Manual of conchology, structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species

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SECOND SEEIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL SND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTKATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE ¥. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc. D.,

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF
NATURAX SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XVI.
UROCOPTID.E, ACHATINID.E.

PHILADELPHIA :
Published by the Conchological Section,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF I'HILADELPHIA.
1904.

ERRATA.

Page 11. After 36 A. ADAMSI Pils., read Achatinidce pi. 26, figs. 12, 13.

Page 57. 12. B. OBESTJLA Pils. new name for Cyl. obesa. W. et M., not of
C. B. Adams, xv, 124.

Page 105. The reference to no. 48e, B. alba var. striatula, is Contrib. to
Conch, no. 2, p. 21 (1849).

Page 120. Top line should read : Shell wider, diam. more than one-third
the length.

Page 187. The genus PAL^EOSTOA Andrsee (1884) includes Danien species
which seem to have essentially the characters of the later (Eocene) group
Eomegazpira. This carries the group into the Mesozoic. I was not aware of
the existence of Palceostoa when Eomegaspira was proposed. See also H.
Nicolas, Asso. Franc. Avan. Sci. 26 session, St. Etienne, 1897, p. 360.

?

PREFACE.

THE First Part of the present volume treats of the Uro-
coptidce, which also formed the subject of Vol. XV. In the
determination of species and genera, the keys on pp. xxxi
and xxxv should first be consulted.

It is usually necessary to examine the interior of the shell.
In small species, this may be done by rubbing the dorsal side
of the shell upon a fine file, or better, a clean oil-stone, until
the whole interior is exposed, as in the specimens drawn in
pi. 2, figs. 3, 14; pi. 8, fig. 60, etc. In large forms, such as
Eucalodium, it is not usually essential that the whole length
of the shell be opened. The radula may often be found in
shells so opened, coiled closely about the axis. By soaking
in warm water it can be removed and mounted in the usual
manner.

The diameter of the shell in this family, as in Clausiliida
and others of like contour, is measured across the largest
portion of the cylinder, not to the edge of the outer lip, as
in Helices and Bulimi. H. A. P.

(iii)

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Family UROCOPTHLE Pilsbry & Vanatta vii

Definition of the family vii

General morphology of Urocoptidas viii

Evolution of the group, and significance of its pres-
ent characteristics xv

Geological and zoogeographical notes xx

Historical sketch of the literature of Urocoptidae . . xxiv

Classification of Urocoptidse xxix

Keys to genera xxxi

Descriptions of genera and species.

Genus ANOMA Albers ,. .1, 195

Genus BRACHYPODELLA Beck , 40, 195

Genus PINERIA Poey 108

Genus MACROCERAMUS Guilding , 113

Genus MICROCERAMUS Pilsbry & Vanatta 151

Undetermined Urocoptidae , 173

Family MEGASPIRID^ Pilsbry 175

Genus CALLIONEPION Pilsbry & Vanatta 177

Genus MEGASPIRA Lea. ., 180

Genus EOMEGASPIRA Pilsbry 187

Genus PAL^EOSTOA Andraee ii

Genus PERRIERIA Tapparone Canefri ,.- 189

Cylindrelloid genera of Stenogyrine affinities: Cceliaxls,

Pyrgina, Tlwmea, Distcechia, Cylindrellina 194, 195

Index to Urocoptidse and Megaspiridas 196

Family ACHATINID^.
Genus PSEUDACHATINA Albers , 205

(v)

.

VI CONTENTS.

PAGE

Genus ATOPOCOCHLIS Crosse & Fischer 218

Genus PSEUDOTROCHUS H. & A. Adams 219

Genus PERIDERIOPSIS Putzeys 241

Genus LIMICOLARIA Schumacher 246

Genus BURTOA Bourguignat 298

Genus ^IKTATHATINA Pilsbry 307

Keference to plates : Urocoptidae 311

Megaspiridae 320

Achatinidte 321

Dates of issue of the parts of Vol. XVI 329

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Family UROCOPTID^ Pils. & Van.

Cylindrellidce TRYON, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iii, p. 311
(April, 1868), and of many subsequent authors. — Eucalo-
diidce (Eucalodium and Ccelo centrum} and Cylindrellidce
(Anisospira, Holospira, Epirobia, Macroceramus, and An til-
lean genera), STREBEL & PFEFFER, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der
Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Susswasser-Conchylien,
Theil iv, pp. 53, 74 (1880).— Urocoptida?, PILSBRY & VAN-
ATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p. 285.—Pupida in part,
of FISCHER and some other authors.

Shell cylindric, fusiform or turrite-conic, composed of
many narrow whorls (except in Pineria), the early ones gen-
erally lost in the adult stage; last whorl adnate or free.
Aperture small, circular or squarish; the peristome more or
less expanded or reflexed, usually continuous, but interrupted
above in some genera. Axis hollow or solid, simple or vari-
ously sculptured.

Foot very small and short, united by a long peduncle with
the visceral mass, and with the usual Holopod structure.
Jaw plaited, striate, ribbed or smooth. Radula as in normal
Holopoda or variously specialized. Lung long and narrow,
with a long pulmonary vein, but otherwise very weak vena-
tion. Kidney narrow, wedge-shaped, about as long as the
pericardium. Genitalia of the haplogonous type, the sper-
matheca on a long duct, ovo-testis wholly imbedded in the
liver.

Distribution, Antilles, southern Florida, northern coast of
South America, Central America and Mexico, and the adja-
cent southwestern United States.

(vii)

Vlll UROCOPTID^:.

Strebel has justly remarked upon the difficulty of defining
the Cylindrella family, its component genera being brought
together not on account of a number of important characters
common to them all, but because of the interrelations of the
individual genera, forming links of affinity from one group
of the family to another; so that while few if any characters
special to the group run through all the genera, yet so inter-
laced are the varying combinations of structural peculiar-
ities, that the whole is bound into one group of forms, un-
doubtedly of common ancestry, and more nearly related
among themselves than any component of the group is to
genera of other families.

GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF UROCOPTID^E.

The general structure of the PALLIAL ORGANS is rather that
of the Bulimulidce than of the Clausiliida. The kidney is
about as long as the pericardium, as in the former family,
while in Clausiliidcz it is about twice that length. As in
other land snails, the size of the kidney bears no constant
proportion to the degree of elongation of the visceral sac
and lung.

The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS have been examined in a few
species of Eucalodium (vol. xv, p. 1), Ccclocentrum (xv, p.
31), Berendtia (xv, p. 57), Anisospira (xv, p. 298), Epirobia
(xv, p. 59), Holospira (xv, p. 70), Urocoptis (xv, p. 107),
and Bracliypodella (xvi, p. 41). In the first six genera
(Eucalodiincc) the penis is usually very short, generally thick,
with apical retractor, inserted on the diaphragm, and there
is a long epiphallus. The spermatheca is borne on a duct
about as long as the entire oviduct, and inserted on the
atrium, or at least not very high on the vagina. In the
Urocoptince (Urocoptis and Bracliypodella}, the penis is
longer, and the spermatheca is inserted higher; the epiphal-
lus is apparently obsolete. The penis may have a normal
retractor as in Bracliypodella chemnitziana, or it may be
replaced by a secondary retractor connected with the ocular
retractor, as in Urocoptis brevis. This metamorphosis came
about in this way : The ocular retractor in many cases gives

UROCOPTIDyE. ix

off a few strands, which insert distally in the vagina. The
vas deferens then becomes involved in them, as in Brachy-
podclla chemnitziana ; and by gradual movement along the
v. d., these muscles finally reach the apex of the penis, and
assume the function of its normal retractor, which then de-
generates and is lost.

The eggs of Eucalodium are elliptical, with white, hard
shell, rough to the touch, and showing crystalline facets
under a lens. They are comparatively large, that of E. de-
collatum gliiesbregliti measuring 11.2x7.2 mm. E. mexi-
canum was found by Crosse and Fischer to have a similar
egg, but that of E. walpoleanum (belonging to the subgeuus
Oligostylus) is smaller and narrower, 7x4 mm. Some species
of Bracliypodella (subgenera Apoma and Mychostoma) are
viviparous.

The ALIMENTARY CANAL is much lengthened, and appar-
ently varies to a considerable extent in the various genera.
In the forms I have studied the long oesophagus coils close
to the axis of the shell as far as the stomach, which lies high
in the spire ; beyond the stomach there is a loop, after which
the hind-gut follows along the suture (see vol. xv, p. 2, Euca-
lodium; p. 69, Holospira; p. 108, Urocoptis}. The pharynx
or buccal mass is always short, as in the Helicidcc.

The JAW is thin, and varies from nearly smooth (as in
some species of Holospira, vol. xv, pi. 27) to vertically striate
(Holospira}, or deeply, irregularly striate, almost plaited
(Anisospira, etc., xv, pi. 63), or with very wide, flat plaits
(Berendtia, xv, pi. 19, f. 45). In the subfamily Urocoptina
it is very thin, highly arched, and composed of many narrow,
slightly imbricating plaits, which converge so that there is a
triangular area of short plaits in the middle. A similar wide
range of structure has been noted in the jaw in the families
Helicidce (vol. ix, p. xii), and Bulimulida.

The RADULA, in the unspecialized Mexican genera of Euca-
lodiina resembles that of the Helicidce or unspecialized Buli-
mulidcu, both in its general proportions, the nearly straight
transverse rows of teeth, and the form of the latter. In this
subfamily the central tooth is as wide as the laterals. It is

X UROCOPTID^E.

noticeable, however, that neither cusp is emarginate or bifid,
even on the marginal teeth. In Holospira some specializa-
tion has made progress, the central and lateral teeth having
wide mesocones and no cctocones. The ectocones appear on
the transitional and marginal teeth, which differ from those
of Eucalodium and its allies in being low and wide, with one
or both cusps split. Epirobla (vol. xv, pi. 50, f. 6, 7) is still
more specialized, but in another direction. The mesocones
of the central and lateral teeth are broad and rounded, and
the ectocones are small and basal, separated from the meso-
cones. The marginal teeth are like those of Holospira. Both
shell and teeth mimic Urocoptis, though of course no affinity
is indicated.

The Urocoptincc have a profoundly modified radula. The
transverse rows of teeth run v-shaped or en chevron. The
general morphology of this type of tooth has been fully de-
scribed in vol. xv, p. 108, pi. 60, figs. 5, 6. In more primitive
groups, such as Cochlodinclla and Autocoptis, the central
tooth is not very much narrower than the laterals (vol. xv,
pi. 61, f. 19) ; but in the Jamaican subgenera (pi. 60, f. 3,
4) and those of East Cuba (pi. 61, f. 17, 18) it has been
independently reduced. No genus of Urocoptince has the
slightest traces of ectocones on the central tooth.

In an exceedingly interesting side line of differentiation
the mesocones are notched (vol. xvi, pi. 14, f. 8, Macrocer-
amus) or squarely truncate and finely serrate (vol. xv, pi.
43, f. 6-13, Anoma and Spirostcmma). In the latter two
genera the teeth are much more numerous and minute than
in any other Urocoptina.

In Pineria viequensis (vol. xvi, pi. 1, f. 13), Brachypo-
della (xvi, plates 9 and 10), and in the subgenus Tetrentodon
(vol. xv, pi. 43, fig. 4) the four inner lateral teeth are much
enlarged, the rest greatly reduced and functionless or nearly
so. The whole radula, too, is greatly lengthened and very
narrow. There is good ground for the belief that this spec-
ialization took place independently in the three groups men-
tioned, all arising from parent forms having the teeth of
Urocoptis. In Brackypodclla the specialization is most ex-

UROCOPTUXE. xi

treme, the ectocones being reduced or even absent. This
genus has perhaps the most highly specialized radula of any
Pulmoiiate Gastropod.

The CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is in general less concen-
trated than in Helicidce, but the data available are too scanty
for any general conclusions. Fischer and Crosse have in-
vestigated the ganglia of several Mexican forms, and I have
figured (xvi, pi. 14) the circumoesophageal ganglia of Bra-
ch h ypodella agnesiana.

The FREE RETRACTOR MUSCLES have been studied in Euca-
lodium (pi. 49, f. 16), Cceloccntrwm (pi. 19, f. 43), Holospira
(pi. 27, f. 43), Urocoptis (pi. 27, f. 44), and Brachypodella
(xvi, pi. 14, f. 3). In Eucalodium the pharyngeal and left
retractors branch from the root of the columellar, and then
the right ocular, which is thus united a short distance with
the columellar. Anteriorly the two ocular retractors join in
a muscular plate over the pharynx. In Ccelocentntni the left
ocular and pharyngeal retractors are united for a third of
their length, and anteriorly the pharyngeal retractor gives
off a band to each of them. In Holospira the left ocular is
united partway with the pharyngeal, and the right with the
columellar muscles. In Urocoptis brevis the muscles arise as
in Eucalodium, but are independent distally, and the right
ocular functions also as a peuial retractor. Finally, in Bra-
cliypodella chemnilziana the pharyngeal and ocular retractor
muscles are united for a third of their length, and the colu-
mellar or tail-retractor runs free of them. The left ocular
retractor (morphologically the right, as this is a sinistral
species) gives off a group of fibers to the vas defereus and
vagina. It will thus be seen that each of the five genera
investigated has a marked individuality in the details of
musculature ; but up to this time only about one-third of the
genera of the family have been examined in respect to the
muscles, and these in only one or two species of each ; so that
as yet not much use can be made of the data in phylogenetic
studies or systematics. Valuable results will probably follow
more extended research.

The SHELL is always longer than wide, usually more or

xn UROCOPTID,E.

less cylindric, and composed of many narrow Avhorls. In
only very few species, such as Pineria viequensis (xvi, pi. 1),
it is markedly conic, and the number of whorls is reduced.
It is dextral as a general rule, but a few species are sinistral
(Urocoptis sazva, xv, 195; U. coronadoi, xv, 218; Brachy-
podella agnesiana, xvi, 98; B. diminuta, xvi, 100; B. chem-
nitziana, xvi, 106 ; B. gracilis, xvi, 107) .

In many genera the early whorls are abandoned by the
soft parts in the adult stage. The mantle and liver tissue
occupying these whorls are not renewed with new cells, and
hence an empty space is left. This is partitioned off from
the living portion by a flat or convex septum. Being de-
prived of organic connection with the mantle, it becomes dry
and brittle, and in course of time is usually broken off.
Occasional individuals of species normally truncate by chance
retain the spire complete; but in all such shells the par-
tition or septum may be found at the appropriate place. In
some cases there may be several septa and successive trun-
cations ; but so far as my observations go, there is, as a rule,
in Urocoptidce only one partition formed. The spire may
break off down to the partition, as in the Jamaican group
of Urocoptis, or an empty whorl or two may persist above
it, as in the Haitian Autocoptis. The number of whorls
amputated may exceed the number retained, or (as in Macro-
ceramus) only the very apex is broken. In this case the
utility of the operation is lost, and it lingers on in some of
the species merely as the reminiscence of an obsolete func-
tion. There is no evidence that .shell-substance is absorbed
at the point of breakage. The immature shell is invariably
thin, and the fragility incident to the loss of organic con-
nection with the mantle fully accounts for its fracture. Some
genera, such as Holospira, Pineria, Microceramus, are never
truncate; their early whorls are less slender, the cone of the
spire shorter, than in truncate genera. The prevalence of
spire-amputation in many non-related groups of the family
probably indicates a polygyrous, truncate, ancestral stock
for the whole. The number of whorls, in either entire or
truncate shells, is subject to a wide range of individual
variation.

UROCOPTIIXE. xiii

The apex is comparatively large and bulbous, somewhat
globular in most Urocoptidcz. In some forms of Brachypo-
della it is specially modified. The protoconch is composed
of several whorls, and may be either smooth, or, by accelera-
tion, longitudinally ribbed, assuming sculptural characters
of a later stage of growth. This acceleration has been irreg-
ularly developed, occurring in many diverse phyla. This
gives aj)ical characters in Vrocoptidce less falue as indicating
the affinities of genera than in Bulimulida; but there is
probably much more in them than I have been able to utilize
in the systematic part of this work, from lack of sufficient
material. Collectors should especially look for immature
shells and amputated spires when collecting Urocoptidce,
and carefully preserve them with the adult shells they occur
with. The junction of the after-growth with the protoconch
is usually marked by some change in sculpture or by a slight
widening of the whorl at that place.

The latter part of the last whorl, in most species of this
family, is straightened and built forward, carrying the aper-
ture to or beyond the level of the ventral face of the shell.
This necessitates the building forward of the columellar and
parietal margins of the peristorne, causing it to be continuous.
An entire peristome is of general occurrence, though in a
few genera (Anoma, Macroceramus, Microceramus, Pineria)
the peristome is discontinuous, as in Bulimulida. These
genera are not in the same phylum, and are highly and
diversely specialized in other respects, so that the interrup-
tion of the peristome in them is apparently a secondarily
acquired character. Throughout the series there is a ten-
dency to form an angle or keel where the outer wall passes
into the base, or on the base itself; but this feature is very
weakly developed in some genera, and absent in Holospira,
Epirobia, and a few other groups, probably by degeneration.
The presence of such a keel in most genera of the family
probably indicates it as one of the characters of the primi-
tive Urocoptida. In many forms the last whorl is partially
or wholly uncoiled, descending in a short or long neck. The
significance of this uncoiling will be alluded to below. It is

xiv UROCOPTID;E.

greatest in those genera which are most highly specialized in
other characters, notably those of the radula.

Coloration of the shell is not highly developed, except in
the brilliant and polychromatic arboreal genus Anoma. Other
Urocoptidfc are either white (Holospira, Apoma, Mychos-
toma ) or some shade of brown or yellow, rarely with a brown
band (as in Urocoptis sauvalleana, etc.) ; a few Jamaican
species being rose-color or purple.

Sculpture is not much diversified in Urocoptidcp, consisting
of subvertical or oblique rib-striae. In some forms these
become weak or Avholly obsolete (Anoma, etc.) ; in others the
rib-strife are diminished in number and increased in size, as
in the ribbed species of Urocoptis. A further development
is seen in species in which the ribs are hollow, the mantle
expanding into each as it is formed, as in the marine Murices
and Tritons, subsequently building a floor over the hollow
space. Such ribs represent the acme of sculptural develop-
ment in Urocoptidce, and occur in various unrelated phyla,
such as Holospira minima (vol. xv, pi. 24, f. 5, 6), Idio-
stemma uncata (xv, pi. 44, f. 32), Callonia (xv, pi. 48, f. 3,
6), Urocoptis blainiana and scalarina, and Brachypodella
2)allida (vol. xvi, p. 84). The ribbed type of sculpture is
sometimes transformed to a smooth surface by degeneration
of the ribs, which become reduced to nodes at the suture
and base, and then disappear, as illustrated by various species
of Idiostemma (vol. xv, pi. 45, 46), and also by the Cuban
species of Macroceramiis. No species of the family has de-
veloped spines or hairs, and very few show spiral sculpture,
though that is seen in some forms of Coelocentrum.

The axis of the shell in the Urocoptidcc may be a simple
pillar, but it is usually more or less specialized by the pres-
ence of spiral or obliquely vertical sculpture. Spiral lamellos
may be superposed upon an axis which is either straight or
twisted, the pillar itself having a spiral trend. The number
of superposed lamellae varies from one to half a dozen. They
may be either short, confined to one or two whorls (Aniso-
spira}, or extend throughout the length of the shell (Euca-
lodium s. str.). Vertical sculpture consists primarily of rib-

UROCOPTID.E. XV

lets in the direction of growth-lines on the pillar. These
riblets sometimes break into granules, as in some species of
Coclocentnnn, sometimes become wide-spaced nodes, or in
combination with spiral sculpture are transformed into spines
(Ccelocentrum astrophorca, Gongylostoma) or hooks (Idio-
stemma) ; or the vertical sculpture may be obsolete except
on the crests of the spiral lamellas, as in the crenate lamella
of Amphicosmia (xvi, pi. 3).

The column may be either solid, as in all Urocoptince, or
hollow, as in most genera of Eucalodiina. When the axis
is hollow, oblique white lines may be usually seen in its bluish
or gray substance, caused by the local thickenings of the latter
by strise or riblets inside the cavity or tube of the axis.

SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTICS AND EVOLUTION OF THE

UROCOPTID.E.

PHYLOGERONTIC CHARACTERS. Many genera of Urocoptidae
are in the stage called by Hyatt phylogerontic. They are
in the old age of the race, and there is every reason to be-
lieve that many phyla in the family will not outlast the
present geological period. The stigmata of decadence are
seen on many sides. (1) The specialization of the radula
in all Urocoptina- indicates an adaptation to special condi-
tions, probably too extreme to survive any material change
in environment. (2) The fusiform shape of the shell indi-
cates decreasing growth-power. This is well illustrated by
Holospira, in which the greatest diameter of the shell is often
above the middle, the later whorls successively reduced, some-
times overhung by those above. Just as overhanging whorls
mark failing nutrition of the individual, so decreasing calibre
in the species indicates ebbing vitality of the race. Cf.
Tetrentodon and Brachypodella, vol. xv, pi. 62, etc. (3) The
straightened, more or less uncoiled last whorl has the same
meaning. It has long been recognized that laxity of coil,
the tendency of the last whorl to project in a rounded neck,
is a feature of senility in the individual gastropod or cepha-
lopod, and of old age in the race. This tendency is almost
universal in the Urocoptida, but some otherwise highly

XVI UROCOPTIDyE.

specialized genera, such as Pineria, seem to have passed
through this stage and regained a more primitive form, judg-
ing from the ancestry indicated by the anatomy of P. vie-
quensis. (4) The structure of the axis indicates that many
phyla have passed the acme of their specialization, and are
on the decline. Axial lamellae, etc., are protective in func-
tion, and evidently had their inception in the later whorls,
the soft parts retracting up beyond them, as in typical Holo-
spira (vol. xv, pi. 21, f. 31), or Anisospira (xv, pi. 11, f. 1).
By progressively earlier development they appear in the
young shell, until finally a lamella which at first occupied
the lower whorls only, extends throughout the shell, as in
typical Eucalodium. Now in some forms, such as Idiostemma
perlata (xv, p. 167), the most complex development of the
axis is located in the earlier whorls, the structure degenerat-
ing in the later. The species has passed its prime when the
axial structure was most elaborate. Similarly, in a large
proportion of the Gongylostomoid group the downward-
pointing spines of the axial lamella are obsolete in the median
and later whorls, but the earlier whorls retain them as minute
vestiges of formerly functional structures. (5) Sculpture of
the exterior is greatly modified in several phyla of the family,
the riblets being transformed into hollow ribs or bosses (see
xv, pi. 44, 45, 48, etc.), the acme of sculptural evolution in
Urocoptida.

In the forms with a partially uncoiled last whorl, the latter
frequently retains a conspicuous "impressed zone," as Hyatt
has called the concave or flat parietal surface which in close-
wound spiral shells is impressed by the preceding whorl.
This appears as a concave surface in Eucalodium, etc., as a
sulcus or groove in many Urocoptis, such as U. (Callonia)
dautzenbergiana (vol. xv, pi. 48, fig. 6).

The Urocoptidce, as a whole, seem therefore to have passed
their acme. The Urocoptina? especially, by the wealth of ex-
tremely and diversely specialized phyla, bring to mind the
specialized and retrogressive Ammonites of the Cretaceous,
and the outre Strombidoc of the later Mesozoic and early
Eocene, which have left in Rostellaria, Aporrhais, etc., only

UROCOPTID.E. XVli

a few small survivors. Packard has remarked of the Trilo-
bites, Brachiopods and Ammonites, that "these types, as is
well known, had their period of rise, culmination, and de-
cline, or extinction, and the more spiny, highly ornamented,
abnormal, bizarre forms appeared at or about the time when
the vitality of the type was apparently declining." The
Vrocoptina: are now apparently in a similar stage of ex-
travagant variation.

PARALLEL AND CONVERGENT EVOLUTION. — No one whoi
studies species belonging to a number of groups of Urocop-
tidcs can fail to be impressed by the apparent "parallelism"
or "convergence" in the structure of the axis of the shell,
in the members of genera but distantly related. To some
extent a similar tendency affects the dentition of the radula
also. Thus at least part of the specialization of the lateral
teeth of Brachypodella, Pineria and Tetrentodon seems to
have been an independent process in each of these groups,
as though the former two had successively seceded from an
ancestral stock having teeth similar to Urocoptis, while
Tetrentodon certainly came from Gongylostoma, a much later
stock than that whence the others arose.

In the shells, homologous regions of the shell or its axis
have given rise to similar structures, wholly independently,
in various phyla of the family. Thus we find hollow ribs of
like structure in species of Holospira, Idiostemma, Tetren-
todon, Callonia, and Brachypodella — groups belonging to two
subfamilies and several minor phyla, and in each case re-
lated far more nearly to forms with normal sculpture than
to each other.

The axial appendages are almost interminably repetitive.
Among many equally available instances, the following may
serve as illustrations of structures similar in the three sub-
families :

Axis Lamella Lamella in Axis with

simple. throughout. later whorls. vertical ribs.

Eucalodiince: Oligostylus. Eucalodium. Anisospira. Cielocentrum.

UrocoptincR : Urocoptis e. s. Arangia. Spirocoptis. Idiosiemma.

Microceramince : Microceramus. Spiroceramus.

XV111 UROCOPTID^E.

In each of the subfamily groups certain members of the
several phyla have been similarly modified. Thus in the
Eucalodiinae, Ccclocentrum, Ccclostemma and Epirobia are
alike in having narrow vertical riblets on the tubular axis,
although not otherwise closely related. Anisospira, Elasmo-
centrum and B ostrich ocentrum, though rather widely separ-
ated in a phylogenetic classification, have axial armature of
almost identical pattern. In the UrocoptinaB such conver-
gence is common. Thus Mychostoma and Idiostemma, ter-
minal twigs of two divergent blanches, have developed an
almost identical armature of hooks upon the axis, in both
cases by modification of vertical axial ribs ; and further, these
ribs were undoubtedly absent, or rather, latent, in the com-
mon ancestor of the two groups. The convergence has gone
so far in some cases that the position of a group cannot be
predicted by shell characters, even when there has been great
specialization. Thus, I was formerly deceived in the rela-
tionships of Amphicosmia, of the series of slender west
Cuban Tetrentodons, of Spirostemma, etc., etc.

This evolution of identical complex structures, de novo,
in two or more widely divergent phyla is what Lankester and
Osborn have called liomoplasy — "independent similar devel-
opment of homologous organs or regions giving rise to sim-
ilar new parts." (Osborn, American Naturalist, 1902, p.
261.) The structures in question are not homologous, because
that term implies community of origin, whereas in the in-
stances now under consideration only the tendency toward
certain modes of modification is common heritage. It is as
if only a strictly limited number of possible lines of shell-
specialization had been assigned to the primitive Urocoptid.

In general, the modes of internal specialization in Urocop-
iidce are very different from those of the Clausiliidcc, the
only family of long slender shells of comparable extent. In
the Megaspirida and AcJiatinidce (subfamily Cceliaxince] ,
there is more similarity to some Urocoptid structures: com-
pare Holospira s. str. and Sectilumcn with Cceliaxis, Thomea
,-itid Distcccliia, and with Perricria. Whether the similar
structures in this case are homoplastic, or whether they are

UROCOPTID^E.

the result of fortuitous convergence due to similar mechanical
conditions need not here be discussed. The latter view seems
now the more probable.

The wide range of conditions of life, no less than the in-
stability of the regions in which the evolution of Urocoptidce
has taken place, has favored the formation of a great number
of phyla. Thus in Mexico, Holospira, Spartocentrum and
Berendt'ia live under conditions as totally diverse from the
environment of Eucalodium, Ccclocentrum, etc., as though
they were on another continent. There has been local adap-
tive radiation, whereby the various genera of Eucalodiince
have diverged to occupy stations where they no longer com-
pete with one another, and are exposed to the incidence of
different groups of external forces.

In the unstable Antilles, adaptive radiation has played a
great role. With each period of depression, there was evolved
on each isolated area series of forms to fill the various sta-
tions or sets of conditions available; and upon re-elevation,
with consequent union of some formerly separated areas, the
more or less parallel specialized series of snails were thrown
together, in competition. Thus, western Cuba was appar-
ently cut off from eastern Cuba, Haiti and Jamaica, before
the evolution of the genus Bracliypodella, and remained iso-
lated until comparatively recently. It was inhabited by a
species, or a homogeneous group of species, of a stock of
Urocoptis having the comparatively generalized character of
wide central teeth, by Microceramus, and perhaps by other
Urocoptid groups now extinct. The former genus, by local
adaptive radiation, produced (1) a group of rather large
terrestrial species, with many functional radular teeth, Pyc-
noptychia, etc. ; a group of smaller forms of the same general
type, Gongylostoma elegans, etc. (2) A group of partially
arboreal forms, with incomplete or very shortly free peri-
stome, Tomelasmus torquata, etc. (3) Elongate, slender,
rock-living forms, Callonia; and (4) slender, small, long-
necked species, with the inner four teeth of the radula en-
larged, Tetrentodon. Now these several groups, from an
ecological point of view, are more or less exactly equivalent.

UROCOPTID^E.

to similarly modified groups in Haiti, Eastern Cuba and
Jamaica. Thus, in Jamaica group (1) is represented by
Urocoptis s. str., and Bactrocoptis; (2) by Anoma; (3) by
Mychostoma and Apoma; (4) corresponds to Geoscala, etc.
In western Cuba, the four groups mentioned, of snails diverse
in habits and external form, have so much the same internal
structure that their radiation from one form will not be seri-
ously questioned; but the representative groups in Jamaica
belong to several diverse phyla, as would be expected from
its more eventful geological history, including periods of con-
nection with the great East Cuba-Haiti island. It seems likely
that the vast variety of the Urocoptid fauna in small areas
in the Greater Antilles is due to such exigencies and repeated
re-adaptations.

The above considerations are illustrated by the following
phylogenetic "tree" of Antillean Urocoptidce, of the two sub-
families Urocoptince and Microceramince. The table does not
represent the distribution of the Microceramus gossei group.

Jamaica.

Haiti.

E. Cuba.

W. Cuba.

Modern
phyla.

Mesozoic Urocoptinae and Microceraminae.

GEOLOGICAL AND ZOOGEOGRAPHIC DATA BEARING ON

UROCOPTID^E.

The general sequence of epeirogenic and major orogenic
movements of the Antilles has been discussed by a number

UROCOPTUXE.

of geologists, most extensively by Robert T. Hill and J. W.
Spencer. The data as interpreted by Hill indicate extensive
Cretaceous land areas, although in the later Cretaceous large
portions of the present islands were submerged. There is
abundant evidence of orogenic elevation in the early Eocene,
and considerable land areas, supplying debris for the forma-
tion of thick beds carrying a scanty marine fauna of Cretaceo-
Eocen,e aspect. This was followed in the later Eocene by
profound subsidence, culminating at the end of the Eocene,
or possibly the early Oligocene (Vicksburgian). This subsi-
dence reduced the Antilles to islands smaller and more widely
separated than at present. In mid-Oligocene time a great ele-
vation is believed to have ensued, indicated chiefly by exten-
sive erosion of the preceding deposits. This elevation prob-
ably united Jamaica with Haiti ; the latter with eastern Cuba,
and with the islands eastward; and at this time there was
land in Florida, and probably the Bahamas, carrying an An-
tillean fauna, and somewhere connected with the main An til-
lean mass. As the close of Oligocene time approached, there
was a subsidence somewhat below the present level, marked
by the deposition of the shallow water deposits of late Oli-
gocene age at Bowden, Jamaica, and at various places in
Cuba, Santo Domingo, and Tampa, Florida. The present
general outlines of the islands were assumed at this time,
although it is likely that the unification of Cuba did not take
place until much later, the eastern, central and western por-
tions remaining separate as three or more islands. No move-
ments of great magnitude are indicated in later Miocene,
Pliocene or Pleistocene time; the evidence adduced for the
gigantic elevations and subsidences advocated by Spencer be-
ing scanty and of very uncertain meaning, and emphatically
negatived by the zoogeographic facts.

The materials for correlating geological changes with the
evolution of land-snail genera in the Antilles are not yet in
our possession, owing to the scarcity as yet of fossil land
shells ; but what have been found afford some suggestive data.
Simpson has shown that the late Oligocene land snails of Bow-
den, Jamaica, are of characteristic modern Jamaican types.

XX11 UROCOPTIDyE.

The land snails of about the same age found at Tampa,
Florida, belong to subgeneric or smaller groups still existing,
and with two exceptions now living. It may, therefore, be
considered certain that since numerous subgeneric groups of
land snails in essentially their modern forms were established
before the end of the Oligocene, the generic differentiation
dates from a decidedly earlier epoch. Probably the first adap-
tive modification or radiation of the Urocoptincc took place
upon Mesozoic Antillean land area, the degradation of Avhich
supplied materials for the late Cretaceous rocks of the pres-
ent islands. The succeeding Eocene depression isolated vari-
ous branches of the existing stocks, western Cuba being
probably the first fragment to be dismembered. Here Micro-
ceramus, a branch of the primitive radiation, survived ; Coch-
lodinella retained primitive features of axis and dentition,
also shown by the Haitian Autocoptis; and Gongylostoma
was evolved from the same stock. It was probably not until
near the close of the Tertiary that continuity of land was
restored with east Cuba, permitting some migration of these
groups eastward, and of Macroceramus westward as far as
Matanzas province, the reconstruction probably having pro-
ceeded from the west eastward. Haiti and Jamaica would
seem to have remained united after both western and eastern
Cuba had seceded ; and on the Haiti-Jamaica area the Brachy-
podella line was established, probably also the ancestral stock
of the notched or serrate-toothed genera. Finally, these
islands were widely separated by the subsidence culminating
at the end of the Eocene or in the beginning of the Oligocene.
During and subsequent to this subsidence most of the modern
subgenera of Urocoptis and Brachypodella were differen-
tiated. The remarkable number of minor phyla in these
groups may well have been due to independent local adaptive
radiations consequent upon the dismemberment of the main
islands into a number of smaller islets, due to the amplitude
of the subsidence, which carried the land far below its present
level.

Tliis depression was followed by elevation in the Oligocene,
according to Hill, probably sufficient to unite many of the

UROCOPTID^E. xxiii

islands; but the evidences of great elevation are unsatisfac-
tory. It is, however, likely that there was at least transitory
connection between Jamaica and Haiti ; some forms which
had become differentiated in Jamaica then migrating into
Haiti, such as Sagda, Stoastoma, possibly Anoma. It may be
that there was no all-land Haiti-Jamaican bridge, but an ex-
tension of Jamaica eastward in a peninsula, which subse-
quently became an island, and then was annexed to Haiti.
Something of this sort is needed to account for the absence
of many Cuba-Haitian groups in Jamaica. Between Haiti
and east Cuba the connection may have been longer, resulting
in the homogeneous distribution of Macroceramus, Liguus,
the banded Caracolus species, etc. Towards the end of the
ensuing depression the rich fossiliferous beds of late Oligocene
age at Bowden, Jamaica, and in northern Santo Domingo
were deposited at a level not greatly below the present.

It is likely that during the mid-Oligocene elevation, the
Haitian mass included Porto Rico, the Virgin Islands and
the islands of the Anguilla bank, the deep channel now inter-
vening being of later formation. By this means the Antil-
lean portion of the Caribbean fauna — Brachypodella, Pine-
ria, Pleurodonte, etc. — reached these islands. Subsequently,
in the Pliocene, the whole Caribbean chain was elevated into
a ridge connected with South America, as the presence of
large fossil mammals of South American type (Amblyrhiza
and Loxomylus) in the Pliocene of Anguilla demonstrates.
At this time, Bracliypodella extended its range to the con-
tinent, migrating thereon westward to Yucatan.

On zoogeographic grounds, there seems to be but scanty
evidence of any direct land-connection between the Greater
Antilles and the mainland of Central America or Yucatan
during the whole of tertiary time, although the presence of
a species of Capromys on Swan Island argues a former great
extension of Jamaica westward along the ridge indicated by
the Pedro and Rosalind banks, and species of Cepolis, etc.,
on the Cayman Islands indicate a former extension of Cuba
westward from Cabo Cruz, parallel to the Jamaican exten-
sion. The investigation of the invertebrates of the Swan and

XXIV HISTORICAL NOTES.

Cayman islands will, no doubt, illuminate these questions.
Ortmann ( '02, p. 360) postulates a later Tertiary connection
of the Greater Antilles with northern Central America, based
upon the occurrence of identical species of Potamocarcinus
(s.-g. Pseudothelphusa) in Mexico, Cuba and Haiti; but since
this genus occurs in the Lesser Antilles also, its dispersal can
perhaps be explained in the same manner as that of Brachy-
podella. The anomalous distribution of the genus Archego-
coptis (vol. xv, p. 301) remains to be explained.

The distribution of the Urocoptidce is favorable to Wal-
lace's idea of an old mid- American continent. This Palaeozoic
and early Mesozoic land, including the Antillean and Central
American areas, divided in Mesozoic times into an Eastern
and a Western division, the Urocoptidcc of the former giving
rise to the modern Urocoptincc, while the less modified group
Eucalodiince were evolved in the Western area.

HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF UROCOPTID^:.

I.

Before the year 1840, when Pfeiffer established the genus
Cylindrella, the few species of Urocoptidce known were scat-
tered in several genera. The earliest records of species of
this family are certain rude figures in the works of Petiver
and Lister (1665), evidently representing Jamaican and Hai-
tian forms, though their specific identity is somewhat un-
certain. No species were known to Linne. In 1786 Chem-
nitz figured and described a Haitian form as Helix decollata
et fasciata, and later a Jamaican species, Turbo cylindrus,
both being recognized by recent naturalists. About the end
of the second decade of the nineteenth century, Ferussac
issued his Tableau Systcmatiquc, in which about seventeen
species referable to the Urocoptidcc are enumerated, though
part of them were at this time undefined names. He places
them in the sections Pupoides, Tracheloides and Anomales,
of Coclilodina, a subgenus of Helix, also comprising Clausilia,
Bulea, and an Odontostomus. Ferussac clearly appreciated
the relationship to one another of the various species of the

HISTORICAL NOTES. XXV

modern genera Macroceramus, Urocoptis and Brachypodella,
composing his list, and grouped them together.

Lansdown Guilding, in 1828, was the first to recognize the
distinctness of the group from any of the Lamarckian genera
of land snails. He proposed the new genus Brachypus for
the species known to him. This name unfortunately was pre-
occupied, so the real merit of Guilding 's observation has been
lost sight of.

Beck", in 1837, placed part of the species in the genus Pupa,
founding a subgenus Urocoptis for species of the U. cylindrus
type, and s.-g. Brachypodella for slender forms of the anti-
perversa type, equivalent to Brachypus of Guilding. In the
genus Clausilia, Beck made a subgenus Apoma for the species
now known as Brachypodella chemnitziana. All three of
these names still stand. Beck's classification of the group
was in this case not an improvement on Ferussac.

In 1840 Swainson proposed several names for species of
Urocoptidce, in his haphazard manner, and evidently with no
knowledge of the subject. Dr. L. Pfeiffer, in the same year,
proposed the genus Cylindrella, to include all of the slender
species then known to him. At this time he did not include
the stout forms such as Urocoptis cylindrus, which he left in
Pupa; so that the new genus was about equivalent to Brachy-
podella plus Apoma of Beck. Subsequently Pfeiffer enlarged
the limits of Cylindrella to comprise all Urocoptidcc with an
entire peristome. The species of Macroceramus he left in
Bulimus until about 1859. The universal use of Pfeiffer 's
Monographia Heliceorum by all students of land shells,
caused most authors and collectors to accept the name Cylin-
drella to this day, notwithstanding the priority of those pro-
posed by Beck.

In 1850, Albers subdivided the genus Cylindrella thus:

Leia (for maugeri Wood).

Thaumasia (== Eucalodium and Urocoptis s. str.).

Mychostoma (= - Brachypodella) .

Gongylostoma (= Arangia, Gongylostoma, Urocoptis, Coch-
lodinella) .

Casta (= Apoma Beck).

XXVI HISTORICAL NOTES.

Accra (= Holospira).

Anoma (for C. acus, gossei and tricolor Pfr.).

Diaphera (a group of Streptaxidcc) .

Species of the genera Macroceramus and Microceramus he
places in Colobus, the 41st subgenus of Bulimus.

In 1857 Pfeiffer published an interesting historical sketch
and revised classification of Cylindrella (Malak. Blatter, iii,
pp. 209-229). He recognizes these subdivisions:

1. Thaumasia Alb. (= Anisospira, Urocoptis s. str. and
Autocoptis) .

2. Mychostoma Alb. (= Eucalodium, Ccelocentrum, Uro-
coptis sp., and Brachypodella sp.).

3. Gongylostoma Alb. (= Urocoptis sp., Epirobia, Geome-
lania) .

4. TracheliaPfr. (= slender Urocoptis and Brachypodella).

5. Apoma Beck (=Apoma and Mychostoma agnesiana).

6. Accra Alb. (= Holospira).

7. Anoma Alb. (= = Tomelasmus, Spirostemma).

8. Leia Alb. (== Anoma).

In von Martens' edition of Albers, 1860, Cylindrella is
placed among the Agnatha, and subdivided thus:

Urocoptis Beck (== Eucalodium, Coelocentrum, large Uro-
coptis).

Mychostoma Alb. (== Anoma, Spirostemma, Brachypodella,
and some Urocoptes).

Gongylostoma Alb. (== slender Urocoptes and Brachypo-
dellae of many groups).

Holospira (= = Holospira and Epirobia).

Trachelia (== slender Urocoptis and Brachypodella).

Diaphora (= Diaphera Alb.).

Scalatella (=- Geomelania) .

The genus Macroceramus is widely separated from Cylin-
drella; includes the species of Microceramus and two sub-
genera :

Anoma Alb. (= = Anoma, Urocoptis sp., and Bulimulus sp.).

Lia (=•- Leia Albers).

It will be noted that practically no advance in the natural
classification of the Urocoptidcc was made in the foregoing

HISTORICAL NOTES. XXvii

series of works since Ferussac. The number of species
had been largely augmented; numerous groups had been
established; but they were based upon mere external form
and general appearance of the shell, and hence were for the
most part artificial and heterogeneous.

II.

It was in 1870 that H. Crosse and P. Fischer inaugurated

•

the scientific classification of Urocoptidce, in their masterly
paper, "fitude sur la machoire et 1 'armature linguale des
CylindrellidaB et de quelques genres voisins sous le rap-
port $onchyliologique, •' in the Journal de Conchyliologie,
xviii, pp. 5-27. They demonstrated that two widely
diverse types of jaw and teeth occurred in the assemblage of
species formerly referred to Cylindrella. On the one hand,
Holospira, and the new genera Eucalodium and Bcrcndtia,
have a jaw sculptured with vertical riblets, folds or striae,
and a wide radula, with horizontal rows of teeth resembling
those of Helix. These forms they referred to the family
Helicidcc. On the other hand, those left by them in Cylin-
drellida? were found to have an extremely thin jaw, made up
of narrow plaits, converging to form a chevron in the middle ;
the radula is longer and composed of oblique series of teeth
of a special peculiar shape. The following classification is
proposed :

Cylindrellidce.

1. Groupe A. Cylindrella Pfr. (= ; Brachypodella and
Tetrentodon).

2. Groupe B. Callonia C. & F. (C. elliotti, now placed in
Urocoptis) .

3. Groupe C. Thaumasia Alb. (Urocoptis of Jamaica and
Cuba) .

4. Groupe D. Lia Alb. (=Anoma).

5. Groupe E. Macroceramus Gldg. (M. signatus, etc.).

Helicidce.

1. Genre Eucalodium C. & F. (Ccclocentrum was defined,
but not named until later) .

XXV111 HISTORICAL NOTES.

2. Genre Berendtia C. & F.

3. Genre Holospira Mts. (exclusive of Epirobia, left in
Cylinclrella) .

Except for some readjustment of the nomenclature, it will
be seen that most of the prominent genera of the family were
correctly indicated by Crosse and Fischer. The whole classi-
fication was recast in a new mould of their own discovery,
without material assistance from former authors.

Further research has shown that Eucalodium and its allies
are not really Helicidce as that family is now restricted ; but
this could not have been foreseen in 1870. Some confusion
in their groups A, B and C was due to the parallelism of
specialized forms of Urocoptis, etc., but the recognition of
this too is an essentially modern conception. It would be
difficult to find many instances where the main outlines of a
natural classification of so diversified a family have been so
completely laid down in a single paper, and with so little
assistance from previous authors. It must be admitted, how-
ever, that Crosse and Fischer did not understand the mor-
phology of the teeth of the Antillean genera, and failed to
grasp their natural divisions.

The next notable contribution to the phylogeny and tax-
onomy of Urocoptidce was by Hermann Strebel and Georg
Pfeffer, in Theil iv, of their "Beitrag zur Kenntniss der
Fauna mexikanischer Land- und Siisswasser-Conchylien"
(1880), a work full of original ideas and new points of view.
They recognize two families: Eucalodiida?, with the genera
Eucalodium and Ccelocentrum, and Cylindrellidce, for Ani-
sospira, Holospira, Epirobia, Macroceramus, and the Antil-
lean groups. The reasons for the segregation of the Euca-
lodiidcE are nowhere stated, and that course seems ill-advised.
Strebel understood the morphology of the teeth of Urocop-
tincu, and pointed out the homology with teeth of normal
types, correcting the exaggerated view held by Fischer. He
showed that Epirobia, to some extent, connects the two diverse
types of dentition in the family. By cutting the shell, many
features of the axis not previously appreciated were exposed,
and their importance for phylogenetic research was recog-

CLASSIFICATION OF UROCOPTID^E. XXIX

nized, particularly in Holospira, Epirobia and Anisospira.
Indeed, the structure of the axis of the shell was for the first
time utilized in classification, in Strebel's work.

The classification of Pfeiffer-Clessins' Nomenclator Heli-
ceorum Viventium (1878) is no advance upon that of Fischer
and Crosse. Berendtia, Holospira, Eucalodium and Cozlo-
centrum form two subfamilies of Achatinida; and are fol-
lowed by the family Cylindrellida, where are placed the
genera Leia, Pineria, Macroceramus and Cylindrella; the
last a very heterogeneous group.

Nothing further bearing upon the taxonomy of Urocop-
tidce appeared for some years. In 1895 (Nautilus, ix, pp.
50, 51), Dr. W. H. Dall offered a "Synopsis of the sub-
divisions of Holospira and some related genera' (Ccelocen-
trum and Eucalodium}, in which the work of Strebel upon
the internal characters of the shells was supplemented and
extended.

In 1898 Pilsbry and Vanatta published "Materials toward
a Natural Classification of the Cylindrelloid Snails" (Proc.
A. N. S. Phila,, pp. 264-286). The generic nomenclature was
critically reviewed and revised in this paper, and a new
classification of Antillean species was based upon the struc-
ture of the radula and axis. While the main features of
this classification are retained in the present work, further
anatomical investigation has resulted in some notable changes,
as in the case of Archegocoptis, Spirostemma, Tetrentodon,
Microceramus, etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF UROCOPTHXE.

In the differentiation of the teeth of the radula we have
an excellent basis for classification of the Urocoptincc, the
more useful because this organ is generally preserved in dry
cabinet specimens of the shells. The teeth are so complex
that, provided their morphology is rightly understood, the
phylogenies based thereon cannot be far wrong. At the same
time, there can be no doubt that new data of a good deal of
value will be gained by a study of the rest of the soft anat-
omy, particularly the genitalia and free muscles. The rela-

XXX CLASSIFICATION OF UROCOPTID^.

tions of the genera to one another will become clearer, and
it may be that some groups nearly similar in teeth will be
found to have diverged in other respects. It seems likely
that the genera Vrocoptis and Brachypodella will be further
divided into several genera each; although in the present
work I have not considered it best to make further generic
division, which would now rest upon purely conchological
features. Among other points to be ascertained are the rela-
tionships of Microceramus.

In the Eucalodiince, there is no such strong differentiation
of the radula; and while the genera now recognized are cer-
tainly well characterized, their inter-relations are not yet
worked out satisfactorily, awaiting more material. Infor-
mation is especially needed upon the free retractor muscles;
and the amputated apical whorls of Eucalodium and of the
several groups of Coclocentrum call for further investigation.
Some such relation seems to exist between Spartocentrum and
Berendtia as between Mychostoma and Apoma, the second
group in both cases differing from the first in little besides
the reduction of the axis and the diminished number of
whorls. Coclocentrum, as now constituted, is somewhat het-
erogeneous. Another question arises regarding the relation-
ship between Eucalodium, Anisospira and Coclocentrum on
the one hand, and Holospira and Epirobia on the other. The
last two genera may be found to constitute a subfamily apart
from the others.

The following classification is proposed in this work:

Family UROCOPTIDyE Pils. & Van.
Subfamily EUCALODIIN^E C. & F.

Genus Archegocoptis Pils. Genus Berendtia C. & F.

Genus Eucalodium C. & F. Genus Holospira Mart.

Subg. Oligostylus Pils. Subg. Holospira.

Genus Anisospira Strebel. Sect. Eudistemma Dall.

Genus Coelocentrum C. & F. Sect. Distomospira Dall.

Subg. Liocentrum Pils. Sect. Haplostemma Dall.

Subg. Elasmocentrum Pils. Sect. Bostrichocentrum

Subg. Spartocentrum Dall. [Streb.

KEY TO UROCOPTID^E.

xxxi

•Genus Holospira (continued)
Subg. Haplocion Pils.

Subg. Metastoma Streb.
Subg. Ccclostcmma Ball.
Genus Epirobia Strebel.

Subfamily MICROCERAMIN.E Pils.

Genus Microceramus Pils & Van.
Submenus Spiroceramus Pils. & Van.

•

Subfamily UROCOPTIN^: Pils.
(Serrate- or notch-toothed series.)
Genus Spirostemma Pils. & Genus Anoma Alb.

[Van. Genus Macroceramus Gldg.

(Entire-toothed series.)

Genus Urocoptis Beck.
Subg. Urocoptis.

Sect. Bactrocoptis Pils.

Sect. Spirocoptis Pils.
Subg. Arangia P. & V.
Subg. Idiostemma P. & V.

Sect. Maceo P. & V.
Subg. Autocoptis Pils.
Subg. Cochlodinella P. & V.
Subg. Gongylostoma Alb.

Sect. Fibricutis Pils.

Sect. Sectilumen P. & V.

Sect. EsocJiara P. & V.

Sect. Pycnoptychia P. &

[V.

Sect. Paracallonia Pils.

Sect. Callonia C. & F.

Sect. Liocallonia Pils.

Sect. Gongylostoma s. str.

Sect. Tomelasmus P. & V.

Sect. Tetrentodon Pils.
Genus Pineria Poey.
Genus Brachypodella Bk.
Subg. Brevipedella Pils.
Subg. Amphicosmia P. & V.
Subg. Strophina Morch.
Subg. Liparotes Pils.
Subg. Siphonoltzmus Pils.
Subg. Gyraxis Pils.
Subg. Brachypodella s. str.

Sect. Brachypodella.

Sect. Geoscala P. & V.

Sect. Simplicervix Pils.
Subg. Mychostoma Alb.
Subg. Apoma Beck.

The first of the two keys following is based upon natural
characters; the second is partly artificial, taking shell char-
acters only into account.

Analytical Key to Genera.
I. Radula of the ordinary shape, the teeth arranged in nearly

XXX11 KEY TO UROCOPTIDyE.

straight transverse rows; central teeth about as wide as
the adjacent laterals. Jaw either striate, nearly smooth,
or widely plaited, the sculpture not converging mesially.
EUCALODIIN.E.

a. Teeth of the ordinary Helicid form, the ectocones (when
present as distinct elements) attached basally on the
side of the main cusps, as usual.

b. Ectocones developed on all the lateral teeth, and, at
least minutely, on the central; cusps of the mar-
ginal teeth simple, never bifid. Shell rather large.
c. Axis of the shell solid, slender and straight. Adult
shell subcylindric, decollate, the lost protoconch
ribbed; sculpture peculiar, of dense, waved striae.
Haiti. Archegocoptis, xv, p. 301.

c1. Axis slender, solid or minutely perforate, either
straight, sinuous, or bearing a compressed spiral
lamella, median in each whorl ; shell subcylindric,
broadly truncate. Eucalodium, xv. p. 1.

c2. Axis very slender, imperforate and simple; shell
tapering, entire, the early whorls costulate.

Berendtia, xv, p. 57.

c3. Axis moderately strong, minutely perforated,
bearing a sub-basal cord or lamella in the last
whorl or two only; shell truncate, rapidly taper-
ing above. Anisospira, xv, pp. 24, 298.
c4. Axis hollow, tubular, variously sculptured.

Ccelocentrum, xv, p. 30.

ft1. No ectocones developed on the central and inner
lateral teeth, which bear broad, more or less pointed
mesocones only; ectocones appearing on the transi-
tion and marginal teeth, both cusps sometimes split
on the latter. Shell small, cylindric, with conic
summit and entire spire, the protoconch smooth.

Holospira, xv, pp. 66, 300.

a1. Central and inner lateral teeth with broad, rounded
mesocones and very snuill ectocones distinctly separ-
ated from them basally (xv, pi. 50, fig. 7). Marginal
teeth wide and short, with both ectocone and mesocone

KEY TO UROCOPTIIXE. XXxiii

bifid. Shell slender, slowly tapering, with hollow axis
and entire spire, the protoconch smooth.

Epirobia, xv, p. 59.

II. Radula of the ordinary shape, the teeth arranged in
nearly straight transverse rows (pi. 14, figs. 5, 10) ; cen-
tral teeth narrower than the laterals, and notably differ-
ent in shape; lateral teeth crowded, oblique, with the
mesocone long and narrow, the ectocone small; marginals
differing only in the increased size of the ectocone, and
more normal shape of the tooth. Jaw high-arched, very
thin, composed of many narrow plaits, converging to form
a triangular area of short plaits in the middle (pi. 14,
fig. 4). MICROCERAMIN^E. Microceramus, xvi, p. 151.

III. Eadula with teeth arranged in oblique, v-shaped, trans-
verse rows, the central tooth narrower and very unlike
the lateral teeth in shape ; laterals with broad mesocones
widely separated from the ectocones. Jaw thin, narrow-
plaited, plaits converging, leaving a triangular area of
short plaits in the middle. UROCOPTIN^:.

a. Cusps with the cutting edges rounded and even.
&. Side teeth all of essentially the same shape (ex-
cept the rudimentary outermost ones), gradually
decreasing in size outwardly, or the third tooth
abruptly smaller; all with the ectocone well devel-
oped, though smaller than the mesocone (vol. xv,
pi. 60, 61). Urocoptis.

c. Central tooth of the radula very narrow, its cusp
much narrower than the ectocones of the lat-
eral teeth.

d. Axis of the shell slender and straight or
nearly so.
e. Shell small, diam. 4.5 mm. or less.

Sect. Bactrocoptis, xv, p. 143.
e1. Shell stout, larger.

Sect. Urocoptis, xv, p. 121.
dl. Lower half of the axis thickened, more or
less twisted; shell rather large.

Sect. Spirocoptis, xv, p. 114.

.

XXXIV KEY TO UROCOPTID^E.

d2. Axis nodose, or encircled with a spiral cre-
nate cord or ribbed double cord.

Subg. Idiostemma, xv, p. 164.

d3. Axis with a strong spiral lamella. Esochara,

xv, p. 188, has rather narrow central teeth;

and Arangia, xv, p. 162, may also prove to

belong here.

c1. Central tooth wider, its cusp approaching in
size the ectocones of the lateral teeth.
d. Axis without lamella? or spines.

e. Shell stout; an accessory lamina in base

of last whorl, which is carinate below.

Haiti. Subg. Autocoptis, xv, p. 147.

e1. Shell thin, small, subcylindric ; base not

distinctly carinate. Western Cuba.

Subg. Cocldodinella, xv, p. 175.
e2. Shell very slender, fusiform or subcylin-
dric, with round neck and small round
aperture ; axis weakly one- or two-plicate.
Sect. Tetrentodon, xv, p. 267.
d1. Axis with one or more spiral lamellae, the
lower one crenate or spinose, at least in the
upper whorls.

Subg. Gongylostoma, xv, p. 182.
61. Two lateral teeth on each side very large, the
marginal teeth usually 4 to 7 in number, very
much smaller than the laterals, vestigial, and of
conspicuously different shape; radula extremely
long and narrow.

c. Ectocones of one or both lateral teeth reduced,
more or less vestigial; marginals in nearly
straight transverse rows (vol. xvi, pi. 9, 10).
Shell with the peristome entire or nearly so.

Brachypodella, xvi, p. 40.

c1. Ectocones of the lateral teeth moderately de-
veloped; marginals in oblique rows (xvi, pi. 1,
fig. 13). Shell with thin peristome, widely in-
terrupted above (pi. 1, figs. 1-12).

Pineria, xvi, p. 108.

KEY TO UROCOPTID^E. XXXV

a1. Cusps with the cutting edges notched or serrate, all
the side teeth of about the same shape.
6. Mesocones merely notched or emarginate (xvi, pi.
14, fig. 8) . Shell tapering, with entire or slightly
truncate apex and usually discontinuous peri-
stome. Macroceramus, xvi, p. 113.

&1. Mesocones with broadly expanded, serrate cut-
ting edges ; ectocones large. Teeth extremely
minute and numerous (xv, pi. 43, figs. 6-13).
c. Shell pillar-shaped, striate, reddish or brown,
Avith the axis coiled cork-screw-like in the
later or last whorls, and the peristome entire.

Spirostemma, xv, p. 284.

c1. Shell fusiform, very glossy and often varie-
gated, the axis straight, though often cal-
loused and truncate in the last whorl; peri-
stome widely interrupted above.

Anoma, xvi, p. 1.

Key to Genera, etc., by Shell-characters.

* AXIS OF THE SHELL HOLLOW OB PERFORATE, though Usually

closed at the base.

I. Rather large forms, diam. 6 mm. or more, almost invari-
ably truncate.

1. Axis rather slender, imperforate at the truncate sum-
mit, or showing only a small axial slit.
a. Axis slender, straight or slightly sinuous.

Oligostylus, xv, p. 8.

&. Axis slender, encircled throughout by a compressed
spiral lamella, median in each whorl ; upper part of
the truncate shell not abruptly tapering.

Eucalodium, xv, p. 3.

c. Axis rather strong, encircled in the last whorl or two
by a sub-basal cord or lamella ; upper part of the trun-
cate shell rapidly tapering.

Anisospira, xv, pp. 24, 298.

XXXVI KEY TO UROCOPTID^E.

2. Axis moderate or of large size, tubular, its cavity vis-
ible as a round hole at the truncate summit.

Ccelocentrum, xv, p. 30.

II. Smaller forms, the shell 5 mm. or less in diameter, re-
taining the spire complete.

1. Protoconch ribbed; shell long and slender, the axis
smooth, with a spiral swelling below the middle in
each whorl. Spartocentrum, xv, p. 51.

2. Protoconch smooth.

a. Shell thin, slender, the length 4y2 to 8 times the
diam. ; gradually tapering, and attenuate above ;
axis with longitudinal white streaks or laminas, some-
times interrupted or broken into granules.

Epirobia, xv, p. 59.

b. Shell shorter, the length 2i/2 to 4 times the diam.;
cylindric, with a conic summit.

Holospira, xv, pp. 66, 300.

** Axis OP THE SHELL SOLID or barely perforate ; the sum-
mit when truncate is closed by a steeply-sloping, flat, or some-
what convex septum; aperture higher than wide, the lip not
much reflexed, its parietal margin more or less straightened.
Shells of medium or large size, all but Archegocoptis Mexican.

I. Shell gradually tapering to an entire, costulate apex.

Berendtia, xv, p. 57.
II. Shell somewhat cylindric, the summit truncate.

1. Axis straight or slightly sinuous; shell cylindric or
slowly tapering, broadly truncate above.

a. Surface lusterless, densely sculptured with fine,
waved, irregular striae; whorls flattened, the last
carinate beneath. Haiti. Archegocoptis, xv, p. 301.

b. Surface sculptured with arcuate striae, sometimes
interrupted by malleation ; base not carinate, though
a low cord is sometimes discernible. Mexico and
Central America. Oligostylus, xv, p. 8.

2. Axis encircled throughout with a strong, compressed
lamella, median in each whorl. Encalodium, xv, p. 3.

KEY TO UROCOPTID.E. XXXVU.

3. Axis with a sub-basal cord or lamella in the last whorl
or two only. Anisospira, xv, pp. 24, 299.

*** Axis A SOLID, IMPERFORATE COLUMN, whether thick or
slender. (Chiefly Antillean; the species of the mainland are
all small, and either have the base strongly carinate or the
apex entire.)

I. Axis encircled by a single, strongly projecting lamella,
submedian in each whorl.

1. Peristome interrupted above; spire entire, the proto-
conch costulate. Spiroceramus, xvi, p. 172.

2. Peristome entire ; spire normally truncate.

a. Spiral lamella with the edge smooth; base of the
shell carinate. Arangia, xv, p. 162.

&. Spiral lamella stout, with rounded, closely crenulate
edge ; last whorl rounded beneath. Maceo, xv, p. 173.

II. Axis encircled by two subequal lamella, both serrate or
crenulate at the edges; base of shell carinate.

Amphicosmia, xvi, p. 49.

III. Axis with one or more spiral lamella?, the lower one
serrate or spinose at the edge, at least in some of the
upper whorls; base of the shell usually rounded.

Gongylostoma, etc., xv, p. 182.

IV. Lower half or more of the axis thickened; cylindric,
twisted, biplicate or nodose.

1. Shell rather large and stout, red, purple or brown,
finely and evenly striate; axis thickened in the lower
whorls, with a low, obtuse plait. Jamaica.

Spirocoptis, xv, p. 113.

2. Shell stout, barrel-shaped or cylindric, ribbed; axis
thick, with two low, smooth cords. Santo Domingo.

Strophina, xvi, p. 55.

3. Shell pillar-shaped, white, finely striate; axis cylin-
dric, biplicate or nodose-hooked. Jamaica.

Mychostoma, xvi, p. 96.

4. Shell smooth or coarsely ribbed, corneous or brown;
axis armed with pairs of hooks or flat nodes, or begirt

XXXV111 KEY TO UROCOPTID^E.

with a wide callous band or double cord bearing ob-
lique nodes or riblets. Eastern Cuba.

Idiostemma, xv, p. 164.

V. Axis slender, coiled corkscrew-like around a central space
in the later whorls or the last one.

1. Shell pillar-shaped or cylindric-fusiform, widely trun-
cate, brown or reddish, evenly striate; last whorl but
shortly or not free, strongly carinate below, the keel
bounding a concave basal area. Aperture rounded-
ovate, the lip adnate above or free, continuous. Proto-
conch ribbed. Jamaica. Spirostemma, xv, p. 284.

2. Shell fusiform, slender, with moderate or long descend-
ing neck and circular aperture; apex smooth when
present. Eastern Cuba, Santo Domingo.

Gyraxis, xvi, p. 58.

VI. Axis slender and straight (usually arcuate in the last
whorl), or weakly twisted spirally; without lamellae, ribs
or spines.

1. Peristorne continuous, free, or rarely adherent above.
a. Shell sinistral, slender, white, the axis very slen-
der; last whorl shortly free or adnate, with a cord-
like basal keel; aperture longer than wide.

Apoma, xvi, p. 106.

a1. Shell dextral; aperture not noticeably longer than
wide, usually subcircular ; last whorl rounded,
II though sometimes having a basal keel.

&. Rather large species of stout figure, the last
whorl only shortly free or adnate.
c. Shell red, purple or brown, rarely white,
uniform or with a sutural band; truncate,
the plug long, curved and tongue-shaped.
Jamaica. Urocoptis, s. str., xv, p. 121.

c1. Shell variously colored, often light or varie-
gated ; last whorl with a strong basal carina;
an accessory lamina encircling the axis in
the last whorl, sometimes united with it;
plug flat or shortly tongue-shaped, an empty
whorl often persisting above it. Haiti.

Autocoptis, xv, p. 147.

KEY TO UROCOPTID.E. XXXIX

61. Smaller, slender species, 4.5 mm. diam. or less;
truncate.

c. Uniform brown, rose or white; very finely,
evenly striate ; last whorl shortly free, cari-
nate below. Jamaica.

Bactrocoptis, xv, p. 143.

c1. Whitish, brown or variegated, striate or
rib-striate; last whorl free, with the basal
keel weak or wanting; amputated apical
whorls smooth. Western Cuba, Florida.

C ochlodinella, xv, p. 175.

c2. Clear corneous; evenly striate; last whorl
subangular below. Amputated apex nor-
mal, costulate. E. Cuba to Porto Rico.

Brevipedella, xvi, p. 45.

c3. Similar, but apical whorl elevated. Jamaica.

Simplicervix, xvi, p. 94.

62. Shell obesely fusiform, striate; apex not atten-
uate, smooth, often persistent; whorls 12-13 in
entire shells. Axis slender, straight. Haiti.

Liparotes, xvi, p. 57.

&3. Shell slender, tapering, fusiform or sub-
cylindric, the apex often entire; neck
round.

c. Axis weakly 1 or 2 plicate. Western
Cuba. Tetrentodon, xv, p. 267.

c1. Axis straight and simple. Eastern
Cuba. Siphonol&mus, xvi, p. 58.

a2. Shell small, dextral, ribbed, with round or squar-
ish aperture, the neck strongly carinate below and
swollen on the right side; axis slender, straight or
with one weak spiral. Brachypodella, xvi, p. 64;
Geoscala, xvi, p. 90.

2. Peristome incomplete, widely interrupted above, the
parietal wall with merely a thin callous film. Axis
straight or slightly twisted; spire usually strongly
tapering.

a. Shell truncate, fusiform, the surface glossy, often
bright colored. Anoma, xvi, p. 1.

Xl KEY TO UROCOPTIIXE.

a1. Spire entire or nearly so; dull or not especially
glossy.
&. Apex ribbed. Microceramus, xvi, p. 151 ; Pin-

eria, xvi, p. 108.

61. Apex smooth, the tip sometimes amputated.

Macroceramus, xvi, p. 113.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Genus ANOMA Albers, 1850.

Anoma ALB., Die Heliceen, p. 209, 1850, for acus Pfr.,
gossei Pfr., tricolor Pfr. (the last selected as type by von
Martens, Die Hel., 2d edit., 1860, p. 269).— PILS. & VAN.,
Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1898, p. 279. Not Anomus Fairm.
Hemiptera, 1846.

Leia ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 207 ; sole species L. maugeri
Wood. Not Leia Meigen in Diptera, 1818, nor Meg., Coleop-
tera, 1821. — Lia MORCH, Catal. Yoldi, 1852, p. 35 ; sole species
L. maugeri. — FISCHER & CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870,
p. 20, pi. 3, f. 1-5 (dentition). Not Lia Esch., in Coleoptera,
1829.

Inliaculus SCHAUFUSS, in Paetel's Moll. Syst, et Catal.,
1869, p. 15.

Vendrysia SIMPSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvii, 1894, p.
430 ; proposed as a substitute for Leia.

Shell rimate, fusiform or oblong-conic, usually truncate;
glossy, white, yellow or brown, smooth or striate, the last
whorl with a basal carina. Aperture rounded or subangular
below, truncate above, the w-ell-expanded or reflexed peris-
tome discontinuous above, Columella sloping or truncate.
Axis slender throughout or thick in the last two whorls;
straight or sinuous below. Apex unknown.

Jaw thin, highly arched, composed of many narrow laminae,
as in Urocoptis. Radula composed of very numerous teeth,
in V-shaped rows. Central tooth very narrow, its cusp much
smaller than the ectocones of the lateral teeth. Laterals with
two cusps nearly terminal on the narrow basal-plates; both
cusps broad, squarely truncate, ivith serrate cutting edges,-

(1)

^ ANOMA.

the mesocone very wide (Vol. XV, pi. 43, fig. 7, group of cen-
tral and lateral teeth; f. 6, the 9th lateral in profile, of A.
splendcns citrina). In the outer laterals of some species the
cutting edges are smooth, perhaps in part the result of wear
(Vol. XV, pi. 43, fig. 8, a lateral tooth of A. solida striatula).
Soft anatomy otherwise unknown. Type A. tricolor Pfr.

Distribution, Jamaica (and the southwestern peninsula of
Haiti?). According to Gloyne (J. de Conch., 1872, p. 33),
the species of this group always live on plants. He collected
A. '' maugeri '' in great numbers in the parishes of Man-
chester and St. Anne, especially in the pimento or allspice
plantations. The species spread over the plateau of the west-
ern two-thirds of Jamaica, east to Mt. Diablo and Bogwalk,
and reappear in the extreme eastern part of the island, in
Portland parish. So far as we know, the intervening region
is without species of this genus, though this apparent discon-
tinuity may be due to deficient collecting in the Blue Moun-
tains. Only two species have been found in the East, A.
nigrescens and A. sinuata.

The species are mostly restricted in distribution like nearly
all Jamaican snails; though a few seem to have a somewhat
wide range. Most of them have been differentiated into numer-
ous local races, distinguished merely by color, or sometimes by
other and more important characters also. There are both
dark and albinistic forms of many species completely alike
in all other characters. Examples of this are A. splendens
and citrina; A. nigrescens and A. n. rufilabris, etc. The
whole series seems to be composed of variable forms, in which
numerous sports occur, and are frequently perpetuated, per-
haps by the action of Mendel's law. Whether the striking
color-forms bear any direct or simple relation to their en-
vironments has not yet been observed.

Owing to their great differentiation in color, the determina-
tion of species should be less difficult than in the related genus
Spirostemma. Most of them are herein figured for the first
time ; and it is hoped that the time and thought given to the
group have materially illumined a subject hitherto obscure.

In A. solida var. striatula, I found 11 to 13 denticles on the

ANOMA. 3

mesocones and 5 to 8 on the ectocones of the lateral teeth.
The latter are of about the same size out to the 28th, so that
there are evidently many teeth in a transverse row. Unfor-
tunately, the radulas obtained from dry museum specimens
were very imperfect. Fischer's figures of the teeth of A.
maugeri give no idea of the actual structure; but Morse cor-
rectly saw the main characters in A. nigrescens quadricolor.

The 'genus Anoma is very closely related to Spirostemma,
its brilliant gloss and bright coloring being consequent upon
the assumption of arboreal habits, as usual in the land snails.
Otherwise it differs in little but the discontinuous peristome
and swollen shape. The species have been distributed by
Pfeiffer in two genera, grouped with various forms of Uro-
coptis, which resemble them superficially. Von Martens
placed the species in the sections Anoma and Lia, which he
considered to belong to the genus Macroceramus. They were
first dissociated from Cuban and other unrelated species by
Fischer, in 1870 (J. de C., p. 20).

The study of the species of Anoma is very complex, and de-
mands much more investigation in the field. Prof. C. B.
Adams recognized two species, gossei and maugeri, describing
twenty-four varieties of the latter, arranged thus :

" a. Dark-colored varieties. In this group the dark colors
fade to a pale brown or cinnamon color. Var. nigrescens,
solida, levis, tricolor.

b. Light-colored fasciate varieties, not distinctly striated
above the middle whorls. In this group pale yellow fades
into a dingy or pearl-white, or is replaced by pearl-white in
fresh shells. Var. crassa, unicincta, bicincta, concinna, sin-
uata.

c. Light-colored varieties, not fasciate, and not distinctly
striated above the middle whorls. Changes of color the same
as in the preceding group. Var. rufilabris, citrina, fusiform!*,
albida, valida, unicolor.

d. Strongly striated varieties, light-colored, not fascinlc.
Var. striatida, striata, corpulenta, fusca, conica.

e. Tesselated varieties. Var. tesselata, cinerca.

f. Aberrant, slender forms. Var. gracilis, Integra."

4: ANOMA.

This arrangement is open to the criticism that it is based
primarily upon color, the most variable of all characters, and
one widely separating varieties which are closely related.
Prof. Adams fully recognized that the varieties are of very
unequal value. Taking into account the shape of the last
whorl and aperture, the sculpture, and the degree of develop-
ment of the basal keel, it seems best to give specific rank to
many of Adams' varieties, grouping together forms which
differ in coloration only. Chitty, in describing new forms,
has emphatically advocated the recognition of numerous
species in the assemblage grouped under C. maugeri.

It might be mentioned that Verkriizen applied s number of
new names to various forms of Anoma, but, so far as I can
learn, these are merely collection-names, printed only in a
dealer's sale catalogue, and not in any way defined.

The colors of the shell after death are affected by light, the
yellow and pink tints being especially fugitive, fading to
whitish, so that old museum specimens are frequently quite
unlike fresh ones. The brown coloring does not fade.

Key to Species.

[Species no. 2, tricolor, and no. 8, virginea, are reported
from southwestern Haiti ; all the others are Jamaican.]

I. Back of the last whorl usually rather coarsely striate, or,
if finely striate, there is a ~blackisli or colored streak
behind the Up; tapering downwards to a strong basal
keel or angle ; aperture longer than wide ; no conspic-
uous white subsutural band ; lip white.
1. With a colored or blackish streak behind the white lip.
a. Shell imperf orate; whorls tessellated with olive-
brown spots on a white ground; keel strong and
white ; lip sinuous, strongly retracted or notched
at the insertions. A. jarvisi, no. 4.

aa. Shell rimate; whorls of the spire streaked; keel

strong and acute, cream-white.

1}. Slender, the diam. one-fourth the length or less;
whorls 12 to 15, the last very acutely cnrinate;
length 17 to 18, diam. 3.8 to 4.5 mm.

A. tricolor, no. 2.

ANOMA. 5

&&. Stoutly fusiform, the diam. 3y2 times the length;
profusely striped with brown or corneous-brown
on a creamy ground, the streak behind the lip
blackish ; columella not truncate ; 20 to 21 x 6
mm., whorls ll/2 to 8. A. tesselata, no. 5.

bbb. Shape similar; striped with corneous-brown on
a gray-white ground, and with a gray or black-
ish line or band above the suture, and sometimes
at the periphery of the last whorl ; 16 x 5.3 mm.
with 7y2 whorls to 19 x 5 mm. with Sy2-9y2
whorls. A. t. cinerea, no. 5a.

aaa. Shell reddish-brown or dull yellowish, darker at
the ends; keel strong and acute, white or cream-
white.

&. A brown stripe behind the outer lip from suture
to keel, and with a brown band above the creamy
keel-band ; smooth, except behind the lip.

A. nitens, no. 6.

&&. Aperture angular below; a plum-colored streak

behind the lip ; striae visible nearly to the apex,

coarse on the last whorl ; 19 x 5.7 mm., with 8^2

whorls. A. prunicolor, no. 7.

aaaa. Spire pale, uniform.

&. Shell slender; keel strong and acute.

c. Pale corneous, obliquely rib-striate, more
weakly so above ; basal keel very strong ; aper-
ture oblique, angular below; columella not
truncate ; 18 x 3.3 mm. with Iiy2 whorls, to
21 x 4 mm., with 12-16 whorls.

A. gossei, no. 1.

cc. Pearl-white, with a pure white keel and lip;
coarsely striate at end of the last whorl, else-
where with excessively minute striae.

A. gracilis, no. 3.

&&. Shell stouter, the diam. not far from a third of
the length; spire only faintly striate, very
pale,
c. Keel high near the lip; clear bluish or por-

) ANOMA.

celain white, a brown streak behind the lips ;
aperture oblique; columellar margin notched
at the insertion; columella not truncate;
20x6.2 to 19x5.7 mm., with 7% whorls;
Westmoreland. A. n. simpsoni, no. 6a.

cc. Keel rather blunt, the strias passing over it;
yellow or whitish, with a brown pink streak
behind the lips; aperture subangular below,
the columella lip hardly notched at the in-
sertion ; columella strongly truncate ; 18 x 6.9
with 61/0 whorls to 19.5x6.5 with 7-7y2
whorls. Mt. Diablo. A. fuscolabris, no. 9.
2. No color-streak behind the lip ; pale yellow or white ;
finely plicate striate throughout, with the suture
somewhat crenulate; a strong basal angle defining a
small basal area.

A. radiata, no. 10 ; A. flexuosa, no. 11.

II. Back of last whorl very finely and densely striate or
nearly smooth, strongly tapering to the basal keel;
rest of the shell glossy and nearly smooth; shape
fusiform ; whorls 7-9, the last often with a white band
below the suture.

1. Back of last whorl with one or two blackish-brown
bands on an opaque- white ground ; peristorne white.
a. Peristome sinuous ; length 18-20 mm.

1). Early whorls blackish-brown, the last whorl
with two spreading or confluent bands of the
same color. A. levis, no. 12.

&5. Spire pale yellow or gray-white; last whorl with
a blackish band above the middle, and a short,
oblique one at the base ; a gray streak behind the
lip ; 19-20 x 6-6.5 mm. A. I. bicincta, no. 12a.
bl>l). Spire opaque white, with some clear gray
streaks, and a band of the same above the suture,
becoming dark brown, and below the periphery
on last whorl; a pinkish streak behind the Hp
and below the very strong keel ; 18-20 mm. long.

A. 1. unicincta, no. 12c.

ANOMA. 7

aa. Peristome thin and in a plane, not recurved at the
ends ; pale yellow or gray- white, with a black-brown
band above the periphery on back of last whorl,
and a waxen streak behind the lip; 14-15x5-5.3
mm. A. 1. concinna, no. 12&.

2. Back of last whorl with a blackish band above the

basal keel, and a gray or olive belt ascending above
the suture to the summit; peristome sinuous, both
the face and back deep rose-red.

A. I. baltcata, no. I2d.

3. Without black bands on the last whorl, but often hav-

ing a snow-white band below the suture ; basal keel
short, strong near the lip.

a. Shell dark, at least at the ends ; lip pink or rose.
&. A white band below the suture ; keel dark.
c. Length 16-19, diam. 6-6.2 mm., whorls 7-8.

A. splendens, no. 13.

cc. Length 17.5, diam. 4.66, whorls 9, the last rib-
striate behind. A. dohrniana, no. 15.

&&. Merely a white line, or none, below the suture;
otherwise like splendens.

A. s. rosealabris. no. 13a.
aa. Shell yellow or whitish, often pink tinted behind

and on the lip.
5. An opaque-white band below suture.

A. s. citrina, no. 136.
&&. Merely a subsutural line, or none.

A. s. albida, no. 13c.

4. Not banded; basal keel long, not abruptly becoming

stronger near the lip, which is white; no distinct
subsutural white band; shell whitish or yellow,
with the last whorl white; small 13-15 mm. long;
aperture oblique, the insertions of the lip but little
retracted. A. alboanfractus, no. 14, and varieties.

5. Basal keel very strong, whitish, at least a half whorl

long; columellar lip deeply notched above; colu-
mella truncate; lip pink.
a. Shell dark brown at the ends; last whorl with a

8 ANOMA.

slowly widening white belt below the suture; keel
white ; 15-17 x 5-5.5 mm., whorls 7-8.

A. pulchella, no. 16, and var. pulla, no. 16a.
aa. Similar, but more slender, 17.5 x 4.66 mm., with 9
whorls, the last rib-striate behind.

A. dohrniana, no. 15.

^aaa. Gray-white, with fine white lines at suture and

keel ; lip pale red, very sinuous ; 17 x 4.7 to 17.6 x

5.4 mm., 8-8~y2 whorls. A. sinuata, no. 17.

"III. Shell robust below, tapering rapidly and conic above, the

last whorl well rounded, with a narrow and rather low

basal keel ; last half of the last whorl distinctly, often

coarsely, rib-striate.

.1. Shell obesely fusiform, white or reddish below, finely
rib-striate throughout, more closely so on last
whorl; keel low, cord-like; aperture subvertical,
oval, the peristome white, thin, broadly expanded,
level and in a plane, the ends converging above;
19 x 6.6 mm., whorls 7-7 ^ A. striata, no. 18.

2. Last whorl hardly narrower than preceding one;
spire conic; aperture wide, the lip somewhat sin-
uous, its ends distant above ; keel narrow and deli-
cate.

a. Spire straightly conic and decidedly slender above;
no white sutural band, or only a narrow one;
columella hardly truncate ; whorls 7^/2-8 ; forms
from eastern Jamaica (Portland).

A. nigrescens, no. 20, and varieties.
aa. Spire thicker, the truncation wider; forms of cen-
tral and western Jamaica.

A. solida, no. 19, and varieties.

Group of A. tesselata.

Fusiform species with the last whorl rib-striate behind, and
tapering to the usually strong basal keel.

1. A. GOSSEI (Pfeiffer) . PI. 17, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13.

Shell cylindric-tapering, attenuate above, thin, pale cor-

ANOMA. 9

neons or somewhat transparent-bluish; surface glossy, sculp-
tured with oblique rib-stria, the upper whorls smoother.
Whorls 12-16, but slightly convex, slowly and regularly in-
creasing, the last acutely keeled at the base, the keel cream-
white, with a brown spot behind the outer Up and another on
the base, both showing within the aperture. Aperture ob-
lique, angular below and guttered within ; peristome discon-
tinuous, expanded and narrowly reflexed, the outer margin
sinuous, columellar margin retracted and notched, and sud-
denly dilated at the insertion; parietal wall covered with a
closely adherent callous. Axis strongly oblique and sinuous
in the last whorl, not truncate at its base.

Length 18, diam. 3.3 mm., whorls remaining ll1/^.

Length 21, diam. 4 mm., whorls remaining 12-16 (Pfr.).

Jamaica (Gosse, in Mus. Cuming; Swift and A. D. Brown,
in coll. A. N. S. P.).

Cylindrella gossei PFR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 137 ; Phil., Abbild.,
ii, p. 53 ; iii, p. 7, pi. 3, f . 10 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 70, pi. 7, f . 29,
30; Monogr., ii, p. 384. — Macroceramus pfeifferi MARTENS, in
Albers, Die Hel., 1861, p. 270 (based upon C. gossei Pfr., the
name changed on account of Bulimus gossei Pfr., a Microcer-
amus; cf. PFR. Malak. Bl., xxiii, 1876, p. 215, no. 9) .

A. gossei is narrower and more cylindric than A. tricolor,
more coarsely and strongly sculptured, and not tessellated.
The two species are otherwise nearly related. A. gossei is a
rare species, and its exact locality is unknown.

2. A. TRICOLOR (Pfeiffer). PI. 17, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

Shell subperforate, fusiform-turrite, strongly attenuated
towards the truncate apex ; smooth, glossy, opaque ; white,
ornamented with translucent corneous-ashy streaks. Whorls
12 to 15, a little convex, the last acutely carinate at the base,
ascending in front, chestnut-bordered behind the lip. Aper-
ture oblong, the base somewhat effuse; colurnella obsoletely
folded; peristome simple, expanded, the margins not con-
nected, right margin sinuous, columellar margin angularly
reflexed above. Length 18, diam. 4.5 mm., aperture 4.5 mm.
long, 3.3 wide (Pfr.) .

10

ANOMA.

Jamaica: Moncrieff Gully, parish of St. Ann, on a plant

(Gloyne).

Cylindrella tricolor PFR., Zeitschr. f . Malak., iv, 1847, p. 67 ;
Monogr., ii, p. 384; Conchyl. Cab., p. 69, pi. 7, f. 27, 28.—
GLOYNE, Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 34. — BLAND, Ann.
Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 154 (1855).— Cj/Z. gossei PPR., Phil.,
Abbild., ii, p. 218, pi. 1, Achatina, L lO.—Cijl. maugeri var.
raphinina CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch., p. 11 (Oct., 1853).

This species is distinct by its slender shape, much attenu-
ated and very narrowly truncate spire, and acute, strongly
projecting basal keel. The streaks are often brownish-gray
on the upper half of the shell, and the chestnut stripes behind
the lip and on the base show conspicuously in the aperture.
The last whorl is delicately rib-striate, the rest of the shell
only faintly striate. The axis is thickened and sinuous in the
last whorl, and usually appears truncate in an oblique view
in the aperture.

Pfeiffer's description is translated above, and his figures
copied, pi. 17, f. 6, 7. The italics are mine. Specimens be-
fore me measure 17.5x4.2 mm., with 14 whorls (the first 3
above the septum) ; 17 x 3.8 mm., with 12y2 whorls, etc. Both
Bland and Pfeiffer, after seeing specimens of C. m. raphinina
from Chitty, pronounced it identical with tricolor. It was
described from " St. Ann's." Chitty's description is very
apt — radish-shaped, cream- white, with alternate rectangular
and other spots of very pale reddish-ash color, etc.

Von Martens records this species from Haiti, specimens
occurring in the collection made by Weinland in the neighbor-
hood of Jeremie (Malak. BL, vi, 1859, p. 56, in text under
Mac. angulatus), but no other Haitian collector has found it.
It seems unlikely that a species of very limited distribution
in the middle of Jamaica would occur in Haiti, either native
or introduced; but Macroceramus virgincus described from
Jeremie is excessively like the Jamaican maugeri, and placed
next to it by von Martens.

3. A. GRACILIS (C. B. Adams).

Shell quite slender ; pearl-white, with a pure white keel and

ANOMA. 11

lip ; at the end of the last whorl coarsely striated ; otherwise
with excessively minute strias (C. m. var. gracilis C. B. A.,
Contrib. no. 9, p. 166) .

No locality is given for this insufficiently-described form,
which, with var. Integra, composed Adams' group of " aber-
rant slender forms." I have not seen specimens, and rank
the form as a species merely because, in the absence of struc-
tural details or measurements, I do not know what else to do
with it.

3a. Var. integra (C. B. Adams).

' ' Shell quite slender ; dull white, with a clear white lip ;
stria? very oblique, quite distinct on the last whorl, very
minute on the spire. The only specimen before me is not
truncated " (C. m. var. integra C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9,
p. 166).

Maroon Town, Hanover (Adams). Not seen.

3&. A. ADAMSI Pilsbry, n. sp.

Shell perforate, slenderly fusiform, narrowly truncate, re-
sembling A. t. cinerea, pi. 17, fig. 14, in general shape, or a
little more attenuate above. Surface glossy, very finely striate
throughout, the last third of the last whorl becoming more
coarsely rib-striate. Bluish-milky, touched with light brown
at the summit; the base, lack of the lip and adjacent surface,
broivnish- fleshy. The keel, a subsutural line on the last
whorl, and a wide arcuate stripe (behind the fleshy lip-stripe)
are opaque-ivhite; and behind the white stripe there is a
second fleshy-brown oblique area, fading on its right side into
the blue-white ground-color. These colors show within the
mouth. The well-expanded lip is flesh-pink and but slightly
thickened, somewhat sinuous, and a little retracted at both
ends. Columella distinctly truncate in oblique view. Length
19.3, diam. 5, length of aperture 4.6 mm., whorls 10.

Spring Garden, near Ulster Spring, Trelawny, Jamaica

(P. W. Jarvis).

In the distribution of colors on the back of the last whorl,
A. adamsi is not very unlike A. nit ens; but it is a more slen-

12 ANOMA.

der species, with distinctly, though very finely, striate spire.
It was received too late for figuring. Named in honor of
Prof. C. B. Adams.

4. A. JARVISI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 13, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell imperf orate, cylindric-fusiform, moderately strong;
white, tessellated with olive-brown spots vertically placed in
pairs, the upper series of spots smaller ; the base and a stripe
behind the lip are blackish-brown, several upper whorls are
dusky in some specimens. The surface is glossy, nearly
smooth, showing some weak, fine striae and minute malleation
under a strong lens ; and on the latter part of the last whorl
the striation becomes distinct, though fine. The basal keel is
white, strong and compressed, rather long. The aperture is
small and subvertical. Peristome white on both face and
back, expanded, slightly reflexed, and obtuse, being a little
thickened. The outer lip is strongly sinuous, arching for-
ward above and retracted to the insertion. The columellar
lip is also arched forward, and at the insertion it is deeply
notched, the edge being narrowly turned over and adnate.
The columella in oblique view is obliquely truncate in some
shells, not perceptibly so in others.

Length 19, diam. 5 mm., whorls 8% to 9.

Length 18, diam. 4.8 mm., whorls 8%.

Length 16.5, diam. 5.3 mm., whorls 8.

St. Ann: " Outer Penitentiary," a " cockpit " near Aenon
Town (P. W. Jarvis).

The irnperforate axis, very sinuous lip, and the peculiar
color-pattern, readily distinguish this from A.'tesselata and
other allied species of the group, having a white peristome
and blackish streaks behind its expansion. This elegant
species is named in honor of Mr. P. W. Jarvis, of Kingston.

A single poor specimen from Mt. Diablo, sent by Mr. Jarvis,
is similar to A. jarvisi, but more slender, 17 x 3.7 mm. It has
lost most of the color, so the specific identity is uncertain.

5. A. TESSELATA (C. B. Adams) . PI. 17, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Stout fusiform, the upper half tapering rapidly to the

ANOMA. 13

rather narrow truncation ; rather solid, cream-white, profusely
striped with brown or corneous-brown, squarish or wedge-
shaped stripes. Surface glossy, finely and faintly striate,
the striae becoming stronger, rib-like and arcuate on the back
of the last whorl. Whorls iy2 to 8 remaining, slightly con-
vex, the last strongly carinate beneath, the keel cream-white;
having a Hack-brown stripe behind the white lip, and a black-
brown' area on the base, both showing also within the aperture.
Aperture usually subvertical, the outer lip but slightly sin-
uous, well expanded, white; columellar lip well dilated,
hardly notched above; terminations of the lip approaching,
connected by a short, transparent-white parietal callous. Col-
umella not noticeably truncate in an oblique view. Axis
straight, vertical, and rather stout in the last whorl, sinuous
in the penult., above which it is slender and straight.

Length 20-21, diam. 6 mm.

Jamaica: St. Elizabeth (C. B. Ad.).

Cyl. maugeri var. tesselata C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch,
no. 9, p. 166 (April, 1851).— Cyl. zebrina PPE., P. Z. S., 1852,
p. 68, no. 58 (May 23, 1854) ; Monogr., iii, p. 581 (1853) ;
Novit. Conch., p. 258, pi. 65, f. 3, 4. — SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx,
pi. 14, f. 127. C. in. var. cinerea C. B. A., Contrib., p. 16G.

Easily distinguished from species of the splendens group
by the longer basal keel, different form of the aperture and
lip, and the particular color-pattern, which seems to be very
constant. C. zebrina Pfr. (pi. 17, f. 1, 2, copies of orig. figs.)
applies to exactly the same form as tesselata.

5a. Var. cinerea (C. B. Ad.). PI. 17, figs. 14, 15, 16.

' ' Shell of medium size and form. Pale ash color, black at
the summit, with transverse broad umber stripes, which are
numerous and deeply colored on the upper whorls, disf.-mt
and pale on the middle whorls, and obsolete on the last whorl,
with a dark brown line along the suture and another on the
anterior keel. Lip white, with a black stripe behind it on the
right, and a black spot behind on the left. Back of the bst
whorl distinctly striated, otherwise very lightly striated '
(Ad.}.

14 ANOMA.

Western Jamaica: Northern St. Elizabeth, at Accornpong,
near the Trelawny and St. James boundaries (C. B. Ad.) ;
Ipswich (J. B. Henderson, P. W. Jarvis). St. James, at
Hanna Rock (P. W. Jarvis).

I have given Adams' description above. The shell is some-
what smaller and usually more slender than tesselata. Some
specimens before me are striped with corneous-brown on a
gray-white ground, the stripes usually sparse or wanting on
the last whorl or two. A narrow corneous-brown band or line
runs above the suture of the last 3 to 5 whorls, and on the left
side of the last wrhorl it continues just above, then runs upon
the basal keel, but does not reach the lip, behind which the
dark stripes of tesselata, tricolor, etc., appear. The keel is
not very strong, but is long, as in tesselata. The sculpture
does not differ much from tesselata. Specimens measure:
19x5.3 mm., with S1/^ whorls (Ipswich) ; 19.5x5 mm., with
91/0 whorls ; 19.5 x 5.5 mm., with 8y2 whorls ; 16 x 5.3 mm.,
with 7~y2 whorls, the last being quite a stout form, with the
aperture very dark brown within.

Specimens from Hanna Rock differ from the above in hav-
ing the sutural line blackish-brown, and obsolete, or nearly so,
at the periphery and keel of the last whorl. The lip is cream-
colored on face and back, the columellar margin is conspic-
uously notched at the insertion, and the throat is chestnut-
colored.

6. A. NITENS (Chitty). PI. 13, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

' Shell medium size and form, shining, yellowish, trun-
cated; 8 whorls left, the uppermost of which is of a light, rich
brown; at the back of the right lip a narrow band of rich
brown ; over the keel, which is white, is a shading off baud for
one-half the whorl of similar brown; over the umbilical region
the same coloring. Very obsolete lines of growth, except on
the last whorl, where the strige are closely and strongly set.
Length .77, breadth .21 " [19.2x5.2 mm.] (Chitty}.

Westmoreland: New Hope (Chitty), Negril Spots (P. W.
Jarvis).

('ill. maugcri var. nit ens CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch., p. 9,
Oct., 1853.— C. maugeri DESK, in Fer., Hist., pi. 164, f. 33.

ANOMA. 15

A typical example from Negril Spots (Jarvis collection) is
figured. It is yellowish olive, the first whorl or two blackish-
brown; no sutural line. The last whorl has a cream-white,
widening band on the keel, spreading upivards to the suture
behind a deep brown stripe back of the lip. Above this keel-
band there is a narrow brown band, fading on its upper edge;
and the base is black-brown. The thin lip is white, both on
face and reverse, and the columellar margin is deeply notched
at the insertion. The columella is not truncate. The basal
keel is long and rather acute. The surface is smooth, showing
only faint growth-lines, except on the last third of the last
whorl, where there are fine, crowded rib-striae.

Length 19.5, diam. 5.5 mm. ; whorls 8l/2-

Length 18, diam. 5.5 mm. ; whorls 7%.

6a. Var. SIMPSONI Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 17, figs. 17, 18, 19.

The shell is clear bluish-white or porcelain-white, with a
brown stripe behind the lip and a curved patch on the base.
There is no band above the keel, and the apex is white. Aper-
ture long, oblique, the outer lip but slightly thickened, and
sinuous ; columellar lip deeply notched above. The columella
is not truncate below, as seen obliquely in the aperture. The
surface is very glossy and only faintly striate, except on the
last half whorl, where the striae become stronger, as in typical
nitens. The keel is well pinched up near the lip, but becomes
almost obsolete a half whorl back. Specimens measure 20 x
6.2 mm. to 19 x 5.7 mm., with 7% whorls.

The habitat of this variety is unknown. Several speci-
mens before me vary only in size. It is named for Mr. Charles
Torrey Simpson, in recognition of his work on the Jamaican
and Porto Rican land snail faunas.

The absence of stripes on the spire, the longer, more oblique
aperture and notched eolumellar lip, separate var. simpsoni
from all forms of A. tesselata; the absence of a band above
the keel, etc., from A. nitens.

1. A. PRUNICOLOR (Chitty).

" This shell is named from the band of deep plum color

16 ANOMA.

behind the lip. Shell less robust, rather long. Not a fresh
specimen, red-brown, deeper at either extremity. Lip long
and angulated below, expanded and thin at the margin, pure
white, with behind it the plum-colored band. Keel acute,
white. Stria3 visible almost to the truncated apex, coarse and
wide on the last whorl. Whorls 8y2. Length .76, breadth
.23 " (19x5.75 mm.). (Cyl. m. var. prunicolor Chitty, Con-
trib., p. 8.)

The locality is unknown. No specimens seen, but from the
acute white keel, angular base of the aperture and dark streak
behind the lip, it is probably related to A. nitens, from which
the stronger sculpture chiefly distinguishes it, so far as I can
judge by Chitty 's description, given above.

8. A. VIRGINEA (Weinland & Martens).

" Shell rimate, fusiform, the apex truncate; very smooth,
glossy, milk-white. Whorls 8, flattened, the last not longer
than the penultimate, costulate, the base obtusely carinate.
Aperture oblong, angular at base, the columella distinctly
plicate; peristome reflexed, the margins converging, joined by
a thin, adherent callous; fauces brown. Length 18, diam. 6,
aperture with peristome 5 mm." (Mart.).

Haiti: neighborhood of Jeremie (Weinland).

Macroceramus virgineus W. & M., MARTENS, Malak. Bl.,
vi, 1859, p. 56. — Cyl. virginea WT. & M., PFR., Monogr., vi, p.
357. — Lia virginea W. & M., CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 133.

" Nearest related to the so-called Cylindrella maugeri, dif-
fering from that in the characters emphasized above and the
more obese shape." The species is known by the above de-
scription only. This suggests a shell not very unlike A. fusco-
labris or nitens.

9. A. FUSCOLABRIS (Chitty). PI. 11, figs. 75, 76, 79.

' ' Shell robust and moderately thickened ; shining sulphur-
yellow in the middle, brick-red tinge on the truncate apex;
last whorl white, with an ill-defined band of brick-red on the
back of the lower part of the lip. Last whorl much rounded ;
keel obtuse. Aperture semiorbicular, much contorted, and

ANOMA. 17

slightly angular at its base. Striae well defined on the last
whorl. Whorls 8. Length .76, breadth .25 (19x6.25 mm.).
A younger semitransparent specimen (I have only two) has
only 71/4 whorls, length .72, breadth .26 " (18x6.5 mm.).

Central Jamaica: Mt. Diablo, St. Ann (John B. Hender-
son, Jr., P. W. Jarvis).

Cyl. m. var. fuscolabris CHITTY, Contrib., p. 7 (1853).

The 'locality was unknown to Chitty, whose description is
quoted above. The specimens before me from Mt. Diablo are
stoutly fusiform, pale yellow shells (old museum specimens
fading to gray- white), the last whorl white, with a brownish-
pink streak behind the basal and outer lips, but not extending
up to the suture ; and in three of eleven shells seen, the early
whorls are similarly but faintly tinted. The glossy surface
is faintly, irregularly striate, almost smooth; the latter half
of the last whorl becoming closely rib -striate. The keel is
blunt and low, though distinct, the stria? passing over it. It
is an angle rather than a keel. The aperture is somewhat
oblique, distinctly or slightly angular below, white inside,
with a brown stripe within the lip, which is white on both
sides. The outer lip is strongly sinuous; columellar lip only
a little retracted at its insertion. Columella strongly trun-
cate.

Length 18, diam. 6.9 mm., whorls 6y2 (Mt. Diablo).

Length 19.5, diam. 6.5 mm., whorls 7 (Mt. Diablo).

Length 17, diam. 6 mm., whorls 7y2 (Mt. Diablo).

Length 19.5, diam. 7 mm., whorls 7 (Mt. Diablo).

It has some resemblance to A. nit ens (Chitty), but that is a
strongly carinate form.

10. A. RADIATA (Chitty). PI. 18, figs. 31, 32, 33.

" Shell long, not robust, shining; lip and last part of last
whorl white; rest dirty yellow; whole shell boldly but beauti-
fully striated. Aperture long and angulated below, where
the peritreme is much expanded and but little reflected.
"Whorls nearly 9. Length .9, breadth .23 " (22.5 x 5.73 mm.).

Bogwalk, interior of St. Catherine (C. W. Johnson).

Cyl. maugci'i var. radio t a CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch., no. 1,

18 ANOMA.

p. 7 (Oct., 1853). — Leia maugeri var. striatula C. B. Ads.,
JOHNSON & Fox, Nautilus, v, p. 34 (July, 1891) .

The locality of Chitty's unique type was unknown. The
figured specimens, collected at Bogwalk by C. W. Johnson,
are pale yellow, becoming white on the last whorl, or gray-
white throughout. The glossy surface is everywhere plicate-
striate, a little more coarsely so on the back of the last whorl.
The suture is finely crenulate above. Whorls very slightly
convex, the last rapidly tapering to the strong basal angle.
The area within the angle is small. Aperture small oblique ;
the peristome is thin, white, expanded and narrowly reflexed;
outer margin strongly sinuous; columellar margin arched
forward in the middle. The basal margin is somewhat an-
gular and noticeably recurved. The columella is abruptly
truncate deep within. 19.5 to 20.5 x 5.7 mm., with 8l/2 whorls.

Well distinguished by the fusiform shape, finely plicate
surface, strong basal angle, the absence of bands or streaks,
and the small, oblique, angular aperture. It is most nearly
related to A. fuscolabris and A. flexuosa. The latter species
differs by the greater number of whorls and vertical aperture.

11. A. FLEXUOSA (Pfeiffer).

"Shell shortly and deeply rimate, fusiforni-turrite, solid,
somewhat closely plicate-striate, alabastrine; spire regularly
tapering above the middle, the apex shortly truncate; suture
creuulated by the pliccc; 11 ivhorls remaining, flattened, the
last compressed-carinate at the base, somewhat ascending in
front. Aperture vertical, oblong; peristome interrupted, the
margins joined by an appressed callous, .sinuous, the right
margin with a weak tooth within [' dextro intus subuniden-
tato ']. Length 23.5, diarn. 6 mm." (Pfr.).

Jamaica? (Bland).

Cyl. flexuosa PFR., Malak. Bl., xiii, 1866, p. 88; Monogr.,
vi, p. 357.

Known to me by the above description only, the italics be-
ing my own. Except in the more numerous whorls, the shell
would seem to have much in common with A. radiata Chitty.
Has Pfeiffer put the tooth on the wrong margin of .the .aper-
ture in locating it in the right margin ?

ANOMA. 19

Group of A. splendens.

The shell tapers towards both ends, and is smooth and
glossy, except for some extremely fine striation on the latter
part of the last whorl. Aperture oblique, decidedly longer
than wide.

12. A. LEVIS (C. B. Adams).

Somewhat fusiform shells, smooth except for some striation
back of the lip, usually with one or two dark bands on the
opaque-white ground of the back of the last whorl. Keel
moderately strong, but short. Aperture oblong. A number
of races inhabiting central and western Jamaica are grouped
under the above specific name merely to show their close re-
lationship to one another, and to segregate them from the
splendens group of varieties which form a similar assemblage.
The two groups are very closely related; but, in general, levis
is less fusiform than splendens, has a larger aperture and
wider lip.

Typical A. levis. PI. 19, figs. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37.

" Shell robust, but rather thin; livid black in the upper
whorls, pale livid brown along the middle, anteriorly with a
rapidly widening pure white stripe, which unites behind the
lip with a broad transverse white stripe that runs through a
large triangular black spot ; lip white ; without strige. Some
pale specimens have a tinge of red along the middle. In-
habits Kilmarnock, in the east part of Westmoreland. In an-
other part of Westmoreland is a subvariety in which the form
is less robust, the anterior white stripe is larger and tinged
with yellow, and the transverse white stripe, being interrupted
by the black spot, appears more like a short spiral stripe ; the
lip is rather less reflected, and the aperture smaller and more
oblique " (C. B. Ad,).

Western Jamaica: Kilmarnock (C. B. Ad.) and water-wheel
between Savanna-la-Mar and Bluefields, and at Little London
(P. W Jarvis), all in Westmoreland.

Cyl. maugeri var. levis C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 162. -C.
maugeri DESK, in Fer., Hist., pi. 164, f. 33.

20 ANOMA.

Prof. Adams' description of this form, reprinted above, is
by no means lucid. The shell has an oily gloss, showing,
under a lens, some sparse stria? on the spire, and stronger
stria?, either close or well spaced, behind the lip, wanting in
some specimens. The early whorls are black-brown, the in-
termediate ones reddish, or dirty brown-gray, which con-
tinues over part of the last whorl, wrhere there are two glossy
black-broivn bands, the upper one at or above the middle, the
lower below the keel, its upper end rising above it. Betiveen
these bands it is opaque-white, and usually the same between
the upper band and the suture. Behind the white outer lip
there may or may not be a brown streak. The keel is rather
strong for a fourth of a whorl, becoming a mere line above
that, but is not so strong as in var. unicincta. Outer lip is
somewhat sinuous and thickened, and the mouth is much
longer than wide. The columella is indistinctly truncate.
This form is extremely variable in coloration, and intergrades
with var. bicincta. Specimens measure 19.5 x 5.7 to 6.3 mm.,
with 7 to 9 whorls. Some shells from Little London have the
lip pink.

12a. Var. BICINCTA (C. B. Adams). PI. 19, figs. 43, 44, 45.

" Shell either short and robust or of medium size and
form; pale yellow in the upper whorls and in the lip and
behind it ; on the back of the last whorl pure white, with two
brownish-black stripes ; otherwise pearl- white ; with fine strife
on the last half of the last whorl. Inhabits Westmoreland '
(C. B. Ad.).

Cyl. m. var. bicincta C. B. A., Contrib., p. 164. — C. maugeri
var., PFR., Conch. Cab., pi. 7, f. 39, 40. — SOWERBY, C. Icon.,
x, pi. 15, f. 134d

The yellow tint fades with age, museum specimens becom-
ing gray-white, with the lip faintly buff-tinted, a gray streak
behind it; back with two black-brown bands on an opaquc'-
white ground, the upper one situated above the middle, aris-
ln<l on I he, left side, faint at first, and stopping short of the
slrt'ak behind the lip; the lower band is short, merely tin
s}>t>t, arising above the keel, which it crosses obliquely,

ANOMA. 21

the greater portion of the spot lying below it. The outer lip
is sinuous and retracted above ; the columellar lip strongly
notched at the insertion. Columella indistinctly truncate be-
low, slender and slightly sinuous within (pi. 11, fig. 78).
Length 19, diam. 6.5 nun. with 7y2 whorls to 20 x 6 mm. with
8 whorls.

This form differs from unicincta in the higher position of
the principal band, the absence of a gray belt above the
suture and of gray variegation of the spire, and in wanting a
pink streak behind the lip. The shape and sculpture are
about the same in the two forms. Var. bicincta is identical
with Icvis except in the color, which is far paler, with the dark
markings much reduced.

126. Var. CONCINNA (C. B. Adams). PL 19, figs. 38, 39, 40.

Small, but stout in figure; glossy, faintly striatulate, the
last half of the last whorl finely striate ; pale yellow or gray-
white, the last half of the last whorl opaque-white, with a
black-brown band above the middle, and stopping far short of
the lip ; base and a streak behind the lip waxen. Keel strong
and acute. Aperture oblique, the peristome white, thin and
in a plane, not retracted or notched at the ends. Columella
strongly truncate. Length 14 to 15, diam. 5 to 5.3 mm.,
whorls 7.

East part of Manchester, on the Whitney River estate (C.
B. Ad.) ; Whitney (Jarvis).

C. m. var. concinna C. B. A., Contrib., p. 164.

Similar to the larger var. bicincta, but there is no basal
dark patch and the lip differs, being thin and not sinuous.
It is quite a distinct race, and should, perhaps, be treated as
a separate species.

12c. Var. UNICINCTA (C. B. Adams). PI. 19, figs. 46, 47,

48, 49.

Shell somewhat fusiform, rather solid, opaque-white, with
some gray streaks and speckling on the spire, and a translu-
cent-gray belt above the suture of the last 2 or 3 whorls, be-
coming a purple-brown band on the last whorl, below the

22

ANOMA.

periphery, but a short distance above the keel. Behind the
white outer and columellar lips there is a fleshy or brownish-
pink streak, interrupted by the white keel, below which there
is an ill-defined band of similar color. These markings show
inside the aperture. Surface glossy, nearly smooth except
behind the lip, where it is densely and minutely striate. Keel
very strong on the last half whorl, merely traced on the first
half. Aperture oblong, much longer than wide, the lip thick-
ened, well expanded, sinuous, whitish, both outer and colu-
mellar margins retracted above, joined by a whitish parietal
callous. Columella more or less distinctly truncate in oblique
view, thick inside (pi. 11, fig. 77). Length 20, diam. 6.2 mm.,
whorls 8, or a little smaller, 18.5 x 5.5 mm.

Central Jamaica: Manchester (C. B. Adams) ; Cave Valley,
southwestern St. Ann (P. W. Jarvis).

Cyl. maugeri var. unicincta C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 163.
— CHITTY, Contrib., p. 11. — C. maugeri var., PFR., Conchyl.
Cab., pi. 9, f. 11, 12.

The axis is strongly thickened within the last whorl (pi. 11,
fig. 77), quite unlike the slender axis of var. bicincta (fig. 78).
This, the preceding and the following varieties are from
central Jamaica, and are widely separated geographically
from the western levis and var. bicincta. Perhaps they form
a distinct species, as no intermediate forms, either structurally
or geographically, are known.

12cZ. Var. balteata Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 13, figs. 5, 6.

Shell similar to var. unicincta except that the entire lip is
of a brilliant rose-red, and the olive band above the suture
ascends to the summit, becoming darker on the upper and on
the last whorls; elsewhere the shell is glossy, opaque- white,
without the gray streaks of var. unicincta, or with them very
faint. The black band on the last whorl runs into the color-
streak behind the lip. Columella truncate. Surface smooth,
under a strong lens showing excessively minute, close strife on
the early whorls, a dense, shallow pitting on the intermediate
whorls, and fine striation, as in unicincta, on the last whorl.
Length 17, diam. 5.7 mm.

ANOMA. 23

Aboukir, in southwestern St. Ann (P. W. Jarvis).

13. A. SPLENDENS (' Menke ' Pfr.).

Shell fusiform, widest near the middle, smooth and glossy,
with some excessively fine strife behind the lip only; whorls
but slightly convex; basal keel short, blunt and strong, very
weak except just behind the lip. Aperture oblique, long, the
outer lip sinuous, columellar lip angular and notched near the
insertion. Columella truncate, though sometimes not veiy
noticably so from the aperture. Axis distinctly sinuous in
the penult, whorl, thickened by a subspiral callous in the last
whorl (pi. 12, fig. 57).

Central Jamaica: Manchester.

A group of middle Jamaican varieties, very closely related
to the A. lev-is series, but without dark bands on the last
whorl, smoother, with shorter basal keel and more twisted axis.

The identity of Wood's original Helix maugeri (pi. 18, fig.
24) probably cannot now be positively settled. It is a matter
of conjecture. The figure suggests A. nigrescens rufilabris
somewhat, but the correspondence is not sufficiently close to
be conclusive. It was originally introduced by Wood in the
Supplement to the second edition of his Index Testaceologicus,
p. 22, pi. 7, f. 31 (1828), without description, with the habitat
West Indies, and a sign indicating the length as three-quarters
of an inch. Sowerby (1834) figured as maugeri a form dif-
fering from that of Wood, and referable to A. nigrescens
quadricolor. Pfeiffer (1848) gave the first description of
maugeri, which, while it covered several forms, applied par-
ticularly to tricolor, citrina and albida of C. B. Adams; but
earlier (1841) the names splcndens and hornbeckii had been
proposed for the first of these, and none of the three agrees
very closely with Wood's figure. Regret as we may the
change of a well-known name, it is the better course to delete
maugeri as not identifiable.

Typical splendens (' Mke ' Pfr.). PL 12, figs. 50 to 57.

Shell fusiform, the last whorl tapering; very dark broicn
t<.>n-:tr<ls the ends, lighter in the middle, with snow-white band

24 ANOMA.

below the suture on all, or all but the earliest, whorls. Smooth
and glossy, with excessively fine stria? only behind the lip.
Basal keel short and strong. Aperture oblong, oblique, the
lip expanded or reflexed, pink on face and back, a white spot
at its upper insertion. Columella truncate deep within.
18 x 6 to 20 x 6y2 mm., with iy2 to 8 whorls.

Central Jamaica: Manchester (C. B. Ad.) ; a variety with
the subsutural band much narrower at Peace River, Man-
chester (Chitty) ; Balaclava, St. Elizabeth (P. W. Jarvis).

Pupa splendens Menke, PFR., Symbolae ad Hist. Hel., i, p.
45, no. 51 (1841). — Torquilla hornbeckii VILLA, Dispositio
Systematica Conch, terr. et fluv. in coll. Villa, p. 57, no. 12
(1841). — C. maugeri var. tricolor C. B. A., Contrib., p. 163. —
CHITTY, Contrib., p. 11. — C. maugeri PFR. in Philippi,
Abbild., iii, pi. 3, f. 13a;Conchyl. Cab., pi. 7, f. 37.— DESH. in
Fer., Hist, pi. 164, f. 29, 30.— * Helix ignifera Fer., Prodr.,
p. 61, no. 495 (nude name).

This form differs from citrina only in its dark color. The
intermediate whorls vary from brown to olive, and there is a
local form found near Peace River in which they are gray-
white or yellowish (figs. 54, 55). Examples of this pale race
measure from 16 x 6 to 19 x 6.2 mm.

The names splendens, hornbeckii and tricolor were all
based upon the same dark variety, though both Pfeiffer and
Villa considered the pale shells (citrina) to be specifically
the same as the dark ones.

The original description of Pupa splendens is as follows:
Shell subfusiform, rimate, apex truncate, very smooth, glossy,
fulvous or green, girdled at the suture with white; whorls 8,
flattened, the last not larger than the penult., carinate at the
base ; aperture suborbicular, peristome reflexed, roseate, the
margins converging, joined by a thin callous, right margin
dilated, columellar margin strongly folded within. Length
8.5, diam. 3 lines (P/V.).

In figure 53 there should be some fine striae on the last
whorl, as in fig. 64 of the same plate. They were omitted by
the lithographer.

ANOMA. 25

13a. Var. rosealabris (Chitty).

" Named from its beautiful rose-colored lip. Shell robust,
short, shining; coloring same as in var. tricolor [splendens] ;
keel short, pink ; no white line as in var. tricolor, or, at most,
a very microscopically thin one. Lip oblique and elongated.
Whorls 7, very fine striation extending only over one-fourth
of the last whorl, but more so than in var. tricolor. Length
.72, breadth .25 inch (C. m. var. rosealabris Chitty, Contrib.,
p. 8).

Habitat Maroon Town? (Chitty). Not seen. It would
seem to be related to albida as splendens is to citrina.

136. Var. citrina (C. B. Adams). PI. 12, figs. 63, 64, 65.

' Shell more or less robust; sulphur yellow; sometimes
pearl-white when the lip is pure white; with a pure white,
well-defined narroiv stripe next below the suture; tinged with
red at the end of the last whorl; with excessively fine striae
behind the lip only " (Ad.).

Central and western Jamaica: Manchester (C. B. Adams) ;
Mandeville and Spur Tree Hill, in the same parish (Hender-
son). Balaclava, St. Elizabeth; Spring Garden and Albert
Town, Trelawny, and Ft. William, Westmoreland (P. W.
Jar vis) .

C. maugeri var. citrina C. B. A., Contrib., p. 164. — C. mau-
geri PFR., in Phil., Abbild., iii, pi. 3, f. 13&. — SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. 15, f. 134&, c. — DESH. in Fer., Hist., pi. 164, f.
31, 32.

This is one of the commonest varieties in collections, easily
known by the opaque-white subsutural band on a yellow or
whitish ground, the smooth surface and short basal keel. In
some localities the last part of the last whorl is pink- tin ted,
and the lip pink; often the first whorl or two are similarly
colored. In others there is no pink whatever. The tinted
shells form a transition towards pale forms of splendens.

Pupa fusiformis C. B. Adams. Shell fusiform, glossy, very
finely striate, opaque, ashen, decollate. Five or six whorls
lost, planulate; eight whorls remaining, not very convex,
white-banded, the band below the suture. Lip solid, white,

26 ANOMA.

rounded, sinuous, scarcely continuous above; umbilicus nar-
row. Length after decollation .8 inch, width .27 inch [20 x
6.75 mm.] (C. B. Ad.}.

Pupa fusiformis C. B. A., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Jan. 1,
1845, p. 14. — Cyl. m. var. fusiformis C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9,
p. 164. Not Pupa fusiformis Deshayes, 1832.

In his arrangement of the varieties of maugeri, Adams
places this between citrina and albida, remarking that " it is
of a pearl or ashy- white color." It seems, from the descrip-
tion, to be very similar to citrina and albida, and, in any case,
must be dropped, as the name is preoccupied. Locality un-
known.

13c. Var. ALBIDA (C. B. Adams). PI. 12, fig. 66.

Shell fusiform, glossy and smooth, except for some very
fine striae behind the lip, bluish-white, the suture marked with
a fine white line; apex and a space behind the lip sometimes
faintly pink-tinted. Keel very short, blunt. Aperture
longer than wide, oblique, the peristome reflexed, moderately
thickened, white; outer lip retracted slightly above; columel-
lar lip projecting in a slight angle near the insertion. Colu-
mella more or less truncate in an oblique view in the aperture.
Length 18, diam. 6 mm., whorls 7%. Length 20, diam. 5.5
mm., whorls 8y2.

Bristol, Trelawny (P. W. Jarvis).

Cyl. maugeri PFR. in part, Monographia, ii, 384; iii, 581;
iv, 712; vi, 356 (includes numerous forms of the splendens
and levis group). — Cyl. maugeri var. albida C. B. ADAMS,
Contrib., p. 165.

Type locality unknown, but the Jarvis collection contains
typical examples from the locality noted above. It differs
from citrina by the fine white sutural line, not widening into
a band on the lower whorls, and sometimes inconspicuous.

Adams thus describes albida: " Shell like var. citrina, but
the white stripe reduced to an ill-defined line, slightly tinged
with yellow on the penult whorl, with the red tinge very
faint." No locality is mentioned.

ANOMA. 27

14. A. ALBOANFRACTUS ( Chitty) . PI. 19, figs. 41, 42.

Small, but stout in figure; smooth and glossy, the latter
part of the last whorl densely, finely striate; pale yellow,
fading to opaque-white on the last half or more of the last
whorl. Keel distinct but low. Aperture oblique; peristoine
but little thickened and slightly retracted at the ends. Colu-
mella strongly truncate in most individuals. Length 14.5,
diam. 4.8 to 5.2 mm., whorls 71/£ to 8. Chitty 's type meas-
ured .62 x .22 inch. Habitat unknown, perhaps Northside,
according to Chitty.

C. m. var. alboanfractus CHITTY, Contrib., p. 8 (Oct., 1853).

Like concinna, but without bands or streaks, and with the
peristome sinuous. It differs from paivana chiefly in the
opaque-white last whorl.

14a. Var. bicolor (Chitty).

" Shell short and robust. Lip and penult whorl white,
gradually growing into a pure rich yellow to the truncate
apex; very shining, with lines of growth only perceptible
under a strong lens. Whorls 6, Length .6, greatest breadth
.24 (15x6 mm.). One is longer, Ty% whorls, length .64,
breadth .21 " (16x5.25 mm.). (Cyl. m. var. bicolor Chitty,
Contrib., p. 10.)

Habitat unknown. It seems, from the description, to be
near alboanfractus and paivana, if, indeed, it is not identical
with the latter.

146. Var. paivana (Pfeiffer). PI. 12, figs. 58-62.

" Shell subperf orate, obese-fusiform, broadly truncate,
rather solid, smooth, glossy, waxen whitish. Spire swollen
below the middle, obese; 7 whorls remaining, the upper ones
flat, lower a little convex, the last whorl narrower, somewhat
acutely thread-keeled at base. Aperture slightly oblique,
oblong; columella with a tooth-like fold within; peristome
white, reflexed, the ends joined by a thin callous, right margin
sinuous, columellar margin somewhat toothed, angular out-
wardly, below the insertion. Length 13.5 to 14.5, diam. 5.5
mm." (P/r.).

Jamaica.

28

ANOMA.

Cyl. paivana PFR., Novit. Conch., pt. 22, p. 258, pi. 65, f.
8, 9 (May, 1865) ; Monogr., vi, p. 357.— GLOYNE, J. de C.,
1875, p. 122.

The small size, uniform yellow or dingy yellow tint and
abruptly truncate columella readily distinguish this form,
which is not uncommon. The yellow tint fades in time to
dirty white. Except for excessively fine striation on the latter
part of the last whorl, the surface is nearly smooth. The keel
is longer than in A. splendens citrina. Both size and form
vary rather widely, specimens measuring: 15x5.3 mm.;
17.2 x 6 mm. ; 16.5 x 5.2 mm. Figures 58 and 59 are copies of
Pfeiffer's. Gloyne has reported paivana from Mt. Diablo,
but whether the specimens were correctly identified or not is
an open question.

15. A. DOHRNIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 16, figs. 23, 24.

Shell subperf orate, subfusiform, slender, smooth, glossy;
coffee-colored, with a whitish band at the suture. Spire
slightly tapering downwards, and slowly tapering upwards
from the middle, narrowly truncate; suture simple, little im-
pressed. Nine whorls remaining are flattened, the last one
scarcely higher than the preceding, rib-striate anteriorly, the
base with a somewhat compressed keel. Aperture oblique,
subcircular, the peristome rose-flesh colored, expanded, the
margins joined by a rather thin callous; right margin pro-
duced upwards at the insertion; columellar margin sinuous,
somewhat toothed above. Length 17.5, diam. 4.66 mm.;
length of aperture with peristome 4, width 3.75 mm." (P/V.).

Jamaica.

Cylindrella dohrniana PFR., Malak. Bl., xviii, 1871, p. 119 ;
Novit. Conch., iv, p. 74, pi. 121, f . 14, 15 ; Monogr., viii, 423.

I have not seen this form, which apparently differs from
A. splendens chiefly by its slender shape and the rib-striation
of the back of the last whorl.

16. A. PULCHELLA (Chitty).

This pretty shell in color resembles var. tricolor. Shell

ANOMA. 29

small, not over robust, shining. Last whorl and part of the
penult., and the three upper whorls of the decollated apex, of
a deep rich brown; intermediate space of a light olive-brown.
Lip and behind the lip rose-pink except where it is inter-
rupted by the sharp white keel, which extends over one-half
of the last whorl. Next below the suture is a gradually-
widening white line, commencing at one-half of the penult,
whorl and terminating at the rose-pink behind the lip.
Whorls TI/O. Transverse strias well marked on one-half of
the last whorl, obsolete above. Lip very oblique, with a deep
sinus on the left side. Length .64, breadth .21 inch " (Cyl.
TO. var. pulchella Chitty, Contrib., p. 8).

Manchester? (Chitty, two specimens). Specimens from
Mr. Jarvis' collection (pi. 13, figs. 10, 11) from the Cockpit
country near Troy, St. Elizabeth, agree fairly with Chitty 's
description, except in the paler intermediate whorls. The
glossy shell is whitish, with a brown or fleshy tint, the upper
whorl dark brown. The last whorl, and the lower part of the
preceding whorl, are also dark brown, with a widening white
band below the suture, and another 011 and above the basal
keel. The face and reverse of the sinuous lip are rose-pink.
The broad median dark belt on the latter part of the last
whorl runs directly into the pink and brown at the back of
the lip in some specimens, but in that figured (pi. 13, f. 10)
a white streak intervenes. The columella is more or less trun-
cate within, and the columellar margin of the lip is deeply
notched at the insertion, the edge being reflexed, and either
adnate or leaving a small umbilical chink. The basal keel is
strong, and longer than in A. splendens. The surface is
smooth except for some fine striae near the end of the last,
whorl. Specimens measure from 17 x 5.7 mm. to 18 x .~i.4
mm., with 7y2 to 9 whorls. One of this lot is figured. Ex-
cept in having wider wrhite bands at suture and keel, ti
shells are similar to those below referred to var. put hi.

A. dohrniana seems to have the coloration of pulchella, but
differs by its more slender contour. A. splendens is larger
than pulchella, without a white basal band, and with less
deeply notched lip-ends.

30 ANOMA.

16a. Var. pulla (Chitty). PI. 11, figs. 67, 68, 69, 70.

Fusiform, swollen in the middle; dark brown at the ends,
paler in the middle, the last whorl with a slowly widening
creamy band below the suture. Smooth and polished, with
some very fine striae on the latter part of the last whorl only.
Keel long and very strong, its latter part creamy-white.
Aperture long, the lip well expanded, flesh-tinted or creamy,
sinuous; columellar margin very deeply notched at the inser-
tion, dilated and reflexed, closely applied over the umbilical
cJtink, closing it. Columella strongly truncate in oblique
view. Length 15, diam. 5 mm., with 7 whorls.

Maroon town, St. James (Chitty).

C. m. var. pulla CHITTY, Contrib., i, p. 9 (Oct., 1853).

Remarkable for the closure of the axial chink by the re-
flexed and adnate columellar margin. Otherwise it resem-
bles A. paivana, except in color.

Chitty 's type measured .68 x .22 inch (17x5.5 mm.), and
is thus described : ' ' Shell small, rather slender, dark red-
brown, almost black at the back of peritreme. Lip cream-
white, and so also around the back of it, and a white line run-
ning along the top (below the suture) of one-half of the last
whorl, narrow and gradually diminishing. I have but three
specimens before me, not the best I imagine, and, though the
brown body-color is good, each seems covered with a white sub-
stance which scales off on application of a steel instrument, as
though the substance were the natural exterior. Whorls 7%,
with deep suture, generally shining ; with transverse stride but
slightly developed on the last whorl. At the top of the left
side of the labrum is a very deep, well-marked sinus. Aper-
ture very much lengthened, and keel very sharp. Length
.68, breadth .22 inch."

17. A. SINUATA (C. B. Adams). PL 11, figs. 71, 72.

' Shell not robust and rather thin, with the lip remarkably
sinuate ; of a dingy pearl-white, with, on the last whorl, a fine
white line below the suture and another on the anterior keel.
Lip pale red, with a tinge of brown behind. With excessively
fine striae on the back of the last whorl " (C. B. Ad.}.

ANOMA. 3 1

Eastern Jamaica: the east part of Portland (C. B. AJ.) ;
Mooretown (P. W. Jarvis).

Cyl. m. var. sinuata C. B. A., Contrib., p. 164.

There are in the collection of the Academy only two poor,
worn specimens, one of which is figured. They measure
17.6 x 5.4 mm. with 8 whorls, and 17 x 4.7 mm., with 8y2
whorls. The mouth and lip are like pulla, but the axial
chink, though very narrow, is not wholly closed, and the keel
is less strong, though still quite strong and much longer than
in A. splcndcns. The " east part of Portland " of Adams'
time is now middle Portland, since the union with that parish
of St. Thomas-in-the-East, a parish which once included the
John Crow Mts. and coast.

In the collection of P. W. Jarvis there are two fresh shells
of this species from Mooretown, Portland. They are glossy,
bluish-white, with a faint pink tint at the summit. The last
whorl becomes faintly straw-tinted, the keel and suture white.
Both face and back of the lip are rose-pink.

Group of A. solida.

Shell conic above, robust below, with well-rounded (rather
than tapering) last whorl, and a rather narrow, often incon-
spicuous, keel; back of the last whorl rib-striate.

18. A. STRIATA (C. B. Adams). PI. 16, figs. 40-47.

Shell rimate, obesely fusiform, thin but moderately strong ;
white, typically uniform, but sometimes tinted with red-
brown at the base. Surface somewhat glossy, finely rib-
striate, the stria? weaker on the upper whorl or two. AYhorls
somewhat convex, the last tapering, with a rather low, cord-
like keel below, subobsolete near the columellar lip; suture
strongly ascending to its termination. Aperture nearly ver-
tical, oval, longer than wide, the peristome thin, broad I u ex-
panded and reflexed, white; the outer and columellar m<ir</ins
level and in a plane, not sinuous, converging above, where a
short, thin parietal callous unites them. Colnmella seen in
an oblique view to be truncate below. Length 19, diam. 6.6
mm., whorls 7 to

32 ANOMA.

Jamaica: Waterloo, in the back part of Manchester
(Adams); Troy, St. Elizabeth (Jarvis).

Cyl. maugeri var. striata C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 165
(April, 1851).— Cyl. macrostoma PPR., P. Z. S., 1857, p. Ill;
Conchyl. Cab., p. 73, pi. 9, f. 15-17; Monogr., iv, 712.-
SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 3, f. 26. — GLOYNE, J. de Conchyl.,
1875, p. 122 (Manchester).

Quite distinct by its thin, much expanded lip, the very
short parietal callous, striate surface, etc. In one lot before
me the last whorl is reddish-brown, this color fading on the
preceding whorls to corneous white in the upper half of the
shell (fig. 40). Figs. 45, 46, 47 are copied from Pfeiffer's
figures of macrostoma, which is exactly synonymous with
striata.

19. A. SOLIDA (C. B. Adams).

The forms here included under A. solida are closely related
to the east Jamaican A. nigrcscens, but the shell in A. solida
is stronger, the lip is thicker, the spire does not taper so
rapidly, and the color-patterns differ.

Pfeiffer's description of C. blandiana and " variety 1 '
thereof (see pi. 16, figs. 25, 26) apply exactly to typical
solida. The several varieties included may be determined by
the following key:

I. Striation even, fine and close on the spire, not coarser on
the last whorl ; pale yellowish ; peristome white
and thick ; columella strongly truncate ; 16.5-18 x
6.3-7 mm., with 61/4-7 whorls.

A. s. striatula, no. 16/.
II. Striation stronger and coarser on the latter part of the

last whorl.

1. A slowly widening white band on the last whorl be-
low the suture.

a. Black-brown at both ends ; lip thick, pink or
flesh-colored, a pink or white streak behind
it. 19.5 x 6.7 mm., Avhorls 7%.

A. solida, no. 16.

ANOMA. 33

aa. Gray-white or yellowish, with white lip and a
widening white subsutural band.

A. s. valida, no. 16a.

2. No distinct white band below the suture.
a. White, a tinge of red at both ends.

A. s. conica, no. 166.

aa. Pale umber, darker near end of last whorl, lip
white; lightly striate on upper whorls, reg-
ularly and rather coarsely so on the rest.

A. s. fusca, no. 16c.-

aaa. Large and robust, pearl-white, sometimes red-
tinted at the ends, lip white, a large irreg-
ular black spot behind it.

A. s. corpulenta, no. IGcL
aaaa. Pale yellow or pearl-white ; lip white.

A. s. unicolor, no. I6ef

Typical A. solida (C. B. Adams). PL 18, figs. 20, 21.

Shell rimate, the lower half obese, upper half rapidly taper-
ing, truncate; solid. First 1^ or 2 whorls and the last whorl
blackish-brown, intermediate whorls pale, roseate, the penult,
one often olive-tinted ; on the last whorl the suture is bordered
beloiv by a wliite line widening into a band on the back; lip
bordered behind with flesh-color or whitish. Surface glossy,
finely but rather weakly striate, the stria becoming strong
and close-set riblets on the last half of the last ivliorl. Suture
weakly crenulate near the apex. Basal keel weak and thread-
like, stronger near the lip. Aperture vertical, bluish or pur-
plish inside, with a white band above. Peristome thick, with
very convex face, pink, but paler or white at the ends, which
are widely separated, joined by a transparent parietal cal-
lous; outer lip slightly sinuous; columellar lip calloused and
scarcely retracted at the insertion. Columella with a heavy,
deeply-placed fold, indistinctly truncate below, as seen in the
aperture. Length 19.5, diam. 6.7 mm., whorls 7y2.

Central Jamaica : vicinity of Peace River, in the eastern
part of Manchester (C. B. Ad.).

Cyl. maugeri var. solida C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 162

34 ANOMA.

(April, 1851) .—C. blandiana and var. 1, PFR., P. Z. S., 1852,
p. 68; Conchyl. Cab., p. 71, f. 33, 34; Monogr., iii, p. 582
(1853). — Cyl. m. var. valida C. B. A., Contrib. p. 165.

19a. Var. valida (C. B. Ad.). PL 18, figs. 22, 23.

Similar in form, size and sculpture to solida; gray-ivhite
or with a slight yellow tint; the last whorl often whiter, and
with an opaque-ivhite line beloiv the suture, widening into a
band on the back. Lip white throughout, usually somewhat
more sinuous than in solida.

Near Peace River, Manchester (C. B. Adams, P. W. Jarvis).

Although widely separated from solida in Adams' arrange-
ment, this is only a white or albinistic race of that species.
Probably Pfeiffer's C. blandiana var. no. 2 belongs here. It
is the var. b of the Monographia.

19&. Var. conica C. B. Adams.

' Shell widest in the penult, whorl ; white, with a tinge of
red at both ends ' (C. m. var. conica C. B. A., Contrib. p.
166).

No locality is given for this inadequately-described form,
which is placed by Adams in his group of " strongly striated
varieties, light-colored, not fasciate. " It may belong under
A. nigrescens.

19c. Var. fusca (C. B. Adams).

' ' Shell short, robust, but moderately thickened ; pale umber
color, darker near the end of the last whorl; lip white; lightly
striated on the upper whorls, in the rest regularly and rather
coarsely striated " (Cyl. maugeri var. fusca C. B. A., Contrib.
p. 165).

Maroon Town, in Hanover (Adams). Not seen. It seems
to belong to the solida series.

19cZ. Var. corpulenta (C. B. Adams).

' Shell large and robust, but moderately thickened; pearl-
white, sometimes with a tinge of red on the upper whorls and
anteriorly; lip white; with a large, irregular black spot be-

ANOMA. 35

hind the lip ; coarsely striated near the end of the last whorl,
otherwise with the strife of the lower half of the shell most
lightly impressed." C. m. var. corpulenta C. B. A., Contrib.
no. 9, p. 165).

Inhabits St. Elizabeth (Adams). I have not seen speci-
mens of this race.

19e. Var. unicolor C. B. Ad.

" Shell of medium size and form; pale yellow or pearl-
white, with a white lip ; strongly striated on the back of the
last whorl, finely striated on the middle whorls." (Cyl. m.
var. unicolor C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 165.)

Porus, in the east part of Manchester (Adams). Known
to me by the above description only.

Chitty, in his Contrib. no. 1, p. 10, thus defines a sub-
variety: a. "It is less shining, the striae are coarser; it is less
robust, and it seems less liable to decollation. Out of three
specimens, all I have, two have apparently lost only the very
apices, having 13% whorls remaining, and the third has lO1/^
whorls left. Near Maroon Town, St. James."

Still another variety of solida from Porus, in eastern Man-
chester, is glossy, sculptured like solida, but rather smoother,
dark at the ends, but apparently without a subsutural white
band. The specimens are not sufficiently fresh for exact de-
scription.

19/. Subsp. STRIATULA (C. B. Adams) . PI. 16, figs. 36, 37,

38, 39.

" Shell thick, short, robust; pale greenish yellow, some-
times with a tinge of pale brown or horn color; lip white,
thick and well expanded; with fine, regular, approximate
stripe, which are obsolete only at the summit " (C. B. Ad.).

Stouter in figure than solida and valida, usually suffused
with reddish-brown on the last whorl, the suture whitish ; keel
delicate, narrow and low throughout; very closeb/. fiti<l>i mid
evenly rib-striatc, the stri&3 not coarser on the last whorl; !«'-
coming weaker on the first whorl or two. Aperture some-
what oblique, livid brown inside; peristome white and thick-

36 ANOMA.

ened, in a plane, the outer lip but slightly sinuous. Colu-
mella strongly truncate, as seen obliquely in the aperture.
Axis sinuous in the last whorl.

Length 18, diam. 7 mm. ; whorls GI/O to 7.

Length 16.5, diam. 6.3 mm. ; whorls 6^/0.

Cyl. maugeri var. striatula C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 165.

While this form resembles solida in shape, the widely sep-
arated ends of the lip, and the delicate basal keel, it differs
notably in the even, fine striation and strongly truncate colu-
mella, constant in several lots before me. Its locality is un-
known. I think that it will eventually be separated specifi-
cally from A. solida. Possibly Pfeiffer's figures, 31, 32. of
C. blandiana (my pi. 16, f. 25, 26) represent striatula, but
they look more like A. nigrescens var. rufilabris.

20. A. NIGRESCENS (C. B. Adams).

Markedly conic above, the last two whorls stout, of about
equal diameter ; keel slender and rather low, the last whorl
well rounded, coarsely rib-striate, at least on the latter part.
Aperture wide, rounded below, subvertical, the lip well re-
flexed, somewhat retracted at the insertions. Columella usu-
ally not truncate, as seen in the mouth.

Eastern Jamaica, in the parish of Portland.

This group of closely-related races is characteristic of the
extreme east. It is related to A. solida of Manchester, differ-
ing from that type in the more conic and slender spire, less
conspicuously truncate columella, etc. A key to the varieties
follows :

I. Early whorls and last one dark, the intermediate whorls
lighter.

1. Merely a whitish streak on the keel ; latter half of

the last whorl rib-striate, elsewhere with irreg-
ular, weak strise only ; lip roseate ; 18-20 x 6 mm.

A. nigrescens, no. 20.

2. A widening white band at the keel ; last whorl

closely rib-striate, the rest more spaced striate;
aperture black-brown inside, with a white trian-

ANOMA. 37

gular spot; peristome pink, not thick; 18-19 x
6.5-7.4 mm. A. n. quadricolor, no. 206.

3. Small, but robust and thick; dark livid-brown at
both ends, or bluish-gray anteriorly, elsewhere
pearl-white ; lip white, thick ; a narrow white line
below suture of last whorl, and another on the
keel; sculpture as in nigrescens.

A. n. crassa, no. 20a.

II. Gray- white or yellowish ; lip vermilion or pink-tinted ;
columella not truncate. A. n. rufilabris, no. 20c.

III. Gray-white or yellowish, the lip white.

A. n. leucostoma, no. 20d.

Typical A. nigrescens (C. B. Adams) . PI. 18, figs. 28, 29, 30.

" Shell robust in the lower part, conic above; black on the
last whorl and on several of the upper whorls, fading into
brown in the middle, with a dingy white stripe anteriorly,
and a red lip ; with a few striie behind the lip. In some local-
ities the shell is of medium size and form, rather more coarsely
striate 011 the last half of the last whorl, and faintly striated
on the first half " (Ad.).

Eastern Jamaica: Portland, at Manchioneal, and various
other localities westward (C. B. Ad.).

Cyl. maugeri var. nigrescens C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 162
(April, 1851).

The specimens before me are attenuate above, the last two
whorls of about equal diameter. They are blackish-brown at
the ends, varying from broiun to brownish-yellow in the
middle, the lip bright roseate. There are only weak growth-
wrinkles, except on the last whorl, or its latter half, where
rib-striae appear. The suture is marked with a fine pale line.
The narrow and low, but distinct, basal keel is dingy-whitish,
at least in its latter portion, but there is no white band above
it, such as marks var. quadricolor. The aperture is dark
within, rather wide, well rounded below, and hardly oblique.
Outer lip thin, reflexed, retracted above; columellar margin
similarly somewhat retracted. Columella not folded or trun-
cate, as seen in the mouth. 18 to 20 x 6 mm., with 7^ to 8
whorls.

38 ANOMA.

Var. quadricolor is stouter in form, with a larger mouth,
wider lip, stronger sculpture and a wide basal white band.

20a. Var. crassa C. B. Adams.

' Shell rather small, but robust and thick; dark livid-brown
at both extremities, or bluish-gray anteriorly; with a thick
white lip ; with a narrow white stripe next below the suture
of the last whorl, and a slender white line on the anterior
keel ; otherwise pearl-white ; with very strong strias on the
back of the last whorl, which diminish in ascending the spire,
becoming microscopic on the middle whorls. Inhabits Port-
land." (C. B. Ad.)

C. maugeri var. crassa C. B. A., Contrib. no. 9, p. 163.

Not known to me by specimens.

206. Var. quadricolor Chitty. PI. 16, figs. 29-35.

Shell markedly conic above the last two whorls, which are
quite robust; varying from red-brown to olive in the inter-
mediate whorls, the last and several upper ones blackisk-
broivn. Last whorl having a sutural white line, and a white
band beloiv, which is narrow and above the keel in front,
gradually widening and covering the keel on the back, but
not extending to the lip except upon the keel. Surface closely
and regularly costulate on the last half whorl, the ribs more
spaced on the spire, subobsolete on the first whorl or two.
Basal keel delicate and thread-like, becoming stronger near
the lip. Aperture subvertical, black-brown with a white tri-
angle inside ; peristome pink in front and behind, but little
thickened, well reflexed, the ends remote, joined by a trans-
parent parietal film ; outer margin retracted at the upper in-
sertion, spreading upward in a little pad; columellar margin
a little retracted at the insertion or not noticeably so. Colu-
mclla quite weakly or not truncate in an oblique view in the
aperture.

Length 19, diam. 7.4 mm.; whorls T1/^

Length 18.5, diam. 6.5 mm. ; whorls 8.

Length 18.75, diam. 6.5 mm. (Chitty).

ANOMA. 31?

Manchioneal and the east end of Portland (Chitty) ; Egg
Hill, Portland (Jarvis).

C. maugeri var. quadricolor CHITTY, Contrib. p. 10 (1853).
— C. blandiana BLAND, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., ix, p.
85, f. 5 (dentition). — Pupa maugeri var., SOWERBY, The
Genera of Shells, f. 6.— REEVE, Conch. Syst, pi. 170, f. 6.

Differs from nigrescens chiefly in the spaced costulation of
the spire. This is subject to a good deal of variation, the
riblets sometimes being weak and irregular above the last
whorl. The tint, too, of the intermediate whorls varies a
good deal. Mr. Jarvis found quadricolor, rufilabris and leu-
cost oma at Egg Hill, and I am a good deal disposed to think
them merely forms of a polymorphic race, rather than true
varieties.

20c. Var. rufilabris (C. B. Adams). PI. 18, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell rather wide below, the last two whorls of equal diam.,
preceding whorls rapidly tapering; rather thin; gray-white
or slightly yellow-tinted, without markings other than a faint,
fine sutural white line. Glossy, sculptured with sparse, irreg-
ularly-spaced and small riblets, becoming stronger and more
regular on the latter part of the last whorl. Keel slender,
rather low, an opaque creamy band above it. Aperture white
inside; peristome thin, both outer and columellar margins a
little retracted at their insertions. Columella not noticeably
folded or truncate. " Lip vermilion, sometimes whitish on
the inner side," but in old museum specimens fading to a
very faint rose tint, both front and back.

Length 20, diam. 6.5 mm., whorls

Length 18.3, diam. 6 mm., whorls

Eastern Jamaica: Portland (C. B. Adams). Egg Hill,
Portland (P. "W. Jarvis).

Cyl. maugeri var. rufilabris C. B. A., Contrib. p. 164. — C.
maugeri var. PFR., Conchyl. Cab., pi. 7, f. 41, 42.— ( ?) C.
blandiana Pfr., in part, Conchyl. Cab., p. 71, pi. 7, f. 31, 32.

An albinistic race of the conic Portland type of Anon>a.
There is sometimes a white band at the keel, shaped like that
figured for var. quadricolor. The original figure of Helix

40 BRACHYPODELLA.

maugeri Wood, copied in my pi. 18, fig. 24, resembles rufila-
~bris, but it has hitherto been referred to various other forms
of the genus, and I feel no certainty that it was drawn from
this rather than some other of the numerous closely-related
forms.

I refer here, with some doubt, two of Pfeiffer's figures of
C. ~blandiana, copied on my pi. 16, f. 25, 26.

.2(M. Var. leucostoma Pilsbry, n. v.

ohell with the last two whorls obese, the spire conic and
strongly tapering, as in other forms of the species; pale yel-
lowish or gray-white, with an inconspicuous white subsutural
line and a rapidly- widening opaque-white band at the keel;
lip white. Sculpture as in var. quadricolor.

This variety from Egg Hill, Portland, is exactly like var.
quadricolor except in color. The pure white lip separates it
from var. rufildbris C. B. Ad. Described from the collection
of Mr. P. W. Jarvis.

Genus BRACHYPODELLA Beck, 1837.

Brachypus CUILDING, Zoological Journal, iii, p. 167 (1828),
for B. costatus. Not Brachypus Swainson, 1824 (Aves), or
of Meigen, 1824 (Diptera). — Brachypodella BECK, Index
Molluscorum, p. 89 (1837), for B. perplicata Fer., collaris
Lam., subula Fer., antiperversa Fer. — PILSBRY & VANATTA,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p. 277, 278 (type B. antiperversa
Fer. — Brachypodisca AGASSIZ, Nomenclator Zoologicus, In-
dex Universalis, p. 51 (1847), an emendation of Brachypo-
della.— Cylindrclla PFR. (in part), Archiv f. Naturgeschichte,
1840, p. 41. — Cilindrella (in part), PFR,, Conchylien Cabinet,
p. 1. — Urucoptis (in part), MORCIT, Catalogus Conchy-
liorum quoe reliquit C. de Yoldi, p. 35 (1852). — Siphonostoma
SWAINSON (in part), Treatise on Malacology, 1840, pp. 168,
333 (for costata Gldg. and fasciata Brug. (preoc. in Vermes).
—Coclilodina, 2eme groupe Trachcloidcs in part, FERUSSAC,
Tabl. Syst., p. 61.—Trachelia PFR., 1853, in part. — Includes
Apoma Beck, Mychostoma Alb., Casta Alb., Strophina Morch.
Shell fusiform, cylindric or tapering-turrite, frequently

BRACHYPODELLA. 41

truncate, the last whorl either free or adnate, the base gener-
ally angular. Aperture oblong, round or squarish, the lip
expanded or reflexed, generally continuous. Axis solid, and
either simple or variously modified.

Jaw thin, arcuate and plaited, 'as in Urocoptis. Radula
very long and very narrow, the central tooth with a narrow
basal-plate and small cusp, two adjacent laterals on each side
enormously enlarged, with very broad, rounded mesocones,
the ectocones small or obsolete; marginal teeth few and nar-
row, each with a small bilobed cusp (plates 9 and 10).

Type B. antiperversa. Distribution, Antilles except west-
ern Cuba and the Bahamas; mainland from Trinidad and
Venezuela to the isthmus of Tehauntepec. Most of the species
live on the ground under stones, etc.

Soft Anatomy of BrachypodeUa.

The genitalia (pi. 14, fig. 3, B. chemnitziana; fig. 6, B.
agnesiana) are similar to typical Urocoptis in general struc-
ture. In both species examined the penis is moderately de-
veloped, with the vas deferens and retractor muscle apical.
The vagina is at least as long as the penis. The spermatheca
(fig. 3, sp.) is subglobular, on a very long and slender duct
(fig. 3, sp. d.). The uterus (fig. 3, ut.) in the viviparous B.
chemnitziana is capacious ; in the individuals opened contained
tAvo or three young shells in various stages of development.
The vas deferens, as usual in viviparous land snails, is free
from the uterus nearly to the upper end of the latter.

The free retractor muscles (pi. 14, fig. 3, B. chemnitziana)
unite into a common band at the columellar insertion. This
shortly divides into the columellar muscle proper (col.) and
a wide band which divides into three : the right ocular retrac-
tor (r. o.), which also gives off some minor branches to the
foot; the pharyngeal retractor, split distally; and the left
ocular (1. o.), which is inserted on the vas deferens and the
vagina, as well as the eye-stalk. The retractor muscle of the
penis has its insertion on the lung floor.

The central nervous system (pi. 14, fig. 1, B. agnesiana) is
less concentrated than Fischer found it to be in Eucalodium

42 BRACHYPODELLA.

and Bcrcndtia. The cerebro-pedal and cerebro-pleural con-
nectives are long. The pedal, pleural, visceral and parietal
ganglia do not form a compact suboesophageal mass, but a
large open ring, chiefly by reason of the separation of the
pleural and pedal ganglia by rather long connectives. The
cerebral ganglia are not noticeably subdivided. They are
united by a broad commissure. The bases of the optical
nerves are not noticeably enlarged (pi. 14, fig. 1: c, cerebral
ganglia; par., parietal; ped., pedal; pi., pleural; v, visceral
ganglia; o, base of the optic nerve).

The buccal mass or pharynx is of the short, oblong form
usual in this and allied families, but the radular sheath is
enormously lengthened, at least half as long as the shell in
B. chemnitziana and B. agnesiana (pi. 14, fig. 2, ph, pharynx;
r, radular sheath ; /, foot) ; and it projects free in the visceral
cavity, the forward part being thrown into longitudinal folds.
The distal end is noticeably dilated. The radula is corres-
pondingly long and narrow. The special modifications of the
teeth are discussed under the several subgeneric heads.

Compared with Urocoptis (see vol. xv, pi. 27, fig. 44), it
will be seen that Bracliypodella presents various differences
in the soft anatomy. The pharynx and salivary glands are
similar, but the radular sheath in Bracliypodella stretches its
enormous length far into the visceral cavity. The muscles
are not very unlike, but they are united further at the prox-
imal end in Bracliypodella, and the left ocular retractor in-
serts upon the vas deferens and vagina, a normal penis-
retractor being present. In Urocoptis ~brcvis a condition fur-
ther advanced has been attained, the insertion of the ocular
band having moved downward to the apex of the penis itself,
where it functions as a penial retractor, the true penis-
retractor being superseded and lost. These differences are
such as would be expected in the two widely differentiated
genera of the same subfamily. Some other divergencies are
adaptive, dependent upon the viviparity of Bracliypodella
chemnitziana; and upon the sinistrality of B. chemnitziana
and ayncsiana, causing the morphologically right side and
organs of these forms to be on the left side. Unfortunately,

BRACHYPODELLA. 43

I have been able to dissect only the most highly evolved for: .is
of Brachypodella.

There is no character of the shell common to all the forms
of Brachypodella, which will separate the genus from all
forms of Urocoptis; though the various minor groups when
once learned are more or less characteristic. The chief differ-
entiation of the two groups has been in the structure of the
radula..

Brachypodella is very closely related to Pineria, or at least
to P. viequensis, which has a radula of the same type. In P.
viequensis, however, the ectocones of both lateral teeth are
larger and better developed than in Brachypodella. Brachy-
podella differs widely from Pineria in having the columellar
margin of the peristome built forward, while in Pineria it is
not built forward from the columella proper, being formed
as in Liguus, Oxystyla, etc.

While Brachypodella contains fewer species than Urocoptis,
there has been fully as much differentiation within the genus,
arid when the soft parts are studied it may be found neces-
sary to divide it into several genera, which, however, will in
any case be more nearly allied to one another than to Uro-
coptis, etc. At present the phylogenetic arrangement of the
several series of species is based upon the structure of the
axis, of the apical whorls, and of the radula. The typical
section of the genus contains apparently the least special-
ized existing forms.

Key by shell-characters to subgenera of Brachypodella.

I. Axis encircled by two strong, thin, subequal lamellae,
serrate or crenulate at the edges; base carinate.
Island of Santo Domingo.

Subgenus AMPHICOSMIA, sp. 6 to 10.
II. Axis thickened in the lower half of the shell, cylindric,

biplicate or nodose; base carinate.
1. Shell stout, barrel-shaped or cylindric, ribbed; axis
thick, with two smooth, low spiral cords. Santo
Domingo. STROPHINA, sp. no. 11.

44 BRACHYPODELLA.

2. Shell pillar-shaped, white, finely striate ; axis cylin
dric, biplicate or nodose-hooked. Jamaica.

MYCHOSTOMA, sp. 44 to 48.

III. Axis thin; either straight, weakly uniplicate, or spirally
gyrate.

1. Last whorl carinate below, not free; shell sinistral,

white, slender, densely striate, the wrhorls convex,
oblique ; aperture oval, longer than wide ; peris-
tome barely free or adnate above. Jamaica.

APOMA, sp. 49, 50.

2. Last whorl strongly carinate ~below, and with a lat-

eral swelling or angle near the squarish or
rounded aperture; axis slender, straight, or
with one spiral; shell rather slender, small.

a. Apical whorl very high. Jamaica.

Geoscala, sp. 38 to 40.

Z>. Apical whorl not greatly elevated. Haiti to
Trinidad; northern S. America to southern
Mexico. Brachypodella, s. s., sp. 19 to 37.

3. Last whorl angular below, shortly free ; shell cor-

neous, cylindric-tapering, truncate, densely
and finely striate ; axis slender and straight.

a. Apical whorls normal, costulate. Porto Rico
to eastern Cuba. Brevipedella, sp. 1 to 5.

&. Apical whorls elevated. Jamaica.

Simplicervix, sp. 41 to 43.

4. Last whorl round below, at least near the aperture ;

form slender.

a. Neck round; apex usually entire, substriate;
axis slender and straight. Eastern Cuba.

Siplwnolamus, sp. no. 14.

~b. Neck moderate or long; axis cork-screw gyrate
in the later whorls; apex smooth; shell
slender, fusiform. Eastern Cuba, Santo
Domingo. Gyraxis, sp. 15 to 18.

5. Last whorl angular or rounded below; shell obcscly

fusiform, striate; apex not attenuate, smooth;
whorls few, 12-13 in entire shells; axis slender,
straight. Haiti. Liparotes, sp. no. 12, 13.

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. BREVIPEDELLA. 45

Subgenus BREVIPEDELLA Pilsbry, nov.

The shell is clear corneous, moderately stout in figure, trun-
cate, and densely, evenly rib-striate, the last -whorl somewhat
angular below, very shortly free. The apex is delicately cos-
tulate vertically (pi. 8, fig. 55) ; the axis simple, slender, and
nearly straight. The central tooth of the radula has a nar-
row, peg-like cusp; both laterals have small, peg-like ecto-
cones (pi. 9, fig. 1, B. angulifera; fig. 2, B. imitatrix). Type
B. imitatrix.

A Haitian group, with one species in Cuba and one in
Porto Rico, distinguished chiefly by the narrow cusp of the
central tooth, but with minor features of the sculpture and
form of the shell which will enable it to be recognized, though
hardly defined intelligibly from shell-characters alone on
account of their similarity in several groups, such as Cochlo-
dinella, Bactrocoptis and Simplicervix. The adult shell of
the Jamaican section Simplicervix, indeed, is practicably in-
distinguishable from that of Brevipedella, but the different
apex shows it to belong to another line of differentiation, the
resemblance of adult shells being due to convergent evolution.

The radula of Brevipedella is characteristic b}^ the very
small size of the central tooth, which is narrower than in any
other of the subordinate groups of Brachypodella. Its cusp
is short, upright and peg-like, as are the ectocones of the lat-
eral teeth. The teeth are extremely similar in the four species
I have examined, B. imitatrix (pi. 9, fig. 2), B. angulifera (pi.
9, fig. 1), B. portoricensis, and B. weinlandi. There are five
or six marginal teeth on each side.

In distribution Brevipedella resembles the banded Carac-
olus species, and, like them, part of the forms of the three
islands are but slightly differentiated.

I. Suture crenulate, B. iccinlandi, no. 1.
II. Suture even.

1. Length 16, diam. 3 mm., whorls 13 to 14.

B. kraussiana, no. 2.

2. Length 9 to 11, diam. about 2.5 mm., whorls 8 to 9y2.

a. Haiti, B. imitatrix, no. 3; Cuba, B. angulifera,
no. 4.

46 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. BREVIPEDELLA.

3. Length 9 to 13, diam. 2 to 3 mm., whorls 8 to

Porto Rico. B. portoricensis, no. 5.

1. B. WEINLANDI (Pfeiffer). PL 8, figs. 52, 53.

Shell cylindric, the upper half or third slowly tapering to
a truncation about half as wide as the greatest diameter of
the shell; thin; corneous or somewhat pink-tinted. Surface
glossy, closely, finely and regularly rib-striate, the riblets as
wide as their intervals, nearly vertical and but slightly
curved, alternate riblets strengthened into narrow beads be-
loiv the suture, making it denticulate. Whorls but slightly
convex, the last obtusely keeled below, very shortly free in
front. Aperture oblique, irregularly rounded, the peristome
expanded and somewhat reflexed, the outer margin narrower.
Axis slender, straight and simple.

Length 13.2, diam. 3 mm., whorls 10%.

Length 11.7, diam. 2.6 mm., whorls 10%.

Length 12.66, diam. 3 mm., whorls 10 (Pfr., type).

Haiti: near Jeremie (Weinland, Henderson).

Cyl. iveinlandi PFR., Malak. Bl., vii, 1860, p. 214, pi. 2, f.
12-15; Monogr., vi, p. 373.— CROSSE, J. de C, 1891, p. 145.

Near B, angulifera Gundl. of eastern Cuba, and B. smitli-
iana, but distinct by the sutural erenulation and larger size.
A young shell in coll. of J. B. Henderson, Jr., shows the apical
whorls to be delicately striate vertically. The deciduous por-
tion is quite attenuate, and consists of about 8 to 10 whorls.
The radula is very similar to that of B. angulifera, but with
lower ectocones. In the proportions and absolute size of the
large cusps and basal-plates the two species are identical.

2. B. KRAUSSIANA (Weinland). PL 8, figs. 46, 47.

" Shell covered-rimate, cylindric-turrite, truncate, rather
thin ; closely and elegantly undulate-costellate, a little shin-
ing, whitish-brown, diaphanous; suture slightly sunken, not
in the least denticulate. Whorls remaining 13-14, nearly flat,
the last shortly free, slightly carinate. Aperture oblique,
nearly circular ; peristome white, narrowly expanded through-
out, flexuous, continuous. Length (truncate) 16, diam. 3
Dim.; diam. aperture with perist. 2% mm." (Weinl.)

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. BREVIPEDELLA. 47

Haiti : in the mountains near the town of Corail, on the N.
side of the S.W. peninsula (Weinl.).

Cyl. kraussiana WEINL., Malak. Bl., xxiii, 1876, p. 171, pi.

2, f. 3, 4.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 621.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891,
p. 145.

Differs from the related C. iveinlandi by the greater num-
ber of whorls, the complete absence of denticulation of the
suture,, and the much stronger costulation (Weinl.}. I have
not seen specimens.

3. B. IMITATRIX Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 8, figs. 54, 55.

Shell whitish-corneous, truncate, not one of over fifty speci-
mens before me retaining the spire complete. The surface is
glossy, closely and evenly rib-striate. The upper half or
more tapers. The last whorl is shortly free, obtusely angular
but not carinate below, flattened on its outer-lower face. The
aperture is obtusely angular above the middle of the outer
margin, the peristome somewhat straightened on both sides
of the angle. A young shell is attenuate above and the apical
whorls are delicately costulate vertically (fig. 55, x 25).

Length 10, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 8%.

Length 11, diam. 2.6 mm., whorls 9y2-

Length 9, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls 8.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince, Sans-Souci, St. Mark (Marc), and
La Ferric re (Henderson & Simpson).

The shell is indistinguishable from that of B. angulifera
of eastern Cuba. The figures here given represent the re-
markably even sculpture better than those already given of
angulifera, on pi. 42 of vol. xv, figs. 87, 88. The wide distri-
bution of both the Cuban and the Haitian forms precludes
the idea of colonization by commerce. The specific distinc-
tion is based upon differences in the teeth. In B. imitatrix
(pi. 9. fig. 2) the lateral teeth are decidedly smaller than in
angulifera (pi. 9, fig. 1), and the cusps are shorter, both abso-
lutely and relatively, not projecting beyond the posterior
margin of the basal plates, while in angulifera the cusps ex-
tend beyond the basal plates, and over the ectocones of the
succeeding teeth. In imitatrix they stand somewhat more

48 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. BREVIPEDELLA.

upright, and thus are more foreshortened in a view from
above. In both species there are five marginal teeth. The
ectocones in both species are merely upright pegs, scarcely or
not at all recurved. I examined two radula? of each species.
The figures are drawn from corresponding parts of the
radula?, and to the same scale.

B. krausseana is a more slender, longer form than imitatrix,
with more whorls, but it is evidently allied.

4. B. ANGULIFERA (Gundlach). Vol. xv, pi. 42, figs. 87, 88.

Shell cylindric-tapering, whitish, thin, truncate, the sum-
mit about half the greatest width of the shell or less. Sur-
face glossy, finely and regularly thread-striate, the stria
smooth, as ivide as the intervals. Whorls 8 to O1/^, moder-
ately convex, with a well-impressed suture, the last whorl free
in front, the rather short neck flattened above, and a little
descending; more or less visibly subangular below,, the outer
surface flattened, tapering downwards. Aperture round-
ovate, the outer margin subangular; peristome white, reflexed,
wide on the columellar side, narrow along the outer margin.
Axis simple and straight. Length 9-10.5, diam. 2.4-2.7 mm.

Eastern Cuba : near Santiago, at the partido Ramon
(Gundlach) ; Bayamo (Gundl.) ; Mayari (Wright) ; Baracoa
(Arango).

Cyl. angulifera GUNDL. in Pfr., Malak. Bl., v, 1858, p. 187.
-PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 701. — ARANGO, Contrib., p. 114.

The shape of the mouth and of the free portion of the last
whorl are characteristic. In texture and sculpture it is like
Urocoptis presasiana, and I formerly placed the species in
Coch Iodine lla; but having examined the dentition (pi. 9, fig.
1 ) . I find that it is a Brachypodella. See under B. imitatrix,
a Haitian species indistinguishable from angulifera in shell
characters.

5. B. PORTORICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 15, figs. 7, 8.

Shell cylindric below, the upper half slowly tapering to a
rather wide truncation; whitish-corneous. Surface slightly
glossy, densely sculptured with subvertical, somewhat arcuate,

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. AMPHICOSMIA. 49

minute rib-stria? as wide as the intervals. AVhorls weakly
convex, the last shortly free in front, obtusely angular be-
neath. Suture impressed, simple. Aperture subcircular, the
peristoine narrowly expanded and subreflexed, thinner, a little
sinuous, and slightly angular outwardly. Axis straight, slen-
der and simple.

Length 12.6, diam. 2.6 mm., whorls 9.

Length 9, diam. 2.1 mm., whorls 8.

Length 13, diam. 3 mm., whorls 9 to 9y2 (Pfr., types).

Porto Rico: San Juan (Blauner) ; Quebradillas, Aguadilla
and Vegabaja (Gundlach).

Cyl. portoricensis PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 151;
Monogr., iii, pp. 572; Conchyl. Cab., p. 30, pi. 4, f. 13-15.-
SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagn. n. Moll., no. 6, p. 146. — CROSSE, J. de
C., 1892, p. 26. — Brachypodella portoricensis PFR., PILS. &
VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p. 278.— DALL & SIMPSON,
The Mollusca of Porto Rico, Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, xx,
1900, p. 377.

This species is related to B. angulifera and B. imitatrix, but
is usually larger than either, though the smallest Porto Rican
specimens could not, I think, be separated with any certainty
from the Haitian or Cuban shells. B. kraussiana is more
slender and retains more whorls than portoricensis. The teeth
of the radula are practically identical in size and shape in
portoricensis, weirilandi and angulifera, but in the former
species the ectocones are lower and less distinctly developed
than in angulifera, those of the inner laterals being especially
indistinct in the usual view from above. In profile, they ap-
pear as small, conic bosses.

Fig. 7 is copied from one of Pfeiffer's.

Subgenus AMPHICOSMIA Pils. & Van., 1898.

P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, pp. 271, 277. Type
C. salleana Pfr.

Bracltypodcllce with two prominent subequal spiral axial
lamellae, both of them serrate or crenulate; base of the shell
carinate ; spire shortly, narrowly truncate, the apical whorls
smooth. Distribution, Island of Haiti.

50 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. AMPHICOSMIA.

The species are illustrated on plate 3. The group was sup-
posed to be subordinate to Urocoptis until I investigated the
radula of B. Iruncatula, when it became at once evident that
Amphicosmia is a specialized Brachypodella. The general dis-
position of the teeth (pi. 9, figs. 6, 7, 8) is as in other subgenera
of that genus. The central tooth (fig. 8, profile) is much
narrower than in the typical section of Brachypodella (see
figs. 3, 5, 14-16), though slightly bilobed at the cutting edge;
and the inner lateral has the basal-plate much wider, not con-
tracted into a long neck. In these respects the teeth of Am-
phicosmia approach those of Strophina (pi. 10, f. 19), Brevi-
pedella (pi. 9, f. 1, 2) and the Cuban group Gyraxis. The
ectocone of the inner lateral (see pi. 9, fig. 6) is a good deal
reduced, however, not forming an overhanging cusp, as in
Strophina. The marginal teeth are comparatively well de-
veloped, as in Strophina. "While rather isolated, it seems that
Amphicosmia is more closely related to Strophina than to
other known groups of Brachypodella.

Key to Species of Amphicosmia.

I. Somewhat glossy, closely and finely striate species. S.
Domingo.

1. Rather large, diam. 4-5 mm., the neck short, axial

lamellie finely crenulate, smooth in the lower
whorls. B. salleana, no. 6.

2. Smaller and slender, diam. 2.3-3.3 mm., the neck

long, axial lamellos serrate.

B. hjalmarsoni, no. 7.

II. Dull, rib-striate, the intervals much wider than the rib-
lets. Haiti.

1. Neck short, conspicuously swollen at the periph-

ery, the keel near the middle of its base; axial
lamella? finely and very weakly crenulate.

B. truncatula, no. 8; B. cristata, no. 9.

2. Neck longer; last whorl flattened on periphery

and base, the keel latero-basal -, axial lamellae
denticulate. B. dohrm, no. 10.

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. AMPHICOSMIA. 51

6. B. SALLEANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 5, 13, 14, 15.

Shell cylindric, the upper third or more tapering to a rather
narrow truncation; thin, reddish-brown or pale corneous-
reddish. Surface somewhat glossy, closely and finely rib-
striate, the stria? arcuate and as wide as the intervals. 12 to
15 moderately-convex whorls are occupied, but generally sev-
eral abandoned ones remain attached, so that the total num-
ber ranges from 14 to 18. The last whorl is pinched at the
base into an acute, strongly-projecting, whitish keel; it is
shortly free in front. Aperture irregularly oval, channelled
at the position of the keel, the peristome expanded and re-
flexed, angular at the termination of the keel. Internal axis
encircled by two equal spiral lamellse, with very finely crenu-
late edges.

Length 26, diam. 4.3 mm., whorls 16.

Length 25, diam. 4 mm., whorls 20.

Length 27, diam. 5 mm., whorls 17-18 (Pfr.).

Haiti : Tablaso, near San Cristobal, in the Rep. San Do-
mingo (A. Salle).

Cyl. salleana PFR., Zeitschr. f . Mai., 1850, p. 74 ; Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1851, p. 149; Conchyl. Cab., p. 38, pi. 4, f. 35, 36;
Monogr., iii, p. 570. — SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 5, f. 40.—
CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, p. 146. — Urocoptis (Amphi-
cosmia) salleana PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p.
277, pi. 18, f. 22 (axis).

Larger than the other species of the section. The dark
brown specimens in the series before me are more slender
than the pale ones, but there is some gradation in both size
and color.

7. B. HJALMARSONI (Pfeiffer). PI. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Shell cylindric, the upper third tapering to a narrow trun-
cation, or with the spire complete; thin, light brown or
whitish-corneous and translucent. Surface glossy, sculp-
tured with very close, fine, smooth stria. Whorls slightly
convex, the last produced in a rather long neck, which is
rounded except at the base. Base narrowly concave on each
side of a strong, cord-like keel. Aperture obliquely ovate,

52 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. AMPHICOSMIA.

angular at the outer-basal part; peristome narrowly reflexeJ.
Axis encircled by two subequal, conspicuously serrate lamella.

Length 20, diam. 3 mm. ; whorls 17.

Length 19, diam. 3.3 mm.; whorls 19 (spire complete).

Length 14, diam. 2.3 mm. ; whorls 15.

Haiti : Sierra Monte Cristi, in the Republic of S. Domingo
(Hjalmarson).

Cyl. hjalmarsoni PFR., Malak. Bl., v, 1858, p. 153, pi. 3, f.
16-18 ; Monogr., vi, p. 371— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 145.

Related to B. salleana, but distinct by its smaller size, slen-
der form and finer striation. It varies widely in size and
number of whorls. Pfeiffer calls it " rose- whitish/ ' but in
the specimens before me, collected by Hjalmarson, the rose
color has faded.

8. B. TRUNCATULA (Lamarck). PI. 3, figs. 16-21.

Shell cylindric, the upper third tapering to a. wide or nar-
row truncation ; thin, flesh-colored, the lower whorls paler.
Surface lusterless, sculptured with strong, thread-like, straight
rib-stria, separated by intervals of three or four times their
width on the lower whorls, more crowded on the upper ; some
of the stricr connected at their lower ends in pairs by whitish
bosses above the suture, and more rarely some are connected
at their upper ends also. Whorls but slightly convex, the
last free in front, flattened or even concave above, conspic-
uously swollen on the right side of the neck, the base pinched
into a very strongly projecting keel. Aperture irregularly
rounded or squarish, often more or less distinctly angular at
the base and the outer side; peristome reflexed. Axis en-
circled by two subequal lamellae, the edges of which are very
minutely crenulate in the median and upper whorls, nearly
smooth in the lower.

Length 18, diam. 3.3 mm. ; whorls 13%.

Length 16.3, diam. 3.2 mm.; whorls 14y2.

Length 12.8, diam. 3.2 mm. ; whorls 10.

Length 11, diam. 2.8 mm.; whorls 10.

Haiti: Port-au-Prince (Mrs. W. Klatte, H. Rolle. J. B.
Henderson and C. T. Simpson) ; eight miles west of the same
place (Henderson).

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. AMPHICOSMIA. 53

Helix (Cochlodina) gracilicollis FER., Prodr., p. 61, no. 505
(nude name) ; Hist., pi. 163, f. 10. — Clausilia truncatida
LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 113 (April, 1822). — DELESSERT,
Recueil, pi. 27, f. 11. — Urocoptis trunculata BK., Index, p.
83. — Clausilia gracilicollis DESK., in Lam., p. 197. — Cylin-
drella gracilicollis. Fer., PFR. in Wiegmann's Archiv fur
Naturg., 1840, i, p. 41; Phil. Abbild., i, p. 179, pi. 1, f. 6
(1844)'; Conchyl. Cab., p. 43, pi. 5, f. 1-3 (bad) ; Monogr., ii,
p. 376 ; iii, 574 ; iv, 704 ; vi, 378.— BLAND, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist,
of N. Y., xi, 1874, p. 82 (axis). — CROSSE, Journ. de Conch.,
1891, p. 146.

The size varies within wide limits, and the supersutural
whitish tubercles, while characteristic, are often much re-
duced, very few in number, and 011 some specimens they are
represented only by slight, drop-like thickenings of the lower
ends of a few stride. This was the case with Lamarck's type.
The first really good description was that of Pfeiffer in 1844.

1 have been unable to find any evidence that the name gracili-
collis was published, with a description or figures, prior to the
date of Lamarck's diagnosis.

9. B. CRISTATA (Weinland & Martens).

Shell not rimate, fusiform, the apex slender, not truncate,
thin, obliquely closely costulate-striate, brownish-rose colored;
suture deep, simple. Whorls 14, the upper ones pale, slender,
median ones swollen, the last whorl free, descending for-
wardly, the neck with an elevated crenulate crest at the base,
base provided with an elevated keel. Aperture oblique, sub-
circular, angular at the base and outer margin ; peristome ex-
panded, whitish. Length 12, diam. 3, aperture with perist.

2 mm. (Martens).

Haiti: neighborhood of Jeremie (Weinland).

Cyl. cristata W. et M., MARTENS, Malak. BL, vi, 1859, p. 55.
— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 386.

This unfigured species must be near to, if not identical with,
B. truncatida Lam. According to Von Martens, it differs
from B. goiddiana Pfr. in the structure of the neck. Where
the last whorl deviates from the preceding, a crest begins on

54 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. AMPHICOSMIA.

its lower side, which is crenulated by the riblets crossing it,
and is bounded on each side by an impressed furrow. That
on the outer side is more conspicuous, on account of a rounded
swelling parallel with the crest, and terminating in the angle
of the outer lip. These features are also characteristic of B.
truncatula.

10. B. DOHRNI (Maltzan). PI. 3, figs. 6-12.

Shell rimate-perforate, long-turrited, a little decollate,
rather thin, obliquely rib-striate, the ribs delicate, distant;
corneous, subpellucid. Whorls numerous (20-22), a little
convex, very sloAvly increasing, the lower 6 or 7 of about equal
diameter, the last encircled by a very distinct keel at the base,
free, projecting a rather long distance; suture simple, im-
pressed. Aperture subovate, lightly angularly channelled
outwardly, the peristome expanded, a trifle thickened. Length
19, diam. 3.5 mm. (Maltzan).

Haiti: Sans-souci (H. Rolle, 1887-88); La Ferriere (Hen-
derson & Simpson) .

Cyl. dohrni MALTZ., Nachrichtsblatt d. D. Malak. Ges., xx,
Dec., 1888, p. 177.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891, p. 146,
pi. 2, f. 1, a, 5.

The specimen figured by Crosse, received from Rolle, is 16
mm. long, and has 14 or 15 whorls, according to the figures
(pi. 3, figs. 11, 12). The shells collected at La Ferriere by
Henderson and Simpson (pi. 3, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) seem to
have fewer whorls, and the larger specimens are rose-colored.
I have thought it well to fully describe them :

Shell cylindric, turrited, the upper half tapering to a nar-
row truncation; rose-colored, becoming paler below, the last
whorl white or reddish-brown, or nearly so ; thin ; surface
lusterless, sculptured with oblique, thread-like, arcuate, or
somewhat sigmoid rib-strias, separated by spaces of two or
three times their own width. Whorls slightly convex, the last
broad at the base, produced in a rather long free neck, which
is rounded above, very strongly carinate at the periphery of
UK flattened base, concave above and below the stout keel.
Aprrh!!i> obliquely short-oval, the peristome narrowly re-

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. STROPHINA. 55

flexed, subangular at the termination of the keel. Internal
axis slender, encircled by two subequal lamellae, the edges of
which are serrate.

Length 18.5, diam. 3.2-3.3 mm.; whorls 16y2.

Length 15, diam. 2.9 mm. ; whorls 15.

Length 14, diam. 2.7 mm.; whorls 17% (spire complete).

Length 12.7, diam. 2.7 mm. ; whorls 11.

In one specimen retaining the apex, the nepionic whorls are
smootli.

Subgenus STROPHINA Morch, 1852.

Stropliina Men., Catal. Yoldi, pp. 35.

Shell strong, obese, carinate below, the base excavated, last
whorl shortly free. Axis very thick and heavy, smooth, some-
what grooved along the partitions, and perceptibly compressed
mesially (pi. 8, fig. 60).

The radula (pi. 10, fig. 19, B. laterradii var. strophina) is
large for the size of the shell, and the teeth resemble those of
Amphicosmia. The central has a long narrow cusp, but
slightly wider than its basal-plate. The inner lateral tooth
has a stout ectocone, that of the outer lateral being decidedly
lower. There are 7 marginal teeth on each side.

A relationship to Amphicosmia is shown by the weakly
biplicate axis. It also resembles the axis of Mychostoma.

11. B. LATERRADII (Grateloup). PI. 8, fig. 58.

Shell cylindric-turrite, somewhat ventricose, umbilicate;
apex truncate; thin, obliquely and symmetrically plicate.
Whorls a little convex; neck at the base angulate, subarcuate.
Aperture simple, subquadrate. Length 14 to 15, diam. in the
middle 5 mm. (Grat.).

Santo Domingo : Island of Beate, or Beata, off the south
coast, between Cape Falso and Cape Mongon (Laterrade,
teste Morch.; Suensen, teste Pfr.).

Clausilia laterradii GRAT., Actes de la Soc. Linn, de Bor-
deaux, xi, p. 430, pi. 2, f. 10 (1839).— Cylindrella laterradii
Grat., PFR,, Symbolse, ii, p. 137; Monogr., ii, p. 378. — PHIL.,
Abbild., i, p. 182, pi. 1, f. 18 (from Grat.) .— CROSSE, J. de C.,

5o BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. LIPAROTES.

1891, p. 148. — Urucoptis (Strophina) laterradii MORCH., Cat.
Yoldi, p. 35.

Grateloup compares the species to sitbula Fer. and perpli-
cata Fer. It is named for Prof. J. F. Laterrade, author of
Flore Bordelaise et de la Gironde and other works. I do not
know that the typical form of B. laterradii has been re-
discovered.

lla. Var. STROPHINA Pils. n. v. PI. 8, figs. 59, 60.

&hell deeply rimate, strong, with somewhat the shape of
Cerion uva; widest above the middle, contracting in a short
cone above, and tapering downwards; white, faintly cream-
tinted above, bluish below, lusterless, sculptured with coarse
ribs, weak on the cone, strong on the last whorl. Whorls
slightly convex, the last tapering, strongly keeled below,
shortly built forward; the base narrow and concave within
the keel. Aperture subcircular, chestnut-colored inside, the
expanded peristome being continuous and white. Interior
light chestnut-colored. Axis colored and excessively thick in
the penult, and antepenult, whorls, grooved along the parti-
tions, slender above and in the last whorl. Length 10.5, diam.
4.5 mm., whorls 7.

Santo Domingo (Gabb).

Pfeiffer's figures in the Conchylien Cabinet, pi. 5, f. 10, 11,
p. 45, resemble this short form more than they do Grateloup 's
original figure. The shell is notable for its stout, Cerion or
Eolospira-like shape, and the very thick internal pillar.

Sowerby's figure of " Cylindrella later adii " (C. Icon.,
xx, pi. 10, f. 86) represents the young of some very slender
Urocoptis, probably U. lateralis.

Subgenus LIPAROTES Pilsbry, 1903.

The shell is obesely fusiform, striate, of few (12 to 13)
whorls in entire specimens, the first 4 conic, not attenuate,
and often lost in adults ; last whorl rounded or angular below,
more or less free. Apex smooth, the first whorl not unduly
elevated (vol. xv, pi. 64, fig. 17, B. obesa). Axis slender and
nearly straight. Dentition unknown. Type B. obesa.

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. LIPAROTES. 57

A Haitian group of obese shells with conic, not especially
attenuate, early whorls. The dentition is unknown.

12. B. OBESA (Weinl. et Mart.). PI. 8, fig. 57.

Shell obese-fusiform, widest at or above the middle, rapidly
tapering above to a narrow truncation or an entire apex,
slowly tapering downwards; thin, brownish-corneous, hardly
shining, closely and evenly striate, the striae oblique, nearly
straight. Whorls slightly convex, the last tapering, its latter
half at first closely appressed, then free and descending; the
base with a low but distinct straight keel. Aperture oblique,
rounded, the peristome narrowly expanded. Axis straight,
slender and tapering, very slightly twisted in each whorl.

Length 11.5, diam. 3.2 mm., whorls 12y2 (entire).

Length 10.5, diam. 3.3 mm., whorls 9 (truncate).

Length 11, diam. 3.5 mm., whorls 13 (type).

Haiti: near Jeremie (Weinland, Henderson).

Cyl. obesa W. & M., MARTENS, Malak. BL, vi, 1859, p. 55.—
PER., Monogr., vi, p. 386.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 148.-
Not C. obesa SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 8, f. 73, which is prob-
ably a form of Urocoptis brevis.

Peculiar in the shape of the last whorl, the very full neck
being, as it were, pressed into the base. The upper 4 whorls
are abandoned by the adult snail, and may either break off
or persist.

13. B. SUTURALIS (Weinland). PI. 8, figs. 44, 45.

Shell slightly rimate, oblong-fusiform, rather thin, obliquely
and closely hair striate, little shining, whitish-corneous ; spire
entire, swollen in the middle, the apex rather acute; suture
with a chestnut border. Whorls 12, a little convex, the last
slightly free, the base with a chestnut band, not keeled.
Aperture oblique, subcircular; peristome thin, narrowly ex-
panded throughout. Length 16y2, diam. 5 mm.; diam. of
aperture nearly 4 mm. (Weinl.).

Haiti: near Jeremie (Weinland).

Cyl. suturalis WEINL., Malak. BL, ix, 1862, p. 194.— PFR.,
Novit. Conch., p. 262, pi. 65, f. 18, 19; Monogr., vi, p. 371.—

58 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. SIPHONOL^MUS, GYRAXIS.

CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 142.— SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 3,
f. 19.

In form it has great similarity to C. tumidula W. & M., but
differs from this species, as well as from C. obesa and cristata,
which are related in other respects, by the absence of a keel
on the last whorl (Weinland). I have not seen specimens.

Submenus SIPHONOL^MUS Pilsbry, 1903.
The shell is small, turrite, and usually entire, with straight,
simple and slender axis, cylindric neck, rounded below, and
delicately, vertically, striate, apical whorls, the striae very
fine and close, very low, often hardly or not perceptible. The
dentition is unknown. Eastern Cuba.

14. B. MINUTA (' Gundl.' Pfr.). Vol. XV, pi. 62, figs. 32, 33.

Shell minute, the lower half cylindric, upper half tapering
and attenuate, the apex entire; thin, corneous; closely and
regularly rib-striate. Whorls convex, the latter half of the
last whorl free, cylindric, projecting and descending, sculp-
tured with wide-spaced, lamellar riblets. Aperture circular,
the thin lip well expanded. Axis straight and simple.

Length 7.66, diam. 1.66 mm., whorls 16 (Yateras, type).

Length 7.5, diam. 1.6 mm., whorls 15 (Yateras).

Length 7, diam. 1.5 mm., whorls 15 (Monte Verde).

Eastern Cuba: Yateras; somewhat smaller forms at Monte
Toro (Gundlach) and the plantation Monte Verde, near
Yateras (Wright), in Guantanamo district.

Cyl. minuta Gundl., mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p. 99 ;
Monogr., vi, p. 385. — ARANGO, Contrib., p. 124.

The small size, regular and dense costulation, and the
straight neck with very widely-spaced ribs, distinguish this
species. It resembles B. dominicensis in size and general
shape, but differs in the round neck, finer sculpture and more
numerous whorls. The specimen figured is from Monte
Verde.

Subgenus GYRAXIS Pilsbry, 1903.

Slender, uniform, corneous, delicately-sculptured shells,
with a moderate or long neck, and with the axis gyrate in the

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. GYRAXIS. 59

later whorls, forming an open, corkscrew-like spiral. Apical
whorls smooth (except in B. g. sericata and probably B.
gouldiana) . Radula as in the typical group of Brachypodella.
Distribution, eastern Cuba, with one species in Santo
Domingo. It is evidently related to the typical section of
Brachypodella, the teeth being modified in much the same
manner. In B. turcasiana (pi. 9, fig. 11, an inner lateral tooth
in profile, and fig. 12) the central tooth has a cusp wider than
the basal-plate, but not so wide as in typical Brachypodella.
The lateral teeth are quite as in Brachypodella. There are
only 3 or 4 marginal teeth on each side. Type B. brooksiana.

Key to Species of Gyraxis.

I. East Cuban forms, with smooth apical whorls.

1. Neck very long, the free portion about one-third the
length of the shell, carinate below, 16 to 18 x 1.8 to
2 mm., with 21 to 25 whorls in entire specimens.

B. brooksiana, no. 15.

2. Free neck shorter, round, rib-striate; shell shorter;
IT-IS1/) whorls in entire shells.

a. Last adnate whorl obtusely carinate below.

B. gundlachiana, no. 16.

&. Last adnate whorl roundly tapering below;
neck shorter. B. turcasiana, no. 17.

II. Haitian species, with the apical whorls delicately ribbed;
last whorl becoming free, the neck angular below.

1. Shell turrite, very densely costulate-striate, the
suture subdenticulate ; 10 x 2.3 mm., with 9 whorls
remaining. B. gouldiana, no. 18.

2. Shell widest at the upper third, the striation exces-
sively fine and close ; suture even. 10 to 12x2 mm.,
with 13 whorls in entire, 11 in truncate shells.

B. g. sericata, no. 18a.

15. B. BROOKSIANA (' Gundl. ' Pfr.). Vol. XV, pi. 62, figs.

20, 21 ; pi. 64, fig. 7.

Shell thin, corneous-white, slender, fusiform, widest at the
upper third or fourth of the length, rather rapidly tapering

60 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. GYRAXIS.

above to a narrow truncation, or retaining about 7 whitish
whorls above the plug; tapering downwards, the last ivhorl
wholly free, descending in a sinuous curve about one-third the
ivhole length of the shell; rounded above, the base conspicu-
ously keeled, the keel subobsolete near the aperture. Surface
sculptured with oblique rib-stria?, separated by wider inter-
vals, but finer and closer on the upper whorls, sharper on the
neck. Whorls moderately convex, the later ones marginate
above the suture. Aperture very oblique, subcircular, the
peristome expanded and reflexed. Axis (pi. 64, fig. 7) slen-
der and straight above, but in the last 5 whorls elevated into
a lamella describing a broad, corkscrew-like spiral, around a
central well or false umbilicus; in the last whorl straight
again, the lamella descending some distance in the free
portion.

Length 18.6, diarn. 2 mm., whorls 25 (apex entire).

Length 16, diam. 1.8 mm., whorls 21 (apex entire).

Eastern Cuba: Monte Libano, in Guantanamo (Gundlach) ;
also Monte Toro.

Cyl. brooksiana Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p.
98 ; Novit. Conch., p. 249, pi. 63, f . 16, 17 ; Monogr., vi, p. 384.
-ARANGO, Contrib., p. 124.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1890, p. 239,
pi. 4, f. 7, la, Ib.—C. & FISCHER, J. de C., 1870, p. 11 (denti-
tion) . — Cyl. brookesiana SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xx, pi. 6, f .
52. — ( ?) Cilindrella prusiana Gundlach, DESK AYES, An. s.
Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, p. 871.

Extraordinary for the long free deviation of the last whorl,
and the spiral, lamellar axis, which resembles somewhat that
of Spirostemma. This species is named for Don Teodoro
Brooks, of Saltadero, one of those whose cordial welcome and
hospitality made it possible for Gundlach to carry on his won-
derfully successful researches in Guantanamo.

16. B. GUNDLACHIANA (Poey). Vol. XV, pi. 62, figs. 24, 25;
pi. 64, fig. 8.

Shell thin, corneous, fusiform, widest near or above the
middle, tapering to a small apex above, also tapering down-
wards to the last whorl, which is largely free, descending and

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. GYRAXIS. 61

brought forward in a strongly arcuate curve. Surface deli-
cately, regularly striate, the neck ribbed. Whorls moderately
convex, the last carinate below, the keel not extending upon
the free neck. Aperture subvertical, circular, the lip thin,
narrowly reflexed. Axis (pi. 64, fig. 8) slender, nearly
straight in the upper whorls, but gradually becoming sinuous,
spirally coiled, in the later ones.

Length 11.4, cliam. 1.8 mm., whorls 18.

Length 10.4, diain. 1.8 mm., whorls 17.

Eastern Cuba: Monte Verde, near Yateras (Wright);
Monte Toro. "Cuba" (Adams, Redfield) ; type no. 465 Poey
coll.

Cyl. adamsiana POEY, Memorias, i, p. 448, no. 34 (June,
1854) . Not C. adamsiana Pfr., 1851. — Cyl. gundlachiana
POEY, Mem., ii, p. 9, no. 465 (1856).

Near B. turcasiana, from which the less convex whorls, the
last compressed and obtusely carinate below, the longer neck
and subvertical aperture, separate it. The shape of the last
whorl recalls B. brooksiana. The axis is like that of B. tur-
casiana. The specimens from Monte Toro are a variety with
straightly descending neck. Sowerby's figures of "turk>;^i-
ana " are probably this species.

The original description follows: " Shell very slender, sub-
truncate, fusiform, tapering towards both ends, very finely
striatulate, pale corneous, glossy. Whorls 16-18, nearly flat,
the last disjoined and much projecting, very closely costulate-
striate, the base carinate. Aperture oblique, circular; peris-
tome narrowly expanded throughout. Length 11.5, diam. 1.5,
aperture 1 mm." (Poey}.

According to Poey, this species differs from C. gracillima
by the more numerous whorls, less cylindric form, glossy tex-
ture, etc. ; from C. porrecta Gld. by the well-marked keel, the
close strife of the neck, by being a little more swollen and
shorter. It was unknown to Arango, and has not been fig-
ured hitherto ; but I believe that the East Cuban specimens I
have described and illustrated are referable to Poey's species.

62 BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. GYRAXIS.

17. B. TURCASIANA (' Gundl. ' Pfr.). Vol. XV, pi. 62, figs.

22, 23.

Shell fusiform, widest at or near the middle, tapering to a
small apex above, much less tapering downward. Corneous,
thin, finely striate throughout, the neck distantly, irregularly
ribbed. Whorls strongly convex, the last not carinate, its
latter half free, and descending in a nearly straight, cylindric
and contracted neck. Aperture quite oblique, subcircular, a
little piriform, the peristome narrowly reflexed. Axis slen-
der, straight above, becoming somewhat corkscrew-like in sev-
eral later whorls.

Length 12.7, diam. 2 mm., whorls 18.

Length 12, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 18%.

Eastern Cuba: Monte Toro, in Guantanamo district (Gund-
lach).

Cyl. turcasiana Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p.
99 ; Novit. Conch., p. 458, pi. 100, f. 17-19 ; Monogr., vi, p. 385.
-ARANGO, Contrib., p. 124. — ( ?) C. turkasiana SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. 16, f. 141.

Near B. gundlachiana, but distinct by its somewhat larger
size, shorter and less curved neck, more oblique aperture, and
the more convex whorls, the last one not compressed or cari-
nate below. In the original lot taken by Gundlach, some of
which are before me, the first 4 whorls are pale, the next two
reddish from the contained viscera, as figured by Pfeiffer.
In others from Monte Toro, reddish color is wanting, all the
early whorls being pale.

Gundlach mentions that " a smaller variety, otherwise just
like the type, was collected at the plantations Los Hermanos
and Sta. Maria, at Monte Toro. A more slender form, mak-
ing an approach to B. ~brooksiana by having the last whorl
more prolonged below (but not keeled), was taken at the
plantation "Yemen." The species is named for Don.
Leoncio Turcas, who furthered Gundlach 's explorations in
the district of Guantanamo.

Group of B. gouldiana.
The following forms from Santo Domingo are placed here

BRACHYPODELLA, S.-G. GYRAXIS. 63

on account of the long neck and slightly gyrate axis, but the
costellate apex would indicate rather alliance with Brevi-
pedella. The true position of the species depends upon the
dentition, which is unknown.

18. B. GOULDIANA (Pfeiffer) .

Shell slightly subrimate, turrite, truncate, very densely
costulate-striate, silky, pale corneous; suture impressed, sub-
denticulate. Whorls remaining 9, a little convex, the last
free, shortly descending forward, somewhat compressed bas-
ally. Aperture suboblique, nearly circular, the right margin
subaugular; peristome white, narrowly expanded throughout.
Length 10, diam. 2.33 mm., aperture 2 mm. long and wide
(Pfr.).

Haiti : Rocks of Tablaso, near San Cristobal, in the Repub-
lic of Santo Domingo (A. Salle).

Cyl. gouldiana PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, p. 149;
Monogr., iii, p. 577. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 148.

Differs from C. subtilis by the less slender, truncate spire,
wider whorls, the last not carinate, etc. (Pfr.). Not known
to me by specimens.

18o. Var. SERICATA Pilsbry, n. var. PI. 8, figs. 54, 55, 56.

Shell slender and subcylindric, widest at the upper third,
slowly tapering downwards, rapidly tapering above to the ob-
tuse, usually entire apex, which is delicately costellate verti-
cally; whitish-corneous, thin, sculptured with excessively fine
and close, hair-like stritz. Whorls quite convex on the upper
part, elsewhere slightly convex, separated by a deeply-
impressed suture, the last becoming free and descending for-
wardly in a rather long, somewhat contracted neck, which is
rather obtusely angular below, elsewhere rounded. Aperture
subcircular, the peristome broadly expanded. Axis slender,
spirally revolving about a central well or false-umbilicus in
the later whorls.

Length 11.7, diam. 2 mm., whorls 13 (entire).

Length 11, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls 12i/> (entire).

Length 9.9, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls 11 (truncate).

64 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

Santo Domingo (W. M. Gabb).

This form agrees partially with the description of B. goul-
diana, but all the specimens are entire or nearly so (that last
measured above having lost the apical whorl only) ; the sculp-
ture is even finer than I would suppose was intended by
Pfeiffer's expression " conferlissime costulato-striata," and
the suture is not at all denticulate. The shell seems also to
be somewhat less wide, and having its greatest diameter at the
upper third, would hardly be described as " turrit a." The
spiral curvature of the axis is similar to that of the Cuban B.
turcasiana, a more coarsely sculptured species. The apex
(fig. 54, x 20) does not differ materially from that of B. inii-
tatrix.

Section BRACHYPODELLA s. str.

Brachypodella Beck, 1837, for perplicata Fer., collaris Lin.,
subida Fer., antiperversa Fer. — Mychostoma in part, ALBERS,
Die Hel., 1850, p. 207, for Cyl. subula Fer., Pfr., collaris For.,
gracilicollis Fer., hanleyana Pfr., pallida Guild., seminuda
Adams. C. subula Fer. selected as type by von Martens, Die
Hel., 1860, p. 37.

Turrite, or cylindric below, varying from rib-striate to
ribbed, the last whorl swollen at the periphery, strongly car-
inate beneath, concave above the keel, which is serrate. Aper-
ture more or less angular at the outer and basal margins.
Apex costulate or smooth. Axis slender, straight, or with a*
low spiral lamella. Radula with the cusp of the central tooth
much wider than the basal-plate ; ectocone of the inner lateral
born on a long, slender extension of the basal-plate.

I. Mainland species, southeast Mexico to Trinidad, with
costulate or striate apical whorls, and a small axial
lamella; species 19 to 27.

II. Caribbean species (including Curacao), with smooth
apical whorls, and straight or twisted axis; species 28
to 31.

III. Species of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands to Haiti,
with the apical whorls costulate, the axis straight or
nearly so; species 32 to 37.

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 65

In groups II and III, the initial half whorl appears some-
what unduly elevated, approaching the condition of the
Jamaican subgenera.

The radula in the typical group of Brachypodella is char-
acteristic. The central tooth has a very wide cusp (see pi. 9,
figs. 3, 4, B. antiperversa} , far wider than the marginal teeth
or than its own basal-plate. Its edge may be either straight,
or bilobed (as in trinitaria, pi. 9, fig. 16), the latter condition
perhaps being brought about by wearing of the median part
of the cusp, while the sides, protected by the large laterals,
are less worn. The inner lateral tooth on each side has the
basal-plate very narrow in front (above in the figures), so
that the small ectocone seems born on the end of a slender
peduncle, which is crowded inward, so that the ectocone stands
close to the basal-plate of the median tooth (fig. 16, etc.).
Finally, the two lateral teeth on each side are more or less
crowded together, so that in a superficial view there seems to
be a single row of large laterals on each side (pi. 10, fig. 17,
B. pallida; fig. 24, B. dominicensis} . I have examined the
radula of the following species: costata (pi. 9, fig. 5), collaris,
antiperversa (pi. 9, figs. 3, 4), raveni (pi. 9, fig. 14), trinitaria
(pi. 9, fig. 16), pallida (pi. 10, fig. 17), riisei, dominicensis
(pi. 10, fig. 24), leucopleura (pi. 9, fig. 13, an inner lateral in
profile), harileyana, bourguignatiana, subtilis, morini (pi. 9,
figs. 9, outer, and 10, inner, laterals in profile), and speluncce
(pi. 9, fig. 15), so that practically the whole group is known
to agree in the peculiarities described above.

Group of B. morini: southeast Mexico to Trinidad.

Slender, long shells, usually with 18 to 25 whorls in entire
specimens, but usually more or less truncate. Apical 3 whorls
delicately costulate or striate vertically, the first whorl not
abnormally elevated. Axis encircled by a distinct, though
small, spiral lamella.

A natural group of closely related species, differing from
those of the Caribees by the distinctly twisted axis and sculp-
tured apical whorls, by the greater number of whorls in entire
shells, and the somewhat longer neck. B. aequatoria, said to

66 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

be from near Quito, the only species of the group I have not
seen, is placed here for want of a better place. The Mexican
and Guatemalan forms have recently been grouped by Prof,
von Martens in Epirobia, which he ranks as a subgenus of
Holospira; but the slender, imperf orate, uniplicate axis, sculp-
tured apex, and strongly keeled base of the shell alike indi-
cate their alliance to Brachypodella. Their generic position
is herein demonstrated by the dentition (pi. 9, figs. 9, 10, 13,
15, 16), which is that of Brachypodella, and shows no kinship
whatever with Epirobia, figured on pi. 50 of vol. xv, f . 6, 7.

The first whorl is less elevated than in B. antiperversa and
other Antillean species of the typical section of Brachypo-
della, approaching the more normal contour seen in most
Cuban and Haitian subgenera of the genus (pi. 6, f, 9, B.
hanleyana; f. 14, B. spelunccc) . The radula is quite similar
to that of the Antillean species of the subgenus (pi. 9, fig. 9,
outer, and 10, inner, lateral of B. morini, in profile; fig. 13,
inner lateral of B. leucopleura in profile; 15, B. spelunca;
fig. 16, B. trinitaria, large form.

Key to species.

(B. subula, no. 23, is not included in the following key.)
I. Central American species. Apical whorls, when present,
very finely, densely striate.

1. Riblets very low, wide-spaced, closer and sharper on
last whorl ; 12 to 14 mm. long with 16-21 whorls, or, in
entire shells, 23 whorls. B. subtilis, no. 20.

2. Riblets strong but narrow.

a. Whorls very convex, with 25 to 30 or more riblets
on the penult. 11-15 mm. long with 15-18 whorls
in truncate, 15-16 mm. long with 22-24 whorls in
entire shells. B. morini, no. 19.

6. Whorls moderately convex, with 14-16 riblets on
penult, whorl. 10-12 mm. long with 12-14 whorls
in truncate, 14-16 mm. with 22 whorls in entire
shells. B. speluncce, no. 21.

c. Penult, whorl with 18-20 riblets; shell widely trun-

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 67

cate, Avith 8^-10 whorls remaining in a length of
9.5-11.5 mm. B. bourguignatiana, no. 22.

II. South American and Trinidad species.

1. Diam. 5, length 18 mm.; closely rib-striate; Ecuador.

B. aequatoria, no. 24.

2. Slender shells, diam. 2 to 3 mm. ; north coast of South
America.

a'. Regularly, rather closely costulate, with 12-14 whorls
in truncate, 18-20 in entire shells ; Columbia, Venez-
uela. B. hanleyana, no. 25.

b. Riblets distant, pale; shell slender, 12.5-13.5 mm.
long, truncate, with 15 whorls; Venezuela.

B. leucopleura, no. 26.

c. Riblets rather wide-spaced ; whorls very convex ; 9
to 15 x 2 to 2.3 mm. with 12-17 whorls in truncate,
16.5 to 17.5 mm. with 21 to 25 whorls in entire shells;
Trinidad. B. trinitaria, no. 27.

19. B. MORINI (Morelet). PI. 6, figs. 4, 5, 6, 10.

Shell cylindric below, the upper half tapering to a narrow
truncation or an entire apex, thin, corneous, with whitish rib-
lets. Surface lusterless, sculptured with oblique, hardly arc-
uate, thread-like riblets, parted by spaces of three or four
times their width, and "usually 25 to 30 in number on the
penult, whorl. "Whorls very convex, the last free, projecting
forward, swollen at the periphery, strongly carinate below,
concave above the keel. Aperture subvertical, rounded-ovate,
the outer margin being a little pulled out; peristome thick,
white, widely expanded and reflexed. Axis slender, encircled
by a single low spiral lamella.

Length 15, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls remaining 18.

Length 11.5, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls remaining 15.

Length 15-16, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 22-24 (Morelet).

Guatemala: Vera Paz, in rocky places in forest (Morelet) ;
Cahabon (Sarg) . Southeast Mexico : Mon tanas de Poana and
San Juan Bautista, Tabasco (Jose N. Rovirosa). Form pul-
chella at Livingston, eastern Guatemala, in the Bay of Hon-
duras (Stoll) ; form salpinx probably near Coban or Lanquin,
in Vera Paz (Salvin) ; form sargi at Cahabon (Sarg).

68 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

Cyl. inoriiii MORELET, Test. Noviss., i, p. 11 (1849). — PFR.,
Monogr., iii, p. 578; Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, pi. 5, f. 24-26.-
FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Scient. Mex., i, p. 412, pi. 17, f. 12.-
SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 16, f. 136.— PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1892, p. 338. — Holospira morini v. MARTENS, Biologia,
p. 285, with var. pulchella, pi. 17, f. 3, 3a; salpinx, pi. 17, f. 5,
and sargi (Dec., 1897). — Cyl. (Gongylostoma) pulchella
v. MART., Sitzungsber. d. Ges. nat. Preunde Berlin, 1886, p.
162.— Cyl. salpinx TRISTRAM, P. Z. S., 1861, p. 231.

B. morini differs from B. subtilis in the strong sculpture.
B. speluncce has the riblets even stronger and more widely
spaced, and is a rather more slender shell, with less convex
whorls. The initial three whorls are very finely, vertically
striate, as in B. spelunccz.

The two measurements first given above are from specimens
received from Morelet, one of which is drawn in fig. 6. The
smaller specimen would be called var. pulchella, but, after
examining specimens collected by Morelet and Sarg in Guate-
mala, and Rovirosa in Tabasco, I believe that none of the so-
called varieties of this species have any racial characters.
They are merely individual variations. Entire specimens from
S. Juan Bautista, Tabasco, have a diameter of about 2.2 mm.,
and vary in length from 14 mm., with 21 whorls, to 12.5 mm.,
with 191/2 whorls. About three apical whorls are brown and
delicately costulate vertically. Truncate shells from the same
place measure 11 to 12.7 mm. long, and retain 12 to 14 whorls.

The form pulchella Martens measures 10.5 mm. long, 2.5
wide and has 13 whorls remaining (pi. 6, figs. 1, 2).

Form sargi Martens has the last whorl but slightly pro-
duced, the lip being nearly appressed to the penultimate
whorl; 1. 12.5, diam. 2.5 mm., 15 whorls remaining.

Form salpinx Tristr. (pi. 6, fig. 3) has 16 whorls left, and
measures 1. 14.5, diam. 2.5 mm. One of the two typical speci-
mens differs from morini " in having a pure white varix on
the fifth and sixth whorls before the last, one just above the
other, and a less distinct varix on the following whorl,
immediately below the others; its general color is a dull
a.sliy-gray. The second specimen is pure white, probably
bleached " (v. Mart.}.

BRACilYPODKLl.A, S. STK. 09

20. B. SUBTILIS (Morelet). PI. 6, figs. 11, 12, 19, 20.

Shell very slender, fusiform, the upper half or more taper-
ing to a narrow truncation or rarely an entire apex; corneous,
thin. Surface somewhat shining, sculptured with Imr, tcide-
spaced riblets. Suture slightly margined'. Whorls strongly
convex, the greatest convexity above the middle of each; the
last whorl is swollen at the periphery, strongly carinate be-
low, projecting forward and a little descending, the neck
much more sharply and closely costulate than the preceding
whorls. Aperture slightly oblique, subangular outwardly
and below; peristome thin, broadly expanding and subre-
flexed. Axis slender, encircled by a small spiral lamella, as
in B. wori a i.

Length 13.5, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls remaining 17Vo ; plug
at 13.

Length 12.5 to 14, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls remaining 16 to 21
(Crosse).

Northern Guatemala : woods of the province of Peten
(Morelet).

Cyl. suit His MOREL., Testae. Noviss.. i, p. 11 (1849). — PFR.,
Monogr.. iii. p. 577; iv, 708; vi, 386; vii, 444; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 51, pi. 5, f. 33-35. — CROSSE ET FISCHER, Moll. Mex., i, p.
413, pi. 17, f. 13.— SOWERBY, C. Icon, xx, pi. 14, f. I25.—Holo-
spira subtilis v. MART., Biologia, p. 284.

According to Morelet, the type, with the spire entire, has
23 whorls. It stands near B. inorini. differing in the reduc-
tion of the ribs to low welts, which are more widely spaced
than the lamella-like ribs of morini, and in the slightly mar-
gined suture. The specimen described and figured on my
plate, as well as those in Crosse 's and Pfeiffer's collections,
came from Morelet, no other naturalist having found the
species.

21. B. SPELUNO-E (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 13, 14, 17, 18.

Shell not rimate, cylindric-turrite, subulate, very slender,
rather thin, hardly shining, yellowish-corneous, with some-
what oblique, distant, lamellose riblets. Spire long, entire,
the suture impressed. Whorls 22, a trifle convex, the first

70 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

embryonic ones smooth, paler, following ones costulate, sub-
compressed, slightly subangular at the suture ; last whorl sub-
tetragonal, free in front, shortly drawn out, a little descend-
ing, angular at the side and carinate below, at its junction
with the external -margin frequently costulate. Aperture
irregularly rounded-subquadrangular, somewhat channelled
at the base, whitish inside ; peristome continuous, somewhat
thickened, a little expanded, subreflexed, glossy, white. Length
16, diam. 3 mm. ; aperture with peristome scarcely 2 mm. long
and wide (Crosse & Fischer}.

Northern Guatemala : walls of the cave Jobitsinal, near the
capital of Peten (Morelet). Yucatan: cave at Tabi, Ticul,
and between Sitilpech and Tunkas; a small form at Labna
(Heilprin exped.).

Cyl. costulata MOREL., Testae. Noviss., ii, p. 12 (1851) ; not
of C. B. Ad., 1849.— C. speluncee PPB., Zeitschr. f. Malak.,
1852, p. 151 ; Monogr., iii, p. 577. — FISCHER ET CROSSE, Miss.
Scient. au Mex. Moll., i, p. 410, pi. 17, f. 11. — Holospira
spelunca v. MART., Biologia, p. 284. — Cyl. spelunca PILSBRY,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1891, p. 315, pi. 15, f. 15, 15a, with var.
dubia, p. 316, pi. 15, f. 14, 14a (Aug. 25, 1891).

B. speluncce is closely related to B. morini, but it has fewer,
more widely-spaced riblets, the peristome is less reflexed and
more fragile, and the whorls are less convex.

Crosse and Fischer's description of Morelet 's type is given
above, and their figures copied, pi. 6, figs. 17, 18. Their
measurement of diameter includes the lip of the shell, and
hence exceeds by a millimeter the measurement as taken in
this work. It is a common species in Yucatan. The first
three whorls, in entire specimens, have a sculpture of exces-
sively fine, close, vertical striae; then coarse riblets abruptly
set in (pi. 6, fig. 14, apex of a shell from Ticul). Fig. 13 is
drawn from a specimen taken at Tabi.

An entire specimen taken from Ticul measures 14.3 x 2 mm.,
with 22 whorls, and has 16 riblets on the penult, whorl.
Truncate shells from the cave at Tabi measure 10 to 12 mm.,
with 12 to 131/2 whorls, with about 14 riblets. The slender
axis has a spiral lamella as in B. morini.

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 71

A small form, which I called var. dubia, occurs at Labna.
The shells measure about 10 x 2 mm., retain 12 to IS1/^ whorls,
and have 17 to 18 riblete on the penult, whorl.

22. B. BOURGUIGNATIANA (Ancey). PI. 7, figs. 32, 33, 34.
Shell subrirnate, cylindric, slightly tapering to a broad trun-
cation, pale brownish gray, rather solid but thin; surface
lusterles,s, sculptured with slightly oblique, nearly straight
lamella-like ribs, separated by intervals of three or four times
their width, and 18 to 20 in number on the penult, whorl.
Whorls but slightly convex, separated by a deep suture, the
last whorl free, slightly descending and projecting forward,
swollen at the periphery, very strongly carinate beneath, flat-
tened above the lateral bulging. Aperture somewhat oblique,
rounded, subangular outwardly and less so at the base ; peris-
tome expanded and somewhat reflexed. Axis stouter than in
allied species, very indistinctly twisted.

Length 10, diam. 2.6 mm., whorls 10.

Length 9.5, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 8i/>.

Length 9.5, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls 9.

Length 11.5, diam. 3 mm., whorls 9-10 (Ancey, types).

Honduras: Utilla island, off the N. coast (C. T. Simpson).

Cylyndrclla bourguignatiana ANC., Annales de Malacol-
ogie, ii, p. 243 (May, 1886). — Cylindrella ~b., PILSBRY, Proc.
A. N. S. Phila., 1891, p. 316, pi. 15, f. 13, 13a.— v. MART.,
Biologia, p. 286.

This species, of which part of the original lot is before me,
is closely related to B. speluncfc and B. morini. The number
of riblets is intermediate between these two species. It differs
from both in being wider, and more shortened by truncation,
and in the perceptibly stouter and less spirally twisted in-
ternal axis. The relationship with B. pallida and other forms
mentioned by Mr. Ancey is not especially close.

23. B. SUBULA (Ferussac). PI. 2, figs. 20, 21, 22.

Shell truncate, slender, subcylindric, tapering above. Ob-
liquely, very closely \confertissime] costulate-striate ; the
numerous very fine and oblique lamellae are distributed quite

72 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

r<>-nlariy over the surface of the whorls, and in passing over
the keel of the last whorl they are lengthened in a series of
little scales. Pale corneous, with a perceptible fawn tint, the
ribs standing out white. Whorls 16 or 17, very narrow and
convex, parted by a simple, impressed suture, nearly equal in
width, the last two more rapidly enlarging; the last whorl is
very short. The flattened base is bounded by an acute angle,
the more projecting because of an accompanying depression of
the side. The last Avhorl projecting obliquely forward, ter-
minating in a. small, squarish aperture; peristome white, quite
wide and strongly reflexed.

The largest individuals are 14 or 15 mm. long, and hardly
2.5 mm. in diameter (Desli.).

Habitat unknown.

Helix (Cochlodina} subula FEE., Prodr., p. 61, no. 508
(nude name; no locality) ; Hist,, pi. 163, f. 8. — Clmtsilia sub-
ula DESHAYES in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 216, no. 41 (1838).
—Br :•/.'/;• oddla s-ubida BECK, Index Moll., p. 89. no. 3. —
CyUiuJrcUd subula Fer., PHILIPPI Abbild., i, p. 181, pi. 1, f.
17 (copy from Ferussac). — DESH. in Fer., Histoire, ii, p. 230.

This species rests upon the figures given by Ferussac in his
Histoire, copied on my plate. Deshayes' description, given
above, may or may not have been based upon the type speci-
men, as he describes the surface as "oblique confertissime
oostulato-striata ' —terms but ill agreeing with the detail
figure in Ferussac. However, both the description and fig-
ures were evidently drawn from shells of the Continental
group of Brachypodella, and, in my opinion, if the type of
subula is ever found, it will prove to be either B. leucopleura,
B. spclunccc, or B. ntorini. The Jamaican Cylindrella subula
of Pfeiffer is certainly not the Ferussacian species.

24. B. ^EQUATORIA (Morelet). PI. 6, figs. 15, 16.

' Shell rimate, cylindric, tapering above, thin, arcuately
and closely rib-si riate, grayish corneous, not glossy. Whorls
11, a little convex, the last shortly projecting, base carinate.
A erture vertical, rounded; peristome expanded, free. Length
18, diaiii. -I mm." (More-let}.

BRACIIYPODKLLA, S. STR. 73

Ecuador: in the neighborhood of Quito (Dr. Destruges) .

('///. (.-ijiKilorifi MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1873, p. 124,
pi. 5, f. 1. — PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 433.

The dorsal cariua of the last whorl varies from a mere indi-
cation to a strongly projecting keel ; and the peristome may
be either quite free or adherent at its upper margin. The fine
costulatiou is uniform, except on the latter half of the last
whorl, ^vhere it becomes sharper and lower. The species is
known only from Morelet's description and figures, which in-
dicate a larger and especially stouter form than any other
continental Brachypodella. It is far removed from the range
of other known species, and apparently has been found by
none of the numerous other naturalists who have collected
around Quito, so that confirmation of the habitat and exam-
ination of the interior of the shell are desirable.

25. B. HANLEYANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 6, figs. 7, 8, 9, 21, 22.

' Shell slightly rimate, subcylindric, tapering towards the
truncate apex, thin, diaphanous, pale corneous; regularly and
closely costulate, the riblets oblique, subarcuate, thread-like.
Whorls 14, subequal, but slightly convex, the last shortly pro-
jecting forward, compressed carinate dorsally and basally,
the right side angular. Aperture obsoletely angulate-sub-
circular; peristome free, whitish, expanded throughout.
Length 13. diam. 3, diam. aperture 2 mm." (P/r.).

Venezuela: Province of Cumana (Cuming, type loc.) ;
Caraccas and Puerto Cabello (R. Swift). Colombia: near
Cartagena (Swift), and Turbaco, 12 miles southeast of Carta-
gena (A. D. Brown coll.).

C.y7. li'mlnjana PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, p. 16; Phil.
Abbild.. iii. p. 7, pi. 3, f. 3; Monogr., ii, p. 378; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 42, pi. 4, f. 26-28.— SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 5, f. 37.-
? Cyl. I rhi it n rid PFR,, specimen from Sabanilla, New Gren-
ada, GIBBONS, Journ. of Conch., ii. 1879, p. 131.

Apparently an abundant species along the northern shores
of South America, eastward nearly to Trinidad, and thus far
known from points on the coast only. Pfeiffer 's description
is given above, and his figures copied, pi. 6. f. 21, 22. The

74 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

abundant series in the collection of the Academy is further
illustrated in figs. 7 and 9, Cartagena, and fig. 8, Puerto
Cabello. It is related to B. morini of Guatemala and B. trini-
taria of Trinidad. The latter has more numerous and more
convex whorls. In B. morini the whole shell is more slender,
the last whorl is more compressed and tapering below, the
riblets are more widely spaced, and those of the apical whorls
are much finer and more crowded.

The axis is twisted much as figured for B. morini. The
apical whorls have delicate, rather wide-spaced riblets. The
crowded, thread-like striae of the rest of the shell are a little
bent at the ends, elsewhere but slightly curved, and are whit-
ish on a brownish-corneous ground.

Specimens from Cartagena, with the apex entire, measure
12.4 x 2.2 mm., with 18y2 whorls, or 15 mm. with 20 whorls.
Truncate shells are 10.5 to 12 mm. long, with 12 to 14 whorls.
Truncate shells from Puerto Cabello vary from 9x2.4 mm.
with 91/0 whorls to 11.5x2.4 mm. with 12 whorls. Entire
specimens from this place taper more rapidly above, and have
fewer whorls than those from Cartagena.

Gibbons '"C. trinitaria" from Sabanilla, N. G., was doubt-
less either this species or B. leucopleura.

26. B. LEUCOPLEURA (Menke). PI. 15, figs. 9, 10, 14, 15, 16.
' Shell slightly rimate, subcylindric, tapering towards the
truncate apex, thin, pellucid, glossy, pale corneous; obliquely
ribbed, the ribs straightened, distant and paler. Whorls 15,
a little convex, the last shortly projecting, acutely serrate-
carinate at the base, the right side subangular. Aperture
subcircular, obsoletely angular at the base; peristome free,
shortly expanded throughout. Length 13.5, diam. 2.66, diam.
aperture 2 mm." (Pfr.}.

Habitat unknown (Menke). Venezuela: Puerto Cabello
(Paetel) ; Caraccas (F. Cocking).

Cyl. leucopleura MKE., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, p. 2.—
PHILIPPI, Abbild, iii, p. 6, pi. 3, f. 2.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p.
379.— PAETKL, Catal., p. 103.— 1C. trinitaria Pfr., GIBBONS,
specimen from Sabanilla, New Grenada, Journ. of Conch., ii,
131.

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 75

Pfeiffer's description and one of his figures are given above
(fig. 14). Menke states that the ribs are lamellar, distant and
white. Paetel locates the species at Puerto Cabello, but I do
not know who identified his specimens. I have identified as
leucoplcnra a series of five shells collected by F. Cocking at
Caraccas, two of which are figured on pi. 15, figs. 9, 10, 14-16.
The shell is slender, 12.6 x 2 mm., narrowly truncate, with
14% whorls. The ribs are thin, somewhat lamellar, widely,
irregularly spaced, white or pale, and stand on a pale red-
brown ground. They become close on the neck, which has the
very strong, serrate basal keel and peripheral inflation com-
mon to the group. The whorls are less convex than in B.
trinitaria, and the peristome is thinner and narrower than in
B. morini, in which, moreover, the ribs are a little closer and
the last whorl tapers more downwards. The axis is markedly
sinuous. This form, whether it be the true leucopleura or
not, is apparently distinct from B. hanleyana by its more
slender figure and wide-spaced riblets.

27. B. TRINITARIA (Pfeiffer). PI. 5, figs. 37, 38, 39.

Shell cylindric below, the upper half regularly tapering to
a narrow truncation or entire apex; thin, brownish corneous.
Surface hardly glossy, sculptured with oblique, wide-spaced,
pale riblets, the intervals three or four times their width.
Whorls very numerous and very convex, the last strongly
keeled below, projecting in a descending neck, which bulges
conspicuously at the periphery. Aperture slightly oblique,
tetragonal-rounded, angular at the outer and basal margins;
peristome broadly expanded, the upper and columellar mar-
gins white and reflexed, basal and outer margins brownish.
Axis very slender, encircled by a small, thin, spiral lamella.

Length 9.3, diam. 2 mm., whorls 12 remaining.

Length 13, diam. 2.1 mm., whorls 15 remaining.

Length 14-15.5, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 16-17 remaining
(Pfr., types).

Length 16.5, diam. 2.1 mm., whorls 21 remaining.

Length 17.5, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 24i/2 (entire).

Trinidad : northern portion, Laventille Hills, near Port-of-
Spain, on the sides of limestone rocks (Guppy).

76 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

Cyl. trinitaria PFR., Malak. Bl., vii, 1860, p. 213, pi. 2, f.
4-7; Monogr., vi, p. 388.— GUPPY, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3),
xvii. p. 52; I'. Z. S., 1875, p. 320; Journ. of Conch., i, p. 109;
Journ. of Couch., vii, p. 219 ; Trans. Linn. Soc., xxvi, pi. 11,
f. 12 (teeth, bad). — GIBBONS, Journ. of Conch., ii, 1879, p. 131
(varieties and habitat). — BLAND, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv,
p. 186, fig. of teeth and jaw in text. — FISCHER, Journ. de
Conchyl., 1870, pp. 9, 10 (jaw and teeth).— CROSSE, J. de C.,
1890, p. 43.

Related by its spiral axis and the long spire of numerous
whorls to the mainland species, not to those of the Antilles.
The whorls are decidedly more convex than in the Venezuelan
species. Probably Guppy's statement that trinitaria occurs
at Carupano, Venezuela, was based upon the specimens of B.

The species was first collected by Prof. Theodore Gill, and
reached Pfeiffer through Bland and Poey. These typical
specimens, some of which are before me, are from 13 to 15
mm. long, with 15 to 17 whorls. The rest of the shells before
me are separable into two lots, (1) larger shells, entire or with
many whorls remaining, as in the last two measurements
given above, and (2) smaller shells, first two measurements
above, with fewer whorls remaining, about seven usually lost
by adult shells, judging by the broken-off tips among the
specimens. This small form was collected by both Gill and
Guppy. There does not seem to be intergradation of the three
sizes in the series of about 60 shells from all sources before
me ; they are probably local sub-races. Figs. 38, 39 are copies
of the type figures. Fig. 37 is a typical specimen. The vari-
ations of B. irinildi-ln have been already commented on by
Gibbous, who however seems to have included B. hanleyana
or 11. ]<-)«'<ij>l< urn.

of B. antiperversa: Caribees, Curacao.
Small Forms, usually with 71/. to 12 whorls in truncate, 14
to 18 in entire shells, the last but shortly or not free. Two or
three apical whorls smooth, the first one decidedly elevated.
Axis straight or a little twisted.

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 77

In the smooth apical whorls, the first one being somewhat
abnormally elevated (see Vol. XV, pi. 64, f. 15, 16, B. anti-
perversa], this group of species differs from the continental
forms, which in dentition and other respects are closely re-
lated.

Key to Species.

I. Axis noticeably twisted ; closely and finely rib-striate.

1. Diam. 2, length 6.4 to 7.3 mm., with 7y2 to 9 whorls
remaining. Caracao. B. raveni, no. 28.

2. Diam. 2.5, length 9 mm., with 9-91/2 whorls remain-
ing; spire somewhat swollen in the middle. St.
Lucia. B. tatei, no. 30.

II. Axis straight; diam. 2.4 to 2.7 mm.

1. Sculpture of low, rather coarse riblets; last whorl
hardly or not free. Barbados. B. costata, no. 29.

2. Sculpture of much finer riblets; last whorl very
shortly free. Martinique; Guadeloupe.

B. antiperversa, no. 31.

28. B. RAVENI (' Bid.' Crosse). PL 7, figs. 40, 41, 42.

Shell small, shortly rimate, cylindric-fusiform, rather
broadly truncate, corneous with whitish riblets, thin. Sur-
face lusterless, closely and finely costulate, the riblets oblique,
narrower than the intervals. Whorls slightly convex, the last
swollen at the periphery, carinate beneath, concave above the
keel, very shortly free in front, not descending. Aperture
rounded, slightly angular outwardly, peristome reflexed.
Axis slender, encircled by a small and narrow spiral cord.

Length 6.4, diam. 2 mm., whorls 7%.

Length 7.25, diam. 2 mm., whorls 8y2 to 9 (Crosse, types).

Curacao (Henry Raven, J. S. Gibbons) ; Buen Ayre (B.
Hartert) .

Cyl. raveni Bland MSS., CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xx,
1872, p. 157 ; CROSSE & BLAND, J. de C., xxi, 1873, p. 40, pi. 1,
f. 4. — PPR., Monogr., viii, p. 441. — GIBBONS, Quart. Journ. of
Conch., i, p. 340. — MARSHALL, t, c., p. 380. — E. A. SMITH,
Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 113, 115 (1898).

A small species, more finely rib-striate than B. costata or

78 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

other related forms of the Lesser Antilles. Mr. Gibbons found
a specimen with two apertures, which he correctly explains
by the accidental breakage of a hole in the shell, which is used
instead of the natural aperture ; an incident observed in other
TJrocoptidce and Clausiliidce. Mr. Marshall's explanation
puts the cart before the horse.

29. B. COSTATA (Guilding). PL 7, figs. 35, 36, 37.

Shell rimate, cylindric below, the upper half tapering to a
narrow truncation, or more rarely entire and attenuate above ;
brown. Surface rather dull, sculptured with oblique, nearly
straight, low riblets, separated by wider intervals. Whorls
narrow, convex, the last not free in front or but slightly so,
strongly carinate below, concave above the keel. Aperture
rounded, angular below and obtusely so outwardly; peris-
tome reflexed above and along the columellar margin, else-
where expanded, very narrow at the outer angle, continuous,
but usually adnate above. Axis slender and simple.

Length 10.3, diam. 2.6 mm., whorls 11. Truncate.

Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 8. Truncate.

Length 11, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 16. Entire.

Length 9.6, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls 14. Entire.

Barbados (Guilding, Swift and others), very abundant
under stones, particularly in the lowlands (Fielden). St.
Vincent (British Mus., teste Smith).

Bracliypus costatus GLDG., Zoological Journal, iv, p. 167
(1828). — Siphonostoma costata Guild., SWAINSON, Malacolr
ogy, p. 168, f. 22 (not p. 333, f. 97c,d).—CyUndrella costata
Guild., PFR. in Philippi, Abbild., i, p. 183, pi. 1, f. 16 (after
Swainson) ; ii, p. 52, pi. 2, f . 8 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 44, pi. 5,
f. 4-6; Monogr., ii, p. 379; iv, 705; vi, 381.— FISCHER &
CROSSE, J. de C., 1870, pp. 11, 25, pi. 4, f. 2 (teeth).— Sow-
ERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 12, f. 109. — E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag.
(6), viii, 1891, p. 255.

The specimens figured are from Barbados, where it occurs
in abundance. I have not seen the species from other islands.
The collector of the alleged St. Vincent specimens in the
B. M. is apparently unknown. Guilding does not record it

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 79

from that island. The locality St. Lucia rests upon Prof.
Tate's identification of shells which subsequently proved to
be a distinct species, B. tatci. It was not found there by
Ramage, whose shells were examined by E. A. Smith (Ann.
Mag. (6), iii, 1889, p. 405), who includes costata on Tate's
authority. Bland (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., ix, p. 240)
reports costata from Anguilla ; but this island is so remote
from Barbados that confirmation of the record is needed.
There is a series of 10 white, slightly translucent specimens
(form all) id a) in the collection of the Academy.

30. B. TATEI (' Bid.' Crosse). PL 7, figs. 38, 39.

Shell rimate, turrite, fusiform, transparent and of a light
corneous tint ; sculptured with small, crowded and noticeably
oblique stria?. Spire truncate, noticeably swollen and en-
larged in the middle. Suture well marked. Whorls remain-
ing to the number of 9 or 91/2, slightly convex, the last shortly
projecting forward, detached, having a compressed basal keel
crenulated by the striae, and excavated around the umbilical
chink. Aperture vertical, subcircular, subangular basally;
peristome shortly reflexed throughout, and whitish. Internal
column twisted. Length 9, diam. 2y2 mm. (Crosse & Eld.}

Saint Lucia, upon damp walls and among stones in shady
places, common (Ralph Tate) .

Cylnnlrclla, costata Guild., TATE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4),
iv, p. 356, no. 10.— C. tatci Bland, CROSSE, J. de C., 1872, p.
158.— CROSSE & BLAND, J. de C., 1873, p. 41, pi. 1, f. 3.— PFR.,
Monogr., viii, p. 435.

Differs from B. costata by the finer costulation, free last
whorl and twisted axis. The latter character also separates
it from B. antiperversa.

31. B. ANTIPERVERSA (Ferussac). PL 5, figs. 35, 36.

Shell shortly rimate, turrite, the lower three whorls of
about equal diameter, the upper half or more of the shell
rapidly tapering to a narrow truncation or an attenuate, en-
tire apex ; pale brown or corneous-brown, thin, nearly luster-
less. Sculpture of rather fine, low riblets, but slightly curved,

80 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

and not noticeably denticulating the suture. Whorls convex,
the last very shortly free in front, strongly carinate beneath,
concave above the keel. Aperture rounded in general outline,
obtusely angular at the outer and basal margins; the peris-
tome being rather widely reflexed except at the outer angle.
Axis slender, straight and simple.

Length 11.5, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls 16y2 ; the plug at 11.

Length 7.8, diam. 2.4 mm., whorls 11 ; truncate.

Length 10, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 11; truncate.

Guadeloupe (Fer, B. Sharp, et al.} : Pointe-a-Pitre, morne
a 1'eau, Capesterre, Petit Bourg, etc.; the Saintes, Terre de
haut, anse Mirre, Saint Martin, Saint Bartholomew; and
Mariegalante, Grand-Bourg, ravine Bambara (Maze). Mar-
tinique: Fort de France (Maze). St. Vincent: a dry rocky
hillside in the forest above Chateaubelair, leeward side, at
about 1000 ft. (H. H. Smith).

Helix (Cochlodina) antiperversa FER., Prodr., p. 65, no.
509 (no descr.) ; Histoire, pi. 163, f. 5, 6. — Clausilia a., DESH.
in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 215. — POT. et MICH., Galerie, i,
p. 177, pi. 17, f. 19, 20. — Brachypodella antiperversa BECK.,
Index, p. 89. — Cylindrella collaris PFR., Wiegmann's Archiv
f. Naturg, 1840, i, p. 41 ; Monogr., ii, p. 375 ; C. Cab., p. 41,
pi. 4, f. 29-34; and in Phil, Abbild, i, p. 182, pi. 1, f. 10, and
var. brevicollis, p. 183, f. 9 (1844).— C. collaris Fer., MAZE,
Journ. de Conchyl., xxii, 1874, p. 165 (Martinique) ; xxxi,
1883, pp. 22, 44/48 (Guadeloupe); 1890, p. 27 ( Saintes) .-
E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 310 (St. Vincent).
— SOWERBY, C. Icon, pi. 11, f. 95. — IPupa truncatula Sow-
ERBY, Genera, f. 7. — C. bicanaliculata Pfr, ALBERS, Die Hel,
1860, p. 39 (testePfr.).

A common species in Guadeloupe; apparently less so in
Martinique, and also recorded from St. Vincent. Other
records for antiperversa must be looked upon with suspicion.
I am unable to see any difference between shells from the two
islands first named. It is much more finely sculptured than
B. contain of Barbados. The largest entire specimen I have
seen is slightly over 12 mm. long, and has Iiy2 whorls; the
smallest. 9y.> mm. long with 15V2 whorls. Usually when the

BBACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 81

apex is truncate, about 9 whorls remain. Pfeiffer examined
specimens in Ferussac's cabinet, and found that his collaris
and antiperversa are merely extremes of a single species, and
he adopted the former name; but, for reasons given below, I
do not think his course a tenable one.

The spire when entire is attenuate above (Vol. XV, pi. 64,
figs. 15, 16). The first whorl is much elevated, though de-
pressed at the tip, as shown in the figures, fig. 16 representing
the apex revolved 90 degrees to the right of the position shown
in fig. 15. The plug is at the end of the sixth whorl, and that
many are ordinarily lost by adult snails.

Helix (Cochlodina) collaris was enumerated by Ferussac
in his Tableau Systematique, p. 61, no. 507. His specimens
were said to be from Porto Rico, collected by Mauge. He
gives no description, referring merely to Lister, pi. 20, f. 4,
and a copy of the same figure in Petiver's Gazophylacii
Naturae, etc. This figure is very rude, but probably repre-
sents B. costata, as the shell is stated by Lister to be from
Barbados, and no other species has been found on that island.

In the Animaux sans Vertebres, vi, pt. 2, p. 114 (April,
1822), Lamarck refers to Ferussac, repeats his references,
and defines the species under the name Clausilia collaris:
" Shell fusiform-subulate, very acute, longitudinally and
obliquely striate, reddish; whorls very numerous; aperture
small, rounded, toothless. Length 6i/> lines." He gives the
same locality and collector, but as some of Mange's other
localities have proven erroneous, too much dependence should
not be placed upon them.

In interpreting collaris we are confronted with the follow-
ing conditions: (1) Helix collaris Ferussac was not defined
by him except by reference to a figure representing a Bar-
bados species, probably B. costata. This was the first use
of the name collaris for a Brachypodella, as is proven by
Lamarck's citation of the Tableau in his synonymy. (2)
Clausilia collaris Lam. was not defined with sufficient pre-
cision to identify the species; he repeats Ferussac's reference
to Lister. (3) It is certain, in the light of information and
figures published later, that the form actually before Ferussac

82 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

and Lamarck was not that figured by Lister, but a larger
shell, with the last whorl free.

Under these circumstances, I regard the use of the name
collaris for any species as inadmissible. It cannot fairly be
used for B. costata, because the figure in Lister is not good
enough for reasonably certain identification, and it is known
that that form was not the one intended. It cannot be used
for antiperversa, because the first use of the name collaris
was in connection with Porto Rican and Barbados forms.

Group of B. pallida: Haiti, Porto Rico, Virgin Islands, and

St. Croix.

Slender shells, cylindric below, tapering above, with car-
inate base, straight or almost straight axis, and costulate
early whorls.

The nuclear whorls are costulate, as in continental species,
but the first one is somewhat elevated, as in the Caribbean
group. The dentition (pi. 10, fig. 17, B. pallida} is similar to
that of the other species of the subgenus.

The spire is quite attenuate when entire. The first third of
a whorl is smooth, as usual in Urocoptida; the next 2^
whorls are vertically costulate; then the adult sculpture be-
gins, the oblique ribs quite weak at first, merely indicated,
but attaining a moderate size by the end of 5y2 or 6 whorls,
where the plug is located, marking the portion ordinarily cast
off by adults (Vol. XV, pi. 64, fig. 18, B. chordata).

Key to Species.

I. Sculpture of wide-spaced riblets, sometimes interrupted;
neck rather long.

1. Small, 5.7-7.6 mm. long, with 8 to 9i/2 whorls in
truncate, 12 to 13 in entire specimens. Santo Do-
mingo. B. dominicensis, no. 36.

2. Larger, 7.6 mm. long or more; 15-19 whorls in entire
shells.

a. Riblets slender, continuous, usually a little en-
larged at the ends; intervals substriate.

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 83

b. Santo Domingo ; length 8 to 9.3 mm., with
8y2 to 10y2 whorls; truncate.

B. d. gabbi, no. 36a.

&&. St. Croix; length 7.6 to 10.3 mm. with
10 to 12 whorls in truncate, 10 mm. with
15 whorls in entire shells.

B. chordata, no. 34,

l)l)b. Length 15, diani. 3.5 mm., with 12-14
whorls in truncate shells.

B. perplicata, no. 32.

aa. Ribs rather stout, rounded, depressed in the

middle, more or less holloAv; Porto Rico and

Virgin Is. B. pallida, no. 33.

aaa. Ribs low or subobsolete, stronger near the

suture; form slender; Porto Rico.

B. riisei, no. 35.

II. Sculpture of close rib-stria? ; last whorl very shortly free ;
Haiti. B. smithiana, no. 37.

32. B. PERPLICATA (Ferussac). PI. 7, figs. 23, 24.

Shell truncate, cylindric, thin, diaphanous, pale corneous,
longitudinally closely undulate-striate, and provided with
distant folds projecting like lamellae. Whorls 12-14, convex,
the last plicate-angulate at the base, shortly, almost hori-
zontally drawn out. Aperture nearly circular, somewhat
channelled at the position of the keel, the peristome free,
white, expanded throughout. Length 15, diam. 3.5 mm.
(Desh.).

Antilles, exact habitat unknown.

Helix (C oclilodina} perplicata FER., Prodr., p. 65, no. 506;
Hist., pi. 163, f. 9. — Clausilia perplicata DESH. in Lam., An.
s. Vert., viii, p. 216 (1838). — Brachypodella p., BECK, Index,
p. 89. — Cylindrella p., PFR, in Phil., Abbild., ii, pi. 1, Acha-
Una, f. 9; Monogr., ii, p. 377; vi, 379. — DESH. in Fer. Hist,
ii, p. 229.

Known to me by the above-cited works only. According to
Deshayes, the ribs follow one another from whorl to whorl,
as in Urocoptis fastigiata and B. pallida. Sowerby's figure

84 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

29 is evidently not perplicata. The original figures of Ferus-
sac are copied on my plate.

33. B. PALLIDA (' Guild.' Pfr.). PL 7, figs. 30, 31.

Shell subcylindric below, the upper half or more tapering
to a narrow truncation, or rarely a perfect apex; often wid-
est in the middle ; thin, fleshy whitish or bluish in places from
the contained soft parts ; lusteiiess, sculptured with large,
rounded, subvertical ribs, which are depressed or almost in-
terrupted in the middle, swollen towards both ends, and are
more or less hollow; the intercostal intervals being delicately
striate. Whorls somewhat convex, parted by a deep suture,
the last whorl projecting free, strongly but bluntly carinate
below, concave above the keel. Aperture rounded-squarish,
obtusely angular at the outer and basal margins; lip broadly
reilexed, excavated within at the positions of the outer and
basal keels. Axis simple, slender and straight.

Length 10.5, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 12.

Length 8.7, diam. 2 mm., whorls 10.

Length 10, diam. 2 mm., whorls 15 (apex entire).

Virgin Islands and Porto Rico: St. Thomas, on the hill
opposite Baker's; St. John (Bland) ; Tortola (Bland, Swift) ;
Porto Rico : San Juan, Vega Baja, and Penuelas.

Brachypus pallidus Guilding in coll. B. M. — Cylindrella
pallida Guild., PFR. in Philippi, Abbild., ii, p. 52, pi. 2, f. 14
(1845) ; Monogr., ii, 379; iii, 575; vi, 381; Conchyl. Cab., p.
46, pi. 5, f. 15-17. — BLAND, in C. B. Ad. Contrib. to Conch.,
no. 11, p. 217 ; Ann. Lye. N. Y., vi, p. 71. — MARTENS, Jahrb.
d. D. Malak. Gesell., iv, 1877, p. 352 ; Nachrbl., xxiii, 1891, p.
132. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1892, p. 26. — SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. 4, f. 30. — Brachypodella pallida P. & V., Proc.
A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p. 278.— BALL & SIMPSON, Bull. U. S.
Fish Comm., xx, 1900, p. 377. — Siphonostoma costata Gldg.,
SWAINSON, Malaeol., p. 333, f. 97c, d. — C. costulosa C. B. AD.,
Contrib. to Conch., no. 6, p. 98 (March, 1850).

Very distinct by its strong hollow ribs, similar to those of
Idiostcmma, Callonia, etc. Description and figures are from
Tortola specimens, with which those of St. John and St.

BRACHYPODELLA, S, STE. 85

Thomas agree. They often retain the apex entire. The types
were probably from one of the Virgin Islands, as Porto Rican
shells are mainly larger, less tapering above, and more widely
and more constantly truncate, a specimen measuring: 1. 12,
d. 2.3 mm., whorls 10. This form has been called var. major
Pfr. B. perplicata Fer. differs from pallida in little but its
larger size. An erroneous locality, Jamaica, has found its
way intp some of the books, probably traceable to a shell sent
to Adams by Cuming.

34. B. CHORDATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 7, figs. 25, 26, 27.

Shell cylindric, the upper third or half tapering to a nar-
row truncation, or rarely an entire apex; thin, white or cor-
neous-white, lusterless; sculptured with oblique, straight,
tvidely-spaced white narrow ribs, which are generally a little
enlarged at the ends; the intervals very delicately thread-
striate. Whorls slightly convex, the last strongly carinate
below, concave above the keel, projecting free and descending.
Aperture oblique, rounded, obtusely angular at the base and
outer margin ; peristome broadly reflexed, white, excavated
within at the outer angle. Axis slender and straight.

Length 10.3, diam. 2 mm., whorls remaining 12.

Length 7.6, diam. 1.8 mm., whorls 10.

Length 10, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 15 (entire).

St. Croix: Christiansted (Riise, Swift).

Cyl. chordata PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, p. 117;
Malak. Bl., 1855, p. 102, pi. 5, f . 10, 11 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 48,
pi. 5, f. 21-23; Monogr., iv, p. 708. — SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx,
pi. 5, f. 38.

A beautiful white species, related to B. pallida, from which
it differs chiefly in the reduction of the sculpture to narrow,
wide-spaced, straight riblets. Figs. 25, 26 are after Pfeiffer.

"Cylindrella 8. Croixii Pfr.," Schaufuss, Moll. Syst. et
Catal. Conch. Paetel, 1869, p. 68, and C. santacroixi Sh., of
the Catalog der Conchylien-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel, ii,
1889, p. 250, are nude names possibly referable to this species,
as none other has been reported from St. Croix.

86 BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR.

35. B. RIISEI (Pfeiffer). PL 7, figs. 28, 29.

Shell slender, cylindric, the upper third or half tapering to
a narrow truncation on rarely an entire apex; thin, pale
brownish-corneous or whitish, nearly lusterless, sculptured
with low, wide-spaced riblets, often obsolete on the convexity
of each whorl, but strong near the suture. Whorls but slightly
convex, the last obtusely carinate below, becoming free, de-
scending and built forward. Aperture oblique, rounded, the
outer and basal margins obtusely angular; lip reflexed, ex-
cavated within at the outer angle. Axis straight, slender,
with a very slight twist-
Length 12, diam. 2 mm., whorls remaining
Length 9, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls remaining
Length 13.2, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls 18y2 (apex entire).
Length 10, diam. 1.9 mm., whorls 15% (apex entire).
Length 13, diam. hardly 2y2 mm., whorls 19 (Pfr., type).
Porto Rico: San Juan, Santa Catarina (Blauner) ; Agua-
dilla Vega Baja, Caguana (Gundlach) ; Penuelas (Sinten-
sis), Arecibo (Dr. Cleve).

Cyl. riisei PFR,, Zeitschr. f . Malak., 1852, p. 133 ; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 48, pi. 5, f. 18-20; Monogr., iii, p. 578.— SHUTTLE-
WORTH, Diagn. n. Moll., 1854, p. 54. — MARTENS, Jahrb., iv,
1877, p. 352; Nachrbl., xxiii, 1891, p. 132.— SOWERBY, C.
Icon., pi. 11, f. 94 (riisei). — CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1892,
p. 27. — Brachypodella r., PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1898, p. 278.— DALL & SIMPSON, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., 1900,
xx, p. 377.— C. rissei Pfr., Paetel, Catalog, ii, p. 249 (1889).
Near pallida and chordata, but with the ribs partially de-
generate, and the shell is more lengthened and slender. Four
or five whorls are generally deciduous. Figure 29 is from a
specimen received from Riise; 28 is after Pfeiffer.

36. B. DOMINICENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 8, figs. 48-51.

Shell small, cylindric, the upper half tapering to a narrow
trii)ic;ition or rarely retaining the apex entire (fig. 51, x 20).
Pale grayish or fleshy corneous; thin. Surface hardly shin-
ing, sculptured with narrow whitish riblets parted by spaces
about 4 times their width. Whorls convex, the last tapering,

BRACHYPODELLA, S. STR. 87

angular below, its later half free, pinched into a strong, stout
basal keel, concave on both sides of the keel, narrowly swollen
at the periphery, flattened above ; projecting and slightly de-
scending. Aperture oblique, rounded, but a little angular at
the base and outer margin, the lip white and reflexed. Axis
simple and slender.

Length 7.6, diam. 2 mm., whorls O1/^ (truncate).

Length 6, diana. 1.6 mm., whorls 8 (truncate).

Length 5.7, diam. 1.4 mm., whorls 8 (truncate).

Length 6, diam. 1.6 mm., whorls 12 (entire).

Length 7, diam. 2 mm., whorls 13 (entire, P/V.).

Haiti: environs of Santo Domingo (Salle).

Cyl. dominicensis PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1850, p. 70;
Monogr., iii, p. 574; Conchyl. Cab., p. 44, pi. 5, f. 7-9.-
CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 147. — SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 14,
f. 120.

The smallest species known from the island, readily recog-
nized by its strong sculpture and angular neck.

36a. Var. gabbi Pils., n. var. (pi. 8, fig. 56) . Larger, with the
neck somewhat longer and decidedly descending. Truncate.
Length 9.3, diam. 1.8 mm., whorls 101/2, to length 8, diam. 1.8
mm., whorls Si/o. The riblets are perceptibly enlarged at the
ends, and sometimes hollow or with a minute pit there. Were
it not that the specimens were taken in Santo Domingo by
Gabb, they would hardly be separated from B. chordata of
St. Croix.

37. B. SMITHIANA (Pfeiffer). PI. 8, figs. 52, 53.

' Shell subrimate, somewhat fusiform, rather thin, subarcu-
ately closely costulate, translucent, brownish-corneous. Spire
entire, swollen in the middle, the apex acute. Whorls 15, a
little convex, the last narrowed, compressed-carinate at the
base, slightly free in front. Aperture oblique, subcircular,
subangular at the base; peristome continuous, everywhere
narrowly reflexed. Length 11.5, diam. 2.75 mm." (P/V.) .

Haiti : Mont Platon, 10 leagues northeast of the town Les
Cayes (Smith).

Cyl. smithiana PFR., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 87; Monogr.,
vi, 380.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 147.

88 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

The original description is given above. The specimens
before me (pi. 8, figs. 52, 53) are narrowly truncate, light
brown, sculptured with slightly sinuous, oblique riblets
(shown too weak in the lithograph), parted by spaces two or
three times their width. The last whorl has a rather strong
and stout basal keel, and is distinctly pinched in on both sides
of it. The axis is simple and straight. Length 9.6, diam. 2.5
mm., whorls 91/o.

It differs from B. angulifera by the far stronger basal
carina, more spaced and less regular costulation, brown color
and smaller size. The plug is at 8y2 to 9V2 whorls, another
whorl persisting above it in the shells examined. It is related
to B. dominicensis, but is larger, more closely costulate, and
has the last whorl only very shortly free.

Jamaican Species of Brachypodella.

All the Jamaican forms, so far as known, are characterized
by the very high initial whorl ; and the teeth have lost ecto-
cones to a greater extent than in Haitian or other forms.
The distribution of the species is shown on the following map,
prepared by Mr. P. "W. Jarvis.

1. B. alba eos.

2. B. agnesiana.

3. B. seminuda.

4 B. costulata.

5. B. alba (part)

6. B. robertsi.

The area doubly outlined above (3) is that of B. chem-

nitziana.

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 89

Key to Jamaican species of Brachypodella.
I. Last whorl subangular or somewhat carinate below;
sculpture of fine strife; axis slender and straight; aper-
ture subcircular, the lip narrow. Section Simplicervix,

1. Length 9-10.5 mm., about 8 whorls remaining; base
merely subangular; a short neck.

B. inornata, no. 41.

2. Length nearly 8, diam. 2.5 mm., 10V2 whorls re-
maining, basal carina moderately sharp.

B. simplex, no. 42.

3. Length 5, diam. 1.25 mm., 8-8l/2 whorls remaining,
the last scarcely produced, subangular below.

B. humilis, no. 43.
II. Last whorl strongly carinate below.

1. Small (length 5-10 mm.), sculptured with contin-
uous or interrupted ribs; whorls 8-10 in truncate,
about 16 in entire shells; axis thin and straight.
Section Geoscala.

a. Ribs continuous, distant, about 10 on the
penult, whorl; length 5.5 to 6.5 mm.

B. costulata, no. 38.

aa. Larger, length (truncate) 7.5 to 9 mm.; ribs
more numerous.

1). Ribs interrupted in the middle of each
whorl; suture only moderately im-
pressed. B. robertsi, no. 39.
&5. Suture deeply impressed or constrict-
ing. B. seminuda, no. 40.

2. Shell larger, white, pillar-shaped, the whorls more
numerous, short, flattened, very finely and evenly
striate, the last projecting, squarish. Aperture as
wide as long; axis straight and thick, variously
sculptured. Section Mychostoma.

a. Sinistral.

b. Large; axis cylindric or spool-shaped in
each whorl. B. agnesiana, no. 44.

bb. Smaller, length 17-19, diam. 2.7 mm.;
axis armed with hooked processes.

B. diminuta, no. 45.

90 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

aa. Dextral.

b. Diam. about 3.5 mm. ; basal keel short.
B. pearman&ana, no. 47 ; B. alabastrma,
no. 46.
bb. Diam. 2 to 2.7 mm. ; basal keel long.

B. alba, no. 48.

3. Shell cylindric-tapering, white, densely obliquely
striate, the whorls convex, oblique, the last not free,
carinate below only ; aperture longer than wide ; axis
very slender, sinuous in the later whorls. Section
Apoma.

a. Length 21-30, diam. 4.5 mm.

B. chemnitziana, no. 49.

aa. Length 19-31, diam. 3.3-4 mm., thus more
slender. B. gracilis, no. 50.

Section Geoscala Pils. & Van., 1898.

Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1898, pp. 272, 279. Type B. seminuda.

Shell small, cylindric or fusiform, sculptured with contin-
uous or interrupted ribs, the last whorl more or less free, the
neck strongly carinate below, roundly angular peripherally;
aperture rounded; axis slender and straight; apical whorl
high. Type B. seminuda.

Radula intermediate between that of Brackypodella s.s.
and that of Mychostoma. The cusp of the central is moder-
ately wide; the inner lateral has a very small, peg-like ecto-
cone; the outer lateral and the marginals are like those of
Mychostoma (pi. 10, fig. 18, B. seminuda, Clarendon Park).

Geoscala differs from Simplicervix by its strong sculpture
and basal keel. It stands very close to the typical group of
Brachypodella, but differs by the very weak development of
the ectocone of the inner lateral tooth and the less expanded
cusp of the central.

38. B. COSTULATA (C. B. Adams). PI. 5, fig. 43.

' Shell subovate, but elongated; whitish; with thin, very
prominent, very distant, moderately oblique ribs, of which

^H BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 91

there are about ten on the penult, whorl, and which, as usual
in this genus, are more crowded on the last whorl — anteriorly
with a prominent but not sharp carina; spire with convex
outlines along the middle ; apex truncate, with the loss of five
or six whorls; nine or ten whorls remaining, rather flattened,
but with a deep suture ; last whorl much detached and pro-
duced, angulated on the right; aperture much dilated on the
right, anteriorly a little angular, the rest rounded; lip some-
what thickened, rather narrow and sharp, reflected into the
plane of the aperture " (Ad.).

Length 6.25, diam. 1.9 mm. ; length of an entire specimen
8 mm. (C. B. Ad.).

Length 6.6, diam. 1.8 mm., whorls 8.

Jamaica: interior of the western half. Whitney, Claren-
don; Troy and Balaclava, St. Elizabeth (Jarvis) ; Mande-
ville, Manchester, and Montpelier, St. James (Henderson).
Also reported from Bellevue, St. Andrew (Gloyne).

Cyl. costulata C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch., no. 2, p. 20
(4), Oct., 1849. — PPR., Monogr., iii, p. 574. — SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. 12, f. 104 (bad). — GLOYNE, Journ. de Conch.,
1872, p. 35.

The whorls are most convex just below the suture. In some
specimens from Mandeville, coll. J. B. Henderson, the ribs
are weak, almost obsolete on the last two whorls, reappearing
on the neck, where they are almost interrupted in the con-
cavity above the keel. Figure 43 represents a specimen from
Whitney, Clarendon.

39. B. ROBERTSI (C. B. Adams). PI. 5, figs. 45, 46.

' Shell elongate, fusiform, widest a little below the middle :
pearl white : with, on each side of the suture, a series of very
transverse, prominent ribs, which abruptly terminate so as
to leave a large portion of the middle of the whorls smooth ;
ribs about fifteen on each whorl; the series below the suture
being the larger; both series are continued on the two angles
of the produced part of the last whorl, over on the back part
of which each rib is united to its opposite by a small lamella ;
spire with the outlines quite convex except in the upper

92

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

third: apex truncate with the loss of - - whorls: whorls re-
maining nine or ten, planulate or slightly concave, with a
deep suture ; last whorl widely disjunct in its last third part
from the penult, whorl, with an angle on the right and an-
other on the lower side: aperture subangular above and be-
low, more angular on the right : lip rather thin, reflected into
the plane of the aperture, moderately expanded. Length .37
inch; breadth .095 inch " (Ad.).

Length 9, diam. 2 mm., whorls remaining 9.
Length 8.4, diam. 2 mm., whorls remaining 8y2.
Length 9.5, diam. 1.7 mm., \vhorls 16 (entire).
Jamaica: along the northern coast from Montego Bay to
Port Maria,

Cyl. rolertsi C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch., no. 9, p. 160

(April, 1851), in Ann. N. Y. Lyceum of Nat. Hist, v, p. 84.

-PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 575.— SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 12,

f- HI- — HENDERSON, Nautilus, viii, p. 20. — GLOYNE, Journ.

de Conchyl., 1875, p. 122 (Rio Bueno) .

A larger form than B. costulata, and well differentiated
therefrom by the interruption of the ribs, which persist only
near the sutures, or are weakly connected across the middle
of the whorls, and are more numerous than in B. costulata.
I have seen specimens from Montego Bay (Henderson), Fal-
mouth, Trelawny (Jarvis, figs. 45, 46), and west of Ocho Rios
( Henderson ) .

While the upper whorls are a little shouldered below the
suture, the latter is only moderately impressed, not deeply
constricting as in the next species.

40. B. SEMINUDA (C. B. Adams). PI. 5, figs. 41, 42, 44.

Shell slowly tapering, broadly truncate, corneous, rather
thin, nearly lusterless. Whorls flattened in the middle, sub-
angular below the very deeply impressed sutures, the last
whorl angular below also, the sides sloping inward; its latter
half concave between the basal and supraperipheral angles,
free in front. Sculpture of numerous \vhitish ribs, low or
partially obsolete in the middle of each whorl, prominent be-
low, and somewhat less so above, the suture. Aperture trans-

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 93

versely ovate, the lip reflexed, channelled within at the nar-
rower, outer margin. Axis slender and straight.

Length 7.5, diam. 2.3 nim., whorls 8.

Length 9, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls 8y2.

Length 8.2, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 9 (Adams).

Jamaica: in the south, from the parish of Manchester to
St. Thomas, inland to Clarendon Park and Bogwalk (Jarvis,
Henderson) ; Mt. Diablo, in St. Ann (Henderson & Simp-
son). Also reported from Jeremie, Haiti (Weinland).

Cyl. seminuda C. B. AD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1845, p.
14. — PHILIPPI, Abbild., ii, p. 51, pi. 2, f. 16. — PFR., Monogr.,
ii, p. 380 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 46, pi. 5, f . 12-14.— SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. 5, f. 46.— GLOYNE, J. de Conchyl., 1875, p. 122
(Long Mt. and Yallahs) . — BLAND & BINNEY, Amer. Journ.
Conch., vii, p. 184 (teeth). — WEINLAND, Jahrb. D. Malak.
Ges., vii, 1880, p. 358 (occurrence in Haiti). — HENDERSON,
Nautilus, viii, p. 20, no. 100. — Cyl. minuda Ad., RUSH, Naut-
ilus, v, p. 69, no. 119.

The type originally described by Adams was the least aber-
rant form of the species, shown in fig. 41 (Clarendon Park,
western Clarendon). Such shells occur at many other locali-
ties, with variously divergent forms, so that the latter seem to
be merely extremes linked together in a continuous chain of
variations, though certain forms may predominate in some
places. The typical form resembles B. robertsi, but has in-
variably deeper sutures. The most northern point is Mt.
Diablo, where it was' found by Henderson and Simpson, a
locality out of the ordinary range as mapped by Mr. Jarvis.

In some specimens the whorls become more shouldered, more
contracted below, and the basal series of short riblets disap-
pears except on the earliest whorls and the neck (fig. 42,
Clarendon Park), leaving the whorls smooth except for a
diadem of short riblets. This form occurs at AVatermount, St.
Catherine and Good Hope, St. Andrew (Jarvis), Mt. Diablo
(Henderson), and other places, usually intergrading with the
typical form.

Another incipient variety (fig. 44) is similar to the preced-
ing in shape, but the riblets are strong and continuous to the

94 BRACHYPODELLA,, JAMAICAN.

base, usually interrupted on the penult, whorl. It occurs at
Mona House, St. Andrew (Henderson), with the typical semi-
nuda and intermediate forms. Typically this variety, and
the preceding (which do not occur together in any lot exam-
nied), are very distinct; but on account of the intergradation
of each with the type form, in most lots examined, I do not
think it worth while to name them at present. The distribu-
tion of each should be studied in detail.

Crosse suggests that the presence of B. seminuda at Jeremie,
Haiti, reported by Weinland, may be due to accidental trans-
portation by commerce. Messrs. Henderson and Simpson did
not find it there.

Subgenus SIMPLICERVIX Pilsbry, 1903.

Brachypodella, with the high initial whorl of all Jamaican
forms of the genus, the neck shortly free and almost cylindric,
merely subangular below ; aperture nearly circular ; axis slen-
der and straight. Type B. inornata. (Simplex, simple; cer-
vix, neck.)

The shell resembles Brevipedella of Cuba, Haiti and Porto
Rico, but the apex has the characteristic Jamaican modifica-
tion. I have not seen the species simplex and Jtumilis of
Adams, and they may prove to belong elsewhere, as somewhat
similar shells are contained in the sections Bactrocoptis (Vol.
XV, p. 143) and Spirostemma (Vol. XV, p. 284). The den-
tition of Simplicervix is unknown.

41. B. INORNATA (C. B. Adams). PI. 5, figs. 40, 47, 48, 49.

" Shell subovate or fusiform, but elongated; whitish; with
fine, oblique, arcuate, sharp, prominent, but not very closely-
set, raised lines, anteriorly with two carinae, which are not
prominent; spire with the outlines moderately convex in the
middle and lower whorls; apex truncate, with the loss of —
whorls; 8 or 9 whorls remaining, quite convex, with a deep
suture; last whorl well detached and produced; aperture sub-
angular on the right side, in the rest rounded; lip a little
thickened, narrow, moderately reflected. Length .38 inch;
breadth .11 inch " (Adams).

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 95

Jamaica: In the interior; Bellevue, St. Andrew (Swift
coll.) ; Mt. Diablo, St. Ann (Henderson) ; Whitney, Clarendon
( Jarvis) ; Mandeville and Spur Tree hill, Manchester (Hen-
derson) ; Troy, St. Elizabeth (Jarvis) ; Montpelier, St. James
( Henderson ) ; Great Valley estate, Hanover ( Taylor, in Clapp
coll.).

Cyl. inornata C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch., no. 2, pp. 22,
39 (Oct., 1849).-- PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 573; iv, 703; vi, 377;
viii, p. 436. — GLOYNE, J. de C., xx, 1872, p. 35. — SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. xi, f. 99. — HENDERSON, Nautilus, viii, p. 20.—
? Cyl. aspera Ad., SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 11. f. 98, re-
named C. asperata Sowb. in index to Cylindrella (1875?).

This species has some resemblance to U. pupceformis, but in
that the stria? are closer, flattened and glossy, the shell is of
stouter form, and the lip more developed. It is much more
like the Cuban B. angulifera and the Haitian B. imitatrix,
especially 'in the shape of the neck; but the apex of inornata
shows the high, wall-like first half-whorl and deeply depressed
tip of all the Jamaican Brachypodellas.

Adams' description mentions " two carinas which are not
prominent ' ' on the last whorl ; but the shells I have seen have
no carinae, merely a slight, hardly noticeable angle at the base,
and a swelling at the periphery, above and below which the
sloping surface is somewhat flattened. The striae are narrow
and thread-like, separated by much wider intervals. Size of
truncate shells varies from 9 x 2.5 to 10.5 x 2.7 mm., with
about 8 whorls. An entire specimen from Hanover (Clapp
coll.) is 12.2 mm. long, and has 15y2 whorls.

It is a widely distributed form, though apparently found
nowhere in copious quantity. It occurs over the high interior
of the western two-thirds of the island, not descending to the
lower levels near the coast. I have observed no mentionable
variation in specimens from the localities recorded above.

42. B. SIMPLEX (C. B. Adams).

" Shell subovate or fusiform, moderately elongated; whit-
ish ; with very oblique, straight, faint striae, with one moder-
ately sharp carina at the anterior extremity, and another

96 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

which is slight and obtuse a little above the middle of the last
whorl; spire with the outlines quite convex throughout most
of the shell ; apex truncate, with the loss of - - whorls ; lO1/^
whorls remaining, quite convex, with a deep suture ; last whorl
slightly produced. Aperture angular at the anterior extrem-
ity and on the middle of the right side; lip thin, sharp, nar-
row, and moderately reflected. Length .315, breadth .1 inch '
(Ad.}.

Jamaica (C. B. Adams).

Cylindrella simplex C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch., no. 2, p.
22, 39 (Oct., 1849).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 573.

Known to me by the above description only.

43. B. HUMILIS (C. B. Adams).

' " Shell cylindrical in the lower two-fifths, tapering above;
pale horn color, with rather numerous oblique, nearly straight
equidistant, fine, elevated, transverse lines ; spire, truncate,
with the loss of - - whorls; whorls remaining 8 to 8%, very
convex, with a well-impressed suture; last whorl subangular
anteriorly, scarcely produced from the penult, whorl; aper-
ture orbicular, moderately large ; lab rum moderately reflected
and dilated, very thin. Length .2, breadth .05 inch " (Ad.}.

Jamaica (C. B. Adams).

Cyl. humilis C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch., no. 7, p. 101
(1850).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 573.

This very small species (length 5 mm.) is known to me by
Adams' description only.

Subgenus MYCHOSTOMA Albers, 1850.

Myckostoma (in part) ALB., Die Hel., 1850, p. 207, for C.
subula, collaris, gracilicollis, hanleyana, pallida, seminuda. —
v. MARTENS, Die Hel., edit. 2, p. 37, type C. subula. — PFR.,
Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 279.— PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1898, p. 279.

Shell long, truncate, slenderly cylindric or pillar-shaped,
white, finely striate, whorls numerous, nearly flat, the last be-
coming free, projecting, acutely keeled below, angular out-
wardly. Aperture rounded or squarish, as long as wide, gut-

BRACHYPODELLA,, JAMAICAN. 97

tered within, the lip reflexed. Axis straight, thick and vari-
ously sculptured in the lower half of its length. Apical whorl
high. Type B. alba C. B. Ad.

The radula is very long and narrow, its sack projecting free
into the cavity of the body (pi. 14, fig. 2, B. agnesiana). The
teeth (pi. 10, fig. 21, B. alba occidentalis, Great Valley estate,
and fig. 22, B. agnesiana, Creighton Hall) resemble those of
Apoma. The centrals have a very wide cusp, as in Bracky-
podclla s. sir. The inner lateral has no trace of an ectocone
(fig. 23). The outer lateral has a boss without overhanging
cusp in place of the ectocone. The marginals have bilobed
cusps. Other characters as in the genus generally.

B. agnesiana is said by Gloyne to be viviparous.

The axis in shells of this group is thickened in the lower
half, and more or less distinctly biplicate, somewhat as in the
Haitian Strophina. In the upper half it retains the earlier
structure, is thin and singly plicate, the spiral being contin-
uous with the lower of the two cords in the thickened portion.
This spiral is often serrate or spinose; and the whole surface
of the pillar may be roughened or granulate, but this minor
sculpture varies individually within wide limits. In B. dimi-
nuta there has been extraordinary hypertrophy of the asperi-
ties of the spiral cords, which become few in number and en-
larged into thick hooks, which stand obliquely opposite on the
two cords, in pairs, almost exactly reproducing the structure
of the pillar in the Cuban Urocoptis (Idiostemma) uncata
(Cf. pi. 2, f. 19, with Vol. XV, pi. 44, f. 33). It will be noted
that in U. uncata also, the hooks have arisen from primitive
small nodes on a biplicate axis, as shown by the related, less
evolved, species.

Another extraordinary feature of Mychostoma is the pres-
ence in at least one species of a structure resembling the clau-
silium of the genus Clausilia. In B. alba occidentalis there is
found within the fifth whorl from the base a tongue-shaped,
whitish process (pi. 1, figs. 14, 15), which above, at its origin,
is continuous with the solid axis, but below hangs free in the
cavity. When wet, this process is flexible; and is found to
consist of a thin plate of conchiolin covered with an uncon-

98 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

solidated layer of carbonate of lime crystals. While project-
ing below, the process does not nearly close the cavity of the
whorl. The animal retracts its foot a whorl or two above the
process. B. alba minima from Swift River also has a similar
process.

This structure was first noticed by Mr. G. H. Clapp. It
differs from the closing- plate of Clausilia by being flexible
throughout, with a wide attachment instead of a slender
peduncle, and probably the two structures are not homolo-
gous. Owing to its incoherent texture, this process is, doubt-
less, soon lost in dead individuals, from which the soft parts
are ordinarily removed by maceration ; but in shells collected
alive and dried, it seems to be invariable. I saw no trace of it
in B. agnesiana. The other species should be examined with
fresh material.

The name Mychostoma was originally proposed for a series
of species now classed as Brachypodella s. sir., but including
C. subula Fer., with a reference to Pfeiffer's Monographia,
which shows that by "C. subula Fer." a form of C. alba C. B.
Ad. was intended. Von Martens subsequently nominated C.
subula Fer. as type of Mychostoma, referring to Pfeiffer's
subula illustrated in Philippi's Abbildungen, and represent-
ing a form of alba. It seems allowable, therefore, to use the
name Mychostoma for the Jamaican group of forms related to
alba, rather than to restrict it to the real subula of Ferussac,
a species the author of Mychostoma did not intend.

There are two groups of species : that of B. agnesiana, sin-
istral forms from the southern watershed of the eastern end
of Jamaica, and that of B. alba, dextral, and chiefly from the
western end of the island, but occurring in Portland also, in
the East.

44. B. AGNESIANA (C. B. Adams). PI. 2, figs. 13-16.

Shell sinistral, very long, pillar-shaped, white except where
stained by the contained soft parts; lusterless; densely and
minutely sculptured with fine, very oblique and slightly
curved thread-striae. Whorls nearly flat, the last convex
above, then concave, its last half freely projecting in a rather

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 99

long, quadrangular neck, pinched into very strongly project-
ing basal and peripheral keels, strongly angular above, and
obtusely so on the columellar or concave side of the neck.
Aperture vertical, rounded, angular and channelled within at
the outer and basal margins, the lip white, broadly and flatly
reflexed. Axis slender in the upper whorls, at first simple,
then encircled with two low spiral cords in the upper third of
the shell's length; then growing thicker, cylindric, usually

*

with two or three additional low spirals, which become weak
or disappear in the lower half, where the axis is stout, a little
thickened at the ends in each whorl, and grooved along the
partitions.

Length 40y2, diam. 4 mm., whorls 21.

Length 36, diam. 4 mm., whorls 19-20 (typical size).

Length 30, diam. 4 mm., whorls 16y2 (White River).

Length 26, diam. 3.8 mm., whorls 15y2 (White River).

Jamaica: Yallahs hills, at about 2,000 ft. elevation; abun-
dant at the source of the White River (Jarvis). Map p. 88,
area 2.

Cyl. agnesiaiia C. B. A., Contrib. to Conch., no. 2, p. 19
(Oct., 1845).— BLAND, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 151,
pi. 5, f. 16 (axis). — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 575; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 58, pi. 6, f . 26, 27 ; Malak. Bl., xxiii, 1876, p. 216.— FISCHER,
Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, pp. 11, 25, pi. 3, f. 7, 8 ( teeth) .-
SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 5, f. 43.— GLOYNE, J. de C., 1872,
p. 36; Quart, Journ. of Conch., i, p. 53 (food, viviparity) .-
.Brfl<:/^;^/pO£/d£a agnesiana Ad., PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1898, p. 279, pi. 18, f. 19 (axis).

The largest species of the group, truncate shells, varying
from 25 to 42 mm. long. A small entire specimen examined
by Adams had 28 whorls, Avith a length of 41 mm. Mr. Jarvis
found it in profusion at the source of the White River, in the
Yallahs hills, on limestone rocks. He remarks that it does not
seem to be widely distributed in these hills. Gloyne gives the
localities Yallahs and Orange Park, but I do not know whether
he refers to the small or the typical large form.

From the dimensions given above, the size diminishes to
half the greatest length of the species. Shells similar to the

100 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

typical form, except in being smaller, with fewer and slightly
more convex whorls, occur at Creighton Hall (pi. 2, f. 16),
measuring from length 25.6, diam. 3.9 mm., whorls l5l/2, to
length 19, diam. 3.2 mm., whorls

45. B. DIMINUTA ' Ad.' Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Shell pillar-shaped, slightly tapering and truncate above;
thin, whitish. Densely sculptured with extremely narrow,
thread-like, oblique, opaque-white strias, standing on a trans-
lucent-gray ground. Whorls convex, the latter part of the
last projecting free. The neck is squarish, pinched into a
strong basal keel, the peripheral keel wider; it is angular
above, and the columellar side is strongly convex. Aperture
rounded, angular outwardly and below, channelled within.
Lip thin, expanded and reflexed. Axis slender and simple
above, thicker in the lower half, where it bears an upper and
lower series of oblique nodes, terminating in hooks, opposite
to and directed towards each other.

Length 19, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls 15.

Length 17, diam. 2.75 mm., whorls 15.

Jamaica: Good Hope, near Flamstead, in the eastern part
of St. Andrew parish (Jarvis). Types no. 84971, A. N. S. P.

Cylindrella agnesiana var. diminuta C. B. AD., Contrib. to
Conch., no. 9, p. 160 (April, 1851), in Ann. N. Y. Lye. of Nat.
Hist., v, p. 84.

Smaller than ordinary B. agnesiana, though the smallest
shells of that species are equally short, but of greater diam-
eter; chiefly distinguished by the extraordinary modification
of the axis, on which the two spiral cords of the less modified
species of the group are interrupted and transformed into
nodes ending in hooks. The structure is exceedingly like that
of Idiostemma (cf. U. uncata, Vol. XV, p. 166, pi. 44, f. 33).
This is the most extraordinary case of convergent evolution I
have ever seen.

C. B. Adams did not properly define this species. His
account follows: " We are indebted to Dr. A. Barrett for this
remarkably small variety with the following dimensions :
length after truncation .67, breadth .22 inch. In the speci-

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 101

mens before us the lip is but slightly expanded. It inhabits
Flamstead, in the Port Royal mountains. ' ' This brief account
is vitiated by an error: the diameter ".22 inch " is a mis-
take for .11 inch, apparently from misreading the scale ; and
no character whatever is given to differentiate the species
from the small variety of B. agnesiana. Under these circum-
stances, my identification of the specimens taken by Mr.
Jarvis with Prof. Adams' form lies open to the objection
that it is hypothetical; but I believe the hypothesis justified,
though it is only by courtesy that Adams can be quoted as
author of the species. His types should be examined.
The range of this species lies west of that of B. agnesiana.

46. B. ALABASTRINA (Pfeiffer).

Shell truncate, exactly cylindric, obliquely and closely, ele-
gantly costulate-striate, alabastrine ; apex slightly tapering,
black; whorls 15, flat, the last projecting, acutely carinate
basally. Aperture subcircular, channelled at the base ; peris-
tome expanded throughout, subreflexed. Length 15, diam.
3.66 mm., aperture 2.5 mm. long (Pfr.) .

Jamaica (Brit. Mus.).

Cyl. alabastrine/, PFR., in Phil., Abbild., ii, p. 52 (Oct.,
1845) ; Monogr., ii, p. 375.— ?? SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, f. 81.

Quite unknown to recent collectors in Jamaica, so far as I
have been able to learn. It is decidedly wider than any form
of B. alba, but certainly approaches B. pearmanccana in
dimensions, and the type should be compared with that
species.

47. B. PEARMAN^ANA (Chitty). PL 4, figs. 23-27.

" This shell approaches nearest to Cyl. alba var. striatella
(Contrib. to Conch., p. 20), and may be C. alabastrina Pfr.,
of which I have not seen even the description. Shell almost
cylindrical, rounding off in the last whorl, and with convex
outlines from the 9th whorl towards the truncate apex ; cream
white. Stria? very visible under a good lens, but much finer
than in C. alba var. striatella. Half of last whorl carinated ;
but by no means so much so as in the last-named shell. Apex

102 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

truncate, with loss of — 1 whorls ; whorls left, fourteen, much
flattened, but with a well-impressed suture. Last whorl much
produced, obliquely. Aperture sharply angular on the right
side, and rounded on the left; so that when the shell is held
with the apex to the right, the aperture is like a tunnel or
archway. Lip reflected, but little thickened, shining. Length
.71, greatest breadth .14, least breadth, at apex, .07 " (Chitty).

Western Jamaica: Retrieve, Westmoreland (Chitty).

Cyl. pearmanaana CHITTY, Contrib. to Conch., i, p. 6 (Oct.,
1853).— PPR., Monogr., iv, p. 703.

At present a rare species in collections. It is related to B.
alba, but readily known by the greater calibre of the cylinder
and the shorter keel, which is developed only on the straight-
ened latter part of the last whorl; moreover, the internal
pillar is stouter in the lower half of the shell, wound about
with two stout spiral ridges, and in some whorls a weak
median cord. The last whorl is swollen at the periphery, as
usual in the group, and rounded above and on the axial side.
The shell figured measures 18 x 3.5 mm., and has 13% whorls.
Chitty 's type measured 17.75x3.5 mm., with 14 whorls. It
must be close to B. alabastrina Pfr., if not, as I suspect,
actually identical with it.

48. B. ALBA (C. B. Adams).

' ' Shell subf usif orm, widest above the middle ; pure white ;
strife scarcely visible under a common magnifier, except on the
last two whorls; the last whorl is sharply carinate anteriorly,
rather obtusely carinate just above the middle; spire with
rectilinear outlines; apex truncate, with the loss of thirteen
or fourteen whorls, the upper part of the spire before trunca-
tion being very long and slender ; thirteen or fourteen whorls
remaining, slightly convex, with a well-impressed suture ; last
whorl much produced obliquely; apex sharply angular an-
teriorly, obtusely so on the right, in the rest well rounded ; lip
moderately thickened, reflected nearly into the plane of the
aperture, shining, sharp, rather narrow. Length .4 inch,
breadth .083 inch " (Ad.}.

Jamaica.

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 103

Cylindrella alba C. B. AD., Contrib. to Conch., no. 2, p. 20
(Oct., 1849).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 566; Conch. Cab., p. 40,
pi. 4, f. 23-25.— GLOYNE, Journ. of Conch., 1872, p. 34 (Derry,
northern Manchester). — JOHNSON and Fox, Nautilus, v, p.
34. — HENDERSON, Nautilus, viii, p. 20, no. 98 (north of
Savanna la Mar). — C. subula PFR. in Wiegm. Archiv f.
Naturg., 1840, i, p. 41 ; Phil., Abbild., ii, p. 50, pi. 2, f. 13.—
BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 125 (teeth).

The type locality of B. alba was not stated, and until
Adams' type is re-examined, its precise characters will re-
main unknown. The type measured 10 mm. long, 2.075 wide,
with 13 or 14 wrhorls remaining. It was thus a short-whorled
race, like the varieties eos and minima, but differing from
both in being narrower, with more whorls for its length.

The large series of specimens before me shows rather wide
variation, indicating several ill-differentiated races. Indeed,
Mr. Jarvis is disposed to segregate the form from the extreme
east specifically, as his researches up to this time have shown
no connection between the eastern and western herds, which
may thus be separated by an area over half as long as the
island without species of the alba type. This course seems to
me barred by the impossibility of separating eastern specimens
from some lots taken in St. Elizabeth Parish, in the west. I
have hesitated to attempt the definition of any varieties, but
finally decided to do so, merely to stimulate closer study of
the group. Their characters are briefly given in the follow-
ing key:

I. Whorls very short, their number greater than the number
of mm. in the length of the shell.

1. Nearly smooth, the striation very faint and fine.

a. 10x2 mm., with 13-14 whorls; typical alba.

b. 12.5x2.5 mm., with 13i/2 whorls, to 11.2x2.5
mm., with lli/o whorls. Portland. Var. eos.

c. 9.5 x 2 to 2.2 mm., whorls 11-12. Var. minima.

2. Striation comparatively coarse ; 13 x 2.1 mm., with
15y2 whorls, to 11 x 2.1 mm., with 13 whorls. West-
moreland. Var. striata.

104 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

II. Whorls not so short, their number less than the length of
the shell in mm. Westmoreland and Hanover. Var.
occidentalis.

48a. Var. eos nov. PL 4, fig. 34 ; pi 2, fig. 8.

Shell apparently smooth, but under high magnification
showing excessively fine, close striation. Greatest diameter
above the middle. Whorls slightly convex, parted by a well-
impressed suture, very short, compactly coiled. Axis thick
and biplicate in the 4th, 5th, and sometimes the 6th whorls up,
then abruptly slender and singly plicate.

Length 12.6, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls ISi/o.

Length 11.2, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 11%.

Eastern Jamaica, parish of Portland : Swift River, near
Hope Bay (Fox and Johnson, type locality, pi. 4, fig. 34; pi.
2, fig. 8) ; Rural Hill (P. W. Jarvis, pi. 4, figs. 28, 29). Also
in the west, see below.

At Rural Hill there is a somewhat more coarsely striate,
cylindric form (pi. 4, figs. 28, 29), with the same internal
characters, and measuring 13.6 x 2.5 mm. with 14 whorls, to
12 x 2.5 mm. with 11% whorls.

Smooth, short-whorled shells, very like the Portland vari-
ety are before me from Ipswich, pi. 4, fig. 32; pi. 2, fig. 10
(Jarvis, Henderson), and Mulgrave (Henderson), in St.
Elizabeth parish, western Jamaica. They are a trifle more
slender, diam. 2.2 to 2.3 mm., with the enlarged whorls of the
axis a little less distinctly biplicate. Length varies about as
in eastern specimens. Perhaps this is typical alba.

486. Var. minima nov. PI. 4, fig. 30; pi. 2, fig. 12.

Similar to the preceding form in the smooth surface and
short whorls, but the last whorl only shortly projects. The
axis is largest in the 4th and 5th whorls up, and biplicate,
above that becoming slender and with one spiral fold.

Length 9.5, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 11 (Swift R.).

i (Mijfth 9.4, dia.m. 2 mm., whorls 113^ (Clifton).

Clifton, near Balaclava, St. Elizabeth (Jarvis, type loc.),
and Swift River, Portland (Johnson and Fox).

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 105

I do not overlook the possibility that the western and east-
ern forms here brought together may be related more nearly
to the respective forms of the preceding race than to each
other; but it seems simpler at present to group similar forms
together. The Swift River minima is shown in pi. 4, fig. 33.

48c. Var. striata nov. PL 2, fig. 9.

Related to var. eos, but more slender, more strongly and
coarsely striate than any other variety. The sculpture of a
specimen from Mt. Stewart is shown in fig. 9, magnified to the
same scale as the other detail figures of sculpture. Specimens
are before me from Wi thorn (Henderson) and Mt. Stewart
(Jarvis), in Westmoreland. Specimens measure 13 x 2.1 mm.,
with 15i/2 whorls, to 11 x 2.1 mm., 131/2 whorls (Mt, Stewart),
and 11x2 mm., 13 whorls (Wi thorn). The axis is like that
of var. eos. It is a much more slender shell than var. striatula.

Var. occidentalis nov. PI. 4, fig. 31 ; pi. 2, fig. 11.

Shell larger, the whorls less shortened, distinctly though
finely striate; neck rather long. Axis more slender than in
the preceding forms, widest in the fifth whorl up.

Length 17, diam. 2.9 mm., whorls IS1/^.

•

Length 15.5, diam. 3 mm., whorls 14.

Length 12.5, diam. 2.2 mm., whorls 14.

Great Valley estate, Hanover (type loc., Taylor, in Clapp
coll.) ; Withorn estate (Henderson) and Fort William (Jar-
vis), Westmoreland.

The specimens from Withorn are like those from the Great
Valley estate. Those from Fort William are larger, with the
axis widest in the sixth whorl ; measuring 21 x 3.1 mm., with
17 whorls, to 17.3 x 2.6 mm., with 16 whorls.

It will be noted that in this race the number of whorls is
less than the number of millimeters in the length, while in the
races minima and eos, as well as in typical alba, this propor-
tion is reversed. I have already described the flexible internal
process of this variety (pi. 1, figs. 14, 15).

48e. Var. striatula C. B. Ad.

" Striae very distinct under a common magnifier; length
.52, breadth .11 inch " (13x2.75 mm.). Locality unknown.

106 BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN.

Subgenus APOMA Beck, 1837.

Apoma BK., Index Moll., p. 89, for elongata Chemn. (chem-
nitziana Fer.). — Cast a ALBERS, Die Bel., 1850, p. 208, for
elongata Ch. and gracilis Wood, the former selected as type
by v. Mart., 1860. — Cochlodina Seme groupe Anomales,
Ferussac, Tabl. System, p. 62 (in part; for Balea perversa
and Brachy. chemnitziana) .

Shell sinistral, slender, cylindric-tapering, white, densely
and finely striate; whorls about 16 in entire shells, about 7-8
being below the plug; suture oblique; last whorl not free,
carinate at the base ; aperture longer than wide, the peristome
reflexed, free or adnate above. Axis simple, very slender,
straight above, spirally coiled in the later whorls. Apex high,
with a deep axial pit. Viviparous, the young at birth having
about 5 whorls. Teeth as in Mychostoma (pi. 10, fig. 20, B.
chemnitziana).

A group of the high interior of Jamaica, allied to Mychos-
toma, but distinct by the oblique whorls, very slender and
spirally coiled axis, adnate last whorl and long aperture.

The species are viviparous, as first noticed by Gloyne. The
young shells of B. gracilis at birth are about 4 mm. long, com-
posed of 5-5l/s faintly striate whorls, the last of which is
somewhat more globose than the succeeding post-natal whorl,
thus distinguishable in adult shells when the apex is retained.
Fig. 5 of pi. 2 represents a young shell of B. gracilis removed
from the mother, and not quite at full term.

49. B. CHEMNITZIANA (Ferussac). PI. 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Shell sinistral, turrite, tapering, rather thin, white. Usu-
ally truncate, about 9 whorls being abandoned and part of
them lost, there being about 7 whorls below the long, rough-
ened and convex plug. Whorls strongly convex, densely and
regularly striate obliquely, the last having a short but strong
basal keel. Aperture oval, vertical, the peristome wide, white
and flatly reflexed, barely free above or adnate there. Axis
extremely thin, spirally coiled in the lower 2 whorls, straight
above.

Length 26, diam. 4.5 mm., whorls remaining

BRACHYPODELLA, JAMAICAN. 107

Length 30, diam. 4.5 mm., whorls 16 (entire).

Length 21, diam. 4.5 mm., whorls remaining 6%.

Jamaica: Parishes of St. Catherine and St. Andrew, away
from the coast; Natural Bridge, Riversdale, Bogwalk, Stony
Hill, Mt, Diablo.

Turbo elongatus turritus CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, p.
23 ; Turbo elongatus albus contrarius t. c., p. 114, pi. 112, f .
956 (1786).— Apoma elongata BECK, Index, p. 89 (1837).-
Cylindretta elongata Chemn., PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 380; iii,
575 ; iv, 706 ; vi, 383 ; viii, 442 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 57, pi. 6, f .
21, 22. — GLOYNE, Quart. Journ. of Conch., i, p. 53 (habits,
food, viviparity) . — SOWERBY, C. Icon., xx, pi. 4, f . 33. — JOHN-
SON, Nautilus, v, p. 34. — HENDERSON, Nautilus, viii, p. 20, no.
102. — Helix (Cochlodina) chemnitziana Fer., Tabl. Syst, p.
62, no. 512, based upon Chemnitz, I. c. — Pupa chemnitziana
GRAY, Ann. of Philos., n. ser., ix, p. 413. — Clausilia c., DESH.
in Lam., viii, p. 217. — Cylindrella chemnitziana PFR., Sym-
bolse, ii, p. 136 ; Philippi, Abbild., ii, p. 49, pi. 2, f . 4.— W. G.
BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 125 (teeth). — Cyl. cum-
ingi C. B. AD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 1845, p. 14.— Pupa
gracilis SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, f . 8 ; reprinted in REEVE,
Conch. Syst, pi. 170, f. 8. — Brachypodella elongata Ch., PILS.

6 VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1898, p. 279, pi. 17, f. 4 (teeth) ;
pi. 18, f. 21 (axis).

It is a larger, more robust shell than B. gracilis, with more
convex whorls. Range limited to a small area on the southern
watershed, east of the middle of the island. The name elon-
gata, usually applied to this species, was not used as a binomial
until long after Ferussac had called it chemnitziana, after
the competent and industrious author of the Conchylien Cab-
inet. The type is, or was, in the Spengler collection at Copen-
hagen, and was known to be from Jamaica.

50. B. GRACILIS (Wood). PI. 2, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell sinistral, slender, the upper half or more tapering,
generally truncate ; white ; finely rib-striate obliquely. About

7 to 8i/o whorls are below the plug, but several usually persist
above it, and rarely the spire is retained entire. Whorls but

108 PINERIA.

weakly convex above, more strongly so below, the last with a
short, strong basal keel. Aperture vertical, oblong, angular
at the base, the peristome expanded and renexed, very shortly
free from the preceding whorl above. Axis thin and simple,
slightly spiral in the later whorls.

Length 26, diam. 4 mm., whorls remaining 8%.

Length 29.5, diam. 4 mm., whorls remaining 12.

Length 24.5, diam. 3.7 mm., whorls remaining 11%-

Length 29.5, diam. 3.8 mm., whorls 16 (entire).

Length 31, diam. 4 mm., whorls 15% (entire).

Jamaica: western half, in the high interior. Aenon Town,
Clarendon; Porus (Jarvis), Mandeville and Spur Tree Hill,
Manchester (Henderson) ; Ipswich, St. Elizabeth (Hender-
son).

Turbo gracilis WOOD, Index Test., suppl., p. 20, pi. 6, f. 38
(1828).— Cyl. gracilis PFR. in Phil., Abbild., ii, p. 49, pi. 2, f.
5 ; Monogr., ii, p. 381 ; viii, p. 442 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 57, pi. 6,
f. 23-25.— CROSSE & FISCHER, J. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 11, pi.
4, f. 1 (teeth).— GLOYNE, J. de C., 1872, p. 36; Quart. Journ.
of Conch., i, p. 53 (habits, food, viviparity) . — SOWERBY, C.
Icon., xx, pi. 9, f. 78. — HENDERSON, Nautilus, viii, p. 20. —
Casta gracilis Wood, STREBEL, Beitr. Mex. Conch., iv, p. 106,
pi. 13, f. 8 (teeth). — Cyl. chemnitziana 1 PFR. in Phil., Abbild.,
i, p. 184, pi. 1, f. 5.

A more attenuate shell than B. chemnitziana, usually re-
taining more whorls. It is widely distributed over the plateau
of the centre and the western half of the island, but does not
approach the coasts nor trespass upon the much smaller area
of B. chemnitziana. The specimens sent by Mr. Jarvis from
Aenon Town are small, 19 x 3.3 to 22 x 3.8 mm., with 7y2 to
whorls below the plug.

Genus PINERIA Poey, 1854.

Pineria POEY, Memorias sob re la Historia Natural de la

Isla de Cuba, i, p. 428, for P. terebra and P. beathiana. —

v. MART, in Albers' Die Hel., p. 293, type P. beathiana (1860).

-BiNNEY & BLAND, Ann. of the Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x,

1871, p. 22.

PINERIA. 109

Shell imperforate, cylindric-tapering or conic, thin, deli-
cately ribbed obliquely; composed of 6-9 whorls, swollen or
angular peripherally, the last not free in front. Aperture
very oblique. Peristome discontinuous, simple, hardly ex-
panded, the outer margin oblique, the inner margin not built
forward from the columella proper; their insertions widely
separated though converging. Axis slightly sinuous. Apical
Avhorls vertically ribbed, retained in the adult stage.

Head* (of P. terebra and beathiana} with but two tentacles,
the eye-stalks; the true tentacles being obsolete, according to
Poey.

Jaw of P. viequensis, as in Brachypodella, composed of a
great number of narrow plaits.

Radula of P. viequensis much like that of Brachypodella,
two inner lateral teeth on each side being enlarged, with
larger ectocones than in Brachypodella; the other (marginal)
teeth are few (5 or 6) in number, with minute cusps (pi. 1,
fig. 13, P. viequensis from St. Bartholomew; pi. 14, fig. 7, P.
viequensis, strongly carinate form from Guadeloupe).

Type, P. beathiana. Distribution, Isle of Pines, and from
Vieque to Barbados, and perhaps Buen Ayre, inhabiting the
coastal belt of raised reefs. All the known species are illus-
trated on plate 1.

The genus Pineria, at least as represented by P. viequensis,
is closely related to Brachypodella, and probably branched
off from the Urocoptid stock at about the same time. In de-
tails, the teeth, central, lateral and marginal, are less modified
from the Urocoptid type than in Brachypodella; the ecto-
cones of the enlarged laterals, especially the inner ones, are
better developed than in Brachypodella, in which the inner
lateral on each side invariably has a much reduced ectocone
or none ; so that it is likely that P. viequensis is to be looked
upon as a phylum parallel to Brachypodella, which arose from
the same Urocoptid stock, but was independently specialized.

The chief modification has been in the shell, which has lost
that extension forward of the last whorl so characteristic of
Urocoptidcc, and which in most of the genera brings the colu-
mellar margin up into the plane of the outer lip, even when
the aperture is not carried free of the preceding whorl.

110 PINERIA.

The dentition of the type species from the Isle of Pines is
unknown; and despite the similarity of aperture and sculp-
ture, there is some doubt about the relationship of the Pine-
rian species with those of the Caribbean islands. The former
may, perhaps, prove to be closely related to Microceramus in
dentition. The single species reported from the islands off
Venezuela (Buen Ay re) is probably a Microceramus.

1. P. BEATHIANA Poey. PL 1, fig. 9.

Shell imperf orate, cylindric-turrite, thin, corneous-brown;
sculptured with very oblique, narrow riblets, which are ivkite
or stippled with white. Spire slowly tapering from the last
whorl to the rather obtuse apex. First two whorls radially
ribbed, convex; several whorls following decidedly flattened
~below the suture, very convex and almost angular; two or
three later whorls merely convex, the last rounded. Aperture
very oblique, ovate; peristome whitish, a little obtuse, hardly
expanded, the columellar margin blunt, not expanded, its in-
sertion remote from that of the outer lip ; columella concave.
Length 6.4-7, diam. 2.5 mm. ; whorls about 8.

Isle of Pines: Sierra de Caballos (G. Beath).

Pineria beathiana POEY, Memorias, i, p. 430, pi. 34, f. 17, 18
(1854). — PFR., Monogr., vi, 343. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 87. —
CROSSE, J. de C., 1890, p. 202. — Bulimus beathianus Poey,
PFR., Malak. Bl., 1854, p. 194 ; Monogr., iv, p. 494.

Poey remarks that on the Caballos were found Trochatella
stcllata, Pineria beathiana, Cyclostoma pupoides, and a smooth
wood-louse. On the mountain of Casas, only a league distant,
and of the same geological structure, there are four species
differing from these only in the greater development of orna-
mentation : Troch. constellata, P. terebra, Cycl. moreletianum,
and a similar but very spiny wood-louse.

2. P. TEREBRA Poey. PI. 1, figs. 3, 4.

Shell imperf orate, turrite, thin; brown; sculptured with
narrow, oblique cuticular riblets. Spire regularly tapering
from the last whorl. First two whorls convex, the rest flat
above, convex and sloping inward beloiv, the sutures very

PINERIA. Ill

deeply constricting. Aperture small, very oblique; peristome
simple, the columella whitish, somewhat concave.

Length 4-5, diam. 2.5 mm., whorls 7y2.

Length 5-5.5, diam. 2.7-3 mm., whorls 8 (P/r.).

Isle of Pines: Sierra de Casas (Gundlach).

Pineria terebra POEY, Memorias, p. 429, pi. 34, f. 12-16. —
PPR., Monogr., vi, 343. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 86. — CROSSE, J.
de C., ;890, p. 202.—Bulimus terebra Poey, PPB., Mai. BL,
1854, p. 195 ; Monogr., iv, p. 495.

An excessively peculiar shell, in which the sutures are con-
stricted even more than in Brachypodella seminuda, a Jamai-
can species, which has evolved along parallel lines.

3. P. VIEQUENSIS (Pfeiffer). PL 1, figs. 6-8, 11, 12.

' Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, obliquely
striate; corneous, variegated with white flames. Spire some-
what scalar, the apex acute. Whorls 6%, with a spinose keel
in the middle, the last hardly one-third the length of the shell,
with the keel more obsolete. Aperture diagonal, nearly cir-
cular ; peristome simple, the margins converging ; right margin
arcuate, columellar margin somewhat straightened, callous.
Length 5, diam. 3 mm.; aperture 2 mm. long." (Pfr.).

Island of Vieque, among dry leaves (Riise). Saint Martin:
Simson Bay (Van Rijgersma), in rock-crevices, on the low-
lands. St. Bartholomew and Anguilla (Dr. Cleve). Guade-
loupe : Maudet plantation, in crevices of a ruined wall built of
blocks of madrepore (Schramm, Maze). Barbados: confined
to coral rocks bordering the sea on the east side, in Christ
church and St. Philip parishes (Feilden).

Bulimus viequensis PFR., Malak. BL, iii, 1856, p. 46 ;
Monogr., iv, p. 495. — Macroceramus viequensis PFR., Novit.
Conch., p. 408, pi. 93, f. 39-41; Pineria v., PFR., Monogr., vi,
p. 343, with var. minor, Barbados (1868). — BLAND & BINNEY,
Ann. and Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., x, p. 23-27 (distribution,
synonymy, dentition). — BINNEY, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii,
p. 126, pi. 15, f. B (jaw), and pi. 14, f. c (teeth), of St. Martin
specimen. — SMITH & FEILDEN, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (6),
viii, p. 253 (Barbados). — BROWN, Journ. of Conch., x, 1903,

112 PINERIA.

p. 269 (Barbados). — Helix schrammi FISCHER, Journ. de
Couchyl., vii, 1858, p. 184, pi. 7, f. 7, 8 (Guadeloupe).— Pine-
ria schrammi Fisch., PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 343. — MAZE, Journ.
de Conchyl., 1883, p. 21 (Guadeloupe) ; J. de C., 1890, p. 27
(St. Martin).

Pfeiffer's original description is given above, and figs. 8, 11
represent specimens from Vieque, the type locality. Shells
from St. Martin and St. Barts (figs. 6, 7) are similar.

Pfeiffer has applied the name var. minor to specimens from
Barbados, but no dimensions or other characters have been
given, and I do not see that the shells differ materially from
those of the northern islands. Curiously enough, they do not
belong to the Guadeloupe race. One is drawn in fig. 12.

The species seems everywhere restricted to the coastal belt
of elevated coral reefs, where the snails subsist upon lichens
or fungi growing on the limestone. The radula of an indi-
vidual from St. Barts (pi. 1, fig. 13) has the formula 6.2.1.2.6.
That of the more strongly carinate form (schrammi) from
Guadeloupe (pi. 14, fig. 7) has 5.2.1.2.5 teeth, very similar in
form. I found the radula of an individual from St. Martin
to be the same; so I am somewhat inclined to think that fig-
ured by Binney was abnormal in the greatly reduced size of
the median three teeth.

Var. schrammi (Fischer). PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 5.

The specimens from Guadeloupe are somewhat wider, more
conic, the last whorl more strongly carinate, and the keel is
more distinctly and coarsely serrate or tuberculate. While
some individuals from St. Martin and St. Barts approach this
form, yet there is in the average a noticeable difference, which
may properly be recognized in nomenclature. Figs. 1, 2 are
copied from the original illustrations of schrammi; fig. 5 was
drawn from a Guadeloupe specimen.

4. P. BONAIRENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 1, fig. 10.

Shell small, long-pyramidal, slightly rimate; brown-
corneous, obscurely variegated with oblique whitish streaks.
Spire moderately acuminate, obtuse at the apex. Whorls Sy2,

MACROCERAMUS. 113

a little convex, slowly enlarging, sculptured with close, very
oblique, raised stria? ; the penult, whorl a little wider than the
last. Aperture nearly circular; peristome pale, moderately
thin, the margins converging, columellar margin reflexed.
Length 6, diam. 2.5 mm., aperture 1.5 mm. wide (Smith}.

Buen Ayre (Hartert).

Piiicria bonairensis E. A. S., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii,
p. 114, f. 1 (Dec., 1898).

•

The minute thread-like lines which cover the surface of
the shell are very oblique, and extend even to the apical
whorls. One specimen only was obtained. Allied to Pineria
beathiana Poey, from the Isle of Pines, but more finely sculp-
tured, with less convex whorls, a larger apex to the spire, a
narrower body-whorl, and differs in the reflexion of the colu-
mella." (Smith.)

It is likely that this species will prove, when the dentition
is examined, to be a Microceramus. W. G. Binney has exam-
ined the teeth of a species from Curacao, finding them to be
of the M. gossei type; and his identification of the shell as
M. inermis GundL, while doubtless erroneous, indicates a
species not unlike P. bonairensis.

Genus MACROCERAMUS Guilding, 1828.

Macroceramus GLDG., Zoological Journal, iv (Oct., 1828),
p. 168, type and sole species M. signatus. — ALBERS, Die Hel.,
1860, p. 269 (in part). — FISCHER & CROSSE, Miss. Scient.
Mex., i, p. 416. — PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., p. 271. — Lepto-
spira SWAINSON (in part), Malacology, 1840, p. 335, for striata
Sw. (=0beliscus calcarea Born), and signata (=M. sig-
natus Gldg.). — Colobus ALBERS (in part), Die Heliceen,
1850, p. 177. — Bulimus sp., PFR., Monographia Helic. Viv.,
ii, iii, and of Reeve. — Cochlodina, Ire groupe Pupoides,
Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., p. 61.

Shell shortly rimate, conic- turrite or oblong, always strongly
tapering above, composed of 9 to 14 whorls, or fewer by the
loss of 1 to 3 apical ones. The nepionic shell is composed of
about 21/2 smooth whorls, often crenate below the suture (pi.
15, fig. 5, M. signatus). The succeeding whorls are usually

MACROCERAMUS.

striate, the later ones similar or smoothish ; last whorl rounded,
with a basal keel or none. The suture is either smooth or
crenate. The axis is slender and solid, straight or somewhat
twisted spirally. (Macroceramus, a long earthen vessel.)

' Head somewhat bilobed ; tentacles four, the two on the
upper surface of the head bearing the eyes ; foot short, taper-
ing behind and simple ' ' ( Guilding) .

Jaw highly arched, very thin, composed of many thin, nar-
row, slightly imbricating plates, converging toward the middle,
thereby causing the median plates to be shorter.

Radula rather narrow, its width hardly one-fourth the
length; teeth arranged in v-shaped roivs; general shape of the
individual teeth as in Urocoptis (pi. 14, fig. 8, M. tenuipli-
catus var. swiftianus) . The central tooth is narrower than
the laterals, but still well developed, with a simple, obtuse
cusp. The side teeth are all of one type, and decrease very
slowly in size ; the broad inner cusp is emarginate or notched ;
the outer cusp is rounded and rather short. Near the outer
edge of the radula the teeth are more oblique. The basal-
plates are very indistinct. There are 27.1.27 teeth in M. sig-
natus, 28.1.28 in M. t. swiftianus.

Soft anatomy otherwise unknown.

Distribution: Eastern Cuba, Haiti, Porto Rico, and the
faunally similar islets eastward. Not in western Cuba or
Jamaica.

Macroceramus stands well apart from all other genera of
Urocoptina, being apparently nearest to Anoma, which it re-
sembles in the incomplete peristorne and rapidly tapering
spire of the shell, and the general shape of the outer lateral
teeth, as well as in having very much smaller teeth than other
Urocoptincu, and a larger number of them. The teeth of the
central row are like those of Autocoptis. The notch in the
inner cusp of the lateral teeth probably indicates that that
cusp in Urocoptince is formed by the union of entocone and
mesocone, though in other genera of the subfamily no record
of its composite origin remains. Macroceramus resembles
Anoma, Spirostemma and Microceramus in the minute size of
the individual teeth. The teeth of equally small species of

MACROCERAMUS, PORTO RICO, ETC. 115

Urocoptis or Bracliypodella are comparatively enormous. The
jaw is entirely similar in all the genera of Urocoptince.

The shell is like that of Microceramus in shape and orna-
mentation, but differs in the smooth nuclear whorls, so that
when any of these are retained, as is usually the case, Macro-
ceramus can at once be distinguished from Microceramus by
this feature of the initial whorls, aside from the diverse
radula.

Coch'licellus subantiquatus Beck, Index Moll., p. 63, no. 10,
is a nude name, probably based upon some species of Macro-
ceramus.

In Haiti the genus is represented by three groups of species :
the groups of M. tenuiplicatus, of M. klatteanus, and of M.
lineatus. The first of these has no Cuban representative ; the
second is represented in Cuba by the pupoides group, and in
part by the pazi group, but the latter also approaches the
Haitian group of M. lineatus. Cuba also has another group,
that of M . canimarensis, unrepresented in Haiti ; and a some-
what similar group also occurs in Porto Rico and eastward,
that of M. microdon, which however stands near the Haitian
group of M. Uatteanus. Eastern Cuba and Haiti, in short,
support a nearly homogeneous fauna of Macroceramus species,
about equally differentiated in the two areas. East and west
from this centre the species diminish very rapidly in numbers
and variety.

The general sequence of groups given below is from the
east westward.

1. Species of Porto Rico and islands eastward, no. 1 to 3.

2. Species of Haiti, no. 3a to 17.

3. Species of Cuba, no. 18 to 35.

SPECIES OF PORTO Rico AND ISLETS EASTWARD.

Group of M. microdon.
1. M. MICRODON (Pfeiffer). PL 24, figs. 71-74.

Shell very shortly rimate, slender, turrited, thin, the out-
lines of the spire slightly convex. Brown-tinted whitish, with
irregularly-spaced longitudinal brown streaks, each preceded

116 MACROCERAMUS, PORTO RICO, ETC.

In/ a icli tie border. Surface shining, sculptured with curved
rihlets, narrower than their intervals. Whorls 12 to 13,
slightly convex, the last having a distinct cord-like carina at
the base. Aperture small, vertical, rounded-truncate; peris-
tome thin, slightly expanded, the columellar margin broadly
dilated, concave above. Columella conspicuously truncate be-
loir. Axis strongly sinuous within.

Length 15, total diam. 4, of last whorl above apert. 3.5 mm.

Length 12.7, diam. 4, of last whorl above apert. 3.5 mm.

St. Thomas: summit of the hill opposite Baker's, under
stones and on rocks (Bland, type locality) ; St. John (Bid.) ;
Tortola (Swift) ; Anageda (Swift) ; Porto Rico at San Juan
(Blauner).

Cylindrella ? sp. undet., BLAND, in Adams' Contrib. to

Conch., no. 11, p. 218 (Oct., 1852). — Bulimus microdon PFR.,
Monogr., iii, p. 365 (1853) ; P. Z. S. for 1851, p. 261 (Dec. 7,
1853) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 127, pi. 42, f. l-9.—Macroceramus
m., SHUTTLEWORTH, Diagn., no. 6, Bern. Mittheil., 1854, p.
145.— BLAND, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of N. Y., vi, p. 73 .—PFR.,
Monogr., iv, 689 ; vi, 350.— CROSSE, J. de Conch., 1892, p. 25.
-BALL & SIMPSON, Moll. Porto Rico, p. 377.

The slender shape, attenuate above, the strong sculpture
and keel, and the truncate base of the columella, well distin-
guish this species. It should be compared with M. unicari-
natus (Lam.), but Delessert's figure of that species does not
show the characteristic columellar structure of microdon.

The shells above described and measured are from St.
Thomas, the type locality, though Pfeiffer, in his original
paper, thought it was from Jamaica, probably because the
specimens were sent to him through C. B. Adams. This error
he subsequently corrected. Those from Tortola, St. John and
Anageda (fig. 71) are similar, but in the latter island a little
larger, 17 mm. long.

In Porto Rico (figs. 72, 73) they vary from 13 to 19.5 mm.
long. The smaller examples are a little less strongly costulate
l!i;in typical microdon. The large shells may be separated as:

IVI 1RAMUS, !'>KTO RICO. ETC. 117

I*.-. Y;ir. SHUTTLEWORTHI (Martens). PI. 24, fig. 74.

' Larger and comparatively wider than the type, with much
weaker riblets and almost no basal keel. Length 17, diam.
51/-} mm." (Martens.)

Porto Rico (Albers coll.) ; Penuelas (Sintensis).

J/. shuttlcu'orthi MARTENS, Jahrb. d. Malak. Ges., iv, 1877,
p. 352 ; Nachrbl., xxiii, 1891, p. 132.

These large forms intergrade with the small Porto Rican
shells, so that no rigid distinction can be made. The keel is
completely wanting in some shells, noticeable in others. The
specimen figured measures: length 19.5, diarn. above aperture
5.5, length and width of aperture 5 mm., whorls 12%. but
many smaller shells have the keel very weak, almost wanting,
such as the original of fig. 73, which measures hardly 13 mm.
long. Possibly all Porto Rican microdon are referable to var.
shuttleworthi, even when moderately keeled (like fig. 72),
and costulate.

2. M. JOHANNIS Pfeiffer. PI. 24, figs. 79, 80, 81.

" Shell subperf orate, subfusiform-turrite, thin, obliquely
plicatulate ; brown-corneous. Spire regularly tapering, the
apex slightly obtuse, suture moderate, somewhat toothed by
the projecting folds. Whorls 11-12, moderately convex, slowly
increasing, the last slightly exceeding one-fourth the length,
obtusely angular below the middle. Aperture oblique, irreg-
ularly rounded ; peristome thin, the margins distant, right
margin regularly arcuate, expanded, columellar margin
dilated, triangularly spreading, having a tooth-like promi-
nence within. Length 15, diam. 4 mm." (P/Y.).

Porto Rico: Aguadilla, in the western part (Gundlach).

.17. johannis PFR., Malak. Bl., xxii, 1874, p. 119; Monogr.,
viii, p. 621 ; Novit. Conch., v, p. 27, pi. 142, f . 7-10.

This species, which I have not seen, seems to stand close to
the Porto Rican race of M. microdon, from which the descrip-
tion seems hardly to distinguish it. It is named for the dis-
tinguished Cuban naturalist, Dr. Johann Gundlach. A
slightly smaller variety, variegated with opaque white, is men-
tioned and figured by Pfeiffer (fig. 81).

118 MACROCERAMUS, PORTO RICO, ETC.

Group of M. lineatus.
3. M. SIGNATUS Guilding. PI. 24, figs. 65-70.

Shell shortly and deeply rimate, pyramidal, rather thin,
the lateral outlines nearly straight; glossy, white, marked
with a series of 8-like figures, each upon a narrow brown
streak, the base bounded by a brown band and usually having
a median band also; apical whorls dark. Sculpture of fine
strias on the earlier whorls, the later ones smooth except for
growth-lines. Whorls usually 11 to 12, somewhat convex, the
last rounded, without a keel or angle. Aperture slightly
oblique, rounded- truncate, as wide as long, ochre tinted and
banded within ; peristome white, thin, very narrowly ex-
panded, the columellar margin dilated. Axis very slender and
straight, encircled by an inconspicuous spiral cord.

Length 17.5, diam. above aperture 6.5 mm.

Length 16, diam. above aperture 6.3 mm.

Length 14, diam. above aperture 5.5 mm., whorls 101/2-

Virgin Islands: Tortola (type locality; Guilding, Swift,
et al.) ; Anageda (Dr. Cleve) . Also Anguilla (Sawkins).

Macroceramus signatus GUILDING, Zool. Journal, iv, p. 168
(1828).— BECK, Index, p. 73.— PETIT, J. de C., i, 1850, p. 379.
-PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 688; vi, p. 344. — CROSSE & FISCHER,
Journ. de Conch., 1870, p. 12, pi. 3, f. 14-16 (teeth).— BLAND
and MORSE, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist, of New York, viii, p. 162,
f. 5 (jaw), 6 (teeth) ; repeated in Ann. Lye., ix, p. 84, f. 4;
and by W. G. BINNEY, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila,, 1875,
p. 223, f. 65 (jaw).— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 131.— Bulimus
signatus SOWERBY, Conchol. Illustr., f. 57. — Leptospira sig-
nata SWAINSON, Malacology, p. 335, fig. 97, a, b on p. 333
(1840).

Bulimus articulatus TURTON, Manual of the Land and
Fresh-water Shells of the Brit, Is., p. 85, f. 68 (1831).— Bul-
imus cylindricus Gray, PFEIFFER, Monogr., ii, p. 80; not of
Gray. — B. cylindrus GRAY, Turton's Manual, etc., new edit.,
1840, p. 20, f. 68. — Bulimus guildingii PFR., Symbolae, i, p. 82;
ii, p. 115; Monogr., iii, p. 362; Conchyl. Cab., p. 128, pi. 42,
f. 10-12.— REEVE,, Conch. Icon., pi. 64, f. 445.

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 119

Distinct by its peculiar chain-like markings. Figures 65,
66 represent \vell-marked specimens from Tortola. Figs. 67,
68, 69 are Anageda shells, which differ from the typical form
in being paler, and less closely marked. The specimens from
Anguilla are similar to those of Anageda, the one figured
(fig. 70) being more distinctly marked than most of those
before me.

This Species is the Bulimus cylindrus of Gray in Turton's
Manual, but not the B. cylindricus of his earlier description,
which was probably M . formosus.

SPECIES OF HAITI.

I. Shell conic, with a brown band below the periphery, upon
which stand goblet-shaped figures, sometimes irregular
or interrupted. M. signatus var. salleanus, no. 3a.

If. Conic or turrited, with nearly straight lateral outlines,
having a brown band below the periphery and an um-
bilical spot, the base radially streaked, without a median
band.

a. Upper surface of Avhorls decorated with spiral
lines, intensified where they cross oblique streaks,
often obsolete between the latter.

&. 5 or 6 such lines; glossy; length 17-19,

diam. above aperture 7 mm. ; about 12

whorls. M. lineatus, no. 4.

6&. 4 interrupted lines; length 13-14, diam. 4

mm., whorls 13.

M. r. lineatostrigatus, no. 5a.

aa. 2 series of rather large chestnut spots above, and
radial streaks and a series of oblique marks be-
low the subperipheral band. 18.5 x 7 mm.,
whorls 121/2- M. gabU, no. 6.

aaa. Upper surface of whorls having straight, narrow,
irregularly-spaced, brown streaks, but no spirals ;
Hi/2 to 141/0 whorls.

&. Shell narrow, slender, diam. 3 to 4 times
in the length. M. richaudi, no. 5.

120 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

66. Shell wider, cliam. less than one-third the
length. M. r. sublineatus, no. 56.

III. Base marked with radial streaks, crossed by median and
subperipheral bands; apex blackish or blue-black.

a. Oblong-ovate, the outlines of spire very convex;
upper surface of whorls marked with brown spots
in obliquely longitudinal rows, about 3 spots in a
row, sometimes united by lines, chain-like.

M. formosus, no. 8.

aa. Convexly conic, the outlines slightly convex;
marked with oblique rows of chestnut spots, 3-4
spots in a row. About 18 x 8 mm.

M. dominicensis, no. 7.
aaa. Spire with almost straight lateral outlines.

6. Small spots upon oblique streaks. Sculp-
tured with rather fine, low rib-strige
throughout. About 16-19 x 5.5 mm.

M. tenuiplicatus, no. 9.

66. Marked with spiral brown lines crossing
streaks ; sculpture of rather coarse, low rib-
striae. M. t. swiftianus, no. 9a.

IV. Base with a subperipheral band and umbilical patch (one
or both rarely wanting), but not distinctly streaked
radially.

a. Shell cylindrical below, the upper third or half
tapering and conic ; base very convex ; suture more
or less crenulate.

6. White, dotted and irregularly marbled with
corneous ; irregularly, coarsely, obtusely stri-
ate; suture crenulate; 10-11x3.3-3.7 mm.,
whorls 10-11. Santo Domingo.

M. hcrmanni, no. 16.

66. Cream or brown-tinted, copiously streaked
with brown; finely and closely sculptured
with thread-like striae ; 11 x 4 to 15 x 4-4.5
mm., with 9^-121/4 whorls. S. Domingo.

M. subcylindricus, no. 17.

aa. Shell regularly or somewhat cylindrically taper-
ing; suture even.

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 121

ft. Outlines of spire more or less convex; a
series of brown spots at the periphery and
above the suture, with some scattered dots
and streaks; upper whorls with fine, thread-
like striae, lower ones smoothish ; 14 x 4.3 to
17 x 4.5 mm., whorls 10-12. Santo Domingo.

M. ludovici, no. 11.

61. Similarly colored, but more tapering and
acute; thread-striate throughout; 11 x 3.7
mm., with 9!/2 whorls.

M. ludovici var., no. Ha.

62. Outlines of spire somewhat convex; white
with spots in oblicaie rows, 3 or 4 in a row;
strongly ribbed; 15 x 4.7 mm., with 12
whorls. S. Domingo.

M. cyrtopleurus, no. 10.

ft3. Tapering from last whorl, the lateral out-
lines slightly convex ; white with a few1 brown
spots in pairs, or gray-brown with the spots
united into streaks, and cream-bordered on
one side. A distinct but low keel ; sculptured
with rather strong but low riblets, malleate
between them; 10-11 x 4 mm., with 10 whorls.
Port-au-Prince. M. klatteanus, no. 12.

64. Tapering, gray-white, sculptured with coarse
stria?; a distinct basal keel; length 14 mm.

M. unicarinatus, no. 13.

65. Rather straightly tapering, buff -whitish
spotted and tinted with ashy-brown; sculp-
tured with distinct, irregular ribs; a basal
keel; 14 x 5 mm., with 12-13 whorls.
Gonaives. M. costatus, no. 14.

66. Conic-turrite, obliquely striatulate; white
with longitudinal, interrupted, corneous
streaks; suture crenulate; an obtuse keel;
13 x 5 mm., with 9 whorls. Jeremie.

M. angulatus, no. 15.

122 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

Group of M. lineatus.

3a. M. SIGNATUS var. SALLEANUS Pilsbry, n. v. PL 23, figs.

59, 60.

Shell very shortly rimate, long ovate-conic, with the out-
lines of the spire straight or slightly convex; thin, cream-
white, with a brown band below the periphery, upon which
stand goblet-shaped markings., faintly ocellate in the swollen
upper part of each ; sometimes brownish oblique streaks across
the whorl pass through each of the goblet-shaped spots, which,
moreover, may be irregular or interrupted. Base with no
umbilical marking, but usually with a median band or row of
spots. Protoconch brown or blackish-brown. Surface lightly,
finely striate, the suture minutely crenulate, becoming almost
smooth at the lower whorls. Whorls 10 to 11, only slightly
convex, the last well rounded. Aperture rounded, the lip
thin, expanded ; columellar margin dilated, somewhat reflexed.

Length 16, diani. 6, length apert. 4.4 mm.

Length 13.6, diam. 5.5, length apert. 4 mm.

Length 12, diam. 4.8, length apert. 3.6 mm.

Santo Domingo (Salle, Gabb).

Bidimus guildingi var. g. minor, litturis rarioribus, PFR.,
Monogr., iii, p. 363.

This strongly marked race, of which 21 specimens from
several sources and collectors are before me, seems to be con-
stant in its differentiation from signatus; but certain forms of
that species from Anguilla and Anageda have undergone a
similar reduction of the markings. The small size, usually
13 to 14 mm. long, is characteristic; only one shell of the
series before me exceeds 15 mm. long.

4. M. LINEATUS (Bruguiere). PI. 23, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58.

Shell shortly rimate, turrite, with straight lateral outlines.
White, with a blackish-brown band below the periphery, bor-
dered above by a white band. Above this there are five or six
brown spiral lines, which are intensified and coalescent where
UK tj cross numerous subvertical dark streaks, which are irreg-
ularly spaced, and are continued on the base as continuous

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 123

radial stripes of dark brown and tawny; interior of umbilical
area dark brown ; apical whorls varying from corneous-brown
to blue-black. Surface glossy, very closely and finely striate
on the upper half, the later whorls smoother or merely marked
with growth-lines, the base generally finely striate. Whorls
about 12, slightly convex, the last well rounded, often weakly
angular at the periphery. Aperture vertical, obliquely oblong,
the lip thin, narrowly expanded, the outer lip a little retracted
above, columellar margin dilated and reflected. Length 17-
19, diam. 7 mm.

Haiti : coast of the cul-de-sac, at Gonaives (Richaud, Rolle),
St. Marc (Henderson & Simpson), Port-au-Prince (J. J.
Brown).

Bulimus lineatus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 323. — PFR.,
Monogr., ii, p. 535 ; iii, 363. — Macroceramus lineatus Brug.,
PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 344. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1891,
p. 130. — M. lineatus var. glabrata WEINLAND, Jahrb. d. D.
Malak. Ges., viii, 1881, p. 158. — Bulimus cylindricus Gray,
REEVE, C. Icon., pi. 64, f. 444.— PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1849,
p. 88 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 129, pi. 42, f. 16, 17. Not of Gray,
1825. — Macroceramus guildingi PETIT, Journ. de Conch., i,
1850, p. 379, pi. 13, f. 5.— ?? Helix carinula GMEL., Syst. Nat.
(13), p. 3655, no. 242, based upon Chemnitz, ix, pi. 136, f.
1263, n. 1-4.

Variation is chiefly in the intensity of the numerous brown
spiral lines, which may be continuous and strong, or inter-
rupted between the oblique streaks, and weak, as in numerous
specimens before me from Port-au-Prince. Some of the shells
from St. Marc are ochre-yellow between the radial streaks of
the base. A variety was proposed by Weinland, based upon
Port-au-Prince shells collected by Dr. J. J. Brown; but hav-
ing examined forty shells from the same place and collector,
it seems to me that they are typical lineatus, though many of
them are rather pale. The name guildingi, given by Petit (pi.
23, f . 55, copy of original figure) , is an absolute synonym of
the species excellently described by Bruguiere.

5. M. RICHAUDI Petit. PI. 24, figs. 75, 76.

" Shell pyramidal-turrite, brown-tinted whitish, glossy,

1-4 .M -U'ROCERAMUS, HAITI.

slightly umbilicate. Whorls 13 to 14, flattened, longitudin-
ally rib-stnate and marked with dark brown streaks; the last
whorl encircled by a brown zone. Aperture rounded. Length
15 mm." (Petit.)

Haiti: Gonaives (Dr. Richaud, H. Rolle).

M. richaudi PETIT DE LA SAUSSAYE, Journ. de Conchyl., i,
p. 377, pi. 13, f. 4 (1850).— PFK., Monogr., iv, p. 688.—
CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 132.— Bulimus richaudi Petit, PFR.,
Monogr., iii, p. 364.

The original figure is copied, pi. 24, fig. 76. Fig. 75 is a
large typical example. The lateral outlines are nearly
straight, only a trifle convex. It is somewhat coarsely striate,
the stria? subobsolete except near the sutures, on the lower
whorls. The early whorls are brown, and the rest are marked
with narrow brown streaks at unequal intervals ; some of the
spaces between these color-varices being white, some faint
lilac ; and there are a few irregular dots scattered about. The
base is radially streaked with chestnut, and defined by a dark
brown band, above which there is a white border, indicating
the place of the wanting keel. There is a small brown patch
in the umbilicus. The expanded, thin lip is white, the throat
ochre-brown or red-brown, paler in the base. The specimen
illustrated in fig. 75 measures: length 20, diam. of last whorl
above aperture 5, length of aperture 4.5 mm., whorls 14%.
Other specimens are smaller, with the same shape, sculpture
and coloring: length 14.4, diam. 4.5 mm., whorls 11%.

In a few shells before me the narrow longitudinal streaks
are a little serrate on the upper side. These lead the way
toward the following form.

5a. Var. LINEATISTRIGATUS Pils. n. v. PI. 22, fig. 32.

Shaped like M. richaudi. White, with four brown spiral
lines, which are faint or wanting except at their intersections
with the unequally-spaced, brownish, longitudinal streaks,
upon which they form oblong spots. Length 13.3, diam. 4,
apert. 3.2 mm., whorls nearly 13. Other characters as de-
scribed above for M. richaudi. It is more slender than M.
lineatus, smaller, and with fewer spiral color-lines, though

.M AOROCERAMUS, HAITI. 125

there is a tendency to intercalate minor ones on the later
whorls.

51. Var. SUBLINEATUS Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 24, fig. 87.

Shell similar to M. linculus in shape, but the coloration is
of narrow longitudinal streaks on a whitish ground. 2%
apical whorls blackish-brown. Last whorl with radially
streaked base, a small, dark umbilical patch, and a sub-
peripheral brown band, bordered with white above, as in M.
richaudi. Length 19, diam. of last whorl above aperture 7,
longest axis of aperture 5.5 mm., whorls 13.

St. Mark, Haiti (Henderson & Simpson).

Types in coll. of J. B. Henderson. It has the shape of M.
lineal us and the coloration of M. richaudi, and might with
almost equal propriety be referred to either. The preceding
variety, lineatistrigatus, has the shape of richaudi with the
color-pattern much as in lineatus.

Another form from St. Mark, in the Henderson collection,
has numerous light brown streaks, which are shaded at the
edges, not sharply defined; there is a narrow brown line be-
low the suture, marked with a dark spot at the end of each
oblique streak. The only specimen is broken and immature.

6. M. GABBI Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 23, figs. 50, 51.

Shell very narrowly rimate or imperforate, turrite with
straight sides, being of about the size and shape of M. lineatus.
White, with a narrow dark chestnut band below the periph-
ery, and two spiral series of chestnut spots above, the upper
one next to the suture. Base with numerous curved radial
streaks, connected near the periphery by a series of oblique
dashes. Ascending the spire the spots become sparse, and the
color changes to blue-black near the smooth, black-brown
protoconch. Surface glossy, finely and regularly striate on
the upper whorls, smoother and sculptured with slight growth-
lines only on the later two whorls. Whorls about 12y2,
slightly convex, the last rounded. Aperture ovate, the outer
lip thin, simple, the columellar lip dilated and reflexed above ;
parietal wall covered with a transparent film only.

126 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

Length 18.7, diam. 7.3 mm. ; length of apert. 6 mm.

Length 18, diam. 7 mm. ; length of apert. 5 mm.

Santo Domingo (Gabb).

Closely related to M. lineatus in shape and sculpture, but
conspicuously unlike in pattern of coloring. The pattern of
the base (fig. 51) is peculiar.

Group of M. tenuiplicatus.
1. M. DOMINICENSIS Crosse. PI. 23, figs. 48, 49.

' Larger (than signatus Gldg.), with yellowish chestnut-
fulvous streaks, which are transversely striated with white.
Length 18, diam. 8y3 mm." (Pfr.)

Haiti (Pfr.).

Bulimus guildingi, var. 1, PFR., Conchyl. Cab., Bui., p. 129,
pi. 42, f. 13-15. — Macroceramus signatus, var. b, dominicensis
CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1891, p. 131.

Crosse has given a name to the form figured by Pfeiffer,
which is still without adequate description. He says that it
has been collected by Hjalmarson in the neighborhood of
Puerto Plata and of Jamao, on tree trunks. Typical M. sig-
natus is quite a different thing, and has not been found in
Haiti or Santo Domingo. The Cuban M. clerchi seems to be
marked somewhat like dominicensis.

8. M. FORMOSUS (Wood). PI. 22, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell shortly but deeply rimate, oblong-ovate, solid. White,
marked with brown spots in obliquely vertical rows, usually
three spots in a row, formed by the wide interruption of three
bands; the spots sometimes united by lines, enclosing a pair
of white spots; the last whorl has five spiral bands, the 3
upper ones interrupted, the lower bands usually continuous
and crossed by several radial streaks ; summit becoming blue-
black and then black on the glossy 2% nepionic whorls. Sur-
face but slightly glossy, densely and finely striate above,
smoother on the later whorls. Whorls about 10, moderately
convex, the last rounded and without trace of a basal keel.
Aperture vertical, the outer lip thin, a little expanded, colu-
mellar lip dilated.

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 127

Length 15-16.5, diam. 6.3 mm.

Santo Domingo: Arroyo hondo (A. Salle) ; Buliodinero
(Lafont, teste Ferussac).

Turbo formosus WOOD, Index Testae., suppl., p. 19, pi. 6,
f. 24 (1828); Edit. Hanley, p. 223 (1856).— Bulimus for-
mosus Wood, PFR., Symbolas ad Hist. Hel., iii, 84; C. Cab.,
p. 127, pi. 42, f. 4-6; Monogr., ii, 80; iii, 362.— DESK, in
Fer. Hist., p. 101, pi. 150, f. 21-23.— REEVE, C. Icon., Bui.,
pi. 64, f. 448. — Macroceramus f., PETIT, J. de C., i, p. 379. —
PFR., Monogr., iv, 687; vi, 344.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p.
130. — Helix pupiformis FER., Prodr., no. 492, p. 71, accord-
ing to tradition. — Bulimus cylindricus GRAY, Annals of
Philos., ix, 1825, p. 414.

The wide spire, rapidly tapering above and contracted near
the black summit, are characteristic. Wood's type had chain-
like markings, like fig. 29, but they are often undeveloped, as
in fig. 31.

Probably Gray's M. cylindricus (1825) was based upon
this species, though subsequently Gray himself confused it
with M. signatus, and Reeve and Pfeiffer identified it as
M. lineatus. The translation of Gray's original descrip-
tion follows : ' ' Shell conic-cylindric, perforate, whitish,
densely concentrically striate, ornamented with 6 inter-
rupted brown bands; whorls 9 or 10, a little convex;
aperture nearly round, peristome thin; length six-tenths,
diam. three-tenths of an inch." As so expert a conchologist
as Pfeiffer failed to recognize this as formosus, it would, per-
haps, be inadvisable to insist upon the identification and dis-
place the name given by Wood, which was unmistakably
defined by a good figure. Ferussac 's Helix pupiformis was
not described.

9. M. TENUIPLICATUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 22, figs. 33, 34, 35.

" Shell subrimate, oblong-turrite, rather solid, longitudin-
ally subarcuately, delicately plicate; opaque, chalky, orna-
mented with chestnut streaks, interrupted or in three ranges.
Spire long, with somewhat convex outlines, the apex acute,
black; suture nearly simple. Whorls 12, a little convex, the

128 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

last a little narrower, rounded, about equal to one-fourth the
length, having' two chestnut basal bands. Columella obso-
letely folded. Aperture subvertical, lunate-rounded, the
peristome thin, with converging margins; right margin sin-
uous, with a thread-like expansion, columellar margin dilated.
Length 18, diam. 6.5 mm.; apert. 4.6fi mm. long, 4.33 wide."
(P/V.)

Santo Domingo: Ocoa (Salle).

Bulimnx tctiuiplicatus PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 129, no. 170,
pi. 42, f. 18, 19; Monogr., iii, p. 363^ (1853) ; P. Z. S., 1852,
p. 139 (1854). — Macroccrannts t. PFR., Monogr., iv, 688.-
CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 130.

The original description is given above. The specimens
figured were received from Salle, and are doubtless part of
the original lot.

The shell is slender, with almost straight lateral outlines,
the convexity mentioned by Pfeiffer being barely perceptible.
2^/2 smooth apical whorls are purplish-brown, the rest being
whitish, with a more or less developed pattern of small spots
in three spiral series, and arranged along narrow, oblique,
brown streaks; and there is a narrow band below the periph-
ery, a small spot at the axis, and another band midway of the
base, which is also radially streaked. This pattern may be
either quite distinct or very much reduced. The sculpture is
a fine, close striation throughout, the stria as wide as their
intervals. Specimens measure : 16.3 x 5.3, apert. 4.3 mm. ;
19 x 5.6, apert. 4.3 mm. ; 15.5 x 5.5, apert. 4 mm. Whorls
from 11 to 12i/2.

9a. Var. SWIFTIANUS Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 23, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell shortly, openly rimate, turrite, with the shape of M.
lineatus. "White, with a dark band below the periphery, two
narrower bands above it, continuous or interrupted, and on
the base there is a band within the umbilical area and another
midway between that and the subperipheral band; all of the
bands crossed by rather widely and irregularly -spaced longi-
tudinal lines. Early whorls blackish-brown or purplish.
Sculpture of rather coarse, but loiu, close stria throughout

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 129

the shell, except on the smooth protoconch. Whorls somewhat
convex, the last well rounded. Aperture nearly round, some-
what oblique, the outer lip a trifle expanded, columellar lip
dilated.

f jr

Length 16, diam. 7.5, apert. 4.5 mm. ; whorls 11%.

Length 18, diam. 6.6, apert, 4.8 mm.; whorls 10 (truncate).

Santo Domingo (Gabb, Salle).

This- form differs from M. tenuiplicatus chiefly in being
much more coarsely plicate-striate, and in its more robust
shape. It is much more coarsely striate than M. lineatus or
gcbbi, and differs notably from both in the color-pattern,
which is constant, in the main, in 11 specimens from three
sources before me. Those from Gabb (fig. 54) have fewer
longitudinal dark lines and are larger than the shells received
from Salle, in the Robert Swift collection (figs. 52, 53). I
believe that this species is what Weinland mistook for lineatus
when he described var. glabrata; and the locality Azua, Santo
Domingo, quoted by Crosse for M. lineata, probably pertains
to this form.

Group of M. klatteanus.

10. M. CYRTOPLEURUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 24, figs. 77, 78.

" Shell subperf orate, oblong-turrite, rather solid; strongly
ribbed, the ribs curved; somewhat glossy; white, painted with
round, brownish-corneous spots in somewhat oblique rows.
Spire with somewhat convex lateral outlines, turrite, the apex
acute, pale corneous ; suture simple. Whorls 12, moderately
convex, the last a little narrower, slightly exceeding one-fourth
the whole length, having a thread-like keel and ornamented
with a narrow, corneous basal band. Columella very slightly
folded. Aperture somewhat oblique, lunate-subcircular ; peris-
tome thin, with somewhat converging margins, the right
margin very much arched, only a trifle expanded, the colu-
mellar margin dilated. Length 15, diam. 4.75 mm. ; oblique
length of aperture 4, width 3.5 mm." (Pfr.)

Santo Domingo: Barrero (A. Salle). Type from Curning
collection.

Bulimus cyrtopleurus PFR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 126, no. 165,

130 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

pi. 42, f. 1-3; Monogr., iii, p. 364 (1853) ; P. Z. S., 1852, p.
139 (June 27, 1854). — Macroceramus c. PFR., Monogr., iv,
688.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 132 (exclusive of loc. Rio
Amina] .

Pfeiffer's description is given above (the italics being my
own), and his figures of the type are copied. I have not seen
the species, which must be closely related to M. ludovici and
the smaller M. klatteanus.

11. M. LUDOVICI (Pfeiffer). PL 22, figs. 36-40.

Shell shortly rimate, turrite, solid; outlines of the spire
more or less convex. White, with a narrow dark-brown band
~below the periphery of the. last whorl, and having a series of
brown spots at the periphery and above the sutures; some-
times with some oblique chestnut streaks and scattered spots
or dots; and there is a brown patch around the umbilicus.
Some, or all, of these markings may be absent or reduced.
Surface smoothish, sculptured with growth-lines only, except
the upper third or half, where there are fine, thread-like
striae. The apical whorls are pale corneous, sometimes broken
off. Whorls 10 to 12, convex, separated by a smooth, im-
pressed suture; the last whorl is more or less compressed
laterally, and has no basal keel. Aperture about one-fourth
the length of the shell, vertical, brown inside, oval, the outer
lip slightly and narrowly expanded, columellar lip spreading.

Length 17, diam. 4.5, apert. 4 mm. long.

Length 14, diam. 4.3, apert. 3.6 mm. long.

Santo Domingo: Nicayagua (Salle).

Bulimus ludovici PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 364 (1853) ; Conchyl.
Cab., p. 130, pi. 42, f. 20-22; P. Z. S., 1852, p. 139 (1854).—
Macroceramus 1. PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 688. — CROSSE, J. de C.,
1891, p. 132.

The small size of the brown aperture, the smoothness of the
lower whorls, and the color-pattern, distinguish this species
from M. tenuiplicatus.

There is a variety, pi. 22, figs. 41, 42, 43, in which the shell
is smaller, more attenuate and acute above, with the surface
delicately thread-striate throughout. There are about 9y2

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 131

whorls, the first 2y2 pale, next one dark ; the coloration of the
rest being about typical, though often more profusely streaked
with blackish-brown. Length 11, cliam. 3.7 mm., length of
aperture 3 mm. It looks a good deal like M. gundlachi of
eastern Cuba. These specimens were collected in Santo
Domingo by Gabb ; exact locality unrecorded.

12. M..KLATTEANUS Bland. PL 22, figs. 44-47.

" Shell rimate, oblong-turrited, rather solid, obliquely
ribbed ; whitish, with chestnut-colored, interrupted stripes and
spots. Spire elongate, apex whitish; suture subcrenulated.
Whorls 10, rather convex, the last rounded, compressed at the
base near the aperture ; one interrupted dark band below the
periphery. Aperture diagonal subcircular; peristome white,
obtuse, with approximating margins, right margin subarcuate,
columellar margin scarcely dilated. Length 11, width 4 mm. ;
aperture 3 mm. long." (Bid.}

Haiti: near Port-au-Prince (Mrs. Wm. Klatte; Henderson
and Simpson).

M. klatteanus BLD., Ann. of the Lye. of Nat. Hist, of New
York, xi, p. 83 (Feb., 1875).— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 418.-
CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 130. — Macroceramus nitidulus
MALTZAN, Nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malak. Ges., 1888, p.
178.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 133.

The original description is copied above, and fig. 47 repre-
sents one of the original specimens, received from Bland. It
is about the size of M. hermcmni, but differs from that in the
tapering shape, stronger sculpture and coloration. The last
whorl is widest, the whole spire tapering to the apex, which
may be whitish, but is ordinarily brown ; and the lateral out-
lines are slightly convex. The sculpture is of rather strong,
but low, curved riblets, the spaces between having more or
less distinct hammered impressions. The shell may be
white, with sparse spots in pairs, and a brown subperipheral
band, or it may be light gray-brown with darker vertical
streaks at unequal intervals, formed by coalescence of spots,
each streak with a cream- white border on the right side ; these
darker shells having a subperipheral band and umbilical spot

132 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

of brown. The suture is either weakly crenulate or not per-
ceptibly so. The last whorl shows a distinct but low keel, de-
fining the base.

M. kla tin tints is closely related to M. ludovici, agreeing with
that in shape and general pattern of color ; but it is a smaller
shell, and much more coarsely sculptured. It is apparently
an abundant species around Port-au-Prince, where Messrs.
Henderson and Simpson took it copiously, figs. 44, 45, 46
representing well-colored shells from Henderson's collection.

M. nitidulus Maltz., described from Port-au-Prince (H.
Rolle coll.), is a synonym of M. klatteanus. It is thus de-
scribed :

" Shell very narrowly rimate-perf orate, long-conic, thin,
rather glossy, obliquely rib-striate, the striae but slightly
projecting, intervals malleate ; whitish, marked dimly with
tawny between the ribs, and regularly painted with inter-
rupted brown streaks. Whorls 10, a little convex, regularly
increasing, separated by a linear suture; the last whorl
slightly larger, obsoletely angular basally, and encircled with
an interrupted brown band below the angle. Aperture small,
subvertical, lunate-oval, the peristome simple, margins dis-
tant, the columellar margin slightly reflexed. Length 10.
diam. 4.5 mm." (Maltzan.)

13. M. UNICARINATUS (Lamarck). PI. 15, figs. 12, 13.

" Shell cylindric-tapering, acute-conic above; whitish-gray;
having obsolete longitudinal striae; last whorl encircled with
a small keel ; aperture toothless ; lip thin, the margin reflexed.
Length about 7 lines." (Lam.)

Pupa unicarinaia LAM., Anim. s. Vert., vi, p. 107, no. 10
(1819); edit. Deshayes, viii, p. 173 (1838).— DELESSERT, Re-
cueil de Coq. de Lam., pi. 27, f. 4.

Known only by Lamarck's description and Delessert's fig-
ures of his type specimen. In my opinion these indicate a
shell very similar to the Haitian M. costatus, which, indeed,
may prove identical ; but M. microdon also resembles uni-
carinaia somewhat, Pfeiffer's identification of Lamarck's
species with the Cuban M. cainnuin axis does not seem to me

MACROCERAMUS, HAITI. 133

at all probable. Lamarck gave the locality " Guadeloupe,"
which is almost certainly wrong.

14. M. COSTATUS Maltzan. PL 15, fig. 11.

' Shell narrowly perforate, conoid; buff- whitish, profusely
spotted and tinted with ashy-brown ; sculptured with distinct,
irregular ribs, obsoletely striated spirally between the ribs.
Whorls. 12-13, regularly increasing, a little convex, separated
by an impressed, somewhat irregular suture, the last whorl
slightly tapering, encircled with a projecting basal keel,
marked with a brown band. Aperture ovate-circular, lightly
truncate-emarginate above, subvertical ; peristome simple,
thin, the outer margin straightened, below and at the base
expanded and slightly reflexed; margins distant, the colu-
mellar margin reflexed, appressed. Length 14, diam. of last
whorl 5 mm." (Maltz.)

Haiti: Gonaives (H. Rolle).

M. costatus MALTZ., Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen malak.
Ges., xx, p. 178, no. 3 (Dec., 1888).— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891,
p. 133, pi. 2, f. 2.

This is a rather straightly turrited, ribbed shell, related to
M. ludovici and klatteanus, and perhaps identical with M.
unicarinatus. I have not seen specimens.

15. M. ANGULATUS Weinland & Martens.

' Shell perforate, conic-turrite, thin, obliquely striatulate,
glossy ; white, with longitudinal interrupted corneous streaks,
the apex pale; suture crenulate; whorls 9, rather flattened,
the last not narrower, having a very obtuse white basal keel,
convex below the keel. Aperture subquadrangular, scarcely
one-third the length. Columella having an ascending fold.
Peristome flattened, thin, white, the right margin arcuate,
columellar margin dilated. Length 13, dianu 5 mm. ; aper-
ture 4 mm. long, 4 wide." (Mart.}

Haiti: environs of Jeremie (Weinland); Plaisance (H.
Rolle) .

M. angidatus W. & M., Malak. BL, vi, p. 56 (1859).— PPR.,
Monogr., vi, p. 345.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 132.

134 MACROCERAMUS, HAITI.

In contour resembling M. signatus, but nearest related to
M. unicarinatus, tenuiplicatus and gundlachi, chiefly to be
distinguished from these by the much weaker angle of the
rounded last whorl, the more rapidly tapering cone and dis-
tinct columellar fold. The striation is stronger below the
angle. The species is unknown to me except by von Martens '
description and remarks, given above.

16. M. HERMANNI (Pfeiffer). PL 15, fig. 1.

Shell very shortly rimate, somewhat cylindric, with the
upper third or half tapering, slender towards the apex;
rather thin; white, dotted and irregularly marbled with cor-
neous, several early whorls brown or corneous-brown. Sur-
face glossy, rather irregularly and coarsely striate, the stria
obtuse and low. Whorls 10 to 11, slightly convex, separated
by closely and distinctly serrate or crenulate suture. Last
whorl rounded, with no trace of a basal keel. Aperture irreg-
ularly rounded-oval, whitish inside; outer lip very narrowly
expanded, a little sinuous ; columellar lip dilated. Axis slen-
der and distinctly twisted spirally within.

Length 11, diam. 3.7 mm. ; length apert. 2.8 mm.

Length 10, diam. 3.3 mm. ; length apert. 2.3 mm.

Santo Domingo: Yaque (Salle, type loc.) ; high on Mt.
Cibao, near Matas (Hjalmarson).

Bulimus hermanni PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 366 (1853) ; Con-
chyl. Cab., p. 131, pi. 42, f. 33-35 ; P. Z. S., 1852.— Macrocer-
amus h. PFR., Monogr., iv, 689. — CROSSE, J. de C., 1891, p. 132.

Distinct by the closely crenate suture, thin texture, the
absence of a basal band and the corneous maculation, which
may be either copious or sparse. The apical 2% whorls are
smooth, as usual in this group.

17. M. SUBCYLINDRICUS Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 82-86.

Shell shortly rimate, cylindric, the upper third (or half)
tapering to the apex, which is dark brown (but light in indi-
viduals which have vacated the apical whorls). Cream-
whitish, usually somewhat brown tinted in places, irregularly
and rather copiously streaked with corneous-brown, the base

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 135

corneous-brown, sometimes defined by a slightly darker band.
Surface slightly or not glossy, very finely and closely sculp-
tured ivith thread-like oblique stria:, which usually crenulate
the sutures a little. Whorls convex, the last having a very
low basal keel, sometimes wanting, defining the very convex
base. Aperture subcircular, slightly oblique, built forward
to the anterior outline of the shell. Peristome slightly ex-
panded and thickened, whitish, dark-bordered within, the
margins approaching; columellar margin arcuate, dilated,
generally concave between the columellar fold and the mar-
gin. Axis slender, distinctly twisted spirally within.

Length 15, diam. 4.5, apert. 3.6 mm. ; whorls 11.

Length 15, diam. 4, apert. 3.3 mm.; whorls

Length 11, diam. 4, apert. 3.3 mm. ; whorls

Santo Domingo (Gabb) ; near the Amina river (Robert
Swift coll.).

? M. cyrtopleurus and M. gundlachi, specimens from ' ' pres
du Eio Amina, sur un gazon court (Hjalrnarson)," CROSSE,
Journ. de Conchy!., 1891, p. 132.

Very much more finely striated than the smaller M. lier-
manni, which agrees in having a convex base and very weak
or obsolete keel. About 30 specimens before me, collected by
Gabb and others, agree closely in sculpture, except that in a
few shells the thread-like striae are more spaced on the last
whorl or two. The size of the shell and the length of the ter-
minal cone vary somewhat widely.

Gabb also collected a very small form apparently referable
to M. subcylindricus, measuring 9 to 10 mm. long, 3 wide,
with about 10 -^ whorls; but unfortunately he gave no local-
ity but Santo Domingo. The axis is distinctly spiral, as in
the type form.

EAST AND CENTRAL CUBAN SPECIES.

I. Base of shell rounded, not carinate.

1. Periphery bordered below with a dark band, another
at or around the umbilicus; outer lip more or less
expanded. Group of M. pazi, sp. no. 18 to 22.

2. Obliquely streaked on an opaque whitish ground, or

136 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

with a series of spots above the periphery; apical
whorls often amputated; the early post-embryonic
whorls sharply striate, usually dark colored.

Group of M. pupoides, sp. no. 23 to 32.

II. Base of shell carinate; shell thin, smoothish, with per-
sistent apex, the following whorls not distinctly striate;
peristome expanded.

Group of M. canimarensis, sp. no. 33 to 35.

Group of M. pazi.

Forms related to the group of M. pupoides, but with a dark
band below the periphery and usually another at or around
the umbilical region. Last whorl rounded, not carinate. Lip
usually more or less expanded.

Eastern Cuba, This group is intermediate between the
Haitian groups of M. lineatus and Tdatteanus. The first
two species somewhat resemble the group of M. canimarensis
by the smooth spire and expanded lip, while the last three
approach the group of pupoides. The protoconch is like that
of the pupoides group, and is often deciduous.
I. Upper post-embryonic whorls not more striate than the
last whorl; shell smooth and glossy.

a. Length of aperture more than one-third that of the
shell ; outer lip well expanded. M. pazi, no. 18.

b. Length of aperture less than one- third that of the
shell; an elaborate color-pattern of bands and
streaks. M. pictus, no. 19.

II. Upper post-embryonic whorls more distinctly and regu-
larly striate than the last whorl; surface somewhat dull.
a. Shell conic; length of apert. slightly more than one-
third that of shell ; length 11-14 mm.

M. parallelus, no. 20.

6. Shell turrite; apert. less than one-third length of
shell; marked with 3 series of squarish dots, some-
times coalescent in bands and streaks; length 15-17
mm. M. clerclii, no. 21.

c. Shell turrite; apert. contained 3^> to 4 times in
length of shell; whorls streaked; length 14-15 mm.

M. gundlachi, no. 22.

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 137

18. M. PAZI ' Gundlach ' Pfr. PI. 21, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12.

Shell shortly rimate, high-conic, rather solid. Whitish,
with a dark chestnut band beloiv the periphery, another
around the umbilical area, the base elsewhere radially
streaked ; above the periphery there are usually several lighter
bands, or bands of spots on oblique streaks, sometimes want-
ing; apical whorls perfect, black-brown. Surface glossy,
almost smooth. Spire straightly conic, the whorls but slightly
convex, the last well rounded. Suture with a crenulate border
below. Aperture slightly oblique, brown or ochraceous within,
the peristome white, thin-edged, rather widely expanded, the
columellar margin triangularly reflexed and excavated at the
insertion.

Length 15, diam. 6.5 mm., whorls 9*/2.

Length 11, diam. 5 mm., whorls 9.

Eastern Cuba: Guisa, in the dist. of Bayamo, and at Ramon
and Aguadores, near Santiago (Gundlach).

M. pazi GundL, in PFR., Malak. Bl., v, 1858, pp. 43, 182.—
PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 381, pi. 89, f . 1-5 ; Mai. BL, xi, 1864,
p. 126; Monogr., iv, p. 687; vi, 345. — ARANGO, p. 80.

The peristome is more expanded, and the columellar lip
more flatly reflexed than in pictus and parallelus, both of
which are very closely related to pazi. There is wide varia-
tion in the color-pattern, which is sometimes reduced to the
two basal bands. A whorl or two below the brown apical
whorls are broadly flamed with brown and white.

19. M. PICTUS ' Gundl.' Pfr. PL 20, figs. 4, 5.

Shell shortly rimate, turrite, slightly solid. Whitish, with
a dark chestnut band below the periphery, another around
the umbilical area, the rest of the base being radially striped,
and having three dilute-brown bands above, crossed by chest-
nut streaks, which are toothed on the right side at the posi-
tions of the bands. Apical 2 or 2i/2 whorls generally lost,
but when retained they are smooth and pale, with a reddish
crown; following whorl blackish, the next 2 or 3 dark and
white flamed. Suture crenulate. Surface weakly striate on
the earlier whorls, smoother and glossy below, the last one

138 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

rounded. Aperture brownish and banded inside, lip pale,
very slightly expanded, thin ; columellar margin dilated above.

Length 13.5, diarn. 4.8 mm., whorls 11 (entire).

Length 14.5, diam. 5 mm., whorls 9i/2 (truncate).

Length 12.3, diam. 5 mm., whorls 8i/2 (truncate).

Eastern Cuba: Yateras, on trees and cliffs (Gundlach) ;
Jibara (Arango) ; Farallones (Wright).

M. pictus Gundl. in PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p. 93, no. 60 ;
Monogr., vi, p. 348. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 82.

Has some resemblance to the Haitian M. lineatus, but is
most closely related to M. pazi, from which it differs in the
less expanded peristome, more elaborate color-pattern and
more striate surface. Figured specimens are from Faral-
lones.

20. M. PABALLELUS ' Arango ' Pf r. PL 21, figs. 15, 16 ; pL
20, fig. 9.

Shell very shortly rimate, ovate-turrite, cream-white, with
a dark brown band beloiv the periphery, its lower edge den-
ticulate, and a small dark umbilical patch; above the periph-
ery there is a single spiral row of small brown dots, each con-
nected with a narrow oblique streak toward the suture above.
Early whorls usually truncate, the next two or three dark-
flamed. Surface striate above, the last whorl smoother, some-
times weakly malleate. Spire straightly high-conic, the
suture finely crenulate, at least above. Whorls 7-8 in trun-
cate, 9-10 in entire shells, but slightly convex, the last rounded
at the periphery and below. Aperture slightly oblique ; peris-
tome very slightly expanded, the columellar margin widely
dilated and reflexed, its face a little excavated.

Length 11.5-13, diam. 5.5 mm.

Length 14, diam. 6 mm. (type).

Eastern Cuba: Cape Maisi, on spiny plants (Arango).

M. parallelus Arango mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., xiii, 1866, p.
59; Novit. Conch., p. 402, pi. 93, f. 9, 10; Monogr., vi, p. 347.
—ARANGO, Fauna, p. 81.

Closely related to M. pazi and pictus, but distinguished by
the rather faint, golf-stick-shaped markings of the upper

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 139

surface, and the reduced umbilical patch. There is sometimes
another row of spots above the wide dark band.

21. M. CLERCHI ' Arango ' Pfr. PL 21, figs. 27, 28, 29.

Shell perforate, oblong-turrite, rather solid, lightly striate,
somewhat, glossy ; white, encircled by series of chestnut spots.
Spire nearly regularly turrite, the apex buff, rather obtuse,
suture slightly subdenticulate. Whorls 12, a little convex,
the last rounded, ornamented with a blackish band below the
middle. Aperture subvertical, rounded-lunar; peristome
simple, the margins slightly converging, right margin nar-
rowly expanded, columellar margin reflexed, spreading, dis-
tinctly folded within. Length 17, diam. 6 mm., aperture 4.5
mm. long. (Pfr.}

Eastern Cuba: at the mouth of the Tacre river (type loc.),
Cajobabo and Imias, dist. of Baracoa; also Jauco and Jojo
(Arango).

M. clerchi Arango mss., PFR., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 61,
no. 20; Novit. Conch., p. 382, pi. 89, f. 6-8; Monogr., vi, p.
345. — ARANGO, p. 80.

Pfeiffer's description is given above, and his figures are
copied on my plate. He remarks that it stands about midway
between M. pazi and M. gimdlachi, but is very different from
both in mouth and peristome, and from other similar species
in wanting a keel.

Two and a half apical whorls are smooth, white, with a
brown crown. They are often lost in adults. The next whorl
is of the same color but striate, and several whorls following
are blue-blackish. These early whorls are closely striate, but
the last 2 or 3 whorls are nearly smooth. The last whorl has
a black-brown subperipheral band, its lower edge often ser-
rate, and three spiral series of squarish chestnut spots,
arranged in oblique, irregularly-spaced series. Some speci-
mens have very few of these spots, while in more heavily-
colored examples the spots may be partially united into spiral
bands and oblique streaks. In one shell before me there is a
faint trace of an umbilical dark patch.

140 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

22. M. GUNDLACHI (Pfeiffer). PL 20, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell rimate, oblong-turrite ; whitish, sparsely marked with
dark brown stripes, which are either continuous or inter-
rupted, or have two or three projections on the right side; a
narrow dark band usually revolving below the periphery.
Surface striate on the early whorls, becoming smoother or
smooth on the later ones, but the striae reappear on the base.
Suture finely crenulate on the upper part of the spire, or
sometimes throughout. Spire long, with straight lateral out-
lines. Whorls 11 in entire to 8 in some truncate specimens,
the first 21/2 smooth, globose and glossy, pale; next whorl
usually dark; last whorl globose, with a weak subperipheral
carina. Aperture small, brown within, the lip whitish, acute,
unexpanded ; columellar margin a little dilated. Axis slender
and straight.

Length 14, diam. 4.8 mm.; length of aperture 4 mm.

Length 15, diam. 5.66 mm. ; length of aperture 5 mm. (type).

Eastern Cuba: Punta de San Juan de los Perros (type
loc.), Cayos de Cardenos and Guisa, in Bayamo district
(Gundl.) ; Holguin (Clerch).

Bulimus gundlachi PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 174,
pi. 1, f. 29-33; Monogr., iii, p. 365.— Mac. gundlachi PFR.,
Malak. Bl., 1854, p. 193; Monogr., vi, p. 348.— ARANGO,
Fauna, p. 82.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1890, p. 204.

In length it varies from 12 to 15 mm. ; and the fine costula-
tion may extend over all but the last whorl or be confined to
the upper ones only. It is less solid and calcareous than re-
lated Cuban species. If it occurred in Haiti, it would be
grouped with M. klatteanus. Pfeiffer's original is copied in
my fig. 1.

Group of M. pupoides.

Shell rimate, rather solid, opaque whitish, usually streaked
obliquely, or with a series of spots at the periphery and above
the suture; no dark band below the periphery or around the
umbilical region. Surface varying from ribbed to smooth-
ish, but the post-embryonic whorls are always rib-striate and

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 141

usually blue-black and maculate. Last whorl rounded, not
distinctly carinate. Peristome not expanded or but feebly
so, the coluniellar margin in a plane with the outer lip. Pro-
toconch of 21/3 smooth whorls, frequently deciduous in the
adult stage.

A group of closely related forms confined, so far as is
known, to the province of Santiago. Sculpture is inconstant
in niany of the species, both ribbed and smoothish forms
occurring together. Most of those known are from the
southern coast.

Hardly differing from the Haitian group of M. klatteanus,
except in wanting a subperipheral band; but this is occa-
sionally absent in Haitian species.

23. M. CLAUDENS ' Gundl.' Pfr. PI. 21, figs. 21-26.

Shell rimate, ovate-turrite, solid, smoothish, under a lens
showing some faint growth-lines and often a close malleation.
Bluish or fleshy-white, typically marked with irregular, more
or less interrupted tawny streaks ; several of the early whorls
bluish and finely striate. Whorls about 11 in perfect, 8-9 in
truncate shells, the first 2y3 smooth, white with a brownish
top, globose. Last whorl rounded. Aperture vertical, oval,
dark within, the peristome whitish, very slightly expanded,
obtuse; parietal callous thin.

Length 17, diam. 6.2 mm. (truncate).

Length 15.5, diam. 6 mm. (entire).

Length 14, diam. 6 mm. (truncate).

Eastern Cuba: Caimanera (type loc.), Yateras and Ocujal,
in the dist. of Guaiitanamo, on shrubs (Gundlach).

M. claudens Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. BL, vi, 1859, p. 93;
Novit. Conch., p. 388, pi. 89, f. 34-39; Monogr., vi, p. 351.-
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 85.

A large, solid, high-conic species, with the last whorl wider
than in the related forms. There are several color-forms, as
follows: (1) Bluish- white, with scattered blue-gray dots and
streaks (figs. 23, 24). (2) Larger, 18-21 mm. long, with
some black-brown stripes among the tawny ones (figs. 25, 26).

142 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

24. M. PUPOIDES Pfeiffer. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14.

Shell deeply rimate, pupiform, the spire being somewhat
thickened, with convex outlines; solid; blue- white with a
series of blackish spots at the periphery and above the suture,
and often with a few faint brown streaks. Surface glossy,
finely, very closely and regularly striate, varying to nearly
smooth on the later whorls. 7 to 8 whorls remain, the earlier
ones being lost; they are convex, the last well rounded, not
keeled or only faintly so. Suture finely and regularly cren-
ulate, usually with a cream-white border below. Aperture
small, rounded; peristome thin, whitish, very narrowly ex-
panded; parietal callous thin.

Length 14, diam. 5.6 mm.

Length 12.5, diam. 5 mm.

Eastern Cuba: Hacienda San Antonio, on the road from
Guantanamo to Baracoa (Wright, type loc.) ; Imias, district
of Baracoa (Arango).

M. pupoides PFR., Malak. BL, xi, 1863, p. 15; Monogr., vi,
p. 347. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 81. — M. poeyi PPR., Mai. Bl., xi,
p. 126; Novit. Conch., p. 403, pi. 93, f. 11-15; Monogr., vi,
p. 347:

A larger shell than the closely related M. jeannereti, with
the spire more robust The synonymous M. poeyi Pfr. (pi.
21, figs. 5, 6, 30, 31, 32), from the type locality of pupoides,
is merely a form in which the striae are obsolete on the later
whorls, while typical pupoides is closely striate throughout.
This is a trivial variation, common to most of the related
species, and it is evident from the lots before me from
Wright, Gundlach and Arango, that the smoothish and striate
shells occur together.

25. M. JEANNERETI ' Gundl. ' Pfr. PI. 21, figs. 13, 14.

Shell rimate, oblong-turrite, solid, regularly rib-striate,
the last whorl often smoother. Whitish or blue-white, with
a series of black-brown spots at the periphery and above the
suture on the last two or three whorls; usually reddish-
brown or purplish near the truncate apex, on the second

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 143

sculptured whorl. Spire with more or less convex lateral
outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 9l/2 to 11 in entire, 7 to 9
in truncate shells, the first 2% whorls smooth, pale; last
whorl rounded, sometimes obtusely carinate. Aperture small,
but slightly oblique, nearly round, either pale or with a
dark band inside. Peristome acute, unexpanded.

Length 12, diam. 4.3, length apert. 3.3 mm. (truncate).

Length" 12, diam. 4, length apert. 2.8 mm. (entire).

Length 9.5, diam. 3.3, length apert. 2.5 mm. (entire).

Length 14, diam. 5, length apert. 4 mm. (type).

Eastern Cuba: Santiago, on plants (Gundlach).

M. j eanner eti Gundl. in PFR., Malak. Bl., v, 1858, p. 182;
Novit. Conch., p. 405, pi. 93, f . 22, 23 ; Monogr., iv, p. 688.-
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 82. — Mcgalomastoma pupinum Gundl.
mss., POEY, Memorias, ii, pp. 10, 89. — Macroceramus pupinus
Gundl. mss., ARANGO, in Poey's Repertorium, ii, p. 82, and
in many collections.

This species is closely related to M. pupoides and M.
festus, but both of these are nearly smooth, while jeannereti
is strongly ribbed. M. costulatus differs by its continuous
peristome. The suture in M. jeannereti is slightly crenu-
lated by the ribs.

26. M. CRENATUS ' Gundl.' Pfr. PL 20, figs. 21-24.

Shell subperforate, oblong-ovate, solid, striatulate and ob-
soletely pitted; blue- whitish, irregularly painted with cor-
neous spots, especially towards the apex. Spire ovate-conic,
shortly truncate; suture coarsely and unevenly crenate.
Whorls remaining 7, a little convex, the last encircled by one
or two elevated ridges, and banded with chestnut below
the middle, somewhat constricted in front, somewhat de-
scending. Aperture a little oblique, irregularly, subtrans-
versely oval; peristome simple, unexpanded, obtuse, contin-
uous. Length 8.5, diam. 4 mm., oblique length of aperture
2.5 mm. (Pfr.}.

Eastern Cuba: Santiago de Cuba (Gundlach), and Jura-
gua, a short distance eastward (Jeanneret).

144 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

M. crcnalus Gundlach mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., xi, 1863, pp.
16, 127; Novit. Conch., p. 384, pi. 89, f. 15-19; Monogr., vi,
p. 353. — ARANGO, p. 86.

Not known to nie by specimens.

27. M. FESTUS ' Gundl.' Pfr. PL 20, figs. 15-18.

Shell riniate, oblong-turrite, solid, the upper whorls rib-
striate, later ones nearly smooth. Bluish or fleshy- white, one
or two early post-embryonic whorls dark, the following ones
more or less streaked indistinctly, last whorl uniform or with
a peripheral series of blackish spots or streaks. Spire long,
a little swollen in the middle, the apex generally truncate;
when retained it is smooth and whitish. Whorls 10-11 in
perfect, 7-8 in truncate shells; slightly convex, the last well
rounded, somewhat contracting at the aperture. Suture
crenulate, at least above the middle of the shell. Aperture
sub vertical, obliquely oval, dark within, the lip obtuse, not
expanded, continued in a thick callous across the parietal
wall.

Length 8 to 12, diam. 4 mm., whorls remaining 6 to 9.

Length 10.5 to 13.3, diam. 5 mm. (types).

Eastern Cuba: Caimanera, dist. of Guantanamo, and on
both sides of the mouth of the bay, on bushes (Gundlach).

M. festus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. BL, vi, 1859, p. 94, no.
62; Novit. Conch., p. 386, pi. 89, f. 25-28; Monogr., vi, p.
352. — ARANGO, p. 85.

M. festus is closely related to M. costulatus, from which it
differs in being somewhat larger and smoother, but there
are some intermediate forms. M. jeannereti is generally
more spotted, but differs chiefly in the thinner parietal cal-
lous, and different shape of the mouth. All of these species
from the southern coast of the province of Santiago are very
closely related, and probably will be connected by inter-
mediate forms when more localities are worked up.

Some specimens of M. festus are quite prettily marked.
On a ground color of pale ochre there are two blue-white
bands, the upper one narrow, the lower one wider, at the

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 145

periphery, and interrupted with irregular blackish spots
(fig. 18). The ordinary color is livid bluish- white, becoming
fleshy on the spire, dark above, with but few dark spots at
the periphery. They are often worn, and show dull, flesh-
tinted patches.

28. M. COSTULATUS 'Gundl.' Pfr. PI. 20, figs. 10, 11, 12.

' Shell rimate, oblong-turrite, solid, closely, somewhat ob-
liquely ribbed; whitish, marked with brown streaks, which
do not reach to the suture above. Spire regularly tapering,
terminating in a corneous, acute apex, which is often decid-
uous. Suture deep, crenulated by the projecting ribs.
Whorls 8 to 11, convex, the last contracted in front, the base
indistinctly thread-keeled. Aperture vertical, obliquely oval,
brown inside; peristome continuous, adnate, obtuse, the right
margin unexpanded, very strongly arcuate above ; columellar
margin subappressed. Length 9-11, diam. 3.5-4.3, length of
apert. 2.75 mm." (Pfr.)

Eastern Cuba: Caimanera, in Guantanamo (type loc.),
and Punta Maisi (Gundlach).

M. costulatus Gundl. in PFR., Malak. BL, vi, 1859, p. 94;
xiii, 1866, p. 59; Novit. Conch., p. 387, pi. 89, f. 29, 30;
Monogr., vi, 353. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 385.

The original description is given above. The ribbed shell,
contracted, obliquely oval aperture, with the peristome con-
tinued in a strong ledge across the parietal wall, are char-
acteristic.

The ribs are often quite separated, as in pi. 20, fig. 10, and
the spire frequently does not taper regularly, but is more
rapidly attenuate above, somewhat swollen below. The pro-
toconch, when retained, is white or whitish. The shell is
often smaller than the original specimens.

Length 9, diam. 3.5 mm., whorls 10 (entire).

Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm., whorls 9 (entire).

29. M. INERMIS Gundl. PI. 15, fig. 2.

Shell shortly rimate, long-turrite ; white or whitish, nearly
uniform or with indistinct, wide brown streaks, the earlier

146 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

whorls corneous. Surface nearly lusterless, closely rib-striate
throughout. Whorls 9, convex, the last rounded, without
basal keel. Suture simple. Aperture small, oblique; peris-
tome not expanded, thickened and obtuse, the margins ap-
proaching above; columellar margin built forward, in the
plane of the outer lip.

Length 7, diam. 2.5 mm.

Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm. (type).

Eastern Cuba: Santiago de Cuba, at the Aguadores (type
loc.), and Lagunas, and at the Caimanera of Guantanamo,
under and on stones (Gundlach).

M. inermis Gundl. in PFR., Malak. BL, v, 1858, p. 183, no.
19 ; Monogr., iv, p. 690 ; Novit. Conch., p. 407, pi. 93, f . 33-35.
— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 84.

Smaller than any other known Macroceramus of eastern
Cuba. It is closely rib-striate throughout, the riblets usually
lighter than the ground. It is a smaller shell than the cen-
tral Cuban M. angulosus, and is quite unlike that in the form
of the columellar lip.

Binney, in Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 126, states that the
radula of a specimen of M. inermis from Curacao, collected
by Mr. J. S. Gibbons (cf. Gibbons, Journ. of Conch., ii, 1879,
p. 136), is like that of M. gossei. The specimen could hardly
have been really this Cuban species ; it was evidently a super-
ficially similar Microceramus, perhaps allied to or identical
with "Pineria ' bonairensis from the adjacent island of
Buen Ayre.

30. M. ARANGOI Pfeiffer. PL 15, figs. 3, 4.

Shell subperforate, turriculate, rather solid, closely costu-
late, a little glossy; white, variously marked with dots and
flames of corneous. Spire swollen- turrite, the apex white,
acute; suture somewhat denticulate by the riblets. Whorls
9-10, a little convex, the last narrower, rounded, obtusely
thread-carinate. Aperture oblique, irregularly rounded, the
peristome simple, only a trifle expanded, the margins ap-
proaching, columellar margin slightly dilated, somewhat ap-
pressed. Length 8, diam. 3, height of aperture 2 mm. (Pfr.).

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 147

Eastern Cuba: Imias, in the district of Baracoa (Arango).

M. arangoi PFR., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 60; Novit. Conch.,
p. 387, pi. 89, f . 31-33 ; Monogr., vi, p. 353.— ARANGO, Fauna,
p. 85.

Unlike M. costulatus, the brown flames often extend up to
the suture. They are commonly interrupted. There is usu-
ally a narrow dark line below the hardly raised sub-basal
keel, and the second ribbed whorl of the spire is bluish or
purplish brown. The parietal callous is straight and not
very thick. It is closely related to the more finely costulate
M. inermis, and to M. blaini.

31. M. BLAINI ' Arango ' Pfr. PI. 20, figs. 19, 20.

Shell subperforate, turriculate, solid, lightly striate, rather
glossy, white. Spire subregularly tapering, the apex some-
what acute ; suture deep, subcrenulate. Whorls 10 to 11,
moderately convex, the last rounded, marked by a blackish,
somewhat interrupted band, slightly contracted in front.
Aperture slightly oblique, lunate-subcircular, the peristome
simple, unexpanded, the colmnellar margin dilated above, a
little reflexed. Length 8^/2, diam. 3 mm. ; aperture scarcely
2 mm. high (Pfr.).

Eastern Cuba: Imias, dist. of Baracoa (Arango).

M. blaini Arango mss., PFR., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 60;
Novit. Conch., p. 389, pi. 89, f. 40-42; Monogr., vi, p. 352.-
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 85.

" Belongs to the group with the last whorl contracted in
front, ' ' but distinguished by the sculpture, slender form and
coloration. I have not seen specimens.

32. M. VARIABILIS Pfeiffer. PL 20, figs. 25-28.

Shell subperforate, ovate-conic, solid, obliquely and rather
closely, strongly ribbed; whitish. Spire s\vollen, attenuate
above, the apex acute. Whorls 9, convex, the last somewhat
constricted in front, not ascending. Aperture small, oblique,
subdepressed-rounded; peristome somewhat thickened, unex-
panded, continuous, adnate above and on the left side.
Length 7, diam. 4 mm., aperture 1.66 mm. high. (Pfr.)

148 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

Eastern Cuba: Ojucal, on the way from Guantanamo to
Baracoa, and in the cave of Malano, both in the dist. of
Guantanamo (Jeanneret).

J/. variabilis PFR., Malak. Bl., xi, p. 15, no. 70; Novit.
Conch., p. 385, pi. 89, f . 20-24 ; Monogr., vi, p. 354.— ARANGO,
Fauna, p. 86.

A smooth, tawny form with one white band was found
with the typical ribbed form, and with transition forms. I
have not seen the species.

Group of M. canimarensis.

The shell is rimate, thin, smoothish, the last whorl dis-
tinctly carinate below the periphery; the surface is smooth-
ish, but the last whorl becomes strongly striate beneath.
The peristome is thin, expanded throughout, the columellar
margin built forward to the plane of the outer lip, and
dilated. Protoconch of 2% to 2y> whorls, smooth and glo-
bose, light with a brown apex, not deciduous; the ivhorls
succeeding it are pale and not distinctly striate. Suture
crenulate, at least above.

A group of eastern and central Cuba, extending west to
Matanzas province. It is not closely related to any Haitian
group. M. microdon has much the same form, but the axis
is sinuous, not straight as in these Cuban species.

33. M. CANIMARENSIS (Pfeiffer). PI. 23, figs. 61, 62.

Shell deeply rimate, ihin, translucent gray-brown, copi-
ously striped with opaque white, irregular flames, which do
not pass below the white keel. Spire conic, its outlines
straight above, a little convex below. Apex light gray-
brown, obtuse; protoconch of 2y2 smooth whorls moderately
convex, obsoletely striate, nearly smooth, the last more
strongly striate on the convex base and just above the cord-
liL-<< keel. Suture distinctly crenulate. Aperture nearly
found, the peristome thin, well expanded and a little reflexed.

Length 14-15, diam. 5.3 mm., whorls lOVo.

Cuba: prov. Matanzas, in Canimar, at El Fundador and
Tumbadero (Pf;\). Palma Sola (Poey). Prov. Santa Clara,

MACROCERAMUS, CUBA. 149

near Cienfuegos (E. F. Cabada). Also from further east-
ward: at Trinidad, and in prov. Santiago at Yateras (Gund-
lach), and Ermetano (Wright).

Bulimus canimensis (typog. err.) PFR., Archiv. f. Naturg.,
1839, i, p. 351. — B. canimarensis PFR. in Phil., Abbild., i, p.
57, pi. 1, f. 11. — Pupa unicarinata Lam., OLD., Bost. Journ.
N. H., iv, p. 490. — Bulimus unicarinatus Lam., PFR., Monogr.,
ii, p. 80; iii, 366; Conchyl. Cab., p. 64, pi. 18, f. 10, 11.-
Macroceramus unicarinatus Lam., PFR., Monogr., vi, 346.—
REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 66, f. 468. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 81.
Not Pupa unicarinata Lamarck. — Macroceramus catenatus
Gundlach mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p. 92 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 401, pi. 93, f. 5, 6; Monogr., vi, 346. — ARANGO, Fauna,
p. 81.

The white flames are sometimes interrupted in the middle,
or dislocated to form a closely speckled pattern, fig. 62. Fig-
ure 61 represents a typical shell, received from Poey. The
species has a wider range westward than its allies, apparently
passing from Santiago through central Cuba to Matanzas
province.

33a. Var. catenatus (' Gundl.' Pfr.). PI. 21, figs. 19, 20;

pi. 23, fig. 63.

Corneous-brown with indistinctly darker streaks, and a
row of opaque white spots above the suture and at the
periphery. Otherwise like canimarensis. Length 13, diana.
4.6 mm., whorls 10.

Eastern Cuba : Yateras, Monte Toro and Monte Libano,
in the Guantanamo district (Gundlach) ; Ermetano, in the
Cobre district (Wright).

Occurs at Ermetano with typical canimarensis, of which
it is a mere color-variety.

34. M. NOTATUS (' Gundl.' Pfr.). PI. 21, figs. 1-4; pi. 23,

fig. 64.

Shell shortly rimate, oblong-turrite, rather thin, obliquely
striatulate, glossy; whitish, variously painted with corneous
flames; spire almost regularly tapering, the apex somewhat

150 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

acute, corneous; suture minutely crenulate. "Whorls 10,
slightly convex, the last not tapering, carinate, brown banded
and more distinctly striate below the keel. Columella some-
what twisted above. Aperture slightly oblique, large, sub-
circular; peristome thin, the right margin regularly arcuate,
columellar margin somewhat dilated, spreading. Length
13.5, diam. 5.66 mm. (P/r.)

Eastern Cuba: Yateras and Monte Libano, on trees
(Gundl.).

M. notatus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., vi, 1859, p. 92;
Novit. Conch., p. 400, pi. 93, f. 1-4; Monogr., vi, p. 346.—
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 80.

Pfeiffer notices two color-forms, one with the shell dark
brown, marbled and dotted with whitish, the other whitish
dotted with corneous, with a chestnut band below the keel.
One of this pattern is represented on pi. 23, fig. 64, from
Yateras, the type locality, where it occurs with streaked
specimens. There seems to be always a chestnut band within
the umbilical cavity. The shell is more widely conic than
M. canimarensis.

35. M. GROBEI (Pfeiffer). PL 21, figs. 17, 18.

Shell subperf orate, turrite, rather solid, nearly smooth;
whitish ornamented with distant, interrupted, chestnut
flames. Spire regularly turrite, the vertex a little acute.
Whorls 9, slightly convex, the last not one-third the total
length, obtusely angular in the middle, below the angle hav-
ing a white thread-like keel and a chestnut band. Aperture
oblique, lunate-circular; peristome rather widely expanded
throughout, the margins converging, columellar margin
dilated above, nearly closing the perforation. Length 11,
diam. 4.66 mm. (P/r.)

Eastern Cuba: Picote, in the jurisdiction of Santiago de
Cuba (Jeanneret).

M. grobei PFR., Malak. BL, ix, p. 131, 1862; Novit. Conch.,
p. 402, pi. 93, f. 7, 8; Monogr., vi, p. 347. — ARANGO, Fauna,
p. 81.

MICROCERAMUS. 151

I have not seen this species, which, according to Pfeiffer,
stands next to M. pazi, but is at once distinguishable by the
projecting, thread-like keel.

Subfamily MICROCERAMIN.E Pilsbry.

Jaw as in Urocoptinse; radula with very numerous teeth
in nearly straight transverse rows, the central tooth in each
row narrow, side teeth with long, narrow mesocones and very
small ectocones. Shell turrite, with entire, costulate apex
and incomplete peristome, the axis solid, not tubular or per-
forated.

Genus MICROCERAMUS Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1898.

Microceramus P. & V., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1898, p. 281
(July 12, 1898), type M. floridanus. — Colobus ALBERS, Die
Hel., 1850, p. 177, for kieneri, cylindrus Gray, unicarinatus,
gossei, turricula and folliculus Pfr. (preoc.). — Macroceramus
BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 384, and of authors generally.

The shell is shortly rimate or imperforate, cylindric-
turrite or conic, composed of ll/2 to 13 whorls; the apex is
ahvays entire, the nepionic shell composed of two vertically
ribbed whorls (pi. 15, fig. 6, M. floridanus} ; succeeding
whorls are obliquely rib-striate, or the later ones smoothish;
last whorl angular or rounded, the basal keel weak or want-
ing. The suture is usually crenulate or bordered with
papillae. Coloration of biown or corneous spots and streaks
on a whitish ground. The axis is slender, solid and straight
(except in subgenus Spiroceramus) . (Microceramus, a little
earthen vessel.)

Jaw delicate, high-arched and composed of many narrow,
slightly imbricating plates, as in Urocoptis and allied genera
(pi. 14, fig. 4, M. pontificus).

Radula rather long, proportioned about as in Urocoptis.
Teeth closely crowded, in nearly straight transverse rows.
The central tooth in each row has a very narrow basal-plate
and wider cusp, which is somewhat trefoil-shaped, and either
with almost no overhanging cutting point (M. pontificus, pi.

152 MACROCERAMUS, CUBA.

14, fig. 10), or with " three short, blunt cusps, the middle
the largest, all three with distinct cutting points " (pi. 14,
fig. 5, M. gossei of Jamaica, after W. G. Binney). The side
teeth are all of one form, having a long, rather narrow inner
cusp or mesocone, and a very small ectocone. The very in-
distinct basal-plates seem to be oblique to the cusps in M.
pontificus. Binney figures them as long and straight in M.
gossei ( fig. 5 ) . The outer teeth are a little shorter and wider
(fig. 9). The formula is about 40.1.40 in M. gossei of
Jamaica (Binney) ; 35.1.35 in M. pontificus. M. turricula
has teeth much like those of gossei, according to Binney
(Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, 126).

Distribution : Greater Antilles, chiefly in western Cuba ;
Curacao; mainland from Central America to Texas; south-
ern Florida and Bahamas; usually living under stones (lime-
stone) , coming forth in wet weather.

The species now segregated in the genus Microceramus
have hitherto been placed in Macroceramus, owing to the
general similarity of the shells. We owe to Binney and
Bland (1872) the first intimation that Macroceramus was a
composite group. They found that M. gossei has a type of
dentition different from M. signatus; but their observation
was not utilized in taxonomy, nor was its significance from
an evolutionary point of view appreciated. In 1898 the sub-
generic name Microceramus was given to the smaller, thin
species of Macroceramus, but without knowledge of the im-
portant characters of the group. That name, however, being
based upon a member of the gossei group of forms, will now
take generic rank.

Microceramus differs from all Urocoptince in the straight,
not v-shaped, rows of teeth of the radula, and in the form of
the individual teeth, the inner cusps of which arise near
the anterior border of the basal-plate, adjacent to the outer
cusp, instead of being carried backward on the basal-plate
as in all Urocoptince. Moreover, the cusps are pointed,
not blunt and rounded. It agrees with the Urocoptina in the
fragile, high-arched, plaited jaw, with a triangular median
section ; in the narrow median tooth of the radula ; and in

MICROCERAMUS. 153

the slender, imperf orate internal column of the shell; all
these being characters separating Microceramus from the
Continental groups Holospira, Epirobia, and the typical
Eucalodiina:. What we now know seems to indicate that
Microceramus is an unspecialized member of the primitive
Antillean Urocoptine stock.

The nucleus in Microceramus is composed of two whorls,
the initial half whorl smooth, the rest strongly ribbed radi-
ally, as shown in fig. 6 of pi. 15. At the beginning of the
post-nuclear growth the whorl at once widens.

The distribution of the group indicates western Cuba as
the place of its origin. In the late tertiary a single species,
the ancestor of the M. gossei group, became widely spread,
and gave rise to the group of slightly differentiated races in-
habiting Haiti, Jamaica, across Yucatan channel to Mexico,
over Florida strait to Florida, etc. This particular form
evidently possesses exceptional means of transportation.

Key to Subgenera and Groups of Microceramus.

I. Axis slender and straight ( MICROCERAMUS s. str.).

1. Imperf orate or very shortly rimate, the columellar
margin not built forward from the columella
proper, or but slightly so; suture not distinctly or
regularly crenulate. Cuban species.

a. Marked with opaque white on a brownish-
corneous ground.

Group of M. elegans, species no. 10-15.

b. Opaque whitish, usually with a series of spots
above periphery and suture; no beads or
papillas above the latter; acutely conic, the
diam. more than half the length.

Group of M. costellaris, sp. no. 16-19.

2. Shortly rimate, the columellar margin a little built
forward ; cylindric-turrite or conic-turrite, the diam.
less than half the length ; suture usually denticulate
or crenate. Antilles and mainland of America.

Group of M. gossei, sp. no. 1-9.

154 MICROCERAMUS.

II. Axis encircled by a thin, wide, median lamella.

SPIROCERAMUS, sp. no. 20.

Group of M. gossei.

A group of very closely related species, one of which, M.
gossei, with the forms immediately related to it (concisus,
arctispirus, mexicanus, texanus, floridanus and providentia) ,
has attained a general distribution in the Antilles and on the
mainland. The other species stand more distinctly differen-
tiated, and are quite restricted in distribution.

Species of the islands off Venezuela: M. ? Curacao

(p. 146) ; Pineria (?) bonairensis, Buen Ayre (p. 112).

Species of the mainland, Central America to Texas: M.
kieneri, M. concisus, M. mexicanus, M. texanus.

Floridian species: M. pontificus, M. floridanus.

Bahaman species : M. swifti, M. gossei providentia.

Cuban species: M. gossei, M. denticulatus.

Haitian and Jamaican species: M. gossei.

1. M. KIENERI (Pfeiffer). PI. 26, figs. 21, 22, 23.

" Shell shortly rimate, cylindric-turrite, thin, obliquely
closely ribbed; irregularly marbled with brown-corneous and
whitish. Spire turrite, the apex rather acute, blackish.
Suture deep, crenate. Whorls 13, convex, the last about one-
fourth the length, obsoletely carinate at the base. Aperture
lunate-circular; peristome simple, expanded throughout, the
margins converging, right margin deeply arcuate, columellar
margin dilated. Length 18, diam. of antepenult, whorl 6
mm.; aperture 4.5 mm. long, 4.3 wide." (Pfr.~)

Honduras ( Dyson ) .

Bulimus kieneri PFR., P. Z. S., 1846, p. 40 (July, 1846) ;
Monogr., ii, p. 79; iii, p. 365; Conchyl. Cab., p. 131, pi. 42,
f . 23, 24. — Macroceramus k. PFR., Monogr., iv, 689 ; vi, 350
(exclusive of synonym C. pontifica) . — BLAND, Ann. of the
New York Acad. Sci., 1882, ii, p. 127, fig. in text.

Known by the original lot only. I copy Bland 's figures of
a cotype, f. 21, 22, and Pfeiffer 's original figure, f. 23. It is
much larger than any other species found on the mainland.

MICROCERAMUS. 155

2. M. CONCISUS (Morelet). PL 25, figs. 7-12.

Shell very shortly rimate, cylindric-turrite or cylindric-
conic, the upper part corneous-brown with oblique, whitish,
thread-like stria?, the lower portion whitish with irregularly
scattered spots and dots and lunate streaks of corneous; the
last whorl or two usually somewhat smooth. Suture more or
less distinctly and coarsely papillose, each papilla at the
termination of alternate stria?, or sometimes formed by the
union of two. Whorls 9l/2 to 12, convex, the last with a
barely indicated basal keel or none. Aperture rounded, the
peristome narrowly expanded.

Length 11, diam. 4 mm., whorls 12 (Morelet, type).
Length 11.2, diam. 3.3 mm., whorls 12 (Tunkas).
Length 7.6, diam. 3.1 mm., whorls 91/2 (Tunkas).
Length 10, diam. 3 mm., whorls lli/o (Merida).
Length 6.7, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls 914 (Merida).
Yucatan (Morelet) ; at Izamal, Merida, Tekanto, Tunkas,
Ticul, Uxmal and Santa Ana, near Calcehtok (Heilprin ex-
ped.). Guatemala: Peten, on rocky hills (Morelet) ; Coban
(Sarg, Salvin).

Cylindrella concisa MORELET, Testacea Novissima, i, p. 12
(1849). — Macroceramus concisus Morel., PETIT, J. de C., i,
p. 379. — CROSSE & FISCHER, Miss. Scient. Mex. Moll., i, p. 421,
pi. 18, f. 1, la, 16.— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 420.— STREBEL,
Beitrag Mex., etc., iv, p. 90, pi. 5, f. 4c. (Coban) .— PILSBRY,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 316.— MARTENS, Biolo-
gia, Moll., p. 287. — Macroceramus polystreptus TRISTRAM,
P. Z. S., 1861, p. 233, pi. 26, f. 11.— PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 345.
This species, while closely related to the Antillean M.
gossei, differs in the narrower whorls, there being more in a
shell of the same length ; the sculpture is usually less coarse,
and the form of the well-grown specimens is more cylindric,
though small adults of both species are conic. That the de-
velopment of sutural papillns is extremely variable is shown
by the series of some hundreds of shells before me; and the
size varies within the wide limits familiar to all who have
studied large series of Urocoptida. Figures 8, 9, 10 are from
Tunkas specimens; fig. 11 from Santa Ana; fig. 12 a small

156 MICROCERAMUS.

shell from Tekanto. Strebel has figured a shell from Coban,
agreeing with those from Yucatan.

2a. Var. arctispirus (Ancey). PI. 25, figs. 5, 6.

Similar to small specimens of concisus, except that Lhe
umbilical chink is more reduced, almost obliterated. Length
of types 7-8, diam. 3 mm., whorls 9l/2 to 10. Other specimens
of the original lot measure 6 to 7.5 mm. long.

Utilla Island, Honduras (Chas. T. Simpson).

Macroceramus gossei var. arctispirus ANCEY, Ann. de Mala-
cologie, ii, p. 242 (1886).

The figures represent specimens of the original lot received
from Simpson. It may possibly stand as an insular race
characterized by the shorter rima, but I can find no other
distinction from small individuals of concisus, which are
often equally conic.

3. M. MEXICANUS (v. Martens). PI. 26, figs. 25, 26, 27.

" Relatively shorter and broader, length 8.5 to 9.5, diam.
of the last whorl 3 to 3.5 mm. ; 9y2 to 9% whorls only. White
papillae at the suture small, scattered, and few in number.
Peristome of the aperture rather thin. Number of costulas
60 or more, according to Strebel; some of them, however, are
so indistinct that it is very difficult to count them." (Mart.)

Eastern Mexico: Orizaba (Berendt, Botteri, Hoge) ; Atoyac
(H. H. Smith) ; Arroyo grande, near Misantla (Salas). Cen-
tral Mexico : Sayula, State of Jalisco, one specimen not full
grown (Hoge). Northeastern Mexico: near Victoria, in a
canyon of the Sierra Madre, Tamaulipas; and Diente moun-
tain, near Monterey, Neuvo Leon (S. N. Rhoads).

Macroceramus pontificus STREBEL, Beitrag Mex., etc., iv,
p. 89, pi. 5, f. 4d (specimen from Orizaba). — PILSBRY, Proc.
A. N. S. Phila., 1891, p. 316 (Orizaba). Not M. pontificus
Old. — Macroceramus concisus var. mexicanus MARTENS, Bio-
logia, p. 287, pi. 17, f. 2 (Dec., 1897).

Von Marten's figure (fig. 25) and description are given.
A single specimen collected about 500 ft. above the town of

MICROCERAMUS. 157

Orizaba, by the Academy expedition of 1890, is conic, with
8!/3 convex whorls, and measures 7 mni. long, 3.3 wide above
aperture. The whitish striag continue undiminished on the
last whorl, and are almost simple at the suture, which is
slightly and irregularly crenate in places, but without papillaB.

An abundant supply of shells from Victoria, Tamaulipas,
and Diente, near Monterey, Neuvo Leon, is before me, pi. 26,
figs. 26, 27. These are corneous, not darker at the apex, and
clouded with lighter areas, which are produced by white
stria? on the corneous ground. There are also a few whitish
streaks. The surface is everywhere sculptured with delicate
thread-like rib-stria?, mostly white, sometimes slightly en-
larged at their lower ends, and either in pairs forming
papillae at the suture, with an unattached thread between
each pair, or with the papillaB almost obsolete, the suture
then being nearly simple. There are S1/^ to 9 whorls. Length
7.5, diam. 3.2 mm.

This form is more conic than M. concisus, less cylindric;
and the striation of the later whorls is stronger and much
closer. The later whorls are more closely and distinctly
striate than M. texanus, and the shell is thinner.

4. M. TEXANUS (Pilsbry). PI. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Shell resembling M. gossei of Jamaica, but constantly
stouter in figure, decidedly less attenuated above. Sculpture
of thread-like oblique stride, finer and closer; sutural crenu-
lation more irregular on the lower whorls, and disposed to
be subobsolete. Whorls 9i/2 to 10i/2.

Length 10.5, diam. above aperture 3.5 mm.

Length 8.66, diam. above aperture 3.5 mm.

Length 8.5, diam. above aperture 3 mm.

Southern-central Texas: San Marcos, Hays Co. (Pilsbry
and Ferriss) ; New Braunfels, Comal Co. ( J. A. Singley, Pils-
bry and Ferriss) ; Hondo River, north of Hondo, Medina Co.
(Pilsbry and Ferriss).

Macroceramus gossei PFR. and BINNEY in part. — M. pon-
tificus Gld., in part, STREBEL, Beitrag Fauna. Mex., etc., iv,
p. 90, at top of page, pi. 5, f. 4&. — Macroceramus texanus

158 MICROCERAMUS.

PILSBRY, Nautilus, xi, p. 107 (name only) ; xii, p. 23 (June,
1898).

A species of the rocky hill-country, living under stones,
often with Holospira. Strebel, on the authority of Jacob
Boll, reports it from Dallas, Texas; but this place is in a
region of different physical character, and it is not likely
that Boll got his specimens there. It is closely related to
M. concisus, which however is less wide and has more whorls
in the same length; also to the east Mexican M. mexicanus,
a less wide and more conic shell. The specimens figured are
from New Braunfels, the type locality.

5. M. PONTIFICUS (Gould). PL 26, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20.

Shell shortly rimate, turrited-conic, tapering from the last
or the penultimate whorl, rather solid. Whitish, with a cream
or brownish tint, marked with a few triangular or lunate
brown spots. Surface regularly sculptured with oblique rib-
striae, alternate riblets projecting and enlarged into papillae
at the suture, which is thereby made strongly serrate. Whorls
9 to 11, convex, the last with a low, cord-like keel below.
Aperture rounded, the peristome expanded and narrowly re-
flexed, columellar margin dilated.

Length 12, diam. above aperture 4 mm.

Length 8.3, diam. above aperture 3.3 mm.

Southeastern Florida: vicinity of Miami.

Pupa pontifica GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, p. 40
(June, 1848); Otia Conch., p. 205; in Binney's Terrestr.
Moll. U. S., i, pp. 109, l2S.—Cylindrella p. GOULD, Terr.
Moll., ii, p. 306, pi. 69, f. 1. — Macroceramus pontificus Gld.,
TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 301, pi. 14, f. 20. —
PFEIPPER, Monogr., vi, p. 350. — BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Acad.
Sci., ii, p. 127. — W. G. BINNEY, Manual of American Land
Shells, p. 414, f. 456. — RHOADS, Nautilus, xiii, p. 45 (Miami).
— M. kieneri PFR., Monogr., iv, 689 (in synonymy). — BINNEY
& BLAND, Land and Fresh- Water Shells of N. A., i, p. 220;
Terr. Moll., v, p. 385. Not M. kieneri Pfr.

Quite distinct from the other forms of the gossei group by
its larger size, coarser sculpture and very conspicuously and

MICROCERAMUS. 159

regularly toothed suture. It was at one time supposed to be
identical with M. kieneri Pfr., but is quite distinct. I have
seen no evidence of the occurrence of M. pontificus except
near the mouth of Miami river, the wider range formerly
given pertaining largely to M. florid-anus. It lives under
stones near the Miami river, where specimens were taken by
Mr. Rhoads and myself. Probably this was where Bartlett
got the type specimens, as it is known that he was at that
place, and, so far as I know, M. pontificus has been found
nowhere else.

6. M. FLORID ANUS (Pilsbry). PI. 25, figs. 95, 96, 97, 98.
The shell is similar in general appearance to M. gossei, but

is usually smaller, with 9 to 10 whorls. The thread-like strife
are finer and closer, two or three uniting to form each sutural
papilla; and these papillae are lower and less prominent.
Specimens measure 8.5 x 3 mm. ; 6.5 x 2.5 mm., etc.

Florida: Sarasota Bay (type locality) and Goodland
Point (Hemphill).

Macroceramus gossei Pfr., W. G. BINNEY, in part, exclu-
sive of description and figures, which pertain to Jamaican
shells. — Macroceramus floridanus PILSBRY, Nautilus, xi, p. 107
(name only) ; xii, p. 23 (June, 1898).

In the Jamaican M. gossei the striation is coarser, the
sutural papillae being formed by single striae or the conflu-
ence of two; and the shell is generally larger and more con-
spicuously variegated than in this southwestern Florida form.

7. M. GOSSEI (Pfeiffer). PI. 25, figs. 91, 92, 93, 94.

Shell shortly rimate, turrite with convex outlines, being
therefore somewhat cylindric below. Opaque whitish, with
irregular or lunate streaks and scattered dots of corneous-
brown. Surface somewhat shining, sculptured with thread-
like, oblique rib-striae, about every second riblet terminating
in a boss or projection at the suture above, or sometimes two
riblets unite to form a projection; each riblet being a little
swollen, drop-like, at the lower end in many specimens.
Whorls about 11, the upper ones corneous-brown, very con-

160 MICROCERAMUS.

vex, the later whorls convex, last one well rounded, with a
very low cord-like keel at the base. Aperture irregularly
rounded, the outer margin very strongly arcuate, the colu-
mellar margin straightened; peristome whitish, narrowly ex-
panded and reflexed.

Length 11, diam. above aperture 3.5 mm.

Length 6.7, diam. above aperture 2.6 mm.

Jamaica : Mandeville, numerous on stone walls after
rains (Gloyne, in Swift coll.) ; Spurtree Hill (Henderson &
Simpson); Potsdam, St. Elizabeth (P. W. Jarvis). Also
Cuba and Haiti, see below.

B-idinnis gossei PPR., P. Z. S., 1845, p. 137 (Feb., 1846);
Conchyl. Cab., p. 132, pi. 42, f . 30-32 ; Monogr., ii, p. 81 ; iii,
366. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 66, f. 462. — Macroceramus
g. PFR., iv, p. 689 ; vi, 350.— GLOYNE, J. de C., xx, 1872, p. 33
(Mandeville). — HENDERSON, Nautilus, viii, 1894, p. 20 (Spur-
tree Hill) . — BLAND & BINNEY, Amer. Journ. of Conch., vii,
1872, p. 187, pi. 17, f. 9, 11, 12 (teeth).— W. G. BINNEY,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1875, p. 223, pi. 15, f. 1 (teeth) ; Terr.
Moll., v, p. 386, f. 268 (Pfeiffer's descr. and fig.) ; p. 384, pi.
10, f. Q (teeth of same Jamaican spec.). — STREBEL & PFEPFER,
Beitrag Fauna Mex., etc., iv, pp. 90, 107, pi. 5, f. 4a (shell),
pi. 13, f. 9 (teeth). — Cylindrella hydeana C. B. ADAMS, Con-
trib. to Conch., no. 2, p. 23 (Oct., 1849), no description; based
upon Pfeiffer's B. gossei.

All the above references apply exclusively to the Jamaican
form of the species. Binney, in his several volumes on Amer-
ican land shells, has repeated Pf eiff er 's description and figure
of the Jamaican type for the Floridiau and Texan forms. I
am unable to see that the Cuban and Haitian forms differ
from that of Jamaica. Figures 91-94 are drawn from Mande-
ville specimens.

The types of this species were collected by Philip H. Gosse
"in the neighborhood of Highgate, on the side of a conical hill
covered with huge masses of limestone and small rubble, and
crowned with a tuft of bamboo. ' ' This place is on the western
edge of St. Elizabeth parish (See Gosse, A Naturalist's So-
journ in Jamaica, p. 126).

MICROCERAMUS. 161

Eastern and eastern-central Cuba. Among Cuban species,
M. gossei is closely related to M. denticulatus of western
Cuba; but it is larger, more slender and more regularly
tapering. I have seen a single Cuban specimen, and cannot
see that it differs in any respect from the Jamaican typical
form. Arango and others give the following localities, all in
the western part of the province of Santiago and the eastern
part of .Puerto Principe: Guisa and San Andres in Bayamo;
Casinuba in Cabo Cruz (Gundlach; Pfr. in Malak. Bl., v, p.
44, no. 20) ; Punta de San Juan de los Perros (Gundlach,
Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1852, p. 175) , and Nuevitas. Crosse ( J.
de C., 1890, p. 205) gives no additional information.

Haiti. Specimens collected by J. B. Henderson, Jr., at
Cape Haitian have the coloration, form and sculpture of
Jamaican gossei, but are smaller than most Jamaican shells;
length 7, diam. 2.7 mm., whorls fully 9. Crosse reports the
species, with doubt, from sandy places in the valley of the
Yaqui river, in the northern part of the Republic of Santo
Domingo, collected by Hjalmarson.

la. Var. PROVIDENTIA Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 26, fig. 16.

Sutural teeth strong, acute, close and regular; striation
stronger. Whitish, sparingly maculate with lunate corneous
patches. Length 9.7 to 11.5, diam. 3.2 to 3.3 mm., whorls
91/2 to 11.

Bahamas: Nassau, New Providence (R. Swift coll.).

8. M. DENTICULATUS (' Gundl. ' Pfr.). PI. 25, figs. 88, 89, 90.

Shell perforate, ovate-fusiform, thin, closely costulate-
striate, whitish variegated with pale corneous; spire ovate-
conic, the vertex acute; suture closely denticulate. Whorls

9, convex, the last tapering, with a thread-like keel below the
middle. Aperture oblique, nearly circular; peristome simple,
narrowly expanded, the margins converging. Length 7.66,
diam. 3.66 mm. (Pfr.)

Western Cuba: Punta de la Jaula, near Guane (Wright).
Macroceramus denticulatus Gundl., PFR., Malak. BL, xi, p.

162 MICROCERAMUS.

17 (1864) ; Monogr., vi, p. 351.— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 84.—
M. guanensis C. & F., Miss. Sclent. Mex., Moll., i, p. 425.

Very much like M. turricula in shape, but readily known
by its strongly toothed suture. The keel mentioned by
Pfeiffer is often so low as to be readily overlooked, and it
does not extend to the smooth, rounded front of the whorl.
As usual in this group of species, the earlier post-nepionic
whorls are very convex, almost angular. The size varies
within wide limits, topotypes measuring 8.2 x 3.5 mm. with
91/3 whorls ; 5.6 x 2.6 mm. with 8l/3 whorls, and 6 x 2.5 mm.,
8y2 whorls.

The name was changed by Crosse & Fischer on account
of the earlier Cyl. denticulata, which seems, however, to be
referable to Urocoptis. In the Monographia, vi, Pfeiffer mis-
quotes both the name and volume in his reference line. Fig-
ured from topotypes collected by Wright.

9. M. SWIFTI (Bland). PI. 26, figs. 13, 14, 15.

Shell very shortly rimate, cylindric turrited; white, copi-
ously sprinkled with corneous-broivn dots, and more or less
streaked with the same tint, the upper whorls mainly brown.
Sculpture of very fine, close, low striae throughout. Whorls
10 to 11%, moderately convex, the last rounded below, with
an obsolete carina or none. Suture smooth, not crenulate.
Aperture round, brown within ; peristome white, very slightly
expanded, the columellar margin dilated.

Length 11, diam. including lip 4 mm. (Eland's type).

Length 10, diam. above aperture 3.3 mm.

Bahamas: Turk's Island (type loc. ; Geo. Gibbs, 1866, in
Swift coll.) ; Inagua (Bid.).

Macroceramus swifti BLD., Ann. Lye. N. H. of New York,
xi, p. 83 (1874).— PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 420.

As in allied species, the apex is costulate. It differs from
M. gossei and its allies by the even, not papillose suture,
which at most may be a little irregular in rare specimens,
and by the coloration of brown dots and streaks on a pink-
white ground. In some specimens a corneous-gray shade re-
places the warm brown of the markings, and the spire then
is white.

MICROCERAMUS. 163

Group of M. elegans.

Imperforate or shortly rimate, thin, marked with opaque
white on a brownish-corneous, somewhat translucent ground.
Suture not distinctly or regularly denticulate; basal keel
very weak or wanting. Sculpture of rib- or thread-like striae,
which often terminate in a series of little beads above the
suture. Columellar margin not built forward from the colu-
mella proper, or but slightly so. Central Cuba, extending
from Cabo Cruz to Pinar del Rio.

I. Spire almost straightly conic.

1. Maculate and interruptedly banded with white.

a. Very closely, finely striate ; suture simple ; last
whorl rounded. Western Matanzas.

M. palenquensis, no. 11.

&. Sculptured with thread-like rib-strise, often
beaded above the suture; last whorl suban-
gular. Pinar del Rio.

M. elegans, no. 10, and M. e. infradenticu-
latus, no. 10a.

2. Rib-striae white on a darker ground.

a. Shell conic, whorls 8-9. Havana prov.

M. p. perconicus, no. 12a.

1}. Shell long, turrite, whorls 9-10. Santa Clara.

M. angulosus, no. 13.
II. Spire attenuate above, then swollen.

1. Rimate, corneous marbled with white ; a low, hardly
noticeable basal keel; closely sculptured with nar-
row riblets. M. petitianus, no. 12.

2. Perforate, closely rib-striate, nearly uniform gray;
7.3 x 3.5 mm., with 8 whorls. Eastern Cuba.

M. simplex, no. 15.

3. Imperforate, very closely, finely striate ; 8 x 4.6 mm.,
with 8 whorls. M. palenquensis, no. 11.

4. Imperforate, with close, whitish riblets; 5.6x2 mm.,
with 9 whorls. E. Cuba. M. minor, no. 14.

164 MICROCERAMUS.

10. M. ELEGANS (' Gundl.' Pfr.). PL 27, figs. 47, 48, 49.

Shell subperf orate, conic, thin ; corneous with white flames
above and on the base, and a white peripheral belt, more or
less interrupted, the apical whorls corneous. Surface glossy,
several post-nepionic whorls sharply sculptured with thread-
like stria?, part of them white; the striae becoming coarser
and more spaced on the last two whorls, subobsolete on the
base; frequently part of the striae terminate in little drop-
like white tubercles, just above the suture. Whorls 7y2 to 8,
slightly convex, the last subangular at the periphery. Aper-
ture oblique, rounded, the lip a trifle expanded, narrowly
thickened within, the columellar margin having a small tri-
angular dilation at the insertion.

Length 6.3, diam. 3.8 mm.

Length 7, diam. 4.5 mm., incl. perist. (type).

Western Cuba: Pan de Guajaybon, and at Hato Caimito
(Gundlach) and Pan de Azucar (Arango).

Macroceramus elegans Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. BL, xi, p.
18, no. 76; Novit. Conch., p. 406, pi. 93, f. 27-29; Monogr.,
vi, p. 350. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 83.

An elegantly marked, conic shell, differing from the fol-
lowing variety in being smaller, with a minute umbilical
chink.

10a. Var. INFRADENTICULATUS ('Wright' Pfr.). PL 27,

fig. 50.

Shell imperf orate, high-conic, thin; corneous with flames
and patches of opaque white. Surface obliquely rib-striate,
each riblet ending below, drop-like, in a small tubercle, these
tubercles forming a series just above the suture, in places
interrupted; base nearly smooth. Spire almost straightly
conic. Whorls 8% to 9, convex, the last having a low, weak,
hardly noticeable keel just below the periphery. Aperture
very oblique, ovate, the outer lip a trifle expanded, colu-
mellar lip sub vertical, narrow, not built forward. Length
8.5, diam. 4.3 mm.

Western Cuba: Cayos de San Filipe, in the municipal dis-
trict of Vinales, Pinar del Rio (Charles Wright).

MICROCERAMUS. 165

Macroceramus infradenticulatus Wr. mss., PFR., Malak.
Bl., xi, 1864, p. 127; Novit. Conch., p. 405, pi. 93, f. 24-26;
Monogr., vi, p. 349.— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 83.

Near M. petitianus, but larger, more strictly conic, and
with the small tubercles above the suture more regularly
developed. The low keel is marked with white, and the base
is radially striped. It differs from M. elegans in little be-
sides the larger size.

11. M. PALENQUENSIS (' Gundl. ' Pfr.). PI. 27, fig. 44.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, very closely, finely
striate; irregularly variegated and somewhat banded with
whitish and corneous. Spire swollen-conic, the vertex acute,
corneous; suture simple. Whorls 8, a little convex, the last
rounded. Aperture diagonal, rounded-lunar; peristome
simple, thin, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin
somewhat calloused. Length 8, diam. 4.66 mm. ; apert. 3.3
mm. high. (Pfr.)

Western Cuba: Palenque de Matanzas (Gundlach).

Macroceramus palenquensis Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl.,
1863, xi, p. 18, no. 77 ; Novit. Conch., p. 404, pi. 93, f . 16-18 ;
Monogr., vi, p. 349. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 82.

Distinguished from M. turricula [petitiana], which it re-
sembles in stature, by the much finer sculpture, satin luster,
smooth suture and comparatively larger aperture (Pfr.).
I have not seen specimens.

12. M. PETITIANUS (Orbigny). PL 27, figs. 30, 42.

Shell shortly rimate, ovate-acuminate, thin, corneous mar-
bled with opaque white ; surface slightly shining, densely and
very obliquely sculptured with riblets narrower than their
intervals. Spire acutely conic, often with slightly concave
outlines above. Whorls 8 to 9, but slightly convex, the last
having a very weak, hardly noticeable keel; the base smoother,
corneous. Aperture oblique, rounded, the peristome narrowly
expanded and a little thickened; columellar margin but
slightly built forward, dilated above.

Length 7.3, diam. 3.4 mm.

166 MICROCERAMUS.

Length 8, diam. 3.7 mm.

Length 9, diam. 4.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Western Cuba: Matanzas, on the Yumuri river (Pfr.) ;
Camao and Jaruco, in Havana prov. (Arango) ; Managua
(Poey). Also eastern Cuba at Trinidad and Cabo Cruz
(Gundlach, teste Arango).

Bulimus turricula PFR. in Wiegm. Archiv. f. Naturg., 1839,
i, p. 351 ; in Phil., Abbild., i, p. 57, pi. 1, f. 13 ; Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 133, pi. 42, f . 27-29 ; Monogr., ii, p. 81.— REEVE, C. Icon.,
v, pi. 69, f. 497. Not Bulimus turricula Brug., Encycl. Meth.,
p. 324. — Macroceramus t. PETIT, J. de C., i, p. 379. — PFR.,
Monogr., iv, p. 690. — GLOYNE, J. de C., 1875, p. 121 (occur-
rence in Jamaica). — BINNEY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1875, p.
251, pi. 20, f. 9, and Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., iii, p. 126, pi. 14,
f. D (teeth). — Pupa petitiana ORB., Moll. Cuba, p. 180, pi.

12, f. 6-8.

The rapidly tapering, acute cone of the spire is character-
istic. It seems to be a widely distributed species in Cuba,
and Gloyne states that Mr. Vendryes collected it at Port
Henderson, Jamaica.

12a. Var. PERCONICUS Pils., n. v. PL 27, fig. 43.

More strictly conic; corneous-brown with most of the rib-
lets in part or wholly white; base imperforate; columellar
margin hardly built forward. Length 6.5, diam. 3 mm. It
is this variety that occurs at Camao. The teeth have been
figured by Binney.

13. M. ANGULOSUS (' Gundl.' Pfr.). PL 26, fig. 28.

Shell hardly perforate, ovate-turrite, thin, brownish cor-
neous, closely sculptured with thread-like white or partly
white rib-stria, some of them projecting above at the suture.
Spire long, nearly straight-sided; whorls 9 to 10, convex,
several following the protoconch being angular; last whorl
well rounded, with no trace of a keel, the base corneous,
Aperture oblique, brown within, the peristome white, slightly
expanded, a little thickened; columellar margin not built
forward, slightly dilated above.

MICROCERAMUS. 167

Length 7.2, diam. 3 mm.

Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm. (Pfr.).

Central Cuba: Magua and Sitio Quemado, in Trinidad
district, Santa Clara (Gundlach) ; also Guisa, in eastern Cuba.

Macroceramus angulosus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., iv,
1857, p. 107 ; v, p. 44, no. 21 ; Monogr., iv, p. 690.— ARANGO,
Fauna, p. 84.

In tile sculpture of white riblets on a brownish ground
this species resembles M. petitianus var. perconicus. It is
also not unlike Pineria beathiana.

14. M. MINOR ('Arango' Pfr.). PI. 27, fig. 45.

Shell imperforate, fusiform-turrite, rather thin, corneous,
sculptured with close, oblique, whitish riblets. Spire swollen-
turrite, the apex acute. AVhorls 9, a little convex, the last
tapering, rounded. Aperture diagonal, subcircular, the peri-
stome whitish, narrowly expanded, the margins approaching,
columellar margin adnate. Length 5.66, diam. 2 mm. ; diam.
of aperture hardly 1.5 mm. (Pfr.)

Eastern Cuba: Tanamo Bay, on the north shore of dist.
Sagua de Tanamo, Prov. Santiago, under stones (Arango).

Macroceramus minor Arango mss., PFR., Malak. BL, xiii,
1866, p. 60; Novit. Conch., p. 408, pi. 93, f. 36-38; Monogr.,
vi, p. 351. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 85.

I have not seen this species, but judging by the very oblique
aperture and adnate columellar lip, it is probably a Micro-
ceramus, though found far to the east of its kindred. The
apical sculpture is unknown.

15. M. SIMPLEX (Pfeiffer). PI. 27, fig. 46.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather solid, closely rib-striate,
nearly uniform gray. Spire swollen-conic, the vertex rather
acute; suture simple, impressed. Whorls 8, a little convex,
the last rounded, subangular above the aperture. Aperture
slightly oblique, subcircular ; peristome simple, a trifle ex-
panded throughout. Length 7.33, diam. 3.5 mm., apert. 2
mm. high. (Pfr.)

168 MICROCERAMUS.

Eastern Cuba: at the mouth of the Yateras river (Jean-
neret) .

Macroceramus simplex PFR., Malak. BL, xi, 1863, p. 19 ;
Novit. Conch., p. 407, pi. 93, f. 30-32; Monogr., vi, 350.—
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 84.

I have not seen this species, which according to Pfeiffer is
related to M. turricula (petitianus) . It may be a Macro-
ceramus.

Group of M. costellaris.

Imperforate or nearly so, acutely conic, opaque whitish,
usually marked with a series of spots above the periphery
and suture. Suture not noticeably denticulate, the riblets
not beaded above it. Columellar margin dilated above and
usually adherent, not built forward from the columella
proper. Apical whorls costellate and usually black. All
known species are from Pinar del Rio.

I. Apical whorls black; imperf orate.

a. Periphery rounded; rather strongly rib-striate
throughout; whitish, lusterless, with a series of
irregular spots above the periphery.

M. costellaris, no. 16.

b. Periphery rounded; very finely striate, almost
smooth. M. paivanus, no. 17.

c. Periphery angular; smooth, becoming striate on the
spire ; glossy white, with a band of oblong spots
above periphery. M. nigropictus, no. 18.

II. Apical whorls corneous.

a. Subperforate, trochiform, corneous irregularly mac-
ulate with white (or gray-white, irregularly marked
with brown) ; last whorl rather acutely carinate.

M. maculatus, no. 19.

b. Perforate, widely ovate-conic, whitish variegated
with corneous and with a corneous band (or series
of spots) ; last whorl rounded or but faintly sub-
angular. M. latus, no. 20.

MICROCERAMUS. 169

16. M. COSTELLARIS ('Gundl.' Pfr.). PL 27, figs. 40, 41.
Shell imperf 'orate, acutely conic, rather solid; white, with

a series of triangular or irregular corneous spots above the
periphery, the apical whorls black. Surface lusterless, sculp-
tured throughout with very oblique rib-stria much narrower
than their intervals. Spire with nearly straight lateral out-
lines. Whorls 9, convex, the last rounded peripherally.
Aperture small, oblique, the peristome blunt, not expanded,
the columellar margin vertical above, simple.

Length 6.7 to 7.5, diam. 4.2 mm.

Length 6.2, diam. 3.7 mm.

Length 8.3, diam. 4.5 mm. (type).

Western Cuba: Vinales, under dead leaves (Wright).

Macroceramus costellaris Gundl. ms., PFR., Malak. Bl., xi,
p. 16, no. 72 (1863) ; Monogr., vi, p. 354. — ARANGO, Fauna,
p. 86.

Description and figures from topotypes received from
Wright. It resembles M. latus, but that species is perforate,
only obsoletely striate on the last whorl, and differs in color-
pattern.

17. M. PAIVANUS (Pfeiffer). PI. 27, fig. 36.

Shell imperforate, conic-turrite, solid, smoothish, opaque,
cretaceous. Spire high-conic, the apex black, acuminate.
Whorls 9 to 10, rather flattened, the upper ones sometimes
variegated with pale corneous, last whorl rounded basally.
Aperture diagonal, rounded-lunar, the peristome simple,
margins slightly converging, the right margin unexpanded,
somewhat spreading, columellar margin adherent. Length
9-9.5, diam. 4.5 mm., aperture 3 mm. high. (Pfr.)

Western Cuba : Luis Lazo, in the municipal dist. of San
Juan y Martinez (Wright) ; Pan de Guajaybon (Wright,
teste Arango).

Macroceramus paivanus PFR., Malak. BL, xiii, 1866, p. 61,
no. 19; Monogr., vi, p. 354. — ARANGO, Fauna, p. 86.

A whorl or two following the black apical whorls are more
or less maculate with black-brown, and the rest of the shell
may be either almost uniform cream-white, or sparsely dotted

170 MICROCERAMUS.

with corneous. The whorls of the spire are very finely, closely
striate, when unworn, and there is no trace of an angle on the
well rounded last whorl. It is related to M. castellans,
differing chiefly in the faint sculpture and thinner shell.
M. nigropictus differs by its angular periphery.

18. M. NIGROPICTUS ('Gundl.' Pfr.). PI. 27, figs. 37, 38, 39,
Shell imperforate, straightly conic, rather solid, white, with

a series of dark oblong spots forming an interrupted band
above the periphery and suture, sometimes wanting, the
apical whorls black. Surface glossy, faintly marked with
growth-lines except on the upper part of the spire, which is
finely, sharply striate. Whorls 8, but slightly convex, the
last strongly angular at the periphery. Aperture oblique
rounded-squarish, the peristome not expanded, somewhat
thickened; columella vertical, reflexed and adnate above.

Length 6.5, diam. 3.5 mm.

Length 7, diam. 4.3 mm. incl. lip; whorls 8y2 (type).

Western Cuba: Portales de Guane and Guirade Luis Lazo
(Wright).

Macroceramus nigropictus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl.,
xi, 1863, p. 17, no. 74, and p. 127; Monogr., vi, p. 355 —
ARANGO, Fauna, p. 86.

Near M. costellaris and M. latus, but quite distinct by its
glossy surface and angular periphery.

19. M. MACULATUS (' Wright ' Pfr.). PI. 27, fig. 35.

Shell slightly subperf orate, trochiform, rather thin, ob-
liquely plicate ; corneous, irregularly maculate with white.
Spire a little concavely conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls
71/2, convex, the last somewhat acutely carinate, a little con-
vex below. Aperture diagonal, subangulate-lunar ; peristome
simple, the upper margin shortly expanded, basal margin a
little reflexed. Length 7, diam. 4.3 mm., apert. scarcely 3
mm. high. (Pfr.)

Western Cuba: sugar plantation Quinones, dist. of Bahia
Honda (Wright). A variety on the highest peak of the Pan
de Guajaybon (Gundlach).

MICROCERAMUS. 171

Macroceramus maculatus Wright mss., PFR., Malak. Bl.,
xii, 1865, p. 119 ; var. b, xiii, 1866, p. 59 ; Novit. Conch., p.
404, pi. 93, f. 19-21; Monogr., vi, p. 349.— ARANGO, Fauna,
p. 83.

This species stands nearest M . elegans, but is easily separ-
able by the more convex whorls, the rather sharp keel and the
form of the mouth (Pfr.).

A vari'ety taken copiously on the summit of Guajaybon is
more solid, gray-whitish irregularly marked with brown. I
have not seen specimens certainly referable to this species.

20. M. LATUS ('Gundl.' Pfr.). PI. 27, figs. 31, 32.

Shell perforate, ovate-conic, rather thin, obliquely costu-
late; whitish, generally variegated with corneous and with a
rather wide corneous band. Spire conic, the apex rather
acute; suture simple. Whorls 7y2, a little convex, the last
rounded, obsoletely subangular. Aperture nearly diagonal,
rounded-lunar ; peristome simple, expanded, the right margin
spreading, columellar margin dilated at the insertion, re-
flexed. Length 9, diam. 5.66 mm., apert. 3 mm. high. (Pfr.)

Western Cuba: Mt. Guajaybon (Gundlach). A variety at
Isabel Maria (Wright).

Macroceramus latus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., ix, 1863,
p. 17, no. 75, and p. 127 ; Monogr., vi, p. 348 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 383, pi. 89, f. 9-11.— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 82.

Distinguished by its broad, compact form. The specimens
from Isabel Maria are less depressed, have an interrupted
band, and differ in several respects, so that a description
and figures (pi. 27, figs. 33, 34) of them follow:

Shell minutely perforate, acutely ovate-conic, rather solid;
white with a band of oblong corneous spots above the periph-
ery and suture, the earlier whorls corneous. Surface luster-
less, the upper half of the spire sharply, finely rib-striate,
the striae becoming obsolete or subobsolete on the later whorls.
Spire conic, a little attenuate above. Whorls &y2, slightly
convex, the last rounded peripherally. Aperture small,
oblique, somewhat ovate ; peristome narrowly expanded, colu-
mellar margin dilated at the insertion. Length 8.2, diam. 5
mm.; length 8, diam. 4.5 mm.

172 MICROCERAMUS, S. G. SPIROCERAMUS.

I have not been able to compare this form with typical
latus from the Pan de Guajaybon, of which the original de-
scription and figures are given above.

Subgenus SPIROCERAMUS Pils. & Van., 1898.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 281, type M. amplus.

Shell thin, cylindric, composed of many narrow whorls;
spire terminating in an acute cone, the apex entire, not de-
ciduous. Protoconch composed of barely 2 vertically costu-
late whorls, several succeeding whorls subangular ; last whorl
rounded, without basal keel. Suture simple, not crenulate.
Aperture rounded, the peristome narrowly expanded, colu-
mellar margin dilated and free. Axis encircled by a wide,
compressed spiral lamella, median in each whorl.

Eastern Cuba. The single species has the shape of Holo-
spira, the axis of Arangia, and the aperture and protoconch
of Microceranms. I regard it as a tangent from the group of
M. petitiana.

21. M. AMPLUS ('Gundl.' Pfr.). PI. 26, figs. 24, 29.

Shell rimate, cylindric, with the upper third rapidly taper-
ing and attenuate. Corneous, very finely and very densely
sculptured with oblique strise, which are white except where
there are large, irregular corneous patches. Whorls 14-15,
those of the cone subangular, the later ones and last whorl
convex. Aperture somewhat oblique, rounded, the lip nar-
rowly reflexed, columellar margin dilated above, the lip-ends
remote. Axis encircled by a thin but rather wide spiral
lamella.

Length 12, diam. 3.5 mm., whorls 15.

Length 10.2, diam. 3.6 mm., whorls 14.

Length 9.5, diam. 3.3 mm., whorls 14.

Eastern Cuba: Guisa (type loc.) and San Andres, in the
dist. of Bayamo (Gundlach).

Macroceramus amplus Gundl. mss., PFR., Malak. Bl., v,
1858, p. 44, no. 19 ; Monogr., iv, p. 689 ; vi, 351 ; Novit. Conch.,
p. 383, pi. 89, f. 12-14.— ARANGO, Fauna, p. 84.

This peculiarly specialized form has much resemblance to

UNDETERMINED UROCOPTHXE. 173

M. petitiana in sculpture, coloration and aperture, though
the two are very diverse in shape and internal structure.

UNDETERMINED AND SPURIOUS SPECIES OF UROCOPTID.E.

Helix fusulus Mtiller, Vermium terr. et fluv. Hist., pt. 2,
p. 109, no. 309 (1774) is probably a Urocoptis, though per-
haps a Cerion. It is not identifiable. " H. testa cylindracea,
obtusa, curvatim sulcata, apertura edentula, anfractibus un-
decim. Long. 7~y2, lat. 3 lin. " No locality assigned. It is
Turbo fusulus Gmel., Syst., 3610, and Pupa fusulus Beck,
Index, p. 82.

Ferussac mentions by name a number of species no doubt
belonging to the Urocoptidce, but with no clue to their
identity :

Helix (Cochlodina) sloanii Fer. Les Antilles. Prodr., p.
61, no. 496.

Helix (Cochlodina) draparnaldi Fer. Les Antilles. Prodr.,
p. 61, no. 497.

Helix (Cochlodina}~blainvilliana~Fer. Les Antilles. Prodr.,
p. 61, no. 499.

Helix (Cochlodina) rosata Fer. Les Antilles. Prodr., p.

61, no. 501.

Helix (Cochlodina} maugei Fer. St. Thomas. Prodr., p.

62, no. 522 (IClausilia).

Helix (Coclilodina) interlapsa Fer. Lesser Antilles. Prodr.,
p. 63, no. 532 (IClausilia}.

Helix flexistriata Fer. in coll. according to Pfeiffer, Monogr.
ii, 386.

Beck enumerates the following, without descriptions:

Urocoptis glandula Beck. I. Antill. Index Moll., p. 83.

Urocoptis abbreviata Beck. I. St. Domingo. Index Moll.,
p. 83.

Urocoptis coarctata Beck. Index Moll., p. 83 (Lister,
xxi, 17).

Urocoptis soluta Beck. I. Antill. Index Moll., p. 83.

Urocoptis tortuosa (Ch.) Gray, Beck I. c. = Tortulosa tor-
tuosa.

174 UNDETERMINED UROCOPTID^.

Cylindrella pullula Mori. Ind. Occ. PAETEL, Catal. (edit.
4), ii, p. 249 (1889).

Cylindrella politula Poey (Trachelia). Cuba. PAETEL,
Catal., ii, p. 249 (1889).

Cylindrella cumingiana Pfr., Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 385.
Philippine Is. = Ennea (Diaphera) cumingiana.

Cylindrella deficiens Gund. Cuba. G. Nevill, Hand List
of Mollusca in the Indian Museum, i, p. 206.

Cylindrella dortinoti Gund. Cuba. t. c., p. 207. This and
the preceding are nude names.

Cylindrella beardsleana C. B. Ad., Contrib. to Conch., no.
2, p. 19 (Oct., 1849) ; Sowerby, C. Icon., xx, no. 14:0 = Geo-
melania.

Cylindrella ( ?) pygmaea C. B. Ad., Proc. Boston Soc. N.
H., 1845, p. 14 = Geomelania.

MEGASPIRIDyE. 175

Family MEGASPIRIDJE Pilsbry.

Shell tapering-cylindric or turrite, long and slender, com-
posed of numerous whorls coiled about a hollow or at least
perforate axis, which may, however, be closed at the lower
end. Apex obtuse and rounded, rather large, but the summit
is sometimes truncate. Aperture small, irregularly ovate or
piriform, Angular above, the outer margin of the peristome
thin, unexpended or but slightly so. Cavity of the last or
preceding whorls obstructed by lamella? on the axis and often
on the parietal and outer walls also. Radula of the normal,
unspecialized Holopod type, the central teeth about as large
as the laterals ; lateral teeth with the ectocone developed, but
no entocone.

A group of four or five genera, of apparently erratic dis-
tribution, as follows:

Callionepion Pils., southern Brazil.

Megaspira Lea, central-southern Brazil.

Eomegaspira Pils., Paris and London Basins; Eocene.

Perrieria Canefri, western New Guinea.

Coelocion Pils., eastern coast of Queensland.

The soft anatomy is known only by a note by Fischer on
the teeth of Coelocion, and by my own work on Callionepion,
Megaspira and Coelocion. With the exception of Callionepion
(not certainly known to belong to the family), the data at
hand are confined to the jaw and radula. These organs are
of unspecialized type, like ordinary Helicidcu, Eucalodiinoe
and Clausiliida; but the extraordinary characters of the
shell mark the Megaspirida as a group apart from these, and
from the Piipidce. Unlike most Urocoptidc?, there is usually
no cord or keel defining the base of the shell, and the colu-
mellar lamella generally runs to the lip, and is visible from
in front.

So far as I can see, in the present state of our knowledge,
the Megaspiridce seem to have been differentiated from their
allies, the Clausiliida, in the Northern Hemisphere of the
Old World, during Mesozoic time. Eomegaspira represents
a branch which attained high specialization at the dawn of

;

176

MEGASPIRID^E.

the Eocene in western Europe, and shortly thereafter became
extinct, either in consequence of over-specialization, or as a
result of physical changes in the unstable geography of this
area. The ancestors of Perrieria and Ccelocion made their
way southeastward to Papua and Australia, like many other
and later groups. The Brazilian Megaspira traces its fore-
bears over the mid-Atlantic, like the Streptaxidce, Ampul-
lariidce, various fresh-water fishes, etc., of the same region,
from tropical Africa, whence they migrated to South Amer-
ica over the Cretaceous land-bridge now held by an increas-
ing number of zoogeographers to have spanned the Atlantic
(see Pilsbry, Man. Conch., Classification of Bulimulidce, p.
ix, Oct., 1902 ; and especially, Ortman, Proc. Amer. Philos.
Soc., xli, 1902, 350).

The exigencies attending the existence of a type which had
evidently attained a highly specialized polygyrate, internally
lamellate shell before the close of Mesozoic time, have left but
a few widely scattered genera, represented by but few species ;
and one monotypic group, Ccrlocion, by its senile character-
istics is apparently on the verge of extinction.

The phylogenetic views here submitted may be represented
diagrammatically thus :

Megaspira

Cretaceous

Koceiie

Eecen'

CALLIONEPION. 177

Key to Genera of Megaspiridce,

I. Apex entire, 2y2 earliest whorls granulose; shell with
9-10 whorls; columella with a single fold entering the
last whorl; no other internal lamellae.

Genus Callionepion.
II. Apical whorls vertically striate or smoothish.

L Spire entire in adults; peristome discontinuous, the
ends widely separated; whorls numerous.

a. Lamellae on the axis and parietal wall pene-
trating several whorls, the parietal lamella scal-
loped ; radial baso-axial nodes developed ; no
palatal plicae. Genus Megaspira.

b. Lamellae in the last 1 to 2 whorls only, 3 on the
axis; the parietal lamella not sinuous; no radial
barriers; palatal plicae developed, at least in
typical species. Genus Eomegaspira.

2. Spire truncate in adults; peristome entire, contin-
uous, the mouth piriform.

a. Shell imperforate, sinistral ; aperture without
externally visible lamellae; peristome adnate;
interior unknown. Genus Perrieria.

b. Shell umbilicate, dextral, with an entering
lamella on the parietal wall, and inside having
two axial lamellae and one palatal plica; peri-
stome free from the preceding whorl.

Subgenus Coclocion.

Genus CALLIONEPION Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1899.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 371 (Sept. 29, 1899).

Shell turrited, slowly tapering, with diamond-granulate
nepionic shell of about 2y2 whorls, retained in the adult, the
subsequent whorls differently sculptured. Type species with
9T/2 moderately convex whorls, apex very obtuse. Aperture
ovate, with slightly expanded outer lip, the columellar lip
with free expanded edge (as in Bulimulus or Opeas) ; colu-
mella with a small, rather sharp oblique median fold, enter-
ing the last whorl as a low spiral lamella. Axis slender and
nearly straight, perforate throughout. Type C. iheringi.

178 CALLIONEPION.

Genitalia (pi. 31, figs. 3, 7) without accessory organs;
atrium short; the penis large, elongate, the vas deferens in-
serted at its apex, beyond which a hollow tube or sack (fig.7,
x.) of unknown nature extends, terminating in a short re-
tractor muscle; talon (t.) large, composed of a thick curved
basal portion and a slightly longer, narrow terminal part.
The vagina is short; spermatheca globular, lodged near the
heart, its duct long and slender ; free oviduct very short, the
convoluted portion unusually long; albumen gland well de-
veloped. Hermaphrodite duct moderately convoluted.

Probably oviparous, the young shell when hatched about
one-tenth the length and less than one-third the diameter of
the adult shell.

The right eye-retractor muscle passes between $ and 9
branches of genital system; the penis retractor muscle is in-
serted upon the diaphragm.

The jaw is lost, and the radula obtained is frayed at the
edges, so that the number of teeth in a transverse row cannot
be stated, but it was probably not over fifty. The rhachis
consists of well-developed teeth, fully as wide as the laterals,
with square basal plate and tricuspid reflection, the middle
cusp large, about as long as the basal plate; the side cusps
small. In the lateral teeth an inner cusp is absent. Mar-
ginals similar, with oblique mesocone, acute small ectocone
and short basal plate (pi. 31, figs. 8, 9).

Affinities of Callionepion. — I formerly placed this genus
as an aberrant group among the Stenogyroid Achatinidce;
but further consideration inclines me to think it more nearly
related to Megaspira, though no close relationship can be
claimed, and the question of its affinities is still an open one.
The peculiar disparity between the sculpture of the nepionic
and post-nepionic whorls of the shell (when not obscured by
erosion), the free, expanded edge of the columellar lip, and
the sharp though small median fold on the columella, are
characters sundering Callionepion from American Steno-
gyroid genera.

The vagina is much shorter than in Rumina (where it
equals the length of the spermatheca duct), and the duct of

CALLIONEPION. 179

the spermatheca is longer than in Rumina, Achatina, Neo-
bcliscus or Opeas, being caught with the gut in the loop of
the aorta, and consequently the spermatheca lies near the
heart, as shown in the diagram, fig. 3. In the wide teeth of
the median row, this genus differs from the Achatinida, where
I formerly placed it. The radula differs in no important
respect from that of Megaspira.

1. C. IHERINGI Pilsbry & Vanatta. PI. 30, figs. 30, 31, 32.

Shell rimate, turrited, narrow, subregularly tapering; sur-
face glossy, covered with a greenish cuticle, somewhat irreg-
ularly plicatulate, decussated by numerous minute spiral striae
or very short cuticular processes, which are lost by wear from
the greater part of the shell, and then appear as lightly im-
pressed lines. Whorls 9^/0, moderately convex, separated by
impressed sutures, the apex very obtuse, with depressed tip ;
surface of the earlier 2,y± whorls cut into an evenly granose
pattern by close, deep, obliquely descending grooves inter-
secting at right angles; last whorl rounded at base. Aper-
ture irregularly ovate, slightly oblique, its length contained
314 times in that of the shell; peristome thin, subacute, the
outer margin slightly expanded, columellar margin reflexed,
dilated, impressed at its insertion, bearing a low, narrow sub-
median oblique fold, continued inward as a low, cord-like
spiral lamella within the last whorl. Internal pillar slender
and nearly straight.

Length 24, diam. 7, length of aperture 6.6 mm.

Length 23.5, diam. 7, length of aperture 7 mm.

Piquete, Prov. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Dr. H. von Ihering).

C. iheringi PILS. & VAN., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1899, p.
372, pi. 15, f. 3, 8, 8a (anatomy), pi. 16, f. 11-13 (shell).

The peculiar apical sculpture separates this from all South
American Stenogyroid species known to me.- When this
sculpture is obscured by erosion, as occurs to a greater or less
extent in many adult shells, the slightly expanded lip and
median fold of the columella are still obvious recognition
marks. The type is No. 71,258, coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

180 MEGASPIRA.

Genus MEGASPIRA 'Lea' Jay, 1836.

Megaspira Lea, JAY, Catalogue of Recent Shells, edit. 2,
p. [81], for M. ruschenbergiana. — LEA, Trans. Amer. Philos.
Soc., vi, p. 21 (June 15, 1838). — Pyrgelix BECK, Index Moll.,
p. 88, for P. clata = =elatior Spix (1837). — Balea sp., PFR.,
Monographia, ii. — Piipa sp. of various early authors.

Shell rimate, cylindric-tapering, long and narrow, com-
posed of many (16 to over 20) narrow whorls, the last
rounded peripherally and beneath. Summit obtuse ; proto-
conch of 21/2 to 3 finely striate whorls; subsequent whorls ob-
liquely rib-striate. Aperture small, slightly oblique, but
slightly longer than wide. Peristome incomplete, the ter-
minations widely separated; outer lip narrowly expanded,
columellar lip triangularly dilated above. Parietal wall bear-
ing a median entering lamella, which penetrates several
whorls inward. Columella with two or three low emerging
lamella?, the median one of which (columellar lamella) pene-
trates nearly to the apex, and is enlarged and scalloped in
several of the later whorls; the other two lamellae (supra-
columellar and subcolumellar) penetrate less deeply, and are
relatively inconspicuous within. The later 3 or 4 whorls are
further obstructed within by a series of lamina? radiating
from the axis upon the basal wall, at intervals of a third of a
whorl. There are no palatal plicae. Axis slender, perforate
or hollow. (Megas, big, and speira, spire).

Radula (of M. elatior robusta, pi. 31, figs. 1, 2) of the usual
oblong shape, composed of about 23.1.23 teeth of the ordinary
Helicid form, disposed in nearly straight transverse rows.
The central tooth is as wide as the laterals, with the square
basal-plate slightly longer than wide; tricuspid, the meso-
cone as long as the basal-plate, side cusps small. The lateral
teeth are similar, but asymmetrical by total suppression of
the entocone. The marginal teeth differ by shortening of the
basal-plates and the lengthening of the overhanging part of
both cusps; the transition from laterals is gradual, the ninth
to twelfth teeth being transitional. Both cusps remain
simple and undivided to the edge of the radula. In the

MEGASI'IRA. 181

radula figured the 3d lateral on one side is abnormal, perhaps
by concrescence of two rows of teeth.

The soft anatomy is otherwise unknown.

Type M. ruschenbergiana. Distribution, interior of Brazil,
prov. Minas Geraes. No fossil species are known.

The data now available bearing upon the phylogeny of
Mcgaspira are quite insufficient for the formulation of a defi-
nite opinion. The radula is all that is known of the soft
anatomy, and this is of the generalized type common to many
families of Holopoda. I formerly thought that the group
was related to the Urocoptida, but further study of that
family causes me to renounce that opinion. Fischer and many
others have placed Megaspira in the heterogenous family
Piipidcc. The investigation of Eomegaspira, a genus char-
acteristic of the lowest Eocene of the Paris and London
Basins, gives a clue to the past history of Megaspira, which
probably descended from an ancestral stock which crossed
from Africa to tropical Brazil.

Little is known of the habitats of the several species. Most
specimens in collections were procured in Rio de Janeiro,
where they were brought from the interior. The allusion to
Megaspira in Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 308, is an evident
error for Macrospira.

Key to Species of Megaspira.

I. Shell wi^h 3 columellar lamellae, the lower one (subcolu-
mellar) penetrating several whorls on the lower side of
the median or columellar lamella ; one of the lower radial
laminae continued in a spiral cord in the base of the last
whorl. Length of shell over 50 mm., whorls about 23.

M. ruschenbergiana, no. 1.

II. Shell with the supracolumellar and subcolumellar lamellae
shorter and inconspicuous within ; no spiral basal cord in
any whorl. Smaller shells.

1. Baso-axial radial laminae or barriers high, most of
them with a small hook at the axial end; external
sculpture rather coarse.

a. Columella 2-folded, the lower fold bifid; shell

182 MEGASPIRA.

decidedly tapering, 33-35 mm. long, 7.5 wide
above the aperture, with 16-18 whorls; umbili-
cal fissure narrow M. elatior, no. 2.

b. Columella similar; shell more cylindric and
slender, about 36 x 7 mm., with 18^ to 19y2
whorls ; umbilicus minute. M . e. gracilis, no. 2&.

c. Larger and stouter, with wider umbilical fis-
sure; columella distinctly 3-folded.

M. e. robusta, no. 2a.

2. Baso-axial radial lamina? low, few or none of them
hooked; external sculpture finer; columella bipli-
cate, the lower fold bifid; umbilical crevice minute;
length 37 to 39, diam. above aperture about 8 mm.,
whorls 19 to 21. M. elata, no. 3.

1. M. RUSCHENBEKGIANA ' Lea ' Jay. PI. 28, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Shell openly rimate-perf 'orate, cylindric-tapering, rather
solid ; yellowish, variegated with red-brown streaks and spots.
Sculpture of oblique rounded riblets as wide as their inter-
vals, the latter more or less wrinkled across; about 3 riblets
in the space of 1 mm. ; 3 apical whorls very finely striate,
usually worn in adult shells. Whorls 22 to 24, slightly con-
vex. Aperture slightly oblique, irregularly ovate. Peristome
thin, expanded, the columellar margin dilated and reflexed
above, notched at, and a short distance below, the insertion.
Columella convex, bearing three entering lamella?. Parietal
wall with a strong entering lamella. Axis perforate but slen-
der throughout. Columellar lamella wide and scalloped in 3
whorls preceding the last whorl, the scallops bent downwards ;
in the last whorl and the median and upper whorls it is re-
duced to a smooth, rather small lamella. The sub columellar
lamella penetrates inward as far as the enlarged portion of
the columellar, running on the lower side of the latter. The
supracolumellar lamella penetrates as a low cord about two
whorls. Baso-axial radial barriers begin in the fourth whorl
from the last; are high, curved, with the upper edge bent for-
ward, and hooked at the axial end. The next to the last
barrier, in the back of the penult, whorl, is continued in a

MEGASPIRA. 183

spiral thread, running on the floor of the cavity of the first
half of the last whorl (fig. 2, pi).

Length 62, diam. above aperture 11 mm., whorls 231/£.

Length 59, diam. above aperture 10.6 mm., whorls 22%.

Length 54.5, diam. above aperture 10.3 mm., whorls 22.

Brazil: Prov. Minas Geraes (Fontaine).

Megaspira ruschenbergiana Lea, JAY, A Catalogue of Re-
cent Shells, edit. 2, p. [81], pi. 1, f. 2 (1836).— LEA, Trans.
Amer. Philos. Soc., vi, p. 21, pi. 23, f. 101 (June 15, 1838;
see Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., i, 1838, p. 19) ; Obs. Genus Unio,
ii, p. 21, pi. 23, f. 101 (June, 1838) .— SOWERBY, A Concho-
logical Manual, p. 63, f. 294 (1839) ; edit. 2, p. 187, f. 294
(1842). — GRATELOUP, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xi, 1839,
p. 427, pi. 2, f. 9. — M. elatior var. A, KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 140, pi. 17, f. 5, 7.— DESHAYES in Fer., Hist., p. 220. pi.
156, f. 1, 2. — Balea elatior var. b, PPR., Monogr., ii, p. 390. —
Pupa elatior Spix, ORBIGNY, Amer. Merid., p. 320.

This is the largest species of the genus, and the commonest
in collections. Dr. Lea gives the measurements of his type
as 2.5 inches long, .5 \vide, with 23 whorls. It was united
with M. elatior by Pfeiffer, and the really important differ-
ences between the two species have not before been pointed
out. The sculpture is almost exactly the same as in the
smaller M. elatior, and the enlarged umbilical cavity and
triplicate columella (fig. 4) are like M. elatior robusta; but
ruscheribergiana differs from both in the long continuation
inward of the subcolumellar lamella (shown in fig. 3, sub.),
and in the baso-axial barrier in the back of the penult, whorl,
the outer end of which is prolonged in a spiral cord (fig. 2,
pi.) on the basal wall. The larger size of the shell, and the
more slender axis within the early whorls are further differ-
ences.

There is occasionally a fourth fold, short and tooth-like,
on the columella; and in two specimens before me there is a
very small, short fold on the parietal wall, standing close to
the parietal lamella, on its outer side near the end.

Fig. 3 represents the interior of three whorls, the third,
fourth and fifth from the base, enlarged more than in fig. 2 ;

184 MEGASPIRA.

p., parietal lamella; s., supracoluinellar ; c., columellar; sub.,
subcolumellar lamellae.

2. M. ELATIOR (Spix). PI. 28, figs. 9, 10.

Shell rimate, cyliudric-tapering, terminating above in a
short, rapidly tapering cone and very obtuse apex; thin but
solid; yellowish-corneous, with scattered oblique reddish-
brown streaks and spots. First 2% to 3 whorls very finely
striate; subsequent whorls sculptured with oblique rounded
ribs as wide as their intervals, the latter more or less wrinkled
across, as though spirally striate. Whorls 16-18, slightly
convex, the last rounded below. Aperture somewhat oblique,
irregularly ovate. Outer lip thin, narrowly reflexed; colu-
mellar lip abruptly dilated above, the reflexed edge notched
below the dilation. Columella two-folded, the lower fold
slightly bifid. Parietal wall bearing an entering lamella,
which penetrates 4 to 5 whorls upward. The axis is slender
and perforate in the lower and median whorls, enlarged and
hollow in the upper ones. The columellar lamella is low
within the back of the last whorl, dilated and slightly waved
or smooth in the penult., its edge becoming conspicuously
scalloped within the preceding two whorls ; it then diminishes
rapidly, becoming a smooth, small lamella, which ascends to
the enlarged earlier whorls of the axis, where it becomes ob-
solete. The inconspicuous subcolumellar lamella ascends
hardly one whorl ; the supracolumellar is somewhat longer.
The basal barriers are large, erect plates, hooked at the axial,
a little curved at, the other end.

Length 33.5, diam. above aperture 7.5 mm. ; whorls 17.

Length 15, diam. above aperture 7.6 mm. ; whorls 17%.

Brazil.

Pupa elatior SPIX, Testacea fluv., etc., Brasiliam, p. 20
(1827). — DESHAYES in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 183. — Helix
(Cochlodon) elatior ORB., Synops., p. 21. — Megaspira elatior
PFR., Symboke, ii, p. 130; Monogr., ii, p. 390 (in part). —
BLAND, Amer. Journ. of Conch., ii, p. 64, fig. in text (internal
structure). — Pyrgelix elata Spix, BECK, Index, p. 88.

Smaller than M. ruscheiibergiana, with fewer whorls, much

MEGASPIRA. 185

less strongly developed subcolumellar lamella within, and
different shaped basal transverse barriers. M. data, Old.
differs by its somewhat more numerous whorls and much
lower transverse barriers, which are not hooked, and espec-
ially by its finer external sculpture. The original description
of elatior follows: " Shell cylindric, long, apex obtuse, thin,
pellucid; longitudinal striae oblique, deep and close. Whorls
16, rather flattened, separated by a deep suture, sensibly de-
creasing, the last whorl somewhat swollen; apex obtuse.
Aperture semiovate, expanded, provided with two folds : a
fold on the columellar plate [parietal wall] spirally passing
into the aperture, and a fold on the left margin [columella],
divided by a groove. Peristome subreflexed on the right
margin, the left margin expanso-reflexed, partially covering
the umbilical crevice. Color brownish white, with some lon-
gitudinal chestnut streaks. Length 1 inch, 4!/2 lines; width
4 lines. Habitat with the preceding ' ' [middle eastern prov-
inces of Brazil] .

The typical form of M. elatior is described above, and illus-
trated in figs. 9, 10. Fig. 10 represents the lower three whorls
from the back.

2a. Vnr.robusta Pilsbry, n. v. PI. 28, fig. 7; pi. 29, fig. 11.

Shell larger, with much more widely open umbilicus; colu-
mella distinctly trilamellate ; scallops of the columellar lamella
bent downward somewhat. Sculpture as in typical elatior.
Length 44, diam. above aperture 9 mm., whorls 19 ; length 38,
diam. 8.6 mm., whorls 16%.

This variety approaches M. ruschenbergiana in size and in
its open umbilical chink, but differs in internal structure.
The teeth of one of our specimens were figured under the
name Megaspira elata Gld., in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1898, pp. 283, 285, pi. 17, f. 1.

26. Var. gracilis Pilsbry, n. v. PL 28, fig. 8 ; pi. 29, figs. 14, 15.

With the typical form there are specimens in the collection

of the Academy which differ by their more slender and

cylindric shape, more numerous whorls and slightly smaller

186 MEGASPIEA.

mouth. The sculpture and the internal structure seem to be
substantially the same. Specimens measure 36 to 36.5 mm.
long, 7 wide above the aperture, with 18y2 to 19y2 whorls.

3. M. ELATA (Gould). PI. 28, figs. 5, 6; pi. 29, figs. 12, 13.

Shell minutely rimate, cylindric-tapering, terminating
above in a very obtuse, rounded apex; thin but moderately
strong. Faintly yellowish corneous, sparsely streaked with
reddish; sculptured with fine, close, oblique rib-stria, the
intervals somewhat wrinkled across. Whorls 19 to 21, slightly
convex. Aperture somewhat oblique, irregularly ovate ; outer
and basal margins narrowly expanded, columellar margin
dilated above. Columella with two folds, the lower one bifid ;
parietal lamella small, penetrating about 6 whorls. Interior
as in M. elatior, but the scalloped columellar lamella is some-
what longer, and the basal barriers are low, and without
hooks, only a few of the upper ones showing a notch at the
axial end.

Length 39, diam. above aperture 7.8 mm., whorls 20%.

Brazil.

Pupa (Megaspira) elata GLD., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii, p. 197 (March, 1847) ; Otia Conch., p. 34.— Megaspira
elata GLD., U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll, and Shells, p. 91, pi. 7,
f. 101.— KUSTER, Conch. Cab., p. 140, pi. 17, f. 6.—Balea
elatior var. g, PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 390.

Readily distinguished from M. elatior and its var. gracilis
by the decidedly finer external sculpture and the lower radial
barriers of the interior. The name might be held to conflict
with the earlier Pyrgelix elata of Beck, but that has never
been used in combination with the generic term Megaspira,
and since Beck does not claim it as a new name, it was evi-
dently an error for elatior.

Gould's description follows: " Shell subcylindrical, elon-
gated, thin, shining, longitudinally barred with crowded
strias, horn-colored, and variegated near the suture with
small, dusky blotches. Spire obtuse at apex, composed of
about 19 narrow, nearly plain whorls. Aperture small,
oblique, lunate, somewhat effuse at base, with a lamellar plate

EOMEGASPIRA. 187

revolving posteriorly; columellar fold moderately developed,
bilamellate. Umbilicus minute. Length an inch and a half,
breadth one-third of an inch. Inhabits Brazil."

Genus EOMEGASPIRA Pilsbry, 1903.

Megaspira DESHAYES, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, p. 861.
— Pyramidella sp. Midland.

Shell rimate or imperforate, long and gradually tapering
to a large, obtuse apex; composed of numerous (15 to 22)
narrow whorls, the last rounded peripherally and below.
Sculpture of sharp vertical rib-strice. Aperture small, irreg-
ularly ovate. Peristome incomplete, slightly expanded, the
columellar margin dilated above. Parietal wall bearing a
median parietal lamella, which enters about one whorl and
several smaller cord-like lamellae on both sides of it, the pari-
etal and sometimes an infraparietal emerging. Columella
3-folded, the folds becoming three high subequal lamella
within, rapidly diminishing upward, and apparently not more
than two whorls long. Outer wall bearing numerous strong
palatal lamellae, which penetrate scarcely deeper than the
last whorl. Axis slender and perforate throughout, smooth
above the penult, whorl.

Type Megaspira exarata (Midland) Desh., pi. 29, figs. 16,
17. Distribution, lowest Eocene of the Paris Basin and Lon-
don Clay; a small species in the English Oligocene.

The shell in this Eocene genus is intermediate in contour
between Megaspira and Cocliaxis; and like both, the axis,
though small, is hollow, and the apex obtuse and rounded.
The fine, sharp vertical striation resembles that of Cccliaxis.
The aperture is like that of Megaspira, especially in the tri-
plicate columella and the parietal lamella (concealed by
matrix in Deshayes' figure of exarata, which I have copied).
But it differs from Megaspira in having the lamella? all short,
not penetrating deeper than the penult, whorl, the axis above
that being smooth; in the development of numerous acces-
sory lamelljE upon both the parietal and columellar surfaces,
and in the possession of palatal plicaB, as in Ccclocion. There

188

EOMEGASPIRA.

is no trace of the baso-axial radial barriers of Megaspira.
This diversity between the Eocene and modern groups causes
me to separate them generically. See pi. 29, fig. 17, drawn
from a specimen in coll. A. N. S. Phila.

Both Megaspira and Eomegaspira are very highly special-
ized. The former, in inheriting the lamellae at an earlier age,
gives evidence of the longer life of the group since the
acquisition of lamellse. In Eomegaspira the lamellae are ab-
sent until nearly the adult stage, but are then enormously
developed, their evolution having been too rapid to be yet
pushed back to the younger stages through acceleration; and
the extinction of the group was probably due to its extreme
specialization. Eomegaspira cannot be regarded as in any
sense ancestral to Megaspira or to any other known genus.
It is the termination of a phylum which diverged from the
ancestors of Megaspira and run its course in Cretaceous time,
the species known to us straying into the Eocene. In Eng-
land a small species existed as late as the Oligocene; but no
trace of the genus has oeen found in the rich deposits of that
age in central Europe.

There are two species in the Paris Basin : E. exarata (Mich-
aud) and E. elongata (Mellv.). See Deshayes, t. c., pp. 863,
864; and Sandberger, Die Land- und Siisswasser- Conchylien
der Vorwelt, pp. 156, 172. Cossmann has united them, but
I think injudiciously (Ann. Soc. Malac. Belg., xxiv, 1889, p.
362). To these are to be added two English species described
as Megaspira: E. cylindrica (Edwards MS., Newton) of the
London Clay, and E. monodonta (Edw. MS., Newton) from
the Oligocene of Headon Hill (see Proc. Malac. Soc. London,
i, pp. 73, 74) . Both are small species, known by imperfect
single specimens, which however show the characteristic colu-
mellar and parietal lamellae. Pupa multispirata Edw. MS.,
Newton (t. c., p. 72), is probably a cast of the early whorls
of Eomegaspira monodonta. Whether these small British
species had the palatal armature of the large Parisian forms
or not is unknown; but they evidently belong to the same
phylum, even though they prove less specialized.

PI. 29, fig. 17, represents the interior of the last whorl of

PERRIERIA. 189

E. exarata. Sc., supracolumellar lamella; col., columellar
lam.; p., parietal lam.; pal., palatal plicae; subc., subcolumel-
lar lamella. The dotted line running to col., on the right
side, below, in the figure, is too short, not really reaching to
the columellar lamella.

Genus PERRIERIA Tapparone Canefri, 1878.

Perrieria T. C., Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 169 (April 1) ;
Annali Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, xix, p. 108 (1883).—
CROSSE, J. de C., 1879, p. 39. — HEDLEY, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.

5. Wales, vii, p. 313, 1893. — Perieria TAPPARONE CANEFRI,
Comptes-rendus Acad. Sci., 1878, p. 1150 (meeting of May

6, 1878).

" Shell sinistral, fusiform, many-whorled, the apex trun-
cate ; aperture elliptical ; peristome continuous, expanded ;
axis sinuous, twisted at the base, so that the columella ap-
pears truncate or subdentate '' (T. C.).

Type P. clausHi&formis. Distribution of the typical forms,
western New Guinea. Named for Edmond Perrier, zoologist.

The soft anatomy is unknown, and the internal structure
of the shell has not been investigated. What relationship the
genus bears to the externally similar forms of Queensland
remains to be determined. The closure of the umbilicus and
the absence of any evidence of parietal or columellar lamellae
at the mouth, in Perrieria, differentiate it from the species
of Queensland.

By inadvertence the generic name was spelled Perieria in
the published note of the communication to the Academic
des Sciences.

1. P. CLAUSILI^EFORMIS Tapparone Canefri. PL 30, figs. 20,

21, 22.

" Shell narrowly fusiform, rather thick and shining;
brown-corneous, whitish on the back (perhaps accidentally) ;
the peristome paler. Spire turrite, tapering above the middle,
the apex decollate. Whorls remaining iy2, regularly increas-
ing, convex-flattened, obliquely and closely, longitudinally
incised-striate, separated by an impressed and subcrenulate

190 CCELOCION.

suture; the last whorl large, subovate beneath. Aperture
pyriform, narrowed above, the peristome thickened and con-
tinuous. Length 65, diam. 12 mm." (T. C.}

New Guinea: Port Dorey (Raff ray).

P. clausiliceformis T. C., Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 169;
Comptes-rendus de 1'Acad. des Sci., 1878, p. 1150; Bull. Soc.
Zool. de France, 1878, p. 272; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov., xix,
1883, p. 108, pi. 2, f. 11, 12.— CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., 1879,
p. 39, pi. 1, f. 2. — P. c. var. a, TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov., iv, 1887, p. 129, pi. 1, f. 4, 5.

Var. arfakiensis nov. (pi. 30, fig. 23). Shell in every way
smaller (T. C.). Mt. Arfak, in northern New Guinea (Bee-
cari).

2. P. MINOR Smith. PI. 30, fig. 24.

" Shell sinistral, elongate, cylindric, covered with a thin
greenish-yellow cuticle; spire very long, truncate; whorls re-
maining 7, slowly increasing, slightly convex, obliquely striate,
subplicate below the suture; separated by a steeply-sloping,
subcrenulate, impressed suture; last whorl ascending some-
what in front. Aperture somewhat ear-shaped, pale lilac
colored inside; peristome pale, continuous, lightly thickened,
a little expanded in front; columella somewhat twisted,
slightly truncate. Length 36, diam. 8 mm. ; aperture 9 mm.
long, 5 wide." (Smith.)

New Guinea: Kapaur, on the southwest coast (W. Doherty).

P. minor E. A. SMITH, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6 ser.,
xx, p. 414, pi. 9, f. 13 (Oct., 1897).

" Much smaller than P. clausiliceformis of Canefri, of a
thinner texture, having finer sculpture, a differently colored
periostracum, and a less truncate columella ' (Smith).

Subgenus CCELOCION Pilsbry, 1903.

Shell similar to Perrieria in the cylindric-tapering form,
truncate summit, piriform aperture and continuous peri-
stome; but conspicuously umbilicate, with two lamellae within
the last whorl on the tubular axis, a spiral lamella on the

CCELOCION. 191

parietal wall, and a palatal fold within the penult, whorl.
Dextral.

Perrieria from western New Guinea would seem from the
inadequate descriptions and figures to be imperforate, though
the axis may be tubular within. The two species now known
are sinistral, and neither has a parietal lamella. The internal
structure is unknown. It seems necessary to signalize by
name the diverse structures of the umbilicate, internally
lamellate Australian type, at least subgenerically. The un-
coiling of the latter part of the last whorl is a feature of
senile degeneration in the Queensland Ccelocion, not shared
by the New Guinea Perrieria.

The radula of P. australis from Warroo, Port Curtis (pi.
31, figs. 4, 5), has 20.1.20 teeth. The central teeth are as
wide as the laterals, and have a single wide cusp, shorter
than the basal-plate. The laterals have a wide mesocone and
a small ectocone. The 8th to 10th teeth are transitional to
the marginals, which are wide, with the basal-plates short as
usual, and the ectocone is conspicuously bifid. The jaw (pi.
31, fig. 6) is arcuate and nearly smooth, showing some ex-
tremely weak vertical striae.

The internal closing apparatus of Ccelocion is inexactly
paralleled by that of Holospira and Sectilumen in the Uro-
coptidae, and by Distoechia, Thomea, Cceliaxis, etc., in the
Stenogyroid Achatinidae ; but none of these genera has two
axial lamellae.

In Ccelocion the axial lamellas are apparently the columel-
lar and subcolumellar (pi. 30, fig. 28, front, and f. 29, back
view of the same shell) . The supracolumellar lamella, pres-
ent in Megaspira and Eomegaspira, is absent. The subcolu-
mellar lamella penetrates higher up than the columellar. The
young shell has a basal plica, absorbed with further growth ;
but a series of shells from young to adult may possibly show
that the palatal plica of the full-grown shell is a continuation
of the basal plica of the young. The palatal plica is a struc-
ture Ccelocion has in common with Eomegaspira.

The precocious development of the lamellae and plicae in
the young stages, by acceleration, gives evidence of the long

192 CCELOCION.

line of plicate-mouthed ancestors stretching back into Meso-
zoic time. The senile feature of an uncoiling last whorl
Beems to point to Cazlocion as the last of its ancient race.

3. P. AUSTRALIS (Forbes). PI. 29, figs. 18, 19; pi. 30, figs.
25-29.

Shell umbilicate, cylindric, slowly tapering to the rather
broadly truncate summit; white under a thin greenish-yellow
cuticle, which is almost entirely lost in adult individuals;
moderately solid. Surface but slightly shining or lusterless,
sculptured with thread-like longitudinal riblets, much nar-
rower than their intervals. Whorls numerous, somewhat
convex, the last noticeably angular at the periphery, pinched
into a cord-like keel around the narrow, somewhat funnel-
shaped umbilicus; the last whorl becoming shortly free from
the preceding in front. Aperture subvertical, pear-shaped,
distinctly narrowed above, subangular below, where it is chan-
nelled within. Peristome free, a little expanded, the parietal
margin with a prominence in the middle, marking the end
of a low ridge or lamella running inward. Axis rather large
and tubular, encircled by a small spiral cord near the base.
In the penult, whorl this cord widens into a flat lamella, and
is accompanied by another similar lamella above it on the
pillar ; both decreasing and extending downward into the first
half of the last whorl. There is also a plica on the outer wall
near the lower partition in the penult, and first half of the
last whorl (pi. 30, figs. 28, 29, pal.}, and a lamella on the
parietal wall, beginning within the back of the last whorl,
and penetrating about one whorl inward.

Length 22, diam. above aperture 4.5 mm.; whorls 11%.
N. Pine River.

Length 20, diam. above aperture 4.3 mm.; whorls 10y2.
N. Pine River.

Length 18, diam. 4, aperture 4 mm. long; whorls 11.
Forbes' type.

Length 18, diam. above aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 9. Warroo.

Length 18.5, diam. above aperture 4 mm.; whorls 11.
Warroo.

CCELOCION.

Length 15.7, diam. above aperture 4 mm. ; whorls 9.
Warroo.

Australia, Queensland coast: Port Mackay (Turner) ; Port
Molle (MacGillivray, type loc.) ; Warroo Station (Musson),.
and Miriam Vale (Blackmail), Port Curtis; Cania and North,
Pine River (Musson); Caboolture (Wilde).

Balea australis FORBES, Appendix to Narrative of the Voy-
age of H. M. S. Rattlesnake, ii, p. 380, pi. 2, f. 9, a, 1) (1852).
— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., iii, p. 584. — Cox, Monogr. Australian
Land Shells, p. 81, pi. 12, f. 16, 16a (good).— Cceliaxis aus-
tralis Forbes, FISCHER,, Journ. de Conchyl., xxxi, 1883, p.
101, pi. 3, f. 4 (shell) ; f. 5, 6 (dentition) .— HEDLEY & MUS-
SON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vi, p. 559 (habits).— Cox,
t. c., p. 570, pi. 21, f. 4, 7 (young), f. 9 (living animal) .-
Perrieria australis Forbes, HEDLEY, Proc. L. S. N. S. Wales,
vii, p. 313 (1893). — Cceliaxis exigua ADAMS & ANGAS, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 890, 907, pi. 43, f. 16, ll.—Balca
exigua A. & A., PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 395.

The young shell, according to Cox, is multispiral and has
a rather large, obtuse summit, the second whorl bulging be-
yond the following ones, the contour being similar to the
upper half of Cceliaxis layardi. The summit is successively
truncated, beginning with the bulging second whorl ; the cav-
ity of the shell being closed by a convex subvertical septum.
The strongly tapering, concave-sided young shells opened by
me have two spiral cord-like lamellae on the axis in the last
two whorls, and a thin lamella on the basal wall. AMth ad-
vancing growth, the upper axial lamella and that on the base
are progressively absorbed.

Mr. C. T. Musson found P. australis under logs and stones
in " scrubs;" from a square yard of ground 150 specimens
were obtained. It is very local.

The description above and figure 26 are from specimens
from Warroo, Port Curtis. These are usually smaller than
those from farther south, and almost denuded of the very
thin cuticle. The aperture is noticeably wider, the parietal
lamella stronger, and the columellar lamelke are often visible
in the throat ; but they differ especially in the narrower um-

194 CCELOCION, CCELIAXIS.

bilicus. Some specimens taper markedly, like the figures of
C. exigua. These Warroo specimens seem to be nearer the
typical form than those from farther south at N. Pine River.
I have not seen specimens from Port Molle, the northern-
most point for the species, and also the type locality.

The variety from North Pine River (pi. 29, fig. 19; pi. 30,
figs. 27, 28, 29) is larger than the typical northern form, re-
tains more of the cuticle, has a more widely open, funnel-
shaped umbilicus, and weaker parietal ridge. It may event-
ually be separated from the northern form as a subspecies.

The identity of C. exigua with P. australis, claimed by
Iledley, seems to admit of little question. C. exigua was de-
scribed as from the Solomon archipelago. One of the orig-
inal figures is copied in my pi. 30, fig. 25; and the original
description follows: " Shell narrowly and deeply umbilicate,
cylindric-turrite, thin, obliquely rib-striate, pale fulvous;
spire decollate, tapering above; whorls remaining 11, sub-
planate, the last with a basal rib forming a groove in the in-
terior; aperture subvertical, rhomboidal, with a spiral pari-
etal fold in the middle; peristome simple, continuous, solute,
the columellar margin expanded. Length 17, diam. 4 mill.,
ap. 4 mill, long." (A. & A.)

OTHER CYLINDRELLOID GENERA which should be mentioned
in this connection belong to a peculiar group of Stenogyroid
Achatinidcc, characterized by the development of internal
lamellae on the axis, parietal wall and basal wall. The axis
is hollow in Cceliaxis, Pyryina and Distcccliia, solid and slen-
der in Thomea.

CCELIAXIS Adams & Angas, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 54, type Subu-
lina (Cceliaxis} layardi Ad. £ Ang. — Bathyaxis ANCEY, Conch.
Exch., ii, p. 39 (Sept., 1887), same type. — Splmlcrostoma
GIRARD, Jornal de Seiencias Math., Phys. e Nat. Acad. Real
Sci. de Lisboa (2 ser.), ii, p. 247 (1892), same type. South
Africa.

In this genus the parietal and basal lamellae are present in
young shells only, the columellar persisting in adults. The

CYLINDRELLOID ACHATINID^E, ETC. 195

dentition, which I have examined, is Achatinoid, the central
tooth being very narrow.

PYRGINTA Greef. See GIRARD, Jornal de Sci. Math., Phys.
e Nat. Acad. Real Sci. Lisboa, iii, 1893, p. 108. Island of
St. Thome.

THOMEA Girard. T. c., p. 106. Same locality. Radula
Stenogyroid.

DISTCECHIA Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl., 1890, p. 1G4 (date?),
type Cylindrclla parisiensis Dh. — " Dist&ctria Cossman
MSS.," HARRIS & BURROWS, The Eocene and Oligocene Beds
of the Paris Basin, pp. 100, 114 (Sept. 23, 1891).— Spartina
HARRIS & BURROWS, t, c., pp. 100, 113. — Cylindrella DESH.,
An. s. Vert, dn Bassin de Paris, ii, 872; COSSMANN, Ann.
Soc. Roy. Malac. Belgique, xxiv, 1889, p. 358.

An Eocene group of the Paris Basin, evidently related to
Pyrgina of the recent fauna. The specimens before me do
not support the reference of the genus to " Cylindrellidce."

CYLINDRELLINA Munier-Chalmas. • Annales de Malacologie,
i, p. 324, pi. 7, f. 4-6, type and only species Cylindrettina
briardi M.-C., of Mons, Belgium. This group has some re-
semblance to Distcccliia, and may be related to it. It has no
really Urocoptoid characters.

ANOMA ADAMSI Pils. (p. 11). Illustrated on pi. 26 Aclia-
tinida?, figs. 12 13.

BRACHYPODELLA OBESULA Pils., n. n. for Cyl. obesa Weinl.,
p. 57, not Cyl. obesa C. B. Ad.

INDHX TO

UROCOPTIDJ! AND MEGASHKID^E.

NOTE. — Names of valid genera and other groups are printed in SMALL
CAPITALS; of all synonyms in Italic,
abbreviata Beck, xvi, 173.
abbreviata Desh. xv, 125.
abbreviata Pfr. xv, 262.
abdita Arango xv, 257.
abnormis Gundl. xv, 262.
abnormis Vend, xv, 296.
acantliopliorea Mart, xv, 45.
Accra Alb. xv, 66.
aculeus Morel, xv, 277.
acupicta Malz. xv, 160.
acus Pfr. xv, 242.
acutispira Paetel xv, 300.
adamsiana Ch. xv, 142.
adamsiana Pfr. xv, 151.
adamsiana Poey xvi, 61.
adarnsi Pils. xvi, 11, 195.
adnata Pfr. xv, 241.
adumpta Pfr., Cless. xv, 241.
aequatoria Morel, xvi, 72.

ANOMA Alb. xvi, 1.
ANOMA Pfr. xv, 284; xvi, 1.
anomalum Streb. xv, 35.
antiperversa Fer. xvi, 79.
antonionis Pils. xv, 115.
apiostoma Pfr. xv, 63.
appressa C. & F., xv, 84.
APOMA Beck, xvi, 106.
arangiana Gundl. xv, 219.
ARANGIA P. & V., xv, 162.

190.

affinis Pfr. xv, 251.
agnesiana Ad. xvi, 98.
alabastrina Pfr. xvi, 101.
alba Ad. xvi, 102.
albida Ad. xvi, 26.
albida C. & F. xv, 62.
albida Pils. xvi, 79.
alboanfractus Chitty xvi, 27.
alboerenata Gundl. xv, 198.
alta Sowb. xv, 288.
ambigua Ads. xv, 134.
amethystina Ch. xv, 121.
AMPHICOSMIA P. & V. xvi, 49.
ampins Gundl. xvi, 172.
angulatus W. & M. xvi, 133.
angulifera Gundl. xvi, 48.
angulosus Gundl. xvi, 166.
angustior Wr. xv, 229.
ANISORPIRA Streb. xv, 24, 298.

Pfr. xvi, 146.

ARCHEGOCOPTIS Pils. xv, 301.
arctispira Pfr. xv, 42.
arctispira Tristr. xv, 41.
arctospira Pfr. xv, 42.
aretispirus Anc. xvi, 156.
areuata W. & M., xv, 160.
areustriata Wr. xv, 244.
arfakiensis (Per.) Pils. xvi,
aristispica Sowb. xv, 43.
aristispira Mart! xv, 43.
aritispica Sowb. xv, 43.
arizonensis Stearns xv, 81.
artemisiEe Gundl. xv, 215.
artemesiae Sowb. xv, 215.
articulatus Turt. xvi, 118.
aspera Ads. xv, 130.
aspera Ad., Sowb. xvi, 95.
asperata Sowb. xvi, 95.
assimilis Ar. xv, 245.
astrophorea Dall. xv, 45.
ntropurpurea Ar. xv, 181.
attenuatum Pfr. xv, 40.
auberiana Orb. xv, 221.
augustre Ads. xv, 146.
aurea Pils. xv, 281.
australis Forbes xvi, 192.
AUTOCOPTIS Pils. xv, 109, 112, 147.

(196)

INDEX TO UROCOPTID.E, ETC.

197

BACTROCOPTIS Pils. xv, 112, 143.
Bactricoptis Pils. xv, 143.
baculum Pils. xv, 265.
bahamensis Pfr. xv, 279.
balteata Pils. xvi, 22.
baquieana Chit, xv, 141.
Bathyaxis Anc. xvi, 194.
beardsleana G. B. Ad. xvi, 174.
beathiana Poey xvi, 110.
bellevuensis Pils. xv, 288.
BERENDTIA C. & F. xv, 57.
berendti Pfr. xv, 61.
bicanaliculata Pfr., Alb. xvi, 80.
bicincta Ad. xvi, 20.
bicolor Chitty xvi, 27.
bilamellata Ball xv, 82.
binneyana Ads. xv, 141.
blainiana Gundl. xv, 280.
blaini Ar. xvi, 147.
blainvilleana Fer. xvi, 173.
blandianum C. & F. xv, 9.
blandiana Bid. xvi, 39.
bonairensis Smith xvi, 112.
BOSTRICHOCENTRUM Streb. xv, 83.
boucardi Pfr. xv, 21.
bourguignatiana Ane. xvi, 71.
BRACHYPODELLA Beck, xvi, 40, 64.
Brachypodisca Agas. xvi, 40.
Bracliypus Guild, xvi, 40, 78.
brevicervix Pils. xv, 248.
brevicollis Pfr. xv, 276.
brevicollis Pfr. xvi, 80.
BREVIPEDELLA Pils. xvi, 45.
brevis Pfr. xv, 122.
broolcesiana Sowb. xvi, 60.
brooksiana Gundl. xvi, 59.
brunnescens Gundl. xv, 208.
bulbiformis Sowb. xv, 123.

cseeilias Gundl. xv, 205.
caerulans Sowb. xv, 254.
CALLIONEPION P. & V. xvi, 177.
CALLONIA C. & F. xv, 110, 199.
camoensis Pfr. xv, 274.
campanulata (Cylindrella) Binn.,
Terr. Moll., I, 109; nude name.

canimarensis Pfr. xvi, 148.
canimensis Pfr. xvi, 149.
canteroiana Gundl. xv, 254.
capillacea Pfr. xv, 234.
carinata Pfr. xv, 290.
carinula Gin el. xvi, 123.
earned Ads. xv, 117.
Casta Alb. xvi, 106.
catenatus Gundl. xvi, 149.
cereum Streb. xv, 22.
eerina Ads. xv, 118.
cerina Chitty xv, 121.
championi Mart, xv, 49.
chemnitziana Fer. xvi, 106.
chordata Pfr. xvi, 85.
i •'/'' ' .ilrella Pfr. xvi, 40.
einerea Ad. xvi, 13.
cinerea Pfr. xv, 273.
citrina Ad. xvi, 25.
clara Wr. xv, 209.
clathratuin Mart, xv, 49.
claudens Gundl. xvi, 141.
clausilitpformis T. C. xvi, 189.
clava Pfr. xv, 39.
claviformis Mart, xv, 100.
clerchi Ar. xv, 274.
elerchi Ar. xvi, 139.
coahuilensis Binn. xv, 91.
coarctata Bk. xv, 117; xvi, 173.
Coclilodina Fer. xv, 106; xvi, 40,
106, 113.

COCHLODINELLA P. & V. XV, 109,

175.

cockerelli Dall xv, 300.
COELIAXIS A. & A. xvi, 194.

COELOCENTRUM C. & F. XV, 30.

COELOCION Pils. xvi, 177, 190.
COELOSTEMMA Dall xv, 98.
ccerulaiis Poey xv, 253.
cognata Vend, xv, 292.
collaris Fer. xvi, 80, 81.
Colobus Alb. xvi, 113, 151.
colorata Ar. xv, 244.
columna Ads. xv, 124.
columnella (Helix) Fer. xv, 193.
compactum Pils. xv, 5.

198

INDEX TO UROCOPTIDyE, ETC.

concisus Morel, xvi, 155.
conica Ad. xvi, 34.
concinna At. xv, 224.
concinna Ad. xvi, 21.
concreta Gundl. xv, 233.
conferta Ar. xv, 180.
confusa Arango xv, 223.
consanguinea Ar. xv, 227.
contentiosa Ar. xv, 266.
coronadoi Ar. xv, 218.
corona Schauf. xv, 219.
corpulenta Ad. xvi, 34.
costata Gldg. xvi, 78.
costata Swains, xvi, 84.
costata Tate. xvi, 79.
costatus Maltz. xvi, 133.
costellaris Gundl. xvi, 169.
costulata Ad. xvi, 90.
costulata Morel, xvi, 70.
costulatus Gundl. xvi, 145.
costulosa Ads. xvi, 84.
crassa Ad. xvi, 38.
crassilabris Pfr. xv, 235.
crenata W. & M. xv, 303.
crenatus Gundl. xvi, 143.
crenulata Gundl. xv, 241.
cretacea Pfr. xv, 104.
crispula Pfr. xv, 217.
cristallina Wr. xv, 227.
cristata W. & M. xvi, 53.
crosseanum Pfr. xv, 47.
crossei Ball xv, 92.
cumingi Ad. xvi, 107.
cumingiana Pfr. xvi, 174; i, 107.
cyelostoma Pfr. xv, 271.
Cylindrella Pfr. xv, 106; xvi, 40.
CYLINDRELLINA M-C. xvi, 195.
cylindrica (Meg.) Edw. xvi, 188.
cylindricus Gray xvi, 127.
cylindricus Pfr. xvi, 118.
cylindricus Rve. xvi, 123.
cylindrus Ads. xv, 292.
cylindrus Ch., Desh. xv, 137, 304.
cylindrus Ch., Sowb. xv, 288.
cylindrus Gray, xvi, 118.
cyrtopleurus Pfr. xvi, ]29.

dalli Mart, xv, 26.
clalli Pils. xv, 100.
dautzenbergiaua Cr. xv, 201.
decapitatum (Cerion) Bolt, xv, 155.
decollata Chemn. xv, 155.
decollata (Pupa) Nyst. xv, 4.
decollatum Nyst. xv, 3.
deeolorata Gundl. xv, 240.
decurtatum H. Ad. xv, 15.
deficierts Gundl. xvi, 174.
densecostatum Streb. xv, 20.
densest riat a Ads. xv, 124.
deuticulatus Gundl. xvi, 161.
denticulata Pfr. xv, 283.
deshayesianum C. & F. xv, 24.
diaphana Wr. xv, 251.
difncultosa Ar. xv, 225.
digueti Mab. xv, 56.
diminuta Ad., Pils. xvi, 100.
discors Poey xv, 250.
dispar Pils. xv, 44.
Distaectria Cossm. xvi, 195.
distincta Gundl. xv, 226.
DISTOECHIA Crosse xvi, 195.
DISTOMOSPIRA Ball xv, 82.
dohrniana Pfr. xvi, 28.
dobrni Malz. xvi, 54.
dominicensis Crosse xvi, 126.
dominieensis Pfr. xvi, 86.
dortinoti Gundl. xvi, 174.
draparnaldi Fer. xvi, 173.
dubia Chitty xv, 133.
dnbia Pils. xvi, 70, 71.
dunl'eriana Pfr. xv, 288.
dunkeri Pfr. xv, 287.

edwardsianum C. & F. xv, 23.
eisenianum Pils. xv, 55.
ELASMOCENTRUM Pils. xv, 50.
elata (Meg.) Gld. xvi, 186.
cJi.it a (Pyrg.) Beck xvi, 184.
elatior Ads. xv, 294.
elatior (Meg.) Spix. xvi, 184.
elegans Gundl. xvi, 164.
elegans Pfr. xv, 219.
olizabothn? Pils. xv, 99.

INDEX TO UROCOPTID^, ETC.

199

elizabethensis P. & J. xv, 137.
elliotti Poey xv, 200.
elongata Chem. xvi, 107.
elongata (Meg.) Mellv. xvi, 188.
EOMEGASPIRA Pils. xvi, 177, 187.
eos Pils. xvi, 104.
EPIEOBIA Streb. xv, 59.
ESOCHARA P. & V. xv, 110, 188.
estefanise," Pils. xv, 43.
EUCALODIUM xv, 1.
EUDISTEMMA Ball xv, 81.
eugenii Dohrn., Weinl. xv, 157.
euglypta Pils. xv, 276.
exarata (Meg.) Mich, xvi, 187.
exigua (Coeliaxis) A. & A. xvi, 193.
eximia Pfr. xv, 302.
exlex Pils. xv, 50.

fabreana Poey xv, 190.
fasciata Fer. xv, 155.
fastigiata Gundl. xv, 171.
festus Gundl. xvi, 144.
FIBRICUTIS Pils. xv, 186.
fibrosa Gundl. xv, 187.
filicosta Shutt. xv, 47.
fischeri Mart, xv, 22.
fistulare Morel, xv, 41, 300.
flammulata Pfr. xv, 153.
flexistriata Fer. xvi, 173.
flexuosa Pfr. xvi, 18.
floridana Dall xv, 175.
floridanus Pils. xvi, 159.
formostis Wood, xvi, 126.
fortis Ads. xv, 137.
fortis Gundl. xv, 224.
fraterna Pils. xv, 228.
fumidula Alb. xv, 161.
fumosa Gundl. xv, 228.
fusca Ad. xvi, 34.
fusca Mart, xv, 95.
fuscolabris Chitty xvi, 16.
fusiformis Ad. xvi, 25.
fusiformis Wr. xv, 230.
fusulus (Helix) Mull, xvi, 173.

gabbi Pils. xv, 53; xvi, 87, 125.

garciana "Wr. xv, 232.
gassiesi Pfr. xv, 63.
gealei H. Ad. xv, 85.
geniinata Pfr. xv, 169.
GEOSCALA P. & V. xvi, 90.
gkiesbreghti Pfr. xv, 4.
gigas Mart, xv, 33.
glabrata Weinl. xvi, 123.
glandula Beck, xvi, 173.
goldfussi Mke. xv, 76.
GONGYLOSTOMA Alb. xv, 110, 182,

211.

goniostoma Pfr. xv, 77.
gonzalezi Pils. xv, 248.
gossei Binn. xvi, 157, 159, 160.
gossei Pfr. xvi, 8, 159.
gouldiana Pfr. xvi, 63.
gracile Paetel xv, 13.
gracilicollis Fer. xvi, 53.
gracilis Ad. xvi, 10.
gracilis (Meg.) Pils. xvi, 185.
gracilis Sowb. xvi, 107.
gracilis Wood, xvi, 107.
gracillima Poey xv, 270.
grande Pfr. xv, 13.
gravesi Ads. xv, 128.
grobei Pfr. xvi, 150.
gruneri Dkr. xv, 157.
guanensis C. & F. xvi, 162.
guigouana Pet. xv, 159.
guildingi Petit xvi, 123.
guildingi Pfr. xvi, 118, 122, 126.
guirensis Gundl. xv, 203.
gundlachiana Poey xvi, 60.
gundlaclii Crosse xvi, 135.
gundlachi Pfr. xvi, 140.
gutierrezi Ar. xv, 216.
GTRAXIS Pils. xvi, 58.

hamiltoni Dall xv, 88.
hanleyana Pfr. xvi, 73.
HAPLOCION Pils. xv, 89.
HAPLOSTEMMA Dall xv, 87.
hendersoni Pils. xv, 127.
hermanni Pfr. xvi, 134.
heynemanni Pfr. xv, 252.

200

INDEX TO UROCOPTID/E, ETC.

bidalgoi Ar. xv, 247.
hilleana Gundl. xv, 222.
hilleri Pfr. xv, 263.
hippocastaueum Dall xv, 15.
bjalniarsoni Pfr. xvi, 51.
liogeana Mart, xv, 105.
hollandi Ads. xv, 145.
HOLOSPIRA Mart, xv, 66.
~horiibeckii Villa xvi, 24.
humboldtiaua Pfr. xv, 192.
humboldtiana var., Pfr. xv, 195.
humilis Ad. xvi, 96.
hyalina Pfr. xv, 26.
hydrophana Ch. xv, 146.

IDIOSTEMMA P. & V. xv, 110, 164.
ignifera Fer. xvi, 24.
iheringi (Call.) Pils. xvi, 179.
illamellata Wr. xv, 180.
imbricata Mart, xv, 103.
imitatrix Pils. xvi, 47.
imparata Ar. xv, 231.
imporata Paetel xv, 231.
incerta Arango xv, 254.
inermis Gundl. xvi, 145.
infortunata Ar. xv, 204.
infradenticulatus Wr. xvi, 164.
Inliaculus Schauf. xvi, 1.
innata Weinl. xv, 161.
inornata Ad. xvi, 94.
insigne C. & F. xv, 12.
instabilis Vend, xv, 119.
integra Ad. xvi, 11.
Integra Pfr. xv, 230.
interlapsa Fer. xvi, 173.
intermedia Ads. xv, 125.
intermedia Sowb. xv, 293.
interrupta Gundl. xv, 174.
intusmalleata Gundl. xv, 170.
inusitata Vend, xv, 290.
irregulare Gabb. xv, 51.
irrorata Gundl. xv, 239.
ischna Pils. xv, 271.
ischnostele Pils. xv, 116.
ipswichensis Pils. xv, 291.

jarvisi Pils. xvi, 12.
jeannereti Gundl. xvi, 142.
jejuna Gld. xv, 178.
joaquiui Pils. xv, 248.
johannis Pfr. xvi, 117.

it cri Biun. xvi, 158.
kieneri Pfr. xvi, 154.
kisslingiana Weinl. xv, 157.
klatteana Weinl. xv, 151.
klatteauus Bid. xvi, 131.
krausseana Weinl. xvi, 46.

lacrigata Pfr. xv, 168.
lactaria Gld. xv, 177.
laeteofiua Pils. xv, 179.
leevigata Gundl. xv, 168.
laferrierensis Pils. xv, 156.
lagnnillensis Pils. xv, 250.
lajoncherei Ar. xv, 266.
lata Ad. xv, 114.
lateradii Sowb. xvi, 56.
lateralis Paz xv, 172.
laterradii Grat. xvi, 55.
latus Gundl. xvi, 171.
lavalleana Orb. xv, 225.
lavalleana var. Pfr. xv, 169.
lavalliana Sowb. xv, 225.
layardi (Coel.) A. & A. xvi, 194.
Leia Alb. xvi, 1.
leidyi Meek xv, 68.
Leptospira Swains, xvi, 113.
leueopleura Mke. xvi, 74.
leucostoma Pils. xvi, 40.
levis Ad. xvi, 19.
Lia M6rch. xvi, 1.
liebmanni Pfr. xv, 28.
lineatistrigatus Pils. xvi, 124.
lineatus Brug. xvi, 122.
LIOCALLONIA Pils. xv, 110, 201.
LIOCENTRUM Pils. xv, 46.
LIPAROTES Pils. xvi, 56.
lirata Jim. xv, 217.
lituus (Pupa) Gld. xv, 220.
lucens Sowb. xv, 281.
ludersi Pfr. xv, 45.

INDEX TO UROCOPTID^E, ETC.

201

ludovici Pfr. xvi, 130.

mabuja Weinl. xv, 159.
MACEO P. & V. xv, 110, 173.
MACROCERAMUS Gldg. xvi, 113.
macrostoma Pfr. xvi, 32.
maculatus Wr. xvi, 170.
maehoi Ar. xv, 232.
macra Wr. xv, 259.
magna Ads. xv, 136.
major Ads. xv, 136.
major C. & F. xv, 8.
major Weinl. xv, 157.
nialleata Pfr. xv, 152.
mamillata Wr., P. & V. xv, 180.
mancheonealensis Pils. xv, 116.
marmorata Sh. xv, 275.
martensi Streb. xv, 18.
maugei Fer. xvi, 173.
maugeri Wood, xvi, 23.
mearnsi Dall xv, 87.
megacheila Chitty xv, 120.
MEGASPIRA Lea xvi, 177, 180.
MEGASPIKIDAE Pils. xvi, 175.
nienkeana Pfr. xv, 154.
meridionalis Pils. xv, 118.
METASTOMA Streb. xv, 96.
mexicanum Cum. xv, 6.
mexicanus Marts, xvi, 156.

MlCROCERAMINAE, Xvi, 151.

MICROCERAMUS P. & V. xvi, 151.
microdon Pfr. xvi, 115.
microstoma Pfr. xv, 102.
minuta Gundl. xvi, 58.
minima Mart, xv, 94.
minima Pils. xvi, 104.
minimum Mart, xv, 22.
minorinum Mab. xv, 53.
minor Arango xvi, 167.
minor Mart, xv, 10.
minor (Perrieria) Sm. xvi, 190.
minor Pfr. xv, 8.
minor Pfr. xvi, 111.
minor Sterki xv, 301.
minuda Ad., Kush. xvi, 93.
mixta Wr. xv, 181.

modesta Poey xv, 275.
monilifera Pfr. xv, 149.
nionodonta (Meg.) Edw. xvi, 188.
nioutana Ads. xv, 144.
niontetoronis .Pils. xv, 163.
moiiticola Weinl. xv, 163.
moralesi Gundl. xv, 233.
moreleti Desh. xv, 38.
moreleti Pfr. xv, 282.
morini Morel, xvi, 67.
morini Strebel xv, 66.
moussonianmn G. & F. xv, 16.
multispiralis Sowb. xv, 283.
munixpirata (Pupa) Edw. xvi, 188.
MYCHOSTOMA Alb. xvi, 96.

neglectum C. & F. xv, 17.
nelsoni Dall xv, 35.
nelsoni Pils. xv, 79.
newcombiana Gabb. xv, 58.
nigrescens Ad. xvi, 36.
uigropictus Gundl. xvi, 170.
nitens Ch. xvi, 14.
nitidulus Maltz. xvi, 132.
nobilior Ads. xv, 140.
nobilis Stentz xv, 220.
notata Gundl. xv, 205.
notatus Gundl. xvi, 149.
nubila Poey xv, 258.

obesa Ads. xv, 124.
obesa Sowb. xvi, 57.
obesa W. & M. xvi, 57, 195.
obesula Pils. xvi, 195.
obliqua Pfr. xv, 253.
obtorta (Pupa) Mke. xv, 220.
occidentalis Pils. xvi, 105.
oligomesus Pils. xv, 207.
OLIGOSTYLUS xv, 2, 8.
ornata Gundl. xv, 187.
ovata Desh. xv, 126.
oviedoiana Orb. xv, 197.
oviedoiana Pfr. xv, 194.

paivana Pfr. xvi, 27.
paivanus Pfr. xvi, 169.

202

INDEX TO UROCOPTHWE, ETC.

palenqueusis Gundl. xvi, 165.
pallida Glclg. xvi, 84.
palmse Gundl. xv, 204.
PARACALLOXIA Pils. xv, 197.
parallelus Ar. xvi, 138.
parisiensis Desh. xvi, 195.
pasonis Dall xv, 90.
patruelis Ar. xv, 207.
pazi Gundl. xvi, 137.
peraffinis Pils. xv, 193.
pearmanseana Ch. xvi, 101.
perconicus Pils. xvi, 166.
percostata Pils. xv, 95.
perlata Gundl. xv, 167.
perplexa Vend, xv, 118.
perplicata Fer. xvi, 83.
perplicata Pfr. xv, 282.
PERRIERIA T. C. xvi, 177, 189.
petitianus Orb. xvi, 165.
petitiana (Pupa) Orb. xvi, 166.
petiveriana Fer. xv, 303, 304.
pfefferi Dall xv, 34.
pfeifferi C. & F. xv, 95.
pfeifferi Gabb. xv, 95.
pfeifferi Mart, xvi, 9.
pfeifferi Mke. xv, 80.
philippiana Pfr. xv, 276.
pictus Gundl. xvi, 137.
pilsbryi Dall xv, 86.
pilocerei Pfr. xv, 75.
pilocerei Pfr. xv, 74.
pilotensis Gundl. xv, 168.
PINERIA Poey xvi, 108.
planospira Pfr. xv, 223.
planulata Alb. xv, 153.
plicata Poey xv, 277.
plumbea Wr. xv, 259.
poeyana Orb. xv, 176.
poeyi Pfr. xvi, 142.
politula Poey xvi, 174.
polygyra Pfr. xv, 64.
polygyrella Mart, xv, 65.
polystreptus Tristr. xvi, 155.
pontifieus Gld. xvi, 158.
pontificus Streb. xvi, 156.
porrecta Gld. xv, 272.

portoricensis Pfr. xvi, 48.
presasiana Pfr. xv, 179.
prinia Arango. xv, 222.
priuceps Ads. xv, 289.
procera Ads. xv, 131.
produeta Ad. xv, 116.
produeta Gundl. xv, 265.
propinqua Gundl. xv, 209.
propinqua Vend, xv, 289.
providentia Pils. xvi, 161.
provideutia Pils. xv, 280.
prunicolor Chitty xvi, 15.
pruinosa Morel, xv, 260.
prusiana Gundl., Dli. xvi, 60.
pudica P. & J. xv, 142.
pulchella Chitty xvi, 28.
pulchella Marts, xvi, 68.
pulla Chitty xvi, 30.
pullula Mori, xvi, 174.
puncturata Pfr. xv, 152.
pupsef ormis Ads. xv, 147. •
pupiformis Fer. xvi, 127.
pupinum Gundl. xvi, 143.
pupinus Gundl. xvi, 143.
Pupoidcs Fc-r. xvi, 113.
pupoides Pfr. xvi, 142.
purpurea (Pupa) Auct. xv, 138.
pus ilia Ads. xv, 297.
PYCHOPTYCHIA P. & V. xv, 110,

191.

pygmaea C. B. Ad. xvi, 174.
Pyrgelix Beck xvi, 180.
PYRGINA Greef. xvi, 195.

quadricolor Chitty xvi, 38.

rndiata Chitty xvi, 17.
rapid nina Chitty xvi, 10.
raveni Bid. xvi, 77.
recticosta Pfr. xv, 16, 299.
remondi Gabb. xv, 93.
remota Ar. xv, 233.
Eesupinata Mart, xv, 19.
reticOKta H. & A. Ad. xv, 299.
riehaudi Pet. xvi, 123.
riisei Pfr. xvi, 86.

INDEX TO UROCOPTID.E, ETC.

203

rissei Pfr. Paet. xvi, 86.

robertsi Ad. xvi, 91.

robusta (Meg.) Pils. xvi, 185.

roemeri Pfr. xv, 97, 301.

rosata Fer. xvi, 173.

rosea Ads. xv, 117.

rosea Auct. xv, 134.

rosea Ckemn., Sowb. xv, 134.

rosealabris Chitty xvi, 25.

rosea Pfr. xv, 143.

rubella Ads. xv, 139.

rubra Ads. xv, 292.

rudis Weinl. xv, 150.

rufescens Mart, xv, 40.

rufilabris Ad. xvi, 39.

rugeliana Poey xv, 276.

rugeli Sh. xv, 276.

ruschenbergiana (Meg.) Lea xvi,

182.
rusei Sowb. xvi, 86.

sagraiana Pfr. xv, 282.
salleana Pfr. xvi, 51.
salleanus Pils. xvi, 122.
salpinx Tristr. xvi, 68.
sanctseannse Pils. xv, 127.
sanguinea Pfr. xv, 116.
santacroixi Shutt., Paet. xvi, 85.
sargi Marts, xvi, 68.
sauvalleana Gundl. xv, 238.
saxosa Poey xv, 206.
scabrosa Gundl. xv, 186.
scseva Gundl. xv, 195.
scalarina Sh. xv, 279.
schrammi Fisch. xvi, 112.
scopulorum Gld. xv, 281.
scopulosa Gnndl. xv, 281.
s. croixii Pfr., Paet. xvi, 85.
SECTILUMEN P. & V. xv, 110, 187.
seminuda Ad. xvi, 92.
semisculpta Stearns xv, 91.
sericata Pils. xvi, 63.
sericea Pfr. xv, 155.
Bexdecimalis Jim. xv, 273.
ehuttlevrorthiana Poey xv, 196.
Bhuttleworthi Marts, xvi, 117.

signatus Gldg. xvi, 118.
similis Ads. xv, 293.
simplex Ad. xvi, 95.
simplex Pfr. xvi, 167.
SIMPLICERVIX Pils. xvi, 94.
simpsoui Pils. xvi, 15.
sinuata Ad. xvi, 30.
SIPHONOLAEMUS Pils. xvi, 58.
sloanii Fer. xvi, 173.
smithiana Pfr. xvi, 87.
solida Ad. xvi, 32.
soluta Beck xvi, 173.
soluta Pfr. xv, 182.
soicerbiana P. & V. xv, 163.
sowerbyana Pfr. xv, 162.
Spartina H. & B. xvi, 195.
SPARTOCENTRUM Dall xv, 51.
speciosum Dkr. xv, 20.
speluncse Pfr. xvi, 69.
Sphalcrostoma Gir. xvi, 194.
SPIROCERAHUS P. & V. xvi, 172.
SPIROCOPTIS Pils. xv, 112, 113.
SPIROSTEMMA P. & V. xv, £84.
eplendens Mke. xvi, 23.
splendidum Pfr. xv, 14.
stearnsi Gundl. xv, 203.
straugulata Poey xv, 189.
strebeliana Pils. xv, 101.
sirebeli Dall xv, 27.
strebeli Mart, xv, 22.
strebeli Pfeffer xv, 29.
striata Ad. xvi, 31.
striata Chitty xv, 144.
striata Pils. xvi, 105.
striatclla Wr. xv, 194.
striatula Ad. xvi, 105.
striatula Ad. xvi, 35.
stroJnni Malz. xv, 159.
STROPHINA Mch. xvi, 55.
strophina Pils. xvi, 56.
subuntiquatus Beck xvi, 115.
subcylindricus Pils. xvi, 134.
subelegans Pils. xv, 222.
subita Poey xv, 224.
sublineatus Pils. xvi, 125.
subtilis Morel, xvi, 69.

204

INDEX TO UROCOPTID.E, ETC.

subula Fer. xvi, 71.
subula Pfr. xvi, 102.
suuiichrasti C. & F. xv, 10.
suturalis Weinl. xvi, 57.
swiftiana Grosse xv, 62.
swiftianus Pils. xvi, 128.
swifti Bid. xvi, 162.

tatei Bid. xvi, 79.
taylori Pfr. xv, 58.
tenella Ads. xv, 295.
tenera Ads. xv, 296.
teneriensis Wr. xv, 191.
Teneritia Mab. xv, 51.
tenuiplicatus Pfr. xvi, 127.
terebra Poey xvi, 110.
teres Mke. xv, 104.
tesselata Ad. xvi, 12.
tetrelasmus Pils. xv, 73.
TETRENTODON Pils. xv, 186, 267.
texanus Pils. xvi, 157.
THOMEA Girard xvi, 195.
thomsoni Arango xv, 243.
tomacella Morel, xv, 38.
TOMELASMUS P. & V. xv, 235.
Tornelasmus xv, 235.
torquata Morel, xv, 237.
torrei Arango xv, 194.
torticollis Crouch xv, 122.
tortuosa Ch. xvi, 173.
townsendi P. & C. xv, 300.
Trachelia Pfr. xv, 267; xvi, 40.
Tracheloides Fer. xvi, 40.
transparens Pfr. xv, 129.
transaperta Sowb. xv, 19, 141.
tricolor Ad. xvi, 24.
tricolor Pfr. xvi, 9.
trilamellata Pfr. xv, 257.
trinidadensis Pils. xv, 226.
trinitaria Pfr. xvi, 75.
triplicata Ar. xv, 198.
trocJiacformis Sowb. xv, 28.
truncata Dillw. xv, 154.
truncalula (Balea) Villa xv, 220.
truncatula Lam. xvi, 52.
truncatula (Pupa) Sowb. xvi, 80.

truncatum Pfr. xv, 19.
truncatus (Bulimus) Pfr. xv, 19.
trunculata Bk. xvi, 53.
tryoni Pfr. xv, 83.
tumidula W. & M. xv, 161.
tumidiora Sowb. xv, 239.
turcasiana Gundl. xvi, 62.
turkasiana Sowb. xvi, 62.
turricula Brug. xvi, 166.
turricula Pfr. xvi, 166.
turris Pfr. xv, 36.

umbilicata (Holospira) xv, 96.
unicarinatus Lam. xvi, 132.
unicarinatus Pfr. xvi, 149.
uncata Gundl. xv, 166.
unicincta Ad. xvi, 21.
unicolor Ad. xvi, 35.
unguiculata Ar. xv, 249.
UROCOPTINAE Pils. xv, 105.
UROCOPTIS Beck xv, 106.
Urucoptis Mch. xvi, 40.

valida Ad. xvi, 34.
variabilis Pfr. xvi, 147.
variegata Pfr. xv, 177.
Vendrysia Simp, xvi, 1.
ventricosa Gundl. xv, 261.
veracruziana Dall xv, 85.
viequensis Pfr. xvi, 111.
vignalensis Wr. xv, 256.
vincta Gundl. xv, 210.
violacea Wr. xv, 258.
violacea Swains, xv, 304.
virginea W. & M. xvi, 16.
volubilis Morel, xv, 235.
volubilis Pfr. xv, 207.

walpoleanum C. & F. xv, 11.
walpolei Sowb. xv, 11.
weinlandi Pfr. xvi, 46.
wrighti Pfr. xv, 264.

zebrina Pfr. xvi, 13.
zonata Ads. xv, 139.

PSEUDACHATINA. 205

Family ACHATINW&.

Achatinida PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, 260, in part,
Stenogyridcc FISCHER, Manuel, p. 486, in part,
Achatinida D'AILLY, Bihang K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Hand!.,
xxii, pt. 4, p. 61.

Genus PSEUDACHATINA Albers, 1850.

*

ALBERS, Die Hel., p. 192, for A. downesii. — SHUTTLEWORTH,
Notitife Malacologies, i, p. 85. — KOBELT, Conchylien Cabinet,
i, lOte Abth., pp. 8-23 (1893).— D'AILLY, Contributions a la
connaissance des mollusques terrestres et d'eau douce de
Kameroun, in Bihang til Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Aka-
demiens Handlingar, xxii, pp. 85-100 (1896).

Shell ixnperforate, oblong-turrite or pyramidal, solid and
opaque; usually coarsely plicate; reddish or red-flammulate,
or sometimes white, under a more or less completely fuga-
cious fibrous cuticle. Apex obtuse and rather large, the first
whorl closely engraved spirally, next whorl finely corrugated
or granulate (pi. 3, fig. 13). "Whorls about 8. Aperture ob-
lique, ovate, much less than half the shell's length, the outer
lip expanded or reftexed, coluniella obliquely truncate at base.

Type A. downesii. Distribution, Kamerun and Gabun,
equatorial "West Africa.

These snails live on the wide leaves of the " elephant
plant," and on the foliage of shrubs and trees, often as high
as 5 meters from the ground. Like Achatina marginata, they
lay their eggs in trees, in the axils of the branches near the
trunk.

P. wrighii, one of the most distinct species, is the most
northern in distribution, being from Old Calabar. The many
forms grouping around P. downesii are characteristic of the
Kamerun (Cameroon) region; while still further southward
lies the range of P. gabonensis. Further exploration will,
doubtless, add largely to the number of species and local
races, already numerous and difficult to distinguish.

The most extensive papers dealing with Psev are

the monograph by Kobelt, in the new edition of the Conchy-

206 PSEUDACHATINA.

lien Cabinet, 1893, and a masterly account of the Cameroon
species by d'Ailly, in 1896.

1. P. WRIGHTI (Sowerby). PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Ovate or ovate-oblong, solid, finely, lightly striate, nearly
smooth; in large part denuded of the thin, yellowish, lamel-
lose cuticle, which adheres on part of the last whorl only.
Variously colored : ( 1 ) AA7hite, with rich chestnut stripes,
widening downwards, and usually coalescent below the per-
iphery, or (2) dark chestnut below the periphery, having a
reddish belt about the middle, and whitish above that, some-
times with a series of brown subsutural spots. Apical whorls
either pale or violet. Whorls 7%, parted by a margined,
finely crenate suture. Aperture oblique, ovate, the lip broadly
reflexed, white or tinted. Columella subvertical or arcuate.

Length 67, diam. 34, length of apert. 33 mm.

Length 67, diam. 30, length of apert. 30 mm.

Length 83, diam. 38, length of apert. 40 njm.

"West Africa: Old Calabar.

Bid inns wrighti SOWB., Description of a new Bulinus,
1853, with fig. — Pseudachatina ivrigliti PFR., Mon. iv, 596;
Novit. Conch., pi. 113, f. 1-4. — SHUTTLEVV., Notitins I, p. 90,
pi. 9, f. 1, 2.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 9, pi. 4, f. 1-4; and
var. buclincri Kob., p. 11, pi. 4, f. 5, 6.

Distinct from the multiform P. doiunesi by its regular
form and smooth, even surface. The color-pattern, shape and
size vary widely. I have not been able to consult the orig-
inal description, and therefore do not know which color-
pattern is the typical. The habitat is north of other known
species.

i

la. Var. BUCHNERI Kobelt. PI. 4, figs. 16, 17.

Conic-turrite, the last two whorls with spiral furrows;
basal color unusually distinct in the mouth and reaching out
on the lip. Aperture less than half as long as the shell.
Length 66, diam. 53, alt. of aperture 28 mm. Type in the
Senckenberg Museum.

PSEUDACIIATINA. 207

2. P. NACHTIGALI Kobelt. PI. 2, figs. 5, 6.

Shell imperforate, ovate-turrite, solid, obliquely roughly
striate and costulate, here and there obsoletely spirally line-
ate; uniform yellowish white, only the embryonal whorl yel-
lowish, and the third and fourth whorls marked with pale
brown streaks. Whorls 8, separated by a rather irregular
suture; first 2 bearing the usual crowded hair-scars, next 2
simply Convex; from the fourth on they are impressed below
the suture and sculptured with short riblets; further down
the impressed zone is bounded by a sharp line, and over the
suture a tuberculate girdle also appears, which continues at
the periphery of the last whorl and becomes evanescent near
the outer lip ; the last whorl being rendered indistinctly an-
gular thereby. Behind the lip and along the columellar cal-
lous it is colored yellowish, and shows some dark growth-
stride; anteriorly it descends slowly, and is somewhat com-
pressed around the umbilical region. Aperture only slightly
oblique, rounded-ovate, rather large, white. Columella arcu-
ate, strongly excised, much shorter than the mouth, scarcely
truncate below. The strong columellar plate is washed with
flesh color above, this color running inward band-like. Outer
lip beautifully rounded, broadly reflexed, thickened with
white within. Length 83, diam. 43, oblique length of apert.
38 mm. (Rob.).

West Africa (type in Senckenberg Museum).

Pseudachatina nachtigtdi KOB., Conchyl. Cab., p. 12, pi. 3,
f. 1, 2.

Nearest to P. elongata Pfr., but with convex whorls and
bioader lip. Description and figures from Kobelt.

3. P. DOWNESII (' Gray ' Sowb.). PI. 8, fig. 48.

Shell oblong-turrite, rather solid, whitish under a thin,
lamellose, yellowish cuticle, usually with the base and some
wide flames on the spire chestnut-colored, the early whorls
generally roseate. Surface more or less roughened by irreg-
ular oblique ridges, wrinkles and elongate warts. Whorls
8-9, rather flattened, the last more or less angular at the per-
iphery, the angle often subobsolete. Suture bordered by a

208 PSEUDACHATINA.

strongly plicate, concave belt below. Aperture ovate, the peri-
stome broadly reflexed, white or flesh-tinted, somewhat thick-
ened within. Columella vertical, abruptly obliquely truncate
below, its spreading white or fleshy callous entering in a
spiral band around the insertion.

Length 79, diam. 34 mm. (orig. fig.).

Length 77, diam. 33, length of aperture 33 mm.

Length 70, diam. 35, length of aperture 33 mm.

Length 85, diam. 36 mm.

W. Africa: Isowi, Kamerun (Jungner).

Bulinus doivnesii Gray, SOWERBY, Conch. Illustr. Buli-
nus, f. 99 (1840?). — Pseudachatina dotvnesii Gray, H. &
A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 134, pi. 75, f. 1. — SHUTTLE-
WORTH, Notitice Malac., i, p. 85, pi. 9, f. 3, 4. — PFR., Monogr.,
iv, p. 597 (excl. syn.). — KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 13. — D'AILLY,
Bihang, etc., p. 86. — Achatina leaiana GRATELOUP, Actes Soc.
Linn. Bordeaux, xi, p. 416, pi. 2, f. 7 (1839). — Helix crenata
VALENC. in Paris Mus., teste Pfr.

D 'Ailly has restricted this species, excluding various forms
placed here by Pfeiffer, Reeve, Kobelt, and others. His
opportunities for the study of Pseudachatina give his opinions
great weight, and his interpretation has here been followed.
The original figure was not accompanied by a description,
merely by the name. It is reproduced on pi. 8, fig. 48. Gra-
teloup's Achatina leaiana was apparently based upon a form
of this species, and the name may have priority. The orig-
inal figure is copied, and the description given below.

A. leaiana (pi. 16, fig. 67). Shell solid, conic-elongate,
glossy, subpellucid; white, the base reddish; with longitu-
dinal, oblique-waved wrinkles, some of them ob&curely bifur-
cating; whorls 8, nearly flat except the apical whorls, which
are convex, smooth and reddish; aperture obovate, white in-
side; lip reflexed; columella callous. Length 70-75, diam.
30-33 mm.

P. do'ivnesii is extremely variable in form, sculpture and
coloration. On pi. 3, fig. 10, a specimen is illustrated having
the rough sculpture of var. grandiuaia, and a strong, tuber-
culate peripheral angle.

PSEUDACHATINA.

209

3a. Var. GRANDINATA Pfr. PI. 3, figs. 7, 8, 9.

Oblong-turrite, like downesii, from which it differs by hav-
ing the surface closely studded with oblong warts, by a break-
ing up of the folds. Apex brown. Whorls T1/^. Length 79,,
diam. 30, length of aperture 31 mm.

West Africa: Gabun (Walker) ; Kamermi (Cameroon)
at Itoki (Sjostedt).

P. gf'andinata PFR., Malak. Bl., iii, 1856, p. 257; Monogr.,
iv, p. 598.— KOBELT, C. Cab, p. 23, pi. 12, f. 2 (figure of
type). — P. downesii var. grandinata Pfr., D'AILLY, Bihang,
etc, p. 89, pi. 4, f. 4, 5.

Fig. 7 is copied from Kobelt's figure of Pfeiffer's type.
Figs. 8, 9 are from d'Ailly.

4. P. SODENI Kobelt. PI. 4, figs. 18, 19.

Thin, very large and richly colored, the sculpture com-
posed more of continuous ribs, often forked above and be-
low, than of warts. The last whorl measures 44 mm. high
behind, is smooth, streaked with brown-red, the streaks not
confluent on the base. The columella has only a thin, trans-
lucent deposit. Throat livid blue-red, the thin, expanded
peristome brownish and only quite lightly thickened within.
The columella is not truncate as in typical downesi, but
tapers obliquely. A second specimen also in the Berlin
museum is thicker, with thicker peristome, more obese, and
measures 95 x 46 mm., but otherwise is quite similar. Length
95, diam. 44 mm.

West Africa: Kamerun, at Etome, Batoki and Basse
(Dusen) .

Bulimus dowitisii REEVE, C. Icon, v, pi. 29, f. 177o. —
Pscndachatina doicncsii v. MART., Monatsber, Berlin, 1876,
p. 259, pi. 2, f. 3 (copied in C. Cab, pi. A, f. 1).— KOBELT,
C. Cab, p. 16, pi. 5, f. 3-6; and var. sodcni, pi. 8, f. 1.— P.
sodeni Kob, D'AILLY, Bihang, p. 90, pi. 4, f. 6.

D'Ailly regards this form as a distinct species, pointing
out the following characters: The costulation is noticeably
coarser and more spaced than in P. doivnesii, with more pro-
jecting swellings and nodes. The cuticle is also coarser, and

210 PSEUDACHATINA.

greenish-brown. The form and basal color also differ: P.
sod oil is always ovoid, more or less elongate, with the last
whorl of the spire swollen and large, measuring behind almost
half of the total length of the shell, while in P. downesii the
last whorl is noticeably smaller, and the lateral outlines of
the spire are nearly straight. The base in P. sodeni lacks the
continuous dark tract distinguishing P. downesii and several
other species; it is replaced by wide flames, which are not
confluent. The peripheral angle is very weak, always less
emphatic than in P. downesii. The length varies between 76
>and 105 mm.

Pig. 18 is from Kobelt's type figure; fig. 19 from d'Ailly.

5. P. PYRAMIDATA Kobelt. PL 4, figs. 14, 15.

The shape is almost strictly conic. The sculpture consists
of rather regular, oblique riblets, with no trace of tubercles;
but on the median whorls there is a girdle beset with little
knots above the suture, bounded by a distinct, groove above.
The last whorl is visibly angular, with a few incised spiral
furrows, and scarcely any markings, whilst the upper whorls
are checkered with red and white, as in 'bucliliolzi. The aper-
ture is yellowish- white, bluish below; the callous with a dis-
tinct band above ; the peristome reflexed and brown-bordered.
Length 71, diam. 33, oblique alt. apert. 27 mm.

P. downesii var. pyramidata KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 17,
pi. 8, f. 2, 3.

Habitat unknown. Description and figures are from Kobelt.

5a. Var. KOBELTIANA Pilsbry, nov. PI. 7, fig. 37.

Large and solid, elongate, with conspicuously convex lat-
eral outlines. Surface smoollnsh, with no tubercles, ribs or
waves. Last two whorls rich red-chestnut, with a conspic-
uous white band beloiv the suture, the base darker. Preced-
ing three whorls decorated with broad red-brown flames on
a nearly white ground, the apex purple. Whorls fully 8y2,
slightly convex, impressed and weakly plicate below the
siil ure, and with a convex girdle limited by a furrow above
it. Last whorl indistinctly angular in the middle. Aperture

PSEUDACHATINA. 211

very oblique, white within; outer lip broadly expanded and
rc/Iexed, widely brown-bordered. Colmnella and parietal cal-
lous opaquc-ivliitc, the latter not noticeably thinned out near
the outer lip. Length 92, diam. 35, oblique length of aper-
ture 38 mm.

West Africa.

This form does not appear to be referable to any of the
described species or varieties, but perhaps stands nearest
Kobelt's P. d. pyramidata. It is named for Dr. Win. Kobelt,
whose monograph of Pseudachatina has been quoted freely
in the present work.

6. P. DENNISONI Pfeiffer. PL 7, fig. 40.

Shell ovate-conic, rather solid, sculptured with strong, dis-
tant folds with smaller ones interposed, roseate under a de-
ciduous tawny epidermis, generally ornamented with black-
ish triangular streaks and an interrupted sutural band. Spire
conic, the apex obtuse, blackish; suture undulating, not mar-
gined. AVhoiis iy2, moderately convex, the last swollen above,
subcarinate below the middle, blackish. Columella com-
pressed, white, twisted. Aperture oblique, sinuate-oval, the
peristome thin, narrowly expanded, margins joined by a white
callous. Length 77, diam. 32, aperture 32 rnm. (P/V.).

Gabun (Curning coll.).

Bulimus downesii REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 29, f. 1775.—
Pseudachatina dennisoni PFR., Malak. Bl., iii, 1856, p. 257;
Monogr., iv, p. 597. — P. d. Pfr.. et var. connectens D'AILLY,
Bihang, p. 92, pi. 4, f. 1-3 (1896).

Reeve's figure of a specimen in the Dennison coll., which
Pfeiffer refers to his species, is reproduced on pi. 7, f. 40.
D'Ailly gives the name connectens to a series of shells inter-
mediate between dennisoni and sodeni.
6a. Var. CONNECTENS d'Ailly. PI. 3, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Upper whorls and apex flesh-colored, peristome flesh or
roseate, or sometimes white, the columella pure white; rest
of the shell of a more or less deep rose, brown, or nearly
white. The suture is usually margined by an impressed line.
The last whorl may be rounded, as in Reeve's figure (denni-

212 PSEUDACHATINA.

soni), but at the other end of the series of forms it is strongly
angular, as in the shell figured (f. 11). The base in all the
specimens has a dark fleshy-brown zone, more or less sharply
defined at its upper edge, which is not visible above the
suture. The sculpture is composed of coarse ribs, here and
there broken into tubercles, and chalky white at the summits.
"W. Africa: Kamerun, at Bomana (Dusen), Itoki, Bonge,
Bibundi (Sjostedt), and Isowi (Jungner).

7. P. GRAVENREUTHI ' Bttg. ' Kobelt. PI. 5, figs. 20, 21, 24, 25.

Shell long ovate with turrite spire, rather solid but not
especially thick, the middle ivhorls sculptured with a few
short ribs and tubercles, elsewhere only finely and obliquely
striate, part of the striae rib-like below the suture. The color
is yellowish horn-color. Markings generally restricted to the
third and fourth whorls, consisting of oblique stripes, forked
above. Lower half of the last whorl only slightly darker,
often marked with small light flecks. The fibrous brown
epidermis is mostly well preserved on the last 2 whorls.
There are also specimens with handsomer coloring than the
above. Whorls 9, the initial 2 convex, with the usual sculp-
ture, next 2 also rather convex, and beautifully marked with
brown stripes, sometimes bordered with yellow or white; re-
maining whorls flattened, parted by an impressed, yellow-
white bordered, irregularly crenulate suture, and with a row
of tubercles or a tuberculose keel also above the suture.
Aperture oblique, ovate, acute above, bluish within, with a
liver-brown border. The columella is twisted, strongly ex-
cavated, shortly and obliquely truncate below. Outer lip
simple, expanded, or at most very shortly reflexed. The
margins are connected by a quite thin bluish or brownish
callous. Length 70 to 80 mm.

Kamerun: Buea, at 950 meters elev. (Preuss, Dusen; type
loc.) ; Etome (Dusen).

P. gravenreuthi Boettger, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 18,
pi. 6, f. 3, 4; pi. 7, f. 1-4 (1891), with var. preussi KOB., p.
21, pi. 6, f. 5, 6; pi. 7, f. 5, 6.— D'AILLY, Bihang, p. 94.

A species of the doivnesii group, distinguished from gabo-

PSEUDACHATINA. 213

nensis by the more slender spire, less plump form and diverse
coloration. It is quite variable, as the figures show, but
seems, so far as I can judge from a few specimens, to be
fairly distinct.

7a. Var. PREUSSI Kobelt. PI. 5, figs. 22, 23.

Conspicuously smaller, hardly exceeding 60 mm. long and
30 wide; with a whorl less than typical gravenreuthi. Taken
at the same localities as the latter.

8. P. ELONGATA Pfeiffer. PI. 2, f. 1, 2, 3.

Shell imperforate, oblong-turrite, solid, irregularly ob-
liquely plicate, and having a granulate girdle above the
suture ; reddish tawny. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse ;
suture white-margined, crenate. Whorls 7%, the upper con-
vex, the rest nearly flat, last whorl obtusely carinate in the
middle, more than one-third the length. Columella callous,
subtmncate- twisted. Aperture little oblique, oblong-oval;
peristome simple, the margins joined by a thick white cal-
lous, right margin narrowly expanded. Length 84, diarn. 33
mm.; apert. 37 mm. long, 20 wide (P/Y.).

West Africa: on the Gabun river (Cuming coll.).

P. elongata PFR., P. Z. S., 1865, p. 832; Monogr., vi, p.
206.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 17, pi. 6, f. 1, 2; pi. 12, f. 1.

Comparatively smooth, like P. gravenreuthi. The figures
are from Kobelt, fig. 3 representing Pfeiffer 's type in the
Cumingian (now B. M.) collection.

9. P. PERELONGATA Rolle.

Shell very long, turrite, solid, moderately plicate-striate,
decussated with evanescent spiral lines, covered with a rough,
deciduous, straw-colored cuticle. Whorls 9, a little convex,
separated by a distinctly margined and subcrenulate suture,
subangular below the suture ; last whorl impressed below the
suture, then somewhat angular at the periphery. Aperture
moderately oblique, oblong-oval, the peristome rather ex-
panded, white-lipped, more effuse basally. Columella rather
straight, moderately twisted, sub truncate at base, forming a

214 PSEUDACHATINA.

rather deep sinus with the basal margin. Length 99.5, diam.
39.7 mm. ; apert. 38.9 mm. long, 25 wide, 36 mm. high
(Rolle).

West Africa: Old Calabar, Kamerun (Berlin Mus.).

Pseudackatina perclongata ROLLE, Nachrbl. d d. malak.
Ges., xxxiv, p. 211 (Dec., 1902).

This seems from the description to belong to the doivnesii
group. Herr Rolle unfortunately did not mention the color
of the shell. Compare the following species.

10. P. DAILLYANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.

Shell moderately solid, the spire long, with nearly straight
lateral outlines. Surface smoothish, with some low, incon-
spicuous, oblique waves and ripples only. Pure white under
a fibrous, dirty yellow cuticle, which in large part persists
on the last two whorls. First ^/^ whorls convex with simple
suture, the following whorls less convex, impressed below the
suture, and bordered with a closely plicate band, limited by
an impressed line below, this border becoming obsolete on the
last whorl, which is more or less angular at the periphery,
the angle sometimes weakly tuberculate. Aperture small,
oblique, pure white or faintly pink-tinted throughout. Outer
lip well expanded and reflexed. Parietal callous rather thick,
white.

Length 87, diam. 35, oblique alt. apert. 35.6 mm. ; whorls
8y2.

Length 84.5, diam. 33.5, oblique alt. apert. 33.5 mm. ; whorls

West Africa.

This form seems nearest P. galtonensis. but differs by its
long, narrow spire, comparative smoothness and more devel-
oped lip. It is named for Adolf d'Ailly, author of one of
the best papers upon the West African snail fauna.

11. P. GABONENSIS Slmttleworth. PL 6, figs. 26-29.

" Shell long ovate-turrite, rather solid, coarsely and re-
motely plicate, slightly glossy; pale flesh-color or roseate,
painted with wide purplish-rose streaks, the base pale chest-

PSEUDACHATINA. 215

nut or purplish. Spire raised, the apex brown, obtuse ; whorls
8, convex, the last about two-fifths the total length, obsoletely
angular; suture linear, broadly margined and plicate. Colu-
mella straightened, somewhat twisted inward, the base ob-
liquely, lightly truncate. Aperture lunar-oval ; peristome
simple, acute, narrowly effusely spreading, bordered with pale
flesh color or whitish, the margins joined by a thin callous,
thickene'd outwardly at the base of the columella " (Shuttl.).

West Africa: Gabun (Verreaux).

Achatina doivnesii DESH. in Fer., Histoire, ii, p. 190, pi.
122, f. 1-3. — Pseudachatina gaboncnsis SHUTTL., Notitiie, i,
p. 86, pi. 8, f. 5, 6 (1856).— PPR., Monogr., iv, p. 598.-
KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 21, pi. 9, f. 1-6.

Fig. 26, from Shuttleworth's original figure, excellently
represents the typical form of the species. The other figures,
copied from Kobelt, do not seem to me at all characteristic.
It is a light shell, often white throughout or with the early
whorls flesh tinted, but varying to forms with wide, indis-
tinctly bounded stripes on the spire, a purplish tip, and some-
times a brown base. Some patches of the dull blackish or
dirty yellowish cuticle adhere to most specimens. The spire
is often more slender than in any of the figures. Specimens
before me vary in length between 64 and 82 mm.

12. P. MARTENSI d'Ailly. PI. 6, figs. 30, 31, 32.

Shell imperforate, ovate-oblong or turrite, solid, closely
and rather regularly plicate-striate. Under a scaly epidermis,
which is generally lost from the upper whorls, but frequently
persists on the last near the aperture, it is shining, whitish
or rose-fleshy, with darker apex, and very rarely ornamented
with a few short reddish evanescent streaks above the suture
of the median whorl; base blackish-chestnut. Spire convexly-
conic or turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7i£, the first 4 a
little convex, smooth; following ones more or less flattened,
impressed below the narrowly margined suture, irregularly,
coarsely and distantly cristate-plicate or more rarely rather
regularly set with distant conic tubercles above the suture.
Last whorl behind nearly half the length of the shell, more

-16 PSEUDACHATINA.

or less distinctly angular, the angle disappearing near the
aperture. Aperture oblique, rounded-oval, whitish or whitish-
fleshy inside, slightly pearly, the external basal brown zone
showing through below. Columella compressed, twisted in-
ward, very obliquely truncate, white. Peristome narrowly
reflexed or reflexed-spreading, somewhat thickened, always
white; margins joined by a whitish callous, which is thick-
ened and opaque towards the columella, transparent towards
the outer lip. Length 47.5 to 75, diam. 25 to 33, alt. apert.
20 to 31 mm. (d'Ailly).

West Africa: Kamerun , at Etome (Dusen), and Itoki
(Dusen, Sjostedt).

P. martcnsi d'Ailly, Bihang, etc., p. 95, pi. 4, f. 7-9 (1896).

Resembles P. wrigliti var. buchncri in general appearance
and system of coloration. The basal zone does not extend to
the angle of the whorl. It is more sharply limited above than
in any other species, and has the same appearance at all ages
of the shell (see fig. 32, base of an immature specimen). In
adults the shell is solid and thick ; in the young thin and semi-
transparent. The embryonic shell has a noticeable umbilical
perforation, which lasts in the young up to about 41/4 or 5
whorls. The shell is sculptured with quite regular growth-
strias, and a very fine but strongly expressed plication on the
median whorls. Besides this sculpture, at the fifth whorl
from the apex there begin to be coarse folds or ridges, stronger
on ventricose specimens, weaker on the turriculate. This
sculpture disappears near the aperture.

13. P. LILJEVALLI d'Ailly. PI. 2, fig. 4.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin but solid, lightly pli-
cate-striate. Under a scaly epidermis, which is lost from the
upper whorls and persistent near the aperture, it is shining,
fleshy-chocolate colored, the upper whorls blackish purple,
marked with fine, superficial bluish-white streaks, the median
whorls sometimes ornamented with wide brown streaks and
narrower white ones; the last 3 whorls encircled with a wide
whitish belt below the suture, last whorl encircled at the base
with a blackish-chocolate zone, extending up to the upper

PSEUDACHATINA. 217

insertion of the lip. Spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse,
with the usual sculpture. Whorls 7, parted by a suture nar-
rowly margined by an impressed line, the first 4 whorls a
little convex, nearly smooth, the rest flattened, impressed be-
low the suture, more or less regularly roundly cristate-
plicate, the plicas especially prominent below the sutural
margin; last whorl nearly half the total length, behind, dis-
tinctly 'angular, the angle disappearing near the aperture.
Aperture oblique, subrotund, tricolored inside, showing there
the three color-zones of the exterior. Columella strongly
twisted inward, obliquely truncate, white. Peristome nar-
rowly reflexed, bordered with a whitish callous, the margins
joined by a whitish callous, thickened and opaque near the
columella, transparent near the outer lip. Length 45 to 50.5,
diam. 24 to 27 mm.; alt. apert. 20-22 mm.

West Africa: Kamerun, at N'dian (Sjostedt).

P. liljevalli D'AILLY,, Bihang, etc., p. 98, pi. 5, f. 1, 2 (1896).

The smallest species yet known. The above account is
from d'Ailly.

14. P. BUCHHOLZI Robert, PI. 7, figs. 35, 36, 38.

Relatively smooth, but with a number of whitish tubercles,
some of them prolonged downwards below the sutural im-
pression, and bounded by a sharply incised furrow. Coloring
extremely handsome ; broad red-brown stripes alternating with
narrower whitish-yellow ones, and coalescent upon the lower
half of the last whorl. The aperture is beautiful bluish, the
lower half of the throat darker. The parietal callous has the
characteristic dark band, the broadly reflexed peristome with
a lighter lip. Length 80, diam. 43, alt. apert. 35 mm.

West Africa: Kamerun.

P. doivnesii var. buchholzi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 16,
pi. 8, f. 4, 5, 6.

This form is considered by d'Ailly to be specifically dis-
tinct from downesii, an opinion which seems, so far as I can
Jidge from a single specimen, to be justified.

218 ATOPOCOCHLIS.

Genus ATOPOCOCHLIS Crosse & Fischer, 1888.

Atropocochlis C. & F., Journ. de Conchyl., 1888, p. 11,
type Buccinum exaratum Mtill. — Euiaxis ANCEY, Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, v, 1888, p. 67, footnote no. 5, type B. exaratus
Miill.

Shell Bulimiform, imperforate, thin, diaphanous, roughly
striate; suture crenulate; last whorl subangulate; columella
vertical, straight and entire, not truncate at base; peristonie
strongly reflexed.

Type A. exarata (Miill.). Distribution, Island of San
Thome, in the Gulf of Guinea.

The single species composing this group has been variously
classified, but its true position was indicated by Furtado in
1888, who showed that in soft anatomy it closely resem-
bles Perideris Shuttl. Atopocochlis differs from Perideris
(=^Pseudotrochus) in the rougher sculpture and the reflexed
Up, the latter character being of some importance in view of
the total absence of even a tendency to expansion of the lip
in Pseudotrochus. It is on this ground alone that the group
is here given generic rank, a course in which I follow Kobelt.

The long free course of the vas deferens suggests the prob-
ability that Atopocochlis is ovo-viviparous, like Pseudotro-
chus alabaster.

1. A. EXARATA (Miiller). PI. 9, figs. 1, 2.

Shell imperforate, long-pyramidal, thin but rather solid,
diaphanous, scarcely shining; longitudinally sculptured with
suboblique, very rough, rude, unequal stria? ; uniform whitish.
Spire long-conic, the apex rather obtuse; suture crenulate,
somewhat channelled. Whorls 7, nearly flat, the embryonic
l!/2 smooth, the last whorl not descending, longer than the
spire, angular-carinate a little below the middle, strongly,
subobliquely corrugate-striate ; base somewhat tapering,
rounded ; columella vertical, straight. Aperture rather large,
subangulate-ovate, glossy and white inside. Peristome simple
somewhat thickened, strongly reflexed, buff-bordered, tie
margins distant; columellar margin dilated, basal margin
thickened, expanded, subangulate outwardly. Length 59,

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 219

cliam. 34 mm. ; apert. with peristome 33 mm. long, 21 wide
(Crosse).

Island of San Thome, Gulf of Guinea : Roca Agoa Grande
(Greeff) ; Roca Bemfica, at 350 meters (Moller).

Buccinum exaratum MULL., Hist. Verm., ii, p. 148, no. 337
(1774).— CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., ix, pt. 2, p. 37, pi. 120,
f. 1031, 1032 (1786).—Bulla exarata GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13),
p. 3431. — DILLWYN, Descript. Catal., i, p. 493. — Bulimus ex-
it rat us BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 361. — CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchyl., 1868, p. 131, pi. 6, f. 2.— HUPE, in Castelnau,
Exped. dans 1'Amer. du Sud, p. 41, pi. 8, f. 3. — MORELET,
Voy. Welwitsch, p. 59. — GREEFF, Zool. Anzeiger, v, no. 122,
p. 520 (1882).— NOBRE, Explor. Sci. ilha de S. Thome, p. 3
(1886).— Not B. exaratus Mull., VIGNON, Bull. Soc. Mai.
France, v, p. 67, no. 21. — FURTADO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1888,
pp. 5-9, pi. 2 (anatomy). — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 301. — Helix
(Cochlitoma) exarata Fer., Prodr., p. 49, no. 339; Histoire,
pi. 118, f. 1, 2. — Achatina exarata GRAY, Ann. of Philos.
(n. s.), ix, p. 414. — DESHAYES, in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p.
311; in Fer. Hist., ii, p. 163. — KUSTER, Conchyl. Cab., i, pi.
3, f. 5, 6. — Limicolarius exaratus BECK, Index, p. 60. — Limi-
colaria exarata SHUTTLW., Notitire, i, p. 51. — Pseudachatina f
exarata PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 206; viii, p. 267. — Perideris
(Atopocochlis} exarata CROSSE & FISCHER, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1888, p. 19. — Atopocochlis exarata KOBELT, ConchyL
Cab., p. 2, pi. 1, f. 4, 5 (copied from Crosse).

Genus PSEUDOTROCHUS II. & A. Adams, 1855.
Perideris SHUTTLW., Notitiae Malacologicge, i, p. 76 (1856).
-PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 592. — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., i, Abth.,
10, pp. 24-48. Not Perideris Brandt, Recueil des Actes de
la seance publique de 1'Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Peters-
bourg for 1835, p. 250 (Holothuria) .— Achatina, Helix, Bul-
imus, and Oxystrombus sp., of various authors. — Chersina
BECK, Index Moll., p. 74, sp. no. 3 (but not Chersina of
Humphrey, Museum Calonnianum, p. 62). — Pseudotrochus
'Klein' II. & A. ADAMS, Genera of Recent Mollusca, ii, p.
135 (Feb., 1855).

220 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

Shell imperf 'orate, long-ovate, with conic spire and obtuse
apex ; rather thin, smoothish or plicatulate, with more or
less obvious fine spiral incised stride; covered with a thin
cuticle, which is often evanescent. Whorls 6-7, the first ones
smooth, with no sculpture except faint growth-lines; the last
whorl rounded or angular at the periphery; the suture nar-
rowly bordered below by a band, which is almost always
crenulate or beaded. Aperture oblique, ovate, the outer lip
simple, unexpanded, often thickened within; columella sub-
vertical, more or less distinctly truncate at the base.

Type, P. alabaster (Rang). Distribution: West Africa,
from Liberia to Gabun, especially on the Gold Coast ; Prince 's
Island.

Perideris, the name universally current for this group since
1856, the date of Shuttleworth 's luminous monograph, was
preoccupied by Brandt in 1835, for a Holothurian. An-
other generic term must, therefore, be found for the mol-
luscan genus.

Chersina was first used by Humphrey, in the anonymous
invoice of the Calonne collection, for some 18 species of
Achatinoid snails, beginning with species of Liguus, and
including Achatina, Ampliidromus, and probably Oxystyla,
Strophocheilus and other genera; though only the first three
genera are represented by species identifiable by the quota-
tion of Linnean names. Beck, in 1837, adopted "Chersina
Humph." for a group including Perideris alabaster Rang
and the species of Liguus; and Albers, 1850, restricts it to
the species of Liguus. While I do not regard the Calonne
sale catalogue as authority for names either generic or
specific, yet the absence of species of Perideris in that work,
as well as the possibility that some authors may consider it
quotable in nomenclature, render it inadvisable to use Cher-
sina Beck for the species alabaster and its allies. It seems
better to leave Chersina Beck in the synonymy of Liguus.

Pseudotrochus was one of the pre-Linnean names exhumed
by H. and A. Adams, who used it for species of "Perideris''
and Liguus. Their first species, and one of the two figured
as examples, is alabaster Rang; and by elimination of the

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 221

species of Liguus, which had long before been segregated by
Montfort, only "Perideris" remains. It seems proper, un-
der the circumstances, to revive Pseudotrochus, in a re-
stricted sense, for alabaster and its allies.

A young specimen of Perideris has been reported from
Ujiji (P. Z. S., 1880, p. 352), collected by Hore. This is so
far out of the known range of the genus that there seems a
possibility of misidentification owing to the ambiguous char-
acters of a young shell.

Shuttleworth, in his Notiticc (1856), gave an excellent
account of the species then known. His results were adopted
by Pfeiffer in subsequent volumes of the Monographic/, Heli-
ceorum. The only recent monograph is that of Kobelt,
1893-4, who describes 19 species. The number is herein in-
creased to 24.

1. P. ALABASTER (Rang). PI. 16, figs. 70, 71, 73, 74.

Shell ovate-conic, solid, gray-white, with an opaque-white
sutural border, and on the last whorl one or several olive-
yellow or brown bands of cuticle at or below the periphery,
and a narrower one below the suture. Surface smoothish,
marked with faint growth-lines and minute spiral incised
lines. Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls about
61/2, nearly flat, joined by an almost even suture, the margin
below it not crenulate. Last whorl varying from rounded
to angular at the periphery. Aperture ovate, oblique, white
inside; peristome thickened ivithin; columella vertical, white,
truncate at the base.

Length 36-40, diam. 18 mm.

Length 32.5, diam. 16 mm.

Length 40, diam. 22 mm. (Rang).

West Africa: Prince's Island (Rang, Folin, Werwitsch,
Vignon) ; all over the southern part of the island, on the
leaves of trees and bushes, between 15 and 20 ft. up (Dohrn).

Helix alabaster RANG, Annales des Sciences Naturelles,
xxiv, p. 20, pi. 1, f. 2, 2rt, Paris, 1831. — Achatina alabaster
DESH., in Lam., An. s. Vert., viii, p. 312; in Fer., Hist.,
p. 150, pi. 124, f. 7, 8.— REEVE, Conch. Syst,, ii, pi. 178,

222 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

f. 9; Conch. Icon., v, pi. 9, f. 28— PFR., Monogr., ii, 247;
iii, 479. — MORELET, Ser. Conch., i, p. 21; Voy. Welwitsch,
p. 74. — Perideris alabaster SHUTTL., Notitiae, p. 77. — PFR.,
Monogr., iv, 592; vi, 204; viii, 267; Novit. Couch., p. 314,
pi. 76, f. 2-5. — SEMPER, Reisen im Archip. Phil., Landmoll.,
p. 145, pi. 12, f. 1 (genitalia) ; pi. 16, f. 5 (radula).—
KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 26, pi. 2, f. 2, 3; pi. 11, f. 5, 6.-
Achatina alabaster Rang, VIGNON, Bull. Soc. Malac. France,
v, p. 68, no. 29.— CROSSE, J. de C., 1888, p. 301.

The living animal is pale yellow or greenish, this color
showing more or less through the shell. It is long and slen-
der (70x5 mm.), with long tentacles. Rang has recorded
that it is ovoviparous. An individual was brought to him
containing 14 eggs and 10 young shells. The eggs are whit-
ish and oblong. Four young shells dried in a shell in our
collection measure 7 to 7.5 mm. long. They are very smooth,
thin and transparent, and angular at the periphery. In the
smallest one the axial chink is not quite closed.

Rarely the yellow or brown cuticular bands are wanting.
The typical form of P. alabaster is rounded peripherally,
but it varies to forms with a more or less obvious peripheral
keel, and in these a. white band usually underlies the cutic-
ular peripheral belt, or is exposed by loss of the latter, as
in the following species, which I believe to be merely an
extreme variation of the alabaster type. In fig. 72 a speci-
men is shown having the last whorl strongly angular in
front, rounded near the lip. PI. 15, figs. 60, 61 represent
another shell in which the angle extends to the lip, though
obtuse there. Both of these are white-banded peripherally,
though with a yellowish band partly concealing the white.
In fig. 60 the slight columellar truncation has been over-
looked by the artist.

P. alabaster is reported from Quicuje, in the district of
Loanda, on the mainland, by Morelet, from specimens col-
lected by Dr. Welwitsch. He thinks it may have been im-
ported there.

PSEUDOTROCIIUS. 223

2. P. CARINATUS (Pfeiffer), PI. 15, figs. 62, 63.

Shell conic, smooth, alabaster-whitish, ornamented with
wide, opaque-white bands at suture and periphery. Whorls
6!/2 flat, the last acutely angular, about two-fifths the total
length. Columella sub vertical, not reaching the base, very
shortly truncate; aperture subquadrangular, peristome sim-
ple. Length 31, diam. 17 mm., aperture 15 mm. long, 9.5
wide (P"/Y.).

Habitat unknown (Cuming coll.).

Achatina carinata PFR., Symbols ad Hist. Helic., iii, p.
90 (1846) ; Monogr., ii, 248. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 7,
f. 24.

This form is evidently closely related to P. alabaster, and
in my opinion is a carinated subspecies of that. It differs
from the carinate variety of alabaster only in the more
strongly truncate columella. It has been referred to Liguus,
but erroneously.

3. P. SOLIMANUS (Morelet). PI. 15, figs. 64, 65, 66.
Shell rather solid, oblong-conic, thin but rather strong,

smoothish, under a lens showing fine growth-lines and minute
spirals. White, typically with a brown line at the periphery,
a purple-brown columella and axial patch, and a purple-
broAvn band midway between axis and periphery; but some-
times the line and band are absent. Sutural margin white,
beaded below, smooth on the upper whorls. Spire conic, the
apex mamillar. Whorls 6i/2 to 7, moderately convex, the last
obsoletely angular in front or rounded throughout. Aper-
ture quite oblique, colored within like the outside, the outer
lip acute; columella purple, twisted or nearly straight, ob-
liquely truncate below, the basal margin receding.

Length 40, diam. 23 mm.

West Africa: Gabun, forest near Bakele (Vignon) ; Kam-
erun, at Victoria (Buchholz), Bomana (Dusen), Kitta,
N'dian, Itoki (Sjostedt), Barombi (Preuss).

Bulimus solimanus MOREL., Revue Zool., Dec., 1848, p.
353. — PFR., Monogr., iii, 299. — Achatina solimana MOREL.,
Ser. Conch., i, p. 23, pi. 2, f. 2.— VIGNON, Bull. Soc. Zool.

224 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

France, v, p. 68. — PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl., iii, 1851, p.
267, pi. 8, f . 8. — Perideris solimana PFR., Monogr., iv, 593 ;
vi, 204; viii, 266. — SHUTTL., Notitise, i, p. 78. — KOBELT, C.
Cab., p. 32, pi. 10, f. 2, 3; pi. 16, f. 4, 5.— v. MARTENS,
Monatsberichte der K. Preuss. Akad. "VVissensch. zu Berlin
for 1876, p. 259, pi. 3, f. 3 (living animals) ; Sitzungsber.
Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Feb., 1891, p. 31.— D'AILLY,
Bihang, etc., p. 82. — Bulimus suturalis PFR., Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1851, p. 255. — Bulimus silUmani PFR., Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 88, pi. 31, f. 7, 8. — Achatina silUmani DESH., in Fer.,
Hist, ii, p. 152, pi. 137, f. 14, 15.

This species is well distinguished by its broadly conic
shape. Only four out of fifteen specimens before me have
the two bands on the last whorl, but the columella is dark
and the sutural margin is opaque-white in all. The figures
represent the apex as more acute and less teat-like than it
really is. Von Martens has figured the living animal of a
specimen from Victoria, from a drawing by Dr. R. Buch-
holz. The neck and tentacles are dark green; sides of the
fore part, and the entire hind part of the foot are pale gray,
with numerous small white flecks.

Dusen found it on tree trunks. In an individual 30 mm.
long, d'Ailly found 14 eggs, measuring 5x3.75 mm., pol-
ished and of a glossy whiteness.

4. P. TENUIS ( Gray) .

Shell ovate, subturrite, very thin, white pellucid, covered
with a thin, glabrous-yellow periostracum ; spire conic, the
apex obtuse, somewhat produced; whorls convex, the last
very obsoletely carinate, purplish-brown anteriorly; colu-
mella thin and rather straight anteriorly. Axis 15, diam.
9 lines (Gray).

Africa? (Gray).

Lignus tcnuis GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 66. — Aclia-
tina tennis Gray, PFR., Monogr., ii, 247; iii, 480. — Perideris
'As Gray, PFR., Monogr., iv, 592; vi, 204.— SHUTTL.,
Notitias, p. 77.

" This sl'Hl is in shape most like the young of Eel. flam-

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 225

migcrus Fer., Moll. t. 118, f. 5; but differs in color, in
tenuity, and in the shape of the front of the pillar lip "
(Gray).

Tliis unfigured species must be similar to. if not identical
with, P. bifrons Shuttl.

5. P. BIFRONS (Shuttleworth). PI. 14, figs. 48, 49, 50, 51.

Shell •oblong-conic, rather thin, striate, a little shining.
Under a very thin, pale straw-colored epidermis it is whit-
ish, ornamented with a rather wide dilute blackish-purple
band below the periphery, and a darker columellar area.
Spire ovate-conic, rather long. "Whorls 7, rather flat or mod-
erately convex, the last about three-sevenths the total length ;
suture rather widely margined and very closely crenulate.
Columella narrow, thin, shortly truncatulate at base, in-
tensely and broadly bordered with black-purple within.
Aperture oblique, truncate-oblong; peristome simple, acute.
Length 47, diam. 22, apert. 20 mm. (Shuttl.).

West Africa: Grand Bassam (Verreaux) ; near Bourbouri,
in banana plantations (Vignon).

Perideris lifrons SH., Notitiae, i, p. 78, pi. 1; f. 1 (1856).-
PFR., Monogr., iv, 593 ; vi, 204. — KGBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p.
43, pi. 13, f. 5-8. — Achaiixa bifrons Sh., VIGNON, Bull. Soc.
Malac. France, v, p. 69.

Differs from P. solimanus by the thinner and less glossy
subdiaphanous shell, more ovate spire, narrower, thin colu-
mella, which is not thickened and twisted. Over 40 speci-
mens were examined by Shuttleworth, who found them to
vary from more slender forms with flattened whorls, to those
more obese with the whorls a little convex. Unicolored shells,
without the dark bands, also occur.

Figures 48, 49 are copied from Shuttleworth. Figs. 50,
51 represent a specimen in the Berlin Museum, sent by
Shuttleworth to Albers (after Kobelt). On pi. 7, fig. 39, I
have figured a specimen in coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences. These
are yellowish below the suture, and have a large, purple-
black basal area, which in some shells is divided, as in
Shuttleworth 's type, by a paler zone. In general contour
the species is excessively similar to P. reeveanus.

226 PSEUDOTROCIiUS.

€. P. REEVEANUS (Pfeiffer) . PL 14, figs. 52, 53, 54.

Shell oblong-turrited, thin, smoothish, very finely spirally
striate under a lens, rather glossy. White under a decid-
uous buff epidermis, with two buff bands, one at the suture,
the other on the periphery. Suture regularly crenulate.
Whorls iy2, all a little convex, the last three-sevenths the
total alt. Columella thin, rather narrow, very shortly trun-
cate. Aperture truncate-oval; peristome very thin. Length
48, diam. 22, apert. 22 mm. (Pfr.}.

West Africa.

Achatina reeveana PER, P. Z. S., 1848, p. Ill ; Monogr.,
ii, p. 247 (1848); Conchyl. Cab, Achatina, p. 363; Bul-
imus, pi. 47, f. 9, 10.— DESK, in Fer, Hist, p. 150, pi. 122,
f. 6, 7.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, v, pi. 9, f. 30 (March, 1849).
—Perideris reeveana PER., Monogr, iv, 593 ; vi, 204. — Ko-
BELT, Conch. Cab, p. 29, pi. 3, f. 3, 4.

Well distinguished by the two yellow bands on a white
ground; but as these bands color the cuticle only, and not
the shell-substance beneath, they are liable to be rubbed off,
though at least traces of them are visible on all the speci-
mens I have seen.

7. P. KERCADONIS (Grateloup). PI. 16, fig. 77; pi. 8, fig. 41.

" Shell oblong-conic, thin, substriate; buff-roseate, orna-
mented with oblique reddish-violaceous flammules; whorls a
little convex, granulose at the suture. Aperture obovate,
the lip very acute.

" The shell is conoid, elongate, thin, fragile, finely striate;
its surface is yellowish, a little rosy. It is flamed with ob-
liquely longitudinal unequal fringed spots of a brown color
with a violet tinge. The right margin is very thin and sharp.
The 7 whorls of the spire are noticeably convex, the last two
prettily granulate at the summit, along the suture. Length
45 to 50, diam. 25 to 28 mm." (Grat.).

West Africa.

Achatina kercadonis GRAT, Actes de la Soc. Linn, de
Bordeaux, xi, 1839, p. 414, pi. 2, f. 1.— PER, Monogr, ii,
245: Hi, 475. — A. moulinsii GRAT., t. c, p. 164, no. 22 (no

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 227

description). — Perideris kercadonis Grat., PFR., Monogr., iv,
595; vi, 204. — SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiae, i, p. 80. — KOBELT,
C. Cab., p. 31, pi. 3, f. 1, 8.— *Bulimus interstinctus Old.,
REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 89, f. 367c.

Grateloup's figure (fig. 77) and description are given. The
single specimen before me (pi. 8, fig. 41) is pale yellow
around the middle of the last whorl, whitish above and be-
low. The irregularly-spaced, deep brown streaks are widest
and strongest where they cross the periphery. They hardly
reach the suture, and a small basal tract is free from them.
The columella is bounded by a purple-brown band. The
periphery is indistinctly subangular. It is conspicuously
thinner than P. interstinctus. This specimen is labelled
"Cape Palmas."

8. P. ^QUATORIUS (Reeve). PI. 13, fig. 39.

Shell acuminately oblong, whorls 7, swollen, rounded,
smooth, obliquely finely striated, encircled with a small spiral
crenulated ridge at the sutures; columella scarcely trun-
cated, lip simple. Ash-blue, whitish towards the apex,
sprinkled irregularly with brown streaks and spots (Reeve).

West Africa: Banks of the Gaboon river (Cuming coll.).

Achatina ccquatoria REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 1, f. 2
(Feb., 1849). — A. interstincta var. 6, PPR., Monogr., iii, 480;
Conchyl. Cab., pi. 25, f. 26.— ? P. cailleana KOBELT, Conchyl.
Cab., p. 47, pi. 16, f. 9.

The marking of this species, from a locality nearly on
the equator, is very peculiar, not disposed in regular stripes,
but wavy and scattered ; the whorls are more than usually
rounded, and the apex has a papillary aspect ' (Rve.). It
is a more solid shell than P. cailleanus, with darker ground-
color; but both Pfeiffer and Morelet considered the two to
be varieties of one species. Figure and description are
from Reeve.

9. P. CAILLEANUS (Morelet) . PI. 13, figs. 37, 38.

Shell imperforate, ventricose-conic, pellucid, thin, im-
pressed with obsolete, unequal strias ; white, uniform or flamed

228 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

with fulvous; spire conic, the apex projecting, rather obtuse;
whorls 7, convex, narrowly marginate at the suture; the last
whorl ventricose, sometimes obsoletely carinate; columella
simple, straight, rather narrow, white with a chestnut border,
Aperture ovate, the peristome simple, acute; outer margin
fragile; columellar margin truncate. Length 34, diam. 19
mm. (Morelet).

West Africa: Grand Bassam, Senegal (Morelet) ; Dabou
(Vignon) .

Bulimus cailleanus MOREL., Revue Zool., Dec., 1848, p.
353; 1849, p. 383. — Achatina c. MOREL., Series Conch., i, p.
24, pi. 3, f. 1.— VIGNON, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, v, 70.-
A. (zquatoria DESK, in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 151, pi. 22, f. 10, 11.

There are, according to Morelet, two color-varieties of this
species, both white, with the columella of a handsome maroon
color: one (fig. 37) is uniform; the other (fig. 38) is orna-
mented with nammules and small spots of brown. They are
found on the leaves of trees. It is named for the hardy
explorer who first visited Timbuctu.

10. P. MORELETIANUS (Deshayes) . PI. 9, figs. 3, 4, 7.

Shell ovate-conic, the apex obtuse, mamillate; smooth, sub-
striate; spire conic; whorls 7, a little convex, narrow, cren-
ulate-margined, the first ones reddish, the last whorl brown-
black, obscurely subangular, convex, shorter than the spire.
Aperture ovate-lunar, dilated in the middle; peristome sim-
ple, acute, white-edged; columella short, narrow, cylindric,
slightly emarginate at the end. Length 41, diam. 23 mm.
(Desk.).

West Africa: Grand Bassam, Senegal (Morelet).

AcJxifuid morclcUana DESK, in Fer., Histoire, ii, 146, pi.
137, f. 7, 8.— MORELET, Ser. Conch., i, p. 22, pi. 2, f. 1; pi.
3, f. 3.— PPR., Conchyl. Cab., p. 321, Bulimus, pi. 26, f. 6, 7;
Monogr., iii, 480. — Pcr'nicris m. SHUTTLEW., NotitiEe, i, p.
79. — PFR., Monogr., iv, 594; vi, 204. — Acliaiina violacea PFR,,
P. Z. S., 1851, p. 259. — Bulimus zcgzcg MORELET, Revue Zool.,
1848, p. 353.

Fig. 4 is a copy of Deshayes' type-figure of moreletianus,

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 229

the original of which he received from Morelet. It is dark
purple-brown on the last whorl or two, the intermediate
whorls being reddish, and the apex paler. The single spec-
imen I have seen is dark brownish red-purple, with the spire,
sutural margin and a columellar area pale. The surface is
beautifully engraved spirally with crimped, crowded lines;
and the interior of the mouth is dark purple-brown, the
acute lip pale. Morelet found the species to be variable.
He refers to it specimens with the spire flamed, and with a
light basal band (fig. 3). He also figures a roseate young
shell (fig. 7).

B. zeyzeg Morelet and A. violacea Pfr. are identical with
typical morclctiana, having the same dark coloration.

lOrt. Var. PALLIDIOR Pilsbry, n. v. PL 8, fig. 42; pi. 9, figs.

5, 6.

Shell thin, white or nearly so, with narrow brown streaks
at the median region of the last whorl and above the suture,
a faint red-brown band above the slight peripheral angle.
Sutural bead-margin distinct, cream- white; columella pur-
plish-brown. Surface very smooth and glossy, the spiral
striation faint. Length 40, diam. 22, apert. 19 mm.

f Perideris caillcana Morelet, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p.
47, pi. 16, f. 7, 8. — f P. moreletiana Dh., SHUTTL., Notitise,
i, p. 79.

Shuttleworth, who examined more than 80 specimens, had
apparently this variety or subspecies before him, his speci-
mens all having a pale-immaculate area around the colu-
mella, and being either purplish variously ornamented with
blackish-violaceous flames and streaks (pi. 9, figs. 5, 6), or
flesh-colored, immaculate or with chestnut streaks. The shells
before me are of the pattern last described.

11. P. INCOLORATUS (Shuttleworth) . PI. 14, figs. 43, 45,

46, 47.

Shell long oblong-turrite, rather solid, striatulate, some-
what shining. Under a very fugacious, pale straw-colored
epidermis it is pure white, without markings. Spire conic

230 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

above, the apex obtusely papillar. AVhorls 71/), moderately
convex, the last nearly two-fifths the total length obtusely
subangular; suture crenulate; columella vertical, involute,
slightly truncate basally. Aperture suboval, the peristome
acute. Length 58-62, diam. 24-48, apert. 24-26 mm. long
(Shuttl.).

West Africa: Grand Bassam (Verreaux).

Perideris incolorata SHUTTL., Notitise, i, p. 81, pi. 2, f. 4,
5. — PFB., Monogr., iv, p. 594; vi, 204. — KOBELT, C. Cab., p.
44, pi. 15, f. 2-5.

Related to P. onager in form and solidity of the shell.
It seems also not very unlike P. rccvcamis. I have not seen
specimens. Figs. 45-47 are copied from Shuttleworth ; fig.
43 from Kobelt.

12. P. TOLARYNX (Shuttleworth) . PI. 9. figs. 8, 9, 10.
Shell long ovate, slightly striatulate, glossy; under a very

thin corneous cuticle it is whitish-ashy, ornamented with
narrow, irregular streaks, spots and dots of reddish-purple.
Spire conic above, the apex obtusely papillar; whorls ll/2,
slightly convex, the last flattened, obsoletely angular, two-
fifths the total length; the columellar region white. Suture
narrowly margined, crenulate. Columella subarcuate, a little
thickened, truncate at the base, outwardly pale, inwardly
deep violet-margined. Aperture suboval, violaceous inside,
opalescent; peristome acute, pale. Length 62, diam. 28,
apert. 25 mm. (Shuttlw.}.

West Africa: Grand Bassam (Verreaux).

Perideris iolarynx SH., Notitise Malacologies, i, p. 80, pi.
2, f. 1 (1856).— PPK., Monogr., iv, 594; vi, 204.— KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 45, pi. 15, f. 6, 7.

A beautiful species, related to the following. Fig. 10 is
a copy of Shuttleworth 's.

13. P. ONAGER (Shuttleworth). PI. 13, figs. 40, 41, 42.
Shell lengthened-oblong, rather solid, striatulate, a little

glossy; under a very fugacious pale straw-colored epidermis
it is whitish, closely ornamented with narrow, frequently

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 2ol

interrupted and waved streaks and spots of reddish-purple.
Spire conoidal above, the apex obtusely papillar, generally
roseate. Whorls 71/o, a little convex, the last very obsoletely
angular, two-thirds the total length, white at the columellar
region. Suture narrowly margined, crenulate ; columella
vertical, obliquely truncate at the base, white, margined out-
wardly and within with blackish-purple. Aperture oval,
white within; peristome acute. Length 65, diam. 29, apert.
28 mm. (Shutil.) .

"West Africa: Grand Bassam (Verreaux).

Perideris onager SH., Notitiae, i, p. 81, pi. 2, f. 2, 3 (1856).
-PFR., Monogr., iv, 594; vi, 204. — KOBELT, Conch. Cab., pp.
48, 127, pi. 30, f. 1-4; pi. 31, f. 1.

Belated to the preceding, and perhaps a variety thereof,
but the whorls, especially the last one, are more convex, the
shell is thinner, and the interior of the aperture is not
colored.

Figs. 40-42 of pi. 13 are copied from Shuttleworth. Figs.
75, 76 of pi. 16 represent specimens in the collection of the
Academy. These shells are rather solid, rose-colored with
the apex whitish, the last whorl either roseate or whitish
under a very thin corneous cuticle; the baso-columellar area
always white and distinctly limited. The spire has rather
wide red-purple flames, and the last whorl varies from closely,
regularly striped (fig. 76) to sparsely striped and dotted,
and only near the middle of the whorl (fig. 75). The colu-
mella is white, bordered outside with purplish-brown. The
sharp lip is brownish, interior white with a bluish tint, one
specimen being brownish in the throat. Size quite uniform,
46 x 26 to 49 x 24 mm.

14. P. FLAMMIGERUS (Ferussac) . PI. 13, figs. 33-36.

Shell ovate-elongate, acuminate, rather solid, rugose-
striate; whitish ornamented with narrow, close, chestnut
streaks. Spire conic, the apex papillar, white; whorls 71/2,
flattened, the last about four-ninths the whole length, black-
ish at the base. Columella subvertical, subtruncate; suture
margined. Aperture oval, milk-white inside, the peristome

232 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

acute, black-bordered; margins joined by a thin, diffuse,
opaline callous.

Length 66, diam. 31, apert. 31 mm. long (P/r.).

Length 70, diam. 36, apert. 30 mm. long (Kobelt] .

West Africa: Guinea; Dabou, Grand Bassam, in woods
(Vignou).

Helix flammigera FER., Prodr., p. 49, no. 341 ; Hist., pi.
118, f. 5-7. — Acliatina f., DESH. in Encycl. Meth., ii, p. 10;
in Fer., Hist,, ii, p. 147.— PFR., Monogr., ii, 245; iii, 479.-
MORELET, Series Conch., i, p. 25, pi. 2, f. 3. — VIGNON, Bull.
Soc. Mai. Fr., v, 70. — Limicolarius flammiger BECK, Index,
p. 60. — Perideris flammigera PFR., Monogr., iv, 595; vi, 203.
-KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 25, pi. 1, f. 2, 3. — Orthalicus flam-
migerus H. & A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, p. 155. — Bulimus
richii LAM., An. s. Vert., vi, p. 118. — KUSTER, C. Cab., p. 9,
pi. 8, f. 3, 4. — Acliatina richii REEVE, Conch. Syst., ii, pi.
177, f. 4.

A handsomely striped species, still rare in collections. Fig.
35 is from one of Ferussac's original figures. Fig. 36 after
Reeve, 33 after Kobelt, and 34 from Morelet, further illus-
trate it. Lamarck gave the locality Peru for his B. richii;
and Lubomirski (P. Z. S., 1879, 725) records P. flammigera
from Chota, Peru, where it was collected by Stolzmann.
This must be a misidentification of some superficially similar
species of Oxystyla.

15. P. AURIPIGMENTUM (Reeve) . PL 10, figs. 11 to 16.

Shell pyramidally elongated, spire acuminated, whorls 7,
smooth, flatly convex, columella narrow, straight, as if rolled
back, aperture small, lip simple, sharp. Of a peculiar red-
dish bay, the whorls being encircled around the base with
irregular, short, erect, chestnut and white flames, last whorl
with a broad chestnut band (Reeve).

West Africa: Calabar (Pfr.), Kamerun at Itoki (Sjos-
tedt), Victoria (Buchholz) ; the form vignoni from Lagos
(Mann) .

Bulimus auripigmentum REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 29, f.
178 (July, 1848).— PFR., Monogr., iii, 389.— Perideris a.,

PSEUDOTEOCHUS. 233

PFRV Monogr., iv, 595; vi, 204. — SHUTTLW., Notitiw, i, p.
81.— DOHRN in Pfr., Novit. Conch., iv, p. 163, pi. 137, f. 5,
6, and young, f. 7. — v. MART., Monatsber. Nat. Fr. Berlin,
1876, p. 259.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 37, pi. 11, f. 1-4;
pi. 14, f. 6; — D'AILLY, Bihang, p. 83, pi. 5, f. 3, 4. — SCHAKO
in Furtado, Journ. de Conch., 1888, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 1-7 (jaw
and teeth). — Acliatina vignoni MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl.,
1860, p. 189.— MARTENS, Malak. Bl., 1866, p. 107, pi. 4, f. 9.

In typical auripigmentum (figs. 11, 14) the ground-color
is a rich brownish-yellow, paler on the spire. There is a
deep chestnut belt below and at the periphery, regularly in-
terrupted upon the latter by opaque white spots, which coal-
esce to form a white belt at the angle. The spire is irreg-
ularly maculate and flamed with white and chestnut. Fig.
11 (from Reeve) represents the adult, fig. 14 a half-grown
specimen. Fig. 13, from the Novitates Conclwlogiccs is also
nearly typical. In fig. 12 a specimen is drawn, in which the
peripheral chestnut markings are much reduced, and the
opaque-white patches stand on a gray-white ground, the spire
being gray-white above. A form in which the dark markings
predominate is shown in fig. 15, copied from Robert.

D'Ailly had four Kamerun specimens in which the chest-
nut flames extended to the suture above, and there was no
white peripheral girdle (fig. 16).

The variety vignoni Morel, (pi. 10, fig. 17) is somewhat
similar in its many, continuous dark stripes, but the latter
continue to the axis below,' there being no light basal area,
such as all the preceding shells have. It is not merely the
young of auripigmentum; but the definition of subspecies
awaits the collection of larger series and a knowledge of
their distribution. The jaw and teeth have been figured by
Schako.

16. P. LECHATELIERI (Dautzenberg) . PI. 10, figs. 18, 19.

Imperforate, oblong-turrite, rather solid, a little shining.
Spire conoid, the apex attenuate; obliquely striatulate.
Whorls 7-8, a little convex, swollen above, suture linear, not
margined ; last whorl encircled at the periphery with a prom-

234 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

inent carina. Aperture quadrate, about three-eighths the
total length, the margins joined by a callous. Columella cal-
lous, vertical, somewhat twisted, lip acute. Color livid-testa-
ceous, irregularly marked with longitudinal blackish and
whitish flames and brown dots. Length 62, diam. 27, apert.
23 mm. (Dautz.).

West Africa: Dahomey, near Affame, on the Oueme river
(Capt, Le Chatelier).

Perideris lechatelieri DAUTZ., Journ. de Conchyl., xl, 1892,
p. 297; xli, 1893, p. 33, pi. 1, f. 3.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 39,
pi. 13, f. 3, 4.

Closely related to P. auripigmentum, from which it differs
by the carinate periphery and swollen whorls. Described
from a single specimen.

17. P. MUCIDUS (Gould). PI. 15, figs. 54, 55, 56.

Shell rather solid, ovate, mamillate, indented, granulose-
striate; yellow, longitudinally ornamented with interrupted
black streaks; spire oval; whorls 6, the upper ventricose, the
last abnormal, contracted; suture margined and crenulate.
Aperture small, rounded-lunate; lip acute, pale; columella
subtruncate ; throat variegated black and buff. Length one
and three-eighths, width three- fourths inch (Old.).

West Africa: Interior of Liberia (Dr. Perkins).

Bulimus mncidiis OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, p. 194
(April, 1850) ; Otia, p. 207. — Achatina mucida Gld., REEVE,
Conch. Icon., v, pi. 23, f. 128.— Pfr. in Conch. Cab., p. 339,
pi. 37, f. 8, 9 ; Monogr., iii, p. 48l. — Perideris mucida Gld.,
SHUTTLW., Notitia?, i, p. 83. — PFR., Monogr., iv, 596; vi, 203;
viii, 267. — DOHRN, Malak. Bl., xxii, 1875, p. 206 (variations).
-KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 36, pi. 10, f. 8, 9.

The specimens I have seen, two of which are shown in figs.
54, 55, are rather thin, and the last whorl is not abnormally
contracted, but otherwise they agree with Gould's descrip-
tion. The surface is very finely plicatulate, cut into weak
granules by fine spiral incised strias; and it is also indis-
tinctly, coarsely malleatc. The ground-color is whitish at the
apex, becoming red-brown on the penult, whorl and black

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 235

or purple-black at the base of the last whorl, which is copi-
ously striped with ragged, opaque creamy or yellowish-white
stripes, this coloring also showing vividly within the mouth;
on the penult, whorl and the preceding one, the pattern
would be described as of red-brown stripes or flames on a
whitish ground. The sutural margin is very narrow, though
distinct It commonly measures 32 to 33 mm. long, 18 wide.
The dark coloring is sometimes wanting, as in a pale speci-
men (fig. 56), figured by Pfeiffer from Dohrn's collection.

18. P. GOULDII (Reeve). PI. 15, figs. 57, 58, 59.

Shell imperforate, thin, ovate-conic, with teat-like apex
and subangular or angular periphery; whitish or reddish
under a thin yellow cuticle, which is marked with whitish,
hydrophanous lacerated stripes on the upper post-embryonic
whorls of the spire, and a belt of similar square spots below
the peripheral angle, which is marked with a narrow red-
dish belt. Surface hardly shining, with low growth-wrinkles
and fine, faint spiral striae. Whorls 7, moderately convex.
Aperture oblique, ovate, pale livid- whitish inside; outer lip
acute; columella very narrow, thin, obliquely subtruncate
below. Length 48-49, diam. 23-24 mm.

West Africa: Liberia (Dr. Perkins).

Acliatina gouldii REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 23, f. 128
(March, 1850). — Acliatina balteata OLD., Proc. Boston Soc.
N. II., iii, p. 195 (April, 1850).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 480 —
Perideris baltcata PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 593 ; vi, 204. — KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 34, pi. 10, f. 4, 5; pi. 16, f. 2, 3.— Not
Acliatina lalteata Reeve, 1849.

Remarkable for its belt and flames of hydrophanous, whit-
ish cuticle ; but the latter is easily rubbed off.

19. P. SAULCYDI (Joannis). PI. 11, fig. 20.

Shell quite solid, ovoid, the spire much swollen and notice-
ably girdled at the suture; the first whorls teat-like. The
last whorl is as large as all the rest together. Surface rough-
ened by quite irregular strife of growth. Two distinct de-
scending grooves on the lower part of the belly of the shell,

236 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

extending to the mouth, which is oval; columellar margin
angularly excavated, the columella truncate, and yet joined
to the right margin, which is without flange and not acute.
A distinct sinus at the junction of the right margin with
the last whorl. Coloration in two descending bands on the
last whorl, the upper one quite deep brown-violaceous, inter-
rupted with fawn stripes; the lower of a yellowish white
tinted with blue, and as though picked out with undulating,
transverse lines; the second whorl without evident bands,
and striped with reddish violet. The last 5 whorls of a dirty
white, with some spaced yellowish bands. Inside of the
mouth of a deep fawn tint. This shell is remarkable for its
mamillate spire, not occurring in any other species of Acha-
tina, and for its Bulimus-like aspect. The individual exam-
ined was covered with cicatrices. Length 7, width 5 decim.
(Joannis).

AVest Africa: Prince's Isle, Gulf of Guinea (Joannis).

Achatina saulcydi JOANNIS, Guerin's Mag. de Zool., 1834,
cl. v, pi. 50. — DESK, in Lam., An. s. Vert, viii, p. 305. — PFR.,
Monogr., ii, 243 ; iii, 478. — Perideris s., PFR., Monogr., iv,
596; vi, 203.

Joannis' figure was reversed, probably by an engraver's
error, as most authors have thought, though no intimation of
this is contained in the original account. Fig. 20 is a copy
of the original figure, modified only in being made dextral.
Reeve and Deshayes have also given copies of Joannis' fig-
ure, as the species is one of great rarity in collections. The
original description of the coloration agrees but poorly with
the figure, and Joannis' measurements also show careless-
ness, at least.

19a. Var. NORMALIS (Pilsbry). PI. 11, figs. 21, 22.

Shell resembling Achatina saiilcydi Joannis in general col-
oration, being white streaked with livid purple, with some
bluish suffusion, the penultimate whorl whitish with livid
red flames. "Whorls about 71/L>, the earlier 3 forming a mamil-
lar mucro, higher and more distinctly differentiated than in
saulcydi; following whorls forming a more tapering cone

PSEUDOTEOCHUS. 237

than in saulcydi, the last not perceptibly constricted below
the suture. Suture margined below by a narrow crenate or
beaded band. The surface is unequally, obliquely subobso-
letely plicatulate, sometimes with subobsolete spirals on the
penultimate whorl, the last whorl with faint, obliquely de-
scending, scar-like impressions or color-markings at right
angles to the growth-lines. Aperture oblique, dark purplish-
brown inside; parietal wall more or less distinctly orange-
brown from the retention of the cuticle under the parietal
glaze. Columella narrow, wholly appressed, somewhat con-
cave, passing gradually into the thin basal lip.

Length 77.5, diam. 41, oblique length of apert. 40 mm.

Length 76.5, diam. 40, oblique length of apert. 38.5 mm.

"Taboo Africa" (Robert Swift coll. in A. N. S. Phila.).

Perideris saulcydi var. normalis PILS., Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 503 (1898).— ? Bulimus torridus REEVE,
Conch. Icon., v, pi. 89, f. 662a.

This form differs from P. saulcydi (Joannis) in being
more elongated and slender throughout, the last whorl not
concave above, aperture consequently not acuminate poster-
iorly as in that species; the spire is more elongated and
tapering, and the terminal " mamelon ' more pronounced.
It is also dextral; but as the apparent sinistrality of Joannis'
species may be due to an artist's failure to reverse, I do not
place great stress upon this feature.

20. P. KOBELTI (Pilsbry). PL 11, figs. 23, 24.

Shell ovate, ventricose, whitish under an olivaceous yellow
or on the penult, whorl brown cuticle. Surface obliquely finely
plicatulate in the direction of growth-lines, and above the
periphery decussated by numerous rather inconspicuous
spiral impressed lines. Spire abruptly contracted above,
mucronate. Whorls about, 61/., the earlier 2 1/2 forming a
mamillar projection, the rest rapidly widening, last whorl
swollen. Suture narrowly white bordered from loss of
cuticle, and minutely beaded. Aperture oblique, reddish;
lip obtuse, brown-edged; columella whitish, vertical, rather
straight, subtruncate below. Alt, 68, diam. 41, longest a
of aperture incl. peristome 38 mm.

238 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

West Africa : Cape Palmas. Type in coll. A. N. S. P.

Perideris kobelti PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1897, p.
503 (1898). — Bidimus torridiis REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi.
89, f. 6625. — Perideris saulcydi KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p.
42, pi. 13, f. 1, 2.

Much shorter and more globose than P. saulcydi or var.
normalis, and the greenish yellow cuticle is persistent on the
last two whorls. The sculpture also is markedly different,
and the columella wider. The shell is much more globose
than P. torridus (Old.), thicker, and dark within. It is a
strongly characterized species, dedicated to the able author
of the later monographs on Acliatinidcc in the Conchylien
Cabinet. Fig. 23 is copied from one of Kobelt's. Fig. 24
represents the type specimen.

21. P. TORRIDUS (Gould). PI. 12, figs. 25-28.

Shell ovoid, the apex mamillate; rufous-chestnut, whorls
7, ventricose, striate, the last large, contracted towards the
base; suture marginate, conspicuously crcnulate. Aperture
small, ovate; columella white, brown-bordered, slightly trun-
cate at the base; lip simple, brownish, white within, and
thickened. Length 3.25, breadth 1.5 inch (Old.}.

West Africa: Liberia (Perkins, Dohrn) ; Millsburg on the
St. Paul's river (Buttikoper) ; Junk river (Stampfli).

Achatina torrida GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1843, p.

158 ; Otia, p. 191. — Perideris torrida DOHRN, Malak. Bl., xxii,

1875, p. 205.— PFR., Novit. Conch., iv, p. 161, pi. 137, f. 1, 2.

— SCHEPMAN, Notes Leyden Mus., 1888, x, p. 248. — KOBELT,

Conchyl. Cab., p. 28, pi. 2, f. 4, 5; pi. 15, f. 1.

Figures 25 and 28 represent the typical form. The shell
is either (1) white under a glossy, smooth, yellow cuticle,
which is worn from the spire, or (2) brown- tinted, or (3)
brown below the periphery, which is marked by an ill-defined
dark belt. The aperture is white inside, with a pale purplish
or livid tint, the lip rather sharp and brown at the edge.
The size varies a good deal : from 61 x 31 to 74 x 37 mm. in
specimens before me; while Dr. Gould's type was even larger.

P. torrida has not the rough surface nor dark streaked

PSEUDOTROCHUS. 239

coloring of P. saulcydi or -nor mails, and it is a smoother,
thinner, less obese shell than P. kobelti; it is further distin-
guished by the pale interior.

22. P. RUBICUNDULUS (Gould).

Shell oblong-conic, thin, with a roseate blush; whorls 7,
a little convex, the last obsoletely carinate ; suture marginate,
whitish, elegantly creuulate ; aperture ovate, coluniella thin,
lip subreflexed, somewhat thickened within. Length 1.5,
width .7 inch. Allied to B. ~boliolensis Brod., and is colored
like some varieties of B. concinnus Brod." (Old.}.

West Africa : Cape Palrnas.

Bidhmts rubicundulus GLD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., i,
p. 158 (Dec., 1843) ; Otia, p. 192, 210 (stated to be a var. of
interstinctus) . — Peridcris rubicundula SHUTTLW., Notitite, i,
p. 83.

Gould subsequently referred this form to B. inter strictus
as a variety; and Pfeiffer also placed it in the synonymy of
that species. The name precedes that of interstinctus on the
same page; but their specific identity needs confirmation.

23. P. INTERSTINCTUS (Gould). PL 12, figs. 30, 31.

Shell ovate, the apex mamillate, imperforate, pale flesh
color, variegated with streaks and letter-like purple and pale
markings here and there. Whorls 7, ventricose, the last
large, half the length of the spire ; suture margined, whitish,
very noticeably crenulate. Aperture small, subquadrate;
columella roseate, evolute, posteriorly sinuous; lip acute,
thickened with a rosy callous within. Length one and three-
fourths, width nine-tenths [= = 44x22.5 mm.] (Old.}.

West Africa: Liberia at Cape Palmas (Drs. Savage and
Perkins), and Hilltown (Buttikofer) ; Bourbouri, Grand
Bassam (Vignon).

Bulimus interstinctus GLD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., i, p.
158 (Dec., 1843) ; Otia, pp. 192, 210.— REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
v, pi. 55, f . 367 ; pi. 89, f . 3676 ?— PETIT, Journ. de Conchyl.,
1851, p. 368, pi. 10, f. 8 (var.).— Achatina i., Gld., PFR,,
Monogr., iii, p. 479 ; Conch. Cab., p. 317, pi. 25. f . 27.— Via-

240 PSEUDOTROCHUS.

NON, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, v, 70. — Pcrideris i., PFR.,
Monogr., iv, 595; vi, 203.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 40, pi. 14,
f . 1-5 ; pi. 11, f . 7, 8 ; pi. 12, f . 3, 4.— DOHRN in Pf r., Novit.
Conch., iv, pi. 162, pi. 137, f. 3 (var.) ; Malak. Bl., xxii,
1875, p. 206. — SCHEPMAN, Notes Leyden Mus., x, 1888, p.
247. — P. i. var. insignis PFR., Monogr., viii, p. 266 (1877).

Figures 29-31 represent specimens of forms ordinarily en-
countered, figs. 30, 31 representing a shell received from
Gould. The last whorl is covered with a yellow cuticle,
deeper in tint from the middle down; the spire is grayish-
or bluish-white, with very little cuticle. The last whorl has
a few short purplish streaks, becoming more numerous and
wider on the spire.

23a. Var. FLAVUS Pils.

The other specimen figured (fig. 29) is quite solid, white
under a yellowish cuticle, which is thin and more or less
worn on the spire; dark streaks are rare, and chiefly on the
spire. The columella and parietal callous are pink, the
aperture thickened within and white or pinkish. Usually
there is no trace of columellar truncation. The subsutural
bead-margin is very distinct, Length 49, diam. 23, oblique
length apert. 22 mm. This seems to be the commonest form
in collections, and has been illustrated by Kobelt on his pi.
14, f. 1-4.

23&. Var. INSIGNIS Pfr. PL 12, fig. 32.

On a reddish or reddish-yellow ground, it is marked with
a wide black band interrupted with narrow, irregular yellow
streaks, at the periphery of the last whorl half of this band
showing above the suture ; above there are some narrow black-
ish streaks and slvcwn dots. Liberia (Dohrn coll.).

Gould states (Otia, 210) that "£. iiila-xlinctus proves to
be very variable in form, and especially in color, being green,
br< ous, soiiu'1 imes spotted, etc."

24. P. VERDIERI (Chapor). PI. 16, figs. 68, 69.

Shell oblong-conic, solid; isndcr a. very thin fugacious yel-
icle it is . r xiixtll area around, the axis and

PERIDERIOPSIS. 241

coliimdla flcslnj or brownish rose-color. Surface marked with
distinct, irregular growth-wrinkles and fine, subobsolete
spiral stria!. Spire a little convexly conic, slightly contracted
near the obtuse apex. Whorls 7^, convex, the suture mar-
gined below, the border beaded on the last whorl or two,
almost smooth on earlier whorls. Last whorl well rounded
throughput. Aperture oblique, irregularly ovate, excavated
and subangular in the middle of the left margin, white
within; peristome simple, somewhat thickened within. Colu-
mella vertical, nearly straight, flesh-colored, somewhat thick-
ened and round-edged, not truncate below.

Length 45, diam. 20.5, apert. 18.5 mm.

Length 54-65 mm. (Chaper).

West Africa: Cape Palrnas (M. Verdier).

Pcrideris verdieri CHAPER, Bull, de la Soc. Zool. de France,
x, p. 45, pi. 1, f. 5 (1885).— ?KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 30, pi. 3,
f. 5, 6.

A solid species, distinguished by the flesh-colored colu-
mellar area. The last whorl is not so wide as in P. bifrons
or reeve anus, and there is no tendency whatever to be an-
gular at the periphery. Fig. 68 is copied from Chaper.
Fig. 69 represents a typical specimen in coll. A. N. S.

Genus PERIDERIOPSIS Putzeys, 1898.

PUTZEYS, Proces-verbaux des seances de la Societe Royale
malacologique de Belgique, January 8, 1898, p. vi. Type
P. unibilicata.

The shell is similar to Pscudotroclms in the obtuse apex,
smooth apical whorls and generally smooth surface, more or
less angular periphery, and angular-ovate aperture ; the outer
lip is simple, more or less thickened within; columella ver-
tical and nearly straight, hardly truncate at base, its edge
reflexed but not closing the umbilical fissure; general shape
ovate-turrite. Axis perforate. Type P. umbilicata.

Distribution, Congo valley. The beautifully colored shells
of this group resemble such Pseudotrochi as P. auripigm< n-
tum, but differ in the perforate axis and open umbilical
crevice. The spire is also rather more lengthened, and the

242 PERIDERIOPSIS.

columella is not so distinctly truncate. The area inhabited
by Perideriopsis lies south of that of Pscudotrochus, and is
inland, while the other genus has not yet been found far
from the coast.

1. P. UMBILICATA Putzeys. PI. 17, fig. 85.

Shell perforate, conic-turrite, rather solid, a little shining,
striatulate, frequently decussate irregularly and very deli-
cately with spiral lines. Spire long, conic, the apex obtuse;
suture impressed, delicately wrinkled. Whorls 7-8, a little
convex, the upper white or roseate, following ones slightly
yellowish, irregularly ornamented with streaks or flames of
tawny or chestnut; last whorl subangular, the base marked
with buff or chestnut, with a white band below the angle.
Aperture trapezoidal, somewhat channelled; lip acute, the
base visibly reflexed, thickened within; columella callous,
straight, vertical, white or violaceous; margins joined by a
very thin parietal callous, the columellar margin reflexed
above the perforation. Length 40-45, diam. 15-18, length
aperture 15-18 mm. (Putz.}.

Congo Free State: Bena Bendi (Putzeys).

Perideriopsis umbilicata PUTZ., Proces-verbaux des seances
de la Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., 8 Jan., 1898, p. vi, fig. 5.-
P. iimbilicata, var. nsendiveensis (p. xxxix), and var. albida,
lowaensis (p. xl) DUPTJIS et PUTZEYS, Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.
Belg., Bull, des seances, 1901 (March, 1902).

la. Var. NSENDWEENSIS Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 8, figs. 43, 44.
Resembles the type, but the upper part of the last whorl
and the upper whorls are irregularly marbled with spots
and flames of brownish and purple of various shades on a
whitish ground. These patches or flames become roseate or
deep brown towards the summit, which is generally roseate.
The lower half of the last whorl is black-brown from the
basal angle to the umbilicus, a belt of irregular yellowish
spots lying below the angle. These spots may be reduced to
a series of dots, or may form flames converging to the per-
'•>• ,tion. Length 45, diam. 18, length apert. 16, width 14 mm.

PERIDERIOPSIS. 2-13

Nsendwe, on the lower side of banana leaves (Dupuis).
Figured from a topotype.

16. Var. albida D. et P.

The pattern of coloration is the same as in the preceding
variety, but the colors differ. The lower part of the last
whorl is dirty yellowish; above on the last and preceding
whorls the spots or flames are roseate or rose-brown on a
whitish ground; the summit is roseate. Dimensions as in
the preceding, with which it occurs.

Ic. Var. LOWAENSIS D. et P.

In this variety the shell is not quite so thick as in the pre-
ceding, and the coloration is extremely variable. The ground
is ordinarily gray-white, the summit rose. The whorls of
the spire are sometimes ornamented with transverse flames
and patches very variable in color and appearance, and some-
times girt with a blackish brown band at the suture; but
it is readily distinguished from other varieties in always
having on the last whorl a rounded patch of greater or less
extent at the columella, and 3 quite distinct colored spiral
zones on the lower part of this whorl, a lighter zone between
two darker ones. Albinistic forms occur. Length 37, diam.
16, length apert. 15, width 9 mm.

Congo Free State : A ravine facing the mouth of the Lowa
river (P. Dupuis).

We also refer to this race a specimen procured at Gongo-
Kitete, of a red-orange color, with a brown tract at the colu-
mella, a narrow band of deeper orange along the angle of
the last whorl, with the suture whitish, and with irregular
whitish spots on the upper part of the whorls of the spire
(D. & P.}.

2. P. FORMOSA Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 17, figs. 80, 81.

Shell elongate-ovate, a little shining, rather solid, covered
with a pale brown epidermis. Upper whorls generally orna-
mented with transverse brown flames; following whorls with
a more or less wide black-chestnut zone at the upper part,
interrupted with zigzag white flames, which are generally

244 PERIDERIOPSIS.

confluent at the suture, some of them reaching to the suture
below; lower part of the last whorl chestnut-black, banded
with buff flames. Suture rather deep, narrowly plicate-
margined on the last whorl. Apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls
7, regularly increasing, convex, ornamented with many deli-
cate, oblique and regular growth-lines; the second and third
densely spirally striate, the following sculptured with trans-
verse strice, which are inconspicuous below, evanescent on
the penult, and last whorls. Last whorl lightly inflated,
subangular. Coluniella nearly vertical, slightly thickened
above, violaceous, reflexed over the narrow perforation, the
margin brownish, joined to the lip by a very thin callous.
Lip acute, arcuate, slightly depressed in the middle, forming
an acute angle with the whorl above, and a subobtuse angle
with the columella. Aperture quadrate-ovate ; within slightly
thickened, blue-wThite and opalescent, the external markings
visible. Length 41.5, diam. 17.5, length apert. 16, width 10
mm. (D. et P.).

Congo Free State : Island of Mvula, facing the Lowa river
(P. Dupuis) .

Perideriopsis formosa D. et P., Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.
Belg., xxxvi, Bulletins des seances, 1901, p. xxxiv, figs. 1, 2
(March, 1902) ; with var. pallida, p. xxxv.

2a. Var. pallida Dupuis et Putzeys.

Ground-color uniform roseate-brown; the white and yel-
low flames are as in the type, but there are no dark bands
at suture and periphery. Size and locality of the type.

3. P. FALLSENSIS Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 17, figs. 82, 83.

Shell solid, conic-turrite, very narrowly perforate, whit-
ish, a little shining, striate; apex obtuse; painted with flam-
mules dilated above the suture, or with rather narrow streaks,
of reddish chestnut, sometimes interrupted. Whorls 7-8,
convex, joined by a slightly margined and crenulate suture,
the upper granulose, the last flattened in the middle, sub-
;ininilar at the periphery. Aperture ovate-subrhomboidal, the
lip acute, a little reflexed, slightly thickened within; colu-

PERIDERIOPSIS. 2-15

mella conspicuously arcuate-twisted, bluish-brown. Length
40-54, diam. 15-18.5 mm.; apert. 15-18 mm. long (D. et P.).

Congo Free State: Stanley Falls, in the forest (P. Dupuis).

Perideriopsis fallsensis D. et P., Bull, des seances de la
Soc. Roy. Malac. Belgique, Mar. 3, 1900, p. xiii, figs. 19, 20;
in Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac. Belg., xxxv.

*

4. P. MVTJLAENSIS Dupuis et Putzeys. PI. 17, figs. 78, 79.

Shell narroAvly perforate, rather solid, subpyramidal-
turriculate, a little shining; apex obtuse; whorls 8, a little
convex, frequently minutely depressed or sloping at the
suture, sometimes flattened, suture moderately crenulate and
sometimes margined; upper whorls granulose, two or three
following ones very delicately granulate, all the follow-
ing striatulate with growth-lines. Surface diversely varie-
gated, sometimes yellowish with brown forked flames, wider
above the suture, sometimes brown, beautifully tessellate-
flamed below the suture with white. Last whorl subangular,
with varied basal coloration. Aperture subtrapezoidal, the
lip a little reflexed, twisted, extending nearly to the base,
and forming an angle with the lip margin; columellar mar-
gin reflexed, parietal callous variable. Length 38-51, diam.
17-21 mm.; length aperture 14-18.5 mm. (D. et P.).

Congo Free State: Is. of Mvula (P. Dupuis).

P. mvulacnsis D. et P., Bull, des seances, etc., Mar. 3, 1900,
p. xiv, f. 21, 22.

This species is readily distinguished from P. fallsensis. It
is less glossy than the latter, the shell especially is thinner,
the ground-color yellowish or even entirely brown, the form
more regularly pyramidal, the base wider, the aperture more
trapezoidal, and the lip a little reflexed and noticeably thick-
ened at the edge, wrhile in P. fallsensis the thickening is de-
veloped as an internal" labial deposit. Moreover, except in
the entirely brown examples, all the specimens of P. mvu-
lacnsis which we have are ornamented at the edge of the
angle of the last whorl with a well-marked brown band,
which we have not observed in any specimen of the other
species (D. et P.).

246 LIMICOLARIA.

Genus LIMICOLARIA Schumacher, 1817.

Limicolaria SCHUM., Essai d'un nouv. Syst. Vers Test., pp.
61, 200, type Helix flammea Miill. — Limicularia SCHUM., t. c.,
p. 200. — SHUTTLE-WORTH, Notitioe Malac., i, p. 38 (mono-
graph).— KOBELT, Coiichyl. Cab., i, Abth. 10, pp. 48-83, 115-
127. — D'AILLY, Contributions a la counaissance des Mol-
lusques terrestres et d'eau douce de Kameroun, in Bihang
till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, xx, p. 72. — Limico-
I ariiis BECK, Index Molluscorum, p. 60 (1837). Not Ompha-
loslyla SCHLUETER, Kurtzgefasstes syst. Verz. meiner Con-
chyliensammluug, p. 7 (1838), for ustulala Mke. — Pythia,
OKEN, Lehrbuch d. Zool., p. 321, in part (1815).

Shell conic-oblong or turrite, perforate or closed, thin,
smoothish, covered with a very thin, smooth cuticle ; uniform
yellowish, or striped or flamed with reddish-brown. Spire
regularly tapering to the obtuse apex, the first whorl or two
smooth. Aperture vertical or slightly oblique, rather small,
less than half the total length of the shell. Outer lip thin,
simple and acute; columellar lip refiexed above, not truncate
at the base, but continuous with the basal margin.

Jaw finely striate. Teeth as in Achatina and Perideris.
Kidney and genitalia as in Achatina, etc.

Distribution: tropical Africa, from the east coast to the
west, and from upper Egypt and Abyssinia throughout the
Lake region; or about 15° on each side of the Equator.
They live chiefly on plants, and, in the Lake region, in grass.
The striped coloring of most of the shells is thought to be
imitative of light and shadow in their grassy haunts.

With the coloration of Achatina, this genus differs by the
continuity of the columella with the basal lip. Burtoa
resembles Limicolaria in the non-truncate columella, but it
has the broadly ovate-conic shape of typical Achatina, and
the mouth exceeds half the total length of the shell; more-
over, the apical sculpture of Burtoa shows it to be more
closely related to Achatina than to Limicolaria.

The epiphragm of L. maricnsiana is described by Pelseneer
as thin and white, having a raised ridge with a slit on the
inner side for the entrance of air. This agrees with Achatina.

I.IMICOLARIA. 247

The chief monographic work on Limicolaria is that of
Kobelt in the Conchylien Cabinet, 1894, comprising 47 species.
The East African forms have been thoroughly revised by
von Martens in his great work Bcschalte WeicMhiere Ost-
Afrikas, 1896. Mr. E. A. Smith has also contributed largely
to our knowledge of the genus, in numerous articles on
Africanf mollusks, 1880 to the present time. In the present
work 71 species are admitted.

Professor E. von Martens, in his work on the shell-bearing
mollusks of East Africa, remarks that the species are sep-
arated with difficulty and are still harder to diagnose, for
the general shape, as well as the sculpture and coloring, vary
widely in a series of specimens collected together. The shape
may be more or less swollen or slender, and not rarely ab-
normally drawn-out shells occur, which are conspicuously
small-mouthed. More rarely there are shortened forms. The
numerical proportion of the length of the shell to its width
may, therefore, vary remarkably among individuals of a
species, and also the proportionate length of the aperture to
that of the whole shell.

The following species, described as Limicolarire, belong to
the Buliminoid series, as shown by the penial accessory organs
of L. revoili, the anatomy of which has been figured by Bour-
guignat; 110 such structures are found in Limicolaria or
other Achatinidcc.

L. revoili, with var. inflata; L. gilbertae, L. rochebruni, L.
armandi, L. perrieriana, L. maunoiriana, L. milne-edward-
siana, L. leontinae, L. rabaudi, all of Bgt, and all from the
Ouarsanguelis Mts., Somaliland. See BGT., Moll. terr. ct
fluv., pp. 40-52, in Revoil, Faune et Flore des Pays Comalis
(Afrique orientale), 1882.

The species of Limicolaria may conveniently be grouped
geographically as follows :

WEST AFRICA (Senegal to Angola), species 1-30.

CONGO VALLEY, species 31-34, 61c, 62.

NORTHEAST AFRICA (Upper Egypt, Abyssinia, Somaliland),
species Ic, 115, 35-49, 52.

EAST AFRICA (Great Lake region eastward), species 50-70.

-48 LIMICOLARIA.

HABITAT UNKNOWN, species 71, 72.

The West African area south of the Congo will probably
prove to be sufficiently distinct in species from the coast
northward to be segregated as another division. The Senegal
and Kamerun fauna has numerous species, both land and
fresh water, in common with, or at least closely related to,
species of the upper Nile, although most of the N.-E. African
forms are quite distinct. The Congo valley seems to have a
large element of special species; but its upper portion lies
in the Great Lake faunal region.

1. L. STRIATULA (Miiller). PI. 18, fig. 96.

' Shell perforate, cylindric-turrite, rather thin, striate, and
conspicuously granulose-decussate by spiral lines; immacu-
late whitish under a pale buff epidermis ; spire long, the apex
obtuse; whorls 8, moderately convex, more strongly plicatu-
late at the sutures, the last whorl scarcely two-fifths the total
length, obtusely angulate-compressed at the perforation.
Columella rather straightened above, arcuate towards the
base. Aperture oblong-oval ; peristome unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin broadly reflexed. Alt. 40, diam. 19, length of
aperture 18, width 9 mm." (Shuttlw.).

Africa.

Bu/'cinuin strialuliim MULLER, Hist. Verm., ii, p. 147, no.
335.—Bulla stria tula GMEL., Syst. Nat. (13), p. 3430.— DILL-
WYN, Catalogue, i, p. 492. — Bulimus stria lulus DRUG., En-
cycl. Meth., i, p. 492. — PFR., Monogr., ii, 181. — Helix stri-
<i I ula FICR., Prodr., p. 57; Hist., pi. 141, f. 9, 10. — Limico-
liiria xlrtaiula SHUTTLW., Notitise, i, p. 49, pi. 8, f. 1, 2. — •
PFR., Monogr., iv, 585. — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 119, pi.
33, f. 3, 4.

I have copied Shuttleworth 's description and figure of this
old, but little known species, as he seems to have first placed
it upon an identifiable basis. Kobelt's figures of a specimen
in the Berlin Museum look very much like L. aurora.

2. L. AURORA (Jay). PI. 20, figs. 12, 13, 22.

Shell oblong-ovate, narrowly umbilicate, the edge of the

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 249

umbilicus subangular, rather thin, white or flesh-colored un-
der a thin, pale yellow cuticle. Surface not glossy when
unworn, slightly wrinkled with growth-striae, rather indis-
tinctly decussate with spiral impressed lines; crenate below
the suture. Spire a little attenuate above, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 9 to 9i/o, moderately convex. Aperture slightly ob-
lique, white inside; outer lip simple; columella vertical,
straight, cylindric, the edge well reflexed.

Length 68, diam. 28 mm.; length of apert. 28 mm.

Length 55, diam. 25 mm. ; length of apert. 24.5 mm.

West Africa: Kamerun: Ekumba-Liongo, Boangola (Du-
sen) ; Bonge (Dusen, Sjostedt), Bibundi, Boana, Buea, and
Victoria (Jungner). Gabun and Niger river (Cuming) ;
Senegal (Verreaux) ; Corisco (coll. A. N. S.).

Bulimus aurora JAY, Catalogue, 1839, p. 119, pi. 6, f. 2. —
PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 199 ; iii, p. 385. — Limicolaria aurora
PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 385; vi, p. 208. — SHUTTLW., Notitiffi,
i, p. 49.— KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 120, pi. 33, f. 5, 6.—
v. MART., Monatsber. Berlin, 1876, p. 258. — D'AILLY, Bihang
till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., xxii, pt. 4, no. 2, p. 11.— Bul-
imus suffusus REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 53, f. 350 (1848). —
1 Achatina flammigera var. carneola GRATELOUP, Actes Soc.
Linn. Bord., xi, p. 415, pi. 2, f. 3 (1839).

The pale color and long spire, .rather attenuate above, are
characteristic. It lives on the leaves of Canna indica and on
plantains, with L. auniidica, rulicunda, etc., according to
d'Ailly. Fig. 22 is a copy of Reeve's figure of B. suffusus,
which is identical with aurora.

3. L. SPECTRALIS (Reeve). PI. 20, fig. 20.

" Shell cylindrically oblong, slightly umbilicatcd, whorls
7, smooth, columella rolled back; lip thin, sharp. Whitish,
covered with a thin straw-colored epidermis'' (Reeve}.

AVest Africa (Verreaux) ; Fernando Po (coll. Charpen-
tier) ; Niger (Pfr.).

Bulimus spectralis REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 53, f. 348
(Nov., 1848). — PFR., Monogr., iii, 387. — L. speclralix SHUT-
TLW., Notitice, p. 50. — PFR., Monogr., iv, 585. — KOBELT,
Conch. Cab., p. 123.

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

Very near L. aurora, of which it may be a small variety.
Pfeiffer gives the measurements of a Cumingian specimen
as 40 x 17 mm.

4. L. AGATHINA ' Gabb ' Pils., n. sp. PI. 19, fig. 11.

Shell perforate, long-turrite ; white under a very thin yel-
lowish cuticle, with very few, narrow red-brown streaks,
which become more numerous on the spire, where they often
branch above; the upper whorls more or less reddish. Sur-
face slightly glossy, finely, irregularly striate, the median
whorls sparsely decussate, the spirals obsolete or nearly so
on the last whorl. Suture a little crenulate. Spire straight-
sided, the apex obtuse. Whorls 914, slightly convex. Aper-
ture narrow, acutely angular above, a little receding and
very narowly rounded at the base, subangular at junction of
basal and columellar margins. Columella convex, dilated and
revolute above, rapidly tapering below, and obliquely trun-
cate by the receding basal margin. Length 49, diam. 19.5,
length of aperture 20 mm.

West Africa (type no. 78486 A. N. S. P.).

The sparse, very narrow streaks of the last two whorls and
the very narrow aperture are characteristic. An abnormal
specimen in the type lot is somewhat larger.

5. L. TRYONIANA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 46.

Shell nearly imperforate, long-turrite, thin but strong,
uniform straw-yellow. Surface nearly smooth, slightly stri-
ate, showing some faint traces of decussation on the spire,
and a little puckered below the suture. Whorls 7y2, the
upper ones slowly increasing and moderately convex, the last
three rapidly widening and quite convex. Aperture oblique,
whitish inside, the basal margin receding, the columella
strongly twisted in a spiral fold, the columellar margin widely
reflexed and adnate above. Length 58, diam. 21.5, length of
aperture 23.5 mm.

This species differs from all others known to me by the
spirally entering columella. Described from a single speci-
men of unknown locality, but received with various West
African species.

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 251

6. L. OBSOLETA (Morelet).

Shell perforate, truncate, ovate-fusiform, rather solid, ob-
soletely striate, seen under a lens to be granulose-decussate,
especially at the sutures, slightly shining, waxen, buff-
fulvous. Whorls remaining 6, a little convex, joined by a
white subcrenulate suture, the last whorl three-tenths the
total length. Aperture semi-oval, whitish-fleshy within ; peri-
stome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin dilated,
vaulted and reflexed over the minute, pervious perforation.
Length 30, diani. 15 mm. (Morel.}.

West Africa: Sierra Leone (Morelet).

Bulimus obsolctus MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p.
158.— L.(?) obsoleta PFR., Monogr., vi, 209.

Known only by Morelet 's original description.

7. L. KAMBEUL (Bruguiere). PI. 24, fig. 4.

Shell pyramidal-ovate, perforate, rather solid; white with
red-brown longitudinal streaks (often more or less zigzag)
under a thin yellow cuticle. Surface slightly shining, the
surface above the periphery decussate with axial stria3 cut
by incised spirals; below the periphery it is nearly smooth.
Spire straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls S1/^, mod-
erately convex. Aperture small, lilac-fleshy inside, the lip
thin, columella straight or concave, subcylindric, the edge
being well reflexed.

Length 55, diam. 27, length apert. 26.5 mm.

AVest Africa: Senegal (Adanson) ; Cape Palmas, Liberia
(Acad. coll.); Gorea (Brunner).

Bulimus kanibcul BRUGUIERE, Encycl. Meth., i, p. 322. —
DESH. in Fer., Hist., p. 109, pi. 141 A, f. 3.— SHUTTLW.,
Notitise, i, p. 41. — Bulimulus kambul GRAY, Figs. Moll. Anim.,
p. 116, pi. 74, f. 3. — Pytliia flammed OKEN, Lehrbuch der Zo-
ologie, p. 321 (1815).

In its several varieties, this species stretches from Senegal
to the sources of the Nile.

The typical form of this species is the rather small ATest
African race, such as the Cape Palmas specimens described
above and figured in fig. 4, and in Fer., Hist., pi. 141 A, f. 3.

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

la, Var. ADANSONI (Pfeiffer). PI. 24, figs. 2, 3, 5.

Shell larger and more glossy, the markings often wider,
sometimes confluent on the last whorl. There is often an ill-
defined peripheral band.

West Africa: Senegal.

Buli»ius adansoni PFR., Monogr., ii, 179; iii, 384. — REEVE,
C. Icon., pi. 50, f . 327. — Limicolaria a. PFR., Monogr., iv, 582 ;
vi, 207.— JICKELI, Moll. Nordostafrika, p. 154, pi. 6, f. 3, 4.
-KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 59, pi. 19, f. 2, 3—Bulimus kambeul
DESH. in Fer., Hist., pi. 141 A, f. 1, 2, 5. — Bulimus (Limi-
colaria} adansoni LEHMANN, Malak. Bl., xi, 1864, p. 48, pi.
1, f. 3 (anatomy of specimen said to be from " Cape di
Verde Is."). — Bulimus ackatinoides and B. xantliolinus
ZIEGLER, in coll., teste Pfr.

7&. Var. ccdilis Fer. PL 23, fig. 49 ; pi. 24, fig. 6.

Similar to adansoni, but uniform white under a pale yel-
low cuticle. Gorea.

Helix ccdilis FER., Prodr., p. 53, no. 390; Hist., pi. 141 A,
f. 4. — Limicolaria ccdilis SHUTTLW., Notitice, i, p. 40. — Bul-
imus ccdilis REEVE, Conch. Icon., pi. 50, f. 328.

Fig. 49 of pi. 23 is copied from Ferussac's illustration.

Ic. Var. turns Pfr. PI. 25, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Much larger than any of the preceding forms, length 114,
diam. 43 mm. ; whorls 10.

Central Africa: source of the White Nile (Petherick).

Limicolaria turris PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 25, pi. 2, f. 3;
Novit. Conch., p. 162, pi. 44, f. 1-3. — Acliatina turris Pfr.,
MARTENS, Malak. Bl., xxi, 1873, p. 38. — L. adansoni var.,
JICKELI, Fauna der Land- und Susswasser-mollusken Nord-
ost-Afrika's, p. 154, pi. 6, f. 3, 4.

Fig. 9 is a copy of Pfeiffer's type figure; 10, 11 are from
Jickeli. Kobelt's fig. 1 of pi. 10, Conchylien Cabinet, repre-
sents turris.

7<1. Var. snls1ria.il a Kobelt. PL 18, fig. 99.

Differs from the type by the almost wholly obsolete sculp-

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 253

ture, and the streaks being confluent on the lower whorls.
Three specimens in the Berlin Museum.

L. a. var. substrigata KOB., C. Cab., p. 119, pi. 33, f. 1, 2.

le. Var. TURBINATA (Lea).

'Shell turbiuate, whitish, obliquely striped and maculate;
with minute decussating striae ; subcarinate ; suture impressed ;
whorls 6, convex, impressed below the suture. Aperture
small, ovate; columella incurved" (Lea}.

Liberia (Dr. Blanding).

Achatina turbinata LEA, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., ii, p.
31 (May 7, 1841) ; Obs. Gen. Unio, iv, p. 2.— PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 296.

The type of this species has not been figured or fully de-
scribed, but it was apparently a form similar to L. adansoni
Pfr., or substrigata Kob. Lea's original diagnosis is given
above. His later description differs somewhat, and is as
follows: "Shell turbinate, brownish, above obliquely banded
and spotted, with minute decussate stria; sutures impressed;
whorls 8, convex, impressed below the sutures; aperture
small, ovate; columella incurved. Diam. 1.4, length 2.7
inches. ' ' Lea further remarks : " It has some resemblance
to A. flammata Cailliaud, but is a larger species. Those sent
me by that traveler, from Sennar, being very much exserted.
The flammata from the south of Africa is shorter than that
from Nubia, but it is not so turbinate as this species, nor do
they agree in the form of their apertures, nor in the markings.
On the lower whorl the turbinata is brown. The superior
whorls are obliquely marked with brown bands, which are
broken up into spots on the penultimate whorl and become
darker."

8. L. BELLAMYI Jousseaume. PL 8, fig. 45.

Shell large, ovate-conic, striate, umbilicate, the first whorls
white, following ones pale brown-streaked, the last one red-
dish. Spire conic, the apex rather obtuse; suture smooth;
whorls 91/2, a little convex, the last swollen, somewhat com-
pressed around the umbilicus, ornamented with longitudinal

254 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

strire evanescent below the middle. Aperture suboval, bluish
inside; peristome simple, unexpended, the columellar margin
dilated above, reflexed. Length 104, diam. 52, aperture 57 x
29 mm. (Jouss.) .

West Africa: Upper Senegal (Bellamy).

L. bcllamyi Jouss., Bull, de la Soc. Zool. de France, xi,
1886, p. 475, pi. 12, f. 1.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 68, pi. 21,
f. 1 (copy).

Near L. kambeul, and apparently the same as the var.
adansoni of that species. Jousseaume, however, includes that
species also in his paper, under the name L. kambeuil.

9. L. AFRICAN A (Reeve). PL 18, fig. 98.

Shell acuminately ovate, deeply umbilicated, whorls 9, some-
what rounded, reticulately striated and very finely concen-
trically wrinkled, crenated at the sutures ; columella straight,
rolled back; livid white, faintly marked with rather distant
longitudinal chestnut-brown flames (Reeve). Length 107,
diam. 56 mm. (from fig.).

"West coast of Africa (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus africanus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 50, f. 330
(Nov., 1848). — PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 384. — L. africana
SHUTTL., Notitiee, i, p. 39. — KGBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 116, pi.
32, f. 1, 2. — Bulimus speciosus Parr., teste Pfr.

Kobelt, who figures smaller specimens, remarks that it
differs from L. Jcamlbcul only by the open umbilicus sur-
rounded by an angle, as well as the more obese last whorl;
and he considers transition forms between them as not im-
probable. The original description and figure are given.

10. L. VIGNONIANA (Morelet). PI. 20, fig. 14.

Shell covered-perforate, oblong, rather thin, irregularly
striate, and under a lens seen to be decussate in places; buff-
fulvous, silky, little shining, variegated with buff at the
sutures. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 9, a
little convex, the upper ones granose-striate, joined by a
deep suture, the last a little shorter than the spire, slightly
tapering at the base, and obscurely marked Avith a brown

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 255

band, longitudinally plicate in front of the colirmella. Colu-
mella wide, arcuate, prone in front, obliquely truncate and
not reaching to the base. Aperture semioval, the base sub-
effuse, violaceous inside ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the
columellar margin dilated, sloping. Length 105, diam. 47
mm. (Morel.}.

West Africa: interior of Gabun (Capt. Vignon) .

Achatina vignoniana MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1874, p.
372. — Limicolaria v. MORELET, J. de C., 1890, p. 65, pi. 1,
f. 1.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 63, pi. 20, f. 1.

Apparently a very distinct species. The figure is from a
specimen not quite adult.

11. L. PLAMMEA (Miiller). PL 18, figs. 93, 94.

Shell perforate, ovate-elongate, rather thin, nearly smooth;
tawny-white, ornamented with wide, wavy chestnut streaks.
Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse, white. Whorls 9, slightly
convex, granulose-decussate above, the last three-sevenths the
total length, not swollen; columella slightly arcuate, lilac-
tinted. Aperture nearly vertical, subrhombic-semioval, an-
gular at the base, opaline within; peristome simple, unex-
panded, the columellar margin dilated to the base, vaultingly
reflexed. Length 75, diam. 30, length apert. 35, width 16
mm. (P/V.).

West Africa: Christiansborg, on the Gold Coast (Dr. Mas-
man; type locality); on the Niger river (Fraser). East
Africa: Guaso Narok, Alngaria and Leikipia (Gregory);
Free Town, Sierra Leone (Stearns).

Helix flammea MULL., Verm. terr. et fluv. Hist., ii, p. 87,
exclusive of synonymy (1774). — ? Bull a flammea CHEMNITZ,
Conchyl. Cab., ix, p. 32, pi. 119, f . 1024, 1025 (! = = £. kam-
~beul). — Bulimus flammeus BRUG., Encycl. Meth., i, p. 322. —
PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 180. — REEVE, C. Icon., v, pi. 53, f. 352.
-DESH. in Fer., Hist., ii, p. 110, pi. 141, f. 1-3. — Limicolaria
flammea SCHUM., Essai d'un nouv. Syst, p. 200. — SHUTTLW.,
Notitiae, i, p. 47, pi. 7, f. 1-3.— MARTENS, Malak. Bl., 1865,
p. 200; 1869, p. 73; 1873, p. 39; 1870, p. 33 (var. f estiva).
—PFR., Monogr., iv, 584 ; vi, 208 ; viii, 269 ; Novit. Conch., p.

256 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

7, pi. 110, f. 6 (var. f estiva) ; p. 21, pi. 113, f. 5, 6.— JICKELI,
Moll. N.-O. Af., in Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germ.
Nat. Cur., xxxvii, 1875, p. 157 (exclusive of var.). — KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, pi. 16, f. 1; pi. 17, f. 1.— R. E. C.
STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, p. 327.— SMITH, Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 165. — Acliatina clongata SWAINS.,
Malacol., p. 174, and Helix ustilago BOLT., according to Pfr.
The typical form of L. flammca, as described by Pfeiffer,
is from the Gold Coast and adjacent districts. Jickeli unites
as varieties a series of forms from the Upper Nile region and
from West Africa — aurora, sennaariensis, cailliaudi, suft'usa,
numidica, candidissima and beccarii; but he has had no fol-
lowers in this course, though it is admitted that the species
stand upon a slender basis. At present it seems best to re-
strict L. flammea to West African forms. The question
whether Pfeiffer has correctly identified Miiller's species can-
not be profitably discussed until a series of Limicolarire from
Christiansborg, the type locality, can be obtained; and its
relationship to L. kambeul will then be clarified.

lla. Var. UNICOLOR Kobelt. PL 20, fig. 17.

Shell rather openly perforate, ovate-turrite, rather solid,
hardly shining, the upper whorls distinctly, the lower obso-
letely and irregularly striate; uniform corneous-buff. Spire
ovate-turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7-8, a little convex,
separated by an impressed, whitish-margined, very delicately
crenulate suture, slowly increasing, the last whorl hardly as
long as the spire (measured behind), tapering at base, slightly
compressed around the perforation. Aperture a little oblique,
ovate, rose-whitish within ; columella callous, twisted, roseate ;
outer lip thin, acute, unexpanded, the margins joined by a
very thin callous. Length 41, diarn. 19.5, alt. apert. 18 mm.
(Kobelt).

West Africa.

L. (flammca var.) unicolor KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 73,
pi. 23, f. 7, 8.

Based upon one specimen, the relationship of which Kobelt
could not make out. E. A. Smith pronounced it a variety

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 257

of L. flammea. If so it is parallel to the var. volkcni of L.
dimidiata.

116. Var. FESTIVA (Martens). PL 18, fig. 95.

Shell narrowly perforate, long-conic, striatulate, a little
glossy; buff, marked with rather wide chestnut stripes, fre-
quently ^ angulate near the suture, and rarely forked above.
Spire produced, the apex obtuse, orange. Whorls 9, slightly
convex, the last distinctly crenulate at the suture, tapering
basally. Aperture two-fifths the length, narrowly ovate,
slightly oblique, the outer and basal margins acute, brown,
columellar margin a little reflexed, pale violaceous, columella
slightly twisted. Length 72, diam. 29, apert. 31 mm. long,
15 wide (Mart.).

Upper Nile region.

Aclialina (Li ndcolaria] flammea var. f estiva MART., Malak.
BL, 1869, p. 73; 1870, p. 33.— PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 7, pi.
110, f. 6.

Pfeiffer remarks that this form from the Gazelle river
agrees pretty well with L. flammea, but has a comparatively
much longer spire, and is thicker and stronger; the suture,
especially at the last whorl, is distinctly margined, and the
flames much darker, almost black-brown.

12. L. TOGOENSIS Kobelt. PL 21, figs. 23, 24, 25.

Shell widely perforate, conic-turrite, rather solid, rudely
rib-striate and decussate with impressed, unequal spiral lines
everywhere except on the lower part of the last whorl; dirty
gray-corneous, very obsoletely streaked and maculate with
reddish. Spire conic-turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 9-10,
convex, parted by an impressed, crenulate suture, regularly
increasing, the last shorter than the spire, somewhat inflated,
only delicately striatulate below the periphery, compressed
into a crest around the perforation. Aperture slightly ob-
lique, irregularly oval, somewhat channelled at the base, livid
roseate within ; peristome simple, acute, widely white-lipped
within, the margins slightly connected by a very thin cal-
lous; columellar margin somewhat straightened, callous and

258 L1MICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

roseate, forming an angle with the basal margin, vaultingly
reflexed over the perforation. Length 70, diam. 30, alt. apert.
30 mm. (Rob.).

West Africa: Bismarckburg, in Togoland (Buettner).

L. togoensis KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 70, pi. 23, f. 1, 2;
p. 124, pi. 34, f. 1; pi. 35, f. 1.

' Belongs to the adansoni-turris group, distinguished by
the turrited shape, relatively small last whorl and the sharp
sculpture. ' ' Described from a specimen in the Berlin Museum
(fig. 23). Others received from the same source differ, fig.
24 representing a long, lean shell, weakly decussate on the
middle whorls and upper part of the last, brown-yellow with
brown-red streaks, narrow and flame-like above, the widening
to broad spots, covering the ground-color on the last two
whorls. Another specimen (fig. 25) resembles the type in
shape, but is more sharply sculptured, and is colored like
the preceding.

13. L. GUINAICA Morelet. PL 19, figs. 4, 5.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, rather solid,
glossy, striate; chestnut-purplish, regularly marked with
wide blackish streaks. Spire turrite, the apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 9, a little convex, the last narrowly marginate, more
than one-third the shell's length. Columella straight, shortly
dilated, violaceous. Aperture semioval, obsoletely angular at
the base, violaceous inside, showing the streaks through,
Peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin a little
reflexed. Length 54, diam. 21 mm. (Morel.) .

West Africa : coast of Guinea.

L. guinaica MOREL., Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 66, pi. 1,
f. 2.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 64.

The spire is more slender and twisted than in L. flammea;
the striation is more developed, close and regular, and there
is no granulation of the surface.

14. L. STRIGATA (Mitller). PI. 19, figs. 6, 7.

Shell rather widely perforate, long-ovate, the base very
litllo dilated; rather solid; striatulate, the striee more prom-

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 259

inent below the suture; very obsoletely sulcate spirally on
the median whorls and upper part of the last one; glossy,
white streaked with reddish brown, the streaks coalescent on
the lower whorls, but usually leaving a subsutural band;
last whorl generally streaked with buff-white. Spire conic-
turrite, the apex obtuse, white, somewhat mamillate. Whorls
9, a little convex, separated by an impressed suture, which
is somewhat crenulate below; the last whorl hardly as long
as the spire, tapering at base, somewhat compressed around
the umbilicus. Aperture narrowly ovate, tapering above and
below, violaceous-whitish inside with wide violaceous streaks.
Columella twisted, receding. Peristome unexpanded, acute,
delicately white-lipped inside, the columellar margin vault-
ingly reflexed over the perforation. Length 66, diam. 31,
oblique length of aperture 32 mm. (Kobelt).

West coast of Africa.

Buccinum strigatum MULLER, Hist. Verm., ii, p. 284. —
BiiUa strigata GMEL., Syst, Nat. (13), p. 3430. — Limicolaria
strigata SHUTTLEWORTH, Notitiag, i, p. 44. — PER., Monogr.,
iv, 583; vi, 207.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 117, pi. 32, f. 3, 4.-
Eelix (Coclilogcna] ftammata FER., Tabl., p. 57; Histoire,
pi. 141, f. 4; 5.

Robert's description and figures are copied. Miiller's type
is lost from the Copenhagen Museum, but the specimen de-
scribed by Kobelt agrees with the original description, and
is confidently believed to be the true strigata.

15. L. FLAMMUI.ATA (Pfeiffer). PI. 27, figs. 1, 2.

Shell perforate, turrite-obloug, thin, striatulate, not glossy,
pellucid; corneous-buff, sparsely flamed with rufous. Spire
somewhat turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, rather flat,
the median ones very minutely reticulate, last whorl slightly
wider, a little more than one-third the total length. Colu-
mella vertical. Aperture oblique, truncate-oblong, slightly
angular at the base. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the
columellar margin compressed, reflexed, noticeably dilated
above. Length 29, diam. 12, apert. 12 mm. long, 6 wide

260 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

Angola (Pfr.).

Bulimus flammulatus PFR., Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1847, p.
147 ; Monogr., ii, p. 181 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 90, pi. 31, f . 5, 6.
— Limicolaria f. PFR., Monogr., iv, 585; vi, 210; viii, 270. —
KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 78, pi. 28, f. 5, 6 (copy from Pfr.).

A small species, only sparsely streaked, and known only
from Pfeiffer's description and figures.

16. L. NUMIDICA (Reeve). PI. 19, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell ovate-turrite, thin; very pale buff boldly and irreg-
ularly striped with reddish chestnut, the stripes very wide,
wavy and usually oblique on the median part of the last
whorl, usually splitting into slender branches along a belt
below the suture, and often dislocated at the base ; the spire
marked with slender stripes, widening into spots above the
suture on the penult, whorl. Spire straightly turrited.
"Whorls 9, slightly convex. Surface dull, striate, finely de-
cussate on the intermediate whorls and upper part of the
last one. Aperture slightly oblique, rather narrow, and
tapering above and below.

Length 53, diam. 22, length of apert. 23 mm.

Length 47.5, diam. 23, length of apert. 21.5 mm.

West Africa: Yoruba (or Arriba) Land, inland from the
Gulf of Benin (Mann) ; Kamerun, in numerous localities
(Dusen) ; Corisco; Gabun (coll. A. N. S.) ; Free Town, Sierra
Leone (Stearns). Prince's Island (Reeve).

Bulimus 'numidicus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, pi. 53, f. 351
(Nov., 1848). — PFR., Monogr., iii, 386. — Limicolaria numid-
ica PFR., Monogr., iv, 583; vi, 207. — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 75, pi. 12, f. 7, 8; pi. 25, f. 3-8.— D'AILLY, Bihang, etc.,
xxii, p. 75. — STEARNS, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893, xvi, p.
327. — Achatiiia (L.^numidica MARTENS, Malak. Bl., xiii, p.
105, pi. 4, f. 5-8.

Reeve reported this species from Prince's Island, probably
incorrectly; but it occurs in abundance on the mainland of
Hie Gulf of Guinea. The splitting of the stripes into nar-
nnv, paler lines below the suture, and their usual obliquity
at the base are characteristic. The pale yellow, hard-shelled

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 261

eggs measure 4.5 x 3.5 mm. Twenty-two were contained in
an individual in A. N. S. In Kamerun these snails are
found on plants, particularly Canna and bananas.

18. L. PRAETEXTA v. Martens. PL 20, figs. 15, 16.

Shell elongate, very narrowly perforate, lightly striatulate,
a little glossy; yellowish, painted with red-brown curved
stripes, which are a little wider in the middle, and split
several times at the upper and lower ends. AVhorls 7]/o, a
little convex, slowly increasing, the suture lightly crenulate;
last whorl oblong, the base moderately tapering. Aperture
subvertical, one-third the length of the shell, oblong, nar-
rowed above ; the columellar margin twisted, a little thick-
ened, violaceous. Length 41, diam. 14.5, length of aperture
16.5, width 8 mm. (Martens) .

West Africa: Barombi, Kamerun (Zeuner).

L. praetexta v. MART., Sitzungsberichte d. Gesellsch. naturf .
Freunde zu Berlin, 1888, p. 148; Conch. Mittheil., iii, p. 8,
pi. 43, f. 4, 5.

The dark stripes on each whorl divide into three parts : in
the middle broad, with wide light interspaces ; above and be-
low by repeated splitting they are more numerous and finer.
The lower division is concealed on the whorls of the spire.
The eggs are 18 mm. long and 14 wide. [Probably an error
for 1.8 and 1.4.]

19. L. DROUETI Morelet. PL 1, fig. 6.

Shell ovate-turrite, rather thin, slightly striate, glossy ;
corneous-reddish, closely painted with chestnut, angulate,
wavy stripes and flames. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse.
Whorls TI/O, a little convex, the last two-fifths the total length;
columella plicate, flexuous, violaceous-brown. Aperture semi-
oval, violaceous inside, showing the stripes through; peri-
stome acute, the columellar margin narrowly revolute, form-
ing an obtuse angle with the base. Length 30, diam. 8 mm.
(Morel.) .

West Africa: Toumby, near Landana, above the mouth of
the Congo.

262 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

L. droueti MOREL.,, Journ. de Conchyl., 1885, p. 21, pi. 2,
f. 14.

Resembles A. zebriolata in markings, and seems to be re-
lated to the preceding species.

20. L. LUCALANA Pilsbry, n. n, PI. 29, figs. 9, 10, 11.

Shell subperforate, ovate-turrite, rather solid, obsoletely
striate, glossy; pale bun3 or whitish tawny, variously marked
with waved blackish or chestnut stripes, sometimes inter-
rupted. Spire turrited, corneous above, the apex obtuse.
Whorls 71/2, a little convex, more distinctly striate below the
sutures, the last whorl very obsoletely angular, but little
more than one-third the shell's length. Columella nearly
straight or receding, blackish-purple. Aperture small, semi-
oval, angular below, slightly calloused and whitish-blue
within, showing the streaks through; peristome unexpanded,
thin, the columellar margin narrowly dilated, reflexed.
Length 38, diam. 15 mm.; apert. 14.5 mm. long, 6 wide
(Morel).

West Africa: districts of the Due de Braganza and Am-
baca, along the marshes of the Lucala river, Angola (Wel-
witsch).

Bulinms jaspidcus MORELET, Journ. de Conchyl., 1866, p.
155; Voy. Welwitsch, p. 62, pi. 2, f. 2. Not B. jaspideus
Morel., 1863. — L. jaspidea PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 209.— KOBELT,
C. Cab., p. 64, pi. 20, f. 4, 5.

21. L. KOBELTI d'Ailly. Not figured.

Shell openly and deeply perforate, oblong-ovate, somewhat
pellucid but rather solid, irregularly and lightly plicate-
striatulate, a little glossy, the intermediate whorls decus-
sated below the suture with a few spiral strice, barely visible
under a lens; corneous-buff, somewhat roseate towards the
unicolored apex, ornamented with blackish-chestnut streaks
and flames, usually oblique, linear on the upper whorls, on
the last whorl wavy, frequently confluent at base. Spire con-
vex-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7, a little convex, separ-
ated by a pale, delicately crenulate and plicate suture, nar-

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 263

rowly margined with an impressed line; the last whorl (be-
hind) is a little shorter than the spire, rounded, obsoletely
flattened in the middle, the streaks bent below the middle,
producing the effect of an angle, but sometimes it is really
angular, the angle disappearing near the aperture; base
compressed in a distinct keel around the perforation. Aper-
ture nearly vertical, angulate-elliptical, bluish-white inside,
showing the external streaks through. Columella slightly
arcuate, slightly twisted, violaceous; peristome unexpanded,
very narrowly brown-edged, the margins joined by a very
thin callous; right margin regularly arcuate, slightly arched
fonvard in the middle; columella with a long flat reflection,
at its junction with the base forming a distinct angle, almost
a channel corresponding to the external keel. Largest spec-
imen, length 41.5, diam. 20, apert. length 17, width 9 mm.
Smallest specimen, length 33, diam. 16, apert. length 15,
width 8 mm. (d'Ailly).

West Africa: Bongo, Kamerun (Dusen).

L. kobelti D'AILLY, Bihang till K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,
xxii, Afd. iv, no. 2, p. 79 (1896).

The comparatively large, open perforation, surrounded by
a keel-like angle, is characteristic. The columellar lip is
merely flattened, not rolled back as in other species. Spiral
sculpture is almost completely absent. In general appear-
ance it approaches L. tenebrica, L. martensiana, L. hcuglini
and L. jaspidea, being most like the latter in coloration. Tt
has not been figured.

22. L. CHROMATELLA (Morelet). PI. 36, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell subperforate, ovate-oblong, rather solid, nearly
smooth, rugose-striate near the suture ; buff or tawny-orange,
flamed with wide-spaced reddish chestnut streaks. Spire
conic, the apex rather obtuse, suture impressed. Whorls 7
to 8, convex, the last more than two-fifths the length; colu-
mella slightly twisted, receding, lilac-tinted. Aperture ellip-
tical, strongly angular at the base, pearly inside, marked
with the external streaks; peristome unexpanded, thin, the
columellar margin narrowly dilated, revolute. Length 37-

1:64 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

40, diam. 18-19; length of apert. 16.5-18, width 11-12 mm.
(Morel).

AVest Africa: Serra de Pedras de Guinga (Pungo-An-
dongo), in virgin forest, on high ground, Angola (Wel-
witsch).

Bulimns chromatdlus MOREL., Journ. de Conch., 1866, p.
154; Voy. Dr. AVelwitsch, p. 62, pi. 3, f. 2. — L. chromatella
PFR., Monogr., vi, 209.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 115, pi. 31, f.
3, 4; pi. 33, f. 7, 8.

Related to L. tcnebrica Reeve, of which Morelet thinks it
may be a local variety.

23. L. TENEBRICA (Reeve). PI. 19, figs. 8, 9, 10.

" Shell cylindrically oblong, whorls 7-8, rather rounded,
very finely reticulated near the sutures, crenulated along the
edge ; columella rolled back, lip simple, sharp ; whitish, stained
with purple-rose and conspicuously painted with large
blotches of purple-black ' (Reeve) .

West Africa: Ibu (Fraser, type loc.) ; Kamerun, at
Ekumba-Liongo (Dusen) ; Grand Bassam (Verreaux).

Bitlimus tcncbrlcus RVE., Conch. Icon., v, pi. 53, f. 347
(Nov., 1848).— PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 387. — L. tenebrica
SHUTT., Notitia?, i, p. 50. — PFR., Monogr., iv, 585. — KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 66, pi. 20, f. 7, 8 ( ?).— D'AILLY, Bihang.
p. 74.

The whorls are decidedly convex. Fig. 8 is Reeve's type.
I figure two specimens received from Sowerby & Fulton as
from Sierra Leone, which seem referable to tenclrica. One
(fig. 9) has rather wide stripes on a pale i eddish ground;
the other (fig. 10) much more numerous and narrower stripes
on a yellow ground. Only a few almost obsolete spiral lines
are present in these shells, which could not be described as
'' finely reticulated near the sutures."

24. L. SUBCONICA Martens. PI. 21, figs. 26, 27.

Shell half-covered perforate, turrite-conic, a little glossy,
delicately strialulate ; isabelline-whitish, marked with few
rather wide chestnut streaks, which taper above, or uni-

LIHICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 265

colored. Whorls 7, the first depressed-globose, following rap-
idly increasing, the last very obtusely subcarinate at first,
Aperture rhombic-rounded, the columellar margin dilated,
reflexed and adnate, pale fleshy or violaceous. Length 30,
diani. 15, aperture 14x8 mm. (Marts.).

West Africa: Chinchoxo, in the Loango region (v. Me-
cho w ) ..

L. subcoitica MARTS., Jahrb. d. D. Malak. Ges., ix, 1882,
p. 246; Conchol. Mittheil., p. 188, pi. 34, f. 3, 4.

25. L. HYADESI Jousseaume. PI. 8, fig. 47.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, glossy, striatu-
late; white-yellowish, ornamented with wide, wavy blackish
stripes, the apex corneous, smooth and rufous. Whorls 9,
a little convex, the first delicately reticulate, the last more
than one-third the total length, tapering at the base. Aper-
ture angularly subelliptical, the peristome simple, unex-
panded, right margin slightly arcuate, columella narrowly
vaulted, reflexed, corneous-reddish. Length 61, diam. 26,
aperture 25x15 mm. (Jouss.).

Upper Senegal (Bellamy).

L. Injndcsi Jouss., Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ix, 1886, p. 477,
pi. 12, f. 2.— KOBELT, t. c., p. 69, pi. 22, f. 1 (copy).

26. L. BASSAMENSIS Shuttleworth. PI. 36, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.
Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-conoid, thin, pellucid, beau-
tifully granulose-decussate ; reddish ornamented with rather
wide deep chestnut deliquescent streaks, distinct on the upper
whorls, confluent on the last. Spire convex-conic, the apex
obtuse, subpapillar; suture moderate, slightly, obsoletely
crenulate. Whorls 8, convex, the last somewhat inflated, a
little shorter than the spire, without spiral lines below the
suture. Columella slightly arcuate, descending to the base
of the aperture. Aperture angularly subelliptical, pearly
inside; peristome unexpanded, the columellar margin nar-
rowly rolled back. Length 45, diam. 22, length of apert. 21,
width 11 mm. (Shuttlw.) .

West Africa: Grand Bassam (Verreaux).

286 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

L. bassamensis SHUTTLW., Notitice Mai., i, p. 45, pi. 6, f.
1, 2.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 583.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 121, pi.
34, f. 2-5.

Differs from L. numidica by the less lengthened spire,
more convex whorls and color-pattern. Figs. 6, 7 are from
Shuttleworth ; 8, 9 from Kobelt.

27. L. FELINA Shuttleworth. PI. 20, figs. 18, 19.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-turbinate, thin, pellucid,
scarcely shining, minutely granulose-decussate ; pale fulvous,
closely ornamented with waved reddish-chestnut stripes.
Spire conic-turbinate, the apex obtuse; suture impressed,
narrowly pale margined. Whorls 7-8, a little convex, the
last nearly equal to or a little shorter than the spire; colu-
mella a little straightened, receding above; aperture sub-
elliptical, delicately pearly and streaked within ; peristome
unexpanded, the columellar margin with a narrow but long
reflection. Length 40, diam. 20, length and width of apert.
20 mm. (Shutthv.).

West Africa: Gabun and Grand Bassam (Verreaux) ;
Bibandi and Bongo, Kamerun (d'Ailly).

L. felina SHUTTLW., Notitias Malac., i, p. 47, pi. 6, f. 5, 6.
~PFR., Monogr., iv, 584. — KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 54, pi.
17, f. 6, 7.— D'AILLY, Bihang, p. 73.

" Undoubtedly related to L. turbinata Lea, but easily dis-
tinguished by the thinner shell and the color-pattern." De-
scription and figures are from Shuttleworth.

27«, Var. ZEBRA, n. var. PI. 21, figs. 29, 30.

Shell narrowly perforate, thin but moderately strong, ob-
long-ovate, the spire with nearly straight lateral outlines,
apex obtuse. Light yellow, closely painted with red-chestnut
stripes which near the suture abruptly taper or split into slen-
der, vanishing branches. The surface is quite finely striat-
ulate, showing some decussating spirals under the lens.
Whorls 7, convex, the suture impressed and appearing but
slightly oblique. The ovate aperture is whitish inside, sub-
vertical ; columella vertical, nearly straight, with reflexed
edge.

LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA. 267

Length 32, diam. 16.5, longest axis of aperture 14 mm.

Length 34, diam. 17, longest axis of aperture 16 mm.

Cape Palmas, Liberia.

Bulimus lurliiiatus Lea, REEVE, C. Icon., pi. 82, f. 605. —
VIGNON, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr., 1888, p. 67.— PFR., Monogr., iii,
p. 387. — Acliatina (Limicolaria) t. SEMPER, Reisen im Archip.
Phil., L'andmoll., p. 142, pi. 12, f. 1 (anatomy). — Limico-
laria t., KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 62, pi. 19, f. 6-8. — SCHEP-
MAN, Notes Leyden Mus., x, 1888, p. 247. Not A. turbinata
Lea, see species no. 7e.

This small, handsome Liberian form has been known as
L. turbinata Lea, a name incorrectly given it by Reeve, whose
type figure of "E. tiirl>inalus" is copied on pi. 21, fig. 28.

It is a short, compact, smooth shell, with narrow, slowly
widening whorls, and obtuse apex. It is less decussate than
typical L. felina, but probably is not constantly distinguish-
able from that species. Schepman states that at Grand Cape
Mount, Liberia, L. turbinata Rve. occurred with L. tcnebrica
and spectralis Rve., which, according to Dr. Dohrn, should
be considered merely as varieties of turbinata.

27&. Var. ABETIFIANA Kobelt. PL 37, figs. 12, 13.

Sculpture strong, almost beaded, becoming weaker on the
last whorl ; color-flames not extending far above the periphery.
Length 47, diam. 23, oblique alt. of apert. 22 mm.

Abetifi, a mission station on the Gold Coast. Types in Ber-
lin Museum (Kobelt, t. c., p. 76, pi. 26, f. 1, 2).

Another variety is figured by Kobelt from Togoland, but
not named. It is even more roughly sculptured than the
above, and narrowly streaked (pi. 37, fig. 14).

28. L. RUBICUNDA Shuttleworth. PI. 29, figs. 12, 13, 14, 15.
Shell narrowly perforate, conoid-ovate-oblong, rather solid,
pellucid, granulose-decussate, fleshy-rose, ornamented with
wide, waved blackish-purple stripes and other shorter red-
dish ones, especially below the suture. Spire convexly conic,
the apex obtuse, suture slightly impressed, narrowly mar-
gined with whitish. Whorls 7 to 8, slightly convex, the last

268 LIMICOLARIA, WEST AFRICA.

two-fifths the total length. Columella pale purplish, con-
spicuously arcuate-twisted. Aperture somewhat semi-oval,
bluish-pearly inside ; peristome unexpanded, the columellar
margin very shortly and rather widely reflexed. Length
40, diam. 18, length of aperture 16, width 8 mm. (Shutthv.}.

West Africa: Kissy, on the Guinea coast (Bossard, type
loc.) ; Bibundi and Bonge, Kamerun (Dusen).

Limicolaria rubicunda SH., NotitiEe, i, p. 45, pi. 7, f. 4, 5.
-PFR., Monogr., iv, 583. — KOB., Conchyl. Cab., p. 125, pi.
35, f. 2-5. — D'AILLY, Bihang, p. 72. — Achatina rubicunda
MARTENS, Mai. Bl., 1869, p. 73.

D'Ailly remarks that one specimen 'in the collection be-
fore him measures 49.5 x 20 mm. The form of the columella
varies, being more or less twisted or more or less arcuate.

28a. Var. SHUTTLEWORTHI d'Ailly. PI. 20, fig. 21.

Shell larger than typical rubicunda, whitish with wide
blackish-chestnut stripes, the columella less twisted, its mar-
gin widely revolute. The columella forms a distinct angle
with the basal margin ; the perforation is larger ; the outlines
of the spire are more convex, and the last whorl is more ven-
tricose.

Kamerun: Bonge (Dusen); Victoria (Buchholz).

L. rubicunda var. aut spec, distinct. SHUTTLW., 1. c., p.
46. — L. rubicunda MARTENS, Monatsber. K. P. Akad. Wis-
sensch. zu Berlin for 1876, p. 258, pi. 3, f. 4; copied in Con-
chyl. Cab., pi. A, f. 2. — L. shuttleworthi D'AILLY, Bihang,
p. 73, in text under L. rubicunda.

The figure is a copy of that given by von Martens, repre-
senting a Victoria specimen. The description is compiled
from d'Ailly's remarks.

29. L. LUCTUOSA (Pfeiffer).

Shell perforate, oblong-acuminate, rather solid, obsoletely
decussate, slightly shining; black-chestnut; spire long, the
apex obtuse; suture impressed, submarginate. Whorls 7, a
little convex, the last a little exceeding one-third the total
length, the base subcarinate around the narrow perforation.

LIMICOLARIA, \VEST AFRICA. 2G9

Columella vertical, very slightly arcuate. Aperture a little
oblique, somewhat semi-oval, angulate at the columella, livid
within. Peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar mar-
gin vaulted, shortly reflexed. Length 39, diam. 17 mm.;
aperture 16 mm. long, 8 wide (Pfr.).

West Africa (Cuming coll.).

Bulimus luctuosus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1851, p.
255; Monogr., iii, p. 387; Conchyl. Cab., p. 90, pi. 31, f. 3,
4. — Limicolaria I. PFR., Monogr., iv, 585; vi, 210. — KOBELT,
I c., p. 78.

A shell of peculiarly dark coloration, still known only by
Pfeiffer's original account.

30. L. ^ETHIOPS (Morelet). PL 18, fig. 97.

Shell perforate, turrite, rather solid, lightly striate; pale
tawny ornamented with distinct reddish flammules on the
intermediate whorls, confluent on the last two and dark
chestnut. Spire turrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 9-, a little
convex, the upper smooth, lower whorls regularly and closely
plicate. Aperture nearly vertical, semi-oval, the base an-
gular, interior blue ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin dilated, reflexed. Length 40, diam. 16 mm.
(Morel.}.

West Africa: Guinea (Morelet).

Bulimus alliiops MOREL., Journ. de Conchyl., 1864, p. 157.
— L. (?) ffthiops PFR., Monogr., vi, p. 208. — Limicolaria
cctliiops MORELET, J. de C., xxxiii, 1885, p. 23, pi. 2, f. 13.-
KOBELT, Conch. Cab., p. 67, pi. 20, f. 9 (copy).

Morelet gives Guinea as the locality in his first notice;
Gabim in the second. It is an elongate species of peculiar
coloration, consisting of radiating spots of the yellowish
ground-color below the suture, contrasting with the chestnut-
brown color of the rest of the surface. It is quite solid, and,
as Kobelt remarks, not without a tendency towards Homorus.
Morelet 's figure is copied.

31. L. WATIIENENSIS Putzeys. PL 17, fig. 91.

Shell obtuse, narrowly perforate, conic-turrite, thin, striat-

270 LIMICOLARIA, CONGO BASIN.

ulate; corneous, irregularly maculate with indistinct tawny
flames. Whorls 7, a little convex, suture lightly crenulate,
the upper whorls regular, the last dilated, a little exceeding
the height of the spire. Aperture oval, vertical, the lip
acute, columella whitish, incurved, the columellar margin re-
flexed over the perforation and nearly reaching to the base.
Length 38, diam. 18, length of aperture 18 mm. (Putz.}.

Congo Free State: Wathen.

L. wathenensis PUTZ., Bull. Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg., xxxiii,
1898, p. iv, f. 1.

The figures and descriptions of this and the following
three species are from Putzeys.

32. L. PALUDCSA Putzeys. PL 17, fig. 90.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, rather solid,
glossy, striatulate ; spire elongate, the apex obtuse ; suture
not very deep, rather regularly crenulate. Whorls 1-1 1/2, a
little convex, ornamented with wide stripes or flames, sin-
uous and sometimes confluent, usually evanescent; the first
4y2 corneous or wine-reddish, irregularly and very distantly
decussated with spiral lines, following whorls yellowish, the
last obtusely angulate in three-fourths of the periphery.
Aperture oval, tapering basally, the lip acute, milky within,
showing the external streaks slightly ; columella straightened,
vertical, blackish violaceous, the margin reflexed over the per-
foration. Length 35, diam. 15, length of aperture 15 mm.
(Putz.} .

Congo Free State: Bena Bendi.

L. paludosa PUTZ., t, c., p. iv, f. 2.

33. L. DISTINCTA Putzeys. PI. 17, fig. 89.

Shell narrowly perforate, conic-turrite, rather solid, striat-
ulate; spire turrite, the apex obtuse; suture slightly cren-
ulate. Whorls 7-7V-2, a little convex, brownish-yellow, irreg-
ularly marked Avith narrow streaks or flames folloAving the
groAvth-lines, Avider above the suture; the last Avhorl oblong,
1;; i >ering toAA^ards the base, the streaks or flames more or less
wide in the middle, sometimes forked above the periphery.

LIMICGLARIA, CONGO BASIN. 271

Aperture elliptical, tapering basally, the lip acute, milky
within ; columella brown, lightly arcuate, the margin reflexed
above the perforation. Length 37, diam. 16, length of apert.
15 mm. (Puts.) .

Congo Free State: Bena Bendi.

L. distinct a PUTZEYS, t. c., p. v, f. 3.

34. L.' CONGOLANICA Putzeys. PI. 17, fig. 92.

Shell very narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, thin, striat-
ulate; spire turrite, the apex obtuse, suture slightly crenu-
late; whorls 7, a little convex, yellowish or brownish-yellow,
ornamented with irregular flammules or lines of brown, of
very variable length, very frequently confluent and wider
above the suture; last whorl oblong, dilated at base, the
coloration abruptly divided at the periphery into two parts:
posteriorly it is colored as described above; anteriorly it is
painted with separate lines or confluent flammules. Aper-
ture subtrapezoidal, dilated basally; lip acute, translucid,
very minutely reflexed, delicately ochre-edged. Columella
rather thick, twisted, ochre-violaceous, the columellar margin
reflexed over the perforation. Length 39, diam. 17, apert.
17 mm. (Putz.).

Congo Free State: Wathen.

L. congolanica PUTZEYS, t. c., p. v, f. 4.

Var. lineolata Putz. Whole surface ornamented with
brown lines following growth-lines. Wathen.

35. L. CHEFNEUXI Bourguignat. PI. 17, fig. 88.

Shell slightly perforate (the perforation almost wholly
covered) , oblong, like a Glandina, subpellucid, glossy, finely
striatulate, the stri£e stronger at the suture ; uniform pale
corneous-ochraceous, without flammules. Spire oblong, at the
summit obtuse, the apex smooth. Whorls 7, a little convex,
regularly and not rapidly increasing, parted by a rather
impressed suture; the last whorl convex, not half the length
of the shell. Aperture subvertical, lunate, long, oblong-
narrow, outer margin moderately and regularly convex,
acutely angular above, angular at the base of the columella;

272 LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA.

peristome unexpanded, acute, a little thickened inside; colu-
mella straight, dilated and reflexed over the perforation,
tapering downward. Length 37, diam. 16, aperture 17 x 7.5
mm. (Bgt.).

N.-E. Africa: environs of Anboker (Soleillet).

L. chefneuxi BGT., Moll. Choa, p. 18, fig. 22 of the plate
(1885).— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 82.

36. L. GLANDINOPSIS Bourguignat. PI. 17, fig. 86.

Shell slightly perforate, the perforation half covered, sub-
oblong, pellucid, glossy, rather fragile, sharply striatulate,
slightly crispate below the suture ; uniform corneous-chestnut.
Spire rather short, oblong, obtuse at the summit, the apex
smooth. Whorls 6l/2, a little convex, regularly increasing,
parted by a somewhat impressed suture ; the last whorl con-
vex, slightly exceeding half the total length. Aperture ver-
tical, lunate, oblong, acute above, outwardly convex; peri-
stome simple, unexpanded, acute ; columella straight, rather
short, dilated and reflexed over the half-covered perforation,
very acute below. Length 30, diam. 16, aperture 15.5 x 7
mm. (Bgt.).

Northeast Africa: Valley of Tagoulet, east of Anboker
(Soleillet).

L. glandinopsis BGT., Moll. Choa, p. 19, fig. 21 of plate
(1885).— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 81.

This species, like the last, has quite the appearance of
Glandina; this one especially on account of its glossy, trans-
parent and delicate shell. Both of the species are without
flammules, but L. glandinopsis is readily distinguished from
chefneuxi by the shorter, more ovoid form, less lengthened
spire, more developed last whorl, wider aperture, which is
not angular below, etc.

37. L. SOLEILLETI Bourguignat.

Shell narrowly perforate (the perforation half covered),
flmi'jnle, solid, opaque, glossy; pale rufous with red-chestnut
flammulcs; finely strialo, more sharply so below the suture.
Spire elongated, obtuse at the summit. Whorls 8, a little

LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA, 273

convex, regularly increasing, the suture a little impressed,
deeply so at the last whorl. Last whorl oblong, convex, not
half the length of the shell. Aperture slightly oblique, ob-
long, angular above, convex outwardly, a little receding at
the base; peristome unexpanded, acute, a little thickened
within, the outer margin somewhat arched forward. Colu-
mella straight, tapering below, reflexed-dilated and half cov-
ering the perforation above. Length 52, diam. 20, aperture
21x10 mm. (Bgt.).

N. E. Africa: environs of Alie-Amba, Choa (Soleillet).

L. soleilleti BGT., Moll. Choa, p. 21 (1885).

This Limicolaria is remarkable for the deep impression of
the suture at the last whorl, which gives the latter an exces-
sively swollen appearance.

38. L. CORDOFANA Shuttleworth. PI. 36, figs. 4, 5.

Shell very narrowly, scarcely perviously perforate, ovate-
oblong, rather solid, granulose-decussate ; whitish, inconspic-
uously marked with a few narrow, pale chestnut streaks.
Spire conoid, the apex obtuse. Whorls 8, convex, the last as
long as the spire; suture impressed, simple. Columella mod-
erately arcuate. Aperture suboval; peristome somewhat flex-
uous, the columellar margin narrowly revolute, adnate for a
long distance, nearly closing the extremely narrow, chink-
like perforation. Length 55, diam. 27, aperture 26 x 16 mm.
(Shuttlw.).

N. E. Africa: Kordofan (Kotschy, in Mousson coll.).

Bulimus cordofanus PARREYSS mss. — Limicolaria cordo-
fana SHUTTLW., Notitise Malac., i, p. 4, pi. 6, f. 3, 4. — L.
kordofana Parreyss, PFR., Monogr., iv, 582 ; vi, 207. — KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 122, pi. 34, f. 6, 7.

A rare and little known species of upper Egypt, resem-
bling L. bassamensis. The original description and figures
are given.

39. L. CANDIDISSIMA ' Parreyss ' Shuttl. PL 21, figs. 31, 32.

Shell narrowly perforate, thin, subfusiform long-turrite,
striatulate, a little glossy; white, obsoletely marked with a

274 LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA.

few straw-yellow streaks on the last whorl, covered with a
very thin pale corneous epidermis. Spire long, slender, the
apex obtuse; whorls 8, slightly convex, the last hardly ex-
ceeding one-third the total length, tapering at the base;
suture impressed, slightly crenulate; columella subarcuate.
Aperture oblong-oval, the peristome unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin narrowly reflexed. Length 62, diam. 20, aper-
ture 23x10 mm. (Shuttl.).

N. E. Africa: Kordofan (Kotschy, in Mousson coll.).

Bulimus candidissimus PARREYSS on label. — L. candidis-
sima SHUTTL., Notitiae, p. 49, pi. 6, f. 7, 8 (1S56). — KOBELT,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 53, pi. 17, f. 3.— JICKELI, 1. c., p. 160,
pi. 6, f. 8.

A rather long and slender form of the Upper Nile region,
probably related to L. flammata Caill.

40. L. DHERICOURTIANA Bourguignat. PL 17, fig. 84.

Shell narrowly perforate (almost completely covered),
swollen, little lengthened, rather solid, somewhat opaque,
glossy, uniform ochraceous; strongly costulate, the riblets
regular, produced, wide on the last whorl, and elegantly
encircled with very minute and numerous spiral lines. Spire
oblong, obtusely, rather shortly tapering, obtuse at the sum-
mit, the apex paler, smooth. AVhorls 7, a little convex, regu-
larly increasing, parted by a suture moderately impressed,
subcrenulate-marginate on the last whorl. Last whorl ex-
actly half the total length. Aperture a little oblique, semi-
ovate, somewhat channelled at the base of the columella;
peristome acute. Columella straight, slightly twisted, widely
dilated and almost closing the perforation, not vaulted in the
middle but subarcuate, somewhat channelled above, acutely
attenuate below. Length 50, diain. 27, apert, 25 x 14 mm.

N. E. Africa: neighborhood of Abdul- Rassul, near An-
boker (Soleillet).

L. d'Hcricour liana BGT., Moll. terr. et fluv. rec. par M.
Paul Soleillet dans son Voyage au Choa (Ethiopie merid-
ionale), Sept., 1885, p. 15, f. 20 of plate. — L. hericourtiana
Bgt,, KOB., C. Cab., p. 80, pi. 29, f. 2 (copy).

LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA. 275

A member of the group of L. ruppelliana, distinguished
by the absence of color flames, the shell being dark ochra-
ceous, and by the strong wide and regular riblets, decussated
by an infinite number of fine spiral lines.

41. L. RUPPELLIANA (Pfeiffer). PL 28, figs. 32, 33, 34.

Shell umbilicate, ovate, very minutely granulose; whitish,
painted with longitudinal, undulating rufous flames. Whorls
6, slightly convex, the last one swollen, slightly longer than
the spire, somewhat compressed basally; suture erermlate.
Aperture subauriform, the peristome thin, columellar mar-
gin straightened, broadly reflexed, half covering the umbil-
icus. Length 53, diam. 34, aperture 29x14.5 mm. (P/Y.).

N. E. Africa: Abyssinia (Riippel).

Bulimus ruppcllianus PFR., Symbols, ii, p. 50 (1842) ;

Monogr., ii, 180; iii, 385.— REEVE, C. Icon., x, pi. 50, f. 329.

-L. ruppelliana PFR., Monogr., iv, 583. — JICKELI, t. c., p.

152, pi. 6, f. 2.— MARTENS, Malak. BL, 1865, p. 197.— KOBELT,

C. Cab., p. 61, pi. 19, f. 4, 5.

Quite distinct by its short spire and obese shape. Figures
31, 32 are copied from Kobelt's illustrations of one of the
original lot collected by Riippel. Another example of the
same lot has been figured by Jickeli (pi. 28, fig. 34).

42. L. VANATTAI Pilsbry. PI. 25, figs. 7, 8.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-conic, compact, thin,
white under a thin yellow cuticle, variegated with many
longitudinal, almost straight, streaks of rich chestnut, rather
close and narrow, but with a few broad ones among them,
the latter often wedge-shaped, wider below ; the streaks neither
branching nor zigzag. On the last whorl the longitudinal
markings are, to a great extent, coalescent or smeared to-
gether below the periphery, the darker color predominating
on the base. Sculpture: close and fine costulaB stronger be-
low the suture, cut into oblong granules by spiral impressed
lines; the decussation fine and regular on the spire; but
below the spirals become less regular, and disappear on the
latter part of the body- whorl and are wanting on the base,

276 LIMICOLAEIA, N.-E. AFRICA.

and the costulae on the last whorl are coarser. Spire rather
thick, conic, the apex very obtuse, rounded; suture moder-
ately impressed, margined below by a light line. Whorls
11, slightly convex, the last slightly tapering below. Aper-
ture narrowly ovate, purple within, its length a little less
than half that of the shell; acuminate above. Columella
cylindric, of a purple-flesh color, distinctly convex in the
middle, bending toward the left as it approaches the base;
the reflexed edge adnate nearly to base, where it is free,
leaving a small umbilicus. Length 57, diam. 26.5, length of
aperture 27.5, width including colurnellar reflection 15 mm.

Northeast Africa: Sheikh Husein, lat. 7° 43' 32" N., Ion.
40° 44' 30" E. (Dr. A. Donaldson Smith, Sept. 21, 1894.
Type no. 68115 A. N. S. P.).

L. vanattai PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1897, p. 358.

Somewhat like L. turns Pfr., but the columella is distinctly
convex, the spire shorter, and the apex is decidedly more
obtuse. It is also a smaller, less conic shell. The spire is
longer than in L. rilppelliana Pfr. as figured by Jickeli.
The narrow, straight, not branching color streaks are also
characteristic. Named for Mr. E. G. Vanatta.

43. L. HEUGLINI (Martens). PL 28, figs. 24, 25.

Shell perforate, turrite-oblong, irregularly striatulate,
somewhat glossy; corneous-buff, flammulate with reddish.
Spire subturrite, the apex obtuse. Whorls 7y2, flat, the
upper three reddish, the last whorl a little convex, suture
crenulate, bordered by an impressed line. Aperture two-
fifths the total length, subvertical, slightly angulate at the
base; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar margin
reflexed, perpendicular, violaceous. Length 35, diam. 16,
aperture 15x8 mm. (Marts.).

N. E. Africa: Southern Abyssinia (Heuglin) ; near An-
boker, Choa (Soleillet).

Achatina (Limicolaria) heuglini MARTS., Malak. Bl., xiii,
1866, p. 94, pi. iv, f. 1, 2. — L. heuglini Marts., PFR., Monogr.,
vi, 210 ; viii, 270. — BGT., Moll. Choa, p. 16.— KOBELT, C. Cab.,
p. 55, pi. 17, f. 8, 9.— POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital.,

LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA. 277

1888, p. 71, with var. iickelii Poll. — JICKELI, Moll. Nord-Ost-
Afrikas, p. 164, pi. 2, f. 8 (jaw and teeth), pi. 6, f. 10 (shell).
The specimens from Choa are larger, 50-52 x 22-23 mm.
It is closely related to L. senaariensis.

43a. Var. iickelii Pollonera. PI. 28, fig. 28.

Differs from the type by the more ovate-oblong spire and
the more tapering base of the last whorl. Length 49, diam.
19, apert. 18x9.5 mm. (Poll).

N. E. Africa: Gumbi nell' Harrar, near Havash.

Pollonera refers Jickeli's figure to this variety. It is
copied on my plate.

436. Var. sabaticri Pfr.

Bulimus sdbatieri Pfr. (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 389,
Monogr., iv, 470), described from the " Bords du Fleuve
Blanc ' (Sabatier), was later referred by Jickeli (Moll.
N.-O.-Afrikas, p. 166) to L. hcuglini as a young shell. It
was never illustrated. The original description follows:
' Shell subperforate, ovate-oblong, rather thin, nearly smooth,
irregularly striatulate, painted with alternating wavy stripes
of pale buff and dark brown; spire conic, paler above, the
apex obtuse ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last a little shorter
than the spire, obsoletely angulated below the middle. Colu-
mella straightened, purple-brown; aperture a little oblique,
narrowly elliptical; peristome simple, unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin dilated above, reflexed and subadnate. Length
22, diam. 12, aperture 11x5.5 mm." (Pfr.).

44. L. CHOANA Bourguignat. PI. 28, figs. 26, 27.

This constant form is, according to Bourguignat, distin-
guished from the typical L. heuglini by the noticeably sub-
pyramidal shell, more swollen below; by the slower increase
of the whorls, which are more crowded, and the last whorl,
notably less oblong than that of hcuglini, is not so high, is
larger and more thick-set. The aperture is less oblong, more
excised (by the preceding whorl), of a semi-oval form, etc.

N. E. Africa: Between Anboker and Alie-Amba, Choa
(Soleillet).

278 LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA.

Achatina (Limicolaria) heuglini, a, MARTS., Malak. Bl.,
1866, xiii, p. 94, pi. 4, f. 3, 4.— L. choana BGT., Moll. Choa,
p. 17, 1885.

The propriety of separating this form from heuglini is
doubtful.

45. L. PYRAMIDALIS Bourguigiiat. PI. 17, fig. 87.

Shell perforate, the perforation half covered, pyramidal,
swollen below, rather opaque, somewhat glossy, sharply stri-
atulate, crispulate below the suture of last whorl; whitish
with wine-reddish flammules, especially on the last whorl.
Spire moderately produced, pyramidal, obtuse at the smooth
summit. Whorls 7, a little convex, all narrow except the
last one, parted by a rather impressed suture, the last whorl
ventricose, convex, slightly subangular around the perfora-
tion. Aperture vertical, lunate, semi-ovate; peristome un-
expanded, acute. Columella straight, dilated-reflexed, taper-
ing below. Length 42, diam. 22, aperture 18 x 11 mm. (Bgt.).

N. E. Africa: Choa (Soleillet).

L. pyramidalis BGT., Moll. Choa, p. 17, pi. — , f. 23 (Sept.,
1885).— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 81.

Distinguished from L. clioana by the more swollen last
whorl, more conically tapering and shorter spire, etc.

46. L. BECCARII Morelet. PL 22, fig. 44.

Shell narrowly perforate, turrite, striatulate and minutely
decussate above, glossy, pale yellow, longitudinally painted
with wavy, subequidistant chestnut streaks. Whorls 7, a little
convex, the last obsoletely angulate, tapering at the base,
the spire scarcely two-thirds the total length; suture
impressed, minutely crenulate at the end. Aperture semi-
oval, the right margin thin, acute, columellar margin nar-
rowly revolute. Length 48, diam. 21, aperture 19 x 12 mm.
(Morel.}.

Northeast Africa: Keren in the Bogos country, Abyssinia.

L. bcccarii MOREL., Ann. Mus. Civ. di Storia Naturale di
Genova, iii, p. 198, p. 9, f. 6 (1872).— KOBELT, Conch. Cab.,
p. 77.

LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA. 279

Related to L. numidica and the short form of L. heuglini
(choana) .

47. L. OVIPORMIS Ancey.

Shell covered and minutely rimate, obtuse-oblong, solid,
rather opaque, glossy; under a deciduous pale straw-buff
cuticle it is gray-white variegated or flammulate with narrow
pale brown streaks in the middle whorls. Spire oblong, rela-
tively not much attenuate, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 7,
convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the suture moder-
ately impressed, somewhat irregular; regularly decussate
with growth and spiral strife, somewhat spaced; the last
whorl oblong, rounded, smooth past the middle (the spiral
striaB disappearing). Aperture suboblique, oblong-narrowed,
whitish. Columella refiexed, thickened, nearly straight;
peristome unexpanded, acute, the outer margin hardly arched
forward. Length 44, diam. 21, alt. apert. 18.25 mm. (Ancey).

Northeastern Africa: northern border of Somaliland (Cox).
L. oviformis ANC., Nautilus, xiv, p. 42, August, 1900 ; Journ.
de Conchyl., xlix, 1901, p. 140.

' It is remarkable in being very obtuse and of an oblong
shape. The markings are but faint, at least as far as the
original specimen is concerned."

It was recorded in the first place as from Arabia, in the
mountains above Aden, but this information proved to be
inexact. It is probably related to L. donaldsoni and the
immediate allies of that species.

48. L. DONALDSON: Pilsbry. PI. 28, figs. 29, 30, 31.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, oblong-ovate, rather thin. Spire
short and wide, terminating in a very obtuse rounded apex.
Whorls slightly over 6, quite convex, separated by deep
sutures. Surface shining, finely striated longitudinally, the
strife cut into oblong granules by decussating spiral im-
pressed lines, which become subobsolete on the last whorl
except below the suture, where they persist, although weaker.
Aperture ovate, a little less than half the length of the shell,
bluish- white within ; outer lip thin and sharp ; columella

280 LIMICOLARIA, N.-E. AFRICA.

straight in the middle and above, slightly concave below, the
columellar lip reflexed over the umbilicus. Color white under
a very thin, mainly deciduous yellow cuticle, with faint nar-
row, sinuous and interrupted ochre-brown streaks. Alt. 39.5,
diam. 21 mm. ; length of aperture 19, width 12 mm.

N. E. Africa: The Haud (Dr. A. Donaldson Smith, July
25, 1894). Type no. 68114 A. N. S. P.

L. donaldsoni PELS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1897, p. 358.

L. ~beccarii and L. doliertyi are allied, but both have a
much more strongly developed color-pattern, and the spire
of the former is longer and less obtuse. L. habrawalensis
Jouss., seems also from the description to be related. L. don-
aldsoni has very convex, beautifully granose-decussate whorls,
a moderately open umbilicus and very faint coloration. L.
keniana is similar to donaldsoni in coloration and the obtuse
summit, but it is imperforate.

49. L. HABKAWALENSIS Jousseaume.

Shell narrowly perforate, ovate-turrite, thin, glossy, lon-
gitudinally and spirally striated, decussate; white or pale
yellow, maculated with ferruginous wavy streaks in two
zones; apex very obtuse. Whorls 7 to 8, convex, parted by
an impressed, irregularly crenate suture, the last whorl ob-
soletely angular at the aperture. Aperture oval, lip thin,
acute, columellar margin narrowly involute. Length 35-47,
diam. 19 mm. (Jouss.}.

N. E. Africa: Somaliland, tribe of Habr-Awal.

L. habrawalensis Jouss., Le Naturaliste, xxi, p. 91 (15
April, 1899).

50. L. KENIANA Smith. PI. 21, fig. 33.

Shell elongate, ovate, imperforate ; blue-whitish, irregularly
painted with narrow, reddish-brown, obliquely arcuate or
wavy streaks, and covered with a yellow-olivaceous perios-
tracum. Spire elongate, obtuse above. Whorls 6, a little
convex, striated with growth-lines and transversely sculp-
tured with spiral strise, more or less granulated, the last and
penult, whorls margined below the suture with an impressed

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 281

line, the last whorl slowly descending in front. Aperture
inversely ear-shaped, about two-thirds the total length of the
shell, blue-whitish inside ; peristome thin, the columellar mar-
gin lightly thickened, reflexed, straight, nearly perpendic-
ular, obsoletely uniplicate above, brown tinted outwardly.
Length 50, diam. 25, aperture 21x13 mm. (Smith}.

British East Africa: Mt. Kenia (S. L. Hinde).

L. ken tuna E. A. SMITH, Journ. of Conch., x, no. 10, April
1, 1903, p. 318, pi. 4, f. 17.

" This species is peculiar on account of the thick obtuse
spire, in which respect it bears some resemblance to L. doher-
tyi Smith from Uganda. The slightly oblique lines of growth
being crossed by the spiral striae, have a granose appearance
quite visible to the naked eye. The three apical whorls in
the single specimen at hand are somewhat eroded and are
of a dirty purplish-brown color' (Smith}.

51. L. DOHERTYI E. A. Smith. PI. 22, fig. 41.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, obtuse at the apex, solid, imper-
forate or slightly rimate; dark chestnut painted with irreg-
ular white streaks ; decussate throughout with oblique growth-
lines and spiral strire. Whorls 7, convex, noticeably increas-
ing, parted by a pale linear suture. Aperture inversely ear-
shaped, blue within, about two-fifths the total length; lip
thin, arcuate ; columella thickened, reflexed, dirty white.
Length 59, diam. 28, aperture 23x13 mm. (Smith}.

British East Africa : near the present terminus of the
Uganda R. R., between Sept., 1900, and April, 1901, at an
elevation of 6500-9000 ft. (Wm. Doherty).

L. dohertyi E. A. S., Journ. of Malacol., viii, p. 95, f. 4
(Dec. 30, 1901).

" This very interesting species is remarkable for its solid-
ity and its pupoid form. The white stripes upon the deep
chestnut ground are irregular and somewhat wavy, oblique
or zigzag in form. The three apical whorls are smoother
than the rest of the shell, whitish or bluish and devoid of
striping. One of the three specimens under examination is
rimate, the two others being imperf orate ' (Smith}. In

282 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

shape and sculpture this species is very like L. donaldsoni,
but it differs in coloration and the larger size.

52. L. FLAMMATA (Cailliaud). PI. 22, fig. 35.

Shell narrowly perforate, oblong-turrite, longitudinally
striatulate, a little glossy; white, irregularly marked with
sparse, rufous, nearly straight flames. Spire long, slender,
the apex obtuse; suture subcrenate. Whorls 8, slightly con-
vex, the last about one-third the total length, tapering at
the base. Columella subarcuate, receding. Aperture angu-
late-oblong ; peristome simple, unexpanded, the columellar
margin somewhat thickened, reflexed.

Length 55, diam. 19 mm. ; apert. 21 mm. long, 9 wide
(Pfr., L. caillaudi).

Length 64-77, diam. 26-28 mm. (Marts.).

N. E. Africa : Sennaar, in the neighborhood of Mouna (Cal-
liaud) ; near Ankober (Pollonera) ; Fashoda, and between
there and Jebel Ain (Flower).

Helix (Cochlogena) flammata CAILLIAUD, Voy. Meroe,
Atlas, pi. 60, f. 5 (1823) ; vol. iv, p. 265. — Limicolaria flam-
mata Caill., POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., xiii, 1888, p.
73.—Bulimus cailliaudi PFR,, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1850, p. 386;
Monogr., iii, 1853, p. 386. — L. cailliaudi PFR., Monogr., iv,
584; vi, 208. — MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Af., p.
103.— BGT., Voy. Choa, p. 20.— FLOWER, P. Z. S., 1900, p.
970. — Bulimus sennaariensis Parreyss, PFR., Monogr., ii, p.
180 (name only). — Limicolaria sennaariensis Parr., SHUTTL.,
Notitiffi, i, p. 48, pi. 7, f. 6, 7 (1856).— PFR., Monogr., iv,
584.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 51, pi. 17, f. 2; p. 71, pi. 23, f.
3? 4.— POLLONERA, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., 1888, p. 73.-
Achatina (L.} senaarensis MART., Malak. Bl., xxi, 1873, p.
39; xii, 1865, p. 199 (with var. liartmanni} . — Limicolaria
senaarica BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. Abyssin., p. 118. — L. flammea
Mull., in part, JICKELI, Land- u. Susswasser-Moll. Nordost-
Af., p. 157, pi. 6, f. 5. — Limicolarius label Fer., BECK, Index
Moll., p. 61, no. 8.

52a. Var. STUHLMANNI Martens. PI. 22, fig. 40.

Somewhat shorter, more cylindric, and more swollen to-

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 283

wards the apex, less gradually acuminate. Length 50-56,
diam. 18-21 mm.; apert. 17-19 mm. long, 11-12 wide. The
stripes rather wide and angular, often not quite reaching
the suture, or divided into several small ones there (Marts.).

Matangisi, in Ugogo (Stuhlmann).

L. caillaudi var. stuldmanni MARTS., Sitz.-Ber. d. Ges. Nat.
Freunde zu Berlin, 1891, p. 15; Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-
Afrikas, p. 104, pi. 4, f. 1.

Hildebrandt brought a form which may be referable to
this variety from Ukamba, on the other side of the Dunga
Mts. It is somewhat wider and rather regularly tapering
above, 56 x 32 mm., apert. 21 mm. This was noted under
the name ftammea in Sitz.-Ber. d. Berlin Akad., 1878, p. 291.

52&. Var. SMITHI Pils., n. v. PI. 22, figs. 37, 38.

Imperf orate, long and rather cylindric, with 8% whorls;
yellow, copiously streaked, the stripes partly straight, partly
zigzag. Surface smoothish, some of the upper intermediate
whorls weakly decussate above; suture a little crenate.
Length 63, diam. 20, length of apert. 21 mm.

Omo river (A. Donaldson Smith, Dec. 20, 1899).

52c. Var. SPEKIANA Grandidier. PI. 22, fig. 36.

Long and slender, the spire swollen above as in var. stulil-
manni, and much more than in var. smiihi.

Near Lake Tanganyika (Thompson).

Achatina (Limicolaria) caillaudi E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S.,
1881, p. 284, pi. 33, f. 13.— L. spekiana GRANDIDIER, Bull.
Soc. Malac. France, ii, 1885, 160.— L. c. spekeana MARTS.,
Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Afrikas, p. 104.

52d. Var. GRACILIS Martens. PL 22, figs. 42, 43.

Small and slender, 50 mm. long, 16 wide, whitish-yellow
with numerous dark streaks, only in places angular or in-
terrupted.

Gazelle river region (Schweinfurth) .

A. (L.) sennaariensis var. gracilis MARTS., Malak. Bl., xvii,
1870, p. 34.— PFR., Novit. Conch., p. 6, pi. 110, f. 4, 5, copied

284 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

by KOBELT, C. Cab., pi. 17, f. 4, 5. — L. heuglini var. gracilis
Marts., JICKELI, 1. c., p. 164. — L. c. var. gracilis MARTS.,
Beschalte "Weichthiere Ost-Af., p. 104.

52e. Var. HARTMANNI Martens. PI. 21, fig. 34.

A slender form from Senaar, between Hedchat and Gere-
bin, to which Martens refers Ferussac's pi. 141, fig. 3.

53. L. LONGA Pilsbry, n. sp. PI. 32, figs. 18, 19.

Shell imperf orate, very long and slender ; Avhite with broad,
oblique red-chestnut stripes, which do not split above. Sur-
face slightly roughened by some low, irregular growth-
wrinkles, but without spiral stride. Whorls 9y2, moderately
convex, the last tapering downwards. Aperture rather nar-
rowly ovate ; columella oblique, the columellar margin widely
reflexed and adnate above, tapering rapidly downwards;
basal margin deeply arcuate. Length 74, diam. 20, length of
aperture 23 mm.

British East Africa: near Magois (A. Donaldson Smith).

"L. colorata var. fuscescens': Marts, is a more roughly
sculptured shell with thicker spire. The species megalcua
and coulboisi of Bgt. seem to be allied. The type specimen
has lost its cuticle and most of the color, the stripes scarcely
showing except on the back of the last and penultimate
whorls. It may be an elongate form of a species usually of
more normal proportions.

54. L. MEGAIVEA Bourguignat. PL 33, fig. 26.

Shell covered-rimate, very much lengthened, subcylindric,
rather opaque, somewhat thick, obsoletely striatulate. cris-
pate around the suture; uniform buffish-white with sparse,
irregular chestnut flammules. Spire very much produced,
cylindraceous, slowly tapering, obtuse at the summit. Whorls
9, convex, slowly increasing, parted by a deep suture, the last
whorl convex, slightly over one-fourth the total alt. Aper-
ture oblique, ovate; peristome unexpanded, acute. Columella
moderate, reflexed, shortly curved; outer margin a little
arched forward ; parietal callous transparent, scarcely visible.
Length 60, diam. 17, aperture 17x8.5 mm. (Bgt.}.

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 285

Knicomba plain, on the southwest shore of Tanganyika.

L. mcgalcca BGT., Moll, de 1'Afric. Equat., pp. 102, 105,
pi. 6, f. 4 (1889).

This remarkably lengthened species is narrower and more
regularly tapering than L. spekeana Grandid.

55. L. COULBOISI Bourguignat. PI. 33, fig. 23.

Shell' subrimate (the rima almost wholly closed), slender,
very much lengthened, somewhat cylindric, attenuate at the
obtuse summit, rather opaque and thick, glossy, striatulate;
whitish with continuous or interrupted chestnut flames. Spire
much produced, slender, tapering, much attenuated at the
summit, but nevertheless obtuse at the apex. Whorls 9, a
little convex, the first slowly, then rather rapidly increasing,
parted by an impressed suture; last whorl convex, elongate,
less than one-third the total length. Aperture oblique, ob-
long. Peristome unexpanded, acute. Columella reflexed,
slightly curved; the outer margin a little arched forward;
parietal callous diaphanous, though rather thick. Length
61, diam. 15.5, aperture 19 x 7 mm. (Bgt.) .
Kerasa, Usagara.

L. coulboisi BGT., Moll, de 1'Afric. Equat., p. 106, pi. 6,
f. 1 (1889).

More slender than L. megalaa, the only closely related
species.
56. L. DROMAUXI Bourguignat. PL 33, fig. 25.

Shell with a puncture-like rimation,very much lengthened,
tapering-cylindric, rather thick, somewhat opaque, glossy,
uniform pale whitish-buff, smooth and polished, obsoletely
sublamellose below. Spire greatly produced, regularly acu-
minate, though slightly obtuse at the summit. Whorls 10,
convex, regularly and slowly increasing, parted by a deep
suture, the last whorl convex, slightly exceeding one-fourth
the total length. Aperture oblique, rather lunate, rounded-
ovate; peristome unexpanded, acute; columella reflexed,
nearly straight; the outer margin receding, arched forward a
little; parietal callous rather thick. Length 44, diam. 14,
aperture 13x7 mm.

286 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

Near the mission of Kibanga, Tanganyika.

L. dromauxi BGT., Moll, de 1'Afric. Equat., pp. 103, 107,
pi. 6, f. 3 (1889).

Belongs to the group of L. spekiana, me gala: a and coul-
boisi, but smaller than these, of a uniform tint, without flam-
mules, and smoother, though the lower whorls have obsolete
lamella?.

57. L. SATURATA E. A. Smith. PL 32, fig. 13.

Shell long, imperf orate; deep brown, painted with more or
less wavy, oblique stripes. Spire elongate, somewhat mamil-
late and paler at the apex. Whorls 8, convex, parted by an
oblique suture; granulate-cancellate by delicate oblique
growth-lines and light spiral stria?. Aperture reversed auri-
form, dull blue-whitish inside, nearly one-third the total
length; columella nearly straight, reflexed, slightly thickened,
the outer lip arcuate and thin. Length 67, diam. 25 mm. ;
apert. 23 long, 12 wide (Smith).

East Africa: Albert Edward Nyanza at 3000-4000 ft. (G.
F. Scott-Elliot) ; Kilima-Njaro, in the cultivated land, 1200-
1700 meters elev., very common (Volkens).

L. saturate/, SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. LoncL, i, p. 323, f . 1 ;
p. 324 (1895). — L. colorata E. Sin., MARTENS, Beschalte
Weichthiere Ost-Afrikas, p. 105.

" This species is remarkable for the depth of its coloration
and the length of the whorls. The lines of growth are slightly
puckered beneath the suture, but the granulation of the sur-
face generally is very feeble. Only a single specimen was
obtained. The remains of the animal enclosed about 20 ovate,
strong, white, calcareous eggs about 6.5 x 5 mm. The re-
mains of a very thin olivaceous epidermis are traceable on
the last and penultimate whorls ' (Smith').

57a. Var. FUSCESCENS Martens. PL 32, figs. 22, 23.

Cylindric-turrite, rather wide, thick-shelled and lustreless,
with closely placed vertical rib-stria? which are granulose on
the upper whorls; obscure brownish-yellow, with numerous
narrow red-brown streaks, which often become wider above,

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 287

and frequently show forwardly-directed points in the middle
of the whorls. Spire rather swollen, blunt above. Whorls
8-9, each weakly convex, shortly plicate at the sutures, the
last moderately convex, rounded, somewhat sack-like below.
Aperture including about three-eighths the length. Colu-
mellar margin comparatively short, somewhat arcuate, pale
roseate.. Interior whitish. Length 50-56, diam. 21-24, apert.
19-21 mm. (Marts.).

West coast of the Victoria Nyanza, at Bukoba; Kafaro,
in Karagwe, about 1,350 meters high, on the ground in grass ;
Migere and Iwinsa, in Butumbi, on the southern shore of the
Albert Edward Nyanza (Stuhlmann).

L. colorata E. Sm., var. fuscescens MARTS., Beschalte Weich-
thiere Ost-Af., p. 105, pi. 4, f. 2, 6.

Distinguished from caillaudi by the strong sculpture, more
swollen shape and sombre coloring, with numerous narrow
and often some wider stripes.

57&. Var. CHROMATICA n. n. PI. 32, figs. 14, 15.

With broad, irregular, somewhat zigzag black-browTi
streaks, which mostly fall short of reaching the suture above,
and in the middle of the last whorl coalesce to form a spiral
band. Length 60, diam. 25.5; apert. 24 mm. long, 13 wide
(Marts.).

Runssoro, at the western foot, at about 1,200 meters ; grassy
steppes south of Albert Edward Nyanza, at Mutambuka, in
Vitshumbi ( Stuhlmann ) .

L. colorata var. saturata E. Sm., Marts., t. c., p. 105, pi.
4, f. 8, 12, 14.

57c. Var. INFRAFUSCA Martens. PL 32, fig. 21.

With wider dark chestnut-brown streaks, which mostly do
not reach the suture above, and which are confluent on the
median and lower parts of the last and penult, whorls, the
lower part of an even dark brown. Length 61, diam. 25,
apert. 24x14 mm. (Marts.).

Kawirondo, east side of Victoria Nyanza (Neumann).

L. colorata var. infrafusca MARTS., t. c., p. 106, pi. 4, f . 10.

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

58. L. ROHLFSI 'Martens' Kobelt. PL 31, figs. 5, 6, 7.

In form and sculpture like L. dimidiata, but the vertical
strife are weaker, and it is wholly without spiral lines on the
lower whorls. Coloration peculiar : yellow-brown, with a row
of dark brown spots close under the suture, and a full dark
brown band around the umbilical chink, the space between
being uniform, without streaks. Upper whorls frequently
reddish (Marts.).

Length 65, diam. 25, apert. 25 x 16 mm.

Length 60, diam. 26, apert. 25 x 15 mm.

Mhugu, northeast side of Victoria Nyanza (Neumann) ;
grassy steppe in Vitshumbi, on the southwest end of Albert
Edward Nyanza (Stuhlmann). Ngadda river, northwest of
the junction of the Benue and Niger (G. Rohlfs).

L. rohlfsi Martens, KOBELT, Conchyl. Cab., p. 72, pi. 23,
f. 5, 6. — MARTENS, Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Af., p. 107,
pi. 5, f. 36.

Figures 5, 6 are copies of Kobelt 's type figures.

59. L. DIMIDIATA v. Martens. PL 31, figs. 10, 11.

Shell rather elongate, distinctly striatulate, lightly decus-
sate; yellowish, with oblique, somewhat undulating reddish-
brown stripes, visible on the lower half of each whorl, in-
cipient on the fifth whorl. Whorls 8. Length 49.5, diam.
20, length of aperture 19 mm. (v. Mart.).

East Africa: Kilima-Njaro (Hans Meyer) ; Kenia, at
Njenips-Indogo, near Lake Baringo (Dr. Gregory).

L. flammea var. dimidiata v. MART., Sitzungsberichte d.
Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1890, p. 132; Conchol.
MittheiL, iii, p. 9, pi. 43, f. 6, 7 (1894).— SMITH, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., i, p. 165. — L. dimidiata MARTENS, Beschalte
Weichthiere Ost-Afrikas, p. 106.

Seems sufficiently distinct from L. flammea, with which it
was formerly united. Some 14 specimens of similar size and
markings are known.

59a. Var. volkensi Martens.

Volkens found several specimens of a rather intense straw-

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 289

yellow color, with no stripes, among typical dimidiata col-
lected on the cultivated area of Kilima-Njaro, 1000-1700
meters elev., in jungle. One of them is long drawn out,
more cylindric.

60. L. MEDIOMACULATA Martens. PI. 32, f. 16, 17.
Long-fusiform, weakly striate, the spiral strias very weak

on the 'penult., obsolete on the last whorl; pale brown, with
numerous narrow, rather pale streaks, some of them some-'
what wider and darker; in the middle of each whorl there
are contiguous sub quadrate black-broivn spots. The spire
rather attenuate above; there are 7-8, hardly convex whorls,
with shallow suture, the last whorl rather narrow, gradually
tapering below. Aperture approaching lancet-shape. Colu-
mellar margin short, somewhat twisted, rather broadly re-
flexed above, reddish-violet. Interior bluish, the streaks and
spots showing through (Marts.}.

Length 45, diam. 18, apert. 19 x 11 mm.

Length 39, diam. 16, apert. 16 x 10 mm.

Kawirondo country, on the northeast side of Victoria
Nyanza (Neumann).

L. mediomaculata MARTS., Nachrichtsbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1895,
p. 182; Beschalte, etc., p. 107, pi. 4, f. 3, 5, 7.

Related to fuscescens and dimidiata.

61. L. MARTENSIANA (E. A. Smith). PI. 34, figs. 33-40.

" Shell rimate, rather solid, oblong, turrited, reddish to-
wards the apex, elsewhere dark purple-red or almost black,
variegated with oblique, more or less zigzag, opaque cream-
colored stripes, some of which extend from suture to suture,
others only a short distance from the top of the whorls. The
latter are 7^ in number, scarcely convex or almost flat, and
very feebly constricted beneath the suture. The upper ones
are finely granosely decussated, the last and the penultimate
being smooth and merely marked with the oblique incre-
mental striae. All exhibit a fine plication or puckering be-
neath the suture, beneath which an impressed line is some-
times observable upon the last and preceding volutions.

290 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

Aperture bluish within, displaying more or less of the ex-
ternal striping, vertical, equalling about two-fifths of the
shell's length. Columella suberect, bluish and dark violet,
scarcely forming any angulation at the base with the lower
margin of the peritreme. Length 36, diam. 17 mm. ; aperture
14y2 long, 8 wide " (Smith).

Kegion of Lake Tanganyika, especially eastward; Victoria
Nyanza, and northward to Lake Rudolf.

Achatina (Limicolaria) martensiana SM., P. Z. S., 1880,
p. 345, pi. 31, f. 1, la; 1893, p. 634 (Sumbu, Itawa, southwest
of Tanganyika). — L. martensiana Sm., CROSSE, J. de Conch.,
1881, p. 297.— GRANDIDIER, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr., ii, 1885, p.
162. — BOURG., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat., p. 104.— MARTENS,
Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Af., p. 108, pi. 1, f. 10.— PELSE-
NEER, Bull. Mus. Roy. d'Hist. Nat. de Belgique, iv, 1886, p.
104 (epiphragm). — STURANY in Baumann, Durch Massai-
Land zur Nilquelle, p. 15. — SOWERBY, Shells of Tanganyika,
f. 18.— L. giraudi BGT., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat., p. 104, pi. 6,
f. 7, 8.

An abundant form in the Tanganyika region. Figures 33,
34 are copies of Smith's, 33 being the type figure, fig. 34
referable to var. multifida. Fig. 43 is the type figure of L.
giraudi Bgt., which seems to be a synonym, representing a
younger shell. Figures 36-40 represent specimens of a series
taken by Dr. A. Donaldson Smith at Lake Rudolf. They
are somewhat more slender than Smith's types, with shorter
aperture, but agree well in other respects; one measures
36 x 15 mm., apert. 13 mm. long.

61a. Var. PALLIDISTRIGA Martens. PI. 34, fig. 46.

Agreeing with typical martensiana in sculpture, general
shape, etc., but the streaks are pale brownish, even in speci-
mens apparently collected alive. From a grass steppe south
of Albert Edward Nyanza, at Mutambuka (Stuhlmann), and
from the shore of the Victoria Nyanza (G. A. Fischer).

L. m. pallidistriga MARTS., Beschalte Weich., etc., p. 109,
pi. 5, f. 1.

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 291

616. Var. MULTIFIDA Martens. PI. 34, figs. 34, 35.

On the penult, and last whorls the broad dark stripes
break up at the same height into 5 or 6 narrower and lighter
ones, partly dislocated. Length 37.5-41.5, diam. 16.5-17,
apert. 17 x 10 mm. This form comes from south of Manyora
Lake (Neumann), around Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika
lakes, etc.

L. m. var. nmltifida MARTENS, Nbl. d. mal. Ges., 1895, p.
182; Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 109, pi. 1, f. 13.

Smith's fig. la of L. martensiana (copied in my fig. 34)
is referable to this form. Similarly marked individuals
occur in the Lake Rudolf series before me, so the variety is
hardly racial, merely a color-phase.

61c. Var. ELONGATA Martens. PI. 34, figs. 47, 48.

Long-fusiform, glossy, lightly striatulate, yellowish-white,
with rather wide chestnut streaks, sometimes split and nar-
rower above. Whorls 8%, a little convex, regularly increas-
ing, the last narrow; suture marginate, lightly crenulate,
white. Aperture nearly vertical, long-ovate ; peristome un-
expanded, brown-edged within, the columellar margin dis-
tinctly twisted, pale livid fleshy. Length 49, diam. 16, length
of apert. 18, width 9.5 mm. (Marts.}.

Nyangwe, on the Lualaba or upper Congo (Wissmann).

L. m. var. elongata MARTS., Sitzungsber. Ges. naturforsch.
Freunde, 1883, p. 72; Conch. MittheiL, p. 189, pi. 34, f. 1, 2.

A similar, but shorter form in the collection of the Acad-
emy occurs at Kala, on Lake Tanganyika (pi. 34, figs. 41, 42).

6ld. Var. EXIMIA Martens. PI. 34, figs. 44, 45.

Ovate-elongate, strongly striate, finely decussate on the
upper whorls; pale straw-yellow with wide dark brown
stripes, generally angular and frequently very oblique; in
the upper third of the whorls they are numerous, paler and
narrow. Spire rather full and wide, of 8% regularly widen-
ing whorls, only weakly convex, the last more convex, grad-
ually tapering downwards. Columellar margin very little
arcuate, outwardly violet, inwardly bluish-white. Length 59,
diam. 25, apert. 25x16 mm. (Marts.').

292 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

Kawironda, northeast side of Victoria Nyanza (Neumann) ;
Ukamba, British East Africa (Hildebrandt).

L. m. var. eximia MARTS., Nachrbl. d. mal. Ges., 1895, p.
183; Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 110, pi. 5, f. 34, 34a.

An egg is figured, f. 44.

62. L. TULIPA Jousseaume. PL 22, fig. 45.

Shell very narrowly, nearly covered perforate, ovate-
oblong, glossy, thin, pellucid, lightly striate; whitish, closely
ornamented with wide, wavy, black-purple streaks and short
rufous ones below the suture; spire long-conic, the apex red-
dish, obtuse; suture impressed, margined; whorls 8, a little
convex, the last two-thirds the total length; columella pale
purplish, nearly straight; aperture semi-oval, peristome thin,
the outer margin narrowly expanded. Length 43, diam. 16,
aperture 16 x 9 mm. (Jouss.) .

Congo river (Louis Petit).

L. tulipa Jouss., Le Naturaliste, ix, 1887, p. 6, f. 2.

Has the coloration of L. martensiana multifida, but is of
narrower form.

63. L. RECTISTRIGATA (E. A. Smith). PI. 33, figs. 27, 28.. 31.

" Shell oblong, cylindrically conical, narrowly perforate,
whitish or a pale rosy tint, varied with oblique brown stripes,
which at times become broader or blotchy at the lower part
of the whorl^. The latter are 8 in number, rather convex
and slowly enlarging, obliquely striated by the lines of
growth, divided by a simple subhorizontal suture. Last volu-
tion oblong, a little attenuated at the lower part. Aperture
inversely subauriform, whitish or pale rose within, equalling
rather more than one-third of the entire length of the shell.
Peristome (viewed laterally) oblique, a little tortuous, thin
at the edge, and inconspicuously thickened within. Colu-
mella spirally contorted, bluish, and reflexed over the per-
foration at the upper part, brownish inferiorly, and grad-
ually curving into the basal margin of the aperture. Paries
coated with a thin callosity. Length 44 mm., diam. 17 ; aper-
ture 16 long, 8 wide ' (Smith).

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 293

Region of Lake Tanganyika: Ujiji (Hore, type loc.) ;
northern end of the lake (0. Baumann).

Achatina (Limicolaria) rectistrigata E. A. SM., Proc. Zool.
Soc., 1880, p. 346, pi. 31, f . 2 ; 1881, p. 284, pi. 33, f . 14a.—
L. rectistrigata Sin., CROSSE, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 297. —
STURANY in Baumann, Durch Massai-Land zur Nilquelle, p.
16. — SOWERBY, Shells of Tanganyika, f . 17. — MARTENS, Besch-
alte "Weichthiere, p. 111. — GRANDIDIER, Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr.,
ii, p. 162. — BGTV Moll. Afr. fiquat, p. 103. — KOBELT, Conch.
Cab., pp. 58, 74. — L. bridouxi GRANDIDIER, 1. c.

The chief characteristic of this species is the simple, not
zigzag or angulate streaks. It varies from the typical form
(figs. 27, 31) to a more slender and elongate shape, which
has been named bridouxi (fig. 28). The latter approaches
L. martensi var. elongata.

Another form, differing from typical rectistrigata in the
wider base, deeper suture, etc., has been named L. burtoniana
by Grandidier (Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, p. 160, 1885).
See pi. 33, fig. 24.

64. L. CONNECTENS Martens. PI. 31, figs. 8, 9.

Long-conic, strongly striate, and on the upper whorls dis-
tinctly granulose ; brownish-yellow, reddish towards the apex,
with many straight, simple streaks, most of them very nar-
row, a few broader. Spire rather slender. Whorls SVo, reg-
ularly widening and scarcely convex, the last also but slightly
convex, rather narrowly rounded downwards. Columellar
margin nearly vertical, pale violet. Length 51, diarn. 19!/2,
apert. 21 x 10 mm. (Marts.} .

Mhugu, on the northeast shore of the Victoria Nyanza
(Neumann) ; Karevia, at the western foot of Runssoro, and
Bundeko ( Stuhlmann ) .

L. connectens MARTS., Nbl., 1895, p. 183 ; Beschalte Weich-
thiere, p. 112, pi. 5, f. 5, 6.

Similar to L. rectistrigata, but browner in color and with
stronger granulation.

65. L. CHARBONNIERI Bourguignat. PI. 31, figs. 1, 2, 3.

A very much lengthened form, but not straightly tapering

294 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

above, with wide dark stripes, which on the last and preced-
ing whorls split into numerous fine branches above, similar
to L. martensiana var. multifida, but in a more marked de-
gree and for a greater distance. According to Bourguignat,
there is a further character in the peculiar sinuation of the
outer lip (fig. 2). In the shell collected by Stuhlmann
(fig. 3) the lip is so defective that it does not show whether
there was such a curvature; or perhaps that would only
develop with further growth (Marts.}.

Length 67, diam. 21, apert. 26x10 mm. (Bgt.}.

Length 47.5, diam. 18, apert. 17x9.5 mm. (Marts.}.

Kibanga, in the southern part of the Ubuari peninsula,
Tanganyika; Itura and Bizauda, in Ukimbo, on the caravan
road (Bgt,). Kiruwe, on the southwest shore of Albert
Edward Nyanza ( Stuhlmann) .

L. cliarbonnieri BGT., Moll, de 1'Afr. equat., 1889, pp. 102,
104, pi. 6, f. 7, 8.— MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 112,
pi. 5, f. 2.— L. sepulchralis BGT., t. c., pp. 103, 108, pi. 6,. f. 2.

Figs. 1, 2 are from Bgt. ; fig. 3 from von Martens.

65<z. Var. SEPULCHRALIS Bgt. PI. 31, fig. 4.

Somewhat smaller (length 46, diam. 17, apert. 20 mm.),
and the stripes only split sparingly above. Margarazi valley,
between Tabora and Ujiji.

66. L. ACUMINATA Martens. PL 31, fig. 12.

Long-conic, rather strongly striate, very finely granulose,
and plicate at the suture, rather glossy, straw-yellow with
red-brown stripes, which become broadly angular in the
middle, towards the suture narrow and more numerous.
Spire strongly tapering above, the apex obtuse. Seven ( ?)
nearly level, regularly widening whorls, the last (?) ob-
tusely angular, the stripes very oblique on its lower side,
and more or less united into a uniform brown color. Aper-
ture ovate; columellar margin vertical, rather broadly re-
flexed, reddish- violet. Length 30, diam. 15, aperture 14 x 8.5
mm. (Marts.}.

Gallery forest on the Boa river, northwest of Lenclu. west
from L. Albert Nyanza (Stuhlmann).

LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA. 295

L. acuminata MARTS., Nbl., 1895, p. 183 ; Beschalte Weich-
thiere, p. 113, pi. 5, f. 4.

The markings resemble L. martensiana multifida, but the
upper whorls are almost flat in profile, making the upper
part of the shell more slender, more regularly conic than in
any related species. The type is probably young.

67. L. VENTRICOSA Smith. PI. 32, fig. 20.

Shell pyramidal, obtuse at the apex, imperf orate ; pale
flesh-colored, w.ith black or deep brown stripes, more or less
wavy; sculptured with delicate growth-lines and a few spiral
stria?. Spire very obtuse at the apex. Whorls 7, very con-
vex, slightly impressed and concave below the oblique sutures
in the last two whorls ; last whorl short, subglobose. Aper-
ture reversed ear-shaped, wide, dark inside, about three-
sevenths the total length; peristome thin, the right margin
arcuate, columellar margin a little straightened, reflexed,
purple. Length 44, diam. 22, apert. 18x11.5 mm. (Sm.}.

Albert Edward Nyanza, 3000-4000 ft.

L. ventricosa E. A. S., Proc. Malac. Soc. Loud., i, pp. 323,
324, f. 2.

' ' Remarkable for the convexity of the whorls, the obtuse
apex, and color. The stripes on the upper whorls are rich
brown, but upon the body whorl they become almost black.
They are wavy and narrow on the upper half of the whorls,
but widen out into broad blotches on the lower part ' ' (Smith],

68. L. TURRIFORMIS Martens. PL 33, fig. 30.

Turrite, rather thin, closely and somewhat granulose-
striate, with sparse, indistinct impressed spiral lines; pale
straw-yellow, with pale reddish vertical or weakly zigzag
streaks. Apex rather obtuse. Whorls 10, slightly convex,
somewhat plicate at the suture, the last whorl gradually
tapering below. Aperture obliquely trapezoidal, long, two-
fifths the length of the shell. Outer lip thin; columellar
margin short, vertical or slightly oblique, very thin below,
running out in an angle, pale violet; interior pale bluish.

Length 93, diam. 41; length of apert. 39, width 22 mm.

296 LIMICOLARIA, EAST AFRICA.

Length 89, diam. 35, length of apert. 37, width 20 mm.

Northeast and north of the Victoria Nyanza, North Kaw-
irondo and Ussoga, especially at Lubwas, near where the
Nile flows out (0. Neumann, 1894).

L. turriformis MARTS., Nachrbl. d. mal. Ges., 1895, p. 181;
Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Afrikas, p. 102, pi. 4, f. 11.

Similar at first glance to L. turris Pfr., from the Gazelle
river region, but more slender, with shorter mouth and much
weaker spiral sculpture, the vertical raised stride only some-
what uneven, not really granulose, the plication below the
suture stronger (Marts.).

68a, Var. NEUMANNI Martens. PI. 33, fig. 32.

More slender, pale straw-yellow, unicolored or with sep-
arated brownish growth-arrest marks, the lower half of the
last whorl more glossy, the colurnellar margin more or less
strongly bent to the left below. Length 89, diam. 34.5 ; length
of mouth 37, breadth 18 mm. (Marts.).

Ntebbi, in Uganda (0. Neumann, 1894).

68&. Var. SOLIDA Martens. PI. 33, fig. 29.

Smaller, fusiform-turrite, thick-shelled, somewhat more
distinctly granulose, uniform pale yellow, the columellar
margin pretty vertical. No streaks whatever. Length 61-66,
diam. 25-29.5 mm. ; aperture 27-28.5 long, 15-18 wide (Marts.).

Southwestern shore of Victoria Nyanza (Emin Pasha,
1877); Ntebbi, in Uganda (Neumann).

69. L. LAMELLOSA Bourguignat. PI. 24, fig. 1.

Shell covered-rimate, rather small, lengthened-oblong,
rather thick and opaque, somewhat glossy; uniformly buff-
straw colored ; elegantly lamellose, the lamellae regular, ob-
solete, rather distant, evanescent on the latter part of the
last whorl, the upper whorls smooth. Spire produced, oblong-
tapering, a little obtuse at the summit; whorls 8, a little
convex, separated by a somewhat impressed suture, the last
whorl convex, slightly more than half the total length. Aper-
ture suboblique, ovate, pearly white inside, the peristome

LIMICOLAEIA. 297

Tinexpanded, acute ; coluniella reflexed ; outer margin slightly
arched forward; no parietal callous. Length 32, diam. ll1/^,
aperture 111/4x6 mm. (Bgt.).

Ubuari (Oubouari or Ubwari) peninsula, on the west side
of Lake Tanganyika.

L. lamellosa BGT., Moll, de 1'Afric. equat., pp. 104, 108,
pi. 6, f. 2 (1885).

This little Limicolaria is very remarkable by its coloration
of a very pale yellow and by the shell elegantly grooved by
regular lamella1, equidistant, and very strongly pronounced.
Possibly it may belong to the Buliminoid series.

70. L. SCULPTURATA Ancey.

Shell ovate-fusiform, thin, perforate, greenish-corneous,
obliquely sculptured with fine and close strire. Spire oval-
attenuate, rather obtuse, the apex smooth. Whorls 7, a little
convex, parted by an impressed suture, regularly increasing,
the last oval, tapering at the base, the stria? gradually dis-
appearing below the middle. Aperture oblong, a little lunate,
angular above, attenuate posteriorly, slightly oblique ; peri-
stome acute, thin, the outer margin elliptical, basal margin
short, forming an obtuse angle with the straight columellar
margin, which is widely expanded, covering the umbilicus
above, tapering below. Length 18, diam. 7.5; aperture 7.5
mm. long.

Mozambique (Ancey).

L. sculpturata ANC., Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., vii, p. 346
(1890).

According to Ancey, this pretty unicolored species may
be compared to L. lamellosa, but its general appearance is
fusiform and the sculpture different. It was found in sacks
of grain from the northern part of Mozambique.

71. L. HIDALGOI Crosse. PI. 30, fig. 16.

Shell nearly-covered umbilicate, globose-turrite, ventricose,
thin, striatulate, very obsoletely decussate, somewhat shining,
diaphanous, pale olivaceous-buff, uniform. Spire moderately
long, the apex obtuse; suture simple, irregular, slightly sub-

298 BURTOA.

erenulate. Whorls S1/^, convex, the first two smooth, whit-
ish, the last longer than the spire; columella straightened,
vertical, reaching to the base. Aperture oblong-semioval,
whitish inside ; peristome simple, white, the columellar mar-
gin rather narrowly expanded, reflexed, partly covering the
umbilicus, basal and outer margins acute. Length 46, diam.
28, aperture 28x13 mm. (Crosse) .

L. liidalgoi CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xv, 1867, p. 446;
1868, p. 170, pi. 6, f. 1.— PFR., Monogr., vi, 208.— KOBELT,
C. Cab., p. 79.

A uiiicolored species of unknown origin.

72. L. PTRRHA (Albers). PI. 27, figs. 3, 4.

Shell subperforate, turrite-oblong, granulate-decussate
throughout; dirty fulvous, ornamented with straight rufous
streaks, especially on the upper whorls. Spire long, obtuse.
AVhorls 8, a little convex, the last nearly three-sevenths the
total length, subcompressed around the perforation. Colu-
rnella vertical, descending to the base of the aperture. Aper-
ture slightly oblique, oblong-oval, white inside with a pearly
luster. Peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin
broadly reflexed. Length 50, diam. 22 mm.; aperture 22
mm. long, 11 wide (P/V.).

Bulimus pyrrhus ALBERS, Die Hel., 1850, p. 173. — PFR.,
Monogr., iii, p. 385 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 156, pi. 48, f . 19, 20.
-L. pyrrha SHUTTLW., Notitios, p. 46. — PFR., Monogr., iv,
584; vi, 208.— KOBELT, C. Cab., p. 56.

Habitat unknown. Pfeiffer's figures and description of
the type are given.

Genus BURTOA Bourguignat, 1889.

Burtoa BOURGUIGNAT, Mollusques de 1'Afrique Equatoriale,
p. 88 (March, 1889), type B. nilotica var. schiveinfurthi.—
Burtopsis BGT., t. c., p. 98, for B. giraudi and B. jou~bcrti, —
Livinhacia CROSSE, Journal de Conchyl., xxxvii, pp. 107, 108
(April, 1889), type L. nilotica Pfr.

Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, usually fleshy under a thin
yellowish or brown cuticle, with occasional dark brown

BURTOA. 299

streaks along growth-lines, chiefly 011 the last whorl. Plicat-
ulate, cut by spiral lines, generally smoother below the periph-
ery. Whorls 6l/2-S (the early ones smooth when unworn?).
Peristome more or less roseate, unexpanded except the colu-
mellar lip, which is rolled back or reflexed. Columella some-
what concave above, and obliquely subtruncate at the base
in immature individuals, often not noticeably so in adults.
Type, Burtoa nilotica.

Distribution, tropical East Africa, from the headwaters of
the Nile to Matebele Land, especially in the Lake region.

Burtoa was established before Livinhacia for the forms of
the Limicolaria nilotica group knoAvn to Bourguignat, and
with a diagnosis applying exclusively to these forms, one of
which is expressly designated as the type of the genus (see
last paragraph on p. 90 of Bourguignat 's Mollusques de
I'Afrique Equatoriale] . Bulimus kraussi Pfr. was also com-
prised in the list of species, but it is excluded by the terms
of the description. The name Livinhacia of Crosse has been
used for Burtoa by most authors, but it is of later date and
proposed for the same species, L. nilotica having been named
as its type.

The species of Burtoa resemble the large South American
Bulimi of the Borus group in stature and coloring. They
seem to abound around Lake Victoria Nyanza, in a vast vari-
ety of local forms and races. The rank of these is at present
wholly uncertain, and no existing data show whether all the
forms of the Lake region are referable to nilotica as sub-
species, or whether a number of species occur in this area.
Probably one view is as good as another.

The soft anatomy of this group is unknown. It differs
from Achatina by the perforate axis and obsolescence of the
columellar truncation in adult shells. The young are more
or less distinctly truncate basally. No form of Burtoa shows
any trace of zigzag or oblique color-stripes, so prevalent in
Achatina, Limicolaria, etc. In place of them, there are deep
chestnut-colored streaks along the growth-lines. It is not
without significance that no species or specimens of Burtoa
have been found with the characteristic decoration of Acha-

300 BURTOA.

Una and Limicolaria. This apparently variable color-pattern
is deep-rooted in the organization of the Achatinincu.

Burtoa has no direct relationship with Metachatina, and
is evidently nearer to Achatina than to Limicolaria. Its re-
semblance to Limicolaria in the entire columella is due to
convergence, the younger stages of the two groups being
more unlike in this respect than the adults.

1. B. NILOTICA (Pfeiffer). PL 27, fig. 5.

Shell subperforate, inflated-ovate, solid, brownish, irreg-
ularly streaked with dark chestnut; spire short, conic, the
apex rather acute. Whorls 6, convex, the upper smooth, fol-
lowing minutely decussate, the last nearly two-thirds the
total length, inflated, subplicate, and latticed with rather
widely-spaced spiral lines. Aperture slightly oblique, oval,
pearly within; peristome roseate, the margins joined by a
thick callous, right margin somewhat thickened, striate, some-
what spreading above, columellar margin thick, substriate,
forming below an indistinct angle with the basal lip. Length
118, diam. 61 mm., apert. 67 mm. long (Pfr.).

Northeast Africa: Sources of the White Nile (Petherick).

Bulimus niloticus PFR., P. Z. S., 1861, p. 24; Malak. BL,
1861, p. 14; Monogr. Ilel. Viv., vi, p. 86. — Achatina (Limi-
colaria) nilotica MART., Mai. BL, xii, 1865, p. 196; xiii, 1866,
p. 94. — L. nilotica PFR., Novit. Conch., iv, p. 5, pi. 110, f. 2. — •
MARTS., Beschalte Weichthiere Ost-Afrikas, p. 94. — Livin-
hacia nilotica CROSSE, J. de C., 1889, p. 109. — SMITH, P. Z.
S., 1893, p. 634 (Angoni Land, southwest of Lake Nyasa).

This species has much superficial resemblance to Stropho-
ckeilus ovatus and its allies. The typical nilotica is the most
northern member of a group numerous in local races, and is
distinguished by the comparatively elongate shape and small
mouth.

Var. SCHWEINFURTHI Martens. PL 27, fig. 6.

Shell thin, the aperture comparatively large, nearly two-
thirds the length of the shell ; outer lip thin, only moderately
arcuate; columellar margin nearly vertical.

BURTOA. 301

Region of the Rek and Djur, tributaries of the Bahr-el-
Gasal, in the woods (G. Schweinfurth, March, 1869).

Achatina nilotica Pfr., v. MARTENS, Malak. Bl., 1870, p. 32.
— Limicolaria n., PFR., Novit. Conch., iv, p. 5, in part, pi. 110,
f. 1, 3. — Burtoa nilotica BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 80.—
Burtoa pethericki BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 95. — Limico-
laria 'nilotica var. schweinfurthi MARTS., Beschalte Weich-
thiere, p. 95 (1898).

There can be no reasonable doubt that the figure named
Burtoa pcthericki by Bourguignat represents merely the
young of the form called schweinfurthi. It is copied on
pi. 35, fig. 20. Both specimens are in the Berlin Museum, and
were collected by Schweinfurth, not by Petherick, who col-
lected the original nilotica. The name B. pethericki has prior-
ity for this variety, if a name based upon a figure of the
young stage should be allowed to stand, which I doubt.

Var. schweinfurthi is the form, which Bourguignat con-
sidered to be the typical nilotica, and the type of the genus
Burtoa.

Var. REYMONDI (Bourguignat).

' ' This Burtoa, which has been found frequently in the
region between the lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, and Ban-
guelo, differs from kranssi Pfr. (the only species having any
resemblance to it in appearance and shape) by its smaller
size, coloration, shorter, more obtuse spire, more ample last
whorl, the wholly covered perforation, straightly descending
columella without a projection at its base," etc.

Bulimus reymondi BGT., Notice prodromique sur les Mol-
lusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Victor
Giraud dans la region meridionale du lac Tanganyika, p. 13
(1885). — Burtoa reymondi BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 92,
pi. 4, f. 1.

Var. EMINI v. Martens. PL 29, fig. 7.

Shell thin, ovate, moderately narrowed above, the aperture
about four-sevenths the length. Outer lip about equally
arcuate above and below. Columellar lip hardly arcuate,

302 BURTOA.

nearly vertical. Length 97, diam. 61.5, length of aperture
56 mm.

Bukoba, on the western bank of the Victoria Nyanza;
Ipala in Ugogo, abundant.

Limicolaria nilotica var. emini MARTS., Sitz-Ber. d. Ges.
nat. Freunde, 1891, p. 14 ; Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 94, 96. —
1 L. nilotica DOHRN, P. Z. S., 1864, p. 116. — Burtoa nilotica
E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., i, p. 323.

This form stands very close to reymondi Bgt., but it tapers
less above.

Var. CRASSA Martens. PI. 29, fig. 8.

Thick-shelled, globose-ovate, the spire wide and blunt;
aperture about three-fifths the total length, thick-margined;
outer lip obliquely sloping outward above, strongly arcuate
below; columellar margin nearly vertical. Length 86, diam.
60, aperture 52 mm. Length 102, diam. 67, apert. 58 mm.
long, 42 wTide, including the columellar margin.

Kawirondo, northeastern coast of the Victoria Nyanza
(Neumann) ; Massai steppe, northeast of Ussandane (Lang-
held).

L. n. var. crassa MARTS., Nachrbl. d. mal. Ges., 1895, p.
181; Beschalte Weichthiere, p. 97, fig.

Var. OBLONGA Martens. PL 26, fig. 15.

Thick-shelled, produced above, evenly tapering, the mouth
very little over half the total length, thick-margined. Outer
lip about equally arcuate above and below ; columellar margin
comparatively short, only a little oblique or almost vertical.
Length 96-102, diam. 56-60, aperture 50-53 mm.

Southern shore of the Victoria Nyanza, between Bukense
and Ngome (Stuhlmann) ; Kome Island (Neumann).

L. n. var. oblonga MARTS., Nachrbl. d. mal. Ges., 1895, p.
181; Beschalte Weichthiere, pp. 96, 97. — ? Achatina (Limi-
colaria) nilotica E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S., 1880, p. 345 (Ujiji).

Var. GIRAUDI (Bourguignat). PI. 35, fig. 22.

The description of this species is not accessible to me. The
figure indicates a species of the nilotica type.

BURTOA. 303

South of Lake Tanganyika, between lendne and Pambete
(Giraud).

Bulimus giraudi BGT., Notice Prodromique sur les Mol-
lusques recueillis par M. Victor Giraud dans la region merid-
ionale du lac Tanganyika, p. 12 (1885). — Burtopsis giraudi
BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 98, pi. 5, f. 1 (1889).

•

Var. OBLIQUA Martens. PL 30, fig. 18.

Thick-shelled, the last whorl very ventricose, and strongly,
obliquely descending to the aperture, the penultimate whorl
therefore conspicuously convex there ; the spire rapidly taper-
ing, rather acute at the summit. Aperture about three-fifths
the total length. Outer margin pretty thick, very oblique
and but slightly arcuate above, the lower part moderately
arcuate. Columellar margin oblique. In otherwise similar
specimens the umbilical crevice may be either rather open or
almost wholly closed. Length 109-114, diam. 72-77, length of
aperture 65-69 mm.

Ussagara, between Kidete brook and Ngombo, on the left
side of the Mkondogwa river (G. Lieder) ; Mpwapwa (Ger-
rard) ; east side of Tanganyika, between Karema and Kiandu
(Reichard), and at Kala.

L. n. var. obliqua MARTS., Nachrbl., 1895, p. 181; Beschalte
Weichthiere, pp. 96, 97.

A form intermediate between obliqua and emini was taken
with var. emini in Ugogo by Dr. Stuhlmann.

Var. GRANDIDIERI n. n. PI. 26, fig. 16.

Shell narrowly rimate (the chink almost wholly covered),
large, oblong-ovoid, swollen, rather thin, slightly subpellucid,
glossy, whitish with sparse and irregular subundulating
rufous flammules, well striated, and elegantly decussate with
spiral lines, subgranulose-f ringed below the suture on the last
whorl. Spire shortly oblong-tapering, a little obtuse at the
summit. Whorls 7, convex, regularly increasing, separated
by an impressed suture, the last whorl large, more than half
the alt., oblong-convex, rather swollen, slowly descending to
the aperture. Aperture nearly vertical, lunate, oblong, an-

304 BURTOA.

gular above, subeffuse at the base; peristome straight, acute;
columella nearly straight, dilated above the axial crevice,
acute at the base ; margins joined by a strong callous. Length
89, diam. 55, alt. of aperture 52, width 30 rnm. (Grandidier) .

Ridges near the Victoria Nyanza, southeast, in the direc-
tion of Kilima-njaro.

Limicolaria bourguignati GRANDIDIER, Moll. Cent. Afr.,
Bull. Soc. Malac. France, ii, 1885, p. 157, pi. 7, f. 1. Not
L. bourguignati Paladilhe, 1872, a species of Opeas. — Burtoa
bourguignati BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 91 (1889).

Var. BRIDOUXIANA Bourguignat. PI. 35, fig. 23.

Shell with the perforation almost completely closed, ovoid-
elongate, thin, subtransparent, grooved except on the upper
whorls, the longitudinal stria? cut on the upper part of the
last whorl by spiral lines. Coloration of long, narrow, longi-
tudinal flames of chestnut-yellow, alternating with others of
a blackish shade. Spire regular, obtusely acuminate, of 8
slightly convex whorls, slowly increasing to the last. Suture
not deep. Last whorl convex, oblong, not over two-thirds
the alt. Aperture vertical, excised, lengthened oblong,
strongly angular above, the outer margin regularly arcuate,
a little retracted below. Peristome unexpanded, acute, the
columellar margin straight, reflexed in a long triangular dila-
tation, the lower angle of which reaches to the base of the
axis. Length 79, diam. 44, aperture 44 by 25 mm.

Usugara, at Mont Kidete, between Kondoa and Mpuapua.

Burtoa bridouxiana BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat, p. 92, pi. 4,
f. 3 (1889).

This is apparently a young shell. The following from the
same region is much younger and may be allied:

Burtoa lavigeriana Bourguignat. (PI. 30, fig. 19).

Shell narrowly, very deeply perforate, small, relatively very
much swollen, very fragile, transparent, very finely striat-
ulate except on the embryonic whorls, decussate with fine
spiral lines on the upper part of the last two whorls. Cuticle
very fugacious, of a pale yellow with dark chestnut streaks

BURTOA. 305

on the last whorl. Spire short, very obtuse. Whorls 6, con-
vex, slowly increasing; suture quite deep. Last whorl ventri-
cose, more than two-thirds the total alt. Aperture noticeably
oblique, excised, angular above, retracted at the base. Whit-
ish inside, passing into bluish at the margins and columella.
Peristome very thin and fragile, etc. Length 48, diam. 33,
aperture 33 by 18 mm. (BoT., Moll. Afr. Equat, p. 96, pi.
4, f. 2).

Usugara, in the Makata valley; Mikese, in the Mouere,
south of Lake Victoria Nyanza.

2. B. JOUBERTI (Bourguignat). PL 35, fig. 21.

Shell rimate-perf orate (the perforation open and deep),
large, oblong, the last whorl notably directed to the right,
rather solid and opaque; strongly striate and elegantly de-
cussated with fine spiral lines, wanting on the lower part of the
last whorl ; uniform fleshy-chestnut colored, roseate under the
cuticle. Spire produced-oblong, somewhat swollen-acuminate,
but obtuse at the apex. Whorls 7, convex, regularly and
rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed suture, the
last convexly oblong, somewhat more than half the total
length, strongly bent to the right, slowly descending at the
insertion. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, angular above,
pearly white inside, at the margins, columella and parietal
callous wine-roseate. Peristome obtuse, a little thickened
within, a little spreading, more so at the base, roseate through-
out. Columellar margin robust, roseate, strongly reflexed,
obsoletely and broadly concavely channelled above; outer
margin slightly curving forward. Length 95, diam. 60, aper-
ture 48 by 37 mm.

Unyanyembe, near Tabora, German East Africa.

Burtopsis jouberti BGT., Moll. Afr. Equat., p. 99, pi. 2, f.
1 (1889).

Smaller and less swollen than B. giraudi, with a relatively
much smaller aperture.

3. B. SEBASMIA Bourguignat. PI. 30, fig. 17.

Shell of very large size, deeply perforate, the perforation

306 BURTOA.

mainly covered; ventricose, oblong-ovoid, solid, opaque,
strongly grooved except on the embryonic whorls, decussate
on the upper part of the later whorls by spiral strife, and
covered with a very fugacious cuticle, ornamented with long,
pale yellow flames alternating with chestnut-black ones, the
color being darker and more uniform on the upper whorls.
Spire relatively not long, regularly tapering, the apex mod-
erately obtuse. The 7 or 8 whorls are but little convex, and
increase regularly to the last one, separated by a decided but
not deep suture. Last whorl enormous, swollen, somewhat
oblong, less than two-thirds the total length. Aperture slightly
oblique, excised, oblong, strongly angular above, the outer
side not dilated below, but retracted, with a regularly oblong
contour. Interior pearly white, passing into rose-purplish
towards the margins. Peristome simple, unexpanded, acute;
columellar margin robust, strongly dilated, the dilation with
several facets, and below a somewhat Achatina-like eminence
gives the base of the axis an appearance of being channelled,
but without any trace of truncation. Length 118, diam. 73,
aperture 70 by 48 mm.

German East Africa: Valley of Malagarazi, between Tab-
ora and Ujiji.

Burtoa scbasmia BGT., Moll. Afric. Equat., p. 94, pi. 3, f.
1 (1889).

It is a little less swollen than typical nilotica, more regu-
larly acuminate, with less convex whorls, the last less swollen,
and especially differs by the form of the columella, which is
flattened into facets and has a basal prominence.

4. B. DUPUISI (Putzeys). PI. 23, fig. 47.

Shell imperforate, ovate, ventricose, rather solid, covered
with a brown cuticle, streaked with dark chestnut. Spire
short, the apex mamillate. Whorls 6, a little convex, the
first nearly smooth, the last three rather regularly plicate-
striate, decussated with fine spiral impressed lines ; last whorl
large, elongate. Aperture lengthened oblong, the lip acute,
pearly or roseate within. Columella roseate, straight, narrow,
the margin reflexed, continuous with the basal lip in front,

METACHATINA. 307

and passing into a very thin, roseate parietal callous pos-
teriorly. Length 93 to 102, diam. 54 to 57, length of the
aperture 62 to 67 mm.

Congo Free State : forest of Micici, in the zone of Manycma.

Livinhacia dupuisi PUTZ., Annales de la Soc. Roy. Malac.
Belg., xxxiii, 1898, p. Ixxxii, fig. 17.

This western species seems well distinguished from nilo-
tica and its varieties by the long, narrow columella and im-
perforate axis.

5. B. ARNOLDI (Sturany). PI. 26, fig. 14.

The shell consists of 7 whorls, is globose and has an oval,
rose-margined aperture. The umbilicus is half covered by
the columellar reflection. The embryonal whorls are smooth,
the rest sculptured with irregular growth-stride. On the last
whorl sparse decussating lines may be seen. Alt. 91, diani.
61; alt. of aperture 57, width 42 mm. (Sturany).

Matabele Land, near the Amanze Inyama river (Dr. Peu-
ther) .

Livinhacia arnoldi STURANY, Catalog der bisher behannt
geworden Siidafrikanischen Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken,
in Denkschr. der Math.-Naturwissensch. Cl. der K. Akad.
Wissensch., Ixvii, 1898, p. 59, pi. 2, f. 41.

A single example was collected. It approaches the short-
spired forms of B. nilotica in shape. The external color is
not mentioned by Sturany.

Genus METACHATINA Pilsbry, 1904.

Livinhacia in part, CROSSE et auct. — Bulimus and Acha-
tina auct.

Shell ovate-acuminate, solid, perforate, the axis hollow;
densely, minutely granulose throughout; whorls 8 to 9, those
of the spire with Achatina-like flames. Apex obtuse, large
and rounded. Aperture ovate, white within, chestnut-
bordered in known species, the outer lip simple, columella
subvertical, somewhat concave, terminating in a slight prom-
inence below. The new-born young are subglobular, densely
plicatulate and decussate above the periphery, except the

308 METACHATINA.

first whorl; the axis is imperf orate and abruptly truncate at
base (pi. 23, fig. 46, specimen 10 mm. long). Type M. kraussi.

Distribution, South Africa, Natal to Delagoa Bay.

The soft anatomy is unknown. The longer spire, with bul-
bous nucleus, the diverse sculpture and flame marking of this
Natal species, all indicate that it is not to be included in the
same group with B. nilotica Pfr., but is a parallel evolution-
product from a different group of Acliatina. That it has
descended from a true Acliatina stock is demonstrated by
the young stages. The new-born young (pi. 23, fig. 46) hav-
ing the imperforate, curved, abruptly truncate axis of typical
Acliatina, but with advancing growth these features are
rapidly lost, and a Bulimoid aspect becomes apparent. If
Burtoa resembles the South American group of Stroplioclieilus
ovatus, Metacliatina is no less like 8. oblongus.

The view advanced above of the affinities of this group is
not new. Prof, von Martens has already put on record his
opinion that kraussi and the nilotica group are parallel
groups, independently evolved by weakening of the Acliatina
characters in different stocks of that genus. His suggestion
that the name Burtoa might be restricted to the kraussi group
is not practicable, because the type of Burtoa was stated to
be nilotica.

1. M. KRAUSSI (Pfeiffer). PL 23, figs. 46, 48.

Shell openly rimate, ovate-acuminate, rather solid and
strong. Dull fleshy- white or soiled whitish, irregularly marked
with dull brown streaks on the spire, but wanting on the
apical and last whorls. Surface densely, finely and distinctly
granulose throughout, or the granulation may be obsolete on
the lower half of the last whorl. Spire straightly or a little
concavely conic, of about 8 whorls, the apex obtuse, rounded.
Last whorl somewhat tapering above, globose below. Aper-
ture ovate, less than half the total length of the shell, slightly
oblique, pure white inside, the columella, parietal wall and
a wide band within the lip of a deep blackish-chestnut color.
Outer lip obtuse, a trifle expanded; columella short, concave,
bounded by a slight channel at the base.

METACHATINA. 309

Length 123, diam. 64; aperture 63 mm. long.

Length 120, diam. 75 ; aperture 63 mm. long.

South Africa : Natal Bay, in the woods, and on the Umlaas
river (Krauss).

Bulimus kraussi PFR., Symbols ad Hist. Hel., iii, p. 85
(1846) ; Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 184.— KRAUSS, Die Siid-
ai'rik: Moll., p. 78, pi. 5, f. 4 (1848).— REEVE, Conch. Icon.,
f. 436 (1849). — Limicolaria kraussi PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv.,
1878, p. 262,—Livinhacia kraussi Pfr., CROSSE, Journ. de
Conchy!., 1889, p. 111.— KOBELT, Conchy!. Cab., i, pt. 10,
p. 7, pi. 2, f. 1. — STURANY, Catal. Siidafr. Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Moll., p. 59 (1898). — Burtoa kraussi BGT., Moll. Afric.
Equat., p. 95 (1889). — Achatina fuscolabris MARTENS, in
Alb., Die Hel., p. 202 (1861) ; Sitzungsber. Ges. nat. Freunde,
p. 163 (1889).

A well-known and abundant species. Immature shells
sometimes retain part of the chestnut-colored cuticle. This
peels off freely, so that adult shells are wholly denuded, or
retain only a narrow strip behind the lip.

Var. ELONGATA Godet. The examples of this beautiful
species procured by Mr. Junod are more lengthened than the
type. The freshest are pale brown with wide brown trans-
verse bands, obsolete on the base of the last whorl. One of
the examples shows on the ventral face thin, brown, trans-
verse rays, very crowded, resembling the pattern of Aclia-
tina zebra. Environs of Lourenzo-Marquez, Delagoa.

Livinhacia kraussi var. clongata GCDET, in Junod, La faune
entomol. du Delagoa, Bull, de la Soc. Vaudoise des Sci. Nat,
xxxv, no. 133, p. 279 (1899).

2. M. PLANTI (Pfeiffer). PI. 37, figs. 10, 11.

Shell turrite-oblong, rather solid, fleshy-whitish, irregularly
maculate and flamed with brownish and chestnut; spire
ovate-conic, the apex rounded, suture subcrenate. Whorls 9,
a little convex, the upper minutely granulate-decussate, the
last two granulate at the suture, then rather distantly plicat-
ulate, the last whorl shorter than the spire, somewhat taper-
ing towards the base; columella slightly receding, obliquely

310

METACHATINA.

truncate at the base. Aperture oblique, angulate-oval, the
peristome simple, unexpanded, the margins joined by a deep
chestnut parietal callous, diffused inwardly over the wall.
Length 134, diam. 47 mm.

Cape Natal (Plant, in Cuming coll.).

Achaiina planti PFR., P. Z. S. Lond., 1861,. p. 25, pi. 3,
f. 6; Novit. Conch., ii, p. 160, pi. 43, f. 1, 2; Monogr. Hel.
Viv., vi, 218. — Livinhacia kraussi var. planti Pfr., MELVILL
& PONSONBY, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 178.

This form resembles kraussi in texture and color. It is
placed under kraussi as a variety by Melvill & Ponsonby, but
they do not state that intermediate specimens have been
found. It is not known to me by specimens. Pfeiffer's orig-
inal figure shows a stronger columellar truncation than those
in the Novitatcs, which I have copied. None of them have
a dark border in the outer lip.

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

VOL. XVI.

*

PART I: UROCOPTID^ AND MEGASPIRID^.

PLATE 1.

FIGrttE PAGE

1, 2. Pineria viequensis schrammi Fisch. J. de C., 1858. 112
3, 4. Pineria terebra Poey. Pilsbry, del 110

5. Pineria v. schrammi Fisch. Pilsbry, del 112

6, 7. Pineria viequensis Pf r. St. Barts. Pilsbry, del. . . Ill
8,11. Pineria viequensis Pfr. Vieques. Pilsbry, del... Ill

9. Pineria beathiana Poey. Pilsbry, del 110

10. Pineria ( ?) bonairensis Sm. Proc. Mai. Soc 112

12. Pineria viequensis Pfr. Barbados. Pilsbry, del 112

13. Pineria viequensis Pfr. St. Barts. Pilsbry, del.. .109, 112

14. 15. Brachypodella alba occidentalis Pils. Pilsbry,

del 97,105

PLATE 2.

I, 2. Brachypodella chemnitziana Fer. Conchyl. Cab. . . 106
3, 4. Brachypodella chemnitziana. Natural Bridge. Pils-
bry, del 106

5. Brachypodella gracilis Wood. Porus. Pilsbry, del. . ., 107

6, 7. Brachypodella gracilis Wood. Abbildungen 107

8. Brachypodella alba eos Pils. Swift river. Sculpture

x60. Pilsbry, del 104

9. Brachypodella alba striata Pils. Mt. Stewart. Sculp-

ture, x60. Pilsbry, del 105

10. Brachypodella alba eos Pils. Ipswich. Pilsbry, del. 104

II. Brachypodella alba occidentalis Pils. Pilsbry, del. 105
12. Brachypodella alba minima Pils. Clifton. Pilsbry,

del 104

13,14. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Pilsbry, del 98

15. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Helen Winchester del. 98

16. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Small var. Helen

' Winchester del 98, 100

17-19. Brachypodella diminuta 'Ad.' Pils. Pilsbry, del. 100

20-22. Brachypodella subula Fer. Fer., Histoire 71

(311)

312 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

PLATE 3.

FIGURE PAGE

1. Brachypodella hjalmarsoni Pf r. Pilsbry, del 51

2. 4. Brachypodella hjalmarsoni Pf r. Malak. Bl 51

3. Brachypodella hjalmarsoni Pfr. 4th whorl from base.

Pilsbry, del 51

Brachypodella salleana Pfr. Pilsbry, del 51

6. Brachypodella dohrni Maltz. 4th whorl from below.

Pilsbry, del 54

7-10. Brachypodella dohrni Maltz. Pilsbry, del '.'. 54

11, 12. Brachypodella dohrni Maltz. J. de Conch 54

.3, 14. Brachypodella salleana Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 51

15. Brachypodella salleana Pfr. 4th and 5th whorls

from below. Pilsbry, del 51

16-19, 21. Brachypodella truncatula Lam. Pilsbry, del. 52
20. Brachypodella truncatula (gracilicollis). Conchyl.

Cab „ 52

PLATE 4.

23-27. Brachypodella pearmaniana Ch. Pilsbry, del 101

28,29. Brachypodella alba eos. Kural Hill. Pilsbry.

del .' 104

Brachypodella alba minima. Clifton. Pilsbry, del. 104
31. Brachypodella alba occidentalis. Hanover. Pilsbry,

del 105

Brachypodella alba eos. Ipswich. Pilsbry, del. . . . 104

33. Brachypodella alba minima. Swift river/ Pilsbry,

del 104

34. Brachypodella alba eos. Swift river. Pilsbry, del. 104

PLATE 5.

35. Brachypodella antiperversa Fer. Pilsbry. del 79

36. Brachypodella antiperversa Fer. Fer., Hisloire. ... 79

37. Brachypodella trinitaria Pfr. Pilsbry, del 75

38. 39. Brachypodella trinitaria Pfr. Malak. Bl 75

41, 42. Brachypodella seminuda Ad. Clarendon. Pils-
bry, del 92

44. Brachypodella seminuda Ad. Mona Hill. Pilsbry,

del. . . 92

43. Brachypodella costulata Ad. Pilsbry, del 90

45, 46. Brachypodella robertsi Ad. Falmouth. Pilsbry,

del 91

40, 47-49. Brachypodella inornata Ad. Pilsbry, del 94

KEFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 313
PLATE 6.

TIGURE PAGE

I, 2. Brachypodella morini pulchella Mart. Biol. Centr.

Am 68

3. Brachypodella morini salpinx Tristr. Biol. Centr. Am. 08

4, 5. Brachypodella morini Morel. Moll. Mex 67

6. Brachypodella morini Morel. Specimen from Morel ct.

Pilsbry, del 67

7. 9. Brachypodella hanleyana Pfr. Cartagena. Pils-

bry, del 73

8. Brachypodella hanleyana Pfr. Pto. Cabello. Pilsbry,

del 73

10. Brachypodella morini Morel. Axis. Pilsbry, del. . . 67

II, 12. Brachypodella subtilis Morel. Pilsbry, del 69

13. Brachypodella speluncre Morel. Tabi. Pilsbry, del. 69

14. Brachypodella speluncaB Morel. Ticul. Pilsbry, del. 69

15. 16. Brachypodella aequatoria Morel. Journ. de

Conch 72

17,18. Brachypodella speluncas Morel. Moll. Mex 69

19, 20. Brachypodella subtilis Morel. Moll. Mex 69

21, 22. Brachypodella hanleyana Pfr. Phil., Abbild. ... 73

PLATE 7.

23,24. Brachypodella perplicata Fer. Fer., Histoire. . 83

25, 26. Brachypodella chordata Pfr. Malak. Bl 85

27. Brachypodella chordata Pfr. Pilsbry, del 85

28. Brachypodella riisei Pfr. Conch. Cab 86

29. Brachypodella riisei Pfr. Pilsbry, del 86

30. 31. Brachypodella pallida Gldg. Pto. Rico. Pils-

bry, del 84

32, 33, 34. Brachypodella bourguignatiana Anc. Utilla.

Pilsbry, del 71

35, 36, 37. Brachypodella costata Gldg. Pilsbry, del.. . . 78
38, 39. Brachypodella tatei 'Bid.' Crosse. Journ. de

Conch 79

40, 41. Brachypodella raveni 'Bid.' Crosse. Journ. de

Conch 77

42. Brachypodella raveni 'Bid.' Crosse. Pilsbry, del... 77

PLATE 8.

[NOTE.— Numbers f>2 to 5(i are duplicated 0:1 this i>lui<\ ]

44, 45. Brachypodella suturalis Weinl. Novit. Conch. . . 57
46,47. Brachypodella kraussiana Weinl. Mai. Blatter.. 46
48, 49. Brachypodella dominicensis Pfr. Conch. Cab. . . 86
50, 51. Brachypodella dominicensis. Apex x 20. Pils-
bry, del 86

314 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE PAGE

52. Brachypodella weinlandi Pf r. Malak. Bl 46

53. Brachypodella weinlandi Pf r. Pilsbry, del 46

52, 53 (below). Brachypodella smithiana Pfr. Pilsbry,

del 87

54. 55. Brachypodella imitatrix Pils. Sans Souci. Pils-

bry, del. (Apex x 25.) 47

56. Brachypodella dominicensis gabbi Pils. Pilsbry, del. 87
54, 55, 56 (below). Brachypodella sericata Pils. Pils-
bry, del 63

57. Brachypodella obesa Weinl. (— obesula Pils.). Pils-

bry, del 57, 195

58. Brachypodella laterradei Grat. After Grateloup . . 55

59. 60. Brachypodella laterradei strophina Pils. Pils-

bry, del 56

PLATE 9.

1. Brachypodella angulifera Gundl. Pilsbry, del 45

2. Brachypodella imitatrix Pils. Pilsbry, del 45

3. Brachypodella antiperversa Fer. Pilsbry, del 65

4. Brachypodella antiperversa, central tooth in profile.

Pilsbry, del 65

5. Brachypodella costata Gldg. Pilsbry, del 65

6. 8. Brachypodella truncatula Lam., inner lat. and cen-

tral in profile. Pilsbry, del 50

7. Brachypodella truncatula Lam. Pilsbry, del 50

9, 10. Brachypodella morini Morel., outer and inner lat.

in profile. Pilsbry, del 65

11. Brachypodella turcasiana Gundl., inner lat. in pro-

file. Pilsbry, del 59

12. Brachypodella turcasiana Gundl. Pilsbry, del 59

13. Brachypodella leucopleura Mke., inner lat., profile. . 65

14. Brachypodella raveni Cr. Pilsbry, del 65

15. Brachypodella speluncoe Morel. Pilsbry, del 65

16. Brachypodella trinitaria Pfr., large form. Pilsbry,

del 65

PLATE 10.

17. Brachypodella pallida Gldg., Pfr. Pilsbry, del.... 65

18. Brachypodella seminuda Ad. Clarendon Park. Pils-

bry, del 90

19. Brachypodella laterradei strophina Pils. Pilsbry, del. 55

20. Brachypodella chemnitziana Fer. Pilsbry, del 106

21. Brachypodella alba occidentalis Pils. Pilsbry, del. .. 97

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 315

FIGURE PAGE

22. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Creighton Hall. Pils-

bry, del 97

23. Brachypodella agnesiana, inner lat. in profile. Pils-

bry, del 97

24. Brachypodella dominicensis Pfr. General view of a

short piece of the radula. Pilsbry, del 65

•

PLATE 11.

67-70. Anoma pulla Ch. Pilsbry, del 30

71, 72. Anoma sinuata Ad. Pilsbry, del 30

73. Urocoptis lucens Sowb. Conch. Icon. Vol. xv, p. 281.

74. Spirostemma intermedia Sowb. Conch. Icon. Vol.

xv, p. 293.

75. 76, 79. Anoma fuscolabris Ad. Pilsbry, del 16

77. Anoma unicincta Ad. Pilsbry, del 21

78. Anoma levis bicincta Ad. Pilsbry, del 20

79. Anoma fuscolabris Ad. Pilsbry, del 16

80. 81. Urocoptis moreleti Pfr. Conch. Cab. Vol. xv,

p. 282.

82. "Cylindrella" multispiralis Sowb. Conch. Icon. Vol.

xv, p. 283.

83, 84. Anisospira recticosta Pfr. Philippi, Abbild. Vol.

xv, p. 299.
85, 86. Anisospira townsendi P. & C. Winchester, del.

Vol. xv, p. 300.
87, 88. Anisospira sagraiana Pfr. Conch. Cab. Vol.

xv, p. 282.
89. Spirostemma inusitata Vend. Pilsbry, del. Vol. xv,

p. 290.

PLATE 12.

50-57. Anoma splendens Mice. Pilsbry, del 23

58, 59. Anoma paivana Pfr. Novit. Conch 27

60-62. Anoma paivana Pfr. Pilsbry, del 27

63-65. Anoma splendens citrina Ad. Pilsbry, del 25

66. Anoma splendens albida Ad. Pilsbry, del 26

PLATE 13.

1-4. Anoma nitens Chitty. Negril Spots. Pilsbry, del. 14

5, 6. Anoma levis balteata Pils. Pilsbry, del 22

7-9. Anoma jarvisi Pils. Pilsbry, del 12

10, 11. Anoma pulchella Chitty. Pilsbry, del 29

12, 13. Urocoptis denticulata Pfr. Conch. Cab. Vol.
xv, p. 283.

316 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

PLATE 14.

FIGURE PAGE

1. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Pilsbry, del 41

2. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Pilsbry, del 41, 97

3. Brachypodella chemnitziana Fer. Pilsbry, del 41

4. Microceramus pontificus Gld. Jaw. Pilsbry, del.... 151

5. Microceramus gossei. Jamaica. After Binney 152

6. Brachypodella agnesiana Ad. Pilsbry, del 41

7. Pineria viequensis schrammi Fisch. Pilsbry, del.. .109, 112

8. Macroceramus tenuiplicatus swiftianus. Pilsbry, del. 114

9. 10. Microceramus pontificus Gld. Pilsbry, del 152

PLATE 15.

1. Macroceramus hermanni Pfr. Pilsbry, del 134

2. Macroceramus inermis Gundl. Helen Winchester, del. 145

3. 4. Macroceramus arangoi Pfr. Helen Winchester, del. 146

5. Macroceramus signatus. Apex. Pilsbry, del. .. .113, 118

6. Microceramus floridanus. Apex. Pilsbry, del.. .151, 159

7, 8. Brachypodella portoricensis Pfr. Pilsbry, del 48

9, 10. Brachypodella leucopleura Mke. Pilsbry, del. ... 74

11. Macroceramus costatus Maltz. J. de Conch 133

12, 13. Macroceramus unicarinatus Lam. Delessert. . . . 132

14. Brachypodella leucopleura Mke. Phil., Abbild 74

15, 16. Brachypodella leucopleura Mke. Caraccas. Pils-

bry, del 74

PLATE 16.

23, 24. Anoma dohrniana Pfr. Novit. Conch 28

25, 26. Anoma "blandiana" Pfr. Conch. Cab., pi. 7,

f. 31, 32 36, 40

27, 28. Anoma solida Ad. ("blandiana var. 1," Pfr.

Conch. Cab., pi. 7, f. 33, 34) . .,

29-35. Anoma nigrescens quadricolor Ch. Pilsbry, del.

36-39. Anoma solida striatula Ad. Pilsbry, del 35

40-44. Anoma striata Ad. Pilsbry, del 31

45-47. Anoma macrostoma Pfr. (== striata). Conchyl.

Cab 31, 32

PLATE 17.

1, 2. Anoma tesselata Ad. (zelrina Pfr.). Novit. Conch. 12

3-5. Anoma tesselata Ad. Pilsbry, del 12

6, 7. Anoma tricolor Pfr. Conchyl. Cab

8, 9. Anoma tricolor Pfr. Pilsbry, del

10, 11. Anoma gossei Pfr. Conchyl. Cab . 8

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 317

FIGURE PAGE

12, 13. Anoma gossei Pfr. Pilsbry, del 8

14-16. Anoma tesselata cinerea Ad. Pilsbry, del 13

17-19. Anoma nitens simpsoni Pils. Pilsbry, del 15

PLATE 18.

20, 21. Anoma solida Ad. Pilsbry, del 33

22, 23.. Anoma solida valida Ad. Pilsbry, del 34

24. Anoma maugeri Wood. Index Testaceologicus 23

25-27. Anoma nigrescens rufilabris Ad. Pilsbry, del. . . 39

28-30. Auoma nigrescens Ad. Pilsbry, del 37

31-33. Anoma radiata Chitty. Pilsbry, del 17

PLATE 19.

33-37. Anoma levis C. B. Ad. Pilsbry, del 19

38-40. Anoma levis eoncinna Ad. Pilsbry, del 21

41, 42. Anoma alboanfractus Ch. Pilsbry, del 27

43-45. Anoma levis bicincta Ad. Pilsbry, del 20

46-49. Anoma levis unicincta Ad. Pilsbry, del 21

PLATE 20.

1. Macroceranras gundlachi Pfr. Zeitsehr. f . Mai 140

2, 3. Macroceramus gundlachi Pfr. Helen AA7inchester,

del 140

4, 5. Macroceramus pictus Gundl. Farallones. Helen

Winchester, del 37

6-8. Macroceramus pazi Gundl. Helen Winchester, del. 137

9. Macroceramus parallelus Arango. Helen Winchester,

del 138

10, 11. Macroceramus costulatus Gundl. Helen Win-

chester, del 15

12. Macroceramus costulatus Gundl. Novit. Conch 145

13, 14. Macroceramus pupoides Pfr. Helen Winchester,

del 142

15-17. Macroceramus festus Gundl. Novit. Conch 144

18. Macroceramus festus Gundl. H. Winchester, del. . . 144

19, 20. Macroceramus blaini Arango. Novit, Conch. . . . 147
21-24. Macroceramus crenatus Gundl. Novit. Conch. . . 143
25-28. Macroceramus variabilis Pfr. Novit. Conch 147

PLATE 21.

1-4. Macroceramus notatus Gundl. Novit. Conch 149

5, 6. Macroceramus poeyi Pfr. (== pupoides Pfr.).

Novit. Conch 142

318 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE rACE

7-12. Macroceramus pazi Gundl. Novit. Conch 137

13, 14. Macroceramus jeannereti Gundl. Novit. Conch. 142

15, 16. Macroceramus parallelus Arango. Novit. Conch. 138

17, 18. Macroceramus grobei Pf r. Novit. Conch 150

19, 20. Macroceramus catenatus Gundl. Novit. Conch. . 149

21-26. Macroceramus claudens Gundl. Novit. Conch. . . 141

27-29. Macroceramus clerchi Arango. Novit. Conch. . . 139
30-32. Macroceramus poeyi (= = pupoides Pfr.). Novit.

Conch 142

PLATE 22.

29-31. Macroceramus formosus Wood. Helen Winches-
ter, del 126

32. Macroceramus richaudi lineatistrigatus Pils. Helen

Winchester, del. . 124

33-35. Macroceramus tenuiplicatus Pfr. Helen Win-
chester, del 127

36-40. Macroceramus ludovici Pfr. Helen Winchester,

del 130

41-43. Macroceramus ludovici var. Helen Winchester,

del 130

44-47. Macroceramus klatteanus Bid. Helen Winches-
ter, del 131

PLATE 23.

48, 49. Macroceramus dominicensis Crosse. Conch. Cab. 126

50, 51. Macroceramus gabbi Pils. H. Winchester, del. . . 125
52-54. Macroceramus tenuiplicatus swiftianus Pils. H.

Winchester, del 128

55. Macroceramus guildingi Pet. (=lineatus). J. de

Conch 122

56-58. Macroceramus lineatus Brug. H. Winchester, del. 122
59, 60. Macroceramus salleanus Pils. H. Winchester, del. 122
61, 62. Macroceramus canimarensis Pfr. H. Winches-
ter, del 148

63. Macroceramus catenatus Gundl. H. Winchester, del. 149

64. Macroceramus notatus Gundl. H. Winchester, del. 149

PLATE 24.

65-70. Macroceramus signatus Gldg. H. Winchester, del. 118

71. Macroceramus microdon Pfr. Anageda. H. Win-

chester, del 115

72, 73, 74. Macroceramus microdon Pfr. Porto Rico.

II. Winchester, del 116

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 319

FIGURE PAGE

75. Macroceramus richaudi Pet. II. Winchester, del... 123

76. Macroceramus richaudi Pet. J. de Conch 123

77. 78. Macroceramus cyrtopleurus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab. 129

79-81. Macroceramus johannis Pfr. Novit. Conch 117

82-85. Macroceramus subcylindricus Pils. AVinchester,

del 134

86. Macroceramus subcylindricus Pils. Anima R. Win-

chester, del 134

87. Macroceramus richaudi sublineatus Pils. Winches-

ter, del 125

PLATE 25.

88-90. Microceramus denticulatus Pfr. Winchester, del. 161
91-94. Microceramus gossei Pfr. Mandeville. Winches-
ter, del 159

95-98. Microceramus floridanus Pils. Sarasota Bay. Win-
chester, del. . 159

1-4. Microceramus texanus Pils. Winchester, del 157

5, 6. Microceramus concisus arctispirus Anc. Winches-
ter, del 156

7-10. Microceramus concisus Morel. Tunkas. Winches-
ter, del 155

11. Microceramus concisus Morel. Sta. Ana. Winches-

ter, del 155

12. Microceramus concisus Morel. Tekanto. Winches-

ter, del 155

PLATE 26.

13-15. Microceramus swif ti Bid. Winchester, del 162

16. Microceramus gossei providentia Pils. AVinchester,

del 161

17-20. Microceramus pontificus Gld. Miami. AVinches-
ter, del 158

21, 22. Microceramus kieneri Pfr. After Bland 154

23. Microceramus kieneri Pfr. Conch. Cab 154

24. Microceramus amplus Guncll. Novit. Conch 172

25. Microceramus mexicanus Mart. Biol. Centr. Amer. 156

26. 27. Microceramus mexicanus Mart, Pilsbry, del. . . . 156

28. Microceramus angulosus Gundl. AVinchester, del... 166

29. Microceramus amplus Gundl. Pilsbry, del 172

PLATE 27.

30. Microceramus turricula Pfr. (= petitianus) . Conch.

Cab. 165

320 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE PAGE

31,32. Microceramus latus Gundl. Novit. Conch 171

33, 34. Microceramus latus var. Winchester, del 171

35. Microceramus maculatus Wright. Novit, Conch. . . . 170

36. Microceramus paivanus Pfr. Winchester, del 169

37-39. Microceramus nigropictus Gundl. Winchester, del. 170

40, 41. Microceramus costellaris Gundl. Winchester, del. 169

42. Microceramus petitianus Orb. Winchester, del 165

43. Microceramus petitianus perconicus Pils. Winches-

ter, del 166

44. Microceramus palenquensis Gundl. Novit, Conch. . . 165

45. Microceramus minor Arango. Novit. Conch 167

46. Microceramus simplex Pfr. Novit. Conch 167

47-49. Microceramus elegans Gundl. Winchester, del.. . 164
50. Microceramus elegans infradenticulatus Wr. Win-
chester, del 164

PLATE 28.

[Figs. 1, 5, 7, 8, 9 drawn by Helen Winchester; the others by H. A. Pilsbry.]

1-4. Megaspira ruschenbergiana Lea 182

5, 6. Megaspira elata Gld 186

7. Megaspira elatior robusta Pils 185

8. Megaspira elatior gracilis Pils 188

9. 10. Megaspira elatior Spix 185

PLATE 29.

[Fig. Ifi from Deshayes; 18 from Cox; the others drawn by Pilsbry.]

11. Megaspira elatior robusta Pils 185

12, 13. Megaspira elata Gld 186

14, 15. Megaspira elatior gracilis Pils 185

16, 17. Eomegaspira exarata Mich 187

18. Perrieria australis Forbes 192

19. Perrieria australis Forbes. North Pine river 192

PLATE 30.

20. 21. Perrieria clausiliieformis T.-C. J. de Conch 189

22. Perrieria clausiliasformis T.-C. Ann. Mus. Genov. .. 189

23. Perrieria c. arfaldensis Pils. Ann. Mus. Genov.... 190

24. Perrieria minor Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H 190

25. "Cffiliaxis" exigua Ad. & Ang. P. Z. S., 1867 193

26. Perrieria australis Forbes. Warroo. Pilsbry, del.. 192
27-29. Perrieria australis Forbes. N. Pine river. Pils-
bry, del. 192

30-32. Callionepion iheringi Pils. & Van. Pilsbry, del. . . 179

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 321

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 31.

1, 2. Megaspira elatior robusta Pils. Pilsbry, del 180

3, 7. Callionepion iheringi P. & V., air., atrium ; Gz, G3,
second and third loops of the intestine; H,
heart; ligl., ovisperm duct; p., penis; sp., sper-
matheca ; t., talon ; x, extension of penis. Van-

atta, del 177

4-6. Perrieria australis Forbes. Pilsbry, del 191

8, 9. Callionepion iheringi. Teeth. Pilsbry, del 177

PART II: ACHATINID^E.

PLATE 1.

1-5. Pseudachatina wrighti Sowb. Helen Winchester,

del 206

6. Limicolaria droueti Morel. J. de Conch 261

7, 8. Pseudachatina daillyana Pils. Helen Winchester,

del 214

PLATE 2.

1, 2, 3. Pseudachatina elongata Kob. After Kobelt. . . . 213

4. Pseudachatina liljevalli d'Ailly. After d'Ailly 216

5, 6. Pseudachatina nachtigali Kob. After Kobelt. . . . 207

PLATE 3.

7. Pseudachatina grandinata Pfr. After Kobelt 209

8, 9. Pseudachatina grandinata Pfr. After d'Ailly... 209
10. Pseudachatina downesi, variety. Miss Winchester,

del 208

11-13. Pseudachatina connectens d'Ailly. After d'Ailly. 211

PLATE 4.

14, 15. Pseudachatina pyramidata Kob. After Kobelt. 210
16, 17. Pseudachatina buchneri Kob. After Kobelt 206

18. Pseudachatina sodeni Kob. After Kobelt 209

19. Pseudachatina sodeni Kob. After d'Ailly 209

PLATE 5.

20. 21, 24, 25. Pseudachatina gravenreuthi Kob. After

Kobelt 212

22, 23. Pseudachatina g. var. preussi Kob. After Kobelt. 213

322 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 6.

26. Pseudachatina gabonensis Shuttl. After Shuttle-
worth 214

27-29. Pseudachatina gabonensis Shuttl. After Kobelt. 214
30-32. Pseudachatina martensi d'Ailly. After d'Ailly. . 215

PLATE 7.

33, 34. Limicolaria chromatella Morel. Conchyl. Cab. . . 263
35, 36, 38. Pseudachatina buchholzi Kob. Conchyl. Cab. 217
37. Pseudachatina kobeltiana Pils. Winchester, del. . . . 210

39. Pseudotrochus bif rons Shuttl. Winchester, del 225

40. Pseudachatina downesi Rve. (= dennisoni Pfr.) . C.

Icon 211

'}'. ' ' '

PLATE 8.

41. Pseudotrochus kercadonis Grat. Winchester, del. . . 226

42. Pseudotrochus moreletianus pallidior Pils. Winches-

ter, del 229

43. 44. Perideriopsis umbilicata nseudweensis Putz. Win-

chester, del 242

45. Limicolaria bellamyi Jouss. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. . . 253

46. Limicolaria tryoniana Pils. Winchester, del 250

47. Limicolaria hyadesi Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. . 265

48. Pseudachatina downesi Sowb. Conch. Illustr 207

PLATE 9.

I, 2. Atopocochlis exarata Mull. Journ. de Conch 218

3. Pseudotrochus moreletianus Dh. Ser. Conch 228

4. Pseudotrochus zegzeg Morel. (= moreletianus Dh.).

Fer., Histoire 228

5. 6. Pseudotrochus moreletianus var. pallidior Pils.

Notitiffi Conch 229

7. Pseudotrochus moreletianus Desh. Ser. Conch 228

8, 9. Pseudotrochus iolarynx Shuttl. Conch. Cab 230

10. Pseudotrochus iolarynx Shuttl. Notitise 230

PLATE 10.

II. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum Rve. Conch. Icon. . . 232

12, 14. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum Rve. Winches-

ter, del 232

13. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum Rve. Novit. Conch.. 232
15. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum Rve. Conchyl. Cab. . 232

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 323

FIGURE PAGE

16. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum Rve. D'Ailly, Bi-

hang 232

17. Pseudotrochus auripigmentum vignoni Morel. Ma-

lak. Bl 233

18. 19. Pseudotrochus lechatelieri Dautz. Journ. de

Conch ' 233

•

PLATE 11.

20. Pseudotrochus saulcydi Joannis. Mag. de Zool 235

21, 22. Pseudotrochus saulcydi normalis Pils. Winches-

ter, del 236

23. Pseudotrochus saulcydi Kobelt (= kobelti Pils.).

Conchyl. Cab 237

24. Pseudotrochus kobelti Pils. Helen Winchester, del. 237

PLATE 12.

25. Pseudotrochus torridus Gld. Novit. Conch 238

26-28. Pseudotrochus torridus Gld. Helen Winchester,

del 238

29. Pseudotrochus interstinctus var. flavtis. Helen Win-

chester, del 240

30, 31. Pseudotrochus interstinctus Gld. Winchester, del. 239

32. Pseudotrochus interstinctus insignis Pfr. Novit.

Conch 240

PLATE 13.

33. Pseudotrochus flammigerus Fer. Conch. Cab 231

34. Pseudotrochus flammigerus Fer. Ser. Conch 231

35. Pseudotrochus flammigerus Fer. Fer., Histoire.... 231

36. Pseudotrochus flammigerus Fer. Conch. Icon 231

37. 38. Pseudotrochus cailleanus Morel. Ser. Conch. . . 227

39. Pseudotrochus aequatorius Rve. Conch. Icon 227

40,41,42. Pseudotrochus onager Shuttl. Notitige 230

PLATE 14.

43. Pseudotrochus incoloratus Shuttl. Conchyl. Cab. . . 229

45-47. Pseudotrochus incoloratus Shuttl. Notitise 229

48, 49. Pseudotrochus bif rons Shuttl. Notitiro 225

50,51. Pseudotrochus bifrons Shuttl. Conchyl. Cab.... 225

52, 53. Pseudotrochus reeveanus Pfr. Fer., Hist 226

54. Pseudotrochus reeveanus Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 226

324 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 15.

54, 55. Pseudotrochus mucidus Gld. Helen AVinchester,

del 234

56. Pseudotrochus mucidus Gld. var. Novit. Conch. . . . 234

57, 58. Pseudotrochus balteatus Gld. (= gouldi Rve.).

Helen Winchester, del 235

59. Pseudotrochus gouldii Rve. Conch. Cab 235

60, 61. Pseudotrochus alabaster, carinate var. Winches-

ter, del 222

62, 63. Pseudotrochus carinatus Pf r. Conch. Icon 223

64, 65. Pseudotrochus solimanus Morel. Ser. Conch. . . . 223
66. Pseudotrochus solimanus Morel. Conch. Cab.. 223

PLATE 16.

67. Pseudachatina leaiana Grat. Soc. Linn. Bord 208

68. Pseudotrochus verdieri Chaper. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 240

69. Pseudotrochus verdieri Chaper. Helen Winchester,

del 240

70. 73. Pseudotrochus alabaster Rang. Novit. Conch.. . . 221

71. 74. Pseudotrochus alabaster Rang. Helen Winches-

ter, del 221

72. Pseudotrochus alabaster Rang var. Helen Winches-

ter, del 222

75, 76. Pseudotrochus onager Shuttl. Helen Winches-
ter, del 231

77. Pseudotrochus kercadonis Grat. Soc. Linn. Bord. . 226

PLATE 17.

78, 79. Perideriopsis mvulaensis Dup. et Putz. Ann. Soc.

Mai. Belg 245

89, 81. Perideriopsis formosus Dup. et Putz. Ann. Soc.

Mai. Belg 243

82, 83. Perideriopsis fallsensis Dup. et Putz. Ann. Soc.

Mai. Belg 244

84. Limicolaria dherincourtiana Bgt. Moll. Choa 274

85. Perideriopsis umbilicatus Putz. Am. Soc. Mai. Belg. 242

86. Limicolaria glandinopsis Bgt. Moll. Choa 272

87. Limicolaria pyramidalis Bgt. Moll. Choa 278

88. Limicolaria chefneuxi Bgt. Moll. Choa 271

89. Limicolaria distincta Putz. Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg. . . 270

90. Limicolaria paludosa Putz. Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg... 270

91. Limicolaria wathenensis Putz. Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg. 269

92. Limicolaria congolanica Putz. Soc. Roy. Mai. Belg. 271

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 325

FIGURE FACE

PLATE 18.

93, 94. Limicolaria flammea Mull. Novit. Conch 255

95. Limicolaria flammea f estiva Marts. Novit. Conch. . . 257

96. Limicolaria striatula Miill. Notitias 248

97. Limicolaria aethiops Morel. J. de Conch 269

98. Limicolaria af ricana Reeve. Conch. Icon 254

99. Limicolaria karnbeul substrigata Kob. Conchyl. Cab. 252

PLATE 19.

1-3. Limicolaria numiclica Rve. Malak. Bl 260

4, 5. Limicolaria guinaica Morel. J. de Conch 258

6, 7. Limicolaria strigata Mull. Conchyl. Cab 258

8. Limicolaria tenebrica Rve. Conch. Icon. . . _. 264

9, 10. Limicolaria tenebrica Rve. Miss Winchester, del. 264

11. Limicolaria agathina Gabb. Miss Winchester, del. . . 250

PLATE 20.

12, 13. Limicolaria aurora Jay. Helen Winchester, del. 248

14. Limicolaria vignoniana Morel. J. de Conch 254

15, 16. Limicolaria pra3texta Marts. Conch. Mittheil. . . 261

17. Limicolaria unicolor Kobelt. Conchyl. Cab 256

18, 19. Limicolaria felina Shuttl. Notitise 266

20. Limicolaria spectrum Rve. Conch. Icon 249

21. Limicolaria shuttleworthi d'Ailly. Monatsbericht. . . 268

22. Limicolaria suffusa (= aurora). Conch. Icon 249

PLATE 21.

23-25. Limicolaria togoensis Kobelt. Conchyl. Cab 257

26,27. Limicolaria subconica Marts. Conch. Mittheil... 264

28. Limicolaria turbinata Rve. (= zebra Pils.). Conch.

Icon 266

29, 30. Limicolaria felina zebra Pils. Miss Winchester,

del 266

31, 32. Limicolaria candidissima Parr. Notitiae 273

33. Limicolaria keniana Smith. J. of Conch 280

34. Limicolaria senaariensis hartmanni Marts. Fer.,

Hist 284

PLATE 22.

35. Limicolaria flammata Caill. Voy. Meroe 282

36. Limicolaria flammata spekiana Grand. P. Z. S., 1881. 283

37. 38. Limicolaria flammata smithi Pils. Winchester, del. 283

326 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE PAGE

39. Limicolaria senaariensis Parr. (== flammata var.).

NotitiEe 282

40. Limicolaria flammata stuhlmanni Marts. Ost.-Af . . . 282

41. Limicolaria dohertyi Smith. J. of Malacology 281

42. 43. Limicolaria gracilis Marts. Novit. Conch 283

44. Limicolaria beccarii Morel. Ann. Mus. Genov 278

45. Limicolaria tulipa Jouss. Le Naturaliste 292

PLATE 23.

46. Metachatina kraussi Pf r. Helen Winchester, del. . . 308

47. Burtoa dupuisi Putz. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg 306

48. Metachatina kraussi Pfr. Conch. Icon 308

49. Limicolaria kambeul asdilis Fer. Fer., Hist 252

PLATE 24.

1, Limicolaria lamellosa Bgt. Af rique Equat 296

2, 3, 5. Limicolaria kambeul adansoni Pfr. Winchester,

del 252

4. Limicolaria kambeul Brug. Winchester, del 251

6. Limicolaria kambeul agdilis Fer. Conch. Icon 252

PLATE 25.

7, 8. Limicolaria vanattai Pils. Helen Winchester, del. 275

9. Limicolaria turris Pfr. P. Z. S 252

10, 11. Limicolaria turris Pfr. After Jickeli 252

PLATE 26.

12, 13. Anoma adamsi Pils. Helen Winchester, del 195

14. Burtoa arnoldi Sturany. After Sturany 307

15. Burtoa nilotica oblonga Marts. After Martens 302

16. Burtoa nilotica bourgui gnati (== grandidieri). After

Grandidier 303

PLATE 27.

1, 2. Limicolaria flammulata Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 259

3, 4. Limicolaria pyrrha Alb. Conchyl. Cab 298

5. Burtoa nilotica Pfr. Novit. Conch 300

6. Burtoa nilotica schweinfurthi Marts. Novit. Conch. 300

PLATE 28.

24, 25. Limicolaria heuglini Marts. Malak. Bl 276

26, 27. Limicolaria choana Bgt. Malak. Bl 277

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 327

FIGURK PACK

28. Limicolaria heuglini iickelii Poll. After Jickeli. . . . 277

29-31. Limicolaria doiialdsoni Pils. Winchester, del. . . . 279

32,33. Limicolaria ruppelliana Pfr. Conchyl. Cab 275

34. Limicolaria ruppelliana Pfr. After Jickeli 275

PLATE 29.

7. Burtoa nilotica emini Marts. After Martens 301

8. Burtoa nilotica crassa Marts. After Martens 302

9-11. Limicolaria jaspidea ( = = lucalana) . Ser. Conch... 262

12, 13. Limicolaria rubicunda Shuttl. Conchyl. Cab. . . 267

14, 15. Limicolaria rubicunda Shuttl. Notitiae 267

PLATE 30.

16. Limicolaria hidalgoi Crosse. J. de Conch 297

17. Burtoa sebasmia Bgt, Moll. Af . Equat 305

18. Burtoa nilotica obliqua Marts. After Martens 303

19. Burtoa nilotica lavigeriana Bgt. Moll. Af . Equat. . . 304

PLATE 31.

1, 2, 3. Limicolaria charbonnieri Bgt. Moil. Af. Equat. 293

4. Limicolaria sepulchralis Bgt. Moll. Af . Equat 294

5, 6. Limicolaria rolf si Marts. Conchyl. Cab 288

7. Limicolaria rolf si Marts. After v. Martens 288

8,9. Limicolaria connectens Marts. After v. Martens.. 293

10,11. Limicolaria dimidiata Marts. Conch. Mittheil.. . 288

12. Limicolaria acurninata Marts. After v. Martens. . . . 294

PLATE 32.

13. Limicolaria saturata Smith. P. Mai. Soc 286

14, 15. Limicolaria colorata var. saturata (= chromatica) .

After Martens 287

16, 17. Limicolaria mediomaculata Marts. After Mar-
tens 289

18, 19. Limicolaria longa Pils. Winchester, del 284

20. Limicolaria ventricosa Smith. P. Mai. Soc 295

21. Limicolaria saturata infrafusca Marts. After Mar-

tens 287

22. 23. Limicolaria saturata fuscescens Marts. After

Martens • • 286

PLATE 33.

23. Limicolaria coulboisi Bgt. Moll. Af . Equat 285

328 REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI.

FIGURE PACK

24. Limicolaria rectistrigata burtoniana Grand. P. Z.

S., 1880 293

25. Limicolaria dromauxi Bgt. Moll. Af. Equat 285

26. Limicolaria megalsea Bgt. Moll. Af . Equat 284

27. Limicolaria rectistrigata Smith. Helen Winchester,

del 292

28. Limicolaria rectistrigata bridouxi Grandid. P. Z. S.,

1881 293

29. Limicolaria turriformis solida Marts. After Mar-

/tens , 296

30. Limicolaria turriformis Marts. After Martens 295

31. Limicolaria rectistrigata Smith. P. Z. S., 1880 292

32. Limicolaria turriformis neumanni Marts. After Mar-

tens 296

PLATE 34.

33. Limicolaria martensiana Smith. P. Z. S 289

34. Limicolaria martensiana multifida Marts. P. Z. S. 291

35. Limicolaria martensiana multifida Marts. After Mar-

tens 291

36-40. Limicolaria martensiana var. Lake Rudolf. Win-
chester, del 290

41, 42. Limicolaria martensiana var. Lake Tanganyika.

Winchester, del 290

43. Limicolaria giraudi Bgt. Moll. Afrique Equat 290

44, 45. Limicolaria martensiana eximia Marts. After

Martens 291

46. Limicolaria martensiana pallidistriga Marts. After

Martens 290

47, 48. Limicolaria martensiana elongata Marts. Conch.

Mittheil 291

PLATE 35.

20. Burtoa nilotica pethericki (=schweinfurthi). Novit.

Conch 301

21. Burtoa jouberti Bgt. Moll. Af. Equat 305

22. Burtoa nilotica giraudi Bgt. Moll. Af . Equat 302

23. Burtoa nilotica bridouxiana Bgt. Moll. Af. Equat. 304

PLATE 36.

1-3. Limicolaria chromatella Morel. Voy. Welwitsch. . . 263

4, 5. Limicolaria cordofana Shuttl. Notitise 273

6, 7. Limicolaria bassamensis Shuttl. Notitias 265

8, 9. Limicolaria bassamensis Shuttl. Conchyl. Cab 265

REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XVI. 329

FIGURK PAGE

PLATE 37.

10, 11. Metachatina plant! Pf r. Novit. Conch 309

12, 13. Limicolaria felina abetifiana Kob. Conchyl. Cab. 267

14. Limicolaria felina var. Conchyl. Cab 267

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOL. XVI.

Part, 61, pp. 1-64. plates 1-18, Oct. 6, 1903.
Part 62, pp. 65-128, plates 19-31, Nov. 28, 1903.
Part 63, pp. 129-192, plates 1-15, Jan. 8, 1904.
Part 64. pp. 193-329. plates 16-37, February, 1904.
Title-page, Contents and Introduction, February, 1904.

Uroeoptid.se

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PLATE 28.

Megaspiridse.

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,

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PLATE SO.

PLATE 31.

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c.

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32

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