Manual of conchology, structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species

m
m
nn

.a

O

m
CD

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA

MANUAL

OK

CONCHOLOGY

VOL. XXVI

PUPILLIM:

, PUPILLIN.E)

BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.

/f I?

\j --

PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA
I920-I92I

tiff '

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:

HENRY SKINNER, M.D., Sc.D. WITHER STONE, A.M., Sc.D.
HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D. WILLIAM J. Fox

MILTON J. GREENMAN, M.D.

EDITOR : HENRY A. PILSBRY.
TREASURER : S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Family Pupillidae, subfamily Vertiginiiiae 1

Genus PRONESOPUPA Iredale 1

Polynesian species 1

Hawaiian species (in collaboration with Dr.

C. Montague Cooke) 3

Genus PUPISOMA Stoliczka 19, 235

Old World species 22

American species 36

Genus CYLINDROVERTILLA Boettger 43

Genus STERKIA Pilsbry 49, 236

Genus TRUNCATELLINA Lowe 58, 236

Atlantic Island species 62

European species 64

Japanese species 84

African species 85

Genus ACMOPUPA Boettger 101

Genus NEGULUS Boettger 101

Subfamily Pupillinae 106

Genus PUPOIDOPSIS Pilsbry & Cooke 106

Genus PUPOIDES Pfeiffer 108

American species 110

Oriental and Ethiopian species 121

Australian species 140

Genus MICROSTELE Boettger 147

Genus MICROCERION Dall 151

Genus PUPILLA Leach 152, 238

Species of North America 155

Species of Europe and North Africa 172

Species of Asia 192

Species of Africa 205

Species of Australia 21 8

(in)

1 V CONTENTS

PAGE

Genus BOYSIA Pfeiffer 225

Appendix to Volumes XXIV, XXV, XXVI 228

Explanation of Plates 239

Dates of publication, parts 101-104 248

Index 249

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

Family PUPILLID^ Turton.
Subfamily VERTIGININJE, continued.

Genus PEONESOPUPA Iredale.

Pronesopupa IREDALE, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1913,
p. 384, for P. sen-ex.

The shell is similar to Nesopupa except that the aperture
is toothless; outer lip reflected, the lip insertions remote.
Living on trees or plants.

The species are illustrated on plate 1.

The arboreal P. senex, of Kennadec, type of this genus, is
riot known to us by specimens, and we have not seen P. sim-
plaria Pease, of the Marquesas, which appears to belong here.
The Hawaiian species which we now place in Pronesopupa by
having cuticular lamina? on the ribs, or "membranous ribs",
agree with numerous toothed Hawaiian forms of Nesopupa.
It appears likely that they were derived from the Limbati-
pupa group of Nesopupa by loss of teeth. It is quite possible
that Pronesopupa senex is a similar derivative from some
other dentate stock of southern Nesopupa:.

The negative character of being toothless has little weight
in phylogeny, but we have nothing better at present; when
the radulas of P. senex and the Hawaiian species can be com-
pared a further step may be taken.

1. PRONESGPUPA SENEX Iredale. PI. 1, figs. 8, 9.

"Shell minute, pupoid, dextral, few whorls. Color brown.
Whorls 4 ; the first whorl and a half smooth ; the succeeding
whorls have a sculpture of distant sharp lamellae, the inter-
vening spaces threaded with stria^ : in some shells the lamellae

PRONESOPUPA.

are obsolete, or only occur on the last half whorl, whilst
in others they regularly appear on each whorl; on the last
whorl about a dozen can be counted, either indistinct or very
prominent. A narrow, deep umbilicus is present. The colu-
mella is straight and reflected ; aperture discontinuous, almost
circular, with the outer lip reflected and expanded. In gen-
eral shape the specimens vary, some being more loosely coiled
than others which have a humped-up appearance. Height 2,
breadth 1.25mm." (Iredalc).

Kermadec Group: Sunday Island. Living on tree trunks,
not moss-covered, and hiding in the crevices of bark- in dry
weather (Iredale).

Pronesopupa senex IREDALE, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x,
Sept. 1913, p. 385, pi. 18, figs. 1, 2.

No species, in any way allied to this, has yet been recorded
from New Zealand, though I have seen very similar shells
with the mouth fully armed from Fiji. Nothing of this
nature has yet been found on Lord Howe Island, but the
species named Vertigo norfolcensis by Sykes, from Norfolk
Island, is referable to Nesopupa; it is, however, very much
larger a.nd sinistral (Iredale).

2. PRONESOPUPA SIMPLARIA (Pease). Not figured.

Shell thin, obesely ovate, dextral, rimate, yellowish, longi-
tudinally delicately striate ; whorls 3, rounded-convex, the
last flattened; suture deeply impressed; apex obtuse; aper-
ture nearly circular, toothless; peristome thin, margins sep-
arated ; columella spreading above, slightly expanded. Length
1.75, diam. 1 mm. (Pease).

Marquesas.

Vertigo simplaria PEASE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p.
461.

Collector unrecorded. The species was not found by Gar-
rett, who catalogued the Marquesan shells in 1887. This
species could not be found in the Pease collection in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, and is known by the above
description only.

PRONESOPUPA. O

HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF PRONESOPUPA.

BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE AND H. A. PILSBRY.

The shells are minute (1.4 to 2.7 mm. in length), fragile,
dextral, perforate, ovately conic to conic-helicoid, costate,
with 4 to 5% whorls. The embryonic whorls are minutely
granulose. Aperture without palatal plica;; in one species
(P. boettgeri) there are one or two minute lamellae on the
parietal wall and occasionally there is a swelling or a minute,
deeply-seated fold on the columella. Lip insertions remote.

The animal is like Lyropupa, Nesopupa and Vertigo in
'.•eking inferior tentacles. No muscular waves of the sole
were noticed in crawling.

Nearly all the species are arboreal in habit, being found
either on the trunks of trees, the branches of bushes or on the
leaves of low-growing plants. A very few specimens have
been taken 011 the ground, 011 mossy stones or dead leaves,
probably fallen from plants.

Key to Subgenera and Species of Hawaiian Pronesop-upa:.

a\ Adult shells with 4-41/4 whorls; costa? -with membranous
margins, often forming spine-like processes at the shoul-
der.

&1. Surface of embryonic whorls minutely granulose,
and in addition, furnished with very minute raised
spiral lines; 35-40 eostse on the last whorl (Section
Edentulopupa). P. admodesta, no. 7.

b2. Surface of embryonic whorls minutely granulose,
the granules arranged in transverse rows, and with-
out spiral lines ; 20-30 costae on the last whorl ( Sec-
tion Pronesopupa proper).

c1. Costpe uniform in height, not armed with
spines. P. acanthimda, no. 3.

c2. Costae armed with spines.

d1. Aperture without teeth.

c1. Diameter 80-85% of the length.

P. b. spinigera, no. 6.

e~. Diameter 95-100% of the length.

P. hystricella, no. 4.

PRONESOPUPA.

d~. Aperture furnished on the parietal wall
with a minute angular or parietal la-
mella, more often with both.

P. ~boettgeri, 110. 5.

a~. Adult shells with 5-5% whorls; costge without membran-
ous edges; last whorl with more than 45 costee (Section
Sericipupa).

b\ Whorls closely coiled, convex.

c1. Adult sliell with diameter less than 55% of

length. Hawaii. P. orycta, no. 13.

c-. Adult shells with diameter more than 55% of

length. P. lymaniana, no. 12.

&-. Whorls more loosely coiled, very convex.

c1. Adult shells more than 2.2 mm. in length.

rf1. Adult shells about 2.7 mm. in length.

Hawaii. P. scricata, no. 11.

(/-'. Adult shells about 2.3 mm. in length.

E. Maui. P. f. corticicola, no. 8a.

c". Adult shells less than 2.1 mm. in length.

f/1. Adult shells less than 2.0 mm. in length.
e\ Adult shells between 1.9 and 2.0
mm. in length. Molokai.

P. molokaiensis, no. 9.
r-'. Adult shells between 1.7 and 1.8
mm. in length. Kauai.

P. incerta, 110. 10.

</-. Adult shells between 2.0 and 2.1 mm. in
length. E. Maui. P. frandicola, no. 8.

Section Pronesopupa.

in Hawaiian species the shell is minute, dextral, perforate,
ovately conic-helicoid, with 4-4i^> whorls. Embryonic whorls
granulose, the granules arranged in transverse rows, towards
the last of the second whorl the granules uniting into distinct
costse. Margin of the costas sharp, thin, transparent, mem-
branous, often extended into membranous spines, the inter-
stices covered with minute wrinkles. Aperture truncate
above, the lip insertions remote. The outer lip thin, slightly

PRONESOPUPA. b

expanded, the coluinellar margin broadly so. Aperture un-
armed (except in P. bvettgeri, which has sometimes a very
minute angular, sometimes a minute parietal lamella, but
more often is furnished with both). There are no palatal
plica?.

Reproduction ovoviviparous.

The Hawaiian species given below are provisionally located
with P. senex. Unfortunately the microscopic surface char-
acters of Iredale's species are not kno\vn to us, but from the
description and figures of his species (having 4 whorls and
with rather few distinct costse), P. sencx and the Hawaiian
species seem to be closely related.

Nearly all the species belonging to this section are found at
rather low elevations, very few, as far as known, being found
much above 2,000 feet elevation. They are to be looked for
in almost any damp locality, especially in what is known as
the Kukui-belt (Alcurites moluccana) .

3. PRONESOPUPA ACANTHINULA (Anc.). PI. 1, fig. 7.

"Shell perforate, thin, transparent, dark corneous, globose,
hardly pupoidal, sculptured with moderately distant and thin
acute lamellae, very delicately and obliquely wrinkled in the
interstices (visible with a strong lens). Spire globose-ele-
vated, very obtuse. Whorls 4, convex [separated] by an im-
pressed suture, increasing regularly, the upper smooth, the
last globose, large, slightly oblique, saccate, not ascending.
Aperture oblique, large, toothless, slightly flattened on the
right side, angularly, very slightly produced forward in
front of the middle, obliquely truncate-ovate. Peristome
slightly expanded, regularly dilated at the columella. Length
1.5, diam. 1.5; alt. aperture 0.75 mm. Makiki, Oahu (Bald-
win" (Anc.).

Length 1.4, diam. 1.25 to 1.27 mm. Rim Tantalus bowl, s.-w.

Oahu, Koolau Range: Kahana, Kaipapau, Kaliuwaa and
Waiahole (Cooke) ; Kalihi (A. Gouveia) ; Makiki (Baldwin,
M. Desnouee) ; Tantalus (Cooke and Pilsbry) ; Palolo (Brid-
well) ; fossil at Malaekahana and Punaluu (Cooke). Waianae
Range: Green Peak and Palehua (Cooke), Kaala (Bridwell).

PRONESOPUPA.

Molokai: Pelekunu (Forbes), Mapulehu, Kalamaula
(Cooke).

West Maui: Waikapu, Honokahau (Forbes), lao, Waihee
(Cooke). East Maui: Kaupakalua, Keanae (Baldwin), Kai-
lua, Alalele (Cooke).

Hawaii: District of Hilo (Forbes, Thaanuin) ; Reed's
Island, four miles Olaa Road, Rainbow Falls (Cooke), Mau-
lua Gulch (Thaanurn). District of Puna (Thurston and
Thaauum), Kaueleau, Keaau, Pahoa (Thurston), Olaa (Ly-
maii and Cooke). District of South Kona : Hookena (A.
Gouveia), Honomalino (Thurston), Kapua (Forbes). Dis-
trict of North Kona: Holualoa, Waiaha and Hienaloli (A.
Gouveia). District of Hamakua; Keehia (Thaanum), Wai-
pio (Baldwin), Fossil Mana (Thaanum). "Central'' Hawaii
(Forbes).

Lectotype 12509, Cotypes 18695, Bishop Museum.

Pupa acanthimda ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France, v,
1892, p. 709.

P. acanthinula appears to be widely distributed on all the
islands except Kauai and Lanai. No specimens have, as yet,
been reported from these two islands. Except for the shells
collected by Mr. Forbes from "Central Hawaii", all of the
specimens here examined came from elevations of less than
1,000 ft. The species is usually found on the trunks of trees,
or the leaves of low shrubs or plants. Very few specimens
have been found on the ground, or on dead leaves or stones.

Ancey's type material consists of eight individuals, of
which six are in good condition. One of these has been
chosen to represent the species. This specimen measures:
length 1.7, diam. 1.55, aperture, oblique alt. 0.93 mm. The
differences between these measurements and those given by
Ancey are probably due to the method of taking them. In
none of Ancey's type material, though carefully measured, is
the diameter equal to the length. The smallest adult of
Ancey's type material measures: length 1.6, diam. 1.32, aper-
ture 0.98 mm. In none of the specimens is there any indica-
tion of parietal or angular lamella. Acanthinula is most
easily recognized by its rather widely spaced riblets, 20-25

PRONESOPUPA. (

on the last whorl. They are thin, membranous, of a uniform
height, the upper part not being produced into a spine. The
interstices between the riblets of the last whorl are covered
with very minute, close, discontinuous wrinkles. In an em-
bryonic specimen from Hawaii, the mother of which is iden-
tical with Ancey's types, the surface is minutely, though dis-
tinctly, closely punctate, the points being arranged in axial
rows; with the growth of the shell these points gradually
unite, forming low close riblets.

4. PRONESOPUPA HYSTRICELLA n. sp. PL 1, fig. 12.

The shell is perforate (umbilicus small, circular, open,
deep, largely covered by the dilated columellar lip), helicoid,
clay color, thin, sub translucent, conspicuously costate ; the
riblets delicate, thin, transparent, membranous, forming on
the last and penult whorls, just above the periphery, delicate,
flat spines. Spire depressed, with slightly convex outlines
and obtuse apex, the whorls very convex and separated by a
deep suture. Whorls 4, the embryonic li/o Avhorls finely
and closely granulose, the granules more or less arranged in
transverse rows, gradually forming riblets towards the end of
the second whorl, the last two whorls being strongly costate ;
the last whorl very large, depressed, convex around the um-
bilicus, slightly descending near the aperture, furnished with
28-30 costee, about 0.2 mm. apart, the intercostal surface
being more or less evenly minutely wrinkled. Aperture large,
oblique, truncate-ovate, slightly flattened on the right side,
forming a blunt angle at the shoulder, toothless. The outer
edge of the peristome is slightly expanded, thin; the colu-
mellar margin broadly dilated above the columella.

Length 1.65, diam. 1.6, aperture, greatest length 0.92 mm.

Length 1.5, diam. 1.7 mm.

Hawaii: Hilo, Reed's Island (type loc.) ; Holotype 11032
Bishop Museum, Paratypes 23233 Bishop Museum and A. N.

5. P.

Kauai, a single specimen ; Oahu, common ; Molokai, not
rare ; Lanai, a single young specimen, doubtfully reported to
this species; W. Maui, not rare; E. Maui, rather common;
Hawaii, common.

8 PRONESOPUPA.

This is the most widespread species of Pronesopupa in the
Hawaiian Islands, though it is not as frequently collected as
P. boettgeri or P. boettgeri spinigera. It is found under the
same conditions as these two forms, though more rarely taken
on stones or dead leaves. Fossil specimens have been found
in several recent deposits on Oahu, and two or three on
Hawaii. They are usually quite rare in any deposit.

This species is easily recognized by its helicoid form. The
spine-like processes of the cost* are extremely delicate and
are easily rubbed or broken off in handling the specimens.
These spines are longer and narrower than those of bdettgeri
or its subspecies. In the large series of this species exam-
ined no specific or varietal differences Avere found in the
shells from the different, islands.

In the fossil specimens examined the cost* are low, of a
uniform height, the processes having doubtless been broken off.

In embryonic specimens of nearly two whorls from the
type lot, the shells are flat; the beginning of the first whorl
is immersed and the rest of this whorl hardly projecting
above the second whorl. The surface is granulose or punc-
tate, the minute granules being arranged in transverse rows,
gradually forming cost* near the end of the second whorl.

5. PRONESOPUPA BOETTGERI n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 17.

The shell is perforate (umbilicus small, circular, about y$
the diameter of the shell), globosely conic, buckthorn brown,
costate; the costae delicate, thin, transparent, membranous,
forming on the last and penult whorls triangular tooth-like
processes, abrupt on the lower margin but above tapering
more gradually. Spire with convex outlines, the whorls very
convex, separated by a very deep suture. Whorls 4, the em-
bryonic whorls indistinctly punctate, the costee not appearing
until near the end of the second whorl. The last whorl is
very large, somewhat saccate, convex about the umbilicus,
ascending slightly near the aperture, with 26-30 costse, about
0.09 to 0.12 mm. apart, between the costie the surface is more
or less transversely minutely wrinkled. Aperture oblique,
broad, truncate-ovate, slightly flattened on the dextral side,

PRONESOPUPA. 9

forming a blunt angle just above the periphery ; usually fur-
nished with very small, low, tubercular, angular and parietal
lamella?, the former often absent; often also with a swelling
on the columella. The outer margin of the peristome is
slightly expanded, the columellar margin dilated above the
umbilicus. Length 1.65, diam. 1.25, aperture (diag.) 0.86 mm.

Oahu : Tantalus (type loc.), near the southern rim of the
crater. Exceedingly common 011 Oahu and Kauai, not com-
mon on Maui and Hawaii, rather rare on Lanai and Molokai.
Up to the present, no specimens have been reported from
Niihau or KahoolaAve.

Holotype 11030, paratypes 22021 Bishop Museum; para-
types 46341 A. N. S. P.

Pupa admodesta BOETTGER, von Martens' Conch. Mittheil.,
I, 1880, p. 58, pi. 12, f. 15.

This is one of the most abundant species of Pupillldcc
found on the Hawaiian Islands. Like acanthinula, it is usu-
ally taken on the trunks of trees, and on the leaves of shrubs
and low-growing plants. Sometimes, and more often than
acanthinula, it is found on mossy stones, but is rarely taken on
dead leaves. It is mostly found in rather damp localities or
near streams, from about sea level to 2,000 ft. elevation. In
most of the colonies the stock is pure but often it is found in
company with its subspecies spinigera when the material
reaches the collection. Undoubtedly if more care was taken
in collecting, the specimens from each individual tree or shrub
kept isolated, we would find that the colonies of this species
and its variety are of pure stock.

Undoubtedly this is the form described and figured by
Boettger as admodesta. Boettger does not mention the spine-
like processes of the cost®. These are very delicate and
fragile, and usually absent, except in fresh specimens. In
most of our specimens a large majority of the spines have
been broken or nibbed off from being handled while collect-
ing the shells, and extracting the animals.

Specimens with only the angular tooth present are not com-
mon and do not occur as a pure form. They are occasionally
found among specimens with an angular and parietal lamellae.

10 PRONESOPUPA.

A more common form and one not found in pure colonies lias
only the parietal lamella developed. The most abundant
form is the one selected as the type with both an angle and
parietal lamella?. The angle lamella is present as a very low,
indistinct knob, usually slightly separated from the termina-
tion of the outer lip. The parietal lamella is about twice as
long as its height. In nearly adult specimens the parietal
develops before the angle lamella, the latter never appear-
ing except in fully adult specimens. In most adult speci-
mens there is a slight swelling on the inner margin of the
columella, which does not appear to develop into a well-
defined lamella.

In the embryonic shell of iy2 whorls the early part of the
first whorl is immersed, the surface is rather strongly punc-
tate. The points are arranged in rather wavy, transverse
rows. The surface of this species is more strongly punctate
than that of embryonic specimens of acanthinula-.

From acanthinula it is easily separated by the closer,
spine-bearing cost® and the minute parietal and angular
lamella?.

6. P. b. spinigcra n. subsp. PL 1, fig. 11.

The shell is similar to that of P. boettgcri but smaller and
without any teeth in the parietal wall. Length 1.41, diam.
1.2, aperture (diag.) 0.73 mm. Holotype 11031 Bishop Mu-
seum, paratypes 15319 Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P.

This is by far the most abundant form of Pronesopnpa on
the Hawaiian Islands. Several large series are in the Bishop
Museum collection, from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, W. Maui and
Hawaii. Up to the present time no specimens have been seen
from E. Maui, Laiiai, Kahoolawe or Niihau. It is probably
common in the first two of these islands but does not seem to
have been collected. It is very common under conditions
similar to those under which boettgeri is found. It is, how-
ever, much more abundant and is found more often existing
as pure colomes. It is easily recognized by its smaller size
and the absence of lamellae in the aperture.

Embryos taken from specimens from Makiki, Oahu, have a

PRONESOPUPA. 11

surface structure slightly more closely punctate than those of
the typical form.

Section Edentulopupa new section.

Prouesopupa3 of 4-4^ whorls, with rather close costae (35-
40 on the last whorl) ; embryonic whorls, grauulose, minutely
spirally striate; cost* with faint narrow membranous mar-
gins. Aperture edentulous. Reproduction ovoviviparous.
Type P. admodesta.

Distribution : nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands. Speci-
mens have been found from a few hundred feet elevation to
nearly 4,000 ft. Most of the specimens were taken 011 the
bark of trees, a few on a stone wall and dead leaves on the
ground.

7. PRONESOPUPA ADMODESTA (Migh.). PI. ], fig. 13.

"Shell minute, ovate, greenish brown; whorls 3^, convex;
incremental stria? very fine ; aperture circular, unarmed ; lip
simple, thin, slight^ reflected ; umbilicus small. Length 1/20
[1.25mm.], diam. 1/40 [0.62 mm.] inch. Oahu" (Mighels).

Oahu : Nuuauu ; Luakaha 011 stone wall, Glen Ada (Cooke) ;
Tantalus, near edge of crater, on the bark of leliua and koa
trees (Cooke) ; Waianae Mts. Palehua on dead ieie leaves
(Cooke); northeast ridge of Kaala (Bridwell). Kauai :
Kaholuamanu (Forbes, one specimen). Molokai: Puukole-
kole (Cooke & Pilsbry) (Cooke) ; Kalihi (Cooke, one speci-
men). Hawaii: Hilo (Ancey collection, one specimen).

Pupa admodesta MIGHELS, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., ii,
Jan. 1845, p. 19. — PPR., Monographia Hel. Viv., ii, p. 302.—
ANCEY, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, v, 1892, p. 708. Not Pupa
admodesta BOETTGER, in von Martens' Conch. Mittheil., i.
1880, p. 58, pi. 12, f. 15 (== P. boettgeri).

Of the numerous forms of Pronesopupa found on Oahu, we
have selected as typical of admodesta the specimens from
Luakaha, Nuuanu.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate (umbilicus cleft-like),
brownish with a greenish tinge, ovate, costulate, with low,
sharp, close, thread-like membranous costse. Spire with con-

12 PRONESOPUPA.

vex outlines, the whorls very convex and separated by a deep
suture. Whorls 4, the embryonic (under the microscope)
not smooth, irregularly punctate, gradually becoming costu-
late, the two last whorls costulate. The last whorl ascends
slightly near the aperture, is almost evenly ribbed with 35-40
costulse ; these are oblique, rather low, with slightly ragged,
thin, membranous outer margins, and of an almost uniform
height. The aperture is subcircular, toothless; outer margin
expanded, thin, the columella slightly swollen near the middle,
but not furnished with a lamella ; columellar margin broadly
dilated.

Length 1.45, diarn. 1, aperture, greatest length 0.67 mm.

The specimens selected for the above description are
slightly larger than indicated by Mighels, and also slightly
broader in proportion to their length, with a half whorl more.
I do not know of any form as small or narrow as Mighels'
specimens and he may have made a slight error in his meas-
urements.

Specimens from Tantalus agree essentially with those from
Nuuanu, except that the color is a clear light brown, without
a greenish tinge, and the aperture is slightly larger without
the slight swelling on the inner margin of the columella. One
of the specimens measures: length 1.53, diam. 1.04, aperture
0.79 mm.

In embryonic specimens of nearly two whorls the umbilicus
is represented by a minute cleft. The first whorl is furnished
with a few raised, thin spiral lines, the transverse riblets set
in abruptly at the beginning of the second whorl. The raised
spiral lines are also found on immature specimens with 3%
whorls.

Specimens from Palehua and Kaala, Waianae Mts., are
almost duplicates of those from Tantalus, except that the
apertures of the Kaala specimens are truncate-ovate rather
than subcircular.

A single specimen from Koholuamanu, Kauai, agrees very
closely with the specimens from Luakaha in size, color, form
and character of costulations. The columella is not, however,
slightly swollen near its middle, but uniformly slightly
concave.

PRONESOPUPA. 13

Altogether four specimens of this species were taken on
two trips to Puukolekole, Molokai. They agree very closely
in form, color, structure and size of costa? with the Luakaha
form. The only material difference is the aperture is larger,
with the outer margin of the peristome having a darker
tinge. The largest specimen with 4 whorls measures : length
1.53, diam. 1.07, aperture (diag.) 0.8 mm.

A single specimen in the Aucey collection from Hilo,
Hawaii, agrees almost perfectly with the Luakaha specimens,
the only difference being that the apex is slightly more acute.

Up to the present time no specimens of this species have
been reported, as far as is known, from either Lauai or Maui.
This species, as determined by us, has not been collected in
large numbers in any locality except on Tantalus, Oahu.

Undoubtedly it may sometime prove to be a fairly abun-
dant and widely distributed species on all of the islands, when
it is looked for under proper conditions.

Section Sericipupa new section.

Pronesopupffi of 5-5% whorls, closely and evenly costulate,
the costa? without membranous margins; embryonic whorls
convex, not flattened, very minutely granulose, the granules
much finer than in the preceding subgenera. Aperture usu-
ally edentulous, occasionally a minute swelling or fold ap-
pearing deeply seated on the columella. Type: P. frondicola.

Distribution: on the highlands (above 3,000 feet elevation)
of Kauai, Molokai, East Maui and Hawaii. Specimens of this
section are extremely rare. As far as known all living ex-
amples were taken on the leaves of ferns and low-growing
shrubs and under the bark and moss of trees.

The sculpture suggests possible descent from Nesopupilla.

8. PRONESOPUPA FRONDICOLA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 4.

The shell is perforate (umbilicus minute, deep, circular),
conic, dresden brown, closely and evenly costulate, rather
glossy, thin, subtranslucent. Spire conic with obtuse, rounded
summit; whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture,
apex less obtuse than in the preceding forms. Whorls nearly

14 PRONESOPUPA.

4, increasing very slowly and regularly, the embryonic
whorls nearly smooth, under a very strong lens very minutely
granulose, then, beginning gradually, the rest of the whorls
are closely and evenly costulate, the costas without mem-
branous margins, 011 the last whorl less than 0.04 mm. apart,
the interstices not wrinkled, but under the microscope there
are very indistinct, close, short spiral lines perpendicular to
the riblets. The last whorl is not very large, tapering towards
the base, convex about the umbilicus, ascending slightly near
the aperture. Aperture rather small, not diagonal, hardly
oblique, toothless, truncate-ovate, lip-insertions remote. • Outer
margin of the peristome minutely thickened, slightly ex-
panded, coluniellar margin arched over the umbilicus.

Length 2.05, diam. 1.15, aperture 0.73 mm.

Length 2.1, diam. 1.15, aperture 0.7 mm.

E. Maui: Ainahou, at the head of the Keanae Gap, Halea-
kala (type loc.) and Halemau, near the head of the Kaupo
Gap (Cooke), Ukulele at 6,000 ft. (Forbes, Cooke). On the
fronds of living ferns. Holotype 11033 Bishop Museum;
paratypes 38486 Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P.

A rather rare species in collections, probably due to the
station and the difficulty of finding specimens. All the speci-
mens were found on the pinnies of large ferns (Sadleria) ,
close to the mid-rib.

Fully adult specimens, from Ukulele, have a minute colu-
mellar fold, which is slightly oblique, median in position and
situated deep within. These specimens are slightly smaller,
and with slightly more convex outlines than those from the
type locality. One measures : length 1.95, diam. 1.1 mm.

There is no indication of a coluniellar fold in any of the
specimens from within the crater of Haleakala.

8«. P. frondicola corticicola n. subsp. PI. 1, fig. 3.

This form is somewhat similar to the typical one. In the
subspecies the indistinct spiral lines are slightly more evident
under a strong lens and the shell is considerably larger and
stouter, with the same number of whorls. The figures are
drawn to the same scale. The last whorl ascends slightly

PRONESOPUPA.

15

more near the peristome than in the typical form. Length
2.32, diam. 1.35, aperture (diag.) 0.92 mm. Holotype 11034
Bishop Museum ; paratypes 38785 Bishop Museum and A. N.
S. P.

E. Maui: Puunianiau at 7,000 ft. (type loc.), Ainahou and
Halemau (Cooke).

All the specimens of this subspecies were taken living in
moss on the bark of trees. It appears to be an extremely rare
form, but will probably prove to be widely distributed over
the mountain of Haleakala.

In an immature specimen with 3y2 whorls, the surface
structure of the embryonic whorls is fairly well preserved.
The surface is minutely granulose, the granules being indis-
tinctly arranged in transverse rows; near the beginning of
the second whorl there are faint indications of the rib-striae
as low blunt ridges. The initial portion of the first whorl is
immersed with the upper portion of the second whorl form-
ing a distinct blunt ridge bordering the suture.

9. PRONESOPUPA MOLOKAIENSIS n. sp. PL 1, fig. 5.

The shell is very like that of F. frondicola but slightly
smaller, darker colored and narrower in proportion to its
length. The aperture is vertical, not slightly diagonal. The
surface of the two lo\ver whorls is covered by somewhat
coarser costulation, the riblets about 0.07 mm. apart. There
is a minute, deeply situated swelling near the middle of the
inner face of the columella, as in a few of the specimens of
P. frondicola. Length 1.96, diam. 1.04, aperture (diag.)
0.73 mm.

Molokai: Kawela, at about 3,500 ft, (type loc.), and Wai-
kolu, about the same elevation ; on the leaves of low plants
(Cooke). Holotype 41806 Bishop Museum.

Only two examples of this species are known at present,
one from ear-h of the localities mentioned above. It is with
some hesitancy that we separate the above species from F.
frondicola of East Maui, under which it might not improperly
be placed as a variety. The coarser and more distant costae,
as well as its geographical distribution, are the most impor-
tant reasons for considering them specifically distinct.

16 PRONESOPUPA.

10. PRONESOPUPA INCERTA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 6.

The shell is perforate (umbilicus deep, cleft -like), elongate,
subeylindrieal, buffy citrine, thin, transparent, the surface
silky, shining, minutely, coarsely and evenly costulate. The
spire is extended, with slightly convex outlines, the individual
whorls convex, separated by a rather deep suture, apex
slightly acute. Whorls 5, increasing slowly and regularly, the
embryonic, under the microscope, minutely granulose, with
costula? beginning at about the middle of the second whorl:
the rest of the whorls evenly and regularly costulate ; riblets
without membranous edges, on the last whorl about 0.07 mm.
apart ; the interstices very minutely granulose ; last whorl
rather large, convex, tapering towards the base, scarcely
ascending near the aperture. Aperture toothless, truncate-
oval, hardly oblique, nearly perpendicular, the lip -insertions
remote, connected by a thin callus. Outer margin of peri-
stome slightly thickened, hardly expanded; columellar mar-
gin thickened along its edge, arched above the umbilicus, its
inner face nearly straight. Length 1.78, diam. 1.02, aperture
(diag.) 0.67 mm.

Kauai: Ilalemanu (Cooke). Holotype 15467 Bishop Mu-
seum.

As far as known but two specimens of this species have
been taken up to the present time. Both specimens were
found on the ground on dead leaves, probably shaken from
the fronds of ferns. Each came from a different locality near
Halemann. Unfortunately, no immature specimens are at
hand to make out clearly the surface structure of the embry-
onic whorls, as in both specimens the apices are considerably
eroded. The second specimen is lighter in color than the
type, with more compact whorls, slightly smaller, with more
convex outlines. It has 5 whorls and measures : length 1.71,
diam. 1.02, aperture (diag.) 0.64 mm.

This species is easily recognized from its other relations
by its smaller size and slight difference in color. Under a
strong lens no spiral striation could be made out in either
specimen. At first glance it appears to be closely related to
P. admoflc*t<i, but is easily separated by its acute and ex-

PRONESOPUPA. 17

tended apical whorls and the absence of membranous edges
to the riblets.

11. PRONESOPUPA SERICATA n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 1.

The shell is perforate (umbilicus minute, circular, deep),
nearly cylindric, dresdeii brown, thin, slightly translucent,
the surface silky, closely and evenly costulate. Spire ex-
tended, with slightly convex outlines, the whorls convex, sep-
arated by a rather deep suture. Apex relatively acute.
Whorls 5y2, increasing very slowly and regularly, the embry-
onic, under the microscope, minutely granulose, then, begin-
ning gradually, the rest of the whorls are closely and evenly
costulate ; the riblets low, without membranous edges, on the
last whorl about 0.05 mm. apart, and, under a very strong
lens, crossed by minute, close, indistinct, raised spiral lines,
and with minutely granulose interstices. Last whorl slightly
broader than the penult, long, tapering towards the base,
convex around the umbilicus, slightly ascending near the
aperture. Aperture unarmed, hardly oblique, not diagonal,
nearly vertical, narrowly truncate-ovate, the lip-insertions
remote. Outer margin of the peristome indistinctly thick-
ened, not expanded, columellar margin triangular, arched
above the umbilicus, its inner face straight. Length 2.7,
diam. 1.41, aperture (diag.) 1.04 mm. Holotype 11035 Bishop
Museum; paratypes 39256 Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P.

Hawaii: Piihonua, (a hill) in the flow of 1855, about 5,000
feet elevation, on leaves (type loc.) ; Humuula and Kipuu, in
1880 flow, above 6,000 feet (Forbes).

A very rare and interesting species from the highlands of
Hawaii. All the specimens were taken by Mr. Forbes and
were found on the leaves of plants. The type material con-
sists of two adult (one of which is badly broken) and four
immature specimens. There are but two specimens from each
of the other two localities.

This species is most closely related to P. f. corticicola from
Maui. It differs, however, in its more extended spire, less
convex outlines and especially in its coarser and more
strongly costate surface.

18 PRONESOPUPA.

12. PRONESOPUPA LYJIANIANA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 2.

The shell is similar to that of P. sericata, but shorter,
broader in proportion to its length, more pupiform and with
more convex outlines. The individual whorls are less convex
and consequently the suture is not as deep. Whorls 5, the
embryonic slightly smoother and less granulose than those of
P. sericata, the rest of the whorls evenly and closely costulate,
the interstices very minutely granulose, spiral striation
hardly showing under the microscope. The last whorl ascends
slightly near the aperture. The aperture is nearly vertical,
truncate-ovate. The outer margin of the peristome 'is very
slightly thickened, not expanded. The inner face of the
columella is straight. Length 2.08, diam. 1.22, aperture
(diag.) 0.8 mm.

Hawaii: 28% miles Olaa road (Lyman). Type 12516
Bishop Museum ; paratypes in Bishop Museum and A. N. S. P.

A very rare species of which there are only four specimens
in the Bishop Museum, from the original series collected by
Mr. E. Lyman.

It is distinguished from P. sericata by its smaller size, more
convex outlines and less convex individual whorls ; and from
P. frondicola it is most easily recognized by its broader
pupoidal form and less convex whorls.

13. PRONESOPUPA ORYCTA C. & P., n. sp. PI. 1, fig. 10.

The shell characters are somewhat similar to those of both
xcricata and lymaniana. The shell is narrow, subcyliudrical,
with an extended spire and with the apex relatively acute.
Whorls 51/2, the embryonic slightly more projecting than in
the other species, very minutely granulose, the rest closely
coiled, slightly convex, the last rather large, ascending slightly
near the aperture, tapering towards the base. The riblets of
the last whorl are from 0.055 to 0.07 mm. apart. Aperture
small, toothless, truncate oval. Outer margin of peristome
minutely thickened, very slightly expanded; columellar mar-
gin arched above the umbilicus, its inner face slightly con-
c;ive. Length 2.02, diam. 1.1, aperture (diag.) 0.73. Type

PUPISOMA.

19

11036 Bishop Museum; paratypes 36653 Bishop Museum, A.
N. S. P. and Thaanum coll.

Hawaii: Fossil at Palihoukapapa (Thaanum).

There are but four specimens of this interesting little form
in the Bishop Museum.

There is no doubt but that the three forms from Hawaii,
considered here as species, might be united under a single
specific name and be given varietal rank. They are, how-
ever, easily recognized from one another with an ordinary
hand lens and are without any intermediate connection such
as occur on Maui, and with our present knowledge it seems
best to consider them as separate species.

Undoubtedly this genus is widely distributed on the high-
lands of Hawaii, and there are probably many forms, if not
species, left to the patient collector of these practically (from
a eonchological standpoint) unknown fields.

Genus PUPISOMA Stoliczka.

Pupisoma STOL., Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xlii, 1873, p.
32, type P. lignicola. — PILSBRY, Man. Conch., ix, p. 52. — GOD-
WIN-AUSTEN, Land and Freshwater Moll. India, ii, 1910, p.
SQO.—Ptychopatula PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1889, p.
191 ; Nautilus, iii, p. 62 ; Man. Conch., ix, pp. 54, 57, H. caca,
Guppy designated as type.

The shell is ovate or globose-conic with obtuse apex, usually
perforate, thin; whorls 3y2 to 5i/2, strongly convex. Aper-
ture truncate-rounded; peristome thin, slightly or not ex-
panded, the columellar margin dilated and reflected.

Animal viviparous, having short eye-stalks and no inferior
tentacles. Jaw composed of vertical plaits with narrow in-
tervals. Radula with tricuspid central teeth; lateral teeth
tricuspid (miccyla) or with the inner cusp suppressed (dios-
coricola) ; marginals with 4 or 5 unequal cusps; formula
14.1.14 (dioscoricola) or 15.1.15 (miccyla).

Distribution, tropical and subtropical regions of both hemi-
spheres except in arid districts and oceanic islands; living on
the bark and leaves of trees and other plants.

As to the systematic position of Pupisoma, opinions have

20 PUPISOMA.

varied. Stoliczka and Blanford thought it a subdivision of
Pupa, having in mind the larger species, lignicola and eve-
zardi. Von Moellendorff, who knew only orcula-like species,
referred it to what he considered the Fmticicolid group, in
the neighborhood of Acanthinula and Zoogenites. Later esti-
mates were less sagacious. The present writer placed it in
the Endodontidcc, but expressed a suspicion that it might
belong to Pupidcc. Finally Godwin-Austen placed it in the
subfamily Thysanotincc of the Endodontidcc.

In restoring the genus to the Pupillidce, and placing it in
the subfamily Vertiginincc, the writer has been influenced
chiefly by the identical type of teeth and the absence of in-
ferior tentacles. Moreover, the shell, in the type species, P.
lignicola, approximates closely to such Nesopupae as N. ba/r-
rackporensis in sculpture, and is utterly unlike any Endo-
dontid snail. The teeth of the shell of P. lignicola, such as
they are, are normal for a Pupillid snail, but not like any
Endodontid. The genus may be regarded as an arboreal
derivative of Nesopupa, which has been modified like the
HaAvaiiaii Pronesopupse (likewise arboreal or folicolous) by
decadence or loss of teeth in the aperture, simplification of
the peristome and increasing tenuity of the shell.

P. dioscoricola in America and P. orciila of the Oriental
fauna are so similar that transportation by commerce seems
possible or even likely ; yet other and strongly differentiated
forms show that various species are certainly indigenous in
both hemispheres. Former communication of the herds may
have been around the north Pacific.

Pnpisoma comprises about a dozen well-established species,
divided between America and the Old World. As many
more doubtful or nominal species have been described by
authors who knew little or nothing of previous work, or who
did not compare their supposed novelties with the widespread
P. dioscoricola and P. orcula. There has been no general re-
vision of the genus hitherto, and its species have been scat-
tered through several genera.

Minute snails such as Pup-illidic and Vdllotiiidcc frequently
occupy far greater areas than the associated larger land mol-

PUPISOMA. 21

lusks; but there is good reason for the belief that the normal
areas of some Pupisomas have been extended by commerce.
Living on the bark and leaves of a great variety of shrubs
and trees, some of them such as oranges and palms, widely
cultivated, these snails must often be transported to remote
gardens in different parts of the world. Burimp considers
the South African species to be such involuntary immigrants.
Possibly the New Caledonian and Queensland forms may
also be expatriated species from India or elsewhere. How-
ever, the details of distribution of Pupisoma are as yet little
known in South America, tropical Africa, the East Indies,
and even India.

Besides the widely-spread species dioscoricola and orcula,
there are various more local species in America and Asia.

In America the only group which could well be thought
related to Pupisoma. is Bothrwpupa. This genus has been
placed in the Gastrocoptinae (Vol. XXIV, p. 226), but with
some doubt. If the animal proves to lack lower tentacles, as
I suspect, it will be transferred to the subfamily Vertigininse,
in the neighborhood of Nesopupa. It is possible that the
pitted-granulose American Pupisomas are simplified, foli-
colous derivatives from a Bothriopupid ancestral stock. Ob-
servations on the living animals of these snails will bring the
several hypotheses of their affinities nearer the earth.

Some Thysanophoras resemble Pupisoma; yet upon going
over the shells carefully there is no serious difficulty in mak-
ing the distinction. P. dioscoricola, under various names, has
hitherto been referred to Thysanophora or Acanthimda.

Pup'isoma as now accepted contains three sections which
appear related by shell characters.

I. Pupisoma. proper. Shell ovate, somewhat pupiform, of
41/2 to 5 whorls, minutely pitted-granose ; columella. thick-
ened, obliquely truncate or indistinctly toothed. P. Ugnicola,,
P. evezardi; both Indian.

II. In a tropical American group the shell is minutely
pitted-granose, otherwise like Ptychopatula. Species, P. mac-
neilli, P. minus, P. medwmericanum. The sculpture resem-

22 PUPISOMA.

bles that of the typical Pupisomas, some Nesopupse and Both-
riopupu.

III. Ptychopatida Pils. Shell globose-conic, of 3l/2 to 4
whorls, striate or irregularly ribbed, usually with spiral lines;
columella concave, simple, the coluniellar margin dilated.
P. dioscoricola, P. orcula and their allies, East and West.

Old World Species.

The sculpture has been imperfectly described in some of
these species; the following key may, therefore, require re-
vision.

1. Shell decidedly higher than wide, of 4i/2 to 5 whorls;
surface microscopically granose-pitted ; columella ob-
liquely truncate below II

Shell but little higher than wide, or not so, of 3 to 5
whorls ; surface striate ; columella continuously curv-
ing into basal lip Ill

11. Pale gray; 2 to 2.15 mm. long; Burma.

P. lignicolU', no. 1.
Brown ; 2.25 to 2.63 mm. long ; Western Ghats.

P. evezardi, no. 2.

III. Peristome thickened and reflected; a varix on the last

whorl ; perforate ; alt. 2.2, diam. 2.1 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Andaman Is P. constrictum, no. 6.

Peristome simple ; no varix IV

I V. Surface without spiral lines V

Surface having microscopic spiral lines ; very narrowly

perforate VII

V. Imperforate ; species of Ceylon VI

Umbilicus about one-seventh the width of the shell ;
alt, 1.2, diam. 1.16 mm. to 1.55x1.45 mm.; 3VL>

whorls P. japonicum, no. 3.

VI. Surface striatulate ; alt, 1.5, diam. 1 mm., 4 whorls.

P. miccyla, no. 4.

Surface costulate; 3 whorls P. lo-ncfstaffi, no. 5.

VI 1. Alt. 1, diam. 1.3 mm., 4 whorls; striatulate, Borneo.

P. pnlviscnlum, no. 9.

PUPISOMA.

23

Alt. 1.5, diain. 1.33 mm., closely ribbed ; Silchar.

P. cacharicum, no. 8.

Larger, up to 2 x 2mm. ; 3y2-32/3 whorls VIII

VIII. Thread-striate ; Peuang P. orcella, no. 7.

Irregularly, finely striate ; Japan to S. Africa and New
Caledonia P. orcula and allies, nos. 9-15.

1. PUPISOMA LIGNICOLA (Stoliczka). PI. 2, figs. 7, 10.

Shell shortly swollen-ovate, subconic, corneous, slightly
rimate, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4y2, a little convex, covered
with moderately distant, transverse, slightly arcuate riblets
alternating with some finer stria?, becoming obsolete at the
base. Aperture subrotund; labium [parietal wall] very thin;
very rarely furnished with a small median denticle; outer
lip thin, very little dilated, toothless, slightly ascending on
the penult whorl. Columella slightly expanding towards the
base, covering the umbilical region, twisted, somewhat toothed
below. Alt. 2, diam. 1.5, min. 1.2 mm. (Stol.).

Burma: Moulmein, Tenasserim, on masonry of the great
Pagoda, and on the opposite bank of the river at Martaban
on similar wrooden structures (Stoliczka) . Kangan caves, near
Moulmein (Stoliczka, Nevill). Rangoon (Hungerford).

Pupa lignicola STOL., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xl, 1871, p.
171, pi. 7, f. 3. — HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, pi.
160, f. 6. — Pupa (Pupisoma) lignicola STOL., J. A. S. B., xlii,
p. 32.- -NEVILL, Handlist Ind. Mus. Moll., i, p. 192. --Pupi-
soma lignicola GODWIN-AUSTEN, Land and Freshwater Moll.
India, ii, 1910, p. 300.— GLIDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii.
p. 34.

"The animal is grey with somewhat darker, very short
pedicles and almost obsolete tentacles. The columella of the
shell is at the base peculiarly expanded, flattened, somewhat
twisted, producing at the lower part a small denticle. Out
of a great number of specimens only one was met with which
has a small tooth about the middle of the inner or parietal
lip ; its presence, therefore, must be regarded as an excep-
tional character ' ' ( Stoliczka} .

The riblets mentioned by Stoliczka are partly cuticular

24 PUPISOMA.

and liable to be rubbed off, leaving white lines. Their devel-
opment is uneven, and on some specimens they would hardly
be noticed. Under the microscope the surface appears densely
pitted-granulose, exactly as in some Nesopupas. All adult
shells have a low columellar tooth, and one of those before
me from Moulrnein (fig. 7) lias a small, short parietal lamella
(mut. unidentata Godwin-Austen). The basal lip expands
somewhat, the outer lip scarcely so, but though thin it has a
smooth finish. It is more Pupiform than the other species.
Moulmein examples are figured. They measure ;

Length 2.15, diam. 1.5 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Length 2.1, diam. 1.5 mm. ; 4^ whorls.

2. PUPISOMA EVEZAKDI (Blanford). PI. 2, figs. 8, 9.

"Shell imperforate, with scarcely even a trace of rimation
in the umbilical region, conoidly ovate, thin horny, with
raised hair-like oblique lines, rather irregularly disposed, on
all the whorls. Spire nearly cylindrical below, conoidal
above, the sides convex, apex blunt, suture impressed. Whorls
41/0, convex, increasing in size regularly; the last but little
larger than the penultimate, rounded at the periphery and
below, not descending in front. Aperture diagonal, nearly
circular, but truncated above, without teeth; peristome thin,
all in one plane, slightly expanded, margins converging;
columellar vertical above, slightly twisted below, reflected
and united to the whorl so as completely to cover the um-
bilicus. Length 0.11, diameter 0.08, length of aperture 0.04
inch ' ' ( Blanford) .

Length 2.63, diam. 1.8 mm.; 5 whorls.

Length 2.25 mm.

India: Karkalla, near Kandalla, at the head of the Bor-
ghat, Bombay Presidency (Col. Evezard).

Pupa (Pupisoma) evezardi W. T. BLANFORD, Joum. Asiatic
Soc. Bengal, xlix, 1880, p. 199. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Con-
chologia Indica, 1875, p. 41, pi. 101, f. 5, 6. — Pupisoma eve-
zardi GODWIN- AUSTEN, Land and Freshwater Moll. India, ii,
1910, p. 301. — GUDE, Fauna of British India, ii, p. 37.

There is but little difference between this species of the

PUPISOMA.

25

Western Ghats and P. lignicola of Burma, though the local-
ities are so remote. Both have the same microscopic, in places
vermiculate granulation, with delicate striae and partly cuti-
cular, low, widely-spaced riblets, and the same broad, short
columella, obliquely truncate below. P. lignicola. has the pale
gray tint usually called "corneous", while evezardi is much
darker, nearly walnut-brown. Some specimens of the latter
species are larger than any lignicola seen.

Blanford discredits the locality "Singhur, Deccan" given
by Hanley and Theobald, suspecting that the specimens fig-
ured were from Colonel Evezard's original lot. Godwin-
Austen and Gude merely quote Blanford. Nobody seems to
have seen the characteristic granulation. The specimens fig-
ured were collected by Maj. A. Peile, R.A., in the Western
Ghats, probably near the original locality.

Group of Pupisoma orcula.

No less than eleven species of the orcula type have been
described from points between Abyssinia, Annam and Aus-
tralia; but in most cases no comparison was made with any
other species. Though several forms are represented in our
collection by topotypic material, the general comparisons
needed cannot be made until much more typical material is
available to one observer. It appears likely that P. orcula,
will be found to include hueensis, philippinicum, pulvisculum,
circumlitum, vimontianum, steudneri and possibly cacharicum.

3. PUPISOMA JAPONICUM Pilsbry. PI. 2, figs. 11, 12.

The shell is globose-conic with obtuse summit, umbilicate
(the width of umbilicus contained about 7 times in diam. of
shell), fragile, pale brownish or olive-buff, delicately striat-
ulate but without spiral lines. The whorls are rather strongly
convex. Aperture oblique, peristome thin and fragile, the
columellar margin broadly expanded and reflected. Length
1.55, diam. 1.45 mm. ; S1/^ whorls.

Japan: Hirado, Hizen ; Kashima, Harima (Hirase). South
Africa: Maritzburg, Edendale, Karklooff and Ntimbankulu,
Natal, commensal with P. orcula on indigenous trees and
shrubs (Burnup).

26 PUPISOMA.

Pupisoma japonicum Pils., Nautilus, xvi, June 1902, p. 21.
-HiRASE, The Conchological Magazine, iii. p. 26, pi. 9, f. 32,
33. - - BURNUP, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, x, 1912, p. 46.—
CONNOLLY, Ann. South African Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 159, right
figure.

The small size, total absence of spiral striation, and the
umbilicus, relatively larger than in any known Oriental
species, distinguish this shell. Like P. orcula, it is viviparous.
Burnup gives the following measurements of apparently
mature South African specimens :

Height 1.22, diam. 1.16 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 105.

Height 1.32, diam. 1.24 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 106.

Height 1.35, diam. 1.32 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 102.

Height 1.41, diam. 1.37 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 103.

Pupisoma. japonicum depressum Pils. (pi. 2, fig. 13) is
similar to japonicum except that the whole shell is a little
more depressed, the diameter slightly exceeding the altitude.
Length 1.3, diam. 1.35 to 1.4 mm. ; alt. 92 to 96 per cent of
the diameter.

Japan: Mikage, Settsu (Hirase).

Pupisoma japonicum depression PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1905, p. 710.— HIRASE, Conch. Mag., iii, p. 26, pi. 9, f. 34.

4. PUPISOMA MICCYLA (Benson). PI. 3, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell imperforate, globosely conoid, thin, striatulate, a
little shining, brownish-corneous, translucent. Spire truncate-
conic; suture impressed, the apex very obtuse. Whorls 4,
convex, the last globose, slowly descending in front. Aper-
ture lunate-rounded, oblique, the peristome acute, right mar-
gin arcuate, columellar margin acute, vertical, forming nearly
a right angle with the basal margin.

Lengt.li 1.5, diam. 1 mm. (Bens.).

Length 1.53, diam. 1.1 mm. (Godwin- Austen).

Ceylon: Matelle, on the bark of an orange tree (F. Lay-
ard). Binoya Estate, AVatawala, on the bark of mango and
orange trees (Collett).

Helix miccyla BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), v, May I860, p.
384.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1875, pi. 129, f. 8,

PUPISOMA. 27

9. — Pupisoma miccijla GODWIN-AUSTEN, Land and Fresh-
water Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301, pi. 132, f. 1-16 (shell), Ic,
Id (teeth and jaw).--GuDE, Fauna British India, Moll., ii,
p. 38.

"Allied to H. orcnla of northeastern India, but smaller,
destitute of the peculiar sculpture of that species, and distin-
guished by its very obtuse apex and by the formation of the
colmnellar lip " (Benson).

Godwin-Austen 's figures are copied. He writes as follows :
"Nearly every animal examined contained three embryonic
shells, some in an advanced stage of development, showing
the apex of the shell; compared with the parent animal they
are very large, and being pale-colored were very apparent.
During the height of the rains they must be extremely prolific,
and no doubt are crowded in colonies together, as I have seen
some species, such as Georissa, etc., in the humid valleys of
the Khasi Hills. Mr. Collett took them off orange trees in
September, 1899, in the bungalow garden on the Binoya
Estate."

5. PUPISOMA LONGSTAFFI Godwin-Austen. PL 3, fig. 11.

' ' Shell imperf orate, very globosely conoid ; sculpture a
smooth epidermis, with very fine, somewhat distant costula-
tion ; color pale brown ; spire depressedly conoid, apex blunt,
suture impressed ; whorls 3, very tumid and well rounded on
the periphery. Aperture nearly circular ; peristome thin ;
columellar margin thickened and slightly reflected and ex-
tending as a. callus on to the last whorl (G.-A.).

Ceylon: Kandy, on palm tree (Mrs. J. Longstaff).

Pupisoma longstaffi G.-A., Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of India, ii, pt, xi, March 1910, p. 303, pi. 132, f. 3-36.— Pupi-
soma longstaffi G.-A., GUDE, Fauna British India, Moll., ii,
p. 39.

' ' This shell is more globose than P. miccyla and not so high
in the spire, which tapers more rapidly. It is also costulate
as in the Pupisoma figured on plate 132, fig. 2, a single speci-
men of which was sent to me by Mr. Sykes, and cannot now
be found. Mrs. Longstaff writes: 'Numerous 011 palm, Flor-

28 PUPISOMA.

ence Hotel Garden, Kandy. Animal, body light grey, only
one pair of tentacles, dark. Tail pointed.'

"I was fortunate in seeing the radula in the first specimen
I. examined. Nothing could be seen of the genitalia. The
mantle zone was simple, with no shell-lobes. There are not
many teeth in the row, only some 15 or 16 ; all are large
quadrate plates. The central tricuspid, the admedians and
laterals bicuspid, the inner cusp long, the outer small and
basal. The jaw was crumpled up, and being so minute was
not well seen, but it appeared to be smooth. I am much in-
debted to Mrs. Longstaff for placing this species in my hands
and I have named it after its discoverer" (G.-A.).

6. PUPISOMA CONSTRICTUM (Godwin- Austen). PI. 3, figs. 8,
9, 10.

Shell turbinate, perforate; sculpture minutely costulate
a.bove, from the swollen portion forwards the surface is
smoother ; color, pale ochraceous ; spire conic ; sides flat ; apex
pointed ; suture impressed ; whoris 5, convex, at the distance
of half a turn in the spiral behind the aperture there is a
sharp swelling of the whorl, marking apparently the position
of the previous aperture, but this is not seen in any of the
whorls above ; aperture ovate, oblique, peristome much thick-
ened and reflected, united by a thin callus on the body-whorl ;
sinuate below and on outer margin. Maj. diam. 2.1 ; alt. axis
2.2 mm. (G.-A.).

Andaman Is.: South Andaman (de Roepstorff).

Pupa (Pupisoma,) constrictus G.-A., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1895, p. 450, fig. B. — Pupisoma constrictum G.-A., GUDE,
Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, p. 35, f. 11.

"Animal not yet seen, and it is difficult to say where this
species should find generic position. I sorted out from a tube
full of minute shells eight specimens of this very curious and
interesting species. Its sculpture is like that of Pupisoma
lignicola Stol., from Moulmein, and I think it better to place
it near this than to create a new genus for it, which I at first
intended. I think it is best, however, to wait until some one
else can examine the animal" (G.-A.).

PUPISOMA. 29

It should be noted that some other species of Pupisoma
show resting stages comparable to the swelling noticed in
this one. It is a character of old age, and probably not in
itself of specific significance.

7. PUPISOMA ORCELLA (Stoliczka). PL 3, figs. 5, 6, 7.

Shell subglobose-couoid, at apex obtuse, very narrowly per-
forate, thin, corneous; whorls S1/^, strongly convex, joined by
a simple suture, transversely thread-striate. Aperture sub-
rotund, a little oblique, toothless; outer margin very thin,
scarcely spreading; columellar margin whitish, slightly
twisted, reflected above, almost wholly covering the umbilicus.
Alt. 1.7, diam. 1.25, alt. aperture 0.6 mm. (Stoliczka).

Penang, under bark of Cocos nucifera (StoL).

Pupa (Pupisoma) orcella STOL., Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng.,
xlii, 1873, p. 33, pi. 2, f. 2.

' ' The animal is gray with dusky pedicles but no perceptible
trace of tentacles. The species differs from P. lignicola by a
shorter and broader form, more convex whorls, and by a
very slightly expanded and thin outer lip. In fresh speci-
mens some of the transverse stria? of the cuticle are rather
stronger than others, but they very soon wear off" (Stoliczka).

Stoliczka 's figures are copied, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6. A Penang
specimen believed to belong to this species is drawn in fig. 7.
It measures, alt. 1.9, diam. 1.65 mm., nearly 4 whorls. The
umbilical crevice is very minute. The surface has rather
sharp though low and unequal strias, and under the micro-
scope shows engraved spiral lines, distinct on the base but
elsewhere faint.

8. PUPISOMA CACHARICUM Godwin-Austen. PL 3, fig. 4.

"Shell scarcely perforate, globosely conoid, very tumid,
corneous; sculpture, spiral striation, crossed by a fine, close,
thread-like ribbing ; color, pale umber-brown ; spire moder-
ately high, conic ; apex blunt ; suture open ; whorls 3%,
rapidly increasing, very convex; aperture nearly circular,
oblique ; peristome thin, columellar margin perpendicular re-
flected. Major diam. 1.33; alt. 1.5 mm." (G.-A.).

30 PUPISOMA.

India: Silchar (J. Wood-Mason).

Pupisoma cacharica G.-A., Land and Freshwater Mollusca
of India, ii, part xi, March 1910, p. 303, pi. 132, f. 4.— Pupi-
soma cacharicum G.-A., Gude, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii,
p. 39.

"The tube containing some 50 shells was wrapped up in a
piece of paper, on which was written the following notes:
'From the branches of a Pepul tree, in scars and other shal-
low cavities, opposite the Deputy Commissioner's Cutchery,
Silchar, 3.4. '81.

' ' ' Only one pair of short, thick, blunt, sausage-shaped ten-
tacles, at the upper extremity of which the black eye-spots
are placed. Animal semitransparent, greyish, milky white
below, above grey ; retractor muscles of tentacles very plainly
visible through integument. No tail-gland.' Sent to me for
determination by Dr. N. Annandale, from the Indian Mu-
seum. The type-shell figured, with the remaining specimens,
will be returned to that Museum" (G.-A.).

Godwin-Austen does not make any comparison with P.
orcula, which is a little larger, but otherwise seems similar.

9. PUPISOMA PULVISCULUM (Issel) . Vol. Ill, pi. 42, figs. 55-57.

Shell very minute, nearly covered perforate, corneous-buff,
translucent, obliquely striatulate under a strong lens. Spire
convexly conoid, the apex flattened; whorls 4, convex, sep-
arated by a deep suture, the last whorl descending a trifle to
the aperture, convex at base. Aperture strongly oblique, sub-
angular at base ; peristonie acute, the right margin regularly
semicircular, columellar margin nearly vertical, somewhat
straight, delicately reflected at the insertion. Alt. 1, diam.
mm.; length of aperture % mm. (Issel).

Borneo: State of Sarawak (Beccari) ; Labuan (Everett).
Lombock, 1200 ft., on fruit trees (Everett).

Helix pulvisculum ISSEL, Ann. Mus. Cir. Stor. Nat. di
Genova, vi, 1874, p. 406, pi. 5, f. 24-27.— TRYON, Man. Conch.,
iii, p. 191. — Pupisoma pulvisculum (Issel) E. A. SMITH, Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, p. 29.

Possibly distinct from P. orcula by having 4 whorls in a
shell of smaller size, if the measurements are correct. Noth-

PUPISOMA.

31

ing is said of spiral strive, but these have been overlooked by
some other describers of Pupisoma. Issel's figures having
been copied in a former volume are not repeated here.

10. PUPISOMA ORCULA (Benson). PL 2, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Shell slightly perforate, conic-globose, corneous, translucent,
scabrous, obliquely irregularly costulate-striate. Apex obtuse.
Whorls Sy2, convex, the last rounded, suture deep. Aper-
ture oblique, rounded, scarcely as long as the spire; peri-
storne thin, acute, the columellar margin reflected, half cover-
ing the perforation. Diam. 2, axis 2 mm. (Benson}.

Length 2.05, diam. 2 mm.; 3% whorls (Kyoto, Japan).

Length 1.8, diam. 1.75 mm.; 3% whorls (Maritzburg).

Japan: Kyoto, Yamashiro (Hirase).

India: Between Jounpore and Benares, on trunks of
mango trees (Lieut. Burkinyoung) ; Dinapur, near Patua
and in mango groves from Barrackpur, in Bengal, to the
borders of Sikkim and thence to Chuprah in Bahar (Dr. J.
F. Bacon).

Java (Burnup) ; Philippines; Savu I. (near Timor) (A.
N. S. P.).

South Africa: Cape of Good Hope at Port Elizabeth
(Crawford) and Grahamstown (Parquhar). Natal: Maritz-
burg, Ntimbankulu, Dargle, Edendale, Game Pass (Burnup) ;
Eichmond (Wakefield, Cooper); Karkloof (Taynton). Pre-
toria, Transvaal (Connolly). Victoria Falls, Ehodesia (War-
ren).

Helix orcula BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), vi, Oct. 1850,
p. 251. --REEVE, Couch. Icon., vii, 1853, pi. 174, f. 1176.-
PFEIPFER, Conch. Cab., Helix, iii, 1854, p. 357, pi. 136, f. 18.
-HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1874, pi. 87, f. 1, 4.-
Pupisoma orcula (Bens.), GODWIN-AUSTEN, Land and Fresh-
water Moll. India, ii, 1910, p. 301. — HIRASE, Conchol. Maga-
zine, iii, 1909, p. 26, pi. 9, f. 30, 31.— BURNUP, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., x, 1912, p. 45. — CONNOLLY, Ann. S. African Mus.,
xi, 1912, p. 159, left fig.

The oblique stria? are unequal and irregularly spaced.
Under the microscope impressed spiral lines are seen, weak

32 PUPISOMA.

above, but distinct on the base. They are rather distinct
throughout in the specimen figured from Bohol. They are
never so clearly cut as in some P. dioscoricola , but the least
striate dioscoricola are not distinguishable from many speci-
mens of orcula.

Specimens (pi. 2, fig. 4) perhaps referable to P. pulvis-
culum are before me from Bohol, Quadras coll. They are
clean, light pinkish cinnamon-colored, finely and sharply
striate, larger strise at rather close intervals, and very dis-
tinctly striate spirally. Umbilicus about as in orcula.

Alt. 1.6 to 1.65, diam. 1.55 mm. ; 3% whorls.

Cebu specimens (pi. 2, fig. 3) are noticed below under P.
philippinicum, which appears to be merely orcula.

"In Natal the shells are found on the trunks, branches and
leaves of Cussonia and other native shrubs and trees in woods,
as well as on orange and apple trees in orchards." "Some-
times a distinct varix, showing a former resting-place, is
formed upon the shell" (Burnup}.

Mr. Burnup has pointed out that old shells become propor-
tionately higher for their diameter than younger. He gives
the following measurements of South African specimens
which seem mature:

Alt. 1.57, diam. 1.75 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 90.

Alt. 1.62, diam. 1.88 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 86.

Alt. 2.00, diam. 1.74 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 115.

Alt. 2.18, diam. 1.94 mm. ; per cent of alt. to diam. 112.
'Both this species and the following [P. japonicum] are
ovoviviparous, many of the specimens examined containing
one young mollusk furnished with a shell, and some few con-
taining two, one much larger than the other."

PI. 2, fig. 2 represents a specimen from Maritzburg.

This species is thought by Burnup to be an importation by
commerce ; yet as a similar form, perhaps identical, occurs in
Abyssinia, it may turn out to be one of the generally distrib-
uted East African snails, now known only at its northern
and southern limits.

P. orcula appears to be so widely spread in the Oriental
Region and P. dioscoricola in the Neotropical that one hesi-

PUPISOMA.

tates to question their endemicity in both hemispheres; yet
the possibility of transportation by commerce is not to be
ignored.

The following forms, hueense, philippinicum, pulvisculum
(no. 9), circumlitum and steudneri appear to be synonyms.
Further material may perhaps reveal differences ; I have seen.
typical material of philippinicum and circumlitum' only, and
it is hardly safe to synonymize the others without knowledge
of the microscopic sculpture, which the descriptions do not
give. The original descriptions follow.

11. Pupisoma hueense (Wattebled). PI. 3, fig. 12.

Shell very minute, subrimate, conic, thin, somewhat pel-
lucid, slightly striate, somewhat greenish-corneous. Spire
turbinate, the apex obtuse. Suture impressed. Whorls 3y2,
gradually increasing, strongly convex. Aperture oblique,
subrotund. Peristonie simple, dirty whitish, the columellar
margin a little thickened, outer margin acute. Alt. 2, diam.
Vo mm. (Wattebled).

Annam: Hue, under dead leaves in thickets (Dorr).
Helix hueensis WATTEBLED, Journ. de Conchy!., vol. 34,
1886, p. 57, pi. 4, f. 3.

Not seen. Probably a synonym of P. orcula.

12. Pupisoma philippinicum Mlldff. PI. 2, figs. 3.

Shell rimate, globose-conoid, thin, finely striatulate, cor-
neous ; spire convexly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 4, quite
convex, the last rounded, slightly descending in front. Aper-
ture diagonal, subcircular ; peristome thin, very slightly ex-
panded, the columellar margin dilated, triangularly reflected.
Alt. 2, diam. 1.7 mm. (Mlldff.).

Philippines: Montalban and Manila, Luzon (Moellendorff).
Cebu, on bushes and shrubs (Koch). Moluccas: Hitulama,
northern Amboyna (A. Strubell). Savu L, on orange trees
(Everett). Caroline Is. : Ponape (Kubary).

Pupisoma philippinicum MOELLENDORFF, Nachr.-bl. d.
Malak. Ges., xx, Aug. 1888, p. 108. — Journ. of Malacology,
vii, 1898, p. Ill ; Bericht Senck. Nat. Ges., 1890, p. 223, pi. 8,
f. 4.— BOETTGER, same Bericht, 1891, p. 268.

34 PUPISOMA.

The type was sieved out of earth from Montalban. "The
Philippine species is somewhat higher [than P. orcella], the
whorls are not so convex, the striation somewhat finer."

The Cebu form has weaker striation, according to Moellen-
dorff. His figures were copied in Vol. IX, pi. 14, f. 43, 44,
and a Cebu specimen is drawn in pi. 2, fig. 3. Length 1.85,
diani. 1.8 mm. ; 3% whorls. It has spiral striation like that
of P. orcula, and the specimens seem to differ in no way from
that species.

13. Pupisoma circumlitum Hedley. PI. 3, figs. 14, 15, 16.

"Shell globose-conical, perforate, thin, translucent. Color
a uniform pale tawny-olive. Whorls three and a half, well
rounded ; suture impressed. Sculpture : everywhere the
whorls are crossed by fine, close, raised hair lines; at irreg-
ular intervals these tend to rise into lamellge, which latter
can scarcely be detected in profile on the periphery; the em-
bryonic shell is similarly sculptured, no trace of spiral sculp-
ture can be seen ; a break at the completion of the second
whorl suggests that here ends the nepionic shell. Umbilicus
minute, funnel-shaped, showing only the preceding whorl.
Aperture very oblique, ovate-lunate, lip simple, coluniellar
margin broadly reflexed over the umbilicus, callus thin, trans-
parent. Height 1.9, breadth 2 mm." (Hedley).

Length 2.15, diam. 2.1 mm. Paratype.

Queensland: Bundaberg, on trees (Dr. May); near Graf-
ton, on orange trees (Hedley). Type C3459 Australian Mus.

Pupisoma circumlitum HEDLEY, Rec. Australian Mus., iii,
Aug. 5, 1897, p. 44, pi. 11, f. 1, 2, 3.

' This snail conceals itself by plastering the shell over with
grains of earth, etc., entangled in mucus. The device re-
minded me of the European Balea perversa, which adopts the
same habit in similar situations. Occasional abrasions seem
to show that the color resides in a very thin epidermis"
(Hedley).

In Bundaberg topotypes, received from Hedley, the micro-
scope shows fine, close spiral lines on the base, weak traces of
them also above the periphery. The oblique striatiou is of
the same character as in P. orcula, but the umbilicus is per-

PUPISOMA. 35

haps a trifle more open. It appears to be a form of orcula.
Medley's liue figures are copied.

14. Pupisoma vimontiainnn (Crosse). PL 3, fig. 13.

Shell having an almost wholly covered umbilical crevice,
oval-conic, marked with minute, oblique, very fine strise, vis-
ible only under a lens, thin, but little shining, translucent,
clear corneous. Spire couvexly conic, the summit obtuse.
Suture well marked. Whorls 4, convex, the last rounded,
nearly as long as the spire. Aperture subvertical, rounded-
semilunar, inside colored like the shell. Peristome simple,
with converging margins; columellar margin short, straight,
reflected, almost wholly covering the umbilical crevice, whit-
ish ; basal and outer margins rounded and sharp. Height a
little less than 2, greatest diam. l1/^ mm.; length and width
of the aperture % mm. (Crosse).

New Caledonia: neighborhood of Noumea (E. Marie).
Helix vimontiana CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xxii, 1874, p.
108; xxiii, 1875, p. 217, pi. 9, f. 2.

Not known to me by specimens. Compare P. orcula.

15. Pupisoma steudneri (Jickeli). PL 2, figs. 6a-d.

The irnperforate conic-globose shell is of a somewhat green-
ish color, under the lens covered with close, oblique, cuticular
longitudinal riblets. The conic spire has an obtuse apex.
The 4 inflated whorls are separated by a deep suture. The
last whorl forms two-fifths of the total length, descends very
slightly in front, and is inconspicuously angular at its periph-
ery. The oblique aperture is long-rounded, with a straight,
thin peristome, reflected and dilated at the insertion of the
columellar margin ; on account of the very strong expansion
of the columellar reflection an umbilical crevice may be
spoken of. The terminations of the lip converge. On the
base of the last whorl a very delicate spiral striation may be
observed in some examples, under a very strong lens. Alt.
1.75, diam. 2 mm. (Jickeli) .

Abyssinia: plateau of Rora-Beit-Andu, prov. Hamaszen,
under rotting leaves on stones (Jickeli).

Helix membranacea JICKELI, Mai. Blatter, 1873, p. 102 ; not
of Lowe. — Helix steudneri JICKELI, Nova Acta Acad. Caes.-
Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1875, p. 60, pi. 4, f. 21.

36 PUPISOMA.

This form does not appear to differ materially from P.
orcula. As I have not seen specimens, and the locality is re-
mote, it may be left on probation.

American Species.

[. .Shell with minute spiral stri£e. P. dioscoricola, 110. 16.

No spiral strige II

II. Surface with growth-lines only. P. michoacanense, no. 17.
Surface pitted-granulose Ill

III. About 4 to 4l/2 whorls P. mediamericanum, no. 20.

About 31/2 whorls '. . . IV

IV. Diam. 1.35 mm., umbilicus narrow P. minus, no. 18.

Diam. 1.5 mm., umbilicus wider P. macneilli, no. 19.

16. PUPISOMA DIOSCORICOLA (C. B. Ad.). PI. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3,
4,5.

Shell very small, thin, subglobose, imperforate, of 3 very
convex whorls ; the last rounded, narrowly indented beneath ;
lip thin. Divergence 70° ; alt. .05, greatest diam. .06, minor
diam. .05 inch" [about 1.25, 1.5, 1.25 mm.]. Jamaica (C. B.
Adams) .

The shell is globosely conic with obtuse apex, perforate,
cinnamon-colored, glossy. Sculpture of unequal growth-
wrinkles crossed by fine, impressed spiral lines about equally
distinct over the whole last whorl; earlier whorls with gra-
nose stria? or somewhat irregular granulation, partly conflu-
ent into strife. The tip of the apex is slightly depressed.
The whorls are strongly convex. The aperture is truncate-
rounded, oblique. Peristome thin, the columellar margin
whitish, dilated triangularly and broadly over the perfora-
tion. Columella concave.

Length 1.55, diam. 1.55 mm.; 31/^ whorls (fig. 1).

Length 1.95, diam. 1.8 mm.; 3% whorls (Brownsville).

Southern Florida and southern Texas to southern Brazil ;
specimens seen by the author from the following localities:

Florida: Cayo Tuna, Lossman's Key and Cape Sable on
the west coast. Cape Florida, Elliotts, Old Rhodes, Little
Palo Alto, Angel Fish, Pumpkin, Largo, Long, Lignum Vita?

PUPISOMA. 37

and Big Pine Keys, 011 the east and south. Ft. Lauderdale,
Lemon City, Miami, Snake Creek Hammock, 4 miles south of
Lakeview, in the Bade Co. mainland (A. N. S. P. and G. H.
Clapp collections). Gainesville (Clapp coll.).

Texas: Brownsville (R. D. Camp).

Jamaica: Stony Hill, St. Andrews; Orange Hill. Montego
Bay; near Mandeville, Manchester (A. P. Brown). Haiti:
San Lorenzo, south side Samaria Bay, Santo Domingo (Dr.
W. L. Abbott). Vieque (T. Bland). Costa Rica (Wm. M.
Gabb). Canal Zone: Juan Vinas (Jas. Zetek). Trinidad
(Guppy). Brazil: City of Sao Paulo (II. von Ihering).

Additional localities on record : Merida, Yucatan ( Morelet
for //. punctum} ; Cuenca, Ecuador (Mlldff. for P. ameri-
canum).

Helix dioscoricola C. B. AD., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., ii,
1845, p. 16. — PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., i, 42; Conchylien
Cabinet, Helix, p. 240, pi. 30, f. 29-31 (restoration from a
broken shell). — Helix - — , Costa Rica, BINNET, Ann. N. Y.
Acad. Sci., iii, p. 113, pi. 5, f. L (teeth). — Thysanophora dios-
coricola (C. B. Ad.), PILSBRY, Man. of Conch., ix, p. 57.

H. [elix] punctum MORELET, Testacea Novissima Ins. Cu-
bans et America? Centralis, ii, 1851, p. 9. — CROSSE & FISCHER,
Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., i, p. 228, pi. 12, f. la-b.— VON MARTENS,
Biol. Ceutr. Arner., Moll., p. 131, pi. 7, f. 3-35.

Helix caeca GUPPY, Proc. Sci. Asso. Trinidad (Dec., 1868),
1869, p. 241 ; Amer. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 307. - - PFEIFFER,
Monogr. Hel. Viv., vii, p. 527 ; Conchylien Cabinet, Helix, p.
539, pi. 163, f. 26-28.— DALL, Nautilus, iii, 1889, p. 25, pi. 1,
f. 9 (St. Augustine, Lake Worth, Hillsborough River). — Thy-
sanophora ca:ca (Guppy) PILSBRY, Man. of Conch., ix, p. 57.
-SUTER, Revista Museu Paulista, iv, 1900, p. 335, pi. 3, f. 1
(shell), 2 (jaw), 3 (teeth); (City of Sao Paulo). -- CLAPP,
Nautilus, xxxi, p. 74, pi. 8, f. 3. — Thysanophora dioscoric.ola
cceca (Gpy.), RHOADS, Nautilus, xiii, 45 (Miami, Fla.).

The greater distinctness of the spiral lines over the whole
last whorl and the coarser granulation of the early whorls
will usually serve to differentiate the typical form of dios-
coricola from Oriental orcula. As in orcula, the spire be-

38 PUPISOMA.

comes higher relative to the diameter with age. C. B. Adams'
measurement of the altitude was probably of the axis, not to
the base of the lip.

This minute snail certainly inhabits a vast area, entirely
similar specimens occurring from about 30° north latitude
to about 24° south.

It may be inferred that C. B. Adams found this species on
leaves of the yam (Dioscorea). S. N. Rhoads reported it as
"numerous in certain localities [about Miami, Fla.] on the
under surface of the leaves of magnolia and of palmetto ; on
the latter sometimes a score can be taken from a single leaf."
Morelet found Helix punctum, which seems to equal dios-
coricola, on leaves of trees.

The species is probably found all over Jamaica, as the
localities given above are on the south and north shores and
the high interior. Several unlocalized Jamaican lots from
the older collectors are also in our collection. In one of the
shells from Montego Bay there are strong wrinkles at rather
wide, unequal intervals; otherwise the Jamaican specimens
are much alike. Most specimens from Florida agree with
those of Jamaica; in some the spiral lines are somewhat
weaker.

Specimens from the Canal Zone and from Vieque are
rather small, the strine and spiral lines fine and delicate
though distinct. Probably they are not absolutely mature.

The following appear to be synonyms.

Helix ccrca Guppy, described from Trinidad, is, according
to a series received from that author many years ago, prac-
tically typical dioscoricola. The spiral lines are weak, barely
discernible on the upper part of the last whorl in some speci-
mens, but in others distinctly developed throughout, though
not strong. One of this lot is figured, pi. 4, fig. 5. Pfeiffer's
figure, doubtless from a specimen from Guppy, was copied
by Tryon in MANUAL, vol. II, pi. 53, figs. 46, 47. Guppy de-
scribed it as costulate, Pfeiffer as striatulate ; the latter term
is more appropriate. Two examples measure: Length 1.6,
diam. 1.6 and 1.65 mm.

Helix punctum Morelet is in no way differentiated from

PUPISOMA.

39

dioscoricola by the characters and figures which have ap-
peared. A figure was copied by Tryou from Crosse & Fischer
in MANUAL, vol. Ill, pi. 9, fig. 7. Von Martens' figures are
reproduced in our pi. 4, figs. 13, 14. All of these were drawn
from specimens from Morelet. The original description
follows.

"H. punctum. Shell covered-p erf orate, small, globose, tur-
binate, corneous-rufous; whorls 3y2, convex; aperture lunar;
peristome simple, acute, the columellar margin a little re-
flected, vaulting over the umbilicus. Diam. 1% mm. On
leaves of trees in gardens of the city of Merida'' (Morelet}.

Neither Crosse and Fischer nor von Martens give any
account of the sculpture, though these authors figure speci-
mens from Morelet. Presumably the shell appeared smooth
under a hand lens, a higher power being required to bring
out the spiral striation in most of this group.

Pupisoma americanum Mlldff. appears from the descrip-
tion, translated below, to be identical with dioscoricola. Von
Moellendorff supposed that no similar form had been reported
from America, and therefore did not compare dioscoricola,,
punctum and ctrca.

. .

'Pupisoma americanum. Shell narrowly and half-covered
perforate, conoid-globose, thin, subpellucid, distinctly striat-
ulate, buff-corneous. Spire convexly conoid, obtuse at apex.
Whorls scarcely 4, convex. Aperture strongly oblique, sub-
circular, moderately excised ; peristome unexpanded, the colu-
mellar margin dilated above, reflected. Alt. 1.75, diam. 1.75
mm. Cuenca, Ecuador." Strubell collection. (Moellendorff,
Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., vol. 31, June 1899, p. 91.)

Spiral striation is not mentioned, yet as it would not be
seen with a hand lens, it is probably present. Moellendorff
did not mention it in describing his P. philippinicum. He
evidently did not use a microscope.

P. dioscoricola insigne n. subsp. PI. 4, figs. 6, 7, 8.

Sculpture rougher by the presence of coarse wrinkles or
low riblets at unequal intervals among the finer growth-
ripples; whorls 3% to nearly 4. Other characters as in
typical dioscoricola.

40 PUPISOMA.

Length 1.95, diam. 1.85 mm. ; nearly 4 whorls.

Texas: Brownsville, type loc. (fig. 7). Hidalgo (fig. 6).
Mexico : Valles Falls, Ganina River and Choy cave, San Luis
Potosi (A. A. Hinkley) ; Izamal, Yucatan (Heilprin Exped.).
Demerara (fig. 8), (R. Swift).

The single example from Demerara has the ribs very
strongly developed (pi. 4, fig. 8). Those from San Luis
Potosi have very distinct spiral lines, 4 whorls.

A few similarly sculptured specimens were found in lots
from Miami and Gainesville, Florida, and, as mentioned
above, one was found at Montego Bay, Jamaica ; in both cases
among typical dioscoricola, and having the same number of
whorls. The status of the form is therefore somewhat doubt-
ful, but it would be a fault to omit notice of a form so con-
spicuously differentiated.

17. PUPISOMA MICHOACANENSE u. sp. PL 4, fig. 12.

The shell is narrowly perforate, globosely conic, higher
than wide, grayish buff (corneous). Surface marked with
some irregularly-spaced growth-wrinkles but without spiral
lines. The aperture is rounded, not much excised by the
penult whorl, peristome simple, the columellar margin tri-
angularly dilated but less broadly than in P. dioscoricola.
Length 1.6, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 3i/2 whorls.

Mexico: Morelia, Michoacan, S. N. Rhoads, 1899. Type
77119 A. N. S. P.

Distinguished by the high contour and absence of spiral
sculpture.

18. PUPISOMA MINUS n. sp. PI. 4, figs. 9, 11.

The shell is very narrowly umbilicate, globose-conic, cinna-
mon-colored, but slightly glossy. Sculpture of very minute,
shallow, confluent pits, or it might be described as densely
vermiculate-granose ; a few strife are indistinctly developed,
but no trace of spiral lines. The whorls are strongly convex.
Aperture rounded-oval, excised moderately by the penult
whorl. Peristome simple and thin, the columellar margin
broa.dly dilated, half covering the umbilicus.

PUPISOMA. 41

Length 1.35, diain. 1.23, length of aperture 0.7 mm.; 3y2
whorls.

Florida: Crystal River, Citrus Co. (C. B. Moore); Tick
Island, Volusia Co. (Pilsbry & Johnson, 1894) ; Bade Co. at
Lemon City (S. N. Rhoads), and Snapper Creek, south of
Cocoanut Grove, type loc. (Morgan Hebard). Elliott's Key,
Pumpkin Key, Ft. Lauderdale, near Coot Bay, Cape Sable.
Jamaica: Maudeville, Manchester (A. P. Brown); west of
Port Antonio (Henderson). Guatemala: Chama (A. A.
Hinkley ) .

Thysanophora dioscoricola (C. B. Ad.), CLAPP, Nautilus,
xxxi, Jan. 1918, p. 75, pi. 8, f. 2.

All of the specimens from Florida were found in leaf and
earth siftings, only one or a few from each of the localities
mentioned. It is readily differentiated from P. dioscoricola
by the minute size, larger umbilicus, less rapidly expanding
whorls, and especially by the sculpture. Half-grown Bothrio-
pupa variolosa has similar sculpture, but the first whorl is
much smaller and the last less ample, besides differing in
form.

The single example from Crystal River ( in western Florida
about 25 miles below Cedar Keys) has a low prominence on
the columella, in an oblique view (pi. 4, fig. 10). Further
specimens from this part of the state should be examined, as
no such structure appears in any other specimens seen.

The two specimens from Guatemala and four from Jamaica
do not seem to differ from those of Florida.

This species stands close to P. macneilli Clapp, but appears
to differ constantly by the narrower umbilicus and the more
oblique aperture. It has not the riblets at irregular intervals
of P. medianiericanum and does not attain to the size of that
species.

P. minus was first recognized as a distinct species by Dr.
G. H. Clapp, who figured it as dioscoricola.

19. PUPISOMA MACNEILLI (Clapp). PI. 4, fig. 15.

Shell small, globose, with about four well-rounded whorls;
suture deep ; color chestnut-brown, somewhat shining ; sur-

42 PUPISOMA.

face with faint growth-lines and microscopically granulated ;
apex obtuse, large, more densely granulated than the body of
the shell ; widely umbilicate, with the umbilicus extending to
the apex and contained about 5 times in the diameter of the
shell. Aperture well rounded, slightly oblique; lip thin,
partly reflected around the umbilicus. The type measures,
alt. 1.5, diam. 1.38, umbilicus 0.29 mm. (Clapp).

Length 1.3, diarn. 1.25 mm.; 3% whorls (cotype).

Alabama: Magazine Point, 8 miles north of Mobile. Also
found at Spring Hill and along the Fowl River, about 3 miles
from the coast in the southern part of Mobile Co. (L. H.
McNeill).

Thysanopliora macneiUi CLAPP, Nautilus, xxxi, Jan. 1918,
p. 74, pi. 8, f. 1.

In the cotype figured the umbilicus is contained 5% times
in the diameter. Dr. Clapp 's figure shows 3y2 whorls, and
this is the number counted in the cotype figured. The um-
bilicus is larger than in P. minus and the aperture is less
oblique, this being particularly noticeable in a basal or a
profile view.

20. PUPISOMA MEDIAMERICANUM n. sp. PL 4, figs. 16, 17.

The shell is perforate, globose-conic, thin, olive-buff, some-
what glossy. Sculpture of widely, unevenly spaced low rib-
lets, the intervals somewhat roughened by shallow pitting,
without spiral striation, the first two whorls very minutely
granulose. The whorls are strongly convex. Aperture trun-
cate-rounded. Peristome thin, slightly expanded below, the
columellar margin rather broadly dilated over the rather
large perforation.

Length 1.7, diam. 1.44, length aperture 0.7 rnm. ; 4i/> whorls.

Length 1.7, diam. 1.46, length aperture 0.7 mm.; 41/0 whorls.

Length 1.65, diam. 1.3 mm.; 4 whorls. Chama.

Length 1.6, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 4 whorls. Chama.

Mexico: about 500 ft. above the town of Orizaba (Heilprin
Expedition, 1890). Type and paratypes 28270 A. N. S. P.
Chama, Guatemala (A. A. Hinkley).

The high form, distinct riblets and greater number of

CYLINDROVERTILLA. 43

whorls separate this species from P. dioscoricola ; in the last
two characters it differs from P. michoacanensis, which also
differs by lacking the confluent pitting of the surface. It is
much like P. minus in sculpture, except for the low, wide-
spaced riblets of mediamericanum; also, the shell is more
conic, with a smaller umbilical perforation and more whorls.
Botkriopupa breviconus Pils. has a somewhat similarly pitted
surface, but it is toothed, a little smaller, with the whorls in-
creasing less rapidly, the aperture therefore smaller.

Genus CYLINDROVERTILLA Boettger.

Cylindrovertilla BTTG., in v. Martens' Conchologische Mitt-
heilungen, i, 1881, p. 62, for Pupa paitensis and P. fabreana.
-PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, pp. 427, 428.

The shell is sinistral, minute (length 1.6 to 2 mm.), ovate
or oblong, tapering towards both ends, smoothish ; aperture
with long angular and short columellar lamella?, 1 or 2 palatal
folds; peristome expanded, thickened within, the termina-
tions remote.

Type C. fabreana (Crosse).

Distribution : New Caledonia, coasts of Queensland and
New South Wales, Australia.

The chief peculiarity of this genus is that there is no pari-
etal lamella, but a strongly developed angular lamella emerg-
ing to or towards the termination of the outer lip. This is a
highly peculiar condition ; yet from the relation of the lamella
to the lip, exactly as in Ptychalaa and Nesopupa, there can
be no doubt as to its homology with the angular lamella of
other genera.

Another peculiarity of Cylindrovertilla is that the upper
palatal fold is stronger than the lower, and persists when the
latter is lost. In most Pupillidae the lower palatal fold is the
stronger and more constant.

The columellar axis is very small, and the columellar
lamella extremely short. There is no basal fold in known
species, unless it is represented by the basal thickening of the
lip-callus in C. fabreana.

44 CYLINDROVERTILLA.

Key to species of Cylindrovertilla.

a1. Aperture having two palatal folds.

&1. Weakly striate; 1.95 mm. long, of 5 whorls; Aus-
tralia. C. kingi, no. 1.
b2. Nearly smooth ; 1.75 mm. long, of 4y2 whorls ; New
Caledonia. C. paitensis, no. 4.
<(-. Aperture having one palatal fold, the upper palatal.

&1. Distinctly though minutely striate; lip-callus not
thicker at the base than elsewhere ; Australia.

C. hedleyi, 110. 2.

b". Striation very weak ; lip-callus having a basal thick-
ening or low nodule ; New Caledonia, Queensland.

C. fabreana, no. 3.

1. CYLINDROVERTILLA KINGI (Cox). PL 5, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is sinistral, rimate, ovate, between cinnamon and
fawn color. Surface glossy, very closely, minutely striate,
the strias oblique, very low, usually most distinct on the
penult whorl, partly effaced or in part replaced by irregular
granulation 011 the last. The apex is obtuse. Whorls are
rather strongly convex, the last having a wide or strong,
rounded, striate crest behind the outer and basal lips, of a
dull orange-cinnamon color; behind the crest it is somewhat
flattened laterally, convex below the suture. The aperture is
somewhat oblique, shortly piriform, the peristome expanded,
heavily thickened within by an orange-cinnamon or paler
callous ridge. The angular lamella is strong, white, its
emerging outer end low, curving to join (or nearly join) the
termination of the outer lip. Columellar lamella white, rather
small and short, almost tuberculiform. The upper palatal
fold is short, not emerging to the callous rib. Lower palatal
fold smaller and a little deeper within.

Length 1.95, diam. 1.1 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Australia, New South Wales: Paramatta (R. L. King, type
loc.), Vancluse Point, Port Jackson (C. Hedley) ; Glebe
Point, Sydney (Brazier), Wollongoug (Masters, P. mastersi
Cox). Queensland: Burleigh Head Island.

Pupa kingi Cox, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiv, Sept, 1864, p.

CYLINDROVERTILLA.

45

183; Catalogue of the specimens of the Australian Land
Shells in the collection of James C. Cox, etc., 1864, p. 28;
Mon. Australian Land Shells, 1868, p. 79, pi. 14, f. 17, 17a.-
Vertigo kingi Cox, var., HEDLEY, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Queensland,
v, 1889, p. 102 (Burleigh Head). — Pupa mastersi Cox, Cata-
logue, p. 29—Cylindrovertilla kingi (Cox), PILSBRY, Proc. A.
N. S. Phila,, 1900, p. 426, fig. 3.

Cox described Pupa kingi as having three teeth. The types
were stated to be in "Mus. Rev. R. L. King," and are now
(two specimens) in the Australian Museum. They were col-
lected at Paramatta, 13 miles from Sydney. Specimens col-
lected by Mr. Hedley at Vancluse Point, drawn in figs. 1, 2,
3, were compared with the types and pronounced by Mr.
Hedley the same. All of them have four teeth ; also no. 22921
of the collection, from Sydney (W. P. Wilstack, 1867), fig-
ured in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 426. In the absence
of 3-toothed specimens from the Sydney district it may be
assumed that Cox overlooked the small lower palatal fold.
However, he described Pupa mastersi (from Wollongong,
further south) as having four teeth; subsequently (1868) he
decided that it was a synonym of kingi. The specimens here
described and figured agree with the description of P. mas-
tersi.

Specimens from Burleigh Head Island, near the southern
boundary of Queensland, agree with those of the Port Jack-
son district, all having four teeth, the palatals small.

The original descriptions follow:

Pupa kingsi. - - P. testa sinistrorsa, profunde et breviter
rimata, ovato-oblonga, teiiui, laevigata, nitida, hyalina, rubido-
castanea ; spira convexa, apice obtusa ; anfractibus 4, convexi-
usculis, ultimo semilongitudinem testae vix aequante; aper-
tura vertieali, irregulariter constricta et subbipartita ; triden-
tata, dente conspicuo acutiusculo in pariete aperturali, altero
miiiore latiore et obtuso in columella, tertio minimoque in
margine externo ; peristoinate incrassato et breviter expanse,
ore rubido, dentibus albis. Long. 0.05, diani. 0.03 unc.

Hab. : Parramatta (King). Mus. Rev. R. L. King.

In 1868 Cox gave the length as 0.07 inch, much nearer the
true size.

46 CYLINDROVERTTLLA.

Pupa mastersi. - - P. testa sinistrorsa, perforata, ovato-
oblonga, nitidiuscula, riifo-comea, translucente ; spira con-
vexo-turrita, obtusissima ; anfractibus 5, ultimo ceteros sub-
aequante ; apertura verticali, magna, truncato-rotunda, quadri-
dentata, dente prime prominente compresso plicae simili in
medio parietis aperturalis, secundo valido obtuso conico in
margine interiore juxta angulum, tertio angusto in labio ex-
terno, quarto profimde in fauce; axi centrali; peristomate
externe paulo sinuato, modice incrassato et breviter expanso.
Long. 0.03, diain. 0.08 uiic.

Habitat: Wollongong (Masters).

There is an evident error in the measurements, the length

and diameter were transposed.

2. CYLINDROVERTILLA HEDLEYI n. sp. PL 5, figs. 4, 10.

The shell resembles P. kingi as above defined except in the
following particulars: The surface is much more distinctly
striate, and on the last whorl there is more of the minute
malleation or confused granulation noted for kingi. The
crest behind the lip is more oblique, the broad pit preceding
it deeper. The upper palatal fold is longer, more immersed,
and there is no trace of a lower palatal fold. There is a
rather strong callous rib within the lip. The angular lamella
is thin and but slightly sigmoid in basal view.

Length 1.8, diam. 1.07 mm. ; 41/2 whorls.

Australia: Calliungal, in southern Queensland (C. T.
Musson ) .

P. kingi Cox, in part, HEDLEY and MUSSON, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. (2), vi, 1891, p. 558.

This species is larger and more coarsely striate than C.
fabreuna; the angular lamella penetrates less deeply, and it
does not have the basal thickening of the lip-rib character-
istic of that species.

The color is lighter, more buff than C. kingi, without red-
dish or orange tint around the mouth ; but the specimens are
all "dead" though fresh. They are part of the lot catalogued
by Hedley and Musson, received from Charles Hedley.

CYLINDROVERTILLA. 47

3. CYLINDROVERTILLA FABREANA (CrOSSe). PL 5, figS. 5, 7-9,

12, 13.

Shell umbilicate, sinistral, subovate-obloug, thin, trans-
lucid, scarcely shining, corneous. Spire moderately elevated,
the apex obtuse. Suture lightly impressed. Whorls 5, con-
vex, regularly increasing, the last shorter than the spire
(£ : 1£), strongly scrobiculate or pitted outside where the
outer passes into the basal margin. Aperture subvertical,
semioval, contracted by three folds colored like the shell:
first a strong parietal, second marginal [palatal], deeply
placed, third columellar. Peristome narrowly expanded, a
little thickened, corneous- whitish., the basal margin thickened
within at the place of the external pit, the outer margin some-
what inflexed in the middle.

Length 1.5, diam. % mm. (Crosse).

New Caledonia: Vata, near Noumea (E. Marie). Austra-
lia: Boyne Island, Queensland (Musson).

Pupa fabreana CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 359 ;
xxii, 1874, p. 392, pi. 12, f. 6.— PER., Monogr., viii, 391.-
BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil., i, p. 63. - - Vertigo fabreana
CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xlii, 1894, p. 304 (1896).

A species very close to Pupa paitensis, which is also sinis-
tral, but to be distinguished as follows: the shell is umbili-
cate, not perforate-rimate, oblong rather than ventricose, a
little more glossy, the spire less conic, whorls 5 instead of 4=y2,
the last smaller than the spire and externally having two pits,
the aperture with three teeth instead of one (Crosse).

The larger angular and upper-palatal folds and especially
the thickening of the callus within the basal lip characterize
this species, of which topotypes (figs. 7, 8, 9) from Marie and
G. Dupuy have been examined. The original figure of Crosse
is copied in fig. 5.

The shell is chamois-colored, weakly, faintly striate, with
traces of fine malleation on the last whorl. Behind the lip
there is a rather deep, wide impression or pit over the upper
palatal fold, the whorl swollen above and below it, and on the
base there is another impression close behind the lip. The
aperture is small, oblique. The expanded peristome has a

48 CYLINDROVERTILLA.

heavy internal callus, narrow in the sinulus, an obtuse inward
projection below it ; and in the base the callus rises in a low,
wide boss. The angular lamella is very long and somewhat
sinuous. Columellar lamella rounded. Upper palatal fold
rather long, higher and bent down within, weakly emerging
to the lip-callus. There is no lower palatal fold.

Length 1.75, diam. 0.85 mm. ; 4i/2 whorls. Anse Vata.

Length 1.63 mm.

Length 1.8 mm.

A series of this species was collected on Boyne Island,
southeastern Queensland, by C. T. Musson. The specimens,
or some of them, show a trifle more striatioii than those of
New Caledonia, and the angular lamella may be slightly more
sinuous; but the differences noted are trivial. An average
example and one somewhat stouter and more distinctly striate
are figured. They measure :

Length 1.65, diam. 0.84 mm. Fig. 12.

Length 1.63, diam. 0.9 mm. Fig. 13.

4. CYLINDROVERTILLA PAITENSIS (Crosse). PL 5, fig. 6.

The shell has a well-marked umbilical crevice, is sinistral,
of oval-oblong shape, a little ventricose, thin, corneous.
Spire moderately conic, terminating in an obtuse summit.
Suture lightly marked. Whorls 4i/2, convex, a little inflated,
increasing regularly, the last whorl nearly as large as the
spire and tapering to the base. Aperture subvertical, semi-
oval, contracted by the presence of a single quite strong
parietal fold. Peristome thick and of a brownish-corneous
violaceous color. Outer margin slightly bent in. Length 1.5,
greatest diam. 0.75 mm. (Crosse}.

New Caledonia: Paita, on the west coast (E. Marie).

Pupa paitensis CROSSE, Journ. de Conch., xx, 1872, p. 227 :
xxii, 1874, p. 391, pi. 12, f. 5.— BOETTGER, Conchol. Mittheil.,
i; p. 63. — Vertigo paitensis CROSSE, J. de C., xlii, 1894, p. 304
(1896).

This species evidently stands very close to C. Jeingi of Aus-
tralia. It appears to differ in certain details, but I have not
been able to compare specimens, and have copied the original

figure.

STERKIA.

49

According to Boettger, who described a specimen received
by Pfeiffer from Crosse, the two small, deeply placed palatal
folds were overlooked by Crosse. Boettger gives the follow-
ing' description:

The shell is sinistral, narrowly perforate-rimate, oblong-
ovate, subventricose, thin, rather glossy, corneous-yellow.
Spire convexly conic, the apex rather acute. Whorls 4^, a
little convex, regularly increasing, parted by an impressed
suture, nearly smooth, the last about f of the total length,
somewhat tapering at, base, at the aperture lightly 2-pitted
and encircled with a distinct annular callus [crest] colored
like the shell. Aperture subvertical, somewhat heart-shaped,
4-toothed. Parietal compressed, rather deeply placed, lamelli-
forni; columella straight, and narrow, truncate and quasi-
iiniplicate at base; palatals 2, parallel, not very strong, re-
mote, the lower very deeply placed. Peristome with a long
interruption, somewhat thickened, the outer margin somewhat
inflexed and slightly produced angularly. Length 1.75, diaui.
1 mm.

Genus STERKIA Pilsbry.

Xterkia PILS., Nautilus, XI, Feb. 1898, p. 119.

The shell is minute (ll/o to 2 mm. long, of 41/£ to 5y2
whorls in known species), perforate, cylindric with very
short apical cone and obtuse summit; thin, brown, slightly
wrinkled or rib-striate. Aperture about as wide as long, the
peristome expanded or reflected, brown, thin, terminations
remote ; angular and parietal lamella? long, not connected, the
angular running to the posterior termination of lip ; colu-
mellar lamella and 2 palatal plicae present.

Type, 8. calamitosa (Pils.).

Distribution, Southern and Lower California, and from
southern Florida to Guatemala and Guyana.

These minute, blunt-topped Pupillids have much the ex-
ternal appearance of the Old World genus Truncatellina, but
they differ in apertural armature. The teeth show relation-
ship with Ptychala-a and Nesopupa, genera now mainly living
on the Pacific Islands and Oriental Region, but in the middle
Tertiary also in Europe, associated with Gastrocopta and
other Holarctic genera. Though paleontologie evidence is

50 STERKIA.

lacking, it may perhaps be inferred that the modem Sterkise
are diminutive descendants of an early Tertiary Ptychalaa-
like stock of Holarctic distribution.

The typical species of the genus are remarkably specialized
in teeth. The section Metasterkia contains more primitive
species.

The living animal has not been observed. It will probably
be found to lack inferior tentacles, if our estimate of its
affinities is correct.

The Eastern or Antillean herd is widely remote from that
of Lower California, yet we know so little of the minute
shells of tropical America that part of this separation may
be due to the deficiencies of our Mexican collections. The
genus will probably be found widely spread in the West
Indies and shores of the Caribbean Sea.

Key to species of Sterkia.

a\ Shell distinctly rib-striate; lamellae and plicas large; the
inner end of the columellar lamella bent vertically down-
ward (Section Sterkia, proper).

61. Columellar lamella forming a large, vertical plate,
visible in the aperture ; both palatal folds visible in
a front view. Lower California. 8. calamitosa, no. 1.

62. Vertical part of the columellar lamella not conspic-
uous ; lower palatal fold not visible in a front view ;
upper palatal fold very long; base humped. South-
ern and Lower California. 8. hemphilli, no. 2.

a~. Shell nearly smooth ; palatal folds not very large, all vis-
ible in a front view; columellar lamella turned upward
within or horizontal (Section Metasterkia, type 8. antil-
lensis).

ft1. Columellar lamella median, short, entering horizon-
tally ; five or more Avhorls. California.

8. Clementina, no. 3.

ft2. Columellar lamella situated high, ascending within ;
Florida to Guyana.

c1. Palatal folds small and short.

STERKIA.

51

dl. Diameter decidedly more than half the
length. Guyana to Guatemala.

S. eyriesi, no. 4.

d-. Diam. about half the length. Southern

Florida. 8. rhoadsi, no. 5.

c2. Palatal folds well developed, the lower one

rather long. West Indies. S. antillcnsis, no. 6.

1. STERKIA EYRIESII (Drouet). PI. 6, figs, 1, 2, 4, 5.

Shell very minute, perforate, cylindric-obtuse, short,
smooth, glossy, thin, translucent, pale corneous. Whorls 5,
convex, the suture deep, last whorl grooved. Apex very ob-
tuse, rather depressed. Aperture somewhat triangular, 5-
toothed ; peristome subcoiitinuous, spreading, reflected. Length
iy2, diam. 1 nim. (Drouet).

French Guyana: Ilet-la-Mere, on the trunk of Spondias
moubin, quite abundant (Lieut. Charles Eyries). Cayenne
(A. N. S. P.). Nickerie, Surinam (Voltz). San Fernando,
Trinidad, on ferns (Guppy). Chama, Guatemala (A. A.
Hinkley).

Pupa eyriesn DRONET, Essai sur les Moll. terr. et fluviatiles
de la Guyane Frangaise, 1859, p. 71, pi. 2, f. 16o, 17. —
BLAND, Amer. Journ. of Conch., iv, p. 186. — VERNHOUT, The
Non-Marine Mollusks of Surinam, p. 20, in Notes Ley den
Mus., vol. 36.— GUPPY, Journ. of Couch., vii, 1893, p. 220.

Drouet adds that the whorls are very convex, separated by
a deep suture, the summit very obtuse, as though depressed,
generally worn and grayish. Of the five teeth two are supe-
rior, one on the columella, one inferior and one on the right
margin, which is sinuous.

Drouet 's figures are copied, figs. 4, 5. The specimens from
Cayenne (figs. 1, 2) are stouter with larger aperture than the
original figures, but a certain latitude must be allowed in
old figures of such minute shells; strict accuracy was rarely
realized, and cannot be expected. Moreover, Drouet 's meas-
urements indicate a shell practically of the size of that drawn
in our fig. 1. The color is between cinnamon and cinnamon-
buff, the surface somewhat glossy, and distinctly though

52 STERKIA.

weakly striate, the initial whorl paler, microscopically gran-
ular. Whorls convex, especially the penult. The angular
lamella curves to join the outer lip weakly. The parietal
lamella is long and high. Columellar lamella is situated high
on the columella, is short and ascends inward diagonally.
The two palatal folds are short and high, the lower more im-
mersed than the upper.

Length 1.7, diam. 1, alt. aperture 0.6 mm.; 4% whorls.

Length 1.6, diam. 0.95, alt. aperture 0.56 mm. ; 4i^> whorls.

Some doubt must be expressed regarding Dr. Vernhout's
identification of a specimen from Surinam, collected by Voltz,
for he states that it is 2 mm. long.

A single example from Chama, Guatemala, has the pari-
etal lamella somewhat longer, entering more deeply, but
agrees otherwise witli those from Cayenne.

The two species following are closely related to S. eyriesi.

2. STERKIA RHOADSI (Pilsbry). PL 6, figs. 3, 6, 7.

The shell is rirnate, very minute, cylindric, blunt at the
ends, especially above, glossy, clay color, having weak, widely
and unevenly spaced wrinkles. Whorls 4%, the first l1/^
smooth, the upper ones very convex, the last a little less so,
somewhat compressed over the palatal region, and having a
slight impression over the upper palatal fold. The aperture
is about as wide as long, broadly truncate above. The an-
gular lamella is curved, the concavity towards the periphery.
It reaches inward hardly to the middle of the parietal lamella,
which is longer and higher. The columellar lamella is situated
high and ascends obliquely inward. There is a hardly notice-
able callus below its inner end. The palatal plicae are small,
the lower one longer than the upper and a little more deeply
placed. The peristome is brown, expanded and reflected,
narrow in the upper curve of the outer lip, the margins re-
mote, connected by a thin parietal callus.

Length 1.85, diam. 0.95, alt. aperture 0.65 mm.; 4% whorls.

Southern Florida: Miami (S. N. Ehoads) ; Dismal Key,
Lee Co. (C. B. Moore) ; hammock iy2 miles northeast of Fort
Lauderdale (C. T. Simpson in G-. H. Clapp coll.).

STERKIA. 53

Bifidaria rlwadsi PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila,, 1899, p. 404,
figs. 1, 2.

The teeth are slightly larger in the specimen from Dismal
Key, of which an internal view is given (fig. 3). At present
it is one of the rarest American snails. Only two specimens
have been found in the great amount of woodland debris
which has been worked over in this laboratory. Dr. Clapp
found about a dozen in a bushel of rubbish from near Fort
Lauderdale, a place on the mainland above Miami.

Very close to S. eyricsi. The shell is a little larger and
more slender, with relatively smaller aperture. No actual
iutergradation in these characters has been observed in the
very small number seen ; yet it seems unlikely that they will
prove of specific constancy when fuller series come to hand.

It resembles B. Clementina in the relatively smooth surface
and moderately developed teeth, but differs by the obliquely
ascending columellar lamella and other details of structure.

3. STERKIA ANTILLENSIS n. sp. PI. 6, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11.

The shell is shortly cyliudric, cinnamon-colored, glossy,
under the microscope showing some weak, uneven striatiou
and rugosity (such as the typical Nesopupee have, but only
weakly developed), the first iy2 whorls microscopically gran-
ular. The summit is obtuse ; whorls strongly convex, the
last having a furrow behind the lip, over the upper palatal
fold. The aperture has a rather distinct sinulus, the outer
lip being bent in. The peristome is well developed and col-
ored like the exterior. The angular lamella is high, curved,
and more or less strongly connected with the termination of
the lip. Parietal lamella high and long. Columellar lamella
situated high, obliquely ascending inwardly. The two palatal
folds are well developed, both somewhat immersed, but the
lower one more deeply.

Length 1.73, diam. 0.95, alt. aperture 0.7 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Length 1.85, diam. 1 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Cuba: El Abra, Vinales (type loc.) and Rosario (Hender-
son). Jamaica: west of Port Antonio (Henderson and
Simpson) ; near Mandeville (Dr. A. P. Brown).

54 STERKIA.

This species is distinct from 8. eyriesi and 8. rhoadsi by
the more strongly developed teeth, particularly the longer,
stouter palatal folds.

In a specimen from Mandeville there is a well developed
interpalatal fold near the inner end of the upper palatal.
The lower palatal is unusually long and the size small:
length 1.53 mm. (figs. 10, 11). Whether these are individual
or racial peculiarities cannot be determined without more
material. This specimen was reported as Bifidaria rhoadsi
in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1910, p. 521.

4. STERKIA CLEMENTINA (Sterki). PI. 7, figs. 9, 10, 13.

"Shell very minute, narrowly perforate, cylindrical, pale
horn-colored, transparent, with rather obtuse apex; whorls
5y2, regularly increasing, moderately rounded, with rather
deep suture, smooth, with few microscopic striae, somewhat
shining; last whorl occupying rather more than two-fifths of
altitude, somewhat ascending to the aperture, with a slight,
revolving impression on the middle of its last third, ending
at the auricle; a very slight, flat, crest-elevation near the
margin, only in the lower part. Aperture lateral, scarcely
oblique, subovate with the palatal margin slightly flattened,
upper part of same somewhat sinuous, peristome a little ex-
panded with a slightly thickened lip just at the margin;
lamellae 6, white: two on the apertural [parietal] wall, the
apertural [parietal lamella] typical, and a rather long supra-
apertural [angular] ending in a callus at the upper termina-
tion of the palatal margin ; columellar one typical, horizontal ;
basal very small, nodule-like, deep seated ; palatals two,
typical, the inferior a little longer.

"Alt. 1.9, diam. 0.8 mm.; apert. : alt. 0.6, diam. 0.5 mm.
(Sterki}.

"Alt, 1.8, diam. 0.9 mm.: 5 whorls. Paratype."

San Clemente Island, California, type loc. ; also Santa Bar-
bara Island (II. Hemphill).

Pupa Clementina STERKI, Nautilus, iv, August, 1890, p. 44,
pi. 1, f. 4. --Bifidaria Clementina oldroydcc VANATTA, Nau-
tilus, xxx, August. 1916, p. 48.

STERKIA. 55

Only three specimens were found by Mr. Hemphill on San
Clemente, one of which, no. 45479 A. N. S. P., is here figured.

The surface shows very Aveak traces of low, widely-spaced
striag, usually hardly noticeable ; color between cinnamon and
cinnamon-buff, or paler. There is a distinct but shallow im-
pression over the upper palatal fold, running to the lip. The
angular lamella is longer and much lower than the parietal,
its summit depressed in the middle part ; it is nearly straight,
but curves outward a little to join the outer lip, with a rather
thick callous pad at the junction. The parietal lamella is
nearly straight. The columellar lamella is short, transverse
to the axis, its inner end thick. The upper palatal fold is
short, the lower higher, thicker and longer. A basal fold,
mentioned in Sterki 's description, is not present in the cotype
here figured. It was also absent in Sterki 's figure, drawn by
himself.

Bifidaria Clementina oldroydcc Vanatta, from Santa Bar-
bara I., stated to differ from Clementina, by the absence of a
basal fold, appears to have no sufficient basis, since this fold
is also wanting in some, if not all, San Clemente shells of the
type lot. The type of oldroyd<c (figs. 10, 13) measures:
length 1.9, diam. 0.85 mm. ; 51/4 whorls.

8. Clementina differs from other West Coast species of the
genus by its relatively small, simple teeth. It is related to
the Antillean species and S. rhoadsi, but the columellar
lamella is not situated so high and differs somewhat in shape,
the palatal folds are nearer together, and there are more
whorls.

5. STERKIA HEMPHILLI (Sterki). PI. 7, figs. 5-8, 11, 12.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate and rimate, cylindric,
brown, resembling S. calamitosa; strongly rib-striate after the
l!/2 smooth initial whorls, the ribs and intervals about equal
on the earlier, slightly more spaced on the last whorl. Whorls
4i/2, strongly convex, the last slightly less convex, impressed
over the upper palatal fold, peculiarly swollen or obtusely
humped in the middle of the base, the umbilical margin im-
pressed beyond the hump, this impression forming a boss in-

56 STERKIA.

side (figs. 11, 12). Aperture about as wide as long, the outer
lip biarcuate, the upper are shorter and more convex, with
a narrower lip than the lower. Angular lamella joining the
outer lip, thin, high and nearly straight. Parietal lamella
shorter, crescentic, the concavity towards the columella, high
and bent outward in the middle, tapering towards both ends,
reaching forward to a point opposite the middle of the an-
gular lamella. Columellar lamella consisting of a rather low,
horizontal portion curving into a shorter vertical portion
descending on the axis, and a less conspicuous but longer
branch ascending the axis (figs. 5, 12). The upper palatal
fold is rather deeply placed, a high, thin lamina about one-
fourth of a whorl long (seen below on the right in fig. 6).
The lower palatal fold is oblique, below the inner end of the
upper. There is a thin, short suprapalatal fold, not far
within, at the lower edge of the sinulus. The peristome is
expanded and reflected, pale brown or gray.

Length 1.95, diam. 0.85 mm.

Length 1.6, diam. 0.75 mm.

LoAver California: bank of San Tomas River (type loc. ;
Hemphill) ; Point Abreogos (Hemphill, 105486 USNM) ; En-
senada de Todos Santos, under decaying Mesembryanthemum
(cquilatcrale (C. R. Orcutt). California: around San Diego
(Orcutt) ; False Bay, Asher Station, in drift (S. S. Berry) ;
Mesa near Grantville, under prickly pear stems, and Pacific
Beach (Orcutt). Waterman canyon, San Bernardino Co.,
common (Berry).

Pupa hemphilli STERKI, Nautilus, iv, July 1890, p. 27 ;
Aug. 1890, p. 39, pi. 1, f. 6. --BINNEY, 4th Supplement to
Terr. Moll., vol. v, 1892, p. 192, f. a, &, c.--Bifidaria hemp-
hilli BERRY, Nautilus, xxx, 1916, pp. 38, 83. — Pupa calamitosa
part, PILSBRY, Nautilus, iii, p. 61, pi. 1, f. 6; Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1889, p. 411, pi. 12, f. 17.

This minute species is much more complex in structure
than S. calamitosa, with which it occurs in the Lower Cali-
fornian stations. The extremes of size are represented in one
of the lots from False Bay, near San Diego, 1.6 and 2.05 mm.
long.

STERKIA.

57

6. STERKIA CALAMITOSA (Pilsbry). PI. 7, figs. 1 to 4.

The shell is perforate and rimate, cylindric, obtuse at both
ends, thin, somewhat glossy, light brown. First I1/? whorls
smooth, corneous, the rest sculptured with close rib-striae, not
quite as wide as their intervals, and somewhat less regular
and close on the last iy2 than on the second whorl. There are
41/2 to 4% whorls, the upper ones strongly convex, the last a
little less so, its latter part flattened laterally, distinctly im-
pressed over the upper palatal plica, and having a dent-like
impression on the base, near the expansion of the lip. The
aperture is as wide as long, obstructed by five teeth. Angular
lamella slightly curved, the concavity towards the periphery,
outer end reaching the lip ; its summit is bilobed, there being
a median depression. The parietal lamella is of about the
same length, but it is higher, more deeply placed and slightly
sinuous; its crest is bent towards the angular lamella. The
columellar lamella is very large. It consists of a horizontal
portion running forward on the parietal wall near the colu-
mella, and a broad, vertical portion descending to the base of
the axis (pi. 7, figs. 3, 4). The two strong palatal folds stand
rather deep within, the upper (seen in profile in fig. 1) being
about twice as long as the lower. Peristome is rather broadly
expanded and reflected, brown, thin ; narrower, somewhat
excavated in the sinulus; terminations rather remote, joined
by an appressed callus.

Length 1.5, diam. .75 mm. 4% whorls (type).

Length 1.45, diam. .8 mm. 4y2 whorls (E. de Todos Santos).

Lower California, near the mouth of San Tomas River
(Hemphill, type loc.) and Ensenada de Todos Santos (C. R.
Orcutt).

Pupa calamitosa PILS., Nautilus, iii, Oct. 1889, p. 61, pi. 1,
fig. 7; Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1889, p. 411, pi. 12, f. 16 (1890).

This species is related to S. kemphilli, but in that form the
upper palatal fold is much longer, the vertical portion of the
columellar lamella far less broad, and the angular lamella
longer; the lower palatal fold is wholly immersed, and there
are many other differences in structure, $. kemphilli being a
more evolved species.

58 TRUNCATELLINA.

The two localities known for S. calamitosa are near to-
gether. Orcutt reports it as found under decaying Mesem-
bryanthemum equilaterale. In both places it was found with
N. hemphilli.

Genus TRUNCATELLINA Lowe.

Truncatellina LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, April 1852,
p. 275, for Pupa linearis Lowe only; Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1854, p. 207 (March 16, 1855), P. minutissinia Hartm. desig-
nated as type. — v. MARTENS, Nachrbl. d. M. Ges., 1878, p. 38.
Not " Truncatellwa Orb., Tabl. Meth. Ceph., 1826," SCUDDER,
Nomenclator Zool., 1882, p. 345, and Universal Index, p. 329,
error for Truncatulina Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., vii, 1826, p.
278, Foranainifera.

Isthmio Gray REINHARDT, Sitzungsber. Ges. Nat. Freunde
Berlin, 1879, p. 133 (review of species and their distribu-
tion) ; Nachrichtsblatt deutschen Malak. Ges., 48, 1916, p.
158. — WESTERLUND, Fauna. Pal. Reg. Binneuconch, iii, 1887,
pp. 126-129. — KOBELT, Iconographie Land- und Siisswasser-
Moll. (n. F.), viii, p. 83. Not Isthmia Gray, see Vol. XXV,
p. 71. (Misspelled Jothmia in Beilage Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl.
Naturk. Wurttemb. 68 Jahrg., 1912, p. 33, and Istmia in Pae-
tel's Catalog, 1889.)

Laurinella HESSE, Nachrichtsbl. d. Malak. Ges. 47, 1915, p.
53 ("fur die winzigeii Schnecken der minutissima-Gruuppe") ;
Pupa minutissinia auct. — cylindrica Fer. here selected as
type.

The shell is minute (1.2 to 2.5 mm. long in known species),
cylindric, with obtuse, rounded summit, and short, strongly
convex whorls. Aperture ovate, without defined sinulus, the
lip narrowly expanded, often thickened, outwardly a little
straightened; having one to three teeth (parietal, columellar
and lower palatal), or none; the columellar and lower palatal
more or less deeply immersed when present.

Animal without inferior tentacles. The shell is carried
nearly upright.

Type: T. linearis (Lowe). Distribution: Palsearctic and
Ethiopian regions; living under stones and wood.

TRUNCATELLINA. 59

This genus of minute snails has a wide but apparently dis-
continuous distribution. It is found on the Atlantic Islands,
fossil only in Madeira, living in the Canaries and Cape
Verdes; throughout Europe except in the far north, and in
Asia eastward to the western Himalayas, with a remote out-
post in the central Loochoo Is. In Africa there is a herd in
the Abyssinian highlands, some scattered species in British
East Africa, and in South Africa it becomes abundant again.
Yet but little collecting of minutia? has been done in tropical
Africa, where the genus may have a greater range.

The absence of inferior tentacles has been repeatedly ob-
served in Europe, for both toothless and tridentate species.
Mr. Burnup informs me that South African species he has
examined alive lack inferior tentacles.

The blunt teeth, never more than three, with the columellar
lamella oval, axially lengthened instead of entering spirally,
are characteristic ; also the invariable deep immersion of the
palatal fold, from one-third to two-thirds of a whorl inward
from the lip. The teeth are rather more like those of Pupilla
than like other genera of Vertiginin<c.

As in other land shells of cylindric shape, the length is
often quite variable, sometimes even in the same colony; the
diameter remaining more constant. In the writer's measure-
ments the diameter is measured to the edge of the lip ; more
conservative quantities would be obtained by measuring
above the aperture.

Palaeontology of Truncatellino.

The record begins in the Upper Oligocene of Germany and
northern Bohemia, with both smooth and rib-striate species
having teeth like the recent T. daustralis. Others followed in
the Miocene, and it will doubtless be turned up in the Plio-
cene of southern Europe. The earliest known forms appear
to be in the same stage of evolution as the Recent toothed
species. When really early stages of the genus are recovered,
they may be expected to possess angular and upper palatal
teeth also, with the palatals less immersed. The toothless
modern species are the most evolved of the genus. References

60 TRUNCATELLINA.

to fossil species follow. Various Pleistocene species are in-
cluded with the Recent forms.

TRUNCATELLINA SPLENDIDULA (Sandberger). Pupa splen-
didula Sandb., Vorwelt, 1875, p. 391.--Isthmia splendidula
(Sdgr.) Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. Jahrg. 42, 1889,
p. 272, pi. 6, f. 9. - - Fischer and Wenz, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver.,
1914, p. 93. — Pupa cryptodus var. laevis Al. Brn. MS. Upper
Oligocene Landschneckenkalk von Hochheini. A smooth, 3-
toothed species, resembling salnrnensis Reinh.

TRUNCATELLINA CRYPTODUS (Al. Braun). Pupa cryptodus
Al. Br. in Walchner's Geognosie, 2d edit., p. 148. --• Sand-
berger, Vorwelt, p. 396. — Isthmia- cryptodus (Al. Br.) Boett-
ger, Bericht Senck. Ges., 1883, p. 267, pi. 4, f . 7 ; Jahrb. Nas-
sau., p. 274. Upper Oligocene Landschneckenkalk von Hoch-
heim; northern Bohemia. Lower Miocene, Germany. Near
T. lardea and T. strobeli (rivierana). This name has also
been quoted P. cryptodonta. I have not consulted the orig-
inal publication.

TRUNCATELLINA LENTILII (Miller). Pupa (Isthmia) lentilii
Mill., Jahresh. Wiirttemb. Nat. Ver., 1900, p. 406.-- Isthmia
l&ntilii Miller, Jooss, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges. 44, 1912, p. 37, pi.
2, f. 6-66. Upper Miocene, Steinheim. Related to T. claus-
tralis, also rivierana.

TRUNCATELLINA MIOCAENICA (Clessin). Pupa (Isthmia)
miocaenica Cl., Ber. naturw. Ver. Regensburg, xiii, Heft,
1912, p. 106. Middle Miocene, Uiidorf. A toothless species.

TRUNCATELLINA MINUTULA (Clessin) . Pupa (Isthmia) minu-
tula Clessin, Ber. naturw. Ver. Regensburg, xiii, 1912, p. 106.
Middle Miocene, Undorf.

Classification.

Grouped by the teeth, Truncatellinae arrange themselves as
follows :

Having a parietal lamella or tooth.

3-toothed : species in Europe, Abyssinia, South

Africa.
No parietal tooth.

TRUNCATELLINA. 61

Having palatal or columellar teeth or both: species

in Europe, Loochoo Is., S. Africa.
Without teeth: species in the Atlantic islands,

Europe, western Himalayas (and S. Africa?).

In the following account the sequence is geographic :

I. Atlantic islands: species 1-3.
II. Europe, N. Africa, nearer Asia : species 4-16.

III. Japan : species 17.

IV. Abyssinia: species 18-21.

V. Central Africa : species 22, 23.
VI. South Africa : species 24-29.

Note on the literature of TruncatelUna.

The first notices of TruncatelUna species were under the
name Helix muscorum Miiller, 1774, and Pupa muscorum
Draparnaud, 1801. It was supposed to be the Linnean species,
now known to be a Pupilla. Draparnaud 's muscorum was a
composite of the toothless species since generally but wrongly
known as minutissima Hartm., and a toothed form (which he
figured), surmised with considerable probability to be stro-
beli Gredl. = = rivicrana Bens., but not positively identified by
any author, though studied by many. This toothed form was
renamed Pupa minuta by Studer, 1820. The same author
also named a P. unidentata. Whether he actually had Dra-
parnaud's species cannot be determined. In 1821 Hartmann
defined a dentate Swiss form as Pupa minutissima, but so in-
exactly that it is not recognizable with certainty. The orig-
inal documents on these and other names of the semi-mythical
period are given under T. rivierana. Ferussac, in 1821, gave
the name V. cyUndrica to the toothless component of Drapar-
naud's P. muscorum.

Scientific work of an exact nature began with Kiister,
Gredler, and their successors, Boettger, Westerlund, and
especially Reinhardt. The last author has considered the
species of Continental Europe and the Caucasus region in
two interesting and lucid papers : Die Isthmia-Arten und ihre
geographische Verbreitung, 1879, and Einige Bemerkungen
iiber Pupa minutissima und Verwanten, 1916.

62 TRUNCATELLINA.

The Abyssinian species are still known solely by Jickeli's
excellent work.

Most South African forms were at first inadequately or
incorrectly described and figured, but Burnup has brought
them to scientific knowledge by clear descriptions and excel-
lent figures.

"P. sitella Kstr. Mscr., Triest" was mentioned by Wester-
lund, Malak. Blatter, xxii, 1875, p. 126, in a list of the species
of "Isthmia". In the Fauna, 1887, he states that it is not
otherwise known to him.

I. THE ATLANTIC ISLANDS (Madeira, Canaries, Cape Verdes).

These species are toothless, like the continental cylindrica
group. The writer has seen T. linearis only.

1. TRUNCATELLINA LINEARIS (Lowe). PI. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Shell minutely, distinctly umbilicate, narrowly elongate-
cylindric or linear-oblong, very obtuse at both ends, the apex
as if decollate-truncate ; elegantly and beautifully closely
striate ; whorls 6-7 ; rather tumidly convex, 4 or 5 last equal ;
suture impressed. Aperture rather widely rotund-oval, a
little longer than wide, scarcely one- fourth the total length;
peristome rather simple, very narrowly reflected, the lip
slightly sinuate above (Lowe).

Length 1.5 to 2, diam. % to % mm. ; aperture % to V2 mm.
long; 6-7 whorls (Lowe).

Length 1.4 to 1.5, diam. 0.83 mm.; 5y2 whorls.

Madeira : Pleistocene in the shell bed at Canical.

Pupa linearis LOWE, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), ix, April 1852,
p. 275; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 207. -- WOLL ASTON,
Testacea Atlantica, 1878, p. 207. — Pupa minutissima Hartm.,
WATSON, Journ. de Conchyl., 1876, p. 223.

Wollaston notes that "like most of the Pupae it has a
longer and a shorter state, some examples appearing to possess
a volution more than the others." Only this shorter phase is
before me (figs. 1, 2). Compared with T. cylindrica, the ribs
are more widely spaced, half to a fourth as wide as the in-
tervals. There is no trace of a crest behind the outer lip,

TRUNCATELLINA. 63

but the ribs are larger and more spaced there. The aperture
is toothless.

2. TRUNCATELLA ATOMUS (Shuttle worth).

Shell very minute, rimate, cylindric, obtuse, very elegantly
and finely costulate, thin, pellucid, corneous. Whorls S1/^,
convex, the last nearly one-third the total length. Aperture
oblong, toothless; peristome very delicately reflected, the
superior margin obtusely angulate, columellar margin dilated.
Length scarcely over l1/^, width % mm.; aperture about ^
mm. long (ShuttL).

Canary Is.: Teneriffe, found under leaves (Blauner).

Pupa atomus SH., Diagn. neuer Moll., i, p. 10, in Mittheil.
Bern., 1852, p. 144. - - PPR., Monogr., iii, 532. — WOLLASTON,
Testacea Atlaiitica, 1878, p. 448.

"Near to P. minutissima [T. cylindrical, but smaller,
sharply costulate and with fewer whorls" (Shidtl.). It needs
comparison with the small form of T. linearis of Madeira. It
is known by the original account only.

3. TRUNCATELLINA MOLECULA (Dohm).

Shell very minute, deeply rimate, cylindric, obtuse, slightly
striatulate, pellucid, corneous. Whorls 4 to 5, convex, the
last about % the length. Aperture subcircular, toothless;
peristome a little reflected, the right margin arcuate above.
Length scarcely 2, diam. 0.8, diam. apert. 0.75 mm. (Dohrn).

Cape Verde Is. : S. Antao.

Pupa moledila DOHRN, Malak. Bl., xvi, 1869, p. 13. — PFR.,
Mouogr., viii, 362. — WOLLASTON, Testacea Atlantica, 1878, p.
512.

Nearly related to Pupa minutissima and P. atomus Sh., but
differs from both by the nearly smooth shell as well as by the
somewhat more rapidly increasing whorls, giving the last a
different ratio to the shell length. In collecting the small
Pupa?, w^hich were all covered with hard dirt, I at first over-
looked this sjiecies, and only about 20 specimens were after-
wards found (Dohrn).

There is an unexplained discrepancy in the accounts of

64 TRUNCATELLINA.

Dohrn and Wollaston as to the sculpture. Wollaston writes
as follows of specimens received from. Dohrn : ' ' The extremely
minute size and linear outline of this little Pupa, added to
its remarkably convex or tumid volutions (which are coarsely
and very obliquely striated), its thin substance, its pale
whitish-brown, or almost brownish-white, hue, and but slightly
shining surface, and its perfectly edentate aperture, will pre-
vent it from being confounded with any other member of the
genus from at all events the Cape Verde archipelago. It
possesses, however, a peculiar interest geographically from
its being so nearly allied to a subfossil species, the P. linearis
Lowe, from Madeira, which lias not yet been met with in a
recent state, that before I had made close comparison I
thought it most probable that the two would prove to be iden-
tical. However, although so intimately related, I feel sure,
after an accurate examination, that they must be treated
practically as distinct ; for not only is the P. molecula, on the
average, a trifle larger and broader than the linearis, but its
volutions are perhaps even still more tumid, its suture is more
oblique, or less horizontal, and (which is the most important
of all) its aperture is appreciably larger and more developed."

II. SPECIES OF EUROPE, NORTH AFRICA AND NEARER ASIA TO

THE WESTERN HIMALAYAS.

Key to species of Northern Africa, Europe and Western Asia.

1. Aperture without teeth 2.

Aperture having teeth (sometimes deeply immersed) . . 6.

2. Almost smooth, the stria? very minute ; 1.25 x 0.5 mm., 6

whorls; Triest to Hunga^ T. laeviuscula, no. 6.

Surface rib-striate 3.

3. Shell slightly wider above ; 1.5 mm. long 4.

Shell tapering slightly upward ; 2 mm. long, 7-8 whorls ;

Transcaucasus T. micnla, no. 8.

Shell cylindric ; length 1.5 to 2.2 mm 5.

4. Five whorls ; closely rib-striate ; Tunis. T. doumeti, no. 5.
Six whorls ; sharp, spaced ribs ; Athens, Palestine.

T. rothi. no. 7.

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 1

I

1.

5.

8

t,

• :

11.

10.

(rf1

14-

4.

3.

7

;

13.

16.

17.

PUPILLID^E

r

PLATE 2

j m -m

8

9

1O

11

13

PUPILLID^:

PLATE 3

,

9

12

7

13

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 4

'

</

3

-

2

•

a

N

15

\

10

13

-

14

16

12

17

PUPILLI

, 1

:

-

4

7

8

"7

9

n

12

16

13

14

20

15

21

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 6

1 JP^P

6

7

s

8

• -

10

11

13

14

•

15

16

PUPILLID^E

<

PLATE 7

I

4

7

8

12

10

13

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 8

,)))>>•

I
8

15

12

16

17

TRUNCATELLINA. 65

5. 1.6 to 2.2 mm. long, 5y2 to 6y2 whorls; Europe, etc.

T. cylindrica-, no. 4.
2x1 mm., 7 whorls ; western Himalayas.

T. himalayana, no. 9.

6. Three-toothed, the palatal tooth visible in a direct front

view 7-

Palatal tooth further in, not visible in a direct front
view 8.

7. Teeth high, rather large ; length 1.7-2 mm. ; Mediterran-

ean region, etc T. rivierana, no. 10.

Teeth small, low ; length 1.65-1.75 mm. ; England.

T. brittanica, no. 11.

8. No parietal lamella or tooth ; sharply ribbed ; Triest.

T. uniarmata, no. 15.

Parietal minute, pimctiforni, palatal near the suture;
Norway T. odontostoma, no. 12.

Parietal lamella elongate or lamelliform, though some-
times low 9.

9. A massive, rounded crest behind the lip, which is heavily

white-calloused within ; Sweden to North Germany ;

Caucasus T. costulata, no. 13.

Crest wanting or inconspicuous; lip not heavily cal-
loused 10.

10. Surface merely finely striate ; Tyrol, etc 11.

Surface closely ribbed ; southern France to Caucasus.

T. claustralis, no. 14.

11. 2-2.25 mm. long, 6 whorls; Tyrol, etc. T. monodon, no. 15.

1.5-1.6 mm. long, Qy2 whorls ; Tyrol.

T. c. salurnensis, no. 14a.

(Group of T. cylindrica. Aperture toothless.)
4. TRUNCATELLINA CYLINDRICA (Fer.). PI. 8, figs. 1-4, 8.

The shell is minute, cylindric with obtuse summit, cinna-
mon-colored or paler, rather glossy, finely and closely rib-
striate except the first whorl. First 2y2 whorls forming the
summit widen rapidly, the following 3 to 4 whorls slowly,
forming the cylindric portion; the latter part of the last
whorl tapers towards the base. The aperture is shortly ovate,

66 TRUNCATELLINA.

slightly oblique; without teeth. The whitish peristome ex-
pands a little and is somewhat thickened within, the termina-
tions joined by a thin callus.

Length 2.13, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. France.

Length 1.95, diam. 0.87 mm. ; 6 whorls. Auxonne.

Length 1.63, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Auxonne.

Length 1.65, diam. 0.80 mm. ; 6 whorls. Auxonne.

Length 1.75, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 6 whorls. Tyrol.

Length 1. 85, diam. 0.82 mm. ; 6 whorls. Dorset.

Europe; North Africa in Morocco and Tunis; Crimea;
Asia east to the Caucasus.

Pupa muscorum, a, DRAP., Hist. Nat. Moll. terr. et fluv. de
la France, 1806, p. 59, pi. 3, f. 26, 27, in part. Not of Linne.
— Vertigo musconmi MOQUIN-TANDON, Hist. Moll. Fr., 1855,
p. 399, pi. 28, f. 22, 23. — BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii,
1864, p. 98, pi. 6, f. 28-30 (debris of the Harrach and Ras-
sauta near Algiers). — Isthmia muscorum Loc., LETOURNEUX et
BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr. Malac. Tunisie, 1887, p. 109 (Algeria:
Harrach, Algiers, Bou-Saada, Bone).

Vertigo cylindrica FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., 1821, p. 64.—
Isthmia cylindrica, Fer., REINHARDT, Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges.,
vol. 48, 1916, p. 68.

Pupa minutissima Hartm., of most authors ; PFR., Monogr.,
ii, 306; iii, 532; iv, 663; vi, 301; viii, 362. - - KUSTER, Syst.
Conch. Cab., p. 100, pi. 14, f. 6-8. - - MORELET, J. de Conch.,
xxviii, p. 61 (Tanger, Morocco). — HIDALGO, J. de C., xxvi, p.
242 (Balearic Is.; apparently includes rivierana) . - - Ross-
MAESSLER, Iconographie, i, pt. 1, p. 84, pi. 2, f. 38. — JEFFREYS,
British Conchology, i, p. 270. — Pupa minutissima var. angus-
tata Mouss., KOBELT, Catalog eur. Fauneugeb. leb. Binnen-
conch., 1871, p. 32 (Epirus; nude name). --Pupa (Isthmia)
minutissima Hartm., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., x, 1883, p.
183; vi, 406; vii, 139 (Caucasus). -- Isthmia minutissima
(Hartm.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat,, 42, 1889, p.
275 (distribution, Pleistocene and Recent). — STEENBERG, Dan-
mark's Fauna, Landsnegle, 1911, p. 171, f. 141.

This is the most widely distributed species. Its northern
limit has been roughly denned by the localities Skye, Christi-

TRUNCATELLINA.

67

ania and Moscow. From the Atlantic (Portugal) it extends
eastward to the Caucasus region. T. himalayana appears to
be an eastern representative of cylindrica.

It varies widely in size, short examples occurring rather
numerously in some lots. French specimens figured measure :

Length 2.1, diarn. 0.9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 2, diarn. 0.85 mm. ; 6y2 whorls.

Length 1.57, diam. 0.75 mm. ; 5y3 whorls.

There is also some variation in shape. Moquin-Tandon has
noted a mut. albino-, shell entirely whitish, Jura and Pyrenees
(Hist. Moll. Fr., ii, 399).

English specimens seen are below the maximum size, being
slightly less than 2 mm. long.

D. Geyer has recorded cases of gigautism, specimens having
1 to 2 additional whorls, the lip remaining unfinished, or with
an inflated supernumerary seventh whorl (Nbl. d. M. Ges.,
1912, p. 122).

Ferussac's name Vertigo cylindrica was based upon Pupa
muscorum of Draparnaud's Histoire, but with the qualifica-
tion "louche sans dents". He notes a variety "«., apertura
sub unidentata, major?" Drapamaud had said that there is
often one or sometimes even two low folds. He distinguished
two forms, a, aperture toothless, and b, aperture 1-2-toothed ;
figuring one of the latter. It is evident that Draparnaud had
more than one species: the cylindrica (commonly known as
minutissima) , together with rivierana, or an allied dentate
form from somewhere in the south of France.

T. cylindrica obscura (Mousson).

Shell elegantly striate, permanently covered with a dark
epidermis. Whorls 6, the spire cylindric from the third.
Margin scarcely reflected, dark; aperture toothless (Mousson).

Greece : Janina.

Pupa minutissima, Hartm. var. obscura Mss., Coq. rec. par
Schlaefli, in Vierteljahrschrift der Naturf. Ges. Zurich, iv,
1859, p. 272 (46 of separate copies).

The differences from the typical form consist in the per-
manence of the deep brown epidermis, matt, masking the rib-

68 TRUNCATELLINA.

striae ; the much more obtuse summit, not beginning to taper
until the fourth whorl from the aperture ; finally by the aper-
ture without trace of teeth and with thick, dark margin
(Mousson).

5. TRUNCATELLINA DOUMETI (Let. et Bgt.).

The shell is very minute, very narrowly perforate, short,
cylindric, more swollen at summit than at base, fragile, sub-
diaphanous, corneous, well striated obliquely. Spire short,
very obtuse at summit, rounded dome-like. Whorls 5, convex
(the embryonic minute, paler), rather slowly increasing, sep-
arated by a deep suture, the last moderate, convex, margin
lightly flattened outwardly, tapering at base, straight above
at the insertion. Aperture very oblique, receding below,
lunate, semiovate, toothless; peristome a little thickened,
spreading and whitish; columellar margin strong, reflexed;
margins remote. Length 1.5, diam. 0.75 mm. (L. & B.).

Tunis: drift debris of the Oued Sidi-Aich (Let.).

Istkmia doumeti LETOURNEUX et BOURGUIGNAT, Prodr.
Malac. Tunisie, 1887, p. 110.

6. TRUNCATELLINA LAEVIUSCULA (Kuester). PI. 8, figs. 6.

The almost lacking rib-striae are perceptible as fine lines
only under strong magnification ; it is also usually somewhat
slimmer [than " mimi-tissima."] (Kuester}.

Triest, under stones on the grassy slope below the church
of Servola (Kuester) • also east to Serbia and Banat.

Pupa laeviuscula K., Syst. Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, pi. 14, f.
6-8 ; as a var. of P. minutissima. — REINHARDT, Nachrichtsbl.
d. M. Ges., vol. 48, 1916, p. 162. — Pupa minutissima var. sub-
laevigata Pfr., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 356, substitute for
laeviuscula Kiister.

Dr. Reinhardt found specimens agreeing well with Kiister 's
species near the Hercules-bade (on the way to the Domogled
and on the right bank of the Czerna). He gives the following
description :

"Shell cylindric, less obtuse above than cylindrica (not
until the 4th whorl as wide as the next), yellowish-brown,

TRUNCATELLINA. 69

with an oily luster ; nearly smooth, only under the lens show-
ing fine, close, hair-like strife,* which become somewhat more
distinct immediately preceding the aperture. Whorls 6,
rather ventricose, separated by moderately deep suture, the
3d to 5th very gradually increasing, the last about 14 to l/3
the total length, somewhat ascending to the aperture. Aper-
ture roundish, especially rounded below, as high as wide, the
outer margin obtuse-angularly bent inward, somewhat pro-
duced forward below the angle, and inclined to be thickened.
Columellar margin somewhat expanded and a little reflected
towards the round, open umbilicus. Peristome distinctly
white-lipped. Length iy±, width y2 mm.

"Differs from cylindrica by the smaller size, less obtuse
apex, the smoothness and gloss and the somewhat stronger-
lipped, more rounded aperture. The general appearance is
diverse. Very small full-grown specimens are found, of
scarcely 1 mm. length. On weathered specimens the striation
is somewhat more distinct.

"Isthmia laeviuscula appears to be a form of the eastern
Alps and Balkans. East of Triest it occurs in Carinthia, in
Serbia (v. Moellendorff), in Hungary (Ministal between
Steierdorf and Baniaska), finally in Banat, near the Hercules-
bade."

Pfeiffer used the term sublaevigata as part of the descrip-
tion of var. &, Pupa laeviuscula, in the Monographia, ii, 1848,
p. 307, but in the Nomenclator, 1878, that term is adopted as
a name for Kiister's form.

7. TRUNCATELLINA ROTHI (Reinhardt).

Shell very obtuse (the 3d whorl from above as wide as the
following), almost diminishing downwards. Whorls 6, con-
vex, little ascending, parted by a pretty deep suture, the
embryonic whorl smooth, the rest having sharp, spaced ribs,
running from the left above to the right below, the intervals
wider than the ribs. The three middle whorls (or at least the

* Kuester wrote me : "If a distinct species, I would rather call it
capillacea. " I regret that this excellent name cannot be used for
reasons of priority (ReinJwrdt*).

70 TRUNCATELLINA.

4th and 5th) about equally high, the last little higher, occupy-
ing about 1/4 to % the total height. Aperture roundish, but
little higher than wide, the outer margin roundly bowed in-
ward, and below that with weak indication of an inbendiug.
Peristome little expanded. Umbilicus open, round, but little
covered by the columellar lip. Length 1.5, diam. 0.5 to 0.75
mm. (Reinh.).

Greece: around Athens (Roth). Lake Tiberias (Hesse).

Pupa minutissima ROTH, Spicil. Moll., 1855, p. 24. — Isthmia
rothi REINHARDT, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., vol. 48, 1916, p. 164.

Differs from cylindrica Fer. by the compact structure, the
peculiar form, wider above, the sharp, widely-spaced striation,
more convex whorls and deeper suture.

8. TRUNCATELLINA MICULA (Mousson).

Shell minute, perforate, tapering-cylindric, very delicately
rib-striate, without gloss, brownish-gray. Spire slowly taper-
ing, the summit shortly conic, obtuse; suture a little im-
pressed. Whorls 8, the first convex, following somewhat flat-
tened, the last somewhat inflated, a little ascending, rounded,
not compressed basally. Aperture sub vertical (making an
angle of 10° with the axis), less than one-fourth the total
length, truncate-subcircular, at base shortly curved, without
teeth. Peristome but slightly expanded, thinly white-lipped,
rather obtuse, the margins remote, right margin a little ex-
curved at the insertion, columellar margin slightly reflected.
Length 2, diam. 1 mm.

Transcaucasus : Mahmutli (Sievers).

Pupa (Pupilla-) micula Mouss., Journ. de Conchy!., xxiv,
1876, p. 40. — PFR., Monogr., viii.

It differs from "minutissima," according to Mousson, by
the form, a slightly conic cylinder, the large number of whorls
and their slight convexity.

Reinhardt has provisionally identified specimens from the
drift of the Maritza at Philippopolis, Bulgaria, as this species.
They have 7 whorls, and measure, length 2.5 to 2.7, diam.
1.1 mm.

TRUNCATELLINA.

71

9. TRUNCATELLINA HIMALAYANA (Bens.). PI- 8, figs. 5, 9.
Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-oblong, subcylindric, obliquely

most minutely costulate, translucent, pale corneous; spire
oblong, apex obtuse, suture impressed; whorls 7, short, con-
vex, the last slightly ascending in front. Aperture rounded-
ovate, toothless ; peristome thin, the margin a little expanded,
right margin slightly running forward above. Length 2,
diam. 1 mm. (Bens.).

Western Himalayas: Simla and Mussoorie (Hutton) ; Paujal
Range, Kashmir (Theobald) ; Jhelum Valley and Pir Paujal;
also from Naini Tal, Mussoorie and Simla (Godwin- Austen).

Pupa himalayan-a Hutton, BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3),
xii, 1863, p. 428.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1875,
pi. 101, f . 4. — THEOBALD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Beng., xlvii,
1878, p. 146. — GODWIN- AUSTEN, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii,
1899, p. 262. — Sphyradiitm himalayanum Bens., GUDE, Fauna
of British India, ii, 1914, p. 41 (Columella himalayana on
p. ix).

The specimen from Simla figured (fig. 9) measures: length
2.05, diam. 0.97 mm., 6y2 whorls. Except by being more
fragile and not quite so strictly cylindric, I see little to dif-
ferentiate it from some European T. cylindrica, though the
riblets are spaced a trifle wider than usual in that species.
The original figure is copied in fig. 5.

Though remote from the ascertained range of cylindrica, it
is likely that the genus will be found in the intermediate
territory of Persia and Afghanistan.

(Group of T. rivierana. Aperture having one to three teeth.)

10. TRUNCATELLINA RIVIERANA (Benson). PL 8, figs. 10, 11, 12.

Shell rimate-perforate, exactly cylindric, diaphanous, rather
glossy, most minutely, obliquely rib-striate ; suture deep ; apex
obtuse. Whorls 6y2, convex, the last one-fourth the total
length, slightly ascending in front, a trifle compressed around
the base. Aperture truncate-ovate, 3-plicate, oblique ; peri-
stome simple, margins separated, acute, whitish, the margins
a little expanded, the outer strongly arcuate above, the inner

72 TRUNCATELLINA.

lip somewhat reflected. There is a single fold in the middle
of the parietal margin, an oblique, blunted brown, one on the
columellar margin, the palatal fold lengthened, whitish, form-
ing a groove externally ; all of them deeply placed. Length 2,
diam. % mm. (Bens.).

Mediterranean region, Algeria, southern France, Switzer-
land and the Tyrol, Italy and Sicily, Caucasus, Persia.

Pupa rivierana BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xiii, 1854, p.
97 ("Riviera regione Pedemontana, ad basin collium prope
Nizza maritimam sub lapide." Also found by Mr. John Paget
at Montpellier).

Pupa strobeli GREDLER, Verh. zool.-bot, Vereins in Wien, vi,
1856, p. 114, and of many subsequent authors. — Isthmia- stro-
leli GREDL., Rosen, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1892, p. 126 (Ger-
mab and Chorossan, 10 kilom. w. from Schamhala, Persia). —
Pupa (Isthmia) strobeli Gredl., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. Mai.
Ges., vi, p. 405 (Caucasus, etc.) ; Nachrbl., xi, 1877, p. 66
(distribution). — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 83, pi. 234,
f. 1514. --Pupa strobeli var. scharffi BOETTGER, Nachrbl. d.
Mai. Ges., 1879, p. 51. — SCHARFF, Journ. of Conch., ii, 1879,
p. 291.

Vertigo muscorum var. triplicata BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de
1'Algerie, ii, 1864, p. 99, pi. 6, f. 31-32 (Bone; around Al-
giers). --Pupa mystica Pils., STERKI, Nachrbl., xxi, 1889, p.
119, as synonym of strobeli.

Helix zanellia Testa, BENOIT, 111. sist., crit. Test, estramar.
Sicil. (1858?), p. 195, pi. 5, f. 10; cf. REINHARDT, Jahrb. d.
Mai. Ges., 1877, p. 277.

Generally distributed in the "olive zone," though extend-
ing beyond it in Switzerland and eastward ; for a long time
confused with T. cylindrica, but readily known by the teeth,
of \vhich the palatal tubercle is visible from in front, not
concealed behind the columella as it is in T. claustralis.
French specimens measure :

Length 2, diam. 0.9 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Length 1.74, diam. 0.83 mm. ; 614 whorls.

Length 1.7, diam. 0.8 mm. ; 6 whorls.

TRUNCATELLINA. 73

Pupa strobeli Gredler is clearly the same species, and it has
almost universally been known by this name. Gredler 's de-
scription follows. — Shell very small, cylindric, of almost equal
breadth, obtuse above; very finely and regularly rib-striate,
with silky luster, rather translucent light horn-color or red-
dish yellow. Whorls 5 or 6, convex, low, parted by a deeply
constricting suture, the last whorl often scarcely noticeably
compressed around the funnel-shaped umbilicus and on the
neck towards the rounded base. Aperture rounded ovate,
generally 3-toothed : 1 somewhat curved and fold-like tooth
on the parietal wall, running inward, a smaller tooth on the
columella, and a drop-shaped tooth (in old examples often
prolonged inward) in the palate, and externally visible on the
neck. Peristome outwardly arched, but little thickened, the
terminations joined by a glossy callus (Gredler). Type loc.,
Klausen, southern Tyrol, on the garden hill of the Capuchin
Fathers, under moss on sandy soil (Gredler) ; also generally
distributed in that country.

Ill-defined forms related to rivierana,.

Various ill-defined names in the literature may have been
based upon T. rivierana, T. claiistralis or nearly related
forms. Some French and Italian records of muscorum Drap.
and minutissima Hartm. also included rivierana, judging
from the remarks as to presence of teeth. Most of these names
(including- T. callicratis Scacchi) are anterior to the names
rivierana, strobeli and claustralis. By thorough collecting in
the type localities, no doubt most of them could be recog-
nized with a certain degree of probability; yet the descrip-
tions are so inadequate that in my opinion later recognizably
denned names should not be displaced.

Pupa minuta Studer was defined thus: [Pupa] minuta
Drap., iii, f. 26, 27. P. muscorum der Franzosen. Von Venetz
in Wallis und von Charpentier bey Bex gefunden (Studer,
Naturwiss. Anzeiger der allg. Schweizerischen Ges. fur die
gesamrnten Naturwissenschaften, No. 11, May 1, 1820, p. 89).
It was placed by Studer in the division of Pupa with "ge-
zahnte Munching", and was probably a form of rivierana.

Pupa minutissima. --Gauz Fassformig, langlich, die Um-
gange sehr anpasseud ; die ganze Lange betragt nur y2"' auch
ist die Schaale diinne. Die Mimdung enhalt einen Zahn. Sie

74 TRUNCATELLINA.

findet sich in cler Schweiz (Hartmanu, in Neue Alpina, i,
1821, f. 220, pi. 2, fig. 5).

The figure is so small and indistinct that it is quite useless.
Whether the species is identical with T. rivierana cannot be
determined positively ; the assigned size is too small.

Vertigo pupitla Held, Isis, von Oken, 1837, p. 308, nos. 15
and 1, was a substitute for Pupa minutissima Hartm., without
other description- Bavaria.

ll[P-upa-] pusUlima Zgl. (F. minutissima Hartm.?)."
MENKE, Synops. meth. Moll. Mus. Menkeano, 1828, p. 18. It
has not been further defined.

[Vertigo muscorum Drap.] Var. dentiens Moq. (PL 8, fig.
7, copied from Moq.-Tand.). Aperture with 1, rarely 2 tooth-
like folds on the middle of the penult whorl. Toulouse,
Montpellier (Moquin-Tandon, p. 399, pi. 28, f. 24). Probably
= T. rivierana or var. scharffi.

Little-known Italian forms of the T, rivierana series.

Vertigo monodonta Pollonera. Similar to the preceding
[muscorum Drap.], but a little shorter; whorls 5i/2 to 6;
aperture with a deeply placed, drop-shaped palatal tooth.

Italy: V. Dora Riparia, collina di Rivoli, in the alpine re-
gion of Piedmont.

V.[ertigo] (Ist[hmia]) monodonta POLLONERA, Atti della
R. Accad. delle Scienze di Torino, xx, 1885, p. 685.

Vertigo dinii De Stefani. Shell minute, with a small um-
bilicus, cylindric, pellucid, thin, tawny, a little convex, more
inflated in the middle, slightly tapering above and below,
longitudinally closely striate, the striae oblique, visible under
a lens, well raised ; apex rather obtuse. Whorls GI/OJ the first
l!/2 small, the rest nearly equal, the last a little tapering,
somewhat larger, rather convex, slowly ascending to the aper-
ture. Aperture rounded, subtetragonal below, frequently 3-
toothed : one very long tooth in the upper lip, sometimes 2,
of which the upper is very short ; in the columellar lip one,
and one in the palate [i. e., the parietal wall] ; peristome
simple, a little expanded, interrupted above. Length 1.5,
width 0.5 (De Stefani, Bull. Soc. Malac. Italiana, ix, 1883, p.
143).

TRUNCATELLINA.

75

Appenines : Sassorosso.

De Stefani further remarks that it may be a variety of V.
callicratis Scacchi, but the very small size, the somewhat
barrel-like form, the last whorl being more compressed than
the others, and the teeth, which appear to be more numerous
in some cases, retain it sufficiently distinct.

TruncatelUna callicratis (Scacchi). Shell small, cylindric,
corneous, umbilicate; whorls 5, rounded, obliquely striate;
aperture ovate, toothless ; lip a little reflected. Length scarcely
1, diam. % line (Scacchi).

Italy: Naples (type loc.) ; Sicily.

Turbo callicratis SCACCHI, Osserv. Zool., 1833, p. II.— Pupa
callicra-tis Sc., Cat. Conch. Reg. Nap., p. 16.— PHILIPPI, Enum.
Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 220.— PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 307.— Pupa stro-
beli var. callicratis Sc., WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1877, p. 126.
— Vertigo callicratis De Stefani, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., ix,
1883, p. 182, with var. nodosaria, and subvarieties maruccii
and simii.

Westerlund, w^ho obtained specimens from the original
locality, states that callicratis is a form of strobeli [rivierana],
differing from that by its still more cylindric form, rounded
above, the more slowly increasing whorls which are therefore
lower, more convex, the last built far forward in front ; by the
deeper suture and stronger sculpture (obliquely, finely ribbed
on the upper half or throughout) ; the outer lip more strongly
curved and expanded; the aperture as in typical strobeli,
three-toothed, two-toothed or more rarely toothless.

The descriptions of the following forms are taken from
Westerlund, as I have not seen De Stefani 's paper.

Var. nodosaria, De Stef. Whorls more convex; suture more
deeply constricted; peristome more expanded, more strongly
white-lipped; length 2, diam. 0.9 mm.

Subvar. maruccii De Stef. More lengthened, with less
convex w-horls; somewhat larger than typical nodosaria. Sub-
var. simii De Stef. Smaller, more compact and convex, aper-
ture toothless ; length 1.5, diam. 0.4 mm.

76 TRUNCATELLINA.

T. callicratis has not been figured. It was described before
rivierana, and if Westerlund is right in thinking them forms
of one species, the latter would take varietal rank. Yet until
there can be a revision of the Swiss forms also, any rearrange-
ment of the nomenclature would be futile.

Pupa muscorum var. abanensis De Gregorio (pi. 11, fig. 9).
Shell most minute, pupiform, yellowish, subcylindric ; whorls
4, convex, slowly increasing, penult scarcely wider than the
last. Aperture erect, slightly margined ; outer lip compressed
in the middle ; columellar lip with one fold. Length 2 mm.

Italy : Abano, in mud of ponds from the thermal springs.

Pupa muscorum L. var. abanensis DE GREG., Ann. de Geol.
et Pal., 32 livr., 1907, p. 7, pi. 1, f. 16.

"P. muscorum" is understood in the sense of Draparnaud.
According to De Gregorio it differs from Vert, dinii De Stef.
by the less cylindric shape and the compressed outer lip.
Probably Recent or Pleistocene.

Var. ortonensis De Greg. (pi. 11, fig. 8). "Among the
species from Monte Ortone [mud from thermal springs] I
have one example which appears identical, but it has the outer
lip provided with two teeth, the anterior lip with another
tooth and one columellar tooth" (Pupa muscorum var. orto-
nensis De Gregorio, op. cit., pp. 7, 16, pi. 1, f. 29).

Scarcely a Truncatellina, if the description of teeth is cor-
rect; possibly a Vertigo; yet what can be done with such
drivel as this paper? One hesitates between amusement and
pity.

Pupa battagliensis De Greg. (pi. 11, fig. 7). Shell very
minute, subcylindric, elegant, slowly increasing, ornamented
with filiform riblets of growth, a little umbilicate. Whorls
slowly increasing, convex ; aperture subquadrangiilar, rounded,
narrow. Length, 1 mm. A very rare species of which I have
but one example. It appears to be of the type of P. uva L.
(De Gregorio}.

Italy: Battaglia, in mud from reservoir fed by hot springs
(72° to 90° Centigrade).

TRUNCATELLINA. 77

Pupa battagliens'is DE GREG., Ann. de Geologie et de Pale-
ontologie, 32 li\T., 1907, p. 13, pi. 1, f. 30.

11. TEUNCATELLINA RIVIERANA BRITTANICA u. subsp. PL 8,
figs. 13, 14.

The minute shell is shortly, deeply rimate, imperforate,
cylindric in the last three whorls, those above forming an
obtuse dome ; cinnamon colored ; glossy ; evenly but not
sharply rib-striate, the riblets oblique, about 2 in 0.1 mm. on
the last whorl; first I1/, whorls smoothish, pale. The whorls
are strongly convex, the last not flattened laterally towards
the base, without any trace of a crest behind the lip. The
aperture is ovate. Peristome paler than the shell, well thick-
ened, but narrowly expanded. On the parietal wall there is
a short tooth, so deep within that it is not seen in a direct
face view. The columella has a strong but obtuse tooth, visible
in an oblique view in the aperture. In the palate an im-
mersed, rounded or oblong tubercle, visible in a direct front
view.

Length 1.74, diam. 0.85 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Type.

Length 1.65, diam. 0.83 mm. ; nearly 5!/o whorls.

England: Portland, Dorset, with T. cylindrica (G. C.
Spence) ; type and paratypes no. 109423 A. N. S. P.

It resembles T. rivierana of southern Europe, but in that
species the parietal lamella and the palatal fold are longer
and stronger and the striae more spaced. T. odo-ntostoma is,
according to Westerlund, a larger and relatively longer shell,
2l/3 mm. long, % mm. wide, with 6-7 whorls and a thin peri-
stome. If Westerlund 's account is correct, the position of the
palatal fold is different. Unfortunately, Westerlund 's form
has not been figured, and no other author has reviewed its
characters and dimensions.

While it appears unlikely that this British form is without
a name, I cannot find any applicable to it. By formally de-
scribing the shell, the attention of British conchologists will
be called to it, and a more thorough investigation can be made
than is possible from this side of the Atlantic. Various early
Swiss species might be compared if anybody could tell what
their characters are.

78 TRUNCATELLINA.

12. TRUNCATELLINA ODONTOSTOMA (Westerlund).

Shell cylindric, closely and regularly striate, horn-yellow,
obtuse. Whorls 6, convex, the last somewhat larger, ascend-
ing in front, almost ivithout a crest near the aperture. Aper-
ture semi-oval, with one punctiform tooth deep within on the
parietal wall and one drop-shaped tooth high up in the palate,
near the suture and rather far from the outer Up. Peristome
thin. Columellar margin expanded and reflected. Length
21/3, diam. % mm. (West.).

Norway : near Christiania, on the Aakershuus farm.

Pupa minutissima Hartm., [var.] g, odontostoma WESTER-
LUND, Malak. BL, xxii, 1875, p. 132; Fauna Europsea, 1876,
p. 191 ; Fauna Pal. Reg. etc., iii, 1887, p. 128. - - BOETTGER,
Nachrbl., 1879, p. 6Q.--Pupa (Isthmia) odontostoma WEST.,
Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., x, 1883, p. 61. - - Isthmia odontostoma
WEST., Syn. Moll, extramar. Reg. Pal., 1897, p. 112.

The position of the palatal tubercle as described by Wes-
terlund appears abnormal; yet he seems to have had more
than one specimen, as the number of whorls is given as 6-7
in his latest description. He places the species among those
in which the palatal tooth is not visible in a direct front view.
In Malak. Blatter, xxii, p. 126, Westerlund says "Tirolia,
Norvegia, ' ' but in later notices he ignores the former locality.

Boettger (1878) states that it is widely distributed in
France ; it has a little punctiform parietal tooth near the
opening, and a palatal tooth placed as in strobeli. He con-
siders it, apparently, a variety of minutissima [cylindrical ;
but whether he actually had Westerlund 's shell remains
doubtful. Perhaps he had the form herein described as T.
brittanica.

13. TRUNCATELLINA COSTULATA (Nilsson). PI. 8, figs. 17, 18.
The shell is rimate, cylindric with very short obtuse sum-
mit, regularly finely costulate, chamois-colored, glossy. The
whorls are strongly convex, the last rapidly tapering towards
the base, having a massive, whitish crest behind the lip. Su-
tiire impressed, rising to the lip. Aperture broadly ovate or
squarish. Parietal lamella long, entering deeply. Columellar

TRUNCATELLINA. 79

lamella immersed, low and wide. Palatal fold strong, im-
mersed, dorsal, not visible in a front view. Peristorne ex-
panded, thickened within with a heavy, wide white callus.

Length 1.95, diam. 1 mm.; 6*4 whorls.

Length 1.85, diam. 0.9 mm.; 6*4 whorls.

Sweden, Denmark, northern Germany. Transcaucasus,
Talysch region (Westerlund).

Pupa costulata NILSSON, Hist. Molluscorum Sveciae, 1822,
p. 51 (Esperod, Scaniae, in sylvis, inter folia putrida, hu-
mida).--KuESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, pi. 13, f. 29, 30.-
PFR., Monogr., ii, 313; Malak. Bl., xxiii, 1876, p. 211 (nomen-
clature).— WESTERLUND, Fauna Moll. terr. fluv. Svecise, Nor-
vegiaa et Danise, 1873, p. 246; Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 127, with
var. allogyra, p. 128. — Vertigo costulata Nilss., WESTERLUND,
Malak. Bl., xiv, 1867, p. 201 (Oeland, very abundant). — Pupa
(Isthmia) costulata Nilss., BOETTGER, Jahrb. d. M. Ges., vi, p.
405; Bericht Senck. Ges., 1889, p. 25 (Caucasus). --Isthmia
costulata Nilss., STEENBERG, Danmarks Fauna, Landsnegle,
1911, p. 170, f. 140.

Pupa ascaniensis A. SCHMIDT, Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1849, p.
141 (Ascherleben and Halberstadt). — KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab.,
p. 179, pi. 21, f. 15, 16.— PFR., Monogr., iii, 554.

This species is easily recognized by the wide, rounded, light-
colored crest behind the lip and the heavy white lip-callus
within.

Var. allogyra West. Smaller, wider above; only 5 strongly
convex whorls, cylindric with very deep suture, the last
scarcely ascending, but little wider than the preceding,
towards the back slowly, arcuately tapering; peristome
strongly expanding, with a very thick lip within. Germany :
Alt-Geltow near Potsdam, Jetschin (Westerlund).

14. TRUNCATELLINA CLAUSTRALIS (Gredler). PI. 11, figs. 1, 2.
The shell is subperforate, cylindric or fusiform-cylindroid,
obtuse, regularly and closely costulate-striate, silky, pellucid,
flesh-colored. Whorls 6 to 6y2, convex, the last tapering
towards the aperture. Aperture narrow, semioval, biplicate:
a distinct parietal fold, the other palatal, lamelliforrn, deeply

80 TRUNCATELLINA.

H*fl*i
immersed, the columella with a tooth-like callus. Peristome

simple, a little expanded, margins separated. Length % to
3/4, width scarcely y± line [about 1. 1.25 to 1.56, d. 0.5 mm.]
(Gredler).

Var. anodus. Without tooth ; occurs with the typical form
(Gredler).

Southern Europe, from France to Dalmatia; originally
found in the Austrian Tyrol near Salegg at the foot of the
Schlern and gorge of the Sarn valley.

Pupa claustralis GREDLER, Verb, zool.-bot. Vereins in Wien,
vi, 1856, p. 116, pi. 2, f. 1.— PFR., Monogr., iv, 678.— WESTER-
LUND, Malak. BL, xxii, p. 126; Fauna, 1887, p. 127.— BOETT-
GER, Nachrbl., xi, 1879, p. 67 (distribution in France, etc.).-
Pupa (Isthmia) claustralis KOBELT, Iconographie, (2), viii, p.
84, pi. 234, f . 1515. - - WEISS, Nbl. d. Mai. Ges., 1894, p. 156
(Pleistocene, Weimar-Taubach) .

Distinguished by the strong teeth, the palatal fold deeply
immersed, concealed behind the columella in a direct face
view. Variable in size among the specimens at hand.

Length 1.7, diam. 0.8 mm.

Length 1.55 mm.

Boettger considers P. clavella Eeinh. scarcely varietally dis-
tinct from claustralis Gredl. ; the supposed difference of con-
tour noted by Reinhardt is not distinctive. P. o-pisthodon
Reinlu, too, Boettger held, is at most not more than varietally
distinct, and cannot possibly be distinguished specifically by
the stronger columellar tooth. Like strobeli and "minutis-
sima," P. claustralis has a certain variability with locality,
and as in most small Pupse, a very wide distribution ( Jahrb.
d. Mai. Ges., x, 184).

14o. T. claustralis salurnensis (Reinh). PL 11, figs. Qa-d.

Shell dextral, minute, fusiform, subperforate, glossy, cor-
neous, under the lens slightly striate. Whorls 6l/2, convex,
the first rapidly increasing, third and fourth subequal, the
rest slowly decreasing; last whorl tapering, slightly ascending
in front; suture deep. Aperture rounded, vertical, 3-plicate:
an entering lamelliform parietal fold, another strong one

TRUNCATELLINA. 81

deep on the columella. The third in the palate, deeply im-
mersed. Peristome a little expanded, white-bordered. Length
1.5 to 1.6, width 0.5 to 0.6 mm.

Salurn, in the southern Tyrol, living under bushes and
stones in company with P. claustralis and P. strobeli (Rein-
hardt).

Pupa (Isthmia) salurnensis REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges.,
iv, 1877, p. 84, pi. 3, f. 7. — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p.
85, pi. 234, f. 1517. — Pupa gredleri Reinh., olim, on labels.

The surface is smooth and glossy; only in favorable light
under the lens oblique striae may be seen, never ribs; on the
last part of the last whorl there are a few stronger wrinkles.

14&. T. claustralis opisthodon (Reinh.). PL 11, figs. 3, 4.

The shell differs from claustralis by being more veutricose
in the middle, the finer rib-striation, stronger dentition (the
columellar tooth especially being very strongly developed),
and most notably by the very deep situation of the palatal
tooth, which is not visible in an oblique view in the mouth,
but always remains concealed behind the columellar tooth
(Reinhardt).

Herculesbade, in southeastern Banat (Reinhardt).

P. [upa] opisthodon REINH., Sitz.-Ber. Ges. uaturf . Freunde
zu Berlin, 1879, p. 138. -- KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p.
85, pi. 234, f. 1518.

14c. C. claustralis corcyrensis (Boettger).

Shell generally larger, more cylindric, the apex more dis-
tinctly conic; whorls 7, costulate-striate, the striae closer.
Greatest diameter is in the middle (not in the upper part of
the shell) ; otherwise very similar to the type. Length 1% to
2, diam. % to % mm. (Bttg.).

Corfu. Rather scarce, sieved from moss.

Pupa (Isthmia) claustralis Gredl. var. corcyrensis BTTG.,
Jahrb. d. Mai. Ges., x, 1883, p. 318.

T. claustralis clavella (Reinh.). PL 11, figs. 5a-d.
Shell club-shaped, the third whorl widest; with stronger,
more spaced riblets, pale corneous. Aperture higher than

82 TRUNCATELLINA.

wide, the lip sharp, not at all reflected. Palatal fold very
deep, a full half whorl within. Length iy2, diam. % mm. ;
6y2 convex whorls.

Caucasus: Borshom on the upper Kura (Schneider) ; Psirsk
monastery (Leder).

Vertigo (Isthmia) davella REINHARDT, Jahrb. d. M. Ges.,
iii, 1876, p. 368. — P.[upa] davella, REINHARDT, Jahrb., iv,
1877, p. 82, pi. 3, f. 6. --Pupa (Isthmia) davella Reinh.,
BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 405. — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p.
84, pi. 234, f. 1516. --Pupa (Isthmia) daustralis Gredl. var.
davella Reinh., BTTG., Jahrb., x, p. 184.

The figures and description are from Reiuhardt.

15. TRUNCATELLINA MONODON (Held) . PI. 8, figs. 15, 16, 19, 20.

Shell cylindric, obtuse, dextral, smoothish, rather glossy,
brown. Aperture semi-ovate; peristome reflected, the lateral
margin somewhat depressed; parietal wall 1-plicate. Whorls
6. Length 1, width scarcely i/2 line (Held).

Shell cyliudric with obtuse summit, rather regularly and
finely striate, the last whorl almost ribbed, reddish-brown.
Whorls 6, the upper convex, the last twice as wide as the
penult, tapering downwards, strongly ascending in front, im-
pressed on the neck. Aperture narrow, semi-ovate or almost
rounded-triangular, with a curved, lamelliform parietal tooth,
entering deeply, one tooth in the palate, oval, very strong
and very deep within. Peristome expanded, reflected, thick-
ened lip-like; outer margin somewhat impressed, bay-like.
Length 2.25, diam. 0.8 mm. (Westerlund) .

Southern Bavaria ; Tyrol ; Carinthia,

Vertigo mo-nodon HELD, Isis, 1837, p. 304 (Bavaria). -
Pupa manodon Held, REINHARDT, Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., iiir
1871, p. 185. — KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p. 85, pi. 234,
f. 1519.

Pupa schrankii Roth, KUESTER, Ueber das Bestehen u.
Wirken der naturf. Ges. zu Bamberg, 3ter Bericht, 1856, p. 77
(drift of the Isar, southern Bavaria).

Pupa striata GREDLER, Vert, zool.-bot. Ver. Wien, vi, 1856,
p. 118, pi. 2, f. 2 (southern Tyrol, numerous localities, 800
up to 5000 ft.).— WESTERLUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 128.

TRUNCATELLINA. 83

There is a thick columellar callus, visible on breaking the
shell, or in a very oblique view in the mouth, but in the speci-
mens seen, the palatal tubercle is too far in to be visible in
the mouth. It is a larger, more distinctly striate shell than
T. salurnensis. Two measure: length 2.22, diarn. 0.95 mm.,
and length 1.95 mm.

Reinhardt has noted that it has no inferior tentacles.
When creeping on a horizontal surface the shell is held up-
right, like a tower. The merely striate, not ribbed surface is
characteristic. The palatal tubercle is at least a half whorl
back, not visible from in front, but showing through exter-
nally as a light spot. It lives on limestone and dolornitic
terrains. The name "monodon" is a misnomer; Held over-
looked the deeply placed palatal tooth.

PI. 8, figs. 15, 16, are copied from Gredler's illustrations of
P. striata.

The original account of Vertigo unidentata, which may be
identical, follows.

[Vertigo] unidentata Studer. Only once I found two
specimens in the narrow gorge through which one enters the
Gastemthal from Kandersteg, on a fragment of cliff. F.
Biguet considers it identical with the mousseron (Pupa
minuta, above), but it is once again as large and of darker
color (Studer, Naturwiss. Anzeiger d. allgem. Schweizerischen
Ges. f. gesamten Naturwiss., May 1, 1820, p. 89).

This long-lost species was noticed by Hartrnann, Ferussac
and Charpentier, without further characterization. Finally
0. Reinhardt (Nachrbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1916, p. 131) reviewed
its history. He believes that unidentata is perhaps T. mono-
don Held, which lives on damp rock faces, while most other
species of the genus are ground snails. T. monodon has not
been reported from Switzerland, but its occurrence there
would be no great extension of its known range.

16. TRUNCATELLINA UNLVKMATA (Kiister).

Shell subumbilicate, cylindric, densely costulate-striate, sub-
opaque, corneous-yellow. Spire high, the apex broadly conic,
truncate. Whorls 7, convex, slowly increasing, joined by a

84 TRUNCATELLINA OF JAPAN.

deep suture, the last whorl a little compressed, rounded at
base. Aperture semi-oval, the margins* approximating, joined
by a very thin callus ; right margin obsoletely impressed in
the middle, a little thickened; columellar margin expanded,
reflected ; palate with one tooth ; columella a little convexly
calloused. Length 2, diam. 0.75 mm. (Kuester).

Triest (Kuester).

Pupa uniarmata KUESTER, Ueber das Bestehen und Wirken
Naturf. Ges. Bamberg, 3ter Bericht, 1856, p. 77 (Triest) ;
Neunter Bericht naturf. Ges. Bamberg, 1870, p. 99. — WESTER-
LUND, Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 128.

Differs from minutissima [cylindrica] by the size, cylindric
form, one whorl more, the palatal tooth ; from ascaniensis
Schmidt [costulata] by size, longer columella, etc. It is fully
as high as P. striata Gredler [T. monodo-n Held], but much
slimmer, sharply ribbed, quite cylindric, with strongly convex
whorls (Kuester). Not seen by the author. It has not been
figured.

III. JAPANESE (Loocnoo) SPECIES.

17. TRUNCATELLINA INSULIVAGA (Pils. & Hir.). PL 9, figs.
26, 27.

The shell is minute, shortly rimate but imperforate, cylin-
dric, the summit rounded, obtuse, between chamois and pink-
ish-buff, thin, somewhat translucent. Surface rather glossy,
smooth except for weak growth-strias in places. The whorls
are strongly convex, the last tapering downwards somewhat,
its latter half being a little flattened laterally. The deep
suture ascends a little to the aperture. The aperture is
shortly pear-shaped, slightly oblique, the peristome very little
expanded except at the columellar margin, the outer lip
straightened or slightly bent in. The columella has an obtuse,
oblong tooth, rather deeply placed, but partially visible in a
front view in the type lot (seen only in oblique view in the
mouth in specimens from Kunchan). Very deep within, past
the median line of the back, there is a short palatal tubercle,
not visible in the aperture.

Length 1.70, diam. 0.75 mm. ; 6V-> whorls. Type.

TRUNCATELLINA OF ABYSSINIA. 85

Length 1.65, diani. 0.72 mm.; 6i/2 whorls.

Loochoo Islands : Yoronjima, Osumi ; a variety at Hen-
tona, Kunchan (Hirase). Type 67624 A. N. S. P.

Pupa insulivaga PILSBRY & HIRASE, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1904, p. 631.

Like the Oligocene T. splendidula and a few Recent Euro-
pean and South African forms, this species lacks the rib-
striation common to most of the genus. In all other respects
it is a typical Truncatellina. The palatal tubercle cannot be
seen in an oblique view in the aperture, being unusually far
within, and as the shell is rather opaque in the type lot, it
was at first overlooked.

It resembles T. uniarmata and various South African
species in having columellar and palatal teeth, but no parietal
lamella.

Yoron Island, though politically belonging to Osumi Prov-
ince, lies near the northern end of Okinawa, and thus is one
of the central Loochoos.

The specimens from Kunchan (northern Okinawa, the large
island of the central Loochoos) are mainly a little smaller,
some being quite short, the cylindric portion of only three
whorls (fig. 27), though others have four subequal whorls as
in the type lot. These specimens show the palatal tubercle as
a light spot on the outside.

Length 1.65, diam. 0.7 mm.

Length 1.45, diam. 0.7 mm.; 6 whorls (fig. 27).

IV. SPECIES OP NORTHEAST AFRICA (ABYSSINIA).

These forms seem about equally related to the rivierana-
claustraUs group of Europe and to the South African T. per-
plexa.

1. Palatal, columellar and parietal teeth present 2.

No palatal tooth ; columellar inconspicuous ; length 1% mm.

T. blanfordi, no. 21.

2. Palatal fold partially visible in a direct front view ; rather

spaced riblets ; 1.5 mm. long, 5-6 whorls. T. lardea, no. 18.

Palatal fold visible only in an oblique view in the mouth ;

rib-striation close ; length 1.6 to 1.75 mm 3.

86 TRUNCATELLINA OP ABYSSINIA.

3. Parietal lamella low ; base tapering downward.

T. schilleri, no. 19.
Parietal lamella rather high ; base less tapering.

T. similis, no. 20.

The following account is taken from Jickeli, who collected
and described all of the Abyssinian species.

18. TRUNCATELLINA LARDEA (Jickeli). PI. 9, figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

The shell is perforate, cylindric, brown, with an oily luster,
under the lens distantly, rather obliquely ribbed. Whorls
5-6, rather swollen, regularly increasing, parted by a deep
suture, the last slightly ascending in front. Aperture slightly
oblique, ovate, 3-plicate : a deeply entering lamelliform pari-
etal fold, a strong, obtuse columellar fold, seen in its entirety
only by rolling the shell to the left, and a strong, palatal
tooth, not entirely visible in a front view. Peristome white,
expanded, slightly reflected; margins scarcely converging,
joined by a very thin callus. Length 1.5, diam. 1 mm., length
and width of aperture 0.5 mm. (Jickeli).

Abyssinia : Province Hamaszen on Rora-Beit-Andu about
4200 ft,, and Habab at the descent of Nakfa (Jickeli).

Pupa lardea JICKELI, Fauna Moll. N.-O. Afrika's, in Nova
Acta Ac. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Germ. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1875,
p. 124, pi. 5, f. 14.

"This species differs from the very closely related P. stro-
beli Grdl. by the more compact form, more widely spaced
longitudinal ribs, which are stouter and stronger. The Abys-
sinian snail, moreover, has a wider umbilicus and more convex
but lower whorls. The chief difference is in the armature of
the aperture, in form and situation of the teeth.

"The denticle of the parietal wall is placed deep in the
mouth and bluntly pointed in strobeli, but in our species
emerges more, is higher and stronger, and penetrates inward
as a fold.

"The columellar fold in our species is hardly visible in a
straight front view of the mouth, but appears, when the shell
is turned a little, as a very strong, blunted tooth, while in
strobeli it is very well shown in a direct front view and pro-
jects much less strongly.

TRUNCATELLINA OF ABYSSINIA. 87

"The palatal fold is less deeply placed in the mouth and
weaker in P. strobeli.

"In the width of the perforation P. claustralis agrees with
P. lardea better than strobeli, but in claustralis the coluinel-
lar and palatal folds are deeper in the niouth, especially the
latter.

"P. salonensis [salurensis] Reinh. is at once separable by
its finer longitudinal striation" (Jickeli).

19. TRUNCATELLINA SCHILLERI (Jickeli). PI. 9, figs. 14 to 18.

The minute shell is narrowly perforate, cylindric, a little
contracted towards the base, brown, with an oily luster, orna-
mented with moderately strong, close, oblique longitudinal
ribs. The 6 convex whorls increase regularly and are parted
by a rather deep suture ; last whorl is somewhat compressed
towards the base and rises a little in front. The aperture is
hardly oblique, ovate, a little impressed on the right side,
and three-folded : on the parietal wall, deep within, a denticle
stands which is continued inward as a rather low fold. The
slightly curved columella has a tubercular tooth, visible only
by turning the shell; likewise the palatal tooth is only seen
by turning the aperture. The peristome is white, thickened
and slightly reflected, the terminations converging.

Length 1%, diam. 1, alt. apert. %, width y2 mm. (Jickeli).

Abyssinia: Eujelal, Habab Mts., 7995 ft. (Jickeli).

Pupa schilleri JICKELI, Nova Acta, vol. 37, 1875, p. 125, pi.
5, f. 15.

"P. schilleri differs from the preceding species by the more
contracted base, narrower umbilicus, closer and finer longi-
tudinal ribbing, a weaker and more deeply placed parietal
lamella ; also the columellar fold stands deeper, and the pala-
tal fold, which is visible in P. lardea in a direct front view,
can only be seen in P. schilleri in a strongly oblique view in
the mouth.

"It agrees with P. strobeli in the umbilicus and longitu-
dinal striation more than with the preceding species, but
differs by the positions of columellar and palatal teeth.

"From P. salonensis [salurensis] Reinh. it differs by the
stronger ribbing" (Jickeli).

88 TRUNCATELLINA OF ABYSSINIA.

Jickeli considers it doubtfully distinct from P. claustralis,
but the single specimen of schilleri is wider, not so evenly
cylindric, darker colored; the parietal lamella of claustralis
is shorter and terminates on a part of the parietal wall visible
in the aperture, while in the African snail it penetrates
deeper within.

20. TRUNCATELLINA SIMILIS (Jickeli). PL 9, figs. 1 to 5.

The minute shell is narrowly perforate, cylindric, brown,
with an oily luster, under the lens showing oblique, moder-
ately crowded longitudinal ribs. The 5% convex whorls in-
crease regularly and are separated by a rather deep suture,
the last whorl is contracted but little towards the base, and
rises slightly to the aperture. The aperture recedes towards
the base, is ovate and three-toothed. On the parietal wall
stands a strong, rather high fold, beginning rather deep
within, and running far inward. On the columella a blunt,
strong, tubercular tooth, entirely seen only by turning the
shell. On the palatal wall, at the same level with the colu-
mellar tooth, there is a tubercular tooth, only seen by turn-
ing the shell, as in a direct front view it is covered by the
visible part of the columellar tooth. Peristome is thickened,
slightly reflected, the margins but little converging. Length
1.75, diam. 1 mm., aperture alt. and width % mm. (Jickeli).

Abyssinia : Habab country, at the descent of Nakfa, one
example (Jickeli).

Pupa simiUs JICKELI, Nova Acta, vol. 37, 1875, p. 296, pi.
5, f. 16.

Jickeli at first thought this a form of P. schilleri but later
distinguished it. The form of P. schilleri is more compact,
relatively wider; the last whorl contracts towards the base,
so that the outer margin of the peristome is not arcuate as in
similis, but rather straight. P. similis is, moreover, rather
less closely ribbed and the upper whorls not so smooth as in
schilleri. Finally, P. similis has a strong, high parietal la-
mella, P. schilleri a very low one, hardly noticeable ; the colu-
mellar tooth in similis is at least partly visible in a direct
front view, but not at all visible in P. schilleri.

TRUNCATELLINA OP CENTRAL AFRICA. 89

21. TRUNCATELLINA BLANFORDI (Jickeli). PI. 9, figs. 10 to 13.
The minute shell is perforate, cylindric, somewhat con-
tracted towards the base, brown, with an oily luster, and
covered with close, somewhat oblique, longitudinal riblets,
which are seen only under a lens, as in the two preceding
species. The 6 convex whorls increase regularly and are
separated by a rather deep suture ; last whorl rises a little to
the aperture in front and is lightly compressed at base. The
aperture is scarcely oblique, ovate. Bather deep within there
is a small, pointed denticle. The columella is lightly bowed ;
in the middle a hardly noticeable swelling, which may be re-
garded as the beginning of a tooth, is perceptible. The palate
is entirely unarmed. The peristome is whitish, slightly thick-
ened and reflected ; the margins converge. Length 1%, diam.
%, aperture alt, %, width a/2 mm. (Jickeli) .

Abyssinia: Habab, in the gorge of Asqaq, on Nakfa, 5664
ft., on rotten wood ; also on the descent of Nakfa at the vil-
lage Sykk (Jickeli) 7 specimens.

Pupa blanfordi JICKELI, Nova Acta, vol. 37, 1875, p. 127,
pi. 5, f. 17.

In shape and striation it agrees with P. schilleri, in the
umbilicus with P. lordea; otherwise it differs from both of
these as well as from P. strobeli, claustralis and salo-nensis by
the absence of palatal and columellar folds (Jickeli).

V. CENTRAL AFRICAN SPECIES.

Certain species supposed by Mr. Preston to belong to Ennea
appear to be Truncatellinae, so far as one can judge from the
figures and poor descriptions. I have not seen the shells.

22. TRUNCATELLINA NAIVASHAENSIS (Preston). PL 9, fig. 21.
Shell minute, cylindrical, yellowish-white; whorls 7, the

first 3 rapidly increasing; the last elongately strangulate be-
hind the outer lip, sculptured with oblique, moderately dis-
tant riblets ; suture impressed ; columella vertically descend-
ing, outwardly expanded over the umbilical area; labrum
slightly reflexed especially below; aperture somewhat irreg-
ularly triangular, edentulate. Alt. nearly 2, diam. 0.75 mm.
(Preston).

90 TBUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

British East Africa : Naivasha.

Ennea naivashaensis PRESTON, Revue Zoologique Africaine,
i, 1911, p. 219, pi. 11, f. 3. — Ennea nad/vashaensis Preston var.
elgonensis PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1913, p. 211.

T. n. elgonensis (Preston). Shell even more cylindrical
than the typical form, with more closely set and more pro-
nounced transverse riblets, the aperture also, through not
being contracted at the base, has a less triangular appearance.
Alt. 1.75, diam. maj. 1 mm. (Preston}.

Mt. Elgon, Uganda (C. W. Woodhouse).

23. TRUNCATELLINA MUTANDAENSIS (Preston). PL 9, figs. 19,
20.

Shell differing from Ennea nawa-shaens'is Preston, from
Naivasha, British East Africa, in its darker color, more cylin-
drical form, less convex and rather longer whorls, and in the
broader and more basally rounded aperture. Alt. 2, diam.
maj. 1 mm. (Preston).

S.-W. Uganda : between Lake Mutanda and Lake Kivu
(Robin Kemp).

Ennea mutandaensis PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1913,
p. 211, pi. 34, f. 13, 13cr,

VI. SOUTH AFRICAN SPECIES.

These species are closely related to those of Abyssinia and
Europe, distinguished from them merely by specific details.

T. dysorata and quantula are not known to the writer by
specimens, but all the others have a columellar lamella in
form of an oblong, vertical tubercle, strong or low, and either
visible from in front or more often dorsal in position, and
hardly to be seen without breaking the shell. Whether dyso-
rata and quantula are really without the columellar tooth,
like the cylindrica group of Europe, is not known.

Most of the South African species are like T. insulivaga of
the Loochoo Is. and T. uniarmata of Europe in lacking a
parietal lamella. It is present in T. pcrplexa only.

Pupa haploa and P. psychion M. & P. are lost species, not
included in the following key.

TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

91

Key to South African Species.

1. Aperture having parietal, columellar and palatal teeth..

T. perplexa, no. 24.
No parietal lamella or tooth 2.

2. Surface nearly smooth or quite weakly ribbed.

T. sykesi, no. 29.

Surface very finely striate ; no palatal tooth ; 1.87 x 0.9 mm.

T. quantula, no. 27.
Surface subregular rib-striate 3.

3. Aperture with an immersed palatal tooth 4.

No palatal tooth 5.

4. Length 1.3 to 1.6 mm., 5y2 whorls. T. pretoriensis, no. 25.
Length 1.85 to 2.4 mm., 6% to 8% whorls.

T. iota livingstonensis, no. 28a.

5. Length 2 mm. or more, 71/2i whorls T. iota, no. 28.

Length 1.57 mm., 5i/o whorls T. dysorata, no. 26.

24. TRUNCATELLINA PERPLEXA (Burnup). PI. 9, figs. 24, 25.

Shell very small, umbilicate, cylindrical, thin, translucent,
shining ; pale brown ; spire cylindrical, rounded above ; sutures
impressed ; apex obtuse ; whorls 6, very convex, closely trans-
versely lirate, except the first two which are smooth ; the shell
at the fourth, fifth, and sixth whorls of nearly equal width,
the last half-whorl acquiring its greatest expansion a little
below the suture and then being flattened beneath, forming
an infrasutural angle, the last whorl compressed towards the
umbilicus. Aperture rounded, nearly % the height of the
shell ; peristome whitish, reflexed, especially at the columellar
margin, thickened, the ends converging and connected by a
thin callus; labrum [outer lip] slightly incurved about the
middle; columella straight. The processes of the aperture
consist of a small white parietal plait running inwards and
there becoming strong, a stout white post-columellar plait, also
running inwards, and a profoundly post-labral [palatal]
tooth or plait hidden by the columella (Burnup).

Fig. 24. Type : height 1.72, width 0.82 mm.

Fig. 25. (sectional) : height 1.80, width 0.77 mm. (Burnup).

Cape of Good Hope: Cradock; Port Elizabeth (Farquhar).

92 TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFRICA.

Transvaal: Johannesburg (McBean) ; Pretoria (Ponsonby
coll.) ; Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston) ; Heidelberg (Con-
nolly). Orange Free State: Bloemfontein (Connolly).

Pupa perplexa BURNUP, in Melvill & Ponsonby, Ann. Mag.
N. H. (8), i, Jan. 1908, p. 80, pi. 1, f. 17, 18; Ann. Mag. (8),
vii, 408. — Jaminia perplexa (Burnup), CONNOLLY, Ann. S.
Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 183.

Cradock may be selected as type locality. The long, strong
parietal lamella and strong though immersed (dorsal or sub-
dorsal) columellar lamella, distinguish it from all other known
South African species.

"Twenty- four out of twenty-six specimens measured by me
show very little variation in dimensions, the remaining two,
both apparently mature, being somewhat more divergent, viz. :

Largest, height 1.88, width 0.83 mm.

Smallest, height 1.50, width 0.77 mm.

"Judging by the descriptions and figures alone, for I have
not seen Jickeli's species, this shell must be akin to his P.
lardea, schilleri, and similis from Upper Nubia, whose aper-
tural processes seem arranged much on the same plan, its
nearest ally being the last named; simiUs is, however, about
one-fourth wider than the present species and has half a whorl
less, while the peristome is less expanded and the labrum less
bowed inwards and there is no callus. P. lardea and schilleri
are more divergent, being not so high as similis and broader
in proportion (Burnup).

Among European species, perplexa is most like T. claustralis.

25. TRUNCATELLINA PRETORIENSIS (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10,
figs. 1, 2, 3.

"Shell very minute, thin, ashy-brown, the apex flattened,
contabulate; whorls 5, very ventricose, delicately longitudi-
nally striate throughout, the last three of equal width ; aper-
ture round; peristome a little thickened, simple, reflexed at
the columellar margin. Length 1, width .55 mm. (M. & P.,
pretoriensis) .

' ' Shell minute, rimate, subcyliudrical, elliptical, thin, trans-
lucent, shining, very pale brown; spire elongate-turbiuate,

TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. 93

with greatest width at the fourth whorl ; sutures rather deeply
impressed, apex very obtuse ; whorls 5y2, very convex, closely
transversely striate, excepting the first iy2, which are smooth,
the last compressed round the umbilical region. Aperture
nearly erect, rounded, nearly y3 the height of the shell. Peri-
stome slightly thickened and reflexed, more so at the colu-
mellar margin, scarcely paler than the rest of the shell, with
labrum [outer lip] slightly straightened about the middle and
much receding towards the base. Columella arcuate. The
only tooth conspicuous, white, rounded, and remote, is situate
inside, about midway between the last suture and the base,
and about half a turn from the labrum [or outer lip].

"Height 1.47, width 0.79 mm.

"Height 1.33, width 0.78 mm.

' ' Largest : height 1.51, width 0.80 mm.

"Smallest: height 1.32, width 0.75 mm." (Burnup, intra-
dentata).

Transvaal: Pretoria, type loc., and District (Farquhar,
Connolly).

Pupa pretoriensis MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(6), xi, Jan. 1893, p. 21, pi. 3, f. 8; (8), i, Jan. 1908, p. 81.
— Jaminia pretoriensis (Melv. & Pons.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S.
Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 183. — Pupa dysorata M. & P. var. in-
tradentata Burnup, MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i,
1908, p. 73, pi. 1, f. 5, 6. — Pupa intradentata BURNUP, Ann.
Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 405.

' ' This is the smallest of the South-African group examined
by me, and is of a paler color than most. As compared with
P. perplexa, which seems to be its nearest ally, it is smaller,
smoother, paler and less cylindrical, is only rimate instead of
umbilicate, has the peristome less reflexed, and is destitute of
the postcolumellar and parietal plaits. As compared with
dysorata (of which intradentata appears in the Survey as a
variety), it is smaller, more slender, paler, less cylindrical,
more loosely coiled, with more ventricose whorls and deeper
sutures, and is rimate instead of umbilicate; the aperture is
smaller and rounder, receding more at the base, and is fur-
nished with a tooth in the gullet, not found in dysorata"
(Burnup).

94 TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

The type of P. pretoriensis was reported to Mr. Burnup as
smashed, so that no comparison of intradentata could be made
with it; as nothing was said in the original description of a
tooth, the two shells were naturally supposed to be different.
After the publication of intradentata, Connolly found that
enough remained of the type of pretoriensis to leave no doubt
of its identity with intradentata.

The palatal tooth is often visible in a direct face view, as
in the type and fig. 2 ; in other shells it is somewhat further
in, not visible from in front, but seen by turning the shell as
in fig. 1. There is also a columellar tubercle, rather small,
dorsal in position (fig. 3), which has heretofore been over-
looked, yet it is constantly present in the specimens at hand.
It may be seen imperfectly in an obliquely basal view in the
mouth. Two specimens figured measure :

Length 1.4, diam. 0.74 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 1.6 mm. ; 5% whorls.

26. TRUNCATELLINA DYSORATA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, fig. 4.

"Shell minute, umbilicate, shortly cylindrical, thin, shin-
ing, horn-colored ; spire cylindrical, being almost equally wide
at the third, fourth, and fifth whorls ; sutures impressed, apex
rounded ; whorls about 5%, convex, deeply closely trans-
versely striate, excepting the apical whorls, which are smooth,
the last rounded below and compressed about the umbilicus;
aperture erect, somewhat quadrate, rounded above and below,
exceeding % the height of the shell. Peristome slightly thick-
ened and expanded, widely so at the columellar margin (which
in the type is longitudinally chipped), paler than the rest of
the shell, with labrum [outer lip] slightly bent inwards about
the middle and columella nearly straight. There are no aper-
tural processes. Height 1.57, width 0.9 mm." (Burnup}.

Cape of Good Hope: Griqualand East. Type in coll. E.
R. Sykes.

Pupa dysorata MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6),
xi, Jan. 1893, p. 20, pi. 3, f. 4; xii, 1893, p. 111. (8), i, 1908,
p. 73, pi. 1, f. 4.— BURNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 403.
— Pupa dysorota M. & P., STURANY, Cat, S.-A. Moll., Denk-

TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFRICA. 95

schr. k. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Ixvii, p. 71. — Jaminia dyso-
rata (M. & P.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., ix, 1912, p.
180.

T. dysorata is a short, relatively broad, toothless species, as
yet known by the type specimen only. This has been re-
described by Mr. Burnup, whose figure and description are
copied. It is not worth while to reproduce the insufficient
and inaccurate earlier description of the same specimen.

27. TRUNCATELLINA QUANTULA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, fig. 5.
"Shell very minute, rimate, diaphanous, brown, cylinder-
shaped, the apex obtuse; whorls 6, microscopically delicately
lirate, strongly swollen, especially the three middle ones;
aperture ovate-rounded; peristonie simple, reflected. Length
2, width .85 mm." (Melv. & Pons.}.

Length 1.87, width 4th, 5th and 6th whorls 0.84, 6th whorl
to labrum 0.91 mm. (M. & P., cotype).

Cape of Good Hope: Port Elizabeth, south of Baakens
River to Schoenmakers Kop (J. Crawford).

Pupa quantula MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H.,
(6), xi, 1893, p. 20, pi. 3, f. 5; (8), i, 1908, p. 81, pi. 2, f. 19.
-BURNUP, same, vii, 1911, p. 409. — Jaminia quantula (M. &
P.), CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., ix, 1912, p. 183.

"Exceedingly minute, with simple mouth and remarkably
swollen, ventricose whorls, especially the third, fourth and
fifth, and cylindriform in shape. It is longitudinally striated,
but so minutely as to be almost invisible even with a fairly
strong lens" (M. & P.}.

"Its nearest ally seems to be P. dysorata M. & P., which it
strongly resembles in its remarkably cylindrical form, but
from which it may easily be distinguished by its greater
length, comparative narrowness, rounder aperture and much
finer sculpture" (Burnup).

28. TRUNCATELLINA IOTA (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, figs. 6, 7.

"Shell very small, rimate, subcylindrical, elongate, thin,
translucent, shining, pale brown; spire slightly narrowing
upwards, the greatest width being at the fifth and sixth
whorls. Sutures impressed. Apex obtuse. Whorls 7%, very

96 TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

convex, closely lirate transversely excepting the first 2l/2,
which are smooth, the last whorl compressed round the um-
bilical region, and flattened near the middle of the labium
[outer lip]. Aperture straight, subangularly rounded, about
1/4 the height of the shell, peristome reflexed, widely so at
the columellar margin, slightly thickened, pale, untoothed,
with labium [outer lip] somewhat incurved about the middle.
Columella straight.

"Alt. 2.17, lat. 0.92 mm. (maj.).

"Alt. 2.10, lat. 0.88 mm. (min.) (Burnup).

"A slender cylindrical form which seems to be quite dis-
tinct from all described species, though seemingly comparable
with P. quantula M. & P., which is less tapering upwards,
broader in comparison to its length, and fine in sculpture,
and also with P. pentheri Stur., a more conical shell, with
smoother sculpture, the whorls particularly ventricose, and
shallower sutures" (Burnup).

The original type (from Pretoria) is slightly smaller in
dimensions than those given above, and is not in very perfect
condition (Melv. & Pons.).

Transvaal: Pretoria, type loc. (Farquhar, McBean) ; Hei-
delberg (Miss Livingston) ; Standers Kop (Connolly). Zulu-
land: Dukuduku Forest (Toppin).

Pupa iota MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H., (6), xiv, 1894,
p. 93, pi. 1, f. 10; BURNUP in M. & P., (8), i, 1908, p. 77, pi.
1, f. 11, with var. livingsto-ncc Burnup, p. 77, pi. 1, f. 12. —
BURNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 406, with var. living-
stoncc, p. 407. — Jaminia iota and var. livingston<c CONNOLLY,
Ann. S. Afr. Mus., ix, 1912, p. 182.

The ribbing is decidedly stronger than in T. sykesi, but it
varies a good deal, from moderately close to more spaced, in
both the typical form and mut. livingstoncc. The size also is
quite variable in single lots, the largest individuals, it appears,
being the toothed mutation.

There is a well-developed columellar lamella, oblong and
vertical, dorsal in position, in the typical iota, as well as in
livingstoncc, but in the former not so large.

The type of iota was said to measure 1.25 x .5 mm., with 7

TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA. 97

whorls; the size-mark on Melvill and Ponsonby's plate is 2
mm. long. A specimen from Pretoria measures, length 2,
tliam. 0.8, length of aperture 0.52 mm. ; 7% whorls. No doubt
the dimensions given by these authors are incorrect ; certainly
their description of the aperture could hardly be made more
false and misleading. For this reason, Mr. Burnup's de-
scription has been quoted above.

28a. T. iata mut. living st once (Burnup). PI. 10, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Shell very similar to the typical form, 8-whorled, cylin-
drical, impressed at the sutures, somewhat coarsely longitu-
dinally striate ; aperture simple, with one internal tooth oppo-
site to the mouth, very obscurely designated in some speci-
mens, which are therefore intermediate between this variety
and the type. Alt. 2.02, width 0.84 mm. (Burnup, in M. & P.) .

Transvaal: Pretoria (Connolly); subsequently found at
Standers Kop (Standerton) (Connolly).

Two topotypes from Burnup measure :

Length 2.4, diam. 0.9, length aperture 0.65 mm. ; 8% whorls.

Length 2.1, diam. 0.83 mm. ; 7*4 whorls.

Length 1.85, diam. 0.80 mm. ; 6% whorls.

The palatal tubercle is too far in to be seen, at least in its
entirety, in the direct front aspect, but it comes into view
when the shell is turned very little, being dorsal in position.
There is a rather strong columellar lamella, also dorsal (fig.
10). Over l1/^ whorls at the summit are smooth, or under
the microscope, irregularly granulose.

29. TRUNCATELLINA SYKESI (Melv. & Pons.). PI. 10, figs. 11,
14, 15, 16, 17.

Shell rimate, minute, cylindric, diaphanous, with obtuse
apex ; whorls 7 or 8, ventricose, closely longitudinally, finely
costulate throughout; aperture ovate, peristome a little re-
flected, provided with 2 teeth, one parietal, the other basal,
opposite and inconspicuous. (Subsequently Melvill and Pon-
sonby state that the teeth "are found not to have any real
existence, the mouth of the type having been clogged with
certain foreign particles"). Length 1.90, width .75 mm.
(M. &P.).

98 TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFRICA.

Cape of Good Hope: Griqualand East, type loc. (Sykes
coll.) ; Port Elizabeth (Eeeve) ; Pirie (Godfrey) ; Grahams-
town (Farquhar). Natal: Majuba (Connolly); Durban;
Umbilo Road (pentheri, Penther) ; Edendale ; Game Pass ;
Ntimbankulu (Buruup). Zululand: Dukuduku (pentheri,
Toppin).

Pupa sykesii MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, 1893,
p. 21, pi. 3, f. 6; xii, 1893, p. Ill (corrected description);
(8), i, 1908, p. 81, pi. 2, f. 20 (with var. inconspicua Burmip,
f. 21). — Pupa pentheri STURANY, Catal. Siidafr. Land- und
Siisswasser-Moll., p. 70, in Denkschr. k. Akad. Wien, Ixvii,
1898, p. 606.

The second, emended, description of Melvill and Ponsonby
is given above, and their second figure (pi. 10, fig. 11), drawn
by Burnup. This does not show sculpture as strong as one
would infer from the description; probably the latter is in-
correct.

Specimens before me from Game Pass of the Upper Mooi
River (Burnup) have no riblets, merely slight, irregular
growth-stria?. The shape varies between that of sykesi and
inconspicua. Two measure:

Length 2.02, diam. 0.75 mm.; 714 whorls (fig. 15).

Length 1.84, diam. 0.8 mm.; 6% whorls (fig. 14).

A set from Cradock (Farquhar) shows weak costulation, a
little stronger on the upper post-embryonic whorls, or merely
striation, some being almost as smooth as the preceding, and
none strong as in the northern T. iota.

Length 2.17, diam. 0.84 mm.; 7y2 whorls (fig. 17).

Length 1.73, diam. 0.7 mm.; 6% whorls (fig. 16).

Pupa pentheri Sturany. PI. 10, fig. 13. The shell consists
of about 7VL> very regularly convex whorls, which are smooth
and parted by a deeply-cut suture. The shape is conic, as it
is wider at the base than above, and gradually tapers up-
wards. The apex is obtuse. Length 1.7, width 6.6 mm. Dr.
Penther collected this minute species abundantly in Umbilo
Road (Sturany).

29o. T. sykesi inconspicua (Buniup). PI. 10, fig. 12.

"Shell very small, rimate, subcylindrical, elongate-oval,

TRUNCATELLINA OP SOUTH AFEICA. 99

very thin, subhyaline, shining, brown ; spire slightly convexly
narrowing upward above the fifth whorl, sutures impressed,
apex obtuse; whorls T1/^, convex, nearly smooth, faintly stri-
ate, with very fine microscopic, irregular transverse cuticles,
becoming stronger towards the base, last whorl not much im-
pressed around the umbilical region ; aperture slightly ob-
lique, rounded, nearly 14 of the altitude of the shell; peri-
stome reflexed, especially at the columellar margin, slightly
thickened, connected by a thin callus, pale, untoothed, straight-
ened near the middle of the labrum [outer margin]. Colu-
mella arcuate.

"Alt. 2.05, lat. 0.72 mm. (maj.).

"Alt. 1.94, lat. 0.77 mm. (min.)" (Burnup).

Dargle, Natal (Miss Livingston) ; Grahamstowii, Cape
Colony (Farquhar).

Pupa sykesi var. inc&nspicua BURNUP in Melvill & Pon-
sonby, Ann. Mag. (8), i, Jan. 1908, pp. 81, 82, pi. 1, f. 21-
BITRNUP, Ann. Mag. (8), vii, 1911, p. 410.

"Although, while differentiating inconspicua from sykesi
M. & P., from the material then at my disposal, I considered
it to be a distinct species, I can now only concur with Melv.
& Pons. in treating them as one. In coming to this decision
I am largely indebted to Dr. R. Sturany, who not only iden-
tified for me specimens from Dukuduku Forest, Zululand, as
being P. pentheri Stur., but also sent me co-types of his
species collected by Dr. Penther at Umbilo Road, Durban.
His specimens are somewhat intermediate between sykesi M.
& P., and inconspicua Burnup, and leave no doubt as to all
three forms belonging to one species. P. pentheri must, there-
fore, be placed in the synonymy of sykesi, and inconspicua
may be retained as an elongate, narrow, fusiform variety of
the same species.

"In adopting my description of the var. inconspicua in its
entirety to represent their species, Melvill and Ponsonby are
led into certain errors, in that their type is more conic and
less fusiform than the var., and has only about 634 whorls
instead of Ty2, while the aperture is more than, instead of
nearly, 14 of the height of the shell ; besides which the dimen-

100 TRUNCATELLINA OF SOUTH AFRICA.

sions given do not refer to the type, which measures: height
1.82, width 0.83.

"It may be noted that while the height of inconspicua is
greater than that of the type, the width is less. As this atten-
uate form has so far only been met with at Dargle, it may
well be a local race" (Burnup).

Dubious, lost species.

Pupa haploa Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 9, fig. 22. Shell
oblong-pyramidal, very thin, apex blunted; whorls 7, ventri-
cose, longitudinally finely striate throughout, impressed at
the suture; aperture oval; peristorne a little thickened, simple.
Length 1.7, width .75 mm.

Pretoria. A very small oblong species, with simple and
very slightly thickened peristome (M. & P.).

A small, simple-mouthed species, of which the type only
occurred, unfortunately mislaid soon after description fifteen
years ago. No example has since come to hand. Seemingly
allied to P. pretoriensis M. & P. (M. & P., 1908).

Pupa haploa M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xi, 1893, p. 21,
pi. 3, f. 7; (8), i, 1908, p. ll. — Jaminia. haploa (M. & P.),
CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 284.

See note under the following species.

Pupa psichion Melvill & Ponsonby. PL 9, fig. 23. Shell
umbilicate, rather obese, minute, pale brown, apex obtuse ;
whorls 6, tumid, somewhat flattened ; aperture rounded ; peri-
stome thickened, simple. Length 2.5, width 1.5 mm. Pre-
toria. A minute species, like haploa (M. & P.), but the whorls
are more tumid and only 6 in number. Mouth round, peri-
stome simple, toothless, and without plaits (M. & P.). Type
"no longer in existence, having been accidentally broken"
(M.&P.).

Pupa psichion M. & P., Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, 1894, p.
93, pi. 1, f. 8 ; (8), i, 1908, p. 81.— -Jaminia psichion (M. & P.),
CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 285.

The diameter assigned suggests Pupilla. Neither this nor
the preceding species are known to Burnup. Connolly writes-.

' ' It appears advisable to transfer both the foregoing to the
list of doubtful species. P. haploa was founded on a single
specimen, which can only be regarded as lost, since it has
proved quite impossible to trace its whereabouts. In the case
of psichion, the type, the only known specimen, is so hope-

ACMOPUPA. 101

lessly broken that it is quite impossible even to determine to
what group of the genus it belonged. The original descrip-
tions and figures of these minute forms are hardly in them-
selves sufficient, and the Pretoria District, whence they were
recorded, has since been often carefully searched, and yielded
only the species mentioned [above]. It is probable that, if
ever the missing type of ha-ploa or cotypes of psichion turn
up, they will prove to be identical with some forms already
named; meanwhile no useful purpose can be served by re-
taining them in the list of collectible varieties."

Genus ACMOPUPA Boettger.

Acmopitpa BTTG., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., xlii, 1889, p.
271. Monotype: Bulimus subtiUssimus Al. Braun.

The shell is minute, perforate-rimate, elongately fusiform,
thin, glossy, nearly smooth ; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 4 to
5, a little convex, slowly increasing, the penult more flattened,
the last whorl forming one-third the total length. Aperture
oval, toothless, the margins converging, a little reflected, colu-
mellar margin somewhat concave (Bttg.).

The type A. su'btilissima (pi. 5, fig. 11, after Sandberger)
is a minute shell less than 2 mm. long, with only microscopic
striae. While not uncommon, it is local. According to Boett-
ger, no trace of descent from older or relationship with
younger or recent land shells is known. Jooss has noticed
another species, still undescribed (Nachrbl. d. Mai. Ges., 44,
1912, p. 37).

Acmopupa subtilissima, (Al. Br.). Bulimus subtilissimus
Al. Braun, in Walchner's Geognosie, 2d ed., p. 1137. — Pupa s.,
Sandberger, Vorwelt, p. 398, pi. 23, f. 13. Upper Oligocene
Landschneckenkalk von Hochheim.

The figures of Wenz (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 1914, p. 93,
pi. 5, f. 14) show a more obtuse summit than Sandberger 's
figures.

Genus NEGULUS Boettger.

Negulus BTTG., Jahrb. Nassauischen Vereins fiir Natur-
kunde, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 268 ; type by original designation
Pupa, reinhardti Jickeli.

"Shell perforate, either cylindric-ovate or oblong, pecu-

102 NEGULUS.

liarly striate or costulate ; [very small : 2 to 2.5 mm. long] ;
apex obtuse. Whorls 41//> to 5V->, convex, parted by a deep
suture, the last % to l/3 the length. Aperture rather large,
oblong, higher than wide, toothless; peristome a little thick-
ened, slightly expanded, the margins converging, columellar
margin somewhat concave" (Boettger).

Distribution : Africa ; Tertiary of Europe.

Figured on plate 5, figs. 14 to 21. The whorls are higher,
increasing more rapidly than in TruncateUina, the proportions
being much as in the recent Pupoides hordacea (Gabb).
Perhaps Negulus is related to Nesopupa as a toothless side
line, comparable to Pronesopupa. As none of the Neguli are
at hand, I have not been able to compare the groups directly.

Besides the type, Dr. Boettger included in this genus the
recent P. abyssinica Reinh. and several Tertiary species.

NEGULUS REINHARDTI (Jickeli). PL 5, figs. 16, 17, 18.

The perforate shell is cylindric-ovate, of a darker or lighter
brown color, and under the lens, covered with obliquely longi-
tudinal riblets. The slightly tapering spire terminates in an
obtuse apex. The 5 convex whorls increase regularly, and are
separated by a deep suture. The last whorl, which ascends
hardly noticeably in front, forms nearly one-third of the total
length of the shell ; it tapers to the base, and appears slightly
and bluntly angular under the suture above. The toothless
aperture is oblique, receding towards the base, is elongate-
rounded, and has straight, thickened margins, scarcely ex-
panded ; the columellar margin lightly curved, slightly re-
flected at the insertion, showing no callous thickening. The
right margin of lip is slightly impressed from outward
(Jickeli).

Length 2.6, diam. 1.25, alt. apert. 1% mm.

Length 2.33, diam. I1/;, alt. apert. % mm.

Abyssinia : Province Hamaszen at Mekerka, on moss-covered
cliffs on the banks of the Toquor (Jickeli).

Pupa reinhardti JICKELI, Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser-
Mollusken Nord-ost-Afrika's, in Nova Acta K. Leop.-Carol.
Deutsch. Akad. Naturf., xxxvii, 1874, p. 122, pi. 5, f. 12.

NEGULUS.

103

It is distinguished from P. abyssinica by the less cyliudric
shape, wider umbilicus, more convex and regularly increasing
whorls, of which the last scarcely (but in abyssinica strongly)
ascends in front. It differs further by the longitudinal rib-
bing, darker color, the silky luster and unarmed aperture.
From P. edentula it differs likewise by the longitudinal rib-
bing and silky gloss, also by the strong taper towards the base,
larger last whorl, and the impressed outer lip (JickeU).

NEGULUS ABYSSINICUS (Eeinhardt). PI. 5, figs. 19, 20, 21.

Shell small, perforate, cylindric-ovate, corneous, glossy,
striatulate; suture moderate; whorls 5y2, the first three
rapidly, the following but little increasing, last a little prom-
inent. Aperture higher than wide, toothless, rather oblique ;
peristome acute, slightly expanded, the columella thickened
towards the parietal wall.

Length 2y8, diani. 1, apert. % x i/2 nun. (Reinh.) .

Southern Abyssinia (Heuglin and Steudner).

Pupa edentula var. minor MARTENS, Malak. Blatter, 1866,
p. 96. — Pupa abyssinica REINHARDT in von Martens, Mollus-
ken, in v. d. Decken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika, iii, 1869, p. 151.
-JICKELI, Moll. N.-O.-Afrika's, 1874, p. 123, pi. 5, f. 13.-
Pupa abessynica Reinh., BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Vereins f.
Naturk. Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 269.

It differs from P. edentula by the more slender shape, nar-
rower umbilicus, blunted apex and relatively higher whorls;
further, the last whorl of abyssinica is higher, tapers more
towards the base, and ascends somewhat in front. The aper-
ture in abyssinica is higher than wide, the right margin
lightly impressed and the columella distinguished by a tooth-
like swelling at the insertion. In P. edentula the aperture is
as wide as high, the right margin beautifully arched, and the
columella shows only a hardly noticeable thickening at the
insertion (JickeU).

NEGULUS KENIANUS (Preston). PL 5, fig. 14.

"Shell minute, cylindrically ovate with very obtuse apex,
scarcely rimate, moderately thin, pale reddish-chestnut;
whorls 4, convex, shouldered above, marked with fine, oblique,

104 NEGULUS.

transverse strias and slightly malleated ; suture well im-
pressed ; columella whitish, internally broad ; labrum erectly
reflexed, the margins joined by a thin whitish callus; aper-
ture very broadly inversely auriform. Alt. 2, diam. maj. 2.25
mm." (Preston}.

British East Africa: Mt. Kenia at from 6000 to 9000 ft.
(Robin Kemp).

Alcra keniana PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1912, p. 189,
pi. 31, f. 6.

The diameter assigned by Preston is probably an error for
1.25 mm. The sculpture described reminds one of Nesopupa
corrugata. Not seen by the writer.

NEGULUS OBLIQUICOSTULATUS (Smith). PI. 5, fig. 15.

Shell minute, cylindric, pale brownish, rimate. Whorls 6,
a little convex, separated by a deep suture, ornamented with
arcuate, thin, very oblique riblets, the last slightly contracted
in front, a little ascending, somewhat impressed behind the
lip. Aperture rounded, subquadrate, about one-third the
total length, scarcely toothed within ; peristome thin, narrowly
expanded throughout, the margins approaching above.

Length 2, diam. 0.75 mm. ; aperture % mm. long, y2 wide
(Smith}.

St. Helena: Sugarloaf Quarry, extinct (Turton).

Pupa obliquicostulata E. A. SMITH, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1892, p. 268, pi. 22, f. 21.

"This is a very minute species, with very oblique, slender
and somewhat remote costulae and no teeth within the aper-
ture (Smith).

Systematic place doubtful; it may be a Truncatellina, but
the sculpture and proportions seem more like Negulus. Not
seen by the writer.

European Tertiary Species.

NEGULUS SUTURALIS (Sandberger). Pupa suturalis Sandb.,
Conch. Mainzer. Tert.-Beckens, 1863, p. 54, pi. 5, f. 13 ; pi. 6,
f. I. --Negulus suturalis Fischer and Wenz, Jahrb. Nassau.
Ver. Nat., 67 Jahrg., 1914, p. 92, pi. 5, f. 13.— Pupa cdentula

NEGULUS.

105

Deshayes, An. s. Vert, Bassin Paris, ii, 1866, p. 850, pi. 56,
f. 28-30.— Bidimus lineolatus Al. Braun, in Walchner's Geog-
nosie, 2 edit., p. 1136.— Pupa lincolata Sandberger, Vorwelt,
p. 391 —Negulus lineolata (Al. Br.), BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nas-
sau. Ver. Nat,, Jahrg. 42, 1889, p. 269— Jooss, NachrbL, 1912,
p. 36. Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene, Bohemia, Ger-
many and France.

K. Fischer and W. Weuz, in an excellent paper on the
Landshell chalk of the Main Basin (1914), state that this is
by far the commonest Vertiginid of Hochheim. They do not
quote Al. Braun, adopting the later name of Sandberger.

Negulus Uneolatus suUineolatus Boettger, op. cit., p. 270,
pi. 6, f. 8. Upper Oligocene, Hochheim.

Negulus suturalis gracilis Gottschick & Wenz, Nachrbl. d.
Malak. Ges., 1919, p. 9, pi. 1, f. 12, 13. Steinheim am Aal-
bruch. Also N. suturalis francofurtanus, p. 10.

NEGULUS RARICOSTA (Slav.). Pupa raricosta Slavik Arch. f.
naturwiss. Landesdurchf. v. Bohmen, i, 2, p. 266, pi. 4, f. 9-11.
— N. raricosta KLIKA, Tert. Land- und Siisswasser-Conch. des
n.-w. Bohmen, Archiv naturwiss. Landesdurchf. Bohmen, vii,
no. 4, 1891, p. 91, f. 86. Tuchoric, Bohemia.

NEGULUS VILLAFRANCHIANUS (Sacco). Vertigo villafranch-
iana Sacco, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., xi, 1885, p. 176; Mem. R.
Accad. Torino (2), xxxix, 1888, p. 18, pi. 1, f. 3. Upper
Pliocene, Tassarolo, near Novi, Piedmont. Pupa (Isthmia)
villafranchiana Sacco, von TROLL, Jahrb. K. K. Geol. Reich-
sanst., Ivii, 1907, p. 75. "Heilsamer Brunnen" near Leobers-
dorf, Austria.

NEGULUS BLEICHERI (Paladilhe). Vertigo Ueicheri Palad.,
Rev. Sci. Nat., ii, 1873, p. 51, Pliocene, Montpellier, is placed
here by Gottschick and Wenz. It was included in Vol. XXV,
p. 219, as a doubtful Vertigo.

PUPA CROSSEI Mich., Journ. de Conchyl., x, 1862, p. 7, Ver-
tigo crossei on pi. 4, f. 3. Pliocene, Hauterive (Drome), noted
in Vol. XXV, p. 220, may possibly be a Negulus; its place is
not clear to me.

106 PUPOIDOPSIS.

Pupa anodon Desh. (see Vol. XXV, p. 218) is another
edentulous species of uncertain affinities.

PUPA PALANGULA Boissy, Mem. Soc. Geol. France (2), iii,
1848, p. 276 ; Deshayes, An. s. Vert. Bassin Paris, ii, 1864, p.
849, pi. 55, f. 25-27, from the lower lacustrine bed, Rilly, has
also somewhat the aspect of Negulus.

Subfamily PUPILLIN^:.

This group is characterized by the possession of inferior
tentacles. Prior to the adult stage the shell has no apertural
armature. Adults have 0 to 5 teeth in the typical positions ;
angular lamella when present is tuberculiform (not entering
and lamelliform, as in Gastrocoptinae), and remote from the
parietal lamella. Basal lamella is wanting. The peristome is
usually reflected or expanded. The size of the shell is usually
greater than in Vertigininae, and the small teeth, when pres-
ent, obstruct the aperture very little.

Distribution continental, with the exception of Pupoidopsis
from Oahu, the relationships of which are uncertain.

Genus PUPOIDOPSIS Pilsbry & Cooke, n. gen.

The shell is umbilicate and openly rimate, conic-turrited,
thin, of few (4 to 4yo) very convex whorls. Aperture ob-
lique, ovate, toothless; peristome slightly expanded and a
little thickened within, the columellar margin dilated; mar-
gins converging, joined by a short parietal callus. Internal
axis rather large.

Type : P. haivaiensis. Distribution : Lower zone of the
Hawaiian Islands, in Post-Pliocene deposits.

These shells remind one forcibly of the continental genus
Pupoides; but they differ by the decidedly larger internal
axis (compare pi. 17, fig. 1, Pupoides, and fig. 2, Pupoidopsis),
the distinct umbilicus, the less developed peristome and the
absence of any trace of an angular lamella or tubercle. The
genus is probably not directly related to Pupoides; we doubt
whether it belongs to the Pupillinaa. Yet we are unable to
suggest any more likely place, and the general appearance

PUPOIDOPSIS. 107

would cause it to be looked for here. Young specimens are
toothless like the adult stage.

PUPOIDOPSIS HAWAIENSIS Pils. & Cooke, n. sp. PI. 17, fig. 2.

The shell is urnbilicate and rimate, conic-turrited, thin,
vinaceous-cinnamon. to pinkish-buff or white (the specimens
being fossil, and more or less faded) ; very weakly striate.
The whorls are conspicuously inflated and increase rather
rapidly, the first and especially the second being unusually
large ; the last whorl ascends slightly and slowly to the aper-
ture, and is rounded around the somewhat funnel-shaped
umbilicus. The aperture is somewhat oblique, ovate, without
teeth, its length contained 2.4 to 2.8 times in that of the shell.
The peristome is built forward nearly to the ventral convexity
of the whorl; the margins converge and are connected by a
very thin parietal callus; outer and basal margins are very
slightly expanded, somewhat thickened within ; columella
concave, the columellar margin dilated.

Length 3.83, diam. 2.28, aperture 1.55 mm. ; 4y2 whorls.

Length 3.57, diam. 2.15, aperture 1.4 mm. ; 4y2 whorls.

Length 3.4, diam. 2.05, aperture 1.22 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Oahu: Kaelepulu, Kailua, on a low rock shelf, abundant
(Pilsbry; type 129782 A. N. S. P., cotype in Bishop Mus.) ;
Laie, west of stream, between the road and the sea, in a dune
deposit, and on the calcareous sandstone bluff l1/^ miles west
of Kahuku (Cooke and Pilsbry). On the kona side of the
main range on the coral plain below Ewa mill and Waimaualo
(Cooke).

Molokai: Mauna Loa, northern slope, where the shifting
sands cross, and Kaiehu, west of and near Moomorni (Cooke) ;
Moomomi (Cooke and Pilsbry).

WestMaui: Waihee (Cooke).

Some of the best-preserved shells are translucent enough to
show the axis faintly through the last whorl.

It has been found only in Holoceue and perhaps Pleistocene
deposits, which also contain a multitude of other land shells,
Pupillidae, Tornatellinida?, Amastridae, Helicinidae and others.
Most of these deposits are from near sea level to a few hun-

108 PUPOIDES.

dred feet above. It belonged to the lowland fauna, which has
been almost wholly destroyed by deforestation since the dis-
covery of the islands by Europeans.

The Laie specimens are rather small :

Length 3.7, diam. 2.1 mm. ; 4y2 whorls.

Length 3.2, diam. 2 mm. ; 4 whorls.

Those from Molokai and West Maui offer no noticeable
variation from the Oahuan shells.

Genus PUPOIDES Pfeiffer.

Pupoides PFR., Malak. Blatter, i, 1854, p. 192, for Bulimus
nitidulus Pfr. and B. marginatus Say. — PILSBRY and VAN-
ATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 585.— KOBELT, Syst. Con-
chylien-Cabinet, Buliminidae, p. 917. — IREDALE, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., xi, p. 176. — GUDE, Fauna of British India, Moll.,
ii, 1914, p. 259, P. nitidulus Pfr. selected as type.

Leucochila- v. MARTENS in Albers, Die Heliceen, 1860, p.
296, type by original designation Pupa fallax (=P. margi-
natus Say).

Leucochiloides PFEIFFER, Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 292.
B. lardeus (Pfr.) designated as type by Connolly, Ann. S.
Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 176.

The shell is small (about 3 to 6 mm. long), rimate, long-
ovate, turrited or rarely cylindric, with obtuse apex and few
(generally 5-6) rather long whorls. Aperture ovate, toothless
except for a small, tuberculiform, angular lamella close to the
insertion of the outer lip, or united with it, rarely wanting;
peristome expanded, reflected and usually thickened within.
Internal axis slender, perforate (pi. 17, fig. 1).

Type: P. nitidulus (Pfr.). Distribution: all of the conti-
nents except Europe.

Pupoides differs from PupUla by the tapering spire, the
longer, more loosely coiled whorls, longer aperture and the
obliquity of the parietal margin of the latter. There is never
a crest or a furrow behind the lip. It is closely similar to the
genus Ena (Bulimmius of many authors) ; almost the only
difference in the shells is that Pupoides is smaller. The geni-
talia in P. marginatus show close similarity to Pupilla, the

PUPOIDES. 109

appendix being simple, rather short, and the spermathecal
duct without a diverticulum. In End there is a very long
appendix, coiled and enlarged distally, and a long branch of
the spermathecal duct, with various other differences. This is
one of several points where the Bulimini and Pupae approach
very closely. The separation of the former group as a dis-
tinct family appears to be without sufficient foundation.

A monograph has been published by Kobelt in his useful
volume on " Buliminid®, " but the species were partly scat-
tered among those of other genera and no revision or new
information was attempted.

The American and Australian species are now fairly well
understood. Many of those of Africa, Arabia and Mesopo-
tamia were described by authors who made no comparisons
with the older species ; they may be in large part referable to
P. canopictus as synonyms or local races.

Though many descriptions call these shells " umbilicate, "
they are properly designated rimate; sometimes with also a
very minute perforation. The internal axis is quite slender,
as in pi. 17, fig. 1, representing Pupoides mtidulus.

Pupoides is mainly a tropical and subtropical genus of arid
regions or of relatively dry stations in humid areas. The
American species harbor under stones or at the roots of grass ;
following rains they are sometimes found on trees a few feet
from the ground. The living shells are often coated with dirt
adhering by the slime of the animal.

As in Pupilla, the sinistral species belong to decidedly arid
regions. They are found only in Central and West Australia.

The distribution of Pupoides is remarkably discontinuous.
In Asia and Africa its range is about like that of Zootecus,
which prefers similar climates. The absence of the genus in
southeastern Asia and the East Indies leaves the Australian
herd profoundly isolated, as is also the American herd. Yet
the hypothesis of radiation from a northern, Asiatic or Asia-
tico-American center, as in the case of Gastrocopta, appears
not improbable.

A species referable to Pupoides or perhaps Microstele has
been described as Pupoides pilsbryi Dall (Monograph of the

110 PUPOIDES.

Molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax zone of the Oligo-
cene of Tampa, Florida, in Bull. 90, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1915, p.
29, pi. 1, f. 6) from Tampa Silex bed, Ballast Point, Tampa
Bay, Florida. Though described as without teeth, the figure
shows three.

I. American species, nos. 1 to 7.
II. Oriental and Ethiopian species, nos. 8 to 23.
III. Australian species, nos. 24 to 28.

I. AMERICAN SPECIES OF PUPOIDES.

1. Shell distinctly tapering; diam. half the length, more or

less 2

Shell cylindric or subcylindric ; diam. decidedly less than
half the length 5

2. An angular lamella represented by a small, callous pad

joined to the outer lip 3

Angular lamella a distinct and separate tubercle.

P. cccnopictus, no. 10.
No angular tubercle or pad; 3.4 to 4.2 mm. long, 4*/2 to 5

whorls P. modicus, no. 3.

3. About 5 mm. long ; 51/2 to 6 whorls ; U. S., Mex., West In-

dies P. marginaius, no. 1.

3.6 to 4.2 mm. long, 4% to 5 whorls 4

4. West Indies P. m. nitidulus, no. la.

Venezuela P. simoni, no. 2.

5. North American species 6

South American; cylindric, with slender riblets.

P. paredesii, no. 7.

6. Cylindric ; no angular tubercle or callous pad 7

Slowly tapering, slender, with a small angular tubercle;

Mazatlan P. chordatus, no. 6.

7. With slender, spaced riblets; Arizona, New Mexico.

P. hordaceus, no. 4.
Nearly smooth ; South Dakota to New Mexico.

P. inornatus, no. 5.

PUPOIDES. Ill

1. PUPOIDES MARGINATUS (Say). PL 12, figs. 1 to 7.

The shell is minutely perforate, rimate, slowly tapering
from the last whorl to the obtuse summit, cinnamon or slightly
darker, paler behind the lip, somewhat glossy. Surface
lightly marked with striae of growth, wanting on the first
whorl, which is weakly, microscopically grauose. The whorls
are rather strongly convex, the last half- whorl somewhat com-
pressed laterally, tapering to the narrowly rounded base.
The aperture is oval; peristome expanded and reflected,
strongly thickened within, its face flattened; the outer lip is
more strongly arched near the upper insertion, its internal
callus excavated and narrower there. The columellar margin
is straightened, dilated and reflected. Parietal callus rather
strong but transparent, bearing a short angular tubercle con-
nected with the outer lip.. Length 5, diam. 2.2 mm. ; barely
6 whorls.

Eastern North America from Ontario and Maine to the
Gulf of Mexico, west to the Dakotas, Colorado, and western
Arizona (Yurna Co.) ; in northeastern Mexico at Monterey
and Tampico. Cuba: El Vedado and Morro Castle, near
Havana and around Cienfuegos (Pilsbry) ; Bahia Honda and
Cabanas Light (J. B. Henderson). Haiti and Santo Domingo
(Salle, Gabb). Porto Rico (Riise). Bermuda.

Cyclostoma marginata SAY, Journ. A. N. S. Phila., ii, 1821,
p. 172 (Upper Missouri). — Bidimus marginatus Say, BINNBY,
Terr. Moll., iv, p. 136.— PFR., Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 76.— WEIN-
LAND, Jahrb. d. m. Ges., 1880, p. 376 (Jeremie and Port-au-
Prince, Haiti). — Pupa, marginata Say, MARTENS, Biologia
Centr. Amer., Moll., p. 329, pi. 19, f. 1 (Mexico, "probably
near the City"; also St. Croix). - - Pupoides marginatus
(Say), PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p.
586. — WALKER, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no.
15, 1915, pp. 2-10 (localities in Ariz., N. Mex., Texas, Okla.).
—Pupa falla-x Say, GOULD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., iv, p.
357, pi. 16, f. 15.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 309.— BIN-
NEY, Terr. Moll., v, 1878, p. 203, pi. 52, f. 1 (shell), pi. iv, f. T
(teeth). — GIBBONS, Journ. of Conch., ii, 1879, p. 131 (Havana,
Puerto Plata, Curacao, Cartagena, Puerto Cabello). — Palu-

112 PUPOIDES.

dina turrita MENKE, Synops. Meth. Moll., 1830, p. 40; no
locality or definition; Cyclostoma marginatum Say quoted as
doubtfully the same. --Pupa albilabris (Ward MS.) C. B.
ADAMS, Amer. Journ. of Sci., xl, 1841, p. 271 (substitute for
marginatus Say) ; Thompson's Vermont, Moll., 1842, p. 158. —
Bulimus exiguus REEVE, Conch. Icon., v, 1850, pi. 88, fig. 654
(St. Domingo, Salle). — Pupa arizonensis GABB, Amer. Journ.
of Conch., ii, 1866, p. 331, pi. 21, f. 6 (Fort Grant, Arizona).

The distribution is given above from specimens seen.
Localities on the Spanish main are mentioned by Gibbons,
but I have not confirmed them. Dr. Sterki has stated that
Curacao specimens in the Mazyck collection are typical. In
the United States it may be found in all the states from. Ari-
zona and Colorado eastward, but, so far as I know, nowhere
at high elevations, either in the West or in the Alleghenies.

The size varies considerably in the same colony. Around
Philadelphia (pi. 12, fig. 1) some lots run from 4.2 to 4.8 mm.
long. In others the largest are 5 mm. long. It prefers places
where the rock is limestone, though also common elsewhere.
The living shell is usually more or less coated with earth or
excrement.

Figs. 2, 3 represent shalls from Washington Co., South Da-
kota. The prominence of the angular tubercle varies, as in
most Western lots.

In a lot from near Monterey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, the size
ranges from 4 mm. long, 5V2 whorls, to 5 mm., 6 whorls.

In Arizona the shell is often small and delicate, length 4
mm., hardly over 5 whorls, with scarcely any callous pad in
the angle of the mouth (pi. 12, fig. 4, Plumosa Range about 8
miles east of Quartzsite, western Arizona), thus resembling
P. modicus; but in the same lots there are also larger shells.

The most slender examples are from the Gulf States (pi.
12, fig. 5, Big Wills Valley, Alabama), measuring, length 5,
diarn. 2 mm., Qy2 whorls.

The West Indian shells (pi. 12, figs. 6, 7, Castillo de Jagua,
entrance of Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba) are mainly typical in
form, the angular callus strongly developed but in some lots
there are also broader shells than any seen from the United
States. Those figured measure:

PUPOIDES. 113

Length 5.6, diam. 2.4 mm.; 6*4 whorls (fig. 6).

Length 4.8, diam. 2.55 mm.; 5y2 whorls (fig. 7).

This broad form occurs in several lots from Cuba and
Haiti; also in a lot from Tampico, the shells here being
smaller.

The Bermudan form may be referable to P. m. nitidulus;
it measures 4 to 4.5 mm. long. Specimens seen from. Church
Cave near Tucker's Town, Fairyland, near Hamilton and
Port Royal (S. Brown), Flatts near Frascati Hotel (A. Gu-
lick).

This shell has usually been known as Pupa fallax Say, but
that species was based upon a stray example of Ena obscura
(Mull.) of Europe. The same specimen, apparently, served
for type of Pupa placida Say.

la. P. MARGIN ATUS NITIDULUS (Pfr.). PI. 12, figs. 9, 16.

The shell is smaller than typical marginatus with 5 to 5V->
whorls ; angular callus weak or scarcely noticeable. Peristoine
reflected and calloused within.

Length 3.6, diam. 2 mm. ; 5 whorls. Matanzas.

Length 4.2, diam. 2 mm. ; 5!/2 whorls. Matanzas.

Length 4.3, diam. 2.15 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Matanzas.

Cuba: Havana, Matanzas and Trinidad (Pilsbry) ; Cabanas
Light (Henderson). Jamaica: Kingston (C. W. Johnson and
Win. J. Fox). Haiti: Cape Hatien, Port-au-Prince, Char-
mettes, St. Mark (J. B. Henderson) ; Yuma (H. Prime) ;
Santo Domingo (Gabb). Porto Rico: Ponce (Bland and
others. St. Croix (Riise). St. Bartholomew (Dr. Cleve).
Antigua (W. R. Forrest). Bahamas: Inagua (C. J. May-
nard) ; Mangrove Cay, Andros (0. Bryant).

Bulimus nitidulus PFEIFFEB, Wiegmann's Archiv f. Naturg.,
1839, i, p. 352; Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, p. 117; iii, 349; iv, 414;
vi, 59 (exclusive of var. B. exiguus) ; in Kuester's Conchyl.-
Cabinet, Bulimus, p. 153, pi. 39, f. 23-25. — Bulimus nitidulus
Pfr., MAZE, Journ. de Conch., 1890, p. 26 (Philisbourg, Guada-
loupe).--CROSSE, J. de C., 1890, p. 200 (Cuban localities,
etc.) ; 1891, p. 127 (Santiago, S. Domingo) ; 1892, p. 22 (Fa-
jardo, Pto. Rico) . — Pupa parraiana ORBIGNY, Hist. Fis., Polit.

114 PUPOIDES.

y Nat. de la Isla de Cuba, v, Moluscas, 1845, p. 96, pi. 12, f.
9, 11.

Topotypes are figured from a quarry near the road on the
west side of Matanzas Bay, where it is abundant.

This is the common West Indian Pupoides, much more gen-
erally diffused than P. marginatus. It intergrades in size
with marginatus, though the latter is rarely so small ; yet the
prevalence of this minor form indicates racial diversity which
may properly be recognized in taxonomy. It is very much
like P. modicus, but fully adult shells differ by the internally
thickened lip of nitidulus.

The original descriptions follow.

Pupa parraiana-. -- Shell oblong-ovate, subcylindric-perf or-
ate, brown, smooth ; spire lengthened, apex acuminate-obtuse ;
6 convex whorls ; aperture oval ; lip margin wide, reflected,
white. Length 4, diam. 1.5 mm. Cuba (Orbigny).

Bulimiis nitidulus. -- Shell rimate-perf orate, oblong, solid,
striatulate, somewhat glossy, tawny ; suture deep ; whorls 5y2,
convex, scalariform, the last about one-third the length.
Aperture oval; peristome expanded white, somewhat lipped
within, margins converging, the right margin arched, colu-
mellar somewhat straight, dilated. Length 4, diam. 2 mm.,
aperture I1/? mm. long, 1 wide. Very rare around Matanzas,
Cuba (P/r.f.

2. PUPOIDES SIMONI (Jouss.). PI. 12, fig. 8.

Shell rimate-perforate, ovate, thin, transparent, the pale
corneous color is a yellow quite noticeably tinged with red-
dish. The spire is couvexly conic, apex obtuse. Whorls S1/^,
irregularly coiled, the penult larger, giving the shell a ventri-
cose aspect. Two earlier whorls smooth, the rest having fine,
oblique striae, nearly effaced, quite regularly placed, visible
only under a strong lens. Aperture subovate, rounded, tooth-
less; the peristome widely reflected, whitish with a red band
around the throat, strongly curved in at the posterior inser-
tion. Columellar margin straightened, reflected above the
umbilicus. Parietal callus thin. Length nearly 4, diam.
nearly 2 mm.

Venezuela: Caracas (Simon).

PUPOIDES. 115

Leucocliila simoni JOUSSEAUME, Mem. Soc. Zool. de France,
ii, 1889, p. 246, pi. 9, f. 2.

About the size of P. m. n/itidula and P. modica, and to be
compared with those forms, with one of which it may very
likely prove identical. The description is abbreviated from
Jousseaume, and his figure is copied, as no Venezuelan speci-
mens of Pupoides are at hand.

3. PUPOIDES MODICUS (Gould). PI. 12, figs. 13, 14, 15.

The shell is perforate, rimate, tapering from the last whorl
to the obtuse summit, thin, dull brown, somewhat glossy,
irregularly striate. The whorls are strongly convex, the last
ascending in front. The aperture is oval. Peristome thin,
broadly expanded, very little or not thickened within, white,
the outer margin regularly curved, columellar margin straight-
ened, margins converging and joined by a transparent callus.
No callous pad or tubercle in the angle.

Length 4.2, diam, 2.1 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Length 3.9, diam. 2.15 mm. ; 5 whorls.

Length 3.45, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 4% whorls.

St. Simon's Island, Georgia, and Cedar Keys, Florida, to
Key West; near the coast. Bimiui Keys, Bahamas (G. H.
Clapp).

Pupa modica Gld., Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., iii, 1848, p. 40
(Florida) ; Terr. Moll., ii, p. 318, pi. 52, f. 2.— W. G. BINNEY,
Terr. Moll., v, p. 204, pi. 52, f. 2. --Pupoides modicus Gld.,
VANATTA, Nautilus, xxi, pp. 100-104 (Florida Keys). — CLAPP,
Nautilus, xxvii, p. 64 (Bimini Is.). — WALKER, Nautilus, xxxi,
pp. 54, 56 (between Chester shoal and Cape Canaveral, Palm
Beach, Long Key).

The shell is smaller and thinner than P. marginal us, some-
what more striate, the lip very little or not thickened. The
last character is about all that separates modicus from the
Antillean P. margitiatus nitidulus, which is about the same
size, and when not quite mature cannot be distinguished.
The angular tubercle is sometimes practically wanting in
small forms of P. marginatus. Key West examples are figured.

Dr. Clapp found P. modicus on South Bimini, North Cat

116 PUPOIDES.

aiid South Cat, of the Bimiiii group, on the extreme west of
the Bahamas, separated from Florida by the Gulf Stream.

4. PUPOIDES HORDACEUS (Gabb). PI. 12, figs. 11, 12.

The shell is imperforate, shortly rimate ; cylindric, with a
convexly conic summit and obtuse apex; cinnamon to avel-
laneous, without gloss, the apex and lip pale. The upper
whorls are strongly convex, the last two weakly convex or
somewhat compressed laterally. Sculpture of slender retrac-
tive riblets, nearly straight, widely spaced, wanting on the
first l1/^ whorls, which are weakly, densely, microscopically
granulose. The aperture is slightly oblique, oval, angular
above. The peristome is narrowly expanded, strongly thick-
ened within. Parietal margin strongly oblique, covered with
a very thin callus. There is no angular tubercle or callus.

Length 3.35, diam. 1.5 mm.; 5l/3 whorls. Jerome.

Length 3.9, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 51/. whorls. Jerome.

Length 3.65, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 5^3 whorls. Adamana.

Length 4.3, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 5% whorls. Adamana.

Las Vegas, New Mexico, and western San Miguel Co., Colo-
rado, west to Mt. Trumbull and Jerome, Arizona, south to
Mesilla, N. M., and Benson, Arizona.

Pupa hordacea GABB, Amer. Jour. Conch., ii, p. 331, pi. 21,
fig. 7 (1866). Not Pupa hordeacea W. G. Binney; not Bifi-
daria hordeacea Sterki. — Pupoides hordaceus (Gabb), PILS-
BRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 588, pi. 22, f.
11. _ _ WALKER, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 15,
1915, pp. 2-4 (distribution).

Pupa arizonensis Gabb, W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fresh-
Water Shells of North America, 1869, part i, p. 240, fig. 416 ;
and in subsequent works. Not P. arizonensis Gabb.

Pupa arizonensis W. G. Binney, STERKI, Nautilus, iii, pp.
118, 119.

Pupa gabbi BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xix, 1896, p.
367, new name for P. arizonensis Binney not Gabb.

Bifid-aria hebes Ancey, PILSBRY, Classified Cat., p. 19; Nau-
tilus, xi, 1898, p. 117. Not of Ancey.

Pupa gabbi mexicanorum CKLL., Nautilus, x, April, 1897.
p. 143 (Rio Grande, Mesilla, N. M.).

PUPOIDES. 117

This toothless cylindric snail resembles the following
species, but is quite unlike any other of our fauna. It was
one of our rarest and least known species before 1900, but
since that time has often been taken in abundance. Its earlier
adventures under various aliases have been discussed in my
paper of 1900.

Gabb did not notice the ribs, which are often partially lost
by wear, but they are present though weak by wear in the
only one of his specimens preserved. The original description
follows.

Pupa hordacea Gabb. Description. — Shell very small, cylin-
drical ; apex obtuse ; whorls 6, convex ; suture well impressed,
smooth, thin, horn-color; aperture small, rounded below, un-
armed, lip narrowly reflected and white; base umbilicate, the
umbilicus bounded by an angle.

Dimensions. — Length .11, width .04 inch.

Locality. — With the preceding [Fort Grant, near the junc-
tion of the Arivapa and San Pedro rivers, Ariz. Collected by
Dr. G. H. Horn].

This is a species of the arid plateaus and foothills, never
found in the humid upper zone of the mountains. It is
known by specimens taken in the debris of streams or in
Pleistocene or later deposits. The Mesilla specimens may
have floated from the upper river ; those from the San Pedro
at Benson certainly «ame from further south, and the type
lot also may have been from the San Pedro drift. Westward
from Benson, in Pima County, we saw nothing of it; but it
penetrates westward further north. It appears to be most
abundant in the northern counties of Arizona, extending
north to San Miguel Co., Colorado, near the Utah line.
Specimens from this place measure from length 4.15, diam.
1.6, aperture 1.4 mm., barely 6 whorls, to length 3.3, diam.
1.6, aperture 1.3 mm., 5*4 whorls.

In the deposits at Las Vegas, N. M., at its northeastern ex-
treme limit, it occurs with P. inornatus, which here reaches
its southern limit as now known. The localities follow.

Colorado : Dolores canyon at mouth of Gypsum Creek, San
Miguel Co. (Junius Henderson, 1914).

118 PUPOIDES.

New Mexico: near Las Vegas (Prof. Cockerell, Mary
Cooper) ; Rio Grande drift at Albuquerque (Ferriss & Pils-
bry) ; Grant (A. and J. Baily) ; Rio Grande drift at Mesilla
(Cockerell). Canones Creek east of Mt. Pederual, Coyote
Creek near Rio Puerco and Arroyo Agua and Rio Puerco, all
in Rio Arribo Co.; 14 miles north of Tucumcari (Walker).

Arizona: Navajo Springs (Ashmun), Chinle Creek and
near Adamana, Apache Co. (Ferriss) ; Holbrook, Navajo Co.
(Ashmun) ; Antelope Valley and Finley's reservoir, near Mt.
Trumbull, Coconino Co. (Ferriss and Daniels) ; Verde River
near Jerome, Yavapai Co. (Ashmun) ; Ft. Grant, Final Co.
(G. H. Horn, type locality) ; San Pedro drift, near Benson,
Cochise Co. (Pilsbry) ; Ft. Defiance, in drift (Walker).

5. PUPOIDES INORNATUS Vanatta. PL 12, fig. 10.

Shell similar to P. hordaceus except that the upper part
tapers slightly more, and the surface is nearly smooth, with
some irregularly developed striae only, weaker near the suture.

Length 3.6, diam. 1.6 mm. ; 5i/> whorls. Type.

Length 3.4, diam. 1.57 mm.; 5y2 whorls. Pike's Peak.

South Dakota: drift of White River, Washington Co. (type
loc.), and Indian Creek, Pennington Co. (W. H. Over).
Colorado: Pike's Peak (E. Hall) ; Trinidad (Pilsbry) ; Round
Mountain, Custer Co. (Cockerell) ; Bellevue, Larimer Co. (J.
Henderson). New Mexico: Arroyo Pecos, near Las Vegas,
in ant hills, flood debris and in the "charcoal zone" (T. D.
A. Cockerell).

Pupoides inornatus VAN., Nautilus, xxix, Dec. 1915, p. 95.
-f Pupa hordeacea Gabb, SAMPSON, Nautilus, vi, 1893, p. 102
(William's canyon, Manitou, Colo.). - - Pupoides hordaceus
(Gabb), PILSBRY and COCKERELL, Nautilus, xiv, 1900, p. 86.—
J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies, iv, p. 170; ix, 1912, p.
57. --Pupa arizonensis var. nov. saxicola COCKERELL, Zoe, ii,
April, 1891, p. 18 (under rocks on Round Mountain, Custer
Co., Colorado). Not Pupa saxicola Lowe.

In a considerable number seen, this form differs constantly
from P. hordaceus. It appears to be a species of the Rocky
Mountains, spreading eastward, while hordaceus ranges south-
westward, the areas overlapping at Las Vegas.

PUPOIDES. 119

No "live" specimens have been seen; those from South
Dakota and Las Vegas, though sometimes retaining the cinna-
mon color, may be Pleistocene or later fossils washed into the
streams. Apparently it still lives in Colorado, as the Pike's
Peak shells are quite fresh. By correspondence with Junius
Henderson and the examination of specimens it appears that
all published Colorado records for hordaceus wrere based on
specimens of inornatus, with the possible exception of Samp-
son's Williams canyon record (Nautilus, vi, 102), which has
not been re-examined. The true P. hordacens is known to
occur only in the extreme southwestern part of the state, west
of the Rocky Mountains.

Professor Cockerell seems to have been the first to find this
shell, but unfortunately he described it quite briefly, without
mention of the sculpture, and used a preoccupied name. I
have not seen his P. a. var. saxicola, but it is now regarded
by him as identical with inornatus. Later Mr. Vanatta, who
had access to large numbers of the true P. hordaceus, noticed
the difference in sculpture.

6. PUPOIDES CHORDATUS (Pfeiffer). PL 11, figs. 14, 15.

Shell rimate, cyliudric-oblong, thin, sculptured with ob-
lique, rather distant, cord-like riblets, pellucid, corneous.
Spire long, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5y2, moderately convex,
the last slightly over one-fourth the length, rounded at base.
Aperture oblique, oval ; peristome white-lipped, shortly ex-
panded throughout, the margins somewhat approaching, colu-
mellar margin slightly arcuate. Length 4, diam. 1 mm. ; aper-
ture slightly more than 1 mm. long ( Pfr. ) .

Mexico: Mazatlan (E. Klocke).

Bulimus chordatus PFR., Malak. Blatter, iii, 1856, p. 46;
Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 420; Novit. Conch.., iii, p. 440, pi.
94, f. 3-6. — Pupa chordata Pfr., BINNEY & BLAND, Land and
Freshwater Shells of N. A., i, 1869, p. 241, f. 418.— Pupoides
chordatus Pfr., MARTENS, Biologia Centrali-Americana, Moll.,
p. 330.— KOBELT, Conchyl.-Cab., BuliminidcE, p. 921, pi. 130,
f. 5, 6. — Pupa choroata SCHAUFUSS in Paetel's Cat., p. 84.

More delicate and more tapering than P. hordaceus, the

120 PUPOIDES.

riblets sometimes partially obsolete, and there is a small an-
giilar tubercle inward from the insertion of the lip. The
color is decidedly brownish corneous, the lip paler but not
white. A specimen received from Schaufuss, probably from
the original lot, measures: length 3.54, diam. 1.34, length of
aperture 1.05 mm.; 5y2 whorls (fig. 14). Pfeiffer's dimen-
sions were evidently only approximate, as the ratio of diam-
eter to length does not agree with his figures, one of which is
copied in fig. 15.

7. PUPOIDES PAREDESII (Orb.). PI. 11, figs. 10-12.

The shell is oblong, pupoid, umbilicate, thin, marked longi-
tudinally with raised ribs, widely spaced. Spire nearly cylin-
dric with abruptly truncate summit, composed of 6 convex,
rounded whorls separated by a deep suture. Aperture oval,
without teeth, having the peristome thick, a little reflected.
Color uniform dirty fawn, the aperture whitish. Length 5,
diam. 2 mm. (Orb.).

Bolivia: near La Paz, on the road los Obrages, elevation
not less than 3600 m., on walls and under stones under bushes
(type loc.). Also a smaller form [limensis Phil.] near Lima,
Peru, at the foot of Mount San Cristobal, under stones in
somewhat humid places, only a few hundred meters above sea
level (Orbigny).

Helix paredesii ORBIGNY, Mag. de Zool., 1835, p. 21. — Pupa
paredesii ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, Mollusques,
p. 322, pi. 41, f. 3-6.— HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl., 1870, p. 65
(Lima, Peru; Guayaquil, Ecuador; Cobija, Bolivia, Paz).—
Pupoides paredesii Orb., KOBELT, Conchyl.-Cab., Bidwiimckz,
p. 921, pi. 130, f. 7, 8.

D 'Orbigny notes the unusual distribution of this species,
from the cold zone of La Paz to the hot region of Lima; he
could find no difference in the shells except that those of Lima
are smaller. I have not seen topotypic paredesii but only the
Lima form, limensis Phil., which may perhaps prove to be a
subspecies.

P. limensis (Philippi). PI. 11, figs. 18, 19. Shell rimate,
subcylindric, with tapering apex, thin, white, obliquely striate-

PUPOIDES. 121

costulate. Whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely one-third of
the length. Aperture oval, vertical, the peristome expanded,
reflected, margins joined by a callus. Length 4V4, diam. 2
mm. (Phil.).

Peru : Mt. St. Bartolome near Lima (Philippi) ; Lima (Paz).

Pupa limetisis PHIL., Malak. Blatter, xiv, 1867, p. 75. —
PFEIFFER, Monogr. Hel. Viv., vi, 299.

Philippi 's type was bleached. Fresh shells are avellaneous
(brownish-corneous), dull, with thread-like, widely-spaced
riblets. The peristome is narrow, expanded, whitish, not
thickened. There is no angular tubercle or callus. Though
subcylindric, it tapers more than P. hordaceus.

Length 4.65, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 4.14, diam. 1.72 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 4.4, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 5^/2 whorls.

This shell seems to be abundant at Lima. It requires re-
newed comparison with typical paredesii of the high sierra;
by reason of its very different zonal relation, it may be racially
distinct.

II. SPECIES OP THE ORIENTAL AND ETHIOPIAN REGIONS.

These forms differ from the North American by having the
tuberculiform angular lamella separated from the lip-inser-
tion, though contiguous to it. Rarely it is wanting.

Some 27 supposed species have been named ; possibly a
third of these are really distinguishable as species or races ;
but the materials for a revision are not contained in any one
museum. Most of them were described without comparisons
with already known species, and the characters depended
upon for specific distinction — chiefly size and degree of elon-
gation— are highly variable in the American P. marginatus.
I doubt their racial value in the cocnopictus group.

No less than seven supposed species have been described or
reported from Aden, probably all from the debris along occa-
sional torrents. In Arizona I have noticed great variety in
the size and shape of P. marginatus found under similar con-
ditions, doubtless due to the mingling of shells out of different
colonies. Under the circumstances I can do little more than
give the published descriptions, grouped geographically.

122 PUPOIDES.

8. PUPOIDES TUTULUS (Reeve). PI. 13, figs. 16, 17, 18.
Shell conical, rather broad at the base, compressly umbili-

cated, whorls 6 in number, rounded, very minutely striated;
columella very broadly vertically dilated, with a small cal-
losity above. Aperture nearly round, lip slightly reflected.
Light chestnut, somewhat horny, callosity white (Reeve}.

Length 5V2, diam. 3 mm.; aperture 2 x 1% mm. (Pfr.}.

India: Humeerpore, Bundelkhund (Benson); Delhi and
Nagpore (Wood-Mason) ; Kutch and Sind (Stoliczka, Blan-
ford) ; Patna (Mainwaring).

Bulimus tutuliis Benson, MS., REEVE, Couch. Icon., v, De-
cember, 1849, pi. 84, f. 625. — Pupa tutula Benson, KUESTER,
Conchyl. Cab., p. 133, pi. 17, f . 8-10. - - PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel.
Viv., iii, 1853, p. 535. - - HANLEY and THEOBALD, Conch. In-
dica, 1876, pi. 156, f. 6.— NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i,
1878, p. 194. --Pupoides tutulus Reeve, GUDE, Fauna Brit.
India Moll., ii, p. 261.

More broadly conic than any other species. The figures of
Reeve (fig. 18) and Kuester (figs. 16, 17) are copied.

9. PUPOIDES DORLE (Issel). PL 17, figs. 5, 6.

Shell rimate, ovate-elongate, tapering, corneous, glossy,
under a lens obliquely striate ; apex corneous, obtuse, suture
impressed. Whorls 7i/>, a little convex, the last somewhat
swollen, a little ascending to the aperture, compressed at the
perforation. Aperture rotund, y:>t the length ; peristome
white, a little expanded, flatly reflected, the columellar margin
arcuate, outer margin strongly curved, margins strongly con-
verging ; parietal wall having a white tubercle at the angle of
the aperture. Length 6%, diam. 2 mm. (Isscl).

Persia : near the wall about the garden of Haescht Behescht,
Ispahan (Doria).

Bulimus doruc ISSEL, Molluschi raccolti dalla Missione Itali-
ana. in Persia, 1865, p. 33, pi. 2, f. 29-32.

This is the largest of the genus, with more whorls than
lordeus or other related species. The original figures are re-
produced.

PUPOIDES. 123

10. PUPOIDES CCENOPICTUS (Hutton). PL 13, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is cylindric-turrited, deeply rimate, cinnamon-
brown or paler, lightly striate. The whorls are strongly
convex, regularly increasing to the penult, which is somewhat
more swollen. The aperture is ovate; peristome rather
broadly, flatly reflected, strongly thickened within, thin at the
edge; outer margin regularly curved throughout, an angular
tubercle below its posterior insertion and separated from it
by a groove. Parietal callus thin and short.

Length 5.1, diam. 2.4 mm.; 6 whorls (Bombay).

Length 4.8, diam. 2.2 mm.; 5% whorls (Bombay).

India: Salt Range, Kashmir, N. W. Punjab (Theobald);
Beeana near Agra (Hutton, type loc.) ; Delhi, Roorkee (Wood-
Mason) ; Patna (Main waring) ; Kutch (Stoliezka) ; Trichi-
nopoly, Erode (Blanford) ; Travancore (Beddome) ; Dina-
pur, Kurnal (Bacon) ; Bombay (Peile). Ceylon (Nevill, Bed-
dome). Afghanistan (Hutton).

Introduced in Jansenville, Cape Prov., South Africa (H.
C. Burnup), Cuba (Arango) and Porto Rico (Swift).

No. 7. --Pupa. Pupa cccnopicta? HUTTON, Journ. A. S.
Beng., iii, 1834, pp. 85, 93. — Pupa cccnopicta HUTTON, J. A.
S. B., xviii, 1849, p. 654. — MORELET, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geiiova,
iii, 1872, p. 200.— NEVILL, Handlist Moll. Ind. Mus., i, 1878,
p. 193 ; Zool. Res. Exp. W. Yunnan, i, 1879, p. 882.— PEILE,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xi, 1908, p. 131. — BLANFORD,
J. A. S. B., vol. 44, 1875, p. 45 (Aden forms). -- Pupoides
ca-nopictus Hutt., KOBELT, Syst. Conchyl. Cab. Buliminidas, p.
918, pi. 130, f. 22, 23.— GUDE, Fauna British India, Moll., ii,
p. 259. — Buliminus fallax Say, JICKELI, Nova Acta K. Leop.-
Carol. Akad. Nat. Cur., vol. 37, 1874, p. 97, pi. 2, f. 1 (jaw),
pi. 5, f. 1 (shell); Abyssinian forms. --BuUminiis (Ena)
cirnopictus Hutton, DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iii,
1890, p. 129, pi. 1, f. 4o, & (Bakel, Senegal).— B itlimus civno-
pictus Hutton, HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, p. 12, pi.
23, f. 9 (Afghanistan etc., Upper Birrnah). - ~ W. BLANFORD,
J. A. S. B., xxxi, 1862, p. 136 (small variety; close to Mya-
noung on the banks of the Irrawaddy ; neighborhood of Ava).
—PeroiKzus cccnopictus Hutton, THEOBALD, J. A. S. B., 1878,

124 PUPOIDES.

pp. 144, 148 (northwestern Punjab, under stones, vari-
able).

I take the typical cccrwpictus to be the more slender, darker-
colored Indian form. Button's insufficient description ap-
pears to indicate this form, which has been figured as cceno-
pictus in the Conchologia Iconica and Conchologia Indica.
Pfeiffer figured a more obese, conic form in the Conchylien-
Cabinet. Somebody ought to look it up at Hutton's type
locality ; the exact spot should be easily found. Hutton writes :
' The shell is covered over with a coating of mud. These little
shells I found at Beana ; they were adhering to the face. of a
bare and very steep rock. . . . They were scattered over the
bleak face of the rock in great numbers." He mentions also
(p. 88) that the rock faced east.

Benson (1849) wrote: "I found the species abundant
under stones and rocks at Delhi, and Dr. Bacon met with it
in great profusion at Kurnal on mud walls and under tiles.
It has never occurred to me or to my correspondents on the
left bank of the Jumna nor of the Ganges. Dr. Bacon found
a specimen or two at Dinapore on the right bank of the latter
river, so that it has an extensive range to the south and wrest
of those streams."

A. Morelet (Annali Museo Civ. de Storia Nat. di Geneva,
iii, 1872, p. 200) has discussed the crenopict forms described
from Arabia and Africa, reducing senegalensis, putilla, senna-
ariensis, cerealis and vermiformis to synonyms of cccnopictus;
even gemmula he thinks may be an insular form diminished
in size by the remarkable aridity of the Cape Verde Island
climate.

Jickeli reduced all forms of the genus known to him to a
single species which he called B. fallax Say. This view is cer-
tainly untenable, as the American and Australian species at
least are quite distinct from the Asiatic and African; yet it
may be doubted whether the following Asiatic and African
forms, as far as my No. 21, are specifically distinct from
ccenopictus.

P. cccnopictus appears to have been introduced in Cuba
and Porto Rico more than fifty years ago. Specimens from

PUPOIDES. 125

Havana (E. Araugo) are about typical in proportions (pi.
13, fig. 3). Porto Rico has both the typical and the lardeus
(pi. 13, fig. 4) forms, collected by R. Swift. It is easily sep-
arated from marginatus and nitidulus by the even curve of
the outer lip, not more strongly arcuate above, and by the
angular tubercle, distinctly separated from the outer lip.
The specimens before me, from four sources, were labelled
marginatus, fallax and nitidulus. I do not know that it has
been found in the West Indies recently.

In South Africa P. cocnopictus has been found at Janson-
ville according to specimens sent by Mr. H. C. Burnup, prob-
ably introduced from India. It occurs in East Africa (as L.
soror Prest.) ; also in West Africa, for in my opinion P. sene-
galensis is not really distinct. In deference to the views of
several excellent conchologists and in view of some trivial
differences it is herein allowed subspecific rank. See No. 20.

Leucochiloides soror Preston (pi. 14, fig. 7; pi. 17, fig. 3).
Very closely allied to L. chanlerensis and possibly only a
variety of that species; it differs, however, in its larger size,
more open umbilicus, though having a proportionately nar-
rower base, and in having an additional whorl, the aperture
is also more ovate than is the case in that species. Alt. 6, diani.
maj. 2.25 mm. Aperture alt. 1.5, diam. 1.25 mm. (Preston,
P. Z. S., 1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 17).

British East Africa: Chanler Falls, Eusso Nyiro (Robin
Kemp ) .

Nothing differentiating this from P. cocnopictus has been
pointed out, and I can find no differences in two topotypes
from, the author examined, one of which is drawn in pi. 17,
fig. 3 (No. 41591 B. Walker coll.). It measures: length 5.35,
diam. 2.4 mm. ; almost 7 whorls.

Hutton's two descriptions of cocnopictus follow.

Shell about 2y2 lines in length ; w'horls 8 ; spire rather ob-
tuse ; colour brown ; aperture rounded, margins reflected and
interrupted by the body-whorl. Animal with four tentacles
buttoned at the tips, the upper pair longest and bearing the
eyes at the summit; colour blackish (Hutton, 1834).

Shell cylindrico-pyramidal, with 6 whorls, minutely striate ;

126 PUPOIDES.

body-whorl ventricose, the others gradually tapering to an
obtuse apex; aperture ovate-lunate, lips subreflected and
white Avithin ; a single tooth at the junction of the outer lip
with the body-whorl; colour brown (Hutton, 1849).

Bulimus astierianus Dupuy (pi. 13, figs. 5, 6). Shell conoid,
apex obtuse; perforate; under the lens very delicately and
irregularly striatulate; aperture ovate, a little lunate; peri-
stome spreading, flat, acute, lipped and somewhat thickened
with brownish-white ; whorls 6, convex, parted by a deep
suture, the last whorl larger, forming half the shell. Rather
solid, with a somewhat silky luster, tawny, glabrous and sub-
opaque. Length 5 to 6, diam. 2 mm. He de Ste-Marguerite.
' II avait ete recueilli sur des affuts de canons par un ami de
M. Astier" (Dupuy).

Bulimus astierianus DUPUY, Hist. Nat. Moll. France, 1849,
p. 320, pi 15, f. 7. — Ena astieri CAZIOT, Etude Moll. Monaco,
1910, p. 308.

Kobelt, Caziot and others have commented on the evidently
exotic origin of this species. Even the collector is unknown,
and it has not been found a second time. In so difficult a
group, the exact identity of the form cannot be decided unless
the type is found, but it is not unlikely identical with cccno-
pictus.

lOo. P. cccnopictus lardeus (Pfr.). PI. 13, figs. 4, 9, 12.

Shell subperforate, oblong-ovate, rather solid, striate, hav-
ing the luster of lard, rufous-corneous. Spire convexly tur-
rited, the apex obtuse ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last
slightly more than one-third the length, somewhat compressed
at base. Aperture subvertical, truncate-oval; peristome
lipped within, subangularly spreading, the margins remote,
joined by a thin callus which bears an obsolete fold at the
right lip-insertion. Length 5l/o, diam. 2%, aperture 2 x 1%
mm. (Pfr.).

India.

Bulimus lardeus PFR., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 157 ; Monogr.
Hel. Viv., iii, p. 348; Conchylien-Cabinet, Bulimus, p. 151, pi.
39, f. 14-16. — Pupoides lardeus Pfr., GUDE, Fauna Br. India,
Moll., ii, p. 261.

PUPOIDES. 127

Slightly larger and more robust than cccnopictus, but at
best it seems scarcely distinct as a species. Hanley and
Theobald have stated (Conch. Indica, p. x, footnote 13) that
"the types of the B. lardeus Pfeift'er belong to this species"
(cccnopictus). Glide notes that it "is perhaps only a variety
of P. cccnopictus, is larger, possessing one more whorl, and is
more conoid in the spire."

A large specimen (fig. 9) measures: length 5.8, diam. 3.5
mm., aperture 2.5 mm. long, 6 whorls. The peristome is
broader than in cccnopictus in these specimens. The type
figure is copied in fig. 12.

10&. P. cccnopictus samavaensis (Palad.). PI. 13, figs. 8, 10,
11.

There is a rather obese form in India, associated with
typical cccnopictus in one lot from Bombay, which differs by
its broader shape, light pinkish cinnamon color, decidedly
paler than cccnopictus, and rather wider lip. I have referred
these shells to samavaensis, described from Aden, as they seem
to agree well with the description and figure given by Pala-
dilhe. Figs. 10, 11 are Bombay specimens. For the original
description of samavaensis see below.

Length 5.5, diam. 2.8, length aperture 2.68 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 4.9, diam. 2.75, length aperture 2.1 mm. ; 5% whorls.

This appears to be what Pfeiffer figured (Conchylien-
Cabinet) as cccnopictus, the specimens received from Benson.

Bulimus samavaensis Paladilhe (pi. 13, fig. 8). --Shell ob-
liquely and compressly rimate-umbilicate, rather obesely
conoid, rather thin, subopaque, slightly reddish corneous, a
little shining, slightly substriatulate. Spire somewhat long,
apex obtuse, submamillate ; whorls 6, rather convex, regularly
and rather rapidly increasing, separated by a narrow, deep
suture; last whorl at the aperture nearly % the length,
abruptly, strongly but shortly ascending at the aperture ; free
margin somewhat excavated, a little oblique. Aperture sub-
elongate-rounded, slightly oblique; peristome interrupted,
strongly reflected, the right margin somewhat arcuate, an
elongate fold near the insertion ; columellar margin a little
concave towards the aperture, margins slightly converging
above. Length 5, diam. 2.5 mm. (Paladilhe).

128 PUPOIDES.

Arabia: Aden (Paladilhe).

Bulimus samavaensis (Mousson MS.) PALADILHE, Ami.
Mus. Civ. di Stor. Nat. Geneva, iii, 1872, p. 14, pi. 1, f. 20, 21.

Specimens submitted by Paladilhe to Mousson were consid-
ered by the latter the same as his then undescribed B. sama-
vaensis from the Euphrates. Subsequently Mousson described
this or a closely related form as Buliminus samavaensis (Jour-
nal de Conchyliologie, 1874, p. 38), from riverside thickets at
Samava, where it is abundant. He mentions having- a closely
similar form from Aden, and three specimens from the island
of Ghaes in the Persian Gulf. As Paladilhe had already de-
fined the Aden form under the name samavaensis, Mousson 's
description need not be quoted. Bourguignat considered this
or another Samava form distinct, describing it as B. euphra-
ticus.

lOc. Bulimus euphraticus Bgt. — Shell rimate, obesely ovate
and ventricose, subopaque, corneous, obliquely and very
sharply striate. Spire acuminate-subelongate, apex very
large, smooth, glossy obtuse ; whorls 5y2, convex, regularly in-
creasing, parted by an impressed suture, the last % the
length, rotund, ascending to the lip insertion. Aperture ob-
lique, lunate, seniirotund ; peristome corneous, thick, flatly
expanded and acutely reflected ; columella deep within,
straight ; margins rather approaching, joined by a very thin
callus bearing a tooth at the insertion of the lip. Length 4i/o,
diam 21/-} mm.

This Bulime, which has been confused with the B. sama-
vaensis, inhabits the banks of the Euphrates in the neighbor-
hood of Samava (Bourguignat, Species Novissima? etc., 1876,
p. 22).

10d Bulimus maharasicus Bgt. Shell rimate, obesely tumid,
oblong, buff-corneous, obliquely very sharply striatulate.
Spire oblong-acuminate and slightly ventricose, apex obtuse,
smooth. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, separated
by a moderately impressed suture, the last whorl % the
length, rotund, at the aperture slowly but strongly ascending.
Aperture nearly vertical, lunate, semirotund, rather thrown
to the right ; peristome corneous, thick, robust, broadly and
flatly expanded and acutely reflected throughout; columellar
margin broadly expanded; margins rather remote, joined by
a thin callus bearing a tooth at the insertion of the lip.
Length 6, diam. 2% mm. (Bourguignat, Species Novissimse,
Moll., 1876, p. 21).

PlUPILLIDjE

PLATE 9

1

19

7

8

10

16

^r

21

25

11

17

22

^ L

18

-

^

27

PUPILLIDjE

PLATE 10

-

k I

-.

11

.

' f
15

\
10

8

13

16

17

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 11

8

17

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 12

1

6

•

I

,t*F^

I

,

V

u

8

I

11

10

'• i

13

'

14

12

I

15

16

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 13

.

«

10

15

,

5

8

11

16

13

17

18

PUPOIDES, ADEN. 129

Arabia: Djebel-Maharas, 10 leagues north of Aden (Col.
du Couret) ; Kursi, Aden (Issel).

Seems to be a large form of "samavaensis".

We. Bulimus marebiensis Bgt. - - Shell rimate-perforate,
elongate-oblong, subopaque, corneous, glossy, nearly smooth
or, under a very strong lens, obliquely strongly radiatulate.
Spire acuminate-elongate, apex smooth, glossy, rather obtuse;
whorls GI/O, convex, regularly increasing, separated by an im-
pressed suture, the last whorl 21 the length, rotund, at the
aperture rather strongly ascending. Aperture oblique, a
little lunate, ovate ; peristome whitish, thick, flatly expanded
and acutely reflected throughout ; columella short, immersed,
.straight; margins approaching, joined by a thin callus bear-
ing a tooth at the insertion of the lip. Length 5, diam. 2 mm.
Environs of the town of Mareb, at the ruins of the ancient
Saba, Arabia, found by Colonel L. du Couret (Bourguignat,
Species Novissima?, 1876, p. 23).

10/. Bulimus vermiformis Palad. (pi. 13, fig. 15). --Shell
rimate, elongate-subcylindroid, slightly fusiform, corneous,
somewhat tawny, rather thin, inconspicuously striatulate in
places, little shining, slightly pellucid. Spire drawn out,
conic-tapering; whorls 7, convexly swollen, slowly and rather
regularly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; last
whorl a little larger than the penult, at aperture slightly more
than 14 the length ; free margin somewhat arcuate, suboblique
to the axis of the shell, regularly, slowly ascending to the
insertion. Aperture rounded-elongate, peristome disjoined,
simple, a little reflected, the right margin subarcuate, a fold
in the parietal margin contiguous to the insertion ; columellar
margin a little excavated ; basal rounded ; the margins nar-
rowly but strongly reflected outward. Length 5, diam. l1/^
mm. ( Paladilhe ) .

Arabia: Aden (Issel).

Bulimus vermiformis PALADILHE, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
iii, 1872, p. 15, pi. 1, f. 24, 25.

Paladilhe states that some specimens have up to 71/0 whorls.

The Aden forms collected by A. Issel were from debris of
the Kursi, a watercourse dry most of the time. The shells are
washed down from the high interior of Yemen, and, as usual,
forms from many colonies are mingled, hence the variety in
form and size.

130 PUPOIDES, ADEN.

11. PUPOIDES KURSIENSIS (Bourguignat). — Shell perforate
(the perforation puiictiform), elongate-ventricose, slightly
fusiform, glossy, pale corneous, almost smooth, but under a
very strong lens, very sharply and obliquely radiatulate.
Spire somewhat swollen, acuminate-oblong; apex glossy,
smooth, a little whitish, very obtuse as though mamillate.
Whorls 6 (the upper convexly rotund, the third a little con-
vex), regularly increasing, separated by a little-impressed
suture, the last whorl nearly % the length, narrow, little
convex, suddenly, slightly ascending at the insertion of the
lip. Aperture very oblique, quite small, lunate, oblong,
rather narrow transversely ; peristome flatly expanded and a
little reflected. Columella straight, immersed ; margins re-
mote, joined by a very thin callus, a hardly noticeable tooth-
like callus at the insertion of the lip. Length 5, diam. S1/*
mm. (Bgt.).

Arabia : Kursi, near Aden.

Bulimus kursiensis BOURGUIGNAT, Species Novissimas, 1876,
p. 23.

It seems to be much more ventricose than P. C. samavaensis
or even P. tutulus, and must be a distinct species if Bour-
guignat's measurements are correct.

12. PUPOIDES RAGIUS (Jousseaume). - - Shell rimate (the
rimatiou deep, straightly elongate), minute, oblong, subtrans-
lucid, a little glossy, pale corneous, finely striatulate. Spire
oblong, rather regularly tapering, obtuse at the apex. Whorls
6, convex, as though swollen, separated by a deep suture, the
last whorl rounded, relatively strongly ascending, and some-
what bag-shaped. Aperture nearly vertical, semiovate, con-
spicuously turned towards the right; peristome white-lipped
and reflected throughout, the margins joined by a thin callus
bearing a strong tubercle on the right. Length 4, diam. 2,
alt. apert. 1.25 mm. (Jouss.).

Arabia : near Aden in the drift of a small stream ; also in
the environs of Massaua on the Abyssinian side (Jousseaume).

Bulimus ragius Jouss., Bull. Soc. Malacol. France, vi, 1889,
p. 347.

This Bulime, of the series of B. cccnopictus cannot be
assimilated to any of the Arabian coenopict forms, being
sharply distinguished by the deviating and strongly ascend-
ing last whorl, by the excentric aperture, carried far to the

PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 131

right, and by the umbilical crevice, of which the depth and
length are due to the deviation of the last whorl (Jous-
seaume ) .

Possibly a form of P. sennaaricnsis, but if the characters
described are constant, it would appear to be readily distin-
guishable.

13. PUPOIDES SENNAARIENSIS (Pfr.). PI. 14, figs. 1, 2.

Shell perforate, oblong-turrited, thin, very lightly striatu-
late, little shining, brownish-corneous. Spire subregularly
tapering, apex obtuse. Whorls 7, convex, the last about one-
third the length, compressed around the impervious perfora-
tion. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oblong, with an
entering parietal [angular] lamella almost at the angle of the
right margin ; peristome thin, slightly spreading, somewhat
lipped within. Length 4, diam. 1.5 mm., aperture iy3 mm.
long (Pfr.).

Eritrea : Sched Said near Massaua, and Dahlak, islands in
the Red Sea; Sa'ati; Ailet; on the road from. Zebergoma to
Asmara; Massaua (Raffray).

Abyssinia: in Ansebaland at Beniamer, Adobha-abi near
Hasta, 2133 ft., on the Obellet; near Weld Jawa, 2814 ft., on
the Gaboba; in Habab, Nakfa, 2644 ft. (Jickeli). Meshek
(Blanford). Plateau of Hamacen and on the col of Abouna
Yousef, 4024 m. (Raffray) . Sennaar (Darnaud, type locality) .

Egypt : Cairo, garden of the College of Ste. Famille ; Wadi-
Hoff near Helouan (R. P. Teilhard).

Pupa sennaariensis PFR., Malak. BL, 1855, p. 177 ; P. Z. S.,
1856, p. 35; Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 668.— BLANFORD, Geol.
and Zool. Abyss., p. 476. — Pupoides sennariensis Pfr., ANCEY,
Journ. de Conchyl., liii, 1905, p. 263 (Aden). — Bulimus senna-
aricus BOURGUIGNAT, Hist. Malac. Abyssinie, 1883, p. 59. —
Leiicochiloides sennaaricus Pfr., PALLARY, Mem. 1'Inst. Egyp-
tien, vi, 1909, p. 41, pi. 3, f. 12.

Differs from P. cccnopictus chiefly by its smaller size;
whether it is specifically distinct appears doubtful, as are
also its relations to various Arabian forms. The type has not
been figured, my figures being copied from Jickeli.

132 PUPOIDES, AFRICA.

13a, Bulimus cerealis Paladilhe (pi. 13, fig. 7). --Shell
rimate-perf orate, rather long subovate, corneous- whitish or
brownish, slightly striatulate ; spire rather long conoid, apex
somewhat obtuse. Whorls 6y2, rather convex, rapidly in-
creasing, parted by an impressed suture; last whorl a little
larger than the penult, about % of the length at the aperture,
strongly ascending at the insertion; free margin a little ex-
cavated, oblique. Aperture rounded-subovate, somewhat ob-
lique; parietal margin usually unarmed, sometimes provided
with a fold. Peristome simple, shortly reflected; outer
margin a little arcuate, columellar dilated, reflected over the
umbilical crevice. Length 4, diam. 2 nun. Aden (Issel).
(Bulimus cerealis PALADILHE, Ann. Mus. Civ. Geuova, iii.
1872, p. 16, pi. 1, f. 22, 23).

Considered by Bourguignat to be a synonym of P. senna-
ariensis (Pfr.).

136. Bulimus reboitdi Bgt. --Shell perforate, elongate-acu-
minate, subconoid, subopaque, buff-corneous, obliquely stri-
atulate. Spire elongate, acuminate, apex glossy, smooth, very
obtuse, mamillate. Whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing,
separated by an impressed suture, the last exactly one-third
the length,* rotund, ascending to the insertion of the lip.
Aperture vertical, slightly lunate, rotund; peristome strong,
flatly expanded and acutely reflected, margins strongly ap-
proaching, joined by a thin callus bearing a tooth at the in-
sertion of the lip. 'Length 4, diam. 1% mm. Drift of the
Oued-Roumana near Bousaada, that is, in the debris of the
Oued which comes down from the Sahara of the province of
Constantine [Algeria], where it was found by Dr. Eeboud
(Bourguignat, Species Novissimee, 1876, p. 24).

Bourguignat should have indicated how this differs from
sennaariensis if there is any difference except in locality.

13c. Bulimus aefhiopicus Bourguignat. PI. 14, figs. 3, 4-
"This Bulimus, remarkable for its deep umbilicus, relatively
very open, is especially characterized by having the last
whorl produced to the right, a little eccentric to the axis ; the
aperture is more rounded and the outer lip more convex than
in senaaricus; the last whorl, noticeably subangular around
the umbilicus, has a marked ascending direction above. The
whorls, 6 in number, are less frankly convex, and the suture

not so deep.

"Dr. Jickeli (Moll. N. 0. Afr., pi. 5, f. 1 d and e only) has

PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 133

given a quite good representation of this form under the
name of fullu.r.

"The (rthiopicKS was collected by M. A. Raff ray on the
high plateaux of the Hamacen and Anderta as well as upon
the col of Abouna Yousef, where it lives under stones and
rubbish" (Bgt.).

Bulimus ccthiopicus BGT., Hist. Malacologique de 1'Abys-
sinie, 1883, p. 62.

Jickeli's figures are copied. I cannot judge of the value of
the characters noted as distinguishing this from sennaarensis
having seen neither. In shape it appears to resemble the
Arabian form described as ragius Jouss.

14. PUPOIDES FABIANUS (Gredler).

Shell oval-elongate with conically tapering spire, blunt at
the apex, thin, strongly translucent, horn-yellow, with a fine
silken luster; the 5 whorls are rather convex, superficially
and irregularly striate, the last moderately large. Umbilical
crevice distinct, a little oblique. Aperture large, oblique,
oval, obliquely truncate by the parietal wall above. Peristome
nearly right-angularly reflected, with a narrow white lip
within, shortly and flatly expanding, sharp-edged ; the inner
margin not dilated, the outer margin arcuate, curved in at
the insertion, a contiguous, rudimentary short fold on the
parietal wall. Length 2, breadth iy3 lines (Gredler).

Africa : country of the Schilluck negroes ( ? Egyptian Sou-
dan) (P. Fabian Pfeifer).

Buliminus fabianus GREDLER, Nachrichtsblatt d. deutschen
Malak. Ges., vii, Dec., 1875, p. 87.

It appears to be a wider and more delicate shell than P.
sennaariensis. Has not, been figured, and was not compared
by its author with any other Pupoides.

(East Africa.)

These species, known to me only by the following descrip-
tions, have not been compared with those of other regions.
Preston's species were not compared with those of Taylor,
or with P. cccnopictus.

134 PUPOIDES, AFRICA.

15. PUPOIDES BAWRIENSIS (Taylor).

Shell ovate-conical, somewhat turrite, moderately strong, of
a dark brown color and very finely striatulate transversely;
epidermis moderate ; whorls 5!/o to 6, very convex, inflected
towards suture, gradually increasing in size clowrnwards — the
penultimate and body whorls are both large, the latter, how-
ever, rather the larger; spire produced, apex rounded, small,
suture distinct, mouth oval, longer than broad; peristome
thickened, everted so as to form a broad flat margin present-
ing the appearance of a double peristome ; umbilicus deep
and distinct. Length, 0.175 ; breadth, 0.087 in. [about 4.37 x
2.17 mm.] (Taylor).

East Africa: a few dead specimens on Bawri Island, Zan-
zibar Channel. Appears to be peculiar to the island ; it
occurs in old shells among dead leaves (Gibbons).

Bulimus bawriensis TAYLOR, Journ. of Conch., iii, 1880, p.
142.

"The next two species form with this a section, in which
are some Australian Bulimi. B. pacificus Pfr., from Queens-
land, appears almost exactly like the above species, but is
probably distinct" (Taylor).

This species and the following need comparison with P.
sennaariensis.

16. PUPOIDES ZANGUEBARICUS (Taylor).

Shell ovato-conical, inclining to turrite, moderately thick,
of a light brown color, very faintly striatulate transversely;
epidermis rather thin ; whorls GI/O, tumid, inflexed towards
suture, gradually enlarging towards body whorl, which is the
largest of all - - the penultimate and preceding whorls are
nearly equal in size ; apex small and rounded ; suture deep
and distinct; mouth rotundo-ovate, nearly as broad as long;
peristome thin, everted ; inner lip short, reflected a little out-
wards behind ; umbilicus small but deep and distinct. Length,
0.162; breadth, 0.075 [== about 4.05 x 1.78 mm.] (Taylor).

East Africa : Numerous dead among grass in a sandy spot
down the coast of Zanzibar (Gibbons).

PUPOIDES, AFRICA. 135

Bidimus zanguebaricus TAYLOR, The Journ. of Conch., iii,
1880, p. 143.

This is very closely allied to the last, but may be distin-
guished by its smaller and more slender shape, by being thin-
ner, and by having the peristome less everted and solid.

17. PUPOIDES CHANLERENSIS Preston (pi. 14, fig. 6). "Shell
small, riniate, cylindrically fusiform, slightly shining, reddish
brown ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last ascending in
front, marked with oblique, transverse growth-lines ; suture
well impressed; umbilicus veiy narrow; columella curved,
labrum rather narrowly expanded, whitish, not reflexed;
aperture subcircular, bearing a single, nodulous denticle just
below the point of insertion of the labrum with the parietal
wall. Alt. nearly 4, diam. maj. 1.75 mm..; aperture: alt. .75,
cliani. nearly .75 mm.

Chanler Falls, Eusso Nyiro, British East Africa, Robin.
Kemp (Leucochiloides chanlerensis, Preston, Proc. Zool. Soc.,
1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 16).

Compare P. sennaariensis. A topotype from Preston is
drawn in pi. 17, fig. 4. It is a smaller, more delicate shell
than P. ccenopictus, with the narrower lip but slightly thick-
ened ; possibly not fully mature. Length 4.1, diam. 1.8 mm. ;
51/0 whorls (B. Walker coll., no. 41592).

18. PUPOIDES GAZIENSIS (Preston). PI. 14, fig. 8.

Shell small, ovately fusiform, pale reddish brown; whorls
5, convex, marked with fine, oblique, transverse strige ; suture
deeply impressed, umbilical area broadly depressed; labrum
with converging upper margin, white, rather broadly ex-
panded; aperture ovate. Alt. nearly 4.5, diam. maj. 2.25,
diam. min. 2 mm. Aperture alt. 1, diam. .5 mm. (Preston}.

British East Africa: Gazi (Robin Kemp).

Leucochiloides gaziensis PRESTON, P. Z. S., London, 1912,
p. 188, pi. 31, f. 19.

Compare P. c. samavaensis.

19. PUPOIDES CONSANGUINEUS (Preston). PI. 14, fig. 9.
Shell differing from L. gaziens'is Preston by its still smaller

136 PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA.

size, narrower form, much more inflated whorls and conse-
quently still more deeply impressed suture. Alt. 3.5, diam.
maj. 1.5 mm. ; aperture, alt. 0.75, diam. 0.25 mm. (Leucochi-
loides consanguineus Preston, Revue Zoologique Africaine,
iii, fasc. 1, 1913, p. 52, pi. 4, f. 5).

British East Africa : Gazi (Robin Kemp).

(West Africa: Senegal and Cape Verde Islands to Southwest

Africa. )

20. PUPOIDES CCENOPICTUS SENEGALENSIS (Morelet). PI. 13,
figs. 13, 14.

Shell rimate-perfora.te, somewhat elongate conic, the apex
rather obtuse ; thin, a little glossy, brown, pellucid, under a
lens very finely striate ; whorls G1/-?? a little convex, the last a
little compressed at base, not one-third the length. Aperture
ample, oval, provided with a punctiform tooth at the inser-
tion of the right lip ; peristome expanded, thin, margins ap-
proximating. Length 6, diam. 2 mm. (Morelet).

Senegal: Island of Goree, abundant under stones (type
loc.). Bakel (Capt. Em. Dorr). Angola: Loanda and on
the banks of Lake Quicuxe (Dr. Welwitsch).

Pupa senegalcnsis MORELET, Revue Zoologique, 1848, p.
354 ; Series Conchyliologiques, i, p. 28, pi. 3, f. 4 ; Voyages du
Dr. Welwitsch, p. 81 (Loanda). — PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iii,
534 ; iv, 665. - - Pupoides senegalensis Morel., KOBELT, Conch.
Cab., Buliminida?, p. 922, pi. 130, f. 9, 10. — Bulimus putilliis
SHUTTLEWORTH, Mittheil. Bern., 1852, p. 295. — Pupa putilla
Shuttl., PFR., Monogr., iii, p. 533. --Buliminus (Ena) cccno-
pictus Hutton, DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iii,
1890, p. 129, pi. 1, f. 4a, 46 (Bakel).

This West African form is about intermediate between
cocnopictus and lardeus in proportions, the spire almost
straightly conic, the peristome broader and flatter than in
typical cccnopictus, of wThich it should probably be considered
a local race or subspecies, if indeed it is at all separable. A
Goree specimen measures: length 5.2, diam. 2.5, length of
iiperture 2.1 mm.; 6 whorls.

M. Dautzenberg (1890) considered senegalensis a synonym

PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA. 137

of cccnopietus, figuring the form from Bakel, which is more
obese than the Goree Island specimens. One of the Bakel lot
received from Dautzenberg measures: length 5.15, diam. 2.8,
length of aperture 2.45 mm.; 5% whorls (pi. 13, fig. 14). As
the cccnopietus group has been split up elsewhere, these shells
would be a distinct species, or perhaps referable to lardeus
Pfr. ; but I am inclined to believe that slender and more
obese mutations may occur in all the local races.

Bulimus putillus Shuttleworth. - - Shell rimate-perf orate,
fusiform-oblong, very finely obliquely striatulate, reddish, a
little glossy. Spire long-conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 6,
convex, the last scarcely one-third the length. Aperture oval,
slightly oblique, having a punctiform tubercle on the penult
whorl near the junction of the right margin of the peristome ;
peristome broadly expanded, very much callously thickened,
brownish, the right margin strongly curved. Length 5.5 to 6,
diam. 2.25, aperture 1.5 mm. long. Very abundant on Goree
Island, Verreaux (Shutt.).

21. PUPOIDES GEMMULA (Benson).

Shell rimate-perforate, ovate-conic, striatulate, glossy, cor-
neous. Spire conic, suture impressed, apex rather obtuse.
Whorls 5, the last subangularly compressed at the base around
the umbilicus. Aperture rounded-oval, provided with a
scarcely noticeable subangular tubercle, peristome somewhat
expanded throughout, thin, acute, the right margin arcuate.
Length 2%, diam. \% mm. (Benson).

Length 3 to 4.5 mm. (Dohrn.).

Cape Verde Is.: S. Vicente (Layard) ; S. Antao, S. Vicente,
S. Nicolao, S. lago (Dohrn) ; Fogo and Brava (Wollaston).

Bulimus gemmula BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xviii, 1856,
p. 434. — PFR., Monogr., iv, p. 415. — WOLLASTON, Testacea At-
lantica, 1878, p. 508. --Buliminus gemmula Benson, DOHRN,
Malak. Blatter, xvi, 1869, p. 10. — Pupoides gemmida KOBELT,
Conchyl.-Cab., Buliminidas, p. 970.

It differs from the nearly related B. senegalensis Morelet
by the smaller size, compression of the whorls and the pro-
portion of the last to the length of the shell, according to
Dohrn, who found the dimensions to vary from 3 to 4y2 mm.
long.

138 PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA.

Wollaston notes that it has the habit of coating itself over
with a hardened envelope of dirt, and that the angular
tubercle is as often absent as present.

22. PUPOIDES CALAHAEICUS (Bttg.). PL 14, figs. 10, 11; pi.
17, fig. 8.

In shape more like the Mexican B. chordatiis P. than any
of the species near B. cocnopictits Hutt. Shell small, widely
rimate, cylindric-oblong, rather thin, corneous-brown, glossy ;
spire convexly turrited ; apex rather obtuse. Whorls 51/-? to 6,
convex, very slowly increasing, not differing much in height,
separated by an impressed, narrowly margined suture, ob-
liquely, arcuately striate, the last slightly ascending, some-
what inflated, swollen around the rimation, anteriorly yellow,
subconstricted, scarcely one-third of the length. Aperture
truncate-oval, receding basally ; columella deep, simple ; peri-
stome acute, flatly and widely expanded, whitish, margins
converging, joined by a callus which bears a tubercle at the
insertion of the right margin ; right margin almost angularly
curved above, the basal semicircular, columellar somewhat
straightened, spreading. Length 5% to 6*4, greatest diam.
214 to 2% mm. ; alt, aperture 2, width 1% to 1% mm. (Bttg.).

British Bechuanaland : Ghous (Nolte, type loc.). Griqua-
land West: Blaauwbosch Poort, Hay District (Day). Hartz
River, Taungs (Miss Wilman). Damaraland (Geale, in Brit-
ish Mus.). Rhodesia: Victoria Falls (Connolly). Cape of
Good Hope: Jansenville (Parquhar, Crawford); Prieska
(Gibbous) ; Karroo (Brit, Mus.).

Bidiminus (LeucocJiiloides) calaharicus BOETTGER, Bericht
Senck. Nat. Ges., 1886, p. 24, pi. 2, f. 3a-c. -- Lcucochiloides
calaharicus Boettger, CONNOLLY, Ami. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3,
1912, p. 177.

"Of this species three specimens Avere found in the same
locality as Hx. alcxandri P., f. minor, at Ghous in the south-
ern Kalahari. One of them was collected alive. The species
appears to harbor by preference in the old shells of the Helix.

"Compared with the LcncocJiiloidcs species B. fallax Say,
cccnopicius Hutton, conspectus Hutton, fabianus Gredler,
senegalensis Morelet, sennaxtriensis P., acthlopicus Bgt, and

PUPOIDES, WEST AFRICA. 139

mtid-uliis P., all of which I could compare in. my collection,
the present species is the most cylindric of all, being longer
and more cylindric than B. conspectus Hutt., and its whorls
increase so slowly that the three last differ but little in height'

(Bttg.)-

"B. conspectus Hutton", mentioned by Boettger, is appar-
ently a label error for cocnopictus, as Hutton did not describe
any conspectus.

Possibly the specimens reported from Jansoiiville are the
same as those which I have referred to cocnopictus. Boettger 's
original figures are copied by photography in pi. 14, figs.
10, 11.

A series from Swakop Valley in the S. W. African Protec-
torate, sent by Mr. Burnup, show a somewhat less cylindric
form than Boettger 's figures, though they are more so than
P. cocnopictus. They differ very little from the narrower
examples of P. senegalensis. One measures: length 5.4, diam.
2.6mm. (pi. 17, fig. 8).

23. PUPOIDES MINUSCULUS (Mousson). PL 14, fig. 5.

Shell minute, rimate-perforate, elongate-ovate, without
gloss, brownish-corneous. Spire convexly conic, regular, the
summit somewhat obtuse; suture moderately impressed.
Whorls 5, quite convex, the last % the length, oval, rotund,
little ascending, a little compressed about the rimation.
Aperture nearly vertical, lunate-oval ; peristome acute, white,
narrowly reflected, margins little approaching, joined by a
thin layer which has a grain above at the insertion ; right
margin less, basal more curved ; columellar spreading, the
columella deep within. Length 3, diam. 1.8 mm. Ratio of
whorls 2:1; ratio aperture 3 : 2 (Mousson}.

South Africa. Ovampoland : Ku-Ganab, southeast of On-
donga (Schinz) ; Hoeis (Hermann) ; Sodanna (Passarge).
Bechuanaland : Meno a kwena, fossil (Passarge).

Buliminus (Leucochiloides) minusculus Mouss., Journ. de
Conchyl., 1887, p. 295, pi. 12, f. 5, 5a,— v. MARTENS, Die Kala-
hari, 1904, p. 754. --Leucochiloides minusculus (Mouss.),
BOETTGER, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 445. — CON-
NOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 177.

140 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA.

According to Mousson this species is less cylindric than
calaharicus. Aside from the size, it resembles Pupa senega-
loisis Morelet, but the whorls are less convex, the form less
elongate, the shell more delicate, the margins of the aperture
less reflected, finally the size is notably smaller. I have not
seen specimens.

Dr. Boettger reports it from Hoeis, dead shells taken by
Dr. P. Hermann. They are somewhat larger, alt. 3% to 4a/4,
diam. 2 mm., 5y2 whorls.

III. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES.

In this series the angular tubercle is somewhat more united
with the lip-insertion than in Asiatic or African species, but
it is more distinctly developed and less united than is usual
in the American. While the species show considerable variety
of size and form, they appear to be closely inter-related, and
presumably of common ancestry.

The author is indebted to the late Professor Ralph Tate
and to Charles Hedley for many specimens.

1. Shell dextral 2.

Shell sinistral 4.

2. Solid, partly whitish, the later whorls somewhat flattened ;

5.5 to 6.35 mm. long; South Australia.

P. adelaidcr, no. 24.

Rather thin, brown or corneous-brown, whorls convex; 3.7
to 5.5 mm. long 3.

3. Central Australian desert region. P. c. beltidniis, no. 26a.
West, north and east coastal regions. P. pacific us, no. 25.

4. Conic-turrite, 4.5 x 2 to 5.65 x 2.7 mm. P. co-ntrurins, no. 26.
More slender, cylindric-turrited 5.

5. Head of the Great Australian Bight; 4.5 x 1.5 mm.

P. myoporiiuc, no. 27.
Central Australia; 4 to 4.5 x 1.7 mm. P. ischnus, no. 28.

24. PUPOIDES ADELAIDE (Ad. & Aug.). PI. 15, figs. 1, 2.

Shell turrited, pupiform, dilated in the middle, umbilicate,
whitish-bay; whorls 6, convex, longitudinally streaked (stri-

PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. 141

gillatis). Aperture rotund-ovate, peristome interrupted,
white, widely reflected ; outer lip having a tuberculiform
white callus above. Length 3, width 1 line [about 6:2 mm.]
(A. & A.}.

South Australia, rocky places (Augas) ; Flinders Range,
Rapid Bay and Wallaroo (Masters). Point Lowly, head of
Spencer Gulf (Cox, P. ramsayi} ; Port Lincoln (A. N. S. P.).
Wombo, near Singleton, N. S. Wales, rather more elongated
than the type (Brazier).

Buliminiis (Chondrula) adelaidcc A. ADAMS & G. F.
ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 522. — Bulimus ade-
laidff A. & A., Cox, Moiiogr., Australian Land Shells, 1868,
p. 69, pi. 13, f. 5. --BRAZIER, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 807. --PFR.,
Moiiogr., vi, p. 74. --Pupa ramsayi Cox, Catal. Australian
Land Shells, 1864, p. 28 ; Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiv, p. 184.

Much larger and more cretaceous than other Australian
species. It has the appearance of a desert snail.

The shell is solid, rather opaque, cream-buff with whitish
streaks, a little browner towards the summit, whiter on the
last whorl, or the last two or three whorls may be nearly
white. The penult whorl is as wide as the last ; above that it
tapers rapidly to the small, somewhat obtuse, glossy apex.
The later whorls are somewhat flattened, the last slowly
ascending in front, saccate basally. The striation is distinct,
irregular. The ovate aperture has a narrowly reflected, in-
ternally thickened peristome, the columellar margin dilated,
insertions widely separated. A small angular tubercle is
more or less joined to the lip-insertion.

Length 6.35, diam. 2.6 mm. ; 6 whorls. Port Lincoln.

Length 5.6, diam. 2.45 mm. ; Si/o whorls. Port Lincoln.

Pupa ramsayi Cox was subsequently placed by him in the
synonymy of adelaidcr, and came from the same district. Its
length wras given as 0.2 inch, about 5 mm.

25. PUPOIDES PACIFICUS (Pfr.). PI. 15, figs. 11 to 15.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, the apex rather ob-
tuse; somewhat solid, smoothish, brown-corneous. Whorls
, convex, the last about one-third the total length. Aper-

142 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA.

ture semioval, toothless ; peristome narrowly expanded, white-
lipped within, the right margin shortly curved above, some-
times with a contiguous callous tubercle; columellar margin
wider, spreading. Length 4^, diain. 2y3, aperture l*/3 mm.
long (Pfr.).

Australia: Narrabri, N. S. Wales, the coastal plain and
islands of Queensland and Torres Strait ; West and Northwest
Australian coast and islands.

Pupa pacifica PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1846, p. 31;
Monogr. Hel. Viv., ii, 309 ; iii, 532 ; Conchy lien- Cabinet, Pupa,
p. 163, pi. 19, f. 26-28. — HEDLEY & MUSSON, Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. Wales (2), vi, 1892, p. 558.— E. A. SMITH, Proc. Malac.
Soc. Lond., i, 1894, p. 9Q.--Bulimus pacificus PFR., Monogr.,
iv? 4i4._Cox, Mon. Australian Land Shells, 1868, p. 68, pi.
13, f. 3.— BRAZIER, Journal of Couch., i, p. 272; Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W., i, 1877, p. 127.— E. A. SMITH, Zool. Voy. Ere-
bus and Terror, 1875, Mollusca, p. 3, pi. 4, f. 8 (Pigeon Is.).
—Buliminus fallax Say, HEDLEY, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl., v,
1888, p. 64—Pupoides pacificus (Pfr.) PILSBRY, Proc. A. N.
S. Phila., 1900, p. 426, f. 1 (Facing 1.). --Buliminus (Chon-
drula) lepidula ADAMS & ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,
p. 38—Bulimus lepidula Ad. and Aug., Cox, Mon. Australian
Land Shells, 1868, p. 69, pi. 19, f. 14a, ft.

The color varies from chestnut-brown to a pale, almost
"corneous" tint. It is usually transparent enough to see the
axis or the dried animal faintly through, though some are
nearly opaque. In its upper third the outer lip is more
curved and decidedly narrower ; below that it is more widely
reflected, with a well-developed callous rib within. The
specimens from Mapoon, on the Gulf of Carpenteria, and
from Forrest River, West Australia, have the lip narrower
than those seen from the east coast. If this proves constant
they might be separated as a race lepidula.

P. beltiana Tate is more elongate than P. pacifica, but in
some specimens the difference is not great.

The angular lamella forms a shortly entering tubercle, and
is always present in adult shells, so far as seen.

In most of the lots examined the shape varies from regu-

PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA.

1-43

larly tapering to more elongate contour with, the penult whorl
relatively larger.

Length 5.2, cliam. 2.45, aperture 1.75 mm. ; 5% whorls.
Narrabri.

Length 4.4, cliam. 2.35, aperture 1.7 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.
Narrabri.

Length 4.4, diarn. 2.2, aperture 1.55 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.
Narrabri.

Length 4.8, diam. 2.4, aperture 1.75 mm. ; 51/^ whorls.
Forrest R.

Length 4.25, diam. 2.25, aperture 1.65 mm. ; 5y3 whorls.
Facing Is.

While there are very considerable sections still without
records of Pupoides, it appears likely that this species will
be found throughout the coastal regions from West Australia
around the northern coast and to beyond the southern border
of Queensland. The records of distribution follow.

New South Wales: Narrabri! (C. T. Musson; pi. 15, figs.
12,13).

Queensland: Rodd's Bay, Facing Island!, Gracemere,
Bogantimgan, Calliungal, Torsdale, Cania, Kroombit, Ban-
ban, G-ympie and North Pine River (C. T. Musson). Moreton
Bay! (W. P. Wilstach in A. N. S.). Brisbane, Ipswich, Port
Curtis, etc., along the coasts and islands of Queensland to
Cape York and the islands of Torres Strait ( MacGillivray, in
Cox). Barrow, Fitzroy and Home Islands and Cape Gren-
ville, northeast coast; Sue, Warrior, Bet, Long, Dungeness
and Cocoanut Is., Torres Straits; Cape York and Albany
Island, N. Australia (Brazier) ; Mabuiag, Torres Straits
(Haddon, ace. to Smith). Sir Charles Hardy's Island, off
Cape Grenville (Tucker, type loc.). Mapoon, entrance of the
Batavia River, Gulf of Carpenteria ! (Charles Hedley; pi. 15,
fig. 15).

West and Northwest Australia: Pigeon Island, near Wal-
laby Island, Houtman's Abrolhos, W. Australia (Dr. Richard-
son, Smith) ; Roebuck Bay, Baudiu and Cassini Islands,
Northwest Australia (Walker, in Smith). Forrest River,
East Kimberly district! (Richard Helms; pi. 15, fig. 14).

144 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA.

Form sinistralis. — "All the specimens from Cassini Island
are sinistral; otherwise they resemble the normal form" (E.
A. Smith). In over 100 specimens of pacificus from seven
other localities, none were found sinistral.

Buliminus (Chondrula) lepidula of Adams and Angas has
not been recognized by Australian conchologists of the last
fifty years. It came from well within the known range of P.
pacificus, and is, I cannot doubt, a synonym of that wide-
spread species. The description follows:

Shell turrited, pupiform, umbilicate, thin, glossy, semipel-
lucid, corneous ; whorls 5, strongly convex, longitudinally
striate. Aperture rotund-ovate; peristome interrupted; white,
broadly reflected ; outer lip provided above with a small,
white, tuberculiform callus. Length 2, width 1 line [about
4: 2 mm.] (Adams and Angus).

West Australia : Sharks Bay.

This little species differs from C. adelaidtz in being more
semipellucid, shining and of a horn-color. The whorls, more-
over, are much more strongly convex (A. & A.).

26. PUPOIDES CONTRARIUS (E. A. Smith). PI. 15, figs. 9, 10.

Shell sinistral, riniate, brown-corneous, obliquely delicately
striate. Whorls 5^, convex, separated by a deep suture, the
last slightly wider than the penult, ascending in front. Spire
long, convex, pyramidal, subglobose at apex. Aperture about
% the total length; peristome white, expanded, margins
joined by a thin callus bearing a tubercle at the insertion of
the lip. Length 4.5, diam. 2 mm., aperture 1.5 mm. long
(Smith).

West Australia: East Wallaby Island, Houtman's Abrolhos
(Walker). Central Australia: widely distributed in the
Larapiutine area, extending to Hart Range, southerly beyond
the Larapintine area to the Cretaceous hills about Sullivan
Creek.

Pupa contraria SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i, 1894,
p. 96. — TATE, Report Horn Sci. Exped. to Central Australia,
ii, Zoology, 1896, p. 204, pi. 19, f. 17.— Pupa eremicola TATE.
Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xviii, 1894, p. 191.

PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA. 145

The typical form, from Houtman's Abrolhos, off the west
coast, has not been figured; but the shell described by Tate
as P. eremicola was considered the same by E. A. Smith. It
is a somewhat larger race (pi. 15, figs. 9, 10). Three of the
original lot received from Tate measure :

Length 5.65, diam. 2.7, length aperture 2.1 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 5.45, diam. 2.8, length aperture 2.13 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 5.45, diam. 2.55, length aperture 2 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.

26er. P. CONTRARIUS BELTiANUS (Tate). PI. 15, figs. 5, 7, 8.

"A longer and narrower shell than P. pa-cifica, with less
.convex whorls; rarely sinistral. Length 4.5, width scarcely 2
mm. ; a more slender form 4.5 x 1.5" (Tate).

Length 5.5, diam. 2.5, length aperture 2.15 mm.; 6 whorls.

Length 4.75, diam. 2.15, length aperture 1.75 mm. ; 5y2
whorls. Fig. 8.

Length 3.7, diam. 1.8, length aperture 1.5 mm. ; 4% whorls.
Fig. 7.

Central Australia; specific localities not given (Horn Ex-
ped.).

Pupa beltiana TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia,
xviii, 1894, p. 191. — Pupa contraria, dextral form, TATE, Rep.
Horn Sci. Exped. Central Australia, ii, Zoology, 1896, pp.
204, 219, pi. 18, f. 15o-, 6.

Two lots of this form received from. Professor Tate show
wide variation in size, but no sinistral shells were included.
When fresh it has the usual cinnamon-brown color of the
group, is glossy, with slight, irregular striation. The angular
lamella is an elongate tubercle united with the lip insertion.
The moderately wide lip is thickened within. The diameter
at the penult whorl is nearly or quite equal to that of the
last whorl above the aperture.

From the specimens seen I would consider this specifically
distinct from P. contrarius eremicola; but it is left asso-
ciated with contrarius in deference to the opinions of Smith
.and Tate.

146 PUPOIDES, AUSTRALIA.

27. PUPOIDES MYOPORIN.E (Tate). PL 15, fig. 6.

Shell sinistral, umbilicated, oblong-turreted, very thin,
translucent, yellowish horn-colored, showing under the lens
regular fine transverse striae. Spire elongated, gradually
tapering, rather acute; whorls five, moderately convex, last
whorl equaling one-third the total length of the shell. Aper-
ture somewhat ovate; peristome white, expanded, especially
the colurnella margin; left margin with a white tooth-like
callosity in the angle. Length .18, breadth .06 inch [about
4.5x1.5 mm.] (Tate).

South Australia: Under small bushes on the sandy margin
of the salt swamp at Peelunibie, head of the Great Australian
Bight, 50 examples observed.

Bulimus sinistrorsus TATE, Trans, and Proc. and Rep.
Philos. Soc. Adelaide, South Australia, 1879, p. 134, pi. 5, f.
4. Not of Deshayes. — Bulimus myoporina: TATE, Trans, and
Proc. and Eep. Royal Soc. South Australia, iii, 1880, p. 104,
11. n. for B. sinistrorsus.

Tate's description and figure are copied. "The name has
reference to the habitat of the snail, that of living under the
shelter of Myoporum parvifolium."

28. PUPOIDES ISCHNUS (Tate). PI. 15, figs. 3, 4.

Shell pyramidally oval, thin, translucent, shining, yellowish-
brown, apex obtuse, whorls five and a half, moderately con-
vex, separated by an impressed suture, finely obliquely stri-
ated. Aperture sinistral, oval, truncated behind, peristome
white, broadly reflected, especially over the columella, which
does not conceal a narrow umbilical fissure ; the lips are cal-
lously united and there is a prominent tubercle at the inser-
tion of the outer lip. Length 4.25, width 1.25 mm. (Tate).

Central Australia: Alice Springs and Palm Creek (Horn
Exped.).

Pupa ichna TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xviii, 1894,
p. 191 ; Rep. Horn Sci. Exped., ii, ZooL, 1896, p. 204, pi. 19,

f. 16.

"A more slender shell and more attenuate apically than
P. contraria; in its sinistral spire and apertural characters it

MICROSTELE. 147

agrees with P. myoporincc Tate, which is possibly only a sinis-
tral form of P. pacifica, from which it differs in its narrow
elongate shape and flatter whorls. It may prove on compar-
ison of actual specimens conspecific with Chondrula lepidula
Ad. and Ang." (Tate}.

This narrow, sinistral species seems quite distinct from, all
others except P. myoporincc, which I have not seen. Speci-
mens from Palm Creek, which may be taken as the type
locality, measure :

Length 4.45, diam. 1.7, aperture 1.57 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 4, diam. 1.7, aperture 1.3 mm. ; 5i/2 whorls.

Genus MICROSTELE Boettger.

Microstele BTTG., Bericht Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1886, pp.
25, 26. Type by orig. designation Pupa noltei.

Shell small (S1/^ to 4% mm.), rimate, turrited, with obtuse
apex, of (51/0 to 6) strongly convex whorls. Aperture ovate,
with reflected, internally thickened lip, terminations remote;
a small angular tubercle, deeply placed parietal and colu-
mellar lamella? and sometimes one or two immersed palatal
tubercles.

Distribution, India and Ceylon, East and Southwest Africa;
Miocene of Europe.

With the shape of shell and aperture like Pupoides, this
genus has teeth like Pupilla. In many genera of Pupillidae
there are species with and others without teeth ; but Micro-
stele is here considered generically distinct because Pupoides,
in all the continents, is remarkably uniform in characters of
the aperture.

It may be inferred that the Microstele species are surviving
representatives of the ancestral stock which gave birth to
Pupoides.

Two species from the Miocene of Europe are rather closely
related to M. muscerda of Ceylon.

MICROSTELE WENZI (K. Fischer). Pupoides wenzi K.
FISCHER, Archiv f. Molluskenkunde, lii, 1920, p. 92, fig. 1.
WENZ, Senckenbergiaua, ii, June, 1920, p. 112, fig. 2. Upper

148 MICROSTELE.

Miocene landshell marl, Palm Garden, Frankfurt a. M. ; also
Voeslau, Vienna Basin, in marine sands.

MICROSTELE MARLE (de Morgan). Pupa (Pupilla) maritz
J. de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Geol. de France (4), xix, 1919, no.
9, p. 315, fig. 10 (November, 1920). Faluns de Touraine :
Poiit-Levoy (sabliere du vallou de Charentoii). Near the
preceding but a little smaller, the palatal fold vestigeal, an-
gular lamella strongly developed. This bed is about syn-
chronous with Sansan.

1. MICROSTELE MUSCERDA (Bens.). PI. 14, figs. 19, 20.

Shell rimate, ovate-oblong, striatulate, corneous; spire
long, apex obtuse ; whorls 5y» to 6, a little convex, the last
one-third the length of the shell, slightly ascending. Aper-
ture ovate, three-toothed; peristome expanded, acute, the
margins converging, columellar margin dilated, whitish; one
parietal fold, one columellar, rather deeply placed, one de-
pressed, obtuse palatal tooth. Length 4, diam. 1.5 mm.
(Bens.).

Ceylon: Cape Pedro, in old posts and on palmyra trees,
Borassus flabelliformis (Layard, type loc.) ; Baticalva (Pres-
ton) ; Jaffna (Linter). India: Erode (Beddome).

Pupa muscerda BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xii, August
1853, p. 94.— PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv., iv, p. 680.— HANLEY &
THEOBALD, Conch. Indica, 1876, pi. 160, f. 2. - - SOWERBY,
Conch. Icon., xx, Pupa, pi. 7, f. 56. — Pupilla muscerda Ben-
son, GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 286.

There is an angular tubercle or callus, not mentioned by
Benson. The parietal lamella is high, short and deep within ;
the palatal fold is tubercular, visible in a front view. A con-
siderable series shows this species to be rather constant in
form and teeth. Length 4.15, diam. 1.95, aperture 1.47 mm. ;

2 whorls, or a little smaller, length 3.6 mm.

2. MICROSTELE IREDALEI (Preston). PI. 14, fig. 18.

Shell differing from L. chanlerensis in its blunter form,
more swollen whorls, deeper suture, more open umbilicus,
straighter columella, and narrower and more erect labrum;

MICROSTELE. 149

moreover, it lacks the nodulous denticle which in the present
species is replaced by an erect white denticle situate low
down on the parietal wall well within the aperture, axid a
smaller erect squarish denticle on the columella, also situate
well within the opening. Alt. 3.5, diam. maj. 1.75 mm.;
aperture: alt. .75, diam. nearly .75 mm. (Preston).

British East Africa: Eusso Nyiro (Robin Kemp).

Leucochiloides iredalei PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1912, p. 188, pi. 31, f. 18.

No palatal tooth is present in this species. Preston's figure
is reproduced in pi. 14, fig. 18. The aperture of a topotype,
110. 41593 B. Walker coll., is drawn in pi. 17, fig. 7. Both
parietal and columellar lamellae are well developed, the for-
mer straight and entering rather deeply. There is also a
distinct though small and rather short angular lamella. It is
deeply riniate and narrowly perforate.

I have not been able to compare M. oblonga Bttg., which,
appears nearly related.

3. MICROSTELE OBLONGA (Boettger). PL 14, fig. 17.

Differs from L, (Microstele) noltei (Bttg.), which is near,
by the somewhat smaller shell, perforate, oblong-fusiform, of
a bay color, the spire convexly oblong. Whorls 51/2, more
convex, separated by a more impressed suture, the last equal-
ling one-third the alt. of the shell. Aperture 3-toothed, the
angular tubercle more distinct, parietal tooth pliciform, not
so high, columellar strong, palatals wanting; margins of the
peristome connected by a more distinct callus. Alt. 3*4, diam.
li/2 mm.; aperture alt. and width 1 mm. (Bttg.}.

Southwest Africa, Damaraland: 140 km. inward from the
mouth of the Swakop, in southwestern Hereroland, one living
specimen collected by Dr. Franz Rintelen, Boettger collection.

Leucochiloides (Microstele) oblongus BTTG., Abhandl.
Senckenb. Nat. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 445, pi. 28, f. lla, &.

It is with a certain reserve that I make this form a species
distinct from L. (M.) noltei. My decision was taken from
the diverse oblong-fusiform instead of cylindric-turrited
shape, which is conspicuously shorter and more compressed,

150 MICROSTELE.

and the lack of the two deeply-seated palatal folds. The diffi-
culty of a positive decision was enhanced by the paucity of
material — only one example of each form — and I would not
reproach anyone for taking the snail under consideration for
a local race of L. noltei (Bttg.}.

4. MICROSTELE NOLTEI (Bttg.). PI. 14, figs. 12 to 16.

Shell small, punctate-rimate, cylmdric-turrited, solid, cor-
neous-buff. Spire long, turrited; apex very obtuse. Whorls
6, very slowly increasing, rather convex, separated by a deep
suture, lightly obliquely striatulate, the last scarcely larger
than the penult, V4 the length of the shell, angular at base,
towards the aperture ascending a little, whitish, the back
distinctly flattened and swollen around the rimatioii. Aper-
ture small, circular-oval, the base a little receding, 4-toothed.
Peristome acute, flatly and broadly expanded, white, the mar-
gins converging, joined by a callus which bears a tubercle at
the insertion of the right margin; right margin is angularly
curved above, the basal and left regularly arcuate. Teeth 4,
deeply placed, 1 pliciform parietal, 1 strong columellar, twin
palatals in the throat. Length 3.75, greatest diarn. 1.5 mm. ;
aperture 1 mm. high and wide (Bttg.).

Southwest Africa, British Bechuanaland : Ghous, in the
southern Kalahari (C. Nolte).

Pupa (Microstele n. sect.) noltei BOETTGER, Bericht Senck-
enb. Nat. Ges., 1886, p. 25, pi. 2, f . 4o-c. - - MELVILL & PON-
SONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8), i, 1908, p. 78, pi. 2, f. 14, 15
(copied from Boettger). - - Leucochiloides (Microstele) twltei
BTTG., Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 445.— CONNOLLY,
Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, 1912, p. 178.

Two specimens from near Klip (Connolly coll.) are figured.
The larger (fig. 13) measures: length 4.5, diam. 1.5, length
aperture 1.2 mm., fully 7 whorls. It has only a weak trace
of the angular tubercle. The parietal lamella is deeply placed
and short. The twin palatal tubercles are connected basally,
and not visible in a direct front view.

The smaller specimen (pi. 14, figs. 12, 16) measures: length
3.83, diam. 1.5, aperture 1.16 mm., 6V4 whorls. The spire is

MICROCERION. 151

somewhat stouter, whorls shorter. The angular lamella is
strongly developed. Parietal lamella much longer and
higher.

Connolly (in litt.) notes that "in a series of 18 shells of
noltei from Klip, the largest, 3% x l1/^ mm., contains six
whorls and almost exactly matches Boettger's figure and de-
scription. The shells, however, vary in size and form, an-
other example, S1/^ x 114 mm., being more conical, less cylin-
drical, and coming very near indeed to his figure of oblongus,
having, as Boettger says, more convex whorls and consequently
deeper suture. All these 18 specimens appear to possess the
two internal palatal teeth of noltei, but these are often ex-
tremely small and it would be easy to overlook them. ' '

Genus MICROCERION Ball.

Microcerion DADL, Bull. 90, U. S. Nat Mus., 1915, p. 29,
type M. floridanum Dall.

"Shell small, solid, few whorled, with one parietal and one
pillar tooth, a nodulous parietal callus uniting the lips, a
thickened duplex peritreme, both edges sharp, the posterior
sharply reflected backward, the inner or anterior projecting
forward, externally beveled to meet the bottom of the sinus
between the two lips.

"This little shell stands about midway between Cerion
proper and the small Pupidas. Nothing exactly correspond-
ing to it is known from other formations or from the recent
fauna" (Dall).

MICROCERION FLORIDANUM Dall (pi. 11, figs. 16, 17). Op.
cit., p. 29, pi. 1, f. 16, 17. Oligoceue, Orthaulax pugnax zone,
Ballast Point, Tampa Bay, Florida.

The shell is 4.75 mm. long, of about 5 whorls. The peri-
storne and solidity are features like Cerion, but the size,
shape, and small number of whorls evidently indicate more
affinity to Pupillidcc. It is perhaps a phylogerontic branch
of the Pupillinee, near Pupoides and especially Microstele,
which appears to stand in an ancestral relation to Pupoides.

152 PUPILLA.

Genus PUPILLA Leach.

Pnpilla Leach in TURTON, Man. Land and Freshwater
Shells of the British Islands, 1831, p. 99. — GRAY, P. Z. S.,
1847, p. 176 (type P. muscorum). — HERRMANNSEN, Ind. Gen.
Malac., ii, p. 362 (typus: Pupa muscorum L.). — COCKERELL,
Nautilus, xviii, 1905, p. 104. — Torquatella HELD, Isis, 1837, p.
919, for P. muscorum L. and P. triplicata Studer. — HERR-
MANNSEN, Ind. Gen. Malac,, ii, p. 583, "typus P. muscorum
L. " —Pupa of most authors.

The shell is cylindric with rounded, obtuse ends, rimate
and often perforate, of short, slowly increasing whorls, the
sutures but slightly oblique. The small aperture has 0-5
teeth, the parietal, columellar and palatals deeply placed
when present ; no basal fold and no teeth in immature stages.
Peristome reflected narrowly. Shell axis small, perforate.

The foot is about half as long as the shell, skin nearly
smooth. Inferior tentacles short but distinct. Shell carried
with the spire slanting upward a little. Some species at least
are ovoviviparous.

Type: P. muscorum (L.). Distribution: North America,
Eurasia, Africa, Australia, almost wholly in temperate and
cold regions. They are ground snails, living under wood and
stones and among leaves in moderately humid situations.

Pupilla is a widely distributed group, nowhere numerous
in species, but generally abundant in individuals. The species
are among the most variable of their family in size, color, the
number and size of teeth and development of an external
crest — features usually serving for specific definition. Albino
shells are not uncommon ; sometimes they form a considerable
part of the colony. Shortness is a more frequent variation
in nearly all species which have been collected in quantity.
Whether this quality is an inherited strain or due to early
formation of a lip in individuals born late in the season has
not been ascertained, as no breeding experiment has been car-
ried out. It is clear, however, that some colonies of P. mus-
corum comprise short and long shells, and those with one,
two, or with no teeth, and are doubtless hybrid complexes.
Similar conditions are found in some other species.

PUPILLA. 153

Classification. — The Pupillas divide into four sections (the
first three new), characterized thus:

a. Embryonic shell rather coarsely reticulate-grauose ; the
rest regularly rib-striate.

Section Striopupilla, type P. sterkiana.

a1. Embryonic sculpture minute; striation elsewhere faint or
weak.

b. Whorls increasing rather rapidly in height; spire

convexly tapering from the last whorl, which is

widest. Section Afripupilla, type P. tetrodus.

b1. Whorls increasing slowly; shell cylindric with, short,

convexly-conic summit.

c. Aperture having 2 to 5 teeth, an angular
tubercle often present; apical whorls pitted-
reticulate.

Section Primipupilla, type P. signata.
c1. Aperture having 0 to 3, rarely 4 teeth, no an-
gular tubercle ; apical whorls most minutely
granulose.

Section Pupilla proper, type P. muscorum.

The geographic relations of these sectional groups may be
represented thus:

Europe Asia, America

Pupilla Pupilla Pupilla

Primipupilla Primipupilla Striopupilla

Primipupilla Primipupilla
Afripupilla

Africa Australia

The species are described under geographic groups :

I. North America: species 1 to 6.
II. Europe, North Africa: species 7 to 15, 21.

III. Asia : species 7, 13, 16 to 20, 22 to 29.

IV. Africa, Cape Verde Islands, Reunion I. : species 30

to 32.

154 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

V. Australia: species 33 to 35.
VI. Tertiary fossils: species 36 to 51.

Paleontology. --Pupilla appeared in the Upper Oligocene
of central Europe, and in the Miocene became somewhat
numerous. The species are referable to the section Primi-
pupilla, and resemble the African group of P. fontana. A
few Miocene forms are sinistral (P. blainvilleana, P. stein-
heimensis}. Forms such as P. perlabiata, more like recent
species of northern China, are from the Upper Miocene.

Early species of the typical section of Pupilla, the mus-
corum group, have been found in German Upper Miocene.
The teeth are somewhat well developed, as in the recent P.
triplicate. A list of fossil species follows the account of re-
cent forms.

In the absence of Eocene representatives in western
Europe it appears likely that the origin and early develop-
ment of the genus took place in Asia, whence in the middle
Tertiary or earlier, Africa and Australia received their Primi-
pupillcc. In America P. stcrkiana stands isolated and cannot
be traced, but the other Pupillae appear like recent immigrants,
not earlier than Pliocene, the northern P. muscorum later.
Only the section Pupilla, a group adapted to humid, cool-
temperate regions, reached this continent, and they retain the
closest resemblance to Old World species. P. blandi and
especially sonorana stand close to the Alpine P. triplicata.
P. hebex resembles the European cupa and alpicola. Finally,
P. muscorum in New England and Canada is indistinguish-
able from those of northern Europe. The Rocky Mountain
and loess muscorum may perhaps be older immigrants.

I. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

While the American species of Pupilla appear distinct
enough from one another typically, they vary remarkably in
teeth, crest and size, so that the identity of a particular lot
is sometimes in doubt, The key to species cannot be trusted
implicitly. Thus, there are intermediate forms between
sonorana and blandii, and the pitkodes form of blandii has

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 155

muck in common with hebes. P. muscorum is sometimes
thin-lipped, closely approaching hebes. P. hebes and P. syn-
genes occur in both dextral and sinistral forms. Colonies
containing albinos have been noted in muscorum, syngenes,
hebes and blandii. They form an intricate complex of races,
the affinities of which may be represented by a diagram.

souorana — blandii — muscorum. — syngenes

I I

pithodes — hebes

P. sterkiana stands apart from this complex of forms,
being strongly characterized by the sculpture of both embry-
onic and later whorls, the former resembling those of Primi-
pupilla.

Key to American Species.

1. Shell rib-striate, the embryonic whorls reticulate-granose ;

Lower California (Section Striopupilla).

P. sterkiana, no. 1.

Shell minutely striate or smoothish (Section Pupilla
proper) 2.

2. Spire slightly wider above than below; parietal lamella

long; 8-10 whorls P. syngenes, no. 6.

Spire not wider above ; whorls less numerous 3.

3. Aperture having three well-developed teeth, the palatal

fold somewhat long 4.

Teeth wanting or, when present, small, the palatal fold
tubercular 5.

4. Length 3.2 to 3.75 mm P. Uandi, no. 3.

Length 2.5 to 3.25 mm.; palatal fold long; last whorl much

flattened behind the crest P. so nor ana, no. 4.

5. Lip typically thickened within, with a whitish crest ex-

ternally; teeth small or wanting P. muscorum, no. 2.

Lip thin ; crest colored like the shell, often low, scarcely
noticeable ; typically toothless ; Arizona to Idaho.

P. hebes, no. 5.

156 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

1. PUPILLA STERKIANA (Pilsbry). PL 19, figs. 16, 17.

The shell is cylindric with short, rounded summit and ob-
tuse apex; rimate and minutely perforate; cinnamon-brown.
The surface is dull ; the embryonic l1/^ whorls coarsely, irreg-
ularly reticulate-granulose, following whorls having narrow,
strongly retractive axial riblets, about one-fourth as wide as
the intervals. The whorls are strongly convex, suture deep,
the last whorl somewhat compressed laterally, without crest
or noticeable contraction behind the lip. The aperture is
somewhat oblique, squarish. Peristome expanded, thickened
and whitish on the face and within, narrow and abruptly
bent near the posterior insertion ; margins connected by a
short, whitish, adnate callus. In oblique view in the aper-
ture the columella appears weakly subtruncate below, or in
some specimens there is a distinct tooth (fig. 16).

Length 4.5, diam. 1.6 mm.; 1% whorls.

Length 3.8, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 6% whorls.

Lower California: San Ramon (C. R. Orcutt).

Pupa sterkiana PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1889, p. 411,
pi. 2, f. 2, 3.

This species differs conspicuously from all other known
Pupillas by the sculpture of both embryonic and later whorls.

2. PUPILLA MUSCORUM (L.). PI. 18, figs. 12 to 16.

Description on page 173. American specimens rarely have
the lip so much thickened or the white or yellowish area be-
hind it so extensive as most European shells, though Euro-
peans similar to the American in these characters are readily
found.

It differs from P. blandii by the much shorter and smaller
teeth, the palatal fold small and tubercular when present.
Some of the thinnest muscorum resemble P. hcbes rather
closely.

In limestone districts the white crest and the lip-callus are
strongly developed, as in pi. 18, figs. 13, 14 (limestone quarry
at Thomaston, Me.), and over much of New York State.
Where the rock is granitic or deficient in lime the crest is
usually lower, of a reddish brown color but lighter than the

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 157

rest of the shell, and the lip-callus is much thinner, pi. 18,
figs. 15, 16 (Mt. Desert, Maine). In either form the parietal
tooth may occur, but the palatal tubercle is developed only
in moderately thick-lipped shells.

Length 3.4 mm., diam. 1.6 mm. Thomaston, Maine.

Length 3.15 mm., diam. 1.55 mm. Thomaston, Maine.

Length 4 mm., diam. 1.7 mm. Mt. Desert, Maine.

Length 3.25 mm., diam. 1.65 mm. Mt. Desert, Maine.

Length 3.35 mm., diam. 1.73 mm. Rochester, N. Y.

Length 3.5 mm., diam. 1.65 mm. Duxbury, Mass.

Length 3 mm., diam. 1.7 mm. Duxbury, Mass.

Eastern North America from Anticosti Island south to
Atlantic City, New Jersey, westward in Canada and the
northern tier of states; south in the Rocky Mountain region
through Colorado to Socorro Co., New Mexico, and northern
Arizona; north to Anuk, Alaska. Loess of Iowa and Kansas.

Pupa muscorum BINNEY, Man. Amer. Land Sh., 1885, p.
78. — PILSBRY and COCKERELL, Nautilus, v, p. 45 (varieties).—
BLANEY, Naut., xviii, pp. 45, 46 (Ironbouud I., Me.). — Pupilla
muscorum L., WHITEAVES, Ottawa Naturalist, 1905, p. 171
(Anticosti; Cypress Hills, Assiniboia). - - HANNA, Nautilus.
vol. 23, p. 94 (Lawrence, Douglas Co., Kansas, in river drift).
-PILSBRY, Nautilus, vol. 19, p. 130 (Grant, Valencia Co., N.
M.) ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 143 (Benson, Ariz., river
drift). — J. HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies, ix, p. 57 (Tol-
land, Ckll.; Eldora, Henderson) ; Nautilus, xxvii, p. 38 (Clear
Creek, Johnson Co., Wyo.). -- COCKERELL, Naut., xxv, p. 59
(Tolland, Colo.). -- NORTON, Naut., xxi, p. 6 (Manticus Is.,
Me.; 3 mm. long; three out of four taken opaque white).—
DALL, Harriman Alaska Exped., Moll., p. 28 (Laggan, Al-
berta ; Anuk, Alaska) .

Pupa badia C. B. ADAMS, Boston Journ. N. H., iii, 1840, p.
331, pi. 3, f. 18 (Crown Point, N. Y.).-- Pupilla India Ad.,
MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. H., i, 1864, p. 37, f. 89-91, pi.
10, f. 92. — Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils., Nautilus, vol. 28,
p. 38, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2. Henderson, Univ. of Colo. Bull., xv, p.
250 (Magnolia, Estes Park, Black Lake Creek, and near Gol-
den, Colo.) ; Univ. of Colo. Studies, ix, 57 (Floyd Hill, Clear
Creek Co., Hand; Eldora, Lake Co., Bethel).

158 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

P. muscorum has a far greater zonal or climatic range, as
well as a wider geographic distribution in the Palsearctic Re-
gion than in America. Our form was doubtless derived from
the northern herd of Siberia and northern Europe by way of
Alaska, probably in interglacial or Pleistocene time, and has
not yet become adapted to warm climates such as the circum-
Mediterranean zone which it inhabits in the Old World.

Three-tooth mutations occur as in Europe: the typical
form, in which there are no teeth (pi. 18, fig. 15, Mt. Desert,
Maine).

Mut. marginata Drap. (unidentata C. Pfr.). A small, short
parietal lamella developed (pi. 18, figs. 13, 14). This includes
P. badia C. B. Ad.

Mut. masclaryana Palad. (bigranata auct.). A tubercular
or short parietal lamella and a small, tubercular lower-palatal
fold present (pi. 18, fig. 12).

Mutation having a columellar tooth more or less well de-
veloped, pi. 19, fig. 14. White Oaks, New Mexico. This form
has been noticed in America only iu the mountain states of
the West. Boettger has mentioned its occurrence in France.

The typical mutation, without teeth, is the most abundant
and widely-spread in America. Specimens of it usually occur
in lots containing marginata and masclaryana, such colonies
being evidently hybrid.

A large series from High Pines, Duxbury, Mass., consists
of very thin, toothless shells, with the crest low or very low,
not paler, the lip scarcely calloused within. They run down
to 3 mm. long, with 5% whorls, and resemble the western P.
hebes. Similar shells occur as far south as Atlantic City,
N. J., in copses in the salt marshes.

Most of the Rocky Mountain specimens seen are of the
typical toothless form, and none have a palatal tooth. They
vary widely in size. Two from Holbrook, Arizona, measure :

Length 3.85, diam. 1.9 mm., G1/:; whorls.

Length 2.75, diam. 1.5 mm., 5% whorls.

Pupitta muscorum form xerobia Pils., pi. 19, fig. 11, de-
scribed from an arid sandstone butte near Duran, New Mex-
ico, at 6700-6800 ft,, is a small, compact form which I took to

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 159

be a race. Similar shells occur in numerous Colorado local-
ities, with intermediate sizes connecting with muscorum, so
that it is apparently to be regarded as an arid station or
hunger form rather than a true race; a view adopted from
Prof. Junius Henderson, who has studied it in Colorado.
The original description follows.

"Shell small, very short, composed of 5l/3 whorls, the last
three forming the cylindric portion, those above forming a
very short, obtuse cone ; last whorl ascending a little, having
a stout buff crest behind the thin, well-expanded lip. There
is a small, short, parietal lamella but no other teeth. Length
2.5, diam. 1.5 mm."

Types no. 104005 A. N. S. P. from Duran, N. M. Also
found in the following localities, all in Colorado : Trinidad,
Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906; Magnolia, Boulder Co., 8000 ft.,
D. McAndrews; Estes Park, E. H. Ashmun ; Black Lake
Creek, T. D. A. Cockerell; near Golden, 7000 ft., E. E. Hand.

The length varies from 2.25 to 2.75 mm. in the lot taken
at Duran.

3. PUPILLA BLANDI Morse. PI. 19, figs. 1 to 5.

Shell rirnate, ovate-cylindrical, delicately striated, opaque,
light brown. Apex obtuse, nucleus with microscopic granu-
lations. Suture well denned. Whorls 6, subconvex, the last
ascending at the aperture, rapidly expanding, with an ex-
ternal whitish callus, between which and the peristome there
is a deep constriction. Aperture small, nearly circular, with
three obtuse teeth of about equal size : one on the parietal
margin, one on the columellar margin, and the third far
within and at the base of aperture; peristome subreflected,
the margins joined by a thin callus. Length .13 inch, breadth
.06 inch [=3.25 x 1.5 mm.] (Morse).

Rocky Mountain region, from Montana (and Bed Deer,
Alberta) to New Mexico; west to Nevada; eastward in the
semiarid region (mainly as a fossil, or in river drift) to
McLean Co., North Dakota (at Ft. Berthold, type loc.),
Brule Co., South Dakota, Phillips Co., Kansas, Comal Co.,
Texas.

160 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

Pupa blandi W. G. BINNEY, U. S. Explorations in Nebraska,
Doc. 25th Congress, 2d Session, II, pt. ii, p. 725, 1859, name
only. — Pupa blandi BINNEY, Land and Freshwater Shells of
N. A., I, 1869, p. 235, f. 402 ; Man. Araer. Land Shells, 1885,
p. 188, fig. 188. — v. MARTENS, Sitzungsber. Ges. Nat. Freunde,
1882, p. 140, as syn. of P. muscoram var. bigranata. -- REIN-
HARDT, same Sitzungsber., 1883, p. 37. — COCKERELL, Nautilus,
x, p. 42 (drift of Rio Grande, Mesilla, N. M.) ; xiv, pp. 14, 15
(Sandia Mts., and Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas, N. M.).

Pupilla blandi MORSE, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., viii, 1865,
p. 5, fig. 8. — TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., iii, p. 303, pi. 15,
f. 4. — BALL, Harriman Alaska Exped., Moll., p. 28 (Red Deer,
Alberta) .-- PILSBRY, Nautilus, xix, p. 130 (Grant, Valencia
Co., N. M.). — PILSBRY & FERRISS, Nautilus, xxii, p. 104 (Albu-
querque).— HANNA, Nautilus, xxiii, 94 (Douglas Co., Kansas,
in river drift) ; Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vii, p. 119 (fossil in
Phillips Co., Kansas). — BERRY, Nautilus, xxix, p. 125 (Winne-
cook, Meagher Co., Montana). — HENDERSON, Nautilus, xxv, p.
59 (Tolland, Gilpin Co., Colo.) ; Univ. of Colo. Studies, vi,
170, 171; ix, 57 (many Colorado localities; "the most abun-
dant and the most generally distributed of the Colorado
Pupillidae"). — WALKER, Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich.,
no. 15, 1915, pp. 2-4 (New Mexico at Canones Cr., east of Mt.
Pedernal, Coyote Creek near Rio Puerco and Arroyo Angua,
all in Rio Arribo Co. ; mouth El Cobre canyon, 5 in. north of
Albuquerque) . — HENDERSON & DANIELS, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1916, p. 322 (near Tooele, Utah), 336 (near Franklin, Idaho).

Pupa blandi forma nov. obtusa COCKERELL, Journ. of
Conch., vii, 1892, p. 39. — Pupilla blandi var. alba, CKLL., Nau-
tilus, xviii, Jan. 1905, p. 104 (no description or locality).—
Pupilla. blandi pithodes PILSBRY & FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1917, p. 103; 1918, p. 328. --Pupa sublubrica ANCEY,
Le Naturaliste, I, April, 1881, p. 389. --W. G. BINNEY, 2d
Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 39, pi. 3, f. 11 (as synonym of P.
muscorum).

P. blandi is a common shell in the Rocky Mountains, and
southward in New Mexico west of the Rio Grande to Grant
county; also in the adjacent part of Arizona. It occurs also

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 161

in the northern counties of Arizona, in Utah, and (as P. sub-
lubrica) in Nevada.

Variation. — 1. The typical form, about 3.2 to 3.3 ram. long,
].5 wide, of 6y2 to 6% whorls (pi. 19, figs. 4, 5, near Salt
Lake City, Utah) is widely spread in Colorado, eastern Utah
and New Mexico. The callus within the lip is moderate or
sometimes heavy. The crest behind the lip is well developed.

In some localities there are wider shells: length 3.35, diam.
1.75 mm. North Park, Colorado. The rather thick lip-rib is
like typical blandi, the wide shell like form pithodes.

There are also similarly wide shells (length 3.4, diam. 1.7
mm., Sapello canyon, N. M.) without an internally calloused
lip, being thus similar to form pithodes, though the parietal
fold is not so long.

2. The prevalent or almost exclusive form east of the moun-
tains, from North Dakota to Texas, is small and compact,
about 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 wide, of 5i/o whorls, the lip often
quite strongly thickened. Cockerell has described it as
"Form obtusa. 2y2 mm. long, broader in proportion to its
length than the type. Near the Micawber mine, Custer Co.,
Colorado." It is probably a "hunger form" occupying arid
situations. It occurs in many places in Colorado, in New
Mexico, in the Rocky Mountains and along the Rio Grande,
mostly knowai from Pleistocene and river-drift examples.
Also in Arizona, from San Pedro river drift near Benson,
and in the northeastern counties. Some examples of this race
are hardly to be distinguished from P. sonorana; but the
latter appears to inhabit higher, less arid places than the
New Mexican blandi.

In some cases longer shells, which would fall into typical
blandi, are in the same lots with form obtusa.
Cockerell has noted a mutation alba.

3. Form pithodes Pils. & Ferr. (pi. 19, figs. 6, 7) is common
under and on dead wood in the forested zone, chiefly among
aspens, in the Black Range, between Grant and Sierra coun-
ties, New Mexico, 7,000-10,000 ft. ; also westward in the Mo-
gollon Mts., 9,500 to 10,000 ft,, and in Apache and Graham
counties, Arizona. It is wider than typical P. blandi, with a

162 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

weaker crest; the lip is but slightly thickened within. The
shell is short, cyliiidric with rounded ends, walnut-brown,
slightly shining. Whorls somewhat convex, the last slowly
ascending a little in front, somewhat flattened and tapering
to the narrow base, noticeably contracted behind the lip, hav-
ing a quite low (or sometimes rather strong) crest of the
same color as the rest of the shell. Parietal lamella deeply
placed, about one-third of a. whorl long. Lower palatal fold
rather long. Columellar lamella well developed, short. The
type and paratypes, from Sta. 39, Black Range, measure :

Length 3.2, diam. 1.8 mm. ; type.

Length 3.7, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 7^ whorls.

Length 3.25, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 6i/o whorls.

Length 3.05, diam. 1.7 mm, • Qy3 whorls.

In the eastern counties of Arizona this form occurs with
P. hebes, which it resembles very closely except in having-
teeth.

P. blandi sublubrica (Ancey).

Pupa sublubrica Ancey was considered by W. G. Biuney
to be a synonym of P. muscorum, but Mr. Ancey in a letter
to me stated that it is "a slender var. of Pupa blandi Morse."
Translation of the original description follows.

"Pupa sublubrica C. F. Ancey. Length 3%, width
mm. Shell elongate, cyliiidric, thin, pellucid, glossy, rimate,
corneous ; apex obtuse ; closely, minutely, slightly striate.
Whorls 8, convex, regular, the last slightly subturgid, then a
little contracted at the aperture. Aperture truncate-oval,
provided with two teeth within, one parietal, the other oppo-
site this, basal ; both white, quite deeply placed. Peristome
thin, expanded.

"This species differs from the preceding (P. hebes) by the
more shining shell, the number of whorls, the striae of growth
even less marked, more obsolete than in P. hebes, the more
lengthened, more cyliiidric form, the external swelling and
contraction preceding the aperture especially less marked,
finally by the two teeth of the latter. Both are situated
quite deep in the aperture, one 011 the parietal wall, the other,
elongate, in the base, but a little towards the right. Like P.
hebes, it is separated from P. muscorum L. by the lack of a
white calcareous deposit within the aperture. State of Ne-
vada, Dr. Newcomb."

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 163

P. blandi chariest o-nensis n. subsp. PI. 19, figs. 8, 9. A
peculiar race, smaller and otherwise differing from the ac-
count of siiblubrica, and similar to sonorana, was taken by
Ferriss on Charleston mountain, Lincoln Co., in southern
Nevada.

There is a well-developed crest behind the lip. The pari-
etal lamella and lower palatal fold are strong and long;
columellar nodule distinct, Length 3, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 6^2
whorls.

This might be considered a form of P. sonorana were it not
so remote from the known range of that species.

4. PUPILLA SONORANA (Sterki). PI. 19, figs. 10, 12, 13, 15.

Shell perforate-rimate, cylindrical, apex obtuse, rounded;
color brownish-horn ; surface finely striated-rugulose, more
coarsely so near the aperture; whorls 6!/4, gradually increas-
ing ; suture rather deep ; the last whorl comparatively small,
compressed in its inferior part, the base narrow, almost
keeled; near the aperture a high, sharp bulging [crest] filled
with a strong whitish callus, shining through the shell ; a
narrow, deep constriction in front of it, and an impression
over the palatal fold. Aperture rather small ; margins ab-
ruptly but rather narrowly everted; lamellae and folds 3,
white ; parietal rather deep-seated, long, spiral ; columellar
perpendicular (along the columella), lamellar; palatal (the
inferior) rather strong, often with a thread-like prolongation
inward. Alt. 2.6, diam. 1.3 mm. (Sterki).

Length 3.25, diam. above apert. 1.4 mm.; 7*4 whorls.
Topotype.

Length 2.75, diam. above apert. 1.3 mm. ; 61/2 whorls.
Topotype.

Length 3.05, diam. above apert. 1.4 mm. ; 7 whorls. Cloud-
croft.

Length 2.5, diam. above apert. 1.3 mm. ; 6 whorls. Cloud-
croft.

New Mexico: Whiteoaks (type loc.), Gilnaores, Mescale (E.
H. Ashmun) ; James canyon, Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts.
(Rehn and Viereck) ; summit of Hacheta Grande, 8,500 ft.,

164 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

Big Hachet Mts. (Pilsbry and Daniels) ; 14 miles northeast
of Tucumcari, Cuervo River, San Miguel Co., and Turkey
Creek, near Wagon Mound, Mora Co. (Dr. E. C. Case).

Pupa (Pupilla) sonorana STERKI, Nautilus, xii, March,
1899, p. 128, with var. tenella, p. 129. --Pupilla sonorana
Sterki, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1915, p. 345.— WALKER,
Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 15, 1915, pp. 4, 5.

P. sonorana differs from P. Uandi by its much longer
parietal lamella (fig. 10) and the far greater impression of
the last whorl preceding the crest (fig. 13). The colmnellar
lamella is longer. P. syngenes dextroversa is a longer species
with more whorls and less impressed base.

In most lots seen there are longer, shorter and intermediate
individuals.

In one lot from Cloudcroft, in the Sacramento mountains,
there are two examples with an upper-palatal tubercle also,
making four teeth in all (pi. 19, fig. 12).

This species would hardly be considered specifically distinct
from P. triplicaia of Europe were it not that the two inhabit
antipodal parts of the globe.

P. sonorana form tenella (Sterki). Shell rather oblong or
ovoid; the bulging in the palate less high, and only with a
slight callus inside. Most specimens are less high than the
types, 2.3 to 2.6 mm. (SterJci).

New Mexico: Capitaii Mts. (Ashmun).

The specimens before me, part of the original lot, differ
very little from typical P. sonorana; the crest is often fully
as high as in that, It seems scarcely separable as a race.
One measures, length 2.7, diam. above aperture 1.45 mm.

5. PUPILLA HEBES (Ancey). PI. 18, figs. 1 to 4.

' ' Shell subcylindric, rather thin, rimate, obtuse at the apex,
corneous-tawny, very minutely scarcely striatulate. Whorls
6-7, strongly convex, joined by a deep suture, regularly in-
creasing, the last swollen towards the aperture, then deeply
contracted. Aperture truncate-suboval, toothless, or provided
with a small parietal tubercle, not thickened within. Peri-
stome thin, reflected. Length 3.25, width 1.5 mm. (Ancey).

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 165

"P. hebes has so much affinity [to P. musconun] that I
would have hesitated to separate them if it were not that all
my specimens have the same peculiarity, the absence of a
white calcareous deposit within the aperture ; a character as
everyone knows, of P. muscorum."

Idaho: Banks of Salmon River (Hemphill) ; near mouth
of St. Charles canyon, west of St. Charles (Henderson and
Daniels).

Nevada : White Pine, type loc. ; near Austin, Lander Co.
(Hemphill).

Utah : Blue Mts. and on Monticello Creek, San Juan Co.
(Ferriss).

Arizona. : mountains and high country throughout the state
from Coconiuo and Yavapai counties east, south to the Hua-
chuca and Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co. (Ashmun, Ferriss
and Pilsbry) ; usually between 5000 and 9500 ft., in humid
localities or stations, often abundant.

Pupa hebes C. F. D'ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, iii, April, 1881,
p. 389.— PILSBRY & VANATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p.
589, pi. 22, f. 9, 10. Not P. hebes PILSBRY, Nautilus, xi, p.
117. — Pupilla hebes (Anc.), PILSBRY & FERRISS, Proc. A. N. S.
Phila., 1911, p. 197, with Pupilla hebes kaibabensis, n. subsp.
-FERRISS, Nautilus, vol. 34, p. 14, with mut. albesccns.

Pupa arizonensis Gabb, W. G. BINNEY, 2d Suppl. Terr.
Moll., v, p. 40, pi. 3, f. 12, specimen from Ancey. Not of
Gabb.

Pupilla muscorum idaho-ensis HENDERSON and DANIELS,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1917, p. 57.

The absence of a white or tawny callus within the lip dis-
tinguishes P. hebes from typical P. muscorum. It never has
teeth, such as P. blandi and many muscorum possess. There
is a decided contraction behind the outer lip ; typically there
is scarcely any crest, and no yellowish streak, but sometimes
the crest is well developed.

Length 4, diam. 1.85 mm., 7 whorls. Bill Williams Mt.

Length 3.1, diam. 1.65 mm., 5% whorls. Bill Williams Mt.

Length 3.5, diam. 1.6 mm., 7 whorls. Lander Co., Nev.

Length 3.25, diam. 1.55 to 1.6 mm. Lander Co., Nev.

166 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

Length 2.7, diam. 1.65 mm., 6i/o whorls. Rucker Co., Chiri-
cahuas.

While P. hebes occurs near the eastern boundary of Ari-
zona in Apache and Graham counties, it has not been found
in New Mexico. The Utah localities are in the southeastern
angle of the state. It has been reported from Tecumseh and
Lawrence counties, Kansas, in river drift (Hanna, Nautilus,
vol. 23, p. 94), but I have not seen these specimens, and their
identity should be confirmed.

An albino form, mut. albescens Ferriss, was taken among
aspens at the Betatakin ruins in northern Arizona, small
numbers being associated with many specimens of the usual
chestnut-brown color. Similar albinos were taken in one
place on Mt. Lemon, in the Santa Catalina range, also with
brown specimens, 6 albinos to 122 brown shells.

Form kaibabensis P. & F., from the Kaibab Saddle, north
of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, was distinguished from hebes
by its shorter form, length 2.7 to 2.8 mm., diam. 1.5 mm., 5y2
whorls. While all of the specimens from the northern en-
virons of the Canyon were of this form, similar short ones
also occur in other lots from south of the canyon in northern
Arizona, sometimes associated with larger ones ; also in Rucker
Canyon, in the Chiricahua Mts., where all are small. I now
regard kaibabensis as a stunted or hunger form, the dimin-
ished stature being probably traceable to locally unfavorable
conditions which affect all individuals of a colony. It is
probably not of racial significance.

Pupilla muscorum idahoensis H. & D. (pi. 19, figs. 18, 19)
resembles closely the hebes of Nevada, and does not seem to
be racially distinct. It is not, in my opinion, a form of mus-
corum. The crest is often strongly developed, as in muscorum,
but very weak in other specimens. The lip is thin, as usual.
It is from St. Charles, southern Idaho. Two measure :
Length 3.3, diam. 1.47 ram. ; 614 whorls.
Length 3.1, diam. 1.5 mm. ; 6 whorls.

P. hebes nefas Pilsbry & Ferriss. PI. 18, figs. 5 to 8.

The shell is sinistral, usually with a small parietal lamella ;

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 167

in oblique view in the aperture a columellar tubercle may be
seen. It differs from P. syngenes by the absence of a crest
behind the lip, though there is a wide, shallow contraction
there.

Length 4.2, diam. 1.75 mm., 7y3 whorls. Spud Rock.

Length 3.65, diam. 1.9 mm., 7 whorls. S. Catalina Mts.

Length 3.2, diam. 1.85 mm., 6y2 whorls. S. Catalina Mts.

Arizona: Santa Catalina Mountains, Pima Co., abundant,
generally distributed from 8000 to 9500 ft. ; Spud Kock, Bin-
con Mts. ; Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., at the head of Cove
Creek, 8000 ft., and Pine Canyon, 7500 ft., type loc. (Ferriss).

Pupilla hebes form nefas Pils. & Ferr., Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1910, p. 135.— P. h. nefas PILS. & FERR., op. cit., 1918, p. 303.

In the Chiricahuas this race was not found associated with
the dextral hebes, which was taken in Rucker canyon. In
the Santa Catalina and Rincou mountains it was found at 11
stations, often in large numbers, but in only one place, near
Marshall Pass, were hebes and nefas found together.

This sinistral race evidently appeared as a mutation some-
where in southeastern Arizona, and as yet has spread over
only a few ranges of that region. Nothing has been seen of
it in the extensive regions north and northwest, inhabited by
dextral hebes.

6. PUPILLA SYNGENES (Pilsbry). PI. 18, figs. 9, 10, 11.

The shell is sinistral, cylindrical but somewhat wider above,
blunt at each end ; cinnamon brown, or somewhat darker.
Surface dull when fresh, delicately obliquely striate. Apex
large, obtuse ; suture impressed ; whorls 8, the last one com-
pressed and flattened around the lower-outer portion, its last
third ascending on the next earlier whorl, and elevated into
a high rounded ridge or crest a short distance behind the
outer lip. Aperture slightly oblique, truncate-oval in form;
the outer lip narrowly expanded, basal and columellar mar-
gins broader ; about the middle of the parietal wall, or nearer
the upper end, there is a small parietal lamella about one-
fourth of a whorl long. Far within there may be seen a blunt
columellar lamella; and most specimens exhibit far within
the outer lip a tubercular lower-palatal fold.

168

PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

Length 3.3, cliain. 1.75 mm. ; 8 whorls. Type, fig. 9.

Length 4.15, diam. 1.7 ram. ; 9 whorls. Yavapai Co.

Length 3, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 7 whorls. Grand Canyon.

Pupa syngenes Pils., Nautilus, iv, p. 3, May, 1890, pp. 3r
39, pi. 1, f. 7 ; v, p. 39, pi. 2, f. 1, 2 ; Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1890, p. 296. - - BALL, Nautilus, viii, p. 35. - - PILSBRY & VAN-
ATTA, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900, p. 606, with form dextro-
versa-. — DALL, Nautilus, vii, p. 35. — Pupilla syngenes PILSBRY,
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1911, pp. 193-195, f. 7, with P. s. dex-
trove-rsa, pp. 193-195, f. 6, 8, and P. s. avus, p. 196, f. 9.—
Pupilla syngenes dextroversa P. & V., Cockerell, Nautilus,
xxv, p. 59. — HENDERSON, Univ. of Colo. Studies, x, p. 57.

NEW MEXICO: San Rafael, Valencia Co. (Ashmun). ARI-
ZONA: Holbrook (Ashmun), Black Mesa (Ferriss), Navajo
Co.; branch of Chinle Creek, Apache Co. (Ferriss) ; Jerome
and Purtyman's ranch, Oak Creek, Yavapai Co. (Ashmun) ;
upper levels of the Grand Canyon at Bright Angel trail and

Fro. 1. — Pupilla syngenes Pils. Spectacle Cove near Bass Trail, Grand
Canyon. Lengths 3.8, 3.5 and 3.2 mm.

Bass trail (Pilsbry & Ferriss), and north of the river at
numerous places on Powell and Kaibab Plateaus (Ferriss &
Daniels). MONTANA: Beaver Creek, a trib. of Little Mis-
souri R., in drift debris (Dall).

This species differs from P. muscorum by the longer pari-
etal lamella, the more numerous whorls, the last having a
stronger crest and ascending further, the lip less expanded,
and the shape, wider above. It is more nearly related to the

PUPILLA, AMERICAN. 169

smaller P. sonorana, which occupies an area to the east and
south of syngenes, the northern colonies of sonorana being
separated from the nearest syngenes by the Rio Grande
valley.

The type specimen has no palatal tubercle, but in most
colonies the lower-palatal is usually developed. There is great
variation in length. A lot from Spectacle Cove, Bass trail, in
the Grand Canyon, contains shells from 3 mm. long, of 7
whorls, to those 3.7 mm. of 8 whorls. Some of those from
the Kaibab Plateau are very long, over 4 mm., of fully 9
whorls.

Mut. nivea. At Marsh Pass, Black Mesa, Navajo Co., Ari-
zona, Ferriss found beautiful albino specimens (pi. 18, fig. 11)
together with the brown ones. This mutation also occurs in
some Grand Canyon lots.

"Pupilla, syngenes Pils. and P. syngenes dextroversa seek
the well-drained hillsides where grass roots and spawls of
stone lying upon the soil furnish shelter. So far they have
not been gathered in deep forest conditions where pupas
mostly congregate" (Ferriss). Both are arid country forms
of the plateau of northern Arizona, apparently distributed
generally, but not found far north of the Colorado river.
The records from Montana and northern Colorado, far from
the main herd, appear to indicate extension north in western
Colorado or eastern Utah, regions as yet but little explored
for shells.

The record of a half specimen from Benson, Arizona (Proc.
A. N. S. Phila., 1915, p. 390), I now think was based on a
sinistral specimen of some other species. The shape of the
summit is not quite right for syngenes, and the later whorls
are wanting. That locality lies several hundred miles from
the nearest known locality for P. syngenes.

P. syngenes dextroversa (P. & V.). Figs. 2, 3.

Similar to the typical form, but dextral. The shell is sub-
cyliudric, a little wider near the upper end. The last whorl
is flattened laterally, with a strong, rounded crest followed by
a deep constriction behind the lip, which is thin and very

*.

. i Ll B R A R ' j

170 PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

narrowly expanded. The parietal lamella is slightly over
one-fourth of a whorl long; the columellar lamella small and
deeply immersed, and the lower palatal nodule well developed
or weak, but invariably present in adult shells.

Length 4, diam. 1.7 mm. ; 9 whorls. San Rafael.

Length 3, diam. 1.6 mm. ; 7Vi> whorls. San Rafael.

Length 4.5, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 10 whorls, Grand Canyon.

Length 3.7, diam. 1.8 mm. ; 9 whorls. Grand Canyon.

FIG. 2. — P. s. dextroversa P. & V. San Rafael, N. M.

NEW MEXICO: San Rafael* (type loc., Ashmun), and Grant
(Baily), Valencia Co. ARIZONA: Holbrook * (Ashmun);
Grand Canyon, Bright Angel Trail,* and just below the
south rim near Bass Camp (Ferriss & Pilsbry), and in Stone
House Gulch, Kaibab Plateau* (Ferriss & Daniels). COLO-
RADO: Tolland, Gilpin Co. (Cockerell) and Eldora, Boulder
Co. (Henderson).

At localities marked with a * it occurred in association
with sinistral P. syngenes.

This form differs from P. muscorum by the shape and num-
ber of whorls of the shell, and the longer parietal lamella.

P. s. dextroversa differs from P. syngenes only by the dex-
tral coil. Since dextral forms are doubtless the more primi-
tive in Pupilla, it is evidently dextroversa which perpetuates
the original stock of the species. Perhaps it might be ranked
as a mutation rather than a subspecies. In half of the local-
ities given above, only dextral shells were found ; but at the

PUPILLA, AMERICAN.

171

two in Colorado only single shells were taken. In a few
colonies, so far as our information goes, the dextral form

FIG. 3.— P. s. dextroversa P. & V. Bass Trail, Grand Canyon, about 200 ft.

below the rim.

Lengths 4.5 and 3.76 mm.

occurs as a pure race, and many more colonies are of purely
sinistral shells.

The Colorado records quoted from Cockerell and Hender-
son are widely detached from those in New Mexico and Ari-
zona. All of the material from the latter states has been ex-
amined by the wrriter.

P. syn genes avus Pils. & Ferr. Fig. 4.

Shell sinistral, the last whorl deviating tangentially and
ascending ; teeth deeply immersed ; parietal lamella much
longer than in P. syngenes or dextroversa, about a half -whorl
long.

Length 5.2, diam. 1.8 mm., whorls

Length 4.3, diam. 1.7 mm., whorls

Length 4.0, diam. 1.7 mm., whorls 9y2.

Types no. 94,220 A. N. S. P., from upper slope of the Grand
Canyon along the Mystic Spring or Bass Trail, about 200 feet
below the rim; abundant with P. s. dextroversa.

The special characters of this race, being those of senility,
are unequally developed in different individuals. The figures
give a fair idea of the variations. Finding these shells asso-

172

PUPILLA, EUROPE.

elated with about an equal number of P. s. dextroversa of
about the same size, we at first were disposed to think them
all one race in which the shell was indifferently dextral or
sinistral; but on closer study it appears that the dextral

FIG. 4. — Papilla synyenes uvus, Cotypes. Lengths 5.2. 4, 4 and 4.2 mm.

forms never have the last whorl and aperture abnormal nor
are the teeth so deeply immersed, or the parietal lamella so
long, while almost every sinistral shell collected in this colony
is markedly distorted. It seems, therefore, that although the
t\vo forms are of common origin and live together, the dif-
ferent direction of the coil probably prevents interbreeding,
thus segregating the sinistral stock, which in this colony is
now in a late stage of senile degeneration.

II. SPECIES OP EUROPE AND NORTHERN AFRICA.

Like the American group, these present all stages in the
degeneration of the teeth. Kecent European forms have 0 to

3 teeth, like the American, belonging to the section Pupilla.
In Asia the more primitive group Primipupilla, species with

4 or 5 teeth, lingers on, associated with the modernized
forms.

The variations in teeth, in shape and development of the
prelabial crest, have led to the naming of many "varieties",
part of them true geographic races, many others being muta-

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 173

tions complexly interrelated and of little significance from
the standpoint of systeinatics alone. The varietal subdivi-
sions of European PupillidsB are a creation of ignorance,
stupidity, industry and insight, which an outsider can record
but cannot systematize.

P. poltavica, no. 21, a Russian Pleistocene species, is placed
among the Asiatic forms in order to get it among its rela-
tives in the section Primipupilla.

Two undescribed species of Pupa have been referred to
Pupilla.

P. kuschakeivitzi v. Martens. Tkeso Narynkol, an unde-
scribed Russian species, has been mentioned by Boettger as
related to the Miocene P. rahti. Jalirb. Nassau. Ver. Nat.,
42, 1889, p. 254.

[Pupa (Pupilla)] poupillieri Bourg. Algier. Paetel, Cata-
log der Conch.-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel, 1873, p. 108.

P. genesii Gredl. (vol. xxv, p. 204) is referred to Pupilla
by Kobelt on account of the presence of inferior tentacles
(Iconographie, 2 ser., viii, p. 82).

Series of P. muscorum (Pupilla proper).

The aperture has 0 to 3 (rarely 4) teeth, no angular
lamella. Embryonic whorls minutely, weakly granose, or
with a net-work of slightly impressed lines separating flat,
irregularly rounded grains, mosaic-like.

7. PUPILLA MUSCORUM (L.). PI. 20, figs. 1 to 7.

The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric, auburn or some
similar brown shade, white or light behind the lip, moderately
solid. Summit rounded, obtuse. First 1% whorls nearly
smooth, the rest with fine, blunt, uneven striation, moderately
convex ; last half of the last whorl tapering downward, com-
pressed, rising to the aperture, having a strong whitish crest
near and parallel to the outer and basal lip. The aperture is
somewhat oblique, truncate-rounded, typically without teeth
(but in various varieties or mutations provided with one to
three teeth) . Peristome narrowly reflected outwardly, broadly
on the columellar side, having a strong pale callus within.

174 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

Fig. 2. Length 4.6, diam. 1.95 mm., 7 whorls. Huustan-
ton, England.

Fig. 1. Length 4, diam. 1.8 mm., 6% whorls. Hunstautou.

Fig. 3. Length 3.15, diam. 1.75 mm., 6 whorls. Pensarm,
N. Wales.

Fig. 4. Length 2.7, diam. 1.7 mm., 5*4 whorls. Pensarm,
N. Wales.

Fig. 7. Length 3.5, diam. 1.65 mm., 7 whorls. Calvados.

Fig. 6. Length 2.6, diam. 1.6 mm., 6 whorls. Calvados.

Palaearctic Region, generally distributed over Europe,
north Africa, northern and central Asia, south to Persia;
part of North America.

Turbo muscorum L., Syst. Nat,, x, p. 767.— HANLEY, Ipsa
Linn. Conch., p. 352, pi. 4, f. 6, Linne's type specimen. — Pupa
muscorum L., EOSSMAESSLER, Iconographie, i, p. 83, f. 37 ; v,
f. 323.— KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, p. 12, pi. 2, f. 1-5.
-PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 311 ; iii, 536 ; iv, 665 ; vi, 304.— WESTER-
LUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 121.— MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France,
ii, 1855, p. 392, pi. 28, f . 5-15, with var. edentula. - - WIEG-
MANN, Jahrb. D. M. Ges., iii, p. 212 (radula of immature
stages). — KENNARD and WOODWARD, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond.,
iii, p. 194 (Pliocene of England and Amsterdam). — GODWIN-
AUSTEN, P. Mai. Soc., iii, 260 (Pangkong Lake and Ladak,
Kashmir, and Yarkand. - - HILBER, S. B. Math.-Nat, Cl. K.
Akad. Wissensch., Wien, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1884, p. 1376, pi.
6, f. 9 (localities in Prov. Kan-su, China, etc.). — Pupilla mus-
corum L., BECK, Index Molluscorum, 1837, p. 84 (with var. a,
normalis, = typical form). — BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver.
Naturkunde, 42, 1889, p. 263.--GUDE, Fauna Brit. India,
Moll., ii, p. 282. — SCHLESCH, Land- og vatna-lindyr a Islandi,
1921, p. 16 (Iceland). — Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum var. eden-
tula- SLAVIK, Archiv naturwiss. Landesdurchforschung von
Bohmen, i, sect, iv, 1868, p. 110 (Bohemia, with the 1-toothed
and the 2-toothed muscorum}.-- A. WEBER, Abh. K. Bayer.
Ak. Wiss., xxvi, 5 Abh., 1913, p. 17 (localities in Thian-Shan).
— Jaminia muscorum m. sinistrorsum and var. alba J. W.
BALDWIN, Journ. of Conch., xi, 1904, p. 11 (Abersoch, North
^\rales). — KENNARD & WOODWARD, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. 34,
Zool., 1920, p. 209 (Linnean type).

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 175

Pupa umdentata C. PFEIFFER, Syst. Anord. u. Beschreib.
deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-Schnecken, 1821, p. 58, pi. 3,
f. 19, 20.

Pupa bidentata C. PFEIFFER, Syst. Anord. u. Beschreib.
deutscher Land- und Siisswasser-Schn., 1821, p. 59, pi. 3, f.
21, 22 (Schlosse zu Felsburg).

Pupa marginata DRAPARNAUD, Tableau Moll. Fr., 1801, p.
58; Histoire, p. 61, pi. 3, f. 36-38. — JEFFREYS, Brit, Conch., ii,
1862, p. 249, and of many European authors.

Pupilla simplex LOCARD, Ann. d'Agricult. Lyon, (7), iii,
1896, p. 217; Couchyl. Fr., 1894, p. 329 (toothless form of
muscorum) .

Pupa masclaruana PALADILHE, Nouv. Misc. Malac., i, 1866,
p. 11, pi. 1, f. 1-3.

P. muscorum is characterized by the strong whitish crest,
the thickening within the lip, weak striation, and absence or,
when present, the small size of the parietal and lower palatal
teeth. There is usually no columellar tooth or nodule, but in
the Rocky Mountains a small columellar tooth is frequent, and
Boettger has noted its presence in a Marseilles specimen.

Varieties according to the teeth. — Shells having the typical
shape of muscorum (which varies, however, from short to
long in the same colonies) are classed by the number of
teeth, in three (or four) varieties, spread over the whole
European range of the species.

1. Without teeth (pi. 20, fig. 1). This is the typical form
of muscorum; the name var. edentula Moq. used by many
authors and simplex of Locard are superfluous. It sometimes
occurs in pure colonies, more frequently associated with the
following.

2. Having a short parietal but no other teeth (pi. 20, fig.
3). The earliest name for this form is mut. marginata Drap.
It is generally called var. unidentata C. Pfr. The commonest
European form by far, often occurring writh the preceding
and less commonly with the following forms. ,

3. Having short parietal and lower-palatal teeth (pi. 20,
fig. 7). This is mut. masclaryana Palad., which was based
upon an unusually short shell, pi. 20, figs. 16, 17. It has

176 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

generally been called var. bigranata Rossm., but that appears
to be a special Central European form considered a separate
species by some authors. I do not know that masclanjana
ever occurs in pure colonies; it is associated with the pre-
ceding.

4. Var. tridentata, Jeffreys has three teeth, one on the colu-
mella being added. Recent naturalists do not appear to have
noticed it, and it is not to be found in the Jeffreys collection.
However, it seems to be what has been called var. glis Wes-
terlund.

This is a case where three forms have been initiated by the
loss of teeth by successive mutations; probably these muta-
tions have time and again occurred independently. They
cannot properly be ranked as subspecies, but rather as muta-
tions. Other mutations have the shell white or reversed, long
or short ; these are independent of tooth mutations.

Other named tooth-mutations follow below, the original
accounts being given in all cases.

Draparnaud in the Tableau, 1801, denned Pupa marginata
thus: "Coq. ouverture 1-plissee; peristome garni exterieure-
inent d'un bourrelet blanc. Long. 3 mill., diam. 2 in. 6 tours."
In the H'istoire, 1806, he enlarged the definition to include
specimens with a lower-palatal fold ; yet this later description
apparently included some shells we would not now include in
muscorwm, such as those having "une dent ou lame qui se
prolonge en tournant dans 1'interieur de la coquille." It is
evident that marginata can be properly used only for the
form usually termed unidentata, This is what Draparnaud
first described, and later figured.

Mut, lidentata C. Pfr. was evidently an abnormal shell,
having two blunt denticles standing close together on the
parietal wall.

Mut. tridentata Jeffr. A remarkable variety, the arrange-
ment of the teeth being the same as in P. tridentata [ ? tripli-
cata]. Between Bex and St. Maurice, Switzerland (Pupa
muscorum var. tridentata Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2), xv,
1855, p. 22).

Mut. masclaryana Paladilhe. PI. 20, figs. 16, 17. Shell

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 177

minute, rirnate-perforate, obese-ventricose, rather solid, quite
opaque, corneous, under the lens very sharply striatulate;
spire obese, obtusely tapering, at the apex paler. Whorls G1/^,
a little convex, regularly and slowly increasing, separated by
.a strongly impressed suture, the last whorl one-third the alti-
tude, regularly ascending, at the base a little compressed, at
the aperture constricted-subplanulate behind the external lip
of the peristome. Aperture small, a little oblique, lunate-
coarctate, biplicate ; one parietal fold, very minute and
deeply placed, the other fold palatal, stronger, white and im-
mersed ; peristome lightly thickened within, subacute, some-
what expanded at the base and columella, externally having a
whitish, roughened lip ; margins joined by a thin callus. Alt.
3, diain. 2 mm. Under stones at the entrance of the Valette
near Montpellier (Paladilhe).

Mut. glis Westerlund). PL 20, fig. 20. Perforate-rimate,
-ovate-cylindric, densely striatulate, rufescent; whorls 6Vo, a
little convex, separated by a little impressed, margined suture,
slowly increasing, the last ascending, at the aperture de-
scending, anteriorly with a widely diffused white callus, sep-
arated from the lip by a groove. Aperture semicircular, mar-
gins distant, strongly lipped within, having a high, long
parietal lamella, and within the palate behind the outer
margin two strong, granule-like teeth. Length 3, diam. 1%
mm.

England: Yorkshire (J. Ponsonby) ; Brandon, Suffolk
(Chester, Mayfield).

Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum Lin. var. glis WESTERLUND,
Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges., Aug. 1893, p. I20.—Jaminia tripli-
cata Studer CHASTER, Journ. of Conch., xi, p. 319 (Brandon,
Suffolk, England) ; cf. DEAN and TOMLIN, Journ. of Conch.,
xv, 1917, p. 165, fig. 2.

Dean and Tornlin have shown that the English form is a
form of muscorum, lighter in color than typical, with more
solid shell; "some are bidentate, while others have in addi-
tion a deep-seated callosity on the columella, difficult to see
from any point of view. ' ' It seems to be what Jeffreys called
var. tridentata.

178 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

Various color and shape mutations follow; perhaps some
of them are geographic races.

Mut. albino, (Menke, Syn. rneth. Moll., 1828, p. 18. name
only), Moquin-Tandon, Moll. Fr., ii, 392. Shell entirely whit-
ish. France. Also in England, Somersetshire, Oxfordshire.
Worcestershire ; as var. alba- Baldwin in North "Wales.

Mut. sinistrorsa Baldwin. A siiiistral individual. North.
Wales.

Mut. brevis Bandon. Very short. Dep. Oise (Pupa mus-
corum var. brevis Bandon, Nouv. Catal. Moll. Dep. de 1'Oise,
1862, p. 27). Also reported from England (J. of Conch., iv,
376; 2x1.5 mm., toothless) and under various names from
many countries. The name is preoccupied.

Mut, abbreviate 'Ulicny' Clessin. PL 20, fig. 8. Short-
ened; whorls more slowly increasing and narrower. Length
2.5, diam. 1.4 mm. Mahren, Polauer mountains near Briinn
(Pupilla muscorum var. abbreviata Ulicny in schedis, Clessin,
Molluskenfauna Oesterreich-Ungarno u. der Schweiz, 1887, p.
257, f. 157.

Mut. minor West. Compact, with 6 convex whorls; mar-
gins of the peristome approaching one another. 3 x 1.75 mm.,
no loc. (Pupa muscorum forma minor Westerluud, Fauna,

1887, p. 121).

Mut. pratensis Clessiu. PI. 20, fig. 9. Larger and broader,
thinner shelled, darker brown with parietal tooth weak or
lacking. 3.5 x 1.9 mm. Southern Bavaria. (Clessin, Fauna
von Augsburg, 1871, p. 101 ; Molluskenfauna Oesterreich-
Ungarns u. Schweiz, 1887, p. 256, f. 155). "Apparently
spread over the entire region, but so far certainly taken only
in Moravia (Mahren). Found only on very moist meadows
with peat subsoil." Figure from Clessin.

Mut. elongata. Clessin. PL 20, fig. 10. Shell longer, of
more cylindric form, consisting of 8 whorls. Length 3-8,
diam. 1.7 mm. On cold, calcareous meadows, Germany (Pupa
muscorum var. elonyata Clessin, Deutsche Excursious-Mollus-
ken-Fauna, 1876, p. 202.

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 179

lu the Mollusken-fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns, 1887, p. 256,
Clessin gives the length as 4, diam. 1.5 nun. He says that it
is distributed apparently over the entire region, but scattered
individually among normal examples.

Mut. milaschevitschi Lindholm. Shell elongate-cylindric,
dark rufous-brown, the cervical callus paler; whorls 7-8, the
last distinctly ascending in front; aperture always having a
nodiform tooth in the palate below the middle (and very
rarely an obsolete, punctiform tooth on the parietal wall).
Alt. 3.5 to 4, width 1.6 to 1.7 mm.

Russia: Gouvemement Ssimbirsk, in low, moist parts of a
shady garden in Staro-Timoschkino. Also in two places in
the Moskow Gouvernernent.

Stands very near var. elongata Cless. but differs by the
constant palatal tooth (Pupilla- muscorum var. milaschevitschi
Lindholm, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 43, March, 1911, p. 39).

P. MUSCORUM ASIATICA Mlldff. Always toothless; form
more elongate ; palatal callus weaker.

High Asia : Ladak, many places in Turkestan ; western
Himalaya. Kukunor region, Prov. Gan-su, China; Bo-hua-
shan, near Peking (Pupilla muscorum L. subsp. asiatica Moel-
lendorff, Annuaire Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb.,
vi, 1901, p. 381).

According to Andreae, P. m. var. elongata Cless. is widely
spread in central Asia and western China, largely in the loess
(Futterer's Durch Asien, iii, 1911, p. 70). What he had is
evidently Moellendorff's subsp. asiatica, which does not ap-
pear to differ in characters from the European mutation elon-
gata. In Central Asia, however, the long form may have
racial constancy.

P. MUSCORUM LUNDSTROMI (West.).

Shell ovate-cylindric, glossy, brown. Whorls convex, the
last somewhat higher but shorter than the penult, above
strongly and extended ascending with a narrow transverse
callus [crest] colored like the rest of the shell, at the aperture,
compressed below. Aperture ovate-rounded ; peristome very
narrowly reflected ; outer margin strongly arcuate above, in-

180 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

serted above the middle of the penult whorl. Coluniellar
margin somewhat extended. Length 3%, diam. 1% mm. or
smaller ( Westerlund ) .

Siberia: Jenissei, 69° 15' N. Lat. ; Pupkowskij, 64° 42'.
Norway: Lofoten Is. Sweden, Iceland, Turkestan, along the
Kisilart river, in the alpine meadows.

Pupa muscorum var. lundstromi WESTERLUND, Nachr. D.
Malak. Ges, viii, 1876, p. 98; Siberiens Moll., in Kongl. Sv.
Vet. Akad. Handl., xiv, no. 12, 1876, p. 41 ; Ann. Mus. Zool.
Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb., iii, 1898, p. 181. --Pupa lund-
stromi WEST., Fauna, iii, 1887, p. 122.

The extended and strongly ascending last whorl, and ab-
sence of a white callus behind the lip differentiate this from
innscorum, of which it is doubtless a subspecies. Von Mar-
tens has erroneously placed it as a synonym of P. signata.

P. MUSCORUM INOPS (Reinh.). PI. 20, figs. 12, 13. The
palatal folds are entirely lacking, and the teeth of the parietal
wall and columella are much more weakly developed [than in
P. triplicata] , becoming thereby similar to P. muscorum, from
which it is separated by the smaller size, the delicate struc-
ture of the shell as well as by the tooth on the columella
(Reinh.).

Transcaucasus : Borschom, type loc. ; Mamudly ; on the
Kasbek.

[Pupa triplicata] var. inops REINHARDT, Jahrb. D. Malak.
Ges., iv, 1877, p. 79, pi. 3, f. 3. --Pupa muscorum var. cau-
casica BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 1879, p. 399 ; vii, p. 136. — P. tri-
plicata var. cylindrata BOETTGER, Jahrb., vii, 1879, p. 26.

Var. cylindrata was thus defined : It is somewhat larger
than the middle European form of P. triplicata, has a length
of 3 mm., breadth iy2 mm., with 6-7 whorls, and is distin-
guished by the entire lack of all teeth, even usually the colu-
mellar tooth. Mamudly. Boettger subsequently recognized
its identity with inops and caucasica.

Westerlund agrees with Reinhardt in placing this form as
a variety under triplicata, while Boettger subordinates it to
muscorum. I have not seen it.

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 181

Descriptions of forms considered synonyms of muscorum
follow.

Pupilla saliniensis 'Bgt.' Locard. Subcylindric, a little
elongate ; 7 quite convex whorls, suture quite deep ; umbilicus
moderate ; aperture relatively small, quite round ; peristome
interrupted, a. little thick, quite reflected, with a strong,
white, external crest; one dentiform superior fold, exactly
median, a little immersed ; shell a little thin, corneous light
red, a little transparent, ornamented with fine stria?. Alt.
•'!'-, diam. li/4 mm. Rare. Salins (Jura). (Locard, Ann.
d'Agricult. Lyon, (7), iii, 1896, p. 217; Conchyl. Fr., 1894,
329.)

Var. transsilvanica Kimakowicz. The Transylvanian form
is distinguished from that of Western Europe by the quite flat
whorls, separated by very shallow suture, and further by the
almost invariable lack of the denticle on the parietal wall
(the palatal denticle is never present), and by the relatively
weakly developed peristomial callus. The size varies from,
alt. 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm., 6 whorls, to 3.7 : 1.7, 7 whorls (Pupilla
muscorum var. transsilvanica Kim., Verh. u. Mittheil. Sieben-
biirg. Ver. naturwiss. in Hermaimstadt, xl, 1890, p. 106).

Var. gabrielensis De Gregorio. PI. 20, figs. 14, 15. A little,
very elegant, cylindric species, mammillate, having a strongly
developed tooth on the coluniellar lip, properly speaking; it is
mainly from this character that I have proposed this variety.
Sargente del Gabriele near Palermo ; beech woods of Madonie
and S. Giro near Palermo (Pupa muscorum L. Mull. var.
gabrielensis De Gregorio, II Nat. Sicil., xiv, Sept. 1895, p. 205 ;
referring to Benoit 's figures of Pupa muscorum, 111. sist. crit.
icon. test, estramar. Sicilia, pi. 5, f. 41). Benoit 's figures are
copied and De Gregorio 's description translated. It is prob-
ably of no racial value, merely a Sicilian " unidentata" or
rnut. marginata.

8. PUPILLA AUCAPITAINIANA (Bgt.). PL 20, figs. 18, 19.

Shell minute, deeply and very narrowly umbilicate, globu-
ose or ventricosely suboblong, thin, fragile, glossy, pellucid,
smooth, pale corneous or slightly greenish corneous. Spire
obese, at the apex obtuse. Whorls 5!/2 to 6, convex, regularly,
slowly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ; the last
whorl a little larger, rounded at base, straightened at the in-

182 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

sertion of the outer margin and lightly dilated near the aper-
ture. Aperture a little oblique, seiniovate ; peristonie white-
thickened, fragile, a little expanded throughout, the margins
approaching. Length 3, diani. 2 mm. (Bgt.).

Algeria: Forest of Edough, near Bone, at the foot of trees,
under moss and dead leaves (Leto-urneux} .

Pupa aucapitainiana BOURGUIGNAT, Malac. de 1'Algerie, ii,
1864, p. 93, pi. 6, f. 17-19.

9. PUPILLA BIORANATA (Rossm.). PI. 20, figs. 22, 23.

Shell very small, very narrowly perforate, oval-cyliiidric,
obtuse, brown, rather smooth, without luster, thin, somewhat
translucent. Aperture half-ovate. Peristome with separated
insertions, with a very narrowly reflected border, the neck
behind it at first contracted, then encircled with a callous
ring. A small tooth on the parietal wall and one in the
palate. Length l1/^, width % lines; whorls 6 to 7 (Ross-
maessler).

Germany: Homiingeii am Ehein; old Middle-Pleistocene
sand of Mosbach and young Middle-Pleistocene loess of Schier-
steiii (Boettger) ; loess near Wiesbaden (Roemer), and of
Selki im Kreis Poltawa, Russia (Bttg.).

Pupa bigranata ROSSMAESSLER, Iconographie Land u.
Sussw.-Moll., ii, 1839, p. 27, pi. 49, f. 6±5—Piipttla Ugranata
(Rssm.) BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., 42, 1889, p.
2G1.

Decidedly smaller than P. margiuata [== mitscorum] and
further differing by the invariable palatal tooth, otherwise
very closely related (Rossmaessler) .

Boettger remarks that it is separated from P. cupa, which
is of the same size, by the flatter whorls and the weaker stria-
tion of the shell. As P. cupa appears hitherto to have been
found in alpine and subalpine, P. bigranata only in level
districts, it might not be amiss to comprehend both as synon-
ymous. But he gives warning that Rossmaessler 's shell is
not to be confused with the var. maschiri/iiiHi Pal. of P. mus-
corum, which also has parietal and palatal teeth, but is always
of the size of muscorum.

PUPILLA, EUROPE.

is:;

The status of bigranata cannot be considered settled, but
for the purpose of this work Boettger's view is accepted.

10. PUPILLA ALPICOLA (Charpentier). PL 21, figs. 16 to 18.

A little larger than the preceding [P. marginata Drap.,
muscorum auct.]. Very rare. Mont Gedroz, Vallee de Bagne
(Charp.).

Switzerland: Mont Gedroz, Vallee de Bagne (Charp.);
Tour de Bavon, Valais, 2450-2481 meters (Piaget).

Pupa alpicola CHARP., Cat. Moll. Swisse, Nouv. Mem. Soc.
Helvet. Sci. Nat., i, 1837, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 5.— ? KUESTER, Syst.
Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, 1848, p. 102, pi. 14, f. 3-5. PFR., Monogr.,

11, 305). — Pupilla alpicola Ch., PIAGET, Revue Suisse de Zool.,
xxi, June 1913, p. 473, pi. 14, f. 20.

Pupa muscorum var. madida GREDLER, Tirol's Land- und
Siisswasser-Conchylien, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver. in Wien, vi, 1856,
p. 113. --KOBELT in Iconographie (2), viii, p. 80, pi. 233, f.
1507. - - [Pupa] madiola WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, p. 124
(typog. err.).

Closely related to P. cupa. According to Clessiu, his Pupa
muscorum var. pratensis is equal to madida.

Westerlund (NachrbL, 1875, p. 73; Fauna, 1887, p. 123)
considers alpicola to be a variety of P. sterri. Clessin admits
this for Kuester's figures, but thinks Charpentier 's shell is
madida Gredler. Piaget also takes this view, giving a new
figure of alpicola, our pi. 21, fig. 18. Charpentier 's original
figures are reproduced, a little enlarged by photography, in
pi. 21, figs. 16, 17.

P. alpicola saxetana Piaget. PL 21, figs. 14, 15. Shell with
a quite long umbilical crevice, dilated at its margin, finely
and regularly striate, a little more than in the type, very
short and wide, very ventricose, oval-eylindric, with very little
gloss, brown ; summit very much rounded. Only 5 whorls,
very convex, increasing more rapidly than in the type, the
suture deep. Aperture quite large, normal in shape, rounded.
Peristome lightly margined with white within, quite thin;
columellar margin little oblique, narrow, better margined

184 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

than the others; without an external crest. One very small,
inconspicuous parietal tooth often wanting.

Differs from the type by the very short, wide, strongly
swollen shell; minutely striate. Suture and deuticulation
normal. Whorls 5, strongly convex. Length 2.25 to 2.75,
width 1.5 to 1.75 mm. Alps: margins of the lac des Veaus
and some examples at the summit of the col between Mont-
gond and Mont-gele (Valais), 2550-2735 meters (PiipUla alpi-
cola var. saxetana Piaget, Malacologie Alpestre, in Revue
Suisse de Zool., xxi, June 1913, p. 496, pi. 14, f. 21, 22.

The description follows of [Pupa- muscorum] var. madida
Gredler (pi. 21, figs. 21, 22, after Kobelt). -- Shell much
broader with the usual or even smaller length, thinner
shelled, more cylindric, with blunter summit and more convex
whorls ; umbilical cavity wider ; cervical callus inconspicuous,
colored like the rest of the shell; peristome not lipped, the
aperture thereby larger; anteriorly in the palate a rudimen-
tary, punctiforai tooth; the margins of the peristome some-
what approaching (Gredler).

Austrian Tyrol : Salten bei Botzen, 5000 ft. elevation, on
moss at the border of a meadow spring, type loc.

11. PUPILLA HONESTA (Westerhuid).

Shell rimate-umbilicate, cylindric, with rounded apex,
densely, regularly striatulate, tawny or whitish ; whorls 7-
71/0, convex, slowly increasing, the last provided with a thin
longitudinal sulcus below the middle, posteriorly abruptly de-
scending, horizontal below, compressed, anteriorly dilated,
surrounded with a narrow, transverse, whitish callus, above
slowly but strongly ascending; suture impressed. Aperture
small, suboval, 3-toothed, 1 parietal within, 1 deeply placed
columellar, nodiform and sometimes obsolete, 1 pliciform
palatal, elongate behind the base ; peristome thickened, mar-
gins joined by a. callus, thickened nodule-like at the external
insertion. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (West.).

Italy (Parreyss).

Pupa (Pupilla) honesta WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.r
xxiv, December, 1892, p. 194.

"Related to P. sterri Voith."

PUPILLA, EUROPE.

185

12. PUPILLA HALLERIANA (Charp.).

Shell shortly riniate, oblong-cylindric, obtuse at apex, stri-
atulate, under a lens most minutely granulate, rather shin-
ing, reddish-corneous; whorls 7, a little convex, regularly in-
creasing, the last with a short, obtuse basal crest, outwardly
marked with a scar, compressed, encircled with a narrow
callus of the color of the shell (not whitish) before the semi-
oval, toothless aperture; peristome a little reflected, without
an internal callus joining the margins. Alt, 3-31/., diam. 2-
2i/o (Charp.).

Switzerland: in marshy meadows, Tedunum, Saxon, Oeto-
durum, Roche; not far from the home of the great Haller
himself (Mousson, Venetz, Charpentier) ; under stones and at
the roots of grass in wet meadows at Vish, Chable and an-
other place in the Vallee de Bagnes. 1250 to 2500 ft. eleva-
tion (Jeffreys).

Pupa halleriana CHARPENTIER in Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(2), xv, Jan. 1855, p. 27.

It differs from P. cupa by the very minutely granulose
shell, not simply striatulate ; last whorl is obtusely and
shortly compressed at base, aperture constantly toothless in
more than 100 specimens seen, without a parietal fold, semi-
oval, not rounded-trigonal, and the margins are not connected
by a callus. From P. marginata var. edentula [P. muscorum]
it is easily distinguished by the slightly larger size, the shell
more contracted, callus behind the aperture narrower, colored
like the shell, not whitish, and by the scrobiculation at the
cervical callus at base. That species inhabits dry, P. halleri-
ana marshy places (Charp.).

Thought by Boettger, with good reason, to be a fonii of
madida (alpicola-), but Westerlund dissents. Not identified
since its description, though it appears from the original
account to be somewhat common. No specimens are contained
in the Jeffreys' collection.

13. PUPILLA CUPA (Jan). PI. 23, figs. 1 to 4.

Shell small, rimate, cylindric with very obtuse summit,
finely but regularly striate, having a satin luster, thin, red-

186 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

dish brown, translucent. 6-7 convex, very slowly increasing
whorls separated by a deep suture, the last somewhat com-
pressed below, with arched neck, rapidly ascending in front,
broadly contracted behind the peristome and encircled with a
sharp, whitish crest. Aperture roundish, relatively small,
yellowish flesh-colored, lipped within, generally 3-toothed,
with one tooth on the parietal wall, a strong one on the colu-
mella and one in the palate ; the latter sometimes consists of
two tubercles, showing through outside, connected by a whit-
ish lamella. Frequently it is wanting entirely ; also the colu-
mellar tooth often is lacking, and even the parietal. The
peristome is nearly uuexpanded, sharp, the outer margin
rounded. Length 3, diani. 1.5 mm. (Kobelt).

Near and in the Bavarian and Tyrolese Alps, Wiirttemberg ;
Piedmont, Switzerland; according to Westerlund also in the
Tatra, in Galizia ; a variety in Transcaspia and northwestern
China.

Pupa cupa JAN, Mantissa, 1820, p. 3. — PFR., Mou. Hel. Viv.,
ii, p. 327. - - KUESTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab., Pupa, p. 122, pi.
16, f. 6-8. -- CLESSIN, Fauna Oesterreich-Ungarns, p. 257, f.
158. — KOBELT, in Rm., Iconographie Land u. Siisswasser. Moll.
(2), viii, 1889, p. 80, pi. 233, f. 1506, 1509.

Pupa sterrii VON VOITH in Fuemrohr's Naturhist. u. Topo-
graphic von Regensburg, 1838, p. 409 (Abach near Regens-
burg). — PFR., Monogr., ii, p. 313. — CLESSIN, Excursions moll.
(2), p. 246, f. 141. - - BOETTGER, Nachrbl. D. Mai. Ges., 1884,
p. 48. - - WESTERLUND, Fauna, 1887, iii, p. 122. - - KOLASIUS,
Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 49, 1917, p. 37 (distribution in Ger-
many).— CLESSIN, Berichte Naturwiss. Vereines Regensburg,
xiii, 1911-12, p. 82 (1912; reprint of orig. descr. of P. sterri).
—Pupa (Pupilla) sterri v. Voith, GEYER, Jabresh. Ver. vaterl.
naturkunde Wiirttemberg, Ixiii, 1907, p. 422 (habits and dist.
in Germany). -- Pupa steerii KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab.,
Pupa, p. 14, pi. 2, f. 5, 6. — Pupa aridula Held, KUESTER. t. c.,
p. 14, pi. 2, f. 8-10 (Bavaria: auf Anhohen an trockneu
Felsen bei Eichstadt, Regensburg, sparlich auch unweit Mun-
ch en : Held). — PFR., Monogr., ii, 312.

From its two nearest relatives, P. muscorum and P. tripli-

PUPILLA, EUROPE.

187

cata, it differs by the stronger striation ; in stature it stands
between them (Kobelt).

D. Geyer, who has collected the species in many places in
"Wiirttemberg and Bavaria, notes that it is a limestone and
warmth-loving species and prefers Jura cliffs upon which the
rays of the midday and afternoon sun fall unhindered. It
does not crawl 011 the rocks but is restricted to the mould in
ledges of disintegrating cliffs and the rhizomes of the cliff
verdure, preferably grasses. If one would collect them he
must pull up the plants and sieve the fine black earth.

Figures of the synonymous Pupa sterrii (pi. 23, fig. 5) and
P. aridula (pi. 23, fig. 10) are reproduced from Kuester.

Var. carpathica Kim. The Transsylvanian form differs
from that of western Europe in having the aperture con-
stantly toothless, or at most and rarely the denticle on the
parietal wall is scarcely indicated. Also the apertural callus
is never more than moderately developed. Tordaer Felsspalte
and other places (Pupilla cupa var. carpathica Kimakowicz,
Verh. u. Mittheil. Siebenbiirg. Ver. nat. in Hermamistadt, xl,
1890, p. 108).

Var. cmigrata West. Shell thin, brown, without vestige of
a cervical callus; aperture semirotund, entirely toothless;
peristome thin, simple, straight. Length 3, diam. 1% mm.
Mt. Pindus, Greece (Pupilla cupa var. emigrata Westerluud,
Synops. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palaearc., i, 1897, p. 107).

Var. turkestanica West. Shell of the size of P. muscorum,
widely perforate, cylindric, corneous, obsoletely striatulate.
Whorls 6 i/o, regular, the last longer, double the alt. of the
penult, ascending for a long distance, at the aperture with a
white swelling in place of the callus, flattened towards the
base, posteriorly straightly sloping; aperture lipped, with a
high, deeply placed parietal lamella, a small conic tooth on
the columella, and one palatal fold, elongate, short or tuber-
culiform ; margins distant, the outer strongly, subrectangu-
larly arcuate above. Length 3, diam. 1% to 2 mm. Turke-
stan. There is a variety entirely toothless or with a parietal
denticle (Pupilla cupa var. turkestanica Westerlund, Synops.,
1897, p. 108).

188 PUP1JL,LA, EUROPE.

The cylindric stature, the deep suture, the great convexity
of the regularly striate whorls, the form of the umbilical per-
foration and the aperture are entirely those of P. cupa Jan;
only the denticulation is evidently weaker; out of 10 speci-
mens from the Agh-dagh 7 are toothless and only 3 have a
rather weak parietal tooth, but neither columellar (which ap-
pears to be exceptional in the typical form) nor palatal teeth
(Boettger}.

Andreae remarks that "it is chiefly distinguished from the
type by the degeneration or lack of teeth. We see in this
character a repetition of the similar characteristic of the
Asiatic P. mu scorn m. " He reports it from the Kiike-nur
region and many places in Thibet and western China, chiefly
in loess.

P. cupa turcmenia Boettger. PI. 23, figs. 6 to 9. Differs
from the type by the thinner shell, the last whorl little ascend-
ing, the margins of the aperture less enlarged, either tooth-
less or provided with only a small parietal tooth. Alt. 3-3Vs>
diam in the middle 1% mm. (Bttg.).

Transcaspia, on the peak of Agh-dagh in Kopet-dagh, 9,000-
10,000 ft, above the sea, abundant (Dr. A. Walter) ; debris
of the Juldus on the southern spur of the Thian-shaii in N. W.
China, in large numbers ; loess of Prov. Kan-su ; Thibet.

Pupilla cupa var. turcmenia, BOETTGER, Zool. Jahrbiicher,
Abth. f. Syst. etc., iv, 27th Dec., 1889, p. 958, pi. 26, f. 3a-c -
Pupa (Pupilla) cupa Jan var. turcmenia Boettger in sched.,
ANDREAE, Land- uud Siisswasserschnecken aus Zentral- uud
Ost-Asien, p. 71, f. ii, in Futterer's Durch Asien, iii, 1911;
Mittheil Romer-Museum, Hildesheim, no. 11, April, 1900, p.
11, f. ii (Loess of Kumbun, Kan-su).

The figures of Boettger, representing recent specimens (figs.
8, 9) and of Andreae showing those of the Chinese loess (figs.
6, 7) are reproduced.

14. PUPILLA ( ?) NEUMEYERI (Krister). PI. 20, fig. 24.

Shell small, umbilicate, obtuse, ovate-cylindric, of few
whorls, opaque, pale corneous, subdiaphanous; \vhorls rather

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 189

flat, narrow, the suture rather deep. Aperture oblique, ovate;
parietal wall one-toothed. Length I1/-;, diam. 1 line; 7 whorls.

Dalmatia : crevices of cliffs of the island Lissa.

Pupa neumeyeri KUESTER, Syst. Conch. Cab., Pupa, 1848,
p. 56, pi. 7, f. 15, 16.

Kiister remarks that it is related to P. muscorum in shape,
but. somewhat less blunt, and easily distinguished by the pecu-
liarly formed aperture. It is very finely, almost inconspic-
uously striate. The 7 whorls are nearly flat, the last strongly
contracting below. The rounded parietal tooth is fold-like ;
peristome straight, hardly thickened; a strong callus on the
neck.

The figure looks like a Lauria rather than Pupilla. It is a
lost species, known only by the original account.

15. PUPILLA TRIPLICATA (Studer). PI. 21, figs. 11, 12, 13.

The shell is dextral, much smaller than P. muscorum, with
a very minute, round perforation ; cylindric Math very blunt
summit, smooth or hardly visibly striate, cinnamon-colored,
thin, with some luster. 6 to 7 very slowly increasing whorls,
moderately convex, with rather deeply impressed suture,
the last half-whorl flattened, usually impressed over the lower-
palatal fold, having a high, rounded crest behind the lip, fol-
lowed by a deep, narrow constriction. The aperture is trun-
cate-rounded, armed some distance within with three teeth:
a deeply entering parietal lamella, its inner half low, a nod-
ular columellar lamella, and a rather long lower-palatal fold,
tapering inwardly. The peristome has a thin, narrow reflec-
tion and is but little thickened within, the margins converging.

Length 2.8, diam. 1.45 mm. ; 6% whorls. Switzerland.

Length 2.8, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 6y2 whorls. Mt. Roland (Jura).

Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm. ; 5% whorls. Mt. Roland (Jura) .

Length 2.95, diam. 1.45 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. Lyons.

Throughout the mountain regions of southern Europe from
the Pyrenees to the Caucasus.

Pupa triplicata STUDER, Kurzes Verzeichniss der bis jetzt in
unserem Vaterlande entdeckten Coiichylien, in Naturwissen-
schaftlicher Anzeiger der allg. Schweiz. Ges. gesammteii

190 PUPILLA, EUROPE.

Naturwissenschaften, May 1820, p. 89 (Bexvieux, also around
Bern).-- CHARPENTIER, Cat. Moll. Suisse, Nouv. Mem. Soc.
Helvet. des Sci. Nat., i, 1837, p. 16, pi. 2, f. 6.— Kuester, Syst.
Conch. Cab., Pupa, p. 15, pi. 2, f. 11, 12. - - MOQUIN-TANDON,
Moll. France, ii, p. 395, pi. 28, f. 16-19. -- PFR., Monogr., ii,
354; iv, 678. — WESTERLUND, Faima Europaea Moll, extramar.
Prodromus, ii, 1878, p. 183, with var. edentata, unidentata,
bidentata, tridentata; Fauna, 1887, p. 123. - - BOURGUIGNAT,
Moll. Gr. Chartreuse, 1864, pi. 8, f. 9-12. --Pupa (Pupilla)
triplicata Stud., BOETTGER, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., vi, 1879,
pp. 26, 400 (Caucasus localities and f orms ) . - - KOBELT, Koss-
maessler's Iconographie (2), viii, p. 78, pi. 233, f. 150.4, right
and left figs.

Pupa tridentalis MICHAUD, Complement de 1'hist. nat. moll,
terr. et fluv. France de Drap., 1831, p. 61, pi. 15, f. 28-30.

P. triplicata is smaller than P. muscorum, with the parietal
and palatal teeth longer, the lip-rib further within, and usu-
ally having a well-developed columellar tooth.

Westerlund divided it into 4 varieties: "1, edentata; 2,
unidentata, on the parietal wall ; 3, bidentata, on parietal and
palatal walls; 4, tridentata.'" He afterwards abandoned
these varieties; the names of the first three are preoccupied,
and no localities were assigned for any of them.

Several forms have been described in which the columellar
tooth is lacking (striatissa, esinensis, bibaca) ; and in luxuri-
a-ns there is an additional tooth, the upper palatal. These are
forms of the eastern Alps and Caucasus. Elsewhere there is
variation in length of the shell, but less in the teeth.

Mut. tardy ana 'Bgt.' Locard. Ovoid-conic, short and stout;
6 quite convex whorls, the suture quite deep ; umbilicus quite
open ; aperture relatively quite large, well rounded, oblique ;
3 folds disposed as in triplicata but stronger; shell reddish-
fawn, ornamented with very delicate strife. Alt. 2i/o, diam.
li/2 mm. Very rare; environs of Salins (Jura). (Pupilla
tardi/ana Brgt. in coll., LOCARD, Ann. d'Agricult. Lyou, (7),
iii, p. 218 ; Conchyl. Fr., 1894, p. 330.) Probably mere stunted
individuals. The name has also appeared as Pupilla tardiana
(B.) Loc., in Westerluud, Synopsis, 1897, p. 109.

Var. pijrenaica West. Shell small, oval-cylindric ; whorls

PUPILLA, EUROPE. 191

/o, narrow, convex, the last convex at the sharp cervical
callus, the neck not depressed or sulcate below ; base rounded ;
aperture with a single very obsolete denticle outwardly in
the middle of the palate below the lip. Length 2*4, diam. iy2
mm. Pyrenees Orien tales (Piipilla triplicata var. pyrenaica
Westerlund, Synopsis, 1897, p. 108).

Var. monodon Bielz. This form is removed from P. tripli-
cata a step further than P. bigranata- Rossm., as in it only
the tooth on the parietal wall remains, and therefore stands
between the latter and P. dilucida Zgl. On the limestone
cliffs of Kecskeko at Krakko. (Pit-pa, triplicata var. monodon
Bielz, Verh. u. Mittheil Siebenb. Ver. Naturwiss. Hermann-
stadt, iv, June, 1853, p. 119.)

Kimakowitz (Verh. u. Mittheil. Siebeubiirg. Ver. Natur-
wiss. Hermannstadt, xl, 1890, p. 108) is in doubt whether this
belongs to P. triplicata or P. cu-pa, as its locality lies within
the range of both. As the name was previously used by Held,
the identity of Bielz 's form is of only academic interest.

P. triplicata esinensis (Pini). Differs from the type by
having the columellar tooth obliterated and the palatal fold
long. Monte S. Defendente near Esino, Lombardy (Pupa
triplicata Stud. var. esinensis Pini, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.,
xxvii, 1884, p. 380).

P. triplicata striatissa (Gredler). With the slender shape
and dentition of bigranata, and like that, without the impres-
sion corresponding to the long palatal fold, darker colored
and much more distinctly striate. Tschaffon Mountain, not
far from Botzen, Tyrol, at 4800 ft,, in company with P. tripli-
cata, on grassy limestone rocks (Gredler, Verh. zool.-bot. Ver.
in Wien, vi, 1856, p. 111). Gredler adds that there are also
transitions to the typical form, in which one or another of the
teeth is incompletely developed ; especially the columellar
tooth may be only a callus, or so deep that it can be seen only
in an oblique view; the last being found in Eisacktal and
Etschtal.

P. triplicata bibaca Kim. More ovate, usually more solid,
darker colored, with the columellar tooth constantly wanting.
This is the form of the plains and hill country, which lives
not only on limestone but also on mortar. In Transsylvania

192 PUPILLA, ASIA.

I collected it in the Tordaer Felsspalte with P. muscorum
and P. cupa. Dr. Wagner took it 011 the Friedhofsniauer
Marktschelkens im Kokelthal. A larger form of the same
was taken by Jetschin in the Schlosspark von Ahrenfels bei
Honningen near Neuwied in the Rheinprovinz (Pupilla tripli-
cata Stud. var. bibaca Kimakowicz, Verh. u. Mittheil. Sieben-
biirg. Ver. Nat. in Hermannstadt, xl, 1890, p. 107).

P. triplicata suboviformis Boettger. There is a three-
toothed form represented by 7 examples, which I can distin-
guish from my Tyrolese specimens of P. triplicata Stud, only
by the diminished size, about 2 mm. long, nearly iy2 broad,
and by the more ovate than cylindric shell. It conies from
Mamudly in Transcaucasia. I agree entirely with 0. Rein-
hardt in his identification of Mousson's P. signata var. par-
vula with this or some very closely related form of P. tripli-
cata (Pupa (Pupilla) triplicata Stud. var. suboviformis
Boettger, Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., vii, 1879, p. 26).

Pupa signata var. parvula MOUSSON, Joum. de Conch., xxiv,
1876, p. 39 (not Pupa parvula Desh., 1864), is described thus:
Smaller, lVo-2 mm., thinner, less labiate, palatal tooth de-
pressed, sometimes accompanied by another obsolete one, colu-
mella deeply and minutely subnodulose. Borschom, Trans-
caucasia.

P. triplicata luxurious (Reinh.). PI. 21, figs. 19, 20. With
two palatal folds. Borschom, Transcaucasus (Reinhardt,
Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., iv, 1877, p. 79, pi. 3, f. 2.— BOETTGER,
Jahrb., vi, 26 ; vii, 137.

III. ASIATIC SPECIES.

Besides the following species, P. muscorum, no. 7, and P.
cupa, no. 13, are widely distributed in northern Asia. P. polta-
vica occurs in European Russia, and various forms of P. sig-
nata in the Caucasus.

Series of P. signata (Section Primipupilla).

In this group the lip is usually broad ; typically the angular,
parietal, columellar and two palatal teeth are present, but
there has been reduction in some species, the palatals and

PUPILL'IDjE

PLATE 14

m

3

17

'

12

13

19

20

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 15

-

12

13

15

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 16

. ^
3

?•

.fc

10

18

8

20

21

23

PUPILLID^E

P,LATE 17

.

10

12

11

8

PUPILLID^

PLATE 18

r
E

3

k

7

8

/

10

11

12

13

m

'

15

16

PUPILLA, ASIA. 19o

sometimes the angular dropping out. The embryonic whorls
are closely, shallowly pitted, producing an irregular reticula-
tion of raised wrinkles, coarser than in the muscorum group.

16. PUPILLA ARMENIACA (Issel). PL 22, figs. 16, 17.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, very delicately
obliquely striate, tawny-corneous, not glossy; whorls 7, a
little convex, slowly, regularly increasing, separated by an im-
pressed suture ; the last whorl more than one-fourth the total
length, slightly ascending to the aperture, compressed around
the perforation, carinate. Aperture small, regular, the pari-
etal wall having a deeply placed denticle; peristome thick-
ened, a little reflected, spreading; lateral margins subparallel.
Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. (Issel).

Armenia: Erivan (Prof. Filippi).

Pupa armeniaca ISSEL, Catalogo dei Molluschi raccolti dalla
Missione Italiana in Persia, p. 39 (1865), in Mem. Beale
Accad. Sci. Torino, (2), xxiii, p. 423, pi. 2, f. 45, 47.

No palatal teeth are mentioned. It probably belongs to the
P. signata group.

17. PUPILLA ANTINORII (Palad.). PL 21, fig. 4.

Shell broadly and deeply umbilicate, cylindric, slightly sub-
ovate, very finely striatulate, little shining, whitish-buff. Spire
convex-conic, at the minute apex obtuse. Whorls 71^, little
convex, rapidly increasing, especially from the third, separ-
ated by a not very deep suture ; the last whorl strongly
ascending at aperture, having two impressed scars behind,
somewhat constricted at aperture ; umbilicus surrounded with
an indistinct keel ; free margin convexly-subsinuous. Aper-
ture subovate, wider above ; parietal wall having a rather long
tooth-like fold in the middle. Peristome expanded, reflected,
the margins separated ; outer margin a. little arcuate, having
a minute fold somewhat approaching the free end of the pari-
etal tooth. One palatal fold, forming a shallow pit outside.
Columella slightly arcuate, having a deeply immersed fold.
Outer and inner margins strongly approaching by the in-
curving of the lips above. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Palad.}.

194 PUPILLA, ASIA.

Aden.

Pupa antinorii Paladilhe, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genovar
iii, Dec., 1872, p. 21, pi. 1, f. 11, 12.

Compare P. signata, which must be closely allied, but in a
quite different faunal zone.

18. PUPILLA SIGNATA (MOUSS.). PI. 21, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell minute, rimate-perforate, inflated-cylindric, rather
solid ; obliquely slightly striate, nearly smooth ; pale corneous.
Spire nearly equally coiled, rapidly decreasing; summit ob-
tuse ; suture a little impressed ; whorls 7-8, rather convex, the
first three rapidly enlarging, the rest subequal, the last a
little ascending, small, rounded, towards the aperture ob-
liquely swollen, then a little contracted, towards the base an-
eriorly obtusely crested and marked with an impression.
Aperture rather small, vertical (6° with the axis), semicir-
cular, strongly contracted; in the parietal wall one entering
tooth, and another long one deep in the palate, corresponding
to the external impression. Peristome white, broadly ex-
panded, strongly and acutely lipped within, the margins re-
mote, joined by a somewhat prominent layer; the right margin
thin at the insertion, then subnodulose and thickened ; colu-
rnellar margin broadly spreading, toothless. Length 4, diam.
2 mm. (Mouss.).

Turkestan, widely distributed ; Transcaspia, Northern Per-
sia, many localities in Armenia and Transcaucasus ; Samar-
kand and Iskander-kul in the Sarafshan headwaters; foot-
hills of the Thianshan. Bograhat and Sass-tekke (Pasrobat
anad Sasak-Taka), west of Yarkand. Type locality "les allu-
vions de 1'Araxe. "

Pupa signata. MOUSSON, Journ. de Conch., xxi, 1873, p. 211,
pi. 8, f . 7 ; xxiv, 1876, p. 143, var. parvula and ci/lindrica.—
MARTENS, Central Asiat. Moll., Mem. Acad. St.-Petersb. (7),
xxx, no. 11, 1882, p. 28. - - E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc.
Lond., xxvii, 1899, p. 393 (Koyun Daghi, Persia).

Pupa. (Pupilla) signata Mouss., BOETTGER, Jahrb. D. M.
Ges., vi, 1879, pp. 399, 401; vii, 1880, p. 137 (Caucasus; with
f. albina, Tiflis). — Pupilla signata (Mouss.), BOETTGER, Zool.

PUPILLA, ASIA. 195

Jahrb., iv, 1889, p. 959. - - KOBELT, Iconographie (2), viii, p.
87, pi. 233, f. 1521. --Pupa cristata v. MARTENS, in Fedt-
schenko's Reise in Turkestan, Mollusca, 1874, p. 23, pi. 2, f.
19 (shell), pi. 3, f. 40 (jaw and teeth ).-- NEVILL, Handlist.
Moll. Ind. Mus., i, 1878, p. 191; Second Yarkand Mission,
Mollusca, p. 5.

Typically this large species has five teeth, an angular, pari-
etal, columellar and two palatals; but as in other Pupillas,
some of them are often wanting. The cylindric shape, numer-
ous narrow whorls and broadly reflected white lip are more
constant characters.

Var. cylindrica Mouss. Cylindric ; whorls 8-9 ; peristome
frequently continuous, the columella deeply subnodulose.
Krasnowodsk. ( Mouss. ) .

Var. cyclosioma "West. Shell similar to var. cristata Mts.,
but white, hyaline, densely, regularly striate; aperture cir-
cular, peristome continuous in a high parietal lamina ; whorls
very convex, parted by an impressed suture. Persia at Scha-
rud, 0. Herz [Pupa (Pupilla) signata Mss. var. cyclostoma
Westerlund, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., Aug. 1893, p. 121].

Var. debttis West. Shell corneous, nearly smooth, whorls a
little convex ; suture thin ; margins of the aperture widely
separated, without trace of a callus; a very minute, tuber-
culiform tooth deep in the palate; peristome very narrowly
reflected ; last whorl strongly whitish-calloused anteriorly, ex-
ternally very obsoletely impressed, the base lightly crested.
Caucasus at Krassnowordsk, 0. Retowski [Pupa (PupiUa)
signata Mss. var. debilis West., op. cit., p. 121].

The original description of Pupa cristata Martens follows.

Pupa cristata. PI. 21, fig. 3. --Shell rimate, cylindric-
ovate, obliquely striatulate, pale brown, a little shining, ob-
tuse at apex. Whorls 7, the first three forming an obtuse
cone ; fourth, fifth and sixth of equal width, slowly increas-
ing in height, the last a little narrowed, subcompressed at
base, provided with an obtuse umbilical keel, strongly ascend-
ing in front and towards the aperture, having a somewhat
prominent transverse crest parallel with the outer margin,
then constricted. Aperture small, semirotund, the peristome
reflected throughout, somewhat thickened, pale brown, the
margin insertions remote, joined by a thin callus, outer mar-

196 PUPILLA, ASIA.

gin arcuate, columellar perpendicular, basal rounded ; pari-
etal wall with a short denticle at the insertion of the outer
margin and a deeper, stronger median fold ; columella one-
folded ; two palatal folds, the lower longer and stronger.
Length 3%, diam. 1% mm. ; aperture scarcely over 1 mm.
long and wide (Martens}.

Turkestan : in the Sarafshan valley near Maracandam,
Piandjikent and Magian (Fedtschenko).

19. PUPILLA DIECKI (Gredler).

Shell narrowly umbilicate, as though rimate, cyHndric, ob-
tusely conic at the apex, densely and regularly striatulate,
corneous, silky. Whorls 7-7 V->, but little increasing, convex.
Aperture rounded, small, with two palatal folds and one
strong, immersed parietal, the parietal callus obstructed with
a puuctiform fold at the outer insertion. Columella armed
with a tooth-like callus. Peristome broadly expanded and
flattened, slightly lipped, continuous, adnate parietally, the
margin acute, fragile, the neck ornamented with a rather ob-
tuse crest, behind and parallel to the margin. Length 3Vi>,
diam. 1% mm.

Eastern Turkestan: Kulab (Dr. GeorgDieck).

Pupa diecki GREDLER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., xxi, 1889, p. 162.

This appears to stand in the group of P. signata, which
Gredler does not mention in his comparisons ; it is a smaller
shell than that, yet requires comparison.

20. PUPILLA INTERRUPTA (Reinhardt). PI. 21, figs. 5 to 8.

Shell dextral, conic-cylindric, riniate-perforate, rather
glossy, slightly striate, pale corneous. Whorls 6%, slowly in-
creasing, convex; the last ascending in front, somewhat com
pressed at the base, provided with a sulcus parallel with the
suture; at the aperture transversely crested, then constricted.
Aperture vertical, rounded, the peristome reflected, broadly
white-lipped, margins converging, joined by a thin callus ;
right margin subangular above, thin at the insertion and alsc
provided with a slightly prominent tooth and thickened ; basal
margin rounded ; columellar straight and subperpendicular :
one lamelliform parietal fold interrupted in the middle (pi.

21. fig. 5a), another strong, deeply placed columellar, and

PUPILLA, ASIA. 197

two palatals, the lower corresponding to the external sulcus,
the upper smaller. Length 3, diam. 1.5, aperture 1 mm. alt.
and width (Reinh.).

Transcaucasus : Borschom, on the upper Kur, 0. Schneider.

P. [upa] interrupia REINH., Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., iii, p.
367; iv, 1877, p. 79, pi. 3, f. 4. --Pupa (Pupilki) interrupta
BOETTGER, Jahrb., vi, 1879, p. 403; vii, 137, Tiflis, with f.
albina.

21. PUPILLA POLTAVICA Bttg. PI. 21, figs. 9, 10.

Shell of the size of P. triplicata (Stud.), perforate, cylin-
dric-ovate, short, wide. Spire convexly conic, the apex a
little acute. Whorls 5i/o, slowly increasing, convex, separated
by a well-impressed suture, regularly and closely costulate-
striate, the last very slightly ascending, somewhat compressed
at the base, encircled by a distinct but narrow auteperistomial
callus. Aperture irregularly ovate, wider than high, the base
receding. A small angular fold within the right margin,
scarcely separated from the punctiform parietal, otherwise
toothless. Peristome narrowly expanded, slightly thickened
within. Length 2%, diam. in the middle 1%, alt. aperture %,
width 1 mm. (Bttg.).

Russia: Middle Pleistocene marl-clay of Kamenka, Circle
of Poltawa, very rare, with typical P. musconnn (Prof. Do-
kutschajew).

Pupilla poltavica BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk.,
42, 1889, p. 262, pi. 6, f. 7.

On account of the peculiar structure and position of the
angular and parietal lamellse, both brought forward and situ-
ated near the right angle of the aperture, this form cannot be
brought into close relation with any of the known living or
fossil species of the genus ; but P. interrupta Reinh. of Trans-
caucasus affords an analogy, inasmuch as in it also the an-
terior part of the parietal lamella can be interpreted as an
angular. The palatal teeth and columellar tooth of the Trans-
caucasian species are wanting in the south Russian loess form
here described (Boettger).

198 PUPILLA, ASIA.

22. PUPILLA CHINENSIS (Hilber). PI. 22, fig. 14.

The shell is very small, cylindric, having a very narrow,
circular umbilicus, extremely finely striate, formed of 6
strongly convex whorls. The color of my specimen is glossy-
brownish. The aperture is bluntly angular, continuous in a
strong callus, having a white, strongly thickened peristome,
reflected nearly to the upper margin. A strong parietal fold
and tooth-like projections on the right wall of the aperture
are present. The neck bears no trace of a fold. Alt. 3, great-
est diam. 1.5 mm. (Hilber).

China: Lan-tchou-fu, Prov. Kan-su, one example in or on
loess (v. Loczy).

Pupa (Pupilla) chinensis HILBER, SB. Math.-Nat. Cl. K.
Akad. Wissensch. Wien, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1S84, p. 1378, pi. 6,
f. 11 ; repeated in Wissensch. Ergebn. Reise Szechenyi in Os-
tasien, ii, 1898, p. 618, pi. 4, f. 18.

Hilber 's very inadequate figures of this and the following
two species are reproduced photographically.

23. PUPILLA RICHTHOFENI (Hilber). PI. 22, fig. 15.

The shell is very small, cylindric, with a narrow umbilical
crevice, extremely finely striate, consisting of 6 convex whorls.
The color of my specimen is glossy yellowish-white. The aper-
ture is truncate-oval, with a strong callus and with a strong,
internally thickened, reflected margin. It has a very weak
parietal fold, the indication of a tooth on the outer wall of
the mouth, and a strong columellar tooth rather far within.
On the neck there is a very weak callus. Alt. 3, greatest
diam. 1.5 mm. (Hilber).

China: Hoi-njing-shien, Prov. Kan-su, from loess (Loczy).

Pupa. (Pupilla) richthofeni HILBER, SB. Math.-Nat. Cl. K.
Akad. Wissensch., Wien, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1884, p. 1379, pi. 6,
f . 12 ; repeated in Wissensch. Ergebn. Reise Szechenyi in Osta-
sien, ii, 1898, p. 618, pi. 4, f. 19.

This species appears to me to stand near P. triplicata Stu-
der. The most conspicuous difference is in the sharp peri-
stome of the latter species. In examination the last whorl of
the single specimen was broken ; in restoring it the umbilical

PUPILLA, ASIA. 199

region remained imperfect, hence only front view is given.
The description was drawn up before the accident (Hilber).

24. PUPILLA AEOLI (Hilber). PI. 22, fig. 13.

The shell is very small, cylindric, with a narrow, semi-
circular umbilicus, extremely finely striate, consisting of 6
whorls. The first two whorls of my specimen are blackish, the
rest white. The aperture is rather circular, with a strong,
internally thickened, reflected peristonie. On the thin, hardly
perceptible callus connecting the margins a strong tooth
stands near the right margin ; below this there is an inner
parietal tooth beginning rather far from the other. About in
the middle of the right margin there is a nodule 011 the inner
lip, which corresponds to a weak concavity of the peristome.
A distinct neck fold is present. Alt. 3.5, greatest diam. l1/^
mm. (Hilber).

China: Hoj-njing-shien, Prov. Kan-su (Gan-su), one speci-
men from the loess of the mountain-side (v. Loczy). Sant-
shuan, Ndami, Kloster Djoni and Tan-tshang, in the same
Province (Mlldff.).

Pupa (Pupilla) aeoli HILBER, SB. Math.-Nat. Cl. K. Akad.
Wissensch., Wieu, 88 Bd., 1 Abth., 1884, p. 1377, pi. 6, f. 10;
repeated in Wissensch. Engebn. Beise Szechenyi in Ostasien,
ii, 1898, p. 617, pi. 4, f. 17. --Pupilla aeoli Hilber, Mlldff.,
Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 382.

P. aeoli terrce n. subsp. PL 22, figs. 6, 7. In the Gan-su
specimen seen the lip is very broad. The angular lamella is
represented by a rather low, transparent callous ridge run-
ning from the termination of the lip to the parietal lamella,
which is high and strong. In a very oblique view in the mouth
the columella appears weakly, obliquely truncate belowr, but
without a tooth. There are no palatal folds, and only the
weakest trace of a crest. The very fine striation is sharp and
distinct on the intermediate whorls. Length 3.2, diam. above
aperture 1.6 mm. ; 6~y4 whorls.

This is evidently the form commented on by von Moellen-
dorff. It differs from aeoli as described by Hilber by the
union of the angular and parietal lamellae and the obsolescence
of the crest ; not characters of much importance in Pupilla.

200 PUPILLA, ASIA.

It differs from P. heudeana by lacking palatal folds.

25. PUPILLA HEUDEANA (Mlldff.). PL 22, figs. 1 to 5.

Shell dextral, conic-cylindric, rimate-perforate, brown, most
minutely but distinctly and regularly striatulate. Spire with
subconic, obtuse apex. Whorls 6, flattened, joined by an im-
pressed suture, subequal, the last subcarinate anteriorly
around the umbilicus, subcompressed basally. Aperture ver-
tical, rounded, somewhat sinuate at suture, the peristome re-
flected, expanded, thickened, the margins joined by a thin
callus ; right margin tapering to the insertion, having a strong
tooth ; columellar margin straight, a little expanded.- One
lamelliform parietal lamella excavated in the middle, another
columellar, deeply placed and somewhat strong, two deeply
placed, punctiform palatal folds. Length 3, diam. 1 mm.
(MUdff.).

China: In the old bed of the Hoang-ho near its former
mouth into the Yellow Sea, near the town of Huai-an-fu,
Prov. Kiang-su, under stones (P. Heude, type loc. of P. cryp-
todon and P. heudeana} ; Shanghai (Schmacker) ; Prov. Pe-
chili at Shan-hai (Hirase). Prov. Shan-dung at Dshi-nan-fu
(Moltner).

Korea: Seoul (Gottsche), Fusan (Hirase).

Japan: Mikage, Settsu (Hirase).

Pupa cryptodon HEUDE, Notes sur les Moll. Terr, de la
Vallee du Fleuve Bleu, in Mem. concernant 1'Hist. Nat. de
1'Emp. Chinois, 1880, p. 77, pi. 18, f. 20 (not Pupa cryptodus
Al. Brauu, 1842). — Pupa (Pupilla) heudeana MOELLENDORFF,
Jahrb. D. Malak. Ges., xi, 1884, p. 176. — GREDLER, Malak. Bl.,
n. F., ix, p. 145. — Pupilla heudeana MLLDFF., Ann. Mus. Zool.
Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Petersb., vi, 1901, p. 381, with subsp.
grandis.

In this widespread species of eastern China, Korea and
Japan the angulo-parietal lamella is more or less interrupted
or lobed, the outer lip has a projection or tooth below the
sinulus, and there are two palatal folds, thereby differing
from the closely related P. aeoli of northwestern China. It is
quite variable in the considerable series seen.

PUPILLA, ASIA. 201

The form figured by Heude under the preoccupied name
P. cryptodon (represented in pi. 22, fig. 1, a topotype from
Heude) has the mouth parts rather weakly developed. The
internally thickened lip has a rather low but distinct projec-
tion near the upper third. The angular lamella does not
reach to the angle of the mouth, and is only rather weakly
connected with the stout, short parietal lamella; the connec-
tion being somewhat transparent, Heude described it as
"dente parietali brevi, interrupto. ' ' The columellar tooth is
a low, wide nodule. Palatal folds are quite small tubercles,
rather near together. There is a very slight swelling a short
distance behind the weakly expanded lip, but no crest or con-
striction. Length 3.3, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; 6l/4
whorls.

Moellendorff 's type of heudeana was a specimen from the
same place, evidently having the apertural parts more fully
developed, as he speaks of the lip-tooth as strong, and the
parietal as "nur eiiifach gebuchtet. " His measurements were
doubtless roughly taken, and certainly wrong.

In shells from Shan-hai, Pe-chili, pi. 22, figs. 2, 3, the lip is
strongly developed. The angular lamella reaches to the lip-
end, and is weakly bilobed, being weakly continuous with the
parietal lamella (fig. 3). All are quite low. The palatals re-
main small, the upper one sometimes wanting. Length 2.8,
diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; hardly 6 whorls. Also up to
3.15 mm. long. Specimens from Fusan, Korea, have also the
trilobed angulo-parietal lamella, but the inner or parietal por-
tion is much higher than in the Shan-hai shells. Length about
3 to 3.2 mm.

Japanese specimens, pi. 22, figs. 4, 5, Mikage, Settsu, have
the angular and parietal lamellse separate or nearly so, both
more strongly developed than in any mainland forms seen ;
the parietal is much longer, the palatals and columellar well
developed. Length 3.5, diam. 1.7 mm., of 7 whorls, to length
3.1 mm.

P. k. grand-is Mlldff. Larger and somewhat thicker, 2 x 3.8
mm. Prov. Gan-su at Shan-tshuan, Djamba and Tshing-
viian.

202 PUPILLA, ASIA.

Moellendorff states that Andreae's Pupa signata, as figured
by him from localities in Gaii-su (in Futterer's Durch Asien,
iii, 1911, Land u. Siisswasserschnecken, p. 71, f. i, loess of
Thung-fan yi and other places in northwestern China), is
identical with P. h. grandis. It is distinctly swollen, while
sigiiata is strictly cylindric ; on the right margin of the peri-
stome there is a strong tooth-like thickening which is lacking
or scarcely indicated in P. signata; there are besides differ-
ences in the teeth. He does not doubt that signata is to be
deleted from the Chinese fauna, and that if intermediate
forms are perhaps found in central Asia we can apparently
separate the signata-interrupta-heudeana series only subspe-
cifically.

Andreae's figures show no palatal plica?. They are repro-
duced in pi. 22, figs. 8, 9.

(Indian species)

There is at present no satisfactory evidence that Pupilla
lives anywhere in the Oriental Region. I have seen P. annan-
dalei only; my knowledge of the other Indian species is
secondhand. P. eurina appears to be a true Pupilla, but the
river-drift specimens probably floated down from places well
within the limits of the Paltearctic fauna ; the inclusion of
these two species in the Indian fauna is an accident of polit-
ical boundaries. Nobody in this generation seems to have
seen seriola or diopsis; they are probably not Pupillas, but
without seeing them, no opinion of value can be formed.

28. PUPILLA ANNANDALEI n. sp. PI. 22, figs. 10, 11, 12.

The shell is rimate, cylindric, with short, convexly conic
summit and obtuse apex, the last 3 whorls about equal in
diameter but regularly increasing in height. First li/o whorls
having a close, minute but very distinct thimble-like pitting;
following whorls with fine but strong, nearly straight, very
oblique striation, the strife nearly as wide as their intervals.
The whorls are rather strongly convex, the back of the last
flattened and tapering downwards, deeply furrowed over the
lower-palatal fold, a little swollen and then abruptly con-

PUPILLA, ASIA. 203

tracted behind the lip ; very little and slowly ascending in
front. The aperture is small, rounded, subvertical, obstructed
by four teeth : a nodular angular, continuous with a strong
callous ridge running to the columella, some distance within
the parietal margin; a stout, curved, entering parietal lamella,
deeply placed ; a very strong, blunt, axially lengthened colu-
mellar lamella, situated rather high, and a stout lower-palatal
fold, deeply placed. The peristome is white, reflected,
strongly thickened within except at the upper curve of the
outer lip, where it becomes thin ; it is continuous in a raised
ledge across the parietal wall. Length 2.85, diam. above aper-
ture 1.45, length of aperture 9.5 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Upper Burma: Ava? (coll. Indian Museum, Calcutta, from
W. Theobald).

Pupa (Vertigo] sp., G. NEVILL, Handlist of Mollusca in the
Indian Museum, i, 1878, p. 197, no. 97.

Nevill doubted the locality Ava. It is probably not a shell
of the Oriental fauna; more likely Theobald got it in Nepal,
as it belongs to the central Asian group comprising P. inter-
rupta, P. heudcana, P. diccki etc., found from northern China
to Persia and southern Russia.

The type is decolored, whitish, perhaps a river-drift shell.
Besides the striation, which is stronger than in any of its
known allies, it is distinguished by the continuous peristome,
by the transverse parietal callus, terminating in a rounder!
angular tubercle, widely separated from the strong parietal
lamella, and by the single strong palatal fold, externally sig-
nalized by deep furrow.

Named for Dr. N. Annandale, who is doing admirable work
on the freshwater mollusks of India.

27. PUPILLA EURINA (Benson). PL 22, fig. 20.

"Shell perforate, ovate-cylindric, rather solid, somewhat
obliquely striatulate, rufous-chestnut, a little shining. Spire
ovate-cylindric, the apex obtuse, suture impressed, submar-
ginate. Whorls 7 to I1/?, convex, the last ascending in front.
Aperture semiovate, suboblique, toothless; peristome a little
expanded, whitish, the right margin outwardly thickened pos-
teriorly. Length 2.5, diam. 1 mm." (Benson).

204 PUPILLA, ASIA.

India: Tribeni Ghat, Nepal (Theobald) ; Skardo, Kashmir
( Godwin-Austen ) .

Pupa eurina BENS., Ann. Mag. N. H. (3), xiii, 1864, p. 139.

-PFR., Monogr., vi, 1868, p. 300. — HANLEY & THEOBALD,

Conch. Ind., 1875, pi. 101, f. 7. - - GODWIN-AUSTEN, Proc.

Malac. Soc. London, iii, p. 260. — Pupilla eurina Bens., GUDE,

Fauna Brit. India, ii, p. 283.

"Eight specimens from the Benson collection in Cambridge
sent to me for inspection by Dr. L. Doncaster agree with the
figure of the species in Conch. Ind., but the coluniellar margin
is more obliquely ascending than is shown in the figure. They
vary in length between 3 and 3.5 mm. The shell somewhat
resembles a large P. seriola ' ' ( Glide ) .

Godwin- Austen remarks that "the typical specimens were
found in the exuviae of the River Gogra at Tribeni Ghat.
This river rises in the Tibetan plateau, and these shells may
have been brought down thus from far back in the mountain
range. ' '

28. PUPILLA (?) SERIOLA (Benson). PI. 22, fig. 19.

"Shell slightly perforate, ovate-oblong, subeylindric, ob-
liquely striatulate, silky, yellowish corneous. Spire oblong,
the apex somewhat obtuse; suture impressed. Whorls 5, the
upper ODCS convex, the last a little convex, slightly ascending
in front. Aperture subovate, angular above, having one
median and rather deeply placed parietal tooth ; margins of
peristome joined by a thin callus, the right margin slightly,
columellar above broadly dilated.

"Length 2^, diam. 1% mm." (Benson).

India: Region of Orissa, Cuttack (Theobald, type loc.) ;
Darjeeling, Terai and Nawade near Muddapur (Mainwaring).

Ennca seriola- BLANFORD, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxx,
1861, p. 359, name only. — Pupa seriola BENS., Ann. Mag. N.
H. (3), xii, 1863, p. 427.— HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Ind.,
p. 41, pi. 101, f. 8. — Pupilla seriola Bens., GUDE, Fauna Brit.
Ind., Moll, ii, p. 284 ; also as Pupisoma, seriola on p. 38.

Systematic position uncertain. "Benson states that in one
of the two types there is a rather distant tooth midway be-

PUPILLA, AFRICA. 205

tween the two lips, and that the pillar lip is broadly expanded
at its commencement. The type having been smashed, and an
imperfect photograph alone preserved, we cannot vouch for
the correctness of our figure" (Ha-nley & Theobald). This
figure is copied, as no specimens are available.

29. PUPILLA ( ?) DIOPSIS (Benson). PI. 22, fig. 18.

Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, obliquely striatulate, with a
few remote, slightly elevated strias, whitish under a corneous
epidermis. Spire oblong, conoid towards the rather obtuse
apex, the suture a little impressed. Five slightly convex
whorls, the last slightly ascending. Aperture oblong-ovate,
angular above, two-toothed: a narrow, obliquely entering,
median parietal lamella and an oblique, deeply-placed colu-
mellar tooth above. Peristome thin, the right margin simply
straight, columellar margin expanded. Length 2, diam. 1 mm.
(Benson).

India: Nerhudda valley.

Pupa diopsis BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. II. (3), xii, Dec., 1863,
p. 427. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 306. — HANLEY £ THEOBALD, Conch.
Indica, p. 41, pi. 101, f. W.-- Pupilla diopsis Bens., GUDE,
Fauna of British India, ii, p. 284.

A single specimen in a worn state was sent by Mr. W. Theo-
bald for examination (Bens.).

"We have figured the unique original, which does not well
display the remote columellar tooth ascribed to it ; the name,
says Benson, was a misprint for diploos" (Hanley & Theo-
bald ) .

Gude, who followed Pfeiffer in placing this species in
Pupilla, adds nothing to the original account. Whether the
species is a Pupisoma, Nesopupa or some other genus can
hardly be guessed from the description and figure. It does
not seem to be a Pupilla.

IV. AFRICAN SPECIES (CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, ABYSSINIA,
SOUTH AFRICA AND REUNION).

Series of P. font ana (Section Primipupilla) .
These species resemble closely the Oligocene and Miocene

206 PUPILLA, AFRICA.

forms of central Europe (P. quadrigranata, etc.), and are
doubtless descendants of, or of common ancestry with, that
stock. In apical sculpture and teeth they resemble the P.
signata series of central Asia and the Australian species, all
being in about the same stage of tooth-evolution. Parietal,
columellar and sometimes angular lamellae are present, and
two palatal folds, or the upper palatal may be lost.

A stock of very similar but variable Pupillre appears to
have overrun Africa, from Abyssinia and the Cape Verdes to
the Cape ; but it has not been recorded from any part of the
fully tropical area, and the three herds may prove to be quite
isolated at present.

30. PUPILLA FONTANA GORGONICA (Dohrn). PI. 23, figs. 11, 12.

Shell rimate, cylindric-oblong, somewhat shining, striatu-
late, brownish or yellowish corneous. Spire tapering above,
obtuse. Whorls 6, a little convex, the last compressed basally,
ascending in front, transversely pitted at base behind the
aperture. Aperture subvertical, ovate, narrowed by four
deeply placed folds : a compressed parietal, a transverse
columellar, two palatals, that nearer the base forming an ex-
ternal pit, the upper one shorter. Peristome flesh-colored, ex-
panded, the right margin nearly simple, sinuous. Length 3,
diain. IVLs diam. aperture % mm. (Dohrn).

Cape Verde Islands: S. Nicolao, type loc. ; S. Antao, S.
Vicente, Brava, Fogo, S. Jago for var. minor; S. Antao and
S. Vicente for var. brevior.

Pupa gorgonica DOHRN, Malak. Bl., xvi, 18G9, p. 12, with
varieties 2, minor and 3, brevior. — PFR., Moiiogr., viii, 1877,
p. 397.- — MORELET, Jouru. de Conch., xiii, 1873, p. 242. — WOL-
LASTON, Testacea. Atlantica, 1878, p. 516, with var. a, sit,~b-
alutacea.

Close behind the lip there is a narrow but rather strong
crest followed by a narrow constriction, and preceded by an
external furrow over the lower-palatal fold, as noted lay
Dohrn. The peristonae is well thickened within, the callus
excised at the sinulus. The parietal lamella is rather long,
entering perhaps a third of a whorl. Lower-palatal fold

PUPILLA, AFRICA. 207

longer than the upper, as usual. The apical whorl is shallowly
pitted, or in places appears weakly, irregularly graaulose by
running together of the pits. Striation of the later whorls is
weak and sparse.

Length 3.1, diara. ab. apert. 1.65 nun.; 6 whorls.

Length 2.9, diani. ab. apert. 1.6 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Dohrn evidently did not intend the terms brevior and
minor as names; he merely numbered the varieties. His
typical form is the larger one, about 3 mm. long, drawn in the
figure. Wollaston's var. subalutacea is synonymous with this
form.

Dohrn 's "Var. 2 minor: long. 2%, diam. vix l1/^ mill." is
a small race. His "Var. 3 brevior, anfr. 5, convexioribus :
long. 2y3, diana. l1/^ mill." is as Wollaston has noted, merely
the short form of the typical more elongate race; they "can-
not be treated apart, but pass into each other by impercep-
tible gradations."

P. f. gorgonica is probably not really separable from the
continental P. fontana, and except for its geographic isolation
would scarcely be considered a distinct race. The figured
specimens are from Dohrn.

30a, PUPILLA FONTANA (Krauss). PI. 16, figs. 1-23 (17-19
typical).

"Shell small, perforate, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, brownish,
pellucid, very finely striolate, silky. Whorls 7, convex. Aper-
ture subangular-rounded, yellow; peristome acute, subre-
flected, the margins joined by a thin callus; parietal wall
having one fold; three teeth, one on the columella, two in the
depth of the right margin, the upper one [error: should be
lower one] forming an external scar. Length 1.4, diam. 0.7
lines [about 3 : 1.5 mm.] .

' ' The striation is extremely delicate and gives the surface a
slightly silky luster. This species is extremely like the Euro-
pean P. triplicata Studer, and differs only by the two teeth in
the depth of the right margin, the upper of which forms a
little pit outside" (Krauss}.

South Africa, Transvaal: Source of Mooi Elver (Wahl-

20S

PUPILLA, AFRICA.

berg) ; Pretoria District (custodita, kenca, omicronaria, &c.r
very plentiful) ; Johannesburg (McBean, Johnson) ; Potchef-
stroom, Heidelberg (Miss Livingston); Buiskop (Connolly).
Natal: Karkloof (McBean); Edendale; Tougaat (Burnup).
Cape of Good Hope: Prieska (Lightfoot) ; Cradock (endo-
plax) (Farquhar) ; Port Elizabeth (amphodon, charybdica,
frustillum, Crawford, Penther) ; East London (Miss Bow-
ker) ; Victoria East: Pirie Forest (Godfrey). Griqualand
West: Blaauwboscli Poort, Hay District (Day). Damara-
laud: Gobabis, sub-fossil (Hermann).

Abyssinia: Asmara, Mekerka on the banks of the Toquor
and on the Habab Hts., Enjelal, 7200-7995 ft., type and var.
globulosa together (Jickeli). Senafe, Adigrat, Agula and
Meshek, common at Tigre (Blanford).

Pupa fontana KRAUSS, Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken,
1848, p. 80, pi. 5, f. 6.— KUESTER, Conchyl. Cab., p. 122, pi. 16^
f. 9-12.— PPR., Monogr., ii, p. 355.— BLANFORD, Obs. Geol. and
Zool. Abyssinia, 1870, p. 477.— JICKELI, Molluskenfauna N.-O.
Afrika's, 1874, p. 120, pi. 5, f. 11, and var. globulosa, p. 121,
pi. 5, f. 11'.— MELVILL & PONSONBY, Ann. Mag. N. H., i, 1908,

p. 74 (synonymy).— BURNUP, A. M. N. H., vii, 1911, p. 404.

Jaminia fontana (Krauss), CONNOLLY, Reference List, Ann.
S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, Oct., 1912, p. 180. — PupHl-a raffraiji
BOURGUIGNAT, Hist. Malacologique de 1'Abyssinie, in Ann.
Sci. Nat., xv, 1883, pp. 71, U5.—PupUla globulosa BGT., same
vol., pp. 72, 116. --Pupa charybdica MELVILL & PONSONBY,
Ann. Mag. N. H. (6), xiv, August, 1894, p. 94, pi. 1, f. 13.-
Pupa custodita M. & P., same vol., p. 93, pi. 1, f. 9. — Pupa
frustillus M. & P., same vol., p. 94, pi. 1, f. 14.— Pupa kercra
M. & P., same vol., p. 94. pi. 1, f. 12 (keraa Connolly).— Pupa
omicronaria M. & P., same vol., p. 93, pi. 1, f. 11. — Pupa
amphodon M. & P., A. M. N. H. (6), xviii, Oct., 1896. p. 317,
pi. 16, f. 6, 7.— Pupa cndopktx M. & P., A. M. N. H. (7), viii,
Oct., 1901, p. 319, pi. 2, f. 10.

P. fontana is a small, compact, usually 4-toothed species.
It sometimes has an angular lamella in form of a callous pad
or low oblong tubercle (as in pi. 16, figs. 6, 20, 23), but more
often this is not perceptible. The last whorl is flattened ex-

PUPILLA, AFRICA. 209

ternally and usually more or less furrowed over the lower
palatal fold. There is a crest behind the lip, either rather
strong and rounded, followed by a moderately wide, shallow
contraction, or narrower and crowded close to the lip, or some-
times hardly noticeable. The crest and palatal impression
vary a good deal in the same lot.

In Abyssinia what has been considered the typical form of
fontana was found by Jickeli and others (pi. 16, fig. 15, after
Jickeli). Jickeli gives the measurements:

Length 3.25, cliam. 1.75, aperture 1 mm.

Length 2.4 to 2.5, diam. 1.5 mm.

Length 2.25, diam. 1.37 mm.

Length 2, diam. 1.5 mm.

The last two measurements pertain to the mutation globu-
losa Jickeli (pi. 16, fig. 16), a short, stout form of 5% whorls,
found with the typical form, analogous to the short forms of
South Africa, also in those occurring in most lots of Pupilla
everywhere.

Bourguignat, who had specimens collected by Raffray on
the col of Abuna-Yusef, 4024 meters, separated the Abyssin-
ian form as Pupilla raffrayi. He calls attention to the deep,
more open umbilical perforation, the more pronounced projec-
tion at the upper third of the lip-callus, the anteperistomial
crest, etc., differences which lose their value when a large
series of the South African species is at hand. The short
Abyssinian form, globulosa Jick., was taken by Raffray at
Mont Zebul, 1994 meters, and on the high plateaus of Hama-
cen and Anderta. Bourguignat considered it a distinct species.

Both raffrayi and globulosa have been reported from Monte
Cherseber, Eritrea, coll. by Gen. di Boccard (Pollouera, Boll.
Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Torino, xiii, no. 313, p. 5).

In a species which has been named so many times by the
same authors, it has seemed well to discuss and illustrate the
local forms somewhat more fully than would otherwise be
thought necessary.

It will be seen that most lots vary a good deal in length,
much less in diameter. Whether the short forms are muta-
tions or merelv individual differences due to food or other

210 PUPILLA, AFRICA.

conditions is unknown; but this is a variation common in
Pupilla and many other cylindric land shells. A more signifi-
cant variation is the lengthening of the lower palatal and to a
smaller degree of the other teeth in some colonies. Whether
this has racial value must be left to South African students
to decide.

The type locality is not far from Potchefstroom, in the
southern Transvaal. The types were rather long shells (pi.
16, figs. 17-19, after Krauss) with both palatal folds tuber-
cular, according to the figures.

Kuster's figures, from a specimen in Pfeiffer's collection,
doubtless one of the original lot, represent a shorter form
similar to the following.

Many specimens from the southern Transvaal (Potchef-
stroom, Heidelberg, Johannesburg) before me from Mr. Bur-
nup 's collection are similar but slightly shorter with one whorl
less, selected shells from Heidelburg, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2, meas-
uring:

Length 2.72, diam. 1.45, aperture 0.9 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 2.72, diam. 1.5, aperture 0.95 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Length 2.3, diam. 1.45, aperture 0.85 mm. ; 5y2 whorls.

From Pienaar's Poort (Connolly) there are two forms: a
stouter shell, strong-toothed and thick-lipped, with the lower
palatal long, as in " endoplax" and the Port Elizabeth shells;
length 2.6, diam. 1.5 mm.; 6 whorls (pi. 16, figs. 8, 20) ; also
more delicate shells with smaller but otherwise similar teeth ;
length 2.67, diam. 1.4 mm. ; 6*4 whorls.

In the Orange Free State (Burnup coll.) at Kroonstad (pi.
16, fig. 3), Bloemf 011 tern (fig. 4) and Bustfontein the preva-
lent form is short, but slightly more solid than those farther
north, with the upper palatal fold often weak or wanting ; but
there are also longer shells. The lower palatal fold is often
somewhat long.

Length 3.1, diam. 1.72, aperture 1 mm. ; 6 whorls. Bloem-
fontein.

Length 2.3, diam. 1.4, aperture 0.75 mm.; 5i/o whorls.
Bloemfontein.

Length 2.57, diam. 1.46, aperture 0.9 mm.; 5% whorls,
Kroonstad.

PUPILLA, AFRICA.

211

In Natal (Burnup coll.), at Edendale Falls and Tongaat
Beach the shells resemble those from the Transvaal.

In the Cape Province, Farquhar and others have collected
abundantly about Cradock. The race endoplax M. & P. is a
rather long shell with strong teeth, the lower palatal fold
especially long, the upper shorter though often somewhat
lengthened (pi. 16, fig. 23, type fig. of endoplax, and fig. 22).
With these there are also shorter shells with both palatal folds
tubercular (fig. 21), and a few specimens of more or less in-
termediate character. The same forms are found at Grahams-
town, but here the palatal folds of endoplax are less strongly
developed.

At Port Elizabeth there are long shells with the lower
palatal fold long (pi. 16, figs. 6, 7), called charybdica M. & P.,
practically identical with endoplax; also shorter shells with
the same armature, and others with the palatals tubercular or
but slightly elongate. The mutation elizabethensis M. & P.
(pi. 16, fig. 5) is an albino form, occurring in abundance, of
the medium size. It has the beautiful white or greenish-white
tint everywhere common to albino mutations of Pupae. In
one of the lots it was sent with brown shells; whether they
were associated in life I do not know. All of these varying
sizes and colors of the Port Elizabeth race have strong teeth.

Length 3.75, diam. 1.75 mm. ; 7 whorls.

Length 2.6, diam. 1.55 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 2.5, diam. 1.65 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Length 3.3, diam. 1.7 mm.; 6% whorls; albino.

Length 2.9, diam. 1.57 mm. ; 6*/o whorls ; albino.

Though the Port Elizabeth shells vary widely in shape, the
extremes are well connected, and appear to me certainly all
of one race, characterized by the more or less elongate lower
palatal fold.

The numerous forms described by Melvill and Ponsonby
came from the Cape Colony around Port Elizabeth (amphi-
don, frustillum, elizabethensis, charibdica), and from Cradock,
about 130 miles north (endoplax), and from the Transvaal
around Pretoria (custodita, kercea, omicronaria) . These auth-
ors worked under the handicap of an incompetent artist;

212 PUPILLA, AFRICA.

but false as the figures are, they seem better than the descrip-
tions. Both are reproduced below, the figures by photog-
raphy. In most cases the teeth were not all seen, or were
described and figured incorrectly.

All of the following forms have been considered synonyms
of P, fontana by Melvill and Ponsonby in their last paper
(1908) on the subject. Burnup (1911) writes: "Of the eight
forms consigned to the synonymy, I have seen well-authenti-
cated specimens of four only, viz., amphodon, elizabethensis,
endoplax, and frustUlum; and I agree with the authors that
these names cannot stand. Of the remaining four, viz.,
charybdica, custodita, kercea, and omicronaria, having seen no
representatives, I can offer no opinion ; but I am prepared to
accept their views. ' '

Pupa custodita. PI. 16, fig. 14. Shell umbilicate, obese,
cask-shaped, minute, thin, brown, whorls 6, ventricose, very
closely, longitudinally, delicately striate; aperture ovate;
peristome white, reflected, provided with 5 internal teeth, one
parietal, one columellar, three labial. Length 3, width 1.5
mm. Pretoria.

Much the same in ventricose tumidity of whorl and super-
ficial appearance to the P. psichion just described, but entirely
differing in the internal armature of the mouth, which, appar-
ently simple externally, is really guarded within by no less
than five teeth, three of these being labial, one sutural, and
one columellar. It is a highly interesting species, and seems,
though of the fontana group, to bear no very direct resem-
blance to hitherto described species (M. & P.}.

Pupa omicronaria. PL 16, fig. 9. Shell minute, cylindric,
straight, brown; whorls 7 (in one specimen 8), ventricose,
very finely longitudinally striate, the striae oblique ; aperture
ovate-rotund; peristome pale, simple. Length of largest
specimen 3, width 1.5 mm. Pretoria.

This shell comes next to our P. quantula, and may perhaps
eventually turn out to be a variety of that species. The
mouth, however, is rounder and the form a little less cylin-
drical (M.&P.).

Pupa kercea. PI. 16, fig. 10. Shell very minute, brownish,
cylindric ; whorls 6, straight, longitudinally delicately striate ;
aperture ovate; peristome pale, reflected, provided with one
sutural tooth within. Length 2.15, width 1 mm. Pretoria.

PUPILLA, AFRICA. 213

A small, insignificant shell, with one internal sutural or
parietal tooth. Two specimens (M. & P.).

Pupa charybdica. PI. 16, fig. 11. Shell compact, rather
thick, cylindriform, brown, apex obtuse; whorls 7, straight,
longitudinally obscurely and obliquely delicately striate;
aperture rounded ; peristome thickened, pale, reflected, pro-
vided within with three mamillar teeth, one parietal, another
columellar, the third basal. Length 3, diam. 1.15 mm. Coer-
ney, near Port Elizabeth.

A cylindrical dark brown shell, not shining, stouter in sub-
stance than most of its congeners; whorls seven, straight,
longitudinally, obscurely and obliquely finely striate; aper-
ture round; peristome incrassate, reflexed, furnished with
three internal teeth — basal, columellar, and sutural. Three
specimens (M. & P.).

Pupa frustillmn. PI. 16, fig. 13. Shell glossy, cylindric,
bright brown ; whorls 7, straight, obliquely very finely striate ;
aperture ovate ; peristome pale brown, provided within with
three teeth : one parietal, another basal, the third columellar.
Length 3.5, width 1.25 mm. Port Elizabeth.

Near P. fontana Krauss, but more cylindrical than that
species, and differing besides in the tooth-processes (M. & P.}.

Pupa elizabethensis. PL 16, fig. 5, topotype. Shell minute,
openly rimate, glossy, shining white, shortly cylindric ; whorls
7, lightly subventricose, most minutely striatulate under a
lens ; aperture rounded, provided with two entering folds, one
parietal, the other columellar, deeply entering; peristome a
little reflected. Length 3, width 1.2 mm. Port Elizabeth
(Miss Glanville) (M. &P.}.

Pupa amphodon. PI. 16, fig. 12. A small cylindrical
species of the fontana group. In many ways it approaches
P. frustUlum M. & P., but differs entirely in the labial tooth-
processes. It is subrirnate, with seven whorls, two of them
being apical, the apex itself extremely obtuse ; whorls slightly
ventricose and indistinctly longitudinally striate; mouth
lunar, peristome round, furnished with five processes, which
well-nigh close the orifice. The parietal tooth is the most con-
spicuous of these and is straight and produced, the labial is
broadly triangular, the two basal are respectively doubly
mamillar and broadly triangular, and the remaining colu-
mellar tooth is smaller, rounded, and mamillar. The peri-
stome is incrassate, reflexed, and broader towards the colu-
mellar region (M. & P.).

214 PUPILLA, AFRICA.

Pupa endoplax. PL 16, fig. 23. Shell obese, cylindriform,
brown, thin ; whorls 6-7, a little impressed at the suture, some-
what swollen, longitudinally obliquely striate, the last whorl
rounded towards the base ; aperture lunate-ovate ; peristome
thickened, scarcely continuous, 4-folded : an acuminate sutural
fold, a mamUlate eolumellar, and two slightly curved internal
folds, not reaching to the peristome. Length 3, width 1.5
mm. Cradock, at roots of bushes (Farquhar).

A curious and distinct form, with the peculiar internal
plaits just in front of the orifice, but not reaching the peri-
stome (M. & P.}.

31. PUPILLA PUPULA (Desh.). PL 17, figs. 12, 13, 17, 18.

It is perfectly cylindric, equally obtuse at the ends, of 7
whorls; the first ones are flat, the following are moderately
convex and united by a simple, lightly impressed suture, in-
creasing very slowly and hardly noticeable ; the last whorl is
very short, and barely a third of the entire length. Very
obtuse at base, it is perforated in the center by a quite large
umbilicus. The aperture is small, but slightly oblique, a little
bent in on the right ; it is oval, semilunar, and when examined
under the lens a small white tooth which appears to run along
the wTall is found. Equally deep within there are found on
the left, in front, two little teeth a little less elevated than the
first (and which the draughtsman did not represent, as they
are very deeply placed; cf. fig. 17). The margin is reflected,
and is thickened within by a little russet-white callus. The
whole shell is dark brownish-corneous, thin and semitrans-
parent. Its surface appears smooth, but oblique growth-strise
may be noticed under a sufficient magnification, especially
near the aperture. Length 3, diam. iy2 mm. (Desh.).

Island of Reunion (L. Maillard) ; abundant on large boul-
ders overgrown with creepers, near Salazie (Nevill).

Pupa pupula DESHAYES, Cat. Moll, de 1'ile de la Reunion
(Bourbon), p. 92, pi. 11 (38), f. 2-4, 1863; in L. Maillard 's
Notes sur 'ile de la Reunion. — PFR., Monogr., vi, 303. — Ver-
tigo? pupula Dh., G. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 39,
1870, pt. 2, p. 412.

Under the microscope the surface shows extremely fine,
close, somewhat anastomosing striae (in places apparently with

PUPILLA, AFRICA. 215

thin cuticular edges) and a minute granulation. The em-
bryonic li/o whorls have a microscopic reticulation like that of
P. lieudeana, being densely, shallowly pitted. The last whorl
has a low, rounded crest of the brown color of the shell, fol-
lowed by a light constriction ; on its last half it is much flat-
tened, tapering downwards, and having a deep furrow over
the lower-palatal fold. The suture rises slowly to the aper-
ture. The strong but immersed parietal lamella continues
about a third of a whorl inward. On the columella there is a
strong, white oblong tubercle, usually visible but sometimes so
deeply immersed that it can be seen in an oblique view only.
The lower-palatal fold is long and strong, the upper short,
tubercular. The peristome is reflected, not much thickened
within, of a pale brown tint; margins connected by a thin
parietal callous film, which is rather coarsely granulose.
There is no trace of an angular lamella or tubercle. There is
a moderately long umbilical crevice but no true umbilicus.

Length 3, diam. above aperture 1.5 mm. ; G1/^ whorls.

Length 3.25, diam. above aperture 1.6 mm. ; 7 whorls.

By the apical sculpture, teeth, and furrow over the lower-
palatal fold, this species is related to the South African P.
fontana. Indeed were it not for the somewhat longer parietal
lamella and lower palatal fold, and the more coarsely grauose
parietal wall, it would hardly be separable from P. fontana.
It is a case where locality is diagnostic, to a large degree.

A specimen collected by G. Nevill is illustrated, figs. 12, 13 ;
another in the same lot is longer. In figs. 17, 18 Deshayes'
imperfect figures are reproduced.

Series of P. tetrodus (Section Afripiipilla).

Shell tapering upwards from the last whorl, the whorls
increasing rapidly in height. Type P. tetrodus. The teeth
are like those of the most fully toothed Pupillas of the section
Primipupilla, but the shell is more like a Gastrocopta in shape
and increase of the whorls. Systematic position somewhat
uncertain.

216 PUPILLA, AFRICA.

32. PUPILLA TETRODUS (Boettger). PL 17, figs. 9, 10, 14-16.

Shell sinistral, obliquely rimate, ovate-conic, rather obtuse
at the apex. Whorls 5y2, glabrous, a little convex, the last
much more ample than the preceding, nearly equal to all the
preceding in height. Aperture large, strongly oblique, in
general shape semioval, 4-plicate: one deeply entering pari-
etal lamella, one dentiform columellar, and two distant denti-
form palatals, the lower one much more prominent. Peri-
stome a little expanded, margins joined by a thin callus
(Boettger}.

South Africa: Betchuanaland, fossil in clay bed at the
mouth of the Gowke river, flowing into the Limpopo,' 22° s.
lat., 28° e. Ion. (Adolf Hiibner; type loc.). Cape of Good
Hope at Cape Eecif ; Klein Setjes Bosch near Beaufort (type
localities of P. swiistrorsa, Craven) ; Port Alfred (Penther) ;
King Williamstown ; Lovedale: Burns Hill (Godfrey) ; Port
Elizabeth (Crawford, type loc. of thaumasta) ; Prieska (Gib-
bons) ; Grahamstown ; Cradock ; Jansonville ; Somerset East
(Farquhar) ; Coega (Miss Hickey). British Betchuanaland:
Hartz River, Taungs (Miss Wilman). Transvaal: Pretoria
(Connolly); Potchefstroom (Miss Livingston). Orange Free
State: Bloemfontein (Godfrey); Kroonstad (Miss Hickey).
Ovampoland: Disappointment Vlei (coll. Layard).

Pupa tetrodus BOETTGER, liter Bericht Offenbacher Vereins
f. Naturkunde, 1870, p. 46, pi. 1, f. la-c. — BURNUP, Ann. Mag.
N. H. (8), vii, 1911, p. 410.— PupiUa tetrodus BTTG., Abhandl.
Senck. Naturf . Ges., xxxii, 1910, p. 446. — Jaminia tetrodus
(Boettg.) CONNOLLY, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., xi, pt. 3, p. 184. —
Pupa (Vertigo) sinistrorsa CRAVEN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1880, p. 618, pi. 57, f. 8. — MELVTLL and PONSONBY, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. (8), i, Jan., 1908, p. 83, pi. 2, f. 26.— -Vertigo sinis-
trorsa, Craven, M. & P., Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., iii, 1898, p.
177. — Vertigo thaum.asta MELV. & PONS., Ann. Mag. N. H.
(6), viii, 1891, p. 239; ix, 1892, p. 94, pi. 6, f. 7.

A very distinct species by its tapering spire, absence of a
crest, and high last whorl. The rather glossy surface is pale
cinnamon-buff, slightly transparent. The apex has a weak,
very minute granulation. The parietal lamella is high, rather

PUPILLA, AFRICA. 217

short and straight. There is sometimes a minute, tubercular
angular lamella a short distance below the insertion of the
outer lip. The parietal callus is very thin and transparent.
The lower-palatal fold is large, the upper small or very small.
Short and long examples measure :

Fig. 10. Length 3, diam. ab. apert. 1.45 mm.; 5*4 whorls.
Cradock.

Fig. 9. Length 3.55, diam. ab. apert. 1.5 mm. ; 5% whorls.
Coega.

The original specimens of P. tetrodus were decidedly stouter
in figure than the recent form, (sinistrorsa = thaumasta) if we
may judge by Boettger's figures, reproduced in pi. 17, figs.
14-16. Unfortunately he gave no measurements, but indi-
cates on the plate that they are magnified 7 times ; this would
make tetrodus 3 mm. long, very nearly 2 wide. The figures
show also an external impression of the last whorl over the
palatal region deeper than the flattening to be seen in the
recent form. The shape of the aperture also is somewhat
different. It is not impossible that Boettger's figures are in-
correct. He drew freehand, usually with great accuracy,
though often rather diagrammatically. In his later work
Boettger mentions specimens from Gobabis, Damaraland,
measuring 3 x li/o mm., agreeing in size, he says, with the
originals.

Craven's Pupa (Vertigo) sinistrorsa is the ordinary living
form. The original description follows.

Shell sinistral, subperforate, ovately conical, of a horny
brown color, paler near the apex, rather glossy, faintly stri-
ated by the lines of growth; whorls 5y2, very convex, grad-
ually increasing, the last two equal in diameter; suture deep
and well defined; aperture nearly circular, armed with four
internal teeth, viz. : one large tooth situated on the paries near
its centre, another smaller tooth on the columella far within
the aperture, another at the base of the outer lip, and a very
small one at its centre ; labrum outwardly reflexed ; extremi-
ties of peristome connected by a thin callosity. Length 3 to
3% mm., greatest diameter 2, diameter of aperture 1 (Craven}.

218 PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA.

V. AUSTRALIAN SPECIES.

The Australian Pupillae belong to the section Primipupilla,
being related to the signata series of Asia. They have the
same reticulate-pitted sculpture of the embryonic shell, and
an angular lamella, in form of a nodule, is generally present.

Only two species are certainly known; P. scotti Braz. was
based upon an immature shell only about 1.5 mm. long ac-
cording to Brazier, and thus much smaller than any known
Pupilla. It is left here for want of any better place.

a. Shell 3 to over 4 mm. long, 1.5 to 1.8 mm, in diameter:
lip reflected and thickened.

&. Sinistral; no upper-palatal fold. Coastal, from
Sydney and South Australia to West Australia.

P. australis, no. 33.

b1. Dextral; upper and lower palatals present, Central
Australia. P. ficulnea, no. 34.

ft1. Shell about 1.5 mm. long; dextral, N.-E. Australia.

P. scotti, no. 35.

33. PUPILLA AUSTRALIS (Angas). PL 23, figs. 13 to 19.

Shell sinistral, obtuse at the apex, rimate-umbilicate, pale
brown. Whorls 7, convex, obliquely strongly striate. Aper-
ture semiovate ; peritreme thickened and broadly dilated, pro-
vided with a single parietal and a single columellar fold.
Length 2, width % line (Angas).

A cylindric, and for the genus a large species, with the
aperture furnished with but two plicae (Angas).

Australia: along the coast from Sydney and South Aus-
tralia to the islands off western Australia. New South Wales :
Nelson Bay (King, type loc. of P. nelsoni) and Sirius Cove
(Hedley), both near Sydney. South Australia: Rapid Bay,
in crevices of rocks (Angas, type loc. of P. australis) ; Port
Lincoln (Masters, type loc. of P. lincolnensis) ; Edithburg
(Hedley). Western Australia: Pigeon Island, near Wallaby
I. (Dr. Richardson) ; E. Wallaby I., and Houtmans Abrolhos
(J. J. Walker). Tasmania: Swansea, sand dunes (Johnston,
type loc. of P. tasmanica).

PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. 219

Vertigo australis Ad. & Aug., ANGAS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1863, p. 522. — Pupa australis Cox, Mou. Austr. Land Sh., p.
79. — TATE, Rep. Horn Exped. Central Australia, ii, Mollusca,
p. 205. — Pupa nelsoni Cox, Catal Australian Land Shells,

1864, p. 29 ; Mou. Austr. Land Shells, 1868, p. 79, pi. 14, f. 19,
19a. — Pupa lincolnensis Cox, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p.
39.--SowERBY, Conch. Icon., Pupa, pi. 11, f. 104. — E. A.
SMITH, Proc. Malac. Soc. London, i, p. 96 (dist. in W. Aus-
tralia).— Pupa lincolniensis Cox, Mon. Austr. Land Shells,
1868, p. 80, pi. 14, f. 16. — Vertigo lincolnensis Cox, PETTERD
& HEDLEY, Eec. Australian Mus., vii, p. 283. — Pupa tasmanica
JOHNSTON, Proc. Koy. Soc. Tasmania for 1882, p. 144, plate,
as synonym of "P. lincolnensis Angas."

The cylindric shell is shortly rimate, from cinnamon-brown
to cinnamon colored, the lighter specimens sometimes showing
the columellar axis faintly through. Typically it is rather
coarsely striate, but this is individually variable in the lots
seen. The embryonic whorls are irregularly, densely but
shallowly pitted, as in the P. signata series. The last whorl
is somewhat compressed towards the narrow, rounded base,
and generally very superficially furrowed over the lower
palatal fold. It is slightly swollen before the contraction
preceding the lip. The aperture shows an angular nodule
connected with the termination of the lip (sometimes nearly
obsolete) ; a deeply placed parietal lamella, not very long; a
small, deeply immersed columellar tubercle, and a short,
deeply placed lower-palatal fold, almost basal in position (and
sometimes wanting). Parietal callus thin. The peristome is
rather narrowly reflected and is thickened within.

Length 4, diam. ab. apert. 1.8 mm. ; 6!/o whorls. Edithburg.

Length 3.8, diam. ab. apert. 1.75 mm. ; 6!/2 whorls. Edith-
burg.

Length 3.45, diam. ab. apert. 1.72 mm.; 5% whorls. Edith-
burg.

Length 4.15, diarn. ab. apert. 1.75 mm. ; 6% whorls. Aus-
tralia.

Length 3.1, diam. ab. apert. 1.6 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Aus-
tralia.

220 PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA.

Figures 13, 14 are from Edithburg specimens ; this place is
opposite the type locality, Rapid Bay, on St. Vincents Gulf.
Larger and smaller shells, but without exact locality, are also
measured above (figs. 17, 19).

The Sydney form, nelsoni, is drawn in figs. 15, 16, ' ' Sirius
Cove, among dead leaves raked out of a rock crevice. This
has rarely been gathered, and never out of sight of salt
water," according to Hedley (in litteris). It is a little
smoother than the South Australian shells, and the teeth are
stronger. Length 3.8, diam. above aperture 1.8 mm. ; 6l/2
whorls. The specimens figured were compared by Mr. Hedley
with a cotype of nelsoni.

P. australis appears to be spread along the coast from Syd-
ney to Western Australia, yet there are wide gaps in the
southeast and southwest between the recorded localities. Pro-
fessor Tate notes that it "is essentially confined to the coast,
and I have traced it from St. Vincent Gulf along the coastal
sand hills into West Australia. ' '

Descriptions of the several synonyms follow.

Pupa nelsoni. — Shell sinistral, perforate, elliptically cylin-
drical, thin, smooth, microscopically striated, horny reddish-
yellow, slightly shining; spire slowly narrowing, obtusely
rounded : whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, last about % the
length of the shell; aperture large, rounded, truncate above,
with a conspicuous lamelliform tooth on the wall of the aper-
ture, and another, or tubercular callosity, sometimes larger,
but obsolete in young specimens at the columellar junction;
peristome and teeth white, former expanded, especially at the
columella, and not obstructing the minute umbilical opening
at the bottom of a deep fissure. Length 0.15, breadth 0.07,
aperture 0.05 long, of an inch. Nelson Bay, near Sydney, N.
S. W., King (Cox).

Pupa lincolnensis (lincolniensis).-- Shell sinistral, rimate,
elliptically-oblong, very finely obliquely striated, whitish or
rufous horny ; spire obtuse ; whorls 4 to 6, rather convex, last
by no means equalling the rest; aperture almost vertical,
Innately-circular ; peristome thickened, expanded, white, mar-
gins distant, columellar margin straight, sinistral margin
above obtusely angled ; body whorl centrically armed with a
prominent, obtuse, white tooth. Length 0.13, diameter 0.08 of
an inch. Port Lincoln, South Australia (Cox).

PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA. 221

Pupa tasmanica (pi. 23, fig. 18). — Shell minute, sinistral,
thin, of a uniform light fawn colour, sub-pellucid, oblong,
cylindrical, obliquely finely lirate ; suture somewhat im-
pressed ; spire scarcely contracted towards apex, which is sud-
denly obtusely rounded ; whorls 6, slightly convex, aperture
somewhat squarely ovate, subvertical, with a moderately
prominent tooth ; peristome simple, margins distant, united by
a callous lamina ; anterior and columellar margins slightly re-
flexed. Length 3 min., diam. 1.75 min. Habitat, sand dunes,
Swansea, abundant (Johnston).

34. PUPILLA FICULNEA (Tate). PL 23, figs. 20, 21.

Shell dextral, shortly cylindric-elliptical ; apex obtuse, pale
brown, shining. Whorls six, flatly convex, separated by a
channellel suture, obliquely striated. Aperture roundly-oblong,
rounded in front and somewhat obliquely truncated behind,
furnished with two folds, one parietal large, blunt, situated
centrally and far within, the other, nearly as large and simi-
lar, is situated far within on the columella ; a small denticle
is sometimes developed at the insertion of the outer lip ; peri-
stome white, flatly expanded, the columellar expansion not
concealing the deep, narrow umbilical fissure. Length 3.5,
width 1.75 via; (Tate).

Central Australia: Palm Creek, off Glen of Palms, in
Krichauff Eange (Horn Exped.).

Pupa ficulnea TATE, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, xviii,
1894, p. 191; Rep. Horn Expedition, ii, 1896, Mollusca, p.
205, pi. 19, f. ISa, 186.— PILSBBY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1900,
pp. 426, 428, fig. 2.

P. ficulnea of the interior is very similar to the coastal P.
australis in shape, sculpture, color, suture and peristome. It
differs by the dextral coil, the larger teeth, presence of an
upper-palatal fold, and greater external compression and im-
pression over the lower-palatal fold. It is not so strongly
sculptured as the rougher examples of australis, the striation
being minute and weak.

The angular nodule is strongly developed in old shells, but
often hardly perceptible in others which have formed the lip.
The columellar lamella is strong and blunt. There are two
palatal folds, not mentioned by Tate, but present in 16 topo-

222 PUPILLA, AUSTRALIA.

types received from him, the lower one strong and elongate,
externally marked by a furrow, the upper one small, tuber-
cular. The last whorl has behind the lip a swelling followed
by a contraction, both individually variable in degree of de-
velopment.

Length 3.4, diam. 1.6 mm.; 6 whorls.

Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm, ; 5~y2 whorls.

35. PUPILLA(?) SCOTTI (Brazier). PI. 23, fig. 22.

' ' Shell dextral, fissured, cylindrical, thin ; transparent, pale
brown; whorls 5y2, roundly convex, last small, obliquely and
transversely faintly striated; apex roundly obtuse; aperture
small, ovate-denticulated within with 4 prominent white teeth,
one placed on the body- whorl, elongated and rounded ; a
second on the columella, large and acute; two placed inside
the outer lip, the lower one long and prominent, the upper
moderate and rounded ; peristome whitish, thickened and ex-
panded ; margins continuous, with a thin coating of the callus
over the perforation. Length %, breadth y2 lines" (Brazier}.

Australia : Fitzroy Island, Queensland ; only one specimen
obtained, at the watering place, under a bit of wood (Brazier).

Pupa (Vertigo) scotti BRAZIER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1874, p. 669, pi. 83, fig. 24-26.

It does not appear likely that a shell so small as this is a
Pupilla. It may prove to be a Costigo (Vol. XXV, p. 366), if
that somewhat nebulous group be retained. Hedley writes :
"In the Australian Museum is one specimen labelled in Bra-
zier's hand 'Pupa scotti, Braz. Fitzroy Isd. N. E. A.' As he
particularly stated that but one was found (and no others
have since been obtained), this is clearly his type. I am
much puzzled to find that this type disagrees with the figure,
P. Z. S., 1874, pi. 83, figs. 24, 25, 26. Brazier, who is now 74,
has no recollection of the matter, except that the type was
unique. I enclose a camera lucida sketch drawn by myself of
this type of scotti. My opinion is that it is an immature
specimen and that it represents a Pupilla distinct from other
Australian species. Possibly Brazier, recognizing its imma-
turity, instructed the artist to 'develop' the labial armature."

PUPILLA OP THE TERTIARY. 223

Hedley's pencil sketch of the type is reproduced on my
plate.

VI. TERTIARY FOSSIL SPECIES.

36. PUPILLA QUADRIGRANATA (Al. Brn.). Pupa quadrigra-
nata Al. Brauii, Verh. Naturf. Vers. zu Mainz, 1842, p. 119.—
Pupilla quadrigranata (Al. Br.) Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver.
Naturkunde, 42, 1889, p. 251, pi. 6, f. 3, 4. --Pupa selecta
Thomae, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 2, p. 150, with mut.
suprema Bttg., p. 253. — Pupilla selecta suprema Bttg., Wenz,
Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 69, 1916, p. 63.

Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene. Germany. P. selecta
is now generally considered distinct.

37. PUPILLA EUMECES (Bttg.). Pupa quadrigranata var.
eumeces Boettger, Ber. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., 1884, p. 266. —
Pupilla eumeces Bttg., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p.
255, pi. 6, f. 5. Lower Miocene of Schleusenkarnmer bei Nie-
derrad. Considered a variety of P. iratiana, by Gottschick &
Wenz, 1919.

Pupilla eumeces maxima Boettger. Nachrbl. D. Malak. Ges.,
40, 1908, p. 150.

38. PUPILLA IMPRESSA (Sandb.). Pupa impressa SAND-
BERGER, Mainzer Becken, 18.., p. 392, pi. 35, f. 16. — Pupilla
impressa (Sbgr.) Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., vol. 42,
1889, p. 256 ; vol. 64, 1911, p. 61. Lower Miocene, Germany.

39. PUPILLA CUPELLA Boettger. P. retusa Bttg. (not Al.
Braun), Ber. Senck. Ges., 1884, p. 265, pi. 4, f. 6. --Pupilla
cupella Bttg., Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 259.
Lower Miocene, Schleusenkammer, bei Niederrad. Mut. lau-
beri Bttg., t. c., p. 260, pi. 6, f. 6. Hydrobiasehichten, Mos-
bach-Biebrich.

40. PUPILLA BLAINVILLEANA (Dupuy). Pupa b., Dup.,
Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 311, pi. 15, f. 8. — Vertigo blain-
villei Dupuy, G. F. Dollfus, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. (4), xv, 1915,
p. 359. Middle Miocene, Sansan (Gers). A sinistral Primi-
pupilla.

224 PUPILLA OF THE TERTIARY.

41. PUPILLA STASZICII (Lomnicki). Pupa staszicn Liom.,
Verb. K. K. Geol. Reichsanst., 1886, p. 423. Miocene, Barysz,
Galizia.

42. PUPILLA M.LOMMICKII (Friedb.). Pupa (Pupilla) m.
lommickii Friedberg, Sitzungsber. Matb.-Nat. Kl. K. Akad.
Wiss., Wien, vol. 114, 1905, p. 312, pi. 1, f. 15 ; text fig. 2.
Miocene, Sobow, Poland.

43. PUPILLA IRATIANA (Dupuy). Pupa iratiana Dupuy,
Journ. de Conch., i, 1850, p. 310, pi. 15, f. 7. — Bourguignat,
Malac. colline de Sansan, 1881, p. 65, pi. 3, f. 82-85.— Vertigo
irati Dollfuss, 1915.

Middle Miocene, Sansan (Gers) ; also Upper Miocene, Ger-
many and Galizia.

Pupilla iratiana suevica Gottschick & Wenz. Nbl. D. M.
Ges., 51, 1919, p. 5, pi. 1, f. 4, 5. Steinheim am Aalbuch.

44. PUPILLA RAHTI (Al. Brn.). Pupa rahti Al. Brauu, in
Walchner's Geognosie, (2), p. 1136. — Pupilla r., Boettger,
Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 42, 1889, p. 254. — Jooss, same
Jahrb., 64, p. 63.

Upper Miocene, Hydrobiaschicliten of Mosbach-Biebricb, etc.

45. PUPILLA PERLABIATA Gottschick & Wenz., Nbl. D. M.
Ges., 51, 1919, p. 7, pi. 1, f . 8, 9. Upper Miocene : Steinheim
am Aalbuch. Belongs to section Primipupilla.

46. PUPILLA STEINHEIMENSIS (Miller). Pupa (Pupilla)
steinheimensis Miller, Jahresh. Ver. Vaterl. Nat. Wurttemb.,
56, 1900, p. 398, pi. 7, f. 15. Pupilla steinheimensis Gott-
schick & Wenz., Nbl. D. M. Ges., 51, 1919, p. 8, pi. 1, f. 10, 11.
Upper Miocene : Steinheim am Aalbuch. A sinistral species
of the section Primipupilla.

47. PUPILLA SUBMUSCORUM Gottschick & Wenz. Nbl. D. M.
Ges., 51, 1919, p. 6, pi. 1, f. 6, 7. Upper Miocene, Steinheim
am Aalbuch. Near muscorum, 3-toothed.

48. PUPILLA( ?) RETUSA (Al. Braun). Pupa retusa Al. Brn.
Verhandl. d. d. Naturf. Vers. Mainz, 1842, p. 149.— ! Cori/na

BOYS1A. 225

retusa Jooss, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., vol. 64, p. 911, pi. 62.
I have not seen the description of this species, which may
belong elsewhere.

49. PUPILLA ECTINA (Bgt.). Pupa ectina Bourguiguat,
Paleont. Moll. Algerie, 1862, p. 76, pi. 4, f. 1-3. Pliocene?
Oued Tademit, Algeria.

50. PUPILLA MICHAUDI Wenz, Senckenbergiana, i, July, 1919,
p. 66 ; new name for Pupa inornata Michaucl, Journ. de Con-
chyl., 1862, p. 75, pi. 4, f. 5. Hauterive (Droine), Pliocene.

51. PUPILLA PAL^EA (Bgt.). Pupa palcea Bourguignat, Cat.
JMoll. terr. et fluv. des environs de Paris a 1'epoque Quater-
naire, 1869, p. 8, pi. 3, f. 16-18 (in La Seine.— I, Le Bassin
Parisien aux ages antehistoriques) . Joinville-le-Pont, sabliere
Deligny. From the figure it appears to have a longer apical
cone and stronger stria? than P. muscorum, but it may per-
haps be equivalent to the mut. masclarycma, having parietal
and lower-palatal teeth. Probably Pleistocene.

Genus BOYSIA Pfeiffer.

Boysia PFEIFFER, Zeitsch. Malak., vi, 1849, p. 105; Mon.
Helic. Viv., iii, 1853, p. 528 ; Conchyl. Cab., Helix, ii, 1853, p.
6. — ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., ii, 1855, p. 167. — NEVILL, J. A. S.
Beng., 1881, p. 128. -- PFEIFFER & CLESSIN, Nomencl. Helic.
Viv., 1881, p. 343. --GuDE, Fauna of British India, Moll., ii,
1914, p. 296. — Hypostoma ALBERS, Die Heliceen, 1850, p. 130
(not Hypostoma, Budolphi, 1809, Vernies; not Hypostoma
auct., Hypostomus Lacepede, 1803 ; not Hypostoma Gray,
1841, Echinodermata). — Hypotrema VON MARTENS, Die Heli-
ceen, 1860, p. 304, as section of Pupa.--"Hypoma Albers"
PFR., Nomencl. Hel. Viv., 1878, p. 343.— "Hypostrema Albers"
PFR., loc. cit.

The shell is small, globose-conoid, thin, smooth, rimate, of
5 compactly coiled whorls, the last half-whorl ascending ob-
liquely, in close contact. Aperture toothless, directed obliquely
upward, rounded, with straight parietal margin ; peristome
slightly expanded, thickened within, the parietal border barely
free from the preceding whorl.

226 BOYSIA.

Type: Boysia boysii (Pfr.). Found only in India.

The classification of Pupillidae having no teeth is an ex-
ceedingly difficult problem. When the tentacles and radula
of Boysia are examined it may be possible to form some defi-
nite opinion of its affinities. Temporarily it may be left next
to Pupisoma.

The generic and specific nomenclature of the single species
has been fully discussed by Glide in The Fauna of British
India. Boysia reussn Stoliczka (Sitzungsber. d. k. k. Akad.
Wissensch., vol. 38, 1867, p. 493, pi. 1, f. 17a-c), from the
middle Cretaceous of Neualpe in the eastern Alps, has been
referred by Sandberger (Vorwelt, p. 80) to the Cyclostoma-
ceous genus Strophostoma. Anostomella of von Martens has
some superficial resemblance, but appears referable to the
Diplommatinidcc.

Various Laramie and Eocene species of Wyoming have been
referred to Boysia or its vicinity by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell,
but were subsequently removed by him. Boysia sinclairi Ckll.
and B. phenacodorum Ckll. being referred to the genus
Granger ella.

1. BOYSIA BOYSII (Pfeiffer). PL 24, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17.

"Shell arcuately rimate, compressed-conic, thin, smooth,
diaphanous, pale corneous. Spire obliquely couoidal, little
obtuse. Whorls 5, convex, the last arcuately ascending to the
upper edge of the antepenult whorl. Aperture subtriangular-
rounded, toothless ; peristome nearly simple, a little expanded,
the margins joined by a shortly free lamina. Alt. 3, diam.
3.5mm." (Pfr.).

India: Chittore, Eajputana and Azmere (Boys) ; Nerbudda
valley (Nevill, Stoliczka) ; Mandate, on the Nerbudda (Theo-
bald coll.) ; Bengal (Cuming coll.).

Tomogeres loysn (Anostoma) Benson, PFEIFFER, Symbolae
ad Hist. Hel., iii, 1846, p. S2.—Anostoma loysii Benson, PFR.,
Monogr. Hel. Viv., i, 1847, p. 2.— BENSON, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(2), ii, 1848, p. 164. — Hypostoma boysii Benson, ALBERS, Die
Hel., 1850, p. 130.— Pupa (Hypotrema) boysii Bens., VON MAR-
TENS, Die Hel., 1860, p. 305.— Boysia loysii Bens., KOBELT, 111.

BOYSIA. 227

Conchylien Buch, ii, 1878, p. 278, pi. 85, f. IQ.—Boysia bay si
(Pfr.) GUDE, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., ii, 1914, p. 297.— Boy-
sia bensani PFEIFFER, Zeit. Malak., vi, 1849, p. 105; Conch.
Cab. Helix, 1853, p. 6, pi. 101, figs. 25-28,— ADAMS, Gen. Rec.
Moll., ii, 1855, pi. 167, pi. 76, fig. 2.— PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatt.,
ii, 1856, p. 172. — HANLEY & THEOBALD, Conch. Ind., 1870, pL

8, fig. 1.

In the type specimen of this species (pi. 24, fig. 14, copied

from Kuester) the last whorl ascended a little farther than in

that drawn in pi. 24, figs. 15-17, from the Nerbudda valley

(Indian Museum). The latter is also smaller, alt. 2.65, diam.

3.2 mm.

The shell is perforate, very compactly coiled, regular in
shape as far as the last half-whorl, where the whorl becomes
straightened and ascends. The peristome is slightly thickened
within and a little expanded. The nearly straight parietal
margin stands free of the penult whorl, and barely detached
from the last whorl. The plane of the peristome stands at an
angle of about 40° with the axis of the shell. The surface is
smooth, some very faint growth-lines being visible under the
lens. There is also a microscopic granulation, such as most
Pupge show under sufficient magnification. The apex appears
to have only an extremely minute and indistinct granulation.

APPENDIX

Vol. XXIV. GASTROCOPTIN^E.

GASTROCOPTA MORELETIANA (Grasset). PL 24, figs. 4, 5.

Shell deeply rimate, ovate, short, corneous-whitish, rather
glossy, smooth. Spire convex, tapering to the apex. Whorls
6, a little convex, the last somewhat compressed . basally.
Aperture obrotund, narrowed by 3-4 palatal denticles and a
somewhat bifid lamella on the parietal wall near the insertion
of the lip. Peristome a little reflected, a little thickened, the
margins joined by a callus. Length 4, diam. 2 mm. (Grasset).

Canary Islands : Teneriffe.

Pupa moreletiana A. GRASSET, Journ. de Conch., v, 1856, p.
348, pi. 13, f. 7.

This species appears to be known by the original account
only. Wollaston and Mabille do not mention it in their
Canary Islands lists. It seems to be a Gastrocopta, but where
it belongs in that genus is uncertain, and its locality will make
further investigation highly interesting.

GASTROCOPTA COLOMBIANA Pils. Figs. 1-4.

The shell is thin, faintly brown tinted, subcylindric, but
tapering very slowly from the last whorl, composed of 5%
strongly convex whorls, the last whorl somewhat flattened
dorsally, with a slight impression over the inner part of the
lower palatal fold. Faintly striate. The aperture is squarish-
oval; peristome thin, well expanded and reflected, continuous
across the parietal wall, but very shortly adnate there. The
aagulo-parietal lamella reversed y-shaped, the angular sin-
uous, emerging to the lip edge, parietal arcuate, higher,
emerging much less. Columellar lamella strong, lunate, the
inner half descending, outer horizontal. Within the outer lip
there is a small, high, suprapalatal fold and a larger, more

APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA. 229

immersed upper palatal. Lower palate! fold is very long,
somewhat immersed, oblique and indistinctly binodose ia
front, its upper end continued inward as a slender ridge, then

i

Figs, i, 2. — Gastrocopta colombiana, enlarged aperture and front view of
type.

Fig. 3. — Columella and parietal wall seen from below, the peristome above,
showing: c, columellar lamella; p, parietal, and a, angular lamellae.

Fig. 4. — Inside of the palatal wall, the peristome on the right, s, supra-
palatal fold ; u, upper palatal ; /, lower palatal, and b, basal fold.

enlarging into a high, stout fold. The basal fold is transverse,
weakly bilobed.

Length 2, diameter 0.9 nim.

Colombia: Puerto Columbia, dept. Atlantico, on limestone
hills. Morgan Hebard and J. A. G. Rehn, 1920. Type and
paratypes no. 46634 A. N. S. P.

Gastrocopta colombiana PILS., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1920,
p. 329, figs. 1-4.

While this species of the subgeuus Immersidens is somewhat
similar to G. cochisensis, G. dalliana and other North Amer-
ican snails of the same subgenus, it differs remarkably in the
palatal folds, the upper being doubled, probably by division
of a primitively single upper palatal, and the lower fold enters
so deeply that its full structure can be understood only by
breaking out the palatal wall, as in fig. 4.

GASTROCOPTA KLUNZINGERI (Jickeli). Vol. XXIV, p. 120.

The original description of Ennea in-sulsa Preston follows.

' ' Shell elongately ovate, very minute, cream-colored ;
whorls 4y2, very convex, sculptured with oblique, transverse
riblets, the last ascending in front ; suture deeply impressed ;

230 APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA.

aperture subquadrate, armed with a parietal lamella bearing
a small, internal, erect denticle towards the base of the outer
lip and an internal lamella on the columella; labrum white,
outwardly expanded, continuous. [PI. 1, figs. 14, 15, 16.]

"Alt. 1.75, diani. inaj. .75 mm." (Preston}.

British East Africa: Gazi (type loc., Robin Kemp). Eusso
Nyiro River (Preston).

Ennea insulsa PRESTON, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1913, p.
205, pi. 33, f. 13, 13a.

Specimens from Preston, no. 41564 Bryant Walker coll.,
confirm, the provisional reference to Gasirocopta made in vol.
xxiv, p. 359. The original figures are copied, pi. 1, figs. 14, 15.

The sculpture and form agree with G. klunzingeri (Jick.)
of Abyssinia. In the specimens from Eusso Nyiro River (fig.
16) the angulo-parietal lamella does not show a spur on
the right side where the two lamellae join. This, however, is
shown in the figures of the typical form. Whether the two
specimens (one broken) from Eusso Nyiro represent another
race, or merely a mutation, cannot be determined from the
material at hand; but the typical form apparently does not
differ from Jickeli's species.

GASTROCOPTA MOOREANA (E. A. Smith). PI. 24, figs. 6, 7.

Vol. XXIV, p. 160. Specimens of the original lot from
Roebuck Bay, Western Australia, received through the cour-
tesy of the British Museum, are now figured.

The shell resembles G. larapinta in contour, but has a
special character in the sculpture as seen under the micro-
scope, the strias being made irregular, and in places inter-
rupted by malleation or shallow, uneven pitting, producing
sometimes a sort of reticulation, not unlike that of some Neso-
pupae (Indopupa). The straight angular lamella joins the lip
AveaMy or scarcely. It does not connect with the parietal
lamella, which is high but not very long. The coluinellar
lamella is high on the columella. and ascends very slightly in-
ward, being nearly horizontal. There are two short palatal
folds, the lower being larger and somewhat more immersed.
No basal fold. Peristome reflected and thickened moderately
witliin.

APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA. 231

Length 2.2, diam. to edge of lip 1.2 mm. ; 51/^ whorls.
Length 2.1, diam. to edge of lip 1.1 nun. ; 5 whorls.
It is easily distinguished by the sculpture, unlike the other
Australian species.

Tertiary Species (Vol. XXIV, p. 114).

GASTROCOPTA QUADRIPLICATA (Al. Br.). Vol. XXIV, p. 114.

Fischer and Wenz (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 1914, p. 95)
discuss the synonymy of this species and its allies. They state
that Al. Braun's name was a nomen nudum, and adopt that of
turgida Reuss. G. didymodus and fissidens also are figured
in the same excellent paper.

GASTROCOPTA ACUMINATA (Klein). Pupa acuminata Klein,
Jahresh. f. vaterl. Nat. in Wiirtt., ii, 1846, p. 95, pi. 1, f. 19.-
Leucochila acuminata (KL), Wenz, Nbl. d. Malak. Ges., 1916,
p. 62. According to Wenz this includes quadridenta-ta- Klein,
Vol. XXIV, p. 115, no. 47. A var. procera is described, p. 64,
pi. 1, f. 5. As this name is preoccupied for a recent species,
Wenz's form may be called G. acuminata wenziana.

GASTROCOPTA (?) CAPITANI (de Morgan). Pupa (Pupilla)
capitani J. de Morgan, Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4), xix, No-
vember, 1920, p. 316, fig. 11. Faluns de Touraine: Pont-
Levoy, sabliere de Charmenton (Miocene).

M. G.-F. Dollfus (Etude sur la Molasse de 1'Armagnac, in
Bull. Soc. Geol. France (4), xv, 1915, has reviewed the Sansan
Pupillidse, reducing most of Bourguignat's species to syno-
nyms. He does not seem to have a clear conception of the
distinction between Gastrocopta and Vertigo, placing all the
species under "Vertigo (Leucochilus) ."

GASTROCOPTA NOULETIANA (Dupuy). Vol. 24, p. 116. Under
"Vertigo (Leucochilus) nouleti" Dollfus places as synonyms:
Vertigo ludovici, barreri, necra and cyclophora? of Bour-
guignat.

The synonymy and distribution have also been discussed by
Wenz, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges., 1916, p. 65.

GASTROCOPTA LARTETI (Dupuy). Vol. 24, p. 115. Dollfus

232 APPENDIX, VOL. XXIV: GASTROCOPTA.

(p. 361) gives the following synonyms: Vertigo chydaea, V.
eucrina, V. tapeina, V. campanea, V. codiolena, V. edwardsi
[milne-edwardsi Bgt.], V. rhynchostoma, V. micronixia.., all
of Bourguignat. The last two he separates on a subsequent
page of the same paper.

Tertiary Species of Abida. Vol. XXIV, p. 269.

ABIDA SUBVABIABILIS mut. ULMENSIS Wenz. Torquilla s. u.,
Wenz, Jahresber. u. Mittheil. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver., (n. F.),
vii, 1918, p. 20.

ABIDA SCHLOSSEEI (Wenz). Torquilla schlosseri. Wenz,
Senckenbergiana, i, 1919, p. 66, new name for Pupa (Vertigo)
oviformis Schlosser, Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichsanst., Ivii, 1907,
p. 757, pi. 17, f. 5, not F. oviformis Michaud, 1838.

GYLIAUCHEN (Vol. XXIV, p. 210).
GYLIAUCHEN AUSTRALIS (Odhner). PI. 24, figs. 11, 12, 13.

Shell pyramidal, with convex whorls and deep sutures ; last
whorl dilated, with an angular periphery and a protracted
aperture. Peristome continuous, expanded all around. Aper-
ture rounded heart-shaped, with 5 teeth, two on the parietal
wall, two on the outer wall, and one on the columella. Sculp-
ture consisting only of oblique fine lines of growth. Umbilicus
deep, widening below and surrounded by a basal keel. Color
light brownish. Height 2, greatest diam. 2.7, height of aper-
ture 1.1 mm. (Odhner).

Australia: caves at Chillagoe, Queensland; subfossil (Swed-
ish Sci. Exped. to Australia, 1910-1913).

Hypselostoma australis ODHNER, Res. Dr. E. Mjoberg's
Swedish Sci. Exped. to Australia, 1910-1913, xvii, Mollusca,
in Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handlingar, Bd. 52, no.
16, 1917, p. 98, pi. 3, f. 107-109.

This species appears to be most nearly related to G. dohertyi
Fulton (Vol. 24, p. 219), of Tenimber Island, which is also its
nearest neighbor geographically. Dr. Odhner considers it "a
further proof of the former connection of Australia and New
Guinea, the only possible way of its invasion."

APPENDIX, VOL. XXV: VERTIGO. 233

Vol. XXV. VERTIGININ^E.

VERTIGO. Vol. XXV, p. 69.

In a list of German and Austrian shells (Nachrbl. D. M.
Ges., 43, March 1911, p. 24) C. E. Boettger has "Vertigo
(Alaca) alpestris Aid.," followed by seven other species;
under the same generic and subgeneric names. As Alaea
occurs above it on the same page, it is possible that Alaca is
intended as a new section, and not a typographical error for
Alaea. In that case it may have V. alpestris for type ; but I
am inclined to think it unintentional, as it is not designated
as new.

CRATICULA Lowe, P. Z. S., 1854, p. 211 (March 27, 1855),
type designated as P. substriata Jeffr., becomes subordinate to
Vertigo, and can be used as a sectional name for the group of
V. substriata (see Manual, Vol. 25, p. 172) if that is consid-
ered sufficiently distinct to need special designation.

VERTIGO PUP^FORMIS Pollonera. Page 379.

The reference to figure should be : Vol. XXVI, pi. 11, fig. 13.

VERTIGO EUMICRA (Bgt.). PI. 20, fig. 11.

Shell rimate, under the lens slightly striatulate obliquely;
at the apex very obtusely rounded. Whorls 6, convex, slowly
and regularly increasing, separated by a deep suture, the last
whorl one-fourth the length, straight or slightly ascending at
the aperture. Aperture toothless, a little oblique, rounded ;
peristome acute, simple, not reflected or thickened, the mar-
gins strongly approaching. Length 3, diam. 2 mm. (Bgt.).

Switzerland : Under leaves in the ruins of the castle of
Habsburg, not far from Meggen, half way on the road be-
tween Lucerne and Kussnacht (Bgt.) ; St. Moritz in the
Engadine, on granite, at about 1800 meters (Clessin).

Vertigo eumicra BOURGUIGNAT, Revue et Mag. de Zool.,
1862, pi. 18, f. 11, 12; 1863, p. 5.--H. SCHLESCH, Hall Mus.
Publications, no. 116, 1919, p. 29, fig. b. — Pupa eumicra CLES-
SIN, Malak. Bl., xxv, 1878, p. 85, pi. 3, f. 11.

Clessin believes that the original description was from im-
mature examples. When entirely adult the margins of the lip

234 APPENDIX, VOL. XXV: VERTIGO.

are joined by a parietal callus. He states that it differs from
Pupa inornata (P. edentula auct.) by the connected peri-
stome; moreover the summit is more Vertigo-like, the size
smaller, and the striation more distinct. It has usually been
placed in Pupilla, but may more likely be a toothless Vertigo
close to or specifically identical with V. genesii Gredler (Vol.
XXV, p. 204), as claimed by Schlesch. Bourguignat's figure
is copied in our pi. 20, fig. 11, Clessin's in pi. 20, fig. 21.

VERTIGO HINKLEYI 11. sp. PL 6, figs. 12-16.

The shell is minute, oblong-cylindric, of cinnamon-buff
color, glossy, nearly smooth, very thin. The whorls are. rather
convex, the last three forming the more or less cyliudric por-
tion ; the last whorl tapers to the narrow base ; there is a de-
pression behind the auricle of the lip, and behind that a
larger, deeper dorso-lateral impressed area extending nearly
to the base. The aperture is shortly piriform, with strongly
defined sinulus, limited below by a deeply bent in and thick-
ened angle of the outer lip. The peristome is slightly ex-
panded around the sinulus, elsewhere strongly so. The pari-
etal lamella is rather remote from the edge of the thin pari-
etal callus, low in front, high within, and enters deeply. The
columellar lamella is deeply placed, not very long, ascending
a little inwardly. Below it there is a subcolumellar tooth
(probably a shifted basal fold). The upper palatal fold is a
high lamina, abrupt in front, where it arises some distance
within the lip. Close to its inner end there is a short fold,
apparently the lower palatal ; only its anterior end can be
seen in the aperture.

Length 1.55, diam. 0.75 mm. ; 5y2 whorls. Type.

Length 1.75, diam. 0.77 mm. ; 6 whorls. Type.

Arizona: Cave canyon, Huachuca Mountains, at Station
295, near the reservoir (Hinkley and Ferriss, 1919). Type
no, 46243, A. N. S. P. Also two specimens at Station 296.

This remarkable little Vertigo is so unlike known species
that comparisons need not be made. The peculiar shape of
the aperture is characteristic, and the teeth differ strongly
from all other species.

APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI. 235

In a few examples the parietal lamella emerges nearly to
the edge of the parietal film. The aperture also varies indi-
vidually in width.

At Station 295 it was associated with Vertigo coloradensis
insert a and single specimens of Gastrocopta ashmuni and G.
pilsbryana.

Fossil species of Vertigo. Page 214.

VERTIGO PONTILEVTENSIS de Morgan. Bull. Soc. Geol.
France (4), xix, Nov. 1920, p. 317, fig. 12. Faluns de Tou-
raine: Pout-Levoy, sabliere du vallon de Charenton (Mio-
cene).

VERTIGO TURONICA de Morgan. Op. tit., p. 318, fig. 13.
Same locality.

VERTIGO DOUVILLEI de Morgan. Op. tit., p. 319, fig. 14.
Same locality.

VERTIGO ROBERTI de Morgan. Op. tit., p. 320, fig. 15. Same
locality.

Vol. XXVI.

Page 24. PUPISOMA EVEZABDI (Blanf.) was taken by Lieut.-
Col. A. J. Peile at Panchganni, about 12 miles inland from
Mahablishwar, on bark of trees near road, and at Lanauli, a
couple of miles on the Poona side of Khandala, at the top of
Bor Ghat, on trees and bark (128417-8 A. N. S. P.).

Page 24. The reference for Pupisoma lignicola var. uni-
dentata G.-A. is Land and Freshwater Moll. India, ii, 1910,
p. 300.

Page 36. Add to references under PUPISOMA DIOSCORICOLA :
Microphysa dioscoricola C. B. Ad., W. G. BINNEY, Bull. M.
C. Z., xix, 1890, p. 196, pi. 3, f. 6 (shell, jaw and teeth). The
localities given are: St. Augustine, Blue Spring, St. Johns
River, Lake Worth to Hawk's Park, Hilo River emptying
into Mosquito Inlet, Florida ; Hidalgo, Texas.

Page 45. 12th line from bottom: for Pupa king si read
Pupa kingi.

Page 51. 20th line : for DRONET read DROUET.

Page 106. 13th line : for ba-sal lamella read basal fold.

236 APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI.

STERKIA BAKERI n. sp. PI. 24, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The shell is thin, straightly rimate, imperforate, cylindric,
ochraceous-tawny ; surface very weakly but regularly striate,
with traces of weak granulation in places. The whorls are
strongly convex. The aperture is obstructed by five teeth.
The angular lamella is strong and high, curved, much shorter
than the parietal lamella, which is high and long, entering
very deeply. The columellar lamella is situated high, and
slants rapidly upwards within. Upper-palatal fold is strong,
rather long, marked externally by a slight depression. The
lower-palatal is much more deeply placed, about equal to the
upper. The peristome is tawny, reflected, the outer margin
bent in a little in the middle. Length 1.9, diam. 0.9 mm. ;
fully 5 whorls.

Mexico: southern part of the State of Vera Cruz, Canton
of Acayucan, at the Hacienda de Cuatotolapan, between the
Rio San Juan and its tributary the Arroyo Hueyapan (H.
Burringtoii Baker).

In its proportions, the diameter about half of the length,
this species resembles S. rhoadsi. It differs by the more ob-
tuse summit, the more distinctly striate surface and the
stronger and longer teeth, of which the lower palatal is more
deeply immersed. The inner end of the parietal lamella is
not visible in an obliquely basal view in the aperture, but it
also passes out of sight inward in 8. rhoadsi, though weaker
within than the present species.

8. antillensis is a shorter, broader shell, with less immersed
lower-palatal fold. The parietal lamella is long, as in rhoadsi
and bakeri. In S. eyriesi the parietal is distinctly shorter.

The tropical American Sterkiae evidently form a complex
of intimately related races. It is not possible to judge their
specific distinctions by the very small number of specimens
now known, from a few widely separated localities.

TRUNCATELLINA CYLINDRICA (Fer.). Page 65. Reference to
figures should be : PI. 8, figs. 3, 4, 8.

Locard has distinguished the varieties major, minor, curia
and ventricosa, "defined by their names," and probably from

APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI. 237

France. He states that the Portuguese specimens are larger
than those of France (Isthmia muscorum Drap., Locard, Ar-
chives Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Lyoii, vii, 1899, p. 153). It has been
reported from Portugal by Morelet and Castro.

According to Clessiii the following is a synonym: Pupa
pusillima Forster, in Fiirnrohr's Naturhist. u. Topographic
Regensburg, 1838-40, no. 59 (not seen by H. P.).

Add the following to the list of fossil species, p. 60 :
TRUNCATELLINA PODOLICA (Lomnicki). Pupapodolicaluom.,

Verh. K. K. Geol. Reichsanst., 1886, p. 423. Miocene, Fol-

warki, Galizia.

Page 78. The following species should be inserted :

12cr. TRUNCATELLINA SCHARFFI (Boettger).

It is easily to be distinguished from. P. minutissima Hartm.
(T. cylindrica Fer.) and its varieties dentiens Moq.-Tand.
and odontostoma West, by having a strong basal tooth, a long,
rather forwardly advanced palatal tooth, weak columellar
tooth, and the nearly smooth surface of the shell. Also from
P. strobeli Gredl. (which appears to be distributed through-
out Italy, as I have positively identified examples from
Naples and Messina), the French form appears so much more
amply distinct by the weaker sculpture of the shell, the
greater size, and by having an additional whorl, that I view it
as new, and would preliminarily name it P. (Isthmia) scharffi,,
after its discoverer (Bttg.).

France: debris of the Garonne near Bordeaux (Robert
Scharff).

P[upa] (Isthmia-) scharffi BOETTGER, Nachrbl. D. M. Ges.,
xi, May, 1879, p. 51. — P. strobeli var. scharffi Bttg., WESTER-
LUND, Fauna, p. 126.

This form was referred to on p. 72, but by oversight the
description was omitted. The reference to Boettger was in-
correctly given.

PUPOIDENS LARDEUS (Pfr.). Page 126.

Lieut.-Col. A. J. Peile, who collected lardeus in Bombay

238 APPENDIX, VOL. XXVI.

Island, writes that he is " disposed to believe it distinct from
coenopictus, as the Bombay specimens are all alike. In pick-
ing over some shell sand from Karachi beach, however, I found
an apparently mixed race, varying much in size." These
may have been washed together from several colonies.

Page 158, line 8: In place of "Three-tooth mutations"
read "Four tooth-mutations."

PUPILLA BLANDI mut. alba (CklL). Page 160.

Shell white. Ouster Co., Colorado (T. D. A. Cockerell,
Science Gossip, xxiv, Nov. 1888, p. 257).

PUPILLA CUPA TURCMENIA Bttg. Page 188.

The first two paragraphs on p. 188 should follow the ac-
count of P. c. turcmenw, having been transposed above it
accidentally.

OP UNCERTAIN POSITION.

PUPA LAMARCKII Audouin. PL 24, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Known only by Savigny's figures, here reproduced photo-
graphically, which represent a short shell with expanded lip
and a carina on the last whorl. The latter looks like the re-
mains of a whorl which has been broken away, the animal
afterward forming a lip at the limit of the breach. I have
seen such specimens; and I suspect that it is a pathologic
Pupilla. The length as indicated on the plate is 2.8 mm. Pre-
sumably from Egypt.

Pupa lama-rcldi AUDOUIN, in Descript. de 1'Egypte, xxii,
1826, p. 161; referring to Savigny's figures in the same
work, Hist. Nat., Zoologie, ii, Coquilles, pi. 2, f. 1. — Bnlimus
lamarckii Aud., ISSEL, Malac. Mar Russo, 1869, p. 321.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Except where stated otherwise, the specimens figured are in the Museum
of the Academy of Natural Sciences and were drawn by Miss Helen Win-
chester. With few exceptions, the borrowed figures have been reproduced
photographically.

FIGURE PLATE 1. PAGE

1. Pronesopupa sericata C. & P. Puhonua, Hawaii.

11035BM 17

2. Pronesopupa lymaniaua C. & P. Olaa, Hawaii. 12576

BM. ..": is

3. Pronesopupa f. corticicola C. & P. Puunianiau, Maui.

11034BM 14

4. Pronesopupa frondicola C. & P. Aiuahou, Maui.

11033BM 13

5. Pronesopupa molokaiensis C. & P. Kawela, Molokai.

41806BM 15

6. Pronesopupa incerta C. & P. Halemauu, Kauai.

15407BM 16

7. Pronesopupa acanthinula Anc., lectotype. Makiki,

Oahu. 12509

8. 9. Pronesopupa senex Iredale. After Iredale 1

10. Pronesopupa orycta C. & P. Palihoukapapa. 11036

BM 18

11. Pronesopupa b. spinigera C. & P. Luakaha, Nuuanu.

11031BM 10

12. Pronesopupa hystricella C. & P. Hilo, Hawaii.

11032BM 7

13. Pronesopupa admodesta Migh. Luakaha, Nuuanu.

11029BM 11

14. 15. " Ennea " insulsa Preston. After Preston . . . 229

16. Ennea iusulsa (== Gastrocopta klunzingeri Jick.). B.

Walker coll 229

17. Pronesopupa boettgeri C. & P. Tantalus, Oahu.

11030BM 8

(239)

240 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 2.

1. 5. Pupisoma orciila Bs. Kyoto. 87625

2. Pupisoma orcula Bs. Maritzburg. 104191 31

3. Pupisoma philippinensis Mlldff. Cebu

4. Pupisoma philippinensis Mlldff. Bohol. 96538

6. Pupisoma steudneri Jick. After Jickeli 35

7. 10. Pupisoma lignicola Stol. Moulmein. 62168 23

8, 9. Pupisoma evezardi Blanf. W. Ghats. 100456 24

11, 12. Pupisoma japonicum Pils. Type. 82974 25

13. Pupisoma japonicum depressum Pils. Type. 89993. 26

PLATE 3.

1-3. Pupisoma miceyla Bs. After Godwin-Austen 26

4. Pupisoma cacharicum G.-A. After Godwin-Austen . . 29

5, 6. Pupisoma orcella Stol. After Stoliczka 29

7. Pupisoma orcella Stol. Penang. 62167 29

8-10. Pupisoma constrictum G.-A. After Godwin-Austen. 28

11. Pupisoma longstaffi G.-A. After Godwin-Austen ... 27

12. Pupisoma hueense Watt. J. de Conch

13. Pupisoma vimontiana Crosse. J. de Couch 35

14-16. Pupisoma circumlitum Hedl. After Hedley 34

PLATE 4.

1, 2. Pupisoma dioscoricola C. B. Ad. Moiitego Bay.

104395 36

3, 4. Pnpisoma dioscoricola C. B. Ad. San Carlos Bay,

Fla. 106310 36

5. Pupisoma dioscoricola C. B. Ad. (cteca Guppy, ex auct.) .

12160 36

6. Pupisoma d. insigne Pils. Hidalgo, Teras. 10953 . . .

7. Pupisoma d. insigne Pils. Brownsville, Texas. 109013. 39

8. Pupisoma d. insigne Pils. Demerara. 28268 39

9. 11. Pupisoma minus Pils. Snapper Creek. 113399... 40

10. Pupisoma minus, var. Crystal River. 91242 40

12. Pupisoma uiichoacanense Pils. 77119 40

13, 14. Pupisoma punctum (= dioscoricola) . Biol. Centr.

Am 39

15. Pupisoma macneilli Clapp. Cotype. Magazine Pt.,

Ala 41

16, 17. Pupisoma mediamericanum Pils. Cotypes. 45727. 42

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 241

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 5.

1-3. Cyliudrovertilla kingi Cox. Vancluse Pt. 115529.. 44

4, 10. Cyliudrovertilla hedleyi Pils. Type. 115531 46

5. Cylindrovertilla fabreaiia Cr. J. de Conch 47

6. Cylindrovertilla paitensis Cr. J. de Conch 48

7-9. Cylindrovertilla fabreaiia Cr. Anse Vata. 22919-20. 47

10. Cylindrovertilla hedleyi Pils. Type. 115531 46

11. Acmopupa subtilissima Al. Br. After Sandberger . . 101
12, 13. Cylindrovertilla fabreana Cr. Boyne I., Queens-
land. 115530 47

14. Negulus kenianus Prest. After Preston 103

15. Negulus obliquecostulatus Sm. After Smith 104

16-18. Negulus reinhardti Jick. After Jickeli 102

19-21. Negulus abyssinicus Jick. After Jickeli 103

PLATE 6.

1, 2. Sterkia eyriesi Drt. Cayenne. 114988 51

3, 6, 7. Sterkia rhoadsi Pils. Lee Co., Fla. 77034 52

4,5. Sterkia eyriesi Drt. After Drouet 51

8, 9. Sterkia antillensis Pils. Type. Vinales 53

10, 11. Sterkia antillensis, var. Mandeville. 101472 53

12-16. Vertigo hinkleyi Pils. Type and paratype 234

PLATE 7.

1, 3, 4. Sterkia calamitosa Pils. E. de Todos Santos. 82439. 57

2, Sterkia calamitosa Pils. S. Tomas E. 11602 57

5-7. Sterkia hemphilli St. Nr. Grantville. 82443 55

8, 11, 12. Sterkia hemphilli St. San Tomas R. 62364 ... 55

9. Sterkia Clementina St. Cotype. S. Clemente I. 45479. 54
10, 13. Sterkia Clementina (oldroydcc Van.). S. Barbara

I. 113844 54

PLATE 8.

1,11 1 r uncatellina linearis Lwe. Madeira. 5376 62

?. i runcatellina linearis Lwe. Canical. 97303 62

3, 4, 8. Truncatellina cylindrica Fer. France. 22872,

3908 65

5. Truncatellina himalayana Bens. Conch. Indica 71

6. Truncatellina laeviuscula Kiist. Conch. Cabinet 68

7. Pupa muscorum var. dentiens Moq. Moll. France .... 74

8. Truncatellina cylindrica Fer. France. 3908 65

9. Tnmcatellina himalayana Bens. Simla. 117137 71

242 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

10. Tmncatellina rivierana Bens. France. 22871 71

11, 12. TruncateUina rivierana S. Tirol. 115002 71

13. 14. Tmncatellina r. brittanica Pils. Type. 109423.. 77

15.16. Tmncatellina striata Gredl. (=monodon). After

Gredler 82

17, 18. TruncateUina costulata Nils. Sweden. 5048 ... 78

19, 20. Tmncatellina niouodon Held. Tyrol. 115006 ... 82

PLATE 9.

1-5. Tmncatellina similis Jickeli. After Jickeli 88

6-9. Tmncatellina lardea Jickeli. After Jickeli 86

10-13. Tmncatellina blaufordi Jickeli. After Jickeli 89

14-18. Tmncatellina schilleri Jickeli. After Jickeli .... 87

19, 20. TruncateUina mutandaensis Prest. After Preston. 90

21. Tmiicatellina naivashaensis Prest. After Preston . . 89

22. Pupa haploa M. & P. After Melvill and Ponsonby . . 100

23. Pupa psychion M. & P. After Melvill and Ponsonby. 100

24. 25. Tmncatellina perplexa Bnp. After Burnup .... 91
26, 27. Tmncatellina insulivaga Pils. 87624, 89898 84

PLATE 10.

1-3. Trancatellina pretoriensis M. & P. Pretoria. 106498. 92

4. Truncatellina dysorata M. & P. After Burnup 94

5. Tmncatellina quantula M. & P. After Burnup 95

6. TruncateUina iota M. & P. After Burnup 95

7. TruncateUina iota M. & P. Pretoria. 106500 95

8. 9, 10. Tmncatellina iota livingstonas Bnp. 117272-3 . . 97

11. Truncatellina sykesi M. & P. After Burnup 97

12. Truncatellina s. inconspicua Bnp. After Burnup. . . 98

13. Truncatellina pentheri (== sykesi). After Sturany. . 98

14.15. Truncatellina sykesi M. & P. Game Pass. 117271. 97

16. 17. Truncatellina sykesi var. Cradock. 117274 98

PLATE 11.

1, 2. Tmncatellina claustralis Gredl. After Gredler ... 79

3, 4. Truncatellina c. opisthodon Reinh. 78388

5. Truncatellina c. clavella Reinh. After Reinhardt .... 81

6. Truncatellina c. salurnensis Reinh. After Reinhardt. . 80

7. "Pupa" battagliensis De Greg. After De Gregorio. . 76

8. P. m. var. ortonensis De Greg. After De Gregorio. . . 76

9. P. m. var. abaneusis De Greg. After De Gregorio. ... 76
10-12. Pupoides paradesii Orb. After d'Orbigny 120

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 243

FIGURE PAGE

13. Vertigo pupaeformis Poll. After Pollonera.

Vol. XXV, p. 37&

14. Pupoides chordatus Pfr. 22958 119

15. Pupoides chordatus Pfr. After Pfeiffer 119

16, 17. Microcerion floridanum Dall. After Ball 151

18, 19. Pupoides paradesii (limensis). Lima. 22957 120

PLATE 12.

1. Pupoides marginatus Say. Philadelphia. 79047 .... 131

2. 3. Pupoides marginatus. Washington Co., S. D.

110974 ^ 111

4. Pupoides marginatus. Nr. Quartzsite, Ariz. 95035 . . Ill

5. Pupoides marginatus. Nr. Valley Head, Ala. 90971.. Ill

6. 7. Pupoides marginatus. Cienfuegos Bay, Cuba Ill

8. Pupoides simoni Jouss. After Jousseaume 1 14

9, 16. Pupoides m. nitidulus Pfr. W. side Matanzas Bay.

46017 113

10. Pupoides inornatus Van. White River, S. D. 110977. 118

11. Pupoides hordaceus Gabb. Near Las Vegas, N. M.

78890 116

12. Pupoides hordaceus Gabb. Near Adamana, Ariz.

45822 116

13, 14, 15. Pupoides modicus Gld. Key West. 100092 . . 115

16. Pupoides m. nitidulus Pfr. W. side Matanzas Bay. . 113

PLATE 13.

1, 2. Pupoides cosnopictus (Hutt.). Bombay 123

3. Pupoides coenop ictus (Hutt.). Havana. 22953 123

4. Pupoides c. lardeus (Pfr.). Porto Rico. 22954 126

5. 6. Pupoides astierianus (Dup.). After Dupuy 126

7. Pupoides cerealis (Palad.). After Paladilhe ". 132

8. Pupoides samavaensis Pal. After Paladilhe 127

9. Pupoides lardeus (Pfr.). India, 22907 126

10, 11. Pupoides samavaensis Pal. Bombay. 22905 .... 127

12. Pupoides lardeus (Pfr.). After Kuester 126

13. Pupoides c. senegalensis (Mor.). Goree. 78392 136

14. Pupoides c. senegalensis (Mor.). Bakel 136

15. Pupoides vermiformis (Palad.). After Paladilhe. .. 129

16. 17. Pupoides tutulus (Bens.). After Kuester 122

18. Pupoides tutulus (Bens.). After Reeve ... 122

244 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

PLATE 14.

1,2. Pupoides senaariensis (Pfr.). After Jickeli 131

3, 4. Pupoides aethiopicus (Bgt.). After Jickeli

5. Pupoides mimisculus (Mor.). After Morelet

6. Pupoides chanlerensis (Prest.). After Preston 135

7. Leucochiloides soror Prest, (= ccenopictus) . After

Preston 125

8. Pupoides gaziensis (Prest.). After Preston

9. Pupoides consanguineus (Prest.). After Preston 35

10,11. Pupoides ealaharicus (Bttg.). After Boettger. . . 138
12, 13, 16. Microstele noltei (Bttg.). Klip. Connolly coll. 150
14, 15. Microstele noltei (Bttg.). After Boettger L50

17. Microstele oblonga (Bttg.). After Boettger ... 149

18. Microstele iredalei (Prest.). After Preston

19,20. Microstele uiuscerda (Bs.). Ceylon. 22906 148

PLATE 15.

1,2. Pupoides adelaidae (A. & A.). Pt. Lincoln. 62964.140
3, 4. Pupoides ischnus (Tate). Palm Creek. 72484 146

5, 7, 8. Pupoides beltianus (Tate) . 72477 145

6. Pupoides myopo rinse (Tate). After Tate 146

9, 10. Pupoides eremieola (= contrarius). 72486

11. Pupoides pacificus (Pfr.). After Kuester 141

12, 13. Pupoides pacificus. Narrabri. 62282, 63247. ... 141

14. Pupoides pacificus. Forrest River. 115534 141

15. Pupoides pa.cificus. Mapoon. 115535 141

PLATE 16.

I, 2. Pupilla fontaua (Krauss). Heidelberg 207

3. Pupilla fontana, Kroomstadt 207

4. Pupilla fontana. Bloemlontein 207

5. 6, 7. Pupilla fontana. Port Elizabeth. Fig. 5 is the

albini&tic mutation eUzabethensis. 65782 . . .211, 213

8. Pupilla fontana. Pienaar's Poort. 406483 207

9. P. omicronaria M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. &

Pons 212

10. P. kerea M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. & Pons. 212

II. P. charybdica M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. &

Pons 213

12 P. amphodou M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. &

Pons 213

13 P. frustillum M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. &

Pons. 213

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 245

FIGURE PAGK

14. P. custoclita M. & P. (= fontana). After Melv. &

Pons 212

15. P. fontana Kr. After Jickeli 207

16. P. fontana, v. globulosa Bgt. After Jickeli 209

17. 18, 19. P. fontana Krauss. After Krausa 207

20. Pupilla fontana. Pieuaar's Poort. 106483 207

21, 22. Pupilla fontana. Cradock. 117279 207

23. P. endoplax M. & P. After Melv. & Pons 214

PLATE 17.

1. Pupoides m. nitidulus (Pfr.). 46017 113

2. Pupoidopsis hawaiensis P. & C. Kaelepulu 107

3. Pupoides soror (Prest.). 41591 B. Walker coll 125

4. Pupoides chaulerensis (Prest.). 41592 B. Walker coll. 135

5. 6. Pupoides dorise (Issel). After Issel 122

7. Microstele iredalei (Prest.). 41593 B. Walker coll... 148

8. Pupoides calaharicus (Bttg.). 47256 138

9. Pupilla tetroclus (Bttg.). Coega. 114969 216

10, 11. Pupilla tetrodus (Bttg.). Cradock. 117280 216

12. 13. Pupilla pupula (Dh.). 64103 214

14, 15, 16. Pupilla tetrodus (Bttg.). After Boettger ... 216

17, 18. Pupilla pupula (Dh.). After Deshayes 214

PLATE 18.

1. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Lander Co., Nev. 119515 .... 1.64

2, 3. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Bill Williams Mt., Ariz.

103281 184

4. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Rucker canyon, Chiricahuas.

97501 164

5, 6, 7. Pupilla hebes nefas P. & F. Bear Wallow, Sac-

ramento Mts. 109692 166

8. Pupilla hebes nefas. Spud Rock, Rineons. 119101... 166

9. Pupilla syngenes (Pils.). Type. Arizona, 59185 ... 137

10. Pupilla syngenes. Kaibab Saddle, Arizona. 103286. 167

11. Pupilla syngenes, mut. nivea P. Black Mesa. 45853. 169

12. Pupilla muscorum L. Rochester, N. Y. 128062 156

13. 14. Pupilla muscorum. Thomaston, Me. 91537 156

15, 16. Pupilla muscorum. Mt. Desert, Me. 85673 .... 156

PLATE 19.

1, 2, 3. Pupilla blandi Mse. Ft. Berthold. 4487 . 159

4, 5. Pupilla blandi. Near Salt Lake City. 11593 159

246 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

6, 7. Pupilla b. pithodes P. & F. Type. Black Mia., N.

M. 115361 161

8, 9. Pupilla b. charlestonensis P. Type. 115215 163

10, 12, 13. Pupilla sonorana (St.). Cloudcroft, N. M.

83351 163

11. Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. Duran, N. M. Type.

104005 158

14. Pupilla muscorum var. White Oaks, N. M. 78721. . 158

15. Pupilla sonorana (St.). White Oaks, N. M. 78720.. 163

16. 17. Pupilla sterkiana (Pils.) . 60466 156

18,19. Pupilla hebes (P. m. idahoensis H. & D.). St.

Charles, Idaho 166

PLATE 20.

1,2. Pupilla muscorum (L.). Hunstanton, England. 66915. 173

3, 4. Pupilla muscorum. Pensarm, N. Wales. 109431 . . . 173

5, 6, 7. Pupilla muscoram. Calvados. 22704 173

8. Pupilla muscorum mut. abbreviata Cl. After Clessin. 178

9. Pupilla muscorum mut. pratensis Cl. After Clessin . . . 178

10. Pupilla muscorum mut. elongata Cl. After Clessiu. . 178

11. Vertigo eumicra Bgt. After Bourguiguat 233

12. 13. Pupilla muscorum inops Reinh. After Reinhardt. 180
14, 15. Pupilla m. gabrielensis de Greg. After Benoit. . . 181
16, 17. Pupilla m. masclaryana Pal. After Paladilhe. . . . 176
18,19. Pupilla aucapitainiana Bgt. After Bourguignat. . 181

20. Pupilla m. glis West. After Dean & Tomlin 177

21. Vertigo eumicra Bgt. After Clessin 234

22,23. Pupilla bigranata (Urn.). After Rossnmessler .. 182

24. Pupilla neumeyeri (Kuester). After Kuester 188

PLATE 21.

I, 2. Pupilla signata (Mas.). Turkestan. 78397 194

3. Pupilla cristata Mts. (= signata). After v. Martens. . 195

4. Pupilla antinorii (Palad.). After Paladilhe 193

5. 6, 7, 8. Pupilla interrupta Reinh. After Reinhardt . . 198

5a. Pupilla interrupta. Profile of parietal lamella 196

9, 10. Pupilla poltavica Bttg. After Boettger 197

I 1. Pupilla triplicata (Stud.). Switzerland. 22721 ... 189
12, 13. Pupilla triplicata. Mt. Roland (Jura). 22719 . . 189

14, 15. Pupilla saxetana Piaget. After Piaget 183

16, 17. Pupilla alpicola Ch. After Charpentier 183l

18. Pupilla alpicola Charp. After Piaget 183

EXPLANATION OP PLATES. 247

FIGURE PAGE

19, 20. Pupilla triplicata luxurians Reinh. After Bein-

hardt 192

21, 22. Pupilla madida. After Kobelt 184

PLATE 22.

1, Pupilla heudeana Mlldff. Huai-ngou-fu. 64104 200

2, 3. Pupilla heudeana. Shan-hai. 94749 200

4, 5. Pupilla heudeana. Mikage, Settsu. 89900 200

6, 7. Pupilla aeoli terra P. Gansu. 117141 199

8, 9. Pupilla signata Andreae (=>heudeana grandis Mlldff.) .

After Andreae 202

10, 11, 12. Pupilla annandalei Pils. Type. Indian Mu-
seum 202

13. Pupilla aeoli Hilber. After Hilber 199

14. Pupilla ehinensis Hilber. After Hilber 198

15. Pupilla richthofeni Hilber. After Hilber 198

16, 17. Pupilla armeniaca Issel. After Issel 193

18. Pupilla ( ?) diopsis Bens. After Hanley & Theobald. 205

19. Pupilla ( T) seriola Bens. After Hanley & Theobald. 204

20. Pupilla eurina Bens. After Hanley & Theobald 203

PLATE 23.

1, 2. Pupilla cupa (Jan). After Kuester 185

3, 4. Pupilla cupa (Jan). After Kobelt 185

5, Pupilla sterri (=cupa). After Kuester 187

6, 7. Pupilla c. turcmenia Bttg. After Andreae 188

8, 9. Pupilla e. turcmenia Bttg. After Boettger 188

10. Pupilla aridula (= cupa) . After Kuester 187

11, 12. Pupilla gorgonica Dohrn. 64092 206

13, 14. Pupilla australis Angas. 115532 218

15, 16. Pupilla australis. Sinus Cove. 115533 218, 220

17, 19. Pupilla australis. 78400 218

18. Pupilla tasmanica Johnst. (== P. australis). After

Johnston 221

19. Pupilla australis. 78400 218

20. 21. Pupilla ficulnea Tate. 72482 221

22. Pupa scottii Braz. Type, drawn by Hedley 222

PLATE 24.

1, 2, 3. Sterkia bakeri Pils. Type 236

4,5. Gastrocopta moreletiana (Gras.). After Grasset .. 228

6,7. Gastrocopta mooreana (Sm.). Paratype. 128359.. 230

8, 9, 10. "Pupa" lamarckii Aud. After Savigny 238

248 EXPLANATION OP PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE

11, 12, 13. Gyliauchen australis (Ohdner). After Ohdner. 232

14. Boysia boysii (Pfr.). After Kuester 226

15, 16, 17. Boysia boysii. Spec, in Indian Museum 226

DATES OF ISSUE OF THE PARTS OF VOLUME XXVI.

Part 101, pages 1-64, plates 1-8. December 23, 1920.
Part 102, pages 65-128, plates 9-13. May 13, 1921.
Part 103, pages 129-192, plates 14-18. August 4, 1921.
Part 104, pages 193-254, plates 19-24. November, 1921.

LU LIE

INDEX

abanensis De Greg

abbreviata Ulic

abessymca Bttg

ABIDA

abyssinicus Eeinh

acanthinula Anc

ACMOPUPA Bttg

acnminata Kl

adelaidse A. & A

admodesta Migh

aeoli Hilb

aethiopicus Bgt

AFRIPUPILLA Pils. . . . 153,

ALACA C. R. Bttg

alba Baldw

albaCkll

albescens Ferr

albilabris Ad

albinaBttg 194,

albina Mke

allogyra West

alpicola Ch

americanum Mlldff

amphidon M. & P

angustata Mss

annandalei Pils

anodon Dh

ANOSTOMELLA Mts

antillensis Pils

antinorii Pal

aridula Held

armeniaca Issel

arizonensis Binn

arizonensis Gabb

ascaniensis Schm

asiatica Mlldff.

ns

103

232

103

5

101
231
140

11
199
132
215
233
174
238
166
112
197
178

79
183

39
213

66
202
106
226

53
193
186
193
116
112

79

179

astierianus Dup 126

atomus Sh 63

aucapitainiana Bgt 181

australis Ang 218

australis Odh 232

avus P. & F 171

B

badia Ad 157

bakeri Pils 236

battagliensis de Greg. ... 76

bawriensis Tayl 134

beltianus Tate 145

bensoni Pfr 227

bibaca Kim 191

bidentata C. Pfr 176

bidentata West

bigranata Rm 182

blainvilleana Dup 223

blandi Mse 159

blanfordi Jick 89

bleicheri Pal 105

boettgeri C. & P 8

BOYSIA Pfr 225

boysii Pfr 226

brevis Baud 178

brittanica Pils 77

BULIMUS 238

C

cacharicum G.-A 29

cseca Guppy 37, 38

calaharieus Bttg 138

calamitosa Pils 57

callicratis Scac 75

capillacea Kstr 69

(249)

250

INDEX.

capitani Morg 231

carpathica Kim 187

caucasica Bttg 180

cerealis Pal 132

charilerensis Prest 135

charlestonensis Pils. . . . 163

charybdica M. & P 213

chinensis Hilb 198

chordatus Pfr 119

choroata Schauf 119

circumlitum Hedl 34

claustralis Gredl 79

clavella Reinh 81

Clementina St 54

coenopietus Hutt 123

colombiana Pils 228

consanguineus Prest. . . . 135

conspectus Hutt 138

constrictum G.-A 28

contrarius Sm 144

corcyrensis Bttg 81

corticicola C. & P 14

costulata Nils 78

CRATICULA Lowe 233

cristata Marts 195

crossei Mich 105

cryptodon Hde 200

cryptodus Brn 60

cupa Jan 185

cupella Bttg 223

curta Loc 236

custodita M. & P 212

cyclostoma West 195

cylindrata Bttg 180

cylindrica Fer 65, 236

cylindrica Mss 195

Cylindrovertilla Pils. . . 43

D

debilis West 195

dentiens Moq 74

depressum Pils 26

dextroversa P. & V 169

diecki Gredl 196

dinii De Stef. 74

diopsis Bens 205

dioscoricola C. B. Ad. 36, 235

diploos Bens 205

doriae Issel 122

doumeti Let. & Bgt 68

douvillei Morg 235

dysorata M. & P 94

dysorota Stur 94

E

ectina Bgt 225

edentata West 190

edentula Dh 104

edentula Moq 175

EDENTULOPUPA C. & P.. . 11

edwardsi Dollf 232

elgonensis Prest. ...... 90

elizabethensis M. & P. 211, 213

elongata Cl 178

emigrata West 187

endoplax M. & P 214

ENNEA 90

ereniicola Tate 144

esinensis Pini 191

eumeces Bttg 223

eumicra Bgt 233

euphraticus Bgt 128

eurina Bens 203

evezardi Blanf 24, 235

exiguus Rve 112

eyriesii Drt 51

F

fabianus Gredl 133

fabreana Cr 47

fallax Say Ill

ficulnea Tate 221

floridanum Ball 151

fontana Krs 207

francofurtanus G. & W. . 105

frondicola C. & P 13

frustillum M. & P 213

G

gabbiDall 116

INDEX.

251

gabrielensis De Greg. . . 181

GASTROCOPTA 228

gaziensis Prest 135

gemmula Bs 137

genesii Gredl 173

glis West 176, 177

globulosa Bgt. 209

gorgonica Dhn 208

gracilis G. & W 105

grandis Mlldff 201

gredleri Reinh 81

GYLIAUCHEN Pils 232

H

halleriana Ch 185

haploa M. & P 100

hawaiensis P. & C 107

hebes Anc 164

hedleyi Pils 46

hemphilli St 55

heudeana Mlldff 200

himalayana Bs 71

hinkleyi Pils 234

honesta West 184

hordaceus Gabb 116

hordeacea Binn 116

hueense Watt 33

Hypoma Pfr 225

Hypostoma Alb 225

Hypostrema Pfr 225

Hypotrema Mts 225

Hypselostoma 232

hystricella C. & P 7

idahoensis H. & D 166

impressa Sandb 223

incerta C. & P 16

iiiconspicua Bnp 98

inops Beinh 180

inornata Mich 225

inornatus Van 118

insigne Pils 39

insulivaga P. & H 84

insulsa Prest. 230

interrupta Reinh 196

intradentata Bnp 93

iota M. & P 95

iratiaua Dup 224

irati Dollf 224

iredalei Prest 148

ischnus Tate 146

Isthmia Reinh 58

Istmia Paetel . 58

japouicum Pils 25

Jothmia auct 58

K

kaibabensis P. & F 168

keuianus Prest 103

keraea M. & P 212

kingiCox 44,238

kingsi Cox 238

klunziugeri Jick 229

kursiensis Bgt 130

kuschakewitzi Mts. 173

laeviuscula Kstr 68

laevis Al. Brn 60

lamarckii And 238

lardea Jick 86

lardeus Pfr 126

lardeus Pfr 126, 237

larteti Bgt 231

lauberi Bttg 223

Laurinetta Hesse 58

lentilii Mill 60

lepidula A. & A 142, 144

Leiicochila v. Mts 108

Leucochiloides Pfr 108

lignicola Stol 23

limensis Phil 120

lincolnensis Cox 219

lincolniensis Cox 219

linearis Lowe 62

lineolatus Al. Brn 105

tiyingstonae Bnp 97

252

INDEX.

lormiickii Fried 224

longstaffi G.-A 27

lundstromi West 179

luxurians Reinh 192

lymaniana C. & P 18

M

macneilli Clapp 41

madida Gredl 183, 184

madiola West 183

maharasicus Bgt 128

major Loc 236

marebiensis Bgt 129

marginata Drap 158, 175

marginatus Say Ill

marias Morg 148

masclaryana Pal. . . .158, 175

masters! Cox 45, 46

maxima Bttg 223

mediamericanum Pils. . . 42

METASTERKIA Pils 50

mexicanomm Ckll 116

iniccyla Bs 26

michaudi Wenz 225

michoacanense Pils 40

MICROCERION Dall 151

MICROSTELE Bttg 147

micula Mss 70

milaschevitschi Liiid. . . . 179

minor Loc 236

minor West 178

minusculus Mss 139

minus Pils 40

minuta Stud 73

minutissima Hartm. ... 66, 73

minutula Cl 60

rniocffina Cl 60

in. lomnickii Fried 224

modicus Gld 115

molecula Dhn. 63

molokaiensis C. & P. ... 15

monodon Biz 191

monodon Held 82

monodonta Poll 74

mooreana Sm. 230

moreletiana Grass 228

muscerda Bs 148

muscorum Drap 66

muscorum L 156, 173

mutandaensis Prest. ... 90

mystica Pils 72

myoporinre Tate 146

N

naivashaensis Prest. ... 89

nefas P. & F 166

NEGULUS Bttg 101

nelsoni Cox 219, 220

neumeyeri Kstr . 188

nitidulus Pfr 113

nivea Pils 169

nodosaria Stef 75

noltei Bttg 150

normalis Beck 174

nouletiana Dup 231

nouleti Dollf 231

O

obliquicostulatus Sm. . . . 104

oblonga Bttg 149

obscura Mss 67

obtusa Ckll 160, 161

odontostoma West 78

oldroydee Van 55

omicronaria M. & P 212

opisthodon Reinh 81

orcella Stol 29

orcula Bs 31

ortonensis De Greg 76

oryeta C. & P 18

oviformis Schlosser 232

pacificus Pfr 141

paitensis Cr 48

palasa Bgt 225

palangula Boissy 106

paredesii Orb 120

parraiana Orb 113

INDEX.

253

parvula Mss 192

pentheri Stur 98

perlabiata G. & W 224

perplexa Bnp 91

philippinicuin Mlldff. . . 33

pilsbryi Ball 109

pithodes P. & F 161

poltavica Bttg 197

poutileviensis Morg. . . . 235

poupillieri Bgt 173

pratensis Cl 178, 183

pretoriensis M. & P 92

PRIMIPUPILLA Pils. . . 153, 192

procera Wenz 231

PRONESOPUPA Ire 1

psichion M. & P 100

PTYCHOPATULA Pils. . . 19, 22

pulvisculum Iss 30

punctum Morel 37, 39

pupffiformis Poll 233

PUPILLA Leach 152

PUPILLIN/E 106

PUPISOMA Stol 19, 235

PUPOIDES Pfr 108

PUPOIDOPSIS P. & C 106

pupiila Desh 214

pupula Held 74

pusillima Forst 237

pusillima Zgl 74

putillus Sh 136, 137

pyrenaica West 190

Q

<|uadrigranata Brn 223

quadriplicata Brn 231

quantula M. & P 95

R

raffrayi Bgt 209

ragius Jouss 130

rahti Brn 224

ramsayi Cox 141

raricosta Slav 105

reboudi Bgt 132

reinhardti Jick. 102 i

retusa Brn 224

retusa Bttg 223

reussii Stol 228

rhoadsi Pils 52

richthofeni Hilb 198

rivierana Bs 71

roberti Morg 235

rothi Beinh 69

S

saliniensis Loc 181

salon eusis Jick 87

salurneiisis Reinh 80

samavaensis Pal 127

saxetana Piag 183

saxicola Ckll 118

scharffi Bttg 237

schilleri Jick 87

schlosseri Wenz 232

schrankii Roth 82

scotti Braz 222

selecta Thorn 223

senegalensis Mor 136

senex Ired 1

sennaariensis Pfr 131

sennaricus Bgt 131

sericata C. & P 17

SERICIPUPA C. & P 13

seriola Bens 204

signata Mouss 194

simii Stef 75

si mills Jick 88

simoni Jouss 114

simplaria Pse 2

simplex Loc 175

sinistrorsa Crav 216

sinistrorsum Baldw. 174, 178

sinistrorsus Tate 146

sitella Keust 62

souorana St 163

soror Prest 125

splendidula Saudb 60

spinigera C. & P 10

staszicii Lorn 224

steerii Kstr. 186

254

INDEX.

steinheimensis Mill 224

sterkiana Pils 156

STERKIA Pils 49, 238

sterri Voith 186

steudneri Jick 35

striata Gredl 82

striatissa Gredl 191

STRIOPUPILLA Pils 153

strobeli Gredl 72, 73

STROPHOSTOMA 226

subalutacea Woll 206

sublaevigata Pfr 68

sublineolatus Bttg 105

sublubrica Anc 162

submuscorum G. & W. . . 224

suboviformis Bttg 192

subtilissima Al. Brn. . . . 101

suevica G. & W 224

suprema Bttg 223

suturalis Sandb 104

sykesi M. & P 97

syngenes Pils 167

T

tardiana West 190

tardyana Bgt 190

tasmanica Johnst. . . . 219, 221

tenella St 164

terrae Pils 199

tetrodus Bttg 216

thaumasta M. & P 216

Torquatella Held 152

transsilvanica Kim 181

tridentalis Mich 190

tridentata Jeffr 176

tridentata West. 190

triplicata Bgt 72

triplicata Stud 189

TRUNCATELLINA Lowe 58, 236

turcmenia Bttg 188, 238

turkestanica West 187

turonica Morg 235

turrita Mke 112

tutulus Rve 122

U

ulmensis Wenz 232

uniarmata Kstr 83

unidentata C. Pfr 175

unidentata G.-A 235

unidentata Stud 83

unidentata West 190

V

ventricosa Loc 236

vermiforniis Pal 129

VERTIGININ^E 233

VERTIGO Mull 233

villafranchianus Sacco . . 105

vimontianum Cr 35

W

wenziana Pils 231

wenzi Fisch. 147

xerobia Pils 157, 158

Z

zanellia Testa 72

zanguebaricus Tayl. . . . 134

PUPILLID^E

PLATE 19

i»

12

I

16

.

7

10

13

,

17

•b

5

"
8

11

14

•(

18

,.-

.,:
9

15

19

PUPILLID^

PLATE 2O

23

24

PUPILLIDjE

PLATE 21

4

{

~~^

9

1

19

rl-

12

11

•

16

f •

17

20

'

3

I

v

13

22

PUPILLIDjE

PLATE 22

4

15

14

18

19

PUPILLID-ffi

PLATE 23

11

12

16

8

i

9

13

15

'17

19

*-

21

22

PUPILLID/E

PLATE 24

^^MP^

14

£

8

10

15

16

17

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL, CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLTJSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL

SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Part

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL

SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

112 P<ain.

Part

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

OF

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY. Sc.D., •

SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA," ACADEMY OF NATURAL

SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

Part

103 P.ain.

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MANUAL

CONCHOLOGY

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES

FOUNDED BY

GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONTINUED BY

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Sc.D.,

SPECIAL CURATOR DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL

SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

104 P.ain

Part

PHILADELPHIA :

PUBLISHED BY THE CONCHOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.