancey). 

Amazonian  region  of  Peru. 

Fig.  16  is  probably  referable  to  this  ill-defined  variety,  though  not 
typical  of  it. 

Var.  latevittata  (Shuttleworth).     PI.  43,  figs.  12,  13. 

Shell  elongate-ovate-conic,  solid,  nearly  smooth,  glossy;  brown- 
purplish  or  chestnut-purplish,  ornamented  with  two  to  four  rather 
wide  black-brown  bands,  interrupted  by  angulated  straw-colored 
stripes,  and  above  having  narrow  blackish-purplish  streaks.  Spire 
long  conic,  the  apex  as  if  cut  off,  the  granulose  nuclear  shell  narrowly 
banded  with  blackish-purple;  suture  bordered  by  an  impressed  line; 
whorls  71,  moderately  convex,  the  last  a  little  shorter  than  the  spire. 
Columella  thick,  plicate  twisted,  aperture  scarcely  oblique,  truncated 
oblong-oval,  bluish  inside ;  peristome  thickened,  expanso-reflexed, 
pale  livid  purplish,  glossy,  the  margins  joined  by  a  somewhat  thick- 
ened whitish  or  livid  callus,  columellar  margin  sinuous.  Alt.  85, 
diam.  35  mill.;  aperture,  including  peristome,  38  long,  22  wide. 
(Shuttl.) 

Pern:   Tarapoto  (Moricand). 


204  ORTHALICUS. 

Seems  to  differ  chiefly  in  the  obsolesence  of  part  of  the  markings 
of  the  typical  form.  The  specimens  figured  by  Pfeiffer  in  the  Novi- 
tates  Conchologicae  (see  my  figure  14)  is  evidently  referable  to  this 
race,  if  such  il  proves  to  be. 

0.  KELLETTI  (Reeve).     PI.  45,  figs.  23,  24. 

Shell  ovate,  rather  ventricose  ;  whorls  5,  convex,  roughly  striated, 
somewhat  plicately  crenulated  at  the  sutures,  last  whorl  much  the 
largest  ;  columella  thickened,  peculiarly  twisted.  Aperture  rather 
effused,  lip  thickened,  reflected.  Bluish-gray,  encircled  with  four 
bands  of  a  darker  color,  and  longitudinally  lightning-marked  with 
narrow,  waved  and  interrupted  white  streaks  (Rve.} 

Alt.  60,  diam.  34,  mill,  (from  figure.) 

Ecuador:  type  locality  unknown  (Kellett) ;  Southern  Ecuador 
(Dohrn);  Cuenca,in  the  valley  of  Quito,  (Paz  and  Martinez,  Orton.) 

Bulimus  lellettii  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  89,  f.  661  (Feb.,  1850). 

— PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  305;  iv,  368;  vi,  12 FORBES,  P.  Z.  S. 

1850.,  p.  54 Porphyrobaphe  kellettii  Reeve,  DORHN,  Jahrb.  d.  D. 

Malak.  Gesell.,  ix,  1882,  p.  112.— COUSIN,  Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France 
xii,  1887,  p.  201. 

Bulimus  fungairinoi  HTDALGO,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1867,  p.  72, 
pi.  4,  f.  4  (typographical  error  for  fungairinoi,  see  t.  c.  p.  468) — 
B.  fungairinoi  HIDALGO,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1870,  p.  44;  Viaje 
al  Pacifico  i.  p.  58,  pi.  3,  f.  8,  9. — CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl. 
1871,  p.  316 PFR.,  Monogr.  vi.  p.  12;  viii.  p.  16 — Of.  Dohrn, 

1.  c. — Porphyrobaphe  fungairinoi  MILLER,  Mai.  Bl.  xxv.  p.  185. — 
COUSIN,     Bull.    Soc.    Zool.    France,   xii.    p.    200 — Bulimus  jatesi 
(Shuttleworth),  HUPE,  in  Castlenau,   Exped.   dans  1'Amer.  du  Sud, 
Moll.,  p.  31,  pi.  8,  f.  1,  la  (where  it  is  erroneously  lettered  B.  ben- 
soni  Reeve). 

If  there  be  any  division  between  typical  kelletti  and  the  variety  or 
form,  fungairinoi,  the  former  will  be  restricted  to  shells  with  four 
subequal  bands  and  wide  contour,  as  in  the  original  figures,  pi.  45, 
figs.  23,  24;  and  the  varietal  name  proposed  by  Hidalgo  will  include 
forms  with  the  upper  band  narrow,  the  median  wider,  and  the  two 
basal  bands  wide  and  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  coalescent,  the  whole 
shell  being  of  narrow  contour  (pi.  45,  figs.  25—28). 

In  the  variety  fungairinoi,  the  folds  below  the  suture  are  some- 
times well-developed,  as  in  fig.  27,  sometimes  entirely  absent,  as  in 


ORTIIALICUS.  205 

Hidalgo's  types,  and  some  shells  before  me.  The  ground-tint  is 
sometimes  a  rich  yellow  with  some  dusky  streaks,  sometimes  a  beau- 
ful  light  purple,  the  bands  being  deep  purple-black  with  white  veins. 
The  peristome  in  all  known  forms  of  the  species  is  reddish-brown  or 
brownish-red,  the  parietal  callus  more  of  a  chestnut  or  blackish 
color. 

Dohrn,  who  united  the  two  forms,  writes  as  follows:  Narrow  and 
broad,  large  and  small  specimens  of  this  species  occur;  the  columella 
is  sometimes  strongly  folded,  sometimes  passes  in  a  simple  curve  into 
the  outer  lip  ;  and  now  green,  now  yellow  predominates  in  the  colora- 
tion, only  rarely  a  tone  of  green  passing  into  lead-gray  occurring. 
The  number  of  bands  is  4,  riot  3  as  Hidalgo  holds,  but  not  infrequently 
the  two  lower  bands  coalesce.  The  upper  whorls  may  be  either  white 
or  roseate,  In  many  shells  the  four  growth-periods  are  very  char- 
acteristically separated  by  differences  in  the  markings,  so  that  either 
ground- tint  or  the  decoration  of  zigzag  lines  is  changed.  At  the  base 
just  behind  the  columellar  callus,  there  is  a  long  small  elongate  tract 
of  the  shell  which  is  dennded  of  cuticle,  plicate  and  purplish-red  (or 
ash-gray).  As  this  is  present  upon  all  my  specimens,  I  consider  it  a 
specific  character.  Measurements  of  several  specimens  are  as 
follows: 

Alt.  71,  diam.  34,  length  of  aperture  44,  breadth  26  mill. 

Alt.  71,  diam.  28,  length  of  aperture  34,  breadth  22  mill. 

Alt.  61,  diam.  20,  length  of  aperture  37,  breadth  24  mill. 

Alt.  58,  diam.  25,  length  of  aperture  30,  breadth  19  mill. 

Hupe  gives  Peru  as  the  locality  of  the  specimens  collected  by  Courit 
Casteljiau.  They  are  the  form  of fungairinoi,  but  the  markings  are 
somewhat  reduced,  showing  more  of  the  ground  color  than  usual. 

GROUP  OF  O.  ATRAMENTARIUS. 

Chiefly  a  group  of  central-  Colombia,  distinguished  by  the  blunt 
lip,  but  little  and  gradually  expanding,  and  bordered  broadly  with 
violet  or  purple  inside.  The  species  are  among  the  most  superb  of 
South  American  land  snails.  They  vary  considerably  in  color,  and 
are  closely  allied. 

Key  to  species. 

a.   Aperture  pure  white  within  ;    shell  usually  with   a  peripheral 
dark  girdle. 


206  ORTHALICUS. 

b.   Spirally  striated,  though  the  striae  are  fine  and  shallow  ; 
form  rather  conically  ovate.  adamsoni.  p.  207. 

b1.  No  spiral  striation  ;  and  of  more  fusiform  contour. 

c.  Spire  purple,  last  whorl  tawny  or  olivaceous-brownish; 
lip  black,  shading  into  violet  within  ;  columella  ver- 
tical, folded  ;  alt.  59-67  mill,  approximatus,  p.  208. 
c1.  Glossy,  light  fawn-colored  usually  with  some  dark 
markings,  spire  thick  below,  attenuated  above,  lip 
brown,  purple  within.  poivisianus,  p.  206. 

a1.  Aperture  tinted  within;  surface  rather  rough,  heavily  blotched  or 
mottled,  or  with  the  last  whorl  dark  throughout;  peristome 
dark  brown,  becoming  reddish-purple  within. 

atramentaritis,  p.  209. 
O.  POWISIANUS  (Petit).     PI.  37,  figs.  28-34. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  solid  and  strong,  light  fawn  colored  with  nu- 
merous inconspicuous  slightly  darker  streaks,  and  usually  some  pur- 
plish blotches  and  streaks;  begirt  a  little  below  tie  periphery  by  a 
narrow  brown-black  band  somewhat  uneven  in  width,  and  narrowly 
light-edged  in  places  ;  this  band  ascending  the  spire,  showing  a  little 
at  the  suture  ;  some  of  the  earlier  whorls  with  a  continuous  or  inter- 
rupted median  brown  line,  first  whorl  brown-topped  ;  on  the  last 
whorl  or  two  a  dark  line  (often  interrupted)  borders  the  whitish 
suture  below.  Surface  polished,  glossy,  with  faint  growth-lines, 
stronger  at  the  sutures.  Spire  convexly  conic  below,  concavely  conic 
above,  apex  obtuse,  flattened.  Whorls  7,  the  earlier  3  regularly 
thimble-pitted,  those  following  almost  flat,  penultimate  and  last  whorls 
slightly  convex,  the  latter  obliquely  produced  and  spreading  out- 
wardly and  downward,  near  the  aperture,  with  a  narrow  blackish 
streak  behind  the  lip:  the  base  flatly  tapering  to  a  rounded  ridge 
behind  the  columella. 

Aperture  oblique,  rhombic,  somewhat  effuse  below,  pure  white  within, 
with  a  broad  purple  internal  lip-border;  peristome  obtuse  and  thick, 
black-brown;  columella  subvertical,  white,  anda  trifle  tortuous  above, 
purple  below,  parieto-columellar  callus  brown-black. 
Alt.  74,  diam.  35,  longest  axis  of  aperture  38  mill. 
Alt.  68,  diam.  33^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  35^  mill. 
Colombia:  Marmato,  and  the  forest  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cauca,  on 
the  road  to  Salamina,  on    damp   banks  under   trees  and    on    shrubs 
(Bland);  Forests  on  the  Cauca.  River  (Lehmann  and  others). 


OBTIIALIOUS.  207 

Bulimus  powisianus  PETIT  de  la  SAUSSAIE,  Revue  Zoologique 
1843,  p.  239  ;  Guerin's  Magasin  de  Zoologie  (2),  1843,  Moll.,  pi. 
65. — DESH.  in  Fer.  Hist.,  pi.  128,  f.  1,  2. — REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi. 

27,  f.  167  a,  b,  c PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p,  140;  iii,  378. — BLAND  in 

C.  B.  Adams'  Contrib.  to  Conch.  No.  11,  p.  229. — BUNKER,  Jahrb. 
d.  D.  Malak.  Ges.  ix,  1882,  p.  379,  ph  11,  f.  3,  4.—  Orthalicu8 
(Corona)  powisianus  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitiaa  Malac.  i.  p.  68 — 
Porphyrobaphe  powisiana  Petit,  MOUSSON,  Malak.  Blatter,  xxi,  p. 
13 KOBELT,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Mai.  Ges.  ii.  1875,  p.  223,  pi.  7,  f.  2. 

Very  distinct  in  its  glossy  surface  and  light  color,  the  flattened 
whorls  and  somewhat  mam  mill  ar  apical  portion.  Petit's  type  was  a 
rather  small  example,  length  68  mill.,  but  others  as  short  as  63  mill, 
have  occurred.  The  locality  was  doubtfully  given  as  Bogota  by 
Pfeiffer,  the  type  having  been  collected  by  Goudot ;  but  later  infor- 
mation locates  it  in  the  Cauca  valley. 

There  is  wide  variation  in  the  amount  and  prominence  of  the  dark 
streaks  or  blotches,  and  they  are  sometimes  obsolete.  Reeve's  figures 
(copied  in  my  figs.  28  and  32)  show  the  whorls  more  convex  than 
the  type  or  any  specimen  I  have  seen,  and  the  streaks  of  fig.  28  are 
far  more  prominent  than  in  the  typical  form. 

Figures  31  and  34  are  drawn  from  Marmato  specimens  received 
from  Bland.  The  young  shell  is  acutely  angular  at  the  periphery. 

A  specimen  collected  by  Bland  laid  three  dark  olive-brown  oval 
eggs,  about  10  mill,  long,  8  wide  ;  the  surface  of  the  egg-shell 
is  strongly  granulose. 

O.  ADAMSONI  (Gray).     PI.  39,  figs.  1,2;  pi.  40,  figs.  7,  8. 

Shell  ovate-fusiform,  thick  and  solid.  **  Violaceous-ashy,  some- 
what olivaceous  toward  the  base,  sparsely  clouded  here  and  there 
with  brown,  encircled  by  a  conspicuous  bluish-white  band  uhich  is 
somewhat  distantly  articulated  with  olive-black,  and  with  a  subobso- 
lete  brownish  band  al  ove,"  (pi.  39,  figs.  1,  2);  or  dull  reddish  on  the 
spire,  obscurely  streaked  with  darker,  a  median  spot-band  appearing 
on  the  penultimate  whorl,  the  latter  part  of  which  is  pale  ashen 
above,  olivaceous  below  the  band,  and  copiously  streaked  with 
black  ;  the  last  whorl  with  a  wide  ashen  zone  above,  the  lower  three- 
fourths  olivaceous,  the  whole  profusely  streaked  and  spotted  with 
black  ;  there  is  a  narrow  peripheral  black  girdle  bordered  above  by 
a  wider  white  one,  which  is  frequently  interrupted  by  black  blotches; 


208  ORTHALICUS. 

on  the  latter  half  somewhat  stained  with  reddish-chestnut,  and  then 
becoming  almost  uniform  black  (pi.  40,  figs.  7,  8).  Surface  some- 
what shining,  with  slight  growth-wrinkles  and  close,  rather  coarse 
and  shallow  spiral  stria3,  subobsolete  on  the  last  whorl.  Whorls  6  to 
7,  the  apex  decollate  and  plugged  (at  least  in  the  specimen  before 
me);  nepionic  shell  probably  composed  of  at  least  3  whorls,  which 
are  densely  pitted  ;  last  whorl  oblong,  tapering  below. 

Aperture  oblique,  rhombic-oval,  white  inside  ;  peristome  slowly 
but  decidedly  expanding,  thick,  obtuse,  purplish  black  at  the  edge, 
with  a  broad,  blackish-violet  border  within,  shading  into  violet  and 
then  white  ;  columella  violet,  somewhat  cylindrical,  subvertical  and 
indistinctly  bisinuate ;  parietal  callus  and  the  reflexed  columellar 
callus  black  throughout. 

Alt.  87,  diam.  42,  longest  axis  of  aperture  46  mill. 

Alt.  89,  diam.  47  mill,  (from  Reeve's  figure  of  the  type.) 

Colombia:  "  Parr  em  o"  near  the  volcano  Tolima  (Adamson  coll.); 
valley  of  Guaduas  (Gen.  J.  Acosta);  "Bogota  "  (pi.  40,  f.  7,  8). 

Bulinus  adamsonii  GKAY,  P.  Z.  S.,  1833,  p.  123. — Bulimus 

adamsonii  REEVE  (de  novo),  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  26,  f.  165  (1848) 

PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  242,  pi.  65.  f.  1,  2  ;  Monogr.  iii,  p.  307;  iv, 
p.  370;  vi,  p.  14. — HUPE  in  Castelnau's  Exped.  dans  PAmer.  du 
Sud,  Moll.,  p.  32,  pi.  8,  f.  2 — BLAND  in  C.  B.  Adams'  Contrib.  to 
Conch,  no.  12,  p.  231. 

The  type  of  B.  adamsonii  (pi.  39,  figs.  1,  2),  was  only  rather 
faintly  mottled.  The  specimens  figured  by  Hupe  and  Pfeiffer,  and 
that  shown  on  my  plate  40,  figs.  7,  8,  are  much  more  heavily  veined 
and  mottled,  and  constitute  a  color- variety  maculatus.  It  is  a  larger 
species,  than  0.  atramentarius,  white  within,  and  differently  marked 
externally. 

This  is  not  Orthalicu?  adamsonii  of  Beck,  which  is  0.  bensoni 
Reeve.  Beck's  reference,  to  a  figure  in  Gray's  Spicilegia  Zob'logica 
is  apparently  a  mistaken  one.  There  is  no  such  figure  in  that  work. 

O.  APPROXIMATES  (Fulton).     PI.  40,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Shell  oblong-conic,  thick  and  solid  ;  whorls  of  the  spire  largely 
denuded  of  cuticle,  whitish-purple  with  a  serie^of  oblong  purple  spots 
above  the  sutures  separated  by  small  white  spots,  and  sometimes  a 
mediun  interrupted  girdle  ;  the  last  whorl  covered  with  a  thin 
cuticle,  somewhat  yellowish  or  olivaceous-tawny,  becoming  reddish 


ORTHALICUS.  209 

in  tint  on  the  latter  half,  and  girdled  by  a  broad  blackish  band  at  the 
periphery,  with  traces  of  one  or  two  fainter  dusky  bands  above  ;  hav- 
ing some  oblique  variceal  dark  streaks.  Surface  glossy,  with  close, 
irregular  wrinkles  of  growth,  roughened  at  the  varices.  Whorls  6 
(in  a  decollate  and  plugged  specimen,  figs.  2,  3  ;  but  6^  according  to 
Fulton),  the  apical  2J  thimble-pitted,  those  of  the  spire  hardly  con- 
vex, the  last  oblong,  convex  ;  apex  obtuse. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate,  pure  white  within,  but  with  a  very  wide 
black  internal  border  shading  through  violet  into  the  white  ;  peri- 
stome  obtuse,  thick,  a  trifle  expanded,  black  ;  colurnella  vertical,  bi- 
sinuate,  the  upper  fold  or  nodule  much  stronger,  purple  tinted,  the 
lower  one  slighter;  parietal  callus  black. 

Alt.  59,  diam.  29,  longest  axis  of  aperture  29  mill. 

Alt.  G7,  diam.  31  mill.  (type). 

Bogota,  Colombia. 

Porphyrobaphe  approximata  FULTON,  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.  H.  (6)r 
xviii,  p.  103  (July,  1896);  xx,  pi.  6,  f.  6,  (1897). 

Allied  to  0.  atramentarius,  adamsoni  and  poivisianus.  From  the 
last  of  these  it  differs  in  coloring,  the  more  oblique  aperture,  and  the 
straight  lateral  outlines  of  the  spire.  0.  adamsoni  is  much  larger,  with 
more  ample  body-whorl,  and  has  spiral  striae ;  it  agrees  in  the  color- 
ing of  the  aperture.  0.  atramentarius  is  much  more  closely  related 
to  approximates,  differing  from  it  chiefly  in  the  different  color- pattern 
of  the  exterior,  the  browner  black  of  the  lip  and  parietal  wall,  and 
the  red-purple  rather  than  violet  or  blue-purple  internal  shading  of 
the  lip-border,  and  the  tinted  instead  of  pure  white  color  of  the 
interior.  The  form  of  the  columella  is  closely  approached  by  some 
specimens  of  atramentarius. 

Fig.  1  represents  the  type  ;  2  and  3  are  from  a  specimen  received 
from  the  author. 

O.  ATRAMENTARIUS  (Pfeiffer).     PL  38  ;  pi.  39,  fig.  7. 

Shell  ovate-conic  or  oblong-conic,  thick  and  solid  ;  two  or  three 
early  whorls  flesh-tinted,  the  succeeding  whorls  of  the  spire  fleshy  or 
white,  with  irregular,  broad  ragged  stripes  and  narrower  oblique 
streaks  of  purple-brown,  the  last  whorl  (1)  whitish-lilac  or  pale 
brownish  with  similar  stripes,  streaks  and  spots,  or  an  indefinitely 
mottled  pattern,  or  (2)  wholly  or  on  the  last  half  of  a  uniform  black- 
ish-purple color ;  sometimes  showing  an  obscure  band  at  the  per- 
14 


210  ORTHALICUS. 

iphery  (as  in  figs.  35,  37  \  and  above  (fig.  38);  the  general  black- 
ness sometimes  interrupted  by  some  dirty  white,  rough  varices  (as 
in  fig.  37).  Surface  sculptured  with  irregular  growth-wrinkles, 
often  rougher  and  finely  plicatulate  on  the  last  whorl,  the  latter  half 
of  which  is  frequently  coarsely  plicate.  Whorls  6J  to  7,  the  first 
obtuse,  often  amputated  and  plugged,  the  rest  moderately  convex. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate,  red-purple  within,  becoming  paler  in  the 
throat  and  darker  towards  the  lip  ;  peristome  blunt,  not  expanded, 
pale-edged,  with  a  dark-brown  border  inside  ;  colurnella  purple,  bi- 
sinuate,  its  reflexed  callus  and  the  strong  parietal  callus  almost 
black. 

Alt.  69,  diam.  34,  longest  axis  of  aperture  36  mill. 

Alt.  62,  diam.  29,  longest  axis  of  aperture  32  mill. 

Alt.  61,  diam.  32,  longest  axis  of  aperture  32  mill. 

Colombia:  C/topa,  in  the  province  of  Pamplona  (Linden)  ;  Cucuta 
(Bland);  Canelos,  Ecuador  (Stiibel). 

Achafina  regina  B,  PFR.,  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.  ii,  p.  244 — A.  regina 
DESIT.  in  Fer.,  Hist.,  p.  145,  pi.  122,  f.  8,  9. — Bulimus  regina  (part) 
REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.  pi.  27,  f.  168  b — Achatina  atramentaria  PFR., 
P.  Z.  S.  1855,  116. — Orthalicus  atramentarius  PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  p. 
591;  vi,  p.  202. —  0.  (Corona}  atramentarius  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatt. 
1855,  p.  167. — Bulimus  boussingaultii  HUPE  in  Castelnau's  Exped. 
dans  1'Amer.  du  Sud  Moll.,  p.  37,  pi.  9,  f.  2  (1857).—  Orthalicus 
(Corona)  iodes  SHUTTLEWORTH,  Notitise  Malacologies,  i,  p.  68,  pi. 
4,  f.  8  (1856).— MARTENS,  Conchol.  Mittheil.  p.  159. 

Smaller  than  0.  adamsoni,  differently  colored,  the  aperture 
pinkish-purple  within,  while  in  adamsoni  it  is  white,  shading  into 
violet  or  bluish-purple  toward  the  lip-margin.  The  last  whorl  varies 
from  mottled  to  a  uniform  blackish-purple  in  specimens  from  a  single 
locality  ;  my  figures  36,  37  and  7  being  drawn  from  shells  collected 
at  Cucuta.  Pfeiffer  gives  the  length  of  his  type  as  81  mill.,  which 
is  larger  than  any  of  the  specimens  in  our  collection.  Occasional 
shells  (figs.  36,  37)  have  some  patches  of  a  scarlet-brown  color  at 
the  edpre  of  the  blackish  tract.  Something  of  the  same  sort  is  seen 
in  some  specimens  of  0.  adamsoni. 

Both  of  the  synonyms,  iodes  and  boiissingaidtii,  were  based  upon 
the  true  atramentarius,  and  do  not  stand  for  varietal  forms. 


AMI'HIBULIMINJB.  211 

Sub-family  AMPHIBULIMIN^:. 

Includes  Amphibulima,  Rhodonyx,  Pellicula,  Gceotis,  Peltella, 
Simpulopsis  and  Eudioptus. 

Arboreal  or  sub-arboreal  Bulimulidce  with  the  shell  degenerate  as 
a  protective  organ,  *S//.cczW#-shaped,  //a/i'o^'s-shaped,  or  in  the  less 
reduced  forms,  globose  or  ovate;  always  thin,  and  mainly  cuticular ; 
unicolored  and  more  or  less  translucent  (except  in  Amphibulima). 
Jaw,  radula  and  genitalia  of  Bulimulid  type. 

An  American  group  of  genera,  which  agree  in  having  the  shell  in 
various  stages  of  degeneration.  In  Bulimulopsis  only  the  incipient 
stage  of  this  process  of  reduction  has  been  reached  ;  Simpulopsis  is  a 
later  stage,  and  Peltella  and  Gaotis  seem  to  be  terminal  members  of 
the  series,  being  slug-like  in  form.  Amphibulima  with  its  satellite 
groups  Rhodonyx  and  Pellicula,  stand  a  little  apart  from  the  other 
series.  The  exact  inter-relationships  of  the  various  genera  cannot 
be  understood  until  a  comparative  study  of  the  soft  parts,  more  fund- 
amental than  has  yet  been  made,  is  undertaken.  Peltella  is  the  only 
genus  which  has  been  adequately  investigated.  It  may  turn  out 
that  Drymaus,  Liostracus  and  Bulimulopsis  converge  to  a  common 
origin  ;  Simpulopsis  being  a  further  development  of  the  last  of  these 
groups,  and  Peltella  another  member  of  the  series.  Just  where 
Platysuccinea  belongs  is  doubtful,  but  Gaotis  may  be  related  to  it  as 
PelteJla  to  Simpulopsis.  Amphibulima  may  trace  its  ancestry  to  the 
Liostracus- Bulimulopsis  root,  or  it  may  possibly  be  descended  from 
Bulimulus.  1  look  to  the  general  arrangement  or  *'  topography  "  of 
the  viscera,  for  the  solution  of  these  problems,  rather  than  to  any 
information  to  be  gained  by  study  of  the  details  of  genitalia  or  teeth. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  anatomy  of  the  Amphibulimince  is  due 
chiefly  to  Dr.  Paul  Fischer,  Dr.  H.  von  Ihering,  and  Mr.  W.  G. 
Binney,  all  of  whom  have  contributed  valuable  data. 

Key  to  genera,  by  shell-characters. 

I.  Shell    subglobose,    ovate    or    oblong,    varying   in   form   from 

Naticoid  to  Bulimuloid.  SIMPULOPSIS,  p.  212. 

II.  Shell  depressed,  the  whorls  open  beneath,  columella  reduced 

to   a  spiral   rib   not  concealing   the  interior  of   the   whorls. 

PELTELLA,  p.  231  ;  G^OTIS,  p.  227. 

III.  Shell  Succinea-shaped.  AMPHIBULIMA,  p.  232. 


212  S1MPULOPSIS. 

Genus  SIMPULOPSIS  Beck,  1837. 

Simpulopsis  BECK,   Index  Moll.,  p.  100 MARTENS   in   Albers' 

Die  Heliceen,  p.  308  (type  S.  sulcidosa  Fer.).     PFR.,  Nomencl.  Hel. 

Viv.,  1878,  p.  228 Simulopsis  GRAY,  P.  Z.  S.,  1847,  p.  171  (type 

"  Helix  sulcosa"). 

Shell  imperforate,  varying  from  globose  to  ovate,  very  thin,  mainly 
cuticular,  usually  with  few  whorls  ;  the  last  very  large  ;  apical  1^  to 
1^  whorls  with  excessively  line  spiral  striation,  except  in  subgenus 
Platysuccinea  ;  apertuie  large,  rounded  lunate  or  ovate,  oblique; 
peristome  and  columella  very  thin,  simple  and  arcuate.  Type  S. 
sulculosa  Fer. 

The  jaw  is  arched  and  composed  of  numerous  plaits,  as  in  Dry- 
mceus ;  radula  about  as  in  Bulimulusy  but  the  cusps  of  the  teeth  are 
more  strongly  developed. 

The  species  live  on  and  among  plants  in  moist  woods.  The  group 
was  at  first  associated  with  Succinea  ;  Pfeiffer  then  placed  the  species 
in  Vitrina.  It  was  recognized  as  agenus  by  Morch  in  1852,  and  by 
Shuttleworth  in  1854;  these  authors  being  followed  by  Pfeiffer.  Dr. 
Paul  Fischer,  in  1873,  was  the  first  to  recognize  the  Bulimulid  affin- 
ities of  the  group. 

The  typical  group  of  species  occurs  in  Brazil,  from  the  State  of 
Bahia  to  Sao  Paulo  ;  but  one  species  has  been  found  in  Trinidad 
and  another  in  Nicaragua.  An  aberrant  group  of  forms  with 
smooth  apical  whorls  is  found  in  the  West  Indies  and.  Eastern 
Mexico.  Several  old-world  forms  have  been  referred  to  Simpulopsis 
(see  p.  226),  but  their  status  is  uncertain. 

Tlie  species  fall  into  three  sections  or  subgenera  : 
I.    Apical  whorls  spirally  striate. 

1.  Simpulopsis  s.  str.     Short    globose    shells,    excessively 
thin,  mainly  cuticular,  somewhat  flexible,  with  3  to  4^ 
whorls  ;  corrugated  or  merely  wrinkled,  varying  from 
greenish-yellow  to  olive-brown. 

2.  Bulimulopsis  Pilsbry,  1899.     Oblong-ovate  or  globose- 
conic,  higher  than  wide,  smooth,  glossy  and  brittle,  Uyht 
tinted  ;   whorls  4  to  5^.     Brazil.     (See  p.  220.) 

II.    Apical  whorls  smooth. 

3.  Platysuccinea    Ancey,    1881.       Globose,    thin,    rather 
brittle,  with  2-|  to  3^  whorls  ;  striated  or  smooth,  light- 


SIMPULOPSIS.  218 

colored.     Type  S.  portoricensis.      Greater  Antilles  and 
Mexico.     (See  p.  223.) 

Section  SIMPULOPSIS. 
Species  of  South  America  and  Trinidad. 

Key  to  species, 
a.    Shell  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  as  wide  as  high  ;  whorls  3^. 

atro wrens,  p.  213.. 
a1.  Shell  longitudinally  corrugated  or  folded,  not  decussate. 

b.    Higher  than  wide,  the  spire  prominent,  whorls  about  4^  ; 
folds  coarse,  irregular  and  low.  sulculosa,  p.  214. 

bl.  Diameter  about  equal  to  or  exceeding  the  width  ;   whoils 
3  to  4. 

c.  Folds  close,  subregular  and  strong ;  whorls  3  to  3J. 
d.    Diam   and   longest  axis  of  aperture  exceeding 
alt.;  spire  very  short,  low  ;  outer  lip  inserted 
above  periphery  of  penult,  whorl. 

braziliensis,  p.  215. 

d1.  Diam.  exceeding  alt.;  spire  short;  outer  lip  iiL- 
serted  at  periphery  of  penult,  whorl. 

obtusa,  p.  216. 

d2.  Diam.    and    alt.    about    equal;     spire    conic.; 
length  of  aperture  less  than  that  of  shell. 
e.    Olive  or  olive-brown  ;  alt.  about  14  mill. 
rufovirens,  p.  216. 
e1.  Light  green  ;  alt.  9  to  10  mill. 

corrugata,  p.   217. 

c1.  Folds  strong,  irregular;   whorls  4;  alt.  17^,  diam.  24 
mill.  miersi,  p.  218. 

a2.  Shell  corrugated  and  decussate. 

b,    Irregularly    plicate,    with    extremely    fine    spiral   striae ; 

whorls  4^ ;  alt.  and  diam.  about  equal  ;  alt.  20,  diam.  19 

mill.  tryoiii,  p.  218. 

b1.  Closely   plicate,    with   spiral  sulci  ;  whorls  4^-;  alt.   11; 

diam.  12^  mill,  decussata,  p.  218.. 

S.  ATROVIRENS  (Moricand).     PI.  64,  figs.  79,  80. 

Shell  semi-oval,  ventricose,  excessively  thin,  being  mainly  cuticu^ 
lar ;  olive-green  or  reddish-brown,  becoming  paler  on  the  spire  ;  sur- 


214  SIMPDLOPSIS. 

face  dull,  lusterless  or  with  a  somewhat  silken  sheen,  nearly  smooth, 
but  with  some  low  and  irregular  wrinkles  or  folds,  but  more  regularly 
and  more  closely  plicate  on  the  penultimate  whorl.  Spire  small  and 
short;  whorls  3J,  the  last  extremely  large  and  inflated,  well-rounded 
throughout.  Aperture  very  oblique,  large,  rounded,  ovate  ;  peri- 
stome  thin  and  sharp,  the  outer  lip  usually  with  a  cuticular  and  more 
or  less  distorted  edge  ;  columella  long,  concave,  thin. 

Alt.  15,  diam.  15,  longest  axis  of  aperture  14^;  width  10J  mill. 

Portas,  Prov.  Bahia,  Brazil,  on  palms  (Blanche!)  ;  Bahia  (Acad. 
coll.) 

Helix  (  Cochlohydra]  atrovirens  MORIC.,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  d'Hist. 
Nat.  de  Geneve,  vii,  p.  416,  pi.  2,  p.  1  (1835  or  1836).—  Vitrina 
atrovirens  JAY,  Catal.,  1839,  p.  43. — PFR.  Monogr.  ii,  p,  511  — 
Simpulopsis  atrovirens  Mor.,  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  100 — PFR., 
Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  30,  pi.  3,  f.  5,  6  ;  Monogr.  iii,  p.  7  ;  v,  p.  22. 

In  general  appearance  this  species  resembles  the  corrugated  forms, 
but  the  folds  are  almost  obsolete.  A  number  of  specimens  before 
me,  including  two  from  Moricand,  show  very  little  variation  in 
sculpture,  and  the  species  seems  well  founded. 

S.  SULCULOSA  (Ferussac).     PI.  64,  figs.  81,  82,  83. 

Shell  globose-conic,  higher  than  wide,  excessively  thin,  pale 
greenish-yellow,  transparent,  surface  glossy,  showing  under  a  lens 
numerous  revolving  dull  and  lustreless  bands  about  as  broad  as  the 
glossy  intervals  ;  irregularly  sulcate  or  wrinkled,  the  wrinkles  rather 
widely  and  unevenly  spaced,  subobsolete  on  the  spire.  Spire  conic 
and  elevated.  Whorls  ahout  4^,  the  last  globose.  Aperture  ovate, 
moderately  oblique  ;  outer  lip  thin  and  acute;  columellar  lip  thin, 
concave. 

Alt.  11,  diam.  9^,  longest  axis  of  aperture  8.3,  width  6  mill. 

Prov.  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil,  at  Itapetininga  (v.  Ihering)  and  Taguara 
(v.  Ihering,  teste  Clessin);  Botafogo,  near  Rio  Janeiro,  among  plants 
in  moist  places  (Paz  and  Martinez). 

Helix  (Cochlohydra,}  sulculosa  FER.,  Prodr.,  p.  27;  Hist.,  pi.  11  A, 
f.  6 — Succinea  sulculosa  Gray,  Ann.  of  Philos.,  ix,  1825,  p.  415 — 
Vitrina  sulculosa  PFR.,  Symbolae,  iii,  p.  45  :  Monogr.,  ii,  p.  512. — 
Simpulopsis  sulculosa  BECK,  Index,  p.  100. — CLESSIN,  Mai.  Bl. 

(n.  F.),  x,  p.  168 PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  31,  pi.  3,  f.  7,  8 — 

HEYNEMANN,  Malak.  Blatt.,  xv,  1868,  p.  110,  pi.  5,  f.  10  (dentition). 


siMPULorsis.  215 

— HIDALGO,  Viaje  al  Pacifico,  p.  5. — Succinea  membranacea  MICH., 
teste  Villa,  Dispositio  Syst.,  p.  9 — Not  S.  sulculosa  II.  &  A.  ADAMS, 
Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  pi.  73,  f.  1. 

This  rather  small  species  of  southern  Brazil  is  easily  recognized 
by  the  coarse  and  irregular  shallow  sulcation  and  the  prominent  and 
conic  spire.  Well-preserved  shells  show  many  dull  bands  on  a  bril- 
liant ground,  scarcely  visible  without  a  lens,  and  varying  in  degree 
of  development  in  different  specimens.  In  the  collections  I  have 
seen,  the  name  sulculosa,  seems  to  have  been  often  applied  to  other 
species. 

Dr.  Hidalgo  reports  specimens  with  4^  whorls,  measuring,  alt.  15, 
diam.  13  mm.,  from  Botafogo,  near  Rio  Janeiro. 

S.  BRASILIENSIS  (Moricand).     PI.  64,  figs.  84,  85. 

Shell  semi-oval,  ventricose,  very  thin,  pale  greenish-yellow,  sub- 
transparent.  Surface  glossy,  regularly  and  deeply  corrugated,  the 
folds  rather  close  and  nearly  regular,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  no  spiral 
sculpture.  Spire  very  short  and  low.  Whorls  3^,  the  earlier  1^  or 
2  smooth,  the  last  whorl  very  large  and  globose.  Aperture  quite 
oblique,  large,  rounded-ovate  ;  peristome  thin  and  sharp,  the  outer 
lip  inserted  above  the  periphery  of  the  penult,  whorl;  columella  thin, 
somewhat  concave,  meeting  the  basal  lip  in  a  salient  angle,  in  the 
middle  of  the  apparently  columellar  margin. 

Alt.  12,  diam.  13,  longest  axis  of  aperture  12.3,  width  9  mill. 

Alt.  11.5,  diam.  12,  longest  axis  of  aperture  12,  width  8  mill. 

Alt.  12.5,  diam.  15,  longest  axis  of  aperture  13.5,  width  10  mill. 
S.  Gonzalves,  Brazil,  in  humid  forest  (Blanchet). 

Helix  {Cochlohydra)  brasiliensis  Sowerby,  MORICAND,  Mem.  Soc. 
Phys.  et  Hist.  Nat.  Geneve,  vii,  1835-6,  p.  416  (no  sufficient  de- 
scription); Mem.,  etc.,  xi,  p.  148,  149,  160,  pi.  5,  f.  5  (as  Succinea 
brasiliensis),  1845-6. —  Vitrina  brasiliensis  Mor.,  PFR.,  Symbolse,  ii, 
p.  62  (1842),  no  description — Vitrina  obtusa  Sow.,  PFR.,  Monogr., 
ii,  p.  511  (1848). — Simpulopsis  obtusa  PFR.,  Monogr.,  iii,  p.  7; 
Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  29,  pi.  3,  f.  1,  2. 

Distinguished  chiefly  by  its  extremely  short,  low  spire  and  high 
insertion  of  the  outer  lip.  The  angulated  columellar  margin,  caused 
by  the  meeting  of  the  arc  of  the  basal  margin  with  that  of  the  colu- 
mella, is  not  constant,  the  angle  being  often  obsolete. 

This  species  has  been  called  obtusa  Sow.  by  Pfeiff'er,  but  I  find  it 


216  SIMPULOPSIS. 

impossible  to  reconcile  Sowerby's  figures  with  these  shells.  More- 
over, Sowerby  described  his  species  too  briefly,  and  simultaneously 
proposed  two  specific  names  for  it. 

Moricand  had  been  incorrectly  informed  by  Ferussac  that  Sowerby 
had  named  this  species  "  brasiliensts,"  and  therefore  attributed  the 
name  to  that  author. 

S.  OBTUSA  (Sowerby).     PI.  64,  figs.  86,  87. 

Shell  ovate,  corneous,  longitudinally  striated;  spire  very  short; 
whorls  3,  a  little  convex  ;  aperture  ovate,  oblique.  Length  to  the 
breadth  as  2  to  3  (Sowerby).  Brazil. 

Succinea  ovata  SOWERBY,  Genera  of  Shells,  pt.  ix,  second  page  of 
text,  Succinea. 

Succinea  obtusa  SOWERBY,  Genera  of  Shells,  legend  at  foot  of  plate 
of  Succinea  (1820  or  1822  ;  see  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6),  xiii,  p.  371). 
— REEVE,  Conch.  Syst.,  ii,  p.  89,  pi.  180,  f.  2  (reprinted  from 
Sowerby's  plate) — Helix  obtusa  FER.,  Hist.,  pi.  9  B,  f.  5  (copy  of 
Sowerby's  figure). — Simpulopsis  obtusa  BECK,  Index,  p.  100. 

According  to  Sowerby's  figures,  which  there  is  no  reason  to  think 
incorrect,  this  species  has  a  decidedly  more  projecting  spire  than  S. 
brasiliensis,  and  the  outer  lip  is  inserted  much  lower  on  the  penul- 
timate whorl. 

Sowerby  called  this  species  "  S.  ovata  "  in  the  text,  "  S.  obtusa" 
on  the  plate.  Pfeiffer  has  chosen  to  retain  the  latter,  ignoring  the 
former  name.  As  I  can  add  nothing  to  our  knowledge  of  the  species, 
it  is  not  worth  while  to  question  the  propriety  of  Pfeiffer's  favoritism 
in  dealing  with  the  twins. 

S.  RUFOVIRENS  (Moricand).     PL  64,  figs.  88,  89,  90,  91, 

Shell  semi-globose,  very  thin,  olive-green  or  brown-tinted  olive  ; 
somewhat  shining  but  not  glossy.  Surface  closely  and  strongly  cor- 
rugated, the  corrugation  rather  regular,  though  sometimes  folds  split 
or  are  intercalated.  Spire  conic.  Whorls  3^,  moderately  convex, 
the  last  globose;  suture  slowly  descending  in  front.  Aperture 
rounded-ovate,  very  oblique,  the  outer  lip  thin,  its  upper  end  inserted 
at  or  near  the  periphery  of  the  penultimate  whorl;  colurnellar  lip 
very  thin  and  regularly  arcuate. 

Alt.  14,  diam.  14,  longest  axis  of  aperture  12.4,  width  9.5  mill. 

Province  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet,  Anthony). 


SIMPULOPSIS.  217 

Helix  (Succinea}  rufovirens  MORIC.,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  Hist. 
Nat.  Geneve,  xi,  p.  147,  pi.  5,  f.  4  (1845-6).—  Vitrina  rufovirens 
PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  511 — Simpulopsis  rufovirens  PFK.,  Conchyl. 
Cab.,  p.  30,  pi.  3,  f.  3,  4;  Monogr.  v,  p.  22. — Simpulopsis  rufescens 
MOR.,  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll,  ii,  p.  128. 

This  species  from  the  number  of  specimens  before  me,  must  be 
found  in  some  abundance.  It  is  wider  than  sulculosa,  with  fewer 
whorls,  lower  spire  and  finer  corrugation.  The  spire  is  decidedly 
more  raised  than  in  brasiliensis,  and  the  outer  lip  is  inserted  lower. 
The  deep,  rather  fine  and  even  corrugation  is  its  most  prominent 
feature. 

S.  CORRUGATA  Guppy.     PI.  64,  figs.  93,  94,  95. 

Shell  globose,  very  thin  and  fragile,  being  mainly  cuticular ;  light 
green,  translucent  in  places.  Surface  glossy,  deeply  corrugated,  the 
ribs  subregular,  but  in  places  a  little  irregular.  Spire  short*  conic. 
Whorls  3  J,  the  earlier  1^  smooth  ;  last  whorl  inflated,  rounded. 
Aperture  large,  subcircular,  but  somewhat  excised  by  the  penult, 
whorl,  moderately  oblique;  peristome  thin,  regular  arcuate;  colu- 
mella  arcuate,  thin ;  no  perceptible  parietal  callus. 

Alt.  9.3,  diam.  9,  longest  axis  of  aperture  7.7,  width  5.7  mill. 
Trinidad,  near  Savana  Grande,  in  humid  forests ;  rare  (Guppy). 

S.  corrugatus  GUPPY,  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.  H.  (3),  xvii,  1866,  p. 
53. — S.  corrugata  Guppy,  PFR.,  Monogr.  vii,  p.  28. — GUPPY, 
Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1878,  p.  323,  pi.  10,  f.  3;  Journ.  of  Conch,  vii, 
1893,  p.  221 — BINNEY,  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  v,  p.  338,  pi.  1,  f. 
G  (dentition) — CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1890,  p.  46 S.  rufo- 
virens Mor.,  E.  A.  SMITH,  Journ.  of  Conch.,  viii,  p.  244. 

Similar  to  S.  rufovirens^  but  constantly  smaller,  of  a  lighter  green 
color  when  in  good  condition,  and  with  the  aperture  perceptibly  less 
obliqiif. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  unites  corrugata  to  rufovirens  as  a  synonym,  but 
the  differences  indicated  above  are  constant  in  the  series  before  me, 
and  with  the  wide  geographic  separation  of  the  two  forms,  seem  to 
make  it  desirable  to  retain  the  species  or  subspecies.  "Species,'* 
however,  among  the  slightly  differentiated  forms  of  this  genus,  are 
more  conventional  than  usual;  and  in  this  instance  we  totally  lack 
material  from  the  vast  intermediate  region,  the  Amazon  valley. 


218  SIMPULOPSIS. 

S.  MIERSI  Pfeiffer.      Unfigured. 

Shell  conic-subglobose,  very  thin,  somewhat  irregularly,  strongly 
plicate,  pellucid,  rather  shining;  olivaceous-corneous.  Spire  short, 
conic,  acute  ;  whorls  4,  moderately  convex,  separated  by  a  somewhat 
channelled  suture,  the  last  whorl  inflated,  regularly  descending. 
Aperture  oblique,  ample,  lunate-oval ;  peristome  thin,  black-edged, 
the  right  margin  rather  widely  expanded,  columellar  margin  hair- 
like,  somewhat  twisted  above.  Alt.  17^,  greater  diam.  24,  lesser 
171  mill.  (Pfr.) 

Espirito  Santo,  Brazil  (Miers,  in  Cuming  coll.). 

S.  miersi  PFR.,  Malak.  Blatter,  iii,  1856,  p.  260;  Monogr.  iv,  p. 
800;  v,  p.  21. 

Known  to  me  by  the  above  description  only. 

S.  TRYONI  Pilsbry,  n.  sp.     PI.  64,  fig.  92. 

Shell  globosely  semi-oval  with  conic,  projecting  spire,  thin,  light 
olivaceous;  surface  lusterless,  rather  irregularly  corrugated,  and 
under  a  strong  lens  seen  to  be  spirally  sculptured  with  extremely  fine, 
dense,  cuticular  striae,  passing  over  the  folds  and  intervals.  Whorls 
41,  the  last  globose.  Aperture  very  oblique,  rounded-ovate,  the 
peristome  thin  and  sharp;  columella  regularly  arcuate. 

Alt.  20,  diam.  19,  longest  axis  of  aperture  16,  width  12  mill. 

Brazil  (J.  G.  Anthony). 

The  folds  are  much  less  regular  than  in  S.  rufovirens,  and  that 
species  shows  no  spiral  striation. 

S.  DECUSSATA  Pfeiffer.      Unfigured. 

Shell  conic-subglobose,  very  thin,  closely  plicate  and  rather  regu- 
larly decussated  by  spiral sulci;  pellucid,  shining,  olivaceous-corneous. 
Spire  moderate,  conic,  acute  ;  suture  deep.  Whorls  4^,  moderately 
convex,  the  last  one  ventricose.  Aperture  oblique,  rounded-oval, 
slightly  angular  above  ;  peristome  simple,  unexpanded  ;  columellar 
margin  lightly  arcuate,  very  slightly  twisted  above.  Alt.  11,  greater 
diam.  12£,  lesser  10  mill.  (Pfr.) 

Petropolis,  near  Rio  Janeiro,  Brazil  (Miers,  in  Cuming  coll.). 

Simpulopsis  decussata  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.  iii,  1856,  p.  260  ;  Monogr. 
iv,  p.  800  ;  v,  p.  22. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  which  is  apparently  well  distinguished 
by  its  spiral  grooves  decussating  the  longitudinal  folds. 


SIMIMJLOl'SIS.  219 

Caribbean  Species. 
S.  VIXCENTINA  E.  A.  Smith.     PI.  63,  figs.  65,  66. 

Shell  orate,  very  thin,  pale  greenish-corneous,  spire  obtusely 
conoid  ;  whorls  3,  the  first  two  sculptured  with  delicate,  close,  waved 
striae,  the  first  whorl  involute  at  the  apex;  last  whorl  ample,  deli- 
cately plicate  longitudinally,  and  transversely  obsoletely  substriate, 
scarcely  descending.  Aperture  inversely  auriform  ;  peristome  very 
thin  throughout.  Length  13,  diam.  10  mill.  (Smith.) 

St.  Vincent,  Upper  Richmond  Valley,  in  damp  forest,  2000  feet 
elevation,  on  leaves  of  Artanthe  (Piperacece).  H.  H.  Smith. 

S.  vincentina  S.M.,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  i,  p.  305,  pi.  21,  f.  4,  5  (Oct., 
1895). 

Only  a  single  specimen  was  collected.  The  ovate  form,  rather 
conical  spire,  and  the  peculiar  fine  sculpture  of  the  two  upper  whorls, 
distinguish  this  form  from  other  species  of  the  genus.  (Smith.) 

I  suppose  Mr.  Smith  refers  to  spiral  striae  on  the  first  two  whorls; 
if  longitudinal  striae  are  meant,  the  species  would  be  referable  to 
Amphibulima,  not  Simpulopsis. 

Species  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

S.  SIMULA  (Morelet).     PI.  63,  figs.  56,  57. 

Shell  conic-globose,  very  thin,  somewhat  membranaceous,  pellucid, 
elegantly  sculptured  with  slightly  oblique  longitudinal  and  rather 
spaced  folds;  pale  olivaceous-corneous.  Spire  shortly  conoid,  the 
apex  rather  obtuse  ;  suture  impressed.  Whorls  4^,  a  little  convex, 
the  earlier  two  nearly  smooth,  the  last  larger  than  the  spire,  ex- 
panded and  inflated.  Aperture  lunate*rotund,  colored  within  like 
the  outside  ;  peristome  simple,  concolor,  the  terminations  separated, 
columellar  margin  arcuate,  thin,  basal  and  outer  margins  acute. 
Length  11,  diam.  9,  length  of  aperture  7,  width  6  mill.  (F.  fy  C.). 

Peten,  northern  Guatemala,  in  woods,  on  the  leaves  of  trees  (More- 
let). 

Bulimus  simulus  MORELET,  Testacea  Novissima  ii,  p.  11  (1851). 
PFK.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  383  (1853);  iv,  p.  450;  vi,  p.  SO.—Ortkalicus 
(Plectostyhis)  simulus  ADS.,  Genera  ii,  p.  155  (1858). — Bulimulus 

(Eudioptus}  simulus  ALBERS,  Die  Hel.,  edit.  v.  Mart.,  p.  223 

Simpulopsis?  Simula  PFR.,  Monogr.  vii,  p.  516  (1876) — Simpulopsis 


220  SIMPULOPSIS. 

/ 

Simula  FISCHER  &  CKOSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  i,  p.  578,  pi. 
24,  f.  13,  13a.— VON  MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  Moll.,  p.  253. 
Resembles  the  Brazilian  species  in  color  and  form.  It  is  known 
by  the  type  lot  only,  one  of  which  has  been  figured  by  Fischer  and 
Crosse. 

S.  CUMINGI  Pfeiffer.     PI.  63,  figs.  61,  62. 

Shell  subglobose,  very  thin,  lightly  and  irregularly  plicatulate, 
pellucid,  slightly  shining,  greenish-corneous.  Spire  minute,  project- 
ing as  a  little  papilla.  Whorls  3,  the  last  much  inflated  ;  columella 
regularly  arcuate,  simple.  Aperture  oblique,  rounded-oval,  very 
glossy  inside;  peristome  simple,  a  little  expanded.  Alt.  12,  greater 
diam.  20J,  lesser  19£  mill.  (Pfr.). 

Mexico  (Cuming  coll.). 

S.  cumingi  PFR.,  P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  p.  27,  pi.  3,f.  2  ;  Malak.  Blatter, 

1861,  p.  84;  Monogr.  v,  p.  22;  vii,  p.  29 REEVE,   Conch.  Icon., 

xiii,  pi.  1,  f.  5  (1862).— FISCHER  &  CROSSE,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex., 
Moll.,  p.  580 MARTENS,  Biol.,  p.  253. 

Known  by  the  original  description  and  Reeve's  figures,  which 
represent  a  shell  double  the  size  of  S.  anea,  arid  distinctly  plicatulate. 

Section  BULIMULOPSIS  Pilsbry,  1899. 

Eudioptus  ALBERS,  Die  Hel.,  edit.  Martens,  p.  223,  1861  (type 
B.  pseudosuc  cineus  Moric.).  Not  Eudioptis  Hiibner,  Verzeichniss 
bekannter  Schmetterlinge,  1816. 

Shell  smooth,  varying  from  oblong-ovate  to  globose-conic,  imper- 
forate  or  very  narrowly  perforate,  thin,  brittle,  translucent,  glossy 
and  unicolored;  whorls  4  to  5^,  the  apical  1^-1^,  sculptured  with 
excessively  fine,  dense,  spiral  stria?,  as  in  typioal  Simpulopsis.  Aper- 
ture ovate,  the  peristome  and  columella  thin  and  simple.  Type  S. 
pseudosuccinea  Moric. 

A  Brazilian  group  of  thin,  brittle-shelled  snails,  resembling  Sim- 
pulopsis in  their  tenuity  and  simple  peristome,  but  differing  in  the 
more  Bulimoid  form  of  the  shell,  which  is  very  smooth  and  light 
colored.  The  soft  anatomy  is  unknown. 

Key  to  Species. 

a.    Length  of  shell  over  twice  its  diameter  ;  oblong  ovate. 

pseudosuccinea,  p.  221. 


SIMPULOPSIS.  221 

J 

a1.   Diameter  of  shell  slightly  under  §  its  length  ;  ovate  ;  whorls  5. 

Umpida,  p.  223. 

a2.   Diameter  of  shell  §  to  J  its  length  ;  ovate-conic  ;  whorls  5  ; 
periphery  rounded.  citrinovitrea,  p.  221. 

a3.   Diam.  of  shell  over  J  its  length  ;  globose  conic  ;   whorls  4. 

b.    Brownish-yellow;   periphery  faintly  angular;  alt.  11-13 

mill.  loissieri,  p.  222. 

bl.  Alt.  7  mill.  progastor,  p.  223. 

S.  PSEUDOSUCCINEA  (Moricand).     PL  64,  figs.  4,  5. 

Shell  im perforate,  oblong-ovate,  /SWcmm-shaped,  very  thin  and 
fragile.  Decidedly  translucent,  the  columella  visible  through  the 
shell;  whitish  corneous  or  faintly  yellowish.  Surface  glossy,  with 
slight  growth-wrinkles,  nepionic  lj  whorls  with  excessively  fine, 
close,  spiral  striation.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  rather  obtuse.  Whorls 
about  5J,  moderately  convex,  with  well  impressed  sutures,  the  last 
whorl  oblong,  tapering  above  and  below,  a  faintly  sketched,  hardly 
noticeable  angle  traced  around  the  periphery. 

Aperture  oblique,  ovate-pointed,  broadly  rounded  below;  lip  sim- 
ple, unexpanded  ;  columella  concave  below,  thread-like,  with  a  faintly 
convex  spiral  trend  above  ;  basal  view  showing  a  narrow  "  false  um- 
bilicus" extending  to  apex. 

Alt.  23^,  diam.  11  ;  length  of  aperture  12^  mill.,  or  smaller. 

Environs  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet,  v.  Ihering). 

Helix  pseudosuccinea  MORICAND,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  d'  Hist.  Nat. 
de  Geneve,  vii,  p.  435,  pi.  2,  f.  18  (1835-6). — Bulimus  pseudosuc- 
cinea DESH.  in  Lam.,  Anim.  s.  Vert,  viii,  p.  248. — POT.  &  MICH., 

Galerie,  i,  p.  140,  pi.  13,  f.  5,  6 PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  148;  iii,  302; 

iv,  450;  vi,  89;  viii,  125  ;   Conchyl.  Cab.  p.   216,  pi.  60,  f.  5,  6 

REEVE,  Conch.   Icon.    pi.   62,   f.    429. — BuUmulus  pseudosuccineus 

BECK,  Index,  p.  64.— CLESSIN,  Mai.  Bl.  (n.  F.)  x,  1888,  p.  166 

Succinea  moricandi  PFR.,  Symbolae  ad  Hist.  Hel.  ii,  p.  131. 

Much  more  elongated,  and  of  a  more  milky  tint  than  S.  citrino- 
vitrea.  As  in  S.  boissieri,  there  is  a  slightly  indicated  keel  at  the 
periphery.  This  species  is  the  type  of  the  section  Eudioptus,  and 
has  hitherto  been  referred  to  Balimulns.  Its  affinities,  however,  are 
with  the  following  species  : 

S.  CITRINOVITREA  (Moricand).     PI.  64,  figs.  96,  97. 

Shell    minutely  perforate,  ovate-conic,  thin  and    transparent,  the 


222  SIMPULOPSIS. 

columella  being  visible  through  the  last  whorl  ;  pale  yellowish-green. 
Surface  glossy  and  nearly  smooth,  having  slight  growth-wrinkles 
only.  Spire  conic,  the  apex  slightly  obtuse  ;  suture  well  impressed  ; 
whorls  about  5,  convex,  the  last  well  rounded.  Aperture  broadly 
ovate,  slightly  oblique;  outer  lip  thin  and  sharp;  columella  slightly 
concave  or  nearly  straight,  thin.  No  perceptible  parietal  callus. 

Alt.  13,  diam.  9,  longest  axis  of  aperture  8,  width  5.3  mm. 

Alt.  16,  diam.  10.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  9,  width  6.5  mm. 

Environs  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet,  v.  Ihering). 

Helix  (Cochlogena)  citrino-vitrea  MORICAND,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et 
d'Hist.  Nat,  de  Geneve,  vii,  p.  436,  pi.  2,  f.  19  (1835  or  1836).— 
Bulimus  citrino-vitreus  Mor.,  PFR.,  Monogr.,  ii,  p.  149;  Conchyl. 
Cab.,  p.  218,  pi.  60,  f.  13,  14 — DESH.  in  Lam.  An.  s.  Vert.,  viii, 

p.  246 POT.  &  MICH.,  Galerie,  i,  p.  135,  pi.  12,  f.  13,  14.—Buli- 

mulus  citrino-vitreus  BECK,  Index,  p.  64. — Simpulopsis  citrino-vitrea 
Mor.,  PFR.,  Monogr.,  vii,  p.  29. — CLESSIN,  Malak.  Bl.  (n.  F.),  x, 
p.  168. — Bulimus  vitrinoides  REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  46,  f.  290 
(1848). 

Has  a  more  elevated  spire,  less  inflated  contour,  and  more  whorls 
than  S.  boissieri.  It  also  differs  in  color.  Large  specimens  are  dis- 
tinctly perforate  ;  but  in  those  of  small  size,  a  lens  is  required  to  see 
the  minute  chink  behind  and  below  the  columellar  reflection. 

S.  BOISSIERI  (Moricand).     PI.  64,  figs.  98,  99. 

Shell  imperforate,  globose,  with  short,  conic,  small  spire  ;  very  thin, 
translucent  ;  brownish-yellow  or  "  tawny"  Surface  glossy,  smooth 
except  for  slight  growth-wrinkles,  begirt  at  the  periphery  by  an  incon- 
spicuous cord  or  angulation.  Spire  short,  the  apex  a  little  obtuse  ; 
whorls  4,  convex,  the  last  globose.  Aperture  slightly  oblique, 
rounded-ovate;  peristome  thin  and  sharp;  columella  thin,  concave 
below7,  straight  or  slisfhtly  sigmoid  above,  the  reflexed  callus  very 
thin  and  adnate. 

Alt.  11.3,  diam.  9.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  8,  width  6  mill. 

Alt.  12-13,  diam.  10  mill  (Moricand). 

Environs  of  Bahia,  Brazil  (Blanchet  and  others). 

Helix  (Bulimus)  boissieri  MORIC.,  Mem.  Soc.  Phys.  et  d'Hist. 
Nat.  de  Geneve,  xi,  p.  156,  pi.  5,  f.  24,  25  (1845  or  1846).— Buli- 
mus boissieri  Moric.,  PER.,  Monogr.,  ii,  p.  149;  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p. 

218,  pi.  60,  f.  15,  16 REEVE,  Conch.  Icon.,  pi.  64,  f.  449.— Sim- 

pulopsis  boissieri  Mor.,  PFR.,  Monogr.,  v,  p.  23. 


SIMPULOPSIS PLATYSUCCINEA.  223 

Tliis  species  is  larger  than  S.  progastor,  which  is  evidently  closely 
allied.  It  is  much  more  ventricose  than  S.  citrinovitrea,  of  different 
color,  has  a  whorl  less,  and,  on  close  inspection,  is  seen  to  be  belted 
by  an  angle  at  the  periphery.  This  is  not  conspicuous,  but  is  con- 
stant in  the  series  before  me. 

S.  PROGASTOR  (Orbigny).     PI.  64,  figs.  1,  2,  3. 

Shell  globose,  about  as  high  as  wide,  thin,  transparent;  amber 
tinted,  slightly  brownish,  and  uniform  ;  smooth,  or  with  merely  some 
traces  of  growth-lines  near  the  suture.  Spire  elevated,  conic,  the 
apex  obtuse  ;  formed  of  4  whorls,  separated  by  a  quite  deep  suture. 
Aperture  about  as  wide  as  high,  oblique,  the  peristome  thin  and 
sharp.  Length  7  mill.  (Orb.). 

"  Province  des  Mines  "  Brazil  (Fontaine). 

Helix  progastor  D'ORB.,  Synops.,  in  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1835,  p.  2: 
Voy.  dans  1'Amer.  Merid.,  Moll.,  p.  255,  pi.  22,  f.  12-15 — Vitrina 
progastor  PFR.,  Monogr.  iii,  p.  74. — Succinea  progastor  BECK,  Index 

Moll.,  p.  99. — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  527 Simpulopsis  progastor  PFR., 

Monogr.  v,  p.  23. 

Evidently  allied  to  S.  boissieri,  but  much  smaller,  with  about  the 
same  number  of  whorls.  I  have  not  seen  specimens. 

S.  LIMPIDA  (Drouet).     PI.  63,  figs.  69,  70. 

Shell  imperforate,  ovate-ventricose,  very  thin  and  very  fragile, 
pellucid,  striated,  shining,  transparent-yellowish.  Whorls  5,  convex, 
the  last  large,  swollen.  Aperture  ample,  ovate-pear-shaped  ;  peri- 
stome simple,  unexpanded,  acute.  Alt.  13,  diam.  8,  length  of  aper- 
ture 8,  width  5  mill.  (Drouet.) 

Uet-la-Mere,  French  Guiana,  on  leaves  (Eyries). 

Bulimus  limpidus  DROUET,  Moll.  Terr,  et  d'  £au  douce  de  la  Guyane 
Franpaise,  p.  64,  pi.  2,  f.  23,  24  (1859).— PFR.,  Monogr.  vi,  p.  108. 

"  In  its  pellucid  texture  and  coloration,  this  pretty  and  very  fragile 
shell  approaches  certain  Vitrinas."  The  species  is  known  to  me  by 
Drouet's  account  only.  It  seems  to  be  either  a  Simpulopsis  or  a 
Drymaus,  some  forms  of  the  latter  genus,  such  as  D.  dominicus,  being 
equally  fragile  and  transparent. 

Subgenus  PLATYSUCCINEA  Ancey,  1881. 

Platysuccinea  ANCEY,  Le  Naturaliste  iii,  1881,  p.  484.  Type  S. 
portoricensis. 


224  SIMPULOPSIS PLATYSUCC1NEA. 

Similar  to  Sirnpulopfis  in  contour,  but  pallid,  not  plicate,  and  with 
the  apex  smooth. 

I  have  not  examined  the  apices  of  S.  cznea  or  S.  psidii ;  but  it  is 
smootli,  without  spiral  striae,  in  S.  portoricensis  and  »$".  dominiccnsis* 
I  look  upon  Platysuccinea  as  a  group  ancestral  to  Gceotis,  and  prob- 
ably differing  from  the  typical  forms  of  Simpulopsis  in  some  structural 
characters  besides  the  difference  in  the  apex  ;  but  only  a  thorough 
study  of  the  soft  anatomy  can  justify  such  suspicions. 

Antilles  :  Porto  Rico,  S.  portoricensis,  S.  psidii. 
Haiti,  S.  dominicensis. 

Mexico  :  S.  cenea. 

S.  PORTORICENSIS  Shuttleworth.     PI.  63,  figs.  67,  68. 

Shell  semi-oval,  ventricose,  thin,  glossy  and  nearly  smooth,  being 
sculptured  with  slight  irregular  growth-wrinkles,  stronger  near  the 
aperture;  somewhat  translucent,  very  pale  straw-tinted.  Spire 
prominent;  whorls  about  2^,  very  rapidly  increasing  and  very  con- 
vex, the  suture  deeply  impressed ;  last  whorl  ventricose.  .Aperture 
rounded-oval,  very  oblique;  peristome  thin  ;  columella  regularly  ar- 
cuate, thin. 

Alt.  12.6,  diam.  13  mm. 

Alt.  12,  diam.  15  mm. 
Sierra  de  Luqidllo,  Porto  Rico,  abundant  on  banana  leaves  (Blauner). 

S.  portoricensis  SHUTTL.,  Diagn.  n.  Moll.,  in  Mittheil.  der  Natur- 
forschenden  Gesellschaft  in  Bern,  1854,  p.  55  (separate  copies,  p. 
147) — PFR.,  Monogr.  iv,  p.  801;  v,  p.  22 — CROSSE,  Journ.  de 
Conchyl.  1892,  p.  22 — Platysuccinea  portoricensis  ANCEY,  Le  Na- 
turaliste,  iii,  1881,  p.  484. 

Evidently  allied  to  the  smaller,  less  elevated,  S.  dominicensis.  It 
has  not  been  figured  before. 

S.  PSIDII  (Martens).     PI.  63,  figs.  63,  64. 

Shell  imperforate,  globose-conoid,  thin,  shining,  striatulate,  pale 
buff.  Whorls  3,  a  little  convex,  forming  a  conic  spire  with  obtuse 
apex;  the  last  whorl  inflated  below.  Aperture  oblique,  lunate-cir- 
cular, occupying  two-thirds  the  total  length  of  the  shell;  upper  mar- 
gin somewhat  straightened,  produced  in  a  si^moid  curve  ;  columellar 
margin  thin,  a  little  arcuate.  Alt.  5,  greater  diam.  5,  lesser  4,  ob- 
lique alt.  of  aperture  3^,  width  3  mill.  (Mart.^j. 


81MPULOPS1S PLATYSUCCINEA.  ZZH 

C<tgu<ina,  near  Utnado,  Porto  Rico,  on  leaves  of  Gujave  trees, 
PsMium  piriferum  and  pomiferum  (Gundlach  &  Krug). 

Bidimus  (Eudioptus)  psidii  MARTENS,  Jahrb.  d.  D.  Malak.  Ge- 
sell..  iv,  1877,  p.  351,  pi.  12,  f.  6. 

*•  1  am  not  at  all  certain  that  the  specimens  before  me  are  com- 
pletely mature,  but  neither  do  I  know  of  any  Portorican  species 
which  they  could  be  considered  the  young  of.  There  are  several 
specimens  of  the  same  size,  and  both  Gundlach  and  Krug  assert  that 
they  are  not  the  young  of  any  other  species"  {Martens}. 

The  far  smaller  size,  with  the  same  number  of  whorls  as  S.  porto- 
ricetisisi  indicates  that  this  is  not  the  young  of  that  form.  Though 
not  hitherto  referred  to  Simpulopsis,  it  is  evidently  congeneric  with 
portoricensis. 

S.  DOMINICENSIS  Pfeiffer.     PI.  63,  fig.  75. 

Shell  globose,  with  short,  conic  spire  and  large,  oblique  body- 
\\liorl,  smooth  except  for  some  slight  growth-wrinkles,  and  faint 
transverse  impressions  on  the  last  whorl,  glossy,  pale  yellow,  very 
thin,  and  when  not  adult  extremely  fragile.  Whorls  3^,  convex, 
separated  by  deeply  impressed  sutures,  the  last  whorl  rotund.  Aper- 
ture quite  oblique,  rotund,  slightly  excised  by  the  penultimate 
whorl;  columella  arcuate  above,  sloping  below,  thin.  Alt.  6.4,  diam. 
7  mill. 

Haiti:  Sans-souci  (Rolle)  Santo  Domingo,  Mt.  Dieyo  Campos  on 
leaves  of  palms  (Hjalmarson);  San  Cristobal  (Salle);  Santa  Domingo 
without  exact  locality  (Gabb). 

S.  dominicensis  PFR.,  Malak.  Bl.,  1858,  p.  146;  Monogr.  iv,  p. 
802;  v,  p.  23 — CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1891,  p.  127.— 
Vitrina  ?,  HJALM ARSON,  Malak.  Bl.,  v,  1858,  p.  146. 

The  specimen  figured  was  collected  by  Gabb.  The  young  are 
very  fragile  and  pellucid,  with  the  texture  of  Vitrina.  The  altitude 
"  3  mill.!'  assigned  by  Pfeiffer  must  be  a  mistake,  possibly  from  mis- 
reading the  scale. 

8.  ^NEA  Pfeiffer.     PI.  63,  figs.  58,  59,  60. 

Shell    conic-globose,    thin,    very   closely  striated,    pellucid,    with 

bronze  reflections,  olivaceous-corneous.      Spire'  short,  slightly  conic, 

the  apex  rather  obtuse,  roseate;  suture  impressed.     Whorls  2J,  at 

first   convex,  the   last  inflated.     Aperture  oblique,  oval,  glossy  and 

15 


226  SIMPULOPSIS. 

whitish  within ;  peristome  simple,  unexpanded,  the  margins  joined 
by  a  very  thin  whitish  callus  ;  columellar  margin  thread-like,  basal 
and  outer  margins  acute.  Alt.  5-J,  diam.  maj.  9,  min.  8  milL  (F. 
$0.). 

Parada,  State  of  Oaxaca,,  Mexico  (Salle). 

Simpulopsis  cenea  PKR.,  P.   Z.   S.,  1861,  p.  27  ;  Malak.  Bl.,  viii, 

1861,  p.  84;  Monogr.  Hel.  Viv.  v,  p.  22  ;  vii,  p.  29,  516 REEVE, 

Conch.   Icon,  xiii,  pi.  1,  f.  7  (1862) FISCHER  &  CROSSE,  Miss. 

Scient.  Mex.,  Moll.,  p.  580,  pi.  24,  f.  12. — MARTENS,  Biol.  Centr. 

Amer.,   Moll.,  p.   253 Succinea  cenea  MARTENS,  Malak.  Bl.,  xii, 

1865,  p.  70. 

The  sculpture  is  of  very  fine,  crowded  striae,  hardly  visible  with 
the  naked  eye.  Only  the  original  specimens  collected  by  Salle  are 
known. 

Doubtful  and  spurious  species,  referred  to  Simpulopsis. 

S.  SALOMONIA  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  63,  figs.  76,  77,  78. 

Shell  globose-conic,  very  thin,  closely  obliquely  plicate,  pellucid^ 
shining,  brownish-olivaceous.  Spire  conic,  a  little  obtuse  ;  suture 
impressed.  Whorls  4,  a  little  convex,  the  last  about  three-fifths  the 
total  length  of  the  shell.  Aperture  oblique,  oval :  peristome  simple, 
unexpanded,  the  margins  regularly  arcuate.  Alt.  11,  diam.  9  mill.; 
aperture  8§  mill,  long,  6  wide  (P/r. ). 

"  Salomon  s  Islands  "  (Cuming  coll.). 

Vitrina  salomonia  PFR.,  Zeitschr.  f.  Malak.  1853,  p.  51  ;  Monogr. 
Hel.  Viv.,  iii,  p.  623. — Simpulopsis  salomonia  PFR.,  Conchyl.  Cab., 
p.  29,  pi.  6,  f.  17-19. — S.  salomonis  Pf'r.,  ALBERS,  Die  Hel.  edit.  v. 
Martens,  p.  309. 

Has  the  appearance  of  a  Brazilian  shell,  and  possibly  the  locality 
is  erroneous.  If  really  from  the  Solomon  Islands  it  will  probably 
prove  to  belong  to  the  Zonitidce.  Gray  referred  the  species  to  Hel- 
icarion. 

S.  ANGULARIS  (Ferussac).     PI.  63,  figs.  71,  72. 

Ferussac's  figure  represents  a  globose-conic  shell  somewhat  like 
S.  dominicensis  in  form,  but  with  the  last  whorl  angulated  around 
the  periphery  (as  in  S.  bo>'ssieri,  but  more  stiongly).  It  is  thin, 
striate,  olivaceous,  with  about  4  whorls.  Alt.  10,  diam.  12  mill. 

Isle  of  France  (?). 


G^KOTIS.  227 

Helix  ( Cochloliydra]  angularis  FER.,  Prodr.  p.  27;  Hist.  p.  11  A, 
f.  5. —  Vitrina  angularis  GRAY,  Ann.  of  Pliilos.,  1825,  ix,  p.  415. — 
PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  512. — Succinea  angularis  PFR.,  Symbolae,  ii, 
p.  131 — Simpulopsis  angulaiis  BECK,  Index,  p.  100. — PFR., 
Monogr.  v,  p.  22. 

Locality  uncertain  ;  and  the  species  has  not  been  rediscovered  by 
post-Ferussacian  conchologists. 

SIMPULOPSIS  COLMEIROI  Hid.,  Miller,  Mai.  Bl.  xxv,  187,  is  a 
Drynueut.  See  Manual,  vol.  xi,  p.  316. 

S.  MASTERSI  Brazier  (P.  Z.  S.,  1872,  p.  619;  Lord  Howe's 
Island),  is  a  Flammulina.  See  Man.  Condi,  ix,  p.  18,  and  viii,  p. 
294;  Rec.  Austr.  Mus.  i,  1891,  p.  140. 

S.  FULGURATA  Miller.     PI.  63,  figs.  73,  74. 

Shell  succinoid,  imperforate,  very  thin,  shining,  striate  and  de- 
cussated by  very  minute  elevated  lines ;  tawny,  ornamented  with 
oblique  brown  streaks,  zigzagged  above  ;  spire  short,  conic,  the  apex 
obtuse  ;  whorls  3^,  planulate,  the  first  two  rudely  punctate,  the  last 
ventricose,  forming  two-thirds  the  entire  alt.  Columella  simple, 
strongly  twisted,  visible  within  to  the  apex,  spirally  ascending ;  ar- 
cuately  passing  into  the  basal  lip.  Aperture  very  oblique,  oval, 
angular  above;  peristome  simple,  acute.  Length  18,  diam.  13, 
aperture  14  mill,  long,  10  wide  (Miller.} 

Pilaton  Valley,  Ecuador,  in  woods  in  the  very  moist  region,  on 
leaves,  over  1000  meters  elevation  (Boetzkes). 

S.  fulgurata  MILL.,  Malak.  Blatter,  xxv,  1878,  p.  187;  (n.  F.) 
i,  pp.  185,  201,  pi.  6,  f.  6,  a,  b.  Of.  DOHRN,  Jahrb.  D.  M.  Ges. 
1879,  p.  188. 

Dohrn  has  already  referred  this  supposed  species  to  Eurytus.  It 
is  undoubtedly  the  young  of  some  lightning-streaked  species  of  that 
group. 

Genus  G^OTIS  Shuttleworth,  1854. 

Gceotis  SHUTTL.,  Mittheil.  der  naturforsch.  Gesell.  in  Bern,  1854, 
p.  34.  — PFEIFFER,  Monogr.  Hel.  Yivent.  v,  p.  10  (1868). — BINNEY 
&  BLAND,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist,  of  N.  Y.,  x,  p.  252  (jaw  and  denti- 
tion).— W.  G.  BINNKY,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Arad.  Sci.  iii,  p.  11(>  (jaw  and 
dentition). 

Animal  large,  depressed,  wiih  very  broadly  dilated,  flattened  foot  . 


228  GJEOTIS. 

tentacles  as  usual ;   mantle   partially  covering   the  shell,  having  an 
appendage  posteriorly  on  the  right  side. 

Shell  sigaretiform,  fragile  and  pellucid,  composed  of  about*  2^ 
whorls,  the  spire  flat  and  near  the  right  side,  the  apical  whorl  smooth. 
Lower  surface  completely  open,  the  margin  of  the  ]ast  whorl  mem- 
branous, not  calcified,  the  columella  a  spiral  lamina  along  the  suture. 

Jaw  long  and  low,  composed  of  numerous  narrow  plaits,  as  in  Dry- 
mceus,  Amphibulima,  etc. 

Radula  with  the  transverse  rows  of  teeth  arranged  en  chevron; 
centrals  with  long  and  narrow  basal  plate,  and  a  gouge-shaped,  tri- 
lobed  cusp,  situated  far  back  on  the  basal  plate.  Side  teeth  similar, 
but  larger;  somewhat  asymmetrical,  the  median  cusp  of  the  trilobed 
gouge  much  smaller  than  the  side  cusps. 

The  shell  of  Gceotis  is  like  that  of  Peltella  and  Cryptostrah on  ;  the 
jaw  is  similar  to  that  of  Peltella,  Amphibulima  and  Drymceus ;  but 
the  radula  has  peculiar  teeth,  with  some  resemblance  to  those  of  the 
Ortltalicince  and  Folyntita,  and  as  in  those  genera,  correlated  with 
arboreal  habits.  The  marginal  teeth  of  Amphibidima,  and  especially 
of  the  subgenera  Pellicula  and  Rhodoiiyx,  are  considerably  like  the 
teeth  of  Gceotis,  and  show  its  close  relationship  with  those  groups. 

The  character  of  the  radula  peremptorily  forbids  a  union  of  Gceotis 
with  Peltella  or  Cryptostrakon.  While  there  can  be  little  doubt  that 
it  is  allied  to  Peltella,  Pellicula,  Amphibulima  and  Simpulopsis,  espec- 
ially the  subgenus  Platysuccinea,  the  exact  relationships  of  these 
genera  remain  unknown,  awaiting  a  comparison  of  their  soft  anatomy. 

GcEntis  lives  on  the  trunks  and  leaves  of  trees,  especially  bananas. 
It  is  doubtless  a  vegetable  eater.  The  species  now  known  are  all 
from  Porto  Rico. 

Shuttleworth  has  adopted  the  plan  of  measuring  the  altitude  ob- 
liquely, as  when  the  shell  is  placed  concave  side  down  on  a  flat  sur- 
face. This  is  more  properly  called  the  convexity.  I  have  followed 
his  method,  as  the  altitude  cannot  readily  or  certainly  be  measured 
in  the  ordinary  way. 

The  soft  parts  will  doubtless  give  more  satisfactory  specific  char- 
acters than  the  shells,  though  the  species  described  so  far  are  not 
difficult  to  distinguish.  None  of  them  have  been  figured  hitherto.  The 
radula  and  jaw  are  known  by  Mr.  W.  G.  Binney's  researches,  but 
nothing  is  known  of  the  rest  of  the  anatomy. 

Gceotis  douvillei  de  Morgan  (Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  de  France,  x,  p.  388, 


G^OTIS.  229 

pi.  8,  f.  9,  1885),  from   the  summit  of  mount  Tcliabang,  Perak,  is 
doubtless  a  Girasia  allied  to   G.  (Africariori)  ater  Godwin-Austen. 

G.  NIGROLINEATA  Shuttlewortli.     PI.  62,  figs.  41,  42,  43,  44. 

Shell  very  much  depressed,  very  thin,  hyaline-glassy,  somewhat 
opalescent,  shining;  striated  with  flexuous  growth  lines,  obsoletely 
decussated  with  spirals.  Spire  minute,  flat,  scarcely  papiHar  ;  whorls 
2^,  very  rapidly  widening,  the  last  large,  depressed  ;  suture  margined. 
Aperture  very  oblique  ;  peristorne  with  the  right  margin  sinuously 
produced,  the  basal  margin  with  a  broad  membranous  margin. 
Alt.  about  3^,  greatest  diam.  12,  lesser  9  mill. 

Animal  pale  greenish-buff,  pellucid,  ornamented  with  very  fine 
black  lines.  Liver  a  vivid  and  deep  rust  color. 

Sierra  de  Luquillo,  Porto  Rico^  on  banana  leaves,  abundant 
(Dimmer);  Humacao  (Bland). 

G.  nigrolineata  SHUTT.,  Mittheil.  naturforsch.  Gesell.  Bern,  1854, 
p.  3o  ;  Diagnosen  neuer  Moll.,  p.  127. — PFR.,  Monogr.  v,  p.  11  — 
CROSSE,  Journal  de  Conchyl.  1892,  p.  21. 

This  species  is  very  much  depressed  and  very  fragile,  with  the 
spinil  cords  almost  obsolete. 

G.   FLAVOLINEATA  SllUttlewOl'th. 

Shell  depressed,  very  thin,  hyaline-glassy,  shining,  somewhat  opal- 
escent, with  flexuous  growth-lines  and  spirals  obsoletely  decussating 
them  ;  spire  very  minute,  flat ;  whorls  2^,  very  rapidly  increasing, 
the  last  large,  somewhat  inflated  and  obtusely  subangulate,  depressed 
in  front ;  suture  margined,  obsoletely  crenulate-crispate.  Aperture 
very  oblique  ;  peristome  with  the  right  margin  flexuous,  basal  and 
columellar  margins  with  a  very  broad  membranous  margin.  Alt. 
6,  greatest  diam.  19,  lesser  diam.  14  mill. 

Animal  large,  ornamented  with  very  fine  yellow  lines. 

Sierra  de  Luquillo  and  at  Rio  Blanco,  Porto  Rico,  very  rare  on 
trunks  and  leaves  of  the  Banana  (Blauner)  ;  between  Arecibo  and 
Utuado  (Gundlach  &  Krug). 

G.  flavolineata  SHUTT.,  1.  c.  p.  35  ;  Diagn.  p.  127. — PFR.,  Monogr. 
v,  p.  11. — v.  MARTENS,  Jahrb.  D.  mal.  Ges.  iv,  1877,  p.  353. — 
CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1892,  p.  22. 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  which  differs  from  G.  nigrolineata  in 
its  somewhat  greater  convexity,  larger  size  and  subangulate  last 
whorl. 


230  GJEOTIS. 

G.  MALLEATA  Pilsbry,  n.  sp.     PI.  62,  figs.  36,  37,  38,  39,  40. 

Shell  intermediate  between  G.  nigrolineata  and  G.  albopunctulata, 
more  convex,  larger  and  more  solid  than  the  former,  decidedly  more 
flattened  above  than  the  latter  species.  Milky-translucent,  the  very 
thin  cuticle  with  a  faint  yellowish  tint;  apex  a  trifle  projecting; 
whorls  about  2J,  the  suture  margined,  its  last  half  turn  far  more 
widely  deviating  than  in  G.  nigrolineata,  being  much  as  in  G.  albo- 
punclulata,  but  less  descending.  Surface  with  irregular  growth- 
wrinkles,  numerous  superficial  spiral  cords,  and  a  generally  distributed 
jine  malleationy  oblique  in  the  peripheral  region.  Periphery  well 
rounded  ;  baso-columellar  margin  with  a  broad  membranous  edge  ; 
cavity  of  the  spire  well  open  ;  peristome  narrowly  brown- edged. 
Convexity  3.7,  length  13,  breadth  9.7  mill. 

Near  San  Juan,  Porto  Rico  (Robert  Swift). 

Differs  from  G.  nigrolineata  in  the  malleated  surface  and  deviating 
suture.  G.  flavolineata  is  described  as  larger,  with  obtusely  suban- 
gulate  last  whorl  and  decussated  surface.  G.  albopunctulata  is  much 
more  globose  and  solid,  but  has  much  the  same  sculpture. 

G.  ALBOPUNCTULATA  Shuttleworth.     PI.  62,  figs.  45,  46,  47,  48. 

Shell  rather  solid,  opalescent-whitish,  covered  with  a  very  thin 
epidermis  ;  plicatulate  with  flexuous  growth-lines,  decussated  and  in 
a  manner  obsoletely  wrinkle-malleated  by  somewhat  crispate  spirals  ; 
spire  minute,  very  shortly  papillar ;  whorls  2§,  very  rapidly  widen- 
ing, a  little  convex,  the  last  whorl  large,  inflated,  quite  rotund,  de- 
scending in  front,  depressed  and  deflexed ;  suture  margined,  some- 
what crenulated.  Aperture  very  oblique  ;  peristome  with  the  right 
margin  flexuously  produced  forward,  basal  and  columellar  margins 
with  a  membranous  margin.  Alt.  8,  greatest  diam.  19,  lesser  diam. 
14  mill. 

Animal  large,  pellucid,  white,  spotted  with  opaque  white  dots. 
Liver  pale  greenish. 

Humacyoi  Porto  Rico,  on  tree  trunks,  very  rare  (Blauner). 

G.  albopunctulata  SHUTTL.,  1.  c.,  p.  36. — PFR.,  Monogr.  v,  p.  12. 
— CROSSE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1892,  p.  22. 

Larger,  more  solid,  and  decidedly  more  globose  than  the  other 
species,  with  the  cavity  of  the  apex  more  concealed.  The  sculpture 
is  also  somewhat  stronger,  though  the  malleation  is  not  clearly  vis- 
ible without  a  lens.  The  suture  deviates  far  more  than  in  G.  nigro- 


PELTELLA.  231 

lineata.  The  specimen  figured  measures  :  convexity  or  oblique  alt. 
5.5,  length  14.7,  breadth  10.5  mill.  The  suture  is  hardly  margined 
and  there  are  2J  whorls.  It  is  from  the  type  locality. 

Genus  PELTELLA  Webb  &  Van  Beneden,  1836. 

Peltella  W.  &  B.,  in  Gu6rin's  Mag.  de  Zool.,  cl.  v,  text  for  pi.  75 
and  76  (1836).— VON  IHERING,  Malak.  Blatter  (n.  F.),  viii,  pp.  57- 
81  (1886);  also  Archives  de  Mus.  Nac.  Rio  de  Janeiro,  viii,  pp.  135- 
153.  (Anatomy  and  systematic  position.) 

Pectella  GRAY,  P.  Z.  S.  1847,  p.  171. 

Slug-like,  the  foot  spreading  at  the  sides,  weakly  reticulated,  with 
some  grooves  running  forward  from  the  mantle,  the  tail  without  pore, 
not  keeled,  sole  scarcely  tripartite;  mantle  region  elevated  or  humped, 
the  mantle  large,  chiefly  behind  the  middle,  perforated  in  the  middle 
by  a  small  oval  slit ;  the  breathing  pore  in  front  of  the  middle  ;  anus 
opening  into  a  wide  anal  sack. 

Genitalia  simple,  opening  below  the  right  eye-tentacle. 

Retractor  muscle  system  consisting  of  a  very  short  columellar 
muscle  branching  into  three  subequal  bands,  the  median  one  buccal, 
the  right  and  left  bands  tentacular,  and  each  with  a  group  of  foot 
retractor  muscles. 

Jaw  horse-shoe  shaped,  thin,  with  many  narrow  converging  plates. 
Radula  substantially  as  in  the  normal  forms  of  Drymtzus. 

Shell  mainly  cuticular,  Haliotiform,  depressed,  squarish-oval,  with 
about  1 J  whorls,  the  spire  small,  flat  and  lateral ;  open  below,  the 
columella  represented  by  a  spiral  lamina  along  the  suture. 

Type  Parmacella  palliolum  Fer.     Brazil. 

Dr.  H.  von  Ihering,  who  has  given  an  excellent  account  of  this 
genus,  correctly  locates  it  in  the  Bidimulida.  The  sculpture  of  the 
apical  whorl  is  unknown.  If  spirally  striated,  the  descent  of  the 
genus  from  Simpulopsis  would  be  indicated. 

P.  PALLIOLUM  (Ferussac).     PI.  62,  figs.  32,  33,  34,  35. 

Animal,  preserved  in  alcohol  (fig.  32),  measuring  50  mill,  long,  15 
wide,  13  high.  Foot  broadly  expanded  laterally,  rounded  dorsally 
behind  the  mantle,  not  keeled  or  regularly  grooved ;  no  caudal  mu- 
cous pore.  Sole  only  feebly  tripartite.  Genital  opening  below  the 
right  eye-tentacle.  Mantle  rather  large,  21  mill,  long,  13  wide, 
mainly  on  the  posterior  half  of  the  body;  a  longitudinal  slit  2  mill, 
long  in  the  middle,  exposing  the  shell. 


232  AMPHIBULIMA. 

Shell  depressed,  somewhat  squarish  oval,  green,  but  slightly  calci- 
fied, the  cavity  open  beneath.  Whorls  not  quite  2,  the  small  spire 
lying  on  the  right  side  rather  far  posteriorly.  Length  18,  breadth 
10,  height  5  mill. 

Brazil  (Taunay);  Tijura,  near  Rio  de  Janeiro  (von  Ihering),  on 
a  banana. 

Parmacella  palliolum  FERUSSAO,  Prodr.,  Tabl.  Syst.  de  la  famille 
des  Limaces  p.  25  (1821);  Histoire,  pi.  7  A,  f.  1-9.— Peltella  pallio- 
lum  VON  IHERING,  Malak.  Blatter  (n.  F.),  viii,  p.  57-81,  pi.  3,  4 
(anatomy);  x,  p.  168;  Descripcoa  e  anatomia  da  Peltella,  in  Archi- 
ves do  Museu  Nacional  do  Rio  de  Janeiro,  viii,  1892,  pp.  135-153, 
pi.  7,  8. 

The  open  spiral  of  the  shell  is  similar  to  those  of  Cryptostrakon 
and  Gceotis.  The  species  is  known  from  the  original  account  by 
F^russac,  and  an  excellent  anatomical  description  by  Dr.  H.  von 
Ihering. 

Genus  CRYPTOSTRAKON  W.  G.  Binney,  1879. 

Cryptostrakon  W.  G.  B.,  Annals  of  the  New  York  Acad.  of  Sci., 
i,  p.  258 ;  iii,  p.  104.  Type  C.  gabU  W.  G.  B. 

Cryptostracon  FISCHER,  Manuel,  p.  469. — TRYON,  Man.  of  Conch. 
(2),  i,  pp.  233,  249. 

See  Tryon,  Manual  of  Conchology,  i,  p.  249. 

In  this  slug  the  shell  agrees  with  Peltella  and  Gaotis.  It  is  said 
to  be  wholly  enclosed,  but  this  may  possibly  be  erroneous.  The  jaw 
is  described  as  solid  with  a  few  stout  ribs ;  and  the  radula  is  de- 
cidedly of  Helicid  type,  being  that  of  a  ground  snail.  There  is  thus 
no  question  that  Cryptostrakon  differs  generically  from  Peltella  and 
Gczotis,  and  the  probabilities  are  that  it  groups  with  Xanthonyx 
(Fischer  and  Crosse)  and  Metasfracon  (Pilsbry,  1899),  rather  than 
with  the  preceding  Bulimulid  genera.  This  can  only  be  determined 
by  an  examination  of  the  genitalia. 

Genus  AMPHIBULIMA  Lamarck,  1805. 

Amphibulima  LAM.,  Annales  du  Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  vi, 
p.  304  (for  A.  cucullata,  A.  succinea,  A.  oblonga} — BECK,  Index 
Moll.  p.  98  (for  A.  unguis,  gayana,  tigrina,  patula,  rubesce?is,  macro- 
stomd) — GRAY,  P.  Z.  S.,  1847,  p.  171  (type  A.  cucullata}. — Am- 
phibulina  GRAY,  Synops.  Brit.  Mus.,  1842,  p.  90. — Amphibulimus 


AMPHIBULIMA.  233 

MONTFORT,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  p.  90  (for  A.  cucul/altis). — Brachyspira 
PFR.,  Mai.  Bl.  1855,  p.  117;  Mon.  Hel.  Viv.  iv,  p.  804.— MARTENS 
in  Alb.,  Die  Hel.,  18GO,  p.  311  (type  S.  tigrina  Les.) 

Shell  £wccm«a- shaped,  vvith  less  than  3  whorls,  sculptured  with 
growth-wrinkles  and  more  or  less  obvious  spiral  impressions  or  cords  ; 
columella  distinct,  not  reduced  to  a  spiral  ridge,  which  exposes  the 
interior  of  the  spire.  Apical  1J  whorls  finely  wrinkled  longitudi- 
nally, the  wrinkles  waved,  sometimes  anastomosing  to  form  a  net- 
work or  quasi-punctulation,  and  usually  slightly  cut  by  spiral  lines 
on  the  latter  part  of  the  last  nepionic  whorl  (this  sculpture  obsolete 
in  some  forms). 

Soft  parts  externally  about  as  in  Bulimulus,  except  for  the  degen- 
eration of  the  mantle.  Jaw  thin,  composed  of-  many  narrow  plaits, 
as  in  Drymceus.  Radula  with  the  mesocones  prominent  and  broad, 
blunt  or  pointed.  Genitalia  simple,  as  usual  in  Bulimulus  and  Dry- 
mceus. 

Type,  A.  patula  Brug.      Distribution,  Caribbean  Islands. 

The  shell  is  capable  of  containing  the  soft  parts  in  the  typical 
forms,  but  not  in  the  subgenus  Pcllicula.  It  closely  resembles  Snc- 
chiea  in  form,  and  the  species  were  formerly  referred  to  that  genus. 
The  researches  of  Dr.  Paul  Fischer  and  Mr.  W.  G.  Binney  have 
demonstrated  the  Bulimulid  organization  of  all  the  main  species  of 
the  group,  and  malacologists  now  agree  upon  the  systematic  position 
of  Amphibulima  as  a  genus  of  Bulimulidce. 

Omalonyx  (Homalonyx  of  some  authors),  a  genus  of  Succineidcz, 
has  a  shell  closely  resembling  that  of  Pellicula,  a  subgenus  of  Am- 
pltibulima.  In  genera  with  the  shell  degenerate,  it  is  practically  im- 
possible to  frame  generic  diagnoses  which  shall  be  really  diagnostic. 
Rltodonyx  can  scarcely  be  so  defined  conchologically  as  to  distinguish 
it  from  some  forms  of  Sue  cine  a;  Pellicula  is  equally  impossible  to 
disiinguish  from  Omalonyx  or  some  Polynesian  Succineidtz ;  and 
G&otis,  Peltella,  Cryptostrakon  and  some  forms  of  Girasia  have  shells 
so  similar  as  to  almost  defy  any  attempt  at  differentiation,  though  the 
soft  parts  show  broad  distinctions. 

Amphibulima  imbricata  Rochebrune,  Bull.  Soc.  Philomathique  de 
Paris  (7),  vi,  1881-2,  p.  72,  is  apparently  a  Succinea. 

Key  to  sub genera  and  species. 

A.  Shell  with  colored  cuticle,  streaked  or  spotted  ;  spire  small  but 
projecting.     Amphibulima  s.  str. 


234  AMPHIBULIMA. 

b.   Last  whorl  conspicuously  shouldered  ;  width  of  shell  two- 
thirds  its  length  or  more  ;  more  than  three  whorls. 

A.  patula,  p.  234. 

b1.  Shell  ovate  or  oblong,  spotted,  not  shouldered;  narrower; 
less  than  3  whorls. 

c.  Very  thin  and  fragile  or  flexible ;  corneous  or 
greenish,  with  reddish  dots,  outer  lip  regularly  arcu- 
ate, not  sinuate  ;  spire  very  short : 

St.  Vincent,  A.   tigrina,  p.   237;  Dominica,  A. 

pardalina,  p.  237. 

c1.  Thin  but  not  fragile  or  flexible  ;  outer  lip  sinuated; 

colored  like  the  last ;  spire  slender,  between  £  and 

£  the  length  of  shell ;  Dominica,  A.  browni,  p.  238. 

c2.  Thin,  dark  horn-colored  with  very  few  reddish  dots; 

outer  lip  slightly  sinuous  ;  Montserrat. 

A.  rawsonis,  p.  239. 

B.  Shell  regularly  Succinea-sh'dped,  pellucid,  uniform  rose  corne- 
ous,  the    spire    projecting,   apical    1^  whorls  wave-wrinkled, 
whorls  2J.     S.-g.  Rhodonyx.  A.  rubescens,  p.  240. 

C.  Shell  much  depressed,  the  spire  very  small,  scarcely  projecting 
above  the  vertex  of  the  last  whorl,  apical  whorl  smooth  ;  whorls 
less  than  two ;  columella  with  a  more  or  less  developed  blade- 
like  process  ;  aperture  about  as  long  as  the  whole  shell.     S.  g. 
Pellicula. 

a.    Spire  a  trifle  projecting  above  the  posterior  border  of  the 
lip  ;  columellar  appendage  well  developed. 

A.  appendiculata,  p.  241. 

a1.  Spire  sunken  or  hardly  projecting  ;  columellar  appendage 
less  developed.  A.  depressa,  p.  242. 

A.  PATULA  (Bruguiere).     PI.  61,  figs.  14-19. 

Shell  thin  but  rather  solid,  Succinea-like,  with  the  latter  half  or 
third  of  the  broad  last  whorl  square-shouldered,  flattened  above;  the 
preceding  portion  not  shouldered  but  steeply  sloping,  slightly  convex. 
Spire  short,  conic,  red  or  maroon,  rarely  yellow  ;  the  last  whorl  yel- 
lowish olivaceous,  with  finely  zigzagged  or  dotted  streaks  of  opaque 
yellow.  Surface  with  low,  irregular  wrinkles  of  growth,  and  a  close, 
rather  fine  sculpture  of  very  irregularly  anastomosing  spiral  cords, 
obliquely  descending  on  the  lower  portion,  the  first  1^  whorls  finely 


AMPHIBULIMA.  235 

wrinkled.  Whorls  3^.  Aperture  quite  oblique,  squarish  ;  columella 
arcuate. 

Alt.  26,  diam.  18,  longest  axis  of  aperture  24  mill.  (Guadelupe). 

Alt.  33,  diam.  20,  longest  axis  of  aperture  29  mill.  (Marie-Galante). 

Alt.  33,  diam.  22.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  30  mill.  (Dominica). 

Alt.  24,  diam.  18.5,  longest  axis  of  aperture  22  mill.  (Dominica). 

Alt.  27,  diam.  24,  longest  axis  of  aperture  25.5  mill.  (St.  Kitts). 

Alt.  21,  diam.  15,  longest  axis  of  aperture  20  mill.  (Saba). 

Guadelupe  (dead  specimens  only)  ;  Sainte-Anne,  Bois  du  Boivin 
(L'Herminier)  ;  «*  Gosier,"  on  the  shore  of  fort  Union,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Grande  Bais  (Schramm,  Beau).  Marie-Galante,  in  the 
mountainous  part,  under  large  stones  in  a  ravine  deeply  shaded  by 
banana  trees  (Maze). 

Dominica  (Guppy,  Sharp,  Ramage);  from  Laudat,  2000  ft.  eleva- 
tion, to  the  sea  (Angas);  Laudat,  on  bananas  (A.  D.  Brown). 

St.  Kitts:  Bayford's  estate,  on  the  wild  plantain  which  grows  on 
the  banks  of  a  small  water-course  (Swift,  Dr.  Branch). 

Saba  (F.  Ober,  1880). 

Bulimus  patulus  BRUG.,  Encycl.  Meth.  i,  1792,  p.  305  (Guade- 
lupe).— Helix  patula  WOOD,  Index  Testae.  Suppl.,  pi.  7,  f.  9  (bad). 
— Succinea  patula  SOWERBY,  A  Conchological  Manual,  p.  4,  f.  266 
(1839) — PFEIFFER,  Monographia  Heliceorum  Viventium,  ii,  p.  532; 
iii,  p.  21;  vi,  p.  26;  Zeitschr.  f.  Malac.  1849,  p.  112.— DESII.  in 
F£r.,  Histoire,  ii,  p.  140. — SCHRAMM,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  xxi, 

1873,  p.  127  (occurrence  in  Guadelupe). — SOWERBY,  in  Conchologia 
Iconica  xviii,  pi.  3,  f.  21  (1872). — Amphibulima  patula  BECK,  Index 
Moll.,  p.  98  (1837).— H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  ii,  p.  129, 

pi.  73,  f.  3 GUPPY,  Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.  (4),  i,   1868,  p.  432  (in 

Dominica). — BLAND,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.   1873,  p.  342  (resume  of 

geographic  distribution) FISCHER,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  xxii,  1874, 

p.  141-145,  pi.  5,  f.  8-12  (external  form,  jaw,  radula  and  genitalia 
of  a  Guadelupe  specimen) — MAZE,  Journ.   de   Conchyl.   1876,  p. 
394   (living  on   Marie-Galante);  Journ.   de  Conchyl.   1877,  p.  347 
(habits);  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1883,  p.  22  (Guadelupe),  p.  49  (Marie- 
Galante) — BLAND  &  BINNEY,  Amer.  Journ.   Conch,  vii,   1871,  p. 
186,  pi.  17,  f.  1,  2  (dentition  of  a  Dominican  specimen). — BLAND 
&  BINNEY,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist,  of  New  York,  x,  p.  223,  225  (oc- 
currence in  St.  Kitts) W.  G.  BINNEY,  Proc.  Acad.  N.  S.  Phila., 

1874,  p.   44  (dentition) — W.   G.  BINNEY,  Ann.  New  York  Acad- 


236  AMPHIBULIMA. 

Sci.  iii,  1884,  p.  117,  pi.  15,  f.  E  (jaw),  pi.  13,  f.  c,  D  (teeth),  Dom- 
inica specimen  ;  also  pi.  13,  f.  A.  B  (teeth  of  a  St.  Kitts  specimen). 
A.  I).  BROWN,  Amer.  Naturalist,  xv,  1881,  p.  57  (Dominica). — 
ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.  1883,  p.  595,  fig.  1  (living  animal;  Dominica). — 
E.  A.  SMITH,  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.  H.  (6),  ii,  1888,  p.  231  (Domi- 
nica).— Helix  (  Cochloliydra)  patula  FER.,  Prodr.  no.  7;  Histoire  pi. 
11,  f.  14-16. 

Amphibalima  cuculhita  LAM.,  Ann.  du  Museum,  vi,  p.  305,  pi.  55, 
f.  4(1805). — Aniphibiilinius  cucullutas  MONTFORT,  Conchyi.  Syst. 
p.  91,  g«jnus  23  (1810). — Succinea  cucullata  LAM.,  Anim.  e.  Vert, 
vi,  pt.<2,  p.  134  (1822);  edit.  DESHAYES,  viii,  p.  315  (1838)  (Guad- 
elupe);  edit.  3d,  Desh.  et  Milne-Edw.,  iii,  p.  382  (183$).— Succinea 
(Amphibalima}  cucullata  BLAINVILLE,  Man.  de  Malac.,  p.  455,  pi. 
37,  f.  2  (1825).— SOWERBY,  Genera  of  Shells,  Succinea,  f.  1.— 
Helix  (Amphibulima^  cucullata  SCHWEIGGER,  Handbuch  der  Natur- 
gescliichte  des  skelettlosen  ungegliederten  Thiere,  p.  741  (1820) — 
REEVE,  Conch.  Syst.  ii,  p.  89,  pi.  180,  f.  1  (1842;  plate  reprinted 
from  Sowerby's  Genera). 

A  very  easily  recognized  species,  quite  unlike  any  other.  The 
young  (pi.  61,  fig.  19)  are  regular  in  form,  like  a  globose  Succinea^ 
and  are  irregularly  bestrewn  with  small  reddish-brown  spots  and 
streaks,  with  some  yellow  streaks. 

The  foot  is  comparatively  large,  and  when  active,  in  humid  places, 
the  soft  parts  are  probably  not  completely  retractile  into  the  shell. 
When  immersed  in  preserving  fluids  they  retract  completely,  prob- 
ably by  parting  with  some  of  the  water  which  inflated  them  ;  and 
in  dry  weather  the  living  animal  sometimes  retracts  entirely  within 
its  shell.  , 

The  snail  is  most  frequently  found  on  banana  leaves,  especially 
those  near  the  ground.  It  occurs  also  in  the  damp  cavities  of  hollow 
trees,  and  under  the  leaves  of  Dieffenbachia  seguine.  They  are  im- 
mobile during  the  warm  hours  of  the  day,  and  wander  abroad  toward 
evening,  seeking  food  along  the  water's  edge,  eating  the  leaves  of 
Lepidium  virginicum  L.,  and  Sinapis  lanceolata  D.  C.  They  eat 
lettuce  freely  in  captivity. 

The  type  locality  is  Guadelupe  ;  but  upon  the  main  island  the  spe- 
cies is  now  extinct,  according  to  Maz£.  It  survives  on  Marie-Galante, 
and  the  specimens  from  Beau  which  I  have  figured  (pi.  61,  figs.  14, 
15 }  are  doubtless  from  the  latter  island.  I  can  detect  no  difference 


AMPHIBULIMA.  237 

between  the  fossil  form  of  the  main  island -and  these  Marie-Gahmte 
shells. 

In  Dominica  the  species  is  not  uncommon  (figs.  16,  17,  18).  The 
shell  is  more  strongly  sculptured  with  spiral  decurrent  wrinkles  or 
malleation  than  in  Guadelupe,  and  the  color  is  somewhat  deeper. 
Mr.  Binney  has  also  found  some  small  differences  in  the  dentition  ; 
and  it  will  probably  be  best  to  distinguish  the  local' variety  by  the 
name  var.  dominicensis. 

In  St.  Kitts  the  shells  are  weakly  sculptured,  as  in  those  from 
Guadelupe;  there  is  much  less  red  in  the  coloring  than  in  the  Do- 
minican form.  I  do  not  see  that  they  have  any  varietal  features. 

In  the  island  of  Saba,  Ober  collected  a  small  form,  not  differing, 
except  in  size,  from  those  of  St.  Kitts. 

A.  TIGRIXA  (Lesueur).     PI.  61,  figs.  24,  25. 

Shell  oval,  pellucid,  very  thin,  somewhat  greenish,  with  small 
scattered  reddish  spots.  Aperture  very  large,  ovate ;  spire  very 
short. 

The  shell  is  very  much  depressed  and  somewhat  patelliform,  the 
spire  consisting  of  1^  whorls.  The  last  whorl  is  almost  open,  the 
enclosed  portion  being  very  small.  The  shell  is  exceedingly  thin, 
finely  striated  with  growth-lines;  it  is  amber-yellow,  and  bestrewn 
with  little  rounded  russet  spots.  Length  18,  width  11  mill. 

Island  of  St.   Vincent. 

Helix  (CocJdohydra)  tigrina  Lesueur,  FERUSSAC,  Prodr.,  p.  26; 
Histoire,  pi.  11  A,  f.  4. — Sucdnea  tigrina  GRAY,  Ann.  of  Philos., 
ix,  1825,  p.  415 — DESK,  in  Encycl.  M£th.,  ii,  p.  19  ;  in  Fer.  Hist., 
ii,  p.  140;  in  An.  s.  Vert,  viii,  p.  320 — PFR.,  Monogr.  ii,  p.  530; 
iii,  p.  21  ;  v,  p.  26. — Amphibulima  tigrina  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p.  98. 
— E.  A.  SMITH,  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Lond.  i,  p.  307. 

The  above  description  is  from  Deshayes,  the  figures  from  Ferussac. 
Other  authors  have  added  nothing  to  this  characterization  of  the 
species. 

My  reason  for  retaining  tigrina  as  distinct  from  pardalina  is  that 
the  number  of  whorls  is  less — 1^  instead  of  2^ — and  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  spiral  sculpture  by  Deshayes.  No  Amphibidima  has  been 
found  on  St.  Vincent  by  later  collectors. 

A.  PARDALIXA   Guppy.     PI.  61,  figs.  20,  21,  22,  23. 

Shell  long-ovate,   *SWcme«-shaped,   with  very  short,  obtuse  spire; 


238  AMPHIBULIMA. 

greatest  width  of  shell  below  the  middle  of  its  length;  extremely  thin 
and  somewhat  flexible ;  corneous,  clouded  with  opaque  yellow,  and 
sparsely  dotted  with  russet.  Whorls  2J,  the  suture  of  the  firsj;  but 
little  descending,  but  on  the  latter  half  of  the  last  it  falls  steeply. 
Last  whorl  convex  below  the  suture,  then  rather  compressed  laterally, 
with  faint  sculpture  of  slight,  irregular  growth-lines  and  numerous 
coarse,  very  low  spiral  cords.  Aperture  very  large,  acutely  angular 
posteriorly,  at  least  four-fifths  the  total  length  of  the  shell,  ovate  ; 
outer  Up  regularly  arcuate,  a  little  retracted  toward  the  upper  inser- 
tion. 

Alt.  1"),  diam.  9.5,  length  of  aperture  13,  width  7.3  mill. 

Alt.  13.5,  diam.  8,  length  of  aperture  10.5,  width  7  mill. 

Island  of  Dominica,  living  buried  in  thick  moss  on  trees  in  the 
higher  region  of  the  forest,  where  the  vegetation  is  always  dripping 
with  moisture  (Guppy). 

Amphibulima  pardalina  GUPPY,  Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (4),  i, 
1868,  p.  432. — Succinea  pardalina  PFR.,  Monogr.  vii,  p.  34. 

Amphibulima  tigriiia  Les.,  E.  A.  SMITH,  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.  H. 
(6),  ii,  1888,  p.  231.^-ANGAS,  P.  Z.  S.,  1883,  p.  595. 

A  pardalina  is  considered  by  many  authors  a  synonym  of  A. 
tigrina.  The  latter  species,  if  distinct  from  pardalina,  is  not  known 
to  modern  collectors  and  authors;  but  I  do  not  unite  the  two  because 
A.  tigrina  is  described  as  having  but  Ij  whorls,  and  no  spiral  sculp- 
ture is  mentioned,  while  A.  pardalina  has  at  least  2J  whorls,  and 
coarse  though  very  low  spirals. 

Guppy 's  original  description  of  pardalina  is  as  follows  :  Shell  long- 
oval,  Succiuea-\\ke,  thin,  flexible,  diaphanous*,  lightly  decussated, 
marked  with  tawny  ;  whorls  3  ;  spire  small,  obtuse  ;  aperture  ample, 
dilated  in  front ;  peristome  simple,  inflexed  above  ;  suture  descending. 
Length  20,  width  11,  height  of  spire  3,  width  of  aperture  9  mill. 

The  specimen  figured  was  collected  by  Dr.  B.  Sharp.  Fig.  23  is 
enlarged  to  the  same  scale  as  fig.  31,  and  drawn  by  camera  lucida. 
The  nepionic  shell  is  smooth  in  the  specimens  I  have  seen. 

A.  BROWNI  Pilsbry,  n.  sp.     PI.  Gl,  figs.  28,  29,  30,  31. 

Shell  oblong,  thin,  but  not  elastic  or  fragile,  corneous-olivaceous, 
with  numerous  irregularly  scattered  reddish  dots.  Surface  somewhat 
wrinkled  with  growth-stria?  and  showing  numerous  very  low  but  coarse 
irregular  spirals.  Whorls  2^,  the  apex  decidedly  raised  ;  the  suture 


AMPHIBUL1MA.  239 

of  the  last  half  whorl  rapidly  descending.  Spire  rather  slender,  its 
length  contained  4-J  to  4|  times  in  that  of  the  shell.  Aperture  large, 
irregularly  oblong,  the  outer  lip  somewhat  blunt,  strongly  arcuate 
above,  retracted  or  waved  backward  at  the  position  of  the  slight 
"shoulder";  somewhat  effuse  below.  Columella  arcuate,  thin. 

Alt.  19,  diam.  10.5,  length  of  aperture  15,  length  of  spire  4.3  mill. 

Alt.  18.5,  diam.  10,  length  of  aperture  14.7,  length  of  spire  3.8  mill. 
Dominica,  1,000  ft.,  on  bananas  (A.  D.  Brown). 

A.  tigrina  Lesseur,  A.  D.  BROWN,  American  Naturalist,  xv, 
1881,  p.  57. 

Less  fragile  than  A.  pardalina,  with  less  obtuse  apex  and  irreg- 
ularly arcuate  outer  lip,  which  curves  transversely  at  the  posterior 
insertion,  and  is  waved  backward  where  the  arcuate  upper  arc  joins 
the  straighter  outer  portion.  The  nepionic  shell  is  very  finely  longi- 
tudinally wrinkled,  the  wrinkles  slightly  decussated  by  spiral  lines. 

A.  KAWSONIS  Bland. 

Shell  ovate-oblong,  thin,  with  rather  rib-like  stria?  irregularly  de- 
cussated by  impressed  lines  parallel  with  the  suture  ;  shining,  scarcely 
pellucid,  rather  dark  horn-colored,  ornamented  with  a  very  few  red- 
dish spots.  Spire  short,  rather  obtuse,  rufous  ;  with  a  reddish  line 
beneath  the  impressed  suture.  Whorls  3,  the  last  convex,  much 
deflexed  at  the  aperture ;  columella  callous,  receding.  Aperture 
oblique,  oblong-oval,  coerulescent  within  ;  peristome  simple,  slightly 
thickened,  right  margin  sinuous,  columellar  margin  arcuate.  Length 
18,  diam.  10  mill.;  aperture  14  mill,  long,  9  wide  (Bland}. 

Island  of  Montserrat  (Sir  Rawson  W.  Rawson). 

Amphibulima  rawsonis  BLD.,  Ann.  of  the  Lye.  Nat.  Hist,  of  N. 
Y.,  xi,  p.  199  (1875).— BINNEY,  t.  c.,  p.  187,  pi.  13,  f.  C  (genitalia), 
pi.  14,  f.  E  (teeth);  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  iii,  p.  118,  pi.  13,  f.  H, 
G  (teeth). 

This  species  is  most  nearly  allied  in  form  to  A.  pardalina  Guppy, 
of  Dominica.  Its  radula  is  characterized  by  the  very  great  size  of 
the  central  teeth.  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen. 

Subgenus  RHODONYX  Fischer,  1873. 

Rhodonyx  FISCHER,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1873,  p.  325 ;  type 
Succinea  rubescens — Mastogyra  ANCEY,  Le  Naturaliste,  iii,  Oct., 
1881,  p.  484,  type  Succinea  rubescens. 


240  AMPHIBULIMA. 

Distinguislied  from  typical  Amphibulima  by  its  regular,  Succinea- 
like  form,  and  roseate  tint,  without  color-markings  or  spots.  The 
anatomy  resembles  that  of  Amphibulima.  It  differs  from  Succinea 
in  the  corrugated  1^  apical  whorls. 

A.  RUBESCENS  (Deshayes).     PI.  61,  figs.  26,  27. 

Shell  Sue  tinea-like,  thin  but  moderately  strong  ;  rose-tinted  cor- 
neous, dull,  and  a  little  translucent.  Sculpture  of  fine  growth- 
wrinkles  decussated  by  irregular  spirals,  and  short,  obliquely  de- 
scending impressions,  most  conspicuous  below.  Whorls  2^,  convex, 
spire  short,  obtuse.  Aperture  large,  ovate,  the  lip  thin  and  simple, 
columella  thin,  deeply  arched. 

Alt.  20,  diam.  13.5,  length  of  aperture  17  mill. 

Alt.  18,  diam.  13,  length  of  aperture  15  mill. 

Alt.  22,  diam.  14  mill.  (Desh.). 

Guadelupe  (Deshayes);  Marie  Galante  (Schramm,  Maze);  Martin- 
ique (Maze  and  others);  Dominica,  300  ft.  elevation  (A.  D.  Brown). 

Succinea  rubescens  DESH.,  in  Guerin's  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1830,  p.  4, 
pi.  4,  f.  1,2;  Encycl.  Meth.,  ii,  p.  20;  Anim.  s.  Vert.,  viii,  p.  319; 
Guerin's  Icon.  Reg.  Anim.,  pi.  6,  f.  8,  8  a. — KUSTER,  Conchyl. 
Cab.,  Succinea,  p.  36,  pi.  3,  f.  34,  35 — PFR.,  Monogr.,  ii,  p.  o31  ; 
v,  p.  26.— A.  D.  BROWN,  Amer.  Naturalist,  xv,  1881,  p.  57 — 
SOWERBY,  in  Conch.  Icon.,  xviii,  pi.  4,  f.  25  a,  b  (1872). — Helix 
(Gochlolrydra)  rubescens  FER.,  Hist.,  pi.  9  B,  f.  3. 

Amphibulima  (Rhodonyx]  rubescens  FISCHER,  Journ.  de  Conchy]. 
1873,  p.  324  (S.  rubescens},  325  (anatomy);  J.  de  C.  1874,  p.  145- 
148,  pi.  5,  f.  13  (animal),  pi.  6,.f.  1  (jaw),  2,  3  (teeth),  4  (genitalia), 
5,  6  (central  nervous  system). — A.  rubescens  BECK,  Index  Moll.,  p. 
98. — BINNEY  &  BLAND,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1874,  p.  45, 
pi.  8,  f.  2  (jaw),  3  (teeth),  4  (genitalia),  specimen  from  Martinique. 

E.  A.  SMITH,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (6),  ii,  1888,  p.  231 — Rhodonyx 

rubescens  MAZE,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.  1883,  p.  49. 

The  locality  Guadelupe,  originally  given  by  Deshayes,  has  not 
been  verified  by  later  naturalists.  Indeed  Maze,  who  reports  it  from 
Marie-Galante,  did  not  himself  collect  it,  and  cannot  give  the  exact 
locality  on  the  island  for  the  three  specimens  recorded.  A.  D.  Brown 
reports  it  as  "  not  common  "  on  Dominica;  but  none  of  the  other 
naturalists  who  have  collected  on  that  island  found  it  at  all,  and  there 
are  no  specimens  in  Brown's  collection,  now  in  that  of  the  Academy. 


AMPHIBULIMA.  241 

The  island  Martinique  is,  therefore,  the  only  place  where  A.  rubes- 
cens  seems  to  be  undoubtedly  found,  and  in  moderate  abundance. 

Subgenus  PELLICULA  Fischer,  1856. 

Pdlicnla  FISCHER,  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux,  xx,  p.  449  ;  type 
'•Succinea  depressa"  (=  appendiculata). 

Shell  incapable  of  containing  the  soft  parts,  oval,  shaped  like  a 
depressed,  open  Succinea ;  the  spire  extremely  short  or  depressed, 
composed  of  less  than  two  whorls,  smooth;  aperture  extremely  large, 
the  short,  oblique,  posterior  columella  more  or  less  built  out  in  a  thin 
blade-like  appendage.  Type  Succinea  appendiculata  Pfr. 

The  two  species  composing  this  subgenus  are  very  similar  in  shell 
characters,  A.  depressa  having  the  spire  shorter  than  in  A.  appendic- 
ulatu,  and  the  posterior  part  of  the  outer  lip  more  dilated;  the  cuticle 
being  olivaceous  or  reddish-brown.  In  A.  appendiculata  the  spire 
projects  somewhat  more,  the  color  is  white  or  very  pale  buff,  and  the 
appendage  on  the  columella  is  more  strongly  developed.  Some  shells, 
however,  are  difficult  to  assign.  In  both  species  the  shell  is  very 
thin,  somewhat  pellucid,  sculptured  with  slight  growth-wrinkles  and 
some  faint,  subobsolete  spiral  impressions.  The  soft  parts  offer  more 
satisfactory  characters,  depressa  being  larger -and  blackish,  with  only 
about  23  plaits  on  the  jaw,  while  appendiculata  is  smaller,  white,  with 
a  jaw  composed  of  about  40  plaits. 

Dr.  Paul  Fischer  has  ably  discussed  the  relationships  of  the  two 
species,  and  I  have  reproduced  the  descriptions  of  shells  given  by 
him,  and  those  of  the  animal  given  by  Maze  ;  merely  adding  that 
specimens  with  the  apical  characters  of  depressa  sometimes  have  a 
well-developed  columellar  appendage. 

Succinea  haliotidea  Mittre  and  S.  aperta  Lea  are  referred  to  this 
group  by  Pfeiffer  (Nomencl.  Hel.  Viv.  1878,  p.  231),  though  with  a 
mark  of  doubt.  The  first  is  apparently  an  Omalonyx,  the  second  a 
Hawaiian  Succinea. 

A.  APPENDICULATA  (Pfeiffer).     PI.  63,  figs.  49,  50,  51,  52. 

Shell  oval,  rounded  in  front,  tapering  and  subrostrate  behind,  of  a 
whitish  color.  Spire  papillar,  projecting.  Right  margin  of  the  lip 
not  reflexed,  inserted  on  the  columella  in  front  of  the  apex;  columel- 
lar appendage  strongly  developed.  Length  12^,  width  8  mill. 
(Fischer.} 


242  AMPHIBULIMA. 

Animal  smaller  than  that  of  A.  depressa,  at  most  40  mill,  long ; 
transparent  milk-white,  with  bluish-gray  tentacles.  (Maze). 

Jaw  with  about  40  folds.     (Fischer,  Binney.^) 

Guadehipe  :  Mole,  entrance  of  the  Grands  Fonds  (Beau,  Schramm, 
Duchassaing);  Morne  a  1'Eau,  woods  of  the  Morne  Jensolen  (Cay- 
rol);  Vieux-Fort,  slope  of  Houelmont,  at  about  397  metres  elevation 
(E.  Marie);  Camp  Jacob,  cascade  Vauchelet,  Canal  Dupuy,  ravine 
Roche  (Bavay,  Schramm,  Marie),  at  about  500-700  meters  eleva- 
tion ;  Matouba,  chute  of  the  Saint  Louis  river  (Schramm);  Gour- 
beyre,  Morne  du  Palmiste  (Marie) ;  Capesterre,  bords  du  Grand 
Etang  (Bavay,  Mattel). 

Succinea  appendiculata  PFR.,  Zeitschr.  f.  Malak.,  1847,  p.  146; 
Monogr.,  ii,  p.  531  ;  v,  p.  24;  Conchyl.  Cab.,  p.  38,  pi.  4,  f.  3,  4. — 
BLAND  &  BINN.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  H.  of  N.  Y.,  x,  1873,  p.  206,  pi.  9, 
f.  2  (jaw),  6  (shell),  9,  10  (teeth),  11  (an  alcoholic  specimen). — 
Pellicula  depresfa  FISCHER,.  Actes  Soc.  Linn.  Bordeaux,  xx,  1856, 
p.  449,  pi.  6,  f.  5-11  (anatomy);  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1874,  p.  148- 
155,  pi.  5,  f.  1,  2,  3  (living  animal),  4  (jaw),  5,  6  (teeth),  7  (geni- 
talia). — PETIT,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1856,  p.  154 — Pellicula  appen- 
diculata FISCHER,  Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1875,  p.  277,  pi.  14,  f .  1 
(shell) — MAZE,  J.  de  C.,  1883,  p.  23. —  Omalonyx  appendiculata 
H.  &  A.  ADAMS,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  ii,  p.  131 — Amphibulima  appen- 
diculata BINNEY,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1874,  p.  42,  pi.  8,  f. 
5  (genitalia),  6  (teeth);  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  iii,  p.  119,  pi.  15, 
f.  F  (jaw),  pi.  13,  f.  E  (teeth). 

The  shell  differs  from  A.  depressa  chiefly  in  having  the  spire  pro- 
jecting more  above  the  insertion  of  the  outer  lip,  and  the  columellar 
appendage  usually  more  developed.  The  living  animal  is  smaller 
and  its  jaw  has  many  more  plaits.  It  is  a  species  of  the  lowlands, 
while  A.  depressa  lives  at  a  considerable  elevation  on  the  mountains. 

Two  specimens  before  me  measure:  length  14,  breadth  9.5  mill., 
and  length  12.4,  breadth  8  mill. 

A.  DKPRESSA  (Rang).     PI.  63,  figs.  53,  54,  55. 

Shell  oval,  rounded  and  dilated  in  front,  tapering  and  subtruncate 
behind  ;  greenish,  more  or  less  olivaceous  or  brownish  ;  spire  a  little 
projecting,  sometimes  sunken.  Right  margin  thin,  slightly  reflexed 
loward  the  interior,  dilated  at  the  spire  and  projecting  beyond  the 
apex,  at  its  junction  with  the  columella.  Columellar  appendage  thin? 


AMPIIIBULIMA.  243 

but  feebly  developed.  Length  13-14,  width  9-9^  mill.  (Fischer). 
Living  animal  measuring  45-60  mill,  long  when  extended,  of  a  uni- 
form black  color  (Maze). 

Jaw  with  about  23  folds  (Fischer). 

Guadehipe:  Massif  de  la  Soufriere,  plateau  of  the  central  cone, 
northeast  of  the  Grande  Crevasse,  slopes  of  the  As-de-Pique,  morne 
Goyavier,  959  to  1380  meters  elevation  (Schramm,  E.  Marie, 
Longueteau);  Capesterre,  chutes  of  the  Grand  Carbet  river  (Lon- 
gueteau).  Also  on  Saint  Martin,  morne  Paradis  (P.  Kohlmann),  at 
410  meters  elevation,  on  leaves  of  bushes  and  herbs,  and  moist  rocks. 

Succinea  depressa  RANG,  Guerin's  Mag.  de  Zool.,  1834,  pi.  55. — 
PFR,,  Monogr.,  ii,  p.  531  ;  v,  p.  24 — Omalonyx  depressa  H.  &  A. 
ADS.,  Gen.  Rec.  Moll.,  ii,  p.  131 — Petticula  depressa  FISCHER, 

Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  1875,  p.  276,  pi.  14,  f.  2  (shell) MAZE,  J.  de 

C.,  1883,  p.  23;  1890,  p.  27. 


APPENDIX. 

B.  CALIFORNICUS    Rve   (page  40),  reference  to  plate  should  be 
pi.  9,  not  "  pi.  49." 

OXYSTYLA  MARACAIBENSIS    Pfr.   (p.  137,  138). 

Add   to  synonymy:  ?  Orthalicus  undatus  Brug.,  GIBBONS  Journ. 
of  Conchology,  ii,  p.  130  (in  part). 

Chersina  venosa  Humphrey,  Mus.  Calonnianum,  p.  63,  is  an  un- 
identifiable Mexican  Oxystyla. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

VOL.  XII. 
PLATE  1  (Drym&us). 

FIGUEE.  PAGE. 

72.  73.  D.  ghiesbreghti  var.  stolli  Martens.     Biologia,      .  .     51 

74.  D.  ghiesbreghti  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,      .         ."        .         .  .50 

75.  D.  ghiesbreghti  var.  interstitialis  Martens.     Biologia,  .     51 

76.  77,  78.   D.  ghiesbreghti  var.  stolli  Martens,         .  .51 
79,  80.  D.  ghiesbreghti  var.  iodostylus  Pfr.     After  Strebel  .     51 

81.  D.  hegewischi  Pfr.     After  Reeve,    .-.         .         .         .    ,  .     52 

82.  D.  hegewischi  Pfr.     Biologia,    .         .         .         .   *.;.""  .     52 

83.  84,  85.  D.  hegewischi  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,    .         .     _   .  .     52 

86.  D.  aurifluus  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,     v.         .         .     ,,.    :  .     55 

87.  D.  aurifluus  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,  .         .         ,      .  ;..'     ,   .  .     55 

88.  89.  D.  cucullus  Morel.     Moll.  Mex.,.         ."      ,,         .  .     58 
90,91.  D.  lineolatus  Conrad.     Ross,  del.      '    .         ..         .  .     57 
92,  93.  D.  recluzianus  Pfr.     Conchyl.  Cab.,     .         .\       .  .     55 
94,  95.  D.  recluzianus  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,       .        ..         .  .     55 
96.  D.  lirinus  Morel.     Moll.  Mex.,  .         .,    ;..      .   ^     .  .     57 

PLATE  2  (Drymceus). 

1.  D.  geaiei  (=  fenestrellus  Mart.}.     P.  Z.  S.  1869,       .  .     58 

2,  3,  4.   D.  gealei  (=  fenestrellus  Mart.).     Moll.  Mex.,  .  .     58 

5.  D.  gealei  (=  fenestrellus  var.  subunicolor  Mart.).     Moll. 

Mex.,     .         .         .         . 59 

6,  7,  8.  D.  attenuatus  Pfr.     Biologia, 60 

9,  10,  11.  D.  attenuatns  var.  varicosus  Pfr.     Biologia,     .  .     61 

12,  13.  D.  attenuatus  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,       .         .         .  .     60 

14.  D.  attenuatus  var.  concolor  Mart.     After  Strebel,       .  .61 

15.  D.  kefersteini  Pfr.  (=  attenuatus  Pfr.).     Novit.  Conch.  .     60 

16.  D.  attenuatus  var.  pittieri  Mart.     Biologia,         .         .  .61 

17.  18.  D.  trimarianus  Martens.     Biologia,      .         .         .  .62 

19,  20.  D.  costaricensis  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch 63 

21,  22.  D.  navarrensis  Ang.  (=  costariensis).     P.  Z.  S.  1878,  .     64 

23,  24,  £5.  D.  hepatostomus  Pfr.     Biologia,     .         .         .  .62 

26,  27.  D.  hepatostomus  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.       .          .         .  .62 

PLATE  3  (Drymceus}. 

28,  29.  D.  pluvialis  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,          .         .         .  .64 

30,  31.  D.  sargi  C.  &  F.     Moll.  Mex, 65 

32.  33.    D.  sargi  var.  montagui  Mart.     Biologia,       .         .  .65 

(244) 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.   XII.  240 

FIGURE  PAGE 

34,  35.  D.  bugabensis  Mart.     Biologia, 64 

36.  D.  droueti  Pfr.     P.  Z.  S 65 

37,  38,  39.  D.  droueti  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,          ....     65 
40,  41.  D.  droueti  var.  sporlederi.     Moll.  Mex.,       .         .          .66 
42,  43.   D.  droueti  var.  sporlederi.     After  Strebel.    .          .          .66 
44,  45.   D.  inglorius  var.  heynemanni  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,       .     68 

46.  D.  inglorius  Rve.     Conch.  Icon.          .....     67 

47,  48,  49,  50.   D.  inglorius  var.  heynemanni  Pfr.     Biologia,    .     68 
51,  52.   D.  inglorius  var.  heynemanni  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,  .          .     68 

53.  D.  mexicanus  Rve  (=  tryoni  F.  &  C.).     Conch.  Icon.,       .     75 

54,  55.  D.  tryoni  F.  &  C.     Moll.  Mex.,  75 

PLATE  4  (Drymceus). 

52-55.  D.  emeus  Say.     Biologia, 73 

56,  57.   D.  emeus  var.  albovaricosus  Mart.     Biologia,        .          .     74 
58-61.  D.  palpaloensis  Streb.  (=  emeus).     After  Strebel,         .     74 

62.  D.  moricandi  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,       .          .          .          .          .78 

63,  64.   D.  moricandi  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,            .          .          .          .78 
65,  66.   D.  sulphureus  Pfr.     Biologia, 76 

67.  D.  sulphureus  var.  citronellus  Mart.     Biologia,  .          .     78 

68.  D.  sulphureus  var.  ohesus  Mart.     Biologia,          .          .          .78 

69.  70.   D.  emeus  Say.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .          .          .73 
71,  72.  D.  semipellucidus  Tristr.     Biologia,     .          .          .          .82 
73.  D.  semipellucidus  Tristr.     P.  Z.  S.,  1861,  ...     82 
74,75.  Rachis  pulchra  Gray.    Figured  by  error.     Sheppard,  del. 

76,  77,  78.   Drymseus  livescens  Pfr.     Biologia,          .          .          .80 

79.  D.  livescens  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,         .....     80 

80,  81.  D.  livescens  Pfr.     Abbildungen,  ....     80 

PLATE  5  (Drymaus}. 

1.  D.  subpellucidus  Smith.     P.  Z.  S.  .         .  Vol.  XI,  288 

2.  D.  flavidulus  Smith.     P.  Z.  S Vol.  XI,  288 

3.  D.  fuscobasis  Smith.     P.  Z.  S.  .         .         .  Vol.  XI,  289 

4.  5.   D.  interpunctus  Martens.     Conch.  Mittheil.     .   Vol.  XI,  287 
6,  7.  D.  semifasciatus  Monss.     Novit.  Conch.  .  Vol.  XI,  298 

8.  D.  maculatus  (=  semimaculatus  Pils.).     Conch.  Icon.,  .     71 

9.  D.  semimaculatus  Pils.      Sheppard,  del.,     .          .          .  .71 
10.   D.  championi  Martens.     Biologia,      .          .          .          .  .73 
11    12,  13.   D.  totonacus  Strebel.     After  Strebel,      .          .  .71 

14.  D.  dorinani  W.  G.  Binn.     After  Binney,  ....       2 

15.  D.  dormani  W.  G.  Binn.     Sheppard,  del.,  ...       2 

16.  17.   D.  dormani  var.  albida  Wright.     Sheppard,  del.,  .       3 

18.  D.  dominicus  Reeve,  var.     Sheppard,  del.,          .          .          .   3,  6 

19,  20.  D.  dominicus  Reeve  (B.  floridanus  Binn.).  After  Binney,       7 
21.   D.  dominicus  Reeve,  var.     After  Binney,  .          .          .  3,  6 


24()  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,  VOL.   XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

22,  23.  D.  dominicus  Reeve,  var.  Sheppard,  del.,  .  .  .  3,  6 
24,  25.  B.  marielinus  Poey  (=  D.  dominicus  Rve.).  After  Poey,  5 
26.  Drymaeus  dominicus  Rve.  Conch.  Icon.,  .  .  .  .  '  3 


PLATE  6  (Drymceus}. 

1,  2,  3,  4.  D.  koppeli  Sovvb.     P.  Z.  S.        .         .         .  Vol.  XI,  242 

5,  6.   D.  tripictus  var.  hofFmani  Mart.     Biologia,  .  .         .70 

7,  8,  9,  11.   D.  gabbi  Angas.     P.  Z.  S.,  1879,  ...     70 

10.   D.  gabbi  Angas.     Sheppard,  del.,       .         ...  .          .70 

12,  13.   D.  tripictus  Alb.     Sheppard,  del.,      ''..."•  .  .         .     69 

14,  15.   D.  tripictus  Alb.     Novit.  Conch.,          .  .  .          .69 

16,  17,  18.  D.  irazuensis  Angas.     P.  Z.  S.  1878,  .  .         .68 

19.20,24,25.   D.  irazuensis  Anjjas.     Biologia,  '.  »  /.      .     68 

21,22.   D.  tropicalis  Morelet.     Moll.  Mex.,      .  .  .         .     85 

23.   D.  tropicalis  Morelet.     Sheppard,  del.,        .  .-  ..         .     85 

26-29.  D.  moritinctus  Mart.     Biologia.,  .          .  .  .          .79 


PLATE  7  (Drymaus). 

1.  D.  lilacinus  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  .  k    ;         .  .     35 

2,  3.  D.  lilacinus  Reeve.     Moll.  Mex .  .     35 

4.  D.  lilacinus  v.  undulosus  Mart.     Biologia, .      -'»'!.  .36 

5,  6.  D.  lilacinus  v.  crossei  Mart.     Moll.  Mex.,       .         .  .     37 
7,8,9.  D.  lilacinus  v.  jansoni  Mart.     Biologia,      .         .  .37 

10.  D.  lilacinus  v.  ictericus  Mart.     Biologia,    .          .  .     3T 

11.  D.  fenestratus  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon., 34 

12,13,14.   D.  fenestratus  Pfr.     Biologia,         .         .         .  .34 


PLATE  8  (Drymceus). 

15.  D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Biologia, 41 

16.  D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.     .          .          .         .          .         .41 

17.  18,  19.   D.  lattrei  v.  hiabundus  Mts.     Biologia,   .  .42: 

20.  D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon., 41 

21,  22,  23.   D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Biologia,         .....     41 

24.  D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,    .         ;          .         .         .         .41 

25.  D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del. ,.          .          .         .         .          .41 

26.  D.  lattrei  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del., 41 

27.  D.  chiapasensis.     After  Strebel., 42; 

28.  D.  lattrei  v.  hiabundus  Mart.     Biologia,     .         .         .         .42 

29.  D.  chiapasensis  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,          .         .         .         .42 
30,31.  D.  chiapasensis  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,    .         .         .         .42 

32.  D.  chiapasensis  v.  quadrifasciatus  Mts.     Biologia,       .         .     43 

33.  D.  chiapasensis  v.  nebulosus  Mts.     After  Strebel,       .         .     43- 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.  XII.  247 

FIGURE  PAGE 

PLATE  9  (Drymceus}. 

34.  D.  r,aliformcus  Reeve  (=  ziegleri).     Conch.  Icon.,     .         .     40 

35.  D.  serperastrum  Say.     Mrs.  Say,  del.,        ...        37,  39 

36.  D.  serperastrum  Say.    From  Ticul,  Yucatan,  Sheppard,  del.,     37 
31.   D.  serperastrum  Say.     After*  Strebel.,          .          .          .          .37 
38,  39.   D.  paivanus  (==  serperastrum).     Moll.  Mex.,         .          .     38 
40,  41.   D.  paivanus  (=  serperastrum).     Novit.  Conch.,  .          .     38 
42-44.   D.  castus  Pfr.,  typical.     Biologia,          .          .          .43,  44 
45,  46.   D.  castus  v.  porrectus  Mart.     Moll.  Mex.,    .          .          .44 

47.  D.  castus  v.  porrectus  Mart.     Biologia,       .          .          .          .44 

48.  D.  castus  v.  porrectus  Mart.     Biologia,       .          .          .          .44 

49.  D.  castus  v.  porrreclus  Mart.     Moll.  Mex.,         .          .          .44 

50.  51.   D.  castus  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex., 43 

52,  53.  D.  castus  v.  xantholeucus.     Biologia,  .         .         .         .44 

PLATE  10  (Drymceus). 

54.  D.  dunkeri  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,  .....     45 

55.  D.  dunkeri  Pfr.     Biologia,         .          .          .          .          .          .45 

56.  57.   D.  dunkeri  var.  forreri  Monss.     Biologia,     .          .          .46 
58.   D.  dunkeri  var.  forreri  Monss.     Journ.  de  Conchyl.,            .     46 
59-61.  D.  sulcosus  Pfr.     Biologia, 48 

62.  D.  sulcosus  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex., 48 

63.  D.  sulcosus  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del., 48 

64.  D.  jonasi  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .          .          .54 

65.  D.  rudis  Anton.     Conch.  Icon.,          .          .          .          .          .49 

66.  67.   D.  rudis  Anton.     Moll.  Mex., 49 

68-70.  D.  jonasi  Pfr.     Biologia, 54 

71.   D.  jonasi  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,    ......     54 

PLATE  11  (DrynuRus). 

I,  2,  3,  4.   D.  elongatus  Bolt.     Porto  Rico  specimens,  .  .     23 
5,  6.   D.  elongatus  Bolt.     Ana<z;eda  specimens,           .  .  .23 
7,  8.  D.  elongatus  Bolt.     St.  Thomas  specimens       .  .  .23 
9,  10.  D.  elongatus  Bolt.     After  Ferussac,       .         .  .  .23 

II.  D.  elongatus  Bolt.     Conch.  Cab., 23 

12.  D.  elongatus  Bolt.     St.  Eustatius  specimen,        .         .         .23 
13-17.   D.  elongatus  Bolt.     Tortola  specimens,         .         .         .23 
18,  19.   D.  elongatus  var.     St.  Croix  specimens,       .          .          .26 
20-23.   D.  elongatus  v.  anguillensis  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,  .     26 

24.  D.  elongatus  v.  extinctus  Pfr.     Specimen,  .          .          .26 

25,  26.   D.  elongatus  v.  extinctus  Pfr.     Malak.  Blatt.,      .          .     26 
27-29.   D.  multilineatus  Say.     Florida.     Terr.  Moll.,  Ill,        .     27 

30.  D.  multilineatus  var.     Yuracui,  Venezuela,  specimen,        27,  28 

31.  D.  multilineatus  var.     South  American  specimen,       .        27,  28 


248  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.  XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

32.  D.  multilineatus  var.     Cura9ao  specimen,  .         .         .28 

33.  D.  venosus  Rve  (=  multilineatus  Say.).     Conch.  Icon.,     .     27 

PLATE  12  (Drymaus). 

1,2.  D.  trinitarius  Sm.  (=  imperfectus  Guppy).  Journ.  of 

Conch.,          .          .         .      .  .         .         .         .  .      19 

3.  D.  aureolus  Guppy.     Journ.  of  Conch.,  viii,       .  '  .     19 

4.  D.  mossi  Smith.     Journ.  of  Conch.,  viii,     .          .          .  .21 

5.  D.  broadwayi  Smith.     Journ.  of  Conch.,  viii,      .          .  .22 

6.  D.  ravvsonis  H.  Ad.  (=  rawsoni  Guppy).     P.  Z.  S.,  .     20 

7.  D.  lucidus  Rve  (=  stramineus).     Conch.  Icon.,           .  .13 

8.  D.  stramineus  v.  fasciatus  Sin.     Proc.  Mai.  Soc.  Lond.,  .      14 

9.  D.  binominis  Smith.      Proc.  Mai.  Soc.  Lond.,     .         .  .     21 

10.  D.  binominis  v.  lascellesiana  Smith.     Proc.  Mai.  Soc.  Lond.,     22 

11.  D.  vincentinus  v.  flavotinctus  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,  .         .     18 

12.  13.  D.  rufolineatus  Drouet.     Moll.  Guyane  Fr.,      Vol.  XI,  308 

14.  D.  imperfectus  Guppy.     Sheppard,  del.,     .         .        ».  -.      .     19 

15.  D.  sallei  Pilsbry.     Sheppard,  deh,      .          .          .          .          .      11 

16.  17.   D.  attenuates  Pfr.      Sheppard,  del.,       .        -V         .          .      60 

18.  D.  discrepans  Sovvb.      Conch.  Icon.,  .          .  .  .  .81 

19.  D.  discrepans  Sowb.     Sheppard,  del.,         .  v  .  .       .     81 

20.  D.  hachensis  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  .         .  .  •  .  ~      .     90 

21.  D.  panamensis  Brod.,        • . '       .         ,         .  .  .  .     90 

22.  23.   D.  heterogeneus  Pfr.     After  Strebel,  .  .  .  .85 

24.  D.  virginalis  v.  dominicanus  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,     .         .     12 

25,  26.   D.  albostriatus  Strebel.     After  Strebel,         .         .          .72 

PLATE  13  (Drymceus). 

77.  D.  undulatus  Guild.     Conch.  Icon.,  .         ..  -       .         .         .22 

78.  D.  undulatus  Guild.     Sheppard,  del.,        '„.••'"'    .         .         .22 

79.  80.   D.  undulatus  Guild.     Conchyl.  Cab.,  .         .         .        22,  23 
81-84.   D.  bahamensis  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,     ....       8 

85.  D.  bahamensis  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,.          ....       8 

86.  D.  immaculatus  Ad.     Conch.  Icon.,  .         .         .         .         .10 
87,88.  D.  immaculatus  Ad.     Sheppard,  del.,  .         .         .         .10 
89.   D.  erubescens  Pfr.      Conch.  Icon.,     .         .         .         .          .9 
90,91.  D.  liliaceus  Fer.     Biologia, 10 

92.  D.  liliaceus  Fer.     Sheppard,  del.,       .         .         .     ;...          .  10 

93.  D.   multifasciatus  Lam.,     .......  14 

94.  D.  laticinctus  Guppy.     Sheppard,  del.,       .          .         V        .  16 

95.  D.  multifasciatus  Lam.     Delessert,  Recueil,        .         .         .  14 

96.  D.  multifasciatus  Lam.     Conchyl.  Cab.,     .         .       '.         .  14 

97.  D.  multifasciatus  Lam.      Conch.  Icon.,        .          .          .          .14 
98,99.   D.  multifasciatus  v.  christopheri  Pils.     Sheppard,  del., .  16 

1.    D.  vincentinus  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,     .          .          .          .          .17 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,  VOL.  XII.  249 

FIGURE  PAGE 

2-4.   D.  vincentinus  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,       .          .  .  .17 
5-7.  D.  vincentinus  Pfr.     From  Tobago.     Sheppard,  del.,    17,  18 

PLATE  14  (Leiostracus). 

1-3.  D.  vittatus  Spix.     Conch.  Icon.,  .         .         .  .  .91 

4.  D.  vittatus  Spix.     Sheppard,  del.,     ...  .91 

5.  D.  vittatus  Spix.     Conchyl.  Cab.,    .          .  91 
6-13.  D.  obliquus  Reeve.     Jahrb.  D.  M.  Ges.  X, .  .  [93 

14.  D.  obliquus  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,   .          .          .  .  .93 

1 5.  D.  jeffreysi  Pfr.  (=  obliquus).    Conchyl.  Cab.,  .  .  '.     93 

16.  D.  onager  Beck.     Conch.  Icon.,        .          .          .  .  .94 

17.  D.  onager  v.  subtuszonata  Pils.    Conch.  Icon.,  .  .  .95 

18.  D.  vimineus  Moric.     Conch.  Icon.,  .          .          .  .  .95 

19.  20.  D.  vimineus  Moric.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .  .  .95 

21.  D.  perlucidus  Spix.     Conch.  Icon.,  .          .          .  .  .98 

22.  D.  perlucidus  Spix.     Sheppard,  del.,          .          .  .  .98 

23.  D.  manoeli  Moric.     Conch.  Icon.,    .          .          .  .  .96 

24.  D.  manoeli  Moric.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .  .  .96 

25.  B.  lineatus  Spix(=  D.  cinnamomeolineatus).    Conch.  Icon.,     97 

26.  D.  cinnamomeolineatus  Mor.     Conch.  Icon.,     .  .  .97 

27.  D.  cinnamomeolineatus  Mor.     After  Moricand, .  .  .     97 
38.   D.  cinnamomeolineatus  Mor.     Sheppard,  de!..  .  .  .97 

PLATE  15  (Drymceus). 

29,  30.  D.  chaperi  C.  &  F.     Journ.  de  Conchyl.,    .  .  .46 

31.  D.  dunkeri  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,      .          .          .  45 

32,  33.   D.  ghiesbreghti  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,  50,  51 

34,  35.   D.  botterii  C.  &  F.     Moll.  Mex 47 

36,  37.   D.  attenuatus  v.  varicosus  Pfr.     Conchyl.  Cab.,  .  .     61 

38.  D.  alternans  Beck.     Conch.  Icon.,  f.  152,          .  .  .86 

39,  40.  D.  alternans  Beck.     Moll.  Mex.,         .          .  .  .86 

41.  D.  hondurasanus  Pfr.     Conch.  Icon.,         .          .  .  .88 

42.  D.  uhdeanus  v.  cuernavacensis.     Moll.  Mex.,     .  .  .84 

43.  44,  45,  46.   D.  rudis  Anton.     Sheppard,  del.,     .  .  .49 
47,  48,  49,  50.   D.  uhdeanus  Martens.     Biologia,     .  .  .83 

51.  D.  uhdeanus  v.  cuernavacensis.     Biologia,          .  .  .84 

52.  D.  uhdeanus  v.  tepecensis  Mart.     Biologia,         .  .  .84 

53.  D.  uhdeanus  v.  borealis  Mart.     Biologia,            .  .  .84 

PLATE  16  ( Oxystyla  princeps). 

1,  O.  princeps  Brod.  (" B.  zebra  var.,"  Reeve).     Conch.  Icon.,  113 

2,  7.  O.  princeps  Brod.     Biologia  Centr.-Amer.,  .  .  .   113 

3,  4,  6.  O.  princeps  Brod.     Strebel,  Beitrag.,         .  .  .    113 
5.   O.  princeps  Brod.      Sheppard,  del.,  ....     113,  115 

8.  O.  princeps  v.  crossei  Martens.     Sheppard,  del.,  .  .   116 

9.  O.  princeps  v.  fischeri  Martens.     Biologia,         .  .  .   116 


250  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.   XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

PLATE  17  (Oxystyla,  Mexico). 

10,  11.  O.  princeps  v.  trifracta  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,       .          .115 

12.  O.  princeps  v.  crossei  Martens.     Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,.          .  '116 

13.  O.  f'erussaci  Martens.     Shkolak,  Yucatan.     Sheppard,  del.,     119 

14.  15.  O.  ferussaci  Martens.     Salinas  Bay,  Costa  Rica.    Shep- 

pard, del., 119 

1C,  It.  O.  ferussaci  Martens.  Biologia  Centr.-Amer.,  .  .119 
18.  O.  ferussaci  v.  tricincta  Mart.  Sheppard,  del.,  .  .  .  121 

PLATE  18  (Oxystyla). 

1,  2,  3.  O.  melanocheilus  Val.  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  .  .  122 
5.  O.  ferussaci  tricincta  Martens.  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,  .  .  120 
4,  6.  O.  ferussaci  tricincta  Martens,  .  .  .  .  .120 
7-13.  O.  undata  floridensis  Pils.  Pilsbry  and  Sheppard,  del.,  110 

PLATE  19  (Oxystyla,  Mexico). 

14,  15,  17.  O.  ponderosa  Strebel.  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  .  .  130 
16.  O.  ponderosa  Strehel.  Beitrag  Mex.  Conch.,  .  .  .130 
18,  19.  0.  livida  Martens.  Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,  .  .  .  124 

PLATE  20  (Oxystyla,  etc,). 

20,  21,  22.  O.  boucardi  Pfr.     Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,    .         .         .128 

23.  O.  boucardi  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del., 128 

24,  25.  O.  boucardi  Pfr.     Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,         .          .          .128 

26.  O.  boucardi  Pfr.     P.  Z.  S.,  1860, 128 

27,  28.  Liguus  fasciatus  Miill.    Specimen  probably  from  Miami, 

Florida, 172 

29.  Oxystyla  boucardi  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,    ....  128 

30.  Drymaeus  dominicus  Reeve.     Yuma  River,  San  Domingo,  .  3 

31.  Drymaeus  dominicus  Reeve.     Puerto  Plata,  Haiti,     .          .  3 

32.  Drymaeus  dominicus  Reeve.     Caloosahatchie  R.,  Fla.,        .  3 

PLATE  21  (Oxystyla). 

33.  O.  longa  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del., 126,  128 

34.  O.  longa  Pfr.   Pfeiffer's  type.    Strebel,  Beitrag  Mex.  Conch.,  127 

35.  36.  O.  longa  variety.     Strebel,  Beitrag  Mex.  Conch.,  .          .129 

37,  39.  O.  leucochilus  F.  &  C.     Miss.  Scient.  Mex.,         .          .   129 

38.  O.  leucochilus  F.  &  C.     Sheppard,  del.,    ....   129 
40,  41,  42.  O.  macluras  Martens.     Biol.  Centr.-Amer.,     .          .   125 

PLATE  22  (Oxystyla}. 

1.  O»  longa  Pfr.     Mis?.  Scient,  Mex.,  .          ,          .          .          .126 

2.  O.  longa  Pfr.    Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec.     Sheppard,  del.,  126, 128 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,  VOL.  XII.  251 

FIGURE  PAGE 

3,4,5.  O.  longa  v.  uhdeana  Mart.     Sheppard,  del.,         .          .129 

6.  O.  longa  var.     Sheppard,  del.,  ....    126,  128 

7,  8,  9.  O.  longa  v.  strebeli  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .    128 

PLATE  23  ( Oxystyla}. 

10,  11.   O.  zonifera  Strebel.     Sheppard,  del.,  ....    123 

12.  O.  zonifera  Strebel.     Beitrag  Mex.  Conch.,        .  .123 

13,  14.  O.  zonifera  Strebel.     Biol.  Centr.  Amer.,     .  .    123 

15.  O.  livens  Shuttl.     Notitias  Malac .    118 

16,  17.   O.  longa  uhdeana  Mart.     ("0.  livens"  F.  &  C.)     Miss. 

Sclent.  Mex.,        .          .          .          .          .          .          .129 

18.  0.  longa  uhdeana  Mart.  (•*  0.  livens"  Strebel.)  Beitrag,  etc.",  129 

PLATE  24  (  Oxystyla  Drymceus}. 

19-25.   O.  princeps  deceptor  Pils.     Pilsbry  and  Sheppard,  del.,  116 

26.  Drymasus  translucens  v.  subfloccosus  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,  90 

27.  Drymaeus  translucens  v.  subfloccosus  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,  90 

28.  Drymseus  translucens  Brod.     Conch.  Illustr.,     .          .  89 

29.  Drymaeus  translucens  Brod.      Conch.  Icon.,        .  89 

30.  Drymaeus  panamensis  Brod.      Conch.  Icon.,        .                     .  90 

PLATE  25  (  Oxystyla,  etc.). 

31.  32.  O.  obducta  Shuttl.     Notitiae  Malac.,     ....   134 
33-36.   O.  obducta  Shuttl.     Pilsbry  and  Sheppard,  del.,  .          .   134 
37,38.   Drymaeus  multilineatus  var.  parvus  Lea.    Sheppard,  del.,     29 

PLATE  26  (Mexican  Drymceus). 

1.  D.  dombeyanus  Val.      Conch.  Icon.,  .          .          .          .33 

2,  3.   D.  dombeyanus  Val.     Biologia,.   .....      33 

4.  D.  dombeyanus  v.  alcantaraa.     Journ.  de  Conchyl.,     .          .      33 

5.  D.  dombeyanus  v.  alcantaras.     After  Strebel,     .          .          .33 
6-10.   D.  josephus  Angas.      Biologia,     .          .          .          .          .32 

11,12.   D.  josephus  Angas.     Sheppard,  del.,    .          .          .          .32 

13.  B.  zeledoni    Ball   (=  D.  josephus    Angas).     Proc.  U.  S. 

Nat.  Mus., 32 

14,  15.   Drymseus  zhorquinensis  Angas.     P.  Z.  S.,  1879,  .     31 

PLATE  27  (Oxystyla  undata). 

16-18.  O.  undata  Brug.,  typical.     Trinidad.     Sheppard,  del.,   .    105 

19,  20,  22,  23.   O.   undata  jamaicensis   Pils.     Jamaica.     Shep- 

pard, del., 107 

21.  O.  undata  jamaicensis  Pils.     Jamaica.     Notitiae  Malac.,     .  107 

24.  O.  undata  reses  Say.      Florida.     Terrestr.  Moll.  Ill,          .  109 

25,  26.  O.  undata  reses  Say.     Sugar  Loaf  Key,  Fla.     Shep- 

pard, del.,    ...  .o  .109 


252  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,    VOL.  XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

PLATE  28  (  Oxystyla). 

27-31.  O.  pulchella  Spix.  Sheppard,  del.,  .  .  .  .-185 
32,  33.  O.  pulchella  v.  prototypus  Pils.,  young.  Amazon  R. 

Sheppard,  del.,  .  .  .  '  .  .  .137 

34,  35.  O.  pulchella  v.  prototypus  Pils-  Barcelona,  Venez. 

Sheppard,  del.,     .......   137 

36,37.  O.  pulchella  v.  prototypus  Pils.  Baliia.  Sheppard,  del.,  137 
38,  39.  O.  maracaibensis  v.  subpulchella  Pils.  Sheppard,  del.,  141 

PLATE  29  (Oxystyla). 

40,  42.  O.  maracaibensis  Pf'r.     Strebel,  Beitrag,      .          .          .137 

41.  O.  maracaibensis  Pf'r.     Pfeiffer's  type  specimen.     Strebel,     137 

43.  O.  maracaibensis  Pf'r.     Binnenmoll.   Venez.,     .          .          .137 

44,  45.  O.  maracaibensis  Pf'r.     Maracaibo.     Sheppard,  del.,     .   139 

46.  O.  maracaibensis  Pf'r.,  var.  Maracaibo.     Sheppard,  del.,     .   139 

47.  O.  f'ulvescens  Pfr.     Conchyl.  Cab.,  .          .          .          .          .    141 

48.  O.  f'ulvescens  Pf'r.     Pteitfer's  type.     Strebel,     .          .          .   141 

PLATE  30  (Oxystyla  maracaibensis). 

49-52.  O.  maracaibensis  v.  imitator  Pils.  Near  Maracaibo. 

Sheppard,  del.,  .......  140 

53,54.  O.  maracaibensis  v.  imitator  Pils.  Barranguilla.  Shep- 
pard, del., 140 

55-57.  O.  maracaibensis  and  v.  imitator.  Rio  Hacha.  Shep- 
pard, del., 140 

58.  O.  maracaibensis  Pf'r.,  var.     I.  of  Margarita,     .          .          .   139 

PLATE  31  (Oxystyla). 

59,  60.   O.  bif'ulgurata  Reeve.     Conch.  Icon.,  .          .          .143 

61.  O.  bif'ulgurata  Rve.  (Zebra  fulgur  Mill.).    Malak.  Bl.,          .   143 

62.  O.  bensoni  Rve.     Sheppard,  del.,      .....   147 

63.  O.  bensoni  Rve.     Shuttl.,  Notitiae  Malac.,         .          .          .147 

64.  O.  bensoni  Rve.     Type.     Conch.  Icon.,    ....   147 

65.  O.  bensoni  Rve.     Hidalgo,  Viaje  al  Pacifico.,    .          .          .147 

66.  O.  isabellina  Martens.     Binnenmoll.  Venez.,     .          .          .   142 

PLATE  32  (Oxystyla). 

67.  68.  O.  phlogera  Orb.     Voy.  Amer.  Merid.,        .          .          .145 
69-71.  O.  varia  Martens.     Binnenmoll.  Venez.,       .          .          .    144 
72.  O.  varia  Martens.     Shuttl.,  Notitise  Malak.,      .          .          .   144 
73-77.  O.  varia  Martens.     Sheppard,  del.,       ....   144 

PLATE  33  (Corona). 
1,  2.  Liguus  (Corona)  regina  Per.     Sheppard,  del.,        .          .177 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,  VOL.  XII.  '253 

FIGURE  PAGE 

3.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  Hupe.     Sheppard,  del.,        .          .    180,182 

4,  5.  L.    (Corona)    regina    Fe>.    (melastoma    Swains).     Zool. 

Illustr., 178 

6.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  Hup£  (regina  Reeve).     Conch.  Icon.,.    180 

PLATE  34  (Corona). 

7,  8.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  var.  loroisianus  Hupe".     Castelnau's 

Exped., 183 

9,  10.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  Hupe.    Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .   180 
11,  12.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  Hupe.    Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .180 

PLATE  35  (Corona). 

13,  14.  Liguus    (Corona)    regalis    Hupe".     Type.     Castelnau's 

Exped.,        .          . 180 

15.  L.  (Corona)  incisus  Hup£  (regina  Rve.).     Conch.  Icon.,    .  179 

16,  17.  L.  (Corona)  incisus  Hupe.    Type.    Castelnau's  Exped.,  179 

18.  L.  (Corona)  sp.  undet.     Sheppard,  del.,   ....   184 

19.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  Hup6, 180 

PLATE  36  (Corona). 

20.  21,  22.  Liguus  (Corona)  perversus  Swains.    Typical.    Shep- 

pard, del., 178 

23.  L.  (Corona)  perversus  Swains.    (H.  regina  monstrum  sinistra 

Fer.)     Hist. 178 

24,  25.  L.  (Corona)  perversus  var.  dextroversa  (regina  Hupe). 

Castelnau's  Exped.        .         .          .          .          .          .179 

PLATE  36  a  (Corona,  ffemibulimus). 

26,  27.  Liguus  (Corona)  regalis  Hup£.  Sheppard,  del.,  .  .  180 
28,  29.  L.  (Corona)  regalis  dextral  form.  Sheppard,  del.,  .  182 
30.  L.  (Hemihulimus)  magnificus  Rve.  Conch.  Icon.,  .  .  185 
31—34.  L.  (Hemibulimus)  raagnificus  Rve.  (excisus  Mts). 

Conch.  Mittheil,  .          .          .          .          .          .          .185 

PLATE  37  (0.  Metorthalicus  powisianus). 

28,  32.  Orthalicus  (Metorthalicus)   powisianus   Petit.     Conch. 

Icon.,           .          .          .          :"•'.'.  '.          .          .  .  £06 

29,  O.  (Metorthalicus)  powisianus.     Jahrb.  1875,    .          .  .  206 

30,  33.   O.  (Metorthalicus)  powisianus.     Jahrb.  1882,       .  .  206 

31,  34.   O.  ^Metorthalicus)  powisianus.     Sheppard,  del.,  .  .  206 

PLATE  38  (  0.  Metorthalicus  atramentarius): 

35-37,  39,  40.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  atramentarius  Pfr.     Pilsbry 

and  Sheppard,  del.,       .          .          .          .          .          .   209 


254  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,  VOL.   XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

38.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  atramentarius  Pf'r.     Conch.  Icon.,         .   209 

PLATE  39  (Metorthalicus  ^  Drymceus). 

1,2.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  adamsoni  Gray.     Conch.  Icon.,         .  207 

3.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  deburghiae  Rve.      Sheppard,  del.,           .  196 

4.  Drymaeus  sallei  v.  haitensis  Pils.       Sheppard,  del.,     .          .  12 

5.  Orthalicus  (Metorthalicus)  deburghiae  Rve.     Mai.  Bl.,        .  196 

6.  Drymaeus  mossi  E.  A.  Smith.     Wm.  Moss,  photo,     .          .  21 

7.  Orthalicus  (Metorthalicus)  atramentarius  Pf'r.      Sheppard, 

del., 209 

PLATE  40  (Metorthalicus,  Dryni(zus). 

1,  Orthalicus     (Metorthalicus)    approximatus     Fulton.     Ann. 
J^tB^:  Mag.  N.  H., 208 

2,  3.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  approximatus  Fulton.    Sheppard,  del.,  208 

4.  5.   Drymaeus  ziegleri   Pfr.      Sheppard,  del.,          .          .          .39 
6.  Dryma3us  ziegleri  Pfr.     L.  and  F.-W.  Sh.  N.  A.  I.,  .          .     39 
7,8.  Orthalicus  (Metorthalicus)  adamsoni  var.    Sheppard,  del.,  207 

PLATE  41  (Metotth aliens,  Oxystyla). 

1,  2.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  shuttleworthi  Alb.     Novit.  Conch.,.   201 

3,  4.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  maranhonensis  Alb.     Novit.  Conch.,  198 

5.  Oxystyla  macandrewi  Sowb.     Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.,      .   147 

6.  Orthalicus  (Metorthalicus)  buckleyi  Higg.     P.  Z.  S.  1872,  .    193 

PLATE  42  (Metorthalicus). 

7,8.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  wrzesniowskii  Lub.     P.  Z.  S.  1879,  .    198 
9.  O.  (Metorthalicus ^  gloriosus  Pf'r.  =  deburghiae.     P.  Z.  S. 

1861, 196 

10,  11.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  gloriosus.     Viaje  al  Pacifico,  .          .196 

PLATE  43  (Metorthalicus). 

12,  13.  O.    (Metorthalicus)     latevittata       Shuttl.    (=  yatesi). 

Notitia3  Malac., 203 

14.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  yatesi,  variety.     Novit.  Conch.,  .          .   302 

15.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  yatesi  Pf'r.     Sheppard,  del.,  (the  junc- 

tion of  columella  and  basal  lip  should  be  decidedly 
more  angular  than  here  represented)       .          .          .   202 

16.  0.  (Metorthalicus)  yatesi  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,  .   202,  203 

17.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  yatesi  Pfr.     Type.     P.  Z.  S.  1855,       .  202 

PLATE  44  (Metorthalicus). 

18.  19.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  vicarius  Fult.  (B.  labeo  Rve.   not 

Brod.),         ...          .          .          .          .          .200 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.  XII.  255 

FIGURE  PAGE 

20.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  augusti  Jouss.     Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  195 
21,22.   O.  (Metorthalicus)  labeo  Brod.      Zool.  Journal,    .          .199 

PLATE  45  (0.)  Metorthalicus)  kelletti,  etc.). 

23,  24.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  kelletti  Rve.      Conch.  Icon.,   .          .   204 

25.  O.  kelletti  v.  f'tmgairinoi  Hid.     J.  de  C.,  ....   204 

26,  27.  O.  kelletti  v.  fungairinoi  Hid.     Sheppard,  del.,    .          .   204 

28.  O.  kelletti  v.  fungairinoi  Hid.     Viaje  al  Pacifico,        .          .   204 

29.  "  Bulinus  lacticofor  "  Sowb.     Conch.  Illustr.,  .   Vol.  XIII. 

30.  Bulimulus  pollonerae   Ancey.     Bull.  Mus.   Zool.  ed   Anat. 

Comp.  Torino,  .          .          .          .          .   Vol.  XIII. 

PLATE  46  (Metorthalicus}. 

31.  Orthalicus  (Metorthalicus)  fraseri  Pfr.     P.  Z.  S.,  1860,     .   193 
32,33.   O.  (Metorthalicus)  fraseri  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,   .          .193 
34,  35.   O.  fraseri  v.  brevispira  Pils.      Sheppard,  del.,       .          .    194 

PLATE  47  ( Orthalicus). 

6.  Orthalicus  sultana  Dillw.     Sheppard,  del.,         .          .  .    188 

7.  O.  sultana  Dillw.  (gallina- sultana  Auct.)      Conch.  Icon.,  .    188 

8.  O.  sultana  variety.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .          .          .  .190 

9.  10,  11.  O.  trullisatus  Shuttl.     Notitiae  Conch.,  .          .  .    191 

PLVTE  48. 

12.  O.  (Metorthalicus)  vicarius  Fult.     Sheppard,  del.,     .          .   200 

13.  Porphyrobaphe    dennisoni    var.  obscurata    Mouss.     Novit. 

Conch., .159 

14.  Porphyrobaphe    dennisoni    var.  marmatensis    Pils.     Shep- 

pard, del.,    .  .          .          .          .  .159 

15.  16.  Porphyrobaphe  dennisoni  Reeve.     Conch.  Itfon.,  .    158 

PLATE  49  (Porphyrobaphe  iostoma). 

17.  P.  iostoma  Sowb.     Type.     Conch.  Illustr.,        .  .  .   150 

18.  P.  iostoma  Sowb.,  young  shell.     Sheppard,  del.,  .  .    150 

19.  22.  P.  iostoma  Sowb.     Sheppard,  del.,       .          .  .  .150 

20.  P.  iostoma  Sowb.     Conch.  Icon.,      .  .  .  .150 

21.  P.  iostoma  Sowb.     Viaje  al  Pacifico          .          .  .  .150 

PLATE  50  (Porphyrobaphe). 

23,  24.  P.  saturnus  Pfr.     Pilsbry,  del.,  .  .    153 

25.  P.  saturnus  Pfr.     P.  Z.  S.,  1860, 153 

26,  27.     P.  iostoma  v.  bilabratus  Pils.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .   152 


256  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,  VOL.  XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

PLATE  51  (Porphyrobaphe  iris}. 

28,  29.  P.  iris  Pfr.     Type.     Conchylien  Cabinet,   .          .  .157 

30.  P.  iris  Pfr.,  var.  Sheppard,  del.,         ....  157,  158 

31,  32.  P.  wallisianus  Monss.  (=  iris  Pfr.).  Novit.  Conch.,  157,  158 

PLATE  52  (Porphyrobaphe  irroratus). 

33.  P.  irroratus  v.  elongatus  Mill.     Malak.  Bl.,       .          .  .   156 

34.  P.  irroratus  Reeve.     Viaje  al  Pacifico,      .          .          .  .155 

35.  P.  irroratus  v.  minor  Mill.     Malak.  Bl.,  .          .          .  .156 

36.  37.  P.  irroratus  Reeve.     Type.     Conch.  Icon.,          .  .   155 

PLATE  53  (Porphyrobaphe,  Oxystyla). 

38,  39.  P.  irroratus  v.  grevillei  Pfr.     Novit.  Conch.,        .  .   156 

40,  41.   P.  irroratus  v.  grevillei  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,       .  .    156 

42.  Oxystyla  mars  Pfr/   Type.     P.  Z.  S.,  1861,     .         .  .143 

PLATE  54  ( Oxystyla). 

43-47.  Oxystyla  decolor  Strebel.     Mexico  or  South  America. 

Pilsbry  and  Sheppard,  del.,  .....    131 

PLATE  55  (Oxystyla,  Liguus). 

48,  49.   Oxystyla  pfeifferi  Hidalgo.     Viaje  al  Pacifico,      .  .146 

50.  O.  pfeifferi  Hidalgo.     Journ.  de  Conchyl.,           .         .  .146 

51.  Liguus  blainianus  Poey.     Type.     Memorias,     .         .  .  174 

52.  53.   L.  blainianus  Poey.     Pilsbry  and  Sheppard,  del.,  .  174 

54.  L.  fasciatus,  variety.     Sheppard,  del.,         ....   166 

55,  56.  L.  poeyanus  Pfr.     Type.     Malak.  Blatter,  .         .  .166 

57.  L.  poeyanus  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,      .         .         .         .  .166 

PLATE  56  (Liguus  virgineus). 

58,  59.  L.  virgineus  L.     Jacmel.     Sheppard,  del.,  .         .  .   162 

60,  66.  L.  virgineus  L.     Conch.  Icon., 162 

61,  62.   L.  virgineus  L.     Aux  Cayes.     Sheppard,  del.,     .  .   162 
63-65,  67-69.   L.  virgineus  L.     Sheppard,  del.,        .  .  162 

PLATE  57  (Liguus  fasciatus,  Cuba). 

70.  L.  fasciatus  Mull.     Sheppard,  del.,     .....   166 

71,  72.   L.  fasciatus  Mull.     Typical.     Conch.  Icon.,         .  .166 
73,  74.  L.  fasciatus  Mull.     Typical.     Sheppard,  del.,        .  .   166 
75,  76.   L.  fasciatus,  varieties.     Sheppard,  del.,         .         .  .   166 

77.  L.  fasciatus  v.  murreus  Rve.     Conch.  Icon.,        .         .  .169 

78.  L.  fasciatus  v.  murreus  Rve.     Type.     Conch.  Icon.,  .  .   169 

79.  L.  fasciatns  v.  murreus  Rve.     Sheppard,  del.,    .         .  .169 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.  XII.  257 

FIGURE  PAGE 

PLATE  58  (Liguus fasciatnt). 

80.  L.  fasciatus  v.  crenatus  Swains.    Type.     Zool.  Illustr.,  169,  171 

81.  L.  fasciatus  v.  crenatus  Swains.    Cuba.    Sheppard,  del.,  169,  171 

82.  L.  fasciatus  v.  pallidus  Swains.     Type.      Zool.  Illustr.,       .   169 

83.  L.  fasciatus  Brug.     Cozumel  Island.     Sheppard,  del.,          .   170 

84.  L.  fasciatus  v.  piotus  Reeve.      Cuba.      Sheppard,  del.,          .   171 

85.  L.  fasciatus  v.  pictus  Reeve.      Type.      Conch.  Icon.,  .          .171 

86.  L.  fasciatus  v.  solidus  Say.      Type.      Sheppard,  del.,  .          .   178 

87.  L.  fasciatus  v.  solidus  Say.     Terr.  Moll.,  Ill,     .          .          .173 

88.  L.  fasciatus,  variety.     Cuba.     Sheppard,  del.,    .          .    169,  171 

PLATE  59  {Liguu* fasciatvs,  Florida). 

89.  L.  fasciatus  var.     Terr.  Moll.,  Ill, 172 

90.  91.  L.  fasciatus  Mull.    Lignum  Vitoe  Key.    Sheppard,  del.,  173 
92-94.   L.  fasciatus  Mull.     Key  Largo.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .173 

95.  L.  fasciatus  Mull.     Key  Vaccas.     4th  Suppl.  T.  M.,  V,     .   173 

96.  L.  fasciatus  Mull.     Cape  Sable.     Sheppard,  del.,        .          .174 

97.  L.  fasciatus  Mull.     No  Name  Key.     Sheppard,  del.,  .   173 

PLATE  60  (Liguus  fasciatus ,  Miami,  Florida). 

1,  6.   L.  fasciatus  Mall.     Terr.  Moll.,  Ill,         ...         .    171, 173 
2-5,  7-13.   L.  fasciatus  Mtill.     Pilsbry  and  Sheppard.  del.,  172, 173 

PLATE  61  (Amphibulima). 

14,  15.   A.  patula  Brug.     Guadelupe.     Sheppard,  del.,      .          .  234 
16,  17.   A.  patula  Brug.     Dominica.     Sheppard,  del.,        .          .   234 

18.  A.  patula  Brug.     Dominica.     P.  Z.  S.,  1883,     .          .          .234 

19.  A.  patula  Brug.     Young  shell.     Sheppard,  del.,          .          .  234 
20-23.  A.  pardaliria  Guppy.     Pilsbry,  del.,      .          .          .          .237 

24,  25.  A.  tigrhw  Les.     Fer.,  Histoire, 237 

26,  27.   A.  rubescens  Desh.     Sheppard,  del.,     ....   240 
28-31.   A.  browni  Pilsbry.     Pilsbry,  del.,         .          .         .          .238 

PLATE  62  (Peltella,  Gaotis). 

32.   Peltella  palliolum  Fer.     Archives  do  Mus.  Nac.,         .  .  231 

33-35.  P.  palliolum  Fer.     Fer.,  Histoire,         .          .          .  .231 

36,  37,  39.   Gaeotis  rnalleata  Pils.     Type.     Sheppard,  del.,  .  230 

38,  40.-G.  malleata  Pils.    Base  and  spire  enlarged.    Pilsbry,  del.,  230 

41,42,44.   G.  nigrolineata  Shuttl.     Sheppard,  del.,          .  .  229 

43.   G.  nigrolineata  Shuttl.      Spire  enlarged.      Pilsbry,  del.,  .  229 

45-48.   G.^albopunctulata  Shuttl.      Sheppard,  del.,    .          .  .  230 


258  EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES,   VOL.  XII. 

FIGURE  PAGE 

PLATE  63  (Pellicula,  Simpulopsis). 

49,  50.   Amphibulima  appendiculata  Pf'r.      Sheppard,  del.,  .  -241 
51,  52.   Amphibulima  appendiculata  Pfr.     J.  de  Conchyl.  1895,  241 

53.  Amphibulima  depressa  Rang.      Sheppard,  del.,  .          .  .   242 

.54,  55.   Amphibulima  depressa  Rang.     J.  de  Conchyl.  1875,  .   242 

56,  57.   Simpulopsis  simula  Mor.     Moll.  Mex.,         .          .  .219 

58-60.   Simpulopsis  renea  Pfr.     Moll.  Mex.,    .          .          .  .225 

61,  62.   Simpulopsis  cumingi   Pfr.      Conch.  Icon.,     .          .  .   220 

63,  64.   Simpulopsis  psidii  Mts.     Jahrb.  D.  M.  Ges.,          .  .   224 

65,  66.   Simpulopsis  vincentina  Smith.      Proc.  Mai.  Soc.,  .   219 

67,  68.   Simpulopsis  portoricerisis.      Sheppard,  del.,  .          .  .   224 

69,  70.   Simpulopsis  (?)  limpida  Drouet.     Moll.  Guyane  Fr.,  .   223 

71,  72.   Simpulopsis  (?)  angularis  Fer.      Histoire,     .          .  .   226 

73,  74.   Simpulopsis  fulgurata  Mill.     Mai.  Bl.,           .          .  .227 

75.   Simpulopsis  dominicensis  Pfr.     Sheppard,  del.,  .          .  .   225 

,76-78.  Simpulopsis  (?)  salomonia  Pfr.      Conchyl.  Cab.,   .  .    226 

PLATE  64  (Simpulopsis). 

79,  80.  Simpulopsis  atrovirens  Moric.     Sheppard,  del.,     .  .   213 

81,  82.     Simpulopsis  suleulosa  Fer.     Conchyl.  Cab.,          .  .    214 

83.  Simpulopsis  sulculosa  Fer.      Fe>.,  Histoire,        .          .  .   214 

84,  85.   Simpulopsis  brasiliensis  Moric.      Sheppard,  del.,  .  .   215 
86,  87.   Simpulopsis  obtusa  Sowb.      Genera  of  shells          .  .   216 
88,  89.  Simpulopsis  rufovirens  Moric.     Conchyl.  Cab.,     .  .   216 
90,  91.   Simpulopsis  rufovirens  Moric.     Sheppard,  del.,     .  .    216 

92.  Simpulopsis  tryoni  Pils.      Sheppard,  del.,  ....    218 

93,  94,  95.   Simpulopsis  corrugata  Guppy.     Journ.  de  Conchyl.,  217 
96,  97.   Simpulopsis  citrinovitrea  Moric.      Sheppard,  del.,  .   221 
98,  99.   Simpulopsis  boissieri  Moric.     Sheppard,  del.,        .  .   222 

1,  2,  3.  Simpulopsis  pvogastor  Orb.     Voy.  Ame>.  Me>id.,  .   223 

4,  5.   Simpulopsis  pseudosuccinea  Moric.     Conchyl.  Cab.,  .   221 


DATES  OF  ISSUE  OF  VOLUME  XII. 

Part  45,  pp.  1-64,  plates  1-15,  March  11,  1899. 
Part  46,  pp.  65-112,  plates  16-28,  June  16,  1899. 
Part  47,  pp.  113-176,' plates  29-46,  August  30,  1899. 
Part  48,  pp.  177-258,  plates  47-64,  December,  1899. 
Title-page  and  Contents,  December,  1899. 


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