Manual of conchology, structural and systematic : with illustrations of the species

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CONCHOLOGY:

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES,

By GEORGE W. TRYON, JR.

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF TIN ACADEMY OF NATURAL
SCIENCES OF PHILA DELPIIA.

Sn PW
_ NASSIDA, TURBINELLIDA, VOLUTIDA, MITRIDZ.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Author, /%’

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Cor. ISTH & RACE STs,

1882.

BG

THe Fourth Volume of the Manual of Conchology contains
monographs of four important families, embracing genera of
which many representatives are included in the cabinet of every
collector of marine shells. It is hoped that it will be found
useful in facilitating the identification of specimens, as well as
in correcting the hitherto very confused synonymy.

The kind offices of many correspondents in furnishing speci-
mens (particularly unfigured types), drawings and information
concerning the species, are again gratefully acknowledged ; and
I am equally indebted to others for their endeavors to promote
the sale of the Manual. I shall endeavor to deserve and recom-
pense this active interest in behalf of the work by making it
as thorough as circumstances will permit.

GoW Es. PR:
January, 1882.

The Almighty Maker has throughout
Discriminated each from each, by strokes
And touches of his hand with so much art
Diversified, that two were never found
Twins at all points.
COWVER.

To ask or search I blame thee not; for Nature

Is as the book of God before thee set,

Wherein to read his wondrous works.

But what created mind can comprehend

Their number, or the wisdom infinite

That brought them forth, but hid their causes deep. — +

MIL'ron.

MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

Family NASSID AL.

Shell ovate, spire usually elongated, base of aperture a notch
or short recurved canal, inner lip usually callous. Operculum
corneous, ovate, nucleus apical, margins plain or serrated.
Animal having two small processes or tails at its posterior
extremity. Lingual teeth arched, pectinated; the uncini with a
basal horn, and oceasionally intermediate serrations: the denti-
tion is Mastrated on Plate 3.

A few fossil species are known, commencing with the Eocene.

Synopsis of Genera.

NORTHIA, Gray. Shell elongated, turrited, polished ; spire elevated,
acuminated, whorls depressed and sloping at their upper part; aperture
shorter than the spire ; outer lip with the margin serrated. Dentition
unknown.

TRUNCARIA, Ads. and Reeve. Shell acuminately oblong, thick ; suture
of the spire channelled ; aperture anteriorly dilated, posteriorly sub-
emarginated ; Golamelies arcuated, abruptly truncated in front, with a
single anterior fold. Dentition caer.

BULLIA, Gray. Shell ovate or turrited ; spire more or less acuminated,
sutures enamelled ; inner lip excavated in the middle, callous poster-
iorly ; aperture oval, moderate. Operculum fusiform, nucleus apical.
Dentition, Pl. 3, fig. 20.

Subgenus Buccinanors, d’Orb. Shell with the whorls somewhat angu-
lated, and with a rounded or nodulous band next the sutures.

Subgenus PsEupostromBus, Klein.. Shell elongated, smooth, without
epidermis, last whorl ventricose; spire acuminate; aperture ovate,
columella-arched, smooth or transversely striated, outer lip thin. No
enamel round the sutures. Dentition, Pl. 3, fig. 21.

.

6 , NASSID®.

Subgenus Apinus, H. and A. Adams. Shell subulate, spirally striated ;
columella abruptly truncated at base ; inner lip corrugated, with a
callosity at hind part ; outer lip grooved internally, externally margin-
ated.

NASSA, Lam. Shell ovate, ventricose, body whorl variously sculptured ;
aperture ovate, with a short, reflected, truncated, anterior canal ;
inner lip smooth, often widely spread over with enamel, with a posterior
callosity or blunt dentiform plait; outer lip dentated, internally
crenulated. Margin of operculum serrated or entire. Dentition, Pl. 5,
figs. 22 to 25.*

The following “subgenera” may be retained as convenient
group designations, although the species, varying much in their
sculpture cannot always be positively assigned.

Subgenus ArcuLariA, Link. Body whorl gibbous on the back ; spire
produced ; callus of inner lip greatly extended and covering the spire.

Subgenus Nayvia, H. and A. Adams. Shell smooth; aperture with a
channel at the hind part continued up the spire.

Subgenus ALEcTRION, Montf. Spire elevated, whorls glabrous, polished
or papillary ; inner lip spreading; outer lip denticulate, not variced
externally,

Subgenus Zevxis, H. and A. Adams. Spire elevated, smoorh, or longi-
tudinally plicate, polished ; inner lip with the callus defined, or some-
what spreading; outer lip externally variced, sometimes dentate
anteriorly.+

Subgenus Acrcutina, H. and A. Adams. Shell turrited, polished, smooth
or longitudinally plicate: inner lip with the callus sharp, straight,
defined ; outer lip produced in the middle, variced externally.

Subgenus Puorontis, H. and A, Adams. Spire elevated, acuminate,
whorls ribbed or nodulose, distinctly shouldered ; inner lip smooth, with
an extended, thickened callus, outer lip with an external varix.

* Messrs. H. and A. Adams in their ‘‘Genera of Recent Mollusca,”’
have made a Genus Amycla in Columbellide, and included in it some
species which are decidedly Nassids ; the dentition of one of these errone-
onsly placed species, N. (Buce.) cornicula, Olivi (Pl. 3, fig. 24), has been
figured by Troschel as a type of that of the genus Amycla, —which he has
accordingly removed to Nassidz.

+ Nassoponta, H. Adams. Shell oval; spire short, last whorl sulcate
anteriorly ; aperture sinuated in front, canaliculate behind ; columella
callous, plicate anteriorly ; lip acute, thickened and dentate within, with
an anterior marginal denticulation. Operculum and animalunknown. I
have included the single species in Zeuzis.

NASSIDA, 7

Subgenus Hesra, H.and A. Adams. Whorlsspinoseymuricated or sharply
tubercular ; inner lip with the callus defined ; outer lip with a marginal
varix, when adult.

Subgeuus Hrma, Leach. Spire elevated, whorls c.uncellated ; inner lip
with a rugose callus, callus defined ; outer lip with a marginal varix.

Subgenus NrorHa, H. and A. Adams. Shell cassidiform; spire short,
whorls granulated or cancellated ; inner lip with the callus very large
and spreading ; outer lip crenate, not variced externally.

Subgenus Tritra, Risso. Spire elevated, whorls reticulated ; inner lip
smooth, with the callus moderate; outer lip simple, not variced.*

Subgenus Inyanassa, Stimpson. Shell dark olive brown, reticulated,
outer lip without varix, striate within, columella covered with a
spreading callus. Operculum with entire (not serrated) margin.
Animal having a broad foot, not bifurcated behind as in Nassa. Den-
tition, Pl. 3, fig. 25.

NERITULA, Plancus. Shell ovate, depressed, axis distorted ; spire
flattened, oblique, whorls smooth; aperture depressed; columella
smooth ; inner lip callous, spread over the body whorl, outer lip reflected,
not denticulate or striated. Dentition, Pl. 3, fig. 26.

DESMOULEA, Gray. Shell ovate-globose, covered with a downy
epidermis; spire short, conical, apex papillary; whorls depressed ;
aperture ovate; inner lip thickened, with a ridge posteriorly ; outer
lip contracted, thickened externally, plicated internally. Dentition
unknown.

Fossil Genera and Subgenera.

Subgenus Mo.LoropnHorus, Gabb. (8. G. of Bullia). Short, robust,
spire moderately elevated, suture bordered by a more or less distinct
carina. Surface longitudinally ribbed or striate. Aperture obtuse behind,
and very slightly notched; outer lip simple, inner lip very slightly in-
crusted, sinuous, anterior notch small, but distinctly defined.

B. striata, Gabb. Pl. 3, fig. 27. Cretaceous, California.

Genus PTYCHOSALPINX, Gill. Shell ovate, buccinoid, whorls regu-
larly rounded and ventricose; spire moderate (about as long as the
aperture), furnished with equal revolving linear ridges, siphonal canal
very short, very obliquely twisted and concurrent with the siphonal

* H. and A. Adams have also a subgenus Uzita, but its characters are
not different from those of Tritia, whilst its species are, many of them,
evidently better placed in other groups: a large number of them. for
instance, possess the marginal varix, the absence of which is one of the
characters of the group. Uzita can be advantageously dispensed with.

8 NORTHITA,

fasciole ; aperture rhombo-ovate, oblong; labrum entire, not sinuous,

smooth within ; columella inversely sigmoidal, concave near the middle,

with a very thin callous deposit and with a revolving linear plait in front.
Tertiary, United States and France.

Dr. Gill refers his genus to the family Buccinide, but I agree with the
late Mr. Conrad that his deseription indicates (as do the types cited)
Nassze. -

P. autinis, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 28. Miocene, Virginia.
P. scALASPIRA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 29. Miocene, Virginia.

Subgenus Paranassa, Conrad. Differs from Ptychosalpinaz in the
submargin of the labrum being slightly thickened within and striate ;
siphonal canal shorter. Eocene, Miocene, America and Europe.

P. GRANIFERA, Conr.* PI. 3, fig. 30. Virginia.
Subgenus TritrarrA, Conrad. Elongated, subturrited, Jabrum not

thickened within. This does not seem to differ generically from the true
Nassas; it has very little resemblance to Ptychosalpina.

T. PERALTA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 31. Miocene, Virginia.

[Buxuiopsis, Conrad. Placed by its author at first as a subgenus of
Nassa, it was subsequently removed by him to Melanopside. It has some
resemblance to Bullia. | j

Genus NORTHIA, Gray.

The animal of this genus is unknown, but the operculum has
been figured by H. and A. Adams, in their “Genera.” The
shell is in its general aspect much closer to Pusionella in the
family Terebride than to the genera with which it is here (and
has been heretofore) associated; the variceal thickening at or
near the outer lip, is however, a feature which does not obtain in
the Terebridxe. Pusionella, moreover, has a concentric oper-
culum, with its nucleus near the middle of the inner margin.
Perhaps the figured operculum of Northia is abnormal;
it has that appearance. I think that if these shells had not
been assigned to the Nassidz or to any other family, I would
have placed them in Terebride: as’ it is, I prefer to allow them
to remain here, rather than possibly complicate the subject by
changing their position.

* As one of the two specimens of the type of Paranassa is striate
within the aperture, while the other is smooth, probably the distinction
from Ptychosalpine will not hold good.

———— ss

TRUNCARIA.

N. seRRATA, Dufresne. PI. 5, figs. 50, 51.
Livid olive, becoming chestnut-colored on the spire ; a hump-
like projection often occurs parallel with and just behind the

margin of the outer lip. Length, 2-2°5 inches.
Panama; St. Elena, W. Col.

Gray’s name Buccinum Northiz, has priority, but has not
been adopted. Deshayes called it B. pristis because Dufresne’s
name was preoccupied in Buccinum for a fossil species—an ob-
jection which has no force since the shell has been dismembered
from that genus.

N. atBopuncTatTa, Adams and Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 52.
Light yellowish, minutely punctate with opaque white, apex

rosaceous. Length, ‘8 inch.
Philippines.

N. Rrssomes, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 53.

Whitish, with clouded yellow streaks. Length, ‘9 inch.
Philippines.

First described as a Plewrotoma. The specimen figured shows
a single rib or varix on the body whorl. Adams remarks that
N. albopunctata is closely allied to this species: I think it
probable that they are identical.

Genus TRUNCARIA, Adams and Reeve.

This genus is founded on a singular shell discovered during
the voyage of the “ Samarang,” and is principally characterized
by the abrupt trunecature of its columella, and by its anteriorly
dilated aperture.

T. rinosa, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 54.
Yellowish brown, maculated withtwo or three series of chestnut-

brown spots. Length, 1:1 inches.
China Sea.

T. AustRALIs, Angas. PI. 5, fig. 55.

Moderately solid, shining; the two apical whorls thin and
papillose, the rest somewhat distantly and flatly longitudinally
plicate on the upper portion, the plicze crossed with fine im-
pressed lines, the middle of the last whorl smooth, with a few
impressed lines near the base; sutures grooved. Pale brown,

columellar callus white. Length, 7 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.

2

10 BULLIA.

T. ruGATA, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 56. :
Whitish or light brown. Length, 1+] inches.
Habitat unknown.
The pertinence of this species to the genus is very doubtful.
I have not seen a specimen of it.

T. MODEsTA, Powis. PI. 5, fio. 57.
b] >

Yellowish, longitudinally strigate or maculate or nearly
covered with chestnut-brown, with a white central band.
Length, ‘8-1 inch.
Panama.
Quite as closely related to Hulhria as to the type of this
genus.

T. sutcaTA, Kiener. Pl. 5, fig. 58.
Yellowish white, under a rufous epidermis. Length, 15 mill.
Habitat unknown.
'T. EURYTOIDES, Carpenter.

White, with a revolving series of brown maculations on the
periphery ; sometimes the base is brown, or the whole surface
brown spotted; with about twenty longitudinal riblets, becom-
ing evanescent towards the aperture; aperture subquadrate, lip
scarcely thickened, striate finely within, columella abruptly
truncate. Length, °3 inch.

' Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Has not been figured hitherto, and the specimen before me
(an author’s type) is not in good condition for illustration.
Very probably the species is nota Truncaria, at all; its size
indicates close relationship with Columbella.

T. rrirAscraTa, A. Ad. This name is given in the “ Genera of
Recent Mollusca,” but I have not found a description of it.

Genus BULLIA, Gray.

Animal without eyes ; tentacles long and slender. Foot enor-
mously expanded, and bifid behind in the typical species. There
is no operculum.

Bullia (restricted sense) has a rvaised band of enamel round the
sutures of the whorls as in Ancillaria. ‘The animal has the
faculty, according to M. Quoy, of absorbing, through the pores of
its foot,a great quantity of water, which it ejects when disturbed,

BULLIA, a

in various directions; it is caught by baiting lines with bits of
flesh. The genus is oriental, mostly So. African in distribution,
and reminds one of the Arctic genus Volutharpa (vol. iii, p. 197).

H. and A. Adams separate a genus Pseudostrombus on account
of the want of the sutural band of enamel, and the foot of the
‘animal being simple instead of bifid behind; but as in Nassa,
the difference in the animal is not certainly to be regarded as
generic; and as to the shell, there is no sharp line of division
between species with and those without enamelled sutures—the
globose species generally showing the most of it and the
narrower ones less. Nevertheless it will be convenient to group
together the narrow species as a subgenus.

In Woodward’s “Manual of the Mollusca,’ Bullia is erro-
neously made a synonym of Anaulax, Roissy, a fossil form of
Ancillaria.

Typical.
B. ba&vissima, Gmel. PI. 5, fig. 59.

Yellowish white to brownish red; smooth and polished.
Length, 2-5-3 inches.
Cape of Good Hope.
B. euopunosa, Kiener. PI. 5, fig. 60.
Spire shorter, whorls slightly contracted above the middle,
suture but slightly, or not at all enamelled. Length, 2°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.

I doubt whether this is more than a variety of B. levissima.

B. DEFoRMIS, King. PI. 5, fig. 61.
Yellowish brown, obscurely brown banded.
Length, 22-33 mill.
Mouth of the Rio de la Plata ; Rio Negro, South America.

B. tenuis, Pl. 5, fig. 62.
Thin, yellowish white, one or two revolving grooves just
below the suture and a number on the lower half of the body

whorl. Length, 1°75 inches.
Habitat unknown.

B. cALLOSA, Gray. PI. 5, fig. 63.
Yellowish gray, sutural and columellar callosities generally

chestnut-brown. Length, 1°25—-1°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.

1g BULLIA.

Remarkable for its callous deposit upon the columella, which
sometimes is so thick as to give the shell a distorted appearance,
producing an angle or hump on the periphery.

B. MauritiAna, Gray. PI. 5, figs. 64, 65.

Yellowish white, deeper yellow within the aperture; the callous"
sutural band frequently opaque white. Length, 1:25-1-75 inches.
Mauritius ; Madagascar.

B. Mauritiana was not figured by Gray, and his description is
so unsatisfactory that the recognition of the species must rest
upon the illustration in Reeve’s Iconica. With this, there is no
doubt that B. Grayi, Reeve (fig. 65), is identical. The babylonic
spire, strong sutural band of enamel, and distant revolving
incised lines distinguish this species.

B. sEMIPLICATA, Gray.. PI. 5, fig. 66.
Whitish or yellowish, sometimes encircled by two broad, faint,
brown bands. Length, 1°25—-1°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.
This has very much the form of the preceding species, . but
the revolving incised lines are absent, and instead, the spire, and

frequently the upper portion of the body whorl are longitudinally
plicate.

B. pigirAuis, Meuschen. PI. 5, figs. 67-69, 72.

Cream-color to yellowish white, sometimes darker around the
suture; orange-yellow within the aperture. Smooth, with obsolete
spiral impressed lines near the base. In very large individuals
the whorls are somewhat plicately wrinkled next the suture.

Length, 1°5-2°5 inches.

South Africa.

B. rhodostoma, Gray (fig. 69), is somewhat stouter than the
typical form, and B. semiusta, Reeve (fig. 68), is a mere color
variety.

Var. NATALENSIS, Krauss.
Whorls shortly plicate at the suture.
The figure (fig. 72) represents a young specimen, but this’

plicate condition persists, frequently, in the adults. I have one
before me, measuring 2°5 inches.

BUCCINANOPS. 13

B. Persica, E. A. Smith. | Pl. 5, fig. 70.
Greyish, or lavender-color; spirally sulcate, somewhat gran-
ulous next below the suture. Length, 1 inch.
Bushire, Persian Gulf.
’ B. suncata, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 71. ,
Lavender or lead-color, rather solid; whorls closely, concen-

trically grooved.
Habitat unknown.

B. SEMIFLAMMEA, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 75.
Yellowish white, lower half of whorls with longitudinal chest-
nut flames. Length, 1°25 inches.
Cape of Good Hope.

Subgenus Buccinanops, d’Orb.
Embraces three species from the Southern parts of the Coast
of South America. They are of rude growth, usually with a
flattened shoulder below the sutures.

B. cocuuipium, Kiener. PI. 5, fig. 73; Pl. 6, figs. 76-81.

Yellowish white, sometimes with two obscure bands of longi-
tudinally disposed chestnut-brown flames; whorls sometimes
decidedly shouldered, and the shoulder defined by a somewhat
corded ridge. Length, 1°5-3 inches.

Brazil to Patagonia ; on the Pacific Coast, north to Peru.

I do not agree with Deshayes and Reeve that Kiener’s species
is different from that of Chemnitz, and therefore I do not adopt
Deshayes’ name B. gradata: still, as Chemnitz was not a binom-
inal writer I cannot cite him as authority for the species. The
fact is that B. cochlidium is of rude, frequently distorted growth,
and a collection of specimens exhibits many forms. The figure
of cochlidvum given by Reeve, as exhibiting the type of the
species is but slightly shouldered, and large as it is, is not adult
(fig. 76); Kiener’s figure is also given (fig. 73). B. gradata,
Desh., is represented by figure 77, from Reeve’s Iconica, B.
_Lamarckii, Kiener (fig. 78), is another form which is scarcely
shouldered, and other intermediate forms are shown in B. Pay-
tense, Val. (fig. 79), and B. squalida, King (fig. 80). A remark-
ably distorted shell, called by Gmelin Buc. labyrinthum (fig. 81),
very probably belongs here.

14 PSEUDOSTROMBUS.

B. ANNULATA, Lam. PI. 5, fig. 74.
Yellowish white, columella white. Length, 1°5 inches.
Narrower than the preceding species, and covered with
revolving strie; yet it may be only a variety of it.
B. ARMATA, Gray. PI. 6, figs. 82, 83.

Yellowish white, with two broad, faint, chestnut bands.
Length, 1-2 inches.
Rio Negro, Patagonia.
This species is considered by d’Orbigny merely a spinose
variety of B. cochlidium.

Subgenus Pseudostrombus, Klein.

Leiodomus Swainson, cannot be distinguished as a subgenus,
the distinctive characters gradually merging in those of Pseudo-
strombus.

B. TURRITA, Gray. PI. 6, fig. 84.

Shell smooth, very finely plaited at the sutures; white, some-
times obscurely brown-flamed on the lower part of the body
whorl. Length, 1°25-1°5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Very like the next species, but is somewhat longer and
narrower, with more convex whorls; the plications shorter, only
occupying a small portion of even the spiral whorls, fainter, not
decussated by revolving strive.

B. MELANOIDES, Desh. PI. 6, figs. 85, 86.

Upper whorls crossed by well-marked plications, body whorl
sometimes only plicate on the upper part; revolving strive
decussate the plications of the spire. Color, yellowish white,
sometimes with a chocolate-colored narrow band near the sutures
and a broader one at the base, or whole surface clouded or covered

with chocolate. Length, 11:25 inches.
Cochin China ; Mozambique.

B. Mezambicensis, EK. A. Smith (fig. 86), is deseribed from a
well-grown specimen of the dark-colored variety.
B. GRANULOSA, Lam. PI. 6, fig. 91.

Chestnut or chocolate, sometimes obscurely banded on the

periphery, with a double row of bead-like nodules revolving

below the suture. Length, 1 inch.
Gabon Coast, W. Africa.

PSEUDOSTROMBUS. 15

Kiener, who figures this species as Buce. vittatum, Linn., con-
founds with it B. melanoides, a shell from the opposite coast of
Africa, and quite distinct, judging from the specimens before me.
Lamarck considered it a Terebra, a genus to which this shell is
closely assimilated by its usually very narrow form, polished
surface and sculpture.

B. porira, Lam. PI. 6, figs. 88, 89.

Cream-color, yellowish brown or livid olive, with frequently a
very indistinct darker band near the suture; whorls of the apex
plicate, rest smooth and polished. - Leneth, 1-1°25 inches.

Senegal.

B. vitrea, Reeve (fig. 89), is synonymous.

B. Kurracuensis, Angas. PI. 6, fig. 90.
White, tinged with rose-color on the upper whorls.

Length, 1°75 inches.
Kurracht, Scinde, N. W. India.
Only thé type specimen known.

B. virrata, Linn. PI. 6, figs. 87, 92.

Yellowish or lilac-white, or bluish or brown; sometimes the
spire is clouded bluish whilst the rest of the shell is light colored.
Sutural plications defined by an incised revolving line and some-
times cut in two by another line. Length, 1°5-1-°75 inches.

Ceylon ; Zanzibar.

B. livida, Reeve (fig. 92), is only one of the many slight vari-
ations which can be readily traced to the typical form. This
species occasionally develops a varix on the outer lip, and speci-
mens are before me in which a former varix is persistent.

B. TAHEITENSIS, Gmelin. PI. 6, fig. 93.

Spirally ridged, ridges finely granose, two or three ridges next
the suture more distant than the rest; yellowish, maculate with
orange-brown, interior of aperture brown stained.

Length, 1°75 inches.

Tahetti.

A very rare species, and the only one having its pattern of
sculpture. The figure in Chemnitz is evidently poorly drawn,
and there can be no doubt that the British Museum specimen,
figured by Reeve, is a better representation of the species, as it
more nearly approaches a specimen now before me.

16 ADINUS.

B. BELANGERTI, Kiener. PI. 6, figs. 94, 95.

Whorls smooth, polished, with distant revolving grooves which
are most apparent at the suture, and base of the body whorl;
yellowish, with waved longitudinal faint chestnut lines.

Leneth, -9-1-4 inches.
Aracan, Ceylon.

B. polita, Desh. (fig. 95), is this species, figured from a faded
specimen.
B. pituta, Krauss. PI. 6, figs. 96, 97.

Whorls with revolving strie; whitish, lower part of body
whorl longitudinally flamed with chestnut-brown; columella

truncate at base. Length, 1 inch.
Nutal, So. Africa.

Painted like B. semiflammea, Reeve, but immediately disting-
uished from that species by its narrow Yerebra-like form and
truncate columella. This last character suggests the succeeding
species which, however, is peculiar in having a thiekened lip,
minutely dentate within. It is possible that they are identical,
and that B. diluta has a thin, unarmed lip because the specimens
are not adult. Von Martens has described a var. mediolexvis
(fig. 97), in which the revolving grooves do not occur on the
middle of the body whorl—a character of no importance.

Subgenus Adinus, H. and A. Adams.
B. truNcATA, Reeve. PI. 6, fig. 98.
Yellowish white; whorls striated above and at base.
Length, 1:25-1°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.
The characters of this species are those of the subgenus, It
is probably So. African. See remarks under preceding species.

Unidentified and Doubtful Species.
B. ELONGATULA, Anton. Habitat unknown.
B. tcrerica, Solander. H. and A. Adams’ Genera.
B. osseuM, Menke. The type specimen is lost.
B. veLATA, Gould This is undoubtedly a Nassa gaudiosa.

B. TamsrAna, Dunker. Guinea, W. Africa.
B. Cumrinatana, Dunker Habitat unknown.
B. ELEGANS, Dunker. Habditet walls

B. LyMNEANA, A. Ad. = Volutharpa.

NASSA. 17

A

H. and A. Adams in their ‘Genera of Recent Mollusea” have
‘enumerated 210 species of Nassa; Reeve’s Monograph in the
“Conchologia Iconica” contains 182 accepted species and 13
synonyms, = 195 names in all. The present monograph includes
595 specific names, of which 131 only are accepted as good
species, 364 are relegated to the synonymy of these, and 100 are
undetermined for want of illustrations or specimens. ‘The dis-
tribution of the genus is world-wide, except that no specimens
exist in the i¢gy seas near the poles—where they appear to be
replaced by the Buccinums. They occur principally in the waters
of tropical and subtropical latitudes.

The fossil species are few in number, commencing with the
Eocene formation. For some of the American fossils Mr.'T. A.
Conrad has proposed distinct generic names, but their separation
from Nassa is scarcely advisable.

The animal of Nassa has a broad head, and a foot quadrately
expanded in front, with the corners often pointed, whilst behind
it bifurcates and is prolonged frequently into two subulate tails.
The operculum is usually serrate on the margin but is sometimes
plain. The Nassz are very active, and not at all shy when kept
in confinement. They may be occasionally seen floating with
the foot upwards. They are predaceous, feeding on other mol-
lusks, the shells of which they bore. I have frequently seen the
shells of the American species themselves bored, the hole being
of such a size as to suggest cannibalism. Perhaps the avenger
of their misdeeds is a beautiful and very active hermit crab
which disports itself in the Nassa’s shell, immense multitudes
being seen at low tide in the water near the shore line. Whether
begged, borrowed, stolen, or lawfully captured by the red right
claw, it is certain that, at Atlantic City, New Jersey, the hermit
inhabits a vast majority of the specimens of Nassa occurring to
the collector. Although most of the species are littoral, a few
have been collected at considerable depths; the undescribed N.
brychia, Watson, was dredged at 620 fathoms by the “ Challenger
Expedition.” Sdéme of them have been observed to spring
up and throw themselves over on being suddenly disturbed.
Usually they glide along the surface of the mud, leaving a track
indicating their line of march, at the end of which is a small

Genus NASSA, Lam.

2
o

18 NASSA.

round pellet; under this the creature conceals itself. The fry
twist and twirl about by means of their ciliated lobes. 4.
mutabilis is an article of food in Italy. The generic name is
that of a narrow-necked wicker basket used for catching fish,
and in such a basket, lobster pots, ete., the Nassa itself is
frequently caught, attracted thither by odors savory.

Nassa reticulata is said to be very destructive in the oyster
pares of Arcachon (8. of France). It is so numerous that a
single tide has yielded 14,600 specimens within a space of 40
French hectares (= about 100 acres). The adult Nassa will
hore through the shell of an oyster three years old, within eight
hours; but the young sheils are far more destructive because
they select the tender shells of the very young oysters, some-
times piercing fifteen or twenty in succession before their
hunger is satisfied. An oyster a month old is destroyed in a
half hour.*

One of the best students of the genus Nassa is undoubtedly
Mr. F. P. Marrat, of the Liverpool Museum.¢ Imbued with
extreme development views he has, unfortunately, adopted the
principle in his scientific work that, the variations of species

being illimitable—species in fact, as usually defined, being non-
existant, the naturalist may apply a specific name for each
modification of form, sculpture or coloration; a principle the
absurdity of which must be apparent when it is considered that,
no two shells being exactly alike, it will admit of the description
of every individual specimen as a “new form.’ Mr. Marrat has,
however, fully demonstrated the insufliciency of distinctions
based on sculpture in a number of species of the genus; a result
most confusing to the systematist,and which leaves the validity
of many forms described from single or few specimens very
questionable. Iam tempted to make some extracts from Mr.
Marrat’s latest paper,{ the subject of variation being sufticiently
important in a general sense to justify me in devoting a few
lines to its illustration in this particular genus.

* Soubeiran, Bull. Soc. d’ Acclimatation, 2 Ser., iii, 3, 1866.

+ “On the variation of sculpture exhibited in the shells of the genus
Nassa.”? ‘‘On forty proposed new forms in the genus Wussa,’’ ete.

t “On the Varieties of the Shells belonging to the genus Nassa.”’

NASSA. 19

“The study of varieties in the genus Nassa,” says Mr. Marrat,
“has achieved one great object—it has taught us the whole
details of the plan on which the external ornamentation of shells
has been elaborated. The whole of the variation, from the
smooth shell to the most elaborately-sculptured examples, is
plainly to be seen as effected through almost imperceptible
gradations. ,

“Variation through the whole kingdom of Nature is the rule
and not the exception. It is the prejudice exhibited by Scientists
against so much that is clear and distinct, that creates the con-
fusion. If studied as it exists, the whole group is manifestly
developed, step by step, and we see the wisdom, power and
beneficence of the Maker.

“The greater part of the works on Natural History are
written in the closets of the authors, who both theorise and
copy to a large extent; but, unfortunately, they copy errors as
well as facts.

“The study of variation has opened up a subject so vast in
its dimensions that the mind almost shrinks from the task of
estimating it. In every direction variation extends, in every
way variation seems to ramify, until we gaze and wonder if
there be any end.

“Tnstead of 200 species, at least 2000 varieties are before me,
and the end appears nearly as far off as ever. Taking a careful
survey of the shells under consideration, and noting more par-
ticularly the common forms and the changes presented by them,
we are enabled to form an estimate of the enormous number
likely to be met with, if we persevere in our work of collecting
varieties.

“ Species are and have been made by men in their ignorance.
Had they known the alliances, it would have been impossible
for them to have committed such mistakes as are to be found in
conchological books. Species have been and still are the
ultimatum of scientists. It appears to me that they have an
instinctive horror of the nameless. Lamarck described the
Nassa subspinosa from shells that were subspinous, not then
knowing that there were carinated, costated, muricated, and
smooth varieties of it. At least six good (?) species have
emerged from the varieties of Lamarck’s shei: WN. lyrata,

20 NASSA.

Marrat, is the lyrate form; N. tricarinata, Lam., is the carinated
form; N. sculpta, Marrat, is another; WN. sistroides, Nevill, N.
trinodosa, Smith, and N. corticata, A. Ad. Another variety
occurs, showing a close affinity with the N. muricata, Quoy and
Gaim., and the shell figured in Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica as
the N. vibex, Say, isaspiny form. Some of the shells from
Ceylon are very closely connected with varieties of the WN.
Grunerti, Dunker, and others with smoother ribs to the N. Jack-
soniana, Quoy and Gaim.

“We may name these shells and describe them as distinet, but
they will not be so after we have finished; on the contrary, we
may adopt another plan and name them varieties, but the same
objection continues; the variety we have named as coming from
any locality will be found to differ from the shells brought up
from the same ground by the next haul of the dredge. It isa
very disagreeable task to be compelled to state that the starting
point of the systematist, upon which the whole fabric is built
up, is wrong, and the whole of the deductions drawn from this
source are erroneous; nevertheless I am compelled to utter that
which I believe to be strictly and unquestionably true. I can-
not expect that conchologists who are totally unacquainted with
the materials upon which I have based my deductions, will
coincide with my views. If they had obtained a knowledge of
the whole of the figured or described species of Nassa, they
could not by this plan follow the intricate passages revealed by
the study of variation. It is not by an intimate knowledge of
the described species that these facts are elicited, but it depends
upon a knowledge of the innumerable intermediate forms which
diverge from them in every direction as to how these deductions
are to be drawn.

“In a long’series of forms, commencing with shells represent-
ing the largest specimens in the genus, these can be traced with
unerring certainty into others, forming the smallest examples
known to exist; again, the broadest varieties can just as easily
be connected with others that are the narrowest examples in the
group; and every grade of difference throughout the long lines
of progressive variation is distinctly seen. In the case of the
shells having smooth forms, such as N. glans, Linn., the varieties
may not be all smooth specimens, but they may vary into costate

NASSA. |

and even cancellated examples. Again, instead of there being a
uniform thickness observable, one set will be almost transparent,
_or thin and hyaline, and another thick and quite opaque. The
sculpturing is in many cases confined to the upper whorls, but
we find shells in which the pattern is commenced on the top,
gradually spreading in successive development until it covers
the whole shell; in one case it may form smooth unsculptured
ribs, or in another it may diverge into any of the forms of
sculpture we meet with in other groups of shells. The tip of
the spire may be of the same color as the remaining portion of the
shell, or it may vary into almost every shade of pink, rufous,
brown, purple, or almost black.

“From these observations taken from the shells, and not
intended to support or illustrate any theory, it is very easy to
see that instead of a fixedness in the characters used for the
determination of species, exactly the opposite appears to be the
case; the specimens presenting such an amount of variation in
every direction that it becomes absolutely impossible to aflix
any set of characters to them that will lead to their future
recognition.

“The greater part of the shells figured and described as new
species have for their recommendation to our notice a single
specimen, and that often in bad condition. Men are so anxious
to have their names appended to something new that every other
consideration is overlooked by them. They cannot wait until
sufficient evidence is produced: either to confirm their opinions
or show them that the characters they had given were incorrect,
but down it goes on to paper, and there it remains.”

What a commentary on this and preceding paragraphs is the
printing of numerous new names and descriptions in the very
pamphlet from which these brave extracts are made! These
new species, alas! are not even figured, no dimensions are given,
and in many cases no locality. The descriptions are prefaced
by the remark—“‘ What are the shells described in the following
pages ?_My answer is, I do not know. The amount of knowl-
edge is confined to the single specimens (!) in most instances
and to three or four at most in any case. At present these
shells appear to me to be distinct, simply because of my igno-
rance of all their alliances, but that this should be the real

99 NASSA.

state of the case is exceedingly improbable if not absolutely
impossible.”

Mr. Marrat’s dilemma is that, whilst disbelieving in species,
he cannot pursue his work without naming and describing species.
It would be impossible to give a full descriptive portraiture of
an object every time it is referred to, in order that the writer’s
conception of it and that of the reader shall agree; therefore we
adopt a conventional system—the binomial nomenclature to recall
certain characters by the use of two names. I think, however,.
that it is a logical deduction from the views expressed by Mr.
Marrat that his species should not possess such salient characters
as those proposed by authors who believe more or less in the
doctrine of the persistence of form: if the latter species do not
present very strong claims for recognition, the former may be
supposed to present no claims whatever,—unless we agree that
each individual specimen in the genus shall receive a distinct
specific name. If there be only one species in the genus Nassa,
as opined by Mr. Marrat, science still requires names for those
groups which normally present recognizable distinctive char-
arcters; without a nomenclature and a system, however arbitrary
and unnatural, the publication of the results of scientific research
would be impossible. The doctrine of unalterable uniformity in
specifie characters is overthrown, but a wise conservatism will,
let us hope, cause conchologists to refrain from naming and
describing every individual specimen: at least, gentlemen, do
not overwhelm our ancient and tottering barriers with your
logical deluge, until we, who have so carefully erected and
guarded them, shall have retired from conchological pursuits.
Apres nous le déluge, if you please!

Typical Species.
N. muraAsitis, Linn. PI. 7, figs. 1-3.

Light brown, with somewhat undulated longitudinal darker
markings, generally confluent into a darker interrupted band at
the sutures. Length, 1—-1°25 inches.

Mediterranean Sea, 4to 10 fathoms; W. Coast of Africa ;
Canary Isles, Fossil in the miocene of S. Hxrope.

Upon the embryology of this species see Bobretsky, in Archiv

fiir Mikros. Anat., xiii, 97.

NASSA. 93

N. Pfeiffer, Phil. (Pl. 11, fig. 144), has been referred to this
species as a variety by Marrat and others; [| do not think, how-
ever, that it can be placed in the same group at all, as all its
affinities are with Zeusxis.

N. TENuIS, E. A. Smith. Pl. 7, figs. 4, 5.

Yellowish white, mottled with yellowish brown, darker at the

‘suture. Length, 20 mill.
Jupan ; China.

This species was described by Lischke as N. Japonica, after-
wards changed to WN. balteata, on account of the previous use of
the first name by Mr. A. Adams. WN. balteata being preoccupied
by Pease, Mr. E. A. Smith has referred the species to his N.
tenuis, which was originally described without reference to these
relationships. Mr. Smith also refers the WN. Japonica, Adams,
here, doubtfully, the type having disappeared from the Cuming-
ian collection. I fear I must add to this confusion by doubting
the identity of Mr. Smith’s species with balfeata, Lischke,
_ although it appears to correspond well with Adams’ description
of Japonica.

N. sufflata, Gould (not figured), appears from the description
to be identical.

The species is very closely allied to N. mutabilis, L.

N. pa&vieata, Marrat. PI. 7, fig. 6.

Yellowish white, with darker strigations, which tend to mass
into revolving bands in some specimens. The suture is some-

times noduled. Length, ‘75 inch.
China.

The spire is. more elevated, the shell more solid than the last
species; the coloration and polished surface allies it to the
mutabilis group.

N. cornonata, Brug. PI. 7, figs 7, 8.

White, olive or chestnut; with usually a white median zone
on the dark varieties or a darker zone on the light colored
specimens. Length, 1-1-2 inches.

Madagascar, Java, Philippines, ete.

N. Bronni, Phil. (fig. 8), is not distinct.

24 ARCULARIA.

N. ARCULARIA, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 9, 10.

Light colored with dark zone,or dark with a light zone; shoulder
noduled, with usually a rib-like fold arising from each nodule.

Length, 1—-1:25 inches.
Philippines, Viti Isles.

N. laticostata, Marrat (not figured), is probably this species,
not adult.

N. suncirera, A. Ad. PI. 7, fig. 11.

Ash-color, banded with white, longitudinally subplicated,
transversely ridged. Length, 1°25 inches.
: Algoa Bay.
Probably only a variety of N. arcularia: the single specimen
known is abnormal in its appearance, and it is therefore not easy
to assign to it a definite place in the synonymy.

N.. puna, Linn. Pi. 7, figs. 12-14:

The plications are much closer and more numerous than in
N. arcularia; an incised revolving line separates the shoulder
extremity of these ribs, forming a row of nodules; additional
incised lines cross the entire surface, but are most conspicuous
on the spire, and lower portion of the body whorl.

Length, 1-1°35 inches.

Red Sea, Java, Philippines.

N Rumphii, Hombr. and Jacq. (fig. 13),is synonymous. That
N. pulia is itself identical with N. arcularia, is demonstrable from
the series of specimens before me.

In N. plicata, Bolt., the longitudinal ribs are less and the
revolving lines more prominent; another similar variation of
sculpture has received the name N. Deshayesii, Homb. and
Jacq. (fig. 14).

Subgenus Arcularia, Link.
N. aipBposuLA, Linn. PI. 7, figs. 15-17.

Light yellowish or ash-color, banded, flecked, or blotched
with white or darker shades; edge of callus frequently defined
on both sides of the back by an orange-colored line; callus

whitish ; within the aperture yellowish. Length, °75 inch.
Mediterranean Sea.

ARCULARIA. 25

N. circumcincta, A. Ad. (fig. 17), is founded on specimens
showing the orange-bordered callus. It was erroneously reported
from the Red Sea, but has been found at Alexandria and on the
Syrian Coast.

N. Krausstana, Dunker. PI. 7, figs. 18, 19.

Yellowish brown, indistinctly dark banded; callus yellowish

or orange. Length, -4—5 inch.
South Africa.
_N. orbiculata, A. Ad. (fig. 19), is identical.

N. Tuersites, Brug. PI. 7, figs. 20-23.

Ash, yellowish or brown, sometimes mottled, with usually a
light central band. Ribs usually obsolete on the mouth side of
the dorsal hump. Length, -6—85 inch.

‘ Indian Ocein, Hong Kong, Manilla, Australia.

N. bimaculosa, A. Ad. (fig. 22), represents a stumpy specimen
of this species. It was described as from the Philippine Islands,
and Mr. EK. A. Smith reports it from Andaman Islands, “ sand-
banks, at low tide; very active animal.” N. dorsuosa, A. Ad.
(fig. 23), from Philippines, is evidently a monstrosity ; besides,
.the shell looks as if it had been roasted: it is probably a
synonym.

N. veprosprra, A. Ad. PI. 7, figs. 24-28.

Yellowish ash-color, longitudinally rather closely plicated ;

callus yellowish, wide spread. Length, 75 inch.
Ilo Ilo, Isle of Panay, Philippines (on mud banks, at low
water, Cuming); Jupan; Ascension Isl. (Pease'.

This may be considered on the one hand as a less-developed
form of N. Thersites, on the other as connected with N. foveolata,
N. livescens, etc., in which the sculpture and general appearance
are similar, but the callus is not spreading. I unite with it N.
gracilis, Pease (fig. 25), N. bellula, A. Ad. (fig. 26), N. labida,
Reeve (fig.27),and N. Persica, Martens (fig.28). N. Deshayesiana,
Issel, has been considered the equivalent of N. Persica, von
Martens, by several excellent conchologists: very probably it is
so, but it is tuberculate, shouldered, without spreading callus,
and typically is no closer to N. Persica than are most of the
nodulous species.

4

26 ARCULARTA.

M. Jonast, Dunker. PI. 8, figs. 29-32.

Whitish, yellowish or ash-color, usually chestnut at the suture
and base, with sometimes a central chestnut band. Spire and
upper portion of body whorl ribbed, sometimes cut into nodules
helow the suture. Length, -4—6 inch.

Port Jackson, Australia.

N. Burchardi, Dunker (fig. 30), is in every respect typical.
N. labecula, A. Ad. (fig. 31), and WN. nana, A. Ad. (fig. 32), are
evidently the same species.

N. canLosa, A. Ad. PI. 8, figs. 33, 34.

Very broadly gibbous when adult, with wide-spreading, thick
margined callus; ribs small, distant, sometimes cancellated and
nodulous ; white, three banded with chestnut or suffused with
with olive. Length, -4—5 inch.

Phil'ppines, in sandy mud at’seven fathoms ; Indian Ocean.

This may be only a variety of the preceding species, from
which it is distinguished principally by form and sculpture. WN.
callospira, A. Ad. (fig. 34°, is synonymous.

N. cANCELLATA, A. Ad. PI. 8, fig. 35.

Light brown, maculated with darker brown. Length, °6 inch.
Philippines.
The type is said to be rather thin and semitransparent.

N. MANGELIOIDES, Reeve. PI. 8, fig. 36.

Solid, dark ash-color; whorls tuberculated at the upper part,
tubercles here and there prolonged into ribs, interstices cancel-
lated. Leneth, -5 inch.

Port Jackson, Australia (Angas).
May be only a more solid growth of N. cancellata.

N. aroposa, Quoy. PI. 8, figs. 37, 38.

Longitudinally finely plicated, crossed by revolving striz ;
yellowish white, tinged or nearly covered with chocolate, with
frequently a white central band. Length, ‘5-65 inch.

New Ireland, Viti Isles.

N. clathrata, Kiener (fig. 38\, is the same.

N. GRANIFERA, Kiener. PI. 8, figs. 39-41.
White or yellowish, tuberculate. Length, ‘6-9 inch.
Philippines to Central Polynesia ; Isle of Bourbon.

NAYTIA, ALECTRION. 27

Mr. Marrat considers his N. nodulosa probably a deep-water
form of N. granifera: it is not figured. N. obliqua, Hombr.
and Jacq. (fig. 40), N. obliqua, Pease (unfigured), and N. onerata,
Desh. (fig. 41) are synonyms.

Subgenus Naytia. Il. and A. Adams,
N. GLABRATA, Sowb. PI. 8, figs. 42, 43.
Light fawn-color, highly polished, with sometimes, traces of

ribs at the sutures. Length, ‘5--6 inch.
W. Coast of Africa.

Described doubtfully as a Strombus. N. obliqua, Kiener (fig.
43), is a Synonym.

N. RANA, Lam. PI. 8, fig. 44.

Yellowish white, brown spotted at the sutures, and with inter-

rupted revolving brown lines. Length, ‘4 inch.
Mediterranean Sea.

Subgenus Alectrion, Monrf.
N. euans, Linn. PI. 8, figs. 45-49, 52-54.

Yellowish white, clouded with yellowish brown, encircled with
equidistant, narrow, chestnut-colored lines.

Length, 1°5—2 inches.

Japan, Philippines, Australia.

This is the largest species in the genus: it either varies much,
however, in size and proportion, or else the following forms
should be considered distinct. As they all possess the revolv-
ing dark-colored lines, I prefer to consider them as simple dwarf
varieties.

Var. LATA, Tryon. Fig. 46.

Broadly ovate, approaching N. mutabilis, L. in form.

Length, 22 mill.

Three specimens, without locality, in the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy.

Var. ELEGANS, Kiener. Figs. 47-49.

Whorls inconspicuously shouldered beneath the sutures.
Besides the revolving brown lines the surface is clouded or
striped longitudinally, and revolving series of quadrangular
spots frequently occur upon the shoulder and middle of the

whorl. Length, 22-27 mill.
So. Australia.

28 ALECTRION.

A smaller, more gracefully formed shell than the type, and
typically sufliciently distinct, but varies much. Kiener’s figure
is a poor one (fig. 47), and that which Reeve has given, as well
as his description, refers to a N. tenia, Gmel. The following
are synonyms: JN. rufula, Reeve (fig. 48), and N. spirata, A.
Ad. (fig. 49).

Var. suTURALIS, Lam. Figs. 52-54.

Shoulder coronated by a row of tubercles.

Length, 1—-1°5 inches.

Philippines, Australia, New Caledonia.

Fig. 54 represents the typical form, whilst fig. 53 shows a
variety with the tubercles almost obsolete, passing into var.
elegans. N. intermedia, Dunker (fig. 52) is an equivalent form,
and N. bucculenta, Marrat, an unfigured species, may also be
placed here.

N. Herta, Kiener. Pi. 8, figs. 50, 51, 55-59.

Light yellowish or orange-brown, with usually a pale central
band. Length, 1 inch.

‘Philippines, Australia, Polynesia, Indian Ocean.

The undoubted synonyms of this species are NV. Vitiensis,
Hombr. et Jaeq. (fig. 57), N. Stoliczkana, Nevill (fig. 58), NV.
costata, A. Ad. (fig. 50) and WV. crenulata, Reeve, not Brug. (fig.
56). iW. erenulata, Brug. is not to be identified positively, but
looks more like NV. arcularia than the present species. WN. hirta
probably runs into the next species, NV. monile. N. nodifera,
Powis (fig. 55), is not a satisfactorily determined form; if the
figure which I copy from Reeve is correct, it appears to be ¢
very broad, short, large specimen of J. hirta, connecting with
N. pulla, Linn. The localities of NW. nodifera, “ Panama and
Galapagos,” are almost certainly incorrect. N. bifaria, Baird
(fig. 59) is, I think, a stumpy variety.

N. MONILE, Kiener. PI. 9, figs. 60-68.

Yellowish or ash color, with a rather broad darker central
band, and sometimes narrower ones above and below it. Surface
beautifully polished, ribs more flexuous than in WN. hirta; a
double row of nodules below the suture, caused by an impressed
line on the sloping shoulder. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Australia, Central Polynesia.

ALECTRION. 29

This species is, typically, readily distinguished from J. hirta,
but appears to approach the latter through varieties. The
oldest name given to it is possibly N. hepatica, Mont., who fig-
ured a similar species in error as British, but it is well known as
monile, and no useful purpose will be subserved in changing its
name. N. lachrymosa, Reeve (fig. 62) and N. pauperata, Quoy
= N. bullata, Marr. (fig. 61), are synonyms, and N. Jacksoniana,
Quoy (figs. 63, 64) is a dwarf race, from Australia—a well-
marked yariety. N. mucronata, A. Ad. (fig. 67), is a variety in
which the ribs are partially separated into granules, and N. dis-
torta, A. Ad. (fig. 68), is a monstrosity, apparently of this
species. J. corticata, A. Ad. (fig. 66), appears to — var. Jack-
soniana, as does also N. acuticostata, Montr. (fig. 65), and N.
Tasmanica, Woods (unfigured).

N. opesa, G. and H. Nevill.

Shell thick, shining; brown indistinctly and minutely mottled
with white, irregularly stained near the suture with a darker
shade of brown; two rows of more or less granulose ridges
immediately beneath the suture, columella with a moderately
large, white callosity, slightly rugose, aperture ridged near its
margin. Length, 22 mill.

Kutch.
Var. Crytonica, G. and H. Nevill.

More acuminate, less globose, suture more distinct; longi-

tudinal ribs on the antepenultimate whorl more or less obsolete.

Length, 19 mill.
Ceylon and Penang.

Has the coloration but not the fragility of V. mutabilis, differ-
ing also in being sculptured. Thickness, sculpture, and particu-
larly the double row of granules beneath the suture indicate
intimate relationship with WV. monile.

N. scataris, A. Ad. PI. 9, figs. 69, 70.

Pale yellowish, obscurely banded with reddish brown.
Length, 1-3 inches.
Isle of Corrigidor, Philippines, in coarse sand at seven
fathoms.—Cuming.
Appears to partake of the characters of N. monile and N.
papillosa. N.crenulata, Kiener, not Brug. (fig. 70), and N. cren-
ellifera, A. Ad. (fig. 75), seem to be the same species.

9

50 ZEUXIS.

N. Srquigorensis, A. Ad. Pl. 9; digs. 72-73;
Yellowish white, three banded with chestnut.

Length, ‘7-1 inch.
Indian Ocean, Philippines, Central Polynesia,

A narrower form than any of the preceding, and connecting
undoubtedly with N. sealaris, A. Ad. Except the one below
the coronal of tubercles around the suture, the revolving lines
are only apparent towards the base of the shell. N. calata, A.
Ad. (fig. 73) appears to be the same.

N. PAPILLOSA, Linn. PI. 9, figs. 74, 71.
Whitish, more or less blotched with yellowish brown, spire
usually pink tipped. Length, 1°25—2°25 inches.
Philippine Islands, Central Polynesia.
N seminodusa, A. Ad. (fig. 71), may connect this form with
the last, and through it, with N. monale.

Subgenus Zeuxis, H. and A. Ad.

With this group is united Velasco, H. and A. Adams, the
characters by which those authors distinguish them being, in
some cases at least, dependent upon the age of the specimens ;
juvenile forms belonging to Telasco, adult to Zeuxis. To be
sure, none of the subgeneric groups have suflicient claims to
distinctness, but in this case I am utterly unable to distinguish
them. Messrs. Adams give as characters of Telasco, “ inner lip
spreading, outer lip simple, acute;” but many well-grown
species have the inner lip with well-defined margin to the callus,
and all of them, when adult, have a thickened or externally
variced outer lip, dentate within. Zeumis is said to be “ covered
with an epidermis,” but in most of the species referred to it,
there is certainly no epidermis. For N. elegans, Reeve, Messrs.
Adams make a subgenus Zaphon, but as I consider that shell a
synonym of N. tenia, Gmel., the type of Zeuris, of course
Zaphon becomes a synonym.

N. r#niA, Gmel. Pl. 9, figs. 76-82.

Chocolate or chestnut brown, with usually a central, narrow,
light band ; spire whorls ribbed, body whorl varying from
smooth to plicate-ribbed. Length, 1-25-1°75 inches.

Ceylon, Singapore, Australia, Polynesia.

ZEUXIS. 31

The habitat ‘‘ West Indies,” given by Reeve, is erroneous, 4s
is also that of “ Chili,” in Kiener. A goodly number of species
may be referred to this form with some confidence: ‘They are
N. plicata, Pease (preoccupied) — N. approximata, Pse., N.
Jusca, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 78), N. mitralis, A. Ad. (fig. 79), N.
badia, A. Ad. (fig. 81), N. cinnamomea, A. Ad. (fig. 80). In
N. elegans, Reeve, not Kiener (fig. 82), the style of painting
varies considerably from the type, but I have before me a
similarly painted specimen, which is undoubtedly a N. tenia.

N. CANALICULATA, Lam. PI. 9, figs. 83-86.

Ash-olive, sometimes faintly two banded with chestnut ;
sutures channeled and frequently crenulate; upper whorls
closely ribbed, ribs sometimes apparent on the back of the body
whorl. Length, 1:1-1°5 inches.
Philippine Islands, Polynesia.
N. levis (Chemn.), H. and A. Adams (fig. 86) is a synonym.

N. sronipa, A. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 87.

Bluish-ash, sparingly blotched or banded with yellow and

brown. Length, 1:25 inches.
Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen, which is evidently of ab-
normal growth.

N. uNIcoLORATA, Kiener. Pl. 10, figs. 88, 89, 90.

Livid ash-color, sometimes stained or banded with brown ;

aperture chocolate-colored within. Length, 1-1-3 inches.
Moluccas, Australia, New Zealand.

A Bullia-like species, normally very distinct, yet undoubtedly
closely connected by transition forms with N. canaliculata and
N. tenia. N. unicolor, Hombr. and Jacq., is identical; the
figure which I give (fig. 89) probably represents a similar shell
to that which Gmelin called N. trifasciata. N. rutilans, Reeve
(fig. 90), and probably WV. glauca, Dunker, an unfigured species,
belong here.

N. vARiciFERA, A. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 91.

Whitish, with two brown bands; whorls crossed occasionally

by a varix. Length, 1 inch.
Japan.

i)
i

ZEUXIS.,

-

Has the appearance of an Epidromus (Tritonide), but wants
the produced canal of that group. The production of true
varices is certainly not a characteristic of the genus Nassa, yet
the species has been collected often.enough to show that it is
not an abnormal condition: it is strange that Messrs. Adams
did not make a new genus for it.

N. Cuvieri, Payr. Pl. 10, figs. 92-97.

Yellowish white, usually mottled with chestnut, with a darker
line beneath the suture, and frequently, a chestnut central band.

Length, -4—75 inch.

Mediterranean Sea; Allantie Coast of Spain, Portugal ;
Madeira ; Canary Isles.

This pretty little species is the victim of an immense syn-
onymy, and of much uncertainty as to nomenclature. It is
frequently referred to as N. variabilis, Phil., and as N. Ferussaci,
Payr.; less frequently as N. unifasciata, Lam., N. nitidula,
Linn., NV. costulata, Ren., and a dozen other names. As regards
the Linnean name, the specimen bearing it in the Linnean col-
lection has been identified with this species, but the only figure
cited in the description is that of a Columbella. The descrip-
tion itself will suit almost anything. NN. Maderensis, Reeve
(fiz. 97), differs only in the numerous revolving, interrupted,
chestnut lines, which, faintly seen in many Mediterranean speci-
mens, here become more prominent.

N. sEMIPLICATA, A. Ad. PI. 10, fig. 98.

Yellowish, encircled by two chocolate bands.
Length, 22 mill.
Chusan.
N..TERETIUSCULA, A. Ad., PI. 10, fig. 99.
Yellowish or ash-olive, with a narrow red revolving line.

Length, °6 inch.
Eastern Seas.

The locality is very indefinite, and the figure, notwithstanding
the red line, is very suggestive of N. ewilis.
N. EXILIS, Powis. Pl. 10, figs. 100-102.

Ash-olive, with a central white band. Length, :4—-7 inch.
Panama, Viti Isles, Solomon Is., Peru.

ZEUXIS. 38

The synonyms are N. Panamensis, C. B. Ad., N. Fontainei,
d’Orb. (fig. 102), and N. mesta, Hinds (fig. 101). I give the
locality Viti Islands on the authority of Mr. A. Garrett, and
Solomon Is. on that of Mr. John Brazier, who personally col-
lected it at those places.

N. Fontainei, VOrb. (fig. 102), from the Coast of Peru, is
larger than the Panama specimens of exilis, yet immature; of
its identity there can be no doubt; form, sculpture and colora-
tion being the same.

N. coMPLANATA, Powis. PI. 10, figs. 105-107.

Olive or ash, with a yellow band above the periphery. Ob-
liquely granosely ribbed, ribs and granules frequently obsolete
on middle and lower portions of the body whorl. Aperture
dark within, but showing the light band. Length, °5 inch. ;

W. Columbia, Panama.

Proportionally wider than N. exilis, but with the same colora-
tion, its form being intermediate between that species and J.
tegula, Reeve. WN. scabriuscula, C. B. Ad., and N. Wilsoni, C.
B. Ad. (fig. 106), are synonyms. Possibly N. gemma, Phil. (fig.
107), may also belong here, as suggested by Mr. Marrat.

N. Capensk, Dunker. PI. 10, figs. 108-110.
Yellowish or white, with a brown band. Length, 65 inch.
/ South Africa.
N. pulchella, A. Ad. (fig. 110), is a variety.

N. casta, Gould. PI. 10, fig. 103.

Whitish, with a subsutural and a central brown band.

Length, °4 inch.
Pacific Islands.

Evidently immature, and the figure rather inaccurate. It isa
doubtful species, and is only inserted here because Gould
remarks upon its resemblance to N. Cuvier.

N. IsaBeLuer, d’Orb. Pl. 10, fig. 104.

White, ribs evanescent on the body whorl. Animal white,

active in its movements. Length, 5 mill.
Rocks; San Blas, Patagonta.
Probably not a Nass.
5

34 ZEUXIS.

N. FOVEOLATA, Dunker. PI. 10, fig. 111.

Ash-colored ; longitudinally finely ribbed, interstices cancel-
lated. Length, ‘7 inch.
Hab. unknown.
The figure is rather wider than the usyal form of N. leptospira,
and shows a narrow, defined columella-callus ; nevertheless, I
strongly suspect that this is only an immature form of that
species.

N. pLANicosTaTA, A. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 112.

Ash-colored, closely and finely flat-ribbed, ribs sometimes
obsolete on the body whorl. Length, 20 mill.
Payta, Peru ; under stones at low water.— Cuming.

N. sparta, Marratt. Pl. 10; fig. 113.

Light ash-color, fasciate with fulvous, purplish within.
Length, °5 inch.

W. Coast of So. America.
I am not acquainted with this species.

N. GAuprosa, Hinds. PI. 10, figs. 114-120; Pl. 11, figs. 121-124,
126-132.

Spire usually acuminate, ribbed, sutures crenulate or smooth,
body whorl generally smooth. Whitish, yellow, rufous, choco-
late, with frequently distant, narrow red revolving lines and
irregular broad bands; maculate or closely punctate with
darker markings ; sometimes unicolored. The form varies from
elongated to broad ovate, frequently constricted at the upper
part of each whorl. Length, ‘75-1 inch.

Straits of Malacca, Philippines, Polynesia, Sandwich Islands,
Guinea Coast, W. Africa.

A solid, smooth, usually gaudily painted species, varying very
much in form and coloration. A large number of these variations
have received specific names, but I do not find in any of them
really distinctive characters. N. sertula, A. Ad. (fig. 116), and
N. semisulcata, Dunker (fig. 117), have the typical coloration,
and the latter possesses the distant red revolving lines, which
so frequently form the groundwork of the ornamentation. In
N. zonalis, A. Ad. (fig. 118), the three brown bands which are
obscurely marked in N. sertula, become well colored. Another

ZEUXIS. 35

modification of the banded form is N. succincta, A. Ad. (fig.
119). N. Marratii, B. A. Smith (fig. 120), is a small form in which
the sutures are maculate ; the colored revolving lines are present
in the specimens before me, but in the darker colored ones are
much obscured by the coloration. In N. punctata, A. Ad. (fig.
121), the sutural painting is retained, but the shell is so clouded
with dark chocolate-color as to obscure the other markings. WN.
compta, A. Ad. (fig. 122), is similar, whilst the inkiest specimens
have been called N. velata, Gould (figs. 123, 125), and N. luctu-
osa, A. Ad. (fig. 126). N. lentiginosa, A. Ad. (fig. 127), has been
proposed for shells allied to punctata, dark in color, with sutural
crenulations and red revolving lines. N. mustelina, Gould, and
N. ferruginea, Marrat, both unfigured, are also probably syn-
onyms. A light -colored or nearly white variety, with the
revolving brown lines and brown maculations, has been called by
Gould N. lilacina (fig. 128), and by Dunker N. coturniax (fig.
129). To these may be added also N. sesarma, Marrat (fig.
130), from Whydah, Coast of Guinea, W. Africa; and N. pal-
lidula, A. Ad. (fig. 131), a faded specimen from Malacca, and
which equals N. micans, A. Ad. (fig. 132), a similarly faded
specimen from the Philippines. N. flava, Marrat, habitat un-
known, and JN. polita, Marrat, from Mauritius, both unfigured,
are, judging from the descriptions, at least very closely related
to N. gaudiosa. N. clandestina, A. Ad., an unfigured Japanese
species, may also be placed here until a figure may perhaps fur-
nish the distinctive characters which cannot be found in the
description.

N. prora, Dunker. PI. 11, figs. 183-142.

Shell broadly ovate, very smooth and polished; spire short,
conic, first finely, then distantly, undulately plicate ; body whorl
narrowly round-shouldered above, sometimes obsoletely tuber-
culate on the shoulder, incisely striate near the base. Color
everywhere minutely flecked with brown or ash and white, with
sometimes narrow brown revolving lines. Length, “6-8 inch.

Philippines, Mauritius, Australia, Central Polynesia,
Cape Verd Is.

It is with considerable hesitation that I allow this to stand as
a-distinct species from the preceding, with which it has much in

36 ZEUXIS.

common. It has many synonyms: N. /filosa, Gray (fig. 134),
N. graphitera, Beck (fig. 135), N. Reeveana, Dunker (fig. 136),
N. dispar, A. Ad. (fig. 187), N. lurida, Gould (fig. 138), N.
musiva, Gould (fig. 139), as well as probably the the following
unfigured species , N. Kieneri, Anton, N. obliquata, A. Ad., N.
plicatula, Dunker.

The three following species appear to me to be mere varieties
ot NV. picta, perhaps connecting it with N. gaudiosa:
Var. MARMOREA, A. Ad. Fig. 140.

Whitish, marbled with yellowish brown, the maculations some-
times disposed in two or three bands. Length, 1 inch.
Philippines, sandy mud, at 25 fathoms.—Cuming.
Var. ALGIDA, Reeve. Fig. 141.

Livid olive, blotched with white, and painted longitudinally
with waved brown streaks. Length, 1 inch.

; Moreton Bay, Australia.
Var. BICALLOSA, KE. A. Smith. Fig. 142.

Whitish, livid at the sutures. Length, 1 inch.
West Australia, Swan River, Cape Natal.
The double tubercular callus at the base of the columella is
not unfrequently developed in very heavy specimens of other
species, and is an individual rather than specific character.
N. conspersa, Phil. Pl. 11, figs. 143, 144.

Shell very small, smooth, thick; yellowish or white, maculate
with chocolate, forming on the body whorl two irregular bands.

Length, *4—"5 inch.

Canary Islands.

Does not differ essentially from WN. picta, except by its much
smaller size and heavier structure: it may well be a dwarf form
of that species. N. Pfeifferi, Phil. (fig. 144), is synonymous.
Several authors have recognized this shell as N. glaberrima,
Gmel., but the description is indefinite, and the figures referred
to are unrecognizable.

N. HALpEMANI, Dunker. PI. 11, figs. 145, 146.

Whitish, marbled with yellowish brown or chestnut zebra-like
markings, smooth and polished, initial whorls longitudinally
plicate, base of body whorl with revolving impressed lines.

Length, *5 inch.

East Indies.

ZEUXIS. 37

Besides the typical figure, I give a drawing of one of four
specimens in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, which
I identify with this species (fig. 146).

N. insienis, H. Adams. PI. 11, fig. 147.

‘“
Smooth, yellowish brown, with three revolving bands of chest-

nut maculations. Length, 11 mill.
River Petho, China.

Said to have been found in company with Velorita, and there-
fore possibly a brackish-water species. Mr. Adams has proposed
for this shell the generic name Nassodonta, and refers it to the
family Bueccinide. The generic character is the development
of a tubercle within the thickened margin of the lip, and rather
above the periphery—a position in which, according to experi-
ence, such a feature ought to be regarded as abnormal. It is
just possible that this shell is a Melanian.

N. cornicutuM, Olivi. Pl. 11, figs. 148-150; pl. 12, figs.
151-153.

Upper whorls finely plicate or smooth, three last whorls
smooth, impressed revolving lines on base, or sometimes entire
surface of body whorl. A very thin horny epidermis covers
fresh specimens. Yellowish or reddish brown, with usually, a
pale central band; sometimes maculated with white and brown
at the sutures, sometimes finely maculated over the entire sur-
face, with red-brown, sometimes trifasciate, or the bands broken
up into maculations. Salmon-colored within the aperture.

Length, ‘5-75 inch.

Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Coasts of Southern Europe,
and Northern Africa.

A protean species, which, together with V. conspersa, Messrs.
Adams have referred to Amycla in Columbellide: the shell,
animal and dentition, are decidedly Nassoid, however. N. semv-
striata, Brocchi (fig. 150), a fossil form, is considered distinct
by some of the best European conchologists, and N. trifasciata,
A. Ad. (unfigured), is made one of its synonyms; whilst J.
Gallandiana, Fischer (fig. 152), is regarded as a variety of it.
I am not able to separate these from corniculum. N. Tinei,
Marav. (fig. 153), is also doubtfully referred to corniculum: it
is immature, possibly distorted in growth; and perhaps badly

38 ACICULINA.

figured. N. quercina, Marrat, published without figure, locality
or dimensions, is stated by Marrat to be “nearly allied to that
very variable shell N. corniculum, Olivi, and may be only a
variety of it.”
N. 1nscuLpta, Carpenter. PI. 12, fig. 154.

Shell with close revolving striz,-upper whorls of spire slightly
costate longitudinally; light yellowish brown, interruptedly

fasciate or marked with chestnut. Length, -75 inch.
Catalina Island, Cal. —40 fathoms.

I owe to the kindness of Mr. R. E. C. Stearns, the opportunity
of illustrating this rare and hitherto unfigured species.

Subgenus Aciculina, H. and A. Ad.

The characters “outer lip produced in the middle, variced
externally,” do not hold good for all the species: in fact, Acicu-
lina differs from Zeuxis only in the species being longer in pro-
portion to their width—still, it will be convenient to retain it.
N. ANTHRACINA, Garrett. Pl. 12, fig. 155.

Smooth, with fine revolving impressed lines. Black or black-
ish brown, with a light brown line on the upper part of the body

whorl; aperture brown within. Length, 7 mill.
Viti Isles
Only two specimens obtained, of which one (the type figured )

is in the’ Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. Somewhat
resembles a Planawxis, but is a true Nassa.
N. GpaBRATA, A. Ad. PI. 12, figs. 156, 157.

Smooth, pupiform, slightly costate at the apex, with fine
revolving striz on the body whorl. Olive brown, sometimes
banded with ash-color. Length, ‘5-*6 inch.

Philippines, Aracan, Solomon Islands.

I have unicolored specimens before me, and specimens have
been collected with from one to three bands. N. Pupinoides,
Reeve (for WN. striata, A. Ad., preoccupied), is a synonym (fig.
157).

N. macunaTa, A. Ad. Pl. 12, figs. 158, 159.

Polished, with sometimes slight indications of rounded ribs
and revolving basal striations. Whitish, longitudinally macu-
lated with chestnut, frequently disposed in two revolving series

or interrupted bands. Length, °5 inch.
Philippines.

~e

PHRONTIS. 39
N. vittata, A. Ad. (fig. 159), is a synonym.

N. serotina, A. Ad. PI..12, fig. 160.

Yellowish brown, shining, lighter at the sutures.
Length, *5—7 inch.
Australia, Cupe of Good Hope.
N. waBiatTa, A. Ad. Pl. 12, figs. 161, 162.

Yellowish brown or ash-color, obscurely light banded in the

middle. Length, ‘7 inch.
Malacea.

N. Terebroides, Reeve (fig. 162), is a synonym, the flexuous
sinus of the upper end of the lip figured in JN. labiata, being
nothing but an individual variation.

N. ELATA, Gould. Pl. 11, fig. 125.

Whorls eight, flattened, turrited, with a marginal line near the
suture; six upper ones with distant, acute folds; penultimate
and upper half of body whorl smooth; lower part of the latter
with half-a-dozen regular, deeply impressed, revolving striz.

Length, ‘7 inch.
Africa.
I am not acquainted with the species.

Subgenus Phrontis, H. and A. Adams.
N. LuTEostoMA, Brod. and Sowb. PI. 12, figs. 163-165.

Olive brown or ash-color, sometimes with a broad black or
narrow white band; lip.and expanded callus orange.
Length, *9-1'2 inches.
Panama to Mazatlan.
N. luteostoma, Kiener (fig. 163), is a synonym: its locality is
erroneously given “Senegal.” N. wanthostoma, Gray (fig. 165)‘
is also synonymous. —

N. TEGULA, Reeve. PI. 12, figs. 166, 167.

Ash-color, usually lighter below the sutures and on the
nodules, with a light band just below the nodulous shoulder ;
aperture dark within, but showing the whitish band; lip and
columella callus white. Length, -5--75 inch.

Galapagos; Panama (Cuming); Mazatlan; Southern Coast
of California.

40 PHRONTIS.

The name adopted for this species is not the earliest one, but
it is too well established to be superseded without disadvantage
to science, especially as N. glauca, OC. B. Ad. (fig. 167), which
has a year’s priority of publication, is not positively identified.
Several Pacific Islands and East Indian species have been sup-
posed by Carpenter, Marrat, Pease and others to be identical,
but though resembling tegula in sculpture, the painting in all
these is different.

N. ANNELLIFERA, Reeve. PI. 12, fig. 168.

Yellowish, encircled by bands of brown, thread-like lines.

Length, ‘7 inch.
Habitat unknoune
I know nothing about this species.

N. Sanct#-HELen#, A. Adams. PI. 12, fig. 169.
White, interruptedly banded with red. Length, °3 inch.
St. Helena, in sandy mud, at 20 fathoms. —Cuming.
Said to resemble N. ambigua, Mont.

N. optusaTa, A. Ad. Pl. 12, fig. 170.

Whitish, filleted with red spots or interruptedly banded.

Length, *65 inch.

I. of Ticao, Philippines (in coral sand, at 7 fathoms. —Cuming).

“ Chiefly distinguished,” says Reeve, “by the obtuse, widely
separated character of the ribs, and the fine-ridged sculpture of
the interstices.”” I have before me a series of specimens. said
to come from the Straits of Malacca, which correspond well
with the figure of this species. They are heavier, larger and
more quadrate in form, yet closely resembling the West Indian
N. ambigua.

N. FISSILABRIS, A. Ad. PI. 12, figs. 171-1738, L179.

Ash-colored, faintly light banded, or whitish and interruptedly

red-banded. Length, 6-75 inch.
Philippines.

The posterior channel of the aperture, may have been more
developed than usual in the type of this species, but it is a
character which pervades most of the species of this group. WJ.
nodicostata, A. Ad. (fig. 172), N. erenolirata, A. Ad. (fig. 179),
and N. Stearnsiana (Garrett), Marrat, are equivalent forms—the

PHRONTIS. 4]

latter being unfigured and undeseribed. N. albipunclata, Reeve
(fig. 173), said to have faint white-dotted bands, but which are
not shown by the figure, can scarcely be different.

N. TIARULA,.Kiener. PI. 12, figs. 174-178.

Ribs few, rounded, prominent; whorls broadly shouldered
and frequently tuberculated on the shoulder. White, with a
single central, or several interrupted, narrow, brown bands.

Length, *5—6 inch.

Solomon's Is , Philippines, ? Madagascar, Kiener.

This is a more quadrate, solid, smaller form than the pre-
ceding. It, as well as some of its synonyms, has been referred
to N. tegula, Reeve, by such experienced students as Pease,
Carpenter, Marrat: I think, however, that the form and colora-
tion and difference of habitat, will justify a separation. I add
to Kiener’s figure (fig. 174) one by Reeve, in which the ribs are
obsolete (fig. 175). NN. coronula, A. Ad. (fig. 176), N. delicata,
A. Ad. (fig. 177), are synonyms. WN. trinodosa, E. A. Smith
(fig. 178), from Solomon’s Is., is probably a variety of this
species, although it has partly the features of N. subspinosa,
Lam.

N. cincrenna, Gould. Pl. 13, figs. 180-182.

Shoulder rounded, ribs narrow, strongly laticed by revolving
lines. White, with sometimes a narrow median brown band.
Length, °45-—6 inch.
Philippines, Central Polynesia.
N. clathratula, A. Ad. (fig. 182,is synonymous. N. cinctella,
A. Ad. (fig. 181), from St. Helena, is very close, if not identical.

N. niegra, Hombr. et Jacg. PI. 13, figs. 183-187.

Dark chocolate-color within and without, with usually a light

band. Length, *5—-65 inch.
Philippines.

With this I unite \. lirata, Marrat, which I figure from an
author’s type (fig. 184°, N. Deshayesiana, Issel (fig. 185), in
which the ribs, especially round the upper part of the body
whorl, are more or less nodulous, NV. scalarina, Marrat (fig. 186).
I am inclined to believe that NV. Nova-Zealandix, Reeve (fig.
187), is merely a variety.

6

492 PHRONTIS.

N. crassa, Koch. Pl. 13, figs. 188-190. ;

Yellowish or greyish, with usually a superior white band.
Very thick, ribs rather small, broken into granules.

Length, *6—"75 inch.

China, Viti Isles.

Fig. 188 is a copy of the type, said to come from China, but
that locality is doubtful: the more usual form of the species is
that of fig. 189. N. semisulcata, Hombr. et Jacq. (fig. 190), is :
synonym. The species is remarkable for the ponderous thick-
ness of well-grown individuals.

N. mica, Brug. PI. 13, figs. 191-193.

Obliquely costate, costa sigmoid, with close revolving strix
which are frequently obsolete on the body whorl except its
lower part. Yellowish or orange-red, banded; or sometimes
parti-colored on the body whorl, the lower portion being darker.

Length, 5-7 inch.

West Africa.

Fig. 192 represents an elongated variety, and fig. 193 is N.
obliqueplicata, Dunker.

N. amMBiaua, Mont. Pl. 13, figs. 194-197, 213.

Narrowly shouldered, ribs pretty close, crossed as weil as the
interstices by tine revolving lines. White or yellowish, generally
banded, spotted or maculated with brown. Length, 4-55 inch.

West Indies, West Coast of Africa. —Dunker.

First described by Montagu as a British species, and oceca-
sionally found on the western shores of Europe, but its
occurrence is adventitious. Its more scalariform spire, finer
sculpture, color, absence of the strong nodules, and narrow,
defined columella callus will serve to distinguish it from JN.
vibea, Say. The synonyms are N. Antillarum (fig. 194), N.
Cande?, (fig. 195) and N. Hotessieri (fig. 196), all of @’Orb., and
all immature shells, of different ages; and N. acuta, Say (fig.
197), probably. N. consensa, Ravenal, is very poorly described
from a single specimen found in a fish at Charleston, 8. C. It
is probably this species.

N. VIBEX, Say. Pl. 13, figs. 198-207.

Spire turrited, angulated by a nodulous series on each whorl,
body with a rather broad, sloping shoulder, the border of which

HEBRA. 45

is defined by nodules ; ribs not close, frequently broken into
nodules by the revolving striz ; columella callus rather widely
spread. Usually olive, chocolate or nearly black, light banded
on the periphery and flecked with revolving chestnut spots ;
sometimes the shell is nearly white, and then, whilst retaining
the red spots, the band is also red, or absent.

Length, “6-8 inch.

West Indies ; Atlantic Coust of the United States, northward
to Chesapeake Bay ; Rio Janeiro, Brazil.

Say’s type was a stunted specimen, and is badly figured (fig.
198). Reeve’s figure represents a very different species, a juven-
ile N. subspinosa, Lam., from the Philippines ; but 1. Antillarum,
Phil. (figs. 199-201 , and N. Sturmii, Phil. (fig. 202), will give a
fair representation of the usual range of the species in size and
color. WM. tessellata, Reeve (fig. 203), MW. fida, Reeve (fig. 204),
both described without locality, and N. cinisculus, Reeve (fig.
205), from St. Thomas, W. I., are alsosynonyms. WV. Fretenses,
Perkins (fig. 206), is supposed by its author to possess distin-
guishing characters in its proportions, sculpture and color, but
it is well within the range of variation of .\. vibe, in all these
particulars: it is found, though rarely, at New Haven, Conn.,
and near Salem, Mass., and may have been carried there with
southern oysters. N. paucicostata, Marrat, an unfigured species
from Nassau (Bahamas ?), is also a probable synonym. N. poly-
gonata, Lam. (fig. 207), is certainly very closely allied to N.
vibex ; it has been misunderstood by Reeve, who has figured for
it a very different species, and Kiener has confounded with it NV.
Jacksoniana, Quoy, a var. of N. monile, Kiener.

Subgenus Hebra, Il. ard A. Adams.

I retain this group after modifying the original diagnosis,
which only applies to immature specimens. The muricated or
spinose ornamentation forms a convenient separation from
Phrontis, and the columella callus is also more defined, but the
spire is not “elevated” more than usual, nor is the outer lip
without varix or denticulations, when mature.

N. susspinosa, Lam. Pl. 13, figs. 208-212.
Spiny, nodulous, the nodules generally forming three promi-
nent revolving series on the body-whorl, but sometimes subor-

44 ‘ HEBRA.

dinated to the longitudinal ribs. © Ash-color to dark chocolate,
mostly light banded between the spiral rows of tubercles.
Length, *6—7 inch.
Indian Ocean, Philippines, New Zealand, Central Polynesia.
XN. viber, Reeve, not Say (fig. 209), is an elongated, immature
shell of this species: to which I refer also, N. yeniculata, A.
Ad. (fig. 210), and WN. sistrvidea, G. and H. Nevill (fig. 211).
NV. scalpta, Marrat (fig. 212 , is described as passing into N. sub-
spinosa on the one hand and NN. corticata on the other.
N. MURICATA, Quoy and Gaimard. PI. 14, figs. 214-218.
Whitish or yellowish, with narrow bands or blotches of chest-
nut or chocolate.
Indian Ocean, Madagascar, New Ircland, Polynesia.
Mr. Marrat considers this a variety of NV. subspinosa, Lam.,
und he is probably correct—yet the less developed shoulder,
more swollen periphery, more numerous, smaller and decidedly
prickly tubercles, as well as lighter color, constitute characters
deserving of recognition, I think. With it are to be united J.
horrida, Dunker (fig. 216), N. Gruneri, Reeve (fig. 217), and N.
curta, Gould (fig. 218).
N. GruneERI, Dunker. Pl. 14, figs. 219-222.
White or yellowish, sometimes obscurely banded or spotted.
Length, 65-8 inch.
Philippines,
Distinguished by its regular, close sculpture of bead-like
tubercles, forming both longitudinal and revolving series. The
synonyms are N. hispida, A. Ad. (fig. 220), N. Websei, Petit
(fig. 221), said to come from West Coast of Africa (doubtful),
and N. acinosa, Gould (fig. 222).
N. ecuinataA, A. Ad. PI. 14, figs. 223, 224.
Yellowish white, longitudinally flecked with brown.
Length, ‘7 inch.
Philippines, China, Andaman Isles.
This pupa-like species is a form rather unusual in the genus :
it may be only a scalariform monstrosity of N. muricata. 1
have not seen specimens of it. Those from the Andamans are
said to be proportionally shorter than the type. N. nodulifera,
Phil. (fig. 224 , is probably the same species: it is said to come
from China. If identical, it will have priority.

HIMA. 49

Subgenus Hima, Leach.
N. sToLATA, Gmel. PI. 14, fig: 225.

Whitish or yellowish, with a broad chocolate band on the
_ periphery, and usually a narrower, subsutural one. :
Length, *75-1 inch. Y
Indian Ocean,
N. pacopa, Reeve. Pl. 14, figs. 226-228.
Whitish or yellowish, stained or obscurely banded with brown.
Length, *8—1'2 inches.
Galapagos Is., Panama to Mazatlan.
Kiener’s NV. decussata (fig. 227) is synonymous, and his locality
“'W. Coast. of Africa,” as well as that given by Reeve for
decussata “* Brisbane Water, E. Australia,’ are both erroneous.
N. angulifera, A. Ad. (fig. 228),is a juvenile shell; it comes
from Galapagos (at ten fathoms), on the authority of Cuming.
N. canescens, C. B. Ad., and N. acuta, Carpenter (not Say), both
unfigured, are evidently the same species.

N. Trrronirogmis, Kiener. Pl. 14, figs. 229, 230.

Yellowish, ash-color, or light brown; columella-callus and lip
white. Length, 1 inch.
Philippines, on mud tlats—Cuming ; Coriseo Bay —Marrat.

N. fuscata, A. Ad. (fig. 230), is probably the same species.
N. myristica, Hinds. Pl. 14, figs. 231, 232.

Light brown, the revolving ridges darker, sometimes dark-
spotted below the sutures. Length, 1 inch.
Cape of Good Hope.
Notwithstanding the greater prominence of the revolving
ridges, more undulating longitudinal sculpture,and more rugose
columella, I doubt the distinctness of this from M. Tritoni-
formis.

Var. RUFOLINEATA, Marrat. Fig. 23:
Whitish or yellowish, stained or lineated with brown.

Length, °9 inch.

Philippines.
_ It is the NV. polygonata of Reeve (not Lamarck), and differs

trom the typical N. myristica only in being shorter and broader.

46 TIMA.

N. SCABRIUSCULA, Powis. Pl. 14, figs. 233-235.
Brownish, or usually ash-color, with a superior white band,
which is oceasionally visible on the spire; revolving lines some-

times chestnut-brown. Length, *6—75 inch.
Panama.

N. collaria, Gould (fig. 284), and N. Stimpsoniana, C. B. Ad.
(fig. 235), appear to be equivalent forms.

N. nopata, Hinds. PI. 14, fig. 236.
Yellowish brown, with one or two faint chocolate bands.

Length, ‘8 inch.
Straits of Malacca.

N. FascraTa, Lam. PI. 14, figs. 237, 238.
Whitish, with a central chestnut band, tinged with chestnut

at the base. Length, 65-9 inch.
South Australia.

The whole surface of this species is beautifully granulated.

N. FesTIVA, Powis. PI. 14, figs. 239-242.

Longitudinal ribs coarsely latticed by strong, close, rounded,
revolving riblets. Whitish, interstices of riblets chestnut or
chocolate color; columella and lip white. Length, ‘7-85 inch.

Japan.

N. festiva is said to have been dredged by Cuming at Panama
and St. Elena (in sandy mud at six to ten fathoms), but I am
not aware that either locality has been confirmed. The next
species (N. dentifera, Powis) is a native of those regions, but is
constantly distinguished by being thinner, more swollen, and
dark chocolate color within and without. The Japanese habitat
is undoubted. The synonyms are N. lirata, Dunker (fig. 240),
N. dealbata, A. Ad. (fig. 241),a somewhat narrower form, usually
white, with a central brown band—it might perhaps be dis-
tinguished as a variety, and N. acutidentata, EK. A. Smith (fig.
242°.

N. DENTIFERA, Powis. PI. 14, figs. 243-245.

Chocolate-brown within and without, with occasionally an
obscure lighter central band. Length, ‘7-85 inch.

Panama to Callao, Peru.

N. unidentata, Powis (fig. 244), is an immature shell, and a
still younger one is N. Tschudi, Troschel (fig. 245’. To these

HIMA. 47

synonyms should probably be added N. corpulenta, C. B. Ad.
(unfigured), from Panama.
N. apyssicona, A. Ad. PI. 15, fig. 255.
Dirty white, slightly bead-margined at the sutures.
Length, °33 inch.
Isle of Bohol, Ph#lippines, in clayey ground, at

sixty fathoms—Cuming.
I do not know this species.

N. pAuPERA, Gould. Pl. 15, figs. 246-250.

Elevated, narrow, whorls rounded, closely costate, and with
fine revolving lines ; aperture small,rounded. White or yellowish,
sometimes fasciated with brown, or marbled, or with the lower
half of the body-whorl brown. Length, °35—"5 inch.’

Japan, Australia, Central Polynesia.

Ditters from the Nassw preceding it in this group by its pupi-
form shape and comparatively small body-whorl and mouth.
The spire is sometimes much exserted, causing very deep
sutures. The variable painting, etc., has caused a very large
synonymy, namely—N. plebecuia, Gould (unfigured), N. micros-
toma, Pease (fig. 247), N. wnifasciata and N. turricula, Pease
MS., N. balteata, Pease (fig. 248), N. dermestina, Gould (un-
figured). N. fraterculus, Dunker (fig. 249), is a stouter form,
which may possibly be identical with the next species. NV.
Samoensis, Dunker MS., and N. /uteola, E. A. Smith (fig. 250),
from Japan, described from a single dead specimen, are very
probably synonyms.

N. TRINGA, Souverbie. Pl. 15, figs. 251, 252.

Yellowish brown, sometimes mottled with chestnut, and
spotted on the varix of the lip.
New Caledonia, S. Australia.
With this I unite N. compacta, Angas, of which I am able to
give a figure from a specimen (fig. 252); it is the Australian rep-
resentative of the European JN. incrassata.

N. penticunatTa, A. Ad. PI. 15, fig. 254.

Yellowish, banded and blotched with chestnut.
Length, *9 inch.
Mediterranean Sea. °
A rare form, confounded by several authors with J. clathrata,
Born (== /imata, Auct.).

48 HIMA,

N. PERITREMIA, Tenison-Woods. PI. 18, fig. 571.
Milky white, subpellucid, shining. Length, 7 mill.
Port Jackson, Australia.
N. concEntTRIcA, Marrat. PI. 15, fig. 260.

Greyish, with two brown bands; beaded at the sutures, closely
ribbed, impressed with revolving lines at the base.

Leneth, *65 inch.
Habitat unknown.

A doubtful species founded upon a figure in Reeve’s Ieonica
intended for N. concinna, Powis—which it is not.
N. Rissowes, Marrat. Pl. 15, fig. 253.

Shell white. Length, ‘55 inch,

Habitat unknown.

Much more slender than the typical N. paupera, yet I doubt
its distinctness. I have before mea single specimen which is
just intermediate between the two forms,

N. eximia, H. Adams. PI, 15, fig, 257,

Cancellated by very close, small longitudinal and revolving
lines; light yellowish brown, with three pale brown revolving

bands. Length, 8 mill.
New Hebrides ; Viti Islands —A. Garrett.

Still mere pupiform than NV. paupera, and smaller, with much
finer sculpture. N, pusilla, Marrat, an unfigured species from
Singapore, is probably (judging from the description) identical.

N. concinna, Powis, Pl. 15, figs. 256, 258-259.

Closely cancellated, with an impressed line at the suture,
dividing offa single row of granules, Length, *65—'8 inch.
Polynesia ; Australia.
In form, sculpture and coloring like the preceding species, but
differing greatly in bulk. N. crebrilineata, Hombr. and Jacq.
(fig. 258), and probably N, pulcherrima, Marrat (fig, 259), are
synonyms. ; ®

N. INTERLIRATA, E. A. Smith. Pl. 15, fig. 261,
With spiral lire in the interstices of the longitudinal riblets.

Dark brown, blackish beneath the sutures. Length, 6°5 mill.
San Christocal, Solomon Islands.

HIMA. 49

N. nuciEouvs, Phil. Pl. 15, fig. 262.

Whitish, brown at suture and base, with usually a brown

central band. Length, 5—6°5 mill.
‘ Mazatlan ; Acapuleo —W. M. Gabb.

This is one of the few Mazatlan species unknown to Carpen-
ter; it is a very distinct and pretty form.
N. INCRASSATA, Strdém. PI. 15, figs. 263-266.

Brownish white, usually obscurely maculate or banded with
brown; whorls with or without a slight shoulder; shell broad
to elongated ovate; occasionally (in some specimens) with a
varix crossing the whorl; lip varix strong, usually with three
brown spots. Length, -45—6 inch.

Iceland, and North Ewrope to Azores, Mediterranean.

Fossil, widely distributed in European tertiary and quaternary
deposits. .Owing to the great variability of this species, it has
received numerous names: one of these forms, indeed, is usually
separated by some of the best European conchologists, and it
will be as well, perhaps, to designate it as var. pygmza, although
the immense series of specimens before me compels me to agree

with Dr. von Martens, that it has no real claim to specific dis-
tinctness.

Var. praMZA, Lam. Fig. 265.

Shell narrower and more finely sculptured; whorls rounded,
not angulated above; spire proportionately longer.

N. incrassala is a very active mollusk, and now and then
changes its crawling position by leisurely floating with its foot
upwards. It often gets into lobster and whelk pots. The spawn
cases are solitary, yellowish, and shaped like a round flask, with
a small neck or opening at the top.

N. RosAcEA, Reeve. PI. 15, fig. 267.

Deep rose-color, black edged at the base, lip white.

Length, 8°5 mill.

. Habitat unknown.

May be a variety of N. incrassata.

N. prompta, Marrat.
Ovately conical, highly polished, pale yellowish white, with

two reddish-purple dotted bands, one in the centre of the body-
a

50 HIMA.

whorl, the other near the canal at the base, whorls rather flattened,
ribbed to the base in front and not more than half-way down
behind, raised into blunt nodules at the sutures, aperture semi-
lunate, columella thickened but not spreading, tubercular, outer
lip very thick, with a thin edge near the aperture; throat with
rather strong and somewhat distant ridges, canal very short,
stained on each side of the base with brown. This may be only
a variety of that interminable shell, V. incrassata, Mull., but I
have not seen any varieties that are likely to connect them.

The above is Marrat’s description; no figure, dimensions or
locality.

N. ALBA, Say.

Shell white. IL. -45, lat. °3 inch.

Southern Coast of E. Florida, West Indies.

The sculpture of this species is said to be similar to that of
N. incrassata, with which Say compares it. It has not been
identified by later investigators. Unfigured.

N. TENELLA, Reeve. PI. 15, figs. 268, 273.

Semitransparent orange, tinged with rose towards the apex,
transversely grooved, longitudinally flexuously ribbed, aperture
small, columella callous, lip thickly varicose, varix white.

Length, *5 inch.

Cascues Bay, Portugal.

Possibly a variety of N. inerassata, var. pygmea, which it
appears to connect with the next species.

N. Cochinensis, Thorpe, appears to be an unpublished species,
although alluded to by Mr. Marrat ; specimens under that name
received from Mr. Sylvanus Hanley, are before me—they do not
differ essentially from the figure of N. tenella, Reeve. The
description of N. argentea, Marrat (fig. 273), from W. Africa,
agrees very well with NV. tenella.

N. DEsHAYESII, Drouet. Pl. 15, fig. 269.
Violaceous, with brown revolving lines. Length, 15 mill.
Azores.
See remark under preceding species.
N. versicotor, C. B. Ad. PI. 15, figs. 270-272, 275.
Yellowish brown, lower part of body-whorl and sutures

usually chestnut-colored. Length, 13 mill.
Panama to Mazatlan.

NIOTHA. 51

The ribs are few, rather broadly rounded, color variable. XN.
proxima, and N. striata (fig. 271), of C. B. Ad., N. rufocincta,
A. Ad. (fig. 272), N. crebristriata, Carpenter (unfigured), and
N. Lecadrei, Folin (fig. 275), are synonyms.

N. sinusigErA, A. Ad. PI. 15, figs. 274, 276-278.
Whitish, stained or filleted with red-brown; ribs slightly
granulated at the sutures, lips varicose, sinuated at the lower

part. Length, °5 inch.
Philippines, Mauritius.

The lip-sinus is not, probably, distinctive. G. and H. Nevill
figure a variety cernica (fig. 276) from Mauritius. N. fraudulenta,
Marr. (fig. 277), from Philippines, and N. cribraria, Marr. (fig.
278), habitat unknown, are, judging from figures and descrip-
tions, at least very closely related.

Subg- nus Niotha, 1H. and A. Adams.

The difference between this group and Alectrion is very slight,
yet its retention will possibly facilitate the classification of the
species; it includes those shells having a reticulated or cancel-
lated surface in consequence of the longitudinal and revolving
sculpture being about equally prominent, whereas in Alectrion
either the whorls are smooth or the longitudinal ribs are much
more prominent than the revolving striz. In both, the inner lip-
callus is spread over the body-whorl, and the outer lip is with-
out external varix.

N. AuBEscens, Dunker. PI. 16, figs. 279-283.

White or yellowish, sometimes with faintly marked ash-
colored bands, which are chocolate-colored within the white
aperture; first whorls usually dark ash-color.

Length, 15-20 mill.

Japan, Philippines, Polynesia, Australia,
Mozambique, Andaman Isles.

The typical form of this species is easily recognized by its
faint bands and dark apex; of this type is N. bicolor, Hombr. et
Jacq. (fig. 280). There is a gradual variation from this to the
next species, so that it is difficult to decide where the one should
end and the other commence; among these varieties are N.
Fenestrata, Marr. (fig. 281), a somewhat more ovate form, the

52 NIOTHA.

name proposed for N. Jsabellei, Reeve, not Orb., N. Keenzi,
Marr., which I figure from an author’s specimen (fig. 282), NM.
gemmulifera, A. Ad. (fig. 283).

N. sPLENDIDULA, Dunker. PI. 16, figs. 284-287.

White, shining, sharply granose by the crossing of the longi-
tudinal ribs by deeply incised lines ; occasionally marbled with
light chestnut, or spotted with the same next the suture; suture
deeply channeled. Length, ‘6-75 inch.

Philippines, Malacca, Polynesia.

Very close to N. albescens, and perhaps only a variety of that
species; the tubercles are more sharp-set, the revolving lines
more distant and regularly spaced—not occasionally approxi-
mating in pairs as in albescens. The synonyms are N. semi-
granosa, Dkr. (fig. 285), N. ravida, A. Ad. (fig. 286), and N.
densigranata, Reeve (fig. 287).

N. nivosa, Marrat, and N. crispata, Marrat, are unfigured
species compared by the author to this form.

N. PAUPERATA, Lam. PI. 16, figs. 288-291.

Banded with chestnut on the periphery and at the base of the
body-whorl, columella and lip-margin sometimes tinged with
chestnut. Ribs becoming evanescent below the middle of the
body-whorl, cut into tubercles by the revolving lines, a row of
these tubercles below the suture, more prominent and separated
from the rest by a suleus. Length, °5—-75 inch.

S. Australia, Tasmania.

N. lyrella, Beck (fig. 289), is a white or bleached specimen of
this species, not in good condition, and I think that N#multi-
granosa, Dunker (fig. 290), is the juvenile, and N. caperata, Phil.
(fig. 271), a pigmy adult of the same species.

N. sorpipa, A. Ad. PI. 16, fig. 292.

Yellowish, obscurely banded with light brown.
Length, °65 ineh.

Philippines.
The suture is somewhat channeled, the ribs rather sharp, the

revolving impressed lines rather faint. This, as well as the.

following species may be only varietal forms of N. albescens.

——

NIOTHA. a5

N. CANDENS, Hinds. PI. 16, figs. 293, 294.

Yellowish white, marbled or fasciate with chestnut; a row of
granules below the suture, and close, prickly granulations cover-
ing the whorls, caused by the incised revolving lines.

Length, ‘7-9 inch.

Marquesas Isles.
N. ckeMATA, Hinds. PI. 16, figs. 295-300.

The whorls are usually channeled below the sutures so as to
separate a single row of nodules, and the close ribs are crossed
by closer revolving incised lines. The color is yellowish or
whitish, banded or irregularly marbled with brown or ash color.

Length, *75-1 inch.

Sts. of Malacca, Philippines, Polynesia.

The taller spire, beaded line beneath the suture, prominence
of the longitudinal sculpture, etc., are the distinctive features of
this species—which connects undoubtedly with NV. albescens on
the one hand, and with concinna on the other. Hinds’ shell is
not adult (fig. 295), and does not exhibit the usual appearance
of the species so well as does N. Quoyi, Hombr. (fig. 296), or N.
Sragum, Hombr. (fig. 297).

‘Var. MARGARITIFERA, Dunker. Figs. 298-300.

The longitudinal ribs are narrower, sharp edged, the revolving
sculpture coarse, obsolete in the middle of the body-whorl.
Besides the brown or chocolate bands or blotches, the surface is
numerously spotted on the sides of the small tubercles with
chestnut-brown. N. venusta, Dunker (fig. 299), N. costellifera
A. Ad. (fig. 300), are synonyms.

N. Krenert, Desh. PI. 16, figs. 301-303.

Longitudinal ribs prominent, upper margin of each whorl
tuberculated, incised revolving lines faint except towards the
base, where they cut up the ribs into tubercles; white with
chocolate or chestnut superior and median bands; surface some-
what polished. Length, ‘75-1 inch.

Singapore, Polynesia, Isle of Bourbon.

The more prominent, less decussated longitudinal sculpture is
the chief distinction from N. cremata, Hinds, the incised re-
volving lines from JV. monile, Kiener—which it most nearly

a4 NIOTHA.

resembles in its coloring and polished surface. That a series
could be arranged to show the gradual transition from one to
the other of these species, although arranged in different groups,
cannot be doubted. The synonyms are N. marginulata, Reeve
not Lam. (fig. 301), called N. Kieneri by Deshayes, N. mar-
garitifera, Reeve, not Dunker (fig. 302), and N. Isabellei, Reeve,
not d’Orb. (fig. 303). ,

N. tivescens, Phil. Pl. 16, fig. 304.
Yellowish, clouded with light chestnut. Length, -8—-9 inch.
India, Chinese Sea, Philippines.
This species has the form of albescens, with the revolving
sculpture of cremata and ribs of concinna.

N. pusto, A. Ad. Pl. 16, fig. 305.

Fulvous, variegated and spotted with brown.
Length, -28 inch.
Luzon, Philippines, in coarse sand, at six fathoms —Cuming.
This shell is globosely oval, with fine ribs and rather incon-
spicuous revolving striz.
N. mutticostata, A. Ad. Pl. 16, fig. 306.
White, variegated with pale red; revolving striz obsolete.
Length, ‘7 inch.
Philippines, coarse sand, at four fathoms—Cuming.
Proportionally longer, the ribs rather coarser, yet possibly an
older example of N. pusio.

N. verrucosa, A. Ad. Pl. 16, fig. 307.
Yellowish, clouded with reddish brown. Length, 1 inch.
Philippines.
The tubercles are larger and more decidedly warty than in the
succeeding species, the sutural channel is deeper, the spire more
conical: yet it possibly is only an intermediate form between
stigmaria and gemmulala,

N. stigmaria, A. Ad. PI. 16, figs. 308-310.

Whitish or yellowish, more or less clouded and marked with
brown. Sculpture forming flat, somewhat square-shaped gran-
ules, those forming a row around the deep (but not wide) suture,
somewhat larger. Length, *75-1 inch.

. Philippines, Malacca, Indian Ocean.

TRITIA. 50

With this I unite N. cremata, Reeve, not Hinds — N. quad-
rata, Marrat (fig. 309), and N. retecosa, A. Ad., not J. Sowb. =
N. Adamsiana, Marrat (fig. 310).

N. Cuminar, A. Ad. PI. 17, fig. 311.

Ovate, rather ventricose, solid, suture flatly channeled.
White, stained with faint chestnut-color. Length, 1 inch.
China.
Distinguished by the swollen character of the whorls—yet

probably only an intermediate form between the last and next
species.

N. GEMMuLATA, Lam. Pl. 17, figs. 312-315.

Yellowish white, stained and spotted with chestnut; suture
flatly channeled. Length, 1 inch.

Philippines, Sts. of Sunda.

N. clathrata, Lam., Encye. Meth. (fig. 313), N. conoidalis,
Desh. (fig. 315), and N. variegata, A. Ad. (fig. 314), are syn-
onyms.

Subgenus Tritia, Risso.

Distinguished from Niotha by its narrow callus, yet some of
the last species in that group form a passage into this. Cesia,
H. and A. Adams, has no distinctive character, and must merge
into Tritia as a synonym. Schizopyga, Conrad, founded on a
miocene species (S. Californica, P|. 3, fig. 32), probably equiva-
lent to N. perpinguis, Hinds, is also a synonym.

* West Coast of America.
N. rossata, Gould. PI. 17, figs. 316-318.

Light. yellowish brown, interior of aperture and columella
deep orange, the sharp, raised, revolving ribs of the interior
white. Length, 1-2 inches.

Coast of California,

A magnificent and peculiar species, not to be mistaken for any
other, and the largest in the genus. N. elegans, Reeve (fig. 317),
very fairly represents it, the figure and description of Gould
(fig. 316) being from a form more ventricose than usual, and not
adult. N. elegans being preoccupied by J. Sowerby for a fossil
species, Adams changed the name to N. Reevei—which falls
before Gould’s prior name. To this synonymy is to be added
N. Morleti, Crosse (fig. 318).

56 TRITIA.

N. PeRPINGUIS, Hinds. PI. 17, fig. 319.

Yellowish white, obscurely marked or banded with chestnut.
Length, -75—-9 inch.
California.
Fossil specimens occur much larger, and varying considerably
from the typical form; some of them approaching a small JN.
Jossata in size and latitude. P. P. Carpenter considers N. in-
terstriata, Conrad, a fossil equivalent—which is somewhat doubt-
ful. Schizopyga Californica, Conrad, is probably identical : it
is from the miocene.
N. MENDIcA, Gould. PI. 17, figs. 320-323.
Yellowish to reddish brown. Length, ‘5—7 inch.
Puget’s Sound to San Diego, Cal.
N. Woodward, Forbes (fig. 321), and N. Gibbesii, Cooper, are
synonyms of this species ; which is the West Coast analogue of
N. trivittata, Say.

Var. Cooperi, Forbes. Figs. 322, 323.

This is typically very distinct, with its seven or eight distant,
prominent, shouldered ribs, but specimens are not rare which,
commencing with the numerous ribs of N. mendica, suppress
alternate ones and increase the prominence of those remaining
on the body-whorl. There are also specimens intermediate in
form and number of longitudinal ribs, and even some in which
the ribs are obsolete on the body-whorl. As it is generally
recognized as a distinct species, it may be convenient to retain
its name as a variety.

N. Gayl, Kiener. Pl. 17, figs. 324, 325.

Yellowish brown to chestnut-color; longitudinal sculpture
usually the most prominent, but sometimes obsolete; a row of
bead-like granules usually, next below the sutures.

Length, 15-18 mill.
W. Coast of So. America, Chili, Peru.

N. rubricata, Gould (fig. 325), is a synonym.
N. Coppincert, E. A. Smith. Pl. 18, fig. 372.

Whitish, with a broad purplish-brown band at the top of the
whorls, and two others on the last, the upper one around the

TRITIA. 57

middle, and the other somewhat below; aperture bluish white,

showing the external banding. Length, 13°5 mill.
Patagonia.
N. TANIOLATA, Phil. PI. 18, fig. 373.
Yellowish brown, tipped with chocolate on the nodules.
Length, 11-16 mill.

Chonos Ist. and So. Patagonia.
Is not N. Coppinger? the same?

* * Japan, Philippines, Indian Ocean, W. Africa.
N. nivea, A. Ad. PI. 17, fig. 326.

White, solid. Length, 1 inch.
: Philippines.
Very like WN. reticulata, Linn., of Europe.

N. Munreriana, Crosse. Pl. 17, fig. 331.

White, with a scarcely apparent pale brown revolving band.
Length, 16 mill.
So. Australia.
N. sianata, Dunker. PI. 17, figs. 327, 328.
Yellowish brown, with a pale central band. Length, -4 inch.
So. Africa.
Very like N. inerassafta, but without the external lip-varix.
N. regularis, Kuster (fig. 328), is probably the same.

N. TuRBINEA, Gould. PI. 17, fig. 329.
Shell white. Length, -9 inch.
; Africa.
Iam not acquainted with this species. The precise locality
is unknown.
N. Rorssy1, Deshayes. PI. 17, figs. 330, 332.
Whitish, rather thin; clathrate. Length, 15 mill.
East Indies.
N. dominula, Tapparone-Canefri (fig. 332), does not appear to
differ.

N. puminio, HK. A. Smith. Pl. 17, fig. 333.

Whitish corneous. Length, 3°5 mill.
Wydah, W. Africa.
Is this really distinct from the preceding species? At any
rate the shell is so decidedly immature that it ought not to have
been described.
8

[ob 4]

8 TRITIA,

N. Kocniana, Dunker.. PI. 17, fig. 334.

Yellowish white, variegated with chestnut. Length, 3-4 mill.
Table Bay, So. Africa.
Another immature and doubtful species.

N. PLICATELLA, A. Ad. PI. 11, fig. 335.
Yellowish, stained with light brown or ash. Length, 1 inch.

Wallwich Bay, So. Africa.
Very closely allied to the European WN. reticulata.

*** Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
N. cLATHRATA, Born. PI. 17, figs. 336-339.

Shell turreted, rather thin, suture flatly, narrowly channeled,
whitish, irregularly yellow-banded in the middle; a deep suleus
at the base of the body-whorl. Length, *9-1:25 inch.

Mediterranean Sea ; Madeira ; Canaries.

Seldom found living, but.extensively distributed as a miocene
and pliocene fossil. It isa very variable form, and Weinkautt
even suspects that .V. miga, Lamarck, will prove to be a variety
—which is not unlikely. The oldest name used for the species
is that which I have adopted, and it has the advantage of being
binomial, whilst the later and generally adopted name, N.
limata, Chemnitz, is only a portion of the phrase given in that
work. . prismatica, Brocchi (fig. 337), and N. elegans, Dujar-
din are synonyms among the fossil specimens. Mr. Marrat
figures for N. turrita, A. Ad. (fig. 338),a shell which is certainly
identical with this species. N. scatariforiis, Val. (fig. 339), is
not adult.

N. RETICULATA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 340-345.

Yellowish white, light chestnut or chocolate-color ; sculpture
varying considerably, but the longitudinal ribs are usually the
most prominent, flexuous, distant, or numerous and close; o¢ca-
sionally the suture is beaded so as to resemble N. monile,
Kiener Lenyth, °75-1°25 inch.

Kurope, from Norway to the Mediterranean.

Fossil, from the miocene throughout Europe.

Jeffreys * says: At the recess of each tide this mollusk
buries itself in the sand in a slanting position, its lurking-place

* Brit. Conch.. iv, 348.

TRITIA. 59

being betrayed by a little hillock. It also gets into lobster-pots
for the sake of the bait. Bouchard-Chantereaux attributes to this
as well as to other whelks, the habit of piercing and devouring bi-
valves. According to M. Lespés, N. reticulata is preyed upon by a
parasitic Trematode (Cercaria sagittata) which infests its liver.
Its spawn cases are deposited on the leaves of Zostera and on
various other things which are left dry only at spring tides ; the
capsules are arranged in rows, and so closely that they overlie
each other “like the brass scales of the cheek-band of a hussar”’
(Johnston). They are compressed pouches, each of the size of
a large spangle, supported on a very short stalk, with a small
opening at the top to allow the fry to escape. Mr. Peach des-
cribed and figured the capsules in the Reports of two Cornish
Societies for 1843 and 1844; and he has given us some amusing
particulars of the fry. These behaved themselves like the fry
of other gastropods, skipping about and whirling round by
means of their ciliated lobes, apparently in a state of pleasura-
ble excitement ; but it seems that the exercise was compulsory,
or necessary to prevent the attacks of a swarm of infusoria,
which made short work of any tired or feeble infant Nassa.

Mr. Jeffreys has named N. nitida (fig. 340) a shell which he
says is as distinct from N. reticulata as N. pygmea is from N.
incrassata, and he states that he has not seen any intermediate
forms. He states that nitida is found only in brackish water
and on muddy bottoms. A specimen among a number dredged
by him in Roach River, had two eyes on the right hand tentacle;
the eyes were smaller than usual, and close together. I agree
with Moérch and Von Martens that nitida is merely a variety of
N. reticulata. Myr. Jeffreys cites N. reticulata from Japan; * the
identity of the Japanese shell must be supposed to be in the
sense in which Mr. Marrat would regard it—yet I can admit it
also, if it be considered necessary to prove an immense distri-
bution for the species. N. reticulata, figured by Quoy and
Gaimard in the Voy. of the Astrolabe, is no* this species how-
ever, but probably N. cremata, var. margaritifera. A curious,
thin, swollen form froni the Baltic is known as WN. cancellata,
Chemn (figs. 343-345).

* Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 107.

60 ILYANABSA.

N. trRivitTaTa, Say. Pl. 18, fig. 346.

White or yellowish white, sometimes faintly marked by three
revolving light brown bands. Suture channeled, with usually a
bead-like row of small tubercles below it,and separated from the
cancellated and tuberculated surface by a slight impressed line.

Leneth, ‘7-9 inch. |

Massachusetts to Florida.

The animal is whitish, sparsely dotted with pale lilac; foot
slightly bifid behind with two erect subulate processes. Very
active. Comes out of the sand towards low-water mark, in a
minute or two after the water passes over them. On most
specimens the bands on the shell are either obsolete or so faintly
marked as to escape hurried observation. °

Subgenus Ilyanassa, Stimpson.

The generic characters proposed by Stimpson include an
opereulum without serrated margin, and the animal without
posterior bifurcation. Although the operculum is usually
crenated in Nassa, Mr. Marrat has enumerated a dozen species
in which it has been observed to have plain margins, or nearly
so; and Dr. Von Martens states* that the European N. reticulata
is found in the mud-fiats of the Venetian lagunes with the oper-
culum plain on one side and somewhat serrated on the other,
and that the end of the foot is but slightly notched in these
specimens instead of being deeply bifurcated. Under these cir-
cumstances, it becomes very doubtful whether the group
Ilyanassa ought to stand. I have concluded to retain it pro-
visionally as a subgenus, especially as it may include several
species conveniently separable from Tvritia by having dark-
colored shells.

N. OBSOLETA, Say. PI. 18, figs. 347-349.

Chocolate-brown or olive, with occasionally a faint, lighter
colored central band; deep chocolate within the aperture, with
a central white band. Length, °75—1 inch.

Massachusetts to Florida.

The animal is variously mottled with slate color, the tentacula
are suddenly diminished above the eyes, and become bristle-like.

Zool. Record, ii, 244.

ILYANASSA. 61

Its movements are very active, and it collects in numbers about
dead crabs and other marine animals, on which it feeds. Inhabits
all our muddy shores, preferring situations not exposed to the
surf of the open sea; such as inlets and extended flats which
are drained at low tide. It is found abundantly at the con-
fluence of fresh and salt water, where the taste is merely
brackish. No shell of equal size is so abundant on the whole
Atlantic shore. Specimens from Florida vary only in being
smaller, more olivaceous, and by having a thick, broad callus
over the pillar. The younger shells are most likely to be col-
lected, because the old ones become very much eroded and
defaced, and a greenish mould-like plant vegetates abundantly
upon them. Very few, therefore, of the shells usually collected,
‘have the lines on the interior of the outer lip. Kiener’s figure
(fig. 348 ., NV. olive formis, represents a young shell * The ova-
capsules are laid during April and May, are of transparent
corneous texture, singly attached to the inside surface of a valve
ot Mactra, or the inner face of the nidus of Nafica; they are
deposited in vast numbers, completely covering the object to
which they are attached and crowded together promiscuously
(fig. 349). ,

N. MeEnanioipes, Reeve. PI. 18, fig. 350.

Smooth, thread-margined around the upper part, striated near
the apex, last whorl grooved at the base. Thin, dark olive,
interior purple-black. Length, °85 inch.

Moreton Bay, Australia - Strange.

Reeve remarks: This species, like N. obsoleta, has a charac-
teristic fresh-water aspect like that of a Melania. I have not
seen it.

N. NIGELLA, Reeve. - Pl 18, fig. 351.
Dark brown, without and within, lip with an exterior varix.
Length, -4 inch.
New Zealand.
N. nucEA, Pease. Pl 18, fig. 352.
Dark chocolate ; closely reticulated ; lip with exterior varix.
Length, 12 mill.
Caroline Isles.

* Gould, Invert. Mass., Binney’s edit., 362.

62 NASSA.

More pupzform and apparently with much closer, finer sculp-
ture than N. nigella, yet they may very possibly be identical. I
do not hesitate to place these species in this group, although
they possess an exterior lip-varix, since otherwise, the relation-
ship is sufficiently apparent.

Undetermined Species of Nassa.

BuccinumM FrLormanuM, Lesson. Acapulco.
“Ts the South Sea representative of B. Cuviert of authors,”
N. GEMMELLARI, Biondi. ? Mediterranean.

Is exotic, and perhaps = N. trivittata, Say.
N. TRICARINATA, Lam. Hab. unknown.
Not recognized by Kiener, Deshayes or subsequent authors.

N. nisora, Potiez et Michaud. Senegal.
N. CANCELLARIA, Potiez et Michaud. European Seas.
N. seMINULUM, Tapp. Can. Papuan Isles.
N. VITREA, Gray. Sierra Leone.
N. ATTENUATA, Gray. Pacifie Ocean.
N. cosruLata and N. MARMORATA, Anton. Hab. unknown,
N. FRIGENS, Von Martens. W. Coast of Africa.

Dredged at a depth exceeding 150 fathoms (precise depth not
mentioned); resembles N. trivittata, Say, somewhat, but more
fragile. Owing to the depth of water it has the appearance of
the Arctic mollusca. The species of Nassa are decidedly littoral
in habit, so that this is an extraordinary exception, and raises
the question whether the species is really a Nassa,

N. NITIDULA and N. cANnpipissima, C. B. Ad. Jamaica.
N. cgemmutosa, C. B. Ad. (Very young shell.) Panama.

+

N. timN2&ForMIs, N. HERRMANNSENI, N. HANLEYANA, N. RUFA,
N. scutpta, N. Darwini, N. Forsesti, Dunker; all without
locality. N. vartans, Dunker, Japan.

N. viTREA, N. AcUTIMARGO (China), N. ArruM (Aden, Madagascar),
N. spicotor, N. BrrmManica (Burmah), N. Cutnensis (Loo Choo
Isles), N.conrnuscans( Bali Isl.), N.uimicoua (China), N.RINGENS,
N. prnauts (Bali Isl.), N. quisquittaRuM (China), N. SInARUM
(China), N. t2TuM, all of Philippi.

————————

NASSA. 63

N. peata (Loo Choo Is.), N. QuANTULA (St. Simon’s Bay), N.
rEposta (Sydney, N. S. W.?), N. pepicutina (Hong Kong), N.
oprata (Sydney, N. S. W.), N. spurca (St. Simon’s Bay), N. PLt-
CATELLA (British Burmah), all of Gould.

Most of the above are from the collections of the North
Pacific (U.S.) Exploring Expedition: they have not been figured,
and the type specimens were destroyed in the great Chicago fire.
Some of them might be identified with other described species,
but it is better not to do so, I think, under the circumstances.

N. nopicincta (Galapagos Is.), N. conruGata (astern Seas),
N. Ausrratis (Australia), N. cRENICOSTATA, N. SCITULA, all of
Arthur Adams.

N. FUSCOLINEATA, E. A. Smith. Japan.
N. (C#s1A) simPpLEX, E. A. Smith. Uruguay.

The following forty “species” are described (but not figured)
by Mr. F. P. Marrat, who does not believe in species. I take
them,-with great pleasure, at his own valuation, for I cannot
afford to expend my time over diagnoses which should never
have been written by a gentleman holding such opinions as Mr.
Marrat does, as to the instability of every specific character.
Theoretically, Mr. Marrat relegates all the Nass to one specific
form; practically, he describes such individuals of that form as
he likes to name; and if every other collector should adopt his
views and be equally industrious, we should eventually have
every individual specimen of the genus bearing a distinct specific
name: moreover each collector would possess the sole specimens
of his own species. No locality is given with most of the
descriptions.

N. noposa (Malacca), N. picrurata, N. acuminata, N. Lyr#-
FORMIS | China', N. GRANULOSA, N. LACTEA, N. GRATA ( Canton),
N.CHRULEA, N.TABESCENS, N.crassicostata ( Bombay),N.LAUTA
( Malacca), N. quInquEcostaTa, N. HANLEYANA (Dunker has pre-
occupied the name), N. parva, N. Sinensis ‘ Chiva Seas), N.
OBLONGA, Ne RruaosA, N. Smitau, N. chanA, N. HARPULARIA, N.
AByssINICA (Abysstnia’, N. RoTUNDICOsSTATA, N. BELLA, N. Acu-
TANGULA, N. unDATA, N. PRECALLOSA, N. MULTILINEATA (South
America), N. vincta, N. pura ( W. Indies), N. minor (Kabenda,

64 NERITULA.

W. Africa), N. ELONGATA — N. oRIENS ( China Seas), N. LUCIDA

( Keeling’s Isl.), N. Aurniopica ( Kabenda, W. Africa), N. cin-

GENDA.

The following species are mentioned by name only in Marrat’s
“Varieties of Nassa,’’ and I presume that they have not been
described.

N. NIVIFER, N. INTERSTINCTA, N. CORRUGATA, N. RECEDIVA (Cape
de Verds).

In the “ Varieties” I find the following specific names attributed
to other authors, but which do not appear to have been described:
N. LINEOLATA, Phil.; N. pustona, Dunker (Viti Isles); N. SPRELA,
Watson (Amboina\; N. AGApETA, Watson (Lavuka); N. ANGu-
LATA, Thorpe (China); N. Brycuta, Watson (Gomera, 620
fathoms); N. sprnus, Watson (Rain Isl., Torres Sts.); N. Bapy-
LonicA, Watson; N. BIBALTEATA, Pease (balteata, Pse?); N.
EMERSA, Carp. (immersa, Carp.?); N. Gavtitea, Clark; N. con-
FERTA, Martens.

Genus NERITULA, Plancus.

In Neritula the last whorl is depressed and extends over the
penultimate whorl nearly covering and concealing the spire, which
consequently appears very obtuse. The animal has a bifid tail,
and operculum similar to Nassa. Risso’s name Cyclope has
been almost equally used for this group. H. and A. Adams’
genus Teinostoma was originally placed next to Nerifula, ih their
“Genera; subsequently they removed it to the Rotelline or
Umboniine.

N. NeRITEA, Linn. PI. 18, figs. 353-356, 359.

Shell smooth and polished; ‘fulvous minutely speckled with
chestnut-brown, with usually darker and larger markings, form-
ing a sutural band and another upon the periphery; the callous,
flattened columella, yellowish stained with brown, is spread out
in circular form covering the inferior surface to the periphery.

Diam., *5 inch.
Mediterranean Sea.

The shell has very much the appearance of a Rotella, being
transversely flattened into a disk-like form. J. Italica, Issel, is
a synonym; I figure two examples of it to show the young and
half-grown states of the species (figs. 355, 356).

DESMOULEFA. 65

N. PELLUCIDA, Risso. PI. 18, fig. 360.
Hyaline, with opaque white spots and callus; frequently brown-
spotted around the suture, and sometimes on the periphery.
Diam., *25—-35 inch.
oN Mediterranean Sea.
Weinkauff considers this var. minor of N. neritea, but the
coloration is decidedly different as well as the size being smaller.

N. Kamixscur, Chemn. PI. 18, figs. 357, 358.

Brown, with a white sutural and peripheral band, callosity
rosy-brown. Last whorl enveloping a portion of the spire, which
only shows three minute whorls, and has a sharp point.

Black Sea.

Genus DESMOULEA, Gray.

Desmoulea is remarkable for its obtuse apex and solid growth,
much resembling some species of Cassididz; when in fine con-
dition, the shell is clothed with a velvety epidermis, but most
cabinet specimens are denuded of this. The animal is unfortu-
nately unknown, and therefore the systematic position of the
genus remains somewhat uncertain—for, whilst some species
connect closely with Nassa, the revolving sculpture, globose
form, sunken suture and mouth of others are suggestive of
Semicassis.

D. ABBREVIATA, Gmelin. Pl. 18, fig. 361.
Yellowish white, with chestnut-colored spots and strigations.
Length, 1-1°5 inches.
Cape of Good Hope.
Differs from all the other species in its distant incised revolv-

ing lines.

D. prneuis, A. Adams. PI. 18, figs. 362-364.

Yellowish and white, variegated, with alternate white and
yellowish brown irregular spots around the suture; revolving
peunpbnte close and fine raised lines. Length, 1 inch.

Senegal, Japan.

_The latter locality is assigned for D. crassa, A. Ad. (fig. 364),
which Reeve changed to Nassa ponderosa, the former name being

preoccupied in Nassa. D. pulchra, Gray, the type of his genus is
9 t WG

66 TURBINELLID.

very probably this species, but has never been figured, and
remains unidentified.

D. retusa, Lam. PI. 18, figs. 365-367.

Marbled with chestnut and white, or blush-pink, sometimes
obscurely banded with spots around the suture and on the
periphery. Length, 1 inch.

Liberia.

D. Tryoni, Crosse (fig. 367), is described from a remarkably
thickened specimen, with a copious callous deposit on the colu-
mella, but it does not afford any varietal characters.

D. Japonica, A. Adams. PI. 18, fig. 368.
Light fulvous, ornamented with brown longitudinal flames and
spots variegated with white, especially around the suture.

Length, 1 inch.
Japan.

The pertinence of this species, as well as of those which
follow, to the group, is somewhat doubtful, as they have the
form of Nassa, including its pyramidal spire.

D. pyrAMIDALIS, A. Adams. PI. 18, fig. 369.
Yellowish brown, apex violet-tinged. Length, °85 inch.
Port Elizabeth, So. Africa—Marrat.

D. rtNGENS, A. Adams. PI. 18, fig. 370.
Brownish orange. Length, ‘7 inch.
Habitat unknown.
A singular species which unites the sculpture of Nassa with
the mouth of Desmoulea—the latter even exaggerated in its
characters.

X Family TURBINELLID A.

\

This group includes a few ponderous tropical species, allied
in the characters of the mouth, and in general form and orna-
mentation to the Peristerniine (see vol. iii, p. 79), on the one
hand, whilst in size they approach the Volutide. The plications
on the middle of the pillar are rather distant, narrow, high, and
transverse, whilst in Fasciolariine they are situated lower, are
not so prominent, and oblique in direction. The epidermis is
frequently persistent.

TURBINELLA. 67

The animal (of Vasum) is slow-moving, timid and inactive,
shrinking quickly within the shell on the slightest alarm. The
operculum is ovate, acute, with an apical nucleus; it is very
thick, claw-like, and partially free at the hind part. The denti-
tion resembles somewhat that of the Buccinidee, differing in the
lateral teeth; it differs widely from the Nassidz, and quite as
much from that of the Fasciolariine or Peristerniine.

Synopsis of Genera.

yenus TURBINELLA. Lam. ‘Thick, obconic, smooth, last whorl
large ; spire obtuse, apex papillary ; aperture oblong, narrow ; canal long
and straight; columella with several strong, transverse plaits in the
middle ; outer lip thin, simple. Animal unknown.

Subgenus CARICELLA, Conrad. Columella-folds decreasing in size from
above, asin Mitra, base canaliculate and not emarginate. The above
characterization is somewhat vague, but the small group of fossils referred
to it may be said to resemble Jurbinella in essential characters, the
difference being that the folds are situated lower down on the pillar, and
that the shell is thinner.*

C. PRETENUIS, Conrad. Pl. 3, fig. 35. Eocene, Claiborne, Alabama.

Genus VASUM, Bolten. Shell oval, oblong, solid, tubercular or
spinose, with spinose fascioles below; spire short, apex not papillary ;
aperture oblong ; canal short, somewhat recurved ; columella with several
transverse folds in the middle ; outer lip thickened and sinuous. Denti-
tion, Pl. 2, fig. 1.

as Genus TURBINELLA, Lau.

I adopt Lamarck’s generic name in preference to that of
Mazza, Klein, because the latter included several groups, and
was only limited to its present signification by Messrs. H. and
A. Adams,whilst the former author cites as his sole type a species
which possesses the distinctive characters now assigned to the
genus. The difference between the shells of Yurbinella and
Vasum is not such as to indicate any differential characters in
the animals (unfortunately that of Turbinella is unknown) and
the separation of these genera is merely a matter of convenience

* Conrad has formed a genus Mazzalina (uncharacterized), for a
Claiborne fossil, which seems to have suggested to him the recent genus
Mazza (= Turbinella). The type is, I believe, more nearly related to
Lagena from which it does not appear to have any differential characters
(see vol. iii, p. 225).

68 TURBINELLA.

to the systematist. The dentition of Imbricaria, Schum., a group
of Mitride, differs radically from the type of that family and
approaches closely to Yurbinella—that is, if Troschel has cor-
rectly identified the mollusk examined by him; but the species
are so essentially Mitre in other characters that to separate them
from that family would be very inexpedient.

T. pynum, Linn... Pl. 19, figs: 1-3, 5=7.

Whitish or yellowish white, under a thick, light olive epidermis ;
sometimes irregularly sprinkled with chestnut-colored spots;
interior of aperture and columella yellowish to orange-brown.

Length, 4-7 inches.

Ceylon.

T. rapa, Gmel. (fig. 5), = gravis, Dillw., = clavata, Wagn., =
napus, Lam. (fig. 3),is distinguished by most authors on account
of its more swollen growth and absence of spots, but the
distinction does not hold good, the shell becoming more swollen
and less spotted with increase in size; like our Virginia Deer
the spotted coat is a juvenile condition of which, however,
traces sometimes remain, or rather recur, in the adult shell. I
figure a very curious planorboid monstrosity (figs. 6, 7), existing
in the Museum of the University of Ghent.

The shankh or chank is the sacred shell of the Hindus, and
the national emblem of the Kingdom of Travancore. The god
Vishnu is represented as carrying a chank shell in one hand and
a chakra in the other.

The Hindus believe that unless they worshiped this shell at
the commencement of every worship or prayer, their offerings
would not be accepted. The first incarnation of Vishnu, called
Machhavatar (which literally means transformation into a fish),
was undertaken for destroying Shankhasura (the giant chank
shell), in order to regain the Vedas, he having stolen them and
taken refuge under the ocean.

The fishery for these shells is principally carried on in the
Gulf of Manaar, in the vicinity of Ceylon, and on the coast of
Coromandel, at Travancore, Tuticorin, and other places, the
shells being brought up by divers in about two or three fathoms of
water. Those taken with the animal in, and called green chanks,

TURBINELLA. 69

from having the epidermis on, are most in demand. The white
chanks, or dead shells thrown upon the beach by strong tides,
having lost their enamel, are scarcely worth the cost of freight
to Caleutta. The number obtained varies considerably in differ-
ent years, according to the weather and the success attending the
divers. Frequently four or five millions of these shells are
shipped in a year from the Gulf of Manaar. In some years the
value of the rough shells, as imported into Madras and Calcutta,
reaches ten to fifteen thousand pounds sterling. A few hundreds
are occasionally imported into Calcutta from the Arabian and
Persian Gulfs. The chank fishery of Ceylon at one time employed
six hundred divers, and yielded a revenue to the island govern-
ment of £4000 per annum for licenses. The fishery is now free.

These shells are often used as oil vessels or lamps in Indian
temples, for which purpose they are carved and sculptured or
otherwise ornamented. A reversed chank is so highly prized for
its rarity as sometimes to sell in Calcutta for its weight in gold,
or at from forty to fifty pounds sterling. In Ceylon, also, the
reversed variety is held sacred by the priests, who administer
medicine by it. This shell, from its weight and smoothness, is
used in Dacca for calendering or glazing cotton, and in Nepal
for giving a polished surface to paper.

The principal demand for these shells is for making bangles -
or armlets and anklets, and the manufacture is still almost con-
fined to Dacca. The shell is cut or sliced into segments of
circles, or narrow rings of various sizes, by a rude semicircular
saw, the hands and toes being both actively employed in the
operation (Pl. 3, fig. 34). Some of these bangles, worn by the
Hindoo women, are beautifully painted, gilded and ornamented
with gems.

The shell rings are coated inside with plaster to smooth the
roughness. Filagree-bordered edges of plaster are also added ;
patterns and devices of red, blue and gold are figured on them,and
they are further ornamented with silver or gold tinsel, spangles,
small colored glass beads, ete. The larger bracelets, formed
of many segments, are made to open to admit the hand, by
two spiral pins, which unscrew and let out the piece (Pl. 3,
fig. 83). These bangles are not removed at death, and hence

70 TURBINELLA.

there is a continual demand for them, many wearing several,
both on the legs and arms.*

In India, China and Siam the chank shell is highly prized,
especially a sinistral variety found on the coasts of Tranquebar
and.Ceylon, and made use of by the Cingalese in some of their
most sacred rites. Such reversed shells are held in special ven-
eration in China, where great prices are given for them. They
are kept in the pagodas by the priests, and are not only employed
by them on certain special occasions as the sacred vessels from
which they administer medicine to the sick; but it is in one of these
sinistrorsal turbinellas that the consecrated oil is kept with which
the emperor is anointed at his coronation. These shells are
often curiously ornamented with elaborate carvings. The tur-
binella is so extensively employed in ornamental manufactures
in the East Indies that upwards of four million shells have been
exported in a single year from Ceylon to the ports of Calcutta
and Madras; these are chiefly employed in making armlets and
anklets, which are often highly ornamented and are known by
the name of bangles. The mamillary apex of the shell is made
into a button or bead; the latter are called krantahs, and neck-
laces of these are so commonly worn by the Sepoys in the East
India service as almost to be deemed a regular part of their

uniform.+
T. ovorpEA, Keiner. Pl. 19, fig. 4

Whorls smooth or obsoletely striated ; pinkish white, under a
thin, smooth, horny epidermis. Length, 4-6 inches.
Bahia, Coast of Brazil.
Occurs numerously in the miocene of Santo Domingo, West

Indies.

T. scotymus, Gmelin. Pl. 20, fig. 8.
Yellowish white, under a thin, fibrous, olive epidermis; colu-
mella and interior flesh-pink. Length, 8-10 inches.
Bahia, Brazil; West Indies?

The largest species in the genus and one of the largest of uni-
valve mollusca. Fine specimens occur in the miocene of Santo

* Simmonds’ Commercial Products of the Sea, 288.
+ Wilson, Canad. Nat., iii, 400, 1858.

VASUM. 71

Domingo, and the West Indies is given as habitat in the “ Con-
chylien Cabinet,” but the species does not occur in the Swift
Collection, and I think there is no other authority for this
locality. The young shell is so covered with nodules and revolv-
ing ribs as to be readily mistaken for another species. The
revolving sculpture disappears and the nodules become fewer
and more prominent with advancing age. This and the next
species do not fall completely within the generic characters of
Turbinella; the sculpture and nodules indicate a transition to
Vasum, but they have not the elaborate ornamentation of the
latter genus—particularly its spinose fasciole.

T. Fusus, Sowb. Pl. 20, fig. 9.
White, covered with a thick, fibrous epidermis tufted in rows.

Length, 7 inches.
Habitat unknown.

The tufting occurs upon the distant revolving riblets. It is
possible that this is a specimen of TJ. scolymus, in which the
development of the tubercles has been partially arrested.

Genus VASUM, Bolten.
V. MURIATICUM, Born. PI. 20, figs. 10,11; Pl. 21, fig. 19.

White, covered with a rather thick, fibrous brown epidermis ;

columella tinged with rose-color. Length, 3°5—-5:5 inches.
West Indies ; Panama; Mazatlan.

Reeve attempts to distinguish V. castus, Brod. (fig. 12), from
the Bay of Caraccas, by its having broader furrows, larger
tubercles and only four instead of five plaits on the columella,
but these characters vary considerably in the numerous speci-
mens before me. The fifth plait is merely an incipient one
which sometimes occurs between the normal upper plait and the
next one below it. The West Coast specimens which I have
examined are all four-plaited, and this corresponds with Carpen-
ter’s remark upon them in his ‘“‘ Mazatlan Catalogue.” I think
that J. Crosseana, Souv. (fig. 19), described from a single
specimen, the locality of which was doubtful, is probably only a
worn individual of this species.

V. RHINOCEROS, Gmelin. Pl. 21, figs. 13, 14.
Variegated, whitish and chestnut-brown; columella and

te VASUM.

interior of shell brown or pink; columellar plaits three in
number. Length, 2°5-3 inches.
; Zanzibar; Carthagena, N. G.; Bahia, Brazil.

V. Cassidiforme, Val. (fig. 14), is merely a more perfect
growth of this species, the revolving sculpture being squamous.
The expansion of the posterior part of the aperture, that of the
columellar callus, the more distant nodes on the shoulder of the
body-whorl serve to distinguish this from the preceding species.

VY. ceramicum, Linn. Pl. 20, fig. 10; Pl. 21, figs. 15, 18.

Yellowish white and black, variegated, stained and irregularly
banded ; outer lip usually black-bordered within.
Length, 3°5-6 inches.
Philippines, Polynesia.
V. armatum, Brod. (fig. 10), is the juvenile of this species, and
V. vexillulum, Reeve (fig. 15), is a still younger state.

V. IMPERIALE, Reeve. PI. 21, fig. 23.

Whitish, scorched with brown, tubercles blackish; interior
white, columella stained with rich purple-brown.

Length, 3°5 inches.
Philippines, on the reefs.—Cuming.

The upper spines are more luxuriantly foliaceous than in
V. ceramicum,and the spire shorter; in form, this shell appears
to connect the latter with V. cornigerum. Turbinella tubigera,
Anton, an unfigured species, may be the same.

V. TURBINELLUM, Linn. PI. 21, figs. 16, 20-22.

Yellowish white and chestnut-black, stained and obscurely
banded; aperture yellowish white, border of lip black-spotted.

Length, 2°5-3°5 inches.

“Red Sea, Moluccas, Philippines, Mauritius, Central Polynesia,

A rather smaller, but proportionately heavier, shell than
V. ceramicum, with a much shorter spire.

Messrs. Adams and Reeve* state that the animal crawls with
difficulty, appearing to labor under the weight of its heavy shell
as the tortoise does with its carapace. Turbinella variolaria,
Lam. (fig. 16), is a very young individual of this species, as
demonstrated by a series of specimens before me.

* Voy. Samarang, 43.

VOLUTID A, to

V. CAPITELLUM, Linn. PI. 19, fig. 25; Pl. 21, fig. 24.
Yellowish white, or light brown. Length, 2-3 inches.
West Indies.
V. mitis, Lam. (fig. 25), is a depauperate shell, not adult.

V. atoputus, Lam. PI. 21, fig. 17.
Yellowish brown, the revolving ribs whitish; interior of
aperture and columella flesh-pink. Length, 1°25—-1-°75 inches.
W. Africa; West Indies.

4 Family VOLUTID.

The shells of this family are conspicuous and showy, and
many of them rare; like the Cyprzidz and Conide, the acqui-
sition of fine collections is frequently deemed worthy the
expenditure of much time and money, and information upon the
classification and determination of the species is eagerly sought.
The consequences of this state of things are a large number of
so-called species erected out of mere individual variations and a
succession of classifications, each vying with the other in com-
plexity. Neither the anatomy of the animals nor the differences
between the shells justify the numerous generic divisions which
have been proposed, and I gladly follow one of the latest as well
as the most judicious of systematists, Mr. H. Crosse, in reducing
most of them to mere groups within the genus Voluta. H. and
A. Adams included a classification of Volutide in their ‘ Genera
of Recent Mollusca,” Vol. 1, 1853. They were shortly followed
by Dr. J. E. Gray, in “ Zool. Proceedings,” 1855, “‘ Catalogue of
the British Museum,” xxvii, 1855, and “ Guide to the Mollusca,”
1857. The latter was partially adopted, and partially adapted
to their former system by Messrs. Adams, in the ‘‘ Appendix”
to their work, published in 1858. Crosse’s arrangement of the
Volutes was published in ‘‘ Journal de Conchyliologie,” 3 ser. vi,
105, 1866; and xi, 263, 1871. Finally, Mr. Wm. M. Gabb
published a modified version of Dr. Gray’s system, including,
however, the fossil genera, omitted by his predecessors. (Proc.
Philad. Acad., 286, 1876.) 4

Two subfamilies have been made by Gray, Gill and others,
based primarily upon differences in the lingual dentition. One
of them, containing the genera Amoria and Volutimitra of Gray,

10

74 VOLUTIDA.

is instituted upon the examination of the dentition of a single
species in each of these genera. That of Amoria Turneri, Gray,
has been supposed by some conchologists to be an error on the
part of that very .able but exceedingly hasty and careless
observer, as it appears to correspond very closely with that of a
nudibranchiate mollusk, Favorinus albus, Alder and Hancock.*
The dentition of Volutimitra Grenlandica is similar, but with
the addition of lateral teeth. We are not willing to remove a
number of tropical species heretofore classed in this genus along
with this single boreal one, from the Mitridz to the Volutide,
merely upon the evidence of the armature of this one species.
The shell of Volutimitra has no intimate relationship with
Voluta, but it is essentially a Mitrid. Gray ineluded a consid-
erable number of species of Marginellide in his subfamily
Volutimitrina, but these were excluded by H. and A. Adams.
It remains to specify an entirely different type of dentition, as
discovered by Dr. P. Fischer in Voluta musica, which approaches
that of species of Marginellide. It is evident that such diversity
in the few tongues examined must be fatal to the classification
of the group upon this character, until we shall have determined
the dentition of every species before assigning to it a definitive
position. Fischer thus tabulates the dentition of the family, as
far as known:
{ 1. Tooth tricuspid, with large lateral points.
| Cymbium, Melo, Voluta, Lyria. CPI. 2,
figs. 2, 3, 4, 7.)
1, Formula:0°1-°0. { 2. Tooth unicuspid, with concave base.
Amoria. (PI. 2, fig. 5.)
| 3. Tooth multicuspid, very transverse.
lL Voluta musica. (PI. 2, fig. 6.)
2, Formula:1°1:°:1. Volutimitra. (Pl. 2, fig. 8.)
This last form I place in Mitride, as explained above.

Volutes are rarely collected with their animals, except when
they are accidentally thrown ashore after a storm. They have
therefore been said to live in the depths of the sea. The reason
they are not found is that, like the Naticsz,they bury themselves
under the surface as soon as the water falls and the sand is left

* Morch, Jour. de Conch., xv, 241, 1867.

VOLUTIDA, 15
dry by the tide; they are only to be procured by digging for
them, or when a violent storm disturbs the sand and throws
them on the beach.*

The above rematk is tpon Australian species, but those of the
southern extremity of South America are also found numerously
in shallow water, feeding on Mytilus, etc.; nevertheless other
species have been dredged from great depths, as V. papillosa at
1900 fathoms.

The cavity of the nucleus in a cut specimen of the shell of
V. vespertilio is neatly entirely filled with an amber-colored
pellucid calcateous deposit; and the whole of the rest of the
cavity is lined with a thick glossy deposit. In a cut specimen
of V. Hebrea (the nucleus of which is destroyed) the cavity of
the upper whorl is quite filled with a white glossy deposit, and a
similar deposit lines the whole of the inner cavity of the shell.

Synopsis of Genera.

* No operculum. (An operculum in V. musica.)

CYMBIUM, Klein. Shell oval-oblong, ventricose, thin; spire short,
nucleus large, globular, forming an obtuse papillary apex; whorls few,
forming a flat edge around the nucleus; aperture oblong, wide; colu-
mella with several oblique plaits; outer lip thin, simple. Dentition,
Pl. 2, fig. 2.

MELO, Humphrey. Shell large, subovate, ventricose, thin; spire short,
apex obtuse, papillary, persistent; whorls smooth, the last posteriorly
coronated; aperture oblong, wide; columella with several oblique plaits,
the anterior the largest; outer lip simple, acute, obliquely truncate in
front. Dentition, Pl. 2, fig. 3.

VOLUTA, Linn. Shell ovate or subconical, thick, solid; spire usually
short; shoulder of whorls usually angulated, sometimes nodose or
spinous; aperture generally rather narrow; columella with a callous
deposit and plaited; lip generally thickened, sometimes subreflected.
Dentition, Pl. 2, figs. 4-6.

* * With operculum.

{ VoLuToLyRIA, Crosse. Shell with the obconic form of Voluta,
longitudinally plicate; columella numerously plaited; operculate.
Unites the form and solidity of Voluta with the smaller size and

* Dr. J. E. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 310, 1868.
+ Gray, Beechey’s Voy., 134.

76 VOLUTID.

numerons plaits of Lyria. Differs from Voluta in possessing an oper-
culum, and in dentition. I am unable to follow Mr. Crosse in this
separatiou from Voluta, for several reasons:

1st. The dentition of only a single species (V. musica) of the Volutes
with numerous columellar plaits has been examined, and there are
others, V. Hebrewa, for instance, which cannot be separated concho-
logically from V. musica, but the dentition of which is unknown.

2d. The assumed type of dentition of Voluta rests upon the examina-
tion of only three or four among the numerous species of the genus—it
may differ widely in some of the others

3d. The presence of an operculum is proven in V. musica, but its
absence is not proven in most of the Volutes, although we know it to be
absent in several of them. The presence or absence of an operculum
has but little value in the classification of some groups; indeed it is well
developed or absent in the,same species occasionally, as in Volutharpa,
etc.

Ath. If we assume V. Hebrwa and J. virescens to be, with V. musica,
Volutolyriz, what shall we do with the groups Harpula and Fulgoraria,
which form the passage into the Volutes with few plaits ?

5th. If we adopt Voluta, Linn, or even the restricted Voluta of Gray,
in either case V. musica is the type, and if a new name is required it is
for those species the characters of which are different from V. musica. }

LYRIA, Gray. Shell ovately fusiform, solid; spire acuminate; whorls
longitudinally ribbed; aperture ovate, rather narrow; columella with
numerous transverse plaits; outer lip simple, acute. Dentition, Pl. 2,
fig. 7.

The species are smaller than in Voluta, and Mitreform, connecting
with the genus Mitra.

MICROVOLUTA, Angas. Shell small, ovately fusiform, solid, smooth,
shining; spire as long as the aperture, apex papillary; whorls simple;
aperture narrowly ovate; columella with four strong transverse plaits,
the anterior one the smallest; outer lip thin, simple, slightly contracted
at the base; base rounded, spout-shaped, with a flexuous bend upwards
towards the columella, which is a little thickened and reflected below
the plaits.

The above description is drawn up from the only known species, and
probably many of its characters are of slight importance. The animal
is unfortunately unknown.

Fossil Genera.

The following groups are enumerated by W. M. Gabb. They should
probably all be considered as subgeneric under Voluta rather than as
distinct genera,

VOLUTIDA. rai

VOLUTODERMA, Gabb. Shape similar to Fulgoraria, which it also
resembles more or less in surface sculpture; apex not papillate; inner
lip marked by from three to five well-marked folds, not very oblique,
and of pretty uniform size. This is a group of shells characteristic of
the cretaceous rocks and perhaps peculiar to them. They are all
somewhat slender, and are marked by longitudinal ribs; the columella
is always straight or nearly so, and the folds are as isolated and distinct
as those of Turbinella. But the most strongly distinguishing character
is the entire absence of the irregularly rounded mass at the apex of the
shell, one of the best characters of Fulgoraria. Cretaceous of United
States, Hurope and India.

VY. NavaRROENSIS, Gabb. PI. 4, fig. 44. California.

VOLUTOMORPHA, Gabb. Shell elongate, fusiform; whorls cancellated
by longitudinal and revolving ribs; columella with one very oblique
fold, and sometimes one or more smaller secondary folds.

V. Conranpl, Gabb. PI. 4, fig. 45. A cast. Cretaceous, New Jersey.

ROSTELLITES, Conrad. Narrow, subulate, with elongated spire,
numerous subequal plaits on the columella, and the outer lip somewhat
expanded anteriorly.

R. Texana, Conr. PI. 4, fig. 46. Cretaceous, Terus.

VOLUTIFUSUS, Conrad. Fusiform; body-whorl finely striated or
smooth, with the exception of the shoulder, which is sometimes
tuberculated; columella plaited, folds two to three, sometimes very
prominent, oblique; apex papillated; initial whorl acute, subspiral,
narrow; beak produced, recurved or sinuous.* Miocene of Europe and
America.

VY. Typos, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 36. North Carolina.

ATHLETA, Conrad. Ovate, Voluta-shaped; spire short, acute; columella
with plaits as in Voluia; a callus projecting on the shoulder, and
covering a portion of the spire. Cretaceous. Miocene of Europe.

A. TuomeEyl, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 37. Mississippi.

LEIODERMA, Conrad. Shell largely covered with enamel; with very
oblique columellar folds; outer lip somewhat emarginate on the upper
part to its junction with the body-whorl; base deeply emarginate.

L. LEIODERMA, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 38. Cretaceous, Mississippi.

PTYCHORIS, Gabb. Differs from Athleta in the want of the charac-
teristic callus, in being subglobular instead of subfusiform and
angulated, with very oblique folds on the anterior part of the columella.

P. PURPURIFORMIS, Forbes. PI. 4, fig. 47. Cretaceous, Jndia.

*Tam by no means convinced that Volutifusus should be separated
from Scaphella.—Gabb.

78 CYMBIUM.

( Ficuopsis, Stoliczka, referred by him to the Volutid, is a Fiews with
the addition of columellar folds. I agree with Mr. Gabb in including
it in the Ficulide — Pyrulide.}

PLEIOPTYGMA, Conrad. Subfusiform; aperture long; columella with
very oblique plaits, numerous, alternated in size, or irregular; the
largest being the second one from above.

P. CAROLINENSIS, Conrad. Pl. 4, fig. 48. Mivcene, So. Carolina.

CRYPTOCHORDA, Méorch. Shell smooth, Volutiform, enameled;
columella without plications. Tertiary. Seems to connect Vuluta
with Hurpa.

C. srromBorpes, Gmel. Pl. 4 fig. 47. Tertiary, France.

|OrocHEILus, Conrad. An uncharacterized genus placed by its author
in Volutide. The type is lost, but the second species, O. Mississippi-
ensts, Conrad, has been referred by Prof. Heilprin to Cythara in
Pleurotomid - to which determination I agree. ]

GOSAVIA, Stoliczka. Shell convolute, spire turbinated, last whorl
inversely conical; aperture narrowly elongate, base emarginate; lip
sinuate at the suture; columella plicated, anterior plicw strongest.
Cretaceous, Europe and India.

Stoliczka refers this genus to Conidae, as he does also doubtfully
Imbricaria and Cylindra, which he considers closely related. ‘The two
latter are known to be in no way closely related to Conus, and Gosavia
possesses every characteristic of a Volute; indeed I cannot separate it
readily from such forms as V. musica.

G. Inpica, Stol. Pl. 4, fig. 49. India.

+ Genus CYMBIUM, Klein.

The animal is large compared to the size of the shell, when
expanded. The foot partially covers the shell, which is sunk
into its substance. There is no operculum. Ovoviviparous; the
young when born being of a large size and covered with a shell
with a large irregular callous apex. They leave the parent when
they have attained a length of about an inch; the brood appear-
ing to consist of four or five individuals. Adanson observes
that the high winds of April cast the “yet” up in such vast
quantities as sometimes to cover the shore; the natives of
Senegal using them as food. The species are limited in distri-
bution; one being an inhabitant of the Mediterranean Sea, the
others of the West Coast of Africa.

Cymbium is separated from Melo by its flat or slightly

CYMBIUM. V9

channeled shoulder and want of coronal spines. When fresh,
the epidermis is more or less covered by a thin glaze deposited
by the enveloping mantle.

Gray, Reeve and Sowerby have published monographs of this
genus; the two latter with illustrations, For the figures of
Cymbium, Melo and Voluta, in the present work, I am mainly
indebted to Sowerby’s Thesaurus; they are usually much reduced
in size, but the dimensions of the species are indicated in my text.
C. PROBOSCIDALE, Lam. PI. 22, figs. 1-4.

Yellowish brown, or light salmon-color ; epidermis very thin,
brown, over which the mantle of the animal deposits a thin glaze;

columellar plaits four in the adult, of which the last is small.

Length, 1 inch to a foot or more.
; W. Coast of Africa.

C. porcinum, Lam. (figs. 3,4) is the young of this species,
having only two columellar plaits, and the ends of the shell not
so attenuately contracted; it has generally been distinguished as
a species with some doubt, but the specimens before me afford
good evidence of the gradual evolution of proboscidale from por-
cinum. Between the glaze and the epidermis particles of sand
and even small organie bodies are frequently imprisoned ; the
former giving the surface a minutely pustulate appearance.

C. RUBIGINOSUM, Swains. PI. 22, fig. 6.

There is some little difference of form between this and the
last species, but I scarcely think them distinct. It was referred
to Australia by Sowerby,and misunderstood and made a synonym
of C. cymbium (not of Linn) by Dr, Gray = C. cistwm, Lam.
Its true locality is N. W. Coast of Africa. Length, 4°5 inches.

C. cistum, Lam. PI. 22, figs. 5, 7, 8.

Shell light yellowish brown, elegantly marbled with chestnut.
Length, 3-5 inches,
W. Africa.
Gray and others have referred C. cymbium, L., to this species,
but the evidence given by Mr. Reeve that the true C. cymbium
= (. proboscidale is pretty conclusive.* C. gracile, Brod.
(figs. 5, 8), appears to be a form of this shell.

* Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser. vii, 271.

\

80 MELO.

C. Nepruni, Gmel. Pl. 22, figs. 9-12; Pl.1, fig. 3.

Yellowish or reddish brown. Length, 6-10 inches.

W. Africa.

C. Tritonis, Brod. (fig. 10), is a synonym. The shell when
young and in good condition, is frequently mottled with lighter
and darker brown, and this color-variety has received the name
of C. Navicula,Gmel. C. patulum, Brod. (fig. 11}, is another
synonym. I figure, actual size,a quite young individual, with
protruding spire (fig. 12) which afterwards becomes immersed in
the succeeding whorls.

C. ona, Linn. Pl. 22, fig. 13.
Pale fulvous. Columella two-plaited. Length, 3°5—5 inches.

Southern Spanish shores of the Mediterranean,
N. W. Africa, Portugal, Canaries.

A Genus MELO, Humphrey.

The apex of the shell is spiral, regular, very different from the
shapeless apex of Cymbium. The distribution of Melo is exclu-
sively tropical and exotic, ranging from the Indian Ocean to
Australia. Messrs, Adams state that the animal of this genus, like
Cymbium,is ovoviviparous, the young ones being arranged in
the oviduct of the female in a long string, without egg-shells.

* Sptre covered or enclosed, unarmed.

M. Inpica, Gmelin. PI. 23, fig. 14.

Lemon-yellow to orange-color, with two or three revolving
zones of tessellated spots; sometimes without spots when large.
Epidermis very thin, light olive, not often seen on cabinet
specimens. Length, 6—9 inches.

Indian Ocean.

* * Spire exposed, not produced, surrounded by decumbent spines.
M, TESSELLATA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 15, 16.
Yellowish or orange, under a light olive epidermis, with or
without two or three revolving zones of brown tessellations.

Length, 6 inches.
Indian Ocean.

The species of coronated Melos are very hard to separate, and

MELO. 81

in fact, the number and direction of the spines vary so in differ-
ent species that the distinction appears very arbitrary.

* * * Spire exposed, not produced, spines ercet, spreading.

M. Aruiopica, Linn. PI. 23, figs. 17-21.
Yellowish or orange; generally maculated and _ tessellated

with chestnut, usually in revolving zones. Length, 6-12 inches.
Indian Ocean, Manilla, Japan.

In deference to the opinion of the British conchologists, the
following ‘‘species”’ may retain their names as stages of variation
in the form, coloration and development of spines. It is easy
to point out from the numerous excellent illustrations given by
Reeve and Sowerby, how these authors differ in estimating these
so-called species, and how even some of their figures refute their
arguments for distinctness.

Var. REGIA, Schubert. Fig. 18,
Yellowish brown, with zones of white blotches.

Var. NAuTICA, Linn. PI. 23, fig. 19.
Spines close-set, converging towards the apex (also towards
M. tessellata, very decidedly). Length, 6-8 inches.

Var. Broperien, Gray. PI. 23, figs. 20-21.
Spines very numerous, small. Length, 8—14 inches.

M. piapeMA, Lam. PI. 23, figs. 22-28.

Variable in proportions but generally more narrow than WZ.
Aithiopica; spines few and long. Yellowish, marked with
chestnut, frequently forming two: interrupted zones connected
by irregular or zigzag markings. Epidermis thin, light olive.

Length, 6-13 inches.
Indian Ocean; Australia.

Its narrower coronal, and the few long spines composing it are
the best distinctive characters from M. Athiopica. As in that
species I include here as varieties, several forms which have
been heretofore considered distinct. M. armata, Lam. (figs. 24,
25), is a synonym.

Var. DUCALIS, Lam.
This, and its synonym M. umbilicata, Brod. (fig. 26), are more
11

82 VOLUTA.

elaborately painted than the type, the inter-zonal markings form-
ing an elaborate network of chestnut-brown veins.
Moreton Bay, Australia.

I am unable to separate from this variety the shell described
by Dr. J. E. Gray as M. Georgine. Mr. Reeve speaks in a
knowing manner of “a separate «system of characters in JM.
ducale and M. Georgine,” distinguishing them from diadema,
but he neglects to point out these distinctions.

Var. Mittonis, Gray. Fig. 28.
Shell more cylindrical, consequently showing more of the
Spire.
Swan River, Australia.
t Genus VOLUTA, Linn.

The animal is essentially like those of Cymbium and Melo,
but the mantle is not usually so greatly expanded, nor is the
foot proportionally so large.

This genus is oviparous, at least the South American species
are so, and M. Duhant-Cilly has given us some interesting par-
ticulars concerning them.* He noticed the Volutes in clear
shallow water in Magellan’s Straits, and, with the aid of natives,
procured specimens—which nearly all grasped dead shells of
Venus exalbida,a common bivalve of that locality. Upon ex-
amining these shells they were found to contain within the cavity
of one of the valves, a round, slightly convex membrane, com-
parable for size and transparency with a watch-glass. The

e contents appeared to be merely a milky fluid in some cases, but
in others, the egg having advanced further in development, three
or four small, but perfectly formed Volutes could be seen swim-
ming in the fluid, which had become transparent. D’Orbigny
also + collected large numbers of these eggs,and in the month of
February saw the young Volutes, four of five in number, in each.
The containing membrane, which becomes corneous, he describes
as 80 to 100 millimetres in length, more than half the size of the
animal which lays it, and he conjectures that it expands after
coming into contact with the water.

* Revue Zoologique, 167, 1840. + Voy. Am. Mérid., 424.

VOLUTA. 83

Voluta of Linneeus, Lamarck, and other old authors, com-
prised many species of other genera, but in restricting it more
and more, until the advanced school of conchologists have left
to it but a couple of species, the citation of Linneeus as its author
has generally been retained. Mr. H. Crosse has, however,
eliminated from the genus thus restricted, the V. musica, which
is the first actual Voluta in Linnzeus’ list (after a crowd of
Auricule, Columbelle, Marginelle, Mitrids). In compensation,
he has reduced the numerous genera of H. and A. Adams, and
Gray, to sections, retaining Voluta in something like the same
comprehensive sense as that in which we use Helix, Fissurella,
Pleurotoma and other old generic names. These “ sections ”’ are
rather circumscribed geographically, yet the range of the entire
genus is very great, including the Indian Ocean, Japan, Alaska,
Australia, Eastern Polynesia, Atlantic coasts of Southern South
America, to West Indies, Southern Africa, etc. No species
exists in the seas of Europe, although they were numerous
during the tertiary epoch; V. abyssicola, an African species, is
the sole surviving representative of the group to which most of
these small tertiary species belonged. Australia is the metropolis
of the Volutes, and, as M. Crosse remarks, a triangle the res-
pective points of which shall include Ceylon, Japan and New
Zealand will cover the habitats of about 80 per cent. of the
Species.

Sect. 1. Voluta (typical), Gray.

Longitudinally plicate, plicze becoming prominent on the
shoulder, columella with four or five principal plaits, and several
smaller ones. Operculum (of V. musica) fusoid, narrowly
elongated, with terminal nucleus.

V. musica, Linn. PI. 24, figs. 29-34, 38.

Color generally pale yellowish or brownish, punctate, strigate
and clouded with chestnut and other colors, with three revolving,
more or less distinct bands of distant, parallel, fuscous lines,
crossed by strigations; these bands are bordered by a row of
dark spots, and the space between these rows is finely punctate
with chestnut; outer lip dark chocolate, or chestnut-spotted.

Length, 2—4 inches.
West Indies.

84 HARPULA.

The coloration varies greatly, as does also the degree of de-
velopment of the plications, causing Lamarck and others, before
this great variability became known, to describe different forms
of the species under distinct specific names. These are V.
thiarella, Lam. (fig. 31);V.G@uinaica, Lam. (fig. 32) ; V.carneolata,
Lam.; V. levigata, Lam.; V. sulcata, Lam. (fig. 33); and V.
polypleura, Crosse (fig. 34) ; the latter being the most distinctive
of these varietal forms. I add a figure of the animal, with
operculum (fig. 38); the dentition is also illustrated (Pl. 2, fig. 6).

V. VIRESCENS, Solander. Pl. 24, figs. 35, 36.

Light chestnut or ash color, with distant white bands; fre-
quently numerous punctations of dark chestnut color are
scattered over the surface ; outer lip with dark spots.

Length, 2°5 inches.

West Coast of Africa.

V. pusio, Swainson (fig. 36), is a short form of this species,
the surface in a worn condition.

V. Hepraa, Linn. PI. 24, figs. 37, 40.

Ovate, thick, pale fulvous with undulated angular vein-like
lines of chocolate color, and sometimes interrupted bands of the
same. Length, 3°5—4°5 inches.

West Coast of Africa. Brazil (Nagely !)
Var. TURBINATA, Kiener. Fig. 40.

Darker reddish brown, without the hieroglyphic markings of

the type-form.

Sect. 2. Harpula, Swains.

Shell oval-conic, spire with a papilliform but small summit ;
columella with larger plaits below, and additional smaller ones
above, but less numerous than in the preceding section ; exterior
lip thickened within, sharp without.

V.INTERPUNCTA, Martyn. Pl. 24, fig. 39.

Flesh-color with numerous revolving series of chestnut linear
spots, and frequently, under them, two or three series of revoly- -
ing much larger and paler spots,sometimes also with longitudinal
chestnut streaks. Length, 2°5--3°5 inches.

Ceylon ; Indian Ocean.

<=

FULGORARIA. 85

Reeve says, “I quite agree with Mr. Sowerby in the propriety
of abandoning the (earlier Linnean) name Lapponica given to
this species, indicating a country and climate in which such
a mollusk could not by any possibility exist. Instead of inhabit-
ing the Arctic shores of Lapland, it is a native of the seas of
tropical India. The error did not, however, originate with
Linneus. The species was known before his time to Dutch
naturalists, as the Lapphoorn or Lapphoren, signifying the Flap-
Ear or Dog’s-Ear Shell. This seems to have been corrupted into
Ailée Laponne, Alata Lapponica, Voluta Lapponica,and Meuschen
and Rumphius compounded the name Laplandsche Lapphoorn.
It only remains a matter of wonder that, whilst Seba described the
Species as an exotic shell from India, the error should have
remained so long unexplained.”

V. vExitLuM, Lam. PI. 31, fig. 153.

Flesh-color, with distant orange revolving bands, and some-
times narrower intermediate ones; occasionally the surface is
longitudinally clouded with orange in addition to the above

specific pattern. Length, 3-4 inches.
Indian Ocean.

Sect. 3. Fulgoraria, Schumacher.

Shell oblong-fusiform ; spire moderately elongated, terminated
by a papillary summit with the apex lateral,instead of central
and vertical as usual in spiral shells; surface plicate longitudin-
ally, crossed by engraved revolving lines; columellar plaits six
or seven, or more; lip thickened within, its margin slightly
crenulate.

The swollen bead-like apex, the initial whorl of which is lateral,
is a curious feature of this group, which may indicate some
important difference in the development of the mollusk—which is
so far unknown to scienee.

V. RUPESTRIS, Gmelin. PI. 24, figs. 41, 42.

Yellowish flesh-color, with zigzagged longitudinal chestnut
lines ; interior flesh-color. Length, 3-6 inches.
China, Japan.
V. Hamillet, Crosse (fig. 41), is described from a large, yet
immature specimen of V. rupestris, as indicated by Lischke in
his work on the Japanese Mollusca.

86 VESPERTILIO.

Sect. 4. Vespertilio, Klein.

Shell oval-oblong, more or less ventricose. Spire terminated
by a regularly spiral summit, papilliform, but having an appar-
ently crenulated nucleus, caused by the presence of numerous
little tubercles, more or less apparent. Columella four-plaited.

V. VESPERTILIO, Linn. Pl. 25, figs. 43-49, 52.

Yellowish flesh-color, covered by an irregular network of
chestnut brown, which is occasionally confluent into broad

angulated blotches. Length, 3-5 inches.
Philippines Moluccas.

One of the most variable species in form, development of
spines and folds, and coloring. I figure V. pellis-serpentis, Lam.
(fig. 46), V. mitis, Lam. (fig. 49), V. serpentina, Lam. (fig. 47),
and V. lineolata, Kuster (fig. 52). Also a reversed specimen
(fig. 45).

V. PULCHRA, Sowerby. PI. 25, figs. 50, 51.

Pale flesh-color, with white specks, and small chestnut dots,
irregularly disposed in three bands. Length, 2°5-3 inches.
N. and N. #. Australia.
V. Wisemant, Brazier (fig. 51), is acknowledged by its author
to be a variety only, of V. pulchra.

V.nivosa, Lam. PI. 25, fig. 53.

Grayish flesh-color, sprinkled with small white specks; with
two revolving bands, consisting of longitudinal, subparallel,
more or less interrupted chestnut-colored lines ; columella and
aperture saffron-yellow. Length, 2°5-3°5 inches.

W. Coast of Australia.
V. Nogrist, Gray. Pl. 25, fig. 55.

Grayish brown, flecked with white and less numerously with
brown; there are two interrupted bands of darker color, here
and there marked with longitudinal lines; the shoulder also is
darker and strigate with brown ; aperture light chocolate within.

Length, 2°5-3 inches. .

W. Coast of Australia.

The markings on the bands frequently assume a somewhat
irregular checker-board appearance. Dr. Gray described this
species in 1838, and Sowerby (probably finding a specimen

AULIOA. 87

labeled, but without authority for the name attached) redescribed
it under the same name in 1844; since then, the species has been
quoted in all the monographs as well as in Crosse’s list as
Sowerby’s, and Gray himself, forgetting that he had described it,
quotes it as of Sowerby in his British Museum monograph.

V. Sopnim, Gray. Pl. 25, fig. 57.
Yellowish white, with two interrupted darker bands, which

are bordered on either side by a line of chestnut spots.

Length, 2°5 inches.
W. Coast of Australia.
Perhaps a variety of V. Norrisit.

V. rutina, Brod. Pl. 25, figs. 56, 54.

Shell variegated, whitish and saffron-red, forming subtrigonal
blotches, and irregular veins, and usually indicating obscurely
by their confluence and broadening two revolving bands ; some-
times slightly tuberculate on the shoulder ; aperture salmon-red
within. Length, 3-3°5 inches.

NV. H. Coast of Australia ; New Guinea.
Var. INNEXA, Reeve. Fig. 54.

Lighter colored, tuberculate.

Louisiade Islands, near New Guinea.
V. prperiTa, Sowb. Pl. 26, fig. 60; Pl. 27, figs. 75, 76, 78.

Finely nettedand peppered with orange-red on a whitish ground,
with three interrupted bands of large orange-red spots, and
columella and interior of aperture same tint.

Length, 2°5-3 inches.
Solomon Is., Woodlark Isl., near New Guinea.

V. Rickert, Crosse (fig. 15), V. Macgillivrayi, Cox (fig. 76),
and V. Ceraunia, Crosse (fig. 78), are all mere color-varieties of
this species.

Sect. 5. Aulica, H. and A. Adams.

Agreeing with the preceding section in general form and
principal characters, the summit of the spire differs in having a
completely smooth instead of a tuberculated surface.

VY. aunica, Sowb. Pl. 26, figs. 61, 62.

Flesh-colored, with large salmon-colored clouds, sometimes

88 AULICA.

forming three very broad, interrupted bands, sometimes con-
fluent, irregularly covering most of the surface; interior flesh-
yellow. Columellar plaits oblique. Length, 3°5—4°5 inches.
Sooloo Is.
V. Catucarti®, Reeve, PI. 27, fig. 79.
Orange and flesh-white, the former making an irregular zigzag
or netted pattern, with three bands of dark chocolate spots.

Length, 3°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.

The figure of the type resembles V. piperita except in its —

smooth apex, rather more closely than V. aulica, with which M.
Crosse compares it.

V. Desuayesi, Reeve. Pl. 26, fig. 63.

White or pink, with orange-red irregular clouded markings,
and a central band whereon they do not appear ; aperture orange-
color; columellar plaits much stronger than in V. aulica, and

nearly transverse. Length, 3-4 inches.
New Caledonia.

V. Rossrntana, Bernardi. Pl. 27, fig. 64.
Flesh-color, with longitudinal angular markings of chestnut-

brown. Length, 7 inches.
New Caledonia.

The spire is more elevated, the spines less developed than in
V. imperialis; the plaits on the columella are five in number
(four in imperialis) and more transverse, the outer lip more
expanded; yet it may be only an extreme variety of that
species.

V.LuTEostoMA, Desh. PI. 25, fig. 58.

Shell resembling the last species, but smaller, and having four
plaits only on the columella—which, however, are transverse
like it, and not oblique as in V, imperialis, The interior of the
aperture has the orange-coloring of V. Rossiniana.

Length, 2°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.
Certainly very closely allied to the preceding species.

V. IMPERIALIS, Lam. PI. 26, fig, 65.
Fulvous, marked with angular, interlacing chestnut lines,

————

AULICA. 89

sometimes confluent into trigonal blotches, and occasionally
forming interrupted bands. Length, 5-8 inches.
. Philippine Islands.—Cuming.
V. punoTaTa, Swains. PI, 24, fig. 80.
Pale fulvous, with numerous small light chestnut dots, some-
times confluent into larger spots, forming interrupted bands.

Length, 3 inches.
Kastern Australia.

The figures in Swainson, Sowerby and Reeve represent an
immature individual, the only one known until ten years ago,
when the adult was first figured by Dr. Cox.

V. Harcreavest, Angas. PI. 27, fig. 82.

Reddish brown, with an indication of two darker bands,
ornamented with numerous, scattered longitudinal and some-
what angular blotches of white; columella and border of lip
tinged with orange, aperture flesh-color within. Length, 3 inches.

Habitat unknown.
The specimen described is so far unique.

V. BEDNALLI, Brazier. Pl. 26, fig. 66.

Whitish, with four narrow chestnut-colored revolving bands,
which are connected by angular longitudinal chestnut mark-
ings; aperture white within. Length, 3°3 inches.

Port Darwin, Torres Sts., N. Australia.

V.scapHa, Gmelin. PI. 26, fig. 68.

Shell ponderous, smooth, yellowish flesh-color, with zigzag
longitudinal chestnut markings, sometimes widening into series
of irregular spots, forming two interrupted bands.

Length, 3°5-5 inches.

Singapore, on the reefs.—Cuming.

V. Maanirica, Lam. Pl. 26, fig. 70.

Rather thin; pale fulvous, with three broad orange-chestnut
bands marked with white and fuscous angular spots, inter-
mediate surface reticulated with pale orange angular lines ;
columella and interior orange or salmon-color.

Length, 6-8 inches, or even a foot.
East Coast of Australia.

One of the largest species of the genus; it is found half-
12

90 AULICA.

burying itself amongst weed and ooze on sandy and muddy flats
beyond tide-mark.

V. Junonia, Chemn. PI. 26, fig. 67.

Pale yellowish or whitish, with numerous rather large rounded
square chestnut-colored spots arranged in revolving series ;
interior flesh-white. Length, 3°5—4°5 inches.

East and West Coasts of Florida.

It is an inhabitant of deep water, and is somewhat rarely
obtained and highly prized by collectors. Specimens have been
sold as high as two hundred dollars, but of late years the value
has greatly decreased in consequence of increased supply.

V. pusiA, Brod. Pl. 27, figs. 77, 81.

The spire is proportionally longer, the spots more sharply
square than in V. Junonia, the longitudinal ribs, which in that
species are barely visible upon the first whorl below the embryo-
nal apex, show traces of their existence as far as or even
including the body-whorl. V. Junonia is spirally seulptured
towards the base of the body-whorl, whilst in this species the
sculpture covers the entire whorl. Length, 3-6 inches.

Caribbean Sea, off the Southern
and Western Coasts of Florida.

This shell was first figured as Pusus tessellatus by Schubert
and Wagner, and subsequently described by Broderip as V.
dubia (fig. 81), but the shell was only known in an immature and
faded condition until Dr. Dohrn in 1879 gave a full description
with figures of what he supposes to be the adult shells. My
impression is that it is merely an elongated variety of V. Junonia,
but the question of identity can only be settled satisfactorily
when a larger mass of material shall be at the disposal of
naturalists, than is now available.

V. Kaurn, Dunker., Pl. 26, fig. 69.

All the whorls except the embryonal apex are slightly plicate
below the sutures; last whorl obtusely angular; pale yellowish
red,marbled irregularly with a darker tint. Length, 2°25 inches.

New Zealand ?

Probably not mature; the type is the only specimen known.

AULICA. 91

V. FLAVICANS, Gmelin. PI. 26, fig. 71; Pl. 27, fig. 84.

Yellowish gray, fasciculated with brown beneath the sutures ;
surface marbled, strigated and reticulated with brown.

Length, 3-3°75 inches.
N. Australia.

V. signifer, Brod., is an elongated flavicans, with the lip not
quite mature. V. Tissotiana, Crosse (fig. 84), is also a variety.

V. EXOPTANDA, Sowb. PI. 26, fig. 72.

Pale rose-orange, densely promiscuously painted throughout
with sharply waved fine chestnut-red lines; columella and interior
of shell orange-color. Length, 4 inches.

Port Elliott and Port Lincoln, Australia.

Is V. Hargreavesi, Angas (Pl. 21, fig. 82), a aha a variety

of this species ?

V. Austratim, Cox. Pl. 26, fig. 73.

Reddish orange, with dark chestnut undulated longitudinal

markings. Length, 2°5 inches.
Bass Straits, Australia.

The sutures are said to be vitrified, a character of the next
group, Amoria ; from which it differs in having only four colu-
mellar plaits. Appears to be rather too closely allied to V.
exoptanda. Mr. Brazier considers it a variety of V. undulata,
Lam.

V. Gray, Crosse. Pl. 26, fig. 74.

Yellowish, with zigzag longitudinal brown lines, increased in
thickness so as to indicate three interrupted revolving bands.

Length, 5°5 inches.
Northwest Coast of Australia.

Described by Gray as V. Maria-Emma, and the name very
properly changed by Crosse because not binomial; and if per-
mitted to stand in this case,some Spaniard having baptismal
names enough to fill half a page might have them all immortal-
ized in a single species. This species is, so to speak, intermediate
between Aulica and Amoria, for to the nucleus characteristic of
the first group it unites the system of coloration and suture of
the second.

92 AMORIA.

V. Kina, Cox. Pl. 27, fig. 86.

Yellowish flesh-color, with a very few slightly apparent darker
zigzag lines. Length, 3 inches.
King’s Isl., Bass Straits, Australia.
Supposed by some conchologists to be a variety of V. undulata,
Lam., but appears to differ in its proportions, in the convexity
of the spire-whorls, in having only four columellar plaits, ete.

V. MARMORATA, Swainson. PI. 28, fig. 89.

Slightly coronate; yellowish flesh-color, with irregular striga-
tions and angular, flexuous, longitudinal brown lines, faintly
indicating two revolving bands. Length, 4—5 inches.

East Coast of Australia.

Sect. 6. Amoria, Gray.

Shell fusiform, smooth and polished; spire conical, with a
small, more or less pointed nucleus; sutures slightly callous ;
columella with five oblique, more or less developed plaits.

V. unpuLATA, Lam. PI. 28, figs. 88, 87.

Pale fulvous, with undulated narrow chestnut, longitudinal
lines. Length, 3-3°5 inches.
E,W. and 8. Australia, Tasmania.
V. Angasi, Sowb. (fig. 87), is only a form of undulata with
shorter spire. Mr. Brazier thinks that V. Sclateri,V. Kingi, and
V. Australiz of Cox, are all mere varieties of this species.

V. SciaTert, Cox. Pl. 27, fig. 83.

Pure white, without markings. Length, 3 inches.

Tasmania.
Perhaps a variety of V. undulata, Lam.

V. Turneri, Gray. Pl. 27, fig. 85; Pl. 30, fig. 123.

Whitish or flesh-yellow, with longitudinal, somewhat waved
narrow chestnut lines; yellowish or light chocolate within the
aperture.

N. H. Australia; W. Australia (V. Eiliott).

V. Ellioti, Sowb. (fig. 123), is not entitled to distinction even
as a variety, and, together with several varietal names given by
Gray himself, must merge in the synonymy.

AMORIA. 93

V. vonvaA, Gmelin. PI. 28, fig. 90.

Whitish, with three faint yellowish bands, upon which are a
few longitudinal, pale orange strigations; yellowish brown or
coffee-colored within. Length, 3 inches.

W. Australia ; abundant.

Certainly very close to V. Turneri. The species was rede-
scribed by Gray as V. pallida, but he subsequently united it with
V. Turneri. The patterns of coloration of the two specics are
different, and I find no connecting links.

V. MACULATA, Swains. PI. 25, fig. 59.

Obconic, marked with chocolate spots forming two interrupted
bands on an orange surface; aperture orange within.

Length, 2°25 inches.
East Australia.

The coloring is more vivid than in V. volva, and the spire is
shorter, but the species may be only a variety of that shell, to
which it bears the same relation that V. zebra does to V.
Turner.

V. zepra, Leach. PI. 28, fig. 91.

White or yellowish, with close-set, narrow somewhat waved
longitudinal chestnut streaks; very pale yellow or pink within

the aperture. Length, 1°5-1°75 inches.
Hast Coast of Australia.

Resembling V. Turneri in coloration, but differing in its
smaller size, and short, obconic form.

Y. Loroisr, Valenciennes. PI. 28, fig. 92.

Light pinkish, with brown zebra-like stripes, columellar plaits

almost obsolete. Length, 3 inches.
Habitat unknown.

Described from a worn specimen in the Paris Museum. It
belongs to the same group as J. zebra and Turneri, and may be
an overgrown specimen of the former.

V. CANALICULATA, McCoy. PI. 28, fig. 95.

Whitish, with five revolving rows of chestnut-colored oblong

spots; suture channeled. Length, 1°75 inches.
EH. Australia.
V. Harfordi, Cox, described a few months later, is identical.

94 ALCITHOER.

V. RETICULATA, Reeve. Pl. 28, fig. 93.

Light fulvous, triangularly marked with chestnut, forming
three bands on the body-whorl ; yellowish within.
Length, 3—4 inches.
W. Australia.
V. PRETEXTA, Reeve. Pl. 28, figs. 94, 96.
Pale fulvous, finely reticulated with chestnut, forming triangu-
lar spots, and two darker bands. Length, 1°5—2 inches.
North Australia.
Bears somewhat the same relation to V. reticulata that zebra
does to Turneri. V. reticulata, Sowb. (fig. 96), is only a well-
grown specimen of V. pretexta; although Sowerby afterwards
renamed it V. Reevet.

Sect. 7. Alcithoe, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oval-fusiform, spire elongated, terminated by a_ papilli-
form summit; aperture oval-elongated, inner lip covered by a
callous deposit, outer lip expanded and more or less reflected ;
columella with four, and more rarely five to seven oblique plice.

VY. Pacirica, Solander. Pl. 28, figs. 97-99.

Yellowish, with zigzag longitudinal chestnut markings, and
frequently four interrupted revolving bands.
Length, 3°5—4°5 inches.
New Zealand.
The specimens vary much in the development of the shoulder-
angle and tubercles, both being obsolete in some species. VJ.
Susus, Quoy (fig. 98), is the immature shell.

Var. GRACILIS, Swn. (fig. 99), has been distinguished principally
by its much smaller size,

V. Krevster&, Angas. Pl. 30, fig. 124.

Resembles V. Pacifica, but has a longer spire, is narrower,
and differs in the painting of orange-brown maculations forming
the three bands. Length, 2 inches.

V. AMERICANA, Reeve. Pl. 28, figs. 100, 101.

Yellowish white, faintly banded and reticulated with orange-
brown. Length, 1°75 inches.

So. Australia.

Brazil.

ALCITHOR. 95

Only a single specimen known. V. Cleryana, Petit (fig. 101),
is the young of it.

VY. restiva, Lam. PI. 30, fig. 125.

Rosy white, clouded with orange-red, with chestnut spots and
bands formed of series of longitudinal flexuous chestnut striga-
tions. There are three prominent oblique plaits at the lower
part of the columella, and above them a number of oblique

rugosities. Length, 4-5 inches.
Hast Africa.

One of the rarest of Volutes. The exact locality is unknown.
D’Orbigny speaks of collecting it on the Patagonian coast, but
he doubtless refers to V. Magellanica.

V. ArricANaA, Reeve. Pl. 30, fig. 127.

Orange-brown, with sparse hieroglyphic brown markings
disposed in bands ; upper part of columella black.

Length, 2°5 inches.

Hi. Africa.

The type, which formed part of the Cuming collection, is not
in good condition, so that the pattern of painting is obscure.
It is closely related to V. festiva, but appears to differ in its
greater proportional width and short spire.

V. MreGAsPIRA, Sowb. PI. 28, fig. 102; Pl. 30, fig. 132.

Reddish flesh-color, longitudinally marked with zigzag
chestnut streaks, sometimes forming three obscure bands. °

Length, 4 inches.
Japan.

An elegant smooth species; rather thin, with the first volution
of the papillary apex lateral instead of terminal—a character
Shared by some of the following species. The animal is a
common article of food in Japan, yet the shell is rather rare in
collections. V. lyriformis, Kiener (not Swains.), is apparently
a variety of this species, although Mr. Crosse has recently
characterized it under the name of V. Prevostiana (fig. 132).

V. FUSIFORMIS, Swainson. PI. 28, fig. 103.
Fulvous or flesh-colored, with irregular, zigzag, longitudinal
chestnut markings. Length, 6—7 inches.
Tasmania ; So. Australia.

96 ALCITHOE.

V. FULGETRUM, Sowb. Pl. 28, figs. 104, 105.

Yellowish flesh-color, with broad, undulated, longitudinal,
dark chestnut or chocolate streaks. Length, 4-5-5 inches.

So. Australia.

The spire is shorter, the shell is more shouldered, the painting
is usually much broader than in V. fusiformis. Sometimes the
markings include a faint, closer reticulation besides the above
more prominent features, and occasionally bands are indicated.
V. fulgetrum, in fact, is intermediate between V. fusiformis and
V. papillosa, and very probably the three are merely diverse
forms of one species.

V. PAPILLOSA, Swn. PI. 28, fig. 106,

Very finely reticulated longitudinally with chestnut color on
an orange-brown surface, with interrupted bands.

Length, 4-5 inches.

So. Australia ; N. Tasmania.

Kiener unites, apparently, this species and fusiformis in his
V. Sowerbyi. Specimens were brought up by the dredge from
1,900 fathoms, 25 miles off the coast of New South Wales
(Brazier).

Var. MacquarieEnsis, Petterd.

Shell same form and size as typical, but of a more or less
intense yellow-color throughout, without any markings. It is
not figured.

V. THatcHerRI, McCoy. PI. 30, fig. 126.
Pinkish white, with narrow chestnut reticulations,
Length, 4-5 inches.
Bampton Reef, near N. W. Coast of New Caledonia.
Appears to be very closely related to V. Pacifica, Sol.

V. Roapnicut#, McCoy. PI. 30, fig. 128.

Pale brownish creamy white, with acutely angular zigzag,
longitudinal, sparse markings of rich, raw-sienna brown.
Length, 6-4 inches.
So. Coast of Victoria, Australia.

CYMBIOLA. 97

Sect. 8. Cymbiola, Swainson.

Shell oval, thin, recalling the form of Cymbium. Spire more
or less elongated, terminated by a slightly irregular, papilliform
summit. Aperture large, the columellar side covered with a
slight coat of enamel; columella usually with four oblique
plications; outer lip sharp, occasionally slightly expanded.
An American, and principally Antarctic group.

V. ancryuA, Solander. PI. 29, fig. 110.

Yellowish, with faded chestnut, longitudinal, irregular streaks.
Length, 5—6°5 inches.
Coast of Patagonia.
This is the V. Magellanica, of Sowerby, Kiener and Gould,
who describe the latter species as ancilla; the latter has an
excellent figure of the animal.

V. Srearnsil, Dall. Pl. 30, fig. 130.

Livid purple, more or less obscured by an ashy white outer
layer; exterior smooth, but not polished; aperture white and
livid purple, with a dash of brighter purple at the posterior
notch, and on the anterior portion of the callus.

Length, 4:13 inches.

Alaska ; living from stomach of cod, dead on beach.

Very closely related to V. ancilla.

V. Macetianica, Lam. PI. 29, figs. 107, 108.

Yellowish white, generally irregularly painted with longitu-
dinal, zigzag, brown streaks, sometimes interruptedly banded.

Length, 5—6 inches.

Patagonia.

Var. TUBERCULATA, Swains.

Whorls with a more pronounced, tuberculate shoulder.

A wider species than V. ancilla but may possibly be a mere
variety of it.

V. Becxi, Brod. Pl. 29, fig. 109.

Yellowish, with chestnut-colored, undulated, longitudinal
streaks. Length, 11 to 14 inches.
Habitat unknown.
The Philadelphia Academy possesses a specimen of the largest
18

98 VOLUTELLA, PSEPH A.

dimension given above. Although the habitat of the species is
not known, it is very probably Patagonia.

V. Brasitiana, Solander. Pl. 29, figs. 113, 115, 111; Pl. 30,
fig. 131.

Ventricose, with depressed conicai spire; brownish yellow,

without markings. Length, 4-6 inches.
So. America, from mouth of Rio de la Plata to Patagonia.

V. Ferussact, Donovan (fig. 131), is almost certainly a worn
specimen of this species. I havea shell before me, precisely
the same shape, but with the tubercles slightly indicated on the
shoulder. V. rudis, Gray (fig. 111), is usually considered a
synonym of Ferussaci; Gray’s figure represents a shell in very
bad condition. The specimen figured in the Thesaurus corre-
sponds so little with the description as to indicate a very vivid
imagination on the part of the colorist of that work.

Sect. 9. Volutella, d'Orbigny.

Shell smooth, subcylindrical, with angulated whorls; spire
acuminated, polished, and entirely covered by an enamel deposit,
obliterating the suture-line more or less entirely ; columella with
three oblique plaits; lip sharp, not reflected. The development
of a lobe of the mantle to cover the spire is a peculiarity in this
animal not shared by the other species of the genus.

V. ANGULATA, Swainson. PI. 29, figs. 112, 121.

Pale yellowish; with longitudinal irregular chestnut lines.
Length, 4—6 inches.
Mouth of Rio de la Plata to Patagonia.
The enamel deposit frequently projects above the spire into a
beak (fig. 112), but is usually broken off in cabinet specimens.

Sect 10. Psephza, Crosse.

Shell oblong-fusiform, very finely transversely striated and
furnished with longitudinal ribs, disappearing towards the
middle of the last whorl. Nucleus? Columella furnished with
two principal plicee, above which there are two or three minute
ones hardly visible; it presents also this peculiarity (in the
adult shell), that these plicz are situated so far within as to be
invisible when the shell is placed right in face of the observer.

AUSOBA. 99

Internal margin strongly callous ; external lip obtuse and thick-
ened.

V. concinnA, Brod. PI. 29, fig. 114.
Yellowish brown, with close-set, undulated, longitudinal

chestnut lines. Length, 4-5 inches.
Japan.

At first sight this shell might appear to be related to V.
rupestris, from the same locality, but it differs in several
respects, and particularly in the character of the plice.

Sect. 11. Ausoba, H. and A. Adaws.

Spire short and obtuse, terminated by a papilliform summit ;
last whorl coronated.

V. cymBioLA (Chemn.), Sowb. PI. 29, figs. 118, 119.
Pale yellowish gray clouded with a darker tint, and punctate

with chestnut ; aperture light chocolate. Length, 3 inches.
Moluccas.

The name was changed by Kiener to V. coronata because
cymbiola had already been used by Lamarck for another species
—an error, as Lamarck had not used the name at all. V. corona,
Chemn. (fig. 119),is only known by the figure of a juvenile shell
in that author, copied by Sowerby in his Thesaurus. Mr. Crosse
believes it to be distinct, but I cannot agree to this, as it appears
to me to be a faded young cymbiola. The nucleus is supposed
to be proportionally much larger, but it is really not larger
than in Kiener’s figure of V. coronata. Sowerby says that corona
having, besides the four principal plicze, several smaller ones
above them, is a character not shared by cymbiola, yet a charac-
teristic specimen of the latter, before me, has two very distinct
smaller plaits above the four principal ones.

V. Kirxi, Hutton.

Widely oval, spire depressed; last whorl ornamented with a
small number of blunt tubercles; columella with four very
profound plications, the upper part with a thin callous deposit.

Color yellowish brown. Length 1°75, diam. 1°57 inches.
New Zealand.

Said to be a Cymbiola ; not figured. Possibly a young shell.

100 VOLUTILITHES, VOLUTOCONUS, CALLIPARA.

Sect. 12. Volutilithes, Swains.

Shell oval-fusiform, spire elevated, terminated by a pointed
summit; whorls cancellated or longitudinally plicate; mouth
oval-oblong ; columella with numerous rudimentary or obsolete
plice ; lip thin. The group is represented by a single living
species and numerous tertiary forms.

VY. AByssicoLaA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 29, fig. 120.

Fulvous ash-color, encircled by three or four narrow chestnut

bands. Length, 1:5 inches.

Cape of Good Hope, 132 fathoms.
Only the type specimen known.

Sect. 13. Volutoconus, Crosse.

Oblong, subcylindrical, longitudinally and transversely striate ;
spire short and obtuse, terminated by a rounded summit;
columella with four slightly developed teeth; lip simple, slightly
inflected in the middle; base with flexuous striz.

VY. CONIFORMIS, Cox. PI. 30, fig. 129.

Yellowish brown, with three broad chestnut bands, and super-
posed upon the bands and interspaces irregular or triangular
large and small white spots and blotches. Length, 70 mill.

N. W. Australia.

Has the system of coloration so frequently met with in a
group of Conus.

fect. 14. Callipara, Gray.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical; spire short, nucleus small ;

columella with two plications.

VY. BULLATA, Swainson. PI. 29, fig. 116.

Fulvous, with chestnut spots and angulated lines, and three
darker bands of the same. Length, 2°5 inches.
Algoa Bay, So. Africa.
Resembles somewhat Conus bullatus.
V. Brazieri, Cox. Pl. 29, fig. 117.

Yellowish brown, with a wide irregular chestnut band, and
chestnut markings. Length, 11 inches.
New South Wales.
The figure is enlarged. The spire is more sunken than that
of V. bullata, but it may be only a color-variety of that species.

AURINIA, MAMILLANA, LYRIA. 101

[Sect. 15. Aurinia, H. and A. Adams.

Shell oval-fusiform; spire terminated by a large mamillary
summit; columella with obsolete, scarcely apparent plications ;
whorls of the spire finely transversely striated ; lip simple, thin.
This group was proposed for V. dubia, Brod., known only to
Messrs. Adams and Crosse from juvenile examples. The species
is closely related to, if not identical with, V. Junonia, and
follows that species in this monograph; Aurinia, consequently,
will not stand. |

Sect. 15. Mamillana, Crosse.

Shell widely oval, ventricose, rather thin, intermediate between
Voluta and Cymbium; nucleus papilliform, very strongly devel-
oped, excentric and lateral; columella with a few oblique plice ;
lip thin.

V. MAMILLA, Gray. PI. 29, fig. 122.
Yellowish, strigated with brown. Length, 6-8 inches.
Tasmania; Australia.
The first whorl of the spire is completely lateral in this
species, as in V. rupestris.
Undetermined Species.
V. nana, Anton. Belongs to Vespertilio group. No locality
given.
V. LArGiniierTIANA, d’Orb. (Related to V. pallida, Gray.)
Seas of India.
V. PUMILIO, Brusina. Dalmatia.
Not figured. Shell ovate, transversely closely striate; spire
very short, apex obtuse; lip simple, acute; columella sub-
uniplicate. I do not know where to place this species; it is
certainly not a Voluta. Length, 7-16 mill.
V. Morrgrana and V. SpeNGLERIANA, Martini, H. and A. Adams’
Genera, i, 161.
6enus LYRIA, Gray.

Dr. Paul Fischer, who has studied the anatomy of Lyria
deliciosa,* finds it to be essentially the same as that of Voluta,

* Jour. de Conch., xv, 355, 1867.

102 LYRIA.

except in the presence of an operculum and in the dentition
(Pl. 2, fig. 7). The shell, however, presents certain modifica-
tions from Voluta which, in connection with the operculum,
suffice for the establishment of a legitimate artificial group,
which may be characterized by the narrowness of its mouth, the
predominance in size of the two columellar plications nearest the
base, and the transverse rugosities covering the inner lip above
the plications, their comparatively small size and mitriform
aspect, and the externally thickened lip. The distribution is
wide, including West Indies, West Coast of Central America,
East Coast of Africa, Moluccas, Japan, Australia, ete. A few
fossil species may be here referred; and notably V. harpula,
Lam., of the Paris basin. The classification of the species is
based on that proposed by Mr. H. Crosse.*

* Shell smooth.

L. peticrosa, Montr. Pl. 31, figs. 183-135.

Pinkish gray, with distant revolving brown lines and inter-
rupted bands; spire minutely longitudinally plicate; base of
body-whorl with revolving incised lines. Length, 30 mill.

New Caledonia.

* * Shell obsoletely or faintly plicate.

L. nucteus, Lam, PI. 31, fig. 136.
Flesh-brown, here and there dotted and variegated with
chestnut; lip and varices black-dotted. Length, 1—-1:25 inches.
NV. HE. Australia.
The spotted varices which occur occasionally upon this shell
indicate the position of former rest-periods in its growth, being
the thickened lip, which the animal in resuming growth has
failed to absorb away.

L. Beaut, Fischer and Bernardi. PI. 31, fig. 137.
Yellowish flesh-color, with revolving chestnut lines, inter-

rupted between the obsolete cost. Length, 70 mill.
Marie-Galante, West Indies.

A rare species.

* Jour de Conch., 105, 1866.

LYRIA, 103

L. CASsIDULA, Reeve. PI. 31, fig. 138.

Cream or flesh-color, clouded with chestnut and white, with
interrupted chestnut revolving lines. Length, 1—-1°25 inches.
Japan.
L. pusituA, Schrenck. PI. 31, fig. 139.

Yellowish chestnut, with a band of red and white spots at the
suture, surface maculated with rufous ; aperture yellowish chest-
nut. Length, 9°5 mill.

Japan.

Described as obsoletely plicate, with two plaits near the base
of the columella; neither of these features being very apparent
on the enlarged figure of the species. Possibly a young ZL.
cassidula? At any rate the specimen appears to be immature,
for the description is “ labro simplici, recto.”

** * Longitudinal ribs strongly marked.
L. DELESSERTIANA, Petit. Pl. 31, fig. 140.

Flesh-color with orange-red maculations and bands and chest-

nut revolving lines. Length, 2—2°25 inches.

Madagascar.
L. LYRZFORMIS, Swains. Pl. 31, fig. 141.

Flesh-color, with revolving, interrupted chestnut lines, and
blotches of the same arranged in three revolving bands.
Length, 3°75 inches.
Ki. Coast of Africa.
The figure represents a very different looking shell from L.
Delessertiana, but intermediate forms occur, and I am very
doubtful of their distinctness.

L. costaTa, Swainson. PI. 31, fig, 142.

Whitish, with orange-red spots and interrupted revolving
lines. Length, 2 inches.
Moluccas ; Indian Ocean.
L. Mirrz#rormis, Lam. PI, 31, fig. 143.

Flesh-color or yellowish, with dark chestnut spots and revolv-
ing lines, the latter sometimes broader so as to form interrupted
bands. Length, 2 inches.

Australia, Tasmania, Java, 8. Africa.

LL. costata has a flattened shoulder, upon the angle of which
the longitudinal ribs terminate in spines ; whilst L. Mitreformis

104 ENZTA.

has a shelving shoulder merely obtusely angulated; yet I
suspect that the two forms are mere varieties of one species.

L. Arcueri, Angas. PI. 31, fig. 144.

Yellowish, clouded and lined with chestnut; lip punctate
with black, dentate within; columella with three strong basal
plice, and numerous smaller ones above. Length, 1°33 inches.

Montserrat, West Indies.

The form and coloring are very like the preceding species,
but the dentate lip is an extraordinary feature which may
distinguish it from all others. The type is the only specimen
known, and the locality is doubtful. Appears to connect Lyria
proper with its subgenus Hneta.

Subgenus Eneta, H. and A. Adams.

Exterior lip thickened, inflected and bearing an obtuse tooth |
upon its middle inner margin.

L. HARPA, Barnes. PI. 31, fig. 145.

Pale flesh-color or gray, with chestnut or chocolate angular
spots and maculations, frequently forming faint interrupted
bands. Length, 1—-1°5 inches.

W. Coast of Central America.
L. Cumrnet, Brod. PI. 31, figs. 146, 147.

Pale flesh-color, clouded and lined with chestnut.

Length, 1-1-5 inches.

W. Coast of Central America, northward to San Blas.

L. Cylleniformis, Sowb. (fig. 147), appears to be a small shell
of this species.

E. PepersENII, Verrill.

Shell small, rather slender, elongated; the spire regularly
conical, acute, about two-thirds the length of the body-whorl; each
whorl much flattened below the suture and encircled by a row of
rounded tubercles; the body-whorl with low, rounded, longitudinal
costz below the tubercles. Whole surface finely longitudinally
sulcated or striated,on the upper whorls also transversely striated.
Color fulvous brown, specked with bluish white, with an inter-
rupted band, or spots, of deep brown below the suture, a pale

MICROVOLUTA. 105

band over the tubercles, and another, bordered with brown,
below the middle of the body-whorl. Length, 1 inch.
La Paz, oe California.
Not figured ; said to be more slender, with the spire more
acute, smaller tubercles and cost, a more prolonged and
recurved siphon, and more contracted aperture than L. Cumingit.
The surface is not smooth and the color is lighter.

L. Guiupineit, Sowb. PI. 31, fig. 148.

Fulvous, with white and darker lines; longitudinally ribbed,

granose at the sutures. Length, ‘5 inch.
I. St. Vincent, West Indies.
I am not acquainted with the species.

LL. euttata, Reeve. Pl. 31, fig. 149.

White, maculated with brown; longitudinally plicate.
Length, ‘5 inch.
Honduras.
Possibly identical with the last species; if so, it will become
a synonym, Guildingit having priority of publication.

L. CotumBELLA, Sowb. PI. 31, fig. 150.

Small, oblong, smooth, pallid maculated with red; spire
acuminate, aperture elongate; lip incurved in the middle;
columella very obscurely plicate. Having the form of Colum-
bella nitida, and showing rather faint plicz on the columella.

The above is a copy of Sowerby’s description and figure. It
is certainly not a Voluta, and appears more like a Marginella.

Genus MICROVOLUTA, Angas.

The deep siphonal notch, and the toothed projection of the
base of the pillar;so characteristic of the Volutes, are absent
in this curious little genus.

M. Austrauis, Angas. PI. 31, figs. 151, 152.

White, or ornamented with two rows of distant irregular
chestnut blotches and zigzag lines, Length, 10 mill.
Port Jackson Heads, Australia, 25 fathoms.—Brazier.
14

106 MITRID.

Family MITRID A.

The animal has a small, narrow head; tentacles close together
at the base; eyes near the base or towards the outer middle of
the tentacles; proboscis cylindrical, flexible, very extensible,
mantle enclosed; siphon simple at the base; foot small,
triangular, usually truncate in front.

Some of the larger species have no operculum, but it is often
present, though small and rudimentary, on the foot of the
smaller species.

Shell with acute apex, usually well developed spire and plicate
columella ; for the most part destitute of epidermis, which is
very thin, smooth and translucent when present.

Mitra is related on the one hand with Voluta, on the other
with Marginella ; it is distinguished from the former by its
columellar plaits, of which the largest are posterior whilst in
Voluta they are anterior, by its form, and the apex, which
is never papillary; from Marginella it is distinguished by its
much longer spire, less polished surface, generally large size and
particularly by wanting the thick marginal varix of the lip.

The dentition of the Mitride presents several distinct types ;
so that Troschel and Gill have divided the family upon this
character. The group Cylindra has the teeth of Marginella
and is placed near that genus by these authors; the form of the
shell also recalls Marginellide, and although the preponderance
of characters accords with Mitra, it may be reasonably considered
a connecting link with Marginella. Volutomitra has been
placed in V olutidze on account'of the dentition of V. Granlandica,
the only Arctic species of Mitra, but I have preferred to retain
it and its congeners in Mitridz, because we know nothing of the
dentition of the numerous tropical species. Turricula and
Strigatella are allied by their dentition to the Olividee, and
Imbricaria to the Turbinellide.

Mitra has been divided by H. and A. Adams and others into
a number of subgenera, whilst Sowerby separates the species
into thirteen numbered but unnamed sections. The groups are
certainly not entitled to subgeneric rank, yet I believe that the
retention of Adams’ names for the sections is better than to

MITRIDZ. 107

designate them merely by numbers. The grouping of the
Species by these two authorities is in many respects widely
different ; I have carefully compared them together, and with
the shells, and shall attempt to improve upon both.

The Mitras have been monographed by Kuster, Kiener,
Reeve and Sowerby, the work of the latter being by far the
most recent and complete, embracing nearly five hundred species.
The “ Thesaurus ” was published in 1874, and since that date
some additional species have been described ; there are also a
number of species obscurely published or which, for some
other cause, appear to have escaped Mr. Sowerby’s attention,
so that in all the number of specific names which might
nominally hold place in the present work would not be far from
six hundred and fifty. The vast increase of our knowledge of
Specific variation developed during the past few years has,
however, induced a decidedly more conservative, and it is
believed, more philosophic, view of species, than that prevalent
only six years ago,so that I have been enabled to effect a vast
reduction in the specific ranks—a reduction which will probably
become still greater as additional material is given to the
student for comparison.

When irritated, some species of Mitra emit a purple fluid
having a nauseous odor.

The genus is at present tropical and subtropical in distribu-
tion, but few small species being found in the colder latitudes.
Bathymetrically they range from low-water to eighty fathoms,
the smaller species being usually found along shore-lines.

About a hundred fossil species have been described,
commencing with the cretaceous period. M. Grenlandica, at
present confined to Arctic waters, is found associated with
M. cornea,a somewhat similar Mediterranean species in the latest
British Tertiaries. The Mitridz inhabit various stations; many
being strictly reef shells, where they lurk in holes and crevices
under sea-weed, but are most generally concealed under
stones and blocks of dead coral. Others burrow in sand or
sandy mud at various depths; some delight in stony ground
inside the reefs, where they remain concealed under clumps of
coral during the day, and like the sand species are nocturnal in
their habits.

108 MITRID A.

Mr. Andrew Garrett* suggests that the Polynesian shells
which have been described by H. and A. Adams under the name
of Thala, as asubgenus of Mitra, are more nearly related to
Pleurotomidz, the so-called folds of the columella not being
true plaits, but simply more or less irregular transverse
rugosities precisely of the same character as those upon certain
species of Clathurella and Cithara of that family. Two species
of true Mitre have, however, been referred to Thala, and
I have preferred to retain the genus in the Mitridz for the
present, upon duly weighing the value of its known character-
istics. Mr. Pease’s genus Mitropsis is excluded, being a
member of the family Columbellide, Finally, Mitromorpha,
A. Ad., appears to be more nearly related to the Pleurotomide,
several of its species having been described as Daphnelle.

Synopsis of Genera.

MITRA, Lamarck. Shell fusiform, thick; spire elevated; aperture
small, narrow, notched in front; columella transversely, somewhat
obliquely plicate; outer lip thick, smooth within, not variced
externally. Dentition, Pl. 2, figs. 9, 10, 11.

[VoLuTomMITRA, Gray. Separated from Mitra on account of the peculiar
dentition of an Arctic species, V. Granlandica. Twenty additional
species have been included in the genus by H. and A. Adams ; they
are all Mitras in appearance, and the dentition of none has been
examined except that of V. cornea, which decidedly differs from
Grenlandica, and is of the regular Mitra-type. Dentition of V.
Grenlandica. Pl. 2, fig. 8.]

THALA, H. and A. Adams. Small, narrowly fusiform, sculptured or
smooth, last whorl attenuated and recurved below; outer lip thickened,
straight or incurved in the middle, lirate internally, with a slight
sinus at the hind part. Dentition unknown.

[SrRIGATELLA, Swainson. Shell ovate or Columbelliform, solid; spire
acuminate; whorls smooth or transversely striated, usually covered
with an epidermis; inner lip with a callosity at the hind part; outer lip
usually thickened in the middle, and internally grooved or dentate.
Dentition unknown. }

Conchology, iii. A very valuable paper, from which I have drawn
largely for these pages,

MITRA. 109

ZIERLIANA, Gray. Ovate or Columbelliform, solid; spire short, acute.
last whorl tumid at the hind part; columella with a posterior callosity;
outer lip thick, flattened, lirate-dentate within; a sinus or short canal
posteriorly. Dentition, Pl. 2, fig. 12.

MITROIDEA, Pease. Shell mitriform, smooth, spire acuminated ;
aperture narrow, linear; columella with numerous, small oblique plaits,
narrowed and turned to the: left at the base; outer lip thickened,
peculiarly truncated and recurved at the base. Dentition similar to
that of Mitra.— Macdonald.

DIBAPHUS, Philippi. Subcylindrical, covered with a thin epidermis,
transversely sculptured; spire acute; aperture narrow, linear; columella
without plaits, narrowed and turned to the left at base; outer lip
thickened, rectilinear, abruptly truncated and recurved at the base.
Dentition unknown. The unarmed columella is the principal and
perhaps insufficient distinction for this genus from MWitroidea.

TURRICULA, Klein. Shell elongated, turreted, longitudinally plicately
ribbed; spire acuminated; aperture narrow; columella with numerous
plaits; outer lip internally striated. Dentition, PI. 2, fig. 13.

CYLINDRA, Schumacher. Shell oliviform, subcylindrical: spire conical;
aperture linear; columella straight, with several oblique anterior
plaits; outer lip thickened, smooth within. Dentition, Pl. 2, fig. 15.

IMBRICARIA, Schumacher. Shell coniform, often covered with an
epidermis; spire depressed conical, apex mucronate; aperture linear;
columella straight, with numerous transverse imbricated plaits in the
middle; outer lip thickened.

Fossil Genera.
LAPPARIA, Conrad. Uncharacterized.
L. pumosa, Conrad. PI. 3, fig. 43. Eocene, Jackson, Miss.
FUSIMITRA, Conrad. Uncharacterized.
F. CELLULIFERA, Conrad. Pl. 3, fig. 40. Oligocene, Vicksburg, Miss.

CONOMITRA, Conrad. Uncharacterized.
C. FusorpsEs, Lea. Pl. 3, fig. 41. Eocene, Claiborne, Ala.

. Genus MITRA, Lam.

The animal of Mitra has in general a very short foot, straight
and continuous from side to side in some species, but in others
notched and produced, with a thickened anterior margin. It is
commonly narrow and rounded, or acuminated posteriorly, and
it often bears a very small semitransparent horny operculum, in

110 MITRA.

some instances scarcely visible. The siphon is mostly directed
forward, and the somewhat short, tapering tentacles have the
eyes either situated about half-way or they are placed on the
outer side of the base. The head is long and very flat, and the
tentacles are very close together at their bases. The proboscis
is rarely exserted when they are crawling and lively, but as they
become languid after capture it becomes distended with water
and protrudes considerably.

The Philippine Islands would seem to harbor the greatest
number of these elegant and beautiful shells, although a great
many species were obtained by Mr. Cuming in tropical America.
They appear to be chiefly confined to the equatorial regions,
scarcely any being natives of cold climates. The transversely
ribbed species are frequently found in very deep water, and
many have been dredged in twenty and thirty fathoms at Sooloo
and in the China Sea.

Although M. Quoy has rightly termed the Mitra an “ animal
apathique,” the small longitudinally ribbed species crawl about
pretty briskly over the smooth sand among the low coral islands.
The Mitra episcopalis, probably on account of the small size of
its locomotive disk, and the ponderous nature of its long shell,
is, however, a very sluggish mollusk. Some of the Auricula-
shaped Mitres that live among the Philippines, in the shallow
pools left by the receding tide, crawl about the stones out of
the water, in company with Planaxis and Quoyia. The Mitres,
like many of the large Volutes, prefer, however, to associate
together, and may be seen in dozens crawling over the sandy
mud-flats in shallow water, being most active just as the flood-
tide makes. When the tide recedes, they bury themselves
superficially in the yielding soil,and are with difficulty discovered.
Some of the small-ribbed species cover themselves entirely with
the sandy mud, and in that disguised condition travel about
with comparative security.*

Among the Bashu group, and more particularly on the island
of Ibayat, the natives form very elegant and commodious pipes
from different species of shells, the columella and septa of the
convolutions being broken down, and a short ebony stem

* Arthur Adams, Moll. Voy. Samarang, 26, 27.

5

MITRA. 11]

inserted into a hole at the apex of the spire. A pipe of this
manufacture, in my possession, is formed from the Mitra papalis,
and I have seen others made out of Mitra episcopalis and of
Cerithium and Terebra.*

Typical Group.

Mitriform, thick, spire elevated, apex sharp; mouth rather
small and narrow, notched in front ; columella obliquely plicate ;
lip rather thick, smooth within.

* Hdge of lip crenated, whorls generally spirally grooved
and punctured.

M. Episcopatis, Linn. PI. 32, fig. 1.

White, with somewhat quadrangular bright red spots, arranged
in revolving series. Length, 2°5-6 inches.
Ceylon, Philippines, Polynesia.
M. papauis, Linn. PI. 32, fig. 2.

White, spotted and blotched with deep scarlet in revolving
series. Length, 3—4°5 inches.
Kingsmill, Caroline and Paumotu Isles.
Much more rare in Polynesia than WM. episcopalis, according
to Mr. Andrew Garrett.

M. pontiricatis, Lam. PI. 32, fig. 3.

White, with oblong or square red spots in revolving series.

Length, 2-3 inches.
Polynesia,
Animal creamy white, with opaque white dots. Sometimes

the shell is encircled with impressed lines, which are deeply
punctured at intervals.

M. cARDINALIS, Gmelin. PI. 32, fig. 4.

Whitish, encircled by rows of chestnut-bay spots.
Length, 1°75—2°5 inches.
Ceylon, Polynesia.
Usually found in shallow water inside the reefs. Animal
uniform creamy white.

* Belcher, Narrative of Voy. of Samarang, ii, 448, 1848.

112 MITRA.

M. Lamarck, Deshayes. PI. 32, fig. 5.

A somewhat narrower shell than JZ cardinalis, with fewer and
larger spots, which are longitudinally oblong.
Length, 2—2-25 inches.
Habitat unknown.
It is possibly a variety of cardinalis in which approximate
rows of spots have coalesced into larger ones.

M. versicotor, Martyn. PI. 32, figs. 6-8.

Yellowish or brownish white, variegated with chestnut-brown
blotches and spots, and numerous small white spots edged with
brown. Length, 2°25 inches.

Red Sea, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Polynesia.

The surface is usually ornamented with revolving incised
lines bearing punctures. Several species have been manufactured
out of slight variations of color and form; they can scarcely be
designated as varieties. Among these are VW. nebulosa, Swains.
teste Reeve (fig. 8); it is more clouded than the type, and with-
out the white spots; JZ nubila, Gmel.,in which the spots become
longitudinal, and narrowed into stripes; M. erronea, Dohrn,
proposed for the shell figured by Kiener as MW. versicolor (fig.
7); and Reeve’s figure of M. nebulosa (fig. 8), the true nebulosa
being, according to Dohrn, figured by Reeve as MM. infecta,
drawn, he says, from the original type of nebulosa in the Cum-
ingian Collection. To add to the confusion, Arthur Adams, at
an earlier date, decided also that Reeve’s nebulosa was not that
species, and accordingly renamed it I. propinqua. Finally, the
shell which Sowerby figures as M. propinqua, A. Ad., is an
entirely distinct species.

M. PpROPINQUA, Sowerby. Pl. 33, fig. 11.

White, with faded chocolate bands and longitudinal brown
strigations. Length, 2°8 inches.
Habitat unknown.
Figured by Sowerby for M. propinqua, A. Adams, but no
such species was ever described, Mr. Adams having given that
name to Mr. Reeve’s M. nebulosa, which he considered different
from Swainson’s. It seems to be a very distinct species.

MITRA. 113

M. vARIEGATA, Reeve. Pl. 33, figs. 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.

Whitish, clouded with pale chestnut. Length, 1°25-1°75 inches.
Red Sea, Mauritius, Philippines.

The type had an unusually depressed spire, for the species,
accompanied by a slight angulation on the superior portion of
the body-whorl. I have before me a specimen exhibiting similar
divergence from the normal growth, but not quite so marked.
In young, fresh specimens the spire is almost clathrate, the
sutures especially being closely plicated ; when the shell becomes
adult, and somewhat worn, this longitudinal sculpture mostly
disappears. It is usually a heavier shell, but comes close enough
to M. versicolor to give rise to doubts of its distinctness ; on the
other hand it approaches certain species in which the edge of
the lip is not erenulate, and as it is a certain fact that this
character also is frequently obliterated with age, there is strong
probability that eventually several other synonyms will be
added, besides those which I herewith subjoin: these are M.
nympha, Reeve (fig. 12), being the normal growth, M. Rossiz,
Reeve (fig. 14), which is a full-grown and somewhat worn
specimen, and probably IM. lacunosa, Reeve (fig. 13). If the
latter is the same species, it will have priority over MW. variegata.

M. SANGUINOLENTA, Lam. PI. 33, fig. 15.

Shell encircled by punctate impressed strie. Yellowish red,
strigate with chestnut and spotted with white.
Length, 1:25 inches.
Habitat unknown.
This species is known to conchologists only through the type
figured by Kiener ; Lamarck himself, according to his synonymy,
appears to have confounded it with JZ versicolor.

M. eximra, A. Adams. PI. 33, figs. 16, 17.
White, clouded with chestnut. Length, 1 inch.

Mauritius, Ceylon.
Said to be somewhat clathrate by the growth-lines. Is very
probably only astunted specimen of WZ. variegata. M. lacunosa,
Sowb., not Reeve (fig. 17), is a more advanced stage of growth ;
it is said to come from Ceylon.
15

114 MITRA.

M. c#RuLFEA, Reeve. PI. 33, fig. 18.

Whitish, clouded with bluish gray, with a few chestnut spots
or strigations arranged in two revolving series, and below the
suture besides ; orange-brown within the aperture.

Length, 1°5 inches.
Viti Islands. — Garrett.

Highly colored as is this species, its form and sculpture are
so like M. variegata, that I doubt its distinctness.

M. Mavritrana, Sowb. Pl. 33, fig. 19.

Cancellated by pitted grooves and longitudinal ridges ; white,
with two broad bands of interrupted brown spots.
Length, 1°5 inches. Mauritius.

M. incisa, Ad. and Reeve. Pl. 33, figs. 20, 21.

Whitish, variously clouded with purplish brown, sometimes
forming two broad bands, variegated sometimes with small
brown spots and whitish fine zigzag lines. Length, 22 mill.

China, Andaman Islands.

Sowerby considers M. Mariz, A. Ad. (fig. 21), a synonym,
but Mr. E. A. Smith attempts to separate it on account of slight
differences of form. I am satisfied that they are identical, and
suspect that they are merely the young of a form of JM.
variegata.

M. sERPENTINA, Lam. PI. 33, fig. 22.

White, indistinctly stained and zoned with orange, longitudi-
nally painted with waved brown lines shadowed with white ;
aperture yellowish. Length, 1°5—2°25 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

M. Deshayes remarks that IZ. variegata, Gmel., having priority
of publication, should be used in place of serpentina; the latter
has, however, become so well established that Reeve has used
the former name for another recognized species, and under the
circumstances it is better not to be too strenuous for the main-
tenance of individual rights.

M. Marquesana, A. Ad. Pl. 33, fig. 23.

Color of M. serpentina, but finer sculpture, and much smaller

size. Length, 23 mill.

Marquesas Islands.
Possibly not distinct from M. serpentina.

MITRA. 115

M. Bovet, Kiener. Pl. 33, fig, 24.

Turriculated, coronated with small tubercles, and encircled
with close-set punctured strie. Ashy white, with two broad
bands of ashy violet, flaked with numerous small, snow-white

spots; brownish within. Length, 2—2°25 inches.
Red Sea.

In young specimens the tubercles are said to be scarcely
apparent, and it may be doubted whether M. cerulea, Reeve, is
not a non-coronate form of the same species, the painting being
very similar.

M. puncricunaTA, Lam. PI. 33, fig. 25.

Whitish, tessellated with yellow, with two broad, irregular
orange bands, upon which are longitudinal chocolate strigations ;
aperture yellowish within. Whorls coronated, with closely
punctured revolving incised lines, crossed by rugose lines of

growth. Length, 1°5-1-75 inches.
Philippines.

M. Sopu1#, Crosse. Pl. 33, fig. 26.
Yellowish brown, whorls tuberculated at the angle of the
shoulder, with one or two rows of tubercles below it.

Length, 43 mill.
New Caledonia.

The columella has six plications, whilst that of M. puncticulata
has but four or five. :

M. cratitia, A. Ad. Pl. 33, fig. 27.

Pale yellowish white. Length, 1°6 inches.
South Africa

I am not acquainted with this species.

* * Outer lip not crenulated on its edge, whorls seldom grooved or punctured.

M. FioccaTa, Reeve. Pl. 34, fig. 29.
Yellowish bay-color, longitudinally flaked with white, lip

crenated near its base. Length, 2 inches.
Habitat unknown.

Described from a unique specimen in the late Cumingian
cabinet. The lip is said to be crenulated near its base, and
possibly finer examples may be crenulated throughout. It is
a doubtful species, too close to WM. variegata, Reeve.

116 MITRA.

M. cHALYBEIA, Reeve. PI. 34, fig. 30.

Whorls smooth, grooved towards the base; rudely very finely
crenulated next the sutures; longitudinally streaked with white
and ashy blue, transversely indistinctly banded, encircled through-
out with equidistant reddish brown lines; columella reddish

orange, four-plaited. Length, 2 inches.
Habitat unknown.

Only one specimen known, in the Cumingian collection.
Probably an individual variation from some well-known type,
such as I. variegata.

M. uimata, Reeve. Pl. 34, fig. 33.

Shell rather thick, polished, transversely grooved throughout,
grooves punctured; whitish, encircled by a pale white-flaked

band. Length, 1 inch.
Isl. of Bohol, Philippines.

Probably a variety of I. variegata, Reeve.

M. eurrata, Swainson. PI. 34, fig. 31.

Yellowish brown, longitudinally mottled with white.
Length, 2 inches.
Ceylon.
M. Fereusonr, Sowb. PI. 34, fig. 32.

More volute-shaped than any other species ; it is smooth, solid,
pale fawn, with fine articulated lines and a little cloud of chest-
nut; spire rather short, obtuse; aperture large, with smooth
outer lip. Length, 1°75 inches.

Panama.

I am not acquainted with this species. The authority for the

locality is not given.

M. ruoripA, Gould. PI. 34, fig. 35.

Whitish, clouded with yellowish brown, with numerous
revolving series of small brown spots; pinkish white within the
aperture. Length, 1°75 inches.

Dr. Gould’s type, received from Dr. Edmund Ravenel, of
Charleston, 8.C., is said to have come from Florida; another
specimen in the Jay Collection has the habitat Philippine Islands.
Its characters are intermediate between Mitra and Voluta. My

MITRA. Iba La

figure is from Gould’s type, and I can add nothing to the above
meagre information concerning this curious form.

M. Deseranasit, Kiener. Pl. 34, fig. 34.

More ventricose and thicker than M. variegata, less strongly
cancellated on the upper portion of the two last whorls ; with
three zones of spots upon the last whorl, one of them sutural,

and the other two separated by a wide very light reddish-brown
band. Length, 29 mill.
Mauritius.
Kiener’s description and my figure (copied) are from a dead
and bleached specimen. Liénard gives the above particulars of
coloration, and acknowledgesits close relationship to M. variegata
—from which, nevertheless he distinguishes it.

M. cANCELLATA, Kiener. PI. 34, fig. 36.
Whitish, cancellated and pitted. Length, 1:3 inches.
Habitat unknown.
This shell has been overlooked by subsequent monographers ;
I can make nothing out of it; it is evidently in bad condition,
and only a single specimen is known, in the Massena Collection.
There is a M. cancellata, Swainson, a very different species.

M. HAmiLxet, Petit. Pl. 34, fig. 37.

Brown, marbled and tinted with chestnut and olivaceous,
finely cancellated by revolving incised lines and close growth-

lines. Length, 1°5 inches.
Cape Verd Islands.

Distinguished by its compressed cylindrical form. <A species
from Moreton Bay sent to the Philadelphia Academy as WV.
cylindrica, Reeve, by Dr. J. C. Cox, of Sydney, N. S. W.,
appears to be identical with the above.

M. SENEGALENSIS, Reeve. PI. 34, fig. 38.

Livid olive, longitudinally ornamented with a very few white

flames ; aperture livid chestnut. Length, 1:3 inches.
Senegal.

M. Guapra, Swainson. PI. 34, fig. 42.

Smooth, polished, with slight incised revolving lines; base
truncated and a little recurved. Orange-red, encircled by fine

118 MITRA.

brown, hair-like lines; deep orange within the aperture; epider-
mis smooth, blackish, seldom present upon cabinet specimens.

Length, 2—4 inches.
So. and W. Australia.

Specimens are not usually over two inches in length. M.
buccinata, Quoy, described ten years later, is identical.

M. pecuivis, Reeve. PI. 34, figs. 39, 41.
Whorls smooth, with very faintly impressed revolving lines,
angularly bent around the upper part; ashy flesh to orange-

color. Length, 2 inches.
; Australia.

The locality is given by Sowerby; it was unknown to Reeve,
whose specimen was in the Norris Collection. The epidermis
is said to be very black, and there is no trace of the brown
revolving lines of M. glabra; still I strongly suspect that this
will prove to be a deformed specimen of that species.

M. ruteurita, Reeve. PI. 34, fig. 43.

Revolving striz closely punctured; yellowish bay, slightly
banded with pale longitudinal streaks. Length, 2 inches.
Habitat unknown.
A common enough but characteristic species, of which excel-
lent specimens are before me.

M rnquinata, Reeve. PI. 34, figs. 40, 44.

Whorls encircled by distant, punctate, impressed lines;
whitish, tessellated longitudinally with chestnut-brown, some-
times broken up into quadrangular spots by the revolving
sculpture. Length, 2-3 inches.

Japan (M. Wrighti).

Described from a single specimen without locality. It is
difficult to point out distinctive characters from the last species,
and I suspect that they are identical; MW. Wrighti, Crosse (fig.
44), is evidently the same species as inquinata.

M. BARBADENSIS, Gmelin. PI. 35, figs. 45, 46, 48, 49.
Yellowish brown, polished, sometimes faintly, narrowly zoned
with chestnut, flaked here and there with white.

Length, 1—-1°75 inches.
West Indies, on coral reefs.
M. tessellata, Kiener (fig. 48), is a short shell of this species,

MITRA. 119

and M. picta, Reeve (fig. 49), is also a synonym; Sowerby
erroneously refers the latter to the Cape of Good Hope.

M. stmpctex, Dunker. PI. 35, fig. 50.
Smooth, slightly striate at base; chestnut, sometimes sparsely
flecked with white. Length, 9 mill.
Cape of Good Hope.
Much smaller and broader than M. Barbadensis, which it
appears to resemble.

M. VARIABILIS, Reeve. Pl. 35, figs. 47, 56.

Yellowish brown, sometimes narrowly lined with chestnut,
tessellated with white around the suture and periphery, the
latter sometimes confluent into an irregular broad white band ;
yellowish brown within the aperture. Length, 1°5-1°75 inches.

Torres Straits, Australia.

Fig. 56 represents Reeve’s WM. cylindracea.

M. Rupicinosa, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 54.

White, with large spots or tessellations of yellowish brown ;
closely punctured in revolving lines. Length, 28—40 mill.

Isl. Ticao, Philippines.
M. cANcELLATA, Swainson. PI. 35, fig. 55.

Sutures crenulated, whorls cancellated by revolving impressed
lines and longitudinal raised striz. Light yellowish brown,
longitudinally streaked with white, with three rather indistinct
bands of interrupted orange spots. Length, 1°75 inches.

Habitat unknown.

Described from a unique Cumingian specimen.

M. ustuntata, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 51.

Whitish, maculated with chestnut so as to form interrupted
bands. Length, 1-1-7 inches.
Viti Islands. —Garrett.

M. 1GNoBILIs, Reeve. Pl. 35, fig. 52.

Whitish, with interrupted bands of chestnut spots.
Length, 1:5 inches.
Philippines.
Broader than M. ustulata, the revolving sculpture more
distinct.

120 MITRA.

M. contrracTaA, Swainson. PI. 35, fig. 53.

Yellowish white, clouded with chestnut, engraved with revolv-

ing strie. Length, 1-1°5 inches.
Red Sea; Philippines; Polynesia.

The peculiar form of this species will at once distinguish it
from its neighbors. It is narrower and without the elevated
ridges of M. chrysostoma, and approaches the genus Mittroidea
in shape. It has been usually known as JM. abbatis, Chemn., but
he was not a binomial author, so that I have preferred Swainson’s
later name.

M. LATRUNCULARIA, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 59.

Whitish, obscurely banded, and tessellated with chestnut.
Length, 1-125 inches.
Cape of Good Hope (Sowerby); Vite Isles (Garrett).
M. sotipa, Reeve. PI. 35, fig. 57.
Fulvous bay-color, with irregular white spots in a series upon
the periphery, and another at the suture. Length, 18 inches.
Australia.
M. pigra, A. Ad. Pl. 35, figs. 58, 60.
Olive-brown, tessellated with white around the suture; aper-
ture brown within. Length, 1°5 inches.
Australia.
M. caxiainosa, Reeve. Pl. 35, fig. 61.
Whitish, covered with a black epidermis. Length, 1°4 inches.
Habitat unknown.
M. sacerporaLis, A. Ad. PI. 35, fig. 62.
Chestnut-brown, with a light band at the suture and another
on the periphery, and longitudinal dark chestnut streaks.
Length, 3 inches.
Australia.
M. Cuinensis, Gray. PI. 36, figs. 65, 66.
Pale brown under a brownish black, smooth epidermis ; upper
whorls and base of body-whorl with revolving striz.

Length, 2°25-3°5 inches.
China.

Sowerby’s figure of this species (fig. 65) is much larger than
the type, and differs in having some obscure darker longitudinal
streaks and a light sutural line; it is not very different from JZ
sacerdotalis. M. obliqua, Lesson, an unfigured species, is com-

MITRA, 121

pared by him with Chinensis; its distinctive characters do not
appear to be important.

M. strigATA, Swainson. PI. 35, fig. 63.

Smooth, reddish brown, with lighter longitudinal streaks.

Length, 2 inches.
Habitat unknown.

M. Rosetta, Angas. PI. 35, fig. 64.
Deep orange-brown, longitudinally strigate with white; with
distant impressed revolving striz. Length, 1°25 inches.
So. Australia.
The whorls are flatter than in the preceding species—with
which nevertheless it may be synonymous.

M. Swarnsont, Brod. PI. 36, fig. 68.

Turreted, with rather deep sutures, smooth, striated towards
the base ; brownish or dirty white covered with a blackish brown
epidermis. Length, 3:4—-3°6 inches.

Monte Christi, W. Columbia; sandy mud, 7 fathoms.

Much larger than the next species, but may prove to be
identical with it; the shoulder of the whorls, amounting to a
deformity ,is exactly imitated in specimens of IZ. maura before me.

M. maAurA, Swainson. PI. 36, fig. 67.

Dirty white or brown, with revolving striz; covered by a
smooth black or blackish brown epidermis; aperture light

chocolate. Length, 1—2:25 inches.
Peru, northwards to San Diego, Cal.

This species attains its maximum development upon the
Peruvian Coast, where it is plentiful, in fissures of rocks at low
water; it is much smaller in the waters of California. Gray’s
name, M. orientalis, has priority, but is not adopted because
geographically misleading. It is the WM. Chilensis of Kiener.
According to d’Orbigny the animal has a narrow foot, is pure
white, with black eyes.

M. 1nputa, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 70.

Very obscurely striated, but strongly grooved towards the
base; outer lip thin, arched, very minutely crenulated, smooth

within ; epidermis blackish brown. Length, 33 mill.
Habitat unknown.
A doubtful species ; apparently founded on a single specimen.
16

122 MITRA.

M. Quoyr, Desh. Pl. 36, fig. 71.

Shell smooth, with faint impressed revolving striz ; epidermis
black. Length, 20 mill.

New Ireland.

This species, described and figured by Quoy under the name
of M. nigra, is very different from the previously described MM.
nigra of Chemnitz, and is scarcely equivalent to that figured by
Reeve ; it is, then, an unidentified species. I give a copy of one
of the original figures.

M. ABBREVIATA, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 69.

Smooth, faintly striate at base ; epidermis black.
Length, 28 mill.

New Zealand.
Name proposed for M. nigra, Reeve (not Chemn. nor Quoy).

M. niripa, A. Ad. PI. 36, fig. 73.

Smooth, chocolate-brown, with a few impressed revolving
lines. Length, °5 inch.

Probably a worn, juvenile specimen.

Habitat unknown.

M. INFRAFASCIATA, Souverbie. PI. 36, fig. 72.

Smooth, slightly striate near the base; brownish black, with a
yellowish band on the periphery, visible within the brown aper-
ture. Length, 8—9 mill.

New Caledonia.
Two specimens obtained.

M. rusca, Swainson. PI. 36, fig. 75.

Smooth, very finely striated with punctures near the apex;
slightly striate at the base, body-whorl slightly contracted in
the middle; epidermis very dark brown, sometimes lighter
beneath the sutures. Length, 11°75 inches.

Madeira, Atlantic Coast of Portugal and So. France.

M. Adansonii, Phil., described as from Gabon, in Guinea, W.

Africa, appears to agree fairly with this species ; it has not been
figured nor alluded to by the monographers.

M. cornicuLA, Linn. PI. 36, figs. 74, 76-81.

Horny brown ; smooth, impressed striz at the base.
Length, 1—1°25 inches.

Mediterranean Sea; Atlantic Coast of N. Africa.

MITRA. 123

Considerable confusion exists in the nomenclature of this
Species, the names of cornicula and cornea having been rather
loosely applied by different authors ; several of the most recent
investigators have applied to it that of M. lutescens, Lam., as a
name about which there can be no doubt ; I agree with Deshayes,
Reeve, etc., that the name given by Linnzus may be fitly
_preserved for the species. The form and coloration are certainly
variable—how variable, I am not able to determine. The follow-
ing, among the large number of synonyms, have been variously
Separated as varieties and even as species, and there are not
wanting connecting forms even with so typically diverse a species
as M. ebenus.

M. Philippiana, Forbes (fig. 77),is considered by Weinkauff a
minor form of var. cornea, Lam.; it appears to me to be merely
a young shell without distinctive features. A curious color-
variety is that figured by Kiener as WM. cornicularis, Lam. (fig.
76). IM. graja, Reeve (fig. 78), is from the Isle of Paros,
Grecian Archipelago ; it is a solid shell and appears to connect
with

Var. LAcTEA, Lam. (fig. 79).
Shell smooth, solid, white; with fine revolving strie.

Var. PLUMBEA, Reeve (fig. 80).

Mitra plumbea, Lam., is usually referred to the smooth form
of VW. ebenus, Linn., but the shell which Reeve and Sowerby have
figured for plumbea is very different from that species. It is
nearer to cornicula, but may be entirely distinct, being a larger,
stouter shell, chestnut-brown covered partially by a plum-like
bloom.

Var. ScHReTERI, Desh. (fig. 81).

Pale horny brown, marked with white next the sutures and
with an irregular central light band. Length, 1-125 inches.

Weinkauff* thinks this a West Indian species, but no such
form is known there. Deshayes considers it fully equivalent to
M. cornicularis, Lam. It connects closely with M. Kieneri, Sowb.

* Bull. Mal. Ital., iii, 75.

124 MITRA.

M. rnsonata, Sowb. Pl. 36, fig. 82.
More pyramidal, and the whorls not gibbous at the suture as
in M. lactea (— lutescens, var.), White. Length, 1:1 inches,
Habitat unknown.
An unsatisfactory species.
M. perrosa, Sowb. PI. 37, fig. 99.
Thick, white, with slight revolving strie. Length, 1°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen in the late Taylor Collection.

M. KreneERI, Sowb. PI. 36, fig. 86.

Plum-color, mottled or streaked with dark chestnut, with a
narrow white band above the periphery, and visible on the spire.

Length, 1:25 inches.

Sowerby describes and figures this from a shell which he says
agrees with Kiener’s illustration of JZ ebenus, and from which
species it is perfectly distinct. It appears to me to hold about
the same relation to I. ebenus that Schreteri does to cornicula,
and to be as closely related also to Schreteri; in fact, it seems
to be a connecting form between cornicula and ebenus.

M. Gre@nuanpica, Gray. Pl. 36, fig. 83.

Whitish, under a corneous epidermis, Length, ‘5-85 inch.
Greenland.
This is the type of the genus Volutomitra, Gray, separated
from Mitra on account of possessing an entirely different lingual
dentition. If it be recognized asa distinct genus on this account,
it must stand alone, as the twenty species referred to the genus
by H. and A. Adams are indistinguishable from Mitra by the
shell, and their dentition is entirely unknown.

M. eBeNnus, Lam. PI. 36, figs. 84, 85, 87, 88; Pl. 37, figs. 89, 90.
Smooth, shining, chocolate-brown; with a narrow yellowish
line upon the upper part of the body-whorl, visible on the spire.
Length, ‘75-1 inch.
Mediterranean Sea ; North Atlantic Coast of Africa.
Var. costaTa has the shell wrinkled longitudinally, a well-marked
example being M. Defrancii, Payr. (fig. 88); all intermediate
stages occur to the smooth form.

es

MITRA. 125

Among the synonyms are WM. cornicularis, Costa, not Lam. ;
M. cornicula, Risso, not Linn.; IM. plumbea, Lam., not Reeve
or Sowb., and J. plicatula and pyramidella, Brocchi—two fossil
forms,

M. livida, Reeve (fig. 89), habitat unknown, and JM. chelonia,
Reeve (fig. 90), said to come from the Island of Burias, Philip-
pines, are both referred to M. ebenus by Sowerby.

M. patuna, Reeve. Pl. 37, fig. 91.

Light corneous, sometimes with a narrow, superior white band;
surface slightly folded longitudinally, or nearly smooth.
Length, ‘5 inch.

M. We p11, Tenison-Woods.

Banded orange and dark brown; translucent, with faint ribs
on the upper whorls. Length, 10 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

Tasmania.
This species has not been figured, and I know nothing
concerning it.

M. capensis, Dunker. PI. 37, figs. 95, 92, 94.

Yellowish or orange-brown, banded with chocolate on the
periphery, sometimes with a second band beneath the suture and
chocolate-tinged at the base.

Length, °6 inch.

Natal, South Africa.

M. vincta (fig. 94), and M. rufocincta (fig. 92), of A. Adams,
appear to be synonymous.

M. pica, Reeve. Pl. 31, fig. 96.

Smooth, dark chocolate, tinged with white below the sutures
and at the base. Length, -7 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.
M. tacuryMaA, Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 93.

Thin, whorls finely longitudinally ribbed at the upper part,
crossed by revolving obsolete raised striae; white, with an
orange-brown blotch at the back.

Habitat unknown.

The several foregoing species, from the Cape of Good Hope
and its vicinity, are all known only from the figured types.
M. lachryma may well be identical with M. pica.

126 MITRA.

M. FUNEREA, Reeve. PI. 37, figs. 100-103.

Spire-whorls well rounded, closely longitudinally sculptured,
decussated by revolving lines; upper portion of body-whorl
similarly sculptured, middle smooth or nearly so, base with close
revolving striz. Chocolate-brown, with a narrow yellow band
below the shoulder of the whorl. Length, 11°25 inches.

Isle of Luzon, Philippines ; six fathoms, sandy mud.

Possibly MM. chelonia, Reeve (fig. 90), referred to M. ebenus,
may be a smooth variety of this species. Thatit varies consider-
ably is shown by Sowerby’s figure of it (fig. 101). MM. bilineata,
Reeve (fig. 102),and J. analogica, Reeve, not Sowerby (fig. 103),
both appear to be younger individuals of this species.

M. AusTRALis, Swainson. Pl. 37, figs. 104, 105.

Smooth, polished ; brown,witha broad yellowish band stained
with chestnut. Length, 1:25 inches.

Van Dieman’s Land ; Australia.

This shell approaches very closely to M. Kienert, Sowb. If
Quoy’s M. melaleuca (fig. 105) is a synonym, as decided by
Reeve and Sowerby, then it must be the normal form of the
species, and Australis a stunted, scalariform monstrosity of it.

M. LAMBERTI, Souverbie. PI. 37, fig. 106.
Whorls encircled by punctate, impressed strive; chestnut-
brown, with a narrow yellowish band on the upper part.

Length, 1 inch.
New Caledonia.

M. pouiTta, Reeve. Pl. 37, fig. 107.

Upper part of the spire longitudinally plicate, body-whorl
with revolving striz at base, otherwise smooth and polished ;
chestnut or ashy brown, with a narrow light band.

Length, 1:25-1°75 inches.

Philippines, Ceylon.
M. caLLosa, Reeve. Pl. 37, fig. 108.

Smooth, striate towards the base; leaden brown, variegated,

spotted or obscurely banded with brown. Length, 1:1 inches.
Philippines.

Looks like a‘ telescoped” condition of JZ polita, described

above.

MITRA. 127

M. EFFUSA, Swainson. PI. 37, fig. 109.
Uniform datk chestnut, encircled with fine raised ridges.

Length, 1:25 inches,
Guacomayo, Central America ; Gallapagos Is.

M. restacEA, Swainson. PI. 37, figs. 110-112.

Chestnut-brown, with obsolete or deep-cut revolving lines at
the base. Length, 1°25 inches.
Kingsmill, Cook’s, Society and Paumotus Is.
That M. Bulimoides, Reeve (fig. 111), and M. badia, Reeve
(fig. 112), are both synonyms, I have little doubt; they are
described without locality.

M. rnoprA, Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 114.

Smooth, polished, with very fine, obsolete spiral strie,
becoming more distinct towards the base; dark olive or
chestnut-brown. Length, 1 inch.

Habitat unknown.

More narrowly acuminated than the preceding species; of
which nevertheless it may be a variety.

M. castangEs, A. Ad. PI. 37, fig. 115.

Chestnut-color; transversely punctate-striate. Length, °9 inch.
Habitat unknown.
‘This species most nearly resembles MW. badia, Reeve, but the
whorls are rounded, and it differs in other particulars.” The
white spots on Sowerby’s figure (the only illustration of the
species) are not described :—do they represent punctations ?

M. MELANIANA, Lam. PI. 87, figs. 118, 119.

Dark olive-brown, or dark chestnut, smooth and polished,
usually with small white spots below the suture.

Length, 2—2°5 inches.

Port Jackson, Australia.

Sowerby and Reeve call this species M. nigra, Chemn., but
the figures in that scarcely quotable author do not indicate this
shell. Reeve gives Isl. of Annaa, Pacific Ocean, as locality, and
Lamarck quotes Guinea, India and Greenland!—all errors.
Something like M. Chinensis, Gray, but differs in its more flat-
tened whorls. J. digna, A. Ad. (fig. 119), is synonymous.

128 MITRA.

M. scrra, Tenison-Woods.

Shell small, ovate, shining, entirely pure deep brown; spire
obtusely rounded, apex mamillated, whorls six, smooth, tumid,
suture finely impressed; aperture rather wide, brown within,

lirate, columella triplicate. Length, 8 mill.
Tasmanta.

Very distinct from its size, and intense uniform coloring,
though belonging to the series of which M. badia (= testacea)
is a large representative. The above is the original description ;
not figured.

M. Teresi2, Tenison-Woods.

Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat thin, shiny, subventricose,
brown, with two whitish bands; spire somewhat short, scarcely
acute, whorls five, smooth, tumid, shining conspicuously, finely
canaliculate at the suture, aperture ovate, bifasciate within,

columella triplicate. Length, 7-14 mill.
Tasmania.

The coloring seems very persistent, and therefore the species
is not easily mistaken. I confess, however, that if this species
could lose the white bands, and were to have the mouth lirate
within, I should regard it as a variety of WZ. scita. I think the
lire are not persistent in the latter, and therefore the shell may
be the same. The above is the original description; unfigured.

M. TypPHA, Reeve. PI. 37, figs. 113, 116.

Encircled by fine strize; horny, transparent, with a broad,
rusty brown band. Length, ‘6 inch.
‘itt Isles; I. of Bohol, Philippines, under stones at low water.
M. peculiaris, Reeve (fig. 116), appears to be a shouldered
monstrosity of this species.

M. FLEXILABRIS, Sowb. PI. 37, fig. 98.

Smooth, with faint spiral strize; yellow, with two orange-

brown bands. Length, 13 mill.
Mauritius.

More cylindrical and narrower than J. typha, Reeve, and
differently banded, yet I doubt its distinctness from that species.

et."

AIDONE. 129

M. TENUuIS, Sowb. PI. 87, fig. 117.

Transparent, horny, with a light fulvous band on the upper
part of the whorls. Length, *65 inch,

Habitat unknown.
“Much like M. typha, but more pyramidal.” I suspect that
it is not distinct from that species.

M. micans, Reeve. PI. 37, fig. 120.

Smooth, polished, ivory-white, faintly orange-banded.

Length, ‘7 inch.
Cook’s Islands, Polynesia.—Garrett.
Perhaps this also is a form of M. typha.

M. Cook, Hanley. PI. 37, fig. 121.

Chestnut-brown, variegated with blue-gray ; delicately striated.
Length, 1:25 inches.

Australia.
I do not know this species.

M. avpina, A. Adams. PI. 37, fig. 97.

Spire and upper part of body-whorl folded longitudinally ;

white. Length, 1:1 inches. |
Island of Luzon, on the reefs.

Described from a single specimen in the Cumingian Collection.

Section Aidone, H. and A. Adams.

Shell fusiform, smooth, polished, small; spire acuminate, as
long as the aperture; inner lip excavated, with two prominent
plaits in the middle; outer lip thin, simple.

This little Olzvella-like form may prove to be generically dis-
tinct from Mitra.

M. AuBA, Pease. PI. 51, fig. 471.
White, polished, finely striated. Length, 7:5 mill.
Society and Paumotus Islands.
Mr. Pease describes the columella as quadriplicate, but his
Specimens now before me have only two distinct plice, although
there are slight indications of additional ones, as might be
expected.

M. rnsienis, A. Ad.

An unfigured species, referred to <Azdone, as its type. It
comes from Rains’ Island.
17

130 SWAINSONIA.

Section Swainsovia, H.and A. Ad.

Oliviform, smooth, polished, spire nearly as long as the
aperture.

M. zonaTA, Marryatt. Pl. 38, figs. 122, 126.

Yellowish brown, the lower half of the body-whorl chocolate-

brown, forming a narrow band on the spire. Length, 2°5 inches.
Mediterranean ; deep water, in rocky places.

Petit, writing in 1869, says: ‘ Cette coquille est le réve et en
méme temps le désespoir de l’amateur. Elle n’a été trouvée,dit-on,
que deux fois.” It has since become more common, and although
one of the rare species, all doubt as to its being really an inhabi-
tant of the Mediterranean Sea, has finally been dissipated. It
‘has been found at Toulon, on the North African Coast, near
Catania, in the Gulf of Naples, Leghorn, Sardinia, ete. M. Sant-
angeli, Maravigna (fig. 126), is founded on a worn example in
which the colors have faded to white and orange.

M. casta, Lam. Pl. 38, fig. 123.

Ivory-white, covered, except a narrow band at the suture and
another wider one at the base, by a persistent smooth, thin
chestnut- or olive-brown epidermis. Length, 1'25—2 inches.

Zanzibar ; Mauritius ; Polynesia, in sandy mud, laminarian zone.

Cabinet specimens usually preserve the epidermis, but when
specimens are weathered, they become uniformly polished white.
Mr. Sowerby makes M. levis, A. Ad., an unfigured species, a
synonym. I have preferred quoting Lamarck for this species
rather than Chemnitz or Solander, who used the name, less defi-
nitely, at an earlier date. MM. bicolor, Swainson, is the young
shell of this species.

M. Fritum, Wood. PI. 38, fig. 127.

White, with a very broad chestnut or olive-brown band, which
is finely streaked across with white, apex and base black tipped.
Length, °85 inch.
Zanzibar.
Kiener and Deshayes have erroneously identified with this
species M. bicolor, Swains., which is really the young of WM. casta.
M. affinis, Lesson, an unfi cured species. from the Gambier Islands,
may be identical pitti it. SL hit) Bn BAY

SWAINSONIA, 131

M. Oviv#rormis, Swainson. Pl. 38, fig. 131; Pl. 33, fig. 28.
Whorls encircled by punctate incised lines, which are usually
obsolete except around the upper part; yellowish or orange,
apex and base dark blue-black. Length, °65 inch.
Society Islands, gregarious, in sand inside the reefs.
M. dactyloidea, Anton (fig. 28), appears to be a young shell of
this species.

M. rormosa, Pease. PI. 38, fig. 128.

Smooth, polished, transversely regularly punctate-striate ;
light flesh-color, spotted or striped longitudinally with white,
aperture yellowish. Length, 14 mill.

Allied to M. filum, Wood.

Ascension Isl.

M. Newcomsit, Pease.

Shell elongate, rather cylindrically fusiform; spire short, acute;
whorls flatly convex, transversely punctate-striate, striz becom-
ing sometimes obsolete on middle of last whorl; spire and upper
part of last whorl decussated by longitudinal impressed striz ;
base distantly grooved and somewhat truncate; columella five-
plaited, white, remotely punctured with reddish brown dots, last
whorl encircled with a broad dark brown band.

Length 27, diam. 8 mill.
Sandwich Isles.

Allied to M. filum, Wood, but somewhat larger. It is un-
figured, and I have not seen a specimen, but I suspect that it is
a variety of that species.

M. rissurATA, Lam. PI. 38, figs. 124, 125.

Smooth, polished, sometimes partly or wholly encircled with
distant, slightly impressed revolving lines; pale pink-gray, with
a broad obscure darker band, overlaid with a china-crackle pat-
tern of white lines; sometimes the band is bordered above by
brown ocelli, visible above the suture-line of the spire; livid
within the aperture. Length, 1-2 inches.

Red Sea ; Mauritius ; Zanzibar.

M. ocellata, Swainson (fig. 125), is the shell with the dark
spots ; it is not a distinct variety as these may be detected ob-
securely marked on most specimens, and occasionally become
more or less prominent. “A

132 SCABRICOLA.

M. zepHyrina, Duclos. PI. 38, figs. 129, 130.
Cylindrical oliviform, with distant, slightly impressed revolv-
ing lines; chestnut-brown, sometimes flecked with white in two

spiral series. Length, °75-1 inch.
Mauritius.

The variety without spots has been called M. Nevilli by Mr.
Hanley (fig. 130).

M. EpurnEA, Philippi. Unfigured. Marquesas Islands.

Not included in the monographies, and unknown to me.

Section Scabricola, Swainson.

Mitre-shaped or pyramidal; granulated or scabrous.

M. TESSELLATA, Martyn. PI. 38, figs. 139, 136.

Pale yellow, with chestnut-brown longitudinal flames.
Length, 2°5-3°5 inches.
Polynesia ; Zanztbar ?

The longitudinal plications sometimes become obsolete, on
which state M. terebralis, Lam. (fig. 136), is founded. It is
doubtful whether the latter form comes from Zanzibar; at any
rate, I have before me examples of it from the Paumotus Islands.
Garrett says that the animal is cream-yellow; the small triangular
foot is reddish brown above, and the siphon is varied with a
lighter shade of the same color. Philippi contends that
Lamarck’s species terebralis is different from the figure bearing
that name in Reeve, and so calls the latter M. Reevei; but
Deshayes, in Lamarck, refers to Kiener’s figure, which is the
same as that of Reeve and Sowerby.

M. impressa, Anton. PI. 38, fig. 132.

Yellowish or orange-brown ; sometimes slightly shouldered.
Length, 1-1:25 inches.
Japan.
So closely is this related to the M. granulosa, that, were it not
for the difference in locality, I would be disposed to consider it
a variety.

M. VITELLINA, Gould. PI. 38, fig. 134.

Pale orange, with an imperfect white vitta adjacent to the
posterior revolving strie,a second at the anterior third of the

SCABRICOLA. 133

last whorl, and with the other parts of the shell slightly mottled
with white, except the sutural portion. Length, 1°75 inches.
Hab. uncertain ; probably Hast Indies.

. Narrower than UM. impressa, of which, nevertheless, it may be
only a variety.

M. aranutosa, Lam. PI. 38, fig. 138.

Orange, or sometimes chestnut-brown ; occasionally obscurely
banded, or with the granules next the suture lighter colored.
Length, 1—1°5 inches.
West Indies ; on rocks.
M. ontscina, Lam. PI. 38, fig. 135.

Chocolate-brown, with a superior white band, and an inferior
one less distinct. Length, 6-1-2 inches.
East Indies.
An obscure species figured by Kiener, and not recognized by
subsequent naturalists.

M. Lens, Wood. PI. 38, figs. 133, 187; Pl. 39, figs. 140-142, 144.

Ashy violet or brownish white, covered with a dark epidermis,

varying from chocolate to nearly black. Length, 2—2°5 inches.
Peru; Panama ; Mazatlan ; Galapagos Is.

The dark color and very coarse, rude sculpture of this species
will readily distinguish it from all others; there is, besides, on
well-grown specimens, two rows of very deep punctures, encir-
cling the middle of the whorls. The Peruvian locality is on the
authority of d’Orbigny, who has described a young shell as M.
inca (fig. 140). M. Dupontii, Kiener (fig. 137), is said to come
from the Red Sea, but I agree with Reeve and Sowerby that it
is a synonym of M. lens, and the habitat is very doubtful. I.
lignaria, Reeve (fig. 141), dredged at fourteen fathoms from
rocky ground, at St. Elena, W. Columbia, is merely a lighter
colored variety, somewhat narrower than the usual form. WM.
rupicola, Reeve (fig. 144), obtained with the last, and unique in
the Cumingian Collection, is a M. lens, more shouldered than
usual; I have before me shells somewhat like it. M. muricata,
,Swainson (fig. 142), cannot be distinguished from a very usual
form of young specimens of HM. lens ; Cuming obtained it at the
Galapagos Isles, from sandy mud, at six fathoms.

134 SCABRICOLA.

M. vuttruosa, Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 143.
Orange-brown. Length, 1 inch.
Isl. of Capul, Philippines (found on the reefs).
Closely allied to M. impressa, Anton.

M. nuctEoLA, Lam. PI. 39, figs. 145-147, 151.

Fulvous yellow, Length, °75-1 inch.
Habitat unknown.

The figures given by Kiener (fig. 145), Reeve (fig. 146), and
Sowerby (fig. 147) for this shell, ave so different that they seem
to represent distinct species. The first, which is presumably
from the type, if well drawn, bas but little affinity with the
present group; M. unifascialis, Lam., as figured by Kiener (fig.
151), certainly appears to be synonymous with it.

M. spH@RULATA, Martyn. PI. 39, fig. 149.

Whitish, yellowish or light brown, variously stained with dark
chocolate or blackish spots on the granules ; aperture orange.

Length, 2—2°5 inches. :
Philippines ; Polynesia.
M. EBURNOSTOMA, Garrett.

Creamy white, sparingly mottled with brown. The sculpture
is almost precisely the same as in M. sphxrulata, but it may be
at once distinguished from that species by its paler color, more
slender form and pure white aperture.

Length 41, diam. 13 mill.
Paumotus Isles.

A very rare species, of which two examples were found buried
in sand in the upper region of the laminarian zone. Its distinct-
ness from M. spherulata may well be doubted; it has not been
figured.

M. TexTuRATA, Lam. PI. 39, figs. 150, 148.

Shell variegated with white and rusty brown.
Length, 1°25-1‘5 inches.
Philippines, Viti Isles.
Var. Lirouana, Crosse. Fig. 148.
Distinguished from the type by its small size, stumpy form,,
and uniform white coloring. Length, 16 mill.
Lifou, Loyalty Isles.

SCABRICOLA. 135

M. succrnota, Swainson. ' Habitat unknown.
M. suBTEXTURATA, Garrett. Society Islands.

Unfigured species, said to be allied to M. texturata.

M. cRENIFERA, Lam. PI. 39, figs. 152, 164, 165.

Yellowish or pinkish white, with two irregular clouded bands
of chestnut or chocolate color, or sometimes irregularly macu-
late ; the whole surface is closely decussated. Length, 2 inches.

Mauritius, Manilla, Red Sea, Indian Ocean.

This species is so well-known under its present name that it
would be injudicious to revive for it the previously given name
of M. clathrus,Gmelin. M. pretiosa, Reeve (fig. 164),is a young
shell of this species; M. Antonix, H. Adams (fig. 165), is
synonymous with it.

M. scaBriuscua, Linn. Pl. 39, fig. 158.

Whitish, clouded with chestnut or chocolate-brown, often
appearing like interrupted spiral series on the revolving ridges.

Length, 2—2°5 inches.

Philippines ; Viti Islands, sandy stations.

A stouter species than M. crenifera, the prominent spiral
ridges alternating with impressed striz, the longitudinal sculp-
ture subordinate. The animal is diluted white, maculated with
numerous small opaque white spots.

M. HELVACEA, Phil.

An unfigured species, from China, said to be intermediate
between J. scabriuscula and WM. Isabellina. Sowerby does not
allude to it, although published twenty years before the appear-
ance of his monograph, and I suppose it may be considered a, lost
species. So much allowance must be made for the personal equa-
tion in descriptive and distinctive characters that in these days of
minute distinctions it is rarely worth while to attempt to identify
unfigured shells, or to reproduce the descriptions for the con-
founding of students. In nine cases out of ten a description can-
not be made sufficiently accurate to identify a species positively,
and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it is sufficiently indefi-
nite to secure a wrong identification from those who attempt to
fit it to their unnamed species. . Conchologists have suffered more
than enough in endeavoring to acquiesce in the cheaply bought
glorification of naturalists ; it is full time to inaugurate a reform

136 SCABRICOLA.

by ignoring all unfigured species. As my purpose, distinctly
stated at the outstart, is to include in my monographs all pub-
lished species, I shall, at least mention them all; although I
have been frequently disposed, as in the present case, to allow
them to remain in the oblivion into which they had sunk, rather
than bring them again to the notice of science.

M. puncronmmatTa, A. Ad.
Described as a Scabricola. Unfigured. From Gotto Is., Japan.

M. ExrensBerct, Jickeli. Pl. 39, fig. 153.
Whitish, with two pale rosy bands, appearing within the aper-
ture. Length, 24 mill.

Red Sea.
Described from a single specimen.

M. Hempricuil, Jickeli. Pl. 39, fig. 155.

Yellowish red, with two white bands. Length, 19 mill.
Red Sea.
Described and figured from a single dead specimen.

M. ARENACEA, Dunker. PI. 39. fig. 154.

Very closely and finely reticulated ; yellowish white, clouded
with chestnut. Length, 35 mill.

Habitat unknown.
M. eraciiis, Reeve. Pl. 39, fig. 156.

White, clouded orange or chestnut and obscurely banded, with
chestnut or chocolate spots on the granules ; revolving sculpture
most prominent. Length, 2 inches.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines, sandy mud, at six fathoms.

Very much like M. scabriuscula, Linn., but more slim; perhaps
only a variety of that species.

M. Srrancet, Angas. Pl. 39, fig. 157.

Rather thin, white, closely spirally ridged, the ridges on the
last whorl alternately larger and smaller, crossed by very fine
longitudinal lines. Length, °6 inch.

Port Jackson, Australia.
M. crTHAROIDEA, Dohrn. PI. 39, fig. 160.

White, with revolving ribs and longitudinal striz.

Length, 21 mill.
Habitat unknown.

SCABRICOLA. 137

This may possibly be an older individual of M. Strangez,
Angas; if so, its name should have preference on account of
priority of publication.

M. Norrisur, Reeve. Pl. 40, fig. 166.
White, under a black, thin, horny epidermis; surface very

finely decussated. Length, 3-4 inches.
Habitat unknown.

Described from a unique specimen, thirty-five years ago; no
others have been recorded.

M. nivEA, Swainson. PI. 40, fig. 167.

White, with obsolete, rather distant, orange-brown revolving
lines, and a few scattered brown spots next to suture ; encircled
with very fine, punctured, impressed strie. Length, 2°75 inches.

Isl. Annaa, on the reefs.

M. IsaBELLA, Swainson. PI. 40, figs. 168, 169; Pl. 39, figs. 159,
162.

Yellowish white, clouded and sometimes indistinctly banded
with orange-brown ; closely spirally ribbed, more or less clath-

rate by fine longitudinal lines. Length, 2°5—-3°5 inches.
China.

Aperture small and narrow, shell contracted to a canal below.
M, Morchii, A. Ad. (fig. 169), is founded on an individual in
which the spiral sculpture is more, and the longitudinal less
prominent than in the usual form. MM. Herklotsiana, Dohrn, an
unfigured species from Japan, is said to have the longitudinal
sculpture more prominent than JZ. Isabella, crossing the spiral
ribs and cutting them into granules: it is probably not distinct.
Perhaps this is like IZ. loricata, Reeve (fig. 162), described without
locality, and which is very plainly a variety of M. Isabella. I
find no distinctive characters in M. Peasei, Dohrn (fig. 159),
described as from Australia, and said by Sowerby to come from
Sandwich Islands.

M. Hepes, Reeve. PI. 39, fig. 161.

Whitish or yellowish, slightly shouldered.
Length, 1-25-1°5 inches.

18

Habitat unknown.

138 CANCILLA.

M. rormosa, A. Ad. PI. 39, fig. 163.
Whitish, clouded with chestnut ; slightly round-shouldered.

Length, 1:4 inches.
Moluccas.

I have not seen either this or the preceding species: the
figures look much alike, and the difference in coloring is of little
account, but I. formosa appears to have finer sculpture.

Section Cancilla, Swainson.

Shell fusiform, slender; with revolving, linear, elevated ridges,
and no longitudinal ribs; outer lip thin, not dentate within.

M. riuarts, Linn. PI. 40, figs. 174-176, 180.

Pinkish white or yellowish white, with elevated, narrow, brown,
beaded ridges. Length, 1°25—-1-75 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, Polynesia.

Mr. Garrett considers JZ. nexilis, Martyn, a distinct species ;
it is a shorter, stouter form than the type, but intermediate con-
ditions are not wanting. Philippi considers M. filosa, Born ,
(= filaris, L.), the equivalent of the obese form, and makes of
the narrow form a var. gracilis, whilst a smali race is designated
as var. Bernardiana.

Var. NEXILIS, Martyn. Fig. 174.
Var. BERNARDIANA, Phil. Fig. 180.
Var. cincuLATA, Kiener. Fig. 176.

The ridges are uncolored, sharper, devoid of granules; in
some specimens the intermediate revolving striz are most prom-
inent, others are cancellated between the ridges, and others again
show mostly the longitudinal inter-costal striae. MM. circulata
has usually been considered a distinct species, but even in the
coloring of the ribs there is a gradual change from the uncolored
typical MW. circulata to the full-colored M. filaris.

M. CREBRILINEATA, Sowb. PI. 40, fig. 170.

This little shell resembles j/ilosa (— filaris), but is narrower,
and has more numerous and finely beaded ridges. Length, ‘8 inch.
Mauritius.
Probably not distinct from jfilaris, but I have not seen a
specimen.

CANCILLA. 139

M. Tatun&, Jickeli. Pl. 40, fig. 178.

Whitish or yellowish white. Length, 18-20 mill.
Red Sea.

I do not know the species ; two specimens were collected.

M. sutcaTa, Swainson. PI. 40, figs. 171, 177, 182-184.
Brownish white or light brown, under a chestnut or chocolate

epidermis. Length, 13-25 inches.
W. Coast of Central America.

I unite under this, the oldest name, several species agreeing
with it in color and sculpture but varying somewhat in form and
considerably in size; they are all inhabitants of the same region.
The largest of these is M. gigantea, Swn. (fig. 177), then come
in order of size, M. Hindsii, Reeve (fig. 182), WZ. attenuata, Swn.
(fig. 184), I. funiculata, Reeve (fig. 183).

M. LingaTA, Swains., Pl. 40, fig. 172.
Whitish, longitudinally stained with chestnut, ridges chestnut,

Length, 1 inch.
W. Coast of Central America.

Stouter, with a more acute shoulder than the last species, and
differently colored; yet I suspect that it is only a variety of it.

M. Betcueri, Hinds. Pl. 40, fig. 179.
Whitish, under a dark chocolate epidermis; sculpture con-
sisting of flat, broad ribs and narrow, deeply cut intervening

grooves. Length, 4:5 inches.
W. Coast of Central America ; in mud, at 17 fathoms, —Hinds.

M. mera, Reeve. Pl. 40, fig. 181.
Whitish, clouded with yellowish brown; ridges smooth and

close, interstices punctured. Length, 1-7 inches.
Habitat unknown.

Mpa; Dohm: , Pl. 41, fic. 1895 Bl 40, tre. 173.

Yellowish white. Length, 2°25 inches.
Australia.

The locality is somewhat doubtful. MM. multilirata, A. Ad.
(fig. 173), said to be from the China Sea, may possibly bea
juvenile example of it.

M. carnicotor, Reeve. Pl. 40, fig. 185; Pl. 41, figs. 186, 187.

Whitish to yellowish brown, light pink or white within the

140 CANCILLA.

‘aperture; slightly shouldered, ridges close, with longitudinal

strie. Length, 1—-1°25 inches.
Philippines.

Approaches too closely to the stouter varieties of M. filaris,
L.,in form and sculpture. MM. incarnata, Reeve (fig. 186), and
M. pura, A. Ad (fig. 187), are synonyms.

M. strAMINEA, A. Ad. PI. 41, fig. 188.
Thin, light yellowish white. Length, ‘9 inch.
Habitat unknown.
M. FLAMMEA, Quoy. PI. 41, figs. 190-193, 195-197, 199, 200.
White, stained and maculated with orange-brown ; sometimes
smaller ridges are developed between the principal ones; longi-
tudinal striz close, distinct. Length, 1—-1°25 inches.
China, Philippines, Australia, Polynesia, Sandwich Islands.
This is not the I. flammea figured by Reeve, — Philippina-
rum. The principal synonyms are JZ. flammigera, Reeve (fig.
191), WW. interlirata, Reeve (fig. 192), MW. tornata, Reeve (fig. 196),
M. avenacea, Reeve (fig, 193), WM. rufilirata, Ad. and Reeve (fig.
197), M. Nove-Hollandix, Sowb. (fig. 199), IZ hystrix, Montr.
(fig. 200).

M. roporEA, Reeve. PI. 41, fig, 201.
Pyramidal, brown, corded throughout with narrow whiteridges,
columella two-plaited, plaits somewhat indistinct,

Length, ‘75 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Judging from the figure, this little shell is a Zatirus rather
than Mitra.

M. DUPLILIRATA, Reeve. PI. 41, fig. 202.

Whitish, longitudinally flamed with reddish brown; revolving
ribs duplicate. Length, 1°15 inches.
4 Habitat unknown.
M. ANNULATA, Reeve. PI. 41, figs. 203, 205-209.

Yellowish white, spotted, or clouded with chestnut or choco-
late. Revolving ridges sharp; with sometimes intermediate
lire, and longitudinal striz in the interstices, sometimes smooth.

Length, *75—1 inch.

Red Sea, Ceylon, Philippines, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

CANCILLA. 141

It has a shorter spire than M. flammea, Quoy. The synonyms
include M. nitens, Kiener (not of Risso or Blainv.), IZ insculpta,
A. Ad. (fig. 205), MU. amena, A. Ad. (fig. 206), I Fischers,
Souverb. (fig. 207). The latter is unsculptured between the
ridges: I have specimens which are plain between some of the
ridges and well sculptured between others. Equivalent forms are
M. rosacea, Reeve (fig. 208), and WM. acuta, Sowb. (fig. 209). I.
rufescens, A. Ad.,an unfigured species, is probably synonymous
with annulata.

M. acutTitirata, Sowb. Pl. 41, fig. 204.

Pale rose, encircled with angular ridges, painted on the angles
with interrupted red-brown lines, longitudinally striated between
the ridges. Length, 1°4 inches.

Habitat unknown.

M. Puiuippinanum, A. Ad. PI. 41, figs. 210, 211.

Whorls encircled with rounded ridges, and usually narrow sulci
between them; light olive or yellowish white, with irregular
chestnut or chocolate markings. Length, 1-1-2 inches.

Andaman Is., Philippines, Polynesia.

This species was first figured by Reeve, in mistake for J.
Jlammea, Quoy. Sowerby also seems to have mistaken it, his
Philippinarum being an entirely different species; in consequence
of this error he has re-described and figured it as MZ. semiconica
(fig. 211).

M. sTRIGILLATA, Sowb. PI. 41, fig. 212.
Whitish, longitudinally flamed with brown. Length,-9 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Tam not acquainted with this species; it seems to be very
like M. Philippinarum, Ads.

bed
M. sacittuM, Lam. PI. 41, fig. 213; Pl. 58, fig. 692.
Grooved towards the base; brown, with longitudinal, white,

waved streaks. Length, -9 inch.
Malacca, Australia.

There is some confusion regarding this species. The figure
given by Deshayes does not correspond well with that in Reeve’s
Iconica. Mr. Sowerby makes bacillum, Reeve, not Lam. — his
M. strigillata; but then he figures a shell similar to Reeve’s

142 CANCILLA.

illustration for bacillum. Deshayes’ figure appears to me to be
very like IZ. Philippinarum, A. Ad.

M. pruinosa, Reeve. Pl. 41, fig. 215.

Pale brown, with short, narrow snow-like streaks, rather irreg-
ularly descending or striking out from the sutures ; decussately
engraved with longitudinal and transverse impressed lines.

Length, *9 inch.
Habitat unknown.

A doubtful species.

M. FULGETRUM, Reeve. PI. 41, figs. 216, 217, 198.

Transversely impressedly grooved, grooves narrow, very
finely punctured; reddish chestnut, with conspicuous waved
longitudinal white streaks. Length, 1 inch.

Isl. of Burias, Philippines ; under stones at low water ;
New Caledonia.
Var. Botssaci, Montrouzier (fig. 217).

Has the same sculpture, and differs only in presenting a series
of quadrangular chestnut spots, appearing like interrupted longi-
tudinal bands: they are the bands of fulgetrum, in fact, but
interrupted by the impressed strize. J. Cyri, Dohrn (fig. 198),
is the same as J. Boissaci.

M. Haneti, Petit. Pl. 41, fig. 194.
Light yellowish. Length, 23 mill.
Hab. unknown (supposed to be not far from Mazatlun,
W. Coast of Mexico).
M. Mattett, Petit. Pl. 42, fig. 218.
_ Light chestnut or olive-brown ; longitudinally striated between

the angular revolving coste. Length, 1 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Possibly only a well-grown, fresh specimen of JJ. Hanett.

M. caninava, Swainson. PI. 49, figs. 219-293, 241.

Yellowish, olive or chestnut-brown; shoulder of whorls ob-
tusely or sharply angulated or carinated ; with distant impressed
revolving striz, sometimes covering a portion only of the body-
whorl, sometimes altogether obsolete.

Length, 1—-1°5 inches.

. Cape Verd Isles ; Sierra Leone, W. Coast of Africa.

M. Senegalensis, Reeve (fig. 221), appears to be a rude, dis-

fore:

OHRYSAME. 143

torted growth of this species, and M. Gambiana, Dohrn (fig.
222),a non-shouldered and perhaps the normal form. I figure
from Sowerby’s Thesaurus (fig. 223), a shell called MW. Gambiana,
but which is decidedly of the carinata type. I. astyagis, Dohrn
(fig. 241), is probably a color variety only.
M. TELEscopiuM, Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 225.

Whorls rudely shouldered, with impressed, punctured revolv-
ing strie, often partially obsolete; chestnut-brown, with a

superior white band, above which the color is lighter.

Length, -75-1 inch.
Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

Very similar to the preceding species in form, but differing in
coloration, etc. It appears to be a monstrosity, yet four speci-
mens before me all agree closely with the heretofore published
figures.

M. masta, Reeve. Pl. 42, fig. 226.
With revolving impressed striz, yellowish brown to chestnut.
Length, °85 inch.
Isle of Corrigidor, Philippines ; in coral sand at ten
fathoms. —Cuming ; Andaman Islands —E. A. Smith.

This also appears to be a distorted shell: I am not acquainted
with it.
M. cineunata, A. Ad. Habitat unknown.
M. spiripuncta, Garrett. Vite Islands.
Both unfigured species, apparently belonging to this section.

Section Chrysame, H. and A. Adams.

Shell ovate, spire and aperture usually about equal in length;
whorls encircled by rounded ribs; inner lip with a few strong
transverse plaits ; outer lip with the margin crenate.

M. cucuMeErinA, Lam. PI. 42, figs. 227-229.

Orange-red, with an interrupted band of white spots, and occa-
sional white strigations. Length, "75-125 inches.
Polynesia, on reefs,
Garrett remarks that Paumotus examples, which are much
larger than obtained elsewhere, are sometimes nearly pure white.
The animal is whitish with creamy yellow dots. Mr. Pease

144 CHRYSAME.

mentions a uniform dark red variety of the shell as occurring
at Ralick Island. MM. fraga, Quoy (fig. 229), may be the young
of this variety ; it can scarcely be synonymous with MW. peregra,
Reeve, as supposed by Sowerby.

M Apamsoni, Gray. PI. 42, figs. 230, 231, 240.

Longitudinally granulosely plicated, crossed by revolving
impressed strise. White or yellowish white, clouded with large
reddish brown or orange-red blotches ; a narrow superior white
band; aperture brownish red, lip and columella deeper.

Length, 1-1*4 inches.

Philippines ; Mauritius.

Very close to JM. cucumerina, and may be only a variety of
that species in which the occasional longitudinal folds become
regular and rib-like.

M. Antoni, Kuster (fig. 231), described without locality, from
an immature shell, appears to be closely related, if not identical ;
in the latter case it would have priority.

M. ToRNATELLOIDES, Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 232.

Shell encircled by somewhat indistinctly punctured grooves ;

chestnut or reddish brown, with a white zone and longitudinal

waved streaks. Length, *5 inch.
Philippine Islands.

Evidently an immature shell; perhaps a young cucumerina.

M. curysaLis, Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 233.
Yellowish brown, with an interrupted band of white.

Length, *6—85 inch.
Polynesia ; Bay of Islands, New Zealand.

Very closely allied to cucumerina, but differs in its smaller
size, more compressed form and lighter color.

M. turaipa, Reeve. Pl. 42, figs. 234, 235.

Uniform pale luteous. Length, *65—-1 inch.
Philippines ; Polynesia.
M. indentata, Sowb. (fig. 235), is the usual form and size of
this species, Reeve’s type being a specimen of extraordinary size.

M. PpEREGRA, Reeve. PI. 42, figs. 286-238, 224.
Dark red, revolving ridges tuberculate, tubercles white.
Length, °75—1 inch. Philippines ; Polynesia.

CHRYSAME. 145

Sowerby considers this species as well as M. nucleola, Lam.,
identical with M. fraga, Quoy. The latter is apparently the
young of M. cucumerina; the former is more like this shell in
form but has not its markings, and the sculpture appears to be
different.

M. porcata, Humph. (fig. 237), appears to be a synonym, and
M. miniata, Anton (fig. 238), as figured by Kuster can scarcely
be different. MM. spadicea, Dunker (fig. 224), is placed in the
synonymy by Garrett; it is darker and smaller than the
type, but usually spotted with white on the tubercles, although
not so represented in the figure, copied from Sowerby. It may
be considered a variety.

M. @RaciLior, Carpenter. Pl. 42, fig. 239.

Red-brown, with sharp revolving lines, decussated at the upper
part of the whorls by longitudinal riblets; plications of the
columella inconspicuous. H., *2 inch.

San Diego, Cal., on kelp-roots in deep water.

Dr. P. P. Carpenter named but did not describe this minute
species ; he referred it to Mitromorpha,a group belonging to the
family Pleurotomidz. Mr. Henry Hemphill, of San Diego, Cal.,
collected the original lot and it is from one of these that the
figure is drawn. It is one of several similarly sculptured minute
species occurring on the California coast. I figure it here to call

attention to the group, as they may be Mitrids, although most
probably Pleurotome.

M. nuctEoLA, Lam. PI. 34, figs. 145-147.

Dark red ; the revolving ribs decussated by longitudinal sculp-

ture. Length, 1 inch.
Indian Ocean? Java?

As already mentioned, Sowerby makes this species equivalent
to M. fraga, Quoy, and M. peregra, Reeve: from the former it
differs in form, from the latter in color and sculpture. Reeve’s
figure of it is so different from that in Kiener, that I doubt if it
belongs to the same species. That Kiener’s figure is not a good
one, is self-evident ; still it is the only authentic illustration, and
J have therefore copied it.

19

146 CHRYSAME.

M. TURBEN, Reeve. PI. 42, fig. 242.
Closely and finely longitudinally ribbed, crossed by revolving
impressed striz. Orange-yellow. Height, *75 inch.
Philippine Islands.
All the specimens collected by Mr. Cuming had the lower part
of the outer lip absorbed or worn away, as in the figure.

M. TABANULA, Lam. PI. 42, figs. 243-247.

Reddish chestnut to chocolate-color; whorls encircled by ele-
vated keel-like ridges, varying in number, so that sometimes the
interstices are as wide as the ridges, on other specimens merely
narrow deeply engraved lines. Length, ‘5-66 inch.

Andaman Isles 3 Philippines ; Polynesia.

I unite with this species several others, the types of which
show some differences, but the series of specimens before me
clearly indicates their indentity. Fig. 243 is the typical taba-
nula: to which Tadd IM. pediculus, Lam. (fig. 244); M. minor,
Sowb. (fig. 245), and M. rotundilirata, Reeve (fig. 246). MM.
Caledonica, Petit (fig. 247), can scarcely be distinguished from
the short form of tabanula, such as M. pediculus, Lam.

M. Hanteyr, Sowb. PI. 48, fig. 248.

Yellowish white, Length, -5-*7 inch.

China Seas.
M. Sonanprt, Reeve. PI. 43, figs. 249-251.

Light chestnut to chocolate. Length, 11:3 inches.
Red Sea.

Reeve’s original specimen was probably worn and faded. The
relative width of ridges and grooves appears to vary as in J.
tabanula; in the type (fig. 249), the former are narrower than
the latter, whilst in Mr. Sowerby’s specimen (fig. 250), they are
more nearly equal; a dark shell of this stage is M. Riippellit,
Reeve (fig. 251); finally well-grown specimens have broad, some-
what flattened ribs — M. planilirata, Reeve.

M. VEXILLUM, Reeve. Pl. 43, figs. 253, 254.

Bright reddish orange, the incised lines which separate the
rounded, slightly raised revolving ribs, are darker—-sometimes
chestnut-colored. Sometimes the ribs are obsolete, when the
grooves are scarcely marked, except by the persistent color.

Length, 1—-1°2 inches. Philippines.

re

CHRYSAME, 147

Closely allied to the preceding species. MM. crassicostata,
Sowb. (fig. 254), is evidently the same.

M. AuRANTIA, Gmelin. PI. 43, figs. 255-258.

Orange to chestnut or light chocolate color, upper part of
whorl encircled by a white band. Length, 1-1-5 inches.

Mauritius, Philippines, New Zealand, Polynesia.

M. nanus, Reeve (fig. 257), is a small variety or stunted
growth, with the revolving ribs usually finer. IM. Michelinit,
Guerin (fig. 258), is a probable synonym; Sowerby’s figure of it
is, however, a I. limbifera.

M. proscissa, Reeve. Pl. 43, figs. 259-262.

Whitish or yellowish, longitudinally stained with orange-
brown, sometimes obscurely white-banded in the middle; inter-
stices of the revolving ribs cancellate.

Length, 1:25-1°5 inches. Mauritius, New Caledonia.

M. rubiginea, A. Ad. (fig. 260), M. carinilirata, Souv. (fig.
261), and probably J. consolidata, Sowb. (fig. 262), are syno-
nyms—the latter is described from a single specimen, without
locality.

M. crassa, Swainson. PI. 43, figs. 263-265; Pl. 44, figs. 270, 272.

Chestnut or chocolate color, usually white-banded above;
whorls faintly striate throughout, strie developing into ribs
towards the base. Length, *8—1°25 inches.

Philippines, on reefs, at low water, Polynesia.

It is easy to connect M. Ticaonica, Reeve (figs. 264, 265,270),
with this species, and I fear that it is allied too closely with
aurantia, as well as with other species of the group. Material
collected especially to show the extent of variation of a species
rarely comes into the hands of the conchologist, the collector
usually working with the desire to secure as many species as
possible. M. celigena, Reeve (fig. 272), is probably a synonym
of crassa, the only difference being the possession of occasional
white spots, promiscuously scattered over the surface.

M. AmpBiaua, Swainson. PI. 43, figs. 266, 267, 268.

Orange-brown, indistinctly white-banded above; the incised
revolving lines are punctate. Length, 1-5—2°5 inches.
Philippines, Viti Isles ; under coral and stones, at low water.

148 CHRYSAME.

Var. ruLVA, Swainson. Fig. 267.

Chestnut- or chocolate-brown, with usually an irregular faint
superior band ; whorls encircled by punctured, engraved lines,
sometimes with scattered white dots. Length, 1°75—-2°5 inches.

Polynesia.

The animal, according to Garrett, is chestnut-brown, the
creeping disk white, siphon pale brown, ocular region and tips
of the tentacles white.

M. fulva appears to connect with WM. ambigua in such a man-
ner as to have justified Kiener in considering it a synonym. In
deference to conchological opinion, I separate it as a variety, the
typical examples being somewhat different in form from M/.
ambigua. M. attenuata, Reeve (fig. 268), is synonymous.

M. apusta, Lam. PI. 43, fig. 269; Pl. 44, fig. 276.

Variegated with chestnut- or chocolate-brown and yellowish,
disposed in longitudinal flames, or nearly uniform brown, lighter
on the periphery; upper part of the whorls compressed, making
a sharp, crenulated ridge next the sutures; the impressed
revolving lines are rarely punctate.

Polynesia, under coral, at low water.

A species which might almost as well be placed with the typi-
cal Mitre as here; analogies of coloration and the succession of
intermediate forms connecting it with the typical Chrysame,
induce me to prefer for it the present position.

M. TAnITEnsis, Garrett.

An unfigured species, evidently allied to WZ. adusta, of which
a single specimen, 37 mill. long, was found at Tahiti, Society
Islands.

M. FULVESCENS, Swainson. PI. 44, fig. 271.

Pale yellowish brown ; whorls encircled with punctured incised
lines. Length, 1°25 inches.

Isle of Annaa, on the reefs.

M. striata, Gray,is doubtfully referred here by Reeve, but
evidently belongs to the genus or group Strigatella.

M. coronata, Lam. PI. 44, figs. 273-275, 277, 281-283; Pl. 58,
fig. 687.

Orange-brown to chocolate, dotted occasionally with white,

CHRYSAME, 149

suture crenulations white-tipped, and white spots, sometimes
confluent into an irregular band, below the sutures; revolving
incised lines strongly punctate, sometimes obsolete on the middle
of the body whorl. Length, 1:25-1:75 inches.
Red Sea ; Philippines to Sandwich Isles ; Mauritius.

M. aurora, Dohrn (fig. 277) is, I think, a synonym, although
Mr. Garrett considers it distinct; it is a beautifully bright-
colored form from Polynesia. WM. tiarella, A. Ad. (fig. 275), is
only a small form of JL coronata, and M. assimilis, Pease (fig.
281), is a young shell. Pease mentions the want of crenations
at the sutures as the principal distinction from M. coronata, but
the specimen sent to me by Mr. Pease shows these sutural
nodes, and they are minutely white-tipped ; although small, they
ought not to have escaped his scrutiny. JZ. marginata, Sowb.
(fig. 282), described from a single specimen, without locality, is
probably also a young coronata. WM. floridula, Sowb. (fig. 283),
from Mauritius, has the engraved striz deeper, the punctations
wider than in the type form; the consequence is that the inter-
mediate spaces appear more like revolving, broad ribs. I cannot
agree with Sowerby that these differences are specific.

M. piaiTauis, (Chemn.) Dillw. PI. 44, fig. 278.

Yellowish, clouded with yellowish brown, sutural nodes white-
tipped, surface irregularly spotted with white, larger spots, some-
times forming a more or less interrupted central band; incised
striz deeply punctate. Length, 1°5-2°25 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.
M, Lucusris, Swainson. PI. 44, figs. 284-287.

Reddish chestnut to chocolate color, white beneath the sutures,
and sometimes at base; encircled by impressed, punctured striz
crossed by close, rough growth-lines ; sutures crenulated.

Length, -8—1°4 inches. Polynesia.

Mr. Garrett thinks M. lacunosa, Reeve (PI. 33, fig.13), identical,
but I can scarcely agree to this, as it appears to be totally
dissimilar—in fact to belong to a different group (p. 113). M.
albofasciata, Sowb. (fig. 286) said, perhaps erroneously, to come
from So. Africa, appears to be a narrow, somewhat smoother
form of lugubris. M. coriacea, Reeve (fig. 287) is probably a
young lugubris.

150 CHRYSAME.

M. picEA, Pease. PI. 58, fig. 685; Pl. 44, fig. 288.
Decussated by longitudinal ribs and revolving striz ; chestnut-
brown with a superior narrow white band. Length, 7T—9 mill.
Paumotus, Sandwich Islands.
Sowerby figures a shell (fig. 288), under the same name, but
without author, which may be a dark, unbanded specimen of
this species ; if distinct, it must receive a new name,

M. Uzietiiana, Crosse. Pl. 44, fig. 289.

Uniform yellowish brown; cancellated. Length, 1 inch.

? Tahiti.

Sowerby thinks this may be synonymous with MW. lugubris,
but it seems to have characters of sculpture and color which
should distinguish it—at least until better known to con-
chologists.

M. FERRUGINEA, Lam. PI. 44, figs. 279, 280, 290.

Yellowish or whitish, longitudinally stained with chestnut-
brown, the markings interrupted so as to show a light band on
the periphery. Length, 1°5—2-25 inches.

Philippines ; Polynesia, coral reefs ; Mauritius.

The animal is cinereous or pale luteous and slightly varied
with reddish brown. M. rubritincta, Reeve (fig. 280), is a short,
stout form, connecting with ferruginea, by a series of transi-
tional forms. JV. clara, Sowb. (fig. 290),an immature specimen,
with a slight shoulder, appears to be merely a slender variety.

M. pupica, Pease. PI. 44, figs. 291, 292.
With revolving ridges and longitudinal striz; whitish or
yellowish, variegated with smoky brown, Length, ‘7-9 inch.
Sandwich Islands.
With this I unite WM. nuxavellana, Dohrn, an unfigured species
which its author concedes to be a synonym; also M. subrostrata,
Sowb. (fig. 292). These are all immature shells, and are evidently
related to M. ferruginea.

M. canpIDA, Reeve. Pl. 44, figs. 293, 294.

Whitish to chestnut, closely ridged, finely longitudinally
striated between the ridges. Length, °8 inch.
La Guayra, So. America.

CHRYSAME. 151

Possibly identical with the next species. The locality needs
confirmation,

M. orENATA, Swainson. PI. 44, fig. 295.

Yellowish brown, encircled throughout with rather distant,
slightly elevated lines. Length, °75 inch.

Bay of Xtipixapi, W. Columbia ; sandy mud at six fathoms.

M. Lirnarpdr, Souverb. Pl. 44, fig. 296.
Whitish, longitudinally flamed with light chestnut.
Length, °8 inch.
New Caledonia.
A much narrower shell than those which precede it.

M. Wituramsi, Newcomb. PI. 44, fig. 297.
Whitish, with longitudinal orange flammules; finely longitu-

dinally striate between the revolving ribs. Length, *6 inch.

? Philippine Islands.
Described from a unique specimen.

M. tuctuosa, A. Ad. PI. 44, fig. 298.

Brownish, with a white band near the suture ; whorls flattened,
with revolving lire, the interstices clathrately punctate.
China Seas.
An obscure species, collected by the Samarang expedition
many years ago.

M. rurina, A. Ad. PI. 44, fig. 299.
Orange-red, sparsely maculated with white, a white band,
spotted with orange next the suture. Length, 1°5 inches.

Habitat unknown.

M. PELLIS-SERPENTIS, Reeve. PI. 44, fig. 300; Pl. 45, figs. 303-
307, 314; Pl. 58, fig. 690. }

Yellowish brown; surface decussated by longitudinal and

revolving ribs. Length, :9—-1:25 inches.
Philippines, Mauritius, Polynesia.

Specimens in which the revolving ribs are most prominent,
but cut into obtuse granules by the rugose growth-lines, have been
called M. granata, Reeve (fig. 690). MM. brumalis, Reeve (fig.
314),and M. microstoma, Sowb. (fig. 303), are narrow forms, with

152 CHRYSA ME.

the typical sculpture—a white variety of these has been distrib-
uted by the late Mr. Pease as a new species, M. reticulata (fig.
304) — M. cretacea, Sowb. (fig. 306). Mr. Reeve has called a
slightly shouldered specimen J. suturata (fig. 305), and M.
Recluz has figured and described a faded specimen as J.
Grelloisi (fig. 307).

M. NassoreEs, Sowb. PI. 45, fig. 308.

Shell yellowish white, reticulately sculptured.

Length, 1°5 inches.
Mauritius.

A stouter shell than the typical WM. pellis-serpentis ; yet it may
be only a well-grown state of that species.

M. serotTina, A. Ad. PI. 45, fig. 309.
Yellowish, with two obscure darker bands ; surface reticulated.
Length, -9 inch.
Marquesas (Adams) ; Mauritius (Sowerby).
M. peacBaTa, A. Ad. PI. 45, fig. 311.
‘White; whorls planulate, distantly suleate spirally, sulci
evanescent in the middle of the body-whorl. Length, 1:2 inches.
Habitat unknown.
M. sEMIFERRUGINEA, Jonas. PI. 45, fig. 310.
Whorls encircled by narrow, granulated ridges, interstices
punctured; yellowish, upper part of body with longitudinal

chestnut flames. Length, ‘8 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Described thirty-five years ago from a single immature speci-
men in the Royal Cabinet at Copenhagen ; it remains uncon-
firmed by additional specimens.

Unfigured Species.
M. cincuLatTA, Phil. (Related to M. peregra, Rve.)
Hab. unknown.
M. Pz&rert, Dohrn (Related to M. nanus, Reeve.) N. Africa?
M. pROPINQUA, Garrett. Society Islands.
M. pusiLua, King. Habitat unknown.

STRIGATELLA. 153

Section Striga’ella, Swainson.

This group is very generally recognized as a distinct genus,
but it will be better to regard it simply as a section of Mitra
indeed no sharp line separates it from many of the it
ranged under the preceding section; the principal distinctive
characters being a more decidedly columbelliform appearance, a
smooth surface, single color or with brown longitudinal flames
and maculations. Of the two subgenera heretofore assigned
here, the first, Mitreola, contains those species which connect
the typical form with the last section of Mitra; the second,
Zierliana, includes a number of species having a peculiar
character of the aperture, and readily distinguishable from the
other groups. Moreover the species of Strigatella, so-called,
which possess the dentition differing so widely from Mitra,
belong to this group Zerliana, which may therefore well be
separated as a subgenus. Of the group Strigatella as thus
restricted, the dentition remains unknown.

M. acuminaTA, Swainson. PI. 45, fig. 312.
Yellowish, sometimes with a lighter band in the middle,
frequently invested with a slight epidermis. Length, 1 inch.
Philippines ; Polynesia.
M. coarcraTa, Swainson. PI. 45, fig. 313.

Yellowish, longitudinally clouded with chestnut.

Length, -9 inch.
Isle of Annaa.

Only distinguishable by its ba from M. acuminata. It
is very likely a variety.

M. BRUNNEA, Pease. PI. 45, fig. 301.

Yellowish brown, spire rather obtuse.

Length, *75—1°10 inches.
Polynesia.
The animal is milk-white.

M. NIGRICANS, Pease.

An unfigured species, blackish with a light band, and lead-

colored aperture. Length, 20 mill.
Polynesia.

This species has not been identified by Mr. Garrett.
20

154 STRIGATELLA.

M. asrricta, Reeve. PI. 45, figs. 315-318.

Whitish, under a light olive, smooth epidermis, or yellowish
obsoletely banded with brown, sometimes sparingly strigate.
Length, 1—-1°5 inches.
Sandwich Islands.
M. Samuelis, Dohrn (fig. 317), is identical.

M. AURICULOIDES, Reeve. PI. 45, fig. 319.

Chocolate-brown, with a whitish band on the upper part of
the body-whorl, and sometimes white-dotted. The whole surface
is encircled with fine punctated, incised lines, which are some-
times obsolete on the middle of the body. Length, ‘8-1-1 inches.

Polynesia.
M. FrasTiciuM, Reeve. PI. 45, fig. 320.
Light yellowish brown, faintly banded. Length, :75 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Possibly a variety or faded example of M. auriculoides. I
am not aware of the existence of any specimens besides the
type.

M. Mouuerr, Kuster. PI. 45, fig. 321.
Whitish, longitudinally flamed with chestnut.
Length, *66 inch.
Habitat unknown.
An immature shell, described from a cabinet specimen at
Gotha ; I shall not attempt its identification.

M. wimpirera, Lam. PI. 45, figs. 322-326.

Chestnut- or chocolate-brown, usually with white or yellowish
patches on the upper part of the body-whorl, forming a more or
less continuous band; frequently with scattered light spots else-
where ; aperture columbelliform. Length 1—1°6 inches.

Philippines, Polynesia.

The shells are usually covered by a thin olive-yellow epidermis.
The animal is rich chestnut-brown with a diluted-white creeping
disk. Head slightly varied with white. The peculiar character
of the outer lip of the shell increases in importance with age;
M. Columbelleformis, Kiener (figs. 323, 324), being its adult or
aged state. MM. striata, Gray (fig. 325), is probably a synonym,
as is also M. Mitchelini of Sowerby, not Petit (fig. 326).

STRIGATELLA. 155

M. macurosa, Reeve. PI. 45, figs 327, 328.

Chestnut color under a deciduous corneous epidermis, a broad
white band above the middle, and brown revolving lines, punctate
with white towards the base. Length, 15-21 mill.

Red Sea, Australia, Polynesia.

M. Arabica, Dohrn (fig. 338), does not differ. Typically it is
distinct enough from I. litterata, but there are varieties which
certainly approach extreme examples of that species very closely.

M. rristis, Swainson. PI. 45, fig. 329.

Shell white or light-chocolate, under a persistent, smooth dark
olivaceous or black-brown epidermis, with a yellowish band at
the top of the whorls; frequently slightly round-shouldered, and
rudely folded at the sutures, forming obsolete tubercles ; aper-

ture chocolate-colored. Length, °75—1:25 inches,
Galapagos Is. ; Panama to Mazatlan.

M. cuRysosToMA, Swainson. PI. 46, figs. 330, 331. .

Whitish or yellowish, tessellated or strigated longitudinally
with orange-brown or chocolate, interrupted by a white, irregu-
lar band on the periphery. Length, 1°35—2 inches.

Polynesia, Philippines, Mauritius.

Kiener has figured this species in error for M. contracta, Swn.
(= abbatis), and Phillippi, discovering that this figure did not
represent Swainson’s species, has called it M. Kienert.

M. scurunata, Lam. PI. 46, figs. 332-337.

Chocolate-brown, sometimes with merely an irregular, or
interrupted yellowish or whitish band below the sutures ;
sometimes irregular small spots of the same color are on the
lower portion of the body-whorl; sometimes these spots unite
longitudinally into strigations above and below, but always
leaving a central chocolate space—which thus becomes defined

as a broad band. Length, 1-1°75 inches,
Philippines, Polynesia.

M. amphorella, Lam. (fig. 334), WM. decurtata, Reeve (fig. 335),
and M. oleacea, Reeve (fig. 336), and MW. sertum, Duval (fig. 337),
are synonyms.

M. uirrerara, Lam. PI. 46, figs. 338, 339.
Yellowish or whitish, with irregular, longitudinal chocolate

156 STRIGATELLA.

markings, sometimes appearing like rude letters, and interrupted
more or less by revolving bands. Length, ‘75-1 inch. '
Red Sea, Java, Mauritius, So. Africa, Philippines, Polynesia.

In many specimens the dark color so predominates as to
appear to be the ground-color, upon which are superimposed the
yellowish spots and letters; I figure a shell which Sowerby has
called M. maculosa, Reeve (fig. 339) which shows this variety
pretty well. As already stated, the true maculosa closely
approaches this form.

M. paupercuna, Linn. PI. 46, fig. 340.
Chocolate, with uninterrupted whitish or yellowish longitudi-
nal strigations. Length, 1-14 inches.
Red Sea, H. Africa, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia.

M. virGaTa, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 341.

Color and markings as in M. paupercula, but distinguished by
smaller size, more abbreviate, Columbella-like form and conspi-
cuous revolving grooves at the base of the shell.

Length, ‘75—9 inch.
Polynesia.

Mr. Reeve included two species in his WZ. virgata, his first
figure being a species previously described by Lamarck, and
which immediately follows this description. Some specimens of
virgata have the Melampus-like form of J. retusa, but they
appear to be constantly distinguished by the want of the white
band and fewer and larger color flames.

M. retusa, Lam. PI. 46, figs. 342-344.

Surface covered with revolving striz; dark chocolate, with
line close, thread-like undulating longitudinal yellow or white
lines, and superiorly a narrow yellow or white revolving band.

Length, ‘75-1 inch. ;
Polynesia.

M. virgata, Reeve (fig. 341), in part, is synonymous with J.
retusa, and M. capillata, Gould (fig. 344), is probably a juvenile
of it.

M. zeBRA, Garrett.

An unfigured Polynesian species, the deseription of which

accords tolerably with M. virgata.

ZIERLIANA. 157

M. Tiartna, A. Ad. PI. 46, figs. 348, 347. °
Glandiniform, with revolving striw; longitudinally finely
strigate with chocolate and yellowish or whitish, aperture

chocolate. Length, 1-8 inches.
Mauritius.

A giant edition of MW. retusa, but proportionally narrower
than that species. MW. jucunda, Tapparone-Canefri (fig. 347), is
identical with it.

M. Anais, Lesson.
An unfigured species from the Gambier Islands. It evidently
belongs to the present group.

M. Fruscescens, Pease. (Unfigured.) Sandwich Islands.

Subgenus Zierliana, Gray.

In the introductory remarks upon the Strigatella section of
Mitra (p. 153), I have stated the reasons which induce me to
merge that group in the Mitras and to separate from it Zer-
liana, which H. and A. Adams and their successors have con-
sidered as a subgenus of Strigatella.

M. ZIERVOGELIANA, Gmelin. PI. 46, figs. 345, 346, 349, 350.

Dark chocolate-brown, aperture and columella white or slightly
tinged with light chocolate. Length, -9—-1*1 inches.
Philippines, Polynesia.
Sometimes the ribs are denuded of epidermis, and give a
zebra-like coloration to the species.

Var. RopusTA, Reeve, Fig. 346.

Not so coarsely sculptured, with less shoulder and somewhat
higher spire. This is the ordinary Polynesian form. It is
littoral, under lava stones on rocky eoasts.

Var. WoLDEMARI, Kiener. Fig. 349.

Still more finely sculptured and with higher spire than var.
robusta ; with which it insensibly connects.
Var. soLIDULA, Reeve. Fig. 350.

Sculpture fine, lightly impressed, more or less obsolete in the
middle portion of the body-whorl. The young shell which

158 ZIERLIANA.

Quoy described as M. nigra (= M. Quoyi, Desh., p. 122), may
possibly be intended for this variety.

M. #rutops, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 351.
Dark brown or olive-black, finely decussated. Length, 1 inch.
Solomon’s Islands, Philippines.
Very much narrower than any of the forms of I. Ziervoge-
liana; yet it may be only a variety of that species. MM. creni-
plicata, A. Ad. (unfigured) is said by Mr. Sowerby to be a
synonym.
M. ANTHRACINA, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 352.
Shell covered by a smooth, black epidermis. Length, 1 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines, on reefs at low water.—Cuming.
Differs from M. Athiops only in the want of sculpture.

L. cHoava, Reeve. PI. 46, fig. 353.
Blackish, smooth. Length, -75 inch.
Isle of Johanna, Mozambique Channel —Hennah.
I do not know the species; except in being smooth, it
resembles closely a juvenile of the typical I. Ziervogeliana.

M. atpomacunata, A. Ad. PI. 46, fig. 354.
Chocolate-brown, maculated with white next the sutures.

Length, *5 inch.
Habitat unknown.
I do not know the species.

M. CotumBettina, A. Ad. PI. 46, fig. 355.

Variegated with chestnut and white, with obsolete revolving
lines.
Hab. unknown.
Mr. Sowerby’s figure of this species shows a tuberculated

shoulder, a character not referred to in the original description.

Undetermined Species of Mitra.

M. GRANULIFERA, OBLIQUATA, CLAVULUS, CONULARIS, CREBRALIS, of

Lamarck.
M. CINEREA, APICATA, Reeve. H. & A. Adams’ Genera.
M. opscura, Hutton. New Zealand.

M. rusormpes, A. Adams. Sewerby, Thes. Conch. Index.
M. HAnteyana, Dunker. Japan.

THALA, 159

M. semistRiata, Krynicki. Caspian Sea,
M. orpinata, Pease (ubi) Pretel’s Catalogue.
Sandwich Islands.
M. secrinis, M. pALLIDA, Pease. Sandwich Islands.
M. ogscura, Humphrey; M. murevina, Duclos; M. GLoposa,
Chemn.; M. crnora, Meuschen. H. & A. Adams’ Genera of

Shells.
M. Tasmanica, LEGRANDI, SCALARIFORMIS, SEMILIVIDA, FRANCIs-
CANA, GRANATINA, Tenison-W oods. Tasmania.
M. russa, Gould. China Seas.
M. secaina, Gould. Ousima.
M. tara (China Seas); M. pEvicata (Cape York, Australia) ;

M. AsPpERULATA, (Australia); M. ReTicuLATA (Port Essing-
ton, Australia) ; M. Pauuipa (Marquesas) ; M, (VoLuToMITRA )
CINNAMOMEA (Natal); M. puncrostriaTa (Ceylon). All of
Arthur Adams.

M. Antoni (Sandwich Islands); M. crspa (New Caledonia); M,.
AUTUMNALIS (New Caledonia), of Dohrn.

M. LEUcOsToMA, Swainson, No locality.

M. INTERSCULPTA, Sowerby. Mauritius.

M. HUMERALIS, Garrett. Paumotus Is.

Genus THALA, IH. and A. Adams.

Mr. Garrett remarks * that some of the species included in
this genus are Pleurotomoid shells ; that the wrinkles or folds on
the columella are not true plaits, but simply more or less irreg-
ular transverse rugosities, precisely of the same structure as
observed in certain species of Clathurella and Cithara. Some of
the species which he declares should be excluded from Mitride,
appear to me to possess the character of the family, whilst in
others, so minute are the specimens that it is difficult to decide
whether they have plaits or not—the difficulty being enhanced
by the poor state of preservation of several individuals. J.
todilla, Mighels is one of the excluded species, yet it possesses
them, as mentioned by Dr. von Martens. Of course the difficulty
of deciding is enhanced with those species of which figures only
are accessible. Unfortunately the animal is unknown; this is

* Leeds Jour. of Conch., iii, 2.

160 THALA.

one of those cases where the dentition would be of much collat-
eral value. I have preferred to retain all the species in Mitridze
rather than attempt to divide them upon insufficient data.

T. FOVEATA, Sowb. PI. 47, fig. 356.

Cancellated, chocolate-brown. Length, °5 inch.
Hab. unknown.
T. noseara, A. Ad. Pl At, fie. 35'.

Cancellated, pinkish white. Length, ‘4 inch.
Hab. unknown.

Very closely allied to 7. foveata.

T. soniraria, C. B. Ad. PI. 47, fig. 358.
Cylindrically fusiform, cancellated, brown. Length, -4 inch.
Panama.
A single specimen obtained by the discoverer; I have not
heard of its being found since.

T. EXILIS, Reeve. Pl. 47, fig. 359.
Violet-purple with a darker band; granosely -decussated
throughout with minute ridges. Length, 66 inch.
Isle of Ticao, Philippines ; under stones at low water.

T. roprLtLa, Mighels. PI. 47, fig. 360.
Whitish or light violet, sometimes obscurely banded or

spotted ; surface tuberculately cancellated. Length, :35 inch.
Sandwich Islands.

Described as a Plewrotoma, the columellar plaits being indis-
tinct.
T. MILIUM, Reeve. PI. 47, fig. 361.
Chestnut-brown, cancellated. Length, 35 inch.
Hab. unknown.
The figure is somewhat different from that of 7’. todilla, yet it
may be that species.

T. RECURVA, Reeve. PI. 47, fig. 362.
Pinkish or violet, minutely dotted here and there with brown ;
longitudinally sculptured, tranversely impressly striate.
Length, °35 inch.
Island of Capul, Philippines ; under stones at low water.

Certainly very closely allied to 7. todilla.

a

THALA. 161
T. GRATIOSA, Reeve. PI. 47, fig. 363.

Pink or violet, minutely decussated. Length, *4 inch.
Galapagos Islands.
T. ‘MiriricaA, Reeve. Pl. 47, fig. 364.

Pink or light violet, somewhat transparent, sometimes with a
narrow white zone. Length, °3 inch.

. Philippines.—Cuming ; Pawmotus.—Pease.

Said to be thinner and more slender, with finer sculpture than
T. gratiosa, but the specimens before me vary so much that it
would be difficult to separate some of them from the figures of
that and other species.

T. ceRNIcA, Sowb. PI. 47, figs. 365-369.

Shell rosy orange. Length, °65 inch.
Mauritius.
T. angustata, Sowerby (fig. 366), from same locality, presents
no valid differences.

Var. ANGIOSTOMA, Pease. Fig. 367.

White, shaped like 7. mirifica, but larger, with somewhat
stouter and coarser sculpture. Length, 12 mill.
Paumotus.

Var, FusuS, Souverbie, figs. 368, 369.

Slightly stouter than the type, light violet, or pink-white,
obscurely banded. Length, 10 mill.
New Caledonia.
The above are from widely separated localities, and as there
are slight differences, they may be distinguished as varieties for
the present. iy

T. BREVICULA, Souv. Pl. 47, fig. 370.

Light violet. Length, 7 mill.
New Caledonia.
T. ADUMBRATA, Souy. PI. 47, fig. 871.

Dirty white, maculate with chestnut, forming an interrupted
band. Length, 10 mill.
New Caledonia.

Distinguished by its cylindrical form and very fine sculpture.
21

162 MITROIDEA.

Unfigured Species.
T. sAcuLANDA, Gould. Allied to 7. recurva, Reeve, but the

sculpture is much more delicate. China Seas.
T. SALTATA, Pease. Polynesia.
T. ExquisiTa, Garrett. Polynesia.
T. VIOLACEA, Garrett. ; Polynesia.

Genus MITROIDEA, Pease.

The peculiar tubular and recurved anterior portion of the
columella, the truneate outer lip, the numerous small columellar
plaits, the smooth surface and outer lip will distinguish this
genus upon conchological characters, although the animal and
its dentition do not differ from Mitra. Mitroidea has four years’
priority over Mauritia, A. Adams. The two species which H. and
A. Adams included in their subgenus Mutyca, also belong here.
If Mutyca had a sufficient diagnosis it would be entitled to
precedence over Mitroidea on account of priority of publication,
but its authors only perceived a portion of the characters of the
group and made it an artificial section of Mitra. Mitroidea is
closely allied to Dibaphus, but the latter has a shorter spire and
is without columellar plaits.

M. MuULTIPLICATA, Pease. PI. 47, figs. 372, 373.

White, solid, polished under a thin light olive epidermis, with
distant brown revolving lines and band-like maculations.

Length, 1—2 inches.

Polynesia ; Mauritius.

Mr. Pease’s species has never been figured, but the careful
descriptions by himself and Garrett and the fact that he, like
Adams, made his species the type of a new genus, leaves no
doubt that IM. Barclayi, H. Adams is synonymous with it.
Dibaphus Leebbeckeanus, Weinkauff (fig. 873), is the juvenile of
this species. Sowerby, who does not mention Pease’s prior
name, changed M. Barclayi to M. Dibaphiformis, on account of
the alleged prior publication of Mitra Barclayi, Hanley.

M. ANCILLIDES, Swainson. PI. 47, fig. 374.

Pale fulvous yellow, or creamy white; upper whorls minutely
granulated, Length, 20 mill.
Paumotus Isles.

DIBAPHUS. 163

M. epurneEA, Garrett.

Closely allied to M. Ancillides, but may be distinguished by
its ivory-white color, more contracted base, smaller size and
more robust form. Length, 12 mill.

Paumotus Isles.

I do not know this species ; it has not been figured.

M. BeuLuLA, A. Adams. PI. 47, fig. 375.
White, polished, with revolving striz, upper whorls cancel-
lated, a necklace-like row of reddish spots near the sutures.
Length, *75 inch.
Isle of Capul, Philippines ; on the reefs, low water.
Described from a young and possibly abnormal specimen ;
may it not = Ancillides?

M. teELUM, Sowb. PI. 47, fig. 376.

Yellowish brown, lower half of body-whorl darker, smooth.
Length, 1:1 inches.
Mauritius.
I have not seen this species. he figure is very like J/.
multiplicata (Barclayt), which also inhabits Mauritius, but the
columella does not show so many plications.

M. 1nFrecta, Reeve. PI. 47, figs. 377-380.

Yellowish, marbled with chestnut-brown, sometimes forming
two interrupted bands; revolving striz inconspicuous or distinct.

Length, 1:25-1°5 inches.

Mauritius. Paumotus.

Sowerby says that Reeve’s figure is erroneous, as it does not
show the revolving striz, and he gives another figure (fig. 378),
which differs somewhat in form and coloring. Reeve’s figure is
probably from a worn specimen—Dohrn says, from the original
specimen of JZ. nebulosa, Swains.; but nebulosa, as first figured
by Reeve, is a very different species and = M. versicolor,
Martyn. No doubt MZ. Barclayi, Hanley, not H. Adams, (figs.
379-380), is a synonym.

ad

Genus DIBAPHUS, Philippi.

Differs from Mitroidea in the columella being without plaits.
It resembles in general form Conus mitratus, as well as, more
distantly, Strombus terebellatus, and Adams, Crosse, and others

164 TURRICULA.

formerly assigned to gt a position between Conus and Mitra.
The animal was first made known to science by Mr. A. Garrett
in 1872,* who, after a careful study could not detect eny
difference between it and a Cylindra. On plunging a living
example in alcohol, the spirit became much discolored, of a fine
purple, the same as when any other Mitride are placed in
spirits.

D. Puitippit, Crosse. Pl. 47, fig. 381.

Yellowish brown, or whitish, clouded with chestnut in the

form of two interrupted irregular bands. Length, 1—-1°75 inches.
Polynesia ; Mauritius.

The earlier specific name D. edentulus, Swainson, has been
displaced because the character indicated by it has become
generic.

Genus TURRICULA, Klein.

The Turricule, including the old sections Costellaria and
Callithea, are sand species ; the section Pusio, however, contains
reef-dwellers. The group is exclusively tropical and subtropical
in distribution, its metropolis being Central Polynesia.

T. REGINA, Sowb. Pl. 48, fig. 382.

Whitish or gray, with orange bands bordered by narrow

chocolate-colored stripes. Length, 2—3 inches.
Moluccas.

T. r@nraTa, Lam. PI. 48, figs. 383-390.

Yellowish or orange, with a broad white central band, partly
visible on the spire, bordered with narrow chocolate bands; one
or two additional chocolate bands below, sometimes replaced by
a single broad one next below the white.

Length, 1°75—2°75 inches.

Philippines, Moluccas, Polynesia.

Has not the sharp angulation of the whorls of 7. regina, but
is otherwise closely allied to that species. 7’. vittata, Swainson
(figs. 384-386), does not present any permanently distinctive
characters, and scarcely merits the name of variety. 7. com-
pressa, Sowb. (fig. 387), is a narrow variety, not adult; like all
the young of this species the base is reflected more than in the

* Zool. Proe., 843,

TURRICULA. 165

adult. 7. coccinea, Reeve (fig. 390), is a color-variety in which
the chocolate bands have disappeared ; Sowerby has figured it
under the name of 7’. crocea, Reeve—which is a very different
species. 7. Tayloriana, Sowb. (figs. 388, 389) is intermediate
between 7’. coccinea and the typical coloration.

T. DENNISONI, Reeve. PI. 48, fig. 391.

Yellowish or orange, stained with chocolate between the ribs,
with a median white zone. Length, 2°25 inches.
Philippines.—Cuming ; Red Sea.—Sowerby.

Sowerby figures a variety of this species which appears to
connect it too closely with the preceding one of this monograph.

T. sucunDA, Dunker. Plate 48, fig. 398.

Yellowish or orange brown, with a median, obscure white

band. Length, 61 mill.
Saigon.

There is a thin, deciduous, pallid corneous epidermis. More
finely sculptured and more regular in growth than the variety of
T. teniata represented by coccinea, Reeve, there is nevertheless
considerable resemblance between them.

T. ELEGANS, Reeve. Pl. 48, fig. 392.

Whitish or fleshy-brown, encircled with one or more narrow

chocolate lines. Length, 1:1 inches.
Phillippines.
T. sAnauisuGA, Linn. Pl. 48, figs. 393-397.

Yellowish white to ash color, the ribs tipped with scarlet,
sometimes with one or more chocolate bands, base and apex
chocolate. Length, 1°5—2°25 inches.

Philippines, Mauritius, Polynesia.

Mr. Cuming found it in coral sand at low water, at the Philip-
pines; Mr. Garrett, in sandy mud, at the Viti Isles—sometimes
buried to the depth of two feet. The color variations are
numerous; two of them have received names.

Var. STIGMATARIA, Lam. Figs. 396, 397.

Lighter colored, with the scarlet spots confined to two
revolving rows on the body-whorl, one on those of the spire.
Var. GRANOSA, Chemn. Fig. 595.

Light colored, without scarlet spots.

166 TURRICULA.

T. Statnrortuil, Reeve. Pl. 49, figs. 399, 400.

Whitish, base and apex ashy blue, ribs painted with square
scarlet spots. Length, 1°25—2-25 inches.
Philippines.
The distant, rounded ribs, crossed by close striz, and regular
painting seem to distinguish this species sufficiently from 7.
sanguisuga.

T. MELONGENA, Lam. PI. 49, figs. 401, 402, 407.

Chocolate or ash and white, in revolving bands and lines of
variable thickness. Length, 1*5—2°5 inches.
Moluccas, Philippines.
T. tyRATA, Lam. PI. 49, fig. 403.
Ribs narrow, sharp; light olive or ash, with narrow dark
chocolate or blackish revolving bands. Length, 1-5-2 inches.
Philippines, Polynesia,
T. CURVILIRATA, Sowb. Pl 49, fig. 404.
Yellowish white, with chestnut or chocolate bands.
Length, 1:25-1°75 inches.
China ?
Distinguished from JT. melongena by its curved ribs and
painting, but may nevertheless be only a variety.

T. RADIUS, Reeve. PI. 49, fig. 406.

Flesh color or brownish, with a brown band on the periphery.
Length, 1 inch.
Philippines ; Indian Ocean.
T. BALTEOLATA, Reeve. PI. 49, fig. 405.

Spire and upper portion of body-whorl yellowish white, lower
portion of the latter orange; a brown band separates the two
colors, and another one or two are situated inferiorly.

Length, 2°5 inches.
Moluccas, Philippines.

T. cosTELLARIS, Lam. PI. 49, fig. 408.

Dark chocolate, with a superior narrow white band, and
occasionally an obscure, wider, lower one.
Length, 15-2 inches.
Philippines.
T. PEASEI, Garrett.
An unfigured species from the Viti Islands, has the coloring
of T. costellaris,. I do not know it.

TURRICULA. 167

T. VULPECULA, Linn. PI. 49, figs 410-413.

Whitish, obscurely banded with orange, and tipped with dark
chocolate at the sutures and base; or orange, with sometimes an
obscure light band ; or orange with dark chocolate bands, some-
times covering nearly the entire surface. Shoulder obtuse or
Sharply angulated. Length, 1*5—2 inches.

Moluccas, Philippines, Polynesia.

A variable species in form, sculpture and coloration. 7.
umbrosa, Sowerby (fig. 414), is said to have the ribs more
defined than 7. vulpecula, and raised into tubercles at the angle
of the whorls; I might make several equally good species out of
the series of vulpecula before me.

T. cAFFRA, Linn. Pl. 49, fig. 409; Pl. 50, fig. 424.

Dark chocolate, with two or three yellow zones, the upper
one visible on the spire. Length, 1°75—2°25 inches.
Isle of Ticao, Philippines.
T. bifasciata, Swainson, has. long been recognized as a syno-
nym; Z. zonalis, Quoy (fig. 424), may be added. This species
approaches so near to the smoother forms of 7. vulpecula, that
their specific identity is not improbable.

T. puicaATA, Lam. PI. 50, figs. 420-422.

Orange-yellow, with narrow superior and inferior brown
bands, interrupted by the ribs, and a broad central band; whorls
shouldered, with or without revolving striae.

Length, 1°5-1-75 inches.

Philippines.
Var. PULLATA, Reeve. Figs. 421, 422.

Less shouldered, ribs rather closer, revolving strize more
distinct. .

I‘use the name plicata, Klein, adopted by Lamarck, in
preference to plicaria, Linn, the former being so well known,
that it would be injudicious to displace it.

T. CINCTELLA, Lam. PI. 50, fig. 423.

Whitish and gray or lead or yellowish in alternate zones,
overlaid, on the body-whorl by one or several chestnut-colored
lines. Length, 1°15—2°25 inches.

Moluccas, Ceylon.

168 TURRICULA.

T. INTERMEDIA, Kiener. PI. 50, fig. 430.
Alternately zoned with ashy or chocolate-brown and white.
Length, 2—-2°5 inches.
Moluccas.
This species is entirely too intermediate for the satisfactory
separation of several other forms; in its smoother varieties it
approaches very closely to chocolate-banded specimens of 7.
vulpecula; its long, costate varieties are allied to 7’. costellaris,
Lam. and 7’ cinctella; its short, corrugated specimens are too
near to ZT. corrugata, Lam. (= T. rugosa, Gmel.).
T. connuGATA, Lam. PI. 50, figs. 429, 428, 427.
Whitish or ash color, banded with chocolate.
Length, 1:25-1:75 inches.
Indian Ocean, Philippines, New Guinea, Australia.
It is too late to revive Gmelin’s prior name (rugosa) for this
species. TJ. Jukesii, A. Ad. (fig. 428), is founded on juvenile
Australian specimens. 7’. fulvolirata, Sowb. (fig. 427), is very
close, if not identical.

T. BeRtTHz, Sowb. Pl. 49, fig. 417.

Ash or yellowish, encircled by narrow chocolate bands.
Length, 32 mill.

China Sea.
Appears to hold the same relation to J. corrugata that

cinctella does to costellaris.
T. GruNERI, Reeve. PI. 49, figs. 418, 419, 416.

White, more or less distinctly banded with ash, with a
superior, and sometimes one or two inferior narrow chestnut
revolving lines, shell smooth between the longitudinal ribs.

Length, °75-1°25 inches.
Ceylon, Philippines, Polynesia.

Resembles 7. Lerthe, but is distinguished by wanting its
revolving striz. T. cinctella, of which it might be suppposed
to be the young, has the earlier whorls closely ribbed, not
shouldered. It may be the young of a variety of ZT. plicata,a
species from which it is only distinguished by the character of
its narrow bands. TZ. modesta, Pease (fig. 419), of which the
type specimen is now before me is certainly identical; and so is
T. levicostata, Sowb. (fig. 416).

COSTELLARTA. 169

T. inreRRUPTA, A. Ad. PI. 50, fig. 426.
Whitish, interruptedly banded with chocolate.
Length, 1:4 inches.
North Australia.
Differs in form from 7. corrugata.

T. onnaTa, A. Ad. PI. 50, fig. 425.
White with chestnut bands, or dark colored with white bands ;
revolving striz between the ribs. Length, 1°25 inches.
Habitat unknown.
The ribs appear to be closer than in 7’. corrugata, but I fear
that it will prove to be a variety of that species.

Section Coste laria, Swainson.
Shell smaller, with elevated spire, body-whorl anteriorly
contracted, slightly ventricose in the middle, aperture some-
times internally striated.

T, ANGULOSA, Kuster. PI. 50, figs. 432, 431.

Yellowish white, stained or strigated with brown.
Length, 1:2-1°8 inches.
Philippines, Mauritius, Polynesia.
T. mirabilis, A. Ad. (fig. 431) is a synonym.
Mr. Garrett says that Viti Islands specimens are ashy-slate
color, with a more or less distinct pale band just beneath the
sutural angle.

T. NasuTA, Sowb. PI. 49, fig. 415.

Subfusiform, white, with thin sinuously curved, rather distant
ribs, and rather distant spiral strie. Length, -9 inch.
" Habitat unknown.
I am not acquainted with this species.

T. pEcoRA, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 434.
White, with two brown bands. Length, | inch.
Habitat unknown.
Ribs more distant than in 7. angulosa, but may be a variety
of it.

T. SALMONEA, Sowb. PI. 50, fig. 433.

Yellowish white, clouded with salmon color.
Length, 1°5 inches.

Habitat unknown.
22

170 COSTELLARIA.

T. Cuminair, Reeve. Pl. 50, figs. 485-439.

Longitudinal ribs rude, rounded ; crossed by revolving rounded
riblets, the interstices between the latter deeply impressed except
where they cross the ribs. Whitish, sometimes spotted with
brown, and usually brown-banded in the middle.

Length, 1-1-5 inches.

: Ceylon, Philippines, Polynesia, Mauritius.

Besides a copy of Reeve’s type (fig. 435), I give one from
Sowerby’s Thesaurus (fig. 436), which corresponds more nearly
with the richly-colored specimens lineated with brown, found by
Mr. Garrett at the Paumotus Isles. With this species must be
united 7. clathrata, Reeve (fig. 438), and 7. dimidiata, Sowb.
(fig. 437), which is now admitted by him to be a synonym.

T. rugosa, Sowb. (fig. 489), of which only a single specimen is
known, appears to differ only in the somewhat greater promi-
nence of the revolving sculpture on the body-whorl. I think it is
the same species: if it is, then its priority of publication must
cause the adoption of its name instead of that of Cumingii.

T. Monrrouzieri, Souv. Pl. 50, fig. 440.

Yellowish brown, lighter at the angle of the shoulder,

Length, 1 inch.

New Caledohia.
T. LuciDa, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 441.

Ribs swollen at the upper part, transversely elegantly ridged ;
transparent white. Length, °66 inch.

Philippines.
T. NODULIFERA, A. Ad. PI. 50, fig. 442.

The figure given by Sowerby is white, but Mr. E. A. Smith
describes a specimen from the Solomon Islands as pale pinkish
with white ribs, the aperture orange. Length, 11°5 mill.

It possibly equals 7. lucida.

T. MopEsTA, Reeve. PI. 50, fig. 443.
White, slightly tinged with pink towards the base, aperture
pink. Length, ‘8 inch.
Isle of Ticao, Philippines.
“A very chaste pink-white shell, with a highly relieved latticed
sculpture.”

COSTELLARIA,. 171
T. pRopInqua, Garrett.

An unfigured species resembling 7. modesta, Reeve, but more
contracted at the base, with much smaller and more numerous
transverse ridges. Length, 15 mill.

: Viti Islands.
T. CINERACEA, Reeve. Pl. 51, figs. 444, 445.

Ashy gray, with an interrupted white band at the shoulder,
and white-tinged at the base. Length, *75 inch.

Philippines.
T. JupDZoruM, Dohrn. PI, 51, fig. 446.

Orange-brown, ribs and base white. Length, 22 mill.

Red Sea, Mauritius.

A longer, narrower shell than 7. cineracea, but may be a
variety of it.

T. MILITARIS, Reeve. PI. 51, figs, 447-455.

Yellowish brown, with a chestnut band. Length, 1 inch.

Isle of Ticao, Philippines.

Perhaps not distinct from 7. angulosa, Kuster, the difference
being principally in its straighter ribs.

Var. ANTONELLI, Dohrn. Fig. 448.

Chocolate- or chestnut-brown, or dark gray, white-tinged or
banded above.
Red Sea, Mauritius, Polynesia.
Specimens sent to me from the Viti Islands by Mr. Andrew
Garrett, under the name of 7. mutabilis, Reeve, are more slender
than Sowerby’s figure, approaching the form of militaris very
closely.

Var. LUBENS, Reeve. Figs. 449-451.
Yellowish white, tinged with pink at apex and base.
Philippines.
T. compta, A. Ad (fig. 450),and 7. turricula, A. Ad. (fig. 451),
are synonyms.

Var. cOpPHINA, Gould. Fig. 453.

The figure of the type shows a shorter shell than the preced-
ing, but specimens before me seive to connect it directly with
var. lubens. A somewhat rounded instead of an angulated
shoulder is the only difference, and that not constant. To this
form may be referred the Sandwich Islands species 7. bella,

172 COSTELLARIA.

Pease (fig. 452), yellowish white, interruptedly banded or marked
with light chestnut; a faded, stumpy specimen of it was called
T. Wisemanni by Dohrn.

As there is some diversity of-sculpture and coloration in the
typical shells above enumerated, I have thought it advisable to
retain their names as varieties, for the sake of those who, less
well provided with specimens than myself, may not be able to
convince themselves that they are mere individual stages or local
races perhaps, of one species. 7. cimelium, Reeve (fig. 454), is
a young shell referable to this species. The shell which Sowerby
has erroneously determined as T. rorata, Gld. (fig, 455), may
also be placed here.

T. INTERSTRIATA, Sowb. PI. 51, fig. 456.

Longitudinal coste smooth, distant, the interstices with spiral
strie. White, banded with orange, maculated with chestnut

between the ribs. Length, 1°15 inches.
China Seas.

I have not seen this species, but think it will prove to be a
variety of 7. militaris.

T. corBICcULA, Sowb. Pl. 51, fig. 457.

Yellowish white, shaded with yellowish brown, the tubercles
of the shoulder angle tipped with chestnut, forming a necklace-
like row; interior of aperture light yellowish. Ribs and revolv-
ing riblets both close, forming granules. Length, ‘8-1 inch.

Mauritius.
T. SuLvuensis, Adams and Reeve. PI. 51, fig. 459.
Yellowish white, spotted with chestnut, forming two inter-

rupted bands. Length, 1 inch.
Sooloo Islands.

T. Cotiinsonr, A. Adams. PI. 51, figs. 458, 460, 461.

Whitish, stained with brown at the apex, obscurely banded
with bluish ash a little below the top of the whorls, and spotted
irregularly with brown in the same part, generally between the
coste; lower half of the last whorl cinereous brown.

Length, -75—-1 inch.

Japan.

Differs from 7. Suluvensis in having a non-turreted spire, finer

spiral sculpture, a shorter aperture, and in its color. The fore-

COSTELLARIA, 173

going description indicates such close aflinity with 7. Suluensis,
however, that I think it would have been more prudent not
to separate it. 7. fusco-apicata (fig. 460) and 7. Gotoensis, K. A.
Smith, (fig. 461), are both synonymous, varying only slightly in
sculpture and marking from the type.

T. cRUENTATA, (Chemn.) Reeve. PI. 51, figs. 462-466, 468, 469;
Pl. 58, fig. 686.

Chestnut or chocolate-brown, with a superior narrow white
band, and occasionally an inferior one. Sometimes lighter
colored between the band and the suture. Length, ‘75-1 inch.

Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia..

A very variable species, which has received a number of names.

Var. proxIMA, Nevill. Figs. 464-466, 468.

The usual Polynesian form; when one-banded it has been
called var. Sandvichensis, Nevill. TV. exarata, A. Ad. (fig. 465),
T. ligata, A. Ad. (fig. 466), and J. vibex, A. Ad. (PI. 58, fig.
686) are synonyms. I think that 7. larva, Lam. (fig. 468) may
also be placed here.

Var. ARMILLATA, Reeve. Fig. 467.

A narrow form, with spire drawn out, typically very different
from cruentata, var. proxima, but connected with it by Poly-
nesian specimens before me.

T. ScoompureKil, Angas. PI. 51, fig. 470.

Livid brown, with a broad, pale, suffused band on each whorl,
and four narrow, dark-hrown lines encircling the last whorl, one
above and three below the band. Length, 10 mill.

Y So, Australia.
I am not acquainted with this species.

T. BuccINOIDEA, Sowb. PI. 51, fig. 467.

Yellowish white, with a white central band bordered with
chestnut on each side. Length, 4 inches.
Habitat unknown.
T. Rawsontr, Morch.

An unfigured species, from the West Indies, is said to resemble
T. cruentata.

174 COSTELLARIA.

T. FUSCONIGRA, Garrett.

An unfigured species, dark, brownish black, with a superior

white spiral line. Length, 18 mill.
Viti Isles.

Three dead specimens found. I am not acquainted with it ;
appears to be closely allied to the preceding species.

T. SEMIFASCIATA, Lam. PI. 51, figs. 472, 473.

Yellowish white or ash-gray on the upper part of the ahorls,
darker ash or orange on the lower part, encircled by two or three
narrow chestnut lines. Length, *75—1:25 inches.

Red Sea, Philippines, Polynesia.

T. semiscutpra, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 51, fig. 474.
Ash color tinged with pink, with a light, narrow revolving

band on the periphery. Length, °9 inch.
Sooloo Isles, Japan.

T. MUCRONATA, Swainson. Pl. 51, figs. 475-479; Pl. 52, figs.
480-482.
Whitish or yellowish, stained, spotted or irregularly banded
with light chestnut. Length, 1-1°25 inch.

Red Sea; Polynesia; in sand, inside the reefs, shallow water.

Mr. Garrett says the animal is a rich brown, irregularly dotted
with yellow on the back, the creeping disk cinereous, the siphon
dusky with yellowish spots.

The shell varies considerably in proportions and in the develop-
ment of the spinose tubercles; a smoother form is 7. concentrica,
Reeve, (fig. 476). Iadd as synonyms 7. fusiformis, Reeve, not
Kiener (fig. 477); 7. obtusispinosa, Sowb. (fig. 478) ; 7. echinata,
A. Ad. (fig. 479); 7. nodilirata, A. Ad. (fig. 480); 7. fusiformis,
Chemm. (fig. 481); a narrow variety, which, through 7. Dohrni,
A. Ad. (fig. 482), approaches 7. fusiformis, Kiener.

T’. veRRuUCOSA, Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 483.
Yellowish white, spotted or banded with pale brown.
Length, 1 inch.
Philippines.
Closely allied to the preceding species, of which it may prove
to be a variety.

A |

COSTELLARTA. 17

T. FUsIFoRMIS, Kiener. Pl. 52, figs 484, 485, 487-489.

Yellowish white, spotted or banded with brown.

Length, 1 inch.

Philippines.

Kiener figured this as fusiformis, Chemnitz, but it does not
correspond with the illustrations in the Conchylien Cabinet ; the
latter represent a narrow form of YZ. mucronata, Swains. 1’.
spicata, Rve. (fig. 487) appears to be a synonym. T°. turriger,
Reeve, (fig. 488) and possibly 7. armiger, Reeve (fig. 489) are
also to be placed here.
T..PURPURATA, Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 490-492.

Ashy brown, with a conspicuous white zone; interstices of
the ribs strongly latticed. Length, °75 inch.
Red Sea ; Philippines.
T. dxdala, Reeve (fig. 491) and 7. cineracea, Reeve (fig. 492)
are probably synonymous.

T. FIDIcULA, Gould. PI. 58, fig. 693.

Yellowish brown with a central white band; ribs whitish,
sometimes a little nodular at the shoulder angle. Length,°75 inch.
Hab. unknown.— Gould ; Red Sea.—-M’ Andrew ?
M’Andrew’s identification of a Red Sea form with this species
is questionable.

T. CHLATA, Reeve. PI. 52, figs. 493-495.

Yellowish or chestnut-brown, with an indistinct lighter band.
Length, 5-75 inch.
Philippines.
T. sculptilis, Reeve (fig. 494), appears to be the adult.
Probably 7. mica, Reeve (fig. 495), is a synonym.

T. INERMIS, Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 496.

Chestnut, with a white band crossed by longitudinal brown
zigzag lines. Length, -75 inch.
Philippines ; Japan.
Possibly a smooth variety of 7. czlata.
T. RECTILATERIS, Sowb. Pl. 52, fig. 497.

Banded with chestnut and white; spiral strie between the
ribs. Length, 1:2 inches.
Habitat unknown.

176 COSTELLARIA.

T. RUBELLA, Ad. and Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 498.

Yellowish brown. Length, 1 inch.

Sooloo Archipelago.
T. scriruna, A. Ad. Pl. 52, fig. 499.

Yellowish white, sparsely punctate with chestnut.

Length, °5 inch. China Seas.

A young shell, the position of which is not readily determin-
able.

T. INTERTZANIATA, Sowb. PI. 52, fig. 500.
Ash color with narrow chestnut bands. Length, 1 inch.
Habitat unknown.
Possibly = T' rectilateris, Sowb.
T. RusTIcA, Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 501.
Whitish, lower part of the shell ash color, with occasional
brown dots upon the middle of the whorl. Length, -75 inch.
Habitat unknown.
A species having no marked characteristics.
T. DesHaAyeEsit, Reeve. PI. 52, figs. 502-507, 486.

Turreted, with an angle at the shoulder, longitudinal ribs
small, rounded, interspaces wider, smooth; white or ash color,
with chestnut revolving bands, usually tipping the ribs only and
thus appearing as rows of spots. Length, *75—1 inch,

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Polynesia.

First described from a poor specimen, in which the upper
portions of the ribs only are distinct, and the bands not well
defined. The shell which Reeve figures as 7. rigida, Swainson
(fig. 504), is synonymous—the true rigida being equivalent to
T. semifasciata, Lam. Other synonyms are 7. Michaudi, Crosse
and Fischer (fig. 505), proposed for 7. rigida, Reeve, not
Swainson, 7. Dunkeri, Schmeltz MSS., and 7’. alauda of Sowb.
(figs. 506, 507), not Quoy, Voy. Astrol. as quoted by Sowerby—
no such species occurring in that work, I figure also, a variety
of uniform dark chocolate color. |

T. AMANDA, Reeve. PI. 52, fig. 508.
Ribs crossed by fine revolving striz, a little nodulous next the
suture ; alternately banded with light chestnut and white.

Length, °5 inch,
Indian Ocean, Philippines, Polynesia.

COSTELLARIA. Lit

T. FESTIVA, Garrett.
Unfigured. Resembles Deshayesii, Reeve.
Viti Islands.
T. PULCHRA, Garrett.
Unfigured. Resembles Deshayesii, Reeve.
Vitti and Samoan Islands.
Poasta, Bi. Aids 2 Pl. 52), fig. 509.
White. Length, *4—75 inch.
Red Sea.
The name being preoccupied in Mitra, Sowerby changed it to
hastata.

T. FILISTRIATA, Sowb. PI. 52, fig. 514.

Fulvous, lower part of the body-whorl with pale brown flames.

Length, °9 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Very probably equivalent to the preceding species.

T. suBULATA, Lam. PI. 52, figs. 510, 511.

Flesh-color clouded with orange-brown.
Length, 1°5—2°25 inches.
Polynesia.
The shoulder is not always distinctly marked. There is
frequently a Terebra-like appearance given to this shell by the
first incised revolving line below the suture, being deeper than
the others.

T. MacrospirRA, A. Ad. PI. 59, fig. 512.

Whitish or yellowish, with rows of chestnut spots.
Length, 2 inches.
Habitat unknown.
This, like the preceding species, has the aspect of a Terebra,
but it is stouter than 7. subulata.

T. Lincounensis, Angas. PI. 52, fig. 513.

Whitish, with irregular longitudinal chestnut flames, a narrow
band of interrupted spots on the centre of the whorls, lower
half of body-whorl chestnut, with a faint band of reticulated
brown and white spots in the middle. Length, 7 lines.

Port Lincoln, So. Australia.
23

178 COSTELLARTA.

T. CATENATA, Swainson. PI. 53, fig. 515.
White, with large irregular chestnut-brown spots, arranged in

bands. Length, °5 inch.
Isle of Annaa, Polynesia.

An obscure shell, probably not adult.

T. LILACINA, Sowb. PI. 53, fig. 516.
Shell finely decussated ; ash color, lighter at the suture.
Length, °6 inch.
Habitat unknown.
T. MARMOREA, A. Ad. PI. 53, figs. 517, 518.
Olivaceous, marked with reddish brown; longitudinally costate,
cost thick, subnodose above, interstices with revolving striz.
Length, °5 inch.
Isle of Negros, Philippines ; coarse sand, ten fathoms.
Sowerby’s two illustrations, the only figures of this species
heretofore published, and which I copy, appear to represent two
different species.
T. ARRACANENSIS, Sowb. PI. 53, figs. 519.

Brown, with a median white line, ribs lighter colored.

Length, °65 inch.

Arracan.
T. CREBRILIRATA, Reeve. Pl. 53, figs. 521-526, 530.

Light chestnut or olive, tops of ribs lighter, with usually a
narrow central brown band, and a superior white line; ribs
narrow, interstices with close revolving strie.

Length, 1°25-1°75 inches.

Indian Ocean ; Japan ; Philippines ; Polynesia.

Reeve hesitated to describe this as a distinct species from his
M. polita, to which, he says, it bears the same relation that the
ribbed does to the smooth variety of MZ. ebenus; I venture,
nevertheless, to locate the two species in distinct groups. I do
this, whilst expecting that Reeve’s suspicion of their identity
will be confirmed, as it is a case paralleled by many others in
this genus, all pointing to the evanescent nature of the sculpture
and patterns of coloring. In fact, unless we set up an artificial
standard for the separation of species,in some genera, we should
have no species remaining, to speak of. 7. rosea, Kiener, not
Duclos (fig. 522), 7. tenuilirata, Sowb. (fig. 523), 7. rubricata,
Reeve (fig. 524), 7. subtruncata, Sowb. (fig. 525), T. Layardi,

COSTELLARIA. 179

A. Ad. (fig. 526), 7. Japonica, A. Ad. (fig. 530), are all syno-
nyms.
T’. ZEBUENSIS, Reeve. PI. 53, figs: 527-529, 520.

Yellowish white, blotched or spotted irregularly with chestnut.

Length, 1:25—1-°5 inches.
Philippines ; Polynesia.

The synonyms are 7. rorata, Gould (fig. 520), 7. pretexta,
Sowb. (fig. 529).
TT. RUFOMACULATA, Souverbie. Pl. 53, fig. 531.

Whitish, with four revolving series of chestnut maculations ;
intervals of the ribs with punctate revolving striz.

Length, 1 inch.
New Caledonia.
Described and figured from a single specimen.

T. acuprcra, Reeve. Pl. 53, figs. 532, 533.
White, tinged with yellowish or pink, profusely spotted and
maculated with chestnut or chocolate color. Length, 1°25 inches.
Red Sea, Andaman Isles, Cochin China, Zanzibar, Mauritius.
Sowerby figures a variety in which the ribs are less numerous
but more prominent than in the type.

T. puNcTURATA, Sowb. PI. 53, fig. 534.

Pink, maculate and flammulate with reddish brown ; interstices

of the ribs profoundly punctate. Length, 20 mill.
; Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen.

T. OBELIScUS, Reeve. PI. 53, fig. 535.

Chestnut-brown, with a central white band, and sometimes an

inferior narrower one.
Andaman Islands, Philippines, Viti Islands.

Reeve’s figure is from a faded specimen. G. and H. Nevill
have described a var. Andamanica, but it has no differential
‘characters. It is possible that 7. obeliscus is a non-angulated
form of 7. cruentata, Chemn.

T. MAcANDREWI, Sowb. PI. 53, fig. 536.
Fawn color, lighter on the periphery. Length, °6 inch.
Red Sea.
A juvenile shell with no distinctive features. It may bea
young obeliscus.

180 COSTELLARIA.

T. FLEXICOSTATA, Garrett.

An unfigured species, allied to 7. obeliscus. Length, °6 inch.
Polynesia.
T. RADIX, Sowb. PI. 58, fig. 537.
Like obeliscus, but the coste more distant, curved; orange-
brown with a white superior band. Length, 1 inch.
Habitat unknown.
T. LONGISPIRA, Sowb. PIL. 438, fig. 538.
Fawn-colored, light banded in the middle. Length, *9 inch.
Habitat unknown.
One of a number of very doubtful specimens, once forming
part of a private collection, and which, coming into the hands of
Mr. Sowerby, have been described by him as new species.

T. Aurutopica, Jickeli. Pl. 53, fig. 539.

A miserable little young shell, the description of which is of
advantage to Mr. Jickeli, perhaps. Length, 4 mill.

Red Sea.

May be identified with anything.

T. ortspa, Garrett. Pl. 53, fig. 540.

White or yellowish white, with usually a central darker band ;
ribs sharp, flexuous, somewhat distant, interstices foveolate, the
revolving ridges being thread-like and well raised.

Length, °65—"8 inches.

Samoa and Viti Isles.
T. EXASPERATA, Gmelin. PI. 53, figs. 541-544; Pl. 54, figs. 545,
DAG.

Whitish or yellowish usually two-banded with chestnut to
dark chocolate, sometimes colored only on the ribs.

Length, *75—1 inch.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Juva, Philippines, Polynesia.

T. arenosa, Lam. (figs. 545, 546), is a synonym, and not
entitled to varietal distinction as its typical form is connected
with exasperata by almost insensible gradations: Reeve’s reason
for retaining it as a species is curious; he says: ‘‘ M. Kiener
regards this species as a variety of the following (exasperata),
but I do not think it expedient to follow his opinion. One-half
of the established species may be dispensed with were every one
of two that approximate abandoned upon the discovery of their
intermediate link.” Mr. Garrett gathered thousands of living

COSTELLARTA. 181

specimens by digging in clear sand and sandy mud at the Tonga
and Viti Isles. All the Mitres of this type bury themselves in
sand and only come to the surface during the night. The shell is
minutely granulated by the crossing of the sculpture. The ribs
vary considerably in size and number, and are sometimes obso-
lete. The angle on the shoulder is also subject to variation and
is occasionally very indistinct. The color is white or cinereous,
and sometimes nearly uniform blackish brown. The ribs are
frequently lineated with light brown or blackish brown, the lines
often interrupted so as to form two transverse rows of linear
spots—which gradually merge into the conspicuously banded
and more closely ribbed variety which represents Lamarck’s
arenosa. TT. cadaverosa, Reeve, the description of which follows,
is possibly a marked variety only of this species.

T. CADAVEROSA, Reeve. PI. 54, figs. 548-554.

Whitish, with a narrow chestnut or chocolate band, either

continuous or interrupted by the ribs. Length, -65—9 inch.
Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines, Polynesia.

The shell is more stumpy, usually smaller, less disposed to
granulation than 7. exasperata, and its single band, when not
continuous, appears in the interstices of the ribs, unlike the
interrupted bands of exasperata, which appear on the backs of the
ribs: I am by no means certain that it is distinct, however. In
the Polynesian Islands it lives buried in the sand.

The synonyms are T. Pacifica, Reeve (fig. 550), 7. Pharaonis,
Issel (fossil), 7. mutabilis, Reeve (fig. 551), and 7. brevicaudata,
Sowb. (fig. 552). 7. Wastanonite. Dohrn, an unfigured species is
referred to this synonymy by Jickeli,* but I agree with Mr.
Pease that it agrees better with his 7. bella (= militaris). T.
Appelli, Jickeli (= Pharaonis, H. Ad., not Issel) is at most a
variety (fig. 553), and 7. subquadrata, Sowh. (fig. 554), is syn-
onymous with it.

T. ASPERRIMA, Dohrn. PI. 54, fig. 547.

Orange-yellow, white upon the shoulder of the whorls.
Length, 22 mill.
Habitat unknown.

* Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, 37.

182 PUSTA.

Described from a specimen in the Hanley collection. Three
examples, without locality, are also in the collection of the
Philadelphia Academy.

F

T. spRETA, A. Ad. PI. 54) fio. 555.
Light yellowish brown. Length, -25 inch.
Japan.
A juvenile shell. It is not at all probable that it is distinct
from one of the previously described species : judging from the
figure it could be safely referred to any one of half a dozen
species, including the last.
T. ROSEOCAUDATA, Hanley. PI. 54, fig. 556.
Light yellowish brown. Length, -2 inch.
Habitat unknown.
Probably a starved, rugose, young specimen of 7. cadaverosa.
T. LATERCULATA, Sowb. PI. 54, fig. 557.
Yellowish brown, with a central band, bordered on each side
by a row of brown spots. Length, 7 inch.
Habitat unknown.
T. ZELOTYPA, Reeve. PI. 54, fig. 558.
Alternately banded with yellowish brown and white.
Length, 1 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Section Pusia, Swainson.

Shell small, ovate, more or less ribbed or nodulous; spire
usually short, convex, with obtuse apex; outer lip sometimes
thickened.

T. DERMESTINA, Lam. PI. 54, figs. 559-566.

Chestnut or chocolate-brown more or less spotted with yellow-
ish white on the ribs, with a superior interrupted white band and
an inferior narrower one. Length, °75 inch.

West Indies ; Paumotus ; Sandwich Islands ; Red Sea?

The West Indian habitat of this species is established by
Morch, Krebs, Swift, etc.; the Paumotus are given on the
authority of Hugh Cuming; Mr. Pease reports it from the
Sandwich Islands, M’Andrew from the Red Sea. Probably the
latter is a mistaken identification ; but specimens from the two
oceans are alike and cannot be specifically distinguished. The

PUSTA. 183

synonyms are 7. cavea, Reeve (fig. 560), reported by Beau from
Guadeloupe, W. L.; 7. Adamst, Dohrn (fig. 561), described from
a worn specimen; 7. pulchella, Reeve, (fig. 562); ZT. pisolina,
Lam. (fig. 563); 7. ansulata, Sowb. (fig. 564); and 7. histrio,
Reeve (fig. 565), a brilliantly colored form.

Var. CONSANGUINEA, Reeve, fig. 566.

Orange to brown, with a revolving row of white spots, and
scattered spots on the base and spire. Length, ‘75 inch.

It varies considerably in the length of the spire. It is fre-
quently confounded, says Mr. Garrett, with 7. dermestina, with
which it is very closely allied.

T. Tater, Angas. PI. 54, fig. 567.
Yellowish brown, with two chocolate bands. Length, 3 inches.
So. Australia.
'T. MicrozontaAs, Lam. PI. 54, figs. 568, 569.

Dark chestnut or chocolate-brown, with a row of white spots
on the ribs at the periphery, forming an interrupted band or
necklace ; sometimes an inferior narrow band.

Length, -5—75 inch.

West Indies ; Polynesta.

Morch, Krebs and Swift report it from the West Indies,
Cuming and Garrett from Polynesia; specimens from both local-
ities before me are precisely similar. The species is distinguished
with difficulty from varieties of 7. dermestina, and will, F think,
prove to be synonymous with it.

T. GEMMATA, Sowb. PI. 58, fig. 688.

Brown, usually slightly angular above the middle ; ribs distinct
on and above the angle, becoming obsolete below it; angle with
a band of white spots. Length, 8-10 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Three good specimens are before me; with the general char-
acter of IM. microzonias, they have a much narrower form.

T. paRDALIS, Kiister. Pl. 54, figs. 573-575.

Yellowish to chocolate-brown, with an interrupted or con-
fluent white band composed of irregular spots; the tops of the
longitudinal ribs lighter in color, sometimes white.

Length, *6 inch.

Red Sea ; Philippines ; Mauritius ; Polynesia, on coral reefs.

184 PUSTA.

Kuster described his species from young specimens ; there can
be no doubt, however, of its identity with the forms subsequently
characterized by Reeve as 7. lauta (fig. 574), and 7. leucodesma
(fig. 575). Reeve’s figure of 7. pardalis is a Columbella.

T. MEDIOMACULATA, Sowb. PI. 55, figs. 581, 582.

Somewhat indistinctly plicately ribbed, ribs smooth, wide,
close together, interstices with revolving striz ; sculpture alto-
gether obsolete on the back of the last whorl; rich chestnut-
brown, broadly white-banded, with a row of square, regular
brown spots in the centre of the band. Length, °5 inch.

Mauritius.

T. Cernica, Nevill (fig. 582) is a synonym.

T. PUELLA, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 583.

Dark chestnut or chocolate with jagged flames or spots of
white, frequently confluent around the suture Surface polished,
with obsolete, minute, decussating sculpture. Length, ‘3-4 inch.

West Indies.
T. TURTURINA, Souverbie. PI. 55, fig. 584.

Smooth, polished, solid, columbelliform, with revolving strie ;

dark chestnut, with small white revolving points or spots.

Length, °5 inch.
Loyalty I., New Caledonia.

Resembles the preceding species, differing in its columbelli-
form aperture, and the disposition of the spots.

T. CREMANS, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 585.

Dark chocolate, with an irregular white band, tending to
spread longitudinally on the tops of the distant folds or ribs,
these being sometimes obsolete ; irregularly white-banded near
the base; when the shell is fresh, close, very fine spiral lines are
visible. Length, 5-6 inch.

Philippines.

The figures of Sowerby and Reeve are both taken from smooth
uncharacteristic specimens. It is near 7. pardalis. M. Timo-
rensis, Dohrn, an unfigured species, from the island of Timor,
is apparently synonymous.

T. ALVEOLUS, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 586.
Longitudinally finely ribbed, base with revolving grooves ;

PUSTA. 185

whorls dark chocolate, tessellated with white around the upper
part, and on the spire. Length, °5 inch.
HTabitat unknown. (Red Sea?)
Tam not acquainted with the species; it may be a variation
of T. pardalis.
T. APERTA, Sowb. PI. 55, fig. 587.
Slightly ribbed ; chocolate, with an irregular yellowish band.
Length, ‘7 inch.
Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen in the late Taylor collection.

T. MILLECOSTATA, Swainson. PI. 55, fig. 588.

Closely, finely longitudinally ribbed, with impressed revolving
strive at the base; orange yellow to dark chestnut-brown, some-
times with two interrupted lighter bands. Length, °5 inch.

Island of Annaa.

T. LUCULENTA, Reeve. PI. 55, figs. 589-594.

Short pupeform, with obtuse apex; or ventricose in the
body-whorl, with a more or less angulated periphery, and dis-
tantly irregularly folded or ribbed; sometimes narrow. Color
alternate revolving bands of white or light yellowish and dark
chocolate or black. Length, °5 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesian Islands, on coral reefs.

A species of very variable form, and sculptured or smooth ;
the typical state is pupzform furnished with white bands as
wide or wider than the black ones (fig. 589); a more ventri-
cose shell with the black bands proportionately wider is 7.
dichroa, Ad. and Reeve (fig. 590); a still more ventricose and
more usual form has been called by Mr. Crosse 7. Greffi (fig. 591);
it is ribbed, and the white bands are narrow; Sowerby has re-
described it under the name of 7. nigrofasciata (fig. 592). A
narrower variety of the shell with narrow white bands Mr.
Sowerby calls 7. levizonata (fig. 593). To complete the syn-
onymy, we may probably add 7’. tricolor, Montr. (fig. 594) in
which there are indistinct rufous bands in the middle of the
white bands; this is not a constant character, as in a specimen
sent to me by M. Crosse, the rufous markings are not visible.
Tapparone-Canefri has changed the name to Montrouzieri, that
of tricolor being preoccupied. Mr. Garrett remarks of this

24

186 PUSIA.

species that “they are usually found associated with Hngina
mendicaria, which they resemble so closely in shape and color as
to be easily mistaken for small specimens of the latter species.
Mr. Crosse’s figure, which is slightly enlarged, very correctly
represents the usual form. They, however, frequently differ in
being more slender, and the ribs are sometimes nearly obsolete.
Animal black. The foot is oblong, margined with yellow, slightly
auriculate in front, and about three-fourths the length of the
Shell. Siphon rather long, irrorated with white. The pale ten-
tucles are marked by two black zones.”

T. toTA, Reeve. PI. 54, fig. 570.
Pale reddish orange, variegated with brown. Length, °75 inch.
Isle of Ticao ; Philippines.
A species of no determinate character, closely allied to or
identical with JZ. microzonias, Lam. Sowerby considers it a
synonym of 7. pisolina, Lam.,a species which I believe to be
identical with 7. dermestina.

T’. GLANDIFORMIS, Reeve. PI. 54, fig. 571.

White, variegated with brown. Length, *5 inch.

Red Sea ; Indian Ocean.

Messrs. G. and H. Nevill say that 7”. dedala, radius and this
species are identical, running together through intermediate
forms; the types are so different, however, that having no series
of specimens by which to verify this for mvself, I prefer to keep
them distinct.

T. cITHARA, Reeve. Pl. 55, fig. 599.
Light purple-brown with a narrow, pale band. H., 75 inch.
Hab. unknown.
ah : + Pease
[. APPROXIMATA, Pease.

Shell ovate, turreted; whorls convexly angulated at the sutures,
longitudinally ribbed, crossed by impressed strix; interstices
punctured; aperture striated within; columella four-plaited.
Color white, banded and blotched irregularly with chestnut-

brown.
Sandwich Islands.

Not figured, Not seen by either Mr. Garrett or myself.

PUSIA. 187

T. Bronni, Dunker.

An unfigured species said to be very like 7. glandiformis,
Reeve, but much larger, narrower, paler in color, and somewhat
curved before. Length, 20 mill.

Japan.
T. Krausst, Dunker.

An unfigured species, resembling the preceding, somewhat,
and also recalling the narrow variety of 7. microzonias. It is
found in the Japanese seas.

TScROGATA, Tam. Pl. 55, fies. 595-597.

Reddish orange or yellowish brown, with a superior narrow
white band. Length, *75—1°25 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

The type figured by Kiener, fig. 595, is even larger than the
size given in Lamarck’s description—which is, length one and a
quarter inches. I have some doubt whether the shell usually
identified with Z. crocata, and which is common enough in
cabinets, is really that species, for it is always much smaller and
less shouldered—sometimes without any superior angle on the
whorls. If this identification is correct,a large synonymy must
be added (principally on account of inconstant coloration),
including 7. aureolata, venustula, flavescens, etc. I prefer to let
crocata stand as a somewhat doubtful form, and inelude the
others under the name of 7. aureolata. T. concinna, Reeve (fig.
597), is a smaller shell, varying only in the interstices of the
revolving ridges being darker colored.

T. PYRAMIDALIS, Reeve. Pl. 55, fig. 598.

Yellowish or orange-brown, with a white superior zone.
Length, 1-25-15 inches.
Isle of Annaa, Paumotus Group.

Garrett obtained a specimen which is white with two orange-
yellow bands. The spire is more elegated and less angular than
in T. crocata; the ribs much more curved and more roughly
tuberculated. This is the aurantia of Swainson, not Gmelin,
and Garrett proposes to revive that name; Gmelin’s species
being a true Mitra and Turricula now generally accepted as a
distinct genus : in common parlance the Turricule, however, will
probably continue to be referred to as Mitre, so that some con-
fusion might arise from reinstating 7. aurantia.

188 PUSIA.

T. AUREOLATA, Swainson. PI. 55, figs. 600-606.

Orange-brown, with a small white superior zone, and some-
times one or more thread-like inferior bands; sometimes white
with an orange band below the suture and another at the base.

Length, ‘75 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia.

A very variable species in sculpture and coloration, and
therefore having a large synonymy. I have already, under 7.
crocata, alluded to the fact that that species has usually been
identified with this ; it remains to figure the crocata of collectors
(fig. 600), which is a lemon-yellow variety of aureolata, with or
without a superior thread-like white band. 7. multtcostata,
Swains. (fig. 602), and 7. crocea, Reeve (fig. 603), are examples
of shoulderless varieties of the type and of “ crocata” respec-
tively ; they are both somewhat enlarged in the figures. In 7.
venustula, Reeve (fig. 604), the revolving sculpture is darker
colored ; and in 7. /lavescens, Reeve (fig. 605), a portion of them
are so marked, giving the shell a bright, banded appearance.
T. affinis, Reeve (fig. 606), is also a synonym,

T. PLICATISSIMA, Schroter. Pl. 55, fig. 607.

Grayish white, apex and base tinged with brown; two dark
bands on the body-whorl. Length, 20 mill.

Habitat unknown.

Perhaps a variety of T. aureolata.

T. RUBRA, Swainson. PI. 55, figs. 608, 609.

Light pink and darker banded, or roseate with a light band,
sometimes interrupted by dark tints in the interstices of the
ribs. Length, *25 inch.

Paumotus ; New Zealand ?

The specimens before me, as well as the figures, show that it
is not an adult shell. Sowerby’s fig. 393 (fig. 608) represents
the shell described by Garrett as 7. exquisita; it is at most, a
mere variety.

T. BICOLOR, Garrett.

An unfigured species, cinereous with two rose-colored bands.

Length, 8 mill.
Samoa and Paumotus Isles.

Appears to be closely allied to 7. rubra.

PUSTA. 189

T. PALIGERA, Sowb. PI. 55, fig. 610.
Yellowish white, interruptedly fasciate with chestnut.
Length, °65 inch.
Hab. unknown.
T. 1nFAusTA, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 576.
Fleshy straw-color, stained with chestnut. Length, ‘63 inch.
Isl. of Ticao, Philippines.

T. GARRETTII, G. and H. Nevill.

Name proposed for Mitra assimilis, Garrett, not Pease; an
unfigured species, of a whitish color, with closely set, slightly
raised deep brown lines.

Oook’s, Samoa, and Viti Islands.

T. FORTIPLICATA, Pease. PI. 55, fig. 577.

Light chestnut, base and apex whitish. Length, 8 mill.
Paumotus Is., in beach sand.

T. Emiuia, Schmeltz. Pl. 55, fig. 578.
Reddish chestnut, encircled by two or three narrow yellowish

bands. Length, 8 mill.
Pauumotus Is., in beach sand.

Described by Mr. Pease as 7. plicatula, a name preoccupied
for a fossil species.

T. ROSEA, Swainson. PI. 55, fig. 579.

Purple-rose, tipped with white on the ribs; sometimes with a
row of dark spots between the ribs and below the shoulder.

Length, °5 inch.

Lord Hood's Island.
T. DIscoLORTA, Reeve. PI. 55, fig. 580.

Alternately banded with white and orange or reddish brown, or
chocolate. Usually the bands are much darker in color between
the ribs. Length, -5—65 inch.

Solomon Is. (Brazier) ; Philippines (Paetel) ; Viti Is. (Garrett).

T. AMABILIS, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 611.
Ashy or pinkish gray, with a broad white superior band, and
sometimes narrow white revolving lines below it.
Length, °35—4 inch.
Red Sea; Philippines ; Polynesia,
A coral reef species, widely distributed.

190 PUSIA.

T. Nicoparica, Frauenfeld. PI. 56, fig. 612.

Shell chocolate-brown, aperture also chocolate. H., 16 mill.
Nicobar Isles.
T. FicuLiIna, Lam. PI. 56, figs. 613-615.

Dark chocolate-brown, more or less shouldered and distantly
longitudinally ribbed, sometimes crossed by revolving strie,
which become more distinct towards the base; aperture chocolate
within. Length, ‘7 inch.

Philippines ; Solomon Is. ; Australia ; Galapagos Is.

I refer to this species 7. gausapata, Reeve (fig. 614), from the
Galapagos, and 7. forlicostata, Reeve (fig. 615); the latter without
revolving sculpture except at the base.

T. ZEBRINA, @’Orb. PI. 56, figs. 630, 616.
Smooth, dark chocolate with white longitudinal strigations.

Length, 10-12 mill.
Canary Islands.

The type figured (fig. 630), is a narrower form than that
depicted by Sowerby ; the latter corresponds very well, however,
with a specimen before me, which I feel confident belongs to
this species.

T. SEMEN, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 618.

Smooth; yellowish white and chestnut-brown in alternate
longitudinal narrow waved lines. Length, °5 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia : Sandwich Isles.

| add the localities following the Philippines, believing that 7’.
flammulata, Pease, and T. zebrina, Garrett, both unfigured, will
prove to be synonymous with 7. semen. It seems to be closely
allied to the typical form of 7. zebrina, @Orb., in coloring and
shape.

T. puTiuLus, Pease. Pl. 56, fig. 617.

Finely granulated by decussating lines; dark chocolate, with
a narrow white superior band; sometimes with a few white spots
on the upper half of the shell. Length, -4 inch.

Paumotus and Society Islands.
T. TRUNCULUS, Sowb. PI. 56, fig. 619.

Polished, ventricose, chestnut-brown. Length, -25 inch.
Habitat unknown.
Described from a single specimen.

PUSTA. 19]

T. MURICULATA, Lam. PI. 56, fig. 620.
Orange yellow to dark chestnut, the shoulder and tubercles

whitish. Length *65—'8 inch.
Philippines ; Mauritius.

T. PATRIARCHALIS, Lam. PI. 56, figs. 621, 622,625; Pl. 58, fig. 689.

Nodosely ribbed at shoulder of whorls, ribs becoming evanes-
cent lower down; spirally incised, the striae becoming stronger
towards the base, and occasionally raised into nodules or riblets ;
above, they cross the ribs. Color varying from light yellow,
through orange and red to dark chocolate, the ribs and usually
upper part of body-whorl and spire white, the base of the shell
with one or more interrupted white bands, or entirely suffused
with white. Length, -6—75 inch.

Philippines ; Viti Islands.

T. tuberosa, Reeve (fig. 622) is the young of this species, and
a very immature specimen of it appears to be described and
figured by Kiister as 7. elegantula (fig. 625). *

T. PORPHYRETICA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 626.

Smooth, plicately ribbed, ribs angular, three or four revolving
granulous striz at base. Ash, chestnut, etc., with a broad white
zone around the suture, and narrower ones marking the basal
striz, or entire base white. Length, °6 inch.

Philippines, Viti and Samoa Islands.

Differs from the preceding species in the longitudinal ribs
being continuous over the body-whorl, less tuberculate above,
closer and narrower, in the want of revolving sculpture except
at the base; the coloring is essentially the same, and it may be
only a variety of 7. patriarchalis.

T. Ostprris, Issel. Pl. 56, ligs. 627, 628.
White, with a central chestnut or chocolate band.

Length, °9 inch.
Red Sea.

With longer spire and somewhat different coloring, this is
very closely allied to the preceding species; it differs from 7’.
cadaverosa by its broader band and want of revolving sculpture,
but appears to be intermediate between it and porphyretica. T.
umbonata, Sowb. (fig. 628), is a synonym.

192 PUSIA.

T. TUMIDA, Reeve. Pl. 56, fig. 629.

Whorls swollen and angulated around the upper part, the
angle with a few large nodules; yellowish white, orange or
reddish between the nodules and at the base, with a broad
central chocolate band. Length, 1°5 inch.

Australia.

So close to the preceding species that I hesitated about
separating them. The color is the same, but this shell is wider,
and the nodules are less numerous and larger, with a decided
shoulder on the whorls.

T. InreRRUPTA, Anton. PI. 56, fig. 631.
Whitish, with interrupted revolving lines of chestnut-brown,
forming a central band, with traces of an inferior one.
Leneth, 4 inch.
Habitat unknown.
Evidently immature. Not included in the genus by either
Reeve or Sowerby, and I am unacquainted with it.

T. NODULOSA, Pease. PI. 56, fig. 632.
White, interruptedly encircled with brown below.

Length, 10 mill.
Paumotus.

Appears to be very closely allied to, if not identical with 7’.
interrupta, Anton.

T. ENcAUSTA, Gould. Pl. 56, fig. 633.

Ash-colored, with eight or nine coarse longitudinal ribs, and
deeply incised, regular revolving strive of a dusky color.

Length, °35 inch.

Fiji Islands.

A young shell, the affinities of which I cannot make out,
neither from the original figure and description, nor from an
authentic specimen before me.

T. spEcIOSA, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 634.

Pinkish white, with a central reddish-brown band, appearing
only on the tops of the regular longitudinal ribs ; a row of spots
above, and another below it; aperture pink within.

Length, ‘7 inch.
Philippines, Mauritius, Cook’s and Paumotus Is.

PUSIA. 198

T. puso, Philippi.
Longitudinally costate, nodulous above, granular at base, with
revolving impressed striz ; white, with a narrow chestnut central

band interrupted by the ribs. Length, ‘35 inch.
Hab. unknown.

An unfigured species, omitted by the iconographers, and
unknown to me except by the short description.
T. vantATA, Reeve. Pl. 56, fig. 635.

Yellowish brown with a dark superior band, and a white band
with dark margins below the middle. Length, ‘7 inch.

5 Paumotus and Viti Islands, coral reefs.

Animal light brown, spotted with yellowish white. 7. /rater-
cula, Garrett, is a synonym.
'T. piscors, Grandidier. Pl. 56, figs. 636, 637.

Spire and upper half of the body-whorl lilac or yellowish white,
periphery with a narrow white band, lower half of body-whorl

chestnut-brown. Length, °6 inch.
Caroline Islands (Pease).

I unite with this species 7. glabra, Pease (not Swains.),
changed by Pease to 7. lubrica (fig. 637). The original descrip-
tion in Kuster has no locality, and the figure ‘is poor, though
recognizable. ;

T. Noposa, Swainson. Pl. 56, figs. 638-641.

White, sometimes with a central brown band or row of spots
interrupted by the tubercles, which cover the entire surface ;
upper part of body-whorl with close impressed revolving strix ;
aperture yellowish within. Length, -6—75 inch.

Red Sea, Philippines, China, Polynesia, Mauritius.

Mr. Garrett mentions a variety occurring at the Paumotus,
having a slate-colored band articulated with orange-yellow. I
unite with this species M. tuberculata, Kiener, M. fraga, Kiener
(fig. 640), not Quoy, M. pinguis, Reeve (fig. 641), which is a
juvenile, and M. cancellarioides, Anton.

T. rusa, Reeve. Pl. 56, fig. 642.

Spire and upper portion of body-whorl white, with occasional

brown spots, lower portion of body-whorl brown.

Length, -4 inch. Philippines to Sandwich Is. ; Red Sea,
Animal greenish white, marbled with chocolate-brown.
25

194 PUSIA.

T. semiticA, Jickeli. Pl. 56, fig. 623.
Gray, lower half of body-whorl ferruginous. Length, 16 mill.
Red Sea.
I only know this species through the original description and
figure.
T. Festa, Reeve. PI. 56, fig. 624.
White, with a broad central brown band. Length, °5 inch.
Philippines.
Closely allied to, or perhaps synonymous with 7. ¢tusa,
Reeve.

T. pupuLA, Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 643.

Reddish brown, with a white superior band, appearing on the

spire. Length, -25 inch.
Somoan Islands.

Figured from an authentic specimen, received from the Godef-
froy Museum.
T. ELEGANTULA, Dunker.

Small, white maculated with reddish brown, forming a tessel-
lated series on the last whorl; spire elate, whorls slightly
angulated ; plicated, the interstices with revolving striz.

Length, 15 mill.
Samoan Islands.

Has not been figured and the specimen before me is too
immature for illustration.

T. rricotor, Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 644-646, 651.

Spire and upper portion of body-whorl distantly ribbed,
sometimes smooth; yellowish to chocolate, with a white band,
and frequently maculated with red-brown or chocolate across or
on either border of the band; occasionally a second maculated
band near the base. Length, -25—35 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

A very variable little shell, of which 7. Savignii, Payr. (fig.
644), may be considered the typical ribbed form, and 7. picta,
Sandri, 7. granum, Forbes (fig. 645), and 7. littoralis, Forbes
(fig. 646), smooth varieties. To these must be added a costate
variety recently described by Issel, as var. pallida (fig. 651).
M. Lowei, Dohrn,an unfigured species, from the Canary Islands,
is probably a synonym.

PUSIA. 195

T. sEmMicostaTa, Anton.

Chestnut-brown, blotched with white on the spire.

Length, °5 inch.
Habitat unknown.

The sculpture appears to be different from that of 7. tricolor:
it is a doubtful species.

T. CoLUMBELLARIA, Scacchi. PI. 51, figs. 647, 653.

Yellowish to dark chocolate ; revolving striz becoming obso-
lete in the middle of the body-whorl ; columella with two plaits.

Length, ‘25 inch.

Mediterranean Sea.

Referred by some authors to the genus Columbella. The
synonyms are 7’. obsoleta, Phil.; T. olivoidea, Cantraine; T.
clandestina, Forbes (fig. 647) ; 7. leontocroma, Brusina; T. stria-
tella, Caleara; T. Greci, Phil. (fig. 653), a Sicilian fossil.

Three little Mitras are published by Brusina without figures :
M. columbule, M. striata, and M. typostigma, all from Dal-
matia; they are possibly all referable to this species.

T. suavis, Souverbie. Pl. 57, fig. 648.

Rose-color, with a broad white band margined with chestnut.
Length, 5°5 mill.
New Caledonia.
T. Hanteryr, Dohrn. PI. 57, fig. 654.

Gray, maculated and banded with chestnut; closely plicate
longitudinally, with a median spiral sulcus, tuberculate at base.
Length, 5°5 mill.

Habitat unknown.
Said to resemble 7. Columbellaria, but distinguished by its

sculpture.

T. CORALLINA, Reeve. Pl. 57, fig. 655.
Amber or coral-red, ribs whitish. Length, °6 inch.
Philippines.
T. pusinta, A. Adams. PI. 57, fig. 649.
Yellowish white, banded above with orange or pink.

Length, ‘5 inch.
Habitat unknown.

196 CYLINDRA.

T. ARTICULATA, Reeve. PI. 51, fig. 656.

Pale pinkish scarlet, encizeled with a small white brown-
articulated zone. Length, *75 inch.
Habitat unknown.

T. amuLA, HK. A. Smith. PI. 57, fig. 650.

Blackish brown, with a narrow yellow line round the middle
of the whorls, and yellow at the upper margin, and a second
line on the last whorl rather below the middle; clothed with an
olive epidermis obscuring the coloring; aperture dark-brown
with two yellow bands, lirate far within. Length, 12 mill.

Japan.
Undetermined Species of Turricula.

T. PYRAMIDALIS, A. Ad. Japan.
T. CASTANEA, HoyTl, INSTRICTA, LEVICOSTATA, MODICELLA, LUTEO-
FUSCA, UNILINEATA, of Garrett. Polynesia.
T. VIRGINALIS, Lesson. Tahiti.
T. sEmMipLicATA, Lam. Adams’ Genera. Hab. unknown.
T. ELEGANTULA, Dunker. Samoan Islands.
T. OLIVACEA, Anton. California.
T. RuForFILosa, E. A. Smith. Solomon Islands.

Genus CYLINDRA, Schum.

C. nucEA, Gronov. PI. 57, fig. 659.

Smooth, or with obsolete impressed spiral lines towards the
base. Yellowish white, with olive-black epidermal revolving
lines, partly aggregated into two broad, somewhat interrupted
bands; under the epidermis are six or eight spiral rows of
minute punctations, of chestnut color, scarcely visible, but show-
ing each a terminal dot on the margin of the lip; aperture
smooth, rosy white within. Length, 1°5—-2°5 inches.

Polynesia,

The animal is diluted white, foot and siphon margined with
dashes of black and white. Reeve gives New Zealand as the
locality of the species, which is an error.

CYLINDRA, 197

C. pactytus, Linn. PI. 57, figs. 658, 664.

Spire decussated, body-whorl with sometimes a slight shoulder.

Whitish, clouded with chestnut-brown ; encircled with distant,
narrow, closely punctate, incised brown lines.

Leneth, 1:25-1:75 inches.

Philippines ; Polynesia ; sand or sandy mud inside the reefs.

C. obesa, Reeve, is a specimen covered with its greenish
epidermis, and C. Potensis, Montr. (fig. 661) is a small, more
cylindrical variety from New Caledonia.

C. onNATA, Schuberth and Wagner. PI. 57, fig. 660.

Thick, white, with close revolving series of red puncte.
Length, 1°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.
I have copied the poor figure of this species—which has been
passed over by both Reeve and Sowerby. Very probably it —
C. dactylus.

C. CRENULATA, Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 662-666.

Cylindrical, with impressed, closely pitted revolving lines ;
white, with waved clouds of chestnut-brown, frequently disposed
in two or more broad interrupted bands of large spots.

Length, 30-40 mill.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines, Polynesia.

C. undulosa, Reeve (fig. 664), differs typically in six or eight
of the revolving lines being colored, and the form is not quite so
cylindrical ; it is connected by intermediate stages with C. crenu-
lata. In C. radula, Sowb. (fig. 665), the form, and in some cases
the coloring, of C. undulosa are preserved, but the growth-lines
are close and deep, deeussating the revolving lines and forming
numerous little square tubercles at their intersection; this also
gradually shades off into the smoother typical form. It is not
unlikely that this rough form will be found to be a connecting
link in a chain of variations uniting C. crenulata with C. fenes-
trata. C.arctata, Sowb. (fig. 666), is a variety with more pro-
duced spire, and two interrupted brown bands; it is included in
the series of specimens before me.

198 : CYLINDRA.

C. Sryensis, Reeve. PI. 517, figs. 668, 670.

Brownish white, marked with darker brown or uniform brown ;

revolving ridges granose. Length, 1°5—1:75 inches.
China.

Distinguished from C. crenulata by its elaborate sculpture.
C. lima, Sowerby (fig. 670) appears to be a smaller specimen of
the same species.

C. FENESTRATA, Lam. Pl. 51, figs. 671, 667.

Thick, rudely folded longitudinally, the ribs sometimes almost
obsolete ; crossed by regular, rather narrow revolving riblets and
intervening grooves, the riblets become nodulous on the longi-
tudinal folds; color whitish or yellowish, revolving ribs very
dark chocolate usually, sometimes uncolored.

Length, 1-125 inches.

i Philippines ; Polynesia, in sand, inside coral reefs.

C. glans, Reeve (fig. 667) has the revolving ribs uncolored.
There can be no doubt of its identity, as in most specimens of
C. fenestrata a portion of the whorl next the outer lip is pre-
cisely like glans, and a broken specimen before me has been
repaired with the orange-brown color characteristic of glans.

C. puncTATA, Swainson. Pl. 57, fig. 669.

Olive-brown, whorls encircled with engraved, punctate strie.

Length, 1:25 inches.
Habitat unknown.

This shell is unknown in collections.

C. nux, Sowb. Pl. 517, fig. 657.

Orange or chestnut-brown, closely lineated by incised, minutely
punctured lines and irregularly spotted and clouded with white :

aperture chestnut within. Length, °75 inch.
Habitat unknown.

Mr. Sowerby has figured but not described this species; it
appears to be distinct, and a very good specimen is included
in the Swift Collection in the Museum of the Philadelphia
Academy.

IMBRICARIA. . 199

Genus IMBRICARIA, Schumacher.

Distinguished by its Conus-like shells, the columella with less
numerous plications than most of the species of Cylindra. The
transition between this genus and the latter is gradual, some of
the species placed in Cylindra, such as C. dactylus, being almost
cone-shaped.

TI. contca, Schumacher. PI. 58, fig. 673.

Yellowish or ash-color in darker and lighter clouds, encircled
by equidistant narrow brown lines, and mottled by quadrangular
white spots. Length, | inch.

Philippines ; Polynesta.

Gregarious in sand in sheltered places inside the reefs. It is
the Mitra marmorata of Schuberth and Wagner, and the type of
Swainson’s genus Conelix.

I. Crovant, Crosse. Pl. 58, fig. 674.
Violet flesh-color, with irregular longitudinal whitish streaks ;
smooth. Length, 15 mill.

‘

Galapagos.
I. conutus, Lam. PI. 58, fig. 672.

Smooth, distantly spirally grooved at the base; yellowish
brown, under a thin olivaceous epidermis, with revolving black-
ish or brownish lines. Length, 1—1-25 inches.

Philippines, in mud at the roots of mango trees.

I. crrrina, Reeve. Pl. 58, fig. 675.

Smooth spire with rows of small tubercles; orange-brown,
stained with livid chestnut. Length, 1°5 inches.
Habitat unknown.

I. carzonacea, Hinds. PI. 58, figs. 676, 677.

Spire smooth, body-whorl with a few engraved revolving lines
towards the base; black, with traces of darker revolving lines.

Length, °9 inch.

Cape of Good Hope.

Possibly equivalent to the preceding species. Very probably
I. Rollandi, Bernardi (fig. 677), described from a somewhat worn
specimen, locality unknown, belongs here, although the spire is
somewhat different.

200 ‘ IMBRICARLA.

I. puncTATA, Swainson. PI. 58, figs. 679-681.

Yellowish white, clouded with a darker shade, apex black ;
body-whorl encircled with engraved, sometimes minutely punc-
tured lines.

Length, 5-8 inch.

Society Islands.

With this species must be united IZ. conovula, Quoy, partly
(fig. 681), and MW. ossea, Reeve, a name given because Swainson
had previously given that of punctata toa Mitra; M. truncata,
Kiener (fig. 680), a poorly figured shell, may also be placed here
for the present.

I. LINEATA, Swainson. PI. 58, fig. 678.
Yellowish, smooth, with revolving chestnut hair-like lines.

Length, 1 inch.
Inhabits the South Seas.

This species has not been recognized by the monographers.
It is described as smooth, yet I think it is merely a large punctata,
which it much resembles in the spire and upper part of aperture.

I. vinGo, Swainson. PI. 58, fig. 683.
Yellowish white, apex and base tipped with black-violet, spire
much depressed, mucronate, upper portion of body-whorl swollen.
Length, “6 inch.
Polynesia ? sand at low water.
Although so bulbous, I cannot help thinking that this will
prove to be an extreme variation of J. punctata.

I. VANIKORENSIS, Quoy. PI. 58, figs. 684, 682.

Encircled by closely punctured striz; ashy, or reddish gray,
whitish towards top of body-whorl and on the spire, ornamented
with numerous minute white spots and streaks, edged with
chestnut ; aperture chestnut within. Length, 65-9 inch.

Philippines ; Polynesia, in sandy mud at low water.

[ find no good reason for the separation from this species of

I, Deburghizx, Sowb. (fig. 682), recently described from Taheiti.

INDEX

To GENERA AND SPECIES, INCLUDING SYNONYMY.

a 1
PAGE,

Abbatis (Voluta Mitra), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, f. 1709, 1710.

— M. contracta, Swainson.
Abbreviata (Desmoulea), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3478.....csceeeeeeees hogetaddeds 65
Abbreviata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes, Conch., f. 328, 1874.....eseeeeeeenereedeees 122
Abyssicola (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851.......esseeeeeeeereeeees 47
Abyssicola (Voluta), Adams & Reeve. Voy. Samar., 25, t. 7, f. G....2+++ 100
Abyssinica (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, 1877.....+se+++eeeeees 3
Achatina (Bullia), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, 158. — B. digitalis, Meusch.
Aciculina, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 121.

eee Ce Ol INASHHy WUT braseans ceeccopect ccs: cccernsdtsscesaiecacececucpscaneddeccseancs 6

Acinosa (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 154, 1850; Moll. Wilkes’ Exped.,
262, f. 329. —N. Gruneri, Dunker.

Acuminata (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Ill., 2d ser, t, 128....-ssseeeeereeseeeeees 153
Acuminata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 78, 1880.......++-++++ dacanaunes 63
Acupicta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 76, 1844.......c::ecseeseereeeeeeees 179

Acuta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 797, t. 48, f. 7, 8, 1878.
= M. annulata, Reeve.

Acuta (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 284, 1822.
—N. ambigua, Mont.

Acuta (Nassa), Carpenter (not Say). Mazat. Cat., 497, 1857.
— M. pagoda, Rve.

Acutangula (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, 1877...... mtcseaueee 63

Acuticostata (Nassa), Montr. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., iv, 273, t. 10. f. 8;
1864. —N. monile, Kiener, var. Jacksoniana.

Acutidentata (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 212, t. 20, f. 46, 1879... 46

Acutilirata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 129, f. 278, 274, 1874........ 141

Acutimargo (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 55, 1851.....--..eceseeseeeereeeraeeeeees 62

Adamsi (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 205, 1861. — M. dermestina, Lam.
Adamsiana (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, No. 1387.

—N. stigmaria, A. Ad.
Adamsoni (Mitra), Gray, Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 150, DS AA a ccssceusucsss 144
Adansonii (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 155, 1848, Undetermined.
Adansonii (Mitra), Kiener. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 173.

— M. Adamsonii, Gray.

Adinus, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 114. —S. G. of Bullia, Gray....... 6
Adumbrata (Mitra), Souv. Jour. de Conch., 379, t. 18, f. 6, 1876.......... 161
Adusta (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 303............ peat oabieecicnpicd-Jasis saecas on 148
/Egra (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 252, 1845.............sseeeeesereveeees 139
/Emula (Mitra), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 215, t. 20, f. 52, 1879.........- 194

Aithiopica (Turricula), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, 47, t. ii, f. 9, 1874. 180
/Ethiopica (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xii, 426, 1873. 64

fMthiopica (Melo), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1195.............cecceecscoereeeeeeceeeeces 81
/Ethiops (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 324, 1845.
== M7 Woldemari, Kiener:.....-.cce- a eeeN REE aaa dade cae ca gataasdss<sececdacseeeas 158

Affinis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., t. 26, f. 211, 1844.
= M. anreolata, Swn.

26

202 INDEX.

PAGE
Affinis (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 142, 1842. ? — M. filum, Wood.
Africana (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc., i, t. 38, f. 3, 4, 1856........:000es oa) OOD
Afrum (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 56, 1851................000 deesheeaeeeee eens 62
Agapeta (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars., No. 1837...........sscscseessseeeees 64
Aidone, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i,172. == Mitra, Lam.............ssscees . 129
Alauda (Mitra), Quoy. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 134, 136, 158, 1874.

— T. Deshayesii, Reeve.
Alba (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 215, t. 15, f. 8, 1867..........++ oped)
Alba (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., v, 212, 1826...........scccsccoeseneee 50
Albescens (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 170, 1846; Phil., Abbild. Bucc.,

68: its 2: PUD oe eaccncsaracecer ere smiowetcneiwacones cas ctrccmeeee enon atone w ckssamacuadics 51

Albicostata (Mitra), C. B. Ad. Cont. Conch., 57, 1850.
— T. dermestina, Lam.
Albina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 187, 1851......... .s.cssssscsseenscnceusss 129
Albipunctata (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 144, 1853. —N. fissilabris, A. Ad.
Albofasciata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 300, 1874.
M. lugubris, Swn.

Albomaculata (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., f. 449, 1874....... . 158
Albopunctata (Northia), Adams & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, BRB is isles 21, 9
Alcithoé, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 164, 18535. — —= Voluta, Linn, Bece. 94
Alectrion, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 566, 1810. S. G. of Nassa, Mart.. 6
Algida (Nassa), Reeve. lcon., f. 145, 1853.) = Bas en Dunker, yar.. 36
Alveolus (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., 1G 354, 1845. Jocnceecoscseee Foca Ber Tite!
Amabilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 274, 1845..........s..ssseesevcernee 189
Amanda (Mitra), Reeve. Conch, Icon., f. 318, 1845..........scccsssceeeaeseees 176
Ambigua (Mitra), Swains. “Zool. Ill., 2d ser., t. 30, f. 2 ... ..ccceceerssvenoee 147
Ambigua (Nassa). Mont. Test. Brit., t. 9, f. 7..0.:scccscscsensoccsoscensseveruse 42
Americana (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 2, t. 38, f. 1, 2, 1856............. 94
Ameena (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 137, 1851. — M. annulata, Reeve.

Amoria, Gray. Zool. Proc., 64, 1855. = Voluta, Linn, sect............... 92

Amphora (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc., 54, 1855.
Melo diadema, Lam.
Amphorella (Mitra), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 316. — M. scutulata, Lam,
Ampullacea (Bullia), Deshayes. An. s. Vert., x, 203,
B. globulosa, Kiener.
Anais (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 142, 1842..............cc00-esceee deiceneccauealeMl
Analogica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 293, 1845.
? —M. funerea, Reeve.

Ancilla (Voluta). Kiener. Monog., t. 52. = V. Magellanica, Lam.
Ancilla (Voluta), Solander. Portl. Cat., No. 1873.......-.0--.:ssecsoreanceseees 97
Ancilloides (Mitra) Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc,, 1835.........seecsereeeees 162
Andamanica (Turricula), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. ’As. Soc. Beng., 99, t. 8,

f, 19, 20, 1875. = T. obeliscus, Rve.
Angasi (Voluta), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 29. — V. undulata, Lam.

Angiostoma (Thala), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 216, t. 15, f. 9, 1867.
T. cernica, Sowb., var.

Angulata (Voluta) Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 3, 4........... sso. dss eeslecuaen Meae 98
Angulata (Nassa), Thorpe. Marrat, Vars., No. 906............:sscsessoesses 64

Angulifera (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 109, 1851.

N. pagoda, Reeve.
Angulosa (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 12, f. 8, 9.......+00 dadetsasstaeee 169
Angustata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 671, 1874.

M. cernica, Sowb.

Anna (Voluta), Lesson. Zool. Illust., 1832. = L. costata, Swains.
Annellifera (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., £168, 18087. .0.. ..0ccss0ecr iveseas aot ages 40
Annulata (Bullia), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 156...........cc.ccecoswcocccenceeneces Bm!

INDEX. 208

PAGE
Annulata (Mitra), Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1038, 1844.........sssesssseeeessvese 140
Anomalum (Teinostoma), C. B. Ad. == Rotellida.
Ansulata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 368, 1874.
= 'T'. dermestina, Lam,
Anthracina (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 137, 1844..........ccscsssscsecevees eeee 158
Anthracina (Nassa), Garrett. Proce. Philo Acad., 229 .t.:8, £: 57.1878; «38

Antillarum (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 139, 1848. = N. vibex, Say.
Antillarum (Nassa), Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 141, t. 23, f. 1-38, 1853.

= N. ambigua, Mont.
Antonelli (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860.

= M. militaris, Rve., var.
Antoniz (Mitra), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 788, 1870. = M. pretiosa, Reeve.
Antonii (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 77, t. 14, f. 11-13, 1841.

== M. Adamsonii, Gray.

Zsvonii (Mitra), Dohrn... Zogl. Proc:, 368, 1860.00. 5... .cisaiswatedatand cone chen 159
Aperta (Bullia), Chemn. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, 16. = B, ee Meusch.

Aperta (Mitra), Sowb. The, Coneh., £820), Cal, LOMA asses sseilaseesarsneeees 185
Apicata (Mitra), Reeve. _& A. Adams’ Genera, AU euiidestmacastactaes tenses 158

Appellii (Mitra), Jickeli, gre Mal. Gesell., i, 39, 1874.
= T. cadaverosa, Reeve, var.
Approximata (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860............ccscecececeeees 186
Approximata (Nassa), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 282, 272, t. 23, f 3,
1867. =N. tenia, Gmel.
Arabica (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 206, t. 26, f. 4, 1861.
— M. maculosa, Reeve.

Arabica (Voluta), Martyn. Univ. Conch.,t.52. — V. Pacifica, Soland.
Arausiaca (Voluta), Solander (ubi?), teste Gray. — V. vexillum, Lam.
Archeri (Voluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 55, t. 2, f. 4, 5, 1865............0s00 104

Archiepisccpalis (Mitra), Lam. Anim., vii, 302.

— M. cardinalis, Gmelin.
Arctata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 188, 1874.........-scsscscseseeseere 196
Arcularia, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 126, 1807. —S.G. of Nassa, Mart. 6
Arcularia. (Nassa), Linm., Syst. Nat., edit,. xii, 1200s.) .scntacevssamedenees 24
Ardeola (Turbinella), Valenc. Observ. 283. — Vasum muricatum, Born.
Arenacea (Mitra), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 51, 1852....0..0:10s/-scer<sccevenccseens 136
Arenosa (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 338.

= Turricula exasperata, Gmelin.
Areolatum (Bucc.), Tiberi. == Lachesis Lefebvrei, Marav.
Argentea (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, t. 1, f. 21, 1877.

2?—N. tenella, Reeve.
Armata (Melo), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 376. == M. diadema, Lam.
Armata (Bullia), Gray. Zool. Beechey Voy. 126, 1839............ceceesceeees 14
Armata (Turbinella), Brod. Zool. Proc., 8, 1833.

= Vasum ceramicum, Linn.
Armiger (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 288, 1845.

= T. fusiformis, Kiener.
Armillata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 315, 1845.

= T. cruentata, Chemn., var,
Arracanensis (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 473, 1874.........cececcsscseees 178
Articulata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., ee NBA va sdts oh'sickt awndoet ses) 194
Ascanias (Buccinum), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 173.

= Nassa incrassata, Strom.
Asperrima (Mitra), Dohrn. Mal. Blatt, viii, 188, 1862....................000. 181
Asperulata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc , 186, 1851..........ccccssceecseceescece 159
Asperulum (Buccinum), Phil. Moll. Sicil., 220. —N.inerassata, Strom.

204 INDEX.

PAGE,
Assimilis (Turricula), Garrett. Zool. Proc., 841, 1872.

-M. Garrettii, G. and H. Nevill.
Assimilis (Mitra), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., 211, t. 15, f. 1, 1867.

M. coronata, Lam., juv.

Asteriscus (Cyclops), Michaud. Coll, —C. pellucida, Risso.
Astricta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 188, 1844.............-.-.scseeseoees 154
Astyagis (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860. — M. carinata, Swn., var.
Athleta, Conrad. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vi, 449, 1853........ 77

Attenuata (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 45, 1844.
— M. ambigua, Swn., var. fulva.
Attenuata (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835. — M. sulcata, Swn.

* Attenuata (Nassa), Gray. Voy. Blossom, 127, 1839............... Jicebtnceaee 62
Auguria (Voluta), Solander. — Cymbium Neptuni, Gmel.
Aulica (Voluta), Solander, Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., t. 6..........-.sseesceese 87
Aulica (Voluta), Kiener. Monog., t. 47, f.1. = V. rutila, Brod.
Aulica, Gray. H. and A. Adams (partim) Genera i, 160, 1853.
= Voluta,: Linn) S@Cbisiccs.cccvecssecuvwsescsiscsahececs soveceescceecuenses toeeebeeteee 87
Aurantia (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3464..................scscsessees agghoode: 147

Aurantia (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835,
== T. pyramidalis, Reeve.
Aurantiaca (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 330. — M. aurantia, Gmelin.

Aureolata (Mitra), Swainson MSS. Reeve, Icon.,, f. 209, 1844............... 188 .
Auriculoides (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 228, 1845............0....-+0+- 154
Aurinia, H. and A. Adams’ Genera, i, 166, 1853. = Voluta, Linn., sect... 101

Aurora (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 205, 1861. — M. coronata, Lam.
Ausoba, H: and A. Adams. Genera i, 160, 1853. — Voluta, Linn., sect... 99

Australis (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., 643, t. 62, f. 1, 1871...... .........008 91
Australis (Truncaria), Angas. Zool. Proc., 172, t. 26, f. 5, 1877........... 9
Australis (Nassa), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 272, 1851......... se... ae 668
Australis (Mitra), Sweinscn. Zool. Illust., Ist ser., t. 18........ WEEE ce secee 126
Australis (Microvoluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 35, t. 5, f. 2, 1877. .....ceeee 105
Autumnalis (Mitra); Dohrn. Zool: Proc., 867, 1860s... -2c...cneesenepeene 159
Avenacea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 246, 1845. — M. flammea, Quoy.

Babylonica (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars. No. 922.........c0c..-ssrececeses . 64
Bacillum (Mitra), Lam. Anim. sans Vert:, vil, S3ilt...--sc.sd-.2-ce.eseeeteee 141

Badia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 157, 1844. — M. testacea, Swains.
Badia (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. —N. tenia, Gmel.
Balteata (Nassa), Lischke. Mal. Blatt, xvi, 107, 1869.

— N. tenuis, E. A. Smith.
Balteata (Nassa), Pease. Am. Journ. Conch., vy, 70, t. 8, f. 5, 1869........ 47
Balteolata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 54, 1844..............sssscoeees--- L66
Barbadensis-(Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. 3455.............ccccscccee coocesses se bli}
Barclayi (Mitra), Hanl. Thes. Conch., f. 225, 612, 1874.

— Mitroidea infecta, Reeve.
Barclayi (Mauritia), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 273, t. 19, f. 5, 1869.

— Mitroidea multiplicata, Pease.
Barclayuna (Mitra), Robillard. Trans. Roc. Soc. Maurit., iii, 106.

— M. fulva, Swn., var.

Beata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 330, 1860...........ssscccccssesesseses 63
Beauii (Voluta), Fischer and Bernardi. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser. i, 296,

C19) ts Mapes UGB p cbse eek. vee ons Jisecscesvemaeescepsecenes ouster aEseematere dae teccaees . 102
Beckii (Voluta), Brod. “Zool. Proc., 43, 1847/..:00.:...cc-tv.ess-hohescess omeoees 4

Bednalli (Voluta), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, iii, 81,t.8.f.3. 89
Belangeri (Bullia), Kiener. Coq. Viv., t. 14, f. 48............0006 Biebose ven bee 16

INDEX. 205

PAGE,

Belcheri (Mitra), Hinds. Ann. Nat. Hist., xi, 205; Voy. Sulphur, 40,

MRL r ilinetsctce an enaneee nes dspassaaaneaces detac¥ecslccucdescatceenrabersssrcesblesvenkers 139
Bella (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 877, 1874. Turricula bella, Pease.
Bella (Turricula), Pease. Zool Proc., 145, 1860.

== ’. militaris, Reeve, var. cophina,
Bella (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa. 9, 1877. .......0..sscccsececeees 63
Bellula (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proe., 102, 1851. —N. leptospira, A. Ad.
Bellula (Mitroidea), Ay Ad.) Zool. Proc. 138) L851... 0c ccssssscocssconsevessess 163
Bernardina (Mitra filaris, var.), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 26, 1850.................. 13
Berthee (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 797, t. 48, f. 11, 1878..........cc00.000- 168
Bibalteata (Nassa), Pease. Marrat, Vars., No. 982.........scsecece sosssreseees 64
Bicallosa (Nassa), Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 543, t. 30, f. 1, 1876.

Sem N PLO tA DUNK MV Als sscdemarscdcedece sovedesuteseistesstidscscsucasedsseacaedeeed 36
Bicolor (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. lust, — M. casta, Lam., juv.

(
Bicolor (Nassa), Hombr. and Jacq. Voy. au Pol. sud, 84, t. 21, f. 41, 42,
1854. —N. albescens, Dunker.

Bicolors(buces) ye bilas Leiba Male OO UG. cccssccevevecteneccocescervcusedsen ces 62

Bicolor (Turricula), Garrett.“ Jour. of Conch., ili, 38, 1880...... ........-.. 188

Bifaria (Nassa), Baird. Curagoa, 4386, t. 38, f. 1,2; Zool. Proc, 1878,
808, t. 50, f. 7. —N. hirta, Kiener, var.

Bifasciata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust., i, t. 35, ii, t. 88.
' == M. caffra, Lam.
Bilineata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f, 294, 1845.

? — M. funerea, Reeve.
Bimaculosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.

WN AU NMUTSIVES: BUD. jscasascsceadecsiececleect oer cessicss steer dd casatevessceess aepaaeeee 25
Biplicata (Mitra), Risso.. Eur. Merid., iv. = M. ebenus, Lam.
Binmanicum ((buces)y hile. Zeit. Mall; Si), UShIee te. .0.cc-conctectdssce-csuce ces 62

Bizonalis (Columbella), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 269. — Mitra litterata, Lam.
Boissaci (Mitra), Montrouz. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 373, 1859; iv,
118, 1860. — M. fulgetrum, Reeve, var.
Bonellii (Nassa), d’Orb. Prodr., iii, 176. — N. mutabilis, Linn.
Deven (Mitra) emiener, < Teo 5ct. 2, £105... 1.cccoccccuscsacsiwasetevesdaqesmens 115
Bowerbanki (Buccinum), Michelotti. Foss. Mioc. It., 211.
— Nassa reticulata, Linn.
Brasiliana (Voluta), Solander. Portl. Cat., 186, No. 3958..........esececeeees 98
Brazienin(Violuta);,Cox. Zool. Proc:, 568, t. 48, £8) 1873. .scccccccccvcscncne 100
Brevicaudata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 359.
— T. cadaverosa, Reeve.
Brevicula (Mitra), Souv. Jour. de Conch., 378, t. 13, f. 5, 1876............ 161
Broderipi (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 237, 1864.
= V. Turneri, Gray.
Broderipii (Melo), Gray. Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, Suppl., t. 26.
— M. @thiopica, Linn., var.

Bron (Mitra), Dunker.. Mal: Blatt, vi, 229 ek S6Oncecececseses scctecseesccac ce 187
Bronnii (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 137, 1848; Abbild., iii, Bue., t. 1, f. 17.
ee Me COND AN. TUS 0.0 sccccnasnecas scene doeaeatanantermestenccdd sce secaetateasacca 23

Brumalis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 280, 1845.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Brunnea (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 215, 238, t. 15, f. 7, 1867. 153
Brychia (Nassa), Watson, Marrat, Vars., No. 722...........cescssccsscseseees 64
Buccinanops, @’Orb, Voy. Am. Merid., 1841. — S. G. of Bullia, Gray,...5, 138
Buccinata (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 653, t. 45 bis, f. 14, 15.

— M. glabra, Swains.
Buccinoidea (Mitra), Sowb, Thes. Conch., f. 411, 1874..........ccceseceeeeeee 1738

206 INDEX.

PAGE.
Bucculenta (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 79, 1880.

— N. glans, L., var. suturalis.
Bulimoides (Mitra), Reeve. Conch, leon , f. 224. 1845.

— M. testacea, Swainson.
Bullata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 5, 1877.

— N. monile, Kiener.
Bullata (\Voluts):Swains. W7ool lites cc ccse ons oscaecs vesscceucres -Seamenemeees 100
BulliasGray.* Grithth’s Cuvier it. USa4e. secs cacsocusccossscsrseerceeeereaere 5, 10
Burchardi (Nassa), Dunker. Phil. Abbild., iii, t. 2, f. 14, 1849.

= IN. Ona, Dunken-. toss cacccenceiesoenoreseneses eealesebesubaciesese rete temenen 26
Cadaverosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 161, 1844................000 veees 181

Celata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851.
— N. Siquijorensis, A. Ad.
Celata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 265, 1845...........ccsceunsspeeraeces 175
Ceeligena (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 227, 1845.
? = M. crassa, Swainson.
Czerulea (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 81, 1880................c.scec0ee gen (a
Jerulea (Mitra), Reeve. Coneh. Icon., f. 113, 1844... .25. oc .s.ccssesciveons ee lee
Cresia, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 120. —S. G. of Nassa, Mart.
Czstus (Turbinella), Brod. Proc. Zool. Soc., 8, 1833.
— Vasum muricatum, Born.
Caffra (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Bdit., 12, T1192. 0c... cce-cocoscvwanne ven 167
Caffra (Voluta), Delle-Chiaje. Poli, iii, 36, t. 46, f. 52
— Mitra ebenus, Lam.
Caledonica (Mitra), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., iv, 248, t. 7, f. 7, 1859.
— M. tabanula, Lam.
Californica (Schizopyga), Conrad. Pac. R. R. Rept., vi, 69, t. 2, f. 1,
1856. ? == Nassa perpinqnis, Hinds.

Caliginosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 121, 1844................0+0 sees 120
Callipara, Gray. Zool. Proc., 62, 1855. — Voluta, Linn., sect............ 100
Callithea, Swainson. Malacol., 320, 1840. — Turricula, Klein.............. 164
Callosa (Bullia), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl...............ssccesssccerecere 11
Callosa (Nassa), A. Ad: “Zool: Proce! 9S; VSb) 6 hes. cecencccet ceesns esas ceceeeee 26
Callosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 251, 1845.................-s-seceessuse 126

Callospira (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851. —N. callosa, A. Ad.
Callosum (Bucc.), Dujardin. Mém, Geol., ii, 298, t. 20, f. 5-7.
— Nassa mutabilis, Linn.
Calmeilii (Nassa), Payr. Moll. Corse., 160, t. 8, f. 7-9
— N. corniculum, Olivi.
Canaliculata (Voluta), McCoy. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., iv, 34, t. 3,
fe TAD, SGD. os aiscesiccels tec camstoneiseonee tecnes oss ohh cesiepshcancnn Me enaaeneeeaceee 93
Canaliculata (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert. (Desh. Edit. ess 161... ene ot Gl
Cancellaria (Nassa), Potiez et Mich, Gall. des Moll., 374, t. 32, f. 3,4... 62
Cancellaroides (Mitra), Auton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839. —T, ied eee

Cancellata (Nassa), Chemn. = N. reticulata, Linn.

Cancellata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 80, f. 98.....0..cccsssscessseeceveensnes Le?
Cancellata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust., 1st ser............... cob eee anaeae 119
Cancellata(Nassa), A. Ad: Zool. Proc: 99; USile.. pa.rsnecnnmcsscerenseacence 26
Cancilla, Swainson. Malac., 320, 1840. — Mitra, Lam., section.,.......... 138

Candei (Nassa), d Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, 142, t. 23, f. 4-6, 1853.
— N. ambigua, Mont.

Candens (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulph., 35, t. 9, f. 6, 7, 1844.........cesseee 53
Candida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 328, 1845...........e0« Queenan: aesqel DO
Candidissima (Nassa), Ad. Bost. Proc., ii, 2, 1845........c.sssocseceseocssers 62

Canescens (Nassa), C. B, Ad. Pan. Cat, No. 48, 1852. — N. pagoda, Rve.

INDEX. 207

PAGE
Capense (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 110, 1846..............06 Ratabed xadeeure 83
Capensis (Mitra), Dunker. Reeve, Icon., f. 268, 1845.. sya 125

Caperata (Nassa), Phil. Abbild. Buce., t. 5, f.18. — —N. ‘pauperata, Lam.
Capillata (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proe., iii, 171, 1850. = M. retusa, Lam.
Capitellum (Vasum), Linn. Mus. Ulric., 688........ccccsccscrsssscscrscssssoes 73
Carbonacea (Imbricaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 41, t. 11, f.9, 10, 1844. 198
Carbonaria (Mitra), Swains. Bligh Catal, Ex. Conch., App.

= M. melaniana, Lam.

Cardinalis (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458...........ccccccecsccesececesecceos 111
Caricella, Conrad. Tertiary Foss., 44, 1835. —S.G.of Turbinella, Lam, 67
Carinata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Ws kG SOY 2oi2 ose wneeccwe cneeimeeeeecascaeeans 142
Carinata (Fastigiella), Reeve. — Cerithiide.
Carinilirata (Mitra), Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., 3d ser., xi, 335, 1871;

xii, 49, 1872. — M. proscissa, Reeve.
Carneolata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 898. — V. musica, Linn.
Carnicolor (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 164, 1844........0.csccerecesceeee 139

Cassidiforme (Turbinella), Val. Kiener, Monog., 20, t. 9, f. 1.
— T. rhinoceros, Gmel.

Cassidmia, (Voluta), Reever. Gon, £-(G0l sn... accrsvaceneqscccnscarwnteacedscenses 108
Casta (Durricila), H. Adams. “Zool. Proc:, 9,'t. 3, f. 2) US72... ce. ccccesc.-es 177
Casta (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 304............sesssecesceeee 13
Casta (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 154, 1850; Moll. Wilkes’ Exped.,
PVaer ote sccsdeecevssecccsecsases cc vaster cdeedosisaeetederdd sense vanascescaceattnesssen ce 33
Castanea (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 42, 1880................ 195
Castanes (Mitra), A. Ad: Zool. Proc., 140, [Sb]. Ji. cacccnupe.ccusnusconaupeene 127
Catenata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., a shoeanemebeynocerc snes 178
Cathcartiz (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 2, t. 33, f. 5, 6, 1856.............. 88
Cavea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 149. = 7. ne mestina, Lam.
Cecillii (Buce.), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 27,1848, — Cantharus.
Ceramicum (Vasum), Linn. Mus. Ulric, GB Ge eos cccassccnaeceeeces cates cater sce 72

Ceraunia (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3ser., xx, 148, t. 4, f. 1, 1880.

= V. Riickeri, Crosse, var.
Cernica (Mitra), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 24, t. 1, f. 9,

1874. = TT. mediomaculata, Sowb. :
Cernica (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 670. 1874.....0... secesenscscgnceeees 161
Chalybeia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon.. f. 59........ .....cssee-esceesenseseees 116
Chelonia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 289, 1845. ? = M. ebenus, Lam.
Chilensis (Mitra), Gray. Kiener, Icon., 26, t. 10, f. 28.

= M. Maura, Swainson.
Chinenser(Buce.) Ee hit. = Zier. lvial 50, sLOUllt scsssccemetencesedecestuesearccencs 62
Chinensis (Mitra), Gray. Beechey’s Voy., 125, t. 35, f. 2, 1839............ 120
Chinensis (Fulgoraria), Schum. Hssai Nouv. Syst., 242, i817.

= V\. rupestris, Gmel.

Chlorosina (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 392. —V. musica, L.
Whoavai(Mitrs);-Reeve. Teun... 130, 1St4 tier rcceeenncomdolscease cnucesccees 158
Cliryaalis (Mitra), Meeve. “Econ, f. 200) TSS eos deveecewecassaceavoosnvceses 144

Chrysame, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 171. == Mitra, Lam., section..... 143
Chrysostoma (Voluta), Swainson. Exot. Conch., t. 45.
= V. luteostoma, Desh.
Chrysostoma (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Proc., 1
Cimelium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 26
= T. militaris, Reeve.
Cincta (Mitra), Meuschen. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 169........ ancroct ee 159
Cinctella (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851.
? —N. cinctella, Gld.
Cinctella (Mitra), Lam. “An. sans Vert. vii, 309...........scccseseseees aacswneds 167

208 INDEX.

. PAGE.

Cinctella (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 154, 1850; Moll. Wilkes’

Expeds. 260. f. B27 ....:pcneupenteneeecap web eoncraar rh sss sadesceeseseeranereee Rotode ill
Cineracea (Turricula), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 311, 1845..............050 as dated!
Cineracea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 311, 1845.

? — M. dedala, Reeve.
Cinerea (Mitra), Reeve. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 177.........s0ssescseees 158
Cingenda (Nassa), Marrat. Vars., No. 1451......... iaaseoceace oasepaceseone wees. GA
Cingulata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 186, 1851.........-...sosssseanescases 143
Cingulata (Mitra), Phil. “Zeit. Malin 28.91850.....c,cssccntpees sosneerestieee seme 152
Cinisculus (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog., f. 146, 1853. = N. vibex, Say.
Cinnamomea (Volutomitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 184, 1854.............000008 159
Cinnamomea (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Bae 107, 1851. —N. tenia, Gmel.
Circulata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 5, f. 18. = M. filaris, L., var.
Cireumeincta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.

N. gibbosula, L. var........... co sue anowiea'yesbiapose'siance c's chests aaieheeinea meen 25
fii (Cymbium), Gam. Widite Desh> xs b 80 sesccsessiorcecosea-s ape rmeeeenee 12
Cithara, (Mitra); Reeve. Conch: Icon., f 248) 1845 ..c..5....-c0e-clenseneneetens 186
Cithara (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc. 54, 1855,

— Melo armata, Lam.
Citharoidea (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 203, 1862...... ses neipamcasenscieaeree 136
Citrina (Mitra), Reeve: Teon., £215, 1834... ccpesesoscecccenesesseseteemaneeetes 198
Clandestina (Nassa), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. Nat: Hist., 4 ser., v, 426, 1870.

? — N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Clandestina (Mitra), Forbes. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 263.

— T. Columbellaria, Se.
Clara (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 652, 1874. —M. ferruginea, Lam.
Clara (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 7, 1877......- dvaz rede venssenenes 638
Clathrata (Nassa), Kiener (not Lam.). Monog., t. 27, f. 108.

N: GlobOsa, QUOY ..nesiocenanec= setuacns casene ces aactneestecteth de tcssrea: ae eee 26
Clathrata (Nassa), Lam. Encyc., t. 394,f.5. —=N. gemmulata, Lam.
Clathrata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch’ Icon., f. 71, 1844 Scsasnke as as ccth eee 170
Clathrata (Nassa), Born. Mus., 261. t. 9, f. 17, USs,...,sssasscossencenmatence 58
Clathratula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851, —N.cinctella,Gould. 41
Clathrus (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3457. — M. crenifera, Lam.

Clavata (Turbinella), Wagner. Conch. Cab., xii, 99, t. 227, f. 4018.
= T. pyrum, Linn.
Clavulus)(Mitra), Lamarck.. Fidit, Desh,,.x, 268-ss-+»-0:sseass asus tesserae 158
Cleryana (Voluta), Petit. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., i, 182, t. 6, f. 3, 4,
1856 ; 5 ser., xix, 5, 1879. — V. Americana, Reeve.
Coarctata (Nassa), Eichw. Lith., 923. — N. mutabilis. Linn.
Coarctata (Mitra), Swainson. Reeve, Icon., f. 145, 1844............0+ cases 153
Coccinea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 49, 1844.........ccescsscsescssrerees 165
Coccinella (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 274. —N. incrassata, Strom.
Cochinensis (Nassa), Thorpe. Marrat, Vars., No. 908.
Cochlidium (Bueccinum), Kiener. Momnog:. LO: i cpdaes.-daesesetencene sain ares 13

Collaria (Nassa), Gould. C. B. Ad., Panama Shells, 59.
= N. scabriuscula, Powis.

Collingoni (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. NOC.,, Wil, 200) US64aecoe-enenesmaree ~ 172
Colocynthis (Voluta), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, t. 175, f. 1695, 1696.

= V. Braziliana, Soland.
Coloratum (Buccinum), Eichw. Vollh. u. Pod., 122.

= Nassa reticulata, Linn.
Columbella (Voluta), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 260, f. 128........se.cecessovere 105
Columbelleformis (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 15, f. 46.

= M. limbifera, Lam.
Columbellaria (Mitra), Scacchi. Cat., p. 10, f. 18...........0ccescceoee vaeenns 194

INDEX. 209

PAGE.
Columbellaria (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 560.
= M. Columbellina, A. Ad.
Columbellina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 141, 1851.........+seseseeeseeeeeers 158
Columbule (Mitra), Brusina. Verh. Zool. bot. Gesell. Wien, xv, 14, 1865. 194
Compacta (Nassa), Angas. Zool. Proc., 154, 1865. = N. tringa, Souverb.
Complanata (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 96, 1835........:seseeeeseeneneveeere 33

Compressa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 50, 153, 1874.

= T. teniata, Sowb.
Compta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851. —T. militaris, Reeve, var.
Compta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. = N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Concentrica (Mitra). Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 128, 1844. ,

= M. mucronata, Swains.
Concentrica (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xiii, 71, 1874;

ING WUPIE OMI Sik Unce raise os sect tices cd sicccsssiacedes esd vjoses ccs avsacsblece? womadkonsscetmass 48
Concinna (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 48, 1836; Crosse, Jour. de Conch.,

i sew SO eal awliontin esevone watccetersehsccvecdtect sedardcneen desacotsccdecesecnaanas saat 99
Concinna (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 95, 1835........seeeeeeeee a aasees asset 48

Concinna (Nassa), Reeve (not Powis). Icon., f. 82.
= N. concentrica, Marr.

Concinna (Mitra), Reeve. Conch, Icon., f. 203. == T. crocata, Lam.

Conferta (Nassa), Martens. Marrat, Vars., No, 1468...........ceesenseeeeeeees 64
Conica (Imbricaria), Schum. Essai Nov. Gen., 1817...........ceseesseeeseseee 197
Coniformis (Voluta), Cox. Jour. de Conch., xix, t. 4, f. 1, 1871............ 100

Concelix, Swainson. Zool. Ill., t. 24, 1821; Malac., 129, 321, 1840.
= Inbricaria, Schum.
Conoidalis (Nassa), Desh. Voy. Belang., 433, t. 3, f. 6, 7.
= N, gemmulata, Lam.
Conomitra, Conrad. Am. Jour, Conch., 1, 25, 18G65.........css.cscccsevcccseons 109
Conovula (Mitra), pars, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t. 45, bis, f. 22.
= M. oliveformis, Swains.
Conovula (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 655, t. 45 bis, f. 18-21.
= Imbricaria punctata, Swn.
Consanguinea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 241.
= TT. dermestina, Lam., var.
Consensa (Nassa), Ravenel. Proc. Philad. Acad., 43, 1861.
? — N. ambigua, Mont.
Consolidata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 271, 1874.
= M. proscissa, Reeve.

Conspersa (Nassa),-Phil. Zeit. Mal., 188, 1848.........cccccsseccncscsscsnsecees 36
Contracta (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., 24, t. 9, f. 25. — M. chrysostoma, Swn.

Contracta (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Illust., 1 ser. i, t. 18........ssceeeeeeceeeeee 120
Conularis (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 338...........cscesssesecsonsseseee 158
Conulus (Imbricaria), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 329..............scsceseceres 197
Conus (Mitra), Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 78. = Imbricaria conulus, Lam.

Cookii (Mitra), Hanley. Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 78, f. 228, 1874......... 129

Cooperi (Nassa), Forbes. Zool. Proc., 273, t. 11, f. 4, 1850.
= N. mendica, Gld., var.

Cophina (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 171, 1850.
= T. militaris, Reeve, var.

Coppingeri (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 30, t. 4, f. 7, 1881.......... 56
Corallina (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 380, 1845............ceeessseseceees 194
Corbicula (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 258, 1870...........ccsseesereeeseserere 172

Cordieri (Mitra), Marav. Rey. Zool., 325, 1840. — M. ebenus, Lam., var.
Coriacea (Mitra), Reeve. ‘Conch. Icon., f. 251, 1845.
? — M. lugubris, Swn., juv.

27

210 INDEX.

PAGE.
Cornea (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., xvii, 241. — M. cornicula, Linn.
Cornicula (Mitra), Linnssus. Edit., xii, 1191) ...............c.:scocsscoenssacenen 122
Cornicula (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 242. —M. ebenus, Lam.
Cornicularis (Mitra), Lam. Ann. du Mus, xvii, 210.

= M. cornicula, Linn.

Cornicularis (Mitra), Costa, Cat. Syst., 73.

— M. ebenus, Lam., var. costata.

Corniculum (Nassa), Olivi. Zool. Adriat., 144..........5sccteccccececceseesess 37
Cornigera (Turbinella), Lam. Hist. vii, 105. — Vasum turbinellum, Linn.
Corona (Voluta), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, 142, t. 148, f. 1887, 1388.

= V. cymbiola, Sowb.
Coronata (Nassa), Brug. Dict. No. 46; Lam., Edit. Desh., x, 180......... 28
Coronata (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim.. vil, 317............s0ssesvccsesseccsessecers 148
Coronata (Voluta), Kiener, t. 41, f. 1. = V. cymbiola, Sowb.
Coronata (Mitra), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst., 836, 1817.

— M. crenulata, Gmelin.
Coronata (Nassa), Lam., var. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 11, 12.

— N. monile, Kiener.
Coronatum (Buce.), Martyn. Uniy. Conch. =V. Hebrea, Linn.
Coronula (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 96, 1851. —N. tiarula, Kiener.
Corpulenta (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. No. 45, 1852.

— N. dentifera, Powis.

Corrugata ((Nassa), As Ad = Zool.) Proc:, 10> T85ilin.ss.cscceresseneneeeeenee . 63
Corrugata (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. of Nassa, Nos. 1298—-1300.............0. 64
Corrugata Ral Lamarek. Anim; vil; S082 cos.0ssrcuespence eeeee eee 168
Corrugata (Mitra), Wood. Index Test. — M. exasperata, Gmelin.
Corruscans (Bucce-),, Phill Zeit; Maly 58) 1Sbillvss. ceesseereceeeem essen eneeecer 62
Corticata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. , 98, 1851.

— N. monile, var. Jacksoniana.

Costata (Nassa), 7 Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851. —N. hirta, Kiener.

Costata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851. —N. labiata, A. Ad.
Costata (Nassa), A. Ad, Zool. Proc., 98, 185 s1. — N.hirta, Kiener.

Costata (Lyria),“Swains: “Jour: Sci, 30, USA4 cn. csssccressseeseeseneeeecs 1038
Costellaria, Swainson. Malacol., 320, 1840. — Turricula, Klein, sect..... 169
Costellaris (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vii, 808............-ssseeseevees 166
Costellifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851.

= N. cremata, var. margaritifera, D. Kr.

Costulata (Nassa), Renieri. Conch. Adriat. — N. Cuvieri, Payr........... 52
Costulata (Nassa), Anton. Verzetchn., 92; 1839......:...cc.cnscsenosseenueeece 62

eee (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 59, 1853; Novit. Conch., 97, t. 82,
f. 7, 8. =N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Crassa (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851
= D. pinguis, A. Ad.

Crassa (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust ; Ist ser........ssssseceoseoeccesesonnees 147
Crassa (Nassa), Koch. Phil. Abbild., 48; Buccinum, t. 1, f. 4.............. 42
Crassicostata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 6, 1877. _

=— War OPN Cavieri, Pays; asuvcsceras coe cnadeesees haveeesee cote Meee tonearm 6:

Crassicostata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch. No. 285, f. 387, 1874.
= M. vexillum, Reeve.

Cratitia (Mitra), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 132, 1851.........:...sssscsscssossess 115
Crebralis (Mitra), Lamarck. H. and A. Adams’ Genera, i, 170............. 158
Crebrilineata (Mitra), Sowh. Thes. Conch., No. 122, f. 626, 1874.......... 138
Crebrilineata (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq., Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 81, t. 21,

f. 33, 34, 1853. — N. concinna, Powis.

Crebrilirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 92, 1844.
=='M- polite GRGGve) Var. .c...sccscsvesecsccvbescrens eepeceseeeeet Sawek essa uncer’ acon ivi)

INDEX. 211

PAGE

Crebristriata (Nassa), Carp. Mazat. Cat., 499, 1857.

= N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.
Cremans (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 242, 1844.........csccceseeceeeveees 184
Cremata (Nassa), Reeve (not Hinds). Icon.,f.26. — N. stigmaria, A. Ad.
Cremata (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 35, t. 9, f. 8, 9, 1844............... 53
Cremata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod. Zool. Proc., 1855........ceseseeeeseeeeneee 151
Crenellifera (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851.

= N. scalaris, A. Ad.
Crenicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 120......sscscescesseceseres 63
Crenifera (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. 8. Vert., vil, 806........ccccsssssesoeeses 135
Crenilabris (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851. — M. astricta, Rve.
Crenilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Thes. Conch., No. 207. — M. thiops, Rye.
Crenilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 331.

= M. creniplicata, A. Ad.
Crenilirata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851.........s..ceeeseeeeeee 40
Creniplicata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851. — M. Adthiops, Rve.
Crenulata (Mitra); Gmelin. ‘Syst. Nat., 3452... cccsoccsucesdvesdne ssnccsecsads 196

Crenulata (Mitra), pars, Kiener. Icon., 105, a. — Cylindra Sinensis, Rve.
Crenulata (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Bucc., t. 14, f. 49.

= N. sealaris, A. Ad.
Crenulata (Nassa), Brug. Encyc. Méth., t. 394, f.6. ? —N. arcularia, L.
Crenulata (Nassa), Reeve (not Brug). Icon., f. 2. —N. hirta, Kiener.
Cretacea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 577, 578, 1874.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Cribraria (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, t. 1, f. 20, 1877.

?=N. sinusigera, A. Ad.

Crispa (Turricula), Garrett. Proc. Cal. Acad., 201, 1872.............ccssceee 180
Crispata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 14, 1877........0...c.00+0 52
Crocata (Mitra), Auct. == T. aureolata, Swainson.

Crocata (Mitra) Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 307......ccscssscsecesssscavecseceres 187

Crocea (Mitra), Sowb. (not Reeve) Thes. Conch., f. 120.
= T. teniata, Lam.
Crocea (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon.,, f. 320, 1845. — T. aureolata, Swn.
Crosseana (Turbinella), Souverbie. Jour. Conch, 297, 1875; 3882, t. 18,
f. 1, 1876. ? = Vasum muricatum, Born.
Crouani (Imbricaria), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 5d ser., viii, 274, t. 9,

PCy NOOB rea sccc cscs case sen sow eseecesessede seus Moodie asllabeses aoahdensateeshietsateecckes LO
Cruentata (Mitra), Chemn. Reeve Icon., f. 126, 1844.........6. ..cceereccoree 1783
Cryptochorda, Morch, Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 45, 1858...............0000 7
Cucumerina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 552....... He adotr shear rococe 143
Cucurbitina (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 27, 1850. = M. cucumerina, Lam.
Cumingiana (Bullia), Dunker. Zool. Proc., 355, 1856....... Seat weed dents. 16

Cumingii (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 237, 1864.
== V. Turneri, Gray.

Cumingii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 67, 1844 ............. 220. scoseeee 170

Cumingii (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 83, 1832; Sowb., Thes., t. 54, f.
1O5=107 Am. Jour: Sei., xlix, 227 .<:..<.<. ASB HCCO_EObOCROLoe CCE GEES CCCCRAADEEE 104

Cumingii (Nassa), A. Adams.’ Zool. Proc., 98, 1851...... eenaccbcovencesosense 55

Curta (Nassa), Gould. Otia, 69; Wilkes’ Exp. Moll., 258, f. 326.
= N. muricata, Quoy.

Curvilirata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 128, 129, 1874........0...0000 «» 166
Cuvieri (Nassa), Payr. Cat. Moll. Corse, t. 8, f. 17, 18, 1824...........c0000 3
Cyclocyrtia, Agassiz. Nomen., 1847. == Neritula, Plancus.

Cyclonassa, Swains. Malacol., 69, 300, 1840. = Neritula, Plancus.

Cyclops, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 370, 1810. == Neritula, Plancus.
Cylindra, Schumacher. Essai Nouv. Genera, 236, 1817.........sss00eee109, 198

212 INDEX.
PAGE,

Cylindracea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 97. = M. variabilis, Reeve.
Cylindratus (Melo), Brod. 1855. = M. Miltonis, Gray.
ee mis (Voluta), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 151, 1844; Thes. Conch.,

. 55, f. 112.1138. = Lyria Cumingii, Brod.
Gnas: Brod. and Sowb. Genera of Shells, 1826. == Cymbium, Klein.
Cymba (Voluta) Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 733.

= Cymbium proboscidale, Lam.
Cymbiola, Swains. Malacol., 317, 1840 = Voluta, Linn, sect..... ere 97
Cymbiola (Voluta), Chemn. Sowb., Tank. Cat., t. 3, f. 1...... aeteeee auaeese 99

Cymbium, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 554, 1810. — Melo, Humph.
Cymbium (Cymbium), Gray, Brod. Adams, Sowerby’s Thesaurus (not
Linn). =C. cisium, Lam.

Cymbium, Klein. Ostrac., 1753; H. & A. Ad. Genera, i, 158............ 75, 78
Cynodonta, Schum. Essai d’un Nouv. Syst., 241, 1817. — Vasum, Bolt.
Cyri (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860. = M. fulgetrum, var.

Dactyloidea (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1859.

= M. oliveformis, Swainson.
Dactylus (Cylindra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1188........ sees seannppcen, LEIS)
Diedala (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 281, 1845 vcd deca eeeee sietands Fee bs:
Damoni (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. ist. 3 ser., xiv, 237, 1864.

= V. Turneri, Gray.

Darwini (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 95, 1853............2..0.5escsccseers cures 62
Dealbata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 112, 1851. = N. festiva, Powis.
Dealbata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851.......c0...sssssceassovcsesevees 152

Deburghiz (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 798, t. 48, f. 12, 1878.

= Imbricaria Vanikorensis, Quoy.
Declivis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Leon. jf Abc oodi ce ccs aeaneele 0 deca evee tote ho tlle!
Decora (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 284, 1845............0..sesseseecce coo Ua!)
Decurtata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 154, 1844.

= M. scutulata, Lam.
Decussata (Nassa), Kiener. Buec., 109, t. 50, f. 5. == N. pagoda, Rve.
Deformis (Bullia), King. Zool. Jour., v, 349............sssssseseseees SOBMGoD vehens LE
Defrancii (Mitra), Payr. Moll. de Corse, t. 8, f. 21.

= M. ebenus, Lam., var. costata.

Delessertiana (Voluta), Petit. Mag. de Zool., t.°57.......ssscsssccoecerseeses . 103
Delicata (Mitra), A. /Ad>. ZoolsProcls Soller secccacasscncsecneasee Side Sex 5 uae)

Delicata (Nassa), Rve. Icon., f. 163, 1853. = N. tenella, Rve.
Delicata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851. —N. tiarula, Kiener.
Deliciosa (Voluta), Montrouz. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser,, iii, 375, 1859; iv, 121. 102
Dennisoni (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 14, 1844............: see Saseae - 165
Densigranata (Nassa), Reeve. Icon, f. 181, 1854.

= N. splendidula, Dunker.

Denticulata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zeol. Proc, 110, 1851..............sscasseooenvee 47
Dentifera (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc.; 9b, -1885......:.-.s0crecseseneeseceoer . 46
Dermestoideum (Bucc.), Payr. Moll. Corse., 158. = N. corniculum, Olivi.

Dermestina (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus,, 76, 1811............c00e0.0e0e 182

Dermestina (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 831, 1860. = N. paupera, Gld.
Desetangsii (Mitra), Kiener. Icon., t. 29, f. 94; Lienard, Jour. de Conch.,
BBWOLs; AUK SAO, VE69 250.60 cessed scceccuecusews wocesavacies’s se cece eee oemeteaaen eenee aan bel
Deshayesiana (Nassa), Issel. Moll. Mission Italiana, 9, 1865, t. 1, f. 1, 2.
= N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq.
Deshayesii (Nassa) Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Tel., v, 76, t. 21, f.
11, 12, 1853. = N. pulla, Linn.
Deshayesii (Voluta), Reeve. Zool. Proc.. 73, t. 26, 1854.. oiasiveseer mene
Deshayesii (Nassa), Drouet. Moll. Acores, 32, fig. 1858.. peenorieruccn 125)

INDEX. 213

PAGE,

Deshayesii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. [con., f. 170...c.cceceeescseecsnereeeeerenees 176
Desmoulea, Gray. Zool. Proc., 140, 1847........ccccscccsccercersnccvscssssovecs 7, 65

Diadema (Mitra) Swains. Bligh Cat.; Exot. Conch. App.
= M. puncticulata, Lam.
Diadema (Melo), Lam. Anim,, Vi, 375........cccccsece scecencserseeseeeecesscores 81
Dibaphiformis (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 300, 510, 1874.
= Mitroidea multiplicata, Pease.
Dibaphuewbhil WiepmArchiv., 6, L847. ..1..s00-..ceurecentoctaeryacts 109, 163
Dichroa (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 27, t. 10, f. 29,
1848. = T. luculenta, Reeve.
Dichroma (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 315.
= M. dichroa, Ad. & Reeve
Digitalis (Mitra), Chemn. Dillw. Desc. Cat., 1, 559.......cccccceccccesvescccees 14¢
Digitalis (Bullia), Meuschen. Mus. Gevers., 296........sssscssescsrscersceeeees 12
Digna (Volutomitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 155, 1854.
= M. melaniana, Lam.

Diluta (Bull'a), Krauss. Stidaf. Moll., 121............cseccessscensccnsceces seen 16
Dimidiata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 259, 1870. — T. Cumingii, Reeve.
Discoloria (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 230, 1845........0cssccseceseeeee 189

Discors (Mitra), Grandidier. Kiister, Conch. Cab., 131, t. 17 d, f. 4.
Dispar (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool, Proc., 96, 1851. —N. picta, Dunker.
Distorta (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851. — N. monile, Kr.
Dohrni (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soe., vii, 200, 1864.
= T. mucronata, Swains.
Dominula (Nassa), Tapparone Canefri. Voy. Magenta, 19, t. 1, f. 17,
1874. —N. Roissyi, Desh. ;
Donoriana (Cyclops), Risso. Suppl. 271. — Neritula pellucida, Risso.
Dorsanum, Gray. Zool. Proc., 139, 1847. — Pseudostrombus, Klein.
Dorsuosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.
= N. Thersites, Brug
Dmbias(Voluta), Brod.s Zool. Jour, ml) Sl td) flo .oc-.e-cosnceceeemucessse 90
Duealis (Melo), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 377. — M. diadema, Lam., var.
Dufresnii (Voluta), Donovan. Nat. Repos., ii, t. 67.
= V. angulata, Swainson.
Dujardini (Nassa), Lam. Edit Desh., x. 241. —N. mutabilis, Linn,
Dunkeri (Mitra), Schmeltz. * Cat. Godetir. Mus., No. 4, 84.
= Turricula Deshayesii, Reeve.
Duplilirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 229, 1845............ceccseeseees 140
Dupontii (Mitra); Kiener. Iconog, 43, t. 15, f. 39; Jickeli, Jahrb. Mal.
Gesell., i, 20. — M. lens, Wood.

Ebenacea (Nassa), Gemari. Marrat, Vars of Nassa, No. 367.
= N. mutabilis, L., var.

Ebenus (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., xvii, No. 58.............00.seesee 124
Lburnea (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., ili, 15, 1880. — Mitroidea.. 163
Eburnea (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 29, 1850; 84, 1851............000cceeeeeee 132
Eburnostoma (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 15, 1880............... 13

Echinata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 188, 1851. — M. mucronata, Swn.
Echinata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 101, 1851; Smith, Zool. Proc.,
SOM S: ets anacaccus tess. cc cuaadee ane auecswe Songs coe rete coke Ocsiae eens neasive viveoneses 3
Edentulus (Dibaphus), Swains. Reeve, Icon. Mitra, sp. 80, 1844.
= D. Philippii, Crosse.
Effusa (Mitra), Swainson. Brod. Zool. Proc., 1835............s008 encas atecctn 127
Ehrenbergi (Mitra), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., 24, t. 2, f. 3, 1874..... 136
Eione, Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 171, 1826. — Arcularia, Link.

914 INDEX.

PAGE,

Elata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Jour. N. Hist., v. 293, t. 24, f. 11, 1845.

= Ne paudiosa, Hinds.\..cccccscctcccdtccceccrecteeesrcccsccesceeedeaeseee ceca
Elegans (Buce.), Dujardin. Mém. Geol., ii, 298, t. 20, f. 3, 10.

— Nassa clathrata, Born.
Elegans (Nassa), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 199, 1842. — N. fossata, Gld.
Elegans (Nassa), Reeve (not Kiener). Icon., f 10. ? —N. taenia, Gmel.
Elegans (Bucc.), Costa. Cat. Sist, 80. — Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.

Elegans (Bullia), Dunker. Proce Zool. Soc., 355, 1856...........66 silos sales
Elegans (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Bucc., 56, t. 24, f. 97...........sccccceeeee
Elegans (Mitra). Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 233, 1845............ -cscscsseees see

Elegantula (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 103, t. 17, f. 6, &.
— T. patriarchalis, Lam.
Elegantula (Turricula), Dunker. Mal. Blatt, 154, 1871...................s0006
Ellioti (Voluta), Sowb. Jour. Conch., 3 ser., iv, 538, 1864, v, 25, t. 3,
f. 19, 1865. — V. Turneri, Gray.
Elongata (Voluta), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 20, 21.
— V. Pacifica Soland., var.
Elongata (Nassa), Marrat (not Sowerby). Ann. Mag. N. H.,4 ser., xiii,
70, 1874. —N. oriens, Marr...... siocoes Bbes Ubeeeccesdoee ds coeeeceedadeetee aera

Elongatulum (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn., 91, 1839. — Bullia.........
Eneta, H. & A. Adams. Genera. i, 167, 18538. — Lyria, Gray, sect......
Encausta (Mitra); Gould: Bost. Proc:, 11,172, V8d0 rs ccccseccnosseesa sees

Encaustica (Nassa), Brusina. Jour. de Conch., xvii, 233, 1869.
= N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Emersa (Nassa), Carp. Brit. Mus., Marr. Vars., No. a ete S.coqs0o0C eae
Emiliz (Turricula), Schmeltz. Cat. Godeff. Mus., No. 5, 119..........006 5
Episcopalis (Mitra); Linnus. Edits xily 1198. or. cs sccenesc-ocerscemssiescsuereres

Ericea (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860; Am. Jour. Conch., v, 85.
= M. turgida, Reeve.
Erronea (Mitra), Dohrn. Mal. Blatt, viii, 134, 1862.
— M. versicolor, Mart.
Eurytoides (Truncaria), P. P. Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., dd ser.,
RIV (AB! LSS 4 isc dccdstcecscrecles odessa powemeessts sen tave cease rete nucccdereettecneeac anne
Exarata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. , 1388, 1851.
— T. cruentata, Chemn. (Reeve), var.
Exasperata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458. ........cssscecscssosscccscoesoee
Exigua (Mitra), ‘* Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 298.’’—Catlow Nomencl.
= M. rubra, Swainson.

Exilis)(Thala),Reeve. Conch. Tcon.f-dlld, 1845. -ccrccsresncceertecstetsmene é
Wxilis (Nassa.), Powis.. Zool. Proc:5195, USdbs..cc-nn-nwaeccemseneiiaaneareeers A
Eximia (Nassa), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 14, t. 3, f. 28, 1872...... awareness
Hximias(Mitra); Ao Ad: “Zool. Process isd, Spline. -cssucestanessipessese seees
Exoptanda (Voluta), Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 22, 1849.............s000 cases 56

Exquisita (Thala), Garrett. Cal. Proc., 202, 1872; Zool. Proc. , 842,
VBTaeeet bocce ke cctorcesscescecscsesdecacenescssvacecet covessossossneen seth sake cesarean samen
Exquisita (Turricula), Garrett. Zool. Proc., 842, 1872.
= J) rubra, Swi., var.

Fasciata: (Nassa), Lam: Edit. Desh. x, 172 .c..i.i) cscscssesenemscesecersiteee dea
Fasciata (Voluta), Schub. et Wagn. Conch. Cab., t. 216, f. 8029, 3030.
— V. scapha, Gmel.
Fasciata (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., f. 20. — M. casta, Lam.
Fasciolata (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 272. —N. corniculum, Olivi.
Fastigiella, Reeve. == Cerithiide.
Fastigium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 221, 1845.
? — M, auriculoides, Reeve, var........... PEO dies aguadeveewerantoeres Soeawetes

39

162

154

INDEX. 215

Fenestrata (Cylindra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 328........+++6+ fresacavaters 196
Fenestrata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 10, 1877.

= N. albescens, Dunker.
Fergusoni (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 70, 71, 1874......sesccecsesseeeees 116
Ferrugata (Mitra), Solander. Dillw., Desc. Cat., 535.

= M. cucumerina, Lam.
Ferruginea (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., Vii, 303.....s.scceeeseeees 150
Ferruginea (Mitra), var. b., Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 1305.

= M. contracta, Swainson.
Ferruginea (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 78, 1880.

? — N. gaudiosa, Hinds. .
Ferussaci (Nassa), Payr. Moll. Corse, 162, t. 8, f. 15, 16.

= N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Ferussaci (Voluta), Donovan. Nat. Rep., ii, 67, 1824.

— V. Brasiliana, Sol.

Festa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f: 303, 1845..............secscesscreseoese 193
Festiva (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 46, 1880..............06 177
Hestiva: (Nassa),. Powis: «Zool: Proc., 96; 1885. .....cosccsssccscssoeeereee aveesuce 46
Festiva (Voluta), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 404.........ssscccsssossscooscscness 95
Festiva (Voluta), J’Orb. (nec Lam.). Voy. 426. — V. Magellanica, Lam.
Ficulina (Mitra), Lamarck. — Edit. Desh., x, 386.........0.0ccssscosscssccsecsces 190
Ficulopsis, Stoliczka. Pal. India, ii, 84. = Ficulide.......... adeceneencena 78
Fida (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 88, 1853. = N. vibex, Say.

Ridicule. (Mitra), Gould. “Bost. Proc:, ii, 170, 1850. .2......-.cescesecsesessent 175
Hilarisn@ Mitra Ginn) Mantigsa, (O48)... cccenotevcmcacsrmecsescsscientctastencce 138
Filistriata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 402, 1874..........cscssscsccseeeers 177
Filosa (Nassa), Gray. Reeve Icon., sp 85. =—N. picta, Dunker.

Filosa (Truncaria), Ads. & Rve. Voy. Samarang, 33, t. 11, f. 18........... 9
Filosa (Mitra), Born. Mus. Cass., t. 9, f. 9,10. = M. filaris, Linn.
Rilome(Mitrs)sWood.. IndeeDest; Suppl, t.13, f.130:..c--2--cers-cccdesceseeee 130

Fischeri (Mitra), Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iv, 323, 1860.
= M. annulata, Reeve.

Fissilabris (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851..........sccscascoecssensees 40
Hissurata (Matra), Wamarck. Hdit. Desh., x, 022........ccc-accsesseste-oeeress 131
Flammea (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 659, t. 45, f 23-25..............06 140

Flammea (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 120, 1844.
= M. Philippinarum, Adams.
Flammeum (Buccinum), Brug. Dict., No. 32. = Bullia levissima, Gmel.
Flammigera (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 173. — M. flammea, Quoy.
Flammula (Voluta), Goodall. Wood, Index Test. Suppl., f. 5.
= V. cymbiola, Sowb.
Flammulata (Turricula), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 212, 1867.
= T. semen, Reeve.
Flava (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 6, 1877.
? =N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Flavescens (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f 207, 1844.
= M. aureolata, Swn.

.

Flavicans (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3864...............-ssessssscossccecsoes 91
Flexicostata (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 46, 1880............ 180
Flexilabris (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 127, t. 24, f. 4, 1875.........0.se000- 128
Flexuosum (Bucc.), Costa. Cat. Syst., 78. —= Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.

Hloecsiay(Mitira); Reeve. Conchi, TcontwwipbOrsecsesr-eeccstrcsceees-costcorseseee 115
Blonidan(Mitna)s Goulds + Bost Proc.) vie lop lSOOc..csscscc.ctesecsdesescovccers 116
Floridanum (Buec.), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 237, 1842. = Nassa.........++6- 62

Floridula (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 267, f. 283, 611.
= M. coronata, Lam.

216 INDEX.

PAGE,

Fluctuata (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc., 64, 1855.
= V. undulata, Lam.
Foliosum (Buce.), Wood. Index Test., t. 22, f. 89. — N. mutabilis, Linn.
Fontainii (Nassa), d’Orb. Voy. Am. Mérid., 433, t. 77, f. 5, 6.
= N. exilis, Powis.
Foraminata (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 194, 1835.
= M. lens, Wood.

Forbesii (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 60, 1858.,....<..2 .0.--000 ccscsseesesnvess 62
Formosa (Cylindra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 271, t. 23, f. 1, 1867...... 131
Kormossa (Mitra); A. Ads ~Zooll Proc.) WSS Sols ccs cc cccccseccesriosecseee esas 138

Forticostata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f.°238, 1844.

= T. Ficulina, Lam.
Fortiplicata (Turricula), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 2138, t. 15, f. 3, 1867. 189
Fossata (Nassa), Gould: (Otia(@onch:, (G7 jcc.cc...cccesacasesesssecnianveaece-noneee 55
Foveata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 213, f. 408, 1874. == Thala. 160
Foveolata (Mitra), Dunker. Novit. Conch., 46, t 15, f. 5, 6.

== flammea, Quoy.
Foveolata (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 63, 1847...........cseccccssesesecescess 34
Fraga (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, '660, t. 45, bis, f. 28, 29.

= M. cucumerina, Lam.

Fraga (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 27, f. 87. — T. nodosa, Swains.
Fraga (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 660, t. 45, bis, f. 28, 29.
' ?=M. cucumerina, Lam.
Fragum (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Astrol. et Zel., v, 83, t. 21, f. 39, 40,

1854. = N. cremata, Hinds.
Franciscana (Mitra), Tenison—Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 133, 1876. 159
Fratercula (Turricula), Garrett. Zool Proc., 482, 1872.

= T. variata, Reeve.
Fraterculus (Nassa), Dunker. Mal. Blatt, 250, 1850. ? —N. paupera, Gld.
Fraudulenta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, t. 1, f. 24, 1877
. =N. sinusigera, A. Ad.
Fretensis (Nassa) Perkins. Bost. Proc., xiii, 117, 1869. — N. vibex, Say.

Frigens (Nassa), von Martens. Sitzb. Berlin, 134, 1878........,..... ....000 62
Fulgetrum (Voluta), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., 28, t. A tad, US28iseeseeses a ele
Fulgetrum (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 115, 1644. ace care 142
Fulgora (Voluta), Martini. Adams’ Genera. — V. rupestris, Gmel.
Fulgoraria, Schum. Essai Syst., 242, 1817. == Voluta, Lina, sect........ 85
Fulgurita (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 61, 1844............:e--ccessesenee 118
Fulminata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 399. — V. rupestris, Gmelin.
Fulva (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 395. — V. virescens, Soland., var.
Fulva (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Ilust., 2d ser. — M. ambigua, Swn., var.
Fulvescens (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. ’Proc., ISB Reg sap as0c 1 560090000000 360: 148

Fulvolirata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 797, t. 48; f: 9, 10, 1878.

? = T. corrugata, Lam.
Funerea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 108, 1874.........sssvcscsecseacsans 126
Funiculata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 122, 1844.

— M. suleata, Swainson.
Fuseca (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Til, ‘2d Ser... .sexsd~vvssveosvacwekevnatenceey sees 122
Fusca (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Astrol. et Tel., v, 74, t. 21, f. 7, 8, 1854.

= N. tenia, Gmel.
Fuscata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 112, 1851.

— N. Tritoniformis, Kiener.
Fuscescens (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860; Am. Jour. Conch.,

Lil, (250; seroatoasooaverseattreceb es ccuicenceecsesaterasommecesseeaeeten eae pears nes event Br tay
Fuscoapicata (Mitra), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 214, 1879..........cesee0evs 178
Fuscolineata (Nassa), Smith. Ann. Mag., 4 ser., xv, 423, 1875.......see00 63

INDEX. 917

PAGE
Fusconigra (Turricula), Garrett, Jour. of Conch., iii, 47, L880.........6++. 174
Fusiformis (Voluta), Kiener. Monog., 41, t. 49. Va Beokii, Brod.
Fusiformis (Mitra), Reeve (nee Kiener.) Conch. Icon., f. 152, 1844.
M. mucronata, Swains.
Fusiformis (Mitra), Chemn. Sowb. Thes., f. 584, 1874.
- T. mucronata, Swains.
Fusiformis (Voluta), Swains. Bligh SSN AV is.iscsueseccseeemsnee ORS BORE 95
Fusiformis (Mitra), Kiener. Inconog., t. 29, f. 97......secccocsccsrscecrsceees 175
Fusimitra, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i 20; L8G. csedaeeaceinecnntdanmen ast 109
Fusoides (Mitra), A. Ad. Index Sowerby’s TPheSQUTUB......0ssseesesevesseeees 158
Fusus (Voluta), Quoy et Gaim. Voy. Astrol., t. 44, f. 7, 8.
= V. Pacifica, Soland, juv.
Fusus (Mitra), Souv. Jour. de Conch., 376, t. 13, f. 8-4, 1876.
= M. cernica, Sowb., var.
Fusus (Turbinella), Sowb. Tank. Cate App, , 16; LS250..cce+ 00-2 caceateaaned 71
Galilea (Nassa), Clark. Marrat, Varieties, No. 1353.......... eersiepauisiesies sa non!
Gallandiana (Nassa), Fischer. Jour. Conch., x, 37, xi, 82, t. 2, f. 6.
= N. corniculum, Olivi.
Gambiana (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 206, 1861, — M. carinata, Swn.
Garrettii (Mitra), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 29, 1874......189
Gaudiosa (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 16, 17, 1844......... 3
Gausapata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 317, 1845. —T. fieulina, Lam.
Cy uCNarda pooner... BUuGe. 11,4: 21. f. 193: ccecesenesasersauc cease steendvas 56
Gemma (Nassa), Phil. Abbild. Buce., t. 1, f.5. ? — N. complanata, Powis.
Gemmata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch. sp., 334, 1874......,..ccececsssseeres 185
Gemmellari (Nassa), Biondi. Atti Accad. Catan., xi, 1855.............000000 62
Gemmulata (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 169............2-ssccocsscerscesseee 55
Gemmulifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., OT SOilhsccaecedecesssdetecteceses: 52
Gemmulosa (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, Pel Ollicicacricuestiecsmatunson dee 62
Geniculata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851.
= N. subspinosa, Lam.
Georgine (Melo), Gray. Griffith’s Cuvier, t 34, 1835
— M. diadema, Lam., var. ducalis.
Gipba (Mitra), Dehra. Zool Prot.,868, 1860.........-.....0sc2ccscansonsa genes 159
Gibberula(Nassa), Marratt. Vars. No. 1205. —N. incrassata, Miill., var.
Gibbesii (Nassa), Cooper. Pac. R. R. Rept. App., 371.
= N. mendica, Gould.
Gibbosula (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1201................0,.sscecees 24

Gibbum (Buccinum), Dillw. Cat., ii, 602. = Nassa mutabilis, L.
Gigantea (Mitra), Swainson MSS. Reeve, Icon., f. 27, 1844.
= M. suleata, Swainson.
Glabella (Nassa), Marrat (not Sowb.). New Forms of Nassa, t. 1, f. 7
— N. levigata, Marrat.
Glaberrima (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. Nos. 1208, 1204. — N. incrassata, var.
Glaberrima (Nassa), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. Bucc. ? —N. conspersa, Phil.
Glabra (Mitra), Pease (not Swains.). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 272, t. 28,
f. 2, 1867. — M. lubrica, Pease.
Glabra (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 241. — M. cornicula, Linn.

Glabra (Mitra), Swainson. Exot. Conch., 24, t. 18.................se0ee00 seseee 117
Glabrata (Nassa), Sowb. Strombus, Thes. Conch., Tey Uh ho ee alo}

— i WLCM OE) saeco cctacecscovcnnccuscedeuates Saocecea coos asgnocuo ena: score 997
Glabrata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851 Bee sae ne ejaieeesice« wascsneces 38
Glandiformis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Teon., Rep OOS NGA: oat vasscceveccesaes 186

Glans (Voluta), Gmelin. — Cymbium Neptuni, Gmel.
28 .

218 INDEX.

PAGE.
Glans (Nassa),; Linn, Syst. Nat. Edits Sct, T2008. ic. ..c.cssscenvacteeatsoeee cence
Glans (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 192, 1844.

= Cylindra fenestrata Lam.
Glauca (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 61, 1852. —N. tegula, Reeve.
Glauca (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 125, 1852.

? — N. unicolorata, Kiener.
Globosa (Nassa), Sowerby. Genera of Shells, f. 6.

— Desmoulea abbreviata, Gmel.

Globosa (Mitra), Chemn. HH. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 171...............00. << DY
Globosa (Nassa), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 448, t. 32, £26227. oe 26
Globulosa (Bullia), @Orb. (not Kiener). Voy. Am., 435.

== By deformis, (King... cscoscscsssecssssnessscoccacccscusrsvevaspestsesctoscmnenee 11
Globulosa (Bullis:); Kaener. (Coq. Wave nt, LOW fo 35..-..cecceccsseeccecessieeeene iil

Globulus (Cassis), Menke. Synopsis Moll., No. 806, 1828.

? — Desmoulea, Lam.
Globulus (Vasum)}, Gam (Hist. vil; lOms.c...oscc-ccussocsccenedesceereessarneenee 75
Gosavia, Stoliezka. Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, lii, 1865; Pal. Indica, ii, 72... 78
Gotoensis (Mitra), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 215, t. 20, f. 51, 1879.

— T. Collinsoni, A. Ad.
Gracilion/ (Mitra), (Carpenter MSS. ...-ccccesscescceeseeececocece dace ee eeneeeeeea orcas 145
Gracilis (Cymba), Brod. Spec. Conch., 7, f. 8. — C. cisium, Lam.
Gracilis (Voluta), Gray. Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, t. 40, f. 4.

— V. Pacifica, Soland.
Gracilis (Voluta), Swains. Jour. Sci., xvii, 52. — V. Pacifica, Sol., var.
Gracilis (Nassa), Pease, Am. Jour. Conch., ili, 273, t. 23, f. 4, 1867.

spira, A. Ad.

Gracilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch [con-,f. 31, 1844rr iicsecsscsocesecescereese 136
Gradata (Bullia), Deshayes. Lam., An. s. Vert., x, 186.

— B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Grveffei (Mitra), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., vii, 297, 1867.

— Turricula luculenta, Reeve.
Graja (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 327. — M. cornicula, Linn.
Grana pea Lam. Hist. Nat., vil, 2i4cc.ce ces cose scvecwsu ate tease omateentes 27
Granata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 271, 1845.

= M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Granatina (Mitra), Swains. pian iren eae Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasm.,

TBS, USTGcicsss svc cen ce ccsvoceebe sae seccte veccesssncrancocecmasereeten CeCcn eer ete Enea 159
Granatina (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, rie ave scabriuscula, Linn.
Granifera (Nassa), Kiener. Monog., 1009, t. 27, he LD a teccddescsencaeesheames 26

Granulatum (Bucc.), Phil., i, 226, 2. 11, f. 2

— Nassa incrassata, var., pygmea.

Granosa (Mitra), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 151, f. 1442, 1445.
— T. sanguisuga, Linn., var.

Granulifera (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 340............sscocseccocceses 158
Granulosa (Bullia), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 250). ..c0...-+csscccencen-seeeteee meee 14
Granulosa (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 304........... wocareeenseee 133
Granulosa (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 80, 1880............-.sesececss ae

Granum (Mitra), Forbes. gean Invert., 191, 1843.

— T. tricolor, Gmel.
Graphitera (Nassa), Beck. Hombr. et Jacq., Voy. au Pole sud, v, 80,

g@. 21, f. 28, 29, 18538. — N. picta, Dunker.
Grata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 81, 1880...............0se- saseeesete 63
Gratiosa (Mitra); Reeve. Conch., Ivon., f..277, 1845....5-.00:-.>e0-s0sscsvese 161
Gravis (Voluta), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., i, 569. — Turbinella napus, Lrm.
Gray (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xix, 287, 1871.............s++00% 91

INDEX. 219

PAGE,

Grayi (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 7, 1846. — B. Mauritiana, Gray.
Greci (Columbella), Phil, Moll. Sicil., ii, 194, t. 27, f. 18, 1844.

= Turricula Columbellaria, Scac.
Grelloisi (Mitra), Recluz. Jour. de Conch., iv, 247, t. 7, f. 8, 1853.

— M. pellis serpentis, Reeve.
Groenlandica (Mitra), Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 106, 1844... ...sseseceseeeee ees 124
Gruneri (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 119, 1844.......c0cceesseeseeceresere 168
Gruneri (Nassa), Reeve (not Dunker). Icon., sp. 75.

= N. muricata, Quoy.

Gruneri (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 171, 1846.........cscessseeeeeeeeeeenere 44

Guadaloupensis (Nassa), Petit. = Phos (vol. iii).

Guildingii (Voluta), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 151, 1844; Thes. Conch,
CER LC aM di litec can wnaescsigswsaleiticns dna Vena cues ee ascdasebednebacvsureadess cememn sen 105

Guinaica (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 395. —V. musica, Linn.

Gussoni (Buce.), Calacara. — Nassa Tinei, Maray.

Guttata (Voluta), Reeve. Icom., f. 56, 1849.........ccccecescecscereceree concer cee 105

Guttata (Mitra), Swainson MSS. Reeve, Icon., f,, 69, 1844.........+ Serene 116

Haldemani (Buec.), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 62, 1847..........ccseseceseseee sees 36

Hamillei (Mitra), Petit. Jour. de Conch,, ii, 259, t. 7, f. 9, 1851.........+ 117

Hamillei (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 sp., xvii, 115, 178, 1869 ;
xviii, t. 1, f. 5; t. 2, f. 1, 1870. == V. rupestris, Gmel.

Haneti (Mitra), Petit. Jour. de Conch., iii, 57, t. 2, f. 11, 1852.

Hanleyana (Mitra), Dunker. Mal. Blatt., xxiv, 70, 1877.......2.-sseseeeee 7) 158

Hanleyana (Nassa), Marrat. Wars. of Nassa, 83, 1880........s.ssseseeeeeeeee 3

Hanleyanum (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 63, 1847............cceeeseeereeeeee 62

Hanleyi (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 168, f. 661, 1874..........sseeee 146

Hanleyi (Turricula), Dohrn. Mal. Blatt.. vili, 158, 1862..................++- 194

Harfordi (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., 558, t. 26, f. 2, 1869.
= V. canaliculata, McCoy.

Hargreavesi (Voluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 613, t. 42, f. 13, 1872.......... 89
Harps, (Voluta), Barnes. Ann. N. Y. lyc., i, 189, t. 9, £ 4...-.ccscscece.ese 104
Harpa (Harpula), Swains. Exot. Conch. = Voluta costata, Swn.

Harpeeformis (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 334.

= M. cruentata, Chemn.
Harpula, Swains. Malacol., 317, 1840. = Voluta, Linn, sect.
Harpularia (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, 1877.......s+++0+ 31.68
Hastata (Mitra), Sowb, Thes. Conch., f. 620, 632.

= Turricula casta, H. Adams.
Haustrum (Voluta), Solander MSS. Gray, Zool. Proc., 54, 1855.

= Melo tessellata, Lam.
Hebes (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 292, 1845..............cecesescncrascosnsceseees 137
Hebra, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 120. =S.@. of Nassa, Mart. 7
Hebrza (Columbella), Lamarek. Edit. Desh., x, 270.

= Mitra litterata, Lam.
Hebrea (Voluta), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1194..............:.scessesssees 84
Helvacea (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 84, 1851............csccceecscseceeceseccoes 135
Hemprichi (Mitra), Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, 21, t. 2, f. 1, 1874... 186
Hepatica (Nassa), Mont. Test. Brit., 245, t. 8, f. 1. ? = N. monile, Kiener.
Herklotsiana (Mitra), Dohrn. Mal. Blatt., vili, 137, 1862.

? = M. Isabella, Swn.
Hermannseni (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mal. 63, 1847. == Nassa..........++. 62
Hima, Leach. Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H., xx, 1847. —S.G. of Nassa, Mart. 7
Hindsii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 165, 1844. — M. sulcata, Swn.
Hirta (Nassa), Kiener. Monog., 68, t. 19, f. 72........... ena gcteenee se saan 28

220 INDEX.

PAGE.

Hispida (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 101, 1851. = N. Gruneri, Dunker.
Histrio (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 144, 1844. — T. dermestina, Lam.
Horrida (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 59, 1847. —N. muricata, Quoy.
Hotessieri (Nassa), d’Orb. Moll. Cuba., ii, 142, t. 21, f. 40-42, 1853.

= N. ambigua, Mont.

Hoyti (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 47, 1880.............-.--cseseere
Humeralis (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 18, 1880...................
Hybrida (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., 74, f. 69. —=T. intermedia, Kiener.

Hystrio (Mitra), Montrouzier. Jour. de Conch, 3 ser., ii, 240, 1862.
= M. flammea, Quoy.

Icteria (Bullia), Soland. Adams’ Genera, 114.........0.....0.:.cs-sunsestecsrovene
Ignea (Voluta), Wood. Index Test. = Turricula subulata, Lam.
Ignobilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Ic, f. 152, 1844.....,...... 0.0... ccesswcwene
Ilyanassa, Stimpson. Am. Jour Consh., i, 61, 1865. =S. G. of Nassa
Imbricaria, Schumacher. Essai Nouv. Gen., 236, 1817............0000++- 109,
Immersa (Nassa), Carp. Marrat, Vars., No. 1249. —N. bimaculosa, A. Ad.
Imperiale (Vasum), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842.............scccceceseescens
Imperialis)(Voluta), Lam. Edit’ Deshi> x, /380....2.....>cceceesconmesieercels reins

Impressa (Mitra), Reeve (not Anton.) Conch. Ic., f. 130, 1844.

= T. rubricata, Reeve.
Impressa (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 67, 1839..............:.eccesse eoscseres
Inca (Mitra), d’Orb. Voy. Am. Merid., 427, t. 79, f. 1. = M. lens, Wood.
Incarnata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 299, 1845.

= M. ecarnicolor, Reeve.
Incisa (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 27, t. 10, f. 31, 1848,
Incisa (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch , iii, 63, 1880.

= T. Zebuensis, Reeve.
Incrassata (Nassa), Strém. Kongl. Vid. Selsk. Skr., iv, 369, t. 16, f. 25....
Indentata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 1738, f. 412, 1874...............
Indica (Voluta), Sowb. Thes. Conch. 1, 210, t. 51, f. 68-70.

= \. interpuncta, Martyn.

Indica (Melo), Gmel. Syst. Nat., S467. ..0...0....0.0000.ccsroree nono eeueeeker
Induta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc:, 128, t. 24, £9) U875..0..2 00... seceecene
Inermis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 273, 1845; Zool. Proc., 216, 1879.
Infausta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 826, 1846.....2.....0c.cssenceciecedoe
Infecta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75 = M versicolor, Mart.....
Inflata (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 270. — N. mutabile, Linn.
Inflata (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. = M. cornicula, Linn.

Infrafasciata (Mitra), Souverb. Jour deConch., 5 ser., v, 155, t. 5, f. 7,
WSGB ee onccecccsvieseveccevvecnsssiscevsteceerescnetecciiene couse sot iter cutee teenth temenmenen
Innexa (Voluta), Reeve Icon., f. 9, 1849; Brazier, Proc. Roy. Soe.
Tasmania, 171, 1876. == V. rutila, Brod., var.
Inquinata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 29, 1844.......0....sssceecssee soe
Insculpta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 133, 1851. — M. annulata, Reeve.
Inseulpta (Nacsa), Cpr. Cal. Proc , ili, 223) 1866.....0....t..-ctcscssscescssee
Insignia: (Mitra), A. Ad. - Zool--Proc. Voll Soll cies csscencns co derosune tener
Insignis (Nassodonta), H. Adams. Zool. Proc., 445, 1866..............ce0ee0
Insolata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 77, f. 650, 1874................-
Instricta (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 48, 1880................
Insularis (Voluta), Solander. Portl. Cab. = V. Pacifica, Soland.
Interlirata (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soce., xii, 545, t. 30, f. 5,
VS 1 Givi ccccdipsccassdubaes ess ccvuteds eee ve bdedivetlcees yb velnscleceate ieee Race tebe Coenen
Interlirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 70. — M. flammea, Quoy.

Intermedia (Mitra), Kiener,- -Icoriog., t. 22;'f. 70i..0.....0s0ccecesesbsoocsteess 16

195
159

16
iL)
7
oT
72
88

132

124
195

INDEX. 221

Intermedia (Nassa), Forbes. Rept. A%g. In., v, 140.
= N. incrassata, Strom.

Intermedia (Nassa), Dunker Verh. Z%. B. Soc. Vienna, xvi, 909, 1886.
=N. suturalis, Lam.

Interpuncta (Voluta), Martyn. Univ. Conch,, t, 127......c.cocsceseseececeeess 84
Interrupta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 185, 1851... 1ccccscsesccsceenesereece 169
Interrupta (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1889............sesceccecesessesees 192
Intersculpta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 258, 1870..... ....scscccecesseceeees 159
Interstincta (Nassa), Marratt. Quar. Jour. Conch., Vars. No. 1163....... 64
Interstriata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 259, 1870..........-scecseceserecrere 172

Interstriata (Nassa), Conrad. Pac. R. R. Rept., v, t. 6, f. 49, 1856.
? =N. perpinguis, Hinds.

Interteeniata (Mitra), Sowb Thes. Conch., f. 154, 1874.........secceceeeeees 176
Isara, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 171. —= Mitra, Lam.

Isabella (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Illust., 2d ser...........cscecsrecscorscessceee 137
Isabellei (Nassa), Reeve (not Orb.) Icon., f.47. —N fenestrata, Marrat.
Isabellei (Nassa), @’Orb. Voy. Am. Mérid., 423, t. 61, f. 18-21............ 33

Italica (Cyclonassa), Issel. Bull. Mal. Ital., ii, 79, t. 4, f. 9-11, 1869.
= C. neritea, Linn.

Jacksoniana (Nassa), Quoy. Astrolabe, ii, 452, t. 52, f. 28, 29.

— N. monile, Kiener, var.
Jacksoniana (Nassa), Kiener. Monog., 64, t. 19, f. 78. — N. monile, Kien.
Jaculanda (Mitra), Gould. Otia Conch., 129; Bost. Proce., vii, 332, 1860. 162
Jamrachi (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., xiv, 236, 1864.

= V. Turneri, Gray.
Japonica (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 198, 1864.

—= T. crebrilirata, Reeve.
Japonica (Nassa), Lischke. Mal. Blitt., xv, 220. — N. balteata, Lischke.
Japonica (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc, 118, 1851........... sc... 66
Japonica (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851.

?—N. tenuis, EB. A. Smith.
Jonasi (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 171, 1846; Phil. Abbild. Buce., iii,

OG meals. aaMcet +. s8ss.ccsaeh sve saanees vow stecawnuccant oot sence ce mee aoe ee once 26
Jucunda (Mitra), Tapparone-Canefri. Voy. Magenta, 27, t. 1, f. 3, 1874.

= M. tigrina, A. ad.
Jucunda (Mitra), Dunker. Jour. de Conch., 3d ser., xix, 212, t, 9, f. 1,

HSIEG Santee Nes ob eeaseteetty swacscscineese <eeeasises ja lgnieasta da secebe eee ee Oro eet eacees 165
Jadseoram: (Mitra): Dohrn. “Zool. Proe., 867, 1860) .-2.s. ae soca soncee vane ons 171
Jukesii (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851. — T. corrugata, Lam.
Junonia (Voluta), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, t. 177, f. 1708, 1704............ 90
Kamieschi (Cyclops), Chemn. Marr. Conch., i, 165, f. 792-4.............006 65
Kaupii (Voluta), Dunker. Maly Blatt.. x, 145, 1863....0......2...-.0.-cesceee 90

Keeni (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 15, 1877.
—N. albescens, Dunker, var.

Kieneri (Buccinum), Anton. Verzeichn., 92, 1830.
? — Nassa picta, Dunker.

Kieneri (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 22, 1850.

M. chrysostoma, Swn.

Kaeneri (Nassa); Desh. Moll: Ile Bourbon, 129; 1863...............0c.0.s0- 53
Kieneri (Mitra). Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 429, f. 824, 1874.................. 124
Mingig(WVohita)sCox.) Joursde Conch... xix owt. 4, fo 2, 1871. .....-tecees 92
Kirki (Voluta), Hutton. N. Zeal. Cab., 18; Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., xviii,

21, 1878 (= V. flavicans, Gmel., teste Hutton ip litt.)...............:..000 99
Kochiana (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit: Mal., 111, 1846...............csceecesceeseees 58

Kraussiana (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 111, 1846.................cecseceeees 25

229, INDEX.

PAGE
Kraussii (Turricula), Dunker. Mall. Jap., 8, 1861.........0-+eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee 187
Kreuslerz (Voluta), Angas. Zool. Proc., 55, t 2, f. 3, 1865..........00+00 94
Kurrachensis (Bullia), Angas. Zool. Proc., 529, t. 54, f. 6, U877.......eee 15
Labecula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851. —N. Jonasi, Dunker.
Labiata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851................00ce--eceseceeoee 5)
Labida (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., 179, 1854. - N. leptospira, A. Ad.
Labyrinthum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3483.

? B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Lacepedii (Buccinum), Payr. Moll. Corse, t. 7, f. 23, 24.
Nassa incrassata, Strom.
Lachrymosa (Nassa), Reeve. Monog., f. 52, 1853, — N. monile, Kien.
Lachryma (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f. 258, [BAG fice hee eee ee 125
Lactea (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., Vil oun» soe cornicula, Linn.
Lactea (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. of Nassa, 80, 1880 radiaieiarslee siobicesseawsoeee coals 63
Lacunosa (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f.65. ? — M. variegata, Reeve.
Lacunosa (Mitra), Sowb. (nec Reeve). Thes., f. 171, 1874.
M. eximia, A. Ad.
Leeta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 185, 1851.............ccecccsseseccerreveserees 159
Leetum (Buccinum), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 140, 1848 ........secseseeeeeerer screenees 62
Leevicostata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 189, 1874.
— T. Gruneri, Reeve.
Leevicostata (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 50, 1880...........+ 195
Levigata (Nassa) Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 3, t. 1, f. 7, 1877........ 23
Leevigata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 394. — V. musica, L.
Levigata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 83455. — M. cornicula, Linn.

Levigata (Bullia), Mart. Conch. Cab., iv, t. 127, f. 1215, 1216.

- B. leevissima, Gmel.
Leevigata (Nassa), Pusch. Pol. Pal., 122, t. 11, f. 8. —N. mutabilis, Linn.
Levis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 132, 1861. — M. casta, Lam.
Leevis (Mitra), Eichwald, Zool. Russ. Pol. of Olnite Ota le

— M. ebenus, Lam.

Levis (Nassa), Chemn. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, t. 12, f. 7

N. canaliculata, Lam.
Leevissima (Bullia), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3494.........c0-cecceeesee ceeeeeeser teens pnt
Leevissimum (Nassa), Bronn. It. Tert., 25. — N. cornicula, Olivi.
Leevizonata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch. sp. 314, 1874.

T. luculenta, Reeve.

Lamarckii (Mitra), Deshayes. Encyc. Meth., ii, 448.........sscsceessere -eree 112
Lamarckii (Bullia), Kiener. Coq. Viv., t. 3, f. 6. — B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Lamberti (Mitra), Souv. Jour. de Conch., 284, t. 13, f. 8, 1875............ 126
Lapparia, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., 1, 24, 1865.......52.....ssscsssescorerses 109
Lapponica (Voluta), Syst. Nat. Edit,, xii, 1135. — V. interpuncta, Mart.
Largilliertiana (Voluta), d’Orb. Rev. Zool., 210, 1841............ccesceererees 101

Larva (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 839. — T. cruentata, Chemn.
Laterculata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 651, 1874.
Laticostata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, 1877.

Ve NALCULATIA, LINN -. 06s .cccccessesceeontonscsmas te cecse eres <atnacte aaemeee nasser 24
Latruncularia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 166, 1844..............seeeeee 120
Lauta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 244, 1844. — M. pardalis, Kiister.
Lauta (Nassa), Marratt. Vars. of Nassa, 82, 1880.............sss000 sccssssce 63

Layardi (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1854. — T. crebrilirata, Rve.
Lecadrei (Nassa), Folin. Meleagrinicoles, 73, t. 6, f. 14, 1867.

N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.
Lefebrei (Buce.), Maravigna. Rev, Zool., 325, 1840. — Lachesis.

INDEX. 223

PAGE
Legrandi (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 140, 1875
APL ETR AGE eh FI, os ia's cv awrony cpdcp Uae ORIEL, 159
Leioderma, Conrad. Proce. Philad. as UGE TSG ee eeaeeeenceeee eh cceees ra f
Leiodomus, Swains. Malacol., 74, 1840. —S. G. of Bullia, i:
Leptospira (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. hed f ee LOO occueersecetareseca evan wees 25
Hens Mitra), Wood. Index Test. Suppl.) 't.3, £200. cssstsccsncesdeverss ence 1338
Lens (Nassa), Chemn. Marrat, Vars., No. 1868. N. nitidula, Linn.
Lentiginosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.
= N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Leontocroma (Mitra), Brusina. Contrib. No. 80.
— M. columbellaria, Scacchi.
Leucodesma (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 245, 1844.
= M. pardalis, Kiister.
Leucostoma (Mitra), Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat. App.. 27, 1825............ 159
Leucozona (Mitra), Bellardi. Monog., 26. = M. ebenus, Lam.
Panard. (Mitra); Souv: “Thes: Conch., f. 239. .2..cvcue. css ctetsendonnasdessdte 151
Lifouana (Mitra texturata, var.), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xx, 74, 219,
BI lenmenavrenesci.s OSes aetec ce deoaeceetedscemcteasececetteorendee scenes scteteetecocees asco diez!

Ligata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851.

= T. cruentata, Chemn., var. proxima.
Lignaria (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 64, 18414. — M. lens, Wood.
Lilacina (Nassa), Gould. Wilkes’ Exp. Moll., 265, f. 336, 1852.

—N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Lilacina (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 634, 1874..............ccccccseserees 178
Lima (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 181, 1874.

— Cylindra Sinensis, Reeve.
mimata (Mitra) eevee. (Conch. leon.) f,'S1 2 iii. ccceccuseoteecccsecs ecavescese 116
Limata (Nassa), Chemn. Conch Cab., xi, 87, t. 188, f. 1808-9.

= N. clathrata, Born.

Timbifera, (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 329.00... ..0......sccccccsteonese 154
amicola (Buece.), Phil «Zeit. Mali, 59,1861. .ciccccccsseeseeasedcaccssarevecese 62
Limnieforme (Bucc.), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 64, 1847. ? — Nassa.......... mts Way
Lincolnensis (Mitra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 515, t. 18, f. 10, 11, 1878...... 177
Lineata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835..............scecesceeess 139
Lineata (Voluta), Leach. Zool. Misc., i, t. 12, f. 2. — V. zebra, Leach.

Lineata (Nassa), Pult. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 118 = Planaxis.
Lineatus (Concelix), Swainson. Zool. Ill., Ist ser.,i, t. 24. middle figures,
Ge —— lM DLLCATIA csc tece ccadcee reas ccasonecteetacs dee gtaes eeree er emenced ea, 198
Lineolata (Nassa), Phil. Marrat, Vars., No. 1856.............csccesseeee esoee 64
Lineolata (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 175, f. 136.
— N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Lineolata (Voluta), Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 36, f. 6.
= V. vespertilio, Linn.
Lirata (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser., xiii, 70, 1874.

Lirata (Nassa), Dunker. Moll. Jap., t. 1, f. 22; Mal. Blatt, 231, 1860.
— N. festiva, Powis.
Litterata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 389.......cssscscce seccscccsceccee 155
Littoralis (Mitra), Forbes. Rep. “gean Invert., 190, 1848.
— T. tricolor, Gmelin.
Littoralis (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. — M. ebenus, Lam.
Livescens (Nasea), Phil... Zeit. Mal., 185, 1848 ..........0..0c00cescsvccscccccsses 54
Livida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 134.
j Lam., var. costata.
Livida (Bullia), Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 10, 1846. — B. vittata, Linn... 15

224 INDEX.

PAGE,

Loebbeckeanus (Dibaphus), Weinkautf. Kiister, Pleurotoma, 2, t. A, f. 1.
Mitroidea multiplicata, Pease, juy.

Longispira (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 403, 1874 ............066 Saieneeme 180
Loricata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 174, 1841. M. Isabella, Swn.

Loroisi (Voluta), Valenc. Jour. de Conch., xi, 71, t. 1, f. 1, 1868............ 93
Lota (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. (con, nf) 209 01 845).....0. 50. ecsccseereeenserects 186

Lowei (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 203. 1862. ?— T. tricolor, Gmel.
Lubens (Mitra), Reeve. Conch., Icon., f. 331, 1845.
T. militaris, Rve., var.
Lubrica (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 85, 1868.
T. discors, Grandidier.
Lucida (Mitra); Reeve. Conch, [con., f. 266; 1845.5.222.2..c0+ sesees-eeeeenrr 170
Lucida (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4 ser.. xiii, 70, 1874... 64
Lucida (Neritula), Ad. & Ang. Zool. Proc., 35, 1864.
Callomphala (Trochide).
Luctuosa (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.

(Geel re btyepts labtiG (:}epaandnconodddnne sadeceonbsececBacagoasaccaoubeeGs cacedouaca: “151
Luculenta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 245, 1844...............0+seceeeees 185
Lugubris (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Ill., Ist ser., t. 66.........c0.s.s0sessrseeee 149
Lugubris (Voluta), Swains. — V. flavicans, Gmel.

Lurida (Nassa), Gld. Bost. Proc., iii, 153, 1849; Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f. 325. 36
Lutea (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 650, t. 45, bis, f. 7-9.

M. acuminata, Swn.
Luteofusca (Turricula), Garrett. Proc. Zool. Soc., 842, 1872...........er0e- 195
Luteola (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 212, t. 20, f. 47, 1878.

? — N. paupera, Gld.

Luteostoma (Voluta), Deshayes, in Lamarck, x, 409............0.ecesceseceeeeee 88
Luteostoma (Nassa), Brod. and Sowb. Zool. Jour., iv, 376, 1829......... 5 oly
Luteostoma (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. 110, t. 30, f. 1.

N. luteostoma, Brod. and Sowb.
Lutescens (Mitra), Lamarck. Anz. du Mus., xvii, 210.

M. cornicula, Linn,

Lymneana (Bullia), A. Ad. Genera, 1138. — Volutharpa, vol, iil.......... 15
Lyreformis (Voluta), Swains. Zool. Ill., t. 54; Brod., Zool. Jour., iii,

Big Weds os [Osc eva celeasieeiaiais sere as eels halaleiaia'sl late malsiajere asleieloie ciate ols eiclminciere ctor salem oitentete eee 108
Lyrzeformis (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 79, 1880. .........0escsecessees 63

Lyreformis (Voluta), Kiener (nec Brod.). Monog., 35, t, 42, f. 2

V. megaspira, var. Prevostiana, Crosse.
Lyrata (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Buce:, 38, t. 22, f. 88. — Cyllene (vol. iii).
Lyrata (Voluta), Humph. Sowb., Tank. Cat., 2140. — L. costata, Swn.
Lyrata (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans. Vert., vil, 308...........ccccsscssssssees 166
Lyrella (Nassa), Beck. Reeve, Icon., f. 95. —N. pauperata, Lam.
Lyria, Gray. Zool. Proc., 1847; H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 116 ......76, 101
Lyriformis (Voluta), Vigors. Kiener, Monog., 55, t. 42, f. 2.

V. megaspira, Sowb.

Macandrewi (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 421, 1874...........ccccssceeeee 179
Macgillivrayi (Voluta), Cox. Zool. Proc., t. 47, f. 9, 1873,
- V. piperita, Sowb., var.

Macquariensis (Voluta), Petterd. Jour. of Conch., ii, 543, 1879.

V. papillosa, Swn., var.
Macrospira (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc,, 138, USI... ceca meueeceesn ess deopalliin
Macula (Buccinum), Mont. Test. Brit., 241, t. 8, f. 4.

Nassa incrassata, Strém.
Maculata (Voluta), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 38............0.0csssceresesvescves 93
Maculata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851.........0scsssssesccvnsnensouss 38

INDEX. 295

PAGE
Maculosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon, f. 175.......eesseees Palaveistisarsvereds 155
Maculosum (Buee.), Costa. - Nassa incrassata, Strom.

Maderensis (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog, f. 182, 1854. —N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Meesta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 823. 1845... ...ccceceeeeeeeeeeeeneenene 143
Magellanica (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 398........ceeeeereecereesneeeeeeens 97

Magellanica (Voluta), Kiener (nec Lam.). Monog., t. 51.
- V. ancilla, Soland.
Magnifica (Voluta), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 897 .sccccccee eee eeesee nee seeees 89
Malabarica (Bullia), Hanley. Adams’ Genera, 115.
-B. melanoides, Desh.

Malleti (Mitra), Petit, Jour. de Conch., iii, t. 58, t. 2, f. 1, 1853........... 142
Mamilla (Cymba), Gray. Sowb., Zool, Proc., 149, 1844; Zool. Proc., 34,

ToL MOD O meaeeeeee Stee reeccctateccsescsess sceseulsdeocces Sees geloaccttoasaettaretiesaae 101
Mamillana, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xix, 808, 1871. — Voluta, Linn., sect. 101
Mamillata (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Mer., iv, 178, f. 122.

—N. reticulata, Linn.
Mangelioides (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog., f. 152, 1853..........sssesseseeeeeeees 26
Margaritifera (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 60, 1847.

— N. cremata, Hinds, var.
Margaritifera (Nassa), Reeve (non Dunker). Icon., f. 59.

—N. Kieneri, Desh.
Marginata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 311, 1874.

? = M. coronata, Lam,, juv.
Marginulata (Nassa), Lam. An. s, Vert., vii, 278. —N. reticulata, Linn.
Marginulata (Nassa), Reeve (not Lam.), Icon., f. 45, 50, 51.

— N. Kieneri, Desh.
Mari (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 140, 1851. —M. incisa, Ad. & Rve.
Maria-Emma (Voluta), Gray. Zool. Proc., 230, t. 48, 1859.

= V. Graye, Crosse.

Marmorata (Nassa), Anton. Verzeichn., 92, 1839...........sce00 co tenveess sees Oe
Marmorata (Voluta), Swains. Bxot. Conch., t. 1...........cscecesceeee corecees 92
Marmorata (Mitra), Swains. Zool. [llust., t. 24.

—= Imbricaria conica, Schum. '

Marmorea (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851.

VAT OlUN PlCtas DUNKEL c.scascasecsccscecccsedeecceseteescsce 2peacOcocIniBeeIoNe 36
Marmorea (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 189, 1851...........0s.cscesasene sees 178
Marquesana (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 270, 1851.........:ccccecsesecseesee 114
Marratii (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc., xii, 548, t. 30, f. 4;

Zool. Proc., 8U9, t. 50, f. 8, 1878. —N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Matronalis (Mitra) Schum. Nouv. Syst., 289, 1817. = M. casta, Lam.
Maura (Mitra), Swains. Zool. Proc., 193, 1835........c00..cssseccosvesccecenees 121
Mauritia, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 273, 1869. — Mitroidea, Pease.

Mauritiana (Bullia), Gray. Zool. Beechey, p. 226, 1839..........cesceseeeeee 12
Mauritiana (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., 2, f. 610, 1874........scsecseseeee 114

Mazza, Klein. Ostrac., 62, 1753; H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 156.

= Turbinella, Lam.
Mazzalina, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, 1865. — Lagena (vol. iii).
Media (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv. — M. cornicula, Linn.
Mediolaris (Bullia), von Mart. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, 137, t. 6, f. 4.

= Var. of B. diluta, Krauss,

Mediomaculata (Mitra), Sowb, Zool. Proc., 255, 1870...........csseeceeeeeee 184

Mediterranea (Nassa), Risso. Eur. Mer. iv, 170. —N. mutabilis, Linn.

Megaptygma, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., 568, 1862; Gabb. Philad.
Proc., 292, 1876. = Volutifusus, Conrad.

Megaspira (Voluta), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 150, 1844............seeeeees aidccornes 95

29

226 INDEX.

PAGE
Megaspira (Voluta), Adams. Ann. Mag., June, 1876. — V. Hamillei, Cr.
Melaleuca (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 657, t. 45, bis, f. 26, 21.

? —M. australis, Swn.

Melaniana (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. du Mus., 212..........s0000s aesaees Siseeele 127
Melanioides (Nassa), Rye. Iconog., f. 150, 1853..........seceesseneeeeeeeeeeens 61
Melanoides (Bullia), Desh. Voy. Belang., 430, t. 2, f. 3, 4...cscssseseeeeees 14
Melo (Voluta), Soland. = Melo Indica, Gmel.

Melo, Humphrey. Mus. Calonn., 1797; Sowerby, Genera, 1827........... 75, 80
Melongena (Mitra), Lamarck. An sans Vert., vil, 309.........0006 + Sbocou0 166
Mendica (Nagsa), Gould. Otia Conch., 70, 1849 .......0. scosceeeeseceseeesseeee 56
Mica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon.. f. 314, 1845. — T. celata, Reeve.
Micans (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 285, 1845. ........-..sescseceeeseeeeees 129
Micans (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851. — N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Michaudi (Turricula), Crosse & Fisher, Jour. de Conch., 337, 1864.

— M. Deshayesii, Reeve.
Microstoma (Nassa), Pease. Zool. Proc., 145, 1860. — N. paupera, Gould,
Microstoma (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch , f. 291, 1874.

— M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Microvoluta, Angas. Zool. Proc., 34, 1877.......sesssscesee: seesceeascerseereeres 76
Microzonias (Mitra), Schrenck. Moll. Amurl., 451.

? — M. Kraussii, Dunker.

Microzonias (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 320.............++secees My tenses cele
Miga (Nassa), Brug. Dict., No. 41......cccccccssceeccecsecsencccecesseetensecswecns 42
Militaris (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f, 236, 1845...........ssecseeseereceee 171
Milium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 257, 1845...........c.ccsecescesenres 160
Millecostata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835.......s0.ereseeeee 185

Millepora (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann., No. 5. — M. digitalis (Chemn.), Dillw.
Miltonis (Melo), Gray. Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, t. 29.
— M. diadema, Lam., var.

Miniata (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 67, 1839. — M. peregra, Reeve.
Minor (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 14, 1877............sesssccsess 63

Minor (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 167, f. 662, 1874.
— M. tabanula, Lam .
Minutum (Buccinum), Pennant. Brit. Zool., iv, 122, t. 79.
— Nassa incrassata, Strom.
Mirabilis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851. — T. angulosa, Kiister.
Mirifica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 278j1845..........0.sscccecsaeceodses 161
Mitchelini (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 259, 1874.
M. limbifera, Lam.
Mitchelinii (Mitra), Guerin. Mag. de Zool., t. 88, 1850.
M. aurantia, Gmelin.
Mitis (Turbinella), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., ix, 382.
— Vasum capitellum, Linn.

Mitis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, “88. — V. vespertilio, Linn.

Mitra, Lamarck, Prodr., 1799; Syst., 74, 1801........-.ssccccenseevevanees 108, 109

Mitrzeformis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 404; Proc. Zool. Soc., 54,
ASG AS odeicleswas ks cisins.cleccsiic se osicints Ses seitecdeldw ceisesaeie Aeapecels sone ates teed es a aanaame 03

Mitralis (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851. —N. tenia, Gmel.

Mitraria, Rafinesque. Anal. Nat., 1815. — Mitra, Lam.

Mitrella, Swainson (not Risso), Elem., 1835; Malacol., 129, 321, 1840.
— Swainsonia, H. & A. Ad.
Mitreola, Swainson, Elem., 1835; Malacol., 129, 320, 1840.
Strigatella, Sw.
Mitroides, Pease. “ZoolProc., 514, L865. sccsiecesencecssetenetpessssvons . 109, 162
Mitrolites, Krug. Urw., ii, 431, 1823. — Mitra, Lam.

INDEX. 297%

PAGE

Mitromorpha, A, Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., xv, 822, 1865.
Pleurotomide.

Mitropsis, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 211, 1867. - Columbellidee.
Modesta (Truncaria). Powis. Zool Proc., 1835, p. D4...sccccseececesssesceves 10
Modesta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 254, 1845.........cssscesesscssscsees 170
Modesta (Voluta), Wood, Cab. Suppl., f. 24. V. flavicans, Gmel.
Modesta (Turricula), Pease (not Rve.) Am. Jour, Conch., 212, t. 15, f.

6, 1867. = T. Gruneri, Reeve.
Modicella (Turricula), Garrett. Jour, of Conch., iii, 53, 1880........s06006 . 195
Meesta (Nassa), Hinds. Zool. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 18, 19, 1844.
— N. exilis, Powis.

Molleri (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab.. 109, t. 17a, f. 12-14...............00 154
Molopophorus, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, 156, 1869. 8. G. of Bullia, Gray. 7
Moltkiana (Voluta), Mart. H.& A. Adams’ Genera, i, 161................0+ 101
Moniles(Nassa) ekoeners © Buco. 568; t- Ul, £40) 12.2.5.3....scectccoconesserseon ee 28

Monilifera (Mitra), C. B. Ad. Contrib. Conch., 57, 1850.
— T. microzonias. Lam.

Moniliferum (Bullia), Val. Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. 3, f. 8.
= B. armata, Gray.

Monoceros, Fleming. Brit. An., 842, 1828. = Alectrion, Montf.
Montrouzieri (Mitra), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genera, vi, 1874.
— T. tricolor, Montr.
Montrouzieri (Mitra); Souverb. Jour. de Conch., 282, t. 13, f. 1, 1875. 170

Morchii (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, t. 28, f. 5, 1854.

— M. Isabella, Swn.
Morleti (Nassa), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xv, 445, 1867. —N. fossata, Gld.
Morrissii (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 60, 1847.

= Phos plicosus, Dunker (vol. iii).

Mozambicensis (Bullia), Smith. Zool. Proc., 719, t. 75, f. 18, 1877........ 14
_ Mucronata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851. — N. monile, Kiener.
Mucronata (Mitra), Swainson. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 125, 1844.......... 174

Mucronata (Melo), Brod. Sowb., 1855. — M. diadema, Lam., var. ducalis.
Multicostata (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Jour., iii, t. 3, f. 2.
— V. Mitreformis, Lam.
Multicostata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 18365.
— T. aureolata, Swn.
Multicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851.....0....ceceesesesssseorees 54
Multigranosa (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 61, 1847. ah
—N. pauperata, Lam.
Multilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 135, 1851.

Multilineata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 11, 1877.............0+8 63

Multiplicata (Mitroidea), Pease. Zool. Proc., 514, 1865: Garrett in Leeds
MOU SCONE Hi.) lil, OSreacrscasvacsies des sacle aces co oe bates adesle pemamem seeac cca de meses wsine 162

Munieriana (Nassa), Crosse. Jour. Conch. 345, t. 15, f. 6, 1864........... 57

Muricata (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835. — M. lens, Wood.
Muricata ean, Quoy. and Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, 450, t. 82, f. 832, 388... 44
Muricata (Turbinella), Encye. Méth., t. 431, bis, f. 4.

— Vasum capitellum, Linn.

MuricatumséVasum), Born. Mus. 288). ..0ccccisziguacccntgeteadescvadeb¥ csi dcsea cen val
Muriculata (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert. Edit. Desh., x, 333...... 191
Musica (Voluta), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1194.................cssecseceeeee z

Musica, Humphrey. Mas. Calon., 18, 1797; Fischer, Jour. de Conch.
105, 1879. — Voluta, Linn.

Musicalis (Voluta), Mart. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 165.
— V. virescens, Solander.

228 INDEX.

PAGE,
Musiva (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., ili, 153, 1850. — N. picta, Dunker.
Mustelina (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proe., vii, 331, 1860.

? — N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Mutabilis (Mitra), Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 235, 1845.

— T. cadaverosa, Keeve.
Mutabilis (Nassa), Linn; Syst. Nat. Bdit., xii, 1201../.2.5 ..dccsccccerenesoemre
Mutellina (Mitra), Duclos. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 174...............00: 159
Mutyca, H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i. 172. — Mitroidea, Pease.
Myristica (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 10, 11, 1844......... 45

Nana (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851. —N. Jonasi, Dunker.
Nana, Schum (pars.). Nouv. Syst. 225, 1817, — Neritula, Plancus.
Nana (Voluta) | Anton... Werzeichne,) 10; 1839i0.-2.2..c.ceccckcresceseecl-eesseeee 101
Nanina, Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 1826. —= Neritula, Plancus.
Nanus (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 194, 1844. — M. aurantia, Gmel.
Napus (Turbinella), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, 377. —T. pyrum, Linn.
Nasica (Voluta), Schubert and Wagner, t. 217, f. 8031, 3032.

— V. angulata, Swains.

Nassa, Lamarek:= Prodr:, 71); 1799s. ss0scncsccaacesses'snsaeccccee tes tesere renee Grae
Nassodonta, H Adans. Zool. Proc., 445, t. 38, f. 8, 1866.

2? —Zeuxis, He & A. Adams: ef s..cc. sd ecdacie cetbictceececde ac nacemeaceelee see heenes 6
Nassoides (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch. f. 631, 1874..............ccccccsuccece 152
Nassula (Buccinum), V. Salis. Reise, 367. — Nassa reticulata, Linn.
Nasuta (Mitra), Sowb: Thes. (Conch:; f, 628) 18/40... 0.10. ccscssaneceneceenee 169
Natalensis (Bullia), Krauss. Siidaf. Moll., 121, t. 6, f. 16.

—— Dudipitalisss Meuschiy Vales sassctesamsececrs neces secre eseee esas eta eee eas 12

Nautica (Melo), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 374. —M. thiopica, Linn.
Navicula (Cymba), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3467. — CC. Neptuni, Gmel.
Naytia, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 118.

== S.'Giof Naasa i Miart..cccesel sna. wecceeesesecaccomeen cess aeeeees seowdbeatetaeee 6
Nebularia, Swainson. Malacol., 319, 1840. — Mitra, Lam.
Nebulosa (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proe., 1835.
M. versicolor, Mart.

Nebulosa (Mitra), Reeve. Icon., f.3. = M. erronea, Dohrn.
Neptuni (Cymbium), (Gmel: “Syst. Nat.; 467. :.0:.2-.-uevesease-bereeaeeteeeene 80
Neritea (Neritula), Linn. Syst. Nat. Hdit., xii, 1201...5..0....scs.csstsuewunes 64
Neritula, Plancus: Conch; Min:mnob.527, W789... i. ¢..ceescseecseces sonees een Oe
Nevillei (Mitra), Hanley. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 306, 1874.

— M. zephyrina, Ducl.
Newcombii (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 69, 1869................... 131
Nexilis (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., t. 22, — M. filaris, Linn., var.
Nicobarica (Mitra), Frauenfeld. Voy. Novara, 7, t. 1, f. 5, 1865............ 190
Nigella (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., £173, 1854. ....<10+-sxonsevsc--beserncathweebunee 61
Nigra (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zél., v, 78, t. 21, f. 18,

ND) PAS DB sree tes. < soviess sede aden dsdebebsavadsee cece tom eesti ra ee eet ee eee ae ae eee ene 41

Nigra (Mitra), Dillwyn (not Chemn.). Desc. Cat., i, 553.

— M. melaniana, Lam.
Nigra (Mitra), Quoy. Reeve, Conch., Icon , f. 109.

— M. abbreviata, Sowb.
Nigra, (Mitra), Quoy. Astrol., ii, 644, t. 45, f. 16-18. — M. Quoyi, Desh.
Nigricans (Strigatella), Pease. Zool. Proc., 514, 1865; Am. Jour. Conch.,

ALD WM BOigesrce sed seve seselee vccces.ssuseasaddUveenn tones tevebnoe ten eeeeee ohare niEen 153
Nigrofasciata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 313, 1874.

T. luculenta, Reeve.

Niotha, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll.,i, 117. —S.G. of Nassa, Mart. 7

INDEX. 229

PAGE
Nisotum (Buccinum), Potiez et Michaud. Galerie, i, 878, 1838 .........-+ 62
Nitens (Mitra), Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 241. M. cornicula, Linn.
Nitens (Mitra), Kiener. Mitra, t. 29, f. 96. - M. annulata, Reeve.
Nitida (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851........ccseeseeer sees cenereaseeeeee 122
Nitida (Nassa) Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iv, 849, 1867.
N. reticulata, L., var.

Nitidula (Nassa), Ad. Jay’s Catalogue... .........scececserceceeceercneeseeneeenes 62
Nitidulum (Buccinum), Linn. Hanley. N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Nivea (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835.......sceeceeeeeerseseeeees 137
Nivea (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851......s....sssseseesesssenceneneeere 57
Nivifer (Nassa), Marrat. Vars., No. 1400 ..........:scsseeceeteseecnseeeseesenes 64
Nivosa (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, 1877.........:sssessseeeees 52
Nivosa (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., X, 389........:ccsssssscueesereccreeeeeserers 86
Nivosa (Mitra), Swains. Bligh Cat. Exot. Conch. App.

— M. versicolor, Martyn.
Nobilis (Voluta), Solander. Gray, Zool. Proc., 62, 1855

= V. scapha, Gmel.
Nodata (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, 36, t. 9, f. 14, 15, 1844............ 46
Nodicincta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 851.2... ei... 2. scone: conceces 63

Nodicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 99, 1851. —N, fissilabris, A. Ad.
Nodifera (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 95, 1855. ? —N. hirta, Kiener.
Nodilirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851.

— T. mucronata, Swains.
Nodosa (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 77, 1880.............c0cscecereccecees 63
Nodosa (Mitra), Swainson. Philos. Mag.. 401, 1825.
Nodulifera (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool Proc, 140, 1851; Jour, Linn. Soc., xii,

550

Nodulifera (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 156, 1848; Abbild. Buec., t. 1, f. 3.
?—N. echinata, A. Ad.
Nodulosa (Turricula), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 214, 1867
Nodulosa (Mitra), var. B, Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3453.
= M. granulosa, Lam.
Nodulosa (Nassa), Marrat. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 4 ser., xii, 426, 1873.
— N. granifera, Kiener.
Nodulosa (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 396.
= V. musica, L., var. polypleura.
Norrisit (Mitra); Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 6, 1844. ..........cccssesccetonseoces 137
Norrisii (Voluta), Gray. Jardiue’s Annals, 1, 414, 1838; Sowb., Zool.
IEPOCT hOON INSHAL SMEG seach raccrsictntes vipccces ducecas savevacetunecaetetescmen sock sess 86
NoTenio Grave eAOOlME TOC. MeO LSS (ecctese cr cen seenesmeteessscasass-ccceccccces 5
Northiz (Buccinum), Gray. Griffith’s Cuvier, t. 36, f. 3.
— Northia serrata. Dufresne.
Novze-boracense (Nassa), Wood. Index Test. Suppl., t. 4, f. 26.
—N. obsoleta, Say.
Novee-Hollandiz (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 868, 417, 1874.
= M. flammea, Quoy.
Novve-Zelandiz (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 186, 1854.
?—N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq., var.
Nubila (Mitra), Gmel. (var. A). Syst. Nat., 3450. — M. versicolor, Mart
Nubila (Mitra), Gmel. (var. B). Syst. Nat., 3450.
—'M. versicolor, Martyn.
Nucea (Nassa), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 70, t. 8, f. 7, 1870...........+. 61
Nucea (Cylindra), Gronovius. Zoophylacium, Pt. 3, t. 18, f. 11............ 195
Nucleola (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 337...............scsscssesscsesece 134
Nucleola (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann., No. 64; Kiener, Iconog., 84, t. 26,
ES Osccescuvacdddes <civcwiiee rcactCes ee seseekee sdeacsaaeeacdes<e sppeteoccseetnetana ate aoe 145

230 INDEX.

PAGE

Nucleolus (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 52, 1846.2. .....0.5005..sccsenseeceseuinneea 49
Nucleus (Lyria), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, “405. Spa suseHBOR Sas aoRnesoacoAcaPonerodt: 102
Nux (Cylindra), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Sac) 8s RSW eS RRBs Roe soc socagsocconcon ose: 197
Nux-avellana (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860; Mal. Blatt., viii,

137. = M. pudica, Pease.
Nympha (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 249, 1845.

= M. variegata, Reeve.
Obeliscus (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 107, 1844..............csessseasee 179

Obesa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 87, 1844.

— Cylindra dactylus, Linn.
Obesa (Nassa), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 95, t. 5, f. 2, 3,

WS 1D ceaccnncscesnedascaces cece csacooceh ancbasceceonenceseneeh = earn cceieeeaseat nic eee 29
Obliqua (Nassa), Pease. Zool. Proc., 513, 1865. — N. granifera, Kiener.
Obliqua (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pol sud, v, 84, t. 21, f. 438,

44,1854. —N. granifera, Kiener.
Obliqua (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Buccin., t. 31, f. 4............+ Beco poetic 27
Obliqua (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 142, 1842...........cececcecercvseoeoerees 120
Obliquata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 339........ siadesoieeeecgheeemtere 158

Obliquata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.
? —N. picta, Dunker.

Obliqueplicata (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 61, 1847; Phil., Abbild.
Buce., t. 1, f. 13. WN: miga, Brug:

Obliquum (Buce ), Brocchi. Conch. foss., ii, 356, t. 4, f. 16.
— N. mutabilis, Linn.

Oblonga (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 5.........s.scscesece soocsers 63
Obscura (Mitra), Humphrey Cat. H. & A. Ad Genera, i, 170..............- 159
Obscura (Aiitnw) Hutton. Cat. N. Zeal. Moll., 19; Jour. de Conch., 3
ser, XVI STS ne. sia oSaisssa aisles wies'o.ete elnino ac alee e beleisle's bate Gonioneac wees ea ememncees 158
Obsoleta (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 239, WO 22ers ewoewelsecnieaceiees 60

Obsoleta (Mitra), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., 1, 230.

— M. Columbellaria, Scacchi.
Obtusispinosa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 375, 1874.

— T. mucronata, Swains.
Obtusata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851..................sss0.ceseence 40
Ocellata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool Illust., 2d ser. — M. fissurata, Lam.
Oleacea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 105, 1844. —M. scutulata, Lam.
Olivacea (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1889..........scscccscccssessosescvssns 195
Olivacea (Nassa), Brug. Dict. No. 38. —N. tenia, Gmel.
Olivaceum (Bucce.), Delle-Chiaje., t.47, f. 14,15. —N. corniculum, Olivi.
Oliveeformis (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. [llust., 2d ser.............ssseseeeoeees . 131
Olivaria (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit, Desh., x, 509. — Cylindra nucea, Gron.
Olivaria (Mitra), Sowb. Index, Thes. Conch. — — Cylindra nucea, Gronov.
Oliviforme (Buccinum), Kiener, t. 25, f.99. =N. obsoleta, Say.
Olivoidea (Mitra), Cantraine. Bull. Acad. Brux., 391, 1835.

— M. Columbellaria, Scacchi.
Olla (Cymba), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1196; Reeve, Ann. Mag., Nat. Hist., 3

BOD. 5 Vly lO sos ereinsoees'n veces c'dupeescinvavdaeinesiiisin'sioauleseeless dete tseet ne aate ene aimee 80
Onerata (Nassa). Desh. Conch. Ile Bourbon, 1380, t. 12, f. 24, 25, 1863.

- N. granifera, Kiener.

Oniscina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., X, 840........sscscsscsecsseeeseecevees 133
Optata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 381, U8G60.... 5. ...0.s0ss-sssssesesesess 63
Orbiculata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 102, 1851.

= N. Kranssiana, DoOnKeY ..+-cisi0cceccenvonceerstctdecesc@ex ess auentaetetet ie tee 25
Ordinata (Mitra), Pease (ubi). Peetel Cat ..... ACARI HORII OOO SHICIO AE 159

Oriens (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. No. 552....scccesscocseeeres Coseeseensersers coconens 64

INDEX. 231

PAGE,

Orientalis (Mitra), Gray. Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, t. 40, f. 5, 1834.
— M. Maura, Swainson.

Ornata (Mitra), Schub. & Wagn. Conchyl., t. 225, f. 3008, 8099........... 195
Ornata (Mitra), Kiener. Icon., t. 5, f. 8. - M. Rossiz, Reeve.
Oragiac(Mitxa), Ay Bd. Zool. Proc.; 185, 1861... c.sisscccsarsgtesddecssteadisies 169
Ornata (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 80, t. 21, f. 85. — N. stolata, Gmel.
Osidiris (Mitra), Issel. Mal. Mar Rosso, 263, t. 3, f. 9, 1869................ 191

Ossea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 219, 1844.

— Imbricaria punctata, Swn.
Osseum (Buccinum), Menke. Cat. No. 624; Mal. Blatt, xviii, 126, 1871. 16
Otocheilus, Conr. Am. Journ. Conch., i, 24, 1865.

Odin Tay (eLeULOLOMILGD. \isseueecsesicasansssisescretenesancenninesepteas Je cbetedes'ee 78
Gvomea.(Lurbinella), Kiener. Iconog., 7,,t.. 17, f.. Lso-msacccdsccaccadanctvads 70
Pacifica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 272. — T. cadaverosa, Reeve.
Paces ( Volute)-Soland. Port. Cat., 190......sssacpscvudiscstucasas! weneawdedden 94
Peeteli (Mitra), Dohrn. Mal. Blatt, vii, 125, 1861.,...........ccccsccnccersnees 152
Pagoda (Nassa), Reeve. Icon. Triton, f. 97, 1844.......ccscsccccsesccsssnsesece 45
Paligera (Mitra), Sowb. Thes..Conch., f. 515, 1874.......cscscacsccee-sceeceee 189
Pallidas(Mitra), Pease. Zoolk Proc., 146; 1860:......cd-cssscssencecesreedese dees 159
Pallida (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851....... vad etidtade svdec decals au cease 159
Pallida (Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 96, 1835 — Phos (vol. ini).

Pallida (Mitra), Issel. Ann. Mus. Genova, xi, 418, fig. 1, 1878.
— M. tricolor, Gmel.
Pallida (Voluta), var., Kiener. Monog,, t. 43. f. 12.
? = V. maculata, Swains.
Pallida (Voluta), Gray. Griffith’s Cuvier, t. 30, f. 4, 1834.
= V. volva, Gmel.
Pallidula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851. — N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Panamensis (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat. No. 51; Carpenter, Second
Report, 179. —N. exilis, Powis.

Papalis|(Mitra) Linn. Syst..Nat. Wdit., xii, W194... .. 3.00 .tersssscceseen<enes 111
Papillaris (Voluta), Reeve. Icon., f. 10, 1849. — V. papillosa, Swains.
Papillaris (Voluta), @melin. — Cymbium olla, Linn.

Papillatum (Cymba), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst., 237. —C. olla, Linn.
Bapillosa (Voluta), Swains. Bligh, Cat. App........0-s:sss-csssssessecececes cen 9G
Papillosa (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1200...........ccc--scsseee oe 30
Paranassa, Conrad. Am. Journ. Conch., iii, 262, t. 19, f. 6, 1867.

a Gr, Ob hy CHO Sa kpinxcet Gills. oc. <<sc-cecstelp « sesoben ees casedeteeecnacceeecen es 8
Pardalis (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 105, t. 17, f. 14, 15...............00 183
Parva (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 83, 1880............ssccess0 secosscees 63
Patriarchalis (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 318 ...............8 191

Patula (Cymba), Brod. Spec. Conch., 5, f. 2, a, b.: Ponton, Zool. Proc.,
375, 1868. — C. Neptuni, Gmel.
Patula (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 3833, 1845. ..............cs000 Sosinclses 125
Paucicostata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 11, 1877.
? = N. vibex, Say.
Paupera (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., iii, 155, 1850; Moll. Wilkes’ Exp.,

Bela oo sssas pick os ck eso canned peel Jacaur-niauds See eases eae oe «oh dexce te kc . 47
Pauperata (Nassa), Lam. “Bait. IDBSHS, CealiGeeeckataaens cod acess. ac aceshcsen Jabs 52
Paupercula (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. ’ Edit., BAM Ks ad soda csvwts sweep ceese 156

Paupercula (Mitra), Schroeter. Einl.,i, 217, ie 1, f.11. — M. retusa, Lam.
Paytense (Bullia), Val. Kiener, Coq. Viv., t. 6, f. 16.
— B. cochlidium, Kiener.
Peasei (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 366, 1860. — M. Isabella, Swn.
Peasei (Turricula) Garrett. Jour of Conch., iii, 57, 1880...........ece.se000. 166

932 INDEX.

PAGE,

Peculiaris (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f, 305, 1865.

? = M. typha, Reeve.
Pedersenii (Enta), Verrill. Am. Jour. Sci., N. S., xlix, 226, 1870....... 104
Pediculina (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 332, 1860................ Beso: 63
Pediculus (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. Mus., No. 80. — M. tabanuia, Lam.
Pellis-serpentis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 1844.................00 15]
Pellis-serpentis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 3886 — V. vespertilio, Linh.
Pellucida (Neritula), Risso. Hur. Mérid., 271.......:...0..scsscoceneousssnnssnen 65
Pepo (Voluta), Solander, teste Gray. = Cymbium Neptuni, Gmel.
Perdicina (Voluta), Schub. et Wagner. = Lyria nucleus, Lam.
Peregra (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Iccn., f. 186, 1844......... ..:...ssccccensese 144
Peritrema (Nassa), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc N.S. Wales, iv, 21,

by 51. De Sides cuscvoecstnats cts tecsnecsiinaresean earn cettccrnere ce oren tet centeesteeane 48
Perlata (Nassa), Meuschen. —N. granifera, Kiener,

Perpinguis (Nassa), Hinds. Voy. Sulphar, BG jt Oy £012.08. ceccces ene ateenmmele
Perronii (Mitra), Lam. Ann., No. 71. . aurantia, Gmelin.
Persica (Bullia), E. Smith. Zool. Proc., 730, t. 465 f. 1ST See eee ie he)
Persica (Cymba), Mart. = C. Neptuni, Gmel.
Persica (Nassa), von Martens. Vord. Asiat. Conch., 94, t. 5, f. 47.

—N. leptospira, A. Ad.
Pertusa (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., 12, 1198.

? — M. digitalis (Chemn), Dillw.
Pertusa (Mitra), Linn,? Dillw., Dese. Cat., 558. — M. cardinalis, Gmel.
Petrosa (Mitra); Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 314, 1874... ..iv.c.c.cesccestveseneear 124
Pfeifferi (Nassa), Phil. Abbild., iii, Buc.. 45, t. 1, f. 7.

— N. conspersa, Phil.
Pharaonis (Mitra), Géné. Issel, Mal. Mar. Risso, 119, t. 3, f. 8, 1869.

= T. cadaverosa, Rve.
Pharaonis (Mitra), H. Ad. Zool. Proc., 9, t. 3, f. 1, 1872.

= T. Appelii, Jickeli.
Philippiana (Mitra), Forbes. Eg. Invert., 191. —M. cornicula, Linn.
Philippii (Dibaphus), Crosse. Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1860, t. 3, f. 1, 1858.. 164

Philippinarum (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 141, 1851............sscsecseceee 141
Philippinarum (Cymba), Mart. = C. olla, Linn.
Phrontis, H. and A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 117.

=i. (k. OL Nassa,. Mart.sevoscccrceescceresocecens cnet veroeeccceneteeretote cece meen een 6
Pia (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 366, 1860 i veaea lhe bodeavgeant onee deeeteee creme 139
Pica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch: Icon., f) 247, 8450.05... .c.< secs coesnoandeneeese 125

Pica (Mitra), Chemn. Conch Cab., xi, 24, f, 1721, 1722.
? — M. paupercula, Linn.

Picea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f 658, 1874). 7... c.cccs+-cssce tenneoee eines 150
Picea (Strigatella), Pease. Zool. Proc., 146, 1860................-cssssecssere 150
Picts, ((Nassa); Dunker. Zeit, Mal? 172, S46. 5.2.00. socaereasecese eeetee vozegh OD

Picta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 123, 1844.
— M. Barbadensis, Gmel.

Picta (Mitra), Danilo et Sandri. Brusina, Verh. Zool. Bot. Wien, xv,
15, 1865. = M. tricolor, Gmel.

Picturata (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 78, 1880.............0c0+ecsoccsee 63
Pigra (Mitra)) A. Ad. ‘Zool. Proc:; 188, USDils:..22-<-.5-s0sce0sssasen ae trere se 120
Pingne (Buce.), Phil. Zeit. Mal.,/61,, 18515) == Nassaie.s.csecsscmsasteeees 62
Pinguis (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851........06 .ssss0e Aneel 1)

Pinguis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 304, 1845.

—= T. nodosa, Swains.
Piperita (Voluta),.Sowb. Zool. Proc., 150, 1844.............06+ SERCOCROR OD ou0ck 87
Pisolina (Mitra), Lamarck. = T. dermestina, Lam., var.

INDEX. 233

PAGE,
Planaxis, Risso. Hist. Nat., iv, 172, 1826. = Tritia, Risso.
Planilirata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 184. == M. Solandri, Rve.
Planicostata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851......ccsceeeseeseeeereees 34

Plebecula (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., 332, 1860. — N. paupera, Gld.
Plebeja (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860; Mal. Blatt, viii, 137,
1862. = M. latruncularia, Reeve. ‘
Pleioptygma, Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad,, 563, 1862........scsssceeeeeeee 78
Plicaria (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 732, 1758.
= T. plicata, Klein.
Plicata (Mitra), Klein. Reeve, Icom., f. 56,.....cccccssssscscsscecsscscscescesess 167
Plicata none Bolt. —N. pulla, Linn.

Plicata (Nassa), Pease MSS. Carpenter, Z. Proc., 516, 1865.

= N. tenia, Gmel.
Plicata (Voluta), Dillw. Desc. Cat., i, 563. — V. musica, L., var. sulcata.
-Plicatella (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., viii, 280, 1862..............c.ssseceee 63
Plicatella (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., ili, 1851.............cesccscoscesescesase 58
Plicatissima (Mitra), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 119, t. 17 b, f. 11, 12.......... 188

Plicatula (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., 1867, t. 15, f. 4.
= Turr. Emilix, Schmeltz.
Plicatula (Mitra), Brocchi. Foss. Subap., ii, 318, t. 4, f. 7; Petit, Cat.
Test. Eur., 281. — M. ebenus, Lam.
Plicatula (Nassa), Dunker. Godeffroy Exped. Cat. —N. picta, Dunker.
Plicosa (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., iii, 1846; Marrat, No. 1309.
= Phos (vol. iii).
Plumbea (Mitra), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, 332. — M. ebenus, Lam.
Plumbea (Mitra), Lamarck. Reeve, Icon., f. 156; Sowb., Thes.
= M. cornicula, Linn., var.
Polita tButlia Reeve: Conchra icon, f. 94, US44.tr Siecceacctccwonocccetesee 126

Polita (Bullia), Gray. Voy. Blossom, 126, 1839. = B. polita, Lam.
Polita (Bullia), Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, t, 3, f. 1, 2.

EMEC lan MeV CWelise.jennsreniccoscetacinecssccedccadseceancddddceceeractmarcceses 16
Pontaa(eullia) bam.) 4Am. 8s Vert., %, 162... .ccscescasccsdevessens+satesedatececds 15

Polita (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 79, 1880.
?—N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Politum (Teinostoma), A. Ad. = Rotellide.
Politum (Bucc.), Bivona. == Nassa cornicula, Olivi.
Polygonata (Nassa), var., Kiener. Buccin., 92, t. 27, f. 107.
—N. Jacksoniana, Quoy.
Polygonata (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 184. ?—N. vibex, Say.
Polygonata (Nassa), Reeve (not Lam.). Icon., f. 123.
= N. rufolineata. Marrat.
Polypleura (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 163, t. 5, f. 6, 1876.
= V. musica, L., var.
Polyzonalis (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 894. — V. virescens, Soland.
Ponderosa (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 196, 1854.
= Desmoulea pinguis, A. Ad.
Pontificalis (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 300..............s.000000s 111
Porcata (Mitra), Humphrey. Reeve, Icon., f. 187, 1844.
= M. peregra, Reeve.
Porcina (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 383.
= Cymbium proboscidale, Lam.
Porphyretica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 195, 1844.............seseeees 191
Potensis (Mitra), Montrouz. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iii, 374, 1859; iv,
120, 1866. = Cylindra dactylus, Lam., var.
Preecallosa (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 11, 1877.........sss0008 63

30

234 INDEX.

Preetexta (Voluta), Reeve. Icon., f.'29,, 1849.........0....cccsecooetses siestese 94
Preetexta (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 258, 1870. —T. Zebuensis, Rve.
Pretiosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 116, 1844. é
— M. crenifera, Lam., juv.
Prevostiana (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., xviil, 165, 1878;
Kix 415 t. Pst. 2) AUST OL ee cee ess ncse cooks cecek tees ocetenct aches Sducseeey 95
Prismatica (Nassa), Brocchi. Conch. foss., ii, 337, t. 5, f. 7.
—N. clathrata, Born.
Prismatica (Nassa), Monterosato. Nuova Revista, 40; Aradas & Benoit,
292. —N. denticulata, A. Ad.
Prismatica (Nassa), Monterosato (non Brocchi). —N. renovata, Monts.
Pristis (Northia), Deshayes. An.s. Vert., x, 192.
— N. serrata, Dufresne.

Proboscidale (Cymbium), Lam. An. saus Vert. Edit. Desh., x, 382........ iis)
Productum (Cymbium), Lowe. Linn., Prow., v, 169, 1860. — C. olla, Linn.
Prompta (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 77, 1880,...........ce000 cocsesere 49
Propinqua (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 58, 1880.............. 152
Propinqua (Mitra), Sowerby (not A. Ad.). Thes, sp. 22, f. £9, 1874..... 112
Propinqua (Mitra), Garrett. Jour, of Conch, iii, 22, 1880.................. ib 7(l
Propinqua (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 270, 1851. —M. versicolor, Mart. 112
Propinqua (Nassa), J. Sowb. Min. Conch. —N. corniculum, Oliv.
Proscissa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Lcon:,; £177, 18445... ness. ce esceceiarest 147

Proxima (Turricula), Nevill. Jour, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 98, 1875.
= Var. of T. cruentata, Chemn.

Proxima (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., No. 52, 1852.
— N. versicoior, Ad.

Pruinosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 171, 1844.................+66 sateeke 142
Psephza, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xix, 302, 1871. i

= Voluta, Linn: sect. .c.20cs0iu.b tina. cveeenwebcce do heceesoctbotee ns seseeeeeeene 98
Pseudostrombus, Klein. Ostracol., 35, 1753. —S8. G. of Bullia, Gray..... 5
Ptychoris, Gabb, Proc. Philad: Acad) 2911 8i7/G:s..-scssenees cceeessmenbeneen dit

Ptychosalpinx, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 153, 1867; Conrad, Am.

Jour. Conch. 11,2615. L8GUescexs ec acauewece cece ce eet ce vescuanyeaisine aes tone tanes
Puella (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 276, 1845. ...hoc.22.<-nucsstnestecasess 184
Pugillaris (Turbinella), Lam. Hist., vil, 104.

Vasum muricatum, Born.

Pulchella (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 142, 1844.

— T. dermestina, Lam.
Pulchella (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851.

— N. Capensis, Krauss, var.
Pulcherrima (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 10, t, 1, f. 15, 1871.

? — N. concinna, Powis.

Pulchra (Turricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 56, 1880 ......... .... WT
Pulchra (Desmoulea), Gray. Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, 29, 1838............sseseee ee ¥OD
Pulchra(Voluta), Sowb. Tankery./Cateyt)o.ef 2)... cctiecceencesneesceencemere 86
Pulla (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Hdity; xii, W201. cc.c.icteeeeoeessssceeeneee 24

Pullata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 102, 1844. — T. plicata, Klein.
Pullus (Buccinum), Burrows. Elem., 147, t. 16, f. 4.

Nassa gibbosula, Linn,
Pullus (Buccinum), Pennant. Brit. Zool., t. 72, f. 92.

Nassa reticulata, L.

Pumilio (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 732, t. 75, f 11, 1871......... 57
Pumilio (Voluta), Brusiua. Verh. Zool. Bot. Vereins, xv, 15, 1865....... 101
Punctata (Nassa), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851.............ecescecseoroee 35

Punctata (Mitra), Swains. Zool. [lugt:, 2disers...nissccatss sobs seaesebcedinee 197

INDEX. 235

PAGE
Punctata (Voluta), Swains. Zool. Illust., i, t. 161.. Gated vOo
Punctata (Voluta), Kiener. Monog. t. 46, f. 1. Vv. “fawioang; Gmeli
Punctatus (Concelix), Swains. Zool. Ill., 1st ser., i, t. 24, f. 3.

WAPTICAT Ries deegsedracwas ctvsr ssa us cvecausys dese oudohvacksnmeamnrenedemsrencs ys yas 198
Puncticulata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit., Desh., x, 312,........s:cseeeeserereees 115
Puncto-lirata (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soe., vii, "58, UB GA aca eos sods 36
Punctostriata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 18! 54 isd, woaetttdemaraees sau 159
Puncturata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 798, t. 48, f. 5, 1878........s.seeee 179
Pupinoides (Nassa), Reeve. Icon., f. 162, 1855. N. glabrata, A. Ad,
Pupula (Turricula), Dunker, Cat. Godeff. Mus., No. 4, 84 tc lsat avdeets 193
Pudica (Mitra), Pease. Zool, Proc., 146, 1860............ssceeceseceeeeeeeereees 150
Pura (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 136, 1851. — M. carnicolor, Reeve.
Pura (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 13, 1877........ssceseeeeeeeees 63
Purpurata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 275..........cceeeeeceeeeceeseeeeens 175
Pusia, Swainson. Malacol., 320, 1840. — Turricula, Klein, sect......... 182
Pusilla (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Nassa, 82, 1880
Pusilla (Mitra), King. Zool. Journal, v, 349...........cececseenseccecee teneseees 152
Pusilla (Turricula), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 141, 18b1....... ccc... ccsoswenseeese 194
Pusilla (Lyria), Schrenck. Bull. St. Petersb., v, 514; Amur. L. Moll.,

APM et tll pecens concascen wave sceasisvecatcsasaswieeseccdemadeatetenseeeerserscns 103
Pusilla (Mitra), Bivona. Nuove Gen., 23, t. 8, f. 3. — M. tricolor, Gmel.
Pusio (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851...............e-eee spiwacenals dae 54
Pusio (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 29, 1850; 85, 1851.

Pusio (Voluta), Swains. Zool. Illust., t. 181. — V. virescens, Soland.
Pusiola (Nassa), Dunker. Marrat, Vars. of Nassa, No. 285.......s0ssesees0 64
Putillus ans): Pease. Zool. Proc., 1865; Am. Jour. Conch., 214,

Hemp ee fee AAs MUS Gil). sss dau seeae gs <c vepslcodoeecs cee quad vide suas seas entacncscsdeaaaenatses 190
Pygmva (Nassa), Lam. Hist. Nat.,vii, 154. 49
Pygma (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 268,; Catlow’s Nomenclator.

— M. Capensis, Dunker.

Pyramidalis (Desmoulea), A. Adams. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851.........-+.2+0 66
Pyramidalis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 208, 1844............eesseeeees 187

Pyramidella (Mitra), Brocchi. Foss. Subapp., ii, 318, t. 4, f. 5.
— M, ebenus, Lam. ;
Pyramidella (Turricula), A. Ad. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3 ser., rb E

BS Grate eta wie sce ate ca ca os co tam baa awd oaks eaetne ais bebe te og aidesdaOdeals Mactceemeectteed 195
Pyramis (Voluta), Wood. Index Test. — Mitra cancellata, Swains,
Pyrum (Turbinella), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1195..........-.ceseeeeeeeees 68

Quadrata (Nassa), Marr. Vars., No. 1480, 1880. — N. stigmaria, A. Ad.
Quantula (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 831, 1860...........:seseeeeeee seen 63
Queraine (Nassa), Marrat. Vars, of Nassa, 80, 1880.

— N. cornicula, Olivi.

ee a (Nassa), Marrat= ~Vars. of Nassa, 82, 1880.................. 63
Quisquiliarum (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mab, G2 Sila aa eeenieaseeas ten SO 62
Quoyi (Mitra), Deshayes. Lam., Edit., 2, X, 348.......0...seseseeceeeeeeeeeeeee 122

Quoyii (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. au Pol sud, v, 79, t. 21, f. 20-22,
1854. —N. cremata, Hinds.

Radiata (Mitra), Schum. Essai, Nouv. Syst., 238, Lei
— M. paupercula, Linn.
Radiata (Marginella), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 486. — Voluta zebra, Leach.

Radula (Cylindra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 185, 1874.........seeesseereeeens 196
Radius (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 309, 1845; Nevill, Jour. Asiat.
Noe. Beng, 100, 181d... ce. scctalecenssncecsdecseueacccscessenseecstsese coosccotic: - 166

Radix (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 552, HG oth ioe Sear er) ber 180

236 INDEX.

PAGE.

Ramosa (Melo), Meuschen. H. and A. Adams’ Genera.

- M. diadema, Lam.
Rapa (Turbinella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458. — T. pyrum, Linn.
Rapum, Humph. Mus. Callon. (Swainson), 1797. — Turbinella, Lam,
Raricosta (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Mérid., 174, f. 106.

— N. cornicula, Olivi.
Ravida (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851. —N. splendidula, Dkr.
Rawsoni (Turricula) Mérch. Jour. de Gonchr5 10, pLOlOscceessacerseneseesete 173

Reata (Nassa), Gould. Marrat, Vars. of Nassa, No. 830. —N. beata. Gld.
Recediva (Nassa), Marr. Vars. of Nassa, No. 1463.

= Vian. of N. CODTOria,) Mantivedscccsnrcs.coccctecere cance sscceleeoenescies sats ee eaee 64
Rectilateris (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 404, 1874..........seesesseeeeeee 175
Recurva (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 297, 1845..........20:sseeseseseeees 160

Reeveana (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 62, 1847; Phil., Abbild. Bucc.,
t. 2, f. 8. =N. picta, Dunker.

Reevei (Mitra), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 28, 1450. — M. tessellata, Martyn.
Reevei (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 109, 1851. —N. fossata, Gld.
Reevei (Voluta), Sowb. Thes Gonch., 269. — V. pretexta, Reeve.

Regia (Melo), Brod. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., t. 83, f. 26, 27.
M. Broderipii, Gray.
Regia (Melo), Schub. et Wagn. Conch. Cab., xii, 13, t. 218, f. 8088, 3039.
— M. thiopica, Linn, yar.
Regina (Mitra), Sowb. Genera of Shells. ..u.ds.c.0 Weeds nee 164
Regularis (Nassa), Kiister. Buccinum, 68, t. 12, f. 23, 24.
- N. signata, Dunker.
Renovata (Nassa), Monterosato. Enum. e Synon., 43; Bull. Soc., Mal.
Ital., vi, 259. —N. denticulata, A. Ad.
Reposta (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 331, 1860............sscseceeeeesees 63
Reticosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851. — N, stigmaria, A. Ad.
Reticulata (Mitra), Pease. Thes. Conch., f, 290.
= ME ye serpentis, Reeve.
Relioulata (Nassa), Quoy (not Linn.) Voy. Astrol., ii, 444, t. 32, f. 16,

17. -—N. cremata, var. margaritifera.
Reticulata (Nassa), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., x, 740.........ccccccccocstoereceres 58
Reticulata (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 186, 1851...........cssceceeseeneseeeoes 159
Reticulata (Voluta) Reeve. Zool. Proc., 144, 1843............ceeeesseeeeeeee one 94

Reticulata (Voluta), Sowb. (nec Reeve.) Thes. Conch., f. 47, 48.
— V. Reevei, Sowb.

Retusa (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 319........s000 neavegobo5o09=0 156
Retusa (Desmoulea), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 158.............. . = Sudceeesentastenee 66
Rhinoceros (Vasum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3458.........:sscscsescseceneeeeeeeees 71
Rhodia (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon, f. 225, 1845............-s00 sidecsnewere PAY

Rhodostoma (Bullia), Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon. , 8p. 25, 1847.
— B. digitalis, Meusch.

Rigida (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Ml., i, t. 29. — T. semifasciata, Lam.
Rigida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 169. — T. Deshayesii, Reeve.
Ringens (Bucc.), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 59, 1851..............cssessceserreeeresevoes - ae
Ringens (Desmoulea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc, 42, t. 27, f. 6, 1854....... Geers 66
Riparia (Planaxis), Risso. Eur. Mérid , 75. —N. Cuvieri, Payr.

Rissoides (Northia), Reeve. Iconica, Pleurotoma, f. 111............ soseseoeses 9

Rissoides (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 14, t. 1, f. 25, 1877..... 48
Roadnightz (Voluta), M’Coy. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, ser. viii, 89, t.

Tp Ted, DSBs sesesecectabes ans ‘ans scunoaedavecesnucsecesleceasstessrsleaestsnee en se nea oi
Roborea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 306, 1845.. Be OEC NIOU IS OORAOODNOCS .... 140
Robusta (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 140.

— M. Ziervogeliana, Gmel., var.

INDEX. 237

Roissyi (Nassa), Desh. Voy. Belanger, 432, t. 3, f. 38, 4, 1834.............. 57
Rollandi (Mitra), Bernardi. Jour. de Conch., iv, 67, t. 2, f. 6, 7, 1853.
? Imbricaria carbonacea, Hinds.

Rorata (Turricula), Gould. Sowb. Thes., f. 240 T. militaris, Reeve.
Rorata (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proe., iii, 171, 1850. T. Zebuensis, Reeve. °
Hosaces (Nassa); Reeve, Icon., f. 183, 1854. .......:s.ccsevessccssdesscuseveonbas 49
Rosacea (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f 321, 1845. — M. annulata, Reeve.
Rosea (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835......c00-ssesseceeeseeeee ses 189
Rosea (Mitra), Kiener. Icon., 83, t. 23, f. 73. M. crebrilirata, Reeve.
Rosea (Mitra), Duclos. — T. subulata, Lam.
Roseata (Thala), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 185, 1854.....csessccceseves cosecosca veces 160
Roseo-caudata (Mitra), Hanley. Sowb.. Thes. Conch., f. 655, 1874........ 182
Rosettze (Mitra), Angas, Zool. Proc., 55. t. 2, f. 6, 1865 aendeteR sdancsasee 121
Rossiz (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 198, 1844. — M. variegata, Reeve.
Rossiniana (Voluta), Bernardi. Jour. de Conch., vii, 377, 1859; viii, 127,

tia 15 AIRSTEU) csder Basaectoe RenCOCo CUS IOC DEBEBERECCBCBCRCUEEET Hodes sbeabad soer- hancssncnonhc 88
Rostellites, Conrad. Emory’s Mex. Bound. Surv. Rept., i, 158, 1855....... 77
Rotundicostata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 8, 1877............. 63

Rotundilirata (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 178, 1844.
— M. tabanula, Lam.
Rubella (Mitra), Agena & Reeve. Moll. Voy Samarang, 27, t. 10, f. 30,
ISAS eee ch siciedvescatese ses! wcctceMcke cess scebeebus suns Seles oteetisioeeedtetswenseesereeeee . 176
Rubens (Nassa), Kiister. Conch. Cab., Bucc., 25, t. 6, f. 7-9.
== Cantharus (vol. iii).
Rubiginea (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 1384, 1854. — M. proscissa, Reeve.

Rubiginosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., if (Ofe}), Ws tal coco ncarcoacce Henson 119

Rubiginosa (Mitra), Hutton. Cat. N. Zeal. Moll. 20; Jour. de Conch., 3
ser., xvili, 22, 1878. —M. rubra, Reeve.

Rubiginosum (Cymbium), Swains. Exot. Conch., t. 28......scccsccesesseeees 79

Rubra (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835 ooccoodans donchancoosecnass 188

Rubra (Nassa), Potiez et Mich. Gall. des Moll., BS 122; £007, 18.

— Lachesis minima
Rubricata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., Index. — T crebrilirata, Rve.
Rubricata (Nassa), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc , iii, 155, 1850. .

— N. Gayi, Kiener.
Rubritincta (Mitra) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 147, 1844.

— M. ferruginea, Lam.
Riickeri (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xv, 144, 1867; xvi, 97, t. 1,

f. 1. =—V. piperita, Sowb., var.
Rudis (Voluta), Gray. Griffith’s Cuvier, t. 30, f. 1, 1834.

— V. Ferussaci, Donovan.
mata (Buec.), Dunker. | Zeit, Mal, 59, US47...ccdecsssensecneecsateetecetteae tes 62
Rufescens (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 137, 1851. ? —M. annulata, Reeve.
Ruffina (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat. Edit., 12. 1192 ? — M. crenifera, Lam.
Ruffina (Voluta), Linn. Dillw., Desc. Cat.,i, 545. ? — Mitra adusta, Lam.
Rufilirata (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. Moll. Samarang, 26, t. 10, f. 26, 1848.

= M. flammea, Quoy.
Rufocincta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 134, 1851. — M. Capensis. Dunker.
Rufocincta (Nassa) A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851.

= N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.
Rufofilosa (Turricula), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soce., xii, 548, 1876...... 195
Rufolineata (Nassa), Marr. Vars. of Nassa, No. 212.

=e MPEVRINLIGH, ELITE) VAT sc. aacadawcewaaudhnegedevcswecoveveveses véeehovccestuuse 45
Rufomaculata (Mitra), Souverbie. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iv, 321, t. 11,

Regen WOO s teksts sn cad cae dee Bcaule OMe sree see eae Me Nes dcmeda sae eeeedenbeddedeubets 179

238 INDEX.

PAGE.
Rufula (Nassa), Reeve (non Kiener). Icon., f. 14, 1853.
= N. glans, L., var. elegans.
Rufula (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 89, t. 24, f. 95. — N. mutabilis, Linn.
Rufulum (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 89, t. 24, f. 95.
== N. mutabilis, Linn.

BRugata (Truncaria), Reeve. ‘Buce.-f. Wil, 1847 o.<2...<<.<0c1ss+ceesseee ene 10
Rugosa (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 5, 1877............ss0cesseose 63
Rugosa (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat, 3456. — TT. corrugata, Lam.

Rugosa (Mitra}, Swains. Sowerby, Tank. Cat. App., 27, 1825.
? — T. Cumingii, Reeve.
Rumphii (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 75, t. 21, f.

9, 10, 1853. SIN apr ay Ma Ns. gasiecertowe col soicasildeleniecbeesciewaucdeesnceeaeeemeen 24
Rupestris (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3464; Lischke, Jap. Meeres

Conchig; Supply BBs. ace icc. hcpisokaiicstss'vlchetadplls vdomachah's narnia sees 85
Rupicola (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 53, 1844. — M. lens, Wood.

Riippellii (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 179, 1844.

— M, Solandri, Reeve.
Russa (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 332, 1860; Otia, 129............... 159
Rustica (Turricula), Sowb. (not Reeve). Thes. Conch., f. 143.

— TT. Deshayesii, Reeve.

Rustica (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 8329, 1845..............006-. vesdesseee 176
Rutiles(Mitra’)eA. Ad Zool Proc: laiuloollenescasessseneeetcoraess eidecwas eee 151
Rutila,(Voluta); Brod. Zool. Jour: jt, 80). d:-.0-s5-c-cseetcnce eeueseeamenees 87

Rutilans (Nassa), Reeve. Iconog., f. 147, 1853.
— N. unicolorata, Kiener.

Sacerdotalis (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 139, 1851.........0s00sssceeseeoeeee 120

Salmonea (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 375, 1874........0:sssscsseenssssers 169

Saltata (Mitra), Pease. Zool. Proc.. 512, 1865; Am. Jour. Conch., 216,
VOGT... <= "Thala. secicsiecsssede vanes bas teeiset endo aaltles Jenn sonepioelests erase teee een 162

Samoensis (Nassa), Dunker MS. Marrat, Vars., No. 962.
= N. paupera, Gould.

Samuelis (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 368, 1860. — M. astricta, Rve.
Sancix-Helenz (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851..........s0uesssseses 40

Sandvichensis (Mitra), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 99, 1879.

— M. cruentata, Ch., var.
Sanguinolenta (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x. 805.......s.---ecccsesesrentecsne 113
Sanguisuga (Mitra), Linneus. Syst. Nat. Bdit., 12, 1192........... ....... 165
Santangeli (Mitra), Maravigna. Guerin’s Mag., t. 23, 1840.

—= M. zonata, Marryatt.
Savignii (Mitra), Payraudeau. Moll. de Corse, t. 8, f. 22.

— M. tricolor, Gmelin.
Scabra (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal,, 171, 1846; 59, 1847.

- N. horrida, Dunker.

Scabricola, Swainson. Malacol., 319, 1840. — Mitra, Lam., section..... 132
Scabricula,(Nassa), Powis. Zool. Proc., 1835... -..:+as-censessew--eanesteneeeres 46
Scabriuscula (Mitra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th Edit., 1192..................000 135

Scabriuscula (Mitra), Lamarck (not Linn.). Edit. Desh., x, 310.
— M. spherulata, Martyn.
Scabriuscula (Nassa), Ad. (not Powis). Panama Cat., No. 53, 1852.
— N.complanata, Powis.
Scalariformis (Nassa), Val. Kiener, Bucce., 79, t. 21, f. 80.
— N. clathrata, Born.
Scalariformis (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm, 140, 1875. 159
Scalarina (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, t. 1, f. 27, 1877.
—N. nigra, Hombr. et Jacq.

INDEX. 939

PAGE
Sealaris (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851.......sscseescessses eoveeseerers 29
Scalpta (Nassa), Marrat, New Forms of Nassa, 5. N. subspinosa, Lam.

Scapha (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3468............cccccsrssecscrsccsrescreces 89
Scapha (Voluta), Solander. Cymbium proboscidalis, Lam.. etek’)

Scapha, Gray (partim., not Klein nor Humph.). Zool. Proc., 131, "1847,
= Voluta, Linn., sect. Aulica.
Scaphella, Swains. Gray, Zool. Proc., 141, 1847.
= Voluta, L., sects. Aulica, Alcithoé, ete.
Schizopyga, Conr. Pacif. R. R. Rept., vi, t. 2, f. 1, 1856
== Uritig, RISs0.
Schomburgki (Mitra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 313, t. 18, f. 12, 18, 1878...... 17:
Schreeteri (Mitra), Deshayes. Lam., Edit., 2, x, 322.
= M. cornicula, Lam., var.

ew

Scita (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 141, 1875........... 128
Sciula (Matra), Av Ad. “Zool. Proc., 138, 1851.0... .stesscneoceserscesesesass 176
PCLUULANT (ONASSB)) AlCl. a GLOM.5 al) lOc. vercceecasocceesusindoeadoetessanetenie accesses 63
Sclateri (Voluta), Cox. Proc. Zool. Soc., 358, t. 26, f. 3, 1869.............. 92
Scolymus (Turbinella), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 8553. ...........scesceceeessceeece 70
Scolymus, Swains. Malacol., 78, 304, 1840. — ae Bolt.

Serofa (Voluta), Solander (ubi?), teste Gray. = \V. flavicans, Gmel.
Sculpta, (Nassa), Dunker.” Zeit. -Mal.,'96,°18580. 1.0.0.0 dccasedeeesqecesences 62
Sculptilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon. ., f. 290, 1845. — T. ceelata, Rve.
Scutulata (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vii, 3114.. heeled hss Soe 155
Secalina (Mitra), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 120, 1860; Otia, 129............ 159
Sectilis (Mitra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, 271, 1867.................0.. 159
Semen (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 256, 1845..........c.sscsccesscoecceees 190

Semiconica (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., No. 182, f. 619, 1874.

— M. Philippinarun, A. Ad.
Semicostata (Nassa), Brocchi. Brusina, Verh. Z. B. Gesell., 12, 1865.

= N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Semicostata (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68, 1839...............ceccenececerees 1938
Semicostata (Nassa), Brusina. Contr., 66. —N. incrassata, Strém.
Semicostata (Nassa), Marrat. Var. of Sculpt., 5.

— Var. of N. monile, Kien.

Hemitasciata Citra). Lamarck. Deshi) Sb0:-2.000.00c-cveconceleowensecesseecee ss 174
Semiferruginea (Mitra), Jonas. Reeve, Icon., f. 222, 1845................-. 152
Semiflammea (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 17, 1846................... 3

Semigranosa (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 170, 1846.
—N. splendidula, Dkr.
Semigranulata (Nassa), Dkr. 4H. and A. Adams’ Genera, i, 117.
? —N. semigranosa, Dunker.
Semilivida (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 31, 1877.... 159
Seminodosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 104, 1851.

SNe DADINOSH, SLVDN se cemreraaes oceans ns suasteccccecet tee ataeemeneetcesecerese Asse 30)
Seminulum (Nassa), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova, vii, 1029,

MRS ie eescearonsonuss cistssusseecsas aden beccauansssasceat eee caemacene decuerencess sesiec dere 62
Semiplicata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc...107, 1851....05 0652.50.25. 2... ees cee 32
Semiplicata (Turricula), Lamarck. H. & A. Ad. Genera, i, 176............ 195
Semiplicata (Bullia), Gray. Beechey’s Voy., 127, 1839.................-.200- 12

Semiplicata (Nassa), Dunker (not Adams). Zeit. Mal., 59, 1853.
= Nassa semisuleata, Dkr.
Semiplicata (Mitra), Swains. Brod., Zool. Proc., 197, 1835.
— M. microzonias, Lam.
Semiplicatum (Buce.), Costa. Cat., — Nassa cornicula, Olivi.
Semisculpta (Mitra), Ad. & Reeve. ee Voy. Samarang, 27, t. 10, f.
Pg MLOA Ovens vas vanes aattuacieacuunuoecnsacekeia wna dmemaaseanaes acts tecces cuenceaces Seeone 174

240- INDEX.

Semistriata (Mitra), Krynicki. Bull. Moscow, ii, 67, 1837..............00 159
Semistriata (Nassa), Forbes. Bg. Invert., 140. — N. cornicula, Olivi.

Semistriata (Nassa), Brocchi. Conch. foss., 651, t. 15, f. 15.
= N. cornicula, Olivi.
Semisulcata (Nassa), Dunker. Novit. Conch., 96, t. 32, f. 5, 6.
—N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Semisulcata (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 81, t. 21,
f. 30, 32, 1853. —N. crassa, Koch.
Semitica (Turricula), Jickeli. Jahrb., Mal. Gesell., i, 45, t. 2, f. 8, 1874.
Semiusta (Bullia), Reeve. Conch Icon., sp. 22, 1847.
— B. digitalis, Meusch.
Senegalensis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 129, 1844......... PSpasoabacece
Senticosa (Melo), Bolt. H. & A. Adams’ Genera. — M. armata, Lam,
Sesarma (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 13, t. 1, f. 14, 1877.
— N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Serotina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 182, 1851.............s..0.secscsssesceves
Serotina (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 108, 1851............ccececsceseccacerees
Serpentina (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 390. — V. vespertilio, Linn.
Serpentina (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 312..........ccccerssceseeeseeeee
Serrata (Northica), Dufresne. Kiener, Bucc., 28, t. 9, f. 28.........cseceers

Serrata (Nassa), Brocchi. Sub. App. Foss., t. 5, f. 4.

? —N. reticulata, Linn.
Sertula (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. —N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Sertum (Mitra), Duval. Jour. de Conch., iii, 160, t. 7, f. 1, 1852.

— M. scutulata, Lam.
Signata (Nassa), Dkr. Zeit. Mal.,61, 1847........... sabe whod vhealee «slbatvoemtentiee
Signifer (Voluta), Brod. Zool. Proc., 232, 1847. — V. flavicans, Gmel.
Simplex (Nassa), E. A, Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 5 ser. vi, 319, 1880.
Simplex Mitra), Dunker=)) Zeit. Mal. 11) 1846 ae.e.scccceseccscsclcereeseeeiees
Sinarum (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 63, 1851. : Spano SALONA cen
Sinensis (Cylindra), Reeve. Conch. Teaut, 1 190 b., 1844. shidweeades dela ceeetes
Sinensis (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of INASS89,(.45. sos ome so onteemr ee seems
Sinusigera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851............sescescseeceeeeers
Siquijorensis (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., ls Usha ke B50 ,
Sistroidea (Nassa), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soe. “Bengal, “xiii, Pt.

2,t. 1, f. 6, 1874. —N. subpinosa, Lam.
Smithii (Nassa), Marrat. Quar. Jour. Conch., 1, 204, 1877............00++-
Solandri (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 172, 1844...............cscecseseees
Solida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 18, 1844; Angas, Zool. Proc.,

DOA, VSG T oo oaca cv coc ossosievalescicn meldeleedieccescheasjses ceciass ite dees, Rance cece oe eens
Solida (Teinostoma), Smith. Zool. Proc., 737, t. 75, f. 25, 1871.

— Rotellide.
Solidula (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 133, 1844.

= M. Ziervogeliana, Gmel., var. °*
Solitaria (Mitra), C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 44, 1852; Carpenter, Zool.

Proe:, 641, W868.0 = Thala... .ccc cae cke ce desvnowecuoutnudesounecyensleanaeeae minnie
Sophie (Voluta), Gray. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., Xviii, 431, 18AG skh cccaceese
Sophiz (Mitra), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3d ser., ii, 253, 1862..
Sordida (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851.. -
Sowerbyi (Voluta), Kiener. Monog., t. 50. = We ‘papillosa, pars.
Spadicea (Mitra), Dunker. Sowb., Thes., te 478, 1874.

M. peregra, reeve, var.
Sparta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 11, t. 1, f. 22, 1877........
Speciosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 148, 1844..........ceesecereeceee one
Speciosa (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 100, 1851.
= Phos plicosus, Krauss (vol. iii).

Le

114

eS ee

eo ee

INDEX. 941

PAGE,
Speciosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 209, 1844. — M. variata, Reeve.
Spectabilis (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3468. - V. ancilla, Soland,
Spengleriana (Voluta), Mart. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 161.. .........4- 101
Spherulata (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch, f. 21....ccccocssceccsecccescceecers 13

Spicata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch, Icon., f. 291, 1845.

= T. fusiformis, Kiener.
Spilus (Nassa), Watson. Marrat, Vars. No. 772........ccsscscecesccsecacccoess 64
Spinea (Voluta), Kiister. Conch. Cab., ii, t. 31, f. 3, 4.

— V. corona, Chemn.
Spiralis (Voluta), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3464. — M. exasperata, Gmel.
Spirata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 106, 1851.

— N. glans, L., var. elegans, Kiener,

Spiripuncta (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 27, 1880..........2-.0++ 143
Splendidula (Nassa), Dunker. Zeit. Mal. 170, 1846...........:seeceeseeeesees 52
Sprela (Nassa), Watson. .Marrat, Vars. N0..774....0c0secssscanrsereassensoense 64
Spreta (Mitra), A. Ad. Jour. Linn. Soc., vii, 201, 1864...........0...scc0se 182
Spurca (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proe., vii, 382, 1860............-scsecaseeeceses 63
Squalida (Bullia), King. Zool. Jour., v, 349. — B. cochlidium, Kiener.

Stainforthu (Mitra), Reeve. P. Z. S., 98. 1841. ..cs-eas.conessssnaconssssessecone 166

Stearnsiana (Nassa), Garrett. Marrat, Vars. 89, 1880,
—N. crenolirata, A. Ad., var.

Stearnsii (Voluta), Dall. Calif. Proc., N. 270, t. 1, f. 1, 1872..........-.0. 97
Stigmataria (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim., vii, 311. —T. sanguisuga, L., var,
Stigmaria, (Nassa)) Al Ad.) Hoole Proc... 9G; pl Sole. a. oc cess cconpesescosecsdecce 54

Stimpsoniana (Nassa), © B. Ad. Panama Shells, 72.

—N. scabriuscula, Powis.
Stolata (Nassa),Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3496....... SpceetOcDboaDBRE COCKE DOCU NDECEECaCaE 45
Stoliczkana (Nassa), G. & H. Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 24, t. 1,

f. 8, 1874. —N. hirta, Kiener.

Stolida (Nasra), A Ad. Zool. Proc., 105, 1851...........0..+s000 Seen Zactecccs 31
Stragulata (Voluta), Miihlf. — V. zebra. Leach.

Strangei (Mitra). Angas. Zool. Proc., 110, t. 13, f. 4, 1867...............06 136
Siramines (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc. 132, 1851......0-..:.s0sn«seessdeceures 140
Striata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851. —N. glabrata, A. Ad.

Striata (Nassa),C. B. Ad. Panama Shells, 289, 1852.

— N. versicolor, C. B. Ad.
Striata (Mitra), Gray. Beechey’s Voy., 135, t. 36, f. 7, 1839.

— M. limbifera, Lam.
Striata (Mitra), Brusina. Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, xv, 14, 1865. 194
Striatella (Mitra), Caleara. — M. Columbellaria, Scacchi.
Striatula (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 323. — M. Barbadensis, Gmelin,
Strigata (Mitra), Swainson. Brande’s Jour. App., 1824...............seseeeee 121
Sinivatella. Swainson: sMalacol: iQ 51840: .c.sdsss.cccanseeccesaccmeesaca 108, 153
Strigillata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 190, 1874.............eecceeeeees 141
Sturmii (Nassa), Phil. Zeit. Mal., 135, 1848. —N. vibex. Say.
Suavis (Mitra), Souv. Jour. de Conch., 183, t. 13, f. 2, 1875.........0ccee 194
Subdivisa (Mitra), Chemn., part. — T. costellaris, Lam.
Subdiaphanum (Bucce.), Bivona. — Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.
Subnodosa (Volta), Leach. Zool. Misce., i, 24, f. 8.

= V. Magellanica, Lam., var.
Subplicata (Voluta), Hutton. N. Zeal. Cat., 18. — V. gracilis, Swn.
Subquadrata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 485, 1874.

— T. cadaverosa, Rve., var
Subrostrata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 297, 1874.

= M. pudica, Pease.

31

949 INDEX.

PAGE
Subspinosa (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 178........ceeeeeesesseeeeeeeeeeeeerees 43
Subtexturata (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 26, 1880............... 135
Subtruncata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., iv, sp. 468, f. 405.

— T. ecrebrilirata, Rve.
Subulata (Mitra), Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vii, 315......ssseesseeseeees Ieee
Subvariabilis (Nassa), d@’Orb. Prodr., iii, 83. —N. mutabilis, Linn.
Succincta (Mitra), Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat. App., 26, 1825...........++ 135

Succineta (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851, —N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
Sufflata (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Proce., vii, 330, 1860.

= No témuite ESAS (Smnrth eee ceecsseccteeoc coatccebiisssilsesiestes cllsemosttesieneee@catine 23
Sulcata (Mitra), Swains. Sowb., Tank. Cat. App., 26, 1825........++eseeee 139
Suleata (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 14, t. 4, 1847.......0seeeseeeeees 18

Suleata (Mitra), Menke. Mérch, Nachr. Mal. Gesell., v, 70.
M. peregra, Reeve.

Sulcata (Truncaria), Kiener. Buccinum, t. 13, f. 45.......0..ceeseeeeeee rere ee 10
Suleata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 396. — V. musica, Linn.
Sulcifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 98, 1851... ..........eeeeeeeeeeeveveeeeese 24

Suluensis (Mitra), Ad. & Rve. Moll. Voy. Samarang, 26. t. 10, f. 27, 1848. 172
Suluensis (Mitra), Smith (nec Ad. & Rve.). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 425,
1875. M. fusco apicata, Smith.
Suturalis (Nassa), Lam. An. sans Vert., x, 166. — N. glans, Linn, var.
Suturata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 282, 1845.
M. pellis-serpentis, Reeve.
Swainsoni (Concelix), Lesson. Voy. Coquille, ii, Pt. 1, 400, t. 11, f. 5,

1830. Imbricaria conica, Schum.
Swainsoni (Mitra), Broderip. Zool. Proc., 1835..... .......ceceecececerececerees 121
Swainsonia, H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 180. Mitra, Lam., section..... 130
Tabanula (Mitra), Lamarek.: Anim, Vil; 8252.02. 00....csenresececssteecesoeansnr 146
Tabescens (Nassa), Marrat. Vars. of Wassa, Sl, 1S8Oiicasececscenstecnncoenne 63
Tenia (Nagsa), Gmel) Syst. Nat. C405) 2 oooc.cccccss smc ene cessnenmnelpislsen crite 30
Teeniata (Mitra), Lamarck. An. sans Vert., vil, 307...........eseeeeeeeeeeeee 164
Teeniolatum (Buecinum), Phil. Archiv fiir Naturg., i, 69, 1845............. 57
Tahitensis (Bullia), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3490. ........0.000. tnceccerscerceccerentee 16
Tahitensis (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 50, 1880.............-...+- 148
Tamsiana (Bullia), Dunker. Moll. Guin., 19, 1853..............0.scesecsceeens 16

Tasmanica (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 139, 1875.. 159
Tasmanica (Nassa), Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 150, 1875.
2 N. monile, Kiener, var. Jacksoniana.
Tatei (Mitra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 861, t. 54, f. 8, 1878.............c0cceseee 183
Tathnee (Mitra), Jickeli Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, 25, t. 11. f. 4, 1874...... 189
Tayloriana (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 124, 152, 1874.
T. teeniata, Lam.

Tegula (Nassa), Reeve:. Tcon:,f°%8, V85a. rec sense covcoessececeeereonccmemaene 39
Teinostoma, H. & A. Adams’ Genera, i, 132. — Family Umboniine.
Telasco, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Kec. Moll. i, 119. — Zeuxis, H. & A. Ad.
Telescopium (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 80, 1844............ccceeseeerees 143
Telum (Mitroidea), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 613, 614, 1874......... ...-..00+ 1638
Tenella (Nassa), Reeve. Icon. Index, 1854.00.00... 0 ioc. io cecwcscove- veraveces 50
Tenuilirata (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., tf. 407, 1874.............cs000 coves 178
Tenuis (Bullia), Gaay. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 1, 1846...... ............0. 11
Tenuis (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xv, 428, 1875; Zool.
Proc,, 21, [STO cesses eacicccsuie'sdesscetenesecresadeversdsdencsecotemuiseuceee sages became 23

Tenuis (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. 66, f. 8327, 1874...........seceeseee 129

INDEX.

Terebralis (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1836.
T. subulata, Lam.
Terebralis (Mitra), Lamarck. Anim. s. Vert., vii, 303.
— M. tessellata, Martyn.
Terebroides (Nassa), Rve. Icon., f. 161, 1853. - N. labiata, A. Ad.
Teresiw (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 140, 1875; 34,

USS iebeene a spade des sears ee eke cine cidle ce Boaaels adie she cbs sipie ndaane Soaiidde aalvieh aaatay ame ae 128
Deretrusoula (Nassa); A; Ad. Zool. Proc:, 108, 1851.00.55. cocsusess scvewntun 82
Tessellata (Mitra), Martyn. Univ. Conch., f. 19.............. SRP CCE ECE Le 132
Tessellata (Mitra), Kiener. Icon., t. 15, f. 42. — M. Barbadensis, Gmel.
Tessellata (Melo), Lam. Edit. Desh., X; 377.....c0ccss0csscceccconsevnasscscsaers 80
Tessellata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Ill., 2d ser. = M. Rossixw, Reeve.
Tessellata (Nassa), Rve. Icon., f. 167, 170, 1853. = N. vibex, Say.
Tessellatum (Bucc.), Scacchi. Cat.. ii. == Nassa Cuvieri, Payr.
Tessellatum (Buce.), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3479. — Nassa mutabilis, Linn.
Tessellatum (Buecinum), Olivi. Zool. Adriatica, 142, 1792.
—N. reticulata, Linn, var.
TesselJatus (Fusus), Schubert et Wagner. T. 219, f. 3048, 5049.

= Voluta dubia, Brod.
Testacea (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Proc., 1835,.........1..-sseeeeeees 127
Textilina (Nassa), Mérch. Kreb’s Catal. = Phos (vol. iii).
Texturata (Mitra), Lamarck. Edit. Desh., x, 328.........secscsssceeeseeeeeeres 134
Thatcheri (Voluta), McCoy. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., i, 54, t. 2, f. 1, 1868;

Proc. Zool. Soc., 561, 1869; Jour. de Cone “BOs Gil Osvewacudasinds sctesesa te 96
Thersites (Nassa), Brug: nc yc Metheny t. OAs Onenccsaee teestvecseeceseses 25
Thiarella, Swainson. Malacol. 130, 1840. = Mitra, Lam.
Thiarella (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 392. — V. musica, Linn.
Tiara, Swainson. Malacol., 129, 319, 1840. — Turricula, Klein.
Tiarella (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 153, 1851. = M. coronata, Lam.
Tiarula (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., iii, t. 30, f. 4..........:eeseseeerseeneeseeeeeee 41
Ticaonica (Mitra), Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 181, 1844. — M. crassa, Swn.
Tigrina (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 132, 1851...........c0.:sseaeeeseeereeeees 157
Timorensis (Mitra), Dohrn. Mal. Blatt, 56, 1864. ? — T. cremans, Rve.
Tinei (Nassa), Maravigna. Atti Soc. Groenia, 1841.

? = Var. of N. cornicula, Olivi.
Tissotiana (Voluta), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xv, 195, t. 6, f. 1, 1867.

= V. flavicans, Gmel., var.

Todilla (Thala), Migh. Bost. Proc., ii, 24, 1845; Pease, Am. Jour.

Won chamtiien Gt BO Te aes tenste foo soce sieeeccb 5 cceieie } olden oo cna dere Sa peeeee om eyer eee 160
Tornata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 269, 1845. — M. flammea, Quoy.
Tornatelloides (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Tcon-sefaroll Gye Ota benssereerectane i. 144
Torulosa (Mitra), Lam. Edit. Desh , x, 334. — M. exasperata, Gmelin.
Tranquebarica (Bullia), Bolten. Mérch, Cat. Yoldi, 77

— B. Belangeri, Kiener.

Tricarinata (Nassa), Lam. Amim., X, 171.......cccsseseesepeeneeeceeeeeeerseees 62
Tricolor (Mitra), Montrouzier. Jour. de Conch., 3d ser., i, 272, 1861.
— T. luculenta, Reeve, var.
Tricolor (Mitra), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3476........0--:sssssceceseeeee sesceeeeeeeeees 193
Trifaseiata (Truncaria), A. Adams. Genera of Recent Mollusca, i, 112.. 10
Trifasciata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 113, 1851. —N. cornicula, Olivi.
Trifasciata (Nassa), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3489. ? —N. unicolorata, Kiener.
Tringa (Nassa), Souverbie. Jour. de. Gonehs, 3 ser, iv, 212, t. LOST. 7;
eerlieaGptanae aes awk os. 3 oS Pee eehhe cai Qutic ceaadana tldcetmremeewee tanec ued ashe ccaes soc AT

Trinodosa (Nassa), E. A. Smith. Jour. Linn. Soe., xii, 545, t. 30, f. 2,
1876. —N, tiarula, Kiener.

944 INDEX.

PAGE.
Tristis (Mitra), Swainson. Brod., Zool. Soc. Proc., 134, 1885............... 155
Tritia, Risso. ° fist. Nat., iv, 172, 1826. —S. G. of Nassa, Mart........ eet
Tritiaria, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 21, 1865; Conrad, A. J. C., iii,
264. — S.G. of Ptychosalpimxs Gillie .cccc....------2-. onceeseceen ene ee seekers 8
Tritonella, A. Adams. Genera, i, 121. — Hima, Leach.
Tritoniformis (Nassa), Kiener. Bucc., 108, t. 80, f. 2...........cccceveccseere 45

Tritonis (Cymba), Brod. Spee. Conch., 5, f. 3, a, b. —C. Neptuni, Gmel.
Tritonium (Buee.), Blainv. Faune Franc., 121.
— Nassa incrassata, var. pygmiea, Lam.

Trivittata (Nassa), Say. Jour. Phil. Acad., ii, 231, 1822..... eecesccuveteete 60
Truncaria, Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, 33, 1848...........¢..:se0ees 5

Truneata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., ¢. 30, f. 101.
? = Imbricaria punctata, Swainson.
Truncata (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 15, 1846...........sesssscscssee 16
Trunculus (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., sp. #12, 1874............secscessens 190
Tryoni (Desmoulea), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., xvii, 409, 1869.
— D. retusa, Lam.
Tschudii (Nassa), Troschel. Archiv. Naturg., i, 173, t. 5, f. 4, 1852.
—N. dentifera, Powis.
Tuberculata (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog. Index. — M. nodosa, Swn.
Tuberculata (Voluta), Swainson. Exot. Conch., ix, t. 6.
= V. Magellanica, Lam., var.
Tuberculatum (Buce.), Turton. Dict., 16.
— Nassa incrassata, var. pygma.
Tuberosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 237, 1844.
— T. parriarchalis, Lam.
Tubigera (Turbinella), Anton. Verzeichn., 70, 1839.

? — Vasum imperiale, Reeve.
Tumida (Mitra); Reeve. Conch. Icon:, f. oll) 1844 wo cc osesesendesene 192
Turben (Mitra); Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 213, 1844. ore ce tic scccscesacessence 146

Turbinata (Voluta), Kiener. Monog , t. 26, f. 2. — V.hebrva, Linn., var.
Turbinea (Nassa), Gould. Bost. Jour. N. H., v, 292, t. 24, f. 10, 1845... 57

Turbinella, Wam- Prodr:; 73; Syst Ams, Go, USO ]eirscs.cesmsteerccccsesdenee 67
Turbinella (Vasum)); Linn’ Musi UWiries(68457-..5..0-co-es--eressnecesseseeneeee 72
Turgida (Mitra), Reeve. Conch Icon., f 273, 1845.................200 +0 Teens:
Turneri (Voluta), Gray Griffith’s An. Kingd,, t. 40, f. L.........seceeeeeee 92
Turricala, Klein? ‘Ostrac., 74; V758.ccsc.ccccssccscceseccceetentecmennes tenets 109, 164

Turricula (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., 139, 1851.
- T. militaris. Reeve, var.
Turricula (Nassa), Pease MSS. Carpenter, Zool. Proc., 516, 1865.
— N. paupera, G!d.
Turriger (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 262, 1845.
— T. fusiformis, Kiener.

Turris, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 539, 1810. —= Turricula, Klein.
Turrita (Bullia), Gray. Zool. Beechey Voy., 126, 1839... ................006. 14

Turrita (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 110, 1851. —N. clathrata, Born.
Turturina (Mitra), Souv. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., xv, 43, 297, 1875; 3

Ser, XVile 70, be 1, f. 2, LS fiescsesesccse-oncssceacsecies sees seneneaseeer cee nee 184
Tusa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 285, 1845
Typha (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon, f. 267, 1845. . occ cee cseecceceeeoenere 128
Typostigma (Mitra), Brusina. Weinkauff, li, 33...............0cessscecrececeee 194

Umbilicata (Melo), Brod. Sowb., Genera of Shells.
M. diadema, Lam., var.
Umbonata (Mitra), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 259, 1870. — T. Osidiris, Issel.

INDEX. 245

PAGE,

Umbrosa (Mitra), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 125, 1874. T. vulpecula, Linn.
Undata (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 9, 1877......sseececeseeceees 63
Undata (Voluta), Martyn. Univ. Conch. V. interpuncta, Mart.
Urdulata (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 401...........cccccercecceceosssecceces 92
Undulosa (Cylit dra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 192, 1844........esseeees sevens 196
Unicineta (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad.. v, 211, 1826.

? — Phos Gaudeloupensis, Petit (vol. iii).
Unicolor (Nassa), Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 76, t. 21, f.

13-15, 18538. —N. unicolorata, Kiener.
Unicolorata (Nassa), Kiener. Monog. Buce., 60, t. 19, f. 69... eeeceeeees 31
Unidentata (Nassa), Powis. Kiister, Buec., 24, t. 6, f. 4-6.

—N. dentifera, Powis.
Unifascialis (Columbella), Chenu. —M_ auriculoides, Reeve.
Unifascialis (Mitra). Lamarck, Edit. Desh., x, 337, — M. nucleola, Lam.
Unifascialis (Mitra), Anton. Verzeichn., 68. — M. Antonii, Kiister.
Unifasciata (Voluta), Wood. Index Test. — T. Cumingii, Reeve.
Unifasciata (Nassa), Kien. Bucc, 76, t. 14, f. 50. — N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Unifasciata (Cyclonassa), Risso. — Neritula neritea, Linn.
Unifasciata (Nassa), Pease MSS. Carpenter, Zool. Proc., 516, 1865.

—N. paupera, Gld.
Unilineata (lurricula), Garrett. Jour. of Conch., iii, 60, 1880............. 195
Ustulata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon , f. 89, 1844.........scesessceerereee: 008 119
Uzielliana (Mitra), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., i, 285, 1861; ii, 50,

INNS GER estos routes hess an ieee coe abeacet eee eee eee meted caste sarsetentesses 150
Uzita, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec., Moll., i, 120. —S. G. of Nassa, Mart. 7

Valida (Bullia), Dunker. Zeit. Mal., 191, 1852; Novit., 33, t.10, f. 1, 2.

— Pusionella.
Vanikorensis (Mitra), Quoy. Voy. Astrol., ii, 649, t. 45, bis, f. 5, 6....... 199
Variabilis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 95, 1844..........0.ssesesceeeceees 119
Variabilis (Nassa), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 221. — N. Cuvieri, Payr.
Varians (Nassa), Dunker. Mal. Blatt., vi, 231, 1860................seeseeeeeee 62

Variata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2U9, Index.
Varicifera (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proe., 108, 1851: Smith, Zool. Proc.,
Al) MLS eee es.c Sean anc eette eas dus oscosle alsdemascausen sana steantepensensmemeceets 31
Varicosa (Nassa), Turton. Zool. Jour., ii, 365, t. 13, f. 7.
—N. incrassata, var. pygmvea, Lam.

Variegata (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3457. — M. serpentina, Lam.
Variegata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 97, 1851. — N. gemmulata, mags
Variegata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 111, 18442 xen Bicol oie) 113

Vaviolaria (furbinella), Lam. Edit. Desh., ix, 380.
— Vasum turbinella, Linn.
Vasum, Bolt. Mus., 1798. Link, Beschreib., iii, 119, 1807; Z. P., 251,

MSH taess tens ces cactvanesastet Siacs oo sate ctile swaatantaeeteenenade See ebcacenntcesyesseeses 67, 71
Velata (Bullia), Gould. Otia Conch., 67; Wilkes’ Exp., 252, f. 319.

= INAGSAIFAUCIOSA;” HAMAS iiviccc cc acccstelsacieescottlecedsesdacesccsdstssossecssccesce 16
Velicata (Nassa), Meusch. Marrat. — N. gaudiosa, Hinds.

Ventricosa (Desmoulea), Lam. H.& A. Advms’ Genera.

—N. mutabilis, Linn.
Ventricosa (Nassa), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 168. -—N mutabilis, Linn.
Venusta (Nassa), Dkr. Zeit. Mal., 59, 1847.

—N. cremata, var. margaritifera.
Venustula (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 204. — M. aureolata, Swn.
Verrucosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon, f. 232, 1845...............-.sseseseee 174
Verrucosa (Nassa), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3497.

246 INDEX.

PAGE
Vierrucosa (Nassa),; A. Ad: ZoolaiProc:, Oi, LSbll.c2. sie... senecececseesecneaene 54
Versicolor (Mitra), Martyn.) Univ. Concho ifs 25. o.-..2.5-c rete cncrnsseseemcene 112
Versicolor (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat.. 66, 1852..............0.0..c0.se00 50
Versicolor (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 7, f. 18. M. erronea, Dohrn.
Vespertilio (Voluta), Linn Syst. Nat. Edit., xii, 1494..............0.scseceeee 86
Verpertilio, Klein. Ostrac., 76, 1753. — Voluta, Linn, sect................. 86
Vexillulum (Turbinella), Reeve. Zool. Proc., 1842.
Vasum ceramicum, Linn.

Vexillum (Mitra), Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 183, I844..............cececseseoees 146
Vexillum (Voluta): Game" Hot Deshsy sx. 40 20...) sc nnccpsice nce cteee ne ctenn eee 85
Vexillum, Bolten. Mus., 1798. —= Turricula, Klein.
Vibex (Nassa), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad, ii, 231, 1822; Am. Conch.,

GBT 5 Be Dor saan tnncees Oe = perce teaaeaaees dec entiaw sees see sautince nad ede emedereaesce een 42
Vibex (Nassa), Reeve (not Say). Icon., f. 81. — N. subpinosa, Lam.
Vibex (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 154, 1851.

T. cruentata, Chemn., var. proxima,

Vincta (Nassa), Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, 12, 1877............se0eeees 63
Vincta (Mitra), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 184, 1854. — M. Capensis, Durker.
Violaces (Thala): Garrett: Cali Proe.,,202,) U8i2. 5,-0.2... .sescasenceeheeseeeeeete 162
Virescens (Voluta), Solander. Dillw., Desc. Cat., 1, 562...............seeeeene 84
Virgata (Mitra); Reeve. ‘Conch: Deon.) 95 Decesmennncsoscsccescenseseseceees 156
Virgata (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 197, a. — M. retusa, Lam.
Virginalis (Mitra), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 143, 1842.............. sostdectagebome 195
Virgo (Imbricaria), Swainson. Zool. Proc., 1885...........sccecenseceeeeecevens 198
Vitellina, (Mitra); Gould. Bost-*Proc.,, i, 170; U850)25 acess, seesaesenensae 132

Vitiensis (Na-sa), Hombr et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., v, 79, t. 21, f.
23-25, 1853. —N. hirta, Kiener.

Vitrea (Nassa), Phil. Kritisches Rerister; No. 20-..:..:.:-..-+scsseedesreee 62
Vitrea (Nassa), Gray. Am.) Nat. Hist. sii 28, 1688.00.35. octet onmseene eee 5 Hoe
Vitrea (Bullia), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 20, 1846. — B. polita, Lam... 16
Vittata (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 114, 1851. — N. maculata, A. Ad.
Vittata (Bullia), Ginn.) Bit. V2 L206. emnts.cncse-u-\ccrseeeehe-smcmesenene 15
Vittata (Mitra), Swainson. Zool. Ill., lst ser. —M. teeniata, Lam.

Vittatum (Buecinum), Kiener. Monog., 25, t. 9, f. 80.

= Bullia granulosa, Lam.
Vitulina (Voluta), Dillwyn. Desc. Cat., i, 553. — Mitra ferruginea, Lam.
Votuta, Linn. (emend). Syst. Nat., x, 729; xii, 1186; Gray, Zool. Proc.,

BO BHD. 5.205 voacaceaap sates so meves su tites cas cathe iieseeens:on<beuscaosdeeea teers 75, 82

Volutella, d’Orb (nec. Swains.). Voy. Amer., 424, 1840.
Woltitas Dimn SCi cs cssclec-scsaccnme serssenec se atnge enon as ceeuece teeetetae eames 98

Volutella, Perry. Conch., t. 26, 1811. = Vasum, Bolt.
Volatifusus, Conrad. Am. Jour: Coneh., 11, 67, U866....00-c-cssces-eehseeoeee 77
Volutilithes, Swains. Malacol., 318, 1840. — Voluta, Linn, sect......... 100
Volutoconus, Crosse Jour. de Conch, xix, 306, 1871.

= Volutatisinn :) B6Ctsc.aicsos coceehens cadens sbtecbes peseen rep eseicuanae cons aie 100
Volutoderma, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 289, 1876..........csscccccccccersne 77
Volutolyria, Crosse Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., xvii, 99, 1877...........0s.000. 745
Volutomitra, Gray. Guide Brit. Mus., 36, 1857. — Mitra, Lam., section? 108
Volutomurpha, Gabb. Proc. Philad. Acad., 290, 1876...........c.s«0ce-secees 77
Volva’(Voluta);;Gmelin, Syst. Nat. S457ci2...ccr.c-csesebsst--ee eee cs eceaeee 93
Volvacea (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh , x, 403. = V. volva, Gmel.
Volvacea (Voluta), Lam. Edit. Desh., x, 402. — V. flavicans, Gmel.
Vulgatum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3496. — Nassa reticulata, L.

Vulpecula, Blainy. Dict. Sc. Nat., xxxi, 106, 1824. — Turricula, Klein.
Vulpecula (Mitra), Linn. Edit., 12, 1198.5... scsscssn+cosenssnosecssseo-sos Peay 2 l(3¢/

INDEX. 247

PAGE.
Vultuosa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 270, 1845.........0.sseeeerseeeeeees 134

Webbei (Nassa), Petit. Jour. de Conch., i, 404, t. 13, f. 8, 1850,
—N. Gruneri, Dunker,
Weldii (Mitra), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 31, 1877.......... 125
Williamsii (Mitra), Newcomb. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 163, t. 17, f. 1, 1869. 151
Wilsoni (Nassa), C. B. Ad. Panama Cat., 67, 1852.
—N. complanata, Powis.
Wisemani (Voluta), Brazier. Proc. Zool. Soc., 108, 1876; Jour. de
Conch., 78, t. 5, f. 1, 1871. = V. pulchra, Sowb., var.
Wisemani (Mitra), Dohrn. Zool. Proc., 367, 1860. — Turr. bella, Pease.
Woldemarii (Mitra), Kiener. Iconog., t. 17, f. 55.
— M. Ziervogeliana, Gmel., var.
Woodwardi (Nassa), Forbes. Zool. Proc., 273, t. 11, f. 38, 1850.
— N. mendica, Gould.
Wrighti (Mitra), Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., xviii, 57, t. 1, f. 1,
1878. = M. inquinata, Reeve.

Xanius, Bolten. Mus., 1798; Link, Beschreib., iii, 116, 1807.
—= Mazza, Bolt.

Xanthostoma (Nassa), Gray. Beechey’s Voy., t. 36, f. 3.
—N. luteostoma, Brod. and Sowb.

Yetina, Gray. Zool. Proc., 141, 1847. — Cymbium, Klein.
Yetus, Adamson. Gray, Zool. Proc., 141, 1847; H. & A. Ad. Genera, i,
138. — Cymbium, Klein.

Zaphon, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 121. — Zeuxis, H. & A. Ad,

Zebra (Mitra), Garrett. Jour. of Conch,, 111,39; L88@).-5..17--saccssasserades 156
Zebra (Mitra), Lamarck. Ann. Mus., 215. — M. paupercula, Linn.
Penta wovta). bexch- -200). Misc. hte U2 8 Wo... cenpnanoaiean deaaetiee 93
Zebrina (Mitra), Garrett. Zool. Proc., 842, 1872. — Turr. semen, Rve.
Zebrina (Mitra), d’Orbigny. Moll. Can., 2 _t. (bps 8 RS ISB geno Soh see cacdio 190
Zebuensis (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. , 1844 Sedposoedticon dasa io Sead 179
Zelotypa (Mitra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 325, 1845. asi cle eli Gcijds as ateee ec oatess 182
Zephyrina (Mitra), Duclos. Sowb., Thes. Gotan NO; 20S PAncsecscswecs 132
Zeuxis, H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll., i, 119, '

eer Cre Ol HN ASS AVL AT hace cutive nasatonesinnszevc sees te aeodenccsee top emedieters anes 6, 380
Ziba, H. & A. Adams. Genera, i, 179. = Mitra, Lam.
Zidoua, H. & A. Adams. Genera i, 161, 1853. — Volutella, d’Orb.
Zierliana, Gray. Zool. Proc., 141, 1847. = Strigatella, Sw., sect...109, 157
Ziervogeliana (Mitra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 8457..........0....00secs-secessoes- 157

Zonalis (Mitra), Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol., ii, 654, t. 45 bis, f. 16, 17.
— T. caffra, Linn.
Zonalis (Nassa), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 107, 1851. — N. gaudiosa, Hinds.
AS (Nassa), Brug. Encyc. Meth. Vers., 271.
—N. granifera, Kiener.
ae ita (Mitra), Marryatt. Linn. Trans., xiii, t. 10, f. 1, 2, 1817; J. B.
Mae Gresellh.s<Iesdaiin tat Lledo ters cece socmne cacateremarttodtoate te eeecs<ocaver esses 130

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 1 (Frontispiece).

FIGURES. . _ PAGE.
1. Bullia ackatina, Lam. (— digitalis, Meusch). Quoy, Voy. Astrol.,
BUS fi ils Aiscmceseeteenne nesteomes eat aasteseszcs ites acnee dee cetasacsneneeeeemenee 12
2. Bullia levigata, Mart. (— levissima, Gm.). Quoy, Voy. Astrol.,
te BS Ay coeccecescucovnet ese tscccescseesocacestovensecenisieccccadcecs sce eeacereceme iil
3. Cymba Neptuni, Gmel. Kiener, Iconog. Voluta, t. 1.............eeeee 80
Plate 2.
Lingual Dentition.
1. Vasum cornigerum, Lam. Troschel, Gebiss der Schnecken, ii,
HiiBi if. Doccancuctcsciictecs®scsissdessscmesneenen sco cteeccs cess ceveviscreatscneceaeee 67
2. Cymbinm olla, Linn. Wroschels i. O5 fe Wecccnccccccecereseracenceresesereas 75
35. (Melo nautica. Lame Troschele tosis SvercceccescccescccGencnucrese steer 75
4. Voluta scapha, Gmelin. Troschel, Git: Like csisitevecsbies on aseeeeere ene 75
6) Amoriasturner Gray. Uroschelit-.0. ian Dnscsescneesascecerersseeeemarene 75
6. Voluta musica, Linn. Jour. de Conch., t. 5, f. 4, 1879............... 84, 76
7. Lyriadeliciosa, Montrouz. Jour. de Conch. plcelioe devise oon 102, 76
8. Volutomitra Groenlandica, re Troschel, ¢ Os te oD Di tcccseenneeceenes V8
9; Mitra cornea, Lam. “Troschel),.t.. 6. £.'5s.cccs0s0 <0ccscrcccessacceifocsseesere 108
10. Mitra (Nebularia) adusta, ats Troschels t.6. £. Wisecscecsececsecienres 108
11. Mitra (Chrysame) fraga, Quoy. Troschel, t. 6, f. 8.............0c.s000s 108
12. Zierliana Woldemarii. Kiener. Troschel, t. 9, f. 11,...........sssccees- . 109
18: )Durricula corrugata,, Lam: Troschel,t. 9) f. Uo.sccs ceccesscerscheessnern 109
14, Imbricaria conica, Schum. Troschel, t. 8, f. 6.............scccccesescceees 109
15. Cylindra nucea, Meusch. ‘Troschel, t. 5; f. Tecci-.-...c0sscccencscsrsesnsoe Uw
16. Marginella elegans, Gmelin. Troschel, t. 5, f. 6. See vol. v.
17. Volvaria Philippinarum, Redfield. Troschel, t. 5, f. 8. See vol. v.
18. Persicula clandestina, Broce. Troschel, t. 5, f. 11. See vol. v.
19. Cystiscus Capensis, Stimpson. Troschel, t. 5, f. 10. See vol. v.
Plate 3.
Lingual Dentition.
20. Bullia rhodostoma, Gray. Troschel, Gebiss, ii, t. 8, f. 7..............- 5
Al. ‘Pseudostrombus vittatus, L; | Droschel)t. 851, LO:%t2...-.cs-+cencemenemes 5
22. Nagsaarcularia, Lb. “Troschel) ib, 65 Lbs. de..cesccs ac oncosscn ceeeeeeee ceaeee 6
26, Massa ihersites, Brug. (lrosehel, t. 16,1; Uacccscccsscncerasestnesmecenansnne 6
24, Nassa cornicula, Olivis “Droschel, i258), f. loscscsessceesdecesse oeeeeereeeee 6
26. Ilyanassa obsoleta, Say. ‘Troschel, t. 8, f. 22..........cscvccrs-oscselsavers 7
26. Neritula neritea, L. Troschel, t. 8, f. 11....... das vdhals besa vebeasismessneeeee 7
Fossil Genera.
27. Molopophorus striata, Gabb. Pal. Calif., ii, t. 26, f. 86................ 7
28. Ptychosalpinx altilis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., sO by AUS 9336 sone 0055 7
29. Ptychosalpinx scalaspira, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t.19, f.4. 7
380. Paranassa granifera, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., iii, tis 19, T.(Gcecoee 8

(248)

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 249

FIGURE, PAGE.
51. Tritiaria peralta, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., ea t. . Vaan Dneneg <eecse 8
82. Schizopyga Californica, Conr. Pac. R. R. Rept., - 2, f. Lins eaeetons 55

53, 34 Indian Bracelet, made from Turbinella pyrum, ara saw used for
cutting the shell. Simmond’s Commercial Products of the Sea,

Pape ses cans eeee iat cepeen cunsecdsec sonaesads <vossvantendcanmansrpacserann tax aie 69
35. Caricella pretenuis, Conrad. Tert. Fossils, t. 17, f. 1.....000. -.seseereee 67
86. Volutifusus typus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., ii, t. 3, f. 2.........-.-0. 77

37. Athleta Tuomeyi, Conrad. Jour. A. N.S. Philad., iv, t. 47, f. 35... 77
58. Leioderma leioderma, Conr. Jour. A. N S. Philad., iv, t. 46, f.32. 77

39. Cryptochorda Stromboides, Gme). Sowb. Genera, Buee., Tne ease toes 78
40. Fusimitra cellulifera, Conr. Jour. Philad. Acad., 2 ser. i, t. 12, f. 3. 109
41. Conomitra Fusoides, Lea. Contrib. Geol., t. 6, f. 176 Sabdaclcenes arenes eee 109

42. Volutella (Microspira) oviformis, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, t. 5,
f. 3. See vol. v.

45. Lapparia dumosa, Conr. Wailes’ Geol. Miss., t. 15, f. 4.......ssseeeeee 109
Plate 4.
Fossil Genera.

44, Volutoderma Navarroensis, Gabb. Pal. Calif., i, t, 19, f. 56.......... 77
45. Volutomorpha Conradi, Gabb. Jour. Phil, Aéad., iv., t. ie 3 es me
46. Rostellites Texana, Conrad. Emory’s Mex. Bound. ‘Surv. i 7 a

Ue Dacre ouc tiseaccectetenaindsteces cate tees Maa ESTanise tae awe us visiecicente sieeaeinenrclo(oa ade san cae 17
47. Ptychoris Purpuriformis, Forbes. Pal. Indica, ii, t. 8, f. 5............ 77
48. Pleioptygma Carolinensis, Conrad. Tuomey & Holmes, Pleioc. Foss.

Sk ee Cue fables Oi sresnetrandatuams mac ietnato sac oustaacoceasbls tases seidocut rset nee ayes 78
aoe Gossavia Indicastole, Palsilmdica. WcitO, tarisedeccacsessiiseos scccastaccxe 78

Plate 5.

50. Northia pristis, Desh. (— serrata). Reeve, Bucc., f. 39............... 9
51. Northia serrata, Dufresne. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, t. 12, f.l a 9
52. Northia albopunctata, Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang,t.11,f.21. 9
53. Northia Rissoides, Reeve. Icon. Pleurotoma. fig. 11]...............2008 S
54. Truncaria filosa, Ad. & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, te UD pts USiatecsceees 9
55. Truncaria Australis, Angas, Zool. Proc..t 26, f. 5, 1877.......c.00 9
56. Truncaria rugata, Reeve. Icon. Bucc., f. 111.............scscerccereeeece 10
57. Truncaria modesta, Powis. Reeve, Bucc., f. 19........-.ccssccecceeceees 10
58. Truncaria suleata, Kiener. Iconog., Buce., t. 15, f. 45............. seen 10
59. Bullia lavigata, Mart. (— levissima, Gm.). Reeve, Bullia, f. 6...... 11
Sow bullinelobulosas Kiener. | Reeve, LGOM, f.O-.c-deececcr-ncdacae=sascsices id
61. Bullia deformis, King. Reeve, Icon., f. 21...... -c2sc-csscecrencecenceasses 11
Gee Ullra tenis Grays | VGOVG ms LCON., ti) lees cc oscceeescccaerseseceredsee? <e ial
Goemebulliarcallosay Gray. Reever [COM shad. n.csncucocusscceseacnacenissacse 11
G4) Bullia, Mauritiana, Gray. Keeve, Icon.; f. 12 b.--...-.0c....--neceeees 12
65. Bullia Grayi, Reeve (= Mauritiana). Icon., f. 7..........-s..eseesseeees 12
66. Bullia semiplicata, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 18 a..........2..seceeeeeseeeee 12
67. Bullia digitalis, Meuschen. Reeve, Icon., t. 4, f. 4......... ccecseseeeee iy
68. Bullia semiusta, Reeve (= digitalis). Icon., f. 22...........0.cseeseeees 12
69. Bullia rhodostoma, Gray (— digitalis). Reeve, Icon., f 25........... 12
70. SBullia Persica, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 46, f. 11, 1878............ 13
le Bulliaisuleata, Reeve: (Conch) icon:. te 4. 1) LAs .. jssessccccs-s--acee a oS
72. Bullia Natalensis, Krauss (= digitalis, var.). Kiister, t. 14, fede 12
73. Bullia cochlidium, Kiener. Iconog. Buce., t. 6, f. 17........ caseacaue mn ich
(4 -Bulliasannulate, Lams Reeves lcon,, fa lovsrcscccc=-accsoree AOaateece cece. . 14

75. Bullia semiflammea, Reeve, Icom, f.17-scrrysscovsserersereccescceesecerey 19

32

250 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

Plate 6. :
FIGURE. PAGE.
76. Bullia'cochlidium, Kiener: Reeve; Bullia, f. 28.25... :cs.uceneceneeeecer 3
77. Bullia gradata, Desh. (= cochlidium). Reeve, Bullia, f. 3........-.. 13
78. Bullia Lamarckii, Kiener (— cochlidium). Iconog., t. 3. f. 6......... 18
79. Bullia Paytense, Kiener (—cochlidium). Iconog., t. 6, f. 16......... 13
80. Bullia squalida, King (= cochlidium). Reeve, f. 26...............000+ 13
81. Bullia labyrinthum, Gm. (= cochlidium). Kiister, t. 10, f. 11....... 18
S2. Bullia ‘armata, Gray. Reeve, leon. f. 2) D:-s.ccce.+-+--sreeseeceeeneeent 14
3. Bullia moniliferum, Val. (= armata, Gray). Kiener, US ery alig es anddinc 14
S4. Bullia) turrita, Grave veeve, COM i. Os c.cccc scan desernecaesmemeomering 14
85. Bullia Melanoides, Desh. Voy. Belanger, t. 2, f. 3.........sc0.sssceees 14
86. Bullia Mozambicensis, Smith (— Melanoides). Zool. Proc. t. 75,
To GPUS ccoceves cavetceseonkececesoaciestc ce veccecsescorsecsceeen cocerme senate 14
87. ‘Bullia-yittata, Ginn, Reeve: Uconoe. it. Osi cnc saccdenacsnsiceceseeeneceee 15
Sor Sullts polite, bam: Reeve. con tO... .ceccscccccence assess eeece ees 15
89. Bullia vitrea, Reeve (= polita). Conch. Icon., Bullia, f. 20.......... 15
90. Bullia Kurrachensis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 54, f. 6, 1877............ 15
91. Bullia vittata, Kiener (— granulosa, Lam.). Iconog., ts, Oh h3 Oe
92, Bullia livida, Reeve (= vittata). Icom, £ VO; bei ec.ccmcncececrstineme 15
93; Bullia' Taheitensis, Gmel. Reeve, Tcont;if. Ulice-can-ccsorecceuserttccenne 15
94, Bullia Belangeri, Kiener. Reeve, Icon., f. 8 b........ cipelels asemoseneldee er 16
95. Bullia polita, Desh. (= Belangeri): Voy. Belang., t. 3, f. 1........... 16
96. Bullia diluta, Krauss. Kiister, Buccinum, t. 14, f. 5............ccc.00. 16
97. Bullia mediolaris (— diluta, var.), Von Martens. Jahrb. Mal., 1,
tie Oy Lend. caseoncic'eesnic salsnerissee tates wcics theese ene nace cers smcnsece eee seneeecenmeanae 16
98: Bullia truncata, Reeves Wcon.s it. Uiiss sss ctcsene see netensweseceeelteateemedee 5 ie
Plate 7.
1. Nassa mutabilis, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 6 D.........--...ss0svee ee)
2. Nassa mutabilis, Linn. Poli, Test. Sicil., iii, t. 47, f. 6.....cccseccseee 22
3. Nassa rufula, Kiener (— mutabilis). Iconog. Bucc., t. 24, f. 95..... 22
4,5. Nassa balteata, Lischke (— tenuis, Smith). Jap. Meeres Conch.,
£5, CWO SMe ict eons ccessensouebincstesarsacswacsssscusseatsaconenec siemens 23
6. Nassa levigata, Marrat. New Forms of Nassa, f. 7.........0ccececcrs.. 20
7. Nassa coronata, Brug. Reeve, Icon.) £ 20 © 2.020... e.scssncecesncess 23
8. Nassa Bronni, Phil. (— coronata). Reeve, Icon., f. 129... ecaaecceeemeae 23
9,10. Nassa arcularia, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 3, 4, 1...... 24
11. Nagsa sulcifera. “A. Ad; . Reeve; liconk, tf. 24:att...c0-cccsneenseecenecctenee 24
125 Wassa pulla, Unne Reeves (con... ty 22) Dy cose. raiumecesenesceenee steerer 24
13. Nassa Rumphii, Hombr. and Jacq. (— pulla). Astrol. et Zel.,
lites ake Diese see \soraen cal sesceccagins inon ese tensneccts seen snee eek temas tet eeeeee 24
14. Nassa Deshayesii, Hombr. and Jacq. (— pulla). Astr. et Zel., t. 21,
Be DV vers otiecasise vs +> snsuasiaavscusvalegecseperserecacennnce daactire someneltaeneeeeeaeeemn 24
15, 16. Nassa gibbosula, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 64 a, b............-ceseoeee 24
17. Nassa circumcincta, A. Ad. (= gibbosula). Reeve, f. 71 a............ 24
18. Nassa Kraussiana, Dunker. Krauss, Siidaf. Moll., t. 6, f. 18....... 6 2D
19. Nassa orbiculata, A. Ad. (— Kraussiana). Reeve, Icon., f.154b... 25
20. Nassa Thersites, Brug. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 22..........-..00 25
21. Nassahersites, Brug. Keeve; cont. ODaec-oscs-cscceoseneee see eneeaens 25
22. Nassa bimaculosa, A. Ad. (= Thersites). Reeve, f. 61................. 25
23. Nassa dorsuosa, A. Ad. (= Thersites). Reeve, f. 141, a............... 25
24. Nassa leptospira, A. Ad. Reeve, Tcon’, f. 84) .-sc.ncccrncorecarpecestvese . 20
25. Nassa gracilis, Pease (— leptospira). Am. Jour. Conch., ili, t. 23,
PE SUE ia devctuavcensessussoosssectheassedieetanes vitett oe taene amen rates Vesecete 25

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 251

FIGURE, PAGE.
26. Nassa bellula, A. Ad. (= leptospira). Reeve, Icon., f. 184.........066 25
27. Nassa labida, Reeve (= Jeptospira), Tcon., f. UiDrns-cccsercecceesceres 25

28. Nassa Persica, Martens (= leptospira). Vord. As. Conch., t.5,f.47. 25

Plate 8.

29. Nassa Jonasi, Dunker. Philippi, Abbild. iii, Buce., t. 2, f. 10....... 26
50. Nassa Burchardi, Dunker (—Jonasi). Abbild. iii, Buec., t. 2, f. 14. 26

dl. Nassa labecula, A. Ad. (= Jonasi). Reeve, Icon., f. 166............+. 26
32, ‘Nassa nana, ’A. Ad. (= Jonasi). Reeve, Icon., f. 164......cc0-.-sereee 26
BoINGSsA CHllOsH. Ay Ade weeve, [con., £. 185 d.cécccccasctscsccheseoucescwas 26
34. Nassa callospira, A. Ad. (= callosa). Reeve, Icon., f. 66 b........... 26
Dome Nacsa cancellata, Ac Ads.) Ieeve, Loon., £, LOD Dis.sssccsasaasssesaacecen 26
56. Nassa Mangelioides, Reeve. lIcon., f. i152 b........ a aseneacdcdeltantanrentt 26
nieeeNassaelobosa, Quy. Woy. Astrol 1. 02;:f. 20)-...0-csssscensessrsaueae 26

38. Nassa clathrata, Kiener (— globosa). Iconog., t. 27, f. 108.......... 26

39. Nassa granifera, Kiener. Reeve, Iconog., f. 72....... ..csesceccocerees 26
40. Nassa obliqua, Hombr. et Jacq. (— granifera). Voy. Astr. et Zel.,

Ube lim Le SS Oe aetaitins cielo os de siccloaa'e bubs sacessateeseesnscconssaradacennuamsssaccepeese 26
41. Nassa onorata, Desh. (= granifera). Ile Reunion, t. 12, f. 24....... 26
42. Nassa glabrata, Sowb. MThes. Conch., i, t. 8, f. 66.............000.scccess 27
43. Nassa obliqua, Kiener (— glabrata). Iconog., Bucc., t. 51, f. 4... 27
AA Nassar crane, am. si Reneb, DUC... to 1G, fs OG. csedenoscessensncces eres 27
TON TSA clans ane ENCOV.Cs LCOM,) fie Ovsccse-vacscecvacscss sostowevasosneaneee Zt
AGM NGA SAROUATB envi wud eM ODiscscseessacesacses sa dccssceeeacsnacciiacseeceedsrincencs 27
47. Nassa elegans, Kiener (= glans, var.). Iconog., Bucc., t.24,f.97.. 27
48, Nassa rufula, Reeve (= glans, var. elegans). Icon., f. 14...........26 27
49. Nassa spirata, A. Ad. (= glans, var. elegans). Icon., f. 13 6........ 27
50. Nassa costata, A. Ad. (= hirta, Kiener). Reeve, Icon., f. 142....... 28
51. Nassa hirta, Kiener. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1....... Diode onde oncmse tes 28
52. Nassa intermedia, Dunker (— glans, var. suturalis). Voy. Novara,

UUM BE PO nce atins debodace mits sestmnesee's scineesie tei acs.qeusascesereeavscsonsecisendactne 27
58, 54. Nassa suturalis, Lam. (— glans, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 4, 11... 27
55.’ Nassa nodifera, Powis (= hirta?). Reeve, Icon., f. 238................. 28
56. Nassa crenulata, Reeve (= hirta). Icon., f. 2 b.......sccconee-ceserses 20
57, Nassa Vitiensis, Hombr. et Jacq. (= hirta). Voy. Astr. et Zel., t.

MAU Lenses secant dettaen satanic dae teersenesc sc ceeleeaeacactcscsmsaccsedadcemaecanes 28
58. Nassa Stoliczkana, Nevill (— hirta). Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xxiv,

eles, Que aeam cca sae saiseuicerce warslcvecgnesislas cesses sa /slemeeesanieieet dememesethemen ome: 28
59. Nassa bifaria, Baird (= hirta). Voy. Curacea, t. 38, f. 1...........++. 28

Plate 9.

GOM Nassa.monile Kaener, Reeve, Icons, f. d8......ccderssserssscccedsesoosee 28
61. Nassa pauperata, Lam. (— monile). Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t.82, £5. 28
62. Nassa lachrymosa, Reeve (— monile). Icon,, f. 52............ceecceereee 28

68. Nassa Jacksoniana, Quoy (= monile, var.). Kiener, t. 19, f. 73.... 28
64. Nassa Jacksoniana, Quoy (—monile, var.). Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f.29. 28
65. Nassa acuticostata, Montr. (— monile, var. Jacksoniana). Jour. de

Ganeh yo S@r. cl viribe dl) snden Ocacadeciss tanonsececnteccmoreanteccuetacs Seccesces ee 28
66. Nassa corticata, A. Ad. (= monile, var. Jacksoniana). Reeve,

MGOME ta LOO sascssacnecdcceccisets «onirea coecdenaneesentedasss datsacssescacecescaene 28
67. Nassa mucronata, A. Ad. (= monile). Specimen..............sssesseeee 28
68. Nassa distorta, A. Ad. (= monile). Reeve, Icon., f. 32 b..........+. 28
Hose Nassaiscalaris, AceAds Reever coneemtaelcccnccdcsecscccssss conaceccessese 29

>

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE.
{/ Nassa crenulata, Kiener (= scalaris). Bucc., t. 14, f. 49.........0000 29
71. Nassa seminodosa, A. Ad. (— papillaris). Reeve, Icon., f. 3......... 380
(2, “Nassa Sigquijorensis, A. Ad.” Reeve, Icon., f. 58) bise...0cecrececeees ons 30
73. Nassa ceelata, A. Ad. (= Siquijorensis). Reeve, Icon., f. 133........ 30
(4. “Nassa papillosa, Ginn. “Reeve; falQii-.....cc.ccsc.s.aseceseeacseneeeee seer 30
75. Nassa crenellifera, A. Ad. (= scalaris). Reeve. f. 49 a.......cceceeees 29
76. Nassa olivacea, Brug (= tenia, Gmel). Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, 5
Fo 1B inn cc ccces a eetae cose ca tence tee Pane dalicddet vice Sueah sign SUP RSeSe ae ee Eee eeeee 3
Ti. Nassa olivacea, Brug (= tenia, Gmel.). Reeve, f. 19............----»» 5
78. Nassa fusca, Hombr. et Jacq. (=tenia). Astr. et Zel., t. 21, f. 7 30
79. Nassa mitralis;"A. Ad: (==‘tenia): “Reeve, [econ., f: 128) sc--.ceeese 30
80. Nassa cinnamomea, A Ad. (— tenia). Reeve, f. 126..............-.00- 30
81. Nassa badia, A. Ad. (==teenia). Reeve, £124 oo decscacce-n someones 30
82. Nassa elegans, Reeve (=— tenia)... scons, if. lO. scares. sees a eee 30
3. Nassa canaliculata, Lam. Kiener, Bucc., t. 28, f. 89... .......cccscsccsce 31
84. Nassa canaliculata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 18 @ ...........eccccscaceseave 31
85. Nassa canaliculata, Lam. Marrat, New Forms, t. 1, f. 12............. 31
86. Nassa levis, Chemn. (= canaliculata). H. & A. Adams’ Genera, t.
UE, £7; vos act cctate viens aa se sucee tha mcgaed eee eve sci aden essa ee oncee eee en eee eee 31
Plate 10.
87. Nassa stolida, At Ad: Reeve, Lcon,, f3ll...2c.....cestesecseceehesmeces 31
88 Nassa unicolorata, Kener: Reeve: f. 17. ..2.cc:...cc.secccuicaetsiieeventear él
89. Nassa unicolor, Hombr. et Jacq. (—unicolorata). Astr. et Zel., t.
Ds FB ei Be cals ae cas wales cc daeem ete salen ape cena eee tee eee eee 31
90. WNassa rutilans, Reeve (— unicolorata). Tcon., £147... nc pcosseceuee 31
Ol. Nassa varicifera. A. Ad. ‘Reeve, fs LIS Dizi onscce.es v-csaseemeane toeeeee 31
92-94. Nassa ‘Cuvieri, Payr: Kiener;t, 20) £74762, .0c...- sees enemies 32
95. Nassa variabilis, Phil. (= Cuvieri). Reeve, Icon., f. 129 4......... B2
96. Nassa unifasciata, Kiener (— Cuvieri). Bucc., t. 14, f. 50........... 32
97. Nassa Maderensis, Reeve (= Cuvieri). Icon , f. 182 b................ 32
98. Nassa semiplicata, A. Ad: Reeve; i 78 aa... cs.<s--csion) semseseasitenteres 32
99. Nassa teretiuscula, A: Ad. GReevel vie L04 ‘b... osc. c. acne ceeeieeeaeioes 32
100: Nassa extlis; Powis: Reeve, fo LOM otic. ccccscsesosncceseccastereneteeee 32
101. Nassa meesta, Hinds (= exilis). Voy. Sulphur, t.9,f 18............ 32
102. Nassa Foutainel, d°Orb:(— exilis)y “Woy. Amz, it. 75 1) Ones setae
103: Nasea'casta, Goulds) Wilkes (Expit. 199i) 328) cac.csessccseceasasser 33
104: Nassa Isabellei: d’Orb.y Voy. vAlrer., tinGleot-) Oe csncehenees<sseeeee 33
105. Nassa SS a Powis. Reeve, Leons dnb Dees sssesesseeeteeeers Be
106. Nassa Wilsoni, B. Ad. (= complanata). Reeve, f. 158 6......... 38
107. Nassa gemma, Phil, (—complanata). Abbild. iii, Buce., t. 1, f. 5.. 33
108, 109. Nassa Ct apense, Dunker. Kuster, Bucc., t. 12, f. 14, 15........ 33
110. Nassa pulchella, A. Ad. (= Capense). Reeve, Icon., f. 90 a......... 33
111. Nassa foveolata, Dunker.” Reeve, Icon., £ 83° bi.....52.-01 sseressscence 34
112. Nassa planicostata, A- Ad: “Reeve; f. 90 Dic. -ncsscscerssce veces easier: 34
113. Nassa sparta, Marrat New Forms, t.1, f. 22......... 34
114. Nassa gaudiosa, Hands: Voy Sulphury fe Ot. Wife w.s.+acesemeecseaee B4
115. Nassacaudiosa, Binds. Reeve) lcont) ft Ae sc. csecck--2-7- ese encee 34
116. Nassa sertula, A. Ad. (—‘Paudtoca): Reeve, f. S0l ccc. .sseseeaenaen 34
117. Nassa semisulcata, Dunker (— gaudiosa). Novitates, t. 82, f. 6 3)
118. Nassa zonalis, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 93.. cssscntece Moe
119. Nassa succincta, A. Ad. (— gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 80 b.. Lat pine Seo seeebes 34
120. Nassa Marratii, E. A. Smith (— gaudiosa). Zool, Proc., t. 50, f. 8,
LB TBisccscckciece cde'eetcoccncvevacheccsnongessenesveats sieOnetatecmeey sete ie eters 34

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 253

Plate 11.

FIGURE. PAGE
121. Nassa punctata, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, Conch. Icon,, f.54.. 3
122. Nassa compta, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 106 @.........0.+e+0+ 3+
128. Nassa velata, Gould (= gaudiosa). Marrat, New Forms, f. 9...... 34
124. Nassa velata, Gould (= gaudiosa). Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f. 319, a.. 3
ihe Nasswielatas Gould. BOSst. JOUT., V, t..24) f. Li cieccecsscesncracdsacss cae 39
126. Nassa luctuosa, A. Ad. (—gaudiosa). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 109.. 34
127. Nassa lentiginosa A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 15.............++. 34
128. Nassa lilacina, Gould (— gaudiosa). Wilkes’ Exped., f. 336........ 34
129. Nassa coturnix, Dunker (= gaudiosa). Novit, Conch., t. 32, f. 8. 34
130. Nassa sesarma, Marrat (— gaudiosa). New Forms, f. 14............ 34
131. Nassa pallidula, A. Ad. (— gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 108 b............4+ 34
132. Nassa micans, A. Ad. (= gaudiosa). Reeve, f. 140............scesesee 3¢
1838. Nassa picta, Dunker. Reeve, Icon., f. 9.......cscccccccccsccecsscvccescoess 35
134. Nassa filosa, Gray (— picta). Reeve, 1p 1313) oe coopodcetrncence pe cs bnce 35
135. Nassa graphitera, Beck (— picta). Hombr., Voy. Astrol. et Zel.,

Ta lp eWe erent eetase rac. acidact ewacsss coc) sovencacdedodeseeucnicenssp yemeeaaen ss 35
156. Nassa Reeveana, Dkr. (= picta). Phil., Abbild. iii, Buce., t.2, f.38. 35
137. Nassa dispar, A. Ad. (= picta). Reeve, f. 45.........-0.02.eeeeee score 35
138. Nassa lurida, Gould (= picta). Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f. 325.......... Bd
139. Nassa musica, Gould (= pictw). Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f 3 304 se oeeeias 35
140. Nassa marmorea, A. Ad (= picta, var.). Reeve, Icon., Nig) (cecocdnre 35
141 Nassa algida, Reeve (= picta, var.). Icon., f. 145 a.............000- 35
142. Nassa bicallosa, Smith (= picta, var.). Jour. Linn. Soce., xii,

itn de tte Ul SugssneS seein edenoaeep seceoao Baden onnontoodsac05. 40 canécpdedeionbaneececdods 35
143. Nassa conspersa, Phil. Abbild. iii, Bucc., t. 1, f. 6.......... ssecceers 36
144, Nassa Pfeitferi, Phil (— conspersa). Ibid. Seetin loa" iconcenceiecc. 23, 36
IMS NASSa Haldemanis Wunkers bide it. 2. fy 4c. cccests osccccscimnssccseses 3
146. Nassa Haldemani, Dunker. Specimen. ...............ssecesersceceseereces 36
147. Nassa insignis, H. Adams. Zool. Proc, t. 38, f. 8, 1866.............. 37
148, 149. Nassa fasciolata, Lam. (—cornicula). Kiener, Bucc., t. 17,

in, Gills Godanc cogedsogoend000 SUnHCd De HobaGET SCOnCoC poBESEOOSEOIOOr ooGEce sbobaOneL 37
150, Nassa semistriata, Broce. (—cornicula). Conch. Foss., t. 15,

11g) 116} TO edeepoet anos cecorce san badeebed Oa aantidoe cue sCuDCCE SS epLoMe oct ocdae La -Coce 37

Plate 12.

151. Nassa Calmeilii, Payr. (= cornicula). Moll. Corse., t. 8, f. 7....... 37
152. Nassa Gallandianum, Fischer (— cornicula). Jour. de Conch., xi,

PD fe. Ganccus seesss cu stidvens tacts fs0- sn ceumesw ntiods agpmsee ewes meee sekeaelncs es 37
153. Nassa Tinei, Maray. (= cornicula). Guerin’s Mag., t. 24, 1840... 37
154 Nassasculptawm Gar pag op CClMeMins .o.cmajiasenese/eecocmmarenecnasaewaseh ese 38
1£5. Nassa anthracina, Garrett. Proc., Philad. Acad., t. 3, f. 57, 1878. 388
565) Nassa olabrata, AAG. Reeve. Deon, f. Uoi/ccncsnsepisessccercsessciseco 38
157. Nassa Pupinoides, Reeve (= glabrata). Icon., f. 162.................. 38
158. Nassa maculata, A_Ad=—Reeve, Icon.,-f. LOS sc ccdaccccsevecsccvesaves cos 38
159. Nassa vittata, A. Ad. G=maculata). Reeve, f. 160 a.................. 38
160. Nassa serotina, A. Ad. Reeve, [con., f. lOc... 2i..ccaieeseess.ssneceeone 39
oil, =Nassa lablatay A. Ad. > Reeve: f. 159... oncscssddesese denceacecscssccedsscess 39
162. Nass Terebroides, Reeve (== labiata). cons, f 161.-.........:.....-. 39
168. Nassa luteostoma, Kiener. Voy. Bonite, t. 41, f. 5.............cce0: 00. 3a
164. Nassa luteostoma, B. and S. Reeve, Icon., f 638................sesceeee 39
165. Nassa xanthostoma, Gray (— luteostoma). Zool. Beechey’s Voy.,

[ics BO yidin coldeoseo poo copsObDOCCROGUD CoCGs coc CALIoD nadcoapeSnCE DDO COEROL EDEL EO CCAc 39
UGGH WNassarteoula, Reever) icons, fo OSs irecssosccse+acse.+ cece cccccccscacccevevece 39
167. Nassa glauca, C. B. Ad. (—tegula). Reeve, Icon., f. 139 a.......... 39

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE PAGE
168-5 Nassa annellifera, Reeve:. Ucons, fe WGS\......cneecteccce vcewscsecisint aie 40
169. Nassa Sancte Helene, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 188 b..............cceeeceoer ees 40
170. Nassa obtusata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 185............ccsecsees seceseees 40,
Wl. Nassa fissilabris, A. Ad: dReevest. oS... .-. 5... cine seventeen eseee sain 40
172. Nassa nodicostata, A. Ad. (= fissilabris). Reeve, f. 97 b............ 40
173. Nassa albipunctata, Reeve (— fissilabris. Icon., f. 144............... 40
174. ‘Nassa tiarula, Kiener. Icon. Buce.: t. 50; f. 4.002520... .cen en. ceeactoeen 41
175. Nassa tiarula, Kieners Reeve, Icon., f. 92 a........0 205... cesssesseunnes 41
176 Nassa coronula, A. Ad. (= tiarula). Reeve, f. 99 a............-.--s00 4]
177. Nassa delicata, A. Ad. (= tiarula). Reeve, f. 180 b.............-.0+4 41
178. Nassa trinodosa, Smith (—tiarula). Jour. Linn. Soc , xii, t.30,f.2. 41
179. Nassa crenolirata, A. Ad. (= fissilabris). Reeve, Icon., f. LG5ieeces 40
Plate 13.

180. Nassa cinctella, Gld. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 327.............00+.00-+ 41
181. Nassa cinctella, A. Ad. (= cinctella, Gld.). Reeve, Icon., f. 176... 41
182. Nassa clathratula, A. Ad. (= cinctella). Reeve, f. 125 a............. 41
183. Nassa nigra, Hombr. et Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel., t. 21, f. 18...... 41
184. Nassa lirata, Marrat (= nigra). Specimen............cccesecsssreesesens 41
185. Nassa Deshayesiana, Issel (— nigra). Conch. Pers., t. 1, f. 2......... 41
186. Nassa scalarina, Marrat (— nigra). New Forms, f. 27...........00« 41
187. Nassa Nove-Zelandixw, Reeve (— nigra, var.). Icon., f. 186 a...... 41
188. Nassa crassa, Koch. Phillippi, Abbild. iii, Buec., t. 1, f. 4.......... 42
189, Nagsa crassa, Kochs -Reevel icone, fG7ii:- ce. sccceccsoeseenceeeaaeeeas 42
190. Nassa semisulcata, H. & J. (= crassa). Voy. Astr. et Zel., t.

OL EBO! wccssattacceassictvssstse ucsccecem ares: sBesncere ttecsces sees semeneemennts 42
191. Nassa mica, Brues Kiener, Buce: iit 22) i. Oll-sc.eseccoeceaseorsen Secs one
192°. Nassamiga, Brug. (Reeve: slconif-GOve.ccsece nsseseserceiencesseeemcies 42
193. Nassa obliqueplicata, Dunker (— miiga). Phil., Abbild. iii, Buce.,

4: Ds CW Beccrcssasisceds ccs onetessnonth es eseeaeeospaavevese sch ete rte eee eee 42
194. Nassa Antillarum, d’Orb. (—ambigua). Moll. Cuba., t. 23, f. 1... 42
195. Nassa Candei, d’Orb (= ambigua). Inbid., t. 23, f. 4........:0cesseenee 42
196. Nassa Hotessieri, d Orb. (= ambigua). Ibid., t. 21, f. 41............. 42
197. Nassa acuta, Say. (—ambigua). Am. Conch., t. 57, f. 3.........060 42
198. Nassa vibex, Saye) Am G@onche stags ducers c.. cer acseteee sa scceeeeentes 42
199. Nassa Antillarum, Phil. (— vibex). Abbild. iii, Buce., t 1,f.2... 42
200, 201. Nassa Antillarum, Phil. (= vibex). Reeve, f. 77, 1165.......... 42
202. Nassa Sturmii, Phil. (= vibex) Abbild. iii, Buce., t. 1, f, 1......... 42
205. ‘Nassa fida, Reeve (== vibex)*) | [cons f.S8 5.5. ssesacce seven aenneneerstmens 42
204. Nassa tessellata, Reeve (= vibex). Conch. Icon., f. 167 b.......... 42
205. Nassa cinisculus, Reeve (— vibex). Icon., f. 146 b.............000000 42
206. Nassa Fretensis, Perkins (= vibex). Bost., Proc., xiii, 117........ 42
207. Nassa:polygonata, Lam: (Kiener; t.295 f; U0 eercescseesessereeeert 42
208 Nassa subspinosa, Lam. Kiener, t. 26, f. 108-.........0.0....2sceeeseee 43
209.. \Nassarvibex, Reeve (— subspinosa): cont ft. Cle. nncneeaacecereenss 43
210. Nassa geniculata, A. Ad. (= subspinosa). Reeve, Icon., f. 171..... 48
211. Nassa sistroidea, Nevill (— subspinosa). Jour. As. Soc. Bengal,

MULLS 6561, £56. cacccecin. covsocevelevecstesans celsc oad dle sagniemenees sacs eenPoenenee 43
212. Nassa scalpta, Marrat (— subspinosa). New Forms, f. 30.......... 4:
218. Nassa ambigua, Mont. Reeve, Icon., f. 187 /a...0..:.......c-sccccseeores 42

Plate 14.

214. Nassa muricata, Quoy. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. 73, b........cccecscees 44
216. Nassamuricata, Quoy. Voy. Astrol., t) 82, ft. 102i e-csessersseceeei ete 44

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE
216. Nassa horrida, Dunker (—muricata). Philippi, Abbild , iii, Bucce.,

LPOAIAR ORRUT Seung aael ve cy s'cesVinessdcccssd@adecnssvenentsnpseuten meeehesagtnecasys 44
217. Nassa Grunueri, Reeve (= muricata). Icon., f. 75....cccccesecerescveere 44
218. Nassa curta, Gould (= muricita). Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f. 326... 44
219. Nassa Gruneri, Vunker. Philippi, Abbild. iii, Bucce., t. 2, f. 2...... 44
220. Nassa hispida, A. Ad. (= Gruneri). Reeve, Icon., f. 37, b........+. tt
221. Nassa Webb:i, Petit (—Gruneri). Jour de Conch., i, t. 18, f. 8. (44
222. Nassa acinosa, Gld. (—Gruneri). Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f. 329....... 44
PaCaNASSsHechinalia. As AG.) Reeve, loon , f. Ldls...:cdscttecsenvecnesceness dt
224. Nassa nodulifera, Phil. (—echinata). Abbild. iii, Bace., t.1, f.3.. 44
225. Nassaornata, Kiener (—stolata, Gmel.). Iconog. Bucc., t. 21. £: 83. 45
226. Nassa pagoda, Reeve. Conch. Icon., Triton, f.97.........+e+sceecereeee 45
227. Nassa decussata, Kiener (— pagoda), Iconog., Bucc., t. 30, f. 3... 45
228. Nassa angulifera, A. Ad. (— pagoda). Reeve, Icon., f. 34......... 45
229. Nassa Tritoniformis, Kiener. Iconog, Bucc, t. 30, f. 2...........00. 49
230. Nassa fuscata, A. Ad. (= Tritonifurmis). Reeve, Icon., tf. 127 b.. 45
231. Nassa myristica, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f. 10.........cccces-eeceees 45
232. Nassa rufolineata, Marr. (— myristica, var.). Reeve, Icon., f.125. 45
233. Nassa scabriuscula, Powis. Reeve, Icon., f. 174, b...5.. .....seseeeeee 46
234. Nassa collaria, Gould (— scrbriuscula), Reeve, Icon., f. 169 a..... 46
235. Nassa Stimpsoniana, C. B. Ad. (= scabriuscula). Reeve, Icon.,

Rep des aero ee act tacniace cance s oa'foan=t soles demeeneccasinareee sad bdaeedet seeesseees 46
236. Nassa nodata, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t.9, f 15..........000- Selsionioatins'e 46
237. Nassa fisciata, Lam. Hombr. et Jacq .Voy. Astrol., t. 21, f. 35.... 46
238. Nassa fasciata, Lam. Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 32, f. 18..........00sseeee 46
Pos Nascar testiva. bowls |iveeve, Loon., ft 17inc.c.cccslsccseneels) sc ceae Sees tae
240. Nassa lirata, Dunker (— festiva). Moll. Japon., t. 1, f. 22.......... 46
241. Nassa dealbata, A. Ad. (= festiva). Reeve, Icon., f. 105............ 46
242. Nassa acutidentata, E. A. Smith (— festiva). Zool. Proc., t. 20, f.

1 TE peascercnor obboGecocarheTnCArBceor Baasooe dana oo ncacrigosoncaencncocoo es 46
243. Nassa dentifera, Powis. Reeve, Icon., f. 130..............scecesecsceees 46
244. Nassa unidentata, Powis (— dentifera). Kiister, Bucc., t. 6, f. 5.. 46
245. Nassa Tschudii, Troschel (— dentifera). Archiv Naturg., t. 5. f.

APO Oo pteree: amanda Scena ce usttcss siavateacasaes ances sc asdecteleadeteammeetees 45

Plate 15.

246. Nassa paupera, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 330..............2008 47
247. Nassa microstoma. Pse. (= paupera). Specimen...............sssseeees 47
248. Nassa balteata Pse. (— paupera). Am, Jour. Conch., v, t. 8,f. 5.. 47
249. Nassa fraterculus. Dkr. (— paupera?). Moll. Japon, t.1,f.15.. 47
250. Nassa luteola, Smith (— paupera). Zool. Proc., t. 20, tf. 47, 1879. 47
251. Nassatringa, Souv. Jour. de Conch , 3d ser,, iv, t. 10, f. 7......00 47
252. Nassa compacta, Angas (— tringa). Specimen.............t... sa) f/
58. Nassa Rissoides, Marr. New Forms, t. 1, f. 25...........ececssceceeeees 48
254, Nassa denticulata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icom., f. 55...........ccecce0 vesceeeos 47
255. Nassa abyssicola, A. Ad=—Reeve, Icon., f. 175 @..........00.-.c0e2ce00e 47
2565 Nassa concinna. Powis. “Reeve; licon., f.:9ltac-cenc--c-ncscecccessecscces 48
257. Nassa eximia, H. Adams. Zool. Proc.. t. 2, f. 28, 1872.............. 48
258. Nassa crebrilineata, Hombr. et Jacq. (— concinna). Voy. Astr. et

7 FCO RS LP RS oe OS SE COREE OER OU Soe COS RSCEC DO COLAC ORC OU CERO OEE 48
259. Nassa pulcherrima, Marr. (—concinna). New Forms, f. 15....... 48
260. Nassa concinna, Reeve (— concentrica, Marr.). Icon., f. 82........ 48
261. Nassa interlirata, Smith. Linn, Trans., xii, t. 30, f. 5.............. Soe EES
262. Nassa nucleolus, Phil. Reeve, Teon., ite 178, Pic antevccccccctecoecessesns 49
263, 264. Nassa incrassata, Strém. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. “Moll. Pu;

TIME At HOGS END ye case cncer este onecectenaeseecnaccccceseietes Receseereees 7 49

256 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
265. Nassa incrassata, var. pygma. [bid., t. 108, f. 5...........sseesseeee 49
266; Nassa inerassata, Reeve., Deon, fi UUs. «...cccsonrscssasacicneseaenmeneseees " 49
267. Nassa rosacea, Reeve. Tconsat. 185 -s.scs.c0. cesccecthonciemmepmeameceecs 49
268. Nassa delicata, Rve. (= tenella). Icom, f, 163.............s.secssmnecene 50
269. Nassa Deshayesii, Drouet. Moll. Azores, f. 4.........0.ssscccccsecssces 50
270. Nassa versicolor, C. B. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. L10............cccccsseccce 50
271. Nassa striata, C. B. Ad (= versicolor). Reeve, Icon., f. 177...... 50
272. Nassa rufocincta, A. Ad (= versicolor). Reeve, Icon., f.112...... 50
273. Nassa argentea, Marr. (? = tenella). New Forms, t. 1, f. 21........ 50
274. Nassa sinusigera, A Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 113 b............2.ccaseeenses 51.
275. Nassa Lecadrei. Folin (— versicolor). Meleagrin, t. 6, f. 14........ 50
276. Nassa cernica, Nevills (—sinusigera, var.). Jour. pe ‘Soc. Beng.,

is Pilg UB Weks. cemecicuns cinceecwe socidsatciteceecleca estes cosieeecce see emieeeee eet 51
277. Nassa fraudulenta, Marr. (? = sinusigera). New Forms, f. 24..... 51
278. Nassa cribraria, Marr. (? = sinusigera). New Forms, f. 20......... 51

Plate 16.

279. Nassa albescens, Dunker. Reeve, Icon., f. 100..................cc0seeses 51
280. Nassa bicolor, Hombr. (— albescens). Voy. Astr. et Zel., t. 21,

1 PE RERREE AARR Deer ete oan a ae Reraa occa prac peecorctiico nauoadacaoss 51
281. Nassa dsabelle1, Rye. (== Kienert)., Leon.) tf. 4ficcn-.sne-recmen secon dl
282. Nassa Keenii, Marr. (= albescens). Specimen sgnabadodos nasannoonasonede 51

283. Nassa gemmulifera, A. Ad. (= albescens). Reeve, Icon., f. 130 a. 51
284. Nassa splendidula, Dunker. Phil , Abbild. iii, Buce., td, eta Gene
285. Nassa semigranosa, Duuker (— splendidula). Ibid., te: 1 fae eee

286. Nassa ravida, A. Ad (= splendidula). Reeve, Icon., f. 68.......... 52
287. Nassa densigranata, Reeve (— splendidula). Icon., f. 181........ «. OZ
288. Nassa pauperata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 27...........ss000e sicdcosamieees 52
289. Nassa lyrella, Beck (= pauperata). Reeve, Icon., f. 95............... 52
290. Nassa multigranosa, Dkr. (— pauperata). Phil., Abbild. iii, Buce.,

Ga 2s din UB Baschoneceae keetrcostes eeetee sete scien tora BaRNQOHOSADONOUDIOSOOAAOT CITC 62
291. Nassa caperata, Phil. (— pauperata). Ibid, f. 18.............0cs.e00 52
992. .Nassa.sordida, Reeve:. ° cont: f. 96%.c5.-5.<.cecsse assess cone eee eens bers 52
293. Nassa candens, Hinds. Reeve, Icon, f., 89 Di.¢....ccrccoccreecsceccece - O38
294. Nasea candens, Hinds. Voy Sulphir, t- 950. 1e-ecesecesscenemaretcneets 53
295, Nassa cremata, Hinds. Woy. Sulphur, t- 9), St-.-.cc-sccetescseemeeete 53
296. Nassa Quoyii, Hombr. et Jacq. (—cremata). Voy. Astr. et Zel.,

Ba se O10) anne idea Senso onacodadenbohinn anon énaaadsss ona onownEaOIGG! so0ao0: 53
297. Nassa fragum, Hombr. et Jacq. (—cremata). Voy. Astr. et Zel.,

fe: Dy EBON. cs tesa tine spnent soars Gere nes eowenies sa ceernn neces cena eee 53
298. Nassa margaritifera, Dunker (— cremata, var.). Phil., Abbild. iii,

Buces, t. 1) fi 12. ccacscsocsiocs sessuaastanpiehoecersededes coepesconsscstnateneten 53
299. Nassa venusta, Dunker (— cremata, var. margaritifera). Ibid.,

tele, lv wcsessesssaosencecenccssosesee sane ose so nssnscnoe ices sere seen iaereeee 53
300. Nassa costellifera, A. Ad. (— cremata, var. margaritifera). Reeve,

WGON5 1.506) Ds. ccnn-npeeneoesceecee ermaseodes se scceitede =e epee sien eenmnnt 58
301. Nassa marginulata, Reeve (— Kieneri, Desh.). Icon., f. 51 a...... 53
302. Nassa margaritifera, Reeve (— Kieneri, Desh.). Icon, f. 59....... 53
303. Nassa Isabellei, Reeve (— Kieneri, Desh.), Icon., f. 47. See fig.

paps sea dela deme as o'ssicien-noscah poset see enn teen cenene caeet i aaa ntsc on eee! 53
304. Nassa liveseens. Phil. Lischke, Jap. Meeres’ Conch. Suppl.,

Ary oLicns sia osissitwancnse vices se sencpits sheneaecese ese same seeenetein: aceon nanenere 54
805: Nassapusio, A. Ad.» Reeve, Tcon. fol 2 ancs-cskssaasepe-s>tasemereeemers 54
306. Nas3a multicostata, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 186 a.....ccccccescccesenee 54

307. Nassa verrucosa, A, Ad, Reeve, Icom., f. 36...scsccceer Seopa) 2!

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. P
508, Nassa stigmaria, A. Ad.’ Reeve, f. 42 Db... cscaccooencsrecccesscceseee
809. Nassa cremata, Reeve (— stigmaria). Icon., Nassa, f. 26 b.........
310, Nassa retecosa, A. Ad. (= stigmaria). Icon., f. 28 b.........sesece+e
Plate 17.
511. Nassa Cumingii, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. 30 @............0.000
o12, Nassa gemmulata, Lam. Reeve, f. 29.....6......cccecuncoqesscoccsesen voces
318. Nassa clathrata, Lam. (— gemmulata). Encye. Meth., t.594, f. 5b.
514. Nassa variegata, A. Ad. (— gemmulata). Reeve, Icon., f. 70........
515. Nassa conoidalis, Desh, (— gemmulata). Voy. Belanger, t. 3, f. 7.
816. Nassa fossata, Gld. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 32] a..............ssecee
317. Nassa elegans, Reeve (— fossata, Gld.). Conch. Syst., ii, t. 268, f. 3.
318. Nassa Morleti, Crosse (— fossata). Jour. de Conch., xvi, t. 6, f. 3.
319. Nassa perpinguis, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, t. 9, f. 12...........sc00se00
520. Nassa mendica, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 331..............2.4.
321. Nassa Woodwardi, Forbes (—mendica). Zool. Proc., t. 11, f. 3,
USE Nata rss deere cteetestcacsedetessscacass ce sacucecuesctar comtvensenttancmnee reac:

322. Nassa Cooperi, Forbes (= mendica). Zool. Proc., t. 11, f. 4, 1850.
323. Nassa Cooperi, Forbes (— mendica). Marrat, New Forms, f. 13...
Det weeN aSea GavipKuener. (heevies LeOMs, f..81 Dic.ccccorcesetacatasdesessetetes
325. Nassa rubricata, Gould (— Gayi). Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 332...
Som NaSsAniVeRs eA. Adu Reeve; Leon. if 122 as... .cddesencucleoateasteneet an

527. Nassa signata, Dunker. Philippi, Abbild. iii, Buce., t. 2, f. 17......

328. Nassa regularis, Kiister (—signata). Conch. Cab., Bucc., t. 12, f. 24.
529, Nassa turbinea, Gould. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., v, t. 24, f. 10.......
330. Nassa Roissyi, Deshayes. Voy. Belanger, t. 3, f. 3.....c.ssscseeeceeeee

331. Nassa Munieriana, Crosse. Jour. de Conch., 3 ser. iv, t. 13, f. 6...
332. Nassa dominula, Tapparone-Canefri (— Roissyi). Voy. Magenta,

Rem Biol a Dp cue see neces Nava dasin cones sckseeeceessioss van sadanieweaenseumeeeetne ee
333. Nassa pumilio, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 75, f. 11, 1871...........
334. Nassa Kochiana, Dunker. Kiister, Buce., t. 12, f.12........-.scecess ‘
335, Nassa plicatella, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., f. 56 b..........sceees0s a ae
SoOmeNaAsaclathrata, Borne: )Marseum,-t: LO%f. 17 22..c6c0cccceces-coagsaiceen

337. Nassa prismatica, Brocchi (— clathrata). Conch. foss., ii, t. 5, f. 7.
338, Nassa turrita, A. Ad. (= clathrata). Marrat, New Forms, t. 1, f. 17.
339, Nassa scalariformis, Val. (— clathrata). Kiener, Iconog., t.

later COL accsacticcnes vecdesacdsasesces acess cecewe cd cceces ac acessaeccentemcn em enes

Plate 18.

340. Nassa nitida, Jeffreys (— reticulata), Brit. Conch., v, t. 87, f. 4...
341. Nassa reticulata, Linn. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. ll, f. 3...
242, Nassa reticulata, Linn. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., t. 108, f. 2..
343-345. Nassa cancellata, Chemn. (— reticulata). Meyer & Mobius,

Kielerbucht,, 1. to 4 fig) Shoe a... sa Reta meetee eee dace osc e cowes ac f
346. Nassa trivittata. Say. Binney’s Edit. of Gould, f. 682.................
347. Nassa obsoleta, Say. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 79........0..ssecessscsceee
348. Nassa oliviforme, Kiener (— obsoleta). Iconog, t. 25, f. 99........ >
349. Nassa obsoleta, ova-capsules. Am. Jour. Conch., t. 9, f. 12..........
350. Nassa Melanoides, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 150 b........ aiceceevaxice ee
351. Nassa nigella, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 178 a...........2000 agonesbee coset
oo2. Nassa nucea, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, t. 8, f. 7.......ccccsecsoceee
353-354. Neritula neritea, Linn. Reeve, Nassa, f. 153..........cccsecceceeee
355-356. Neritula Italica, Issel (— neritea). Bull. Mal. Ital., ii, t. 4, f. 47.
357-358. Neritula Kamieschi, Chenu. Manuel, i, f. 792, 793.........060

53

258

FIGURE,

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

359. Neritula neritea, Linn. Reeve, Adams’ Genera, t. 12, f. 8..........+ 64
560. Neritula pellucida, Risso. Reeve, Nassa, f. 151.. Scnorcercoany ) (e
561. Desmoulea abbreviata, Gmelin. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, if. 194. Se 65
362. Desmoulea pinguis, A. Ad. Reeve, Icon., Nassa, f. LOS ianewensesseee 65
365. Desmoulea pinguis, operculum. H. & A. Adams’ Genera, t. 12, Ae
P. 1G 5 Bioun ctees sy uebmece rete saaeaeeseeeanceh oes cones 6 5-a ieee seen ae
564, ERE cs ponderosa, Reeve (— pinguis). Icon., Nassa, f. 196.... 65
365. Desmoulea retusa, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., Bucc., t. 24, f. ny Rees 66
366. Desmoulea retusa. Reeve Icon., Nassa, f. 195 b.. ca cnsagecasqesdesnceMGGl
367. Desmoulea Tryoni, Crosse (— retusa). Jour. de Conch., t. 1, f. 3, ts
UST ieee atee ance tose dares haneec pe teinarncs ates tess d:)neteacts ints acacia eels aaa
368. Desmoulea Japonica, A. Ad. Reeve, Nassa,, f. LO 2). scesaceneumecnns 66
369. Desmoulea pyramidalis, A. Ad. Reeve, f. 191 b..........0eseceee seers 66
370. Desmoulea ringens, A. Ad. Reeve, Nassa, f. 190.. aco
571. Nassa peritremia, T, Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 's. "Wales, i iv, ors
AOL AO os casece'dceuauenes Saracen desis steciesn eae sna tone anv cesee necro aaeementty 48
372. Nassa Coppingeri, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 7, 1881......... 56
373. Nassa teniolata, Phil. Zool. Proc., t. 4, f. 8, 1881......... ses Cone | ON
Plate 19.
1. Turbinella pyrum, Linn (Junior). Kiener, Iconog., t. 7.......+seeeeee 68
2. Turbinella pyrum, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 15...............0+0 0. Jonpoaar 68
3. Turbinella napus, Lam. (— pyrum). Kiener, Iconog., t. 6............ 68
4. Turbinella ovoidea, Kiener. Reeve, Icon., f. 28......... ....--ss0ee- eros (4
5. Turbinella rapa, Gmel. (= pyrum). Kiener, t. 5........cer.-sscccesenees 68
6, 7. Turbinella napus, Lam. (— pyrum). Monstr., Ann. Soc. Mal.,
Beles, x, bi Ds Pe, Bites lh cha tasers ae catceiedstene acts pen eeneieee eee eee 68
25. Vasum mitis, Lam. (= capitellum, L.). Kiener, t. 12, f. 2............ 73
Plate 20.
8. Turbinella scolymus, Gmel. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2.........+66 AeoontioAgeC 70
9. -‘Turbinella fusus, Sowb.. Reeve, Icon:, f. 64... cccccccscscscceseeesneis 71
10. Vasum armatum, Brod. (— Ceramicum, Linn.). Reeve, Turbinella, .
Be aii ciecamteacnceneaectecesiinsen cesatintacbione der enececinscitedcssed tates see tee nanan (P
11. Vasum'muricatum, Born: Reeve; cont, £.'35;)a.1-.-sesececeecseteeteenes (al
12. Vasum cestus, Brod. (— muricatum). Reeve, Turbinella, f. 34a... 71
Plate 21.
15. Vasum Rhinoceros, 'Gmel. ‘Reeve: Icon., f. 33....c.,css-ne-ccseeeeeeeere fi
14. Vasum Cassidiforme, Val. (— Rhinoceros). Reeve, f. 32........-++++ 71
15. Vasum vexillulum, Reeve (= Ceramicum). Reeve, f. 31............++. 72
16. Vasum variolaria, Lam. (— turbinellum, juv.). Kiener, t. 21, f. 1... 72
17. Vasum globulus, Lam. Reeve, Turbinella, f. 11............csscecsesceses 75
18. VasumCeramicum, Linn., ‘Reeve, tf. /46%...2...c..hescchessecceessocmeumeeene 12
19. Vasum Crosseana, Souv. (— muricatum). Jour. de Conch. AA Lig glly, ir
UPS TB. sc cawn <2 .s0 dose sccleataee sdoeeaee seasons scisasemaecl nesses anes kee namen “(il
20-22. Vasum cornigerum, Lam. (= turbinellum). Kiener, t. 1........ Fo il
23. Vasum imperiale, Reeve. Icon., Turbinella, f. 28 ...........ceessseee 0s 72
24. Vasum capitellum, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 80.........060..ssc0-scesececc'es 73
Plate 22.
1, 2, Cymba proboscidale, Lam. Sowb., Thesaurus, i, t. 80, f. 22, 27. 79
3,4, Cymba porcinum, Lam. (— proboscidale). Sowb., Thes., i, t. 79,
£.-B et B0, -f. ZO, ae ecadsvcccaseepnveovecdgeddcrereerneehdoeencssce eave deienare 79

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

259

FIGURE, PAGE.
6. Cymba rubiginosum, Swn. Sowb., Thes., t. 80, f. L9.......cceeeee ee eee 79
7. Cymba cymbium, Sowb. (= cisium, Lam.). Thes., t. 80, f. 21....... 79
5, 8. Cymba gracile, Brod. ( cisium, Lam.). ‘Thes., t. 79, f. 15; t.

PT RUALE eae RIECK CO, oi E Up o,cls aidewe Uiipbe'e ac alee ¥apitewe cavetal USMEpaueMet aus peles'eh 79

PU VODAENentiim samuel Thes., t.. 79), £5 Jid.c.svcecenssescesatnsoodesiesache ss 80

10. Cymba Tritonis, Brod. (— Neptuni). Thes., t. 79, . Sista deepen dese 80

11. Cymba patula, Brod, (— Neptuni). Sowb., Thess. t. 79, f. . 80

12. Cymba navicula, Gmel. (— Neptuni). Reeve, Cymba, t. 24, f, lbs . 80

138. Cymbia olla, Linn. Sowb., Thes, t. 79, f. 4...........ss0s0 apelddumesete 80

Plate 23.

Pi VGlLonmcicanGméels vsowb:, Thes:, 1, ti Sl, 2. Lissiecscccescavesscrevetoes 80

15, 16. Melo tessellata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 81, f. 8, 7......-...ssse0e 80

17. Melo Athiopica, Linn. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 262, f. 33..............+-- 81

18. Melo regia, Sch. & Wagn. (— AMthiopica, var.). Thes., t.262,f.51. 81

19. Melo nautica, Linn. ( /Ethiopica, var.). Sowr., Thes., i, t. 82,

fell caecewees RAEN C CASO SE CUE CO DECECRCECCECOLECOP PEELE REPT EO SCC aT rua Pome 81
20, 21. Melo Broderipii, Gray (— Mthiopica, var.). Sowb., t. 83, f,

PGE lark sro Sojanerersiarsnrcalonlee sed dad scleahsslcacseselecescssdaceatcasade tess anesmens states. 81
22,28. Melo diadema, Lam. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 82, f. 16, 17............... 81
24,25. Melo armata, Lam. (— diadema). Sowb. 7 LNe@Ss. teiGont. ‘sl 223 81
26. Melo umbilicata, Brod. (— diadema, var.). Sowb., t. 83, f. 30...... 81
27. Melo mucronata, Brod. a diadema, var. ducalis). Saab. " 83,

HOA iatcaieccnthte catedaee(e sa dlavshcbuines dct sevdvecwessoude dadsubiazce geredeeer Mevicsee 81
28, Melo Miltonis, Gray (— diadema, var.). Sowb., t. 83, f. 25.......... 81

Plate 24.

29, 30. Voluta musica, Linn. Sowb., Thesaurus, i, t. 49, f. 4], 40........ 83

31. Voluta thiarella, Lam. (— musica). Sowb., Thes., t. 49, f, 39........ 83

32. Voluta Guinaica, Lam. (— musica). Sowb., Thes., t. 49, f. 58....... 83

33. Voluta sulcata, Lam. (— musica). Sowb., Thes., t. 55, f. 87........... 83

34. Voluta polypleura, Crosse (— musica, var.). Jour. de Conch., t. 5,

He OMEN H Os aco ature oot cee eat cenaiatn'n stoic’ cio dosing eld cisesics seisiee paces Silas conan seaentanee 83
35. Voluta virescens, Solander. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 52, f. 78..........cce00 84
36. Voluta pusio, Swains. (— virescens). Thes., t. 55, f, 119.............. 84
ame Voluta: Hebreea,, Lam. Sowhb., Thes., i, t. 54, f2 962. 2:..<.ssc.ceenecwae 84
38. Voluta musica, Linn (animal). Fischer, Jour. de Conch., t. 5, f. 1,

ROS Neste Sate wie ates staeeenedsy one Oeeaees vanes see vec deenne sass tase eet aoe ebeedeana tater 3
39. Voluta Indica, Sowb. (— interpuncta, Mart.). Sowb., t. 51, f. 68... 84
40. Voluta turbinata, Kiener (— Hebrea, var.). Iconog., t. 26, f. 2.... 84
41. Voluta Hamillei, ‘Crosse (— rupestris, Gmel.). Jour. de Conch., t

Mee OS LOT Ori cctscecans ostsce: ss (osc navessaegeas aocedeaseesedoneae eameee oe eeaue ee 85
42, Voluta fulminata, Lam. (== rupestris). Sowhb., Thes., t. 50, f. 51... 85

Plate 25.

43, 44. Voluta vespertilio, Linn. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 47, f. 15, 21......... 86

45, Voluta vespertilio, reversed. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 51, f. 67............. 86

46. Voluta pellis-serpentis, Lam. (— vespertilio). Sowb., t. a ee 20%s0 SO

47. Voluta serpentina, Lam. (— vespertilio). Sowb., t. 47, Sahoeees 86

48. Voluta vespertilio, Linn. * Quoy, Voy. Astrol., t. 44, fz ss Serer dee Bor 86

49. Voluta mitis, Lam. (— vespertilio). Sowb., t. 47, f, 18.............0.. 86

50. Voluta pulchra, Sowb, Reeve, Icon., f. 54 a.,....... adpeee Log csceeeyes 86

260 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
51. Voluta Wisemani, Brazier (— pulchra). Jour. de Conch.,, t. 5, f. 1,
UB TD ss cco voccie cde fete hasan ae Puce eee oem tect rras oe oe ls beac ak tet EER eee ReenaEE 86
52. Voluta lineolata, Kiister (— vespertilio). Conch. Cab., t. 38, f. 6... 86
58; Voluta nivosa; Lams “Sowb., Thess 1,4. 51, ff. 64)... ccc ecneeeswceueeeee 86
54. Voluta innexa, Reeve (— rutila). Sowb., Thes.. iii, t. 261, f. 137... 87
55. Voluta Norrisii, Gray, -Sowb.;, TPhes-.4, t. 51, £. 65..22.ii ecco eeesestene 86
56. “Voluta rutila; Brod’“Sowbs ‘Thes.s at. 46, £. 16.6 eitcrevenueneeacneenee 87
57. Voluta Sophie, Gray. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 261, f. 182.................. 87
58. Voluta luteostoma, Desh. Sowhb., Thes., i, t. 51, f. 59......0.. cesceseee 88
59. Voluta maculata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 58, f. 86..............00- 93
Plate 26.
60: Wolutaipiperita;Sowb. | Whes. 1, t-pll it. G2 c27-. nesters Sin ieccadse 87
61; 62. Voluta,anlica Sol. Sowby, 2 46, flOs 1G. a sos cteaeceact ee seers 87
338. Voluta Deshayesii, Reeve. Sowhb., iii, t. 261, f. 134................c000e 88
64. Voluta Rossiniana, Bernardi. Sowb., Thes;,, i,t. 261 fdSonewe 88
65. Voluta imperialis, Lam. Sowb., i, t. 54, f QD ss teeacescoscesnoeaeeeseee 88
66. Voluta Bednalli, Brazier. Zool. Proc., t. 40, f. 1, 1880......,........... 89
67. Voluta Junonia, Chemn. Sowb., i, t. 49, £44 wos ccevSscecenctnermereeeees 90
68. Voluta scapha, Gmel. Sowb., i, t. 48, f. we wewenoles suiblbouesiecen hocee meee 89
69; WVoluta Kaupi, Dunker. | Novit.(Conch:,t. 22; fll. .o.c.swecesensseteers Bria d,
70. Voluta magnifica, Lam, Sowb., Thes., i, t. 54, f. 108.. at ee
71. Voluta volvacea, Lam. (= flavicans, Gmel.). ‘Sowb., t. “6, re Siclees 91
72. Voluta exoptanda, Sowb. ‘Thes. Conch., Lit, be, ZO, f. 1S Gissccemanerice 91
78, WVoluta Australis, Cox. Zool. Proc.,.t.°52; f. 5187] \ierecsacsccste ses 91
74. Voluta Maria-Emma, Gray (— Graye, Crosse). Sowb., Thes., ili,
tC. QBW, LEB co teerccnescecrcteascameccce sensu eset caces creates tetcne steer Reeaettee 91
Plate 27.
75. Voluta Riickeri, Crosse (— piperita, var.). Jour de Conch., t. 1, f. 1,
LBGSs esccStsvspsadeos sccbaspesesasdosalescclscssutedestehes tte ce Gc ceeeee teen teins 87
76. Voluta Macgillivrayi, Cox (— piperita, var.). Zool. Proc., t. 48, f.
OQ, VBT8...pactine vec ceccknesscaseotesceasctbctin tose ndentinentec se acct Ret eone aetna 87
ii. Voluta ‘dubia, Brod: Jahrbuch Mal. (Geselli, vi, it 4, fee cee ee STI)
78. Voluta Ceraunia, Crosse (= piperita, var.). Jour. de Conch., t. 4,
Tt Peel rote, 0 psorage se dubaders Wisses cunt tiineeace cat inevestetecns te tect Setee repute eee 87
79. Voluta Cathcartiz, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t. 33, f. 6, 1856................. 88
80. Voluta punctata, Swains. Jour. de Conch., t. 5, f. 2, 1871............ 89
81. Voluta dubia, Brod. (juv.).. Sowb., Thes. Conch , i, t. 55, f. 115.... 90
82. Voluta Hargreavesi, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 42, f. 18, 1872............ 89
Se. Woluts Sclateri, Cox. Zool. Proc. t. 26: f.5, 1660. ccecseeeeseemener 92
84. Voluta Tissotiana, Crosse (— flavicans). Jour. de Conch., t. 6, f. 1,
LEG fics wsscwccccvsecscseudvecseasee sla aseu basieceniel a cembcacens ciekutae fs etn eet neem 91
85. Voluta Turneri, Gray. ‘Sowb., Thes), 11, t; 260, 1. U20 reo sccememmnce
86: Voluta King, Cox. Zool. Proc:, t. 64, 1. 4) TSsii 7. .iscscsccseeseeeeeens 92
Plate 28.
87. Voluta Angasi, Sowb. (= undulata, Lam.). Thes. Conch., i,
ERAB ALE DO secs aise cas cose ccdedseMasee becuse vic eesosevetee a eet ere aee ce UMmeE siete
88. .Voluta undulata, Lam. Sowb.;3;'t. 48, f.\280..icc.cs eres che. enaeeeeene 92
89. Voluta marmorata, Swn. Sowhb., i, t. 46, f. 8.......ccteecoessccerseeeees 92
90. Voluta pallida, Gray: (— volva, Gmel. ). ‘Sowhk fits OB. 91 Saas 93
91. Voluta zebra, Leach. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 53, f. 83. PE ec 98

REFERENCE TO PLATES, 26

KIGURE, PAGE,
yew Voluta Woroisi, Valt ‘Sowhb,, Thess, tit;t: 26]; £4188 eicscve. cases.» 93
93. Voluta pallida, Gray, var. (— reticulata, Rve.). Sowb., i, t. 65, f. 94. 94
94. Voluta practexta, Reeve. Conch. Icon.. f. 29 D....ce.ssececescerceseeeees 94
95. Voluta Harfordi, Cox (— eanaliculata, McCoy). Zool. Proc., t. 26,

MIRO O As cds coe sie Sones souaiac te cite ies cbse Mb rvcnee cedetddetavewalen ove budetsed apa 93
96. Voluta reticulata, Sowb. (= preetexta).. Thes., i, t. 49, f. 47........ 94
97. Voluta Pacifica, Soland. Sowhb., Thes., i, t. 48, Lp QO eisttiessee 94
98. Voluta fusus, Quoy (— Pacifica, juv.). Voy. a t: 44, f.8.... 94
99. Voluta gracilis, Swn. (— Pacifica). iat Conga 360, fUDLT... 94

100. Voluta Americana, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t. 33, f. ” 1356 idence vedsties 94

101. Voluta Cleryana, Petit (= Americana). eee ae Conch., 2 ser. i,

RAMOS ates Sart et Owe cawR eh Ll, Jose davedcandadeede con mOaubee ae dete bane 94

102. Voluta megaspira, Sowb. Thes., i, i AS fh ODM aed ae eases 95

108. Voluta fusiformis, Swains. Sowb., DAS Pe MOOK ESI eae 95

104, 105. Voluta fulgetrum, Sowb. itkber, Ie by 48 Nf) Bane daewtonaeaeerieds 95

106. Voluta papillosa, Swn. Sowb., Thes., i, t. 48, f. 30.............eceeeee 95

Plate 29.

107. Voluta ancilla, Sowb. (— Magellanica, Lam.). Thes.,i. t.54,f.101. 97

108. Voluta subnodosa, Leach (— Magellanica). Thes., t. 47, f. 24...... 97

OB olutatbeckits (Brods.iSowb:, 1; ts 54,1. 04 .0ce, .csccscerssectesaceseses 97

110. Voluta Magellanica, Sowb. (— ancilla). ‘Thes., t. 54, f. 99.......... 97

111. Voluta rudis, Gray (— Brasiliana). Thes., t. 46, fii. NO colon. 9S

Pie Voluta aneulata i SWalus, GOOWbDsy teas d- Lod.scsssccsbecrevere<+ascna sce 98

113. Voluta Brasiliana, Soland. Orb., Voy. Am., t. 60, f. 4.............066 98

en Voluiaiconcinn a, (Brod. «SOW Ds, cbs Oli £1000. ceca cesmacapsccaseosss deopests 99

lity. Volutacbrasiliang. Sol, Sowb.,lhes.,c. 0.04, f 98.cc.ccscoceeece sce 98

UGE VOlutaDUllata, Swalls. SOW... ba Dow fs: OOrcceccececiin.ctseccecencessaeds 100

iii Violutiaebrazierl, Cox. Zool: Proc,..t.48, f.'8; [Sios...s-csevesavacstest 100

US VOlubarcyInblola., SOW Des, EHeSis ib. D2, f.)TOvccacccoscerses ocvcacdadeesoacaes 99

119. Voluta corona, Chemn. (— cymbiola). Sowb., t. 55, f. 120........... 99

120, Voluta abyssicola, Ad. & Rve.. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 260, f. 124...... 100

121. Voluta angulata, Swains. Orb., Voy. Am., t, 60, f. Qi.c..:csescceoes 98

ifev Volite mamilla, Gray... Sows, 1), 6008, 57 cxssaias<scncssadaccavnsaaade 101

Plate 30.

123. Voluta Ellioti, Sowb. (— Turneri, Gray). Thes., iii, t. 260, f.127. 92

124. Voluta Kreuslerze Angas. Zool. Proc., i. 2, f. 3, 1865........ navadecd 94

2a Volta testivas lamer Reeve, Icon, £..28). C,.ccsscasents ornaeseenes dedeeet 95

126. Voluta Thatcheri, McCoy. Jour. de Conch., t. 1, f. 1,-1878......... 96

127. Voluta Africana, Reeve. Zool. Proc., t. 33, f. 3, 1856............s.... 95

128. Voluta Roadnightw, McCoy. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., t.7,f. 2, 1881. 96

129. Voluta coniformis, Cox. Jour. de Conch., t. 4, f. 1, 1871............ 100

iSO se Violuta,Stearnsil, Wall Calif. eP rock. lve. ts, lee feedl-cetetesscedesckadsacses 97

131. Voluta Ferussaci, Don. (— Brasiliana). Reeve, Icon., f. 23......... 98

132. Voluta Prevostiana, Crosse (— megaspira, var.). Jour. de Conch.,

Dipl fat LS VST Oreos anictetaaes sondticesoenas cents eaceras sasencncaccas olathe 95
Plate 31.
133. Lyria deliciosa, Montrouzier. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iv, t. 2, f. 7. 102

134, 1385. Lyria deliciosa, Jour. de Conch., t. 13, f. 3, 4, 1867. a, foot;

6, siphon, cut open; c, mantle; d, e, branchix; g, rectum; &,
appendages of the siphon; /, prerectal glands; m, penis; , ten-
tacles ; 0, lateral appendages of the neck; p, visceral sac......... 102

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE,
136. lLyria nucleus, Lam. Reeve, Icon. Voluta, f. 41, b.................0... 102
137. Lyria Beaui, Fischer & Bernardi. Jour. de Conch., 2 ser. i, t. 9,

Ge DV nccnccince cacascicestenceycess abet nseeceeteenok acute sss cnscuee eeaeeamtemee seeemee 102
138. Lyria cassidula, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., iii, t. 260, f. 130............... 108
139. Lyria pusilla, Schrenck. Amur Landes Moll., t. 17, f. 15............ 103
140. Lyria Delessertiana, Petit. Sowb., i, t. 52, f. 74..............cccceeseee 108
141. lLyria Lyreformis, Swn. Sowb., i, t. 49, f. 45....... 000.0 .ccscceccewes 103
142. Lyria costata, Swains. Sowb., t. = FT vi ctuin tbc dated takeace ee eadee 108
143. Lyria Mitrzeformis, Lam. Sowb., be BZ, LSS Nr cc. . essscw a cscemeceeseamlD
144. Lyria Archeri, Angas. Zool. Proc., tor2, PhO pl COD eeseecenteeeeceenats 104
145. Lyria harpa, Barnes. Sowb., i t. 55, 1B ee cag ances adcodae p labst eects 104
146. Lyria Cumingii, Brod. Sowb., t. 55, f. 105.............sscceccerescesesens 104
147. Lyria Cylleniformis, Sowb. (— Cuming) Thes.,)t: 65; ft.) L1S ia. 104
148. Lyria Guildingii, Sowb. Thes., t. 55, f. 110...........nsscsccceceeceee ses 105
149) Lyria cuttatay Reever Leon. athi00. ..c.warcrnscosiiecteacess's ee eneticeee seats 105
150. Lyria Columbella, Sowb. Thes., Lily ts 260; P28 eee ateehe ences 105
151, 152. Microvoluta Australis, Angas. Zool. Proce., t. 5, f. 2, 1877..... 105
153. Voluta vexillum, Lam. Sowb., Thes., t. 50, f. 54...............-ssseees 85

Plate 32.

1. Mitra episcopalis, Linn. Kiener. Mitra, t. 1, f. 1.....0 0.2... oo nuascee 111

2. Mitra ‘papalis, Linn: Sowb., Thesaurus, £. 6)..72..00-<cc---cececicouases 111

3. Mitra pontificalis; Lam. (Sowb., ‘Dhes!> £., Uv -.s....--csccceciseciceeecesoosemelolll

4." Mitra cardinalis; Gmel “Sowhb:, Thes:, £..022...---22--:-2ctesecasecacesaanenmliil

5. Mitra Vamarekii, Deshi, Sowh:, Dhes:, f..09:..-cs0-c.cerseseeen<stemaanae 112

6. Mitra versicolor, Martyn. Sowb., Thes. yids: Br oonienonneo me condosseate. 3 112

7. Mitra versicolor, Martyn. Kiener, Ve onOpey tery kal Owereseeeeeseeeeaee 112

8. Mitra nebulosa, Swains. (— versicolor). MNKeeve, Icon., f. 3........... 112

Plate 33.

9. Mitra variegata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 11)...... cise ssssensses 113
10. Mitra variegata, Reeve. pe Thes. Conchy sf. lO2 ve ccsesesaneneeee 113
11. Mitra propinqua, Sowb. Thes. Conch., POO sencisecccneccvpeieoneconeeaee 112
12. Mitra nympha, Reeve (— variegata). Tcon., Nae ser) eciocoococuoada JL:
13. Mitra lacunosa, Reeve (— variegata). Conch. Icon., f. 65............ 118
14. Mitra Rossiz, Reeve (— variegata). Sowhb., Thes., f. 113............. 1138
15. Mitra sanguinolenta, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 14, f. 45............... 113
16. Mitra eximia, A. “Ad. Sowb:, hes. ,'f 266 .2icc.csc..ccscnsconesacienetees sts
17. Mitra lacunoss, Sowb. (— eximia). Thes. Conch., f. 171.............. 113
LS’ Mitra cmwrulea, Reeve: Sowhb., Thes.,'f. 2b22...ccseccesscvesb wens sores reeee 114
19. Mitra Mauritiana, Sowb. Thes: Conch:; f: GlOl.....22::.-.cccccscccconcs 114
20.’ Mitra incisa, Ads. & Reeve. Thes. Conch., f. 292.0... .cicccsccecccossce 114
21. Mitra Marie, A. Ad. (= incisa). Smith, Zool. Proc., t. 50, f. 14,

LBB. .isrcsscccovsccssevsscsesab ethos sbaposeennecinartesccoetceselnescodteseectesemtee . Lie
a2. Mitra’serpentina, Lam. Sowhb., Thiesi, f Vd.ccscs- coow-cseceeceseces cece rele
25. Mitra Marquesana, A. Ad. Sowb., Mhes:, f::OTBs esesrescenscestesteenere 114
24. Mitra Bovei, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., £. GOR eicc6s cick dine cee tes roca Ocoee aes 115
25. Mitra puncticulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. By EWO, tchoesesertanenapeel dear ste 115
26. Mitra Sophiz, Crosse. Sowb., Thes. Conch’; (fi: b46ie .ct07 sv dssnetaces 115
27. Mitra cratitia, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 545........scecsesecscees 115
28. Mitra dactyloidea, Anton (— Oliyeformis). Kiister, t. 14, f. 2...... 131

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 263

Plate 34.
FIGURE, PAGE.
29. Mitra floccata, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 186..........scss000 Ra apatlrs «vee 115
30. Mitra chalybeia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 59.....cccssssceccererceceoecs se LO
31. Mitra guttata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 166.........ccccscscscscsncecseses 116
82. Mitra Fergusoni, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 70........++++. Deenedteawens pease! LO
RoeMiLra himatasneever, Conch. [cont f. Sl2.ii,sccceesevedacsedadedaceseces 116
84. Mitra Desetangsii, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., f. 183.......ccsesccecseseeeres 117
85. Mitra florida, Gould. From type specimen..........t.ccccecccsseseeveevees 116
36. Mitra cancellata, Kiener. Iconog., t. 30, f. 98......sceseeeeees Aadtetts ve 117
37 Mitra Hamille1, Petit. Jour. de Conch., ii, t. 7, f. 9, 1851 ....cc<ce-.- 117
38. Mitra Senegalensis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 347.......ceccseccsssecevees 117
39. Mitra declivis, Reeve. Sowhb., Thes., f. 272.........es0ee ateaedenoapeohadecs 118
40. Mitra inquinata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 29.......00.ssccssescessccecseess 118
41. Miira declivis, Reeve. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 272......ccccceccseeeees 118
See Mie elabra, SWalnss, SOWU.,0LNO8., £..04...5...sccacorasmecasaceonaddss ue 10 ly
43. Mitra fulgurita, Reeve. Sowhb., Thes., f. 68...........ccsseccsccosssssccces 118
44, Mitra Wrightii, Crosse (— inquinata). Jour. de Conch., t. 1, f. 1,
SG ceess castes wees duslicinar te ctuencescaseess Risaccevenancehecndeaetiecddes sa edades dors 118
Plate 35.
45, 46. Mitra striatula, Lam. (— Barbadensis, Gmel.). Sowb., Thes.,
PON eo eee as eae Maa oa co Suicelachn ebeeeian cea teeesnseses dares desddeaets oteeucun deat 118
47. Mitra variabilis, Reeve. Saw, THOSrs in Ode esesccoreteeeaccanssscepeees 119
48. Mitra tessellata, Kiener (— Barbadensis). NGOWOO% Tutte see oesnncss 118
49, Mitra picta, Reeve (— Barbadensis). Conch. Icon., f. 123............ 118
50, Mitra simplex, Dunker. Krauss, Sudafr. Moll., t. 6, f. 20............ 119
51. Mitra ustulata, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 227.........ccccssceesse 119
52. Mitra ignobilis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. ito ea" sssdeensiasdeaeensen 119
53. Mitra abbatis, Chemn. (— contracta, Swn. ). Reeve, Icon., f. 91..... 120
04. Mitra robiginosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 167.....0..0.......scccsecescee 119
joe Mitrarcuncellata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 69.........<cccccececccvsnccnce 119
56. Mitra cylindracea, Reeve (— variabilis). Sowb., Thes., f. 188....... 119
DipeeeViltraesollds aCe VeL SOW Ds, UMGRs, 1. UOD. cos wees occc cee vcincclsancaaewescos 120
58, 60. Mitra pigra, A. Ad. Sowhb, Thes., f. 177, 325............. Sate eres 120
59. Mitra latruncularia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 166...............cceeseeees 120
61. Mitra caliginosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 75..............ssececscscoseses 120
62. Mitra sacerdotalis A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., fo FO eaiccsscucedaseecscasss pes 120
65. Mitra strigata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. DOO Rivas sentoces maccctuccscsse 121
Oto Mitra Rosette, Angas. Sowb., Thes,, £.)dd0.....svescc+ sss ceresessensaeesse 121
Plate 36.
65. Mitra Chinensis, Gray. Sowhb, Thes., f. 81.................- Secessdscetedss 120
66: Mitra Chinensis, Gray. Reeve, Icon, £..86....5..20.c.ccccssscccdsacesecers 120
67. Mitra orientalis, Gray (— maura, Swn.). Sowb., Thes., f. 40........ 121
68. Mitra Swainsoni, Brod. Reeve, Icon., f. 4............ Seviexcveswessssee sce ZL
69. Mitra abbreviata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. PV OQOSe possea ce ccceseseccedesess 122
70. Mitra induta, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 24, Pe Orie oc cowecs sen teasteeees 121
71. Mitra nigra, Quoy (— Quoyi, Desh.). Voy. Astrol., t. 45, f. 17...... 122
72. Mitra infrafasciata, Souv. Jour. de Conch., t. 5, f. 7, 1865............ 122
aspera: nibida “At Ad. (SowDb:., il hess. Gailieresssccsceccccccsscosssecwcccesees 122
14. Mitra cornicula, linns ‘Sowbs- hes. f.) 52352..-..cce.cc---secccccwcece 3) 122
75. Mitra fusca, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 801...............ceeceeces 122
76. Mitra cornicularis, Lam. (— cornicula). Kiener, Iconog., t. 12, f. 38. 122
77. Mitra Philippiana, Forbes (— cornicula). Sowb., Thes., f. 524....... 122

264 REFERENCE TO PLATES.
FIGURE, PAGE.
78. Mitra graja, Reeve (= cornicula). Sowb., Thes., f. 525........... ieee WBZ
79. Mitra lactea, Lam. (— cornicula, var.). Sowb., Thes., Tel O 2ecetaatees 122
80. Mitra plumbea, Reeve (— cornicula, var,). Conch. Teon. sll DOe.2. mee
81. Mitra Schroeteri, Desh. (== cornicula, var.). Thes., Conch., f. 529. 122
82. Mitra insolata, Sowb. ~Thes. Conch., f. G50......,......sscscuseeremarsessss 124
83. Mitra Groenlandica, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 106...............:. 124
84, 85, 87. Mitra ebenus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 329, 334, 335... 124
36. Mitra Kieneri, Sowb.. Mhes., Conchs i. 324. .....consensecesapdsvaeenetmnns 124
88. Mitra Defrancii, Payr. (— ebenus, var. costata). Reeve, Icon., f. 159, 124
Plate 37.
89. Mitra livida, HONE penn, var. costata). Conch. Icon., f. 134 b. 124
90. Mitra chelonia, Reeve (?.— ebenus). Conch. Icon., f. 289. Sia 124
91. Mitra patula, Reeve. Conch. Tent; LIS8o ceceaseeecke ce anee ante eeete eae 125
92. Mitra rufocincta, A. Ad. ( Capensis). Sowb., Thes., f. 658... 125
95. Mitra lachryma, Reeve. Conch, Icon., f. 258...... Rocncnsooc enconcnnscior 125
94. Mitra vincta, A. Ad. (— Capensis). Sowhb., Thes., f. 520............ 125
95. Mitra Capensis, Dunker. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 654..............000 125
96. Mitra pica, Reeve. Conch: Icon. f. 247... .csecss-scesssenensceneeceaes 125
97. Mitra albina, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch; £. 547 .:cc<...csssmeeusseares 129
98. Mitra flexilabris, Sowb. Zool. Proc:., ¢. 24, f. 4,018 75ers nactere eae 128
99. Mitra petrosa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 814... sstese eee ee 124
100. Mitra funerea, Reeve.. Conchslcons, if. 108-26. ccctsccesecceteen eset 126
101. Mitra funerea, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 114............secseeeee 126
102. Mitra bilineata, Reeve (= funerea). Conch. Icon., f. 294............ 126
108. Mitra analogica, Reeve. (Conch., Icom; f. 293........c:sscoscccostsoses 126
104. Mitra Australis, Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 118...........c:sscrasssenses 126
105. Mitra melaleuca, Quoy (— Australis). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis, f. 26, 126
106. Mitra Lamberti, Souv. Jour. de Conch., t. 18, f. 38, 1875............ 126
107. Mitra polita, Reeve: Conch. Tcon-, f: 94i.c..-ceecs-scerea-svens<envenmere 126
108. Mitra callosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 105............0-sece-- 126
109. Mitra effusa, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 100..............0.«0«+« 127
110. Mitra testacea, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon.. f,: OS cactsstiaeccnemeeeen 1 PAE
111. Mitra bulimoides, Reeve (— testacea). Conch. Icon., f. 224......... 127
112. Mitra badia, Reeve (— testacea). Sowb, Thes. Conch, Ane alts O82 127
113. Mitra typha, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., fee we sesieeomels
114. Mitra rhodia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 295, shelelote einetojeteict dato ares ESR EEEIEEE 127
115. Mitra castanea, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch, fia20bi.csveacascaceeee 127
116. Mitra peculiaris, Reeve (— typha). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 322... 128
17. Mitra tenuis, Sowb. \‘Thes. Conch... £.1327....0csses. oceesscaceemesereneeees 129
118. Mitra nigra, Chemn. (= Melaniana, Lam.). Sowb., Thes., Conch.,
GS A cssevssecsaavactevs stewnateas vavete ase sshesccetng 1s vons tote ein tien ees Meee 127
119. Mitra digna, ihe Ad. (= Melaniana). Sowb., Thes., f. 115.......... he! az
120. Mitra micans, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 588..........ccscsesseee 129
121. Mitra Cookii, Hanley. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 228...............0+.00 129
Plate 38.
122. Mitra zonata, Marryatt. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 62........s000 sp heens 130
123. Mitra casta, Lam. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 46 ........c.0ss0cescesecaees 130
124. Mitra fissurata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 90.........00¢secsccsseee 13]
125. Mitra ocellata, Swains. (— fissurata). Sowb., Thes., f. 85........... 151
126. Mitra Santangeli, Maray. (= zonata). Guerin’ 8 Mag. , t. 28, 1840. 130
127. Mitra filum, Wood. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 80D...c.0+e0sss¢>snssucbe ce 130

128,

Mitra formosa, Pease. Am, Jour. Conch. iii, t. 23, f. 1..........cc00 13]

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 265

FIGURE, PAGE,
129. Mitra zephyrina, Duclos. Sowb.. Thes. Conch., f. 308,...........+++ 182
130. Mitra Nevillei, Hanley (— zephyrina). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 606. 152
131. Mitra Oliveeformis, Swains. Roeve, Conch. Icon., Selsveesibeds ss 131
152. Mitra impressa, Anton. Sowb., Thes., Conch., f. 106.. swiehvee «0 LOZ
132. Mitra lens, Wood. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. ye PP CORT ELI CUTER 133
154, Mitra vitellina, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ mip ee PHODAaceedasedéddtcss 132
135. Mitra oniscina, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 25, f. 79.. 133
136. Mitra terebralis, Lam. (— tessellata, Mart.). Sowb., “Thes., : ¢. 94. 132
137. Mitra Dupontii, Kiener (— lens). Iconog., t. 15, f. 39... . 153
138. Mitra granulosa, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 90.........:ecesseeeeee 135
129. Mitra tessellata, Martyn. Sowb., Thes., f. 97 weddudianiday coeaeameeveecks 1382
Plate 39.
140. Mitra Inca, d’Orb. (= lens). Voy. Am. Merid., t. 77, f. 1........00 133
141. Mitra lignaria, Reeve (— lens). Conch. Icon., f. 64.............-0++ 133
142. Mitra muricata, Swains. (= lens). Sowhb., Thes., f. 558.............. 133
Me Mitra vilvdosas Reeyes Conch. leon; f.. 2708... Sncoccercascsoucboesss 13
144. Mitra rupicola, Reeve (= lens). Conch. Icon., f. 58..............00+ 33
145. ‘ Mitra nucleola, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 26, f. gh Vedettescvasstereneds 13
146. Mitra nucleola, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 226.............ccscccese 134
147. Mitra nucleola, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 397..........ssesccseees 3
148. Mitra Lifouana, Crosse (— texturata, var.). Jour. de Conch., t.
UB CLS Gamatnas seowtetos «bike eeds cae sa akeeote cceatinclen calvedueeeeeteeaden tate ote 3
149, Mitra spherulata, Martyn. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 38............... 134
150. Mitra texturata, Lam. Sowh., Thes., f. 84.........00.scececes CLuiiewsecs 134
151. Mitra unifascialis, Lam. (— nucleola). Kiener, Iconog., t. 26,
MSA reraatetd SectAs cons das uid ca oho ca See Sau. ada ter beaane dhailees dauivos deere edad dewes 134
152. -Mitra crenifera, Lam. Reeve, Conch., Icon., f. 838......... sccccscesee 135
153. Mitra Ehrenbergi, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., 1, t. 2, f. 3.......... 138
154. Mitra arenacea, Dunker. Novit. Conch., t. 10, f. 3........c....000eecee 136
155. Mitra Hemprichii, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 1.......... 136
sot a Mitrarcracilis,-Neeve./)Sowh.;,Thes:, £.:187.,...0 2k: cekececactedesweesseee 136
157. Mitra Strangei, Angas. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 289...............0006, 136
158. Mitra scabriuscula, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., BRO AeA aE eMe rr tte OeCO 135
159. Mitra Peasei, Dohrn (— Isabella). Sowb.., Thes., fe 28a tet dstsecns 137
160. Mitra cytharoidea, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch,, BED Loy Peper Core 136
161. Mitra Hebes, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch 3 )f9 230 Rete eaten 137
162. Mitra loricata, Reeve (— Isabella, Swn.). Sowb., Thes., f. 147.... 137
163. Mitra formosa, A. Ad. Sowh., Thes. Conch., f. 235............cccceees 138
164. Mitra pretiosa, Reeve (= crenifera). Conch. Icon., f. 116........... 135
165. Mitra Antonie, H. Ad. (= crenifera). Thes. Conch., f. 245...... saelloe
Plate 40.
166. Mitra Norrisii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., DOO wcccrae ce Aeaetdadescem ler
167. Mitra nivea, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 77...... Renee dhccrnesttacseusicees 137
168. Mitra Isabella, Swains. Reeve, Conch icons tad 2e cc. cccesccctacss 137
169. Mitra Mérchii, A. Ad. (= Isabella). Zool. Proc., t. 28, f. 5, 1854... 137
170. Mitra crebrilineata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 626..... SE asocer erica 138
171. Mitra sulcata, Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 1 UGE ee deen see. ceceedeeats 189
172. Mitra lineata, Swains. Sowb:4 Thes., PDO Ame eee nses dete ivesee 139
Lis. “Mitracmultilirata, A. Ad: . Sowb:y Ditesis2f 5562... 05.6. .cc coe ce ede ccecee 139
174. Mitra nexilis, Mart. (— filaris, Linn.). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 83. 138
175. Mitra filosa, Born. (= filaris, Linn.). Sowb, Thes, f. 82............ 138
176. Mitra circulata, Kr. (= filaris, var.), Sowb., Thes., f. 87............ 138

34

266 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
177. Mitra gigantea, Swains. (— sulcata). Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 95.. 139
178. Mitra Tathne, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 4............... 139
179. Mitra Belcheri, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f; (GO natenereceseoseetler 139
180. Mitra Bernardiana, Phil. (— filaris, var.). Specimen qesecsonsevedaass 138
181. Mitra egra, Reeve. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 112..............-cecceceee 139
182. Mitra Hindsii, Reeve (— suleata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 95..... 189
183. Mitra funiculata, Reeve (— sulcata). Conch: Icon., f. 122 atesteus . 139
184. Mitra attenuata, Swains. (— sulcata). Sowb., Thes. ‘Conch., fi 194. 139
185. Mitra carnicolor, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 549 cla vedebuuenstun eee tertees 139
Plate 41.
186. Mitra incarnati, Reeve (— carnicolor). Sowhb., Thes., f. 551....... meloe
187. Mitra pura, A. Ad. (= carnicolor). Sowb.. Thes., f. 566............ 139
188. Mitra straminea, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 561...............00- 140
189. Mitra pia, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,. f. 550......0.....cccesesencereee 139
190. Mitra Hammea, Quoy.. ‘Sowb., Thes , f. U7Suisc.ctececsccccel ecehesens 140
191. Mitra flammigera, Reeve (— flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 108...... 140
192. Mitra interlirata, Reeve (— flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 369........ 140
193. Mitra avenacea, Reeve (— flammea). Conch. Icon., f. 246......... 140
194. Mitra Haneti, Petit. Sowb:, Thes:Conch., f° G24.c.co.is.ccecccsecereee 142
195. Mitra foveolata, Dunker (— flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 371........ 140
196. Mitra tornata, Reeve (— flammea). Conch. Icon., f. 269............ 140

197. Mitra rufilirata, Ad. & Reeve (— flammea). Sowb., Thes., f. 572.. 140
198. Mitra Cyri, Dohrn (— fulgetrum). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 576... 142
199. Mitra Nove Hollands, Sowb. (= flammea). Thes. Conch., f. 368.. 140

200. Mitra hystrix, Montrouz. (— flammea). Jour. de Conch., 3 ser., ii,

£.. 9) £..8,° W862i vices ccvansasccnteacksesestecesascbovestecscensthe ene tonmeeneteen 140
201. Mitra roborea, Reeve: Coneh: Icons) tf. SOG icc. csdcccsssceecev creeps 140
202. Mitra duplilirata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 229................scecccosecs 140
203. .Mitra.annulata; Reeve.. ‘Thies: Conch, f2 9252-5... cecessescceuensacse sees 140
204. . Mitra acutilirata, Sowb. hes. Conch, f) 274...0...ccit.treccesuscestes 141
205. Mitra insculpta, A. Ad. (— annulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 568........ 140

206. Mitra amoena, A. Ad. (— annulata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 244. 140
207. Mitra Fischeri, Souv. (— annulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 573........... 140
208. Mitra rosacea, Reeve (—annulata). Conch. Icon., f. 321........... 140
209. Mitra acuta, Sowb. (—annulata). Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 7, 1878..... 140
210. Mitra flammea, Reeve (— Philippinarum). Conch. Icon., f. 120... 141
211. Mitra semiconica, Sowb. (— Philippinarum). Thes. Conch., f. 619. 141

212. Mitra strigillata, Sowb: “Thes: Conch:; f. 2480..0. utsc.wcccrescesseneors 141

213. Mitra bacillim, Lam. “Mag. de Zool); t. 7, W881... ie eee ccesescenses 141

214. Mitra Hindsii, Reeve (= suleata). Thes. Conch, f. 196............... 159

215. Mitra pruinosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 565................+: 142

216. Mitra fulgetrum, Reeve. Conch. leon., f. 116................-.cccccsces 152

217. Mitra Boissaci, Montr. (= fulgetrum). Sowb., Thes., f. 574........ 142
Plate 42.

218; Mitra Malleti, Petit.” Jour: de Coneh., ii) i 2508, tence. reseesees
219, 220. Mitra carinata, Swains. Sowb., Thes., f. 246, 247..............- 142

221. Mitra Senegalensis, Reeve (— carinata). Sowb., Thes,, f. 847...... 142
222, Mitra Gambiana, Dohrn (— carinata). Novit. Conch., t. 15, f. 11. 142
223. Mitra Gambiana, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch.. f. 579. bh sSehetodeldee anes 142
224. Mitra spadicea, Dunker (— peregra). Sowb., Thes. Conch , f. 478. 142
225, Mitra telescopium, Reeve. Sowb., 'lhes., f. 304 Udita sddvse nas taeeeetane 143

226. Mitra moesta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 828.,....0..ccsscvssscrecchsessseser 148

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 267
FIGURE, PAGE,
227. Mitra cucumerina, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. ZO1........00006 .« 148
228. Mitra cucumerina, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 277......scecsceees 143
229. Mitra fraga, Quoy (? — cucumerina). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis, f. 29. 148
230. Mitra Adamsonii, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 627........1 sececeeee 144
231. Mitra Antonii, Kiister (— Adamsonii). Conch. Cab., t. 14, f. 12... 144
232. Mitra Tornatelloides, Reeves. Conch. Icon., f. 816... .....+.ceceeseeees 144
233. Mitra chrysalis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 200.4........ccsccersseenseseees 144
264. Mitra turgida, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f, 278......cosecceresccorcceoerene 144
235, Mitra indentata, Sowb. (—turgida) Thes. Conch., f. 412........... 144
286. Mitra peregra, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 186..........0.ssccoscscosesevees 144
237. Mitra porcata, Humphr. (— peregra). Conch. Icon., f. 187......... 144
238. Mitra miniata, Anton (— peregra). Kiister, t. 14, f. 9............06. 144
aoe. Mitra eracilior, Carpenter. Speclmen..........ccexcacrseecesestecgcoensess 145
240, Mitra Adamsonii, Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 150......cssccccssscscesesereses 144
241. Mitra astyagis, Dohrn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 367......... pee 142
Moore Niiiianturben wReaviecs, CONC: LCOn:, ft. 2ld.ccaccascccocssceessaseecess sets 146
Zao, Mitra tabanula, Lam. . Reeve, Iconog., f. 825. ......0c0.0-cs0+-++s secon. 146
244. Mitra pediculus, Lam. (—tabanula). Kiener, Iconog., t. 16, f. 53. 146
245. Mitra minor, Sowb. (= tabanula). Thes. Conch., f. 662.............. 146
246. Mitra rotundilirata, Reeve (— tabanula). Conch. Icon., f. 178..... 146
247. MitraCaledonica, Recluz (—tabanula). Jour. de Conch., iv. t. 7, f. 7. 146
Plate 43.

248. Mitra Hanleyi,Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 661................. Roacsescdeses 146
2age Mitra Solandri,-Reeve, Conch. Icon., f..172........cccccccescarcsscecose 146
250. Mitra Solandri, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 265..............000 146
251. Mitra Ruppellii, Reeve (— Solandri). Conch. Icon., f. 179......... 146
253. Mitra vexillum, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 270...............0+00- 146
254. Mitra crassicostata, Sowb (— vexillum, Rve.). Thes. Conch., f. 387. 146
255, 256. Mitra aurantia, Gmelin. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 250.......... 147
257. Mitra nanus, Reeve (— aurantia). Conch. Icon., f 194.............. 147
258. Mitra Michelini, Guerin. Mag. de Zool., t. 58, 1850...........cceeee0e 147
259. Mitra proscissa, Reeve. Sowb., Thesaurus, f. 282...............sese0e 147
260. Mitra rubiginea, A..Ad. (— proscissa). Thes. Conch., f. 257........ 147
261. Mitra carinilirata, Souv. (— proscissa). Jour. de Conch., t. 1, f.

MERU S 1 2otetteale Hone etece ered auce te sesuiasoeecee dace sesctaectenssseess doceneaeess 147
262. Mitra consolidata, Sowb. (? — proscissa). Thes. Conch., f. 271.... 147
263. Mitra crassa, Swains. Sowb., Thes, Conch., f. 66..............sssceee 147
252, 264. Mitra Ticaonica, Reeve (— crassa). Conch. Icon., f. 181...... 147
265. Mitra Ticaonica, Reeve (— crassa). Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f, 252.. 147 .
266. Mitra ambigua, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. d............cssceees 147
267. Mitra fulva, Swains. (— ambigua, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 24....... 14
268. Mitra attenuata, Reeve (= fulva). Conch. Icon., f. 45............... 147
Hoo. » Mitra ‘adusta,. am. =Sowh:, Thes. Conch., f. U6s..cc..2sc eecc.ccc scree 148

Plate 44.

270. Mitra Ticaonica, Reeve (—crassa). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 253... 147
271. Mitra fulvescens, Swains. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 452.............02- 148
272. Mitra coeligena Reeve (? = crassa). Sowb., Thes., f. 222.......0000 147
273. Mitra coronata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 104 a......... *esnvensa Lao
274. Mitra coronata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 220............c.ssecees 148
275. Mitra tiarella, A. Ad, (— coronata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 56... 148
276: Mitra adusta, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 17...........c.csccceee ieee, AAS
277. Mitra aurora, Dohrn (= coronata, Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 223... 148

268

REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. i PAGE.
278. Mitra digitalis, Dillw. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 207.......- SpA SoNyC 149
279. Mitra ferruginea, Lam. Sowb., hes. Gonch., tf. Wo-csc.cesceeeeeaeeats 150
280. Mitra rubritincta, Reeve (— ferruginea). Conch. Icon., f. 147,... 150
281. Mitra assimilis, Pease (— coronata). Am. Jour. Conch., iii,

6. WG). Bore sese nce cantncce dear eeuceeciinct sc cslccecceserecarencasteenetanemmants 48
282. Mitra marginata, Sow. (?= coronata). Thes. Conch., f. 311....... 148
283. Mitra floridula, Sowb., (= coronata). Thes. Conch , f. 283......... 148
284, 285. Mitra lugubris, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 200. 201...... 149
286. Mitra albofasciata, Sowb. (= Ingubris). Thes. Conch., f. 300...... 149
287. Mitra coriacea, Reeve (— lugubris, juv.). Conch. Icon orf. Zoleesmleced
288. Mitra picea, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 658...............0.00ccsscnenseees we 150
289. Mitra Uzielliana, Crosse. Thes. Conch, f° 456 cei sbacncesteaeceee eres 150
290. Mitra clara, Sowb. (= ferruginea). Thes., f. 652..........sceee-seeeee 150
291. Mitra pudica, Pease. Sowb , Thes. Conch., f. 296................:cces 150
292. Mitra subrostrata, Sowb. (— pudica). Thes. Conth., f. 297......... 150
293, 294. Mitra candida, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 288, 562....... 150
295. Mitra crenata, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 563.................00 151
296. Mitra Lienardi, Souverb. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 239..............006 151
297. Mitra Williamsi, Newcomb. Am. Jour. Conch., y, t. 17, f. 5......... 151
298: “Mitra luctuosa, A. Ad: ‘Sowhb:, Thess. f) 229 er oscccnccccccscnsascctnree 151
299. Mitra rutila, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. £221 cbeceu dive dacucgs atotessoseseies 151
300. Mitra pellis-serpentis, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 66........:c..sececeee eee 151

Plate 45.

301. Mitra brunnes, Pease, Specimen. :...:.... sossserssscceasscorenseaeeswesne 153
302. Mitra brumalis, Reeve (— pellis-serpentis). Sowb., ‘Thes. »y Le 2lOs aon
308. Mitra microstoma, Sowb. (— pellis-serpentis). Thes., f, 20 eters 151
304. Mitra reticulata, Pease (— pellis-serpentis). Sowb., Thes. f. 290.. 151
305. Mitra suturata, Reeve (— pellis-serpentis). Conch. Icon., f. 272... 151
306. Mitra cretacea, Sowb. (— pellis-serpentis). Thes., f. BTSin ares 161
307. Mitra Grelloisi, Recluz (— pellis-serpentis). Jour. de Conch., iv,

ts Tab NB etactabdscahcthocecsn ccs tasisevasescs scent eotoesanacn suse ianste etme 151
308. Mitra Nassoides, Sowb: Thes. Conch., f. 631 ......2..ccecsevcce sects 152
309. Mitra serotina, A. Ad., Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 216.............00. pees lays
310. Mitra semiferruginea, Jonas. Reeve, wee Tcon., £222 acces 152
811. Mitra dealbata; A.Ad) Thes: (Conch. £25 (licec-+s-ccs seen esse se eteeres 152
312. Mitra acuminata, Swains. Sowb., Thee Conch?, fi iS8.ce.scdeee eee 153
313. Mitra coarctata, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., 't. 0. cuisine sosetatee 1538
314. Mitra brumalis, Reeve (pellis-serpentis). Sowb., Thes., f. 210..... 151
315. Mitra astricta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 188.. a etsy!
316, 318. Mitra astricta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., eo 208, 294... Sob ooe 154
317. Mitra Samuelis, Dohrn (— astricta), Novit., t. 15, tL, .incendens 154
319. Mitra Auriculoides, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 44D... Sccceusscsbadslocceey 154
320. Mitra fastigium, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 435...........cecccsscscoreeee 154
321. Mitra Molleri, Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 17 a, f. 18... co eee seccens 154
399°. Mitra limbifera, Lam: Sowb.,. hes. £2 202s. .secccccsscecsiccesnioemens: 154
3238, 324. Mitra Columbellxeformis, Kiener (—limbifera). Sowb., Thes.,

£ DEBS Q5G".... ovcccsscsccccecececnscssessPeceuna trenssetetesSndesteses see enemas 154
325. Mitra striata. Gray (—limbifera). Beechey’s Voy., t. 36, f. 7..... 154
326. Mitra Mitchelini, Sowb. (— limbifera). Thes. Conch., f. 259....... 154
827. Mitra maculosa, Reeve.’ Conch. Icon., f. 17d...cccccsesccesscsereresione 155
328. Mitra Arabica, Dohrn (— maculosa). Zool. Proc., t. 26, f. 4, 1861. 155
329. Mitra tristis, Swains. Reeve, Icon., f194...0. 0000.0. ccccsece secoeaccett 155

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 269

Plate 46.

FIGURE, PAGE,
330, 831. Mitra chrysostoma, Swains. Sowb., Thes.. t. 8, f. 95, 96...... 155
332, 333. Mitra scutulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 430, 431........s.ceeeeee 155
334. Mitra amphorella, Lam. (— scutulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 432........ 155
335. Mitra decurtata, Reeve (— scutulata). Sowb., Thes., f. 460......... 155
336. Mitra oleacea, Reeve (= scutulata). Conch. Icon.. f. 105... ..:00+06+ 155
337. Mitra sertum, Duval (= scutulata). Jour, de Conch., iii, t. 7, f. 1. 155
338. Mitra litterata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 436............seseseeees 155
339. Mitra maculosa, Reeve (— litterata). Sowb, Thes., f. 442......... 155
340. Mitra paupercula, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. Gib ssc aensunaas xtacr 156
341. Mitra virgata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 197 D...sccecessceeecereneeereeees 156
342. Mitra retusa, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 198......ccsecsecseeeeeseeee 156
343. Mitra virgata, Reeve (— retusa, Lam.). Conch. Icon., f. 197 a...... 156
344. Mitra capillata, Gould (— retusa). Wilkes’ Exped., f. 351.......... 156
345. Mitra Ziervogeliana, Gmel. Reeve, Icon., f. 136............seseseeeeee 157
346. Mitra robusta, Reeve (— Ziervogeliana, var.) Icon., f. 140........ 157
347. Mitra jucunda (—tigrina). Tapparone-Canefri, Voy. Magenta, t.1, ie

PN eee aN oe Sena Te Sate 5 Ceiiace cid uelclvio aia + olnye dane as aimee ene eb nears a eierid ia ac 5
348. Mitra tigrina, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes Conch., f. 438......... sesseeeeeee 157
349, Mitra Woldemarii, Kien (— Ziervogeliana, var.). Iconog., f. 189. 157
350. Mitra solidula, Reeve (— Ziervogeliana, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 133. 157
351. Mitra Aithiops, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 324..........:ceceeseeeeerececees 158
352. Mitra anthracina, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 137......cccccceccesreceroceee 158
308. Mitra choava, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 135...... ....cecccccccsccceresccecs 158
354. Mitra albomaculata, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 449...........eceeeeeeees 158
355. Mitra Columbellaria, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 660............ 158

Plate 47.

Spb. Dhala foveata,cowb. Thes: Coneh. £408... .c.dscssceccccsccsccnstcseasce 160.
Biipelnalarosenta,;AsAds isowhbsaelnes., f. G64....ct.c..ccccccecsemestcesees 160
858. Thala solitaria, C. B. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 665......... ....... 160
Sees eh alavexniss ICCvGs | OWN p WRES. 11s Of2ccocdcdeviccccsecescsvcsesseaasces 160
360. Thala todilla, Mighels. Sowb.. Thes., f 673.......0..cesecscesscecasseese 160
Bole CinslarmliumeiReeves Conch leone ef. 20l'-.2.5.).s<sccevacasecessecsee 160
Sov. hala-recurva-sheeve:y Conchs Icons, t. 201, ..2-1-<.conscassseecesenesse 160
Boose bhalaseratiosaeheeve:. | CONCH. CON. sil: 21 1.cccscosecccsnessadamerasicsess 161
364. Thala mirifica, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 278............ jsseasegeses ses ccs 161
305.) hala cernica, Ssowb.. Thes: Conch:,, £2) 670: sc. <c.cwcsmesees savecceee ees ce - 161
366. Thala augustata, Sowb. (— cernica). Thes. Conch., f. 671........... 161
367. Thala angiostoma, Pease (— cernica, var.). Am. Jour. Conch., iii,

te eh, MOUS Osa, eee tes Sosa sid cia Px a ould cats PON waeey Serve Saeane demeennnad ts. 161
368, 369. Thala fusus, Souverb. (— cernica, var.). Jour. de Conch., t.

LSe EPS Hd MIO Orccatacacs eh ovcve vees oss de veasienee emetscmeneetmesmeeicdisecs sees 161
370, Thala brevicula, Souverb. Jour. de Conch., t. 18. f.5, 1876......... 161
371. Thala adumbrata, Souverb. Jour. de Conch., t. 13, f.6, 1876...... 161
372. Mitroidea Barclayi, Adams (— multiplicata, Pse.). Sowb., Thes.

Conehs: f°S 10s. Maes AP cesecece an teancotan em eee en ae teak icdeseme ce cnsebesd 162
373. Mitroidea Loeebbeckianus, Weink. (— multiplicata). Kiister, Pleurot,

(code: ER tea) Or ie MRO yin R EMER een Ep ar,)2 Snes nt) ae eee 162
374. Mitroidea Ancillides, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 100........... 162
375. Mitroidea bellula, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 598..........0000 163
376. Mitroidea telum, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 614...... eaavecasacnvetehactacs 163
SliseeMitroides infecta; Reeve) ‘Conch. Reons, 8.075. ..22. sce... decceteecceees 163
378. Mitroidea infecta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f, 607...... tissdiees UGS

270 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE, PAGE.
379, 880. Mitroidea Barclayi, Hanley (— infecta). Thes. Conch., f. 225,

GOs ac. ae snes odenscsenent cok (eneetrie Nee mact sacs cscken-cpeecen et cepee tee ene ecens 168
381. Dibaphus Philippii, Crosse. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 608............. 164

Plate 48.

382. Turricula regina, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 58...........0. ss00e mesos 164
483. Turricula teniata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Ganch: 5. POO DIS eee aerate 164
384, 385. Turricula vittata, Swains. (—teniata). Reeve, Conch.,

Beon!;: £2.50 by Civ toecscscencsdecscecasicecsechs ccoseceese ime o etter 164
386. Turricula vittata, Swains. (— texniata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 121. 164
387. Turricula compressa, Sowb. (— twniata). Thes. Conch., f. 50...... 164
388, 3889. Turricula Tayloriana, Sowb. (— teniata). Thes. Conch., f

UPS py USS kccebcqo se pBocbacensise Hoodoacadadgdde Sqocbboo~ ga rmaganSacnandinsncocoo.see 164
390. Turricula coccinea, Reeve (— tzeniata). Conch. Icon., f. 49,........ 164
391. Turricula Dennisoni, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 61............6. 165
392. Turricula elegans, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f, 142............... 165
393. Turricula sanguisuga, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 91.............. 165
394. Turricula sanguisuga, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 99...........2+5 165
395. Turricula stigmataria, Lam. (— sanguisuga, var. granosa). Sowb.,

LN AGT a 8 Yi froceencaobonso bod seoctoddoSoE7 120005 eOnOccUSasaRoUrD POA DOaNODAcOnCET 165 -
396, 397. Turricula stigmataria, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 48, 49.. . 165

398. Turricula jucunda, Dunker. Journal de Conchita, Ore. ll, “1879.. 165

Plate 49.

599. Turricula Stainforthii, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 13............cceeeeees 166
400. Turricula Stainforthii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 136.......... 166
401, 402. Turricula melongena, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 152, 18............ 166
403. Turricula lyrata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 46............ceseeee 166
404. Turricula curvilirata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 129..............c2cssese 166
405. Turricula balteolata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 54...... Revivals detects 166
406. Turricula:radius, Reeve. Conch. Icon., £..809..1ci...2.05-.+eencesoweeee 166
407. Turricula melongena, Lam Reeve, Conch. Tons, tai aecsssseetees 166
408. Turricula costellaris, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 25...........000.c0ce0s sce 166
409. Turricula caffra, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 20.............sceccece 167
410-413. Turricula vulpecula, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 10, 11,

1B, V4 s sisscsccscseescscassiccdecsseedscdscsedescesceateenseccs voce etleleneeecccetttes 167
414. Turricula umbrosa, Sowb. (— vulpecula). Thes., f. 128............ 167
415; ‘Turricula nasuta, Sowb: 1) Thess: fi623tee--.cccvsssasecseceeusceeeeee cess 169
416. Turricula levicostata, Sowb. (— Gruneri). Thes. Conch., f. 159... 168
417. Turricula Berth, Sowh. Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 11, 1878............... 168
418. Turricula Gruneri, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 181............... 168
419, Turricula modesta, Pease (— Gruneri). Am. Jour. Conch., iii, t.

NO Es Giesass cc caccdcoscatesccdetaseedanbanecey ven eveseeresetedeces er tac tartan ts 168

Plate 50.

420. Turricula plicata, Kiener. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 26.....,.........+. 167

421. Turricula pullata, Reeve (— plicata, var. ). pane Icon., f. 102... 167
422. Turricula pullata, Reeve (— plicata, var.). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

EAB aiwne dae .atiae ipo sa is a8 vsiasiessvelce since nce aude peisneecetniiaasandiaedesaveat seen eee 167
423. Turricula cinctella, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 63..........sece2eee 167
424. Turricula zonalis, Quoy (— caffra). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis, f. 16... 167
425. Turricula ornata, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. Li cis savols heron cates 169
426, Turricula interrupta, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch, 19 fe L18.jcosannns . 169

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 271

FIGURE. PAGE.
427. Turricula fulvolirata (— corrugata). Sowb., Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 9,
ATID paeene be swesusitacveaes ls psclzessoscensbsthoowsves seeded sbee todd bvess bevierss6 169
428. Turricula Jukesii, A: Ad. (— corrugata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., aa
‘ Perea aa devs atesacicntctssatevec scsaceduccdseddcoccsder evenetvaaseruasass cde dees j
429. Turricula corrugata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 42.......s.ssseeee 168
430. Turricula intermedia, Kiener. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 60............ 168
431. Turricula mirabilis, A. Ad, (= angulosa). Sowb., Thes., f. 629... 159
432. Turricula angulosa, Kiister. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 534..........-.. 169
433. Turricula salmonea, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 3875.....s.ssccccsccersseees 169
434. Turricula decora, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 234.........s.ccsesessceverees 169
435. Turricula Cumingii, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 67.......00secees+ seceeeees 170
436. Turricula Cumingii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 503..... ....+.. 170
487. Turricula dimidiata, Sowb. (— Cumingii). Thes. Conch,, f. 396... 170
438. Turricula clathrata, Reeve (= Cumingii). Conch. Icon., f. 71...... 170
439. Turricula rugosa, Sowb. (?=Cumingii). Reeve, Icon., f. 101...... 170
440. Turricula Montrouzieri, Souverb. Jour. de Conch., t. 18, f. 1, 1875. 170
441. Turricula lucida, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,, f. 541 Pye eee 170
442. Turricula nodulifera, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes. Conch., LsOSO0z enc ea%ee ee 170
443. Turricula modesta, Reeve. Conch. Icon, fs 204 jas do cpeenseaaebedoessae™ 170
Plate 51.
444,445. Turricula cineracea, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 494, 495. 171
446. Turricula Judxorum, Dohrn. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 7...... 171
447. Turricula militaris, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 236 b.......06.-seeceeeeees 171
448. Turricula Antonelli, Dohrn (= militaris, Misia Thes. Conch.,
PHB SGii cc weasuccn yA Save decd oceees. cists culcids sven Waacessbaccas haa cone eacamem seeders Wal
446. Turricula lubens, Reeve (— militaris, var.). Coach, Icon., f. 331. 171
450. Turricula compta, A. Ad. (— militaris, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 540. 171
451. Turricula turricula, A. Ad. (— militaris). Sowb., Thes., f O472.... Lil
452. Turricula bella, Pease (— militaris, var.). Sowb., Thes., f. 876.... 171
453. Turricula cophina, Gould (— militaris, var.). Wilkes’ Exped.,
Eo SOO seca Sovak eatocbinddsct Galas ope ossjabancidleciedajdasseiaa oc taidcasesacewseless oeeme ess 171
454. Turricula cimelium, Reeve (— militaris). Sowb., Thes., f. 648..... 171
455. Turricula rorata, Gould (— militaris). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 240, 171
456. Turricula interstriata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 392 ..........ccsceceees 172
457. Turricula corbicula, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 538............ssseccseeees 172
458. Turricula Collinsoni, A, Ad Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 50, 1879............ LZ
459. Turricula Suluensis, Ad. and Rve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 606..... 172
460. Turricula fuscoapicata, Smith (— Collinsoni). Zool. Proc., t. 20,
EAM LB Oe cle teteehe saline Sa chislaasgd g sles Se seston oe tree ae eemaamete otter ere Li2
461. Turricula Gotoénsis, E. A. Smith (— Collinsoni). Zool. Proc., t. 20, 172
fA MB ED stccisoys as oh cress osicfaisicaim de Tagecaslodisn gacevied one easaanclaaeeses Saiste a cs xe 172
462, 463. Turricula cruentata, Chemn. Sowb., Thes. Conch, f. 138, 144. 173
4641, Turricula cruentata, var proxima. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 126..... 173
465. Turricula exarata, A. Ad. (= cruentata, var.). Sowb., Thes.
Conehics AEA GO25. be teccce sun cavee soe en cove means ae nen ea CRS ee Cawaaciccereaue’ 1738
466. Turricula ligata, A. Ad, (— cruentata, var.). Sowb., Thes., f. 584. 178
467. Turricula buccinoidea, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 411..............2..008 173
468. Turricula larva, Lam. (— cruentata, var.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 26,
POOLS s cacvranersvot teres sdea he eeda teeta es eee MERCER cae etc dat es She ceedadoes 178
469. Turricula armillata, Reeve (— cruentata, var.). Conch. Icon.,
Bs OLB sed ceca: 2255 a NEES oa nae d a Coates ee eE oe ese eee ba bues ok ob caede ees 173
470. Turricula Schomburgki, Angas. Zool. Proce., t. 18, f. 12, 1878..... 173
471. Turricula alba, Pease. Specimen...............++ Sotocsscoee cdot eteseeseces 129

272 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
472, 473. Turricula semifasciata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 131 a, b. 174
474. Turricula semisculpta, Ad. & Rve. Sowhb., Thes.. f. 159..........006 174
475. ‘Turricula mucronata, Swains. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 377...... 174

476, Turricula concentrica, Reeve (— mucronata), Conch. Icon.. f. 128. 174
477. Turricula fusiformis, Reeve (— mucronata). Conch. Icon , f.1382b. 114
478. Turricula obtusispinosa, Sowb. (— mucronata). Thes. Conch.,

£. ST Biact ic acnavecbpes nos tepneiimebets <r deals sho cchitin cepa sae ese Sonne REmene 174
479. Turricula echinata, A. Ad. (= mucronata). Sowb., Thes., f. 379.. 174

Plate 52.

480. Turricula nodilirata, A. Ad. (— mucronata). Sowb., Thes., f. 885. 174
481. Turricula fusiformis, Chemn. (— mucronata). Sowb., Thes., f. 384. 174
482. Turricula Dohrnii, A. Ad. (— mucronata). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

PLS Teves souscctiss Woenerdaceese cee scccccstoess toner cuaaneeneesteners deena teanem 174
483. Turricula verrucosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 282...............sessees 174
484, 485. Turricula fusiformis, Kiener. Iconog., t. 29, f. 97............... 175

486. Turricula rustica, Sowb. (— Deshayesii). Sowb., Thes., f. 145..... 187
487. Turricula spicata, Reeve (— fusiformis). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,
PIBBD. oc etesedsccsvacnuececewns cevetensnosemreemnces tee eces trans seteat teeta 175
488. Turricula turriger, Reeve (— fusiformis). Conch. Icon., f. 262.... 175
489, Turricula armiger, Reeve (— fusiformis). Conch. Icon., f. 288..... 175

490. Turricula purpurata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 275...............+sss+- 175
491. Turricula deedala, Reeve (— purparata). Conch. Icon., f. 281...... 175
492. Turricula cineracea, Reeve (— purpurata). Conch. Icon., f. 311.. 175
493. Turricula ceelata, Reeve.” Conch: Icon:, f. 2650-..-...ssscecse-deoe nears 175
494. Turricula sculptilis, Reeve (— cxlata). Conch. Icon., f. 290........ 175
495. Turricula mica, Reeve (— celata, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 314...... 175
496. Turricula inermis, Reeve. Conch: Icon., f. 279%..2.....cc.cccecosrtccrss 175
497. Turricula rectilateris, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 404..............c0---00e 175
498. Turricula rubella, Ad. and Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 594..... 176
499. Turricula scitula, A. Ad:- Sowb:, Thes../f)418.2e.-@:0.-s-seeteceetenecs 176
500. Turricula interteniata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 154...............005 Sigs)
901. “Turricula rustica, Reeve’ Conch: Icon:, £. 329) <..:..sscessteesceee ee?
502. Turricula Deshayesii, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 170...........sssssssese 176
503. Turricula Deshayesii, Reeve. Sowb., Thes., f. 618.............-coees+s 176
504. Turricula rigida, Reeve (— Deshayesii). Conch. Icon., f. 169...... 176
505. Turricula Michaudi, Cr. & Fischer (— Deshayesii). Sowb., Thes.,
f. LOT co ee di ccetscvcuccsoessevesencascccsemessecsscethe sete es ccoee eee tere tates 176
506, 507. Turricula alauda, Quoy (— Deshayesii). Sowb., Thes., f. 154,
DS... cccncesescesletorserendcetercancceecnertedenene tote ecru dupentotteet ce eeeeen 176
508. Turricula amanda, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 818...........ecessseseere . L116
509. Turricula casta, H. Adams. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f, 632............- ean
510,511. Turricula subulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes, Conch., f. 149, 150... 177
512. Turricula macrospira, A. Ad. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 146........... 177
518. Turricula Lincolnensis, Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 18, f. 10, 1878...... 177
514. Turricula filistriata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 402............ccceos-ncece 177
Plate 53.
515. Turricula catenata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 259........00... 178
616. -Tuorricula lilacina, Sowb. Thes.Coneh., f.,634...,-.-0,.<«-sesecaesneeees 17
517, 518. Turricula marmorea, A. Ad. Sowb., Thes., f. 635, 636......... 178
519, Turricula Arracanensis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 473...........0ceceee: 178

520. Turricula rorata, Gould (— Zebuensis). Moll. Wilkes’ Exp., f. 354. 179
521. Turricula crebrilirata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 92..........2+-+00- siers'ne) PURGES

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 273

FIGURE, PAGE.
522. Turricula rosea, Kiener (= crebrilirdta). Iconog., t. 23, f. 73...... 178
523. Turricula tenuilirata, Sowb. (— crebrilirata). Thes. Conch., f. 407. 178
524, Turricula rubricata, Reeve (= crebrilirata), Conch. Icon., f. 130. 178
525. Turriculasubtruncata, Sowb. (= crebrilirata). Thes. Conch., f. 405. 178
526. Turricula Layardi, A. Ad. (= crebrilirata). Sowb., Thes., f. 590.. 178
527. Turricula Zebuensis, Reeve. Conch, Icon., f. 73.....sccccecesecceceeees 179
528. Turricula Zebuensis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 192............ 179
529. Turricula preetexta, Sowb. (— Zebuensis). Thes. Conch., f. 198... 179
5530. Turricula Japonica, A. Ad. (= crebrilirata). Thes Conch., f. 156. 178
ost. Turricula rufomaculata, Souv, Jour. de Conch., 2 ser., iv, t. 11, f. 9. 179

532, 583. Turricula acupicta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 372, 548.. 179
534. Turricula puncturata, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 48, f. 5, 1878............ 179
535. Turricula obeliscus, Reeve. Thes. Conch., f. 127............se0000e0008 179
536. Turricula MacAndrewsi, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 421...............+ UTS
DSc) lurricula:radix, Sowb. * Thes;:Conchs;/f: S62 tied sncc-cecc aus ste eoee 180
588. Turricula longispira, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 403... 0.0... .cccceeee scene 180
539. Turricula thiopica, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell., i, t. 2, f. 9...... 180
640> Turricula crispa,; Garrett, | Specimen......24.2). sss cctcassanverseccatoae 180
541. Turricula exasperata, Gmel. Gould, Moll., Wilkes’ Exped., f. 850. 180

542-544. Turricula exasperata, Gmel. Sowb, Thes. Conch., f. 419,

545,

447.
_ 548.
649.
550.

551.
552.

553.
554.

555.
556.
557.
558.
559.
560.
561.

562.
563.
564.
565.
566.

567.
568.
569.

BDA ADB ct kt ste cic nte we see ds cuwcea bee tie vausied Sac oas beck aeetae onane reel ne oteaaes 180
Plate 54.
546. Turricula arenosa, Lam. (— exasperata). Sowb., Thes.,

SODA [cagesernitaclecadadcdesteabakdsisaee nos sh usetseesey bts seeeeecesnanh aueceeeee 80
Turricula asperima, Dohrn. Dunker, Novit. Conch., t. VO} f ds... eke
Turricula cadaverosa, Reeve... .Conch- leon-3'fi 160) 252.51... sseseeese es 181
Turricula cadaverosa, Reeve. Sowb., hes. Conch y,wis G2828 eset 181
Turricula Pacifica, Reeve (— cadaverosa). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

PPO OS Nice ecu nescwceae cocc sone ctaest sida iactee consis oscadeasoenvons shuvetmermdies 181
Turricula mutabilis, Reeve (— cadaverosa). Conch. Icon , f. 235. 181
Turricula brevicaudata, Sowb. (= ). Thes. Conch., f.

BIND Reet ake obeb ce oMescomedsaccs cuetsicbtanecadesccdach ses aiccsacs covcchaeeacatisanas 181
Turricula Pharaonis, H. Ad. (— cadaverosa, var.). "Zool. Proc.,

Peto ie al LOH Besscctetaics eo cenc cc seconte deeb cu swannceeteicces dommcuatecereimetas 181
Turricula subquadrata, Sowb. (—cadaverosa, var.). Thes. Conch.

PP ASS aS cass tecer tent cco e esc eeetebussliase soetae capsteoe caine caesaaemedeedeodees 181
Turricula spreta, A. Ad. Sowby., Thes. Conch., f. 648................ 182
Turricula roseocaudata, Hanley. Sowb., Thes., f. 655.. ......... Fess WOE
Turricula latercula, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. G51... ............00eeeees 182

_Turricula zelotypa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 510............0+. 182
Turricula dermestina, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 143...................e00 182
Turricula cavea, Reeve (— dermestina). Icon., f. 149............... 182
Turricula Adamsi, Dohrn (— dermestina). Novit. Conch., t. 15,

Turricula pulchella, Reeve (— dermestina). Conch. Icon., f. 142.. 182
Turricula pisolina, Lam. (— dermestina). Kiener, Iconog., f. 90.. 182
Turricula ansulata, Sowb. (= dermestina). Thes. Conch., f. 474... 182
Turricula histrio, Reeve (= dermestina). Conch. Icon., f. 144..... 182
Turricula consanguinea, Reeve (— dermestina, var.). Icon., f.

aes shse5 assathacoccs tices toes caaeewenesce ct tet deter sieaecs FAAS ata 182
Turricula Tatei, Angas. Zool. Pree’ ends PUB ING TB. cct sk tdes coe sles 183
Turricula microzonias, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Et SOT nse. 183
Turricula microzonias, Lam., var. Reeve, Icon., f. 202............-4. 183

35

274 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE. PAGE.
670. Turricula Jota, Reeve. ‘Conch. Icon., f. 299.0. cece ea scecectaces 186
S71.> Turriculs lota, Reeve: “*Conch- Toon: \f. 810%. e ei. cceecseaeseneecstess 186
573. Turricula pardalis, Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. VSB Pa eee 183
574, Turricula lauta, Reeve (— pardalis). Conch. Leon, f. 2aaneceepeens 185
575. Turricula leucodesma, Reeve (= pardalis ) Conch. Icon., 248..... 183
Plate 55.

576. Turricula infausta, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 518............... 189
577. Turricula fortiplicata, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. iii, t. 15, f. 3...... 189
578. Turricula plicatula, Pease (— Emilix, Schm.). Am. Jour. Conch.

Til, bel (hs Avcadecvscticwace sues sieseuedossleetuves ede dgadve using sosece ects emeeeae 189
579. Turricula rosea, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 300...............6+ 189
580. Turricula discoloria, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 516............ 189
581. Turricula mediomaculata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 472...............+. 184
582. Turricula cernica (— mediomaculata), Nevill. Jour. Asiat. Soc.

deter tig. a IB pay Rei toy Bee Eee Saaendons a sueeoccocecnaossan esas gcse 184
588. Turricula puella, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 276...............00+:ec0es ve. 184
584. Turricula turturina, Souverb. Jour. de Conch., t. 1, f. 2, 1877 . 184
585. Turricula cremans, Reeve. Specimen.......... oanttenedacadece se meremel ad:
586. Turricula alveolus, Reeve. Conch. Teor “f. 884.. vessaceesphece cas aacteee 184
587. Turricula aperta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. BOs c.csccso eee 185
588. Turricula millecostata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 301........ 185
589. Turricula luculenta, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 245............sccescer 185
590. Turricula dichroa, Ad. & Rve. (— luculenta). Voy. Samarang, t

LO; £29) occ eccinsocevingsisnsesceccesceades ss ccess ovccsislice cence aiateeneaeeeemteee . 185
591. Turricula Griffei, Crosse (= luculenta). Jour. de Conch., t. 11,

£, 6; VEG 7 vine seciesc<aenjepaeccsisdeasiensa sot «is «we cacsviacwaeeuas eacue stk ea eee 185

592. Turricula nigrofasciata, Sowb, (—luculenta). Thes. Conch., f. 468, 185
593. Turricula levizonata, Sowb. (— luculenta). Thes. Conch. "f. 469.. 185
494. Turricula tricolor, Montrouz. (— luculenta). Jour. de Conch., t.

DT foo el OO acess ge Reis woSeairs'sk Ga acjeinis se ’asliewaiiae. oo cisenpins Sep aseact np semanas 185
595. Turricula crocata, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 27, f. 85...........sese00e 187
596. Turricula crocata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 206................0 187
597. Turricula concinna, Reeve (— crocata). Conch. 20Ri, f. 0 Sapaees 187
598. Turricula pyramidalis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 390......... 137
599. Turricula cithara, Reeve. Conch. Icon., T.: 248. ns cccevossdcatteomeeseees 186
600. Turricula aureolata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Ieon...fi 210i sweets 186
601. Turricula crocata, Auct. (— aureolata). Specimen..........sccescee 186
602. Turricula multicostata, Swains. (— aureolata). Reeve, Icon., f.

Dia dass s avcewadinvabs ad's piteeliclgns serps seteenic von cinciie- sian vets Cetap nen TE EaeR Ran 185
603. Turricula crocea, Reeve (— aureolata). Conch. Icon., f. 320........ 186

604. Turricula venustula, Reeve (— aureolata). Sowb., Thes., f. 501.. 186
605. Turricula flavescens, Reeve (— aureolata). Conch. Icon., f. 207... 186
606. Turricula affinis, Reeve (—aureolata). Conch. Icon., f. 211........ 186

607. Turricula plicatissima, Schroter. Kiister, t. 17 b, f. 11.............0. 188

608, 609. Turricula rubra, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 203, B94 cid cneswucetee 188

610. Turricula paligera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 515..........4. gonear epee 189
Plate 56.

611. Turricula amabilis, Reeve. Conch. lcon., f. 274...........0csecschesees 189

612. Turricula Nicobarica, Frauenf. Voy. Novara, t. 1, f. 5....... sucel es 190

613. Turricula ficulina, Lam. Reeve, Conch, Icon., f. 141..............000 190

614. Turricula gausapata, Reeve (= ficulina). Conch. Icon., f. 317..... 190

REFERENCE TO PLATES. 275

FIGURE, PAGE.
615. Turricula forticostata, Reeve (— ficulina). Conch. Icon., f. 238... 190
616. Turricula zebrina, d’Orb. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 481..............+. 190
617. Turricula putillus, Pease. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 482...........+0++. 190
618. Turricula semen, Reeve. Conch, Icom., f. 256......,.csccscscsscsscevees 190
619. Turricula trunculus, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 319........cccsccccscceess 190
620. Turricula muriculata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 205............+ 191
621. Turricula patriarchalis, Lam. Reeve, Conch, Icon., f. 146 b........ 191
622. Turricula tuberosa, Reeve (— patriarchalis). Conch Icon., f.

Pe MEN ee ceainen Se ce eats Veataveides dade sdslncdscecitws nes careacarcteasmasterneate 191
623. Turricula semitica, Jickeli. Jahrb. Mal. Gesell. i, t. 2, f. 8......... 194
624. Turricula festa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 808.......ccccscesscessceceesces 194
625. Turricula elegantula, Kiister (— patriarchalis). Conch. Cab., t.

Ghana dicdet dats sar cans rons ciedeqettdusadussectec ens veeieseassiis sodeceassseasessss 191
626. Turricula porphyretica, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 195........scscceeeee 191
627. Turricula Osidiris, Issel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f, 488............0000- 191
628. Turricula umbonata, Sowb. (= Osidiris). Thes., f. 400.............. 191
629. Turricula tumida, Reeve. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 65....:.........66 192
680. Turricula zebrina, d’Orb. Moll. Canaries, t. 6, f. 31..........sceceees 190
631. Turricula interrupta, Anton. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 15, f. 2...... 192
632. Turricula nodulosa, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch. iii, t. 15, f. 5......... 192
633. Turricula encausta, Gould. Moll., Wilkes’ Exped., f. 356............ 192
634. Turricula speciosa, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 415.............. 192
635. Turricula variata, Reeve. Conch. Icom., f. 209.........ccccccccsccsoceee 193
636. Turricula discors, Grand. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 17 d, f. 4......... 193
637. Turricula glabra, Pease (— discors). Am. Jour. Conch. iii, t. 23,

Pee Deca dss svacdecns aoucncatvsien shin enael selshsrecnceles oveesesas anrseee eee enCeee ress 193
638, 639. Turricula nodosa, Swains. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 269, 268.. 193
640. Turricula fraga, Kiener (— nodosa). Iconog., t. 27, f. 87........06+ 193
641. Turricula pinguis, Reeve (— nodosa). Conch. Icon., f. 304......... 193
Gaze Lurriculatusa, gweeve. Conch. Tcon., f. 288 .c.cccccsossocsees tots cede cue 193

Plate 57.

643. Turricula pupula, Dunker. Specimen.................cccccccsscscssscesees 194
644. Turricula Savignyi, Payr. (—tricolor, Gmel.). Reeve, Icon., f. 307. 194
645. Turricula granum, Forbes (= tricolor). Reeve, Conch., Icon.,

Peed tal eceeen< sehon race ohisvha dee scees siden oadssigasnrececesaee oe cos tcwestenetuemmecasee 194
646. Turricula littoralis, Forbes (— tricolor). Reeve, Icon., f. 296...... 194
647. Turricula clandestina, Forbes (— Columbellaria). Sowb., Thes.,

fd G, OL lw cenaceve coestnina dere tis ce dduas assures cere oes ncdvinne peometeneateaetetes 195
648. Turricula suavis, Sowerb. Jour. de Conch., t. 13, f. 2, 1875........ 195
649. Turricula pusilla, A. Ad. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 644.............0+ 195
650. Turricula emula, Smith Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 52, 1879............00 196
651. Turricula pallida, Issel (— tricolor). Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, xi,

BN Os settcae See an Goa eomoeeP Ore waaaie Pac an Obes UPd eakesauee co edetp Noe ceteneee sb ect coke 194
652. Turricula Columbellaria, Scacchi. Kiister, Conch. Cat., t.17e,f.19. 195
653. Turricula Greci, Phil. (= Columbellaria). Moll. Sicil., ii, t. 27,

PM Sea ts Secetee nts oceans docccocuaeecnvenssanwacuet ees ernrete se ssese Rbetonttccrsas 195
654. Turricula Hanleyi, Dohrn. Novit. Conch., t. 15, f. 7........cscscesees 195
655. Turricula-corallina, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 830 a..........seeeseeeees 195
656. Turricula articulata, Reeve. Iconica, f. 802............0.0.sscceccoceses 196
6o7-seCylindra nux..Sowb. hes. Concha te o48s.cc.ccsoccecesssec-.ce ccd snes 198
658. Cylindra dactylus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f 346..............006 197
659. Cylindra nucea, Gronov. Sowb, Thes., f. 360.............cscccecssseces 196
660. Cylindra ornata, Sch. & Wag. Kiister, Conch. Cat., t. 9, f. 12...... wl OT

276 REFERENCE TO PLATES.

FIGURE, PAGE.
661. Cylindra Potensis, Montr. (— dactylus). Jour. de Conch., 2d ser.,

BV, Go 2 OF Dy eacecccesacnecrcnmeconstnentnccesestipicosecentscoeNeiteeteene aerate 197
662, 668. Cylindra crenulata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f, 354, 355.. 197
664. Cylindra undulosa, Reeve (— crenulata). Conch. Icon., f. 102.... 197
665. Cylindra radula, Sowb. (= crenulata). Thes. Conch., f. 358...... 197
666. Cylindra arctata, Sowb. (— crenulata). Thes. Conch., f. 317...... 197
667. Cylindra glans, Reeve (— fenestrata) Sowb., Thes., f. 352......... 198
668. Cylindra Sinensis, Reeve. Conch Icon., f. 190 b............c.cece eens 198
669. Cylindra punctata, Swains. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 168............:. 198
670. Cylindra lima, Sowb. (== Sinensis). Thes. Conch., BPS Sennen iSc 198
671. Cylindra fenestrata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 3863...........sscccssceneee 198

Plate 58.

672. Imbricaria conus, Reeve (— conulus Lava), Icon., f, 83.............. 199
675. Imbricaria marmorata, Swn., (—conica Schum). Quoy, Voy.

Astro t AO DIS, f:l. - oc caskets s wesaatsar ote ccedeestcntn se ttceee ene aene eee 199
674. Imbricaria Crouani, Crosse. Jour. de Conch.. t. 9, f. 6, 1868....... 199
675. Imbricaria citrina, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 367...... error 199
676. Imbricaria carbonacea, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, to Us tol Oe sectors. 199
677. Imbricaria Rollandi, Bern. (—? carbonacea). Jour. de Conch., iv,

CLs TS Tastestecccmeesaccocccsceeest saessaasersenteceume cae sacetecl setae eae 199
678. Imbricaria lineata, Swains. Zool. Illust., Ist ser., i.........-...sce00e 200
679. Imbricaria ossea, Reeve (— punctata, Swn.). Icon, f. 219.,........ 200

680. Imbricaria truncata, Kiener (?— punctata). Iconog., t. 30, f. 101. 200
681. Imbricaria conovula, Quoy (— punctata). Voy. Astrol., t. 45 bis,

FO iei ccs cacnectccctaastetescoescrssatuecsccsslece uttalnesesecsceas stemean meena 200
682. Imbricaria Deburghiw, Sowb. (—- Vanikorensis). Zool. Proc., t

BO to U2 US TOL. stesctececisssucissesscsostoeceseecscdoenscet epee sere eer 200
683. Imbricaria virgo, Swainson. Sowb., Thes. Conch,, f. 313.... ....... 200
684. Imbricaria Vanikorensis, Quoy. Reeve, Icon., f. 220...............0 200
686. Mitra pices, Pease: Specimen titses.3.. 5; .ccsscnonecssasvercsosepscemspeeees 150
686. Mitra vibex, A. Ad. (= cruentata, var.). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

FOOT a bacvesscaessvestocdcusstesstoasuassceecisecencosacresesthetheca: te eaetaanes 173
6o7. °° Mitraycoronatd, Sowbs lbs ty Ali cccuressneascceate cee eee areeereseaeeee 148
688. Mitra gemmata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., £649... 5.:c.ccccesueruecereceseoees 150
689. Mitra tuberosa, Reeve (— patriarchalis). Sowb., Thes. Conch.,

LO ZOT Sccatoseusepsconuvisssseratecnonc one caseeqbersesshiacenencianes ttrete a eeamee 191
690. Mitra granata, Reeve (— pellis-serpentis). Conch. Icon., f. 271... 151
691. Mitra modesta, Reeve. Sowhb., Thes. Conch., f. 539.......cscccescsess 170
692° Mitra bacillum, Sowb; “"Mhes./Gonch.,.f 312. csc sasccencseans cneeeeenene 141

693. Mitra fidicula, Gould. Moll. Wilkes’ Exped., f. 353...........seceeeeee L79

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