A manual of determinative bacteriology

BIOLOGY

LIBRARY

G

A Manual of Determinative

Bacteriology

BY

FREDERICK D. CHESTER

Bacteriologist of the Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, and

Director of the Laboratory of the State Board of Health of Delaware ;

Member of the Society of American Bacteriologists; of the Society

for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, and of the

American Public Health Association.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
IQOI

All rights reserved

. . . '

•\ ;:•';:•:

C5

COPYRIGHT, 1901,
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

UortoooB 19rrsa

! J. S. Cashing «c Co. - Berwick * Smith
Norwood Maw. U-S.A.

s

PREFACE

PRELIMINARY to studies on the bacterial flora of cultivated
soils, the writer undertook an arrangement of the several hun-
dred species of bacteria already described, with the view of
identifying the forms isolated, or at least of determining whether
they were new to science. The labor involved in this arrange-
ment has been so great that it was decided to embody the
results in the present form that others might have the advan-
tage of them. The writer does not claim that the system of
arrangement is perfect or not open to criticism. The best use
only could be made of the facts and material available. The
present tables serve, therefore, only for purposes of identifica-
tion, and not necessarily for those of classification.

For this reason the present book has been termed a 'Manual
of Determinative, rather than one of Systematic, Bacteriology.

To the student working in the laboratory the determination
of unknown bacteria has been almost impossible, except with
the expenditure of an amount of labor which was impracticable.
With the use of the present manual it is believed that the
teacher can place a given culture in the hands of his pupil and
expect him to determine it, as is done with other organic forms.
It is therefore hoped that the present work will serve a useful
purpose as a laboratory manual.

The chapter on morphology has been appended in order to
make clearer the system of classification into orders and
genera.

vi PREFACE

The chapter on terminology was necessary in order to make
more intelligible the description of species.

The work does not claim to be a text-book on bacteriology,
but aims only to supplement the latter.

It is evident that bacterial forms cannot be too carefully
studied ; the student is therefore urged to make use of the
scheme for the study of species as given in Chapter III.

FREDERICK D. CHESTER.

DELAWARE COLLEGE,
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
NEWARK, DELAWARE,
December, 1900.

CHAPTER I

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA

I. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BACTERIAL CELL

BACTERIA are unicellular organisms of the simplest type. A
bacterial cell consists of a central body which stains readily with
the basic analine colors and other nuclear stains. This central
body is surrounded by a capsule of variable form and thickness,
but which in the majority of cases is thin and symmetrical.
Such a typical cell is shown in Fig. I, B.

A. The Central Body

The central body is generally homogeneous in structure, and
is only in rare cases granulated. By special staining methods
the protoplasm may show a number of deeply colored bodies
known as metachromatic granules. These were formerly con-
sidered by certain authors as the initial elements of spores, and
by others as nuclei. They are now regarded simply as denser
aggregations of protoplasmic molecules which possess special
staining properties. They are illustrated in Fig. I, B-E.

According to Migula, in Bacillus oxalaticus, the central body
may show the formation of vacuoles, Fig. I, B. Vacuoles are,
however, of phenomenal occurrence, and in the majority of
bacteria the central protoplasm is homogeneous and dense. In
certain species, however, the protoplasm may*show unequal
staining properties, giving the bacillus a beaded appearance
with intervening unstained or feebly stained spaces ; or again,
the protoplasm may be aggregated at the poles, with a com-
paratively clear central portion.

BACTERIOLOGY

In tubercle bacilli this beaded appearance is common, and
the unstained spaces are considered by A. Coppen Jones to be

of the nature of vacuoles.
It is doubtful whether this
is correct ; on the contrary,
it is more probable that
the beaded structure rep-
resents a fragmentation of
the protoplasm, which is
a phase in all cellular de-
generation.

According to Biitschli,
in Bact. lineola, the central

FIG. i. — Showing structure of bacterial cell. .

.. . D.. ... . , body is surrounded by an

A. Bact, hneola after Butschh, a capsule, b proto-
plasmic layer, c nuclear body. B. Bact.oxyla- envelope of protoplasm
ticum after Migula, a capsule, b central body,

c vacuole, d metachromatic granules. C-D. Corresponding to the CytO-
plasmolysis of bacterial cell. E. bacilli, show- Dlasm Qf ofher cells If
ing metachromatic granules.

such a cytoplasmic layer

exists in other species of bacteria, it is too thin to be differen-
tiated from the outer capsule. Whether the central body is a
true nucleus or not cannot be positively decided, but there is no
good reason to believe that it is.

That the central body is a distinct structure from the outer
capsule is demonstrated by the phenomenon of plasmolysis.
Thus when bacteria are placed in a 2.5 per cent potassium
nitrate or a I per cent sodium chloride solution, the central
body contracts, and separates itself in places from the capsule,
as shown in Fig. i, D.

The bacterial plasma in certain species may show the pres-
ence of granular bodies, as in B. butyricus, Vibrio bugula, and
Bact. Pasteurianum, which stain bluish or violet-black with
iodine ; the so-called granulose reaction. The exact nature of
granulose is not known. It may be identical with starch, or, at
any rate, is a closely related carbohydrate.

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA 3

In the sulphur bacteria the cell plasma may contain certain
glistening, strongly refracting granules which are soluble in
bisulphide of carbon, alcohol, xylol, and the alkalies. They
consist of pure sulphur, and are products of the reduction of
sulphur compounds found in the waters in which they abound.

Again, in certain bacteria the cell plasma may be tinged with
color, either green by a chlorophyl-like substance, as in Bact.
viride, and B. virens, Van Tieghem, and Bact. chlorinum, Engel-
mann ; or by a violet-brown pigment known as bacteriopurpurin,
as in Chromatium Okenii, Rhabdochromatium fusiforme, and
other species described by Winogradsky.

B. The Capsule

The capsule consists of an inner tougher portion immediately
surrounding the central body, and which gradually passes into a
thinner and more watery outer portion which is uncolored by
ordinary staining methods.

This outer portion of the capsule is furthermore so delicate
in structure that it is easily destroyed or altered. Thus in the
drying of films upon cover-glasses it shrinks to a fraction of its
original thickness, or when in contact with water is subject to
dissolution. Its failure to stain with the ordinary colors has
caused it to be overlooked by most bacteriologists. It is well
known that if bacteria are stained with aqueous analine dyes,
only the central body is colored, and perhaps a portion of the
denser part of the capsule. If, on the other hand, the same
bacteria are stained by Lowit's method (see p. 6), it will be
noted that the bacilli are as a rule larger and plumper, show-
ing that a greater, portion of the organism has been colored.
If, again, such deeply stained preparations are partially decol-
orized with acid alcohol, the stain in the wall will be sufficiently
removed to demonstrate it as distinct from the central body.
This is shown in Fig. 2, E-F.

The usual method of incorporating upon the cover-glass a

4 BACTERIOLOGY

small portion of an agar culture with a drop of water is faulty,
inasmuch as there is always danger of the water dissolving a
portion of the capsule. The better method is to touch the edge
of a square cover-glass to a portion of an agar culture ; and
then draw this contaminated edge over the surface of a second
cover-glass, thus forming a thin film which dries instantly. The
cover-glass is then at once immersed in a 4 per cent forma-
line solution to fix the film. The latter can then be stained by
Lowit's method, which the author has found preferable to that

FIG. 2. — Showing capsules and formation of fcoogloea.

A. Streptococcus mesenterioides after Zopf. B. Streptococcus capsulatus after Binaghi..
C. Bact. anthracis after Babes. D. capsule bacillus, Babes. E. a bacillus simulating
typhoid, Babes. FF. B. typhosus after Babes and Lowit. G. Bact. Pasteurianum after
Hansen.

of LofHer (see p. 6). The form of the enveloping capsule
varies in different species : in Fig. 2, E, it is rather thick and
symmetrical with the central body ; at F, of the same figure, the
capsule shows a number of angular processes to which individual
flagella are attached. The thickness of the capsule is governed
in certain cases by the chemical properties of the medium in
which the organism grows. Thus Bact. pneumonia when found
in the body fluids shows a much thicker capsule than when
grown on ordinary culture media. In certain species, as Strep-

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA 5

tococcus mesenterioides, the capsules become enormously swollen
by the imbibition of water. The capsules of adjacent individuals
also coalesce, forming a common gelatinous envelope surround-
ing a number of individuals, as in A and D, Fig. 2. When
these individuals are arranged in chains we have forms, as

FlG. 3. — Showing false branching.

A. in Cladothrix dichotoma after Fischer. B. a fungus filament. C. Mycobact. tuberculosis
after A. Coppen Jones. D. Mycobact. influenza after Grassberger. E. bacteroid bodies
of leguminous root tubercles after Beijerinck. F. an infecting filament of the latter
after Atkinson.

in B, C, and G, of the same figure. In certain of the higher bac-
teria, as in Cladothrix dichotoma, Fig. 3, A, we have chains of in-
dividuals surrounded by a capsule, which at first sight is identical
with that in Bact. Pasteurianum, Fig. 2, G, but in Cladothrix the
capsule is firmer and of the nature of a membrane or sheath.

C. The Flagella

Certain genera of bacteria are provided with hairlike processes
known as flagella. They are simply filamentous extensions of
the capsule, and proceed from the latter and not from the central
body. They vary in thickness from extremely delicate hairs,
scarcely discernible with the highest powers of the microscope,

6 BACTERIOLOGY

to thick sturdy filaments. They are of uniform thickness, or
may show slight nodular swellings, as in E-F, Fig. 2. They
may be continuous or branched. It is to the lashing movement
of these organs that the bacterium owes its motility. In the
genus Bacterium of Migula flagella are absent, and the organ-
isms show no progressive motility, but as a rule only a vibratory
motion, the Brownian movement. In certain non-flagellated
forms a slow rotatory or squirming motion may result from suc-
cessive dilation and contraction of the membrane. The flagella
vary as to their arrangement ; and on this is based the classifica-
tion of the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas. In Bacillus the
flagella are peritrichic ; that is, they may originate from any part
of the capsule, and frequently surround the organism, as in F,
Fig. 2. In Pseudomonas the flagella are polar or bipolar ; that
is, a single flagellum may arise from one or both poles of the rod,
as in E, Fig. 2. Fischer distinguishes two types of polar flagella,
i.e. monotric/iic, where they occur singly as in Pseudomonas,
and lopkotrichiC) where they occur in tufts of two or more, as in
Spirillum.

D. The Staining of Flagella

This is a matter requiring the greatest skill, and but few
bacteriologists are uniformly successful. Certain precautions
are essential to good results. In the first place the cover-glasses
must be absolutely clean and free from every trace of grease. If
an oese of water be placed on a cover-glass it should spread
evenly over the entire surface, and remain so ; otherwise it is
not in a suitable condition. Four or five of these should be
placed in a row on a piece of black paper or tile, and on each an
oese-full of water should be deposited. A twenty-four hour
agar culture should be ready at hand. With a platinum wire,
remove a very small portion of the pure culture without touching
the underlying medium. With a single circular motion, no
more, since too much manipulation is apt to injure the delicate
flagella, mix the culture with the water on the first cover-glass,

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA 7

which at the same time serves to spread the water. There should
be a faint, only barely perceptible cloudiness. Then with an
oese made of delicate platinum wire transfer an oese-full from
the first cover-glass to the second, and with a single circular
movement spread the drop as before into a thin layer. In the
same manner transfer from the second to the third cover-glass,
and so again to the fourth. On the third and fourth cover-
glasses the bacteria will be sufficiently scattered and few in
number to remain separated. The thin watery films dry quickly
in the air. They are then fixed, and this is one of the most im-
portant operations, since most manipulators overheat in fixing.
To do this, hold the two opposite edges of the cover-glass between
the thumb and forefinger, and pass once through the flame so
rapidly that the fingers feel no pain. The films are then ready
for the mordant, which in Lowit's method is prepared as follows :
Dissolve 5 g. of tannic acid in 20 c.c. of water, and filter twice ;
to 10 cc. of this add 5 cc. of a saturated solution of copper
sulphate, and i cc. of a saturated alcoholic solution of fuchsin.
Filter the mixture twice. The necessary quantity of the mor-
dant is then placed upon the films and allowed to act for 2—3
minutes in the cold. The films then are very thoroughly washed
in water, and are ready for staining. The stain is the ordinary
analine water gentian violet or fuchsin. The staining is done
cold for 3-5 minutes. The films are then thoroughly washed
in water, or for a few seconds in 50 per cent alcohol. They are
then mounted and examined as usual. One important point is
that all the solutions should be fresh and carefully filtered.
This applies as well to the tannic acid solution. The copper
sulphate solution is of course durable.

2. THE FORMS OF BACTERIA

Bacteria present a great variety of forms. There are, how-
ever, certain morphologic types to which the majority of them
conform. The most common of these are cocci or spherical bac-

8

BACTERIOLOGY

teria, Fig. 4, a; rods, in which the length exceeds the diameter,
Fig. 4, b-d; filaments, greatly elongated rods, Fig. 4, e ; commas
or curved rods, Fig. 4,/; spirals or serpentine forms, Fig. ^,g, h, t.
Rods may be still further divided into ovals, in which the
length scarcely exceeds the diameter, Fig. 4, b ; short rods, in
which the length is 2-4 times the diameter, Fig. 4, c ; and long
rods, in which the length is 4-8 times the diameter, Fig. 4, d.

«•

FIG. 4. — Showing forms and grouping of bacteria.

•a cocci, b ovals, c short rods, d long rods, e filaments, f commas, g short spiral, ht long
spiral, i clostridium forms, k cuneate forms, s clavate forms, m capitate forms, n strep-
tobacilli, o streptococci, s diplococci, q staphylococci, r tetrads,/ streptospirilli, w sarcina.

Spirals may also be divided in short spirals, the wave spiral,
Fig. 4, g ; and long spirals, which are multiples of the former,
Fig. 4, // and /.

Special forms may also be noted which commonly appear
during sporulation and as involution forms. These are : clos-
tridium forms, or rods swollen in the centre and attenuated at
both ends, Fig. 4, i ; cuneate forms, wedge-shaped, enlarged
at one end and gradually tapering toward the other, Fig. 4, k ;
•clavate forms, as in Fig. 4, s ; and capitate forms, as in Fig. 4, k.

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA

3. THE ARRANGEMENT OF BACTERIA

9

Bacteria may occur singly or be aggregated into groups. A
unilateral arrangement of individual cells is called a chain.
Chains of cocci are called streptococci, Fig. 4, o ; chains of ba-
cilli, streptobacilliy Fig. 4, n; and chains of spirals, streptospi-
rillij Fig. 4, /. Bacteria may be arranged in twos. Thus cocci
in twos are diplococci, and bacilli in twos diplobacilli.

Cocci in irregular groups are designated as staphylococci, Fig.
4, q ; in fours as tetracocci ; in larger rectangular plates as meris-
mopedia; and in cubical packets as sarcina, Fig. 4, w.

4. THE VEGETATING GROWTH OF BACTERIA

In the ordinary vegetative growth of bacteria multiplication is
by fission. The exact process of cell division for the bacteria
is not known, but is probably similar to that of the lower fila-
mentous algae, as illus-
trated by Strasburger
in Cladophora, Fig. 5.
Here, as seen at (a), a *, ^
narrow ring of cellulose \Vj
forms upon the cell wall,
which gradually extends
inward until it closes
in the centre, a process
which is nearly com-
pleted at (£). Bacteria
multiply in geometric ra-
tio, and under optimum

conditions of temperature and nutrition a single cell of B. sub-
tilis will divide in 30 minutes, and of the cholera Microspira in 20
minutes. At this rate a single cholera organism will in 24 hours
produce a billion trillion individuals. In certain coccoid and rod-
shaped bacteria division may take place in only one direction

FIG. 5. — Showing cell division in Cladophora ft acia
after Strasburger.

10 BACTERIOLOGY

of space, forming chains when the individuals remain adherent or
single individuals when they become separated. In others, as in
certain Coccaceae, division may take place first in one direction,
forming two adherent hemispheres, as in the gonococci, followed
by a subsequent division of the two hemispheres in a direction at
right angles to the first, resulting in groups of four, tetracocci,
or in larger quadrangular plates as in Merismopedia. In Sarcina
division takes place at right angles to one another, forming
cubical packets, as in Fig. 4, w. In the Bacteriaceae proper the
organisms are unicellular and unbranched. The union of indi-
viduals into groups, chains, or zoogloea, even when there is appa-
rent branching, as in Fig. 2, G, offers no morphologic difficulties,
inasmuch as each individual in the group is biologically distinct.
In the Mycobacteriaceae the cellular protoplasm, on the other
hand, may show true dichotomous branching, as seen in tubercle,
diphtheria, and in influenza bacilli (see Fig. 3, c, d, e, /). Here
again the branching is quite distinct from the false branching
of Cladothrix, inasmuch as in the former the protoplasm in the
body and in its branches is continuous, while in Cladothrix,
Fig. 3, a, this continuity is absent. On the contrary, we have a
chain of individuals, one of which is thrust to one side and out
of line with the others, and which continues to elongate and
divide in the new direction, thus producing a false branching.
Furthermore, in the Mycobacteriaceae the individual organisms,
whether simple, either rods or filaments, or branched, are con-
tinuous or unicellular. In the vegetating body of the true
fungi, -which are most closely allied to the Mycobacteriaceae,
while there is the same character of branching, the filaments
are longer and generally divided by septae. The higher Lepto-
thrix and the lowest Hypomycetes are, however, so closely
related that it is difficult to draw a hard and sharp line be-
tween the two groups.

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA II

5. THE FORMATION OF ENDOSPORES

Under unfavorable conditions of environment, as deficiency of
food supply, unfavorable temperature or drying, bacterial cells
may produce within their substance strongly refracting, roundish,
or oval bodies known as endospores. The formation of endo-
spores in Bact. anthracis consists in a contraction of the cellular
protoplasm which collects as a naked body toward one pole of the
rod, Fig. 6, H. This naked mass continues to contract through loss
, of water of imbibition, and becomes more strongly refracting and

1234

FIG. 6. — Showing methods of spore germination.

Polar germination of B. butyricus after Prazmowski. B. Equatorial germination of
B. subtilis after Prazmowski. C-D. Equatorial germination of B. tumescens (c) and
of Bact. carotorum after A. Koch. E-F. Polar germination of Bact. sessile after L.
Klein. H. Germination by absorption of B. anthracis after De Bary. G. Endo-
germination in Spirillum endoparagogicum after Sorokin. I-K. Spore formation in
Bact. anthracis after Migula.

symmetrically oval in form. Here it becomes invested with a
capsule, where it remains enclosed in the empty cell until by
the dissolution of the latter it is set free. In B. subtilis the
cell plasma becomes granulated, and later a number of minute
strongly refracting granules appear, which collect and aggregate
themselves at one pole. These by their coalescence produce a
dense mass which by later investing itself with a membrane
becomes a mature spore. A spore consists of a central highly

12 BACTERIOLOGY

refracting, nearly water free, protoplasm, surrounded by a thick
tough membrane, which, according to Burchard, is composed of
two layers, an inner darker and denser portion and an outer
bright delicate layer. The membrane is not equally thick
throughout, but in the greater number of species, according to
Migula, is thinnest at the poles, although in a number of species
the polar portions of the membrane are thickened, and the equa-
torial portions thin. Since in germination the thinner portions
constitute the locus minoris resistentice, the structure of the spore
wall will determine the character of the germination, as will be
explained in the next paragraph.

Spore Germination. Under favorable conditions of environ-
ment spores germinate and develop into vegetative forms. The
method of germination varies in different species and groups of
species, a point which is likely to have considerable taxonomic
value. The first requisite of spore germination is the presence
of moisture. It has been stated that the protoplasm of the
spores is nearly or quite water free, but it is a common property
of all protoplasm to absorb water, which causes it to swell.
Thus the first process in spore germination is the enlargement
of the spore to double its former dimensions. The tension thus j
produced causes the rupture of the wall of the spore at its thin- [
nest portion, be this at one or both poles or at the equator. !
With the rupture of the wall comes the protrusion of its contents
in the form of what may be called the germinal rod.

The methods of spore germination may be designated as

follows : —

1. Polar germination.

2. Equatorial germination.

3 . Germination by absorption .

4. Endo-germination.

Polar germination has been illustrated by Prazmowski in
Clostridium butyricnm, and by Klein in Bact. sessile. Here the

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA 13

spore swells and becomes less strongly refracting ; then one end
of the spore ruptures and an opening forms, as if by absorption
of the spore membrane at this point, and the germ rod emerges.
The latter then elongates, and the membrane either remains
attached to the rod or is cast off. The process is shown in
Fig. 6, A and E, and the figures 1-4 show the successive stages.
In Bact. sessile, as shown at F in the same figure, the germinal
rod proceeds from both poles of the spore. This may be desig-
nated bipolar, as distinguished from unipolar germination in
the former species. Equatorial germination is illustrated in B.
subtilis by Prazmowski, and in B. tumescens and in B. carota-
rum after A. Koch. Here the process is as before, except that
the germinal rod emerges in a direction at right angles, or ob-
liquely to the longer axis, or in a generally equatorial direction,
as shown in Fig. 6, B, C, and D. Germination by absorption is
illustrated in B. leptosporus by Klein, and in Bact. anthracis by
De Bary. In the former species the spores are long, strongly
refracting, and surrounded by a wide capsule. At the beginning
of the germination the spore thickens, then elongates, and be-
comes darker at the poles ; the membrane gradually disappears
by absorption and the spore passes into a vegetating rod. A
similar process has been noted in Bact. anthracis, see Fig. 6, H,
i, 2, 3, 4. Endo-germination. According to Sorokin, Spirillum
endoparagogicum shows a unique method of germination. Here
the spores germinate within the body of the parent cell, as seen
in Fig. 6, G. The germinal rod then becomes detached, leaving
the empty capsule within the parent.

The Study of Spore Germination. Students should endeavor
to study the method of spore germination in all species which
they are led to investigate. A satisfactory method is to intro-
duce a quantity of spores into a small portion of bouillon, and then
make cover-glass preparations of the latter at intervals of 30
minutes, using -Loffler's alkaline methylene blue, without heat,
as a stain.

14 BACTERIOLOGY

6. THE FORMATION OF GONIDIA

In the higher bacteria, as in Mycobacteriaceae, the cells or fila-
ments may undergo multiple segmentation, resulting in the
formation of numerous short rods or coccoid forms, which par-
take of the nature of gonidia.

They may be termed resting bodies, inasmuch as they lie dor-
mant for a greater or less period until a favorable environment
causes them to elongate and produce the original vegetative form
from which they sprang. Certain bacteriologists have considered
many of these so-called gonidia as degeneration forms ; but it is
more likely that they are distinct morphologic elements, inas-
much as degenerative elements could not be expected to produce
new vegetative cells. Thus, if one has ever searched in old
tuberculous lesions for the presence of tubercle bacilli, one must
have been struck with the complete absence of typical bacilli ;
and yet it is well known that such tuberculous matter when
injected into guinea pigs will produce tuberculosis. The only
explanation is that these granular particles are resting bodies of
the nature of gonidia, which are capable of reproducing the
species. The great resistance of diphtheria germs to unfavor-
able conditions, as drying, conditions which rapidly destroy the
vegetative cell, makes it likely that the granular segments which
they often produce are of the nature of gonidia. According to
A. Coppen Jones, tubercle bacilli produce gonidia. These
stain more deeply than the vegetating portions, and more
strongly resist the decolorizing action of acid. They are shown
in Fig. 7, E. In Streptothrix we have frequent instances of the
formation of gonidia. In Streptothrix bovis the filaments or
chains of filaments which are enclosed in a common capsule
undergo multiple segmentation, producing coccoid bodies which
at first remain enclosed within the sheath, and finally escape
from the dissolution of the latter as seen in Fig. 7, A. In
Streptothrix chromogena, the branched filaments show multiple

THE MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA 15

constrictions and become elongated Monilia-like forms ; later,
the roundish gonidia become abstricted, and separate from the
parent chain as seen in Fig. 7, B. In Cladothrix dichotoma,
multiple segmentation occurs within the sheath, and oval
gonidia are produced which escape from one pole of a fila-
ment, either as motile swarm spores, or as simple non-motile

FIG. 7. — Showing formation of gonidia.

A. Streptothrix bovis after Lehmann-Newmann. B. Streptothrix chromogena after Mace.
C-D. Crenothrix Kiihniana after Zopf ; c microgonidia, «? macrogonidia. E. Gonidial
bodies in Mycobact. tuberculosis after A. Coppen Jones.

bodies as seen in Fig. 3, A. In Crenothrix Kiihniana, the pro-
cess is the same as in the preceding, except that there are two
classes of gonidia, the larger macrogonidia, as in Fig. 7, D, and
the smaller microgonidia, as in Fig. 7, C. Gonidia germinate
by the simple elongation of the cell, which by continued growth
develops into a vegetative filament.

CHAPTER II

THE STUDY OF THE CULTURAL CHARACTERS AND
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF BACTERIA

IT is important that students shall study any new or old bac-
terial forms over a sufficiently long period to fully establish their
characters. To publish a description of a bacterium after a study
of one or two generations is the height of superficiality. An
organism should be observed over a considerable period of time,
at least until its characters become fixed and constant. Forms
freshly isolated from a natural habitat, as soil or water, fre-
quently show certain modifications of their characters after suc-
cessive cultivation on artificial media ; so much so, that a
description of a species in its -early generations may differ rather
widely from those of far later periods. Eventually the organism,
conforming to its new environment, will establish characters
which are reasonably constant. These variations, should they
occur, need to be embodied in a description, or such a sufficient
range given to the descriptive characters as to include said cul-
tural variations. It is a familiar fact that slight differences in
the condition of the medium will modify the macroscopic char-
acters of a growth. Thus, in milk cultures, it may take very
little to disturb the balance between an unchanged appearance of
the medium and the formation of a coagulum. Indol formation
may also become an uncertain factor in the biochemistry of an
organism. Gelatin colonies in their microscopic characters are
open to wide variations, so much so that it is a question whether
they have any great value in species differentiation. In fact,
even the macroscopic appearance of a gelatin colony may be

16

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 17

modified by rapidity of growth, a slowly growing organism form-
ing a convex growth of small diameter, which becomes flatter
and more spreading with a more rapid development. Again, it
is important to decide as to those characters which shall possess
the greatest taxonomic value. The more profound chemical
changes induced in media probably have more value than the
microscopic appearances of growths. Among these are. lique-
faction or non-liquefaction of gelatin, proteolytic action, the
fermentation of carbohydrates, diastatic action, the reduction of
nitrates to nitrites, the formation of volatile and fixed organic
acids, together with the fermentation of definite carbohydrates
in the culture media ; in the case of the production of lactic
acid, whether the latter is optically inactive, or active, and if the
latter, whether right or left handed in its action on the polar-
ized ray. These and other investigations on the biochemistry
of bacterial species should demand greater attention. It means
that the bacteriologist must familiarize himself with chemical
methods, since in the future the study of the chemical functions
of bacteria will form a most important factor in species differen-
tiation.

i. THE TERMINOLOGY OF DESCRIPTIVE BACTERIOLOGY

An important desideratum in descriptive bacteriology is the
adoption of a system of terminology. Many of the descriptions
of cultural characters are unnecessarily verbose. A few well-
defined terms will suffice to express as much as several sentences
of descriptive matter, and with greater exactness. Some exam-
ples will suffice. A description of Bact. mycoides reads : " In
gelatin stick cultures an outgrowth of branching filaments occurs
along the line of puncture, looking like a small fir tree turned
upside down." One term, arborescent, will express the phe-
nomenon without this unnecessary verbosity, understanding an
arborescent growth to be one typically represented by this species.
Furthermore, the term arborescent is sufficiently elastic, and yet

1 8 BACTERIOLOGY

sufficiently definite, to fit this and other related structures, for it
is a question whether every bacteriologist can always see a fir
tree turned upside down as he looks at a gelatin stab culture of
Bact. mycoides. Fliigge compares the growth in gelatin stab of
the bacillus of the mouse septicaemia " to the brush bristles
used for cleaning test tubes." Such methods of description
may be realistic and wonderfully exact, but it would be better to
have a term, as villous, to express this particular type of struc-
ture whenever it occurs. Such terms would also possess a
certain elasticity of meaning, more generally applicable to
different cultures of the same organism than comparisons to fir
trees and test tube brushes. Furthermore, the appearance,
especially under the microscope, of colonies and growths is sub-
ject to such minor variations, to say the least, that the very exact
and detailed descriptions which we often read possess no value
except as a perfect word picture of the particular colonies or
what not, which the writer may happen to have observed at
some particular time ; and while these exact descriptions are
useful in laboratory notes, with the view of eventually drawing
up a final average description, they are misleading to others,
who look for exact duplicates in their observations. A recent
description of the gelatin colonies of Bact. mycoides reads : "After
twenty-four hours the colonies appear as hazy, ill-defined spots,
with small, indistinct, slightly denser centres. On close in-
spection, they are seen to consist of a loose felt-work. The gela-
tin is liquefied in a short time. Under a low power, a network
is seen; formed of very long, hair-like filaments, which are some-
times straight and sometimes delicately undulating, running in
all directions and crossing one another at all angles. Toward
the centre of the spot the network is somewhat denser, and
here a dark, well-defined nucleus may be found. If the colonies
are few in number, they may very soon attain a diameter of a
centimetre or more." This is a fair sample of the verbosity
•often found in bacterial descriptions. The author had in mind

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 19

a certain picture which he was anxious to paint as accurately as
possible ; but, with no system of terminology at hand, he found
it necessary to write a whole composition. All that there is in
this description can be expressed briefly as follows : Gelatin
colonies, 24 hours, macroscopically, thin, emarginate, filamentous,
approaching I cm. or more in diameter. Gelatin rapidly lique-
fied. Microscopically, centres dense, floccose; borders filament-
ous. Here the simple terms floccose and filamentous, each hav-
ing definite meaning, express what was embodied in several
sentences of descriptive matter. These illustrations might be
multiplied indefinitely, but it will be sufficient to append a series
of tables proposing certain terms which may be useful in
descriptive bacteriology.

CHARACTERS OF BACTERIAL CULTURES

I. Gelatin Stab Cultures.

A. Non-liquefying.
Line of puncture.

Filiform, uniform growth, without special characters. Fig. 8, I B.

Nodose, consisting of closely aggregated colonies.

Beaded, consisting of loosely placed or disjointed colonies. Fig. 8,

2 B.

Papillate, beset with papillate extensions.
Echinate, beset with acicular extensions. Fig. 8, 3 B.
Villous, beset with short, undivided, hair-like extensions. Fig. 8,

SB.

Plumose, a delicate feathery growth.
Arborescent, branched or tree-like, beset with branched hair-like

extensions. Fig. 8, 4 B.

B. Liquefying.

Crateriform, a saucer-shaped liquefaction of the gelatin. Fig. 9, i .
Saccate, shape of an elongated sack, tubular, cylindrical. Fig. 9, 3.
Infundibuliform, shape of a funnel, conical. Fig. 9, 4.
Napiform, shape of a turnip. Fig. 9, 2.
Fusiform, outline of a parsnip, narrow at either end, broadest

below the surface.
Stratiform, liquefaction extending to the walls of the tube and

downward horizontally. Fig. 9, 5.

20

BACTERIOLOGY

II. Stoke Culture (see plate cultural characters).
III. Plate Cultures, colonies.
A. Form.

Punctiformj dimensions too slight for defining form by naked eye,,

minute, raised, semi-spherical.
Round, of a more or less circular outline.
Irregular.
Elliptical.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, tapering at each end.

1

FIG. 8. — Showing characters of gelatin stab cultures.

A. Characters of surface elevation : i flat, 2 raised, 3 convex, 4 pulvinate, 5 capitate, 6 um-
bilicate, 7 umbonate. B. Characters of growth in depth : i filiform, 2 beaded, 3 tuber-
culate-ecinulate, 4 arborescent, 5 villous.

Cochleate, spiral or twisted like a snail shell. Fig. 10, A.

Ameboid, very irregular, streaming. Fig. 10. B.

Mycelioid, a filamentous colony, with the radiate character of a

mould. Fig. 1 1, D.
Filamentous, an irregular mass of loosely woven filaments. Fig.

11, E.
Floccose, of a dense woolly structure.

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA

21

Rhizoid, of an irregular branched, root-like character, as in Bad.

mycoides. Fig. 10, C.
Conglomerate, an aggregate of colonies of similar size and form.

Fig. 12, A.
Toruloid, an aggregate of colonies, like the budding of the yeast

plant. Fig. 12, B.
Rosulate, shaped like a rosette.
B. Surface Elevation.

i. General character of surface as a whole.

Flat, thin, leafy, spreading over the surface. Fig. 8, A I.

FIG. 9. — Showing types of liquefaction in gelatin stab cultures,
i crateriform, 2 napiform, 3 saccate, 4 infundibuliform, 5 stratiform.

Effused, spread over the surface as a thin, veilly layer, more delicate
than the preceding.

Raised, growth thick, with abrupt terraced edges. Fig. 8, A 2.

Convex, surface the segment of a circle, but very flatly convex.
Fig. 8, A 3.

Pulvinate, surface the segment of a circle, but decidedly convex.
Fig. 8, A 4.

Capitate, surface hemispherical. Fig. 8, A 5.
2. Detailed characters of surface.

Smooth, surface even, without any of the following distinctive char-
acters.

22 BACTERIOLOGY

Alveolate, marked by depressions separated by thin walls, so as to

resemble a honeycomb. Fig. 12, C.
Punctate, dotted with punctures like pin-pricks.
Bullate, like a blistered surface, rising in convex prominences,.

rather coarse.

FIG. io. — Types of colonies.
A. Cochleate. B. Ameboid. C. Rhizoid. F. Curled structure.

Vesicular ', more or less covered with minute vesicles due to> gass

formation more minute than bullate.
Verrucose, wart-like, bearing wart-like prominences.
Squamose, scaly, covered with scales.
Echinate, beset with pointed prominences.
Papillate, beset with nipple or mamma-like processes.

FIG. ii. — Types of colonies.
D. Mycelioid. E. Filamentous.

Rugose, short, irregular folds, due to shrinkage of surface growth.

Corrugated, in long folds, due to shrinkage.

Contoured, an irregular but smoothly undulating surface, like the-

surface of a relief map.
Rimmose, abounding in chinks, clefts, or cracks.

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 23

C.~ Internal structure of colony (microscopic).

1. Refraction weak, outline and surface of relief not strongly defined.

2. Refraction strong, outline and surface of relief strongly defined.;

dense, not filamentous colonies.
General.

Amorphous, without definite structure as below specified.
Hyaline, clear and colorless.

Homogeneous, structure uniform throughout all parts of the colony..
Homochromous, colony uniform throughout.
Granulations or Blotchings.
Finely granular.
Coarsely granular.
Grumose, coarser than the preceding, a clotted appearance, particles

in clustered grains. Fig. 12, D.
Moruloid, having the character of a morula, segmented, by which.

the colony is divided in more or less regular segments. Fig. 12,

E.
Clouded, having a pale ground, with ill-defined patches of a deeper

tint. Fig. 12, F.
Colony Marking or Striping.
Reticulate, in the form of a network, like the veins of a leaf. Fig.

12, G.
Areolate, divided into rather irregular, or angular, spaces by more

or less definite boundaries.

Gyrose, marked by wavy lines, indefinitely placed. Fig. 12, I.
Marmorated, showing faint, irregular stripes, or traversed by vein-
like markings, as in marble. Fig. 12, H.
Rivulose, marked by lines, like the rivers of a map.
Rimmose, showing chinks, cracks, or clefts.
Filamentous Colonies.

Filamentous, as already defined. Fig. H, E.

Floccose, composed of filaments, densely placed.

Curled, filaments in parallel strands, like locks or ringlets, as in

agar colonies of B. anthracis. Fig. 10, F.
D. Edges of colonies.

Entire, without toothing or division. Fig. 13, a.
Undulate, wavy. Fig. 13, b.

Repand, like the border of an open umbrella. Fig. 13, c.
Erose, as if gnawed, irregularly toothed. Fig. 13, /.
Lobate. Fig. 13, d.

BACTERIOLOGY

Lobulate, minutely lobate. Fig. 13, d.
Auriculate, with ear-like lobes. Fig. 13, e.
Lacerate, irregularly cleft, as if torn. Fig. I3,/.

FIG. 12. — Structure of colonies.

A. Conglomerate colony. B. Toruloid colony. C. Alveolate structure. D. Grumose in
centre. E. Moruloid. F. Clouded. G. Reticulate. H. Marmorated. I. Gyrose.

Fimbriate, fringed. Fig. 13, g.

Ciliate, hair-like extensions, radiately placed. Fig. 13, h.

Tufted.

Filamentous, as already defined .

Curled, as already defined.

. FIG. 13. — Showing characters of borders of colonies.

a entire, b undulate, c repand, d lobate-lobulate, e auriculate, / lacerate, g fimbriate,

h ciliate, i erose.

E. Optical characters (after Shuttleworth)
Transparent, transmitting light.
Vitreous, transparent and colorless.

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 25

Oleaginous, transparent and yellow ; olive to linseed-oil colored.

Resinous, transparent and brown ; varnish or resin colored.

Translucent, faintly transparent.

Porcelaneous, translucent and white.

Opalescent, translucent, grayish white by reflected light, smoky

brown by transmitted light.

Nacreous, translucent, grayish white, with pearly lustre.
Sebaceous, translucent, yellowish or grayish white.
Butyrous, translucent, and yellow.
Ceraceous, translucent, and wax-colored.
Opaque.

Cretaceous, opaque and white, chalky.
Dull, without lustre.
Glistening, shining.
Fluorescent.
Iridescent.

2. CULTURE MEDIA
The Reaction of Media

The reaction of media is a question of primary importance,
since variations in their titre will often produce marked differ-
ences in the micro and macro characters of a growth. Hence it
is important to work* with media whose reaction is accurately
known and uniformly the same. Phenolphthalein has been
generally found to be the best indicator. A medium which is
alkaline to litmus may be acid to phenolphthalein, showing that
there are present in such media substances possessing an acid
character which the litmus fails to indicate. "' These substances
are weak organic acids and organic compounds, theoretically
amphoteric, but in which an acid character predominates. Fur-
thermore, the dibasic phosphates (Na2HPO4), present in con-
siderable quantities in culture media, react alkaline to litmus,
but neutral to phenolphthalein. Hence, if the acid phosphates
are to be entirely neutralized, the medium must be made more
than neutral to litmus. Exact neutralization can therefore only
be determined with phenolphthalein. For the titration of media,

26 BACTERIOLOGY

one-tenth normal sodium hydrate and hydrochloric acid solu-
tions should be available; also, a 0.5 per cent solution of phenol-
phthalein in 50 per cent alcohol. Care should be taken to
prevent the absorption of carbon dioxide by the soda solution,
by arranging that all air which comes in contact with the latter,
either in the stock bottle or in the burette, shall first pass
through a strong solution of sodium or barium hydrate. The
arrangement of the apparatus is described in any work on
chemical analysis. The medium which has been previously
boiled for at least several minutes to expel carbon dioxide is
brought to the desired volume with water, and thoroughly mixed.
Media are commonly warm or hot when measured, hence it
must be remembered that true volumes cannot be thus
obtained ; for instance, a litre measured at, say 80° C., would
be only 973 cc. if measured at 20° C., the temperature at which
litre flasks are calibrated. Since many media cannot be cooled
to 20° C. because of solidification, as in the case of agar or
gelatin, it is a better plan to determine measures of volume by
weight. For this, place a clean dry saucepan, in which the
medium is to be prepared, upon one side of a trip scale, and
counterbalance its weight exactly. The weight of a litre of
bouillon, gelatin, or agar, having been determined once for all,
the necessary weights added to the weight of the pan will give the
amount which the pan and its contents must balance when
the volume is exactly one litre. A portion of the medium
brought to the exact volume is then taken and cooled to room
temperature (20° C.), or to a point a few degrees above
solidification, and 10 cc. withdrawn, placed in a small beaker,
50 cc. of distilled water and I cc. of the phenolphthalein solution

N
added. If ,the medium is acid, the — NaOH solution is then

run in cautiously until a pale but decided pink color is obtained.
The number of cubic centimetres of the solution used, multiplied
by ten, will give the number of cubic centimetres of normal

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 27

sodium hydrate per litre necessary to effect complete neutraliza-
tion. The question as to what is the best reaction of media for
general work is not an easy one to settle, and one on which
bacteriologists differ. Reactions are now commonly expressed
by plus or minus signs, the former representing an acid and the
latter an alkaline condition, the number following the sign
representing the percentage of normal acid or alkali present in
the medium. Thus + 1.5 would indicate that the medium con-
tained 1.5 parts per 100 or 1.5 per cent of free normal acid,
while — 1.5 would indicate that the medium contained an
equivalent quantity of free alkali. The committee of the
American Public Health Association, in 1898, adopted a medium
whose titre was + 1.5 as the best for general work. This re-
action may be adopted if suitable, but it has been found by the
writer that many bacteria completely failed to grow in media of
this reaction. This is especially true of a large number of soil
bacteria, which almost invariably require a neutral or slightly
alkaline medium. I would therefore recommend a medium
whose reaction is 0.5 per cent acid to phenolphthalein as one of
more general applicability. It cannot be too strongly impressed
upon the reader that whatever the reaction, its measure should be
stated in all descriptions of cultural characters. To obtain uniform
results it is important that media should not only have identical
reactions, but that they should be prepared according to a fixed
and uniform rule. The method here presented is that of the
Laboratory Committee of the American Public Health Associa-
tion. In the following formula it is noticed that Liebig's meat
extract is recommended instead of fresh meat infusion, not only
because it adds simplicity to the preparation of media, but
because media of more uniform composition can be obtained.
Furthermore, I have found the meat extract quite free from
muscle sugar, so objectionable when fresh meat infusions are
used.

28 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon

In 1000 cc. of distilled water dissolve in the cold, Witte's
peptone, 10 g. ; common salt, 5 g. ; and 5 g. of Lie-
big's extract of beef. When the ingredients are in solution,
titrate, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Make neutral to
phenolphthalein with sodium hydrate. Boil for 15 minutes,
using a rose burner so that the flame does not impinge against
the bottom of the dish ; restore to the original volume 1000 cc. ;
titrate with phenolphthalein ; adjust reaction to the final point
desired ; boil 5 minutes ; restore to original volume ; filter, tube,
and sterilize.

Nutrient Gelatin

In 1000 cc. of distilled water dissolve the ingredients used for
bouillon. When the ingredients are in solution, add 100 g. of
the best sheet gelatin, and warm until the latter is completely dis-
solved. Titrate ; make neutral to phenolphthalein with sodium
hydrate. Add the beaten whites of two eggs, and boil for 15
minutes with frequent stirring, when the medium should be
perfectly clear. Restore to original volume; titrate; adjust
reaction to final point desired. Boil for 5 minutes ; restore to
original volume ; filter, tube, and sterilize. •

Nutrient Agar

Boil 15 g. of shred agar in 500 cc. of distilled water
for half an hour, or until the agar is completely dissolved ;
restore to original volume, cool and solidify. This constitutes
the so-called agar jelly. In 500 cc. of distilled water dis-
solve 10 g. of Witte's peptone, 5 g. of common salt, and 5 g.
of Liebig's extract. When ingredients are in solution, titrate,
and make neutral to phenolphthalein with sodium hydrate. Add
the 500 cc. of agar jelly previously prepared, breaking the lat-
ter into small fragments. Boil for 5 minutes to dissolve the agar;
cool to 65° C. Add the beaten whites of two eggs ; boil for

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 29

10 minutes longer, when the medium should be perfectly clear.
Restore to original volume. Titrate with phenolphthalein ;
adjust reaction to final point desired. Boil for 5 minutes;
restore to original volume. Filter, tube, and sterilize. In filter-
ing agar or gelatin make a folded filter, and wet previous to
filtration with distilled water. If the latter media are perfectly
limpid they will rapidly run through the paper, and a hot water
funnel is unnecessary. Often the latter portion of the agar will
run through slowly. This can be hastened by placing the entire
filtering apparatus in an autoclave with some pounds' steam
pressure. In this case the funnel should be covered with a
glass plate, to prevent condensed steam being added to the

medium.

Milk

It is absolutely important where milk is used as a culture
medium that it should be perfectly fresh. In stale milk
certain fermentative changes have already taken place which
render it unsuitable. It should be as free from fat as possible
by running it through a centrifugal separator. The resulting
skimmed milk is then immediately tubed and sterilized. Milk
is best sterilized at 100° C. for. several days, as higher tempera-
tures are liable to discolor the medium. If the milk be acid in
reaction, it should first be made exactly neutral to litmus paper
before it is placed in the tubes, using the necessary quantity of

normal NaOH.

Litmus Milk

Litmus milk is prepared from plain milk after the latter
is sterilized, by adding sufficient sterilized litmus solution to
give the medium a pale blue color. It is then distributed
under aseptic conditions to sterile tubes. The best kind of
vessel for holding the litmus milk is the well-known Lister
flask, with a side tube placed just below the neck from
which the medium can be poured with slight risk of con-
tamination.

30 BACTERIOLOGY

Saccharin Bouillon

Certain bacteria produce chemical changes in bouillon con-
taining glucose, lactose, and saccharose, consisting either in the
production of the gaseous products of fermentation, or of
organic acids, or both. They are prepared by adding to ordi-
nary bouillon i per cent by weight of one or the other of these
sugars. In the preparation of lactose and saccharose bouillon
the original bouillon must be free from muscle sugar. This can
easily be tested by inoculating a fermentation tube, containing
the plain bouillon, with a gas-producing organism like B. coli.
If no gas is produced, the medium is free from muscle sugar.

Potato

The potatoes are cut into cylinders with a brass cork
borer of the proper size for the tubes, and a couple of inches
in length, and then cut across diagonally at an angle of about
30 degrees. The pieces are then washed in running water for
12 to 1 8 hours, placed in tubes, and sterilized.

For the preparation of other and special media, see various
text-books on Bacteriology.

3. THE STAINING OF BACTERIA

In the examination of the staining properties of bacteria, the
following solutions will be necessary : —

1. Standard alcoholic solutions of the anilin colors, notably
fuchsih and gentian violet, made by dissolving 10 g. of the dry
color in icocc. of 95 per cent alcohol, and filtering.

2. Standard aqueous solutions of f uchsin and gentian violet,
composed of 10 cc. of distilled water and I cc. of the standard
alcoholic solution. These solutions should be made fresh.

3. Lb'ffler's alkaline methylene blue solution. To 100 cc. of
distilled water add I cc. of a I per cent caustic potash solution,

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 31

and then 30 cc. of a saturated alcoholic solution of methylene
blue. Filter.

4. Ehrlictis anilin-water fuchsin or gentian violet. To 10-15
cc. of distilled water add an excess of anilin oil. Shake
vigorously for several minutes and filter. To 10 cc. of the
filtrate add I cc. of the standard alcoholic solution (i) and filter
again.

5. Ziehl 's carbol-fuchsin solution. To 10 cc. of a 5 per cent
carbolic acid solution add I cc. of the standard alcoholic solution
(i), and filter.

6. Gabbefs methylene blue solution. To 75 cc. of water add
cautiously 25 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid ; when cool, add
2 g. of methylene blue, with frequent stirring until dissolved,
and filter.

7. Grant s mixture. Dissolve 2 g. of potassium iodide in
300 cc. of distilled water, and add i g. of iodide. Allow the
mixture to stand with occasional stirring until the iodine is dis-
solved. Filter and keep in a bottle protected from the light.

Gram's Method of Staining

1. Cover film with anilin gentian violet solution (4) for 30
seconds, cold.

2. Wash film in running water.

3. Immerse in Gram's mixture (7) for 30 seconds.

4. Immerse in 95 per cent alcohol until decolorized.

5. Wash in water, and mount.

Certain bacteria stain by Gram's method, others are decolor-
ized. This should be noted in each species under observation.

Capsule Staining, Welch's Method

1. Cover-slip preparations, made without water, see p. 4.

2. Flood film with glacial acetic acid, and at once allow to
drain off.

32 BACTERIOLOGY

3. Add anilin water gentian violet solution (4) repeatedly
until the acid is removed.

4. Wash briskly in a 2 per cent solution of common salt.

5. Mount in salt solution and examine.

For further directions on the staining of bacteria see p. 6.

Spore Staining, Abbot's Method

1. Stain cover-flass preparation with Loffler's methylene
blue (3), heating repeatedly until staining solution boils, but not
continuously, for one minute.

2. Wash in water.

3. Wash in 95 per cent alcohol containing 0.2-0.3 per cent
of hydrochloric acid.

4. Wash in water.

5. Stain 8-10 seconds, with anilin-water fuchsin (4).

6. Wash in water and mount.

Ehrlich's Method for Tubercle Bacilli

1. Stain cover-glass films, 5-10 minutes, cold, with Ehrlich's
anilin water fuchsin, or gentian violet (4).

2. Wash in water.

3. Decolorize in 20 per cent nitric acid, one-half to one
minute.

4. Wash in 70 per cent alcohol until no more color is given
off ; dry, and mount.

Ziehl-Neelsen-Gabbet Method for Tubercle Bacilli

1. Stain cover-glass films, 5-10 minutes, cold, with Ziehl's
carbol-fuchsin (5).

2. Decolorize for one minute with Gabbet's methylene blue
solution (6).

4. Wash in water ; dry, and mpunt.

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 33

Lbwit's Method of staining Flagella and the Capsules of Bacteria

See p. 6.

All bacteria should be studied as to their ability —

1. To stain with standard aqueous solutions of fuchsin or
gentian violet (2) ;

2. With Loffler's methylene blue (3).

3. If not stained by either of the preceding, try anilin-water
fuchsin or gentian violet (4), and Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin (5).

4. Whether stained or decolorized by Gram's method.

5. Whether stained or decolorized by Ehrlich's or the Ziehl-
Neelsen method as used for tubercle bacilli.

4. STUDY OF THE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONS OF BACTERIA

{The Production of Indol and Phenol
Indol and phenol are products of putrefaction, and are fre-
quently produced in bacterial cultures. Their presence or
absence is therefore of value in species differentiation.

Indol production. Inoculate several tubes, each containing
10 cc. of bouillon free from glucose, and test for the presence of
indol after 5 and 10 days' growth. To 10 cc. of the culture add
10 drops of chemically pure concentrated sulphuric acid, and
then i cc. of a .02 per cent solution of sodium nitrite. If a pink
color develops within 10 minutes, indol is present. In record-
ing the production of indol it is necessary to state the age of the
culture, since indol may be produced in 10 days and not in 5 days.
The reaction may appear almost immediately after adding the
reagents, or a faint reaction may appear after long standing ;
hence the necessity of a time limit for the reaction to manifest
itself. Again, the reaction should be allowed to develop at room
temperature, since a culture which may show no reaction in the
cold may give one when heated.

Phenol production. A 100 cc. Erlenmeyer flask is connected
with a condenser, and 50 cc. of a bouillon culture of the organ-

34

BACTERIOLOGY

ism in question introduced, to which is added 5 cc. of concen-
trated hydrochloric acid. About 15 cc. are distilled, and the
distillate divided into three portions, to be tested as follows :
i. To one portion is added a few drops of Millon's reagent, and
the mixture heated to boiling; the development of a red color
indicates the presence of phenol. 2. To another portion add a
few drops of strong bromine water ; a turbidity develops in the
presence of phenol. 3. To the third portion add a few drops of
.a very dilute solution of ferric chloride ; a violet color develops
in the presence of phenol.

In recording the development of phenol in cultures, the age
of the culture and temperature of growth should be stated.
When indol and phenol occur together in the same culture, their
separation is advisable before applying the tests. For this, the
method as proposed by Hoppe-Seyler can be used. Distil 200 cc.
of the culture with 50 cc. of concentrated HC1 until 50-70 cc.
passes over. The distillate will contain both indol and phenol.
Render the distillate strongly alkaline with caustic potash and
distil ; the indol will be found in the distillate, the phenol in the
residue. When the residue is cold, saturate with carbon dioxide,
and distil ; the phenol will pass over into the distillate.

The Reduction of Nitrates to Nitrites

For the study of the reduction of nitrates to nitrites a special
medium is desirable, composed of Witte's peptone 10 g., nitrate of
soda .02 g., and water 1000 cc. It is important to have the
medium originally free from nitrites, and since distilled water
frequently contains considerable quantities of nitrous acid, it is
better to use well or spring water, which gives no reaction for
nitrites. Furthermore, nitrous acid is present in the atmosphere,
some of which will be absorbed by the culture during its growth.
Hence it is necessary to have blank, un-inoculated tubes kept
under the same conditions as those inoculated, which shall also
be tested for nitrites. For the test two solutions are necessary.

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 35

I. Naphthylamine i.o g.

Distilled water . '. 100 cc.

II. Sulphanilic acid 0.5 g.

Dilute acetic acid 150 cc.

These solutions are kept separate in glass-stoppered bottles.
Three cubic centimetres of each of solution I and II are placed
in a test-tube, and mixed. Two cubic centimetres of this mixture
are added to the cultures, and the same quantity to the blank
tube. The tubes should be of the same capacity, and the fluid
should be of the same height in both. The tubes are then
allowed to stand for half an hour, keeping them closed with
rubber stoppers. If a slight pink color develops in the blank
tube, it may be due to nitrous acid originally present or absorbed.
If appreciable amounts of nitrates have been reduced to nitrites,
the pink color in the culture tubes will be deeper, and pro-
portionate to the quantity of nitrites present. The absence of
nitrites may not indicate non-reduction of nitrates to nitrites,
since the nitrites previously formed may have already been
reduced to free nitrogen, or to ammonia. In that case the nitrates
will have disappeared. To test the presence or absence of
nitrates, evaporate 10 cc. of the culture to dryness, and add to
the residue i cc. of phenolsulphonic acid, composed of concen-
trated sulphuric acid 74 cc., water 6 cc., and phenol 12 g. Dilute
with water, and transfer to a Nessler jar. Add enough concen-
trated caustic soda solution to make alkaline, and make up to
50 cc. If nitrates are present, the contents of the jar become
a decided yellow. Since bouillon alone, when treated in this
way, will give a slight yellow color, it is important, in case only
a faint reaction for nitrates is obtained, to have a blank test
made with a simple bouillon, and compare the color tints. A
marked excess of color with the culture shows the presence of
nitrates.

36 BACTERIOLOGY

Ammonia Production

The cultures are made in bouillon in Erlenmeyer flasks. A
200 cc. flask is connected with a condenser, in which 100 cc. of
the culture is placed, together with 2 g. of calcined magnesia.
Fifty cubic centimetres of distillate are collected in a Nessler jar,
and i cc. of Nessler reagent added. If ammonia is present, the
distillate assumes a yellow color, whose depth of shade is pro-
portionate to the amount.

Since bouillon alone, when distilled in the presence of mag-
nesia, will with Nessler's reagent give a reaction for ammonia,
an equal quantity of plain bouillon should be distilled over
at the same time, and its depth of color, when treated with
Nessler's reagent, compared with the distillate from the culture.
Certain bacteria produce ammonia in bouillon cultures, others
do not. This chemical function is therefore likely to possess-
value in differential diagnosis.

Acid Production in Saccharine Bouillon

In bouillon containing glucose, lactose, and saccharose, acids
may or may not be generated. The writer's method is to grow
the organism for 5 days in 2 per cent glucose bouillon. Ten

cubic centimetres are taken, 50 cc. of water added, and the

N
mixture titrated with — NaOH, using phenolphthalein as an

indicator. The original titre of the medium being known, the
amount of acid produced in the culture can be estimated. The
results are expressed in cubic centimetres of normal soda per
100 cc. of culture.

The products of the growth of bacteria in saccharine media
may include the following : ethyl alcohol, aldehyde, acetone,,
formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids. For the study
of these products the following system of analysis is proposed.

In a litre flask place 500 cc. of bouillon, containing 2 per
cent of glucose or lactose. Sterilize, and add 10 g. of sterile

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 37

calcium carbonate. The flask is then inoculated with the
culture, and allowed to incubate at the optimum temperature
for 10 days. The culture is then filtered to remove undissolved
calcium carbonate. The filtrate is then made slightly acid
with HC1, and then slightly alkaline with Na2CO3. The pre-
cipitated CaCO3 is filtered off. The filtrate is then introduced
into a retort of the proper size, and distilled. The distillate,
50 cc. of which should be collected, may contain alcohol, acetone,
or aldehyde. To test the presence of these bodies, add to 10 cc.
of the distillate 5 or 6 drops of a 10 per cent solution of caustic
potash, and warm the liquid to about 50° C. A solution of
iodide of potassium, saturated with free iodine, is added drop by
drop, until the liquid becomes a permanent yellowish brown
color. It is. then carefully decolorized by adding, drop by drop,
the caustic potash solution. If any of the preceding bodies are
present, iodoform is gradually deposited at the bottom of the
tube as yellow crystals.

For the separate detection of alcohol, aceton, and aldehyde,
consult Allen's " Commercial Organic Analysis," Vol. I.

The residue in the retort will contain the volatile and fixed
organic acids. To separate the volatile acids, the contents of the
retort is made strongly acid with sulphuric acid, and as much
distilled over as is consistent with the safety of the retort. The
distillate may contain acetic, formic, propionic, and butyric acids.

The quantity of the volatile acids is determined by titration.
The preceding distillate is made alkaline with baryta water,
and the solution evaporated to dryness. Then add 20 cc. of
absolute alcohol, and let stand for 1-2 hours, with frequent
stirring. Filter, and wash with alcohol. The residue will
contain barium formate and acetate, and the filtrate mainly
barium propionate and butyrate, and a little formate and
acetate. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness ; dissolve in 1 50 cc.
of water ; saturate with calcium chloride, and distil off the pure
Mtyric acid. Dissolve the residue on the filter in hot water ;

38 BACTERIOLOGY

evaporate to a small volume, and test for formic and acetic acids
as follows : —

To a small portion of the test add a few drops of ferric
chloride solution, and then, drop by drop, dilute ammonia
water, nearly to saturation.

A red color shows the presence of acetic or formic acid,
Mercurous nitrate throws down formic and acetic acids as a
white precipitate. With silver nitrate acetic acid salts are
thrown down in the cold as a white precipitate, while the corre-
sponding formic acid salts are precipitated only in concentrated
solution, and upon boiling. A solution of formic acid salt
heated with mercuric chloride gives a precipitate of mercurous
chloride and a metallic mirror after a long time, while acetic
acid salts give no precipitate with mercuric chloride.

To a small portion of the distillate containing butyric acid,
add a small quantity of alcohol and several drops of strong
sulphuric acid. If butyric acid be present, the fragrant odor of
pineapple is evolved on heating.

The residue in the retort after the distillation of the volatile
acids may contain lactic, oxalic, succinic, or glycocholic acid.

Evaporate the residue to a syrupy consistency, and extract
with ether by agitation in a separatory funnel. The ether
dissolves the fixed organic acids. Distil off the ether until the
residue has a syrupy consistency ; add water, and boil with an
excess of oxide of zinc. Filter. The filtrate contains zinc lactate
in solution, the residue zinc oxalate and succinate. Evaporate
the filtrate to dryness. The residue is nearly pure zinc lactate.

Nencki showed that different bacteria produce different
isomeric forms of lactic acid, whose zinc salts behave differently
in the polariscope. One, the inactive acid, has no effect upon the
polarized ray ; another, the solution of whose zinc salt rotates the
polarized ray to the left, is termed right-handed acid; and a third
whose zinc salt rotates the ray to the right is termed left-handed acid.

Thus, when lactic acid is present, it is important to determine

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA

39

the influence of a solution of its zinc salt upon the polarized ray.
The residue of zinc salt is accordingly dissolved in only enough
water to fill the shorter tube of the polariscope, and its action
upon the polarized ray determined in the usual manner.

The system of analysis for the organic acids is given in outline
in the following diagram: —

CULTURE MADE IN A ONE-LITRE FLASK CONTAINING 500 cc. OF 2 PER CENT
GLUCOSE BOUILLON AND 10 GR. OF STERILE CaCO3.

Filter and wash with cold water.

r

Residue, carbonate
and succinate
of lime.

Filtrate.

Make slightly acid with HC1, and then slightly alkaline with Na2CO3.
Filter and wash.

r

Residue,
CaC03.

1
Filtrate.

Distil.

r

Distillate.
Alcohol,
Aceton,
Aldehyde.

1
Residue, volatile and fixed organic acids.

1
Make acid with H2SO4 and distil.

r ~~i

Distillate, volatile acids.
Acetic,
Formic,
Propionic,
Butyric.

Titrate a portion.
Remainder saturate with baryta

water to alkaline reaction.
Evaporate to dryness. and add

10 parts of absolute alcohol.
Let stand, with frequent stirring,
for i to 2 hours. Filter and
wash with alcohol.

Residue,
lactic, oxalic, succinic,

glycocholic acids.
Evaporate to syrupy consist-
ency and extract with ether.
Evaporate off ether to syrupy
consistency; add water, and
boil with ZnO. Filter.

I

Filtrate, zinc lactate,
nearly pure. Evap-
orate to dryness.
Take up in hot
water = solution of
pure zinc lactate.

Residue,

zinc
oxalate

and
succinate.

Residue, barium for-
mate and acetate.
Evaporate off all al-
cohol, and test for
formic and acetic
acids.

Filtrate, mainly barium propionate
and butyrate, and a little formate
and acetate. Evaporate to dry-
ness ; dissolve in 150 cc. water.
Saturate with CaCl2 and distil
off pure butyric acid.

40 BACTERIOLOGY

The Production of Proteolytic Enzymes

Certain bacteria produce enzymes which have the power of
converting proteids into propeptones and peptones. Such a pro-
cess takes place in the liquefaction of gelatin and blood serum,
and in the peptonization of milk. To study the process, use as a
culture medium either blood serum or milk which has been
freed of its fat by passing through an unglazed porcelain filter.
Since serum is a more difficult material to obtain in an aseptic
condition, milk will serve as a better medium. This should be
perfectly fresh. The porcelain filter should be sterilized for
one-half an hour in an autoclave under a pressure of 5-10
pounds. The milk serum or filtrate can thus be obtained per-
fectly aseptic. Fifty cubic centimetres of this serum placed in
a sterile flask is then inoculated with a culture and kept at the
optimum temperature for 10 days. To 40 cc. of the culture add
60 g. of ammonium sulphate, and warm to 50° C. for one-half an
hour. This will precipitate all the proteid bodies except the
peptones. Filter ; the filtrate will contain the peptones and
propeptones. To test their presence add to a portion of the
filtrate enough caustic potash solution to make strongly alkaline,
and then a few drops of a I per cent solution of copper sulphate.
A violet color indicates the presence of peptones.

The Production of Diastatic Ferments

Certain bacteria produce enzymes which have the property of
converting starch into sugar. To test their presence, the follow-
ing method is recommended : Inoculate a few tubes of bouillon,
free from sugar, with the organism to be tested, and incubate
for 10 days. Prepare a thin starch paste, to which is added
2 per cent of thymol. The latter must be free from sugar.
Mix equal parts of the broth culture and the above paste, and
place in a thermostat for 6-8 hours. Filter, and test filtrate
with Fehling's solution for sugar.

CULTURAL CHARACTERS OF BACTERIA 41

The Production of Invertin Ferments

A certain few bacteria, according to Fermi, produce enzymes
which have the power of converting cane sugar into glucose.

To a 2 per cent solution of cane sugar, to which has been
added 2 per cent of carbolic acid, add an equal quantity of a
10 days' old culture of the organism, and allow the mixture to
stand for several hours. It is then tested with Fehling's solution
for the presence of glucose.

SCHEME FOR THE STUDY OF BACTERIA
Morphology

On agar, grown . . . days at . . . ° C. (standard 24 hours).

In bouillon, grown . . . days at . . . ° C.

Cocci; single, staphlococci, diplococci, streptococci, tetracocci, sarcina.

Bacilli; ovals, short rods, long rods, single, diplobacilli, streptobacilli,
filaments.

Spirilli ; commas, short spirals, long spirals.

Size ; breadth . . . /x, extreme length from ... /u, to ... /x, average
length . . . fji.

Stain with standard watery fuchsin, easily or with difficulty, uniformly or
irregularly. Record size as above. Stain by Gram's method. Stain by
Lb'wit's method, and record size as above. Note capsule, form and size.
Make drawings. Note presence or absence of flagetla ; length, structure,
arrangement, numbers ; monotrichic, lophotrichic, peritrichic.

Motilily ; sluggish, active, rotatory, progressive.

Spores, presence or absence ; form, size, location, effect on mother cell ;
clostridium, clavate, or capitate forms. Stain by Abbot's method. Heat
a small portion of an old agar or potato culture, suspended in bouillon,
for 10 minutes at 80° C., and determine vitality.

Spore germination ; polar, equatorial, by absorption.

Pleomorphism on media of different reaction, and of different kind.

Relative growth at 20° and 37° C. Thermal death point in ... minutes.

Optimum temperature . . . ° C. Growth limits, maximum and minimum.

Relative growth in -f r.5, —1.5, and o bouillon.

Gelatin Colonies

Deep colonies ; form, edges, size, color, internal structure.
Surface colonies ; form, surface elevation, internal structure, edges, optical
characters.

42 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar Colonies
Characters as before.

Stroke Cultures on Agar, Gelatin, Blood Serum, Potato

(See II, p. 20.)

Bouillon

Reaction of medium. Liquid remains clear, or becomes opalescent or turbid.

Surface growth, presence or absence; membranous, coriaceous, farinaceous,

gelatinous. Deposit, granular, flocculent, viscid, coherent. Odor.

Milk

Coagulated or not coagulated in . . . days at . . . °C. Curd hard or soft, in
one mass or in fragments ; presence or absence of gas. Whey, presence
or absence, clear or turbid. If not coagulated, does or does not curdle
on boiling.

Change of consistency or color ; presence or absence of peptones.

Reaction in ... days at . . . ° C.

Litmus Milk
Changes in color, at daily intervals of observation.

Chemical Relations

Fermentation tubes containing glucose, lactose, and saccharose bouillon.

Relative growth in both arms. Presence or absence of gas. Amount of

gas, measured daily. Total gas formed, in mm. of tube length. Amount

after absorption with NaOH. The H CO2 ratio.
Neutral bouillon containing 2 per cent of glucose. Determine titre at end of

5 days at . . . ° C.

Neutral bouillon containing 2 per cent of lactose. Determination as before.
Neutral bouillon free from muscle sugar and containing 0.05 per cent of

nitrate of soda. Determine titre at end of 5 days at . . . ° C. Test for

ammonia. Presence of nitrites, indol, phenol, diastatic, and invertin

ferments.
In neutral bouillon containing 2 per cent of glucose, and an excess of CaCO^

incubated for two weeks ; make analysis of organic acids in accordance

with scheme proposed on p. 39.

Pathogenesis
Inoculation of fresh bouillon cultures into mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

CHAPTER III
THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

i. THE POSITION OF BACTERIA IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANIC FORMS

BACTERIA occupy a unique place in the classification of organic
forms. The early view that bacteria were animal structures is
no longer seriously held, since their relation to plant forms is so
much closer as to leave no further doubt as to their claim to a
position in the vegetable kingdom. Their evident relationship
to both plants and animals places them, however, on the border
between certain forms clearly on one side or the other. In
certain respects bacteria are related to the Flagellata. Here
the organism consists of a protoplasmic body surrounded by a
thin cuticle, and provided with elongated appendages or flagella.
The protoplasm contains a nucleus and a pulsating vacuole.
The organism multiplies by the fission of the parent and by the
endogenous formation of resting bodies or cysts. The main
difference between the Flagellata and the bacteria lies in the
character of the membrane. In the former it is continuous with
the plasma, differing only in its physical structure ; while in the
bacteria the capsule, as seen in the phenomena of plasmolysis,
is a distinct structure, separable from the central body.

In the Flagellata, furthermore, the flagella are definite in
number in the different species, while in the bacteria their num-
ber is variable, especially when peritrichic. The Flagellata also
contain a distinct nucleus and vacuole, which is not certainly
the case in any of the bacteria. There is, therefore, little reason

43

44 BACTERIOLOGY

to believe that there is any more than a remote, or at least
superficial, relationship between bacteria and their animal con-
geners, the Flagellata. Bacteria are closely related to the
lower fission algae, the Cyanophycece. The Cyanophyceae con-
sist of a homogeneous colorless central body, which, according
to Hegler, has the structure of a true nucleus and shows indirect
karyokinetic division. Surrounding the nucleus is a colored
peripheral layer which contains a blue-green pigment, pliycochrome,
consisting of true chlorophyl and phycocyanin, or a modification
thereof. Within the latter colored peripheral layer are small
granular bodies, cyanophycin grains. Vacuoles also occasionally
occur within the cells. The cell wall consists of cellulose, and
in certain cases may undergo a mucilaginous modification of its
outer layer. Endogenous spores are not found, but certain cells
have their walls thickened, producing resting bodies or arthro-
s*pores. The Cyanophyceae are not progressively motile, but
show only a slow vibratory or rotatory motion due to an undu-
lating membrane. Flagella are not known. From the above
description it is seen that the Cyanophycece are distinctly higher
structures than the bacteria, in possessing a distinct nucleus,
and in the function of carbon assimilation. The greatest
morphologic difference lies in the character of the cell wall,
which, in the Cyanophyceae, is composed of cellulose and in the
bacteria of a proteid body. On the other hand, certain pigmented
bacteria approach closely to some of the lower Cyanophyceae ;
thus, Bact. viride, B. virens Van Tieghem, and Bact. chlorinum
Englemann are tinted a faint green by a substance which, with
some doubts, may be regarded as chorophyl. Another class of
bacteria studied by Winogradsky contains a red-violet-brownish
pigment known as bacteriopurpurin. This latter pigment is easily
soluble in absolute alcohol; and, according to Butschli, if
Chromatium cells be treated with the latter, the violet pigment,
bacteriopurpurin, is removed, and there remains a greenish color
which is due to chlorophyl, or a related body. Solutions of

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 45

bacteriopurpurin, according to Lankester, show, when examined
with the spectroscope, absorption bands, as in chlorophyl and
other cell pigments. Whether certain bacterial cells contain
chlorophyl or related bodies with similar physiologic relationships
has not been positively decided, but there is reason to believe
that such is the case, and that in this is to be found a close
relationship between the bacteria and the lower Cyanophyceae.
In the highest filamentous Schizomycetes there exist close rela-
tionships with the filamentous Cyanophyceae. Thus, Beggiatoa
are morphologically quite identical with Oscillatoria, except
in the absence of phycocyanin in the former and its presence in
the latter. In Beggiatoa rosea-persicina, which contain bacterio-
purpurin, the relationship to Oscillatoria is still closer. Equally
close relationship exists between Spirochaeta and the fission
algae, Spirulina. In the same way Streptothrix is related to
Lyngbya or Chamaesiphon ; Cladothrix to Glaucothrix or Toly-
pothrix. Crenothrix and Phragmidiothrix, on the other hand,
are unique in having no near relatives among the Cyanophyceae.
In cell-grouping the analogy between bacteria and the lower
algae is a striking one. Thus Streptococci, in the arrangement
of the cells, are similar to Anabaena ; Micrococcus has its analogy
in Chroococcus, and more especially in the tetrad arrangement
of its cells. Micrococcus tetragenus has its prototype in Chroococ-
cus turgidus. It has been stated that the cell membrane of bac-
teria is a proteid body of indefinite composition, but that it may
contain in certain cases, dependent upon the composition of the
medium, cellulose or other carbohydrate molecules. Thus Brown
believes cellulose to exist in the membrane of Bact. xylinum.
From their investigations on Bact. aceti, Nageli and Low con-
clude that the cell membrane of that species contains 84 per
cent of ash-free cellulose. Similar observations on the presence
of cellulose within the capsule have been made by Bovet on the
bacterium of Erythema nodusum, and by Hammerschlag on
Mycobact. tuberculosis. Thus it is seen that, in the case of cer-

46 BACTERIOLOGY

tain bacteria, the cell membrane may approach in character that
of the fission algae, thus making the relationship of the two
groups closer than was at first indicated. The relation between
bacteria and the lower fungi, the Hypomycetes, is quite marked.
Between Bacillus and Mycobacterium it is extremely close, and
certain branched filamentous forms of the latter run by indistinct
transitional stages into very much elongated Streptothrix
forms, which are indistinguishable from certain Hypomycetes
(Oidium). The cell wall of the Hypomycetes is, according to
the researches of Gilson, composed of mycosin, a body related to
animal chitin, which, according to Nishimura, is also represented
in .the capsules of bacteria. Thus, in the nature of the cell wall
the bacteria are more closely related to the Hypomycetes than
to the Cyanophyceae. The true position of the bacteria, how-
ever, is one intermediate between the two groups, and this
phylogenetic relationship can best be illustrated in the accom-
panying diagram : —

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIPS OF BACTERIA

Algae.
Hypomycetes. Bacteria. (Cyanophyceae.)

Streptococcus.

~r~ n

Micrococcus. Anabsena.

Chroococcus.
Bacterium.

Bacillus.

Beggiatoa.

I I

Cladothrix. Oscillatoria.

Mycobacterium. |

If Glaucothrix.
( Tolypothrix.

Streptothrix.

r~ ~~i

Oidiura. J Lyngbya.

Chamaesiphon.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 47

2. THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCHIZOMYCETES IN

FAMILIES

In the present work, the sytsem of classification as first
proposed by Migula in Engler and Prantl's Die Naturlichen
Pflanzenfamilien, I I a, 1896, has been adopted, with minor modi-
fications. The synopsis of the families is given in the following
table, and of the genera under the separate family headings.

SCHIZOMYCETES

BACTERIA

Minute, one-celled, chlorophyl-free, colorless, rarely violet-red
or green colored, organisms, which divide in one, two, or three
directions of space, and are thus united into filamentous, flat, or
cubical aggregates. Filamentous species often surrounded by
a common sheath. Capsule or sheath composed in the main of
proteid matter. The cell plasma generally homogeneous without
a nucleus. Sexual reproduction absent. In many species rest-
ing bodies are produced either endospores or gonidia.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
. Cells unbranched, or show only a false branching in Cladothrix.

A. Cells in their free condition globular, becoming slightly elongated

before division. Cell division in one, two, or three directions of
space. COCCACEAE, p. 55.

B. Cells short or long, cylindrical, straight, curved, or spiral. Without a

sheath surrounding the chains of individuals ; motile or non-motile ;
endospores present or absent. BACTERIACEAE, p. 117.

C. Cells surrounded by a sheath and arranged in elongated filaments.

CHLAMYDOBACTERIACEAE, p. 369.

D. Cells not surrounded by a sheath, arranged in elongated filaments,

and motile by means of an undulating membrane.

BEGGIATOACEAE, p. 379.
II. Cells short or long, cylindrical or filaments, often clavate ; cuneate or irreg-
ular in form. Without endospores, but with the formation of gonidia-
like bodies due to the segmentation of the cells. Without flagella.
Division at right angles to the axis of a rod or filament. Filaments
not surrounded by a sheath as in Clamydobacteriaceae. With true
dichotomous branching. MYCOBACTERIACEAE, p. 349.

48 BACTERIOLOGY

3. THE NOMENCLATURE OF SPECIES

A matter requiring more careful attention is the nomenclature
of species. Little or no regard has, in many instances, been
paid to the most ordinary rules of botanical nomenclature. The
common rule is to express a species as a binomial, and yet in
bacteriologic nomenclature we find almost as many trinomials as
binomials; and quadrinomials are not infrequent. The Pneu-
mococcus, Frankel's bacillus, Diplococcus pneumonia, and Micro-
coccus lanceolatus are used indiscriminately, and many think it
makes little difference what the organism is called, provided it is
understood what is meant. There are certain rules governing
the naming of species, and these should be observed. Each
bacillus should be given its proper name, as determined by
these rules, and it should become the practice to use such names
only, and not one of its various synonyms indiscriminately. The
rules of bacteriologic nomenclature should be those of the Paris
code of 1867, together with those of the Botanical Club of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, adopted
at the recent Rochester and Madison meetings. The writer has-
endeavored to apply these rules to all of the better-known
species of bacteria. This has involved a careful study of the
synonymy of each species, a rather laborious task, but the ful-
filment of which, we trust, will result in placing bacteriologic
nomenclature on a better basis. The rule of priority must be
the guiding one in the naming of species, and custom or prefer-
ence must yield to this inexorable law. Article 59 of the Paris
code reads, " Nobody is authorized to change a name because it
is badly chosen or disagreeable, or another is preferable or bet-
ter known, or for any other motive, either contestable or of little
import." This will require us to apply some new names to a
number of familiar species. Thus Koch's bacillus.of mouse sep-
ticaemia becomes Bacterium insidiosum (Trevisan) Migula. The
reason for this is seen in the following synonymy of the species r

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 49

Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie Koch : Mitteilungen a. d. Kaiserl. Gesund-

heitsamte, I, 1881, 80.

Bacillus insidiosus Trevisan : Nouv. gen. di Batter, 1885, 10.
Bacillus murisepticus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
Bacillus murinus Schrbter: Die Pilze von Schlessian, 1886.
Bacterium murisepticum Migula : Engler u. Prantl, Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen-

familien, 1895.

The hog cholera bacillus likewise becomes Bacillus Salmoni
(Trevisan), notwithstanding the fact that it is more generally
known as Bacillus stiipestifer Kruse. The reason for this is
shown in the following synonymy : —

Bacillus of swine plague or swine fever, Klein : Report of the Local Govern-
ment Board, England, 1877-78.

Hog Cholera Bacillus, Salmon-Smith: Report U. S. Dept. Ag., 1885.

Bacillus der Schweinepest, Bang-Selander : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, III,
1888, 361.

Pasteur ella Salmoni Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 21.

Amerikanischen Schweineseuche, Frosch : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 235.

Bacterium cholerae-suum Lehmann-Neumann : Bakt. Diagnostik, 1896,233.

Bacillus suipestifer Kruse: FlUgge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 233.

Attention has already been called to the frequent use of tri-
nomials in the naming of species. This is, of course, entirely
contrary to the most ordinary rule of botanical nomenclature.
A trinomial, properly speaking, is an expression for a varietal
form. Thus, Bacillus fluorescens-undulatus (Ravenel), if strictly
interpreted, would mean variety undulatus, of the species Ba-
cillus fluorescent. The fact is, it stands for nothing of the sort.
Other forms of a similar character occur, as B. fluorescens-aureus,
fluoresc ens-eras sus, fliwrescens-immobilis, fluorescens-liquefaciens,
fluorescens-longus, fluorescens-mimitissimus, fluorescens-nivalis,
fluorescens non-liquefaciens, fltwrescens-putridus, fluorescens-
tennis, and so on, in a dozen or more instances. Bacillus,
or, more properly speaking, Pseudomonas fluorescens-undulata
(Ravenel), should be changed to Pseudomonas undulata (Rave-

•50 BACTERIOLOGY

nel), since it cannot be called Pseudomonas fluorescent, owing to
the fact that the specific name fluorescens is claimed by a pre-
viously described species of this same genus. Furthermore,
Bacillus (Pseudomonas} fluorescens-liquefaciens Flugge becomes
Pseudomonas fluorescens (Flugge) Migula, on the ground that it
was probably the first member of the genus to receive the
specific appellation fluorescens. In the same way, Pseudomonas
fluorescens-capsulata (Pettier) becomes Pseudomonas capsulata
(Pottier), and Pseudomonas fluorescens-Schuylkilliensis (Wright)
becomes Pseudomonas Schuylkilliensis (Wright). Should it,
however, be demonstrated that Pseudomonas Schuylkilliensis
(Wright) is only a variety of Pseudomonas fluorescens, then, of
course, the original name becomes again applicable. Again, the
second term in the trinomial should be retained, provided no
earlier species with the same name is known. Thus, Micrococcus
cumulatus-tenuis v. Besser becomes Micrococcus cumulatus. In-
stances such as these might be multiplied indefinitely, but the
few examples cited will serve to illustrate the principles involved.

4. THE ARRANGEMENT OF BACTERIAL SPECIES IN GROUPS

In the following pages the writer has undertaken to arrange,
for purposes of identification, all those forms of bacteria which
have been already described with any degree of detail. The
task has proved a laborious one, and has occupied several years
of close work. The final outcome has been more or less unsatis-
factory, and yet an entirely satisfactory system of bacterial classi-
fication cannot be expected until our knowledge is greatly
extended beyond its present limits.

This much, however, has been accomplished in a provisional
way, i.e. the ability to cluster a considerable number of imper-
fectly described forms around a few reasonably defined species,
and thus to establish groups which may become the basis of
future comparative studies.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 51

In the majority of cases the facts regarding certain species
were too few to differentiate between the greater number of the
members of these groups. In fact, it is highly probable that
many of these so-called species which are members of any one
group are not true species at all, and that at best they are only
varieties of some central group organism.

The conclusion is permanent that probably nine-tenths of the
forms of bacteria already described might as well be forgotten
or given a respectful burial. This will then leave comparatively
few well-defined species to form the nuclei of groups, in one
or another of which we shall be able to place all new and suffi-
ciently described forms.

The question of what is a species in bacteriology I shall not
undertake to settle. Bacteria are so subject to morphologic,
cultural, and pathologic variations that one form appears to
merge into another, making distinctions often difficult ; and yet
a typical form — an ideal species — may exist.

Bacillus coli and Bacillus typhosus may present to the mind
certain characters which we commonly attribute to these two
types. These characters determine the species. Variation from
these characters may establish varieties of one or the other ad
libitum, forming a chain of types or races connecting the two
ideal species. Nevertheless, we retain in mind the typical B.
coli and the typical B. typhosus as distinct identities.

That typical forms or species of bacteria do exist no one can
deny. These typical forms furthermore present certain definite
morphologic, biologic, cultural, and perhaps pathogenic char-
acters which establish the types, independent of minor varia-
tions.

The most marked of these types we select to become the
centres of groups, around which are gathered all related species
or varieties. The division of the bacteria into groups, so far
as said grouping was possible, is outlined in the following
tables : —

52 BACTERIOLOGY

A PROPOSED SYNOPSIS OF GROUPS OF BACTERIA

Bacterium

I. Without endospores.

A. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

a. Gelatin not liquefied.

* Decolorized by Gram's method.

f Obligate aerobic. ACETIC FERMENT GROUP.
ff Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

Gas generated in glucose bouillon.
Gas generated in lactose bouillon.

BACT. AEROGENES GROUP.

Little or no gas generated in lactose bouillon.

FRIEDLANDER GROUP.
No gas generated in glucose bouillon.
Milk coagulated. FOWL CHOLERA GROUP.'
Milk not coagulated. SWINE PLAGUE GROUP.
** Stained by Gram's method.
> f Gas generated in glucose bouillon. LACTIC FERMENT GROUP.

b. Gelatin liquefied.

* Colonies on gelatin ameboid or proteus-like.

BACT. RADIATUM GROUP.
** Colonies on gelatin round, not ameboid.

BACT. AMBIGUUM GROUP.

II. Produce endospores.

1. No growth at room temperature, or below 22°-25° C.

THERMOPHILLIC GROUP ^ 4

2. Grow at room temperatures.

a. Gelatin liquefied. ANTHRAX GROUP.

b. Gelatin not liquefied. BACT. F/ECALIS GROUP.

Bacillus

I. Without endospores.
' A. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

a. Gelatin colonies roundish, not distinctly ameboid.

* Gelatin not liquefied.

f Decolorized by Gram's method.

Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

Milk coagulated. COLON GROUP.

Milk not coagulated. HOG CHOLERA GROUP.
No gas generated in glucose bouillon. TYPHOID GROUP-

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 53

ff Stained by Gram's method. B. MURIPESTIFER GROUP.
** Gelatin liquefied.

f Gas generated in glucose bouillon. B. CLOACA GROUP.
ff No gas generated in glucose bouillon. Include a large num-
ber of bacteria not sufficiently described to arrange in
groups.

b. Gelatin colonies ameboid, cochleate, or otherwise irregular.
* Gelatin liquefied. PROTEUS VULGARIS GROUP.
** Gelatin not liquefied. B. ZOPFI GROUP.
31. Produce endospores.

A. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

1. Rods not swollen at sporulation.

a. Gelatin liquefied.

* Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place slowly. Ferment urea,
with strong production of ammonia.

URO-BACILLUS GROUP OF MIQUEL.
** Gelatin liquefied rather quickly,
f Potato cultures rugose. POTATO BACILLUS GROUP.
ft Potato cultures not distinctly rugose. B. SUBTILIS GROUP.

b. Gelatin not liquefied. B. SOLI GROUP.

2. Rods spindle-shaped at sporulation. B. LICHENIFORMIS GROUP.

3. Rods clavate at sporulation. B. SUBLANATUS GROUP.

B. Obligate anaerobic.

1. Rods not swollen at sporulation. MALIGNANT CEDEMA GROUP.

2. Rods spindle-shaped at sporulation. CLOSTRIDIUM GROUP.

3. Rods clavate-capitate at sporulation. TETANUS GROUP.

Pseudomonas Migula

Cells colorless, without a red-colored plasma and without sulphur granules.
A. Grow in ordinary culture media.
i. Without endospores.

a. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.
* Without pigment.
f Gelatin not liquefied.

Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

PS. MONADIFORMIS GROUP.

No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

PS. AMBIGUA GROUP.

54 BACTERIOLOGY

•ft Gelatine liquefied.

Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

PS. COADUNATA GROUP- i

No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

Ps. FAIRMONTENSIS GROUP- i

* Produce pigment on gelatin or agar.
f Pigment yellowish.

Gelatin liquefied. Ps. OCHRACEA GROUP.
Gelatin not liquefied. Ps. TURCOSA GROUP.
ff Pigment blue-violet.

Gelatin liquefied. Ps. JANTHINA GROUP.
Gelatin not liquefied. Ps. BEROLINENSIS GROUP.
** Produce a greenish-bluish fluorescence in culture media,
f Gelatin liquefied. Ps. PYOCYANEA GROUP.
ft Gelatin not liquefied. Ps. SYNCYANEA GROUP.
2. With endospores, aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

a. Non-chromogenic.

* Rods not swollen at sporulation. Ps. ROSEA GROUP.
** Rods swollen at one end at sporulation.

Ps. TROMELSCALAGEL GROUP.
'b. Produce a greenish-bluish fluorescence in culture media.

* Gelatin liquefied. Ps. VIRIDESCENS GROUP.
** Gelatin hot liquefied. Ps. UNDULATA GROUP.

B. Do not grow in nurient gelatin or other organic media.

NlTROMONAS GROUP.

II. Cell plasma with a reddish tint, also with sulphur granules.

CHROMATIUM GROUP.

Microspira Migula

I. Cultures show a bluish-silvery phosphorescence.

PHOSPHORESCENT GROUP-
II. Cultures not phosphorescent.

A, Gelatin liquefied.

1. Cultures show the nitro-indol reaction.

«. Very pathogenic to pigeons. MSP. METSCHNIKOVI GROUP.

b. Not distinctly pathogenic to pigeons. CHOLERA GROUP.

2. Nitro-indol reaction negative or very weak, at least after 24 hours.

CHOLERA NOSTRAS GROUP.

B. Gelatin not liquefied or only slightly so. MSP. SAPROPHILA GROUP.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 55

Mycobacterium Lehmann-Neumann

I. Stain with basic aniline dyes, and easily decolorized by mineral acids when
stained with carbol fuchsin.

A. Grow well on nutrient gelatin. Gelatin liquefied very slowly or merely

softened.

1. Stain by Gram's method. SWINE ERYSIPELAS GROUP.

2. Not stained by Gram's method. GLANDERS GROUP.

B, Little or no growth in ordinary nutrient gelatin.

1. Grow well in nutrient bouillon at body temperatures.

a. Stained by Gram's method. Rods cuneate — clavate — irregu-
larly swollen. DIPHTHERIA GROUP.

2. No growth in nutrient bouillon or on ordinary culture media. Rods

slender, tubercle-like.

a. Stain by Gram's method. LEPROSY GROUP.

b. Do not stain by Gram's method. INFLUENZA GROUP.

3. No growth in nutrient bouillon or on ordinary culture media. Rods

variable. ROOT-TUBERCLE GROUP.

I. Not stained with aqueous solutions of basic aniline dyes ; not easily decol-
orized by acids. TUBERCLE GROUP.

COCCACEAE

Cells in their free condition globular, becoming slightly elongated before
division. Cell division in one, two, or three directions of space.

A. Cells without flagella.

1. Division in only one direction of space. Streptococcus Billroth,

P- 55-

2. Division in two directions of space. Micrococcus Hallier, p. 71.

3. Division in three directions of space. Sarcina Goodsir, p. 109.

B. Cells with flagella.

1. Division in two directions of space. Planococcus Migula, p. 114.

2. Division in three directions of space. Planosarcina Migula, p. 115.

STREPTOCOCCUS (Billroth)

Untersuch. iiber die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica, 1874.
Leuconostoc, Van Tieghem : Traite de Botanique, 1883.

Cells round to slightly elongated. In short chains of only a few elements, or
in long chains containing several hundred. Never in threes, tetrads, or
irregular clusters. Division in only one direction of space. Non-motile.
Single chains or cocci may be surrounded by a capsule.

56 BACTERIOLOGY

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS S

I. Chains on all culture media without a thick gelatinous envelope, or at most
only a thin capsule.

A. Non-chromogenic ; no pigment on gelatin or agar.

1 . Do not grow at room temperatures, or at best but poorly.

CLASS I, p. 56.

2. Grow at room temperatures, and in nutrient gelatine.

a. Gelatin liquefied. CLASS II, p. 58.

b. Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS III, p. 62.

B. Chromogenic ; produce a pigment on gelatin or agar. CLASS IV, p. 68.
II. Chains at least when grown in saccharine media surrounded by a gelati-
nous envelope. See Nos. 35, 36.

CLASS I. NON-CHROMOGENIC. DO NOT GROW AT ROQM TEMPERA-
TURES, OR AT BEST BUT POORLY
I. On the surface of agar a scarcely discernible growth.

1. Str. giganteus Lustgarten.

2. Str. enteritis Hirsh.

II. On the surface of agar a visible growth.

A. Stain by Gram's method.

3. Str. capsulatus Binaghi.

4. Str. Cappelletti.

B. Decolorized by Gram's method.

5. Str. Kirchneri.

i. Str. giganteus Lustgarten

$tr' giganteus-urethrce Lustgarten.
Vierteljahresber. f. Dermatol. u. Syph., 1887, 918.

Morphology. Round, 0.8-1.0, in chains, often of many hundreds of elements,
in thick tangled masses.

Agar colonies. Thin, flat, conglobate ; easily overlooked, iridescent by trans-
mitted light.

Agar slant. Growth mostly in the water of condensation.

Habitat. In the normal human urethra.

2. Str. enteritis Hirsh

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXII, 1897, 369.
Morphology. Similar to Str. involutes Kurth.

Agar colonies. Macroscopically no growth. Microscopically the colonies
are small, brown, and coarsely granular.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 57

Gelatin stab. Very little growth either in depth or on the surface.

Bouillon. Without sugar, very slight growth.

Glucose bouillon. In 12 hours at 37° C. a general turbidity; medium

rendered acid. No gas produced.
Milk. No fermentation.
Pathogenesis : With white mice results variable. One cc. of culture injected

intraperitoneally may give a marked diarrhoea. The organism in blood

and stools.
Habitat. Isolated from stools in cases of infant diarrhoea.

3. Str. capsulatus Binaghi

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXII, 1897, 273.

Morphology. Cocci in long chains. In animal body with a capsule. Stain
by Gram's method.

On gelatin and other media, no development.

Agar slant. At 37° C., transparent dewy colonies.

Pathogenesis. Guinea pigs inoculated subcutaneously with purulent matter
containing the cocci show at point of inoculation a gelatinous hemor-
rhagic diffuse oedema. Spleen, liver, and kidneys enlarged. Inocula-
tions with cultures give negative results.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of peribronchial pneumonia, with multiple
abscesses.

4. Str. Cappelletti

Str. equi Capelletti- Vivaldi : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXV, 1899, 251.
Morphology. Cocci round-oval ; occur singly, in twos and in short chains.

Facultative anaerobic. Grow poorly at 20° C., and well at 24°-3O° C.
Gelatin colonies. Round, delicate, yellow, granular.
Agar colonies. Watery.

Blood serum. A thin, grayish transparent layer.

Bouillon in 24 hours, 37° C., shows a sediment as gray-white flocculi.
Pathogenic. For mice and rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from pneumonic exudate, and the spleen of three horses

which died of an epidemic form of lymphatic inflammation, gourme.

5. Str. Kirchneri

No name, Kirchner: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1891, 528.
Morphology. Similar to Str. lanceolatns, but elements round and smaller ;

with a capsule.
Decolorized by Gram's method.

58 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar colonies. Small, grayish white, round, transparent ; becoming round

grayish plaques.
Pathogenesis. Guinea pigs. One cc. of culture inoculated into pleural cavity is

followed by death in 24 hours. Lungs hyperaemic ; spleen not enlarged ;

cocci in the blood. Rabbits and mice immune.
Habitat. Isolated from sputum in influenza.

CLASS II. NON-CHROMOGENIC. GROW AT ROOM TEMPERATURES.
GELATIN LIQUEFIED

I. Produce only a viscid softening of the gelatin after several weeks.

6. Str. Brightii Trevisan.

II. Grow rather poorly in nutrient gelatin.

7. Str. enteritidis Escherich.

8. Str. Bonvicini.

9. Str. Fischeli.

III. Grow well in nutrient gelatin, but slowly liquefy the medium.
10. St. carnis.

IV. Grow well in gelatin at room temperatures, and rapidly liquefy the medium .

A. Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place along the line of stab ; funnel-

formed — cylindrical.

11. Str. coli Escherich.

12. Str. septic us Babes.

13. Str. liquefaciens Sternberg.

B. Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place only on the surface ; shallow,.

crateriform.

14. Str. albus Sternberg.

15. Str. lactis Sternberg.

6. Str. Brightii Trevisan

Streptococcus bei Morbus Brightii, Mannaberg : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, V, 1889, 93.
Str. Brightii, Trevisan: Saccardo, Syllog. Fungorum, VIII, 1057.

Morphology. Cocci o.9/x,; solitary — pairs — short chains of 6-10 elements.
Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin stab. A beaded growth along line of stab ; after 3-4 weeks a funnel
containing a very viscid gelatin, with brush-like outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth like Str. pyogenes.

Potato. In 4-5 days at 37° C., white colonies, 0.5 mm., becoming a con-
fluent slimy growth.

Milk. Coagulated, acid.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 59

Pathogenesis . Dogs and rabbits inoculated with 0.7-1.0 cc. of a culture sub-
cutaneously show a local abscess. By intravenous injections there
result inflammatory changes in kidneys. At the end of 3 days urine
contains red corpuscles, renal epithelium, blood clots, and albumen.

Habitat. Isolated by Mannaberg from urine in acute Bright's disease.

7. Str. enteritidis Escherich

Wiener klin. Wochensch., 1887, No. 42.

rirphology. Diplococci — chains of 8 or more elements. In cultures similar
to M. lanceolatus. Stain by Gram's method. Grow best in glucose
bouillon, with addition of human blood serum.

On agar, white colonies. On gelatin, a feeble growth, with slight liquefaction.
Pathogenesis. Mice die in 2-3 days, with diarrhoea.

Habitat. Isolated from acute enteritis, in stools, organs, and lymphatics of
the intestines.

8. Str. Bonvicini

Streptococcus della leucemia nel cane e nel hue Bonvicini : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXI,

1897, 211.

Morphology. Diplococci, and chains in old cultures; elements 0.9-1.0 /A.

Stain by Gram's method.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours at 37° C., colonies small, round, white.
Gelatin slant. In 40 hours, small white colonies.
Bouillon. In 24 hours at 37° C., medium turbid, becoming clear, with flocculi

on the walls of the tube.
Pathogenesis. Dogs ; inoculations cause some disturbance with swelling of

ganglia. Guinea pigs and mice, leucaemia. Rabbits, negative.
Habitat. Isolated from a dog in a case of leucaemia.

9. Str. Fischeli

Micrococcus No. 2 of Fischel : Zeitsch. f. Heilkunde, XII, 1891;
ref. Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, IX, 611.

Morphology. Cocci 1.0-1.2; in pairs and chains. Stain by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. Milk-white ; liquefaction commences in 4 days, and progresses

slowly.

Agar colonies. At 37° C., milk-white.

Potato. 37° C., 8 days, thin, glistening, yellowish white ; at 20° C., no growth.
Milk. No growth.

60 BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis. Dogs inoculated intravenously with 3-4 cc. of culture show
symptoms resembling distemper, in other cases keratitis, pyrexia, catarrhal
conjunctivitis, etc.

Habitat. Isolated from the blood in two cases of influenza.

10. Str. canis

Ueber einen bei der bakteriologischen Fleischbeschau aufgefundenen Diplococcus.

Harrevelt: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXVI, 1899, 121.
Morphology. Diplococci, or as chains of 4 elements, rather smaller than Str.

pyogenes. Stains with ordinary aniline stains. Decolorized by Gram's

method.
Gelatin colonies. No deep colonies. Surface colonies small, similar to those

of Str. pyogenes, but liquefy the gelatin extremely slowly. Quite flat, dirty

white, with a brownish centre, round-oval, granular, with a clear border.
Gelatin slant. On 8 per cent gelatin a plumose growth along the line of

inoculation. In 6 days the gelatin is softened, and later entirely liquefied.
Agar slant. In 48 hours, at 36° C, a white transparent spreading layer with

an iridescent lustre.

Glycerine agar and blood serum. As on agar.
Gelatin stab. In 48 hours spreading irregularly over one-third of the surface,

flat ; liquefaction infundibuliform.
Bouillon. Turbid ; slimy sediment.

Milk. 36°, 3 x 24 hours, coagulated ; coagulum slimy ; little acid.
Glucose and lactose bouillon. No gas ; rendered acid.

Starch paste. 36° C., 24 hours, starch liquefied; no sugar, no diastatic ferment.
Grows in an acid medium. A slight growth in media containing glycerine.

Young cultures have an odor of cooked crabs. Reaction of media without

sugar rendered acid. H,S negative. Indol and nitrites negative.
Pathogenesis. Inoculations of rabbits may or may not cause a fatal infection,

with peritonitis, inflammation of liver, spleen, kidneys, and lymph spaces.
Habitat. Isolated from meat.

ii. Str. coli Escherich

Sfr. coli-gracilis Escherich : Die Darmbakterien des Sauglings, Stuttgart, 1886.
Morphology. .Cocci, 0.2-0.4 /*? usually in S-shaped chains of 6-20 elements.
Gelatin colonies. Small, round, becoming punctiform, and lying in funnels of

liquefied gelatin.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction cylindrical ; sediment white ; gelatin rendered

acid.
Agar slant. A scanty growth.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 6l

Blood serum. Scaly colonies ; medium not liquefied.
Potato. Thin white colonies, no growth on old potato.
Milk. Not coagulated ; rendered acid after some time.
Habitat. Faeces of healthy children fed on a flesh diet.

12. Str. septicus Babes

Sir. septicus-liquefaciens Babes : Septic Prozesse Kindesalters, 1889.

Morphology. Cocci 0.3-0.4 ; in pairs — short chains. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin stab. Along line of stab, in 24 hours, a thin, granular whitish growth.
On the surface, growth depressed, becoming funnel-formed. Liquefied
gelatin but slightly clouded ; upon walls of funnel flat white leafy jagged
colonies.

Agar slant. Small white glistening transparent colonies.

Blood serum. A scarcely visible granular layer.

Pathogenesis. Mice and rabbits inoculated subcutaneously show a local inflam-
mation, with oedema and death in about 6 days. Cocci in effused serum,
in blood and spleen.

Habitat. Isolated from the blood of a child who died of septicaemia.

13. Str. liquefaciens Sternberg

Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 613.

Morphology. Cocci round-oval, 0.4-0.6; solitary — pairs — short chains.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction occurs rapidly along the entire line of puncture,

and in 7 days tube completely liquefied.
Agar stab. A beaded growth along line of puncture, with but scanty growth

on the surface.

Potato. Growth thin, limited, dry, white.
Pathogenesis . Rabbits and guinea pigs, negative.
Habitat. Isolated from liver of yellow fever cadaver, and from contents of the

intestine.

14. Str. albus Sternberg

Weisser Streptococcus Maschek : Jahresber. der Oberrealschule zu Leitmeritz, 1887.
St. albus Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.

Morphology. Streptococci, which show independent movements only during

period of division (?).

Gelatin colonies. Flat, round, with white margins ; liquefaction cratejiform.
Gelatin stab. Develop chiefly on the surface ; liquefaction rapid ; a white

sediment.

Potato. A slimy white growth.
Habitat. Water.

62 BACTERIOLOGY

15. Str. lactis (Sternberg)

Microcoecus lactis-viscosus Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.
Micrococcus of bitter milk Conn: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, IX, 1891, No. 20.

Morphology. Cocci medium-sized, frequently in pairs. In agar colonies form

short chains. Growth at 35° C.
Gelatin colonies. Small, round, becoming liquefied and spreading ; also thin

granular.
Gelatin stab. A shallow crateriform liquefaction ; liquefaction progresses

rapidly ; liquefied gelatin viscous.
Agar slant. A glistening white growth.
Potato. Glistening white discrete masses.

Bouillon. Good growth ; a thin film on surface ; the medium becomes viscous.
Milk. Rendered bitter. In 24 hours, at 37° C., coagulated ; acid, peptonized ;

butyric acid produced.
Habitat. Isolated from cream which had a bitter taste.

CLASS III. NON-CHROMOGENIC. GROW AT ROOM TEMPERATURES.
GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED

I. Streptococci, at least in the animal body, with a capsule.

PNEUMOCOCCUS GROUP.

A. Elements frequently elongated.

1 6. Str. pneumonia; (Weichselbaum) Gamaleia.

B. Elements spherical.

17. Str. Weichselbaumii (Trev.) L-. and N.
II. Streptococci without a capsule.

A. Cocci actively motile.

1 8. Str. sanguinis Pitfield.

B. Cocci non-motile.

i . Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

a. Gelatin colonies floccose-filamentous.

19. Str. mirabilis Roscoe-Lunt.

b. Gelatin colonies not as above specified.

* In bouillon, elements in conglomerate masses, arranged in
chains ; free chains uncommon.

20. Str. conglomeratus Kurth.
** Streptococci in free chains.

t But little growth in the depth of the gelatin, aerobic.

21. Str. acidi-lactici (Marpmann).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 63

ff Growth in depth of gelatin in stab cultures.

STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES GROUP.
§ Species pathogenic to animals.

22. Sir. pyogenes Rosenbach.

23. Sir. enteritis var. Libmanni. (See No. 2.)
§§ Pathogenic to plants.

24. Str. phytophthorus (Frank).
§§§ Non-pathogenic (?) milk species.

25. Str. Grotenfeldtii.

26. Str. proteus.

fff Growth in gelatin stab cultures not described. Cultural
characters imperfectly known.

27. Str. agalacticB Adametz.

28. Str. Weisiilmv.

29. Str. equi Sand-Jensen.

1 6. Str. pneumonias (YVeichselbaum) Gamalei'a

Microbe de la salive Pasteur : Acad. Med. Paris, 1881.
Pneumococcus Frankel : Verhandl. d. Ill Congress f. inn. Med., 1884.
Diplococcus pneumonia Weichselbaum : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, 1887, 588.
Bacillus salivarius-septicus Biondi : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, II, 1887, 196.
Diplococcus lanceolatus-capsultatus-pneumonicus Foa-Bord : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IV,

1888, Heft. i.

Klebsiella salavaris Trevisan : Gen., 1889, 26.
Streptococcus lanceolatus Gamalei'a: Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1888, 440.

Torphology. Cocci in twos or chains of 4-6 elements ; round-lenticular ; in
body with a capsule. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: macroscopically small, round, white or
gray ; microscopically round, entire, slightly granular. Surface colonies :
macroscopically round, gray, in 4 days 1-2 mm.; microscopically round,
entire, finely granular.
\gar colonies. Deep colonies: microscopically round-lenticular, entire,
opaque, grayish black, coarsely punctate. Surface colonies: macroscopi-
cally like gelatin colonies ; microscopically round, entire, translucent,
finely punctate.

Glycerin agar slant. A feeble growth, small grayish colonies.

Blood serum. Growth slimy, transparent.

Bouillon. Faintly turbid.

Milk. Coagulation variable.

Litmus milk. Sometimes pink and coagulated.

<54 BACTERIOLOGY

Potato. No growth.

Pathogenesis. For pathogenesis see various text-books.

Habitat. Pulmonary exudate in croupous pneumonia ; frequently associated

with bronchopneumonia, peri- and endocarditis, pleuritis, meningitis,

otitis-media, etc. Also in saliva of healthy man.

17. Str. Weichselbaumii (Trev.) L. and N.

Diplococcus intracellularis-meningitidis Weichselbaum : Fortschritte d. Medizin,

1887, No. 18.

Neisseria Weichselbaumii Trevisan : Gen., 1889, 32.
Streptococcus intracellularis-meningitidis Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896.

Morphology. Cocci in twos, with a capsule. Stain by Gram's method.
Blood serum. In 48 hours colonies 2-3 mm., round, flat, convex, colorle:

moist, glistening ; becoming confluent.

Agar slant. Growth round flat grayish translucent colonies.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid ; a whitish sediment.
Potato. A scanty growth, or invisible.
Litmus milk. Unchanged.

In gelatin. Only feeble growth; no liquefaction.

Pathogenesis. Mice and guinea pigs only feebly or doubtfully affected.
Habitat. In meningeal exudate in an epidemic of cerebrospinal meningitis.

VARIETY. — Streptococcus of Bonome Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology,

1892, 325.
Not sufficiently described to distinguish from the above, except that it does

not grow on blood serum, and is more pathogenic to mice and rabbits.
Habitat. Obtained by Bonome from the exudations in the cerebrospinal

meninges in cerebrospinal meningitis.

1 8. Str. sanguinis Pitfield

Str. sanguinis-canis Pitfield: Queen's Microscopic Bulletin, Philadelphia, 1897, 44.

Morphology. Cocci actively motile, usually occur singly, but occasionally in
pairs. On agar or in bouillon they form long chains. Stain by Gram's
method. Flagella were not stained, but were seen occasionally. Growth
on media white.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to guinea pigs and rabbits. In dogs a local abscess.

Habitat. Found in blood of dogs, in healthy and diseased animals.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 65,

19. Str. mirabilis Roscoe-Lunt

Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, CLXXXIII, 1892, 648.

Morphology. Cocci forming very long chains ; elements 0.4 /A.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: in 4 days, minute, gnarled-convoluted thread-
like masses. Surface colonies: faint transparent expansions, 2 mm.
Microscopically, masses of fine long threads, filamentous.

Gelatin stab. On the surface a thin transparent film, 3-5 mm.

Agar slant. Like growth on gelatin.

Potato. Growth inappreciable.

Bouillon. A fine sediment like masses of threads of cotton wool. Grow in
an atmosphere of hydrogen.

Habitat. Isolated from sewage.

20. Str. conglomerates Kurth

Trans, gth International Med. Congress, Berlin, 1891, 335.

Morphology. Cocci in chains as conglomerate masses. Differs from Str.
pyogenes in that in bouillon cultures at 37° C. there form at the bottom of
the tube smooth, round, very firm white scales, or a single white layer,
which is not disintegrated when the tube is slightly agitated.

Pathogenesis . Very pathogenic for mice.

Habitat. Associated with scarlet fever ; etiological relation undetermined.

21. Str. acidi-lactici (Marpmann)

Sphcerococcus acidi-lactici Marpmann : Erganzungshefte des Centralblatt f. allgemeine
Gesundheitspflege, II, 121.

Morphology. Cocci very small ; oval, in pairs or short chains.

Gelatin colonies. Porcelain-white, the size of a pin's head.

Gelatin stab. In depth but slight growth ; surface growth elevated, white,

with dentate margins, becoming in 6 weeks light yellow.
Milk. Becomes reddish, coagulated, acid.
Habitat. Fresh cow's milk.

22. Str. erysipelatos Fehleisen

Str. erysipelatos Fehleisen : Aetiol des Erysipels, Berlin, 1883.

Str. pyogenes Rosenbach : Mikroorganismen bei den Wundinfectionskrankheiten des-

Menschen, Wiesbaden, 1884.
Str. puerper alls Arloing: Recherches sur les Septicemies, 1884.

Morphology. Cocci about i.o /u,. Chains best seen in bouillon cultures.
Stain by Gram's method. Optimum temperature 37° C.
F

6(5 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Small, round, white, flat to slightly convex. Microscopically,
round, entire — lobed — laciniate, grayish-yellowish, punctiform — finely
granular.

Gelatin stab. Along stab filiform — tuberculate ; on the surface as in plate
cultures.

Agar colonies. As in gelatin. Microscopically round, translucent, grayish
yellow, punctiform — granular.

Agar slant. Minute grayish translucent colonies.

Bouillon. Growth variable, turbid, becoming clear, with sediment.

Milk. Coagulated.

Potato. Growth invisible. Indol negative. H2S slight.

Glucose bouillon. No gas, acid.

Pathogenesis. Virulence variable. Inoculations of mice and rabbits cause
local suppuration, septicaemia, etc. ; bacilli in internal organs.

Habitat. Associated with phlegmonous inflammation and suppurative pro-
cesses; septicaemia, erysipelas, bronchopneumonia, puerperal sep-
ticaemia, angina, etc.

VARIETIES. — V. Lingelsheim, Zeitsch. Hygiene, X, 1891, 331, makes the two
following principal varieties of the species : —

1. Var. brevis. In bouillon form short chains, causing a turbidity of the

medium. Growth on potato evident. Grow at a temperature of
io°-i2° C. Generally non-virulent.

2. Var. longus. In bouillon form long chains of 40 and more elements, the

medium remaining clear, with a heavy slimy or flocculent sediment.
Growth on potato fails. Does not grow below 14-16° C. Generally
notably virulent.

The following forms are also probably identical with one or more of the
varieties of Str. pyogenes : —

a. Str. cadaveris Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.

b. Str. septicus Flligge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

c. Str. of Mannaberg: Centralblatt f. Klin. Med., 1888, No. 30.

23. Str. enteritis var. Libmanii (See No. 2)

Str. enteritis of Libman : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXII, 1887, 380

L. isolated from cases of enteritis a streptococcus which he thinks identical

with Str. enteritis Hirsh, with additional characters.
Morphology. Cocci 0.7-0.9 p.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 6/

Gelatin colonies. In 48 hours, minute points. Microscopically irregular, dark
granular in centre, o.i mm.

Agar colonies. Deep colonies : irregular — oval, coarsely granular, dark yel-
lowish in centre, with a clear erose border. Surface colonies : 24 hours,
minute points. Do not increase in size.

Potato. A moist glistening thin growth composed of small white colonies.

Milk. In 2-3 days coagulated, acid.

Agar slant. A thick glistening layer.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of enteritis.

24. Str. phytophthorus Frank

Die Bakterienkrankheiten der Karto/eln : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, Zweite Abt., V. 1899.

Morphology. Cocci 0.5 /A; occur singly, in twos, and short chains.

Gelatin colonies. Flat, roundish, lobate, white, rosette-like, sunken in the

centre.
Habitat. Associated with a rot and blight of the potato.

25. Str. Grotenfeltii

Str. acidi-lactici, Grotenfelt: Fortschritte d. Medizin, VII, 124.

Morphology. Cocci round-ellipsoidal, 0.5-1.0 : 0.3-0.6 /A.
Gelatin colonies. Round, white.
Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth.
Milk. Coagulated, acid ; no gas ; lactic acid.
Habitat. Milk.

26. Str. proteus

Sir. No. 52 Conn : Report Storr's Ag. Expt. Sta., 1894, 81.

Morphology. Cocci 0.3 /x, forming chains which have a tendency to arrange

themselves in rings. Grow at 35° C.
Gelatin colonies. Smooth, raised, very white, becoming i.o mm.; not

spreading.
Gelatin stab. In depth a good growth ; on the surface growth snow-white,

raised.

Agar slant. Growth smooth, thick, white, glistening.
Milk. Coagulated, acid.
Bouillon. Turbid ; a slight sediment.
Habitat. Milk.

68 BACTERIOLOGY

27. Str. agalactiae Adametz

Sir. mastitidis-sporadictz, Guillebeau; Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, Bd. IV, 1890, 27.
Str. mastitis-epidemiccB, Guill. : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XVIII, 209.
Str. agalacticE Adametz : Milch Zeitung, 1893.

Morphology. Cocci in short-long chains, like Str. pyogenes.

Milk. Yellowish flocculent coagulae, and often much gas. Glucose and milk

sugar converted into lactic acid, CO., and traces of volatile fatty acids and

alcohol.

Habitat. Associated with mastitis of cows and goats.
Str. of mastitis in cows Nocard-Mollereau : Ann. Inst. Pasteur 1887, 109..

Insufficiently described to distinguish from the above.

28. Str. Weissii Trevisan

Attid. Ace. Fis. Med. Stat. Mil., Ser. IV, Vol. Ill, 119.
Mikrokokus der Lungenseuche des Kindes, Pocls-Nolen : Fortschritte d.
Medizin, 1886, 217.

Morphology. Cocci round, 0.8-1.0 //,, singly and in chains of six.

Gelatin colonies. Round, white ; like Friedlander's bacillus.

Pathogenesis. Direct inoculation of cultures into the lungs of cattle, dogs,.

cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs produce pneumonia, with abundant cocci in.

exudate. Subcutaneous inoculations negative.
Habitat. Isolated from lung exudate in pleuropneumonia of cattle.

29. Str. equi Sand-Jensen

Streptococcus der Druse der Pferde Sand-Jensen : Archiv f. wissen. u. prakt. Thierheil-

kunde, XIV, 1887.
Str. equi Sand-Jensen : 1. c.

Morphology. Like Str. pyogenes.

Pathogenesis. Mice inoculated subcutaneously show an abscess at the point

of inoculation, and metastatic suppuration of the lymphatics.
Habitat. Associated with an inflammation of the upper air passages of horsesr

and neighboring lymphatic spaces.

CLASS IV. CHROMOGENIC ; PRODUCE PIGMENT ON GELATIN OR AGAR

I. Pigment yellowish.
A. Gelatin liquefied.

30. Str. "vermiformis Sternberg.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 69

B. Gelatin not liquefied.

31. Sir. aurantiacus (Bruyning).

32. Sir. ochroleucus (Prove) Trev.
II. Pigment violet.

A. Gelatin liquefied.

33. Str.fluorescens (Klamann).

B. Gelatin not liquefied.

34. Sir. violaceus (Schroter) Trev.

30. Str. vermiformis Steinberg

Wurmformiger Streptococcus Maschek : Jahresber. Oberrealschule zu Leitmeritz, 1887.
.Str. vermiformis Sternberg : Manual Bacteriology, 1892.

Morphology. Streptococci, which show slow vermiform movements.' Chains

resemble filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Yellowish white, becoming liquefied ; concentric structure.

Microscopically the colonies show radiate margins.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction rapid ; a dirty yellow sediment.
Potato. A dirty yellow growth.
Habitat. Water.

31. Str. aurantiacus (Bruyning)

Micrococcus aurantiacus-sorghi Bruyning : Archiv. Neerland Sci. Exact, et
Nat., I, 1898, 297.

Morphology. Cocci round-oval, 0.7-0.9 /x, which form chains.

Bouillon. Turbid; medium acid.

Potato. A bright yellow growth.

Milk. Coagulated in 7 days.

On gelatin. A yellow growth.

Pigment. Soluble in alcohol.

Habitat. Isolated from blighted sorghum.

32. Str. ochroleucus (Prove) Trevisan

Micrococcus ochroleucus Prove: Cohn, Beitrage Biol., IV, 409.
Str. ochroleucus Trevisan : Gen., 1889, 31.

Morphology. Cocci 0.5-0.8 /x ; solitary — pairs — chains.
Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours small, colorless, with elevated and wavy
borders.

70 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. On the surface growth, thin, colorless, becoming in 3-4 days

sulphur-yellow.

Pigment. Soluble in alcohol. Old gelatin cultures give off a peculiar odor.
Potato. Growth scarcely visible before the fifth day.
Habitat. Isolated from urine of man.

33. Str. fluorescens (Klamann)

Diplococcus fluorescens-fcetidus Klamann: Allgemeine medizin Centralzeitung, 1887, 1347,

Morphology. Cocci 1.4 /A; diplococci, chains of 6-10. Grow at 37° C.
Gelatin colonies. Surface colonies round, gray brownish, becoming a crateri-

form liquefaction, with a brownish gray sediment. The surrounding

gelatin becomes grassy green — violet.
Gelatin stab. On the surface a round, shallow, crateriform liquefaction, with a

glistening iridescent film, and a greenish gray sediment. Film on surface

violet ; later a saccate liquefaction of the gelatin.
Agar slant. A granular brownish gray growth.

Potato. A greenish growth, becoming bluish green. Potato colored blue.
Habitat. Isolated from posterior nares of man.

34. Str. violaceus (Schroter) Trevisan

Bacteridium violaceum Schroter: Cohn Beitrage Biol., 1870, 122.
Micrococcus violaceus Cohn : Beitrage, 1870, 157.
Streptococcus violaceus Trevisan : Gen., 1889, 31-

Morphology. Cocci elliptical, larger than B. prodigiosus ; in chains.
Gelatin colonies. Slimy, raised, violet.

Potato. Slimy spots, deep violet, becoming coalescent, spreading violet.
Habitat. Water.

SPECIES WITH A THICK GELATINOUS ENVELOPE
35. Str. involutus Kurth

Mitteilungen a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 1893, 439.
Streptococcus d. Maul und Klauenseuche.

In fluid blood-serum growth in upper part of medium, as a bright creamy

layer, composed of zoogloea of streptococci, with gelatinous envelopes.
Habitat. Associated with Maul and Klauenseuche of cattle and sheep.

THE CLASSIFICATION

36. Str. mesenterioides (Cienkowski) Migula

*

Ascococcus mesenterioides Cienkowski : Arbeit, d. Nalurforsch. Gesellsch. Univ.

Charkow, XII, 1878.

Leuconostoc mesenterioides Van Tieghem: Ann. Sci. Nat., 1878.
Str. mesenterioides Migula : Engler-Prantl. Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895.

Morphology. In media free from glucose or cane sugar, like Str. pyogenes.
In saccharine media, as thick white gelatinous clumps, containing chains.
• In the latter gas production and acid.
Milk. Coagulated.
Habitat. Causes a frog-spawn alteration of saccharine solutions.

MICROCOCCUS

Monas Ehrenberg: Die Infusionstierchen als volkommene Organismen, 1838.
Mikrokokkus Hallier, 1866-68.

Micrococcus Cohn : Ueber Bacterien, Beitrage zur Biol. der Pfl., I, 2, 1872, 127.
Ascococcus Billroth : Untersuch. iiber die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria

septica, 1874.

Bacteridium Schroter: Die Pilze, in Kryptogamenflora von Schlesien, 1886.
Lampropedia Schroter : I.e.
Hyalococcus Schroter : I.e.
Leucocystis Schroter : 1. c.

Cells round ; occur singly, in twos, threes, tetrads, and in irregular groups.
Division in two directions of space. Non-motile. Spores absent, at least
never certainly demonstrated.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS

I. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

A. Without pigment on gelatin or agar.
\j i. Do not grow on ordinary culture media, or, at best, but very poorly.

CLASS I, p. 72.
2. Grow on ordinary culture media.

a. Grow best at body temperatures, and not at 20° C.

CLASS II, p. 73-

b. Grow at ordinary room temperatures, 20° C.

* Gelatin liquefied. CLASS III, p. 74.
** Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS IV, p. 82.

-~2 BACTERIOLOGY

B. Doubtfuily chromogenic; growth on gelatin or agar light yellow —

yellowish white.

1. Gelatin liquefied. CLASS V, p. 91.

2. Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS VI, p. 94.

3. Do not grow on gelatin. No. 61.

C. Distinctly chromogenic ; form a pigment on gelatin or agar.

1. Pigment yellowish orange.

a. Gelatin liquefied. CLASS VII, p. 96.

b. Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS VIII, p. 102.

2. Pigment reddish, pinkish, flesh-colored. CLASS IX, p. 105.

3. Pigment bluish black. CLASS X, p. 108.

CLASS I. WITHOUT PIGMENT ON GELATIN OR AGAR. DO NOT
GROW ON ORDINARY CULTURE MEDIA, OR, AT BEST, BUT
VERY POORLY.

I. No growth on ordinary culture media.

1. M. gonorrhoea (Bumm) Fliigge.
( II. Very feeble growth on gelatin or agar.

2. M. catarrhalis Frosch-Kolle.

i. M. gonorrhoeas (Bumm) Fliigge

Gonococcus Neisser : Centralblatt f. Med. Wissensch., 1879, No. 28.

Diplococcus gonorrhoea Bumm : Der Mikroorganismen der gjonorrh. Schleimhauterkrank-

ung, Wiesbaden, 1885.
Micrococcus gonorrhoea Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Coccio .8-1 .o : 0.6-0.8 /x ; in pairs, flattened at points of contact,
or in tetrads. Decolorized by Gram's method. Grow only in specially
prepared media, best in serum agar, one part of human ascites fluid and
two parts of melted agar.

Differential diagnosis. Examination of pus, cover-glass preparations, shows
gonococci within the cells, when stained with alkaline methyl blue : or
stain by Gram's method, and then with aqueous solution of Bismarck
brown.

Pathogenesis . Not pathogenic for smaller laboratory animals. Inoculation
experiments upon man give positive results.

Habitat. In gonorrheal pus, and associated with lesions of subsequent in-
fection.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 73

J 2. M. catarrhalis Frosch-Kolle

Kokkus bei infektioser Bronchitis Seifert : Volkmann's Klin. Vortr., No. 240.
Micrococcus catarrhalis Frosch-Kolle : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 154.

Morphology. Cocci 1.0-2.0 /x, slightly oval, mostly in twos, with a clear space

between, like gonococci.
Decolorized by Gram's method.

Gelatin stab. A slight growth along line of stab ; medium not liquefied.
Agar slant. White colonies like M. pyogenes var. albus. Grow best on blood

agar, as white discrete colonies. Cultures on artificial media die in 3-4 days.
Pathogenesis . Inoculations of smaller animals negative.
Habitat. Associated with an infectious bronchitis ; found in the sputum and

nasal secretions. According to Pfeiffer, perhaps an identical species

is found in the purulent secretions of cases of bronchopneumonia in

children.

CLASS II. WITHOUT PIGMENT. GROW ON ORDINARY CULTURE
MEDIA. DO NOT GROW AT 20° C., OR POORLY IN NO. 3.

I. Gonococcoid forms.

3. M. bovis (Babes).

4. M. Demmei.

II. Staphlococcus forms.

5. M. endocarditis Weichselbaum.

3. M. bovis (Babes).

Hcematococcus bovis Babes : Virchow's Archiv, CXV, 1889.

Morphology. Gonococcoid-oblong forms; isolated or united in groups.

Free cocci surrounded by a pale yellowish shining aureole. Decolorized

by Gram's method. Facultative anaerobic.
Gelatin stab. Along the line of stab a feeble growth, composed of small

white colonies.

r slant. Small transparent colonies.
Potato. At 37° C., growth thin, spreading, yellowish, glistening, scarcely

visible.

Blood Serum. Small, moist, transparent colonies.
Pathogenesis. Inoculations of rabbits and rats positive, with death in 6-8

days ; spleen enlarged, lungs hyperaemic, bloody serum in peritoneal cavity,

cocci in blood. Guinea pigs immune.
Habitat. Isolated from blood and organs of cattle in an epidemic malady

with haemaglobinuria.

4. M. Demmei

Diplococcus of pemphigus acuta Demme : Verhandl. des Vet. Congress fur innere Med. in

Wiesbaden, 1886.

Morphology. Cocci 0.8-1.4 ft, usually in pairs like gonococcus. No capsule ;
usually in irregular masses.

Aerobic. Minimum temperature ± 32° C.

Agar colonies. In 36-48 hours at 37° C., round, raised, milk-white, becoming
rosette-like forms, with outgrowths, or moruloid ; creamy white.

Agar slant. Growth creamy white, with clavate and stalactite elevations.

Potato. At 37° C. a slow growth.

Pathogenesis . Injections into lungs of guinea pigs cause emaciation and de-
bility, with foci of bronchopneumonia.

Habitat. Isolated from contents of bullae in a case of pemphigus.

5. M. endocarditis Weichselbaum

M. endocarditis rugatus Weichselbaum : Ziegler's Beitrage, IV, 1889, 127.

Morphology. Similar to M. pyogenes. Aerobic.

Agar Colonies. Deep colonies : irregular, granular ; a large central, yellowish

brown nucleus, surrounded by a narrow grayish brown periphery. Surface

colonies: a small brown central nucleus, with a translucent granular,

grayish brown periphery, becoming wrinkled, with a stearine lustre, and

viscid.

Potato. At 37° C. a feeble growth, as small, dry, pale brownish masses.
Blood serum. Discrete, confluent, colorless colonies.
Pathogenesis. Rabbits inoculated subcutaneously in ear show a tumification

and oedema. With guinea pigs, a local suppuration. Dogs, inoculated

intravenously, endocarditis.
Habitat. Isolated from affected cardiac valves in fatal cases of ulcerative

endocarditis.

CLASS III. WITHOUT PIGMENT. GROW ON ORDINARY CULTURE
MEDIA AND AT ROOM TEMPERATURES, 20° C. GELATIN
LIQUEFIED.

I. Liquefaction of the gelatin proceeds more or less rapidly.
A. Grow on potato.

I. Growth on potato white.

a. Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place along the entire length
of the stab ; i.e. infundibuliform — cylindrical.

MICROCOCCUS PYOGENES GROUP.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 75

* Species more or less pathogenic.

6. M. pyogenes var. albus Rosenbach.

7. M. mastitis.

8. M. polymyositis Martinotti.
** Saprophytic species. ,

•f Gelatin colonies compact ; border entire — undulate.

9. M. aethebius (Trev.) Flugge.

ft Gelatin colonies with lacerate-fimbriate borders.

10. M. coronatus Flugge.

f ft Gelatin colonies not described.

1 1 . M. liquefaciens.

b. Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place near the surface; i.e.
crateriform becoming stratiform.

* Milk coagulated.

12. M. simplex Wrigh t .

13. M. acidi-lactis Kriiger.
** Milk not coagulated.

14. M. xanthogenicus (Freire) Sternberg.

2. Growth on potato yellowish — yellowish brown.

15. M. Freudenreichii Guillebeau.

1 6. M. radiatus Flugge.

3. No growth on potato.

17. M. dissimilis Dyar.
Liquefaction of the gelatin proceeds very slowly.

A. Liquefaction takes place only on the surface, crateriform.

1 . Gelatin colonies very minute.

1 8. M. ascoformans Johne.

2. Growth on gelatin normal.

19. M. albicans (Trev.) Bumm.

20. M. aerogenes Miller.

21. M.fcetidus Klammen.

B. Liquefaction takes place in depth, infundibuliform.

22. M. alvi.

23. M. Rheni.

6. M. pyogenes var. albus Rosenbach

Wundinfectionskrankh. des Menschen, Wiesbaden, 1884.
Morphology. Cocci ± 0.8 /x ; occur singly and in clumps.
Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: round-oval, yellow to brown, entire, finely
granular. Surf ace colonies : round, irregular, white, becoming 1.5 mm., and

76 BACTERIOLOGY

sunken in the liquefied gelatin ; microscopically, yellowish — brownish
with a transparent border; slightly granular.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction begins in 2-3 days, becoming saccate ; gelatin
turbid, with a heavy sediment.

Agar colonies. Deep colonies : round-oval, grayish yellow, opaque with a granu-
lar border. Surface colonies : round, moist, glistening, becoming several
millimetres in diameter, white ; microscopically, round, entire with a trans-
parent granular zone, and with a gray homogeneous centre.

Bouillon. Turbid, a delicate pellicle, and a heavy white sediment.

Milk. Coagulated.

Potato. Growth limited, white, thick ; cultures have a pasty odor ; H2S pro-
duced ; indol in small amount.

VARIETIES

Staphlococcus epidermis-albus Welch : Am. Jour. Med. Sci., Phila., 1891, 439.

Differs from No. 6 in the following points : Liquefies gelatin more slowly ; does
not quickly cause coagulation of milk, and is much less virulent when in-
jected into the circulation of rabbits.

Habitat. Common on surface of body, and in the deeper parts of the
epidermis.

Staphlococcus pyosepticus Hdricourt-Richet : Compt. rend. CVII, 1888, 690.

Probably a variety of No. 6, but more pathogenic to rabbits, subcutaneous in-
oculations causing extensive inflammatory oedema, with death in 12-24
hours.

7. M. mastitis .

Micrococcus of Gangrenous Mastitis in Sheep, Nocard :
Annales Inst. Pasteur 1, 1887, 417.

Morphology. Cocci solitary, in pairs and irregular clusters. Stain by Gram's
method. Facultative anaerobic.

Gelatin colonies (surface). Round, white; microscopically, round, homo-
geneous, brown, surrounded by a translucent aureole.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform.

Agar stab. A good growth in depth ; on the surface a thick white spreading
growth.

Blood Serum. Liquefied.

Potato. Growth thin, viscid, grayish ; central portion yellowish.

Pathogenesis . Sheep inoculated subcutaneously in the mammary gland show
inflammatory oedema and death in 24-48 hours. Rabbits by subcutaneous
inoculation, show a local abscess. Guinea pigs immune.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 7?

^_^J 8. M. polymyositis Martinotti

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXIII, 1898, 877.

Morphology. Cocci solitary, in pairs and groups. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. In 36 hours white points, becoming in 3 days sunken in
the liquefied gelatin.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours, at 37° C. Deep colonies : convex, grayish white,
with sharp thin edges.

Agar slant. Growth thick, grayish white, becoming spreading.

Gelatin stab. In depth a white stripe. On the surface growth quite spread-
ing. In three days liquefaction begins on the surface, becoming infundi-
buliform. Gelatin turbid, with a white sediment.

Bouillon. In 24 hours, at 37° C., turbid.

Potato. Growth white-gray, becoming deeper-colored.

Milk. Coagulated.

Litmus milk. Reddened.

Pathogenesis . Rabbits inoculated subcutaneously show oedema, redness, and a
gangrenous condition. Animals become greatly emaciated, but generally
recover. Guinea pigs immune.

Habitat. Isolated from an abscess in kidneys in a case of polymyositis acuta.

9. M. aethebius (Trev.) Fltigge

M. urecE-liquefaciens Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
Sir. cethebius Trevisan : Gen. e Spec. Batteriaceae, 1889.

Morphology. Cocci i.2-2.o/x occur singly and in chains of 3-10 elements, or

in irregular groups.
Gelatin colonies. In 2 days small white points ; microscopically, round, dark

gray, entire, becoming yellowish brown granular with an undulate border.
Gelatin stab. Growth along needle track beaded, becoming a liquefied funnel.
Habitat. Air.

10. M. coronatus Fltigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Cocci 0.8-1.6 /x; in chains and clumps.

Gelatin colonies. White ; microscopically, gray, coarsely granular, with lacerate-

fimbriate borders, becoming liquefied funnels.
Agar slant and potato. Growth gray-white, rather dry, spreading.
Bouillon. Feeble growth, turbid. Indol negative. H2S slight.
Milk. In 10 days gelatinous, in 14 days curdled and acid.
Habitat. Air.

78 BACTERIOLOGY

ii. M. liquefaciens v. Besser

M. albus-liquefaciens v. Besser: Beitrage path. Anat., VI, 1889, 46.

Morphology. Cocci round-elliptical; in twos, clumps, and chains. Facul-
tative anaerobic.

Gelatin stab. A saccate liquefaction.

Agar colonies. Elevated, glistening, 0.5 mm. Microscopically, the colonies
show a brownish centre, with an outer concentric zoning.

Potato. Growth white, glistening.

Habitat. Isolated from normal nasal mucus.

12. M. simplex Wright

Memoirs National Academy of Sciences (U. S. A.), VII, 1895, 32.

Morphology. Cocci medium-sized ; in pairs, tetrads, and clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: dark brownish, granular; entire — irregular
margins. Surface colonies : in 3 days round, glistening, white, trans-
lucent, i.o mm. Microscopically, dense-opaque, granular ; later immersed
in a clear liquid and somewhat fragmented.

Gelatin stab. In depth a filiform growth ; on the surface liquefaction crateri-
form, becoming stratiform. Gelatin rendered alkaline.

Agar slant. Growth milk-white, glistening, limited.

Bouillon. Turbid, alkaline, with flocculi on the surface and a white flaky
sediment.

Potato. Growth feeble, composed of whitish discrete colonies.

Litmus milk. In 2 weeks viscid ; pink above, decolorized below, becoming
coagulated and acid.

Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Unchanged. Indol? No nitrites. Grow at 36° C.

Habitat. Water.

13. M. acidi-lactis Kriiger.

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VII, 1890, 495.

Morphology. Cocci oval, 1.0-1.5 AM i*1 twos and tetrads. Facultative

anaerobic.

Gelatin colonies. Round, white, border lacerate.
Gelatin stab. In depth growth beaded ; on the surface growth round, white,

becoming sunken in the liquefied gelatin.
Milk. Coagulated, becoming slimy, peptonized, and has a pasty odor. Lactic

acid produced.
Habitat. Isolated from cheesy butter.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 79

14. M. xanthogenicus (Freire) Sternberg

Cryptococcus xanthogenicus Freire.

Micrococcus of Freire Sternberg : Manual of BaJ^nology, 1892.

Morphology. Cocci 0.5-0.8 /x ; occur singly, in twos and in groups. Stain by
Gram's method. <f

Gelatin stab. A crateriform liquefaction, becoming stratiform, with a milk-
white sediment.

Agar stab. In depth growth white-opaque ; on the surface soft, milk-white.

Potato. Growth milk-white, limited.

Pathogenesis. Guinea pigs, negative. According to Freire the organism is
pathogenic in summer, and for small birds.

Habitat. Isolated from cases of yellow fever and supposed by Freire to be
the cause of the disease.

15. M. Freudenreichii Guillebeau

Schweizer Archiv. f. Thierheilkunde, XXXIV, 1892, 128.

Morphology. Cocci large, 2.0 //, and more ; occur singly, rarely in chains.

Gelatin colonies. White, entire, granular; liquefied in 2 days.

Agar slant. Growth white.

Potato. Growth yellowish — yellowish brown.

Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear, with a flocculent sediment.

Milk. Coagulated, viscid, acid.

Habitat. Milk and cheese.

1 6. M. radiatus Fliigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Cocci small, 0.8-1.0 /A; occur singly, in short chains and

clumps.
Gelatin colonies. Large white ; in 2 days slightly liquefied, with a yellowish

green fluorescence. Microscopically brownish yellow, granular ; border

fimbriate — ciliate. Colonies become 10-15 mm. in diameter, and show

a concentrically zoned structure.
Gelatin stab. Growth along line of stab arborescent, becoming an infundi-

buliform liquefaction.
Potato. Growth yellowish brown.
Habitat. Air and water.

8o BACTERIOLOGY

17. M. dissimilis Dyar

Trans. N. Y. Acad. of Sci., VIII, 1895, 353.

Morphology. Cocci i.o/x; in masses.

Gelatin colonies. Round, opaque, surrounded by an obscure granular veil.

Agar slant. Growth white, opaque.

Milk. Coagulated. Nitrates reduced to nitrites after 28 days.

Litmus milk. Color unchanged.

Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Unchanged. Gelatin rapidly liquefied.

Habitat. Air.

1 8. M. ascoformans Johne

Berichte Veterinarwesen in K. Sachsen, 1885, 27.

M. botryogenus Rabe : Deutsche Zeitsch. f. Thiermedizin, 1886, 137.

Morphology. Diplocoeci and tetrads, similar to M. luteus.

Gelatin colonies. Very minute, like granules ; microscopically round, entire,.

without special characters.
Gelatin stab. In depth growth white, filiform; on the surface a slow crateri-

form liquefaction.

Potato. Growth yellowish, with a fruity odor.
Agar slant. Growth scarcely visible.
Pathogenesis . Guinea pigs die of septicaemia. Mice immune. Rabe and

Kitt by inoculations produced true fibroma in horses. Inoculations of

sheep cause inflammation, cetlema, and necrosis.
Habitat. Associated with botryomycosis in horses.

19. M. albicans (Trev.) Bumm

Gray white micrococcus Bumm : Der Mikroorg. Schleimhauterkrank., 1885, 25.

Neissera albicans Trevisan : Gen. e Spec. Batteriaceae, 1889.

M. albicans-amplus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 186.

Morphology. Diplocoeci like gonococcus, but larger, 2-2.8 /*, or in groups of

3-4 elements.

Gelatin colonies^ Grayish white, slightly elevated.
Gelatin stab. In depth a grayish white stripe; on the surface a grayish

white growth ; after a time a liquefaction takes place under the surface

growth.
Habitat. Isolated from vaginal secretions.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 8l

20. M. aerogenes Miller

Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, 1883, No. 3.

Morphology. Cocci large, oval.

Gelatine colonies. Round, smooth.

Gelatin stab. In depth a brownish yellow line ; on the surface a flat grayish

white button ; a slight liquefaction after some days.
Agar slant. Growth yellowish white.
Potato. Growth yellowish white.
Habitat. Found in the alimentary canal.

21. M. foetidus Klamman

Allg. med. Centralzeitung, 1887, 344.

Morphology. Cocci of irregular sizes ; occur singly, in pairs, short chains, and
irregular groups. Single diplococci 1.4 /tx. At 37° C. only slight growth.

Gelatin colonies. White, round-oval.

Gelatin stab. Growth milk-white, glistening, with an elevated knobby surface,
becoming concentric and brownish. Liquefaction occurs slowly. Cul-
tures have a disagreeable odor of ozaena.

Agar slant. Growth irregular, white, spreading.

Potato. Growth irregular, slimy, pale reddish gray, with a knobby surface.
Odor of ozaena.

Habitat. Isolated from the posterior nares of man.

22. M. alvi

M. albus liquefaciens Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.

Morphology. Cocci 0.8-1.2, often oval, and 3.0 ju, long; in irregular groups.
Considerably larger than M. pyogenes.

Gelatin colonies. Round, white ; after some time a liquefaction of the surround-
ing gelatin takes place.

Gelatin stab. In depth a feeble growth, later a funnel of liquefaction, with a
scum on the liquefied gelatin.

Agar slant and blood serum. Growth white ; latter not liquefied.

Potato. Growth very scanty, thin, colorless, becoming a collection of white
button-like masses.

Habitat. Isolated from alvine discharges of healthy infants.

.82 BACTERIOLOGY

23. M. Rheni

Rhine Water Micrococcus Burri : Archiv f. Hygiene, XIX, 1893, *•

Morphology. Cocci variable 0.5-1.25 p ; scarcely ever quite round, mostly flat-
tened ; in tetrads.

Gelatin Colonies. Deep colonies: Lenticular, granular near the periphery,
Surface colonies: In 2-3 days, white; microscopically round; border
slightly irregular, granular ; after 7 days still small, when they begin to
sink in the softened gelatin.

Gelatin stab. In 2 days a slight depression, which later resembles an air
bubble, becoming in 7 days a narrow funnel, with a white granular sedi-
ment, and a surface scum. Liquefaction takes place slowly.

Glycerin agar colonies. Deep colonies : Like gelatin colonies. Surface
colonies: In 2 days, white, glistening, slightly convex; microscopically
granular. Growth viscid.

Bouillon. Turbid, not clearing; finally a granular white sediment.

Milk. No appreciable growth, and no coagulation.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Pathogenesis. Guinea pigs, negative.

Habitat. Rhine water.

CLASS IV. WITHOUT PIGMENT. GROW ON ORDINARY CULTURE MEDIA
AND AT ROOM TEMPERATURES 20° C. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Gelatin colonies distinctly filamentous or arborescent.

24. M. viticulosus Fliigge.

25. M. stellatus Maschek.

II. Gelatin colonies compact.

A. Cocci in tetrads, surrounded by a capsule.

26. M. tetragenus Koch-Gaffky.

27. M. Mendozce (Trevisan) Mendoza.

B. Cocci morphologically identical with gonococcus.

28. M. tardissimus (Trev.) Bumm.

29. M. magnus (Rosenthal).

C. Cocci united in zooglcea masses.

30. M. candidus Cohn.

D. Cocci not as before specified, staphlococci.
i. Colonies concentrically zoned.

a. Growth on gelatin dirty white, yellowish white.

31. M. eczema.

32. M. Sornthalii Adametz.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

b. Growth on gelatin thin bluish gray.

33. M. concentricus Zimmerman.
2. Colonies not concentrically zoned.

a. Growth on potato invisible, or very scanty..

* From animal habitats, or pathogenic.

34. M. cumulatus v. Besser.

35. M. salivarius Biondi.

36. M. beta.

** Terrestrial species ; in water, milk, etc.

37. M. aquatilis Vaughan.

38. M. tenacatis.

39. M. acidi-lactici (Lindner).

40. M. cerevisce (Balcke).

b. Growth on potato abundant^

* Gelatin colonies distinctly lobed.

41. M. fervidosus Adametz.

42. M. rosettaceus (Zimmerman).
** Gelatin colonies not distinctly lobed.

f Milk coagulated.

43. M. ovalis Escherich.
ft Milk not coagulated.

§ Potato cultures yellowish-brownish.

44. M. lac t is.

§§ Potato cultures whitish-grayish.

45. M. candicans Fliigge.

46. M. nivalis.

24. M. viticulosus Fltigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 178.

Morphology. Cocci oval, 1.0-1.2 /A; occur as zobgloea masses.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies : Show a network of hairy ramifications, like
B. Zopfi, consisting of zoogloea. Surf ace colonies : Thin, cloudy, opaque,
whitish, from which fine threads penetrate into the gelatin.

Gelatin stab. Along line of puncture a villous-feathery growth ; on the sur-
face like surface colonies.

Potato. A dirty white growth.

Habitat. Air and water.

84 BACTERIOLOGY

25. M. stellatus Maschek

Jahresbericht der Oberrealschule zu Leitmeritz, 1887.

Morphology. Cocci never in chains.

Gelatin colonies. Star-shaped, due to numerous extensions, the ends of which

are branched.

Gelatin stab. Along line of stab an arborescent growth.
Potato. A brownish yellow, slimy growth.
Habitat. Water.

26. M. tetragenus Koch-Gaffky

Mitteilungen a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, II, 1884, 42.

Morphology. Cocci round-oval, i.o p., variable; in animal body as tetrads,

the latter surrounded by a capsule.
Aerobic, only slight growth under anaerobic conditions.
Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies : Irregular, entire, opaque, granular — moruloid —

nodular. Surface colonies : Small, irregular, entire, white, moist, slightly

raised. Microscopically round, entire, becoming lobed-lacerate, gray.
Gelatin stab. A white beaded growth along line of stab ; on the surface in

10 days a white, thick growth.

Agar slant. A thick, slimy, grayish yellow, moist, glistening growth.
Bouillon. Medium clear, with a sediment.
Milk. May or may not be coagulated.
Potato. Growth thick, white, viscid, limited.

Glucose bouillon. Rendered acid. Indol negative. H2S negative.
Pathogenesis. Mice inoculated subcutaneously show, somnolence in 2 days,

and die in 3-6 days. Bacilli in spleen, liver, kidneys, and lung. Guinea

pigs show a local abscess or septicaemia. Intraperitoneal inoculations

cause a purulent peritonitis.
Habitat. Found in phthisical cavities, and in sputum.

27. M. Mendozae (Trev.) Mendoza

M. tetragenus-mobilis Mendoza: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 1889, 506.
Gaffkya Mendoza Trevisan : Saccardo, Sylog. Fungorum, VIII, 1043.

Morphology. Cocci in tetrads, surrounded by a capsule.

Gelatin colonies. Round, dirty white, finely granular.

Gelatin stab. On the surface a dirty white growth. Old cultures give off an.

odor of skatol.

Agar slant. Growth dirty white.
Habitat. Isolated from the contents of the stomach.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 85

28. M. tardissimus (Trev.) Bumm

Milk-white Micrococcus Bumm : Mikroorganismus der gon. Schleimhauterk., 1885.
Diplococcus albicans-tardissimus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
Neisseria tardissima Trevisan : Gen. e spec. Batteriaceae, 1889.

Morphology. Gonococcoid forms.

Gelatin colonies. Small, punctiform ; microscopically round, opaque, brownish

gray ; colonies in 2 weeks become 2 mm. in diameter.
Gelatin stab. A grayish white beaded growth along the line of inoculation ;

on the surface, growth thin, white, stearine-like, with dentate margins.
Habitat. Found in vaginal secretions, especially those of puerperal women.

29. M. magnus (Rosenthal)

Diplococcus magnus Rosenthal : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXV, 1899, I.

Morphology. A diplococcus with a distinct capsule, also gonococcoid-like

forms. Non-motile. Decolorized by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. After some days, yellowish white, convex.
Glycerin agar colonies. In 24 hours, convex, grayish white, with a fatty

lustre, radially striped and concentrically ringed, with a sharp indented

border ; opalescent.
Gelatin stab. Very small colonies along line of stab, and a small segmented

colony on the surface.

Agar slant. In 18 hours at 37° C. a growth composed of punctiform colonies.
Glycerin agar slant. A scanty growth composed of minute colonies, scarcely

discernible to the naked eye.
Agar stab. In depth a slight growth ; on the surface growth grayish white,

segmented and radially striped.
Gelatin slant. As on glycerin agar.
Bouillon. In 24 hours, at 16-18°, turbid; little sediment.
Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Potato. An abundant growth, as orange-yellow points.
Habitat. Isolated from the air.

30. M. candidus Cohn

Beitrage Biologic, I, 1875, 160.

Morphology. Cocci round, 0.5-0.7 /x.

Gelatin colonies. Snow-white ; margins irregular, granular.

86 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. A scanty growth along line of stab ; a flat, milky-white growth

on the surface.

Agar slant. A milk-white growth.
Habitat. Water.

31. M. eczemae

Diplococcus albicans-tardus Unna : Tomasoli, Monatsch. prakt. Dermatol, IX, 1889, 54,

Morphology. Oval diplococci, often in short chains or irregular groups.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: oval, dark yellow. Surface: round, elevated,.

grayish yellow; in 8 days 2 mm. Microscopically granular, grayish

yellow.
Gelatin stab. Scanty growth in depth ; on the surface growth thin, waxy.,

yellowish white.

Agar slant. A yellowish gray, dull streak.
Habitat. Upon the surface of the body in eczema.

32. M. Sornthalii Adametz*

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, 2d. abt., 1895, 4^5-

Morphology. Cocci round-oval, 0.7 /x ; in twos, fours, clumps, and short chains
of 6-8 elements.

Gelatin colonies. Surface: white, flat, slimy, in 8-10 days, 4-5 mm. ; micro-
scopically, dirty — yellowish white, concentric ; centre brownish opaque ;
border thin erose.

Lactose gelatin stab. A beaded growth in depth ; on surface growth dirty-
yellowish white, slimy.

Milk. Coagulated, acid ; gas.

TT _

Lactose bouillon. Gas — — = — •
CO2 3

Habitat. Milk, cheese.

33. M. concentricus Zimmerman

Bak. Trink u. Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1890.

Morphology. Cocci 0.9/11; in irregular clumps.

Gelatin colonies: Deep : round, light brown — grayish yellow, granular, con-
centrically zoned. Surface: small, bluish gray disks, becoming larger
and more irregular, with lobate periphery. Microscopically, a grayish
brown irregular-edged and lobate centre, with a lighter granular ring and
a whitish glistening border.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 8f

Gelatin stab. On surface growth thin bluish gray, concentric.
Agar slant. Growth thin, spreading, bluish gray — whitish.
Potato. Growth thin, yellowish gray, slimy.
Habitat. Water.

34. M. cumulatus v. Besser

M. cumulatus-tenuis v. Besser : Beitrage Path. Anat., VI, 347.

Morphology. Cocci large, oval ; in masses.

Gelatin stab. In depth growth white, beaded ; on the surface elevated slightly,.

or flat, transparent.
Agar colonies. Surface . elevated, punctiform, 0.2 mm., becoming 5 mm.,

flat and transparent; microscopically, shows a brownish nucleus with a

grayish brown border ; wrinkled.
Potato. Only a scanty growth.
Bouillon. Remains clear, with a sediment.
Habitat. Common in nasal mucus in man.

35. M. salivarius Biondi

M. salivarius- septic us Biondi : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, II, 1887, 194.

Morphology. Cocci round — slightly oval. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Surface : round, grayish white, which may become darker.

Gelatin stab. In depth beaded, white.

Potato. Growth scanty.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits cause dea.th in

4-6 days. Cocci in organs. No inflammatory reactions in tissues.
Habitat. Saliva of man.

36. M. beta Foutin

Coccus B Foutin : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 1890, 372.

Morphology. Cocci large, round, i .o /x ; in twos, threes, and short chains.
Gelatin colonies. Surface: 6 days, round, i.o mm., white, slightly raised;

microscopically, gray — yellowish gray, slightly granular towards periphery,

smooth, and sometimes lobular.
Gelatin stab. The growth in depth shows lateral extensions ; surface colony

flat.

Agar slant. Growth white, smooth, glistening, rimmed.
Potato. A thin, scanty, almost transparent, whitish growth.
Pathogenesis. White rats inoculated intraperitoneally died in 5-6 days ; cocci

in blood, liver, and spleen.
Habitat. Isolated from hail.

88 BACTERIOLOGY

37. M. aquatilis Vaughan

M. aquatilis-invisibilis Vaughan : Am. Jour. Med. Sci., 1892.

Morphology. Cocci oval.

Gelatin colonies. Spreading irregularly ; microscopically deep brown.

Gelatin stab. Only a slight growth in depth ; on surface growth spreading.

Agar slant. Growth thin, white.

Potato. Growth invisible.

Pathogenesis . Negative.

Habitat. Water.

38. M. tenacatis

M. No. 43 Conn : Conn. (Storrs) Ag. Expt. Sta. Report, 1894, 78.

Morphology. Cocci oval, 0.7-0.9 ju,.

Gelatin colonies. Round, smooth, white ; slightly raised.

Gelatin stab. In depth a good beaded growth ; on surface colony raised,

transparent, becoming thick, white.

Agar slant. Growth thin, transparent, tenacious, yellow.
Potato. No visible growth.
Milk. Unchanged, becoming slightly acid.
Bouillon. Turbid ; dense yellowish sediment, becoming clear.
Habitat. Milk.

39. M. acidi-lactici (Lindner)

Pediococcus acidi-lactici Lindner: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, II, 1887, 342.

Morphology. Cocci 0.6-1.0, solitary, pairs, and tetrads. Optimum temper-'j
ature 41° C.

Gelatin colonies. Small, colorless, becoming yellowish brown.

Agar stab. On surface growth thin, colorless, moist, glistening.

Potato. Growth scanty, scarcely visible. Lactic acid is produced in saccha-
rine media.

Habitat. In mash from malt, and in hay infusions.

40. M. cerevisiae (Balcke)

Pasteur: Etudes sur la biere, 1876 ; no name.

Pediococcus cerevisice Balcke : Wochenschrift f. Brauerei, 1884, 183.

Morphology. Cocci, single, in twos and as tetrads ; involution forms.
Gelatin colonies. Small, colorless, becoming yellowish brown.
Gelatin stab. In depth a grayish stripe; on the surface growth white, leafy,
spreading.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 89

Agar slant. Growth moist, grayish white, iridescent, with smooth border.
Potato. A scanty, scarcely visible growth. Optimum temperature 25° C. In

hop beerwort a good growth, with a pellicle, and production of lactic acid.
Habitat. In beer, air of breweries, water. A common cause of turbidity in

beer.

41. M. fervidosus Adametz

Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1888.

Morphology. Cocci 0.6 /x, diplococci, and in clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: entire, light yellow, strongly refracting. Surface:
5-6 days, transparent, yellow, serrate-lobate ; later colonies show a
brownish granular centre, and a yellowish, slightly folded border.

Gelatin stab. In depth a beaded growth ; on surface growth round, thin, and
finely serrate.

Glycerin gelatin stab. Bubbles of gas.

Agar slant. Growth milk-white, slimy, iridescent.

Potato. Growth dirty white.

Habitat. Water.

42. M. rosettaceus Zimmerman

Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Chemnitz, 1899.

Morphology. Cocci round-elliptical, 0.7-1.0 /x; in clumps,' like a bunch of

grapes.
Gelatin colonies . Deep: round, entire. Surface: grayish yellow, glistening,

drop-like expansions, with irregular contours.
Gelatin stab. In depth but slight growth ; on surface colony round, spreading,

with rosette-shaped expansions.

Agar slant. Growth smooth, gray, glistening, spreading.
Potato. Growth yellowish gray.
Habitat. Water.

43. M. ovalis Escherich

Die Darmbakterien des Sauglings, 1886, 90.

Morphology. Cocci oval, 0.2-0.3 /"•! sometimes as short rods with a fission

line.

Gelatin colonies. Small, not characteristic.

Gelatin stab. In depth a thin whitish growth ; on surface little or no growth.
Potato. Growth rather abundant ; white.
Milk. Coagulated, acid.
Habitat. In menconium and fasces of milk-fed infants.

90 BACTERIOLOGY

44. M. lactis

M. No. 44, Conn : I.e. 1894, 79.

Morphology. Cocci round, very large, 1.5 /A.

Gelatin colonies. Round, smooth, raised, gray white.

Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; on surface growth thin, transparent,

and slightly spreading.

Agar slant. Growth thin, dry, whitish, iridescent, tough.
Potato. Growth yellowish-brownish.
Milk. Unchanged.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no pellicle.
Habitat. Milk.

45. M. candicans Fltigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 173.

Morphology. Cocci 1.0-1.2 //.; occur singly and in clumps, with generally a

septum in centre. Grows at 37° C.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round-lenticular, opaque, dark, entire. Surface:

round, glistening, porcelain-white, slightly raised (convex), thinner on

margin. In 8 days colonies 2-3 mm.
Gelatin stab. In depth growth white, filiform — beaded; on surface growth

white, glistening, raised.

Agar slant. Growth white, limited, slightly raised, greasy.
Bouillon. Turbid with a pellicle, becoming clear.
Milk. Not coagulated ; in 14 days slightly acid.
Potato. Growth thick, white, greasy, with wavy edges.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. I ndol negative. Sulphuretted hydrogen negative.
Habitat. Air, water, milk, urine, etc.

46. M. nivalis

M. No. 47, Conn : I.e., 1894, 80.

Morphology. Cocci round, 0.4 //,. Grow at 35° C.

Gelatin colonies. Small, round, smooth, raised, whitish.

Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; on surface growth thick, moist,

slightly spreading.

Agar slant. Growth moist, snow-white, slightly spreading.
Potato. Growth very watery, spreading, snow-white.
Milk. Unchanged, becoming in 3 weeks slightly alkaline.
Bouillon. Turbid, in 4 weeks clear.
Habitat. From the air.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 91

CLASS V. DOUBTFULLY CHROMOGENIC ; i.e. GROWTH ON GELATIN
OR AGAR LIGHT YELLOW TO YELLOWISH WHITE. GELATIN
LIQUEFIED.
I. Cocci surrounded by a capsule.

47. M, Heydenreichii.

I. Cocci not surrounded by a capsule.

A. Gonococcoid forms.

48. M. hcemorrhagicus Klein.

B. Cocci only as tetrads, merismopedia forms.

49. M. expositionis.

C. Cocci in irregular groups.

1. Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place only at the surface — crateri-

form.

50. M. Finlayensis Sternberg.

51. M. descidens Fliigge.

52. M. alpha Foutin.

53. M. tetragenus-pallidus Dyar.

2. Gelatin liquefied along the length of the needle track.

54. M. cremoides Zimmerman.

47. M. Heydenreichii

M. of Briska-button Heydenreich : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, V, 1888, 163.

Morphology. Diplococci 0.8-1.0 p., or tetrads, surrounded by a capsule.

Gelatin stab. In 48 hours a grayish white beaded growth in depth ; on the
surface growth thin, yellowish white ; in 3 days a liquefied funnel.

Agar slant. Growth grayish white — yellowish, — with a varnish-like lustre.

Potato. Growth white, yellow.

Pathogenesis . Inoculations of rabbits, dogs, chickens, horses, and sheep pro-
duce a skin affection identical with briska-button.

Habitat. Found by H. in pus and serous fluid from tumors and ulcers in
an Oriental skin affection — briska-button.

48. M. haemorrhagicus E. Klein

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXXII, 1897, 81.

Morphology. Cocci 0.4-0.6 /x, of gonococcoid type. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Surface : 24 hours, small round gray points ; microscopi-
cally, with thick centres and thin borders. In 48 hours the gelatin softens,
and colonies are surrounded; by a zone of fluid gelatin ; the central colony
slightly yellowish.

92 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar colonies. In 24 hours, at 37° C, surface colonies round, white, and
slightly raised ; microscopically, brown, granular, light yellowish, thicker
in the middle and with a narrow thin translucent border, 1-1.5 mm- ?
radially striped.

Agar slant. Growth flat, only slightly raised ; white, becoming yellowish
toward the centre ; with a thin border.

Gelatin slant. A whitish gray streak, becoming slowly liquefied, with yellow-
ish pulverent masses in liquid gelatin.

Gelatin stab. Growth in depth yellowish brown, beaded ; on surface growth
white, flat, spreading, becoming sunken; later a funnel with grayish
white — yellowish sediment.

Glucose gelatin stab. No gas ; a growth in depth.

Litmus bouillon. Reduced.

Milk. In 8-9 days at 37° C. ; coagulated.

Litmus milk. In 4 days, red.

Potato. At 37°. C. ; growth grayish-yellowish.

Blood serum. Not liquefied ; growth yellowish where thickest.

Habitat. Associated with an erythema of the skin, simulating anthrax.

I 49. M. expositionis

M. No. 34, Conn.: I.e., 1894, 77.

Morphology. Cocci 0.4 /x, with characteristics of merismopedia. Grow at

35° C.

Gelatin colonies. Surface: A liquid pit, with a nucleus, and cloudy edges.
Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; on the Surface a slight growth, not

spreading, rather thick, and does not very thoroughly liquefy the gelatin.
Agar slant. Growth thick, moist, with thin edges tinged with yellow.
Potato. No visible growth.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a tough yellowish sediment, becoming in 4

weeks clear.
Habitat. Milk.

50. M. Finlayensis Sternberg

Report on Etiology and Prevention of Yellow Fever, Washington, 1891, 219.

Morphology. - Cocci 0.5-0.7 /x, solitary — pairs — tetrads — irregular masses.
Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; on the surface a crateriform depres-
sion, lined with a viscid, light yellow layer of cocci.
Agar slant. Growth light yellow, viscid.
Pathogenesis. Negative for guinea pigs and rabbits.
Habitat. In cultures from liver and spleen of yellow fever cadaver.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 93

51. M. descidens Fliigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Small cocci and diplococci, or in threes and short chains.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : 2 days, small, white-yellowish ; microscopically oval,
• yellowish brown, granular. Surface: 4 days, round-lobular, 5-10 mm.,

light yellowish-brownish smooth slimy expansions, not at all elevated;

finally colonies sink in a flat circular depression.
Gelatin stab. In depth growth white, filiform ; on surface growth yellowish

brown, slimy, becoming sunken. '
Potato. Growth yellowish brown,. thick, "slimy.
Habitat. Air and water.

52. M. alpha Foutin

Coccus A Foutin: Centralblatt f. Bakteriotogie, VII, 1890, 372.

Morphology. Cocci round. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. In 4 days, elevated white disks; microscopically, darker in

centre ; periphery lighter and slightly granular.
Gelatin stab. But scanty growth in depth ; on surface a yellowish nailhead ;

liquefaction begins in 5-6 days, and proceeds slowly. j

Agar slant. Growth light rose-colored, smooth, glistening.
Potato. Growth like B. typhosus.
Pathogenesis. Negative for mice and guinea pigs.
Habitat. Found in hail.

53. M. tetragenus-pallidus Dyar

L.c., p. 354. According to Dyar, a variety of M. tetragenus-vividus t No. 74.

54. M. cremoides Zimmerman

Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Chemnitz, 1890.

Morphology. Cocci 0.8 //,, in clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, entire, yellowish — grayish brown, granular.
Surface: lobular-denticulate, concentric, crateriform ; the yellowish white
colony lines the bottom ; microscopically, a brownish yellow granular cen-
tre, and a less dense granular border, with radial extensions.

Gelatin stab. In 3 to 4 days liquefaction extends along the line of the needle ;
on the surface, a bubble of gas lined with a yellowish white growth ; a
yellowish white sediment in the liquefied gelatin, and a pellicle on the
surface.

94

BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth yellowish white, glistening, granulated.
Potato. Growth raised, creamy.
Habitat. Water.

CLASS VI. DOUBTFULLY CHROMOGENIC, i.e. GROWTH ON GELA-
TIN OR AGAR LIGHT YELLOW OR YELLOWISH WHITE. GEL-
ATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Cocci very large, 1.5-2.0 microns in diameter.

55. M. citreus Sternberg.
II. Cocci smaller than the preceding.

A. Growth in gelatin stab beset with radiate acicular extensions.

56. M. plumosus Brautigam.

B. Gelatin stab cultures not as above specified.

1. Grow well in nutrient gelatin.

57. M. viridis (Guttmann).

2. Growth in gelatin slight, colonies very small.

58. M. versicolor Fliigge.

59. M. tardigradus Fliigge.

60. M. Jongii.

3. No growth in gelatin.

61. M. subflavus v. Besser.

55. M. citreus Sternberg

Cremfarbiger micrococcus List : Adametz, Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1888.
M. citreus Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892; 599.

Morphology. Cocci very large, round, 1.5-2.2, occur singly, as diplococci, or
as chains of 8 or more elements.

Gelatin colonies. Elevated, irregular, moist, glistening, dirty yellow — cream-
colored.

Gelatin stab. Only a slight growth in depth.

Agar slant. Growth light yellow.

Potato. At 37°, a yellowish growth.

Habitat. Water.

56. M. plumosus Brautigam

Adametz, Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1888.

Morphology. Cocci round, 0.8 /A, forming zob'gloea.
Gelatin colonies. Raised, lobed, yellowish white.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 95

Gelatin stab. The growth in depth is beset with echinulate-acicular exten-
sions ; on surface, growth slimy, with radiating acicular outgrowths.
Potato. Growth yellowish white, with lobular offshoots.
Habitat. Water.

57. M. viridis (Guttmann)

Staphlococcus viridis-flavescens Guttmann : Virchow's Archiv, CVI, 1887, 259.

Morphology. Cocci of irregular sizes, solitary, in pairs and clumps.
Gelatin colonies. Both deep and surface colonies grayish yellow.
Agar stab. At 37° C, 24 hours, growth grayish yellow.
Potato. Growth at 37° C. abundant.
Habitat. Water (?).

58. M. versicolor Fliigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 177.

Morphology. Cocci in twos and clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, entire, yellowish gray, opaque, granular, I mm.
Surface: in 4 days 10 mm., irregular — quadrangular — lobed, slimy, glis-
tening, yellowish gray, iridescent, often punctiform in centre.

Gelatin stab. In depth, yellowish, beaded ; on the surface, like gelatin col-
onies.

Habitat. Air.

59. M. tardigradus Fliigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 175.

Morphology. Cocci large, round, in clumps, with often darker poles.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round-oval, entire, dark olive-green, 0.4-0.6 mm.
Surface: slightly elevated, smooth, glistening, 0.5-1.0 mm.; micro-
scopically, grayish yellow, lighter toward the periphery.

Gelatin stab. In depth, after 6-8 days, a beaded growth, composed of yel-
lowish colonies.

Habitat. Air.

60. M. Jongii

Staphlococcus pyogenes bovis Jong : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXV, 1899, 67.

Morphology. Cocci 0.6-1.0 /A, variable in size, singly, and in clumps. Stain

with ordinary colors. Stain by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. In 24-48 hours, minute, round-oval, whitish yellow to yellow ;

microscopically, light — dark brown.
Gelatin slant. Yellow round colonies, or a yellow layer.
Gelatin stab. In depth, white — yellowish white round-oval colonies ; on the

surface, a minute golden yellow growth.

96 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant and glycerine agar slant. A good growth, which at 37° C. is yellow,
and at 22° C. a whitish yellow.

Blood serum. Growth whitish yellow.

Potato. Growth glistening, whitish yellow.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Bouillon. Turbid, stringy sediment. Media first rendered alkaline, then acid.
Indol negative.

Glucose, lactose, and saccharose bouillon. No gas.

Pathogenesis . Dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs negative by subcutaneous, intra-
venous, and intraperitoneal injections.

Habitat. Associated with suppurating processes in cattle.

6 1. M. subflavus v. Besser

M. tetragenus-subflavus v. Besser : Ziegler's Beitrage path. Anat., 1889, 331.

Morphology. Cocci round-oval, medium-sized, in tetrads. Do not grow in

nutrient gelatin.
Agar colonies. Flat, dirty white, glistening, 0.5 mm., with wrinkled margins ;

microscopically, a small brown nucleus, a grayish brown irregular-striped

zone, and a wrinkled outer margin.
Agar slant. Growth flat, spreading, grayish white ; later, the color of M.

pyogenes aureus.
Potato. Growth pale brown.
Habitat. Isolated from nasal mucus.

CLASS VII. DISTINCTLY CHROMOGENIC. FORMS A PIGMENT ON
GELATIN OR AGAR. PIGMENT YELLOWISH-ORANGE. GELATIN
LIQUEFIED.

I. Typical gonococcoid forms.

62. M. epidermis.

H. Sarcina, or typical tetrad grouping of the elements.

63. M. albus (Lindner).

III. Staphlococcus grouping of the elements.

A. Gelatin liquefied along the length of the stab, or to a considerable

depth.
I. Gelatin rapidly liquefied.

64. M. pyogenes var. aureus Rosenbach.

65. M. aureus Dyar. /

66. M.flavus Flligge.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 97

2. Gelatin liquefied slowly, or imperfectly.

67. M. luteus Cohn.

68. M. Urugucs.

B. Gelatin liquefied only on the surface ; shallow, crateriform.

1 . Colonies with distinct lobular projections from the central body.

69. M. conglomerate (Bumm) Fliigge.

70. M.flavus Fliigge.

2. Colonies not specified as before.

a. Potato cultures salmon-colored — brown; rough — rugose.

71. M. rugosus.

b. Potato cultures yellow, not rugose.

72. M. orbicular is Ravenel.

73. M. Tommasoli.

74. M. versatilis Sternberg.

62. M. epidermis

Diplococcusfiavus-liquefaciens Unna : Tommasoli, Monatshefte f. prakt. Dermatol.,

IX, 56.

Morphology, Cocci 0.5-0.8 /x, like gonococci^

Gelatin colonies. Deep : small, round, opaque, olive-brownish yellow. Surface :

in 8 days, very small, round, glistening, light-grayish yellow ;" later, 3 weeks,

chrome yellow — greenish yellow, surrounded by a zone of liquefied gelatin.
Gelatin stab. Growth in depth, thin, yellowish ; on surface, thin, yellowish

white, slimy; in 3 weeks 3-4 mm. ; later, depressed, due to liquefaction;

in 8 weeks one-half of the tube is liquefied. Gelatin yellowish, with a

yellowish sediment.

Agar slant. Growth thick, slimy, yellowish white— greenish yellow.
Potato. Growth sulphur-yellow.
Habitat. From the skin in eczema.

63. M. albus (Lindner)

Pediococcus albus Lindner: Die Sarcina Organismen der Ga.hr ungsgewerbe, Berlin, 1888;
ref. Hot. Centralblatt, 1888, 99.

Morphology. Cocci solitary, in pairs and tetrads, frequently in pseudo-sarcina.

Gelatin colonies. Round, becoming liquefied.

Gelatin stab. In 24 hours, a deep channel of liquefied gelatin, with a whitish

sediment, becoming pale orange.

Agar slant. Growth broad, dry ; old cultures have an orange color.
Potato. Growth dirty white. An acid reaction of the medium.
Habitat. From water and Weiss beer, causing a slight acidity of the latter..
H

gg BACTERIOLOGY

j

64. M. pyogenes var. aureus Rosenbach

I.e., No. 6.

Morphology. Cocci i.o /A, in irregular clumps. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round-oval, granular, brownish. Surface: whitish
yellow points, becoming more yellowish ; not increasing in size, but be-
coming sunken in the liquefied gelatin. Microscopically, round ; border
undulate — erose — lacerate; punctate, finely granular, translucent.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate, with a yellowish film on the surface.
Gelatin turbid, with a yellowish sediment.

Agar slant. An abundant opaque, smooth, moist, glistening layer, becoming
bright orange.

Potato. Growth abundant, orange, or rather scanty.

Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear, with abundant yellowish sediment.

Milk. Coagulated, acid. Indol negative. H2S, slight.
\GIucose bouillon. No gas ; acid.

Pathogenesis . Virulence of cultures variable. Rabbits: Subcutaneous inocu-
lations cause acute local inflammation and suppuration. The cocci mul-
tiply in the lymph spaces, and may be found within the leucocytes, and
also invading the capillary walls ; usually the cocci confined to the local
centres of suppuration. Intraperitoneal injections cause suppurative
peritonitis, either local or spreading, resulting in death. Subcutaneous
inoculations of human subjects result in local suppuration.

Habitat. Widely distributed ; in ulcerative endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and
a variety of inflammatory and suppurative processes in the body. For
.etiological relations, see text-books.

VARIETIES.

Staphlococcus salivarius-pyogenes Biondi : Die path. Microorg. des Speichels,
Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, II, 1887, 1094.

Micrococcus of Almquist : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, X, 1891, 253.

In pemphigus. Organism possesses specific pathogenic power. Almquist, by
inoculation of his own arm, caused bullae like those of phemphigus.

Staphlococcus quadrigeminus Czaplewski : Centralblatt, Bakteriologie, XXV, 1 43.

In many points similar to M. pyogenes-aureus.

Diff. colonies on LofBer's blood serum show in a short time a transparency
and liquefaction of the medium. Stain by Gram's method, but more easily
decolorized. Grows more slowly in gelatin, and forms an air bubble in
gelatin above the funnel of liquefaction. Pigment like aureus, but with a
rose-colored tinge.

Habitat. Isolated from vaccine lymph.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 99

65. M. aureus Dyar

M, cremoides-aureus, Dyar : I.e.

Morphology. Cocci 1.0-1.2 /x; associated irregularly.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, light yellow, opaque. Surface: cups of lique-
fied gelatin are quickly formed, and masses of opaque orange flocculi form
a ring about a clear central nucleus.

Gelatin stab. A liquefaction along the line of stab.

Milk. Coagulated, becoming peptonized.

Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.

Lactose litmus. Reddened.

Agar slant. Growth limited, glistening, orange.

Glycerine agar. Growth scarcely chromogenic.

Nitrates. Not reduced.

According to Dyar, a variety of M. cremoides Zim., No. 54.

Habitat. Air.

66. M. flavus Fliigge

M . flavus-liquefaciens Fliigge: Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Cocci rather large, in twos, threes, and in groups.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, oval, often lobular. Surface: yellowish brown,
finely serrate, becoming surrounded by a zone of liquefied gelatin, con-
taining the central colony with isolated radial processes from the latter ;
colonies 4-6 mm.

Gelatin stab. Growth in depth beaded, yellowish ; gelatin rapidly liquefied
with a yellowish flocculent sediment.

Potato. Growth irregular, intense yellow.

Habitat. From the air and water.

67. M. luteus Cohn

Beitrage Biologic, I, 1870.

Morphology. Cocci i .0-1 .2 /u,, round, in twos and fours ; form zobgloea. Grow
at 37° C.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round-elliptical, entire, granular, yellowish gray.
Surface: yellowish — yellowish white, raised, round-irregular. In 3 days
1-2 mm., becoming sunken. Microscopically, yellowish gray — gray-
brown ; border undulate — lobed.

Gelatin stab. Growth in depth beaded, becoming slowly liquefied, cylindrical.
(According to Frankland, gelatin not liquefied.)

Agar slant. Growth citron-yellow.

I00 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Clear; yellowish sediment.

Milk. In 20 days partly coagulated ; acid.

Potato. Growth thin, glistening, citron-yellow, becoming wrinkled (?).

Habitat. Air and water.

68. M. Uruguae

M. No. 40 Conn: I.e., 1894, 78.

Morphology. Cocci 0.9 ft.

G*/«/*» colonies. A little pit, with a central granular yellowish nucleus, and
an outer lobate rim.

Gelatin stab. In depth a narrow funnel or pit, which is quite dry. There is-
formed a thick syrup with a yellowish sediment and a yellowish scum.
The gelatin never completely liquefies even after weeks of growth.

Agar slant. Growth Naples yellow, rough, dry.

Potato. Growth Naples yellow, dry, thick, mounded.

Milk. Coagulated in 5 days ; acid.

Bouillon. Remains clear, with a slight flaky scum, and a slight sediment.

Habitat. Milk.

69. M. conglomeratus (Bumm) Fliigge

Diplococcus citreus-conglomeratus Bumm : Der Mikroorg. der gon. Schleimhauterkrank-

ungen Wiesbaden, 1885, 17.
M. citreus-conglomeratus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Gonococcoid forms, frequently in tetrads, usually in conglomer-
ate masses.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : lemon-yellow, with lobular projections. Surface ~
moist glistening, becoming cleft — scaly. . , •

Gelatin stab. A crateriform liquefaction, with a yellow pellicle on surface.

Habitat. From gonorrheal pus, air, dust.

70. M. flavus Fliigge

M. flavus-liquefaciens Fliigge : I.e., 1886. (See No. 66.)

Morphology. Cocci large ; in twos and in clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round-oval with sometimes lobular projections-..

Surface: yellowish brown, finely serrate; surrounded by a zone of

liquefied gelatin, with radial extensions from the central nucleus.
Gelatin stab. In depth, yellowish colonies ; on surface, yellowish colonies

becoming confluent, and later depressed by liquefaction of the gelatin to

a depth of 2 mm.
Potato. Growth deep yellow.
Habitat. Air, water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA IOI

71. M. rugOSUS

M. No. 2 Conn : I.e., 1893, 50.

Morphology. Cocci 1.0-1.2 ; never form chains. Grow at 37° C.

Gelatin colonies. A slight pit of liquefied gelatin becoming coarsely granular

— fragmental.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction shallow crateriform, only one-fourth of the gelatin

liquefied after several weeks.

Agar slant. Growth dry, raised, limited, rugose, tenacious, sticky, Naples yellow.
Potato. Growth, thick, dry, rough — rugose, flesh-colored — salmon-brown.
Milk. Coagulated, alkaline; butyric acid and alcohol; orange masses on

the surface.

Bouillon. Clear, no pellicle, a slight sediment.
Habitat. Milk.

72. M. orbicularis Ravenel

M. orbicularis-flavus Ravenel : I.e., p. 8.

Morphology. Cocci large, in irregular groups. Slight growth at 36° C.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: irregular, finely granular, yellow. Surface: in 3 days
minute yellowish dots; in 5 days colonies i mm., round, entire, slightly
elevated, becoming crateriform. Microscopically, a homogeneous centre,
with granular entire margins.

Gelatin stab. On the surface a small yellowish button, becoming crateriform,
and in 7 days a stratiform liquefaction, with a yellowish flocculent sediment.

Agar slant. Growth faint yellowish, glistening, limited, becoming canary-
yellow.

Potato. Growth thin, moist, spreading, colorless, becoming thicker and
yellow ; then granular, moist, glistening.

Bouillon. Turbid, whitish sediment, becoming faint yellow.

Pepton-rosolic acid becomes slightly darker in 2 weeks.

Litmus milk. Unchanged.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol slight.

Nitrites. Negative.

Habitat. SoilX

73. M. Tommasoli

Diplococcus citreus-liquefaciens Unna: Tommasoli, Monatsch. f. prakt. Dermatol., IX, 56.

Morphology. Cocci small oval, in twos, tetrads, clumps, and short chains.
Gelatin colonies . Deep : round-oval, entire, brownish yellow. Surface: in 4

days, round, flat, grayish white ; in 8 days 1-2 mm. ; in 2 weeks lemon -

yellow, with crateriform liquefaction.

: •'.- >;U '<; ..\':*\*.?
102 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, glistening, yellowish ; in 3 weeks the
gelatin is liquefied to a depth of 6 mm. ; gelatin opaque, yellowish.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish brown.

Potato. Growth grayish yellow.

Habitat. Isolated from the skin of persons suffering from eczema suborrhei-
cum.

74. M. versatilis Sternberg

M. tetragenus-versatilis Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.

Morphology. Cocci 0.5-1.5/1; in tetrads and irregular groups. Stain by

GranVs method.
Gelatin colonies. Round, opaque, light yellow — lemon-yellow. Liquefaction

begins after several days, and progresses slowly.
Gelatin stab. In depth, slight growth ; on surface, a crateriform liquefaction,

with a yellowish viscid sediment.
Agar slant and potato. Growth thick, viscid, yellow, moist, glistening,

spreading.

Pathogenesis. Rabbits and guinea pigs negative.
Habitat. Isolated from the excrement of mosquitoes which had sucked the

blood of yellow fever patients, and from the air. v

74 a. M. tetragenus-vividus Dyar

N. Y. Acad. of Sciences, VIII, 354.
Probably a variety of or identical with the preceding.

CLASS VIII. DISTINCTLY CHROMOGENIC. PIGMENT YELLOWISH

ORANGE. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED
I. Cocci in tetragenous groups.

75. M. varians (Dyar).

76. M. Vincenzii.

II. Cocci in Staphlococcus groupings.

A. Growth on potato yellowish.

1. Pigment orange-yellow.

77. M. aurantiacus (Schroter) Cohn.

2. Pigment lemon-yellow.

78. M. cereus Passet.

3. Pigment brownish yellow.

79. M. orbiculatus Wright.

B. Growth on potato invisible.

80. M. aerius.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 103

75. M. varians (Dyar)

Merismopediaflava-varians Dyar, I.e., p. 346.

Morphology. Cocci i.o /x, in twos and tetrads.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round-irregular, opaque, yellow. Surface : opaquer

dull, light yellow ; edge slightly wavy.
Lactose littnus. Reddened.
Milk. Coagulated only on boiling.
Bouillon. Turbid ; yellow sediment.
Glucose agar. Growth bright yellow, opaque.
Potato. As before.
Nitrates. Reduced.
Habitat. Air.

76. M. Vincenzii

M. tetragenus-citreus Vincenzi : La Riforma Med., 1897,758.

Morphology. Cocci in tetrads. Do not stain by GranVs method. Facultative

anaerobic. Grow at 37° C.

Gelatin colonies round, yellowish ; gelatin liquefied in 6-12 days.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a beaded growth ; on surface, gelatin softened, not

fluid.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish.
Bouillon. A citron-yellow sediment.
Milk. Not coagulated ; a citron-yellow sediment.
Pathogenesis . Rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice, negative.
Habitat. Isolated from the submaxillary lymphatic gland of a child.

77. M. aurantiacus (Schroter) Cohn

Bacteridium aurantiacus Schroter : Beitr. z. Biol., I, 1870, 119.
M. aurantiacus Cohn : Beitrage, I, 1870, 154.

| Morphology. Cocci round — slightly oval, i .3-1.5 fi ; occur singly, in twos and

small clumps,
i Gelatin colonies. Surface: round-oval, smooth, glistening, with orange-yellow

centres. Microscopically, finely granular.

Gelatin stab. In depth, small yellow colonies ; on the surface, a similar de-
velopment.

Agar slant. Growth orange-yellow, spreading.

Potato. Growth slimy, yellow ; pigment insoluble in alcohol and ether.
Habitat. Isolated from the air and from water.

104 BACTERIOLOGY

78. M. cereus Passet

M. cereus-flavus Passet: Fortschritte d. Medezin, III, 1887.
Tils: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 300.

Morphology. Cocci of variable sizes ; in clumps and occasionally in chains.
Gelatin colonies. Lemon-yellow, becoming 1-2 mm.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth scanty, yellow ; on the surface, the growth re-
sembles drops of stearine or wax, yellow, with elevated margins.
Potato. Growth citron-yellow.
Habitat. Isolated from a human abscess.

79. M. orbiculatus Wright

L.c., p. 432.

Morphology. Cocci rather large, in pairs, tetrads, and small clumps. Grow

at 36° C.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, opaque, yellowish. Surface: in 5 days

rounded, slightly elevated, white, glistening, i mm., becoming 2-3 mm. ;

dark yellow, pale margins. Microscopically, brownish yellow — brown,

dense, granular.

Gelatin slant. Growth brownish yellow, glistening, limited, rather thick.
Agar slant. Growth slight, composed of discrete and confluent colonies ;

grayish-yellowish.

Bouillon. Alkaline, with a yellowish stringy sediment.
Potato. Growth yellow, glistening, thick, spreading.
Litmus milk. Not coagulated ; after several weeks' slightly pink.
Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Slowly decolorized, alkaline. Indol, negative.
Habitat. Water.

80. M. aerius

M. No. 49 Conn : I.e. 1894, 81.

Morphology. Cocci i.o. Slight growth at 35° C.

Gelatin colonies. Not characteristic.

Gelatin stab. In depth, slight growth ; on the surface, a slight orange growth.

Agar slant. Growth thick, dark orange, quite transparent.

Potato. Growth invisible.

Milk. Unchanged.

Bouillon. Turbid, becoming in 4 weeks clear.

Habitat. Milk.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA IO5

CLASS IX. DISTINCTLY CHROMOGENIC. PIGMENT REDDISH-
PINKISH — FLESH-COLORED
I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Gonococcoid forms.

81. M. roseus (Bumm).

B. Cocci in irregular groups.

1. Grow only at body temperatures, 37° C.

82. M. rubes cens.

2. Do not grow at body temperatures, 37° C.

83. M. coralinus Centanni.
[I. Gelatin not liquefied.

A. Very large cocci, 3.0-5.0 /x in diameter.

84. M. Dantecii.

B. Cocci much smaller than in A., and of average size.

1 . Colonies on gelatin remain very small.

85. M. lacier iceus v. Dobrzyniecki.

86. M. cinnabareus Fliigge.

2. Colonies on gelatin larger than above.

87. M. Kefersteinii.

88. M. carneus Zimmerman.

C. Cocci very small.

89. M. cerasinus Eisenberg.

81. M. roseus (Bumm)

Diplococcus roseus Bumm : Der Mikroorg. der gon. Schleimhauterkrankungen,

1885, 25.

Morphology. Like gonococci, 1.0-1.5 //,.

Gelatin colonies. Surface : slightly elevated, pink ; microscopically granular,
irregular.

Gelatin stab. On the surface an abundant pink growth ; gelatin slowly lique-
fied after a long time.

Habitat. Air.

82. M. rubescens

M. roseus, Eisenberg : Bak. Diag., 1891, 408.

Morphology. Cocci 0.8-1.0 /x, singly and in irregular groups. At 37° C. no

pigment.
Gelatin colonies. In 3-4 days, minute, pink ; liquefaction progresses slowly.

IO6 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. In depth a good growth ; on the surface growth colorless, be-
coming in 3-4 days round, pink, depressed. In 3 weeks one-half of the
gelatin is liquefied, with a pink sediment.

Agar slant. Growth soft, dark pink.

Potato. In 3-4 days a cherry-red streak becoming spreading, and darker, like
B. prodigiosus.

Habitat. Isolated from sputum of an influenza patient.

83. M. coralinus Centanni

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXIII, 1898, 308.

Morphology. From blood-agar cultures, rather large, round, in twos, threes,
tetrads, and clumps. Stain by Gram1s method. Aerobic. On media at
room temperatures grow slowly; grow best on Vb'ges blood-agar. No
growth at 37° C. Optimum temperature 2o°-25° C.

Blood-agar colonies. In 48 hours small points, becoming in 6 days confluent,-
dark coral-red ; agar not stained.

Agar slant. Growth slight ; very small white colonies, becoming a delicate,
layer, becoming in 10 days rose-red.

Gelatin. Slight growth ; coral-red colonies, with slow liquefaction after 20-25;
days.

Gelatin stab. In depth but slight or no growth ; on the surface a small coral-
red colony ; gelatin liquefied after many days. Grow well on Capaldi's
egg-agar. On milk agar a soft white growth, becoming rose-red.

Bouillon. Slight growth ; in 15-20 days medium a slight red — rose-red ; clear
Grow better on addition of glucose.

Milk. Not coagulated, becoming in 15-20 days yellowish red ; the cream layei
remains white.

Potato. Slight growth ; in 20-30 days rounded colonies of a dark carmine
color. Pigment: Only slightly soluble in water and alcohol.

Pathogenesis. Rabbits and guinea pigs die in 4-5 days, with toxic symptoms
and emaciation ; at the point of inoculation a slight infiltration of a red-
dish color.

Habitat. Isolated from a contaminated plate culture.

84. M. Dantecii

Micrococcus Danteci: Annales Pasteur Institut, 1891, 659.

Morphology. Cocci 3.0-5.0 //,, often with a fission line.
Gelatin colonies. Surface: Small, disk-shaped, red; grow slowly, ± I mm.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a slight yellowish growth ; on the surface, ligl
red, becoming later deep red.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 107

Agar slant. Grows more rapidly than on gelatin.
Pathogenesis. Negative.

Habitat. Isolated from salted codfish which was covered with a red pigment
and of an offensive odor.

85. M. lactericeus v. Dobrzyniecki

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXI, 1897, 834.

Morphology. Cocci under I .o /n, irregularly arranged. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Surface : dust-like points, bright rose-colored ; microscopi-
cally, round, entire, brownish, granular.

Agar colonies. As before.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a slight beaded growth ; on the surface, in 2-3 days,
a brick-red growth.

Agar slant. Growth moist, limited, brick-red.

Potato. Growth brick-red.

Pathogenesis. Negative for mice and rabbits.

Habitat. Isolated from the human mouth.

86. M. cinnabareus Fltigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Cocci large, round, in twos, threes, and tetrads.

Gelatin colonies. Feeble growth ; in 8 days, colonies 0.5-1.0 mm., raised,

red, becoming vermilion ; microscopically, light brown, round, transparent

at their peripheries.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a beaded growth ; on the surface, growth raised,

pink-vermilion.

Potato. Scanty growth, vermilion.
Habitat. Air and water.

87. M. Kefersteinii

Micrococcus of red milk Keferstein : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XXI, 1897, 177.

Morphology. Cocci in staphlococcus groups. Stain by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. In 4-6 days, scarcely visible, pale rose-colored, becoming

larger, round, entire, concentric; microscopically, round, entire, granular.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a slight growth ; no pigment ; on the surface, as in

gelatin colonies.

Bouillon. At 37° C. no growth ; in 5-6 days, a slight sediment.
Pathogenesis. Mice negative.
Habitat. Isolated from red milk.

108 BACTERIOLOGY

88. M. carneus Zimmerman

Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Chemnitz, 1890.

Morphology. Cocci medium-sized, ± 0.8 /A; in clumps. At 3O°-33° C., but

slight growth.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, grayish white. Surface: round, slightly raised,

grayish — light red ; microscopically, edges entire, homogeneous, grayish

red ; later a darker centre, with lighter concentric zones.
Gelatin stab. Growth in depth fine, white, granular ; on the surface, growth

round-irregular, thin, light red.

Agar slant. Growth deep flesh-red, with a play of violet.
Potato. Growth spreading, color of red lead, glistening, becoming dull.
Habitat. Water.

89. M. cerasinus Eisenberg

Micrococcus . . . List: Untersuch. gesunden Schafes vorkommenden Pilze, Inaug.

Diss. Leipzig, 1885, 17.
M. cerasinus-siccus Eisenberg: Bak. Diag., 1891, 34.

Morphology. Cocci very small, 0.2-0.3 ^; occur singly and in twos. Grow

best at 37° C.
Agar stab. No growth in depth ; on the surface, growth dry, dull, spreading,

cherry-red.
Potato. Growth at 37° C., dry, spreading, red. Pigment insoluble in water,

alcohol, and ether ; not affected by acids and alkalies.
Habitat. Water.

CLASS X. DISTINCTLY CHROMOGENIC. PIGMENT BLUISH BLACK
I. Gelatin liquefied.

90. M. fuscus Adametz.
II. Gelatin not liquefied.

91. M. cyaneus (Schroter) Cohn.

90. M. fuscus Adametz

Brauner Coccus Maschek : Bak. Untersuch. Leitmeritzer Trinkwasser, Jahresber. Kom-

nunal-Oberrealschule, Leitmeritz, 1887, 60.
M. fuscus Adametz : Die Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1888.

Morphology. Cocci, elliptical forms.

Gelatin colonies. Round ; microscopically, light brown — blackish, with fine
clefts.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 109

•
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface the liquefied gelatin is

sepia-brown, with a pellicle on the surface ; cultures have a foul odor.
Potato. Growth, slimy, brown-black.
Habitat. Water.

91. M. cyaneus (Schroter) Cohn

Bacteridium cyaneum Schroter: Cohn, Beitrage, I, 1870, 122.
M. cyaneus Cohn Beitrage, I, 1870, 156.

Morphology. Cocci elliptical ; form zooglcea.

Gelatin colonies. Small, round, well-defined; microscopically, bluish, sur-
rounded by an irregular network.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface a slimy growth.
Potato. Slight growth, dark indigo blue. Pigment resembles litmus in color.
Habitat. Air and water.

SARCINA (Goodsir)

Single cocci spherical. Cells after division remain united. Division in three
directions of space, resulting in eight-celled cubes, the packets from this
increasing in geometric ratio. Non-motile ; without flagella. Endospores
not certainly present in any of the species.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS

I. Without pigment on gelatin or agar.

A. Potato cultures brownish yellow.

1. Sarc. pulmonum Hauser.

B. Potato cultures remain white — grayish white.

1. Gelatin colonies microscopically very finely granular. Liquefaction

of the gelatin slight.

2. Sarc. alba Zimmerman.

2. Gelatin colonies microscopically rather coarsely granular. Lique-

faction of the gelatin rapid.

3. Sarc. canescens Stubenrath.

II. On gelatin and agar, growth grayish yellow — greenish yellow — chrome-

yellow.
A. Gelatin colonies microscopically very finely granular.

1. Growth on potato.

4. Sarc. flava De Bary.

5. Sarc. lactis.

2. No growth on potato.

6. Sarc. subflava Ravenel.

HO BACTERIOLOGY

B. Gelatin colonies microscopically rather coarsely granular ; form beau-

tiful regular packets.

1. Potato cultures at first dark gray, later yellowish brown.

7. Sarc. lutescens Stubenrath.

2. Potato cultures remain grayish yellow.

8. Sarc. equi Stubenrath.

C. Gelatin colonies very coarsely granular. Form very beautiful, regular

packets. Potato cultures from the start citron-yellow.

9. Sarc. lutea Fliigge.

III. On agar and gelatin the growth is orange-yellow.

10. Sarc. aurantiaca Fliigge.

IV. On agar and gelatin the growth is brownish — brownish yellow.

A. Agar slant cultures smooth ; pure brown.

n. Sarc. cervina Stubenrath.

B. Agar slant cultures rugose, corrugated, yellowish brown, translucent.

12. Sarc. fusca Gruber.

V. On gelatin and agar the growth is red.

A. Gelatin and agar stab cultures rose-red. Sarcina forms observed only

in hay infusions.

13. Sarc. rosea Schroter.

B. Gelatin and agar slant cultures, bright red. Sarcina forms observed

only in hay infusions.

14. Sarc. erythrojnyxa (Overbeck).

i. Sarc. pulmonum (Mauser)

Deutsche Archiv klin. Med., XLII, 1887.

Morphology. Cocci on different media as small, and not very regular packets.
Grow slowly, even at body temperatures.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, gray, opaque. Surface : small, round, puncti-
form, yellowish white ; microscopically, round, entire, gray, opaque, be-
coming sunken in 2-3 weeks ; central colony lacerate.

Gelatin stab. In depth, the growth is uniform, beaded, gray — yellowish gray ;
on the surface, in 20 days, growth 2-3 mm., gray, roundish, lacerate,
soft, glistening, becoming sunken.

Agar colonies. Deep: round, dark, granular. Surface: like gelatin colonies,
but whiter ; microscopically, round, bright — dark gray, granular.

Agar slant. Growth limited, mealy, gray-white, translucent ; border undulate.

Bouillon. Clear, granular sediment.

Milk. Not coagulated.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA III

Potato. Slight growth ; in 3-4 weeks, a limited brownish glistening streak.

Pathogenesis . Negative.

Habitat. Isolated from air passages of man.

2. Sarc. alba Zimmerman

Bak. Trink u. Nutzwasser, 1890, 90.

Growth on different media, white — grayish white, generally very thin.

i

3. Sarc. canescens Stubenrath

Lehmann-Neumann, Bak. Diag., 1896, 143.
Imperfectly described. Form beautiful, regular packets.

4. Sarc. flava De Bary

Morphology. Packets not regular in form.
Potato. Growth chrome yellow, glistening.
Gelatin. Liquefied or unchanged.
Habitat. Isolated from stomach contents.

5. Sarc. lactis

No. 45 Conn : I.e. 1894.

Morphology. Cocci 0.7 /a. Grow at 20°, and at 35° C.

Gelatin colonies. A large sunken colony, with a nucleus and a granular

border.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a slight growth; on the surface, growth yellowish,

dry.

Agar slant. Growth raised, slightly spreading, bright yellow.
Potato. Growth of a yellowish tinge.
Milk. Unchanged.

Bouillon. Clear, with sediment and flakes on the sides of the tube.
Habitat. Milk.

6. Sarc. subflava Ravenel

Memoirs National Acad. Sci., VIII, 1896.

Morphology. Packets square, and longer than broad, showing 4, 8, 16, 32,
and more elements on each face.

112 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. In 36-48 hours, minute yellowish dots, becoming yellowish
granular entire disks, becoming in 4 days I mm., pale yellow and slightly
sunken ; liquefaction slow. Microscopically, pale yellow, entire, homo-
geneous ; later with irregular margins and slightly granular.

Agar slant. A yellowish band, 3 mm. wide, smooth, pale yellow, with irregular
margins.

Gelatin stab. On the surface a white irregular button, and a slow crateriform
liquefaction; in 10 days a stratiform liquefaction to a depth of 10 mm.
Liquefied gelatin cloudy.

Potato. No growth.

Bouillon. Clear, with white flocculi at the bottom, and a pellicle on the surface.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged.

Litmus milk. Unchanged.

Glucose gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; no gas. Indol negative :
Growth at 36° C.

Habitat. Soil.

7. Sarc. lutescens Stubenrath

Sarc. livido-lutescens Stubenrath : Lehmann-Neumann, Bak. Diag., 1896.
Imperfectly described. From stools in a case of enteritis.

8. Sarc. equi Stubenrath

Like Sarc. lutea, except as specified in the synopsis.
Habitat. Isolated from the urine of horses.

9. Sarc. lutea Flugge,

Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 182.

Morphology. On all media typical packets.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, dark yellow, entire, granular. Surface : round
punctiform, sulphur-yellow; after 10-12 days, sunken. Microscopically^
round, entire, yellowish, granular, becoming irregularly bordered.

Gelatin, stab. In depth, growth filiform — slightly beaded; on the surface,
growth round-irregular, moist, glistening, raised, citron-yellow, becoming
in 10-12 days a liquefied funnel ; in other cases no liquefaction.

Agar colonies. Deep : like gelatin colonies, but more coarsely granular.
Surface : round, entire, raised, moist, glistening, sulphur-yellow. Micro-
scopically, round, entire, granular ; border more transparent.

Agar slant. A sulphur — chrome yellow layer of a buttery consistency.

Bouillon. Clear, with much sediment.

Milk. Coagulated.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 113:

Potato. Growth raised, glistening, limited ; surface rough, sulphur — chrome

yellow.

Glucose bouillon. Some acid. Indol slight. H2S produced.
Habitat. Common in the air.

10. Sarc. aurantiaca Fliigge

Lindner : Die Sarcina Organismen des Garungsgewerbes, Berlin, 1887.

Morphology. Beautiful packets on all media.

Gelatin colonies. Small round punctiform, which soon sink in the liquefied

gelatin ; microscopically, round, entire, bright — dark yellow, amorphous

or finely granular. Later a central lobate — lacerate colony, granular,

within a funnel of liquefied gelatin.
Gelatin stab. In 36 hours colony on the surface sunken in the liquefied

gelatin, becoming a funnel of liquefied gelatin, with a granular sediment.
Igar colonies. Roundish, entire, moist, glistening, slightly raised, orange.

Microscopically, irregular — roundish ; centre greenish brown ; border

brighter and more yellow.

igar slant. Slightly raised, orange-yellow — orange-red, buttery consistency.
Bouillon. A flocculent turbidity with much sediment.
Milk. Coagulated and peptonized.
Potato. Growth yellow-orange, glistening, becoming raised, red-orange, dull,

granular.

Glucose bouillon. Acid production slight. H2S negative. Indol slight.
Habitat. Abundant in the air.
VARIETIES.

Indt. from the preceding. Sarc. aurea Macd. Sarc. aurescens Gruber.

ii. Sarc. cervina Stubenrath

Lehmann-Neumann, Bak. Diag., 1896.

Gelatin colonies. Whitish, becoming bright brown, moist ; slowly surrounded
by a zone of liquefied gelatin ; microscopically, coarsely granular, erose.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth filiform — beaded ; on the surface, colony
small, bright brown, becoming slowly sunken in the liquefied gelatin.

Agar colonies. Like gelatin colonies.

Potato. Growth brownish white.

Habitat. From stomach contents in carcinoma.

II4 BACTERIOLOGY

12. Sarc. fusca Gruber

Arbeiten bak. Inst. Techn. Hochschule, Karlsruhe, I, 1895.

The morphology and cultural characters like Sarc. pulmonum.

Bouillon. Turbid, with granular sediment. Much acid produced in milk and

glucose bouillon cultures. H2S produced.
Habitat. From stomach contents.

13. Sarc. rosea Schroter

Sarc. rosea Menge : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 596.

According to Lehmann and Neumann, identical with M. roseus Bumm,
No. 81.

14. Sarc. erythromyxa (Overbeck)

M. erythromyxa Overbeck : Nov. Act. d. Leop. Carol., LV, 1891.
Krai : Verzeichniss der abzugebende Bak.

Morphology. Usually only as cocci, diplococci, or tetrads ; only once a Sarcina

form in hay infusion.
Gelatin colonies. Moist, grayish, becoming carmine-red. Microscopically,

not granular, border transparent, erose.

Agar slant and potato. Growth glistening, limited, intense red.
Milk. A red surface growth, not coagulated.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a granular sediment.
Glucose bouillon. Acid.

PLANOCOCCUS (Migula)

Engler and Prantl : Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 1895.

Cocci spherical, occur singly, in twos, tetrads, or irregular groups. Division in
two directions of space. Cells freely motile. Flagella usually one, I
attached to each cell.

A. Chromogenic ; pigment yellow.

1. Plaiiococcus citreus (Menge) Migula.

B. Chromogenic ; pigment pink — rose-colored.

2. Planococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen).

C. Non-chromqgenic.

3. Planococcus tetragenus (Mendoza).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 1 15

i. Planococcus citreus (Menge) Migula

M. agilis-citreus Menge : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XII, 1892, 49.
PI. citreus Migula, I.e.

Morphology. Cocci in pairs or sometimes short chains or irregular groups.

Each coccus has a flagellum which is easily demonstrated by Loffler's

method, and is about six times its diameter in length. Aerobic. Gelatin

not liquefied. Form a yellow pigment.
Gelatin colonies. A diffuse cloudiness around the colonies, which extends

over the plate.
Gelatin stab. A slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth round, intense

yellow.
Agar slant. Growth pale, thin, limited, becoming in three days yellow, more

spreading, and viscid.

Bouillon. Turbid, a yellow viscid sediment; no scum.
Potato. Slight growth, becoming bright yellow.
Milk. Not coagulated. Optimum temperature 20°.
Habitat. Isolated from an infusion of peas ; probably from the air.

2. Planococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen)

M. agilis Ali-Cohen : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 1889, 33.

Morphology. Cocci round — slightly oval, i.o /A, as diplococci, short chains, or

in tetrads. Stain by Gram's method. Flagella demonstrated. On media

a rose-colored pigment.
Gelatin stab. For some time a dry hollow funnel; liquefaction does not

commence until after 3-4 weeks.
Agar slant. Growth pinkish-red.
Potato. As before. No growth at 37° C.
According to Migula, I.e., this form shows in hay infusions Sarcina forms,

and is classed by the latter as a Planosarcina.

3. Planococcus tetragenus (Mendoza)

M. tetragenus-mobilis-ventriculi Mendoza : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 1889, 566.
From morphological and cultural characters indt. from M. tetragenus.

PLANOSARCINA (Migula I.e.)

Cocci spherical, mostly in twos and tetrads. Division in three directions of
space, but rarely do the cells remain united in packets, the latter usually
observed only in sugar-free media ; cells freely motile ; flagella long or

n6 BACTERIOLOGY

short, usually one for each cell. In artificial cultures, as a rule, an active
motility of the cells is not observed, and most of the individuals are non-
motile.

A. Chromogenic, pigment orange-reddish.

1. Planosarcina mobilis (Maurea) Migula.

2. Planosarcina agilis (Ali-Cohen).

B. Non-chromogenic. Growth on agar and gelatin grayish.

3. Planosarcina Samesii.

1. Planosarcina mobilis (Maurea) Migula

Sarcina mobilis Maurea: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XI, 1892.
Planosarcina mobilis Migula : I.e.

Morphology. Cocci 1.4 //,, in typical packets, each cell with 1-2 flagella gener-
ally about three times the length of the cell.

Gelatin. Liquefied slowly, with formation of a brick-red pigment. f
Agar slant. Growth thin, orange- or brick-red.
Milk. Not coagulated.
Potato. No growth.

2. Planosarcina agilis (Ali-Cohen) Migula

See Planococcus agilis Ali-Cohen, No. 2.

3. Planosarcina Samesii

Eine be-wegliche Sarcina Sames : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, IV, 1898, 664.

Morphology. Cocci in packets of 8 elements, 3.0 /A square. Stain by Gram's

method. Actively motile ; flagella long, thick, spiral, 20-50 from a single

packet; grow best in an alkaline medium.

Alkaline gelatin slant and alkaline agar slant. A glistening grayish layer.
Alkaline gelatin stab. In depth, growth abundant, beaded; in 10-14 days

acicular outgrowths. On the surface, growth grayish, spreading.
Alkaline gelatin colonies. Deep, irregular, dark. Surface: in 4-5 days round,

gray, 5-10 mm. On Zettnow^s Spirillum agar (Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.

XIX, 394), deep colonies, oval-irregular, dark — black. Surface round,

granular, grayish.
Potato. No growth except when made alkaline with Na2Co3, then yellowish,

becoming brown.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 117

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Litmus reduced. Indol slight.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections into mice, white

rats, and guinea pigs, negative.
Habitat. Isolated from manure and sewage.

BACTERIACE^:

'Cells short or long, cylindrical, straight. Without a sheath surrounding the

(chains of individuals ; motile or non-motile ; with or without flagella ;
endospores present or absent. No true branching.
A. Flagella absent, endospores present or absent.

BACTERIUM Ehrenberg, p. 117.
£. Flagella present.

1 . Flagella arising from any part of the body, peritrichic.

BACILLUS, Cohn, p. 199.

2. Flagella attached to one or both poles.

PSEUDOMONAS Migula, p. 306.
BACTERIUM1 Ehrenberg-'

Char, emend, by Migula.

Cells cylindrical, varying from short ovals to longer rods and filaments ; with-
out flagella ; endospores present or absent, or, at least in a large number
of the species, unknown.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS

I. Without endospores, or at least their presence not reported.
A. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

i. Without pigment on gelatin or agar.

a. Grow only at the body temperature. CLASS I, p. 118.

b. Grow at room temperatures, 2o°-22° C.
* Gelatin not liquefied.

f Decolorized by Gram's method. CLASS II, p. 121.
ff Stained by Gram's method. CLASS III, p. 148.
** Gelatin liquefied. CLASS IV, p. 155.

1 The writer has provisionally included in this genus all non-motile Bacteriaceae,
leaving it to future investigations to determine whether any of the forms which may
have been wrongly placed in this genus do or do not possess flagella; it being assumed
that a non-motile organism is devoid of flagella until the contrary is proven.

US BACTERIOLOGY

2. Produce pigment on gelatin or agar.

a. Pigment yellowish on gelatin or agar.

* Gelatin liquefied. CLASS V, p. 162.

** Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS VI, p. 168.

b. Pigment reddish on gelatin or agar. CLASS VII, p. 173.

c. Pigment of other colors than red or yellow. CLASS VIII, p. 1 79.

3. Fluorescent bacteria.

a. Gelatin liquefied. CLASS IX, p. 180.

b. Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS X, p. 180.
B. Obligate anaerobic. CLASS XI, p. 183.

II. With endospores.

A. Non-chromogenic ; without pigment on gelatin or agar.

1. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

a. Rods not swollen at sporulation — B. subtilis type.

* No growth at room temperatures, or below 22°-25° C.
CLASS XII, p. 184.

** Growth at room temperatures, 2O°-22° C.
f Gelatin liquefied. CLASS XIII, p. 187.
•ft Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS XIV, p. 196.

b. Rods swollen at one end at sporulation — tetanus type.
CLASS XV, p. 198.

2. Obligate anaerobic. CLASS XVI, p. 198.

CLASS I. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE AN-
AEROBIC. WITHOUT PIGMENT. GROW ONLY AT BODY TEM-
PERATURES.

I. Grow best on blood, or on agar moistened with blood, or on especially
prepared media.

1. Bact. influenza (Pfeiffer) Lehm.-Neum.

2. Bact. pseudoinfluenzcs (Kruse).
II. Grow well on blood-serum.

3. Bact. acuminatum (Sternberg).

4. Bact. Lumnitzeri (Sternberg).

5. Bact. conjunctivitidis .

III. Grow only in the presence of pathological secretions, not on blood or
blood serum.

6. Bact. vagina Kruse.

IV. Cultural characters not known.

7. Bact. cancrosi Kruse.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 119

V. Grow very poorly, or scarcely at all at room temperatures.

8. Bact, SEgyptium Trevisan.

VI. Occupying a rather nondescript place in Class I, is

9. Bact. abortivum.

i. Bact influenzae (Pfeiffer) Lehmann- Neumann

Bacillus of influenza PfeJffer: Detffsche med. Wochensch., 1892, 28.
Bact. influenza Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diagnostik, 1896, 187.

Morphology. Bacilli small, slender, commonly in twos; stain with Loffler's
alkaline blue and carbol-fuchsin. Decolorized by Gram's method.

On agar moistened with blood there develop in 24-48 hours small glassy
drops ; older colonies show a yellowish-brownish centre.

Nastiukow's solution.^ In 24 hours at 37° small white flecks at bottom of tube,
composed of chains of bacilli.

Nastiukow's agarl Colonies small gray points ; microscopically, round, yel-
low, translucent.

Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal injections of one-third of an agar slant culture
cause death. Intravenous injections into rabbits cause fever and muscular
weakness ; subcutaneous injections, knotty thickenings and suppuration.

Habitat. Nasal and bronchial secretions, urine, of man affected with influenza.

2. Bact. pseudoinfluenzae (Kruse)

Pstudoinfluenza Bacillus R. Pfeiffer: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIII, 1893, 3%3'
Bacillus pseudoinfluenzce Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Like the preceding, but rods somewhat longer than those of true influenza.
Pathogenesis. Doubtful.

Habitat. From bronchopneumonia, otitis-media ; also associated with in-
fluenza.

3. Bact. acuminatum (Sternberg)

Babes, no name : Sept. Prozesse d. Kindesalters, Leipzig, 1889.

C. septicus-acuminatus Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 472.

Morphology. Bacilli with pointed ends, resembling those of mouse septicaemia,

but rather thicker ; stain unevenly.
Gelatin colonies. Small, round, flat, translucent ; by coalescence a yellowish

layer.

l Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVII, 492.

120 BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis : Non-pathogenic for mice and rabbits. Guineas die in 2 to 6

days of septicaemia.
Habitat. From blood and organs of a new-born infant with septicaemia.

4. Bact. Lumnitzeri (Steinberg)

Bacillus der putriden Bronchitis Lumnitzer: Centralblatt f. Bateriol., Ill, 1888, 621.
Bacillus of Lumnitzer Sternberg : Manual, 1892, 467.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5-2.0 /A, with rounded ends and slightly curved.

Agar slant and blood serum. At 37°, small semi-spherical grayish white colo- ;

nies, becoming coalescent, with odor of sputum in putrid bronchitis.
Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal injections of mice cause, in 24 hours, a purulent \

peritonitis. Injections into lungs of rabbits, pneumonia, pleuritis.
Habitat. Sputum in putrid bronchitis.

5. Bact. conjunctivitidis

Diplobacillus de la conjonctivite subaigue Morax : Annales Pasteur Institut, 1896, 337.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0-2.0 /u,, ends rather squared, in twos and chains. De-
colorized by Gram's method.

Blood serum. In 24 hours, moist points ; in 2 days, small transparent liquefied ;
depressions.

Pathogenesis. With smaller animals and man, inflammation of the conjunctival :
sac.

Habitat. Isolated from chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva.

.

6. Bact. vaginae (Kruse)

Doderlein's Scheidenbacillus : Das Schidensekret u. seine Bedeutung f. d. Puerperal-

fieber, Leipzig, 1892.
Bacillus vagina Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen.

.Morphology. Bacilli middle-sized, rather slender. Grow in glucose bouillon
containing one per cent of secretion. Can then be transferred to glycerin i
agar, where it produces dewy, drop-like colonies. Facultative anaerobic.

Pathogenesis. Doubtful.

Habitat. Isolated from vaginal secretions.

7. Bact. cancrosi (Kruse)

Bacillus -des wcichen Schankers Ducrey : Monat. f. Dermatol., 1889, Heft IX.
B. ulceris-cancrosi Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1.5 /x ; ends rounded, mostly contracted in the mid-
dle; in chains. Decolorized by Gram's method. Stain 15 minutes with
Lbffler's alkaline blue, and wash but a short time in alcohol.

Habitat. Isolated from secretions in soft shanker.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 121

8. Bact. ^Egyptium (Trevisan)

Conjunctivitis Bacillus Koch-Kartulis : Arbeiten Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte,

III, 1887.

B. ALgyptius Trevisan : Gen. e. Spec. Batteriaceae, 1888.
B. conjunctivltidis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacteria 0.25 : I .o /x ; in twos or chains in the pus cells. Decolor-
ized by GrarrTs method.

Agar slant and blood serum. At 37° C., isolated colonies, becoming a con-
fluent, glistening, elevated growth.

Slight growth on gelatin ; no liquefaction.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations on the cornea of asses, dogs, guinea-pigs, and
rabbits negative ; on human conjunctiva positive in one out of six
inoculations.

Habitat. Associated with conjunctival catarrh in Egypt.

9. Bact. abortivum

Bacillus of contagious abortion in cows, Bang : Zeitsch. f. Tiermedizin,
Bd. I, 1897, Heft i.

Morphology. Bacilli small, rods about the size of the tubercle bacillus ; each
rod contains 1-3 granules. Does not grow in ordinary culture media.
In 5 per cent glycerin bouillon a scanty growth in 14 days. A scanty
growth in liquid blood serum.

Pathogenesis. Inoculation experiments on cows positive.

Habitat. Associated with contagious abortion in cows.

THE SPECIES WHICt* FOLLOW GROW ON ORDINARY NUTRIENT
MEDIA AND AT ROOM TEMPERATURES

CLASS II. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED. DECOLORIZED BY GRAM'S

METHOD

I. Obligate aerobic. ACETIC FERMENT GROUP.

A. Grow well in Pasteur's fluid containing alcohol1 with the formation of

a membrane.

10. Bact. aceti (KUtz) Lanzi, emend. Beijerinck.

B. Do not grow well in preceding fluid, and no membrane produced.

i. Form long chains of more than four elements, also long involution
forms.

1 Tap water 100, alcohol 3.0, ammonium phosphate 0.05, chloride of calcium o.oi.
See Beijerinck: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, 1898, 214.

122 BACTERIOLOGY

a. Oa sterile beer or beerwort a membrane over entire surface.
* Membrane stained blue with iodine solution.

f Cultures in beer, yeast-water, or dextrose solution remain
clear.

1 1 . Bact. Pasteurianum (Hansen) Zopf.

f f Cultures in beer, yeast-water, or dextrose solution turbid
below the membrane.

12. Bact. Kutzingiatium Hansen.

** Membrane not stained blue with iodine solution.

f Membrane on beer, yeast-water, and dextrose solutions
rather thin. Fluid below the membrane more or less
turbid.

13. Bact. Hansenianum.

14. Bact. oxydans Henneberg.

ft Membrane on beer, yeast-water, and dextrose solution
thick and gelatinous, not easily broken; fluid below the
membrane clear.

15. Bact. acetosum Henneberg.

•fff Membrane on beer, yeast-water, and dextrose solution
thick, tough, and coriaceous, showing a cellulose reaction
with iodine and sulphuric acid.

1 6. Bact. xylinum Brown.

b. On sterile beer or beer-wort an imperfect membrane as islands.

Motile, with a polar flagellum. See Pseudomonas flagellatum
Zeidler.

2. Do not form long chains of more than four elements, or elongated
involution forms.

17. Bact. acetigenum Henneberg.

18. Bact. acettcum (Kruse).
II. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

A. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

i . Gas generated in lactose bouillon abundantly.

a. Milk rendered viscous — slimy.

19. Bact. viscosum van Laer.

b. Milk coagulated, but not rendered viscous — slimy.
* Bouillon rendered turbid.

20. Bact. aerogenes Escherich.

BACT. AEROGENES GROUP *

21. Bact. capsulatum (Sternberg).

22. Bact. chincnse (Hamilton).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 123

** Bouillon not rendered turbid.

23. Bact. pallescens Henrici.
c. Milk not coagulated.

24. Bact. ferment ationis Chester.

2. Little or HO gas generated in lactose bouillon, bacilli, at least in the
animal body surrounded by a capsule.

FRIEDLANDER BACILLUS GROUP.

a. Surface growth in gelatin stab cultures punctiform or convex,

not flat or spreading.

25. Bact. pneumonia Zopf.

b. Surface growth in gelatin stab cultures flat and spreading.

* Milk not coagulated.

26. Bact. ozcEncE (Abel) Lehmann-Neumann.
** Milk slowly coagulated.

27. Bact. Wrightii.

c. Surface growth in gelatin stab cultures indeterminate.

28. Bact. sputigenum.

B. Very little or no gas generated in glucose bouillon.

.! f SEPTICAEMIA HEMORRHAGICA GROUP.

1. Milk coagulated.

a. Gelatin colonies of the aerogenes type. Bacteria closely related

to Bact. aerogenes.

29. Bact. limbatum Marpmann.

30. Bact. nasalis.

b. Gelatin colonies of the colt type.

* Produce indol.

31. Bact. cholera (Zopf) Kitt.

32. Bact. gallinarum (Kruse).
** Do not produce indol.

33. Bact. anaerogenes (Lembke).

2. Milk not coagulated.

a. Litmus milk rendered acid or reddened-

* Produce indol.

34. Bact. suicida Migula.

35. Bact. bovisepticum (Kruse).
** Do not produce indol.

36. Bact. pneumopecurium.

b. Litmus milk blue, reaction amphoteric — alkaline.

* Gelatin colonies smooth, not characterized as in **.

124

BACTERIOLOGY

f Produce indol.

37. Bact. sanguinarium Moore.

38. Bact. avium.

ft Do not produce indol, or reaction doubtfully faint.

39. Bact. inocuum (Kruse).

40. Bact. tiogense (Wright).

** Gelatin colonies crimpled —scalloped — petaloid.
f Colonies radially crimpled.

41. Bact. refractans (Wright),
ft Colonies petaloid.

42. Bad. rodonatum (Ravenel).

3. Milk coagulation not stated.

a. Pepton-rosolic acid decolorized ; cultures viscous.

43. Bact. zurnianum List.

b. Pepton-rosolic acid not decolorized ; cultures not decidedly vis-

cous.

44. Bact. Martizeni (Sternberg).

4. Milk coagulation not stated. Bacteria closely related or identical

with either fowl cholera or swine plague.

a. Strongly pathogenic to rabbits.

* Distinctly pathogenic to guinea pigs.

45. Bact. cuniculicida (Kruse).
** Slightly pathogenic to guinea pigs.

46. Bact. cuniculicida var. immobilis.

b. Pathogenic to rabbits only by intraperitoneal injections.

47. Bact. putidum.

C. Gas production in glucose bouillon indeterminate.
i. Colonies on gelatin of the coli type.
a. Pathogenic bacteria.

* Bacteria closely related to fowl cholera.

f Decidedly pathogenic to rabbits, producing general septi-
caemia.
§ Associated with specific diseases of pigeons.

48. Bact. diphtheria (Fliigge).

49. Bact. columbarum (Kruse).

§§ Associated with a specific disease of rabbits.

50. Bact. cuniculi (Kruse).

5 1 . Bact. Beckii (Kruse) .

§§§ Septic bacteria of mixed origin.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 125

J Produce general septicaemia in guinea pigs, strongly
pathogenic.

52. Bad. dubium (Kruse).

53. Bact.felis (Kruse).

54. Bact. septicum (Trevisan).

55. Bact. vtiulinum.

\\ Slightly or negatively pathogenic to guinea pigs.

56. Bact. pur pur urn.

57. Bact. Bienstockii (Schrb'ter).

ft Less strongly pathogenic to rabbits ; associated with hem-
orrhagic infection of man.

58. Bact. hcEinorrhagicum (Kruse).

59. Bact. velenosum (Kruse).

60. Bact. nephritidis (Vassale).
fft Not pathogenic to rabbits.

61. Bact. aphthosum (Kruse).

62. Bact. dysenteries (Kruse).

** Bacteria, slender, minute, like influenza bacillus.

63. Bact. saliva (Kruse).
b. Non-pathogenic bacteria.

* Milk not coagulated.

f Milk rendered decidedly acid.

64. Bact. acidum.

ff Reaction of milk unchanged.

65. Bact. Connii.
** Action on milk not stated.

66. Bact. nitrovorum Jensen.

67. Bact.filefaciens Jensen.

Colonies on gelatin of the aerogenes type, non-pathogenic ; mostly
milk bacteria, probably of the aerogenes group.

a. Milk coagulated.

* Milk coagulated at room temperatures.

68 . Bact. punctatum .

69. Bact. Middletoivnii.

** Milk not coagulated at room temperatures, and only at about
35° C.

70. Bact. coccoideum.

b. Milk rendered slimy.

71. Bact. lactis (Kramer).

c. Milk not coagulated.

72. Bact. aromafaciens.

126 BACTERIOLOGY

ACETIC FERMENT GROUP
10. Bact. aceti (Kiitz.) Lanzi, emend. Beijerinck

EssigmutterKiitzing: Jour, prakt. Chemie, XI, 1837, 385.
Ulvina aceti Kiitzing: Phycologie generalis, 1843, 148.
Mycoderma aceti Pasteur : Etude sur le Vinaigre, 1868, 106.
Bact. aceti Lanzi : N. Giorn. hot. Ital., 1876, 257.
Bact. aceti Beijerinck : Centralblatt f. BakterioL, 2 Abt., IV, 1898.

In beer gelatin containing 10 per cent of cane sugar, very voluminous colonies
of a slimy consistency, and causing a strong turbidity of the gelatin.
Grow poorly in beer gelatin without sugar ; cane sugar inverted. Beijerinck
holds this species to be distinct from B. aceti of Hansen.

Habitat. The quick vinegar ferment of Pasteur, living on the surface of beech
wood shavings in the vinegar vats.

ii. Bact. Pasteurianum (Hansen) Zopf

Mycoderma Pasteurianum Hansen : Compt. Rendu Carlsberg Lab., Copenhagen, 1879.
Bact. Pasteurianum Zopf: Spaltpilze, 1885, 64.

Morphology. The membrane consists of chains of elements 0.4-0.8 : i.o /x.
Wort gelatin colonies. Entire, without any rosette form, but with brain-like

corrugations of the surface.
Sterile beer. In 24 hours, at 24° C., a rather thick dry membrane, minutely

corrugated ; fluid clear.
Habitat. Beer and beer- wort, seldom in wine.

12. Bact. Kiitzingianum (Hansen)

Compt. Rendu Carlsberg Lab., Copenhagen, III, 1894, 265.

Morphology. Short, thick bacilli ; not in chains as in No. n.
On sterile beer. A moist, smooth, slimy membrane, easily broken, with a
tendency to rise on the walls of the tube.

13. Bact. Hansenianum

Mycoderma aceti Hansen : I.e., 1879.
Bact. aceti Zopf: Spaltpilze, 1885, 62.
Bact. aceti Brown : Jour. Chem. Soc., London, XLIX, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli, short rods, rather more slender than No. 1 1 ; in chains,
placed parallel with often hour-glass forms — long slender involution
forms — irregularly swollen and often branched.

Wort gelatin colonies. Rosette-like, radiate.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA I2/

Beer or wort. A moist, slimy, smooth-veined membrane ; fluid only slightly

turbid. Minimum temperature, 4°-5° C. ; optimum temperature, 34° C.
Habitat. Beer and beer-wort.

14. Bact. oxydans Henneberg

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2d Abt., Ill, 1897, 223.

Morphology. Bacilli, 0.8-1.2: 2.4: 2.7 /A; in chains rather loosely jointed;
show rotatory motion (Henneberg, I.e.). Involution forms as filaments
with bud-like swellings; fluid turbid below the membrane. Optimum
temperature, i8°-2i° C. Minimum temperature, 8° C. ; maximum,
3o°-33° C.

Habitat. Beer, etc.

15. Bact. acetosum Henneberg

L.c., IV, 1898, 14.

Morphology. Bacilli, 0.4-0.8 : i.o /x, in chains of elements. Optimum temper-
ature, 28° C. ; minimum, 8° C. ; maximum, ± 36° C. Involution forms
like B. Pasteur ianum.

1 6. Bact. xylinum Brown

Jour. Chem. Soc.. London, XLIX, 1886, 432.
Characters as specified in the Synopsis.

17. Bact. acetigenum Henneberg

L.C., IV, 1898, 15.

Morphology. Bacilli, 0.8-1.2 : 1.2-1.4 /"• ; n° chain formation of the elements ;
enlarged ellipsoidal — coccoid involution forms. On beer and yeast-
water a thin, very tough membrane, which sinks in fragments to the
bottom, a new membrane forming; fluid often turbid. With H2SO4 and
iodine, often a cellulose reaction of the membrane. According to Henne-
berg, bacilli show a rotatory motion. Optimum temperature 38° C.

1 8. Bact. aceticum (Kruse)

Bacterium C of sour dough Peters : Bot. Zeitung, 1889.

Bacillus aceticus-Petersii Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 355.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1 .6 ^,, rounded — pointed, singly and in twos, rarely

in chains of four. In old cultures, short, swollen involution forms.
Gelatin colonies. Roundr convex, becoming flatter and more spreading.

128 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. No growth in depth ; on the surface, growth flat, spreading

irregular.
Glucose yeast water. Turbid ; on the surface a very thin pellicle, which is

slimy and easily broken, with a tendency to rise up on the walls of the

tube. In yeast water, with 5 per cent of alcohol, a strong acetic acid

production.
Habitat. Isolated from sour dough.

19. Bact. viscosum van Laer

Bact. viscosum-cerevisa van Laer : Acad. royale de Belgique, 1889, 36.

Morphology. Bacteria 0.8 : 1.6-2.4 /u,.

Gelatin colonies. Entire — erose, brownish.

Potato. Growth of white, watery, doughy colonies, which smell like foul fish.

Beer-wort. Rendered viscous ; CO2 evolved.

Milk and glucose bouillon. Rendered slimy, with gas production.

Habitat. Isolated from beer, yeast, and bread ; causes a viscous fermentation.

BACT. AEROGENES GROUP

20. Bact. aerogenes Escherich

~ Bact. lactis-aerogenes Escherich: Fortschritte Medizin, 1885, No. 16-17.
Bact. aceticum Babinsky: Zeitsch. f. phys. Chem., XII, 1888, 434.
Bacillus aerogenes Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 340.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-1.0: 1.0-2.0 /n.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, granular, grayish brown. Surface: porce-
lain-white, round, convex ; microscopically, yellowish, granular, darker in
the centre.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a good growth ; on the surface, a round, convex
growth.

Bouillon'. Turbid ; a slight membrane.

Agar slant. Growth rather opaque, porcelain-white.

Potato. Growth moist, yellowish white, with development of gas and a cheesy
odor.

Milk. Coagulated ; strongly acid. Indol negative.

Pathogenesis. Variable ; for the smaller animals, usually pathogenic only in
large doses (toxaemia).

Habitat. Milk, faeces, air, water, etc.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 129

VARIETIES

Often difficult to differentiate from B. coli. Scheffer (Archiv f. Hygiene,
XXX, 1897, 291) describes a variety of B. aerogenes which closely con-
nects it with B. colt. Diff. . B. coli, when grown anaerobically, showed
no change of morphology, while B. aerogenes, grown under the same
conditions, developed abnormally long filaments. Guinea pigs immunized,
on the one hand against B. aerogenes, and on the other against B. coh,
gave sera which possessed diagnostic value ; viz., aerogenes serum
caused an agglutination of aerogenes bacilli, but not of B. coli', while
coli serum caused an agglutination of B. coli, but not of B. aerogenes.

Bact. addi-lactici Grotenfelt, Fortschritte Med., VII, 1889, 124. Indistinguish-
able from the preceding.

Habitat. Isolated from faeces, water, milk.

Bact. a and b Guillebeau: Ann. Micrograph., XI, 225. Indistinguishable
from the preceding, except that bacilli show a slight motility.

Habitat. Isolated from milk.

21. Bact. capsulatum (Sternberg)

Capsule Bacillus of Pfeiffer: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 145.
Bacillus capsulatus Sternberg: Manual Bacteriology, 1892, 431.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, with rounded ends, usually 2-3 times their breadth ;
often in chains of 2-3 elements, or in filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : oval, granular. Surface : flat, glistening, porcelain-
white.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a good growth ; on the surface, growth round, glisten-
ing, flat, porcelain-white.

Agar slant. Growth thick, pure white, viscous.

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, yellowish white, viscid.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death by septicaemia
in 2-3 days. Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs and pigeons,
death in 30 hours ; septicaemia. Rabbits, refractory.

Habitat. Isolated from the blood of guinea pigs which died spontaneously.
According to Strong (Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 49), this bacillus
generates gas actively in lactose bouillon.

22. Bact. chinense (Hamilton)

Bacillus capsulatus-chinensis Hamilton: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2d Abt., IV, 1898, 230.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6:4-8 /u, with a capsule. Rods within the capsule
small, 0.5-0.7 : 4.0-6.0 //,, with 2-3 elements within a single capsule. In
old cultures the rods disintegrate. Decolorized by Gram's method.

130

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — oval, often a bright ring between centre and
border. Surface: in 48 hours colony the size of a pin's head; white,
glistening, convex; microscopically, grayish brown, opaque.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a good growth, white ; often gas produced , surface
growth convex.

Agar colonies. Deep: fusiform. Surface: slimy glistening drops.

Agar slant. Growth thick, slimy, spreading; condensation water, slimy
turbid.

In glycerine agar, gas production.

Bouillon. Turbid; a delicate membrane, which adheres to walls of tube, be-
coming thicker, and sinking; later a slimy — flocculent sediment, and
clear medium above. Culture has the odor of walnuts.

Blood serum. Growth not so abundant as on agar; no liquefaction.

Potato. A thick, creamy layer, color of potato, with raised border ; odor of
trimethylamine and ammonia.

Agar stab. Gas production at 37° C.

Milk. Coagulated slowly ; after 6 days at 37° C. acid, with a cheesy odor.

Do not grow on acid media, but best on one weakly alkaline. Maltose, glucose,
and lactose fermented. Cane sugar not fermented. Litmus reddened.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice causes death by general
septicaemia in 24 hours. Guinea pigs, intraperitoneally, death in 36-48
hours, with peritonitis.

Habitat. Isolated from India ink.

23. Bact. pallescens Henrici

Bakterienflora des Kases, Baseler, Philos. Diss., 1894.

Indistinguishable from Bact. aerogenes, except that bouillon is not rendered

turbid.
-Habitat. Isolated from cheese.

24. Bact. fermentationis Chester

Report Del. College Ag. Expt. Sta., 1899.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 1.25-3.0 /x. -

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, entire, homogeneous, yellowish brown,
0.1-0.3 mm- Surface: macroscopically, moist, glistening, punctiform,
0.5-1.0 mm., later convex — flat, dull white, 1.0-1.5 mm. Colonies re-
main small after several weeks. Microscopically, round, entire, brownish
in the centre, becoming gradually lighter toward the edge, or grayish
yellow throughout, strongly refracting and amorphous.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 131

Agar colonies. Deep : round — oval, brown, opaque, coarsely granular. Surface:
Round, flatly convex, moist, glistening, milky white — rather translucent;
later round, thin, flat, slimy, translucent, 6 mm. Microscopically, light

I yellowish brown, homogeneous, finely granular; edge thin, indistinct;
later grayish brown, grumose — finely granular ; border thin, entire —
undulate.
Gelatin slant. A thin, opaque streak ; edges finely erose.
Agar slant. A flat, white, opaque, moist, glistening, slimy stripe, about 3

mm. wide.

Gelatin stab. Good growth in depth ; surface growth thin, flat.
Bouillon (neutral) . Turbid ; in 3 weeks clear, with easily diffusible sediment.

No pellicle.
Potato. Growth thick, limited, moist, glistening, dirty white — light dirty

brown, becoming darker.

Milk. No change in consistency after 5 weeks, then coagulated on boiling.
Litmus milk. Rendered acid.
Blood serum. A narrow, moist, glistening, flat to raised, dirty white, slimy

stripe. Indol negative. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Isolated from garden soil.
NOTE. — Under this head is placed : —

B. coli-immobilis (Kruse)

•Unbeweglicher F&ces oder Kolonbacillus Germano-Maurea : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XII,

1892, 498.

J3. coli-immobilis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 339.
Indistinguishable from B. coli, except as to motility.
Habitat. Isolated from faeces.

FRIEDLANDER BACILLUS GROUP

25. Bact. pneumonias Zopf

Pneutnococcus Friedlander : Fortschritte Med., 1883, 715.

Bact. pneumonice-crouposae Zopt : Spaltpilze, 1885, 66.

Bacillus pneumonia Weichselbaum : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, I, 1887, 589.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8 : 0.6-3.5 /*» w^^ rounded ends; in animal body

with a capsule. Capsule only in milk cultures.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — oval, entire, brownish, opaque. Surface :

round, convex, white ; microscopically, round, entire, brownish — yellow-

ish brown, opaque, with transparent borders.

132

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, a convex growth.

Agar slant. Growth whitish yellow — gray, soft, glistening, spreading.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a slimy sediment.

Milk. Not coagulated (according to some authors coagulated).

Potato. Growth yellowish-grayish, slimy, glistening, thin, with gas bubbles.
Indol slight. H2S slight. Ethyl-alcohol, acetic, and formic acids pro-
duced (Frankland).

Pathogenesis . Variable. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice causes death by
general septicaemia ; also in guinea pigs and rabbits, by intraperitoneal
and intravenous injections.

Habitat. Found in normal saliva. Associated with bronchopneumonia^
bronchitis, and various inflammatory and purulent conditions.

VARIETIES

Probably varieties of the above : not sufficiently described to clearly differen-
tiate from Bact. pneumonia:.

B. capsulatus-mucosus Fasching: Centralblatt f. BakterioL, XII, 1892, 304.
Habitat. Isolated from nasal secretions in influenza.
Capsule bacillus of Mandry: Fortschritte Med., VIII, 1890, No. 6.
Capsule bacillus of Kockel : Fortschritte Med., IX, 1891, No. 8.
Capsule bacillus of Dungern : Centralblatt f. BakterioL, XIV, 1893, 546.
Capsulated canal water bacillus Mori: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IV, 1888, 53.

26. Bact. ozaenae (Abel) Lehmann-Neumann

Bacillus mucosus-ozcence Abel : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXI, 1896, 88.
Bact. ozcence Lehmann-Neumann : Bact. Diagnostik, 1896, 204.

Morphology. Bacilli of variable length. Capsule in the body, occasionally
in milk cultures.

Gelatin colonies. Transparent, watery, viscid.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, spreading.

sigar slant. Growth watery, with a tendency to run down into the condensa-
tion water.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Potato. Growth watery, with gas bubbles only sparingly. Indol negative.
Do not grow in acid gelatin.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice causes death in 1-4 days, of
septicaemia. Guinea pigs, subcutaneous inoculations negative ; intraperi-
toneal injections cause peritonitis, etc. Rabbits refractory.

Habitat. Isolated from nasal mucus in coryza.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 133

Bacillus of rhinitis-atrophicans Paulsen : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIV,

1893, 249.
Not differentiated sufficiently to distinguish from the preceding.

27. Bact. Wrightii

Capsule bacillus of Malory and Wright : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XX, 1895, 22°-

Morphology. Bacilli thick, with considerable variations in size ; length
usually 2-3 times their thickness ; ends rounded. Slowly decolorized by
Gram's method.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; no gas ; on the surface, growth
translucent, gray, thin, not spreading.

Agar slant (with I per cent of glucose). Growth grayish, broad, delicate,
translucent.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a delicate iridescent membrane.

Potato. Growth thin, delicate, colorless ; no gas.

Milk. Slowly coagulated, acid ; no odor.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice cause death in 1-3 days with septicaemia.
Subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs, a local suppuration ; intraperito-
neally, 0.2 cc., septicaemia and much colorless slimy exudate, death in 24
hours. Rabbits, 0.5 cc. into ear vein, death in 24 hours. Septicaemia and
slimy exudate in body cavities.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of bronchopneumonia.

VARIETIES

Capsule bacillus of Nicolaier : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVI, 1894, 60 1.
From purulent nephritis. Indt. from the preceding.

Keratomalacia infantum capsule Bacillus Loeb : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., X,
1891, 369.

28. Bact. sputigenum

Bacillus aerogenes-sputigenus-capsulatus Herla: Archiv de Biol., XIV, 1895, 403.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, oval, rounded ends, often rather curved. Older
cultures show filaments. Occur singly, now and then in twos. In bloo,
preparations a capsule.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies remain very small. Surface colonies gray-
white, with later a transparent border.

Gelatin stab. A nail-shaped growth, gray, not porcelain-white.

Agar slant. Growth grayish white, slimy.

BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Turbid, with a whitish sediment.

Milk. Not coagulated. In gelatin and agar much gas.

Pathogenesis. Mice die in 1-3 days of septicaemia; guinea pigs and rabbits

refractory.
Habitat. Isolated from the blood of a mouse which had been inoculated with

the sputum of a pneumonia patient.

29. Bact. limbatum Marpmann

Bact. limbatum-acidi-lactici Marpmann : Erganzungshefte des Centralblatt f. allgemeine
Gesundheitspflege, II, 122.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick, with a capsule.

Milk serum gelatin colonies. 24 hours, punctiform, white, glistening ; edges

sharp.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; surface growth white, flat.
Litmus milk. 24 hours coagulated, slightly reddened. Grow at 37° C.
Habitat. Milk.

30. Bact. nasalis

Vorkommen von Frisch'schen Bacillen in der Nasenschleimhaut des Menschen u. der
Thiere: Simoni, Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 1899, 625.

Morphology. Bacilli rather large, oval, with a thick capsule, which commonly
encloses two rods. In cultures smaller, more rod-like, and without a
capsule. Stain readily.

Gelatin colonies. Round, much raised, homogeneous, opalescent, waxy;
growth viscous.

Gelatin stab. Good growth in depth ; no gas. Surface growth raised — convex,
opalescen^ becoming dirty white, never porcelain-white.

Agar slant. In 24 hours a moist, glistening, translucent, watery streak.

Glycerin agar colonies. 24 hours, 37°. Deep : dark, small, opaque. Surface :
largest, the size of a pin's head, raised, translucent, whitish-grayish.

Bouillon. In 24 hours at 37°, a dense turbidity, with a delicate pellicle on the
surface.

Milk. Not coagulated, not acid.

Potato. A raised, translucent, colorless, watery, glistening streak. No develop-
ment in acid media. No gas in glucose bouillon.

Pathogenesis. Not pathogenic to guinea pigs and rabbits, except an infiltra-
tion at the point of injection.

Habitat. Isolated from nasal secretions in rhinoscleroma.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 135

SEPTICAEMIA HEMORRHAGICA OR SWINE-PLAGUE GROUP

31. Bact. cholerae (Zopf) Kitt

Microbe du Cholera des Poles Pasteur : Compt. rend., LXC, 1880, 239, 952, 1030.

M. cholerce-gaUinarum Zopf: Spaltpilze, 1885, 57.

Bact. cholerce-gallinarum Crookshank : Manual Bacteriology, 1887, 232.

Coccobacillus avicidus Gamalei : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, 1888, 161.

Bact.avicidum Kitt: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 1885, 305.

Bacillus des Kaninchensepticamia Koch : Aetiol-Wundinfectionskrank., Leipzig, 1878 ;

Gaffky, Mitteilungen Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, I, 1881, 94.
B. cuniculicida Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.6: i.o /x; show polar stain.

Gelatin colonies. Surface colonies like B. coli.

Agar slant. Aggregations of delicate colonies.

Potato. Growth waxy, translucent, gray-white, flat.

Bouillon. A slight turbidity.

Milk. Coagulated, acid.

Litmus milk reduced. Produce indol and phenol.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous injections of small doses produce septicaemia in

chickens, pigeons, geese, ducks, etc. ; also in rabbits and mice.
Habitat. Associated with chicken cholera, and septicaemia of rabbits.

32. Bact. gallinarum (Kruse)

Bacillus of infectious enteritis in fowls Klein : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., V, 1889.
B.gamnarum Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 416.

Morphology. Bacilli 2-3 times the length of fowl cholera. Cultural characters

identical with the preceding.
Potato. 37°, no growth, later a brownish growth. Differs from the preceding

mainly by its weaker pathogenic properties ; only chickens affected

by subcutaneous injections and by feeding. Stools loose, death in 7-9

days, with bacilli in the blood.
Habitat. Isolated from cases of enteritis in fowls.
VARIETY. Bacillus of dysentery in turkeys and fowls Lucet : Annales Pasteur

Institut, 1891, 5. Not differentiated from the preceding.

33. Bact. anaerogenes (Lembke)

B. coli- anaerogenes Lembke : Archiv f. Hygiene, XXVII, 1896, 384.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0:2.0 /x. Morphology and cultural characters like

B. coli.
Lactose bouillon. No gas ; produces an amount of acid intermediate between

B. typhi and B. colt.

I36 BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations cause septicaemia in mice, guinea

pigs, and rabbits ; bacilli in the blood.
Habitat. Isolated from the faeces of a dog,..

Y 34. Bact. suicida (Migula)

Bacillus der deutschen Schweineseuche Loffler-Schiitz : Arbeiten Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte,

I. 1886,51,376.

Bacillus of swine-plague Salmon : U. S. Dept. Ag., Bureau Animal Industry, 1886, 87.
Bact. suicida Migula : Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895.
B. suisepticus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 419.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6 : I .o ; others 0.7-0.8 : 1 .8 /x, rounded ends ; polar
stain. Growth on gelatin rather variable ; negative to very feeble.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: after some days round, entire, brownish, granular
centres, and pale margins, 0.2-0.5 mm- Surface: like the former, but
4-5 times as large.

Agar colonies. Deep: in 24 hours 0.2 mm., round — lenticular, brownish,
opaque, smooth or beset with knobs. Surface: round, entire, slightly
convex, white — translucent ; microscopically, centre brownish, granular
toward margins, becoming homogeneous, translucent, with very delicate
radial striations. Plates give off a disagreeable pungent odor.

Agar slant. Isolated colonies or a thin grayish translucent layer ; growth in
condensation water viscid.

Bouillon. Faintly turbid or granular in clumps — clear ; sediment viscous ;
slightly acid.

Milk. Not coagulated, becoming slightly acid.

Potato. No appreciable growth ; according to Karlinsky a very delicate,
limited, straw-yellow growth.

Indol. Negative or only a trace. Phenol: present (Smith) or absent
(Karlinsky).

Pathogenesis. Variable in bacilli from different outbreaks. Subcutaneous in-
oculations of rabbits, in virulent types, cause a rapid septicaemia; less
virulent, death in 40 hours to 7 days. Peritonitis, hemorrhagic or diph-
theritic, with bacilli in exudate ; few bacilli in blood or organs. Atten-
uated forms cause death only after several weeks ; local inflammatory
reaction, circumscribed or spread over abdomen and thorax. Guinea
pigs : as in rabbits, but slightly less susceptible. Fowl and pigeons :
refractory to subcutaneous inoculations ; injections into pectoral muscle
cause death in 36-48 hours.

Habitat. Associated with swine plague.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 137

35. Bact. bovisepticum (Kruse)

Mikroparasiten bei einer Wild u. Rinderseuche Bellinger, 1878.

Bacterium der Wildseuche Kitt : Sitz. Ges. Morph. u. Physiol. in Miinchen, 1, 1885.

Microbo del barbone dei bufah Oreste-Armanni : Atti d. R. Istit. d. incoragg. alle Scienz.

Natur. Napoli Torn., 1886; ref. Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., II, 1887, 750.
B. bovisepticus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896,421.

Morphologically and in cultures closely related to the preceding. See Canvena.
1 . 0 Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IX, 561. Phenol negative for buffelseuche •,
both indol and phenol produced by the other varieties.

36. Bact. pneumopecurium

Bacillus of sporadic pneumonia of cattle Smith : U. S. Dept. Ag.,
Bureau Animal Industry, 1895, 136.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of swine plague, except the presence of a
capsule, 0.5-0.6: i.o /u,. Cultures become viscid with age. Growth on
gelatin slight or invisible.

Agar colonies. Round, translucent, grayish, reaching 4 mm. in diameter.

Agar slant. Growth grayish, glistening, fleshy ; water of condensation viscid.

Potato. Growth not manifest.

Milk. Unchanged. Phenol produced. Indol absent or doubtful. Generally
absent. No gas in glucose and saccharose bouillon.

Bouillon. A slight sediment, viscid when old.

Pathogenesis. Similar to the bacillus of swine plague.

37. Bact. sanguinarium Moore

U. S. Dept. Ag.. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1895, 189.

Morphology. In the body, bacilli 1.0-1.3: 1.4-1.8 /x, or coccoid forms, ends

rounded ; involution forms common. In cultures, longer and more

slender forms occur. Decolorized by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: grayish yellow, granular, 0.25 mm. Surface-

slightly spreading, granular, without markings.
Gelatin stab. Growth more abundant along the line of inoculation than on

the surface.

Agar slant. Growth at 37°, grayish, glistening.
Potato. A delicate grayish, glistening growth ; often no development on

acid potato. .
Alkaline bouillon. In 24 hours a uniform turbidity, acid, becoming clear, with

a granular sediment. In acid bouillon only a slight growth.
Milk. In 4 weeks, no change ; in 6 weeks, medium, opalescent, alkaline,

saponified.

I38 BACTERIOLOGY

Glucose bouillon. No gas, acid. Lactose and saccharose bouillon. No gas,
alkaline. Indol produced. Phenol negative.

Pathogenesis : Fowls inoculated into vein with 0.3 cc. of bouillon culture die in
3-13 days ; pyrexia, crouching position, head drawn in, liver slightly
enlarged, soft and fatty, spleen rarely enlarged, urates in tubules of
kidneys, intestines show punctiform hemorrhagic spots, heart muscles
pale with grayish points, only a few bacilli in blood and organs. Rabbits :
injections of 0.2 cc. killed in 4-5 days ; slight local reaction, necrotic areas
in liver, enlarged and discolored spleen, infiltration of cells into follicles
of caecum and glands about ileocaecal valve.

Habitat. Associated with " infectious leukaemia " in fowls.

38. Bact. avium

Bacillus of roup in fowls Moore: U. S. Dept. Ag., Bureau of Animal Industry,
Bulletin 8, 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1.5:0.8-1.2 /m; show polar stain. Decolorized by

Gram's method ; capsule ( ?) .
Agar colonies. Minute grayish dots ; odor pungent, similar to cultures of

swine plague.

Agar slant. Growth gray, moist, glistening, slightly viscid.
Potato. No growth.
Alkaline gelatin. No growth.
Milk. Unchanged in 6 weeks.
Bouillon. In 24 hours at 36° clouded ; in 2-3 days acid. No growth in acid

bouillon.

Glucose bouillon. Acid ; no gas. . ,

Lactose bouillon. Remains alkaline; no gas. Indol produced. Phenol

negative.
Pathogenesis. Injections of o. I cc. subcutaneously into rabbits caused death

in 18-36 hours with lesions of virulent swine plague. Young fowls

inoculated with 0.3 cc. subcutaneously died in 4 days; kidneys yellow

with urates ; cultures from blood and liver positive.
Habitat. Isolated from exudate of fowls in " roup " or diphtheria.

39- Bact. inocuum (Kruse)

B. lactis-inocuus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 352.
In its morphological and cultural characters similar to Bact. aerogenes.
Gelatin colonies. Porcelain-white, round — irregular, with characters approach-
ing B. colt.

Potato. Growth brownish.
Habitat. Milk.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 139

40. Bact. tiogense (Wright)

B. tiogensis Wright : I.e., 441.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, plump ; occur singly, in pairs, short

chains, and in filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Round, milk-white, elevated, 2 mm. ; microscopically, dark,

opaque, with a greenish shimmer, becoming thinner, brownish, granular

toward their margins. Grow in acid gelatin.
Agar slant. Growth grayish, glistening, rather limited.
Bouillon. Rendered turbid.
Potato. Growth gray-brownish, spreading.
Litmus milk. Decolorized; reaction amphoteric. Indol doubtful. No

growth at 37° C.
Habitat. Water.

41. Bact. refractans (Wright)

B. refractans Wright : I.e., 442.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick, medium-sized, in pairs or clumps.

Gelatin colonies. In 2 days round, white, slightly elevated, i.o mm. ; micro-
scopically, brownish, segmented — radially crimpled, with scalloped
outlines.

Gelatin slant. Growth narrow, white, wrinkled.

Agar slant. Growth thin, narrow, composed of translucent colonies.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged or lighter in color.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a slight pellicle, and a sediment.

Potato. Growth grayish — brownish gray, composed of minute colonies.

Litmus milk. Unchanged. Indol negative. Grow at 37° C.

Habitat. Water.

42. Bact. rodonatum (Ravenel)

B. rodonatus Ravenel : I.e., 40.

Morphology. Bacilli short ovals, rounded.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: yellowish brown with irregular edges, and a rosette
structure. Surface: in 60 hours, i.o mm.; grow slowly with a rosette
structure, becoming distinctly petaloid on their edges ; reddish brown
centres and yellowish gray edges.

Agar slant. Growth thin, white, translucent, limited.

Gelatin stab. On the surface, growth thin, irregular, leafy, 4-5 mm.

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, yellowish-brownish.

Bouillon. Turbid, a thin pellicle.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Decolorized.

I40 BACTERIOLOGY

Litmus milk. Pure blue, becoming decolorized in 10 days. Indol negative.
Grow at 37°.

Habitat. Water.

43. Bact. zurmanum (List)

Adametz, Bakt. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Vienna, 1888 ; Dyar, I.e., 362.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5:0.6-1.0; occur singly and in short chains. Cul-
tures on solid media translucent, white, very viscous. Indol negative.
A slight reduction of nitrates to nitrites.

Habitat. Isolated from the air.

44. Bact. Martizeni (Sternberg)

B. Martizeni Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 651.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : i .0-1 .5 /x ; occur singly and in short chains. Nitrates

slightly reduced after 28 days (Dyar, I.e.).
Agar slant. Growth white, translucent.
Pepton-rosolic acid. Deepened in color (Dyar).
Habitat. Isolated from the liver of a yellow fever cadaver (Sternberg). From

the air (Dyar (?)).

45. Bact. cuniculicida (Kruse)

B. cuniculicida-thermophilus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.
Micrococcus sur une nouvelle septicemie du lapin Lucet: Annales Pasteur Institut,
1889, 401.

Pathogenesis. Rabbits and guinea pigs inoculated subcutaneously and by
feeding die in 1-3 days ; septicaemia, spleen and liver enlarged, serous
membranes inflamed, bacilli in organs.

Habitat. Associated with an epidemic of rabbits and guinea pigs.

46. Bact. cuniculicida var. immobile

Pathogenesis. Only slightly virulent to mice, guinea pigs, and pigeons ; death
only with large doses. Rabbits at autopsy show an inflammation of se-
rous membranes.
Habitat. Associated with a spontaneous rabbit plague.

47. Bact. putidum

Bact. gracilis-cadaveris Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 733.
Morphology. Bacilli 1.0-2.0 /x; in chains.
Gelatin stab. Beaded below, branched outgrowths above; on the surface,

growth thick, white.
Potato. Growth creamy.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 141

Bouillon. Turbid, with a bad odor.

Pathogenesis . Pathogenic for rabbits only by intraperitoneal injections.

Habitat. From human liver of a cadaver.

48. Baet. diphtheria (Fltigge)

Bacillus der diphtheria bei der Taube Loffler : Mitteilungen Kaiserlichen Gesund-

heitsamte, 1884, 421.

Der Loffler Bacillus Babes-Puscariu : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VIII, 1890, 376.
B. diphtherice-columbarum Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli somewhat longer and more slender than the bacillus of
fowl cholera.

Gelatin colonies. Similar to B. typhosus.

Agar slant. Growth gray, translucent.

Bouillon. Turbid.

Potato. Growth white — grayish. Indol negative.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice and rabbits cause death, with necrotic
spots in liver containing bacilli ; spleen enlarged. Pigeons infected
through wounds of the mouth show diphtheritic deposits containing
bacilli, with death in 1-3 weeks ; bacilli in the organs after death.
labitat. Associated with diphtheria in pigeons.

49. Bact. columbarum (Kruse)

Microbe maladie des palombes Leclainche: Annales Pasteur Institut, 1894,490.
B. cholerce-columbarum Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 417.

Morphology. Bacilli somewhat larger than bacilli of fowl cholera. Cultures
similar to the latter.

Bouillon. Not turbid, but a flocculent sediment.

Potato. Growth grayish yellow.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of rabbits and guinea pigs cause
death in about 8 days. By feeding cultures to wild pigeons death follows
in 3-6 days, with symptoms of chicken cholera. Differentiated from fowl
cholera and No. 48 by its effect upon guinea pigs, growth in bouillon, etc.

Habitat. Associated with a disease of wild pigeons.

50. Bact. cuniculi (Kruse)

Bacillus der Darmdiphtherice des Kaninchens Ribbert : Deutsche, medizinische

Wochenschrift, 1887.
B. diphtherice-cuniculi Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 412.

Morphology. Bacilli i .0-1 .4 : 3.0-4.0 /n.

Gelatin colonies. Similar to B. coli.

Potato. Growth flat, whitish, slightly spreading. Indol negative.

I42 BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of rabbits cause
death in 3-14 days; in liver and spleen necrotic spots containing bacilli.
Infections per os cause a diphtheritic inflammation of the intestines, etc.

Habitat. Associated with the above disease.

51. Bact. Beckii

Bacillus der Brustscuche des Kaninchens Beck : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XV, 1893,363.
B. cuniculi-pneumonicus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 418.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of fowl cholera ; show polar stain.

Gelatin colonies. Small, entire, granular, clear, becoming brownish.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth.

Potato. At 20° C. no growth.

Agar slant. Growth porcelain-white • — brownish.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of rabbits into the lung result in cough, fever, rapid
respiration, and death in 3-5 days of pneumonia and pleuritis, with much
exudate containing bacilli. Subcutaneous inoculations cause a spreading
necrosis and death without general infection. Differentiated from No. 50
by growth on potato and pathogenesis.

Habitat. Associated with lung plague of rabbits.

52. Bact. dubium Kruse

JEin neuer fur Thiere path. Mikroorg. aus dem Sputum fines Pneumoniekranken

Bunzl — Federn : Archiv f. Hygiene, XIX, 1893, 326.
B. dubius-pneumonice Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 419.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods, with polar staining ; longer and more slender

on agar. «w

Gelatin colonies. Slightly spreading.
Agar slant. Growth composed of transparent colonies.
Potato. No growth.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation of rabbits, guinea

pigs, mice, and pigeons cause death in 1-4 days ; septicaemia, local oedema

— necrosis.
Habitat. Isolated from rusty sputum of a pneumonia patient.

53. Bact. felis (Kruse)

B. salivarius-septicus-felis Fiocca : Annali dell' Institute d' igiene dell' University

di Roma, 1892, II.
B.felis-septicus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 423.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods. Cultures like those of fowl cholera.
Milk. Not coagulated.
Potato. Growth thin, invisible.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 143

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits cause a general

septicaemia.
Habitat. Isolated from the sputum of a cat.

54. Bact. septicum (Trevisan)

B. septicus-agrigenus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
Pasteurella agrigena Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 21.

Morphological and cultural characters similar to those of fowl cholera. Patho-
genic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

Habitat. Isolated from the earth.

B. septicus-hominis Mironoff : Centralblatt f. Gynakologie, 1892, 42. From a
case of septic infection of the uterus ; and

£. canalis-parvus Mori: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IV. From canal water; not
differentiated from the preceding, No. 54.

55. Bact. vitulinum

Bacillus der Septikamie bei einem Seekalbe Bosso : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV,

1899, 52.

Morphology. In the blood of rabbits inoculated with the virus, bacilli 0.9:
2.7, or 0.5 : 1.7 fji. Grow poorly in ordinary media and quickly lose their
vitality and virulence after 8-10 days.

Gelatin colonies. Small, round, raised ; border distinct, granulose, yellowish.

Agar slant. 37°, isolated, ash-gray colonies, becoming confluent ; condensa-
tion water turbid.

Bouillon. In 8 hours, at 37°, a uniform turbidity, becoming clear in several
days. Grow well on glycerin agar.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations cause death in rabbits in 20-60
hours ; slight enlargement of the spleen, diffuse coloration of the flesh,
bacilli in the blood. Guinea pigs die in 32-40 hours ; intense reddening
of the flesh, kidneys strongly congested, bacilli in small numbers' in the
blood. Mice refractory to doses which kill the preceding.

Habitat. Isolated from a septicaemia of the sea-calf (Phoca vitulind).

•

56. Bact. purpurum

Bacillus of purpura-hcemorrhagica Babes: Septische Proz. Kindesalters, 1889.
B. hcemorrhagicus-septicus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 424.

Morphology. Short rods with a capsule. Grow rapidly in gelatin.
Agar slant. Small transparent drops, becoming whitish yellow.
Potato. Growth composed of whitish drops.
Bouillon. Rendered turbid.

144 BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice cause death in a few days, of hemorrhagic

septicaemia. Only slightly pathogenic to dogs and guinea pigs.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of septicaemia in man.

57. Bact. Bienstockii (Schroter)

Bacillus aus faces, No. Ill, Bienstock : Zeitsch. klin. Med., VIII, Heft i.

B. Bienstockii Schroter: Pilze Schlesien, 1886, 163.

B. coprogenes-parvus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphological and cultural characters like those of fowl cholera.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death in 56 hours ;

oedema, with few bacilli in the blood. Inoculations of rabbits into ear

cause death in 8 days, with erysipelas and diarrhoea.
Habitat. Isolated from faeces.

58. Bact. haemorrhagicum (Kruse)

Bacillus der idiopathischen Blutfleckenkrankheit Kolb: Arbeiten Kaiserlichen Gesund-

heitsamte, VII, 1891, 60.
B. hcemorrhagicus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 424.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 1-2 /x ; capsule present or absent.

Gelatin colonies. Flat, erose. «

Potato. Growth thin, moist.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice cause death in 2-3 days, of septicaemia.

Guinea pigs affected only by large doses. Rabbits often die by intra-

peritoneal injections of 0.5-1.0 cc.
Habitat. Isolated from corpses of persons dead of septicaemia.

59. Bact. velenosum (Kruse)

Bacillus der h&morrhagischen Infektion Tizzoni-Giovannini : Ziegler's Beitrage, VII, 1889,,

300.
B. hcemorrhagicus-velenosus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 425.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2-0.4 : °-7~l-3 /*•

Gelatin colonies.. Flat, irregular, with floccose borders.

Potato. Growth invisible.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs cause only loca-

oedema, with fever, hemorrhagic nephritis, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea ;

spleen normal ; necrosis of liver, and epithelium of kidney.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of purpura-haemorrhagica.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 145.

60. Bact. nephritidis (Vassalle)

B. hcemorrhagicus-nephritidis Vassalle : Tizzoni-Giovannini, Ziegler's Beitrage, VII, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli similar to those of fowl cholera, but less pathogenic to
rabbits ; strongly so for guinea pigs ; intraperitoneal inoculations cause
hemorrhagic nephritis.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of hemorrhagic nephritis.

61. Bact. aphthosum (Kruse)

Bacillus der Mundseuche des Menschen (Stomatis epidemica) Siegel : Deutsche med.

Wochensch., 1891, No. 49.
B. aphthosus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 427.

Morphology. Bacilli short 0.5-0.7 //, — filaments ; show polar stain.

Gelatin colonies. Small, entire, bluish white — yellowish.

Gelatin stab. Growth in depth, beaded.

Pathogenesis . Non-pathogenic to rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, dogs, and cats.

Local infection through the mouth to young pigs and calves.
Habitat. Isolated from the liver and kidneys of cattle affected with "Maul"

and " Klauenseuche."

6*. Bact. dysenteriae (Kruse)

Bacillus der weissen Ruhr der Kdlber Jensen: Monatshefte f. prakt. Thierheilk., Ill,

1892, 92.
B. dysenterice-vitulorum Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 412.

Morphology. Bacilli somewhat larger than those of fowl cholera ; show polar

stain. Cultures similar to those of B. colt.
Potato. Growth slimy, brownish.
Pathogenesis. The feeding of 5 cc. of bouillon culture to young calves gives

a fatal diarrhoea, with bacilli in intestines and organs.
Habitat. Associated with dysentery of calves.

63. Bact. salivae (Kruse)

B. saliva-minutissimus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 440.

Morphology. Bacilli small like those of influenza. Decolorized by Gram's

method.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat.
Potato. Growth brownish.

Habitat. Isolated from secretions of the mouth.
L

I46 BACTERIOLOGY

64. Bact. acidum

No. 56 of Conn : I.e., 83.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1.2 /x ; in pairs and chains. Grow at 35° C.
Gelatin colonies. Large, white, thin, translucent, irregular — lobate ; surface

irregular.

Gelatin stab. Good growth in depth ; on surface, growth thin, with an irregu-
lar border.

Agar slant. Growth thin, white, spreading.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid ; sediment white.

Habitat. Milk.

65. Bact. Connii

No. tf Conn: I.e., 83.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : I .o /x. Slight growth at 35° C.
Gelatin colonies. White, spreading, granular, entire.
Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, translucent, spreading.
Agar slant. Growth white.
Potato. Growth elevated, yellowish, spreading.
Bouillon. Clear, with flaky sediment.

Habitat. Milk.

66. Bact. nitrovorum (Jensen)

B. nitrovorus Jensen : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2d Abt., IV, 1898, 450.

Morphology. On agar and in bouillon bacilli 0.5 : 0.5-2.0 /A. No polar stain.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : in 4-5 days scarcely visible. Surface : white, moist,
glistening, entire, 0.2-0.5 mm-

Agar colonies. In 3 days, at 30° C. Deep : small, yellowish, entire. Sur-
face : dirty white, slimy, 2-4 mm.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth fine, pearly. On the surface, growth 6-10
mm., white, often concentric.

Gelatin slant. Slight growth, moist, glistening, bluish — yellowish, knotty,
very limited.

Agar slant. Growth moist, slimy, grayish — bluish white, limited.

Nitrate bouillon. In one day a weak turbidity, becoming clear ; a faint
pellicle, and a granular sediment. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

Habitat. Isolated from horse manure.

67. Bact. filefaciens (Jensen)

B. filefaciens Jensen : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2d Abt., IV, 1898, 409.
Morphology. On agar bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 0.5-1. 5 /u,; in nitrate bouillon, 0.5-0.7 :
1.0-2.5 /*•

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 147

Gelatin colonies. In 3-4 days. Deep: very small, white, entire. Surface:
thin, moist, glistening, stringy, becoming thicker.

Agar colonies. In 2 days, at 30° C. Deep: small, yellowish white, entire.
Surface: moist, glistening, dirty white, stringy, becoming white and
spreading.

Agar slant. Growth limited, raised in the centre ; whitish — grayish.

Gelatin slant. Growth milky, raised in the middle.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth pearly ; on the surface, growth spreading, milk-
white.

Nitrate bouillon. Weakly turbid, with a pellicle, becoming clear with a
stringy sediment ; denitrification.

Habitat. As a contamination of an old culture of B. Stutzeri.

68. Bact. punctatum

Bacillus No. iq Adametz : Landwirthsch. Jahrbucher, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2.0-3.0 /M, and filaments.

Gelatin colonies. In 4-6 days, compact, scarcely visible points; opaque to

dark brown, not spreading.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth.
Milk. Rendered acid.
Habitat. Milk.

69. Bact. Middletownii

No. jj Conn : I.e., 1894, 82.

Morphology. Bacilli short. Grow at 35° C.

Gelatin colonies. As raised beads, i mm.

Gelatin stab. On the surface, slightly spreading, pearly white, waxy; gas in

the gelatin.

Agar slant. Growth white, elevated.
Potato. Growth whitish — brownish.
Milk. Acid, not peptonized.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a sediment.
Habitat. Milk.

70. Bact. coccoideum

No. 16 Conn : I.e., 1893, 51.

Morphology. Ovals — coccoid forms. Grow at 35° C.

Gelatin colonies. A white bead, becoming thin, spreading; sometimes a

raised central nucleus.
Gelatin stab. Growth nail-shaped ; gas in gelatin frequently.

I48 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth thin, white, glistening, spreading — elevated.

Milk. Coagulated at 37°, with gas, acid, and peptonization of the medium.

Habitat. Milk, Mansfield-Conn.

71. Bact. lactis (Kramer)

Bacillus schleimiger Milch Loffler : Berliner klin. Wochensch., 1887, 631.
B. lactis-pituttosi Kramer : Die Bakteriologie Landwirthschaft, 1892, 24.

Morphology. Bacilli rather thick, rods breaking into coccoid segments.
Gelatin colonies. Round, entire — erose, 0.2-0.5 mm.; microscopically,.

brownish and radially striped.
Potato. Growth gray white, rather dry
Agar slant. Dirty white colonies.

Milk. Acid, slimy. / ' .

Habitat. Milk.

72. Bact. aromafaciens

No. 41 Conn : I.e., 1894, 41.

Morphology. Bacilli i .1 : 6.0 //, ; in twos.

Gelatin colonies. Punctiform, I mm.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth moist, elevated,.

of the aerogenes type.
Agar slant. Growth white, glistening.
Potato. Growth elevated, white — yellow.
Milk. Slightly acid, and slowly peptonized.
'Bouillon. Turbid, with pellicle.
Habitat. Milk.

CLASS III. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED. STAINED BY GRAM'S

METHOD.

I. Gas produced in glucose bouillon. BACT. ACIDI-LACTICI GROUP.

A. Milk coagulated.

73. Bact. acidi-lactici Zopf.

74. Bact. acidiformans Sternberg.

75. Bact. asthenia Dawson.

B. Milk not coagulated,

76. Bact. endometriditis (Kruse).
II. No gas produced in glucose bouillon.

BACT. RHINOSCLERMATIS GROUP.

A. Milk coagulated.

77. Bact. lacticum (Kruse).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 149

B. Milk coagulated (28 days) only after boiling.

78. Bact. crassum (Kreibohm).

C. Milk coagulation variable.

79. Bact. rhinosclermatis (Trevisan) Migula.

D. Milk not coagulated.

1 . Bacilli with capsules.

80. Bact. Bordonii (Trevisan).

2. Bacilli not distinctly surrounded by capsules.

82. Bact. Bossonis.

83. Bact. Czaplevuskii.

III. Gas production in glucose bouillon not stated.

A. Obligate aerobic. Grow very slowly.

84. Bact. nreee (Miquel) Leube.

B. Not strictly aerobic, as before.

1. Grow best on blood serum at 37° C.

85. Bact. Grawitzii (Trevisan).

2. Grow well on ordinary media.

a. Grow at ordinary room temperatures.
* Milk coagulated, acid.

86. Bact. tenue (Pansini) .
** Milk becomes thick, viscous.

87. Bact. subviscorum Migula.

b. Growth only takes place at temperatures above 27° C.

88. Bact. sanguinis (Sternberg).

BACT. ACIDI-LACTICI GROUP

73. Bact. acidi-lacti Zopf

Milchsaurebacillus Hueppe : Mitteilungen Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, II, 1882, 337.
Bact. acidi-lactici Zopf: Spaltpilze, 1883, 65.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6: 1.0-2.0 //,; often in twos. Optimum tempera-
ture 37° C.

Gelatin colonies. Coli-like.
Gelatin stab. A nail, flat-topped.
Agar slant. Growth white — yellow.
Potato. Growth yellowish brown.

Milk. Coagulated, acid, with production of CO2 and alcohol.
Lactose bouillon. Gas. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Milk.

ISO

BACTERIOLOGY

74. Bact. acidiformans Sternberg

Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 449.

)

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick rods to longer forms and filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, opaque, homogeneous. Surface: round,.

translucent — opaque, slightly irregular and somewhat iridescent.
Gelatin stab. Like Bact. pneumonia ; gas in the gelatin.
Agar slant. Growth glistening, creamy. In glycerin agar, much gas ;

medium becomes intensely acid.
Potato. Growth thick, milky white, semi-fluid.
Glycerin bouillon. A milky opacity, and much gas. A slight reduction of

nitrates to nitrites.
Litmus milk. Reddened.
Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs and rabbits, 1.0-2.0 cc.,

cause death in 24 hours ; bacilli in the blood in small numbers ; spleen,

enlarged ; intestines hyperaemic.
Habitat. Isolated from the liver of yellow fever cadaver.

75. Bact. asthenias Dawson

U. S. Dept. Ag., Bureau of Animal Industry, 1898, 330.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1 .0-1 .3 /x ; ends rounded ; occur singly and in pairs..
Do not stain in acid or alkaline methyl-blue or in carbol-fuchsin, but do-
stain well in aqueous solutions of the latter. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: yellowish, with irregular lobulate margins. Surface:-
in 24 hours, 1.5 mm., round, raised, papillate in centre, with yellowish!
borders.

Gelatin stab. In depth, yellowish, discrete, closely packed colonies ; on the-
surface, a brownish, spreading, deeply dentate growth, with delicate-
periphery.

Bouillon (acid). A dense turbidity, with pellicle on the surface. Medium
yellowish green, with a putrefactive odor. Alkaline bouillon rendered
slightly acid.

Agar slant. A good, white, opaque growth along line of stroke.

Potato. In 3 days a yellowish, creamy growth, with gas blisters.

Glucose bouillon. Rendered acid ; much gas = 2.

V_*V^o ^

T_T _

Lactose bouillon. Rendered acid ; moderate gas production. -=-^- = -.

\^\)^ I

TT —

Saccharose bouillon. Rendered acid ; but little gas. pr~- = -.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 151

Milk. Coagulated in 24 hours ; whey clear; highly acid, odorless. Neither

indol nor phenol produced. Pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from the duodenal contents of chickens in " asthenia."

76. Bact. endometriditis (Kruse)

Typhus ahnlichen Bacillus Germano-Maurea : Ziegler's Beitrage, XII, 1893, 494.
B. endometriditis Kruse : Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 432.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, of variable length, with a capsule.

Gelatin colonies. Coli-like.

Potato. Growth yellowish.

Lactose bouillon. Gas production. No gas in saccharose bouillon.

Pathogenesis •. Doubtful.

Habitat. Isolated from a liver abscess.

BACT. RHINOSCHLERMATIS GROUP

77. Bact. lacticum (Kruse)

Described by Giinther-Thierfelder : Archiv f. Hygiene, XXV, 1895, 2.
B. lacticus Kruse : Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 356.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6: i.o ft; in twos and short chains.

Gelatin colonies. Small, prominent.

Potato. Growth scanty.

Glucose bouillon. No gasr acid.

Lactose bouillon. As before.

Milk. Coagulated, odor aromatic ; production of alcohol and fatty acids.

Habitat. Milk.

78. Bact. crassum (Kreibohm)

B. crassus-sputigenus Kreibohm : Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
Klebsiella crassa Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 25.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick ; in body with a capsule.

Gelatin colonies. Aerogenes-like, grayish white, large, granular.

Gelatin stab. A nail-shaped growth, with a round head.

Potato. Growth moist, grayish white.

Milk. As above (Dyar, I.e.).

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death in 2 days of

septicaemia. Rabbits succumb to intravenous injections.
Habitat. Isolated from sputum.

152

BACTERIOLOGY

79. Bact. rhinosclermatis (Trevisan) Migula

Bacillus der Rhinoscleroms Frjsch : Wiener med. Wochenschrift, 1882, 970.
Klebsiella rhinosclermatis Trevisan : Sul micrococco della rabbia, 1887, 8.
Bact. rhinosclermatis Migula : Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli short, with rounded ends, usually united in pairs and

surrounded by a capsule ; or longer rods and filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Round, yellowish white; microscopically granular.
Gelatin stab. In depth, densely crowded colonies ; on the surface, growth

white, glistening, pulvinate.
.Potato. Growth creamy white — yellowish-brownish, in which gas bubbles

may develop.

Milk. Coagulated (Paltauf ) ; not coagulated (Abel).
Pathogenesis : Mice affected by small doses. Intraperitoneal inoculations of

guinea pigs and rabbits, in large doses, may cause death. Bacilli only

sparingly in blood and organs.
Habitat. Found in newly formed tubercles in rhinoscleroma.

80. Bact. Bordonii (Trevisan)

Proteus hominis-capsulatus Bordoni-Uffreduzzi : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 1887.

Klebsiella Bordonii Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 25.

B. capsulatus-septicus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 345.

.Morphology. Bacilli variable in size, often irregularly swollen or curved ;

occur singly and in pairs or long filaments. Rods surrounded by a

capsule.
Gelatin colonies. Like those of Bact. pneumonia, raised, but with irregular

borders, or coli-like.

Gelatin stab. Growth like Bact. pneumonia.
Agar slant. Growth spreading, translucent.
Potato. Growth spreading, moist, glistening, colorless.
Blood serum. As on agar ; medium not liquefied. Gas produced in glucose

bouillon according to Kruse ; not so according to Bordoni.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle on the surface ; no putrefactive odor.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice causes death in 1-4 days of

septicaemia. Intraperitoneal inoculations of rabbits and guinea pigs cause

septicaemia and death in 2-3 days.
Habitat. Isolated from cadavers in cases of Hadernkrankheit.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 153

82. Bact. Bossonis

Bacillus iiber eine neue Infektionskrank. des Rindviehs Bosso : Centralblatt
f. Bakteriol., XXII, 1897, 537; XXIII, 1898, 318.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8 : i. 5-2.7^.

Gelatin colonies. Round, raised. Microscopically, round — irregular, light
yellow, marmorated ; often semilunar colonies.

Gelatin stab. In depth, confluent yellowish colonies. On surface, growth
round, raised.

Agar slant. White — straw-yellow colonies, becoming confluent; water of
condensation turbid.

Potato (alkaline). 37° C., an abundant growth of transparent drops, with
slight tendency to become confluent ; on acid potato, but slight growth.

Milk. Not coagulated, acid.

Glucose bouillon. 37°, turbid, much odorless gas and abundant sediment ; at
room temperatures but slight growth. Indol negative.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculations of guinea pigs cause death in 36
hours ; strong hyperaemia of the intestinal viscera, peritoneum, and kid-
neys ; spleen not enlarged ; lungs and pleura normal ; bacilli in spleen
and kidneys, also in the black clotted blood.

Habitat. Associated witK an infectious disease of cattle, septicaemia.

83. Bact. Czaplewskii

Bacillus bei Keuchhusten Czaplewski : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXII, 1897, 641.
Morphology. Bacilli very minute, like Bact. influenza. Grow best at 37°.

Bacilli in young cultures show polar stain.
Gelatin slant. A narrow, grayish stripe.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded, whitish yellow ; on the surface, colony

small, grayish, rather dry.

Bouillon. 37° C., scarcely turbid ; sediment stringy.
Potato. No growth observed.

Pathogenesis. Inoculation experiments either negative or inconclusive.
Habitat. Isolated from sputum in whooping cough.

84. Bact. ureae (Miquel) Leube

B. urea Miquel : Bull. Soc. Chimiq d. Paris, XXXI, 1879, 391.
Bact. urecB Leube : Virchow's Archiv, C, 1885, 540.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 1.5-2.6 /x. Grow very slowly.
Gelatin colonies. Flat, spreading, irregular. Ferment urine.
Habitat. Isolated from urine.

I54 BACTERIOLOGY

85. Bact. Grawitzii (Trev.)

Bacillus der Acne Contagiosa des Pferdes Dieckerhoff-Grawitz : Virchow's Archiv,

CII, 148.

B. Grawitzii Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 13.
B. acnes-contagiosa Kruse : Flvigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 445.

Morphology. Bacilli very small, long-oval rods; occur singly, or in short
chains. Stain with difficulty.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a beaded growth.

Potato. Scarcely any growth.

Pathogenesis . Rubbing cultures into the skin of horses causes characteristic
pustules. Subcutaneous inoculations of rabbits, toxic symptoms ; bacilli
not spreading. In guinea pigs, by rubbing into skin, death with hemor-
rhagic serous inflammation. Mice die by subcutaneous injections in i-io
days ; bacilli in the organs.

Habitat. Isolated from acne-contagiosa in horses.

86. Bact. tenue (Pansini)

B. sputigenes-tenuis Pansini : Virchow's Archiv, CXXII, 1890, 453.

Morphology. Bacilli small, of variable length ; in twos and chains ; in the
body with a capsule.

Gdatin colonies. Round, raised — slightly spreading, yellow, concentric, ra-
dially striped.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, yellowish.

Potato. Growth yellowish, flat.

Pathogenesis. Mice and guinea pigs refractory to ordinary quantities of the
virus. Subcutaneous inoculations of 0.5 to i.o cc. into rabbits cause death
by septicaemia ; slight local effect, hemorrhage in peritoneum ; spleen
enlarged.

Habitat. Associated with advanced phthisis and catarrhal pneumonia.

B. Pyogenes-minutissimus Kruse. From pus in man. From the descriptions,,
not differentiated from the preceding.

87. Bact. subviscorum Migula

Bacillus schleimiger Milch Adametz: Landw. Jahrbiicher, 1891, 185.

B. lactis-viscosus Krammer: Die Bakteriologie Landwirthschaft, II, 1892, 26.

Bact. subviscorum Migula : System des Bakterien, 1900.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.1-1.3 : 1.2-1.7 ft — filaments ; with a capsule.
Gelatin colonies White, slimy, erose.
Agar slant. Growth dirty white, slimy.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 155

Milk. In 5-10 days becomes thick, viscous ; later, peptonized and clear ; no

special odor.
Habitat. Milk.

88. Bact. sanguinis (Steinberg)

B. sanguinis-typhi Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.

«

Morphology. Bacilli typhi-like, 0.5-0.8 : 1.0-2.5 P»
Agar colonies. Blue-gray, translucent, irregular, becoming dry.
Potato. Growth invisible.
Milk. Not coagulated.
Pathogenesis. Slight or doubtful.
Habitat. Isolated from blood of typhoid fever patients.

CLASS IV. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. WITHOUT PIGMENT. GROW AT ROOM TEMPERA-
TURES. GELATIN LIQUEFIED.

Colonies on gelatin plates roundish, not amoeboid or proteus-like.

BACT. AMBIGUUM GROUP.

A. Gelatin liquefied very slowly, or merely softened.

1. Stained by Gram's method.

89. B. Thuillieri (Trev.). Swine erysipelas; see Myco-

bacterium.

90. B. insidiosus Trevisan. Mouse septicaemia ; see

Mycobacterium.

2. Decolorized by Gram's method.

a. Pathogenic bacteria.

91. B. mallei Zopf; see Mycobacterium.

92. Bact. salmonica (Kruse).

b. Non-pathogenic.

93. Bact. vermiculosum (Zimmerman).

94. Bact. incannum (Pohl).

95. Bact. trunaptum.

B. Gelatin liquefied rather quickly.

1. Stained by Gram's method.

96. Bact. orchiticum (Kruse).

97. Bact. pneumonicum Kruse.

2. Not stained by Gram's method, or indeterminate.
a. Potato growth white, or color of the medium.

* Potato growth dry, with irregular surface. Grow best at 37° C.

98. Bact. -varicosum (Sternberg).

BACTERIOLOGY

** Potato growth scarcely visible. Grow well at 20° C.

f Gas generated in nutrient gelatin and glucose bouillon.

99. Bact. aromaticum (Pammel).
ft No gas in nutrient gelatin (?).

100. Bact. nubilum (Frankland) Lehmann-Neumann.
* 10 1. Bact. methylicum (Loew.).

*** On potato, raised dry grayish colonies. Bacilli show chro-
matic granules in the interior of the rods.

102. Bact. Trambusti Kruse.

b. Potato growth yellowish — brownish.

* Gelatin stab cultures show a saccate liquefaction.

103. Bact. aqtiatilis (Zimmerman).

** Gelatin stab cultures a crateriform liquefaction, becoming
stratiform.

104. Bact. flexuosum (Wright) .

c. Potato growth pinkish — salmon-colored.

105. Bact. ambiguum Chester.

d. Color of potato growth not stated

106. Bact. convolntum (Wright).
II. Colonies on gelatin plates amoeboid or proteus-like.

BACT. RADIATUM GROUP.

107. Bact. radiatum Chester.

BACT. AMBIGUUM GROUP

92. Bact. salmonica (Kruse)

Bacillus der Forellenseuche Emmerich-Weibel : Archiv f. Hygiene, XXI, 1894, *•
B. salmonica Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 322.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods. Do not grow at 37° C.

Gelatin colonies. Whitish-gray, becoming brownish, glistening, cholera-like,
with rosulate markings.

Gelatin stab. In depth, beaded colonies, then air bubbles, with slow liquefac-
tion, and production of an open canal, mostly air.

Bouillon. Clear, with a sediment.

Agar slant. Growth thin, moist, glistening, greenish yellow — brownish.

Potato. No growth.

Pathogenic to trout by inoculation of cultures.

Habitat. Isolated from a disease of trout.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 157

93. Bact. vermiculosum (Zimmerman)

B. vermiculosus Zimmerman : Die Bak. Nutz u. TrinkwSsser, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 1.5 /A, with a capsule. Grow at 37° C.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, gray, granular. Surface: spreading, lobed,

marmorated. Gelatin slowly liquefied.
Agar slant. Growth moist, opalescent.
Potato. Growth yellowish gray, glistening.
Habitat. Water.

94. Bact. incannum (Pohl)

B. incannus Pohl : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 1892, 142 ; Dyar, I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.5 : 0.6-1.0/4; in chains. Gelatin liquefied slowly.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, white, streaked.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Litmus milk. No acid.

Habitat. Isolated from a leaf of Sarracenia purpurea.

95. Bact. truncatum

B. No. ^//Adametz: Landw. Jahrbiicher, XVIII, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli, 0.7-0.9: 1.4-2.0 /*, ends truncate, often in filaments.
Gelatin colonies. In 4 days small, dirty, white, punctiform, surrounded by a

zone of liquefied gelatin, becoming thin, irregular disks, lying in basins

of liquefied gelatin ; microscopically, at first round, entire, brownish,

becoming irregular.
Gelatin stab. Growth on the surface thin, yellowish white, under which a

slow liquefaction occurs.
Milk. Coagulated and peptonized.
Habitat. Isolated from Emmenthaler cheese.

96. Bact. orchiticum (Kruse)

Bacillus zur Rotzdiagnose : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXI, 1896, 156.
B. orchiticus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 455.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of glanders.
Gelatin colonies. Like old cholera colonies.
Agar slant. Growth dense, white.
Blood serum. An orange pigment.
Bouillon. Turbid; no sediment.

158 BACTERIOLOGY

Palhogenesis. Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs cause death in 4-5
days ; enlargement of the testicles, tubercles on the diaphragm, testicles,
etc. ; with larger doses the peritoneum is affected as above. Mice inocu-
lated subcutaneously die in 4-7 days ; abscess, hemorrhagic oedema ; with
intraperitoneal injections, yellowish tubercles on the peritoneum. Rabbits
nearly immune.

Habitat. Isolated from nasal secretions of a glandered horse.

97. Bact. pneumonicum (Kruse)

Pneumobacillus liquefaciens-bovis Arlong : Compt. rend., 99, 109, 116.
B.pneumonicus-liquefaciens Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Short rods — coccoid forms. Cultural characters not fully de-
scribed.

Potato. Growth whitish, to brown.

Pathogenesis . Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs and rabbits cause
death ; dogs but little affected.

Habitat. Isolated from exudate in lung plague of cattle.

98. Bact. varicosum (Sternberg)

Gombert : Rech. exp6r. microbes conjonctives, Paris, 1889.

B. varicosus-conjunctivce Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 474.

Morphology. Bacilli I .o : 2.0-8.0 /x ; short, often constricted in the middle.

Slight growth at 22° C. ; optimum temperature 37°.
Agar colonies. In 4 days colonies 4 mm., with minute thorny projections ; an

opaque nucleus, and a yellowish, granular, transparent zone, from which

proceed twisted, bent, tapering offshoots.
Gelatin stab. In depth, but slight growth; on the surface, growth round,

flat, grayish white ; liquefaction extends gradually downward.
Agar slant. A thin, dry, white, adherent film.
Potato. Growth dry, white, spreading; surface irregular, and margins fringed;

later, reddish brown.

Pathogeuesis. An inflammation of the cornea of rabbits from local infection.
Habitat. Isolated from the healthy conjunctival sac of man.

99. Bact. aromaticum (Pammel)

B. aromaticum Pammel: Iowa Ag. Expt. Sta. Bui. 21, 1893, 792.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.4: 0.9-1.2 ju ; ends rounded. Grow slowly at 35°.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform — saccate, with gas production.
Agar slant. Growth white, spreading.
Milk. Coagulated, acid, slowly peptonized.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 159

Blood serum. Growth dirty white, spreading ; medium liquefied.

Potato. Slight growth, invisible unless moist, when there form yellowish white

colonies.
Habitat. Isolated from cheese.

100. Bact. nubilum (Frankland) Lehraann-Neumann.

B. nubilus Frankland: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 386.

Bact. nubilum Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diagnostik, 1896, 255.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, 0.3 : 3.0 /A, or filaments more or less curved.

Gelatin colonies. Like those df Bact. murisepticum.

Agar slant. Growth thin, opalescent.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle.

Potato. A scarcely visible growth. A slight reduction of nitrates.

Habitat. Water.

101. Bact. methylicum (Loew)

B. methylicus Loew: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XII, 1892, 462.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick rods, i.o: 2.0-2.5 M-

Gelatin colonies. In 2 days, round — oval, yellowish, entire, sharp, becoming
liquefied •, edges ciliate. Colonies often like those of cholera.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, like cholera, with a whitish-yellowish
sediment. No liquefaction in depth.

Glucose gelatin stab. In depth, little or no growth, a small liquefied bubble
on top.

Agar stab. In depth, no growth; on the surface, growth spreading, grayish
white.

Potato. Growth like B. typhosus, pure white, adherent.

Bouillon. Growth like anthrax; medium clear; on the surface and adherent
to the glass, a white ring. Grow well in 0.5 per cent methyl alcohol,
0.05 per cent dicalcium phosphate, and o.oi per cent magnesium sulphate,
on which it forms a reddish membrane. Possesses the ability to decom-
pose formic acid salts.

Habitat. A culture contamination.

102. Bact. Trambusti (Kruse)

Discovered by Trambusti-Galeotti, not named : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XI, 1892, 717.
B. Trambusti Kruse : Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 319.

Morphology. Bacilli 3-5 /x, size variable. Chromatin granules in the interior

of the rods. Grow at 37°.
Gelatin colonies. Border irregular, surrounded by a zone of liquefied gelatin.

160 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar colonies. Star-shaped, with broad, radiating outgrowths.
Bouillon. Not turbid, with a membrane.
Agar slant. Growth grayish.
Potato. Raised dry colonies.
Habitat. Water.

103. Bact. aquatilis (Zimmerman)

B. radiatus-aquatilis Zimmerman : Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1890.

Morphology. 0.6: 1.2-2.5 /A.

Gelatin colonies. Surrounded by a delicate " Strahlenkranz."

Gelatin stab. A saccate liquefaction, with a pellicle on the surface ; medium

turbid.

Agar slant. Growth gray, translucent.
Potato. Growth yellowish.

104. Bact. flexuosum (Wright)

B. flexuosus Wright : I.e., 460.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, thick, rounded ; also chains and filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round — oval, brownish, granular. Surface: in 2

days, whitish irregular clumps. Microscopically, twisted strands, dense

in centre, edge irregular.
Gelatin stab. A crateriform liquefaction, becoming stratiform ; medium

alkaline.
Agar slant. Growth grayish, translucent, limited ; the agar becoming slightly

greenish.

Bouillon. Turbid, becoming slightly greenish.
Potato. Growth brownish, viscid, glistening, uneven.
Litmus milk. Coagulated, acid. Indol, a slight or doubtful reaction. Grow

at 36°.

Glucose bouillon. Gas not produced.
Habitat. Water.

105. Bact. ambiguum Chester

Del. College Ag. Expt. Sta. Report, 1899.

Morphology. On agar and potato, short rods and ovals to longer forms 3-4
times their breadth ; 0.7 : 1.0-3.0 //,. In neutral bouillon long filamentous
forms appear with often involution forms. Stain with ordinary analine
colors ; decolorized by Gram's method. Flagella absent. Aerobic, grow
only in open end of fermentation tube. Grow at 37° C.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA l6l

Gelatin colonies. Deep: in 2 days round — irregular, nearly amorphous,
homogeneous or finely granular, grayish — light yellowish ; border entire
— finely filamentous. Surface: in 2 days round, thin, flat, veily disks,
1-1.5 mm. In 7-10 days round, entire, depressed, due to the liquefaction
of the gelatin. Microscopically, in 2 days round, entire, with a small,
dense, central nucleus, surrounded by a broad, thin, pale, homogeneous,
finely granular portion. In 7-10 days grayish, darker in centre, granular,
with concentric zoning ; border tuberculate — ciliate ; other colonies show
an erose — lobed border. Microscopic appearances rather variable.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a filiform growth, becoming ciliate — plumose. On
the surface, colony round — irregular, thin, flat, entire — lobate. In 7 days

« a thin, flat, surface growth, under which is a crateriform — shallow funnel-
formed liquefaction, which proceeds slowly.

Agar slant. A thin, moist, glistening, translucent, spreading veil.

Bouillon (neutral). A light uniform turbidity ; no pellicle. Remains turbid
after 5 weeks.

Milk. After 7-10 days, rather thin, watery, with a slight brownish discolora-
tion, which, upon heating to boiling, gives a finely flocculent curd.

Litmus milk. In 3-5 days, medium becomes a deep blue, with a strong
alkaline reaction.

Potato. In 24 hours, a scarcely visible, dry, creamy streak, becoming, in 5
days, light pinkish, rather thick and raised, dry and dull. In 10 days,
color becomes a salmon-pink, later chocolate-brown. Indol negative.
Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

No growth in 1.5 per cent normal HC1 bouillon. Cultures show no marked
odor. No gas in glucose bouillon, and no acid production.

Habitat. Soil.

106. Bact. convolutum Wright

B. convolutus Wright : I.e., 461.

Morphology. Bacilli large, occur singly and in pairs ; also twisted chains and

filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, dark, granular. Surface: round, grayish
white, translucent, woolly-looking, slightly opalescent, 2-4 mm. ; micro-
scopically, segmented — fissured ; edge irregular ; darker centre.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform ; proceeds slowly. Medium alkaline.
1 Agar slant. Growth translucent, grayish, limited ; agar becomes greenish.

brown.

, Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle ; medium becomes greenish.
1 Potato. Growth elevated.

• BACTERIOLOGY

Litmus milk. Alkaline; not coagulated. Indol negative.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. No growth at 36°.
Habitat. Water.

107. Bact. radiatum Chester I.e.

Morphology. On agar short ovals — longer forms ; 0.7 : i .0-3.0 /x. ; occur singly,
with little tendency to form filaments or chains. Decolorized by Gram's
method. Flagella absent. Aerobic, grow only in open end of fermenta-
tion tube. No growth at 37° C.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, amorphous, homogeneous, yellow-
brown. Surface colonies : in 2-3 days, thin, flat, slightly depressed, i
mm. ; in 4-5 days, colonies 3-5 mm., depressed, due to liquefaction, with
a large central dirty white nucleus, irregular or ameboid in form, with
irregular radial extensions. Microscopically, in 2 days, an indistinctly
defined yellowish brown nucleus, becoming lighter and colorless ex-
teriorly; refraction low; edge faintly defined, erose, embayed, lobed.
Coli — proteus-like.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a scanty filiform growth ; on the surface, a crateriform
liquefaction, becoming stratiform.

Agar slant. A pure white, dense, opaque streak.

Bouillon (neutral). A slight, uniform turbidity, which persists for 5 weeks.
No pellicle, and only slight sediment.

Potato. A thick, raised, slimy whitish streak, becoming yellowish — brownish.

Milk. Coagulated after 2-5 weeks ; medium may become slightly brownish,
and has a foetid odor.

Litmus milk. For jjtt first 10 days, a slightly darker blue, becoming, in lo
days, slightly aHi. Early cultures reduced litmus. Indol negative. No
gas in glucose bouillon, and slight acid production. No reduction of
nitrates to nitrites. No growth in 1.5 per cent normal HC1 bouillon.
Cultures show only a slight foetid odor.

Habitat. Soil.

CLASS V. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. PRODUCE PIGMENT ON GELATIN OR AGAR. PIG-
MENT YELLOWISH, ^ELATIN LIQUEFIED.

J. Growth on potato. ^L

A. Growth on potato yellowish*

i. Gelatin colonies radiate filamentous, branched — arborescent.
108. Bact. arbor escens (Frankland).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 163

2. Gelatin colonies-not characterized as above.

a. Milk coagulated.

* Litmus milk reddened.

109. Bact. oxylacticum (Dyar).

** Litmus milk rendered alkaline or unchanged in reaction,
f Gelatin liquefied rapidly.

1 10. Bact. desidiosum (Wright),
ff Gelatin liquefied very slowly.

in. Bact. Fischeri Dyar.

b. Milk not coagulated.

* Litmus milk reddened, rendered acid,
f Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

112. Bact. eta (Dyar).

ft Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

113. Bact. fulvu m (Zimmerman).

** Litmus milk rendered alkaline or unchanged.

t Agar smear cultures reddish brown, shading to yellowish.

• 114. Bact. rubidum (Eisenberg).
ft Agar smear cultures yellowish — orange.

§ Gelatin liquefied quickly, i.e. within a few days.

115. Bact. caudatum (Wright).

§§ Gelatin liquefied very slowly, i.e. within 2-4 weeks.

1 1 6. Bact. Kralii.

117. Bact. helvolum (Zimmerman).

c. Milk coagulation not stated. Growth on liquefied gelatin

crumpled.

* Gelatin colonies moruloid.

1 1 8. Bact. plicatum (Zimmerman).
** Gelatin colonies punctiform.

119. Bact. citreum (Strassman-Stecker).

B. Growth on potato brownish.

1. Short, broad bacilli.

120. Bact. bucallis (Sternberg).

2. Bacilli minute, slender.

121. Bact. pseudoconjunctivitidis (Kruse).

II. 33o not grow on potato.

122. Bact. ceris-minutissimum (Kruse).

123. Bact. dormitor (Wright).

1 64

BACTERIOLOGY

1 08. Bact. arborescens (Frankland)

B. arborescens Frankland: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 2.5 ju, — filaments.

Gelatin colonies. As above described, very characteristic; centre yellowish,,

border iridescent. Medium liquefied slowly.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a turbidity of the medium ; on the surface, a thin,.

iridescent layer, later a yellowish sediment in the liquefied medium.
Agar slant and potato. Growth deep orange. Pigment insoluble in water,

soluble in alcohol.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no membrane, and a yellowish sediment. Nitrates not

reduced.

Milk. Not coagulated (Dyar).
Habitat. Water.

109. Bact. oxylacticum (Dyar)

B. oxylacticus Dyar : I.e., 369.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0-1.3: 1.7-2.5 /A; occur singly and in chains. Gelatin

liquefied quickly. ^

Potato. Growth glistening, transparent, watery, marked with opaque white

spots.

Agar slant. White, with a slightly ochreous tint.
Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged. Nitrates not reduced.
Habitat. From Krai's laboratory.

no. Bact. desidiosum (Wright)

B. desidiosus Wright : I.e., 443.

Morphology. Bacilli small, short, rounded ; in pairs and clumps.

Gelatin colonies. In 3 days yellowish brown irregular clumps, i.o mm., within*
the surrounding liquefied gelatin ; microscopically, dense, granular, brown-
ish yellow, often darker in centre, irregular, and broken.

Gelatin ,stab. Liquefaction fusiform, with a bubble at top.

Agar slant. Growth brownish yellow, glistening, translucent, slightly spread-
ing.

Potato. Growth brownish yellow, moist, elevated, rough.

Litmus milk. Clot viscid, yellow, with a yellow-brown serum. Medium alka-
line— amphoteric.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Indol. A slight or doubtful reaction. .No growth at 36° C.

Habitat. Water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 165

in. Bact. Fischer! (Dyar)

B.fischeri Dyar : I.e., 370.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6: 0.6-1.2 /a; occur singly.

Gelatin. Liquefied slowly, i.e. after 28 days. On solid media growth yellow-
ish, but pigment forms slowly.

Milk. Coagulated slowly, often not until 28 days. A slight reduction of
nitrates.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged.

Litmus milk. Unchanged.

Habitat. From Krai's laboratory.

According to Dyar, identical with Photobacterium Fischeri of Beijerinck.

112. Bact. eta (Dyar)

B. eta Dyar: I.e., 374.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.7-1.0 p. ; occur singly.

Gelatin. Liquefied slowly.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged. Growth on solid media yellow, viscous.

Habitat. Air.

113. Bact. fulvum (Zim.)

B.fulvus Zimmerman: Bakt. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1890. Dyar: I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 0.9-1.3 ju.; occur singly in pairs and short chains.
Optimum temperature 30° C.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round — irregular, yellowish gray, granular. Surface:
in 8 days, convex, I mm., reddish yellow.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a good growth ; on the surface, growth round, con-
vex, yellowish.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish, glistening.

Potato. Growth abundant, yellowish, glistening.

Milk. Not coagulated. Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

Litmus milk. Reddened (Dyar).

Habitat. Water, etc.

114. Bact. rubidum (Eisenberg)

B. rubidus Eisenberg. See Nf. 145.

!66 BACTERIOLOGY

115. Bact. caudatum (Wright)

B. caudatus Wright : I.e., 444.

Morphology. Bacilli small, slender, with conical ends ; in pairs and as filaments.
Gelatin colonies. In 3-4 days, colonies 1-2 mm., yellow, translucent, smooth

— wavy; microscopically, with a yellowish centre and a somewhat radiate,

light periphery.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth villous ; on the surface, liquefaction crateri-

form. with yellowish flocculi.

Agar slant. Growth, yel]ow^glLstening, translucent, slightly spreading.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a yellowish sediment.
Potato. Growth dark yellow, elevated, spreading ; surface uneven.
Litmus milk. Slightly decolorized.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol} reaction doubtful. No growth at 36° C.
Habitat. Water.

1 1 6. Bact. Kralii

B. fuscus-liquefaciens Dyar : I.e., 376.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6: 1.0-2.0 /u.; occur singly and in short chains.
Gelatin. Slowly liquefied, i.e. after 14-50 days.
Agar slant. Growth bright orange, forming a crusty membrane. Nitrates

slightly reduced.
Litmus milk. Blue.
Habitat. Air (from Krai's laboratory).

117. Bact. helvolum (Zimmerman)

B. helvotus Zimmerman : Bakt. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1890. Dyar : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1.5-2.5-4.5 /u,. Optimum temperature 25° C.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth convex, becom-
ing spreading, and Naples yellow in color ; later, a crateriform liquefaction.

Agar slant. Growth of a Naples yellow color.

Potato. Growth yellow, becoming slightly greenish.

(Gelatin. Liquefied in 30-40 days. Reduction of nitrates variable. Milk.
Not coagulated. Litmus milk. Blue.) Dyar.

Habitat. Water, air.

1 1 8. Bact. plicatum (Zimmerman)

B. plicatus Zimmerman : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli small, slender; in twos or short chains. Optimum tem-
perature 20° C.
Gelatin colonies. Yellowish white, irregular ; microscopically, rough, moruloid.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA l6/

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded, yellowish white ; a whitish yellow

crumpled membrane on the surface of the liquefied gelatin.
Potato. Growth thin, dry, yellowish gray.
Habitat. Water.

119. Bact. citreum (Strassman-Stecker)

B. citreus-cadaveris Strassman-Strecker : Bakterien bei der Leichenfaulniss, 1888.
B. Streckeri Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 17.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-0.9 /* i often in chains.

Gelatin colonies. Punctiform.

Gelatin stab. An air bubble above, under this a yellowish layer, under this a

clear canal of liquefied gelatin, containing a yellowish sediment. Odor

of H2S.

Potato. Growth citron-yellow, dry. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from a human corpse 50 hours after death.

120. Bact. bucallis

Bacillus g. Vignal: Archiv Phys., VIII, 1886.

B. bucallis-minutus Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 643.

Morphology. Rods scarcely longer than broad, 0.5-1.0 /x.

Gelatin colonies. In 48 hours, round, elevated, slightly yellowish, surrounded

by liquefied gelatin.
Gelatin stab. In 48 hours the growth in depth is yellowish white, beaded ; on

the_J5urface, a cup-shaped liquefaction ; in 6 days a small funnel.
Agar slant. Golden yellow colonies, easily removed with a needle.
Bouillon. Turbid, with an iridescent pellicle.
Potato. Growth thin, yellowish, becoming brownish.
Habitat. Isolated from the saliva of healthy persons.

121. Bact. pseudoconjunctivitidis (Kruse)

Bacillus agyptischen katarrhalischen Conjunctivitis Kartulis : Centralblatt f. Bak-

teriol., I, 1887, 289.
B. pseudoconjunctivitidis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 441.

Morphology. Bacilli minute, 0.25: l.o/x. Cultures produce a canary-yellow

pigment.

Gelatin stab. A nail-shaped growth with a flat head, yellow ; liquefaction slow.
Potato. Growth limited, bright brown.
Habitat. Isolated from conjunctival secretions. <.

168 BACTERIOLOGY

122. Bact. aeris-minutissimum (Kruse)

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 441.

From descriptions, indistinguishable from the preceding, except that it pro-
duces pigment a little less strongly.
JHabitat. Isolated from the air.

123. Bact. dormitor (Wright)

B. dormitor Wright : I.e., 442.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, with conical ends ; variable, long pairs

and filaments.
Gelatin colonies. In 2 days, yellowish points, I mm. ; microscopically, yellow-

ish, slightly granular ; rough, sharp, bulging outlines, surrounded by a

zone of liquefied gelatin.

Gelatin stab. A funnel of liquefaction, turbid ; sediment bright yellow.
Agar slant. Growth glistening, translucent, yellowish.
Bouillon. Turbid ; yellowish sediment, and a slight pellicle.
Litmus milk. Decolorized, amphoteric.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. No growth at 36°.
Habitat. Water.

CLASS VI. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. PRODUCE PIGMENT ON -GELATIN OR AGAR. PIG-
MENT YELLOWISH. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Chromogenic function weak, pale or grayish yellow.

A. Gelatin colonies beset with thorny outgrowths when old.

124. Bact. spiniferum (Tommasoli).

B. Gelatin colonies not characterized as above.
i. Litmus milk reddened, or rendered acid.

a. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

* Milk coagulated after a long time by boiling.

125. Bact. subochraceum (Dyar).
** Milk not coagulated.

126. ,Bact. domesticum (Dyar).

127. Bact. amabilis (Dyar).

b. Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

128. Bact. lacunatum (Wright).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 169

2. Litmus milk blue or reaction unchanged.

a. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

129. Bact.javaniensis (Dyar).

b. Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

* Cultures on solid media rugose.

1 30 . Bad . palidor ( Dyar) .

** Cultures on solid media not rugose.

131. Bact. ovale (Wright).

II. Pigment strongly developed, yellow, color decided.

A. Gelatin colonies compound.

132. Bact. luteum List.

B. Gelatin colonies simple.

1. Gelatin colonies dry, granular. Bacilli stain irregularly like diph-

theria bacilli.

133. Bact. striatum (v. Besser).

2. Gelatin colonies not characterized as above.

a. On agar a wrinkled layer.

134. Bact.fuscum (Zimmerman).

b. Agar cultures not characterized as above.

135. Bact. constrictum (Zimmerman).

136. Bact. solar e Lehmann-Neumann.

137. Bact. breve (Frankland).

124. Bact. spiniferum (Tommasoli)

B. spiniferus Tommasoli : Monatsch. f. prakt. Dermatol., IX, 57.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1.0 : 2.0 /u, bent, often parallel in bundles.

Gelatin colonies. Old colonies with thorny outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth grayish yellow.

Potato. Growth yellow.

Habitat. Isolated from surface of human body.

125. Bact. subochraceum (Dyar)

B. subochraceus Dyar : I.e., 358.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 1.5 /x; occur singly and in short chains.

Gelatin colonies . Deep: round, dusky, yellowish. Surface: clear, irregular,

slightly veined.
Littnus milk. Reddened. k

BACTERIOLOGY

On solid media. Growth translucent, ochreous — light orange.

Bouillon. A slight pellicle on the surface.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Color deepened. A slight reduction of nitrates to

nitrites.
Habitat. Air.

126. Bact. domesticum (Dyar)

B. domes ticus Dyar : l.c., 358.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : I .o //,.
Gelatin colonies. Large, translucent, yellowish.
On solid media. Growth white — light yellow, spreading slowly.
Litmus milk. Red, becoming in 50 days blue.
Habitat. Air.

127. Bact. amabilis (Dyar)

B. amabilis Dyar : I.e., 358.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 0.8-1.0 /x, ; occur singly, in chains, and masses.
Gelatin colonies. Large, translucent, yellowish.
Agar slant. Growth white, limited, with a yellowish tint.
Potato. Growth thin, bright yellow. Indol negative.
Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged.
Habitat. Air.

128. Bact. lacunatum (Wright)

B. lacunatus Wright : I.e., 435.

Morphology. Bacilli small, short, rounded ; in pairs — small clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, slightly granular, gray-brown.
Surface : in 24 hours, thin, translucent, with grayish centre ; very
irregular — deeply cleft ; microscopically, areblate — grained ; colonies
become 4-5 mm., thin, translucent, with a yellow haziness about their
centres.

Gelatin slant. Growth thin, translucent, grayish — yellowish in centre.

Bouillon. Turbid.

Potato. Growth thin, viscid, dirty brownish.

Litmus, milk. Not coagulated, acid, becoming brownish.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol positive. No growth at 36° C.

Habitat. Water.

129. Bact. javaniensis (Dyar)

B.javaniensts'Dya.T: I.e., 359.

Morphology. Bacilli short — coccoid, 1.0-1.2 /x; occur in masses and short

chains.
Agar slant. Growth thick, white, with an indistinct yellowish tinge.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 171

Milk. Not coagulated.
Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged.
Habitat. Air.

130. Bact. palidor (Dyar)

B.fuscus-palidor Dyar : I.e., 361.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 1.0-1.3 Ml occur singly and in chains.
On solid media. Growth pale, whitish, orange, almost pinkish, wrinkled,

with lobed edges ; a crusty, brittle texture.
On liquid media. A surface membrane.
Litmus milk. Blue.
Habitat. Air.

131. Bact. ovale (Wright)

B. ovalis Wright : I.e., 435.

Morphology. Bacilli mecrium-sized, short, rounded ; in pairs and as filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : opaque, granular, entire, brownish. Surface : in
5-6 days, i mm., round, entire, elevated, glistening, yellowish, translu-
cent, becoming yellow — brownish yellow : gelatin slightly brow,nish.

Gelatin slant. Growth elevated, brownish yellow, limited, smooth — rugged ;
gelatin assumes a brownish tint.

Agar slant. Growth pale yellow, thick, glistening, limited.

Bouillon. Clear, with a sediment.

Potato. Growth brownish yellow, moist, spreading, viscid.

Litmus milk. Decolorized, not coagulated. Indol. A slight reaction. No
growth at 36° C.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Habitat. Water.

132. Bact. luteum List

Adametz, Bakt. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1888.

Morphology. Bacilli i.i : 1.3 /A. Optimum temperature 30° C.
Gelatin colonies. Irregular, flat, consisting of many clavate coarse granular

zooglosa masses : orange-yellow.
Milk. Coagulated.
Habitat. Water.

133. Bact. striatum (v. Besser)

B. striatus-flavus v. Besser : Ziegler's Beitrage, VI.
Morphology. Bacilli small, often bent.
Gelatin colonies. Thick, dry, granular, yellow.
Agar slant and potato. Growth sulphur-yellow.
Habitat. Isolated from nasal mucus.

BACTERIOLOGY

134. Bact. fuscum (Zimmerman)

B.fuscus Zimmerman: Bak. Trink u. Nutzwasser, 1890; Dyar, I.e., 361.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6 //. wide and of variable length. Optimum tempera-
ture 36' C.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — irregular, granular, grayish yellow — brown.
Surface : punctiform, brownish yellow centre, lighter border.

Agar slant. Growth crumpled, thick, chrome yellow.

Potato. Growth chrome yellow, friable.

Litmus milk. Blue.

Nitrates not reduced. Bouillon. A membrane or pellicle.

Pepton-rosolic acid. Unchanged. Dyar.

Habitat. Water.

135. Bact. constrictum (Zimmerman)

B. constrictus Zimmerman : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 1.5-6.5 /n; in chains. Grow only at room tempera-
tures.

Gelatin colonies . Small, glistening, Naples yellow, erose edges.
Agar slant and potato. Growth yellow.
Habitat. Water.

136. Bact. solare Lehmann-Neumann.

Bak. Diagnostik, 1896, 258.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.4 //,; broad, short, and long — filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Round, yellow, glistening, translucent ; microscopically,

yellow, radially fibrous, borders filamentous.
Gelatin stab. Long, delicate outgrowths from the line of stab, yellowish.

Growth on agar straw-yellow.
Potato. Growth soft, white, becoming yellowish.
Bouillon. Remains clear. No gas in glucose bouillon.
Milk. Unaltered. ~ Indol negative \ H2S negative.
Habitat. Water.

137. Bact. breve (Franldand)

No name Rinatoro-Mori : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IV, 1888, 53.
B. brcvis .Frankland : Microorganisms of Water, 1894, 429.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1.0:2.5 ^; show polar stain. Not stained by

Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. Grow very slowly at room temperature ; after 2-3 weeks,

colonies very minute, pale yellow, compact.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 173

Gelatin stab. After 3 weeks, a thin, yellowish expansion on the surface ; in

depth, small colonies.
Agar slant. Grows at 35°, yellowish.
Potato. No growth.
Bouillon. A white cloudy deposit.
Habitat. Isolated from Berlin drain water.

CLASS VII. CHROMOGENIC. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC
•AND FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC. PRODUCE PIGMENT ON GEL-
ATIN AND AGAR. PIGMENT REDDISH.

I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Bacteria stained by Gram's method.

138. Bact. pyocinnabareum (Kruse).

B. Not stained by Gram's method.

1. Milk coagulated.

a. Litmus milk blue or decolorized, reaction alkaline or neutral.

* Nitrates reduced to nitrites ; pepton-rosolic acid solution

unchanged.

139. Bact. erythrogenes (Grotenfelt).
** Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

140. Bact. exiguum (Wright).

b. Litmus milk rendered acid.

* Growth salmon pink.

141. Bact. epsilon (Dyar).

** Growth brownish red or dark orange-red.

142. Bact. zeta (Dyar).

2. Milk not coagulated.

a. Litmus milk rendered acid.

143. Bact. delta (Dyar).

b. Litmus milk not reddened, reaction unchanged or alkaline.

* Pigment bright red or pinkish.

144. Bact. hcematoides (Wright).
144 a. Bact. amylovorum (Burrill).

** Pigment brownish red.

145. Bact. rubidum (Eisenberg).

II. Gelatin not liquefied.

A. Gelatin colonies filamentous to floccose.

1 46 . Bact . ferrugineum ( Dyar) .

174

BACTERIOLOGY

B. Gelatin colonies not characterized as above, or not described.

1. Pigment, brick-red, or carmine to blood-red.

a. Grow on fresh (acid) potato.

147. Bact.finitimum (Dyar).

148. Bact. ovatum (Bruyning).

b. Scarcely grow on fresh (acid) potato.

149. Bact. Havaniensis (Sternberg).

2. Pigment brick-red.

150. Bact. latericium (Adametz).

3. Pigment bright pink to salmon-pink.

151. Bact. rhodochroum (Dyar).

152. Bact. salmoneum ( Dy ar) .

138. Bact. pyocinnabareum (Kruse)

B. uber rote Eiterung Ferchmin : Wratsch, 1892, Nos. 25-26.
B.pyocinnabareus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2.5 /u,, to threads. Optimum temperature 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Irregular, erose, granular.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction funnel-formed ; red sediment.

Agar slant. Growth reddish, moist.

Potato. Growth yellowish to reddish.

Bouillon. Turbid ; red membrane ; trimethylamine odor.

Pathogenesis . Not pathogenic ; toxic in large doses.

Habitat. From green pus.

139. Bact. erythrogenes (Grotenfelt)

Bact. lactis-erythrogenes Grotenfelt : Fortschritte d. Medizin, 1889, No. 2.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2-0.3 : 1.1-4.0 /*.

Gelatin colonies. Round, grayish yellow to yellow ; rose color to the surround-
ing-gelatin.

Gelatin slab. Along line of stab a slight growth; surface growth thin,
whitish, becoming yellow ; liquefied gelatin of a pinkish tint.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish to weak yellowish red.

Milk. Coagulated slowly, becoming peptonized, amphoteric to alkaline; a
layer of blood-red serum above the precipitated casein ; above this the
yellowish white cream layer.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a yellowish tint, and a disgusting odor.

Glucose-bouillon. No gas. Indol present. H2S present.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 175

Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.
Habitat. Red milk, water, faeces of a child.

VARIETY. B. erythrogenes-rugatus (Dyar). "Differs from the preceding,
in that the growth on agar is thin, membranous, and wrinkled ; " Dyar,
I.e., 374-

140. Bact. exiguum (Wright)

B. exiguus Wright : I.e., 447.

Morphology. Bacilli small, rounded ; occur singly and in pairs and clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round to oval, with greenish centres and granular
margins. Surface: round, pinkish, translucent disks; microscopically,
granular; centres pink, lighter toward margin, becoming liquid and
salmon-pink.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform ; pinkish sediment.

Agar slant. Growth thin, moist, pinkish.

Bouillon. Turbid ; white sediment.

Potato. Growth spreading, moist, glistening, reddish yellow.

Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized, slightly peptonized, amphoteric.

Glucose-bouillon. No gas. Indol slight. A strong development at 3S°-36°.

Habitat. Water.

141. Bact. epsilon (Dyar)

B. epsilon Dyar : I.e., 369.

| Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.7-1.0 /ot.
Agar slant. Growth translucent, pink.
Milk. Coagulated, at least on boiling.
Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.
Habitat. Air.

142. Bact. zeta (Dyar)

B. zeta Dyar : I.e., 369.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.7-1.0 /u,.

Gelatin. A slight development; liquefaction does not begin before 10 days.
Milk. On the surface, a red cream. On solid media, as above. Nitrates not

reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Air.

143. Bact. delta (Dyar)

B. delta Dyar: I.e., 368.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.8-1.0 /x ; occur singly or in short chains.
Gelatin. Liquefied, beginning in 21 days.
Agar slant. Growth thin, red.

BACTERIOLOGY

Milk. A red growth on the surface.

Potato. Growth glistening, light red ; slow development. Nitrates not

reduced to nitrites.

Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.
Habitat. Water.

144. Bact. haematoides (Wright)

B. hcematoides Wright : I.e., 448.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, blunt ; stain irregularly.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, granular, yellowish red. Surface: small,

slightly elevated to vermilion-colored disks. Gelatin liquefied after a

long time.

Gelatin slant. Growth bright red, rough, glistening.
Acid gelatin. A strong development.
Agar slant. Growth pink, of confluent elevated colonies.
Potato. Growth bright red, wrinkled, granular, spreading.
Litmus milk. Not decolorized ; growth reddish ; reaction alkaline.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol absent. No development at 36°.
Habitat. Water.

144 a. Bact. amylovorum (Burrill)

M. amylovorus Burrill : Am. Naturalist, VII, 1893, 319.

Morphology. On agar bacilli 0.8: 1.25 /A; occur singly and in pairs. Stain-
uniformly with aqueous fuchsin. Non-motile, flagella absent.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, amorphous — slightly granular, light-
grayish brown, o.i mm. In 5 days the deep colonies are round, entire,
opaque, yellowish, and about 0.5 mm. in diameter. Surface: colonies,
minute, punctiform, white, not exceeding I mm. Microscopically, they
are round, entire, yellowish, opaque in centre, and granular toward the
border.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a thin filiform growth ; on the surface the growth is
thin, leafy, whitish, irregular, glistening, and dry.

Bouillon (neutral). In two days at room temperature a distinct opalescence,
with no surface growth or sediment.

Potato. In 24-48 hours, a porcelain-white, moist, glistening streak, which
becomes spreading and is of a slimy or watery consistency. Later the
growth becomes pinkish or flesh-colored.

Milk. Unchanged.

Litmus milk. Unchanged.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 177

Agar slant. A white, moist, glistening streak, which later becomes pinkish or

flesh-colored.
Glucose bouillon. No gas.
Habitat. Associated vi\\\\ fire-blight of the pear and apple.

V 145. Bact. rubidum (Eisenberg)

B. rubidus Eisenberg : I.e.; Dyar: I.e., 568.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 0.6-1.0 /A; occur singly and in short chains.
Gelatin colonies. Round, slightly granular, reddish in centres ; gelatin lique-
fied slowly to rather quickly.
Agar slant. Growth translucent, reddish brown, sometimes shading into

yellowish orange.
Potato. Growth brownish red.
Habitat. Air.

146. Bact. ferrugineum (Dyar)

B. ferrugineus Dyar : I.e., 375.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6: i.o /x; occur in pairs and chains. Growth red to
brick red, crusty, granular, scarcely wrinkled ; grow slowly.

Gelatin colonies. Like round tufts of cotton.

Milk. Not coagulated ; reaction unchanged ; a brick-red growth on the surface.
Nitrates not reduced. Lactose litmus blue.

Habitat. Air.

147. Bact. finitimum (Dyar)

B.finitimus-ruber'Dya.r: I.e., 361.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.6-1.0 //, ; occur singly and in chains of 3-4.
Gelatin colonies. Round, entire, smooth. Growth on solid media, pink to

bright red.

Bouillon. No membrane. Nitrates not reduced. Lactose litmus blue.
Habitat. Air.

148. Bact. ovatum (Bruyning)

B. ruber-ovatus Bruyning: Archiv Neerland Sci. Exact, et Nat., Ser. II, 1898, 297.

Morphology. Bacilli oval, 0.7-0.8 : 0.9-1.2 ^,; occur sometimes in pairs or
threes. Not stained by Gram's method. Indications of a capsule. Op-
timum temperature, 20°. •

Potato. Growth bright red to vermilion.

Bouillon. Slight growth, becoming opalescent, with a scanty colorless sedi-
ment.

Litmus gelatin . Unchanged.

Habitat. Isolated from sorghum.

N

BACTERIOLOGY

149. Bact. Havaniensis (Steinberg)

B. Havaniensis Sternberg: I.e., 718.
Morphology. Bacilli short ovals, 0.4-0.5 /A ; occur usually in pairs ; almost a

coccus. Slight growth at 20°.

Gelatin colonies. Round, small, translucent, blood-red.
Gelatin stab. A carmine layer on surface.
Agar slant. Growth thick, carmine-red, moist, glistening.
Habitat. Yellow fever cadavers. '

150. Bact. latericeum (Adametz)

B. latericeus Adametz : I.e. ; Wright : I.e., 436.
Morphology. Bacilli 3-5 times their breadth, to filaments. , .
Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, granular. Surface : in 7 days, small, I mm.,

round, entire, red to reddish brown to brick-red ; microscopically, round,

entire, red to reddish brown, strongly refracting.
Gelatin slant. Growth limited, elevated, glistening, brownish red to dark

vermilion.

Acid gelatin. A strong development.
Agar slant. Growth limited, moist, glistening, reddish brown to yellowish

brown.

Bouillon. Clear; a stringy sediment, alkaline.
Potato. Growth thin, moist, reddish.
Litmus milk. Decolorized, coagulated, amphoteric.
Glucose gelatin. No growth.
Pepton-rosolic acid solution. Color somewhat deepened, slightly alkaline.

Indol negative. No growth at 36°.
Habitat. Water.

151. Bact. rhodochroum (Dyar)

B. rhodochrous Dyar : I.e., 362.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6-1.0 /x; occur singly and in chains. Pigment

bright pink.

Gelatin colonies. Round, entire, smooth.
Bouillon. No membrane.
Lactose litmus. .Blue. Nitrates not reduced.
Habitat. Air.

152. Bact. salmoneum (Dyar)

B. salmoneus Dyar : I.e., 362.

Identical with the preceding, except that the pigment is salmon-pink.
Habitat. Air.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 179

CLASS VIII. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES; AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC; PRODUCE PIGMENT ON GELATIN AND AGAR;
PIGMENT OF OTHER COLORS THAN YELLOW AND RED.

I. Pigment gray to brown.
A. Gelatin liquefied.

153. Bad. glaucum (Maschek).

154. Bad. fuscescens (Migula).

II. Pigment violet to blue on gelatin or agar.
A. Gelatin liquefied.

i . Growth on potato dirty white to olive-green.

155. Bact. amethystinnm (Eisenberg).

156. Bact. indigonaceum Classen.
III. Pigment greenish.

157. Bact. allii (Griffiths).

153. Bact. glaucum (Maschek)

B. glaucus Maschek ; Adametz : I.e., 1888.

Morphology. Bacilli as slender rods.

Gelatin colonies. Round, entire ; centre gray, edge brown, and radially folded,

becoming slowly liquefied.
Gelatin stab. Gray bacterial masses.
Agar slant and potato. Growth gray.
Habitat. Water.

154. Bact. fuscescens (Migula)

B.fuscus-limbatus Scheibenzucker : Allgemeine Wiener Med. Zeitung, 1889, 171.
B. fuscescens Migula: System der Bakterien, 1900.

Morphology. Bacilli short.

Gelatin colonies. As brownish clumps.

Gelatin stab. Along line of stab, growth uniform, with short outgrowths.

Surface growth spreading slightly ; gelatin near stab slightly brownish.
Agar slant. The medium around the growth stained brown.
Potato. Growth brownish.
Habitat. Isolated from decayed eggs.

155. Bact. amethystinum Eisenberg: I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1.0-1.5 /n. Strong development at 37°.
Gelatin colonies. Like typhoid, becoming dark violet, metallic, crumpled.

l8o BACTERIOLOGY

Potato. Growth dirty white to olive-green.

Bouillon. A membrane on the surface, fluid brownish.

Habitat. Water.

156. Bact. indigonaceum Classen

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VII, 13, 1890.

See Pseudomonas indigofera Voges. Differs from the latter in being non-
motile.

157. Bact. allii (Griffiths)

B. allii Griffiths : Proc. Roy. Soc., Edinburgh, XV.
Morphology. 0.5-0.7 : 2.5 /A; occur singly and in pairs.
Agar slant. Growth a thick green layer. Pigment soluble in alcohol.
Habitat. Isolated from decaying onions.

CLASS IX. FLUORESCENT BACTERIA. GELATIN LIQUEFIED.
I. Gelatin liquefied slowly and feebly.

158. Bact. immobile (Kruse).
II. Gelatin liquefied quickly.

159. Bact. graveolens ( Bordoin) .

158. Bact immobile (Kruse)

B.fluorescens-non-liquefaciens Eisenberg : I.e.

B.jLuorescens-immobilis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896,294.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.5 : 2.0 /x, to filaments.

Gelatin colonies. B. a?/*-like; green fluorescence in- the gelatin; slight lique-
faction. Cultural characters like Pseudomonas pjitidum.
Habitat. Air and water.

159. Bact. graveolens (Bordoni)

B.graveolens Bordoni-Uffreduzzi : Fortschritte d. Medezin, 1886, 157.

Morphology. Bacilli short, 0.8 /x.

Gelatin colonies. Irregular; bad odor.

Potato. Growth stinking.

Habitat. Isolated from the skin of man from between the toes.

CLASS X. FLUORESCENT BACTERIA. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Do not grow on ordinary (acid) potato.
A. Grow in milk.

1 60. Bact. smaragdinum (Katz).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA l8l

B. No growth in milk.

161. Bad. phosphorescens (Cohn) Fischer.

162. Bad. Giardii.

II. Grow on ordinary (acid) potato.

A. Grow in nutrient bouillon in the absence of NaCl.

1 . Bouillon fluorescent, potato becomes black.

163. Bad. Lepierrei.

2. Bouillon not colored. Potato light brown. Colonies of the

aerogenes type.

164. Bad. iris (Frick).

B. Do not grow in nutrient bouillon in the absence of NaCl.

165. Bad. Pflugeri (Ludwig).

1 60. Bact. smargadinum (Katz)

B. smargadino-phosphorescens Katz: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IX, 1891, 343.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o : 2.9 /x ; ends somewhat pointed ; solitary and in pairs.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: 1 8 hours, oval, entire, 0.15 mm., concentric. Sur-
face: 1 8 hours, thin gray to yellowish, slightly granular; margin translu-
cent, slightly dentate ; 20 days, 2 mm., flat, irregular ; centre yellowish,
with a slate-colored zone.

-Gelatin stab. Along line of stab growth thin ; surface growth flat, becoming
5 mm., with a stearin lustre.

Agar slant. Growth slight.

Bouillon. No growth without NaCl.

Milk. A glistening, sticky layer on the surface.

Potato. No growth when acid ; neutralized with sodic phosphate growth
thin, brownish. Cultures added to sea water caused a decided phospho-
rescence.

Habitat. Isolated from herring (Sidney).

161. Bact. phosphorescens (Cohn) Fischer

M. phosphorescens Cohn : Vesamaling van stukken betr het genes Slaatsoez in Nederland,

1878, 126.

Bact. phosphorescens Fischer: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, II, 1887, 54.
Photobact. phosphorescens Beijerinck : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VIII, 1890, 716.

According to Kruse (Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1892, 332), closely related
to, or identical with, the preceding.

l$2 BACTERIOLOGY

162. Bact. Giardii

Photobact. of Giardi : Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., 1896.
Bact.phospkorescens-Giardi: Kruse, Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli and cultural characters like 161, but bacilli smaller and

more coccoid.
Habitat. Isolated from crustaceae.

163. Bact. Lepierrei

B '. fluorescent pathogene Lepierre.

B.fluorescens or Lepierre: Kruse, Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5 : 2.0-3.0 /x; not stained by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Round to yellowish brown, becoming, in three days, fluores-
cent; in 5 days the colonies are green.

Potato. No fluorescence, becoming black.

Bouillon. A fluorescence of the medium.

Milk. Not coagulated, alkaline ; no fluorescence. Indol absent.

Glucose-bouillon. No gas. Optimum temperature 2o°-3o°. No fluorescence,
at 37°.

Pathogenesis . Inoculation of guinea pigs, death in 1-6 days, with abscess of
liver and peritonitis.

164. Bact. iris (Frick)

B. iris Frick: Virchow's Archiv, CXVI, 1889, 290.

B. fluorescens-crassus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 294.

Morphology. Bacilli very small, slender.

Gelatin colonies. Of the aerogenes type ; a green color, slowly developed.

Gelatin stab. Along line of stab no growth ; surface growth an aerogenes-

like bead ; a green fluorescence of a yellowish brown, to a dark green

color.

Potato. Growth light brown.
Bouillon. No membrane; not colored.
Habitat'. Air and water.

165. Bact. Pflugeri (Ludwig)

M. Pflugfri Ludwig : Hedwigia, 1884, No. 3.

Photobact. Pflugeri Beijerinck: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VIII, 1890, 716.

Morphology and cultural characters like Bact. phosphorescent, but somewhat

larger, longer, and more slender. Grows on potato.
Habitat. Isolated from fish.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 183

CLASS XL WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC. GELATIN

NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Grow at room temperatures and in nutrient gelatin.

A. Gas produced in ordinary nutrient gelatin.

1 66. Bact. Welchii Migula.

B. Gas not produced in ordinary nutrient gelatin.

1 . Large, thick rods, over i .o micron in diameter.

167. Bact, emphyscmatosum (Kruse).

2. Very slender rods, 0.3 micron in diameter.

1 68. Bact. infecunduni.

II. No growth at room temperatures or in nutrient gelatin.

169. Bact. cadaveris Sternberg.

170. Bact. pyogcnes (Kruse).

1 66. Bact. Welchii Migula

Bact. acrogenes-capsulatum Welch-Nuttall : Bull. Johns Hopkins Hospital, July, 1892.
Bact. Welchii Migula: System der Bakterien, 1900, II.

Morphology. Bacilli somewhat thicker than anthrax ; chains with a capsule -
Gelatin cultures give much gas.

Gelatin colonies. 1-2 mm., gray white, oval to irregular with a few out-
growths.

Milk. Coagulated ; has a faint odor of old cheese.
Potato. Growth gray white.
Pathogencsis negative.
Habitat. Isolated from blood in a case of aneurism of the aorta.

167. Bact. emphysematosum (Kruse)

B. der Gasphlegmon Fraenkel : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIII, 1893, 13.
B. emphysematosus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 242.

Morphology. Bacilli somewhat thicker than anthrax ; occur in threads..
Stained by Gram's method.

Gelatin. With addition of glycerine and formate of soda, active growth with
much bad-smelling gas.

Glucose bouillon. Much gas.

Bouillon. Turbid.

Pathogenesis . Guinea pigs, by subcutaneous inoculation, a local non-sup-
purating inflammation; later, a necrosis sometimes spreading to perito-
neum and pleura.

Habitat. Isolated from gaseous phlegmon.

184

BACTERIOLOGY

1 68. Bact. infecundum

Bact.filiformis-Havaniensis Sternberg: Manual of Bacteriology, 1892,650.
Morphology. Bacilli long, slender, 0.3 micron in diameter.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; no growth on the surface.
Agar slant. Growth scanty, milky-white, branched.
Potato. No growth.

Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic to rabbits and guinea pigs.
Habitat. Isolated from liver of yellow fever cadaver.

169. Bact. cadaveris Steinberg

Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.
Morphology. Bacilli 1.2 : 1.5-4.0 /x — short filaments. Do not grow on

gelatin.

Glycerin bouillon. Rendered acid ; no gas.
Pathogenesis. Guinea pigs, death with oedema by inoculation with a section

of the liver containing the bacilli.
Habitat. Isolated from cadavers.

170. Bact. pyogenes (Kruse)

Bact.pyogenes-anaerobium Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 244.

Morphology. Bacilli large. Do not grow below 22°. Cause a stinking sup-
puration in rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from stinking pus from a rabbit which died spontaneously.

CLASS XII. WITH ENDOSPORES, AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC, RODS NOT SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION. DO NOT
GROW AT ROOM TEMPERATURES OR BELOW 22°-25°.

I. Minimum temperature of growth 4o°-49°; optimum temperature 6o°-7o°.

THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA
A: Spores placed at the ends of the rods, oval.

1. Growth on potato white to gray.

171. Bact. thermophilum, I (Rabinowitsch).

172. Bact. thermophilum, VII (Rabinowitsch).

173. Bact. thermophilum, VI (Rabinowitsch).

2. Growth on potato brownish.

174. Bact. thermophilum, III (Rabinowitsch).

175. Bact. thermophilum, V (Rabinowitsch).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 185

3. Growth on potato not stated.

176. Bact. Miquelii (Kruse).

B. Spores placed at the middle of the rods.

1. Potato cultures red.

177. Bact. thermophilum, IV (Rabinowitsch).

2. Potato cultures gray, yellow, or brown.

178. Bact. thermophilum, II (Rabinowitsch).

179. Bact. thermophilum, VIII (Rabinowitsch).

II. Grow at body temperatures and on media containing blood-serum.

1 80. Bact. erythematis (Kruse).

181. Bact. Colomiatii.
III. Do not grow below 22°-25°.

182. Bact. laxa.

171. Bact. thermophilum, I (Rabin.)

B. thermophilus, I, Rabinowitsch: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XX, 1895, 154.
Morphology. Rods to filaments.
Agar colonies. At 62°, coarsely granular, erose.
Potato. White colonies.
Habitat. Widely distributed.

172. Bact. thermophilum, VII (Rabin.) : I.e.
Agar colonies. Granular, erose.

Potato. Growth white to gray.
Habitat. Excrement.

173. Bact. thermophilum, VI (Rabin.) : I.e.

Agar colonies. Centres grayish green, border clear.
Potato. Growth moist gray.
Habitat. Excrement.

174. Bact. thermophilum, HI (Rabin.) : I.e.
Morphology. Bacilli thick.

Agar colonies. Small, entire.
Potato. Growth brown.
Habitat. Soil, milk, excrement.

175. Bact. thermophilum, V (Rabin.)

Agar colonies. Granular, colorless.
Potato. Growth gray brown, scanty.
Habitat. Excrement.

BACTERIOLOGY

176. Bact. Miquelii (Kruse)

Un Bacille vivant au dela de 70° C. Miquel : Ann. de Microgr., 88.
B. thermophilus Frankland : Microorganisms of water, 1894, 488.
B.thermophilus-Miquelii Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 269.

Morphology. Bacilli i .o /x, thick, and of variable length, to filaments. Opti-

mum temperature 65°-7o°.

Agar slant. At 43°, colonies white, elevated disks.
Bouillon. At 50°, turbid with a fragile membrane.
Habitat. Water.

177. Bact. thermophilum, IV (Rabin.) : l.c.
Morphology. Bacilli rods to filaments.'

Agar colonies. Colorless, with outgrowths.
Habitat. Soil and excrement.

178. Bact. thermophilum, II (Rabin.) : l.c.
Morphology. Bacilli bent.

Agar colonies. Granular, grayish.
Potato. Growth grayish yellow colonies.
Habitat. Widely distributed.

1 79. Bact. thermophilum, VIII (Rabin.) : l.c.

Agar colonies. Colorless, round, entire.
Potato. Growth, moist, gray brown.
Habitat. Excrement.

1 80. Bact. erythematis (Kruse)

B. of erythema-no do sum. Demme : Fortschritte d. Medizin, 1888, No. 7.
B. erythematis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 426.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 2.5 p.

Blood serum. A paraffin-like, glistening streak, with radiations like fish fins.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of guinea pigs cause an appearance of erythema-

nodosum, and death.
Habitat. Associated with erythema-nodosum.

181. Bact. Colomatii

Discovered by Colomati : Breslauer arztliche Zeitsch., 1883, No. 4.
Morphology. Bacilli like those of mouse-septicaemia ; in irregular masses.
Blood serum. 37°, growth of rosette-like forms, dull, glistening, of a fatty lustre.
Habitat. Isolated from xerotic masses in conjunctivitis.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA l8/

182. Bact. laxae

Ein thermophiler Bacillus aus Zukerfabriksproducten Laxa : Centralblatt f.
Bakteriol., 2te. Abt., IV, 1898, 362.

Morphology. Bacilli in cultures like B. vulgaris.

Glycerin agar colonies. Deep: With white centres and dense outgrowths.

Surface : Round, yellowish, crumpled, with root-like outgrowths, becoming

in 24 hours 20 cm. or more in diameter.
Bouillon. With a crumpled membrane.
Potato. A tough, yellowish, ragged layer. Growth begins and increases up

to 58°. Grow in acid alkaline or neutral media. Grow best in saccharine

media, with production of gas and lactic acid. Pepton solutions without

sugar rendered alkaline. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Associated with Schaumgarung in sugar factories.

CLASS XIII. WITH ENDOSPORES; AEROBIC AND FACULTA-
TIVE ANAEROBIC, RODS NOT SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION.
GROW AT ROOM TEMPERATURES. GELATIN LIQUEFIED.

ANTHRAX GROUP
I. Stab cultures in gelatin arborescent.

A. On the surface of bouillon cultures a membrane is more or less strongly

developed.

1 . Potato cultures dense, rough, crumpled, or felt-like, to mealy.

183. Bact. mycoides (Fliigge).

184. Bact. brassicce (Pommer).

185. Bact. granulatum.

1 86. Bact. maritimum (Russell).

2. Potato cultures show scattered colonies.

187. Bact. sputi.

3. Cultures on solid media not described.

1 88. Bact. sessile (Klein).

B. No membrane forms on the surface of bouillon cultures.

1. Fatally pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

189. Bact. anthracis (Cohn) Migula.

2. Not pathogenic, or only a local effect, on guinea pigs.

190. Bact. anthracoides (Kruse).

191. Bact. crystaloides (Dyar).

1 88 BACTERIOLOGY

II. Stab cultures in gelatin not distinctly arborescent.

A. Gelatin colonies round, punctiform, not flat or spreading.

1. Gelatin stab cultures show a saccate-funnel-formed liquefaction.
a. Growth on potato yellowish.

192. Bad. aerophilus (Flugge).
rowth on potato whitish.

1 93 . Bact. Trichomti ( Tre v isan) .

2. Gelatin stab cultures show a crateriform-napiform liquefaction.

194. Bact. Markusfeldii.

B. Gelatin colonies flat or spreading.

1. Margins of surface colonies floccose-ciliate fringed.

a. Gelatin liquefied quickly. •

* Surface colonies, dense, felt-like, crimpled.

195. Bact. crinatum (Wright).
** Surface colonies not crimpled.

f Agar and potato cultures smooth.

196. Bact. verticillatum (Ravenel).
ff Agar and potato cultures crimpled.

197. Bact. gangliforme (Ravenel).

b. Gelatin liquefied slowly.

198. Bact. vermiculare (Frankland).

2. Gelatin colonies with irregular erose borders of the B. colt type.

a. Agar smear cultures crimpled.

* Milk rendered strongly acid, slimy.

199. Bact. viscosum.
** Milk rendered alkaline.

200. Bact. rugosum.

b. Agar smear cultures smooth, thin.

201. Bact. grannlosum (Russell).

c. Agar smear cultures thick, wavy.

202. Bact.filliforme (Tils.).

3. Gelatin colonies streaming, of \hzproteus type.

a. Milk rendered acid, gelatin rapidly liquefied.

203. Bact. proteum.

b. Milk rendered alkaline, gelatin slowly liquefied.

204. Bact. trtmcatum.

4. Gelatin colonies entire.

205. Bact. turgidum.

5. Gelatin colonies not definitely described.

206. Bact. geniculaturn (Duclaux).

207. Bact. pants.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 189

183. Bact. mycoides (Fliigge)

Wurzel bacillus Eisenberg : Bak. Diag., 1886, Tab. 4.

B. mycoides Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 324.

B.figurans Crookshank : Manual, 1886, 324.

B. ramosus Eisenberg: Bak. Diag., 1891, 126.

B. implexus Zimmerman: Bak. Trink. u. Nutzwasser, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8: 1.6-3.6 /n; rods square-ended, or scarcely rounded,
in chains. Stained by Gram's method. Aerobic.

Gelatin colonies. Small, round, ciliate, becoming large, felted, arborescent ;
densest in their centres ; gelatin liquefied rapidly.

Gelatin stab. In depth, an arborescent growth ; liquefaction crateriform, be-
coming saccate ; a membrane on surface of the liquefied gelatin.

Agar colonies. White-gray, moist, with characteristic root-like branchings.

Agar slant. Growth shows rhizoid or root-like branchings.

Potato. Growth like B. subtilis.

Milk. Peptonized, alkaline.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. H2S negative.

Habitat. Soil, water, etc.

i

184. Bact. brassicae (Pommer)

B. brassica Pommer : Mitth. Bot. Inst. Gratz, 1886, Heft I : A. Koch, Bot. Zeit., 1888.

Imperfectly described, indt. from the preceding.
Habitat. Turnip infusion.

185. Bact. granulatum

Bacillus No. j Pansini : Virchow's Archiv, CXXII.

Morphology. Bacilli large, rods with granulated plasma.

Colonies. Anthrax-like.

Gelatin stab. Like anthrax.

Potato. Growth white to reddish yellow.

Bouillon. A thin membrane on the surface; odor of rotten cheese.

Habitat. Sputum.

1 86. Bact. maritimum (Russell)

B. maritimus Russell; Bot. Gazette, XVIII, 1893, 440.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5: 3.5-6.0 /x ; ends rounded, chains of variable length ;
protoplasm granular.

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction shallow, crateriform ; lined with bacterial growth ;
from the base of the latter filaments radiate a short distance into the
gelatin ; a barely perceptible growth in depth ; liquefaction becoming
stratiform.

Agar slant. Growth dense, white, smooth.

Potato. Growth thick, grayish white, dull, and mealy.

Habitat. Sea-mud, Woods Hole, Mass.

• • *•< jr.- -

187. Bact. sputi

Bacillus No. 4 Pansini : Virchow's Archiv, CXXII, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli large, in long filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Radiate.
Potato. Growth of moist, dew-like drops.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a dense membrane.
Habitat. Sputum.

1 88. Bact. sessile (Klein)

B. sessilis Klein: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 1889, to.

Morphology. Bacilli like anthrax ; spores, in size and form, like B. subtilis,

but show polar germination.
Bouillon. With a membrane.
Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic to mice.
Habitat. Isolated from the blood of a cow supposed to have died of anthrax.

189. Bact. anthracis (Cohn) Migula

First discovered by Rayer : Memoirs de la Soc. de Biol., 1850, 141.

Les infusoires de la maladie charbonneuse Davaine : Compt. rend., LXIX, 1864, 393.

Bacteridie du charbon Pasteur-Joubert : Compt. rend., LXXXIV, 900.

B. anthracis Cohn: Beitrage Biol., I, 2 Heft, 1875, 177.

Bact. anthracis Migula : Engler-Prantl, Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.1-1.2 : 3-10 p. ; ends square, in chains ; in animal body,

with a capsule. Stained by Gram's method.
Gelatin 'colonies. Round, white, becoming in 3-4 days liquefied; contents

turbid; microscopically show grayish centres, with clearer floccose

borders.
Gelatin stab. An arborescent growth, becoming a crateriform to saccate

liquefaction ; no membrane on the surface.
Agar colonies. Very characteristic, floccose.
Agar slant. Growth gray white, moist, glistening, mealy; older cultures

show pellucid dots.

THE CLASSIFICATION. OF BACTERIA 191

Bouillon. Clear, with a heavy, flocculent growth.

Milk. Coagulated, peptonized, slightly alkaline.

Potato. Growth grayish white, elevated, dense. Spore germination polar.
Indol negative. H2S, negative or slight.

Pathogenesis . Mice inoculated subcutaneously die in 24 hours, of general
septicaemia. Guinea pigs and rabbits die in 48 hours ; spleen greatly en-
larged, bacilli in blood and organs.

Habitat. Blood, etc., of anthrax subjects.

190. Bact. anthracoides (Kruse)

Described but not named Hueppe-Wood : Berliner klin. Wochenschrift, 1889, No. 16.
B. anthracoides Kruse : Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 232.

Morphology and cultural characters like anthrax.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of large doses into guinea pigs give

only a local reaction.
Habitat. Earth and water.

191. Bact. crystaloides (Dyar)

B. crystaloides Dyar: I.e., 371.

Morphology and cultural characters like the preceding.
Habitat. Isolated from a contaminated plate.

192. Bact. aerophilum (Fltigge)

B. aerophilus Fliigge: Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, rods of variable length.

Gelatin colonies. In 40 hours, small, punctiform, oval to pyriform ; no great

increase of size.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction broadly saccate.

Potato. Growth dull yellow, smooth, paraffin-like, becoming dry to granular.
Habitat. Air and water.

193. Bact. Trichomii (Trevisan)

Bacillo della gangrena senile Trichomi : Riv. internaz. di Med. e. Chir., Ill, 1886, 73.

B. Trichomii Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 13.

Bacillus of Trichomi Sternberg : Manual, 1892, 473.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0-3.0 /x; solitary — pairs; rods often show a club-
shaped thickening. Stained by Gram's method. Grow at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, round, slightly dirty yellow ; liquefaction begins
in 36 to 48 hours.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction funnel-formed in 48 hours, with gas bubbles.

192

BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth thin, white, spreading, membranous.
Potato. At 37°, dirty white, milky colonies, becoming confluent.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of rabbits and guinea pigs show a

gangrenous process, with death in 2-3 days.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of senile gangrene.

194. Bact. Markusfeldii

B. der trichorrhexis-nodosa Markusfeld : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XX, 1897, 230.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.6: 1.7-2.2 /A. Grow at 39°.

Gelatin colonies. Roundish clumps, which quickly liquefy the gelatin.

Gelatin stab. In 48 hours, a semi-spherical liquefaction of the gelatin.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours, at 37°. Deep colonies : round, oval, white, brown-
ish yellow; contour irregular, with ringlet-like outgrowths and small
colonies from border. Surface colonies : white, opaque in centre ; border
granular to floccose.

Agar slant. White, moist colonies.

Milk. Coagulated.

Potato. Growth moist, white.

Habitat. Associated with this disease.

- _

195. Bact. crinatum (Wright)

B. crinatus Wright : I.e., 453.

Morphology. Bacilli large, chains to segmented threads.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : dark opaque, round to oval, entire, granular margins.

Surface: in 2 days, 1-2 mm., round, glistening, translucent, entire; in

3 days, dense, felt-like margins, crimpled, slightly sunken ; margins also

fimbriate to frayed.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction broadly funnel-formed to stratiform.
Agar slant. Growth gray white, frosted.
Bouillon. Turbid, with white floculi.
Potato. Growth thick, creamy-white, viscid, spreading, becoming yellowish,

caseous.

Litmus milk. Decolorized, amphoteric, becoming viscid, yellowish, caseous.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol slight or doubtful. Grow at 37°.
Habitat. Water.

196. Bact. verticillatum Ravenel

B. verticillatus Ravenel : I.e., 13.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, 3-5 times their breadth, rounded. Spores only
in potato cultures after 2 weeks. Facultative anaerobic.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 193,

Gelatin colonies. Deep: in 14 hours, 0.2 mm., white-gray, filamentous.

Surface: in 14 hours, I mm., crateriform, entire, circular; border ciliate,

becoming in 24 hours 3 mm. in diameter.

Agar slant. Growth thin, dirty white, frosted ; agar stained brown.
Gelatin stab. In depth, slight growth, rarely ciliate ; liquefaction crateri—

form, becoming funnel-formed. .

Potato. Growth dry, white, smooth, glistening, becoming in 2 weeks pinkish.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a crumpled pellicle.
Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized, alkaline.
Glucose botdllon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil. *

197. Bact. gangliforme (Ravenel)

B.gangliformis Ravenel : I.e., 34.

Morphology. Bacilli straight rods, rounded; length 5-6 times their breadth;;
in chains.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: arborescent. Surface: margins well defined,
bordered by a corona of fine spear points ; in liquefied gelatin the fila-
mentous habit resembles the potato bacillus; in 2 days, a thick myco-
derma on the surface, with lacework of bars radially placed on margins.

Agar slant. Growth dirty white, dry, with fern-like edges, becoming
wrinkled.

Gelatin stab. In 24 hours, surface growth 3 mm., liquefaction crateriform,
becoming in 4 days a funnel, becoming stratiform; a pellicle on the
surface.

Potato. Growth dry, crumpled, becoming dirty white, moist, slimy.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a mycoderma.

Litmus milk. Rendered acid ; coagulated in flocculi ; in 2 weeks, alkaline.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Grow at 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

198. Bact. vermiculare (Frankland)

B. vermicularis Frankland: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 384.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o : 2-3 //, — filaments ; spores in chains.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: irregular. Surface: thin, flat, irregular; margins

of wavy bundles; centre rough, wrinkled.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a slight growth ; on the surface growth glistening,

gray ; after some time liquefaction commences below the surface of the

colony.

Agar slant. Growth smooth, glistening, gray,
o

194

BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Clear, with a white flocculent precipitate.

Potato. Growth thick, flesh-colored. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

Habitat. Water.

199. Bact. viscosum

B. No. 17 Adametz : Landw. Jahrbucher, XVIII, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli i .0-1.2 : 3-4 JJL — filaments.

Gelatin colonies. White ; edges irregular.

Agar slant. Growth slimy, crimpled.

Milk. Becomes plastic viscous ; odor of butyric acid.

Habitat. Milk and cheese.

200. Bact. rugosum

B. No. 14 Adametz : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli i .0-1.2 /A in diameter ; rods to filaments, often interwoven.

Gelatin colonies. In 3 days, 3-4 mm., white, slimy, slightly convex ; micro-
scopically, gray, coarsely granular — grumose, erose.

Gelatin stab. On the surface, a white membrane with fatty lustre under
which the gelatin is quickly liquefied.

Agar slant. Growth thick, white, slimy, crumpled, becoming reddish yellow.

Milk. A flocculent precipitate, alkaline, becoming peptonized.

Habitat. Milk, cheese.

201. Bact. granulosum (Russell)

B. granulosus Russell: Zeilschrift f. Hygiene, IX, 194.
Morphology. Bacilli large and as filaments, contents granulated.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, round, glistening, opaque masses. Deep,

thin, leafy ; microscopically, concentrically to reticulately marked.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction shallow, crateriform.
Agar slant. Growth composed of thin, white-yellowish colonies, becoming

confluent.

Bouillon. Turbid ; sediment.
Potato. Growth in 24 hours, moist, white, limited, becoming thicker, dull,

waxy, brownish.
Habitat. Sea-slime.

202. Bact. filiforme (Tils)

B.filiformis Tils : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 317.
Morphology. Bacilli 1.0-4.0 /x — filaments or chains.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : white, finely granular, with irregular edges. Surface :

3 days whitish, striped ; microscopically, irregular, serrate ; centres uneven,

granular, yellowish ; liquefied slowly.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 195

Gelatin stab. In depth, slight growth ; on the surface, growth moist ; edge

serrate ; liquefaction in 3-4 days.
Agar slant. Growth thick ; surface wavy.
Potato. Growth thick, irregular, dirty white, becoming darker.
Habitat. Water.

203. Bact. proteum

B. No. 16 Adametz : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.2 : 3.0-5.5 /A — filaments and chains, often interwoven
and reaching a length of 80-100 microns. Involution forms.

Gelatin colonies. Streaming, branched, with the gross appearance of a mould
colony.

Gelatin stab. Rapid liquefaction on the surface and along line of stab ; a
membrane on the surface.

Agar slant. Growth crumpled, membraneous.

Agar stab. An arborescent growth along line of stab.

Milk becomes gelatinous, acid, with a cheesy odor.

Habitat. Milk and cheese.

204. Bact. truncatum

B. No. 51 Conn: I.e., 1894, 81.

Morphology. Bacilli short, square-ended rods, 0.2-0.8 : 1.5 /u,. Grow at 35°.

Gelatin colonies. Curled, proteus-like ; liquefied slowly.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction slow, crateriform to conical.

Agar slant. Growth spreading, dry, granular.

Potato. Growth thick, white, dry, velvety.

Milk. Coagulated, alkaline, slowly peptonized.

Bouillon. Clear, with a pellicle.

Habitat. Milk.

205. Bact. turgidum

B. No. 15 Adametz : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.2-1.4 /* thick and about three times as long; filaments

rare ; involution forms.
Gelatin colonies. I cm., dark gray in centres, with lighter coarsely granular

borders.
Gelatin stab. Rapid liquefaction, with a membrane, with later a butyric acid

odor.

Milk. Slimy, flocculent, slightly acid ; butyric acid formed.
Habitat. Milk and cheese.

196 BACTERIOLOGY

206. Bact. geniculatum (Duclaux)

Tyrothrix geniculata Duclaux : Le Lait, Paris, 1887, 331.

B.geniculatus Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 16.

B '. gonatoides Trevisan : Saccardo, Syllog. Fungorum, VIII, 1889, 964.

Morphology. Bacilli, very thick rods — long interwoven filaments.

Milk. Slowly coagulated ; leucin, tyrosin, acetic acid, and ammonia produced.

Habitat. Milk and cheese.

207. Bact. panis

B. mesentericus-panis-viscosus I Orth: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXVI, 1897, 404.

Morphology. Bacilli plump, rounded, 3-5 ju. long ; no flagella. Spores oval,,
placed in the middle of the rods. Stained by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Flat ; liquefaction crateriform, with a thick grayish white
nucleus, and a membrane on the surface.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction slow, becoming saccate.

Agar colonies. Gray brown, granular, with delicate outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth bluish gray, translucent.

Potato. Growth white, becoming gray, at first slimy, smooth, becoming silky
and rugose.

Milk. Coagulated, peptonized.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Bouillon. Only a faint turbidity after many days.

Lactose bouillon. No change of color. Optimum temperature 35°-37°. No>
anaerobic growth. Grow in acid media, rendering them slowly alka-
line.

Habitat. Isolated from stringy bread dough.

CLASS XIV. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. RODS NOT SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION. GELA-
TIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Colonies on gelatin papillate, small (about I mm.).

208. Bact. Mansfieldii.

II. Colonies on gelatin spreading.

209. Bact. Schottelii (Trevisan).

210. Bact. subtiliforme (Schrb'ter).

211. Bact. simile (Schroter).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA IQ7

208. Bact. Mansfieldii

B. No. 18 Conn : I.e., 1893, 51.

Morphology. Bacilli 1. 4-2.0/0., in twos and threes.

Gelatin colonies. Round, white, punctiform, i mm., spreading only slightly.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth white, spreading, rather dry.

Agar slant. Growth white, rather limited to spreading.

Potato. Growth thick, spreading, mottled ; somewhat raised in mounds,

becoming brown and more uniform.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment and slight pellicle.
Habitat. Milk from Mansfield, Conn.

209. Bact. Schottelii (Trevisan)

Darmbacillus Schottelius : Der Rotlauf der Schweine, Wiesbaden, 1885.
B. coprog enes-fcetidus : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
B. Schottelii Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 17.

Morphology. Bacilli shorter than B. subtilis. Spore germination polar.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: compact, pale yellowish. Surface: gray, trans-
lucent, spreading ; strong putrefactive odor.
Potato. Growth thick, gray. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from the intestinal contents of swine.

210. Bact. subtiliforme (Schroter)

Bacillus I Bienstock : Zeit. f. klin. Med., VIII, 1884, 1-2.

B. subtiliformis Schroter : Pilz Schles., 1886, 160.

B. mesentericus Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 115.

B.f&calis I Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 215.

Morphology. Like B. subtilis. Gelatin colonies have the form of a mesen-

terium.
Habitat. Faeces.

211. Bact. simile (Schroter)

Bacillus II Bienstock : I.e.

B. similis Schroter : I.e.

B. coprocinus Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 15.

B.fcecalis II Kruse: Fiiigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 215.

Morphology. Like the preceding.

Gelatin colonies. White, glistening, smooth, becoming uneven, with lobular

outgrowths.
Habitat. Faeces.

198 BACTERIOLOGY

CLASS XV. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. RODS SWOLLEN AT ONE END AT SPORULATION
OF THE TETANUS TYPE.

I. Gelatin liquefied.

212. Bact. gracile (Zimm.)

B.gracilis Zimmerman : Bact. Nutz. u. Trinkwasser, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2.4-3.6 //, — threads.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : entire, becoming ameboid — reticulated. Surface :

thin and spreading.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, after some weeks a

liquefaction of the surface.
Agar slant. Growth thin, bluish white.
Potato. Growth scanty.
Habitat. Water.

II. Gelatin not liquefied.

213. Bact. canis

B. des Hundestaupe Bruno-Galli : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIX, 1896, 694.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3 : 1.2-2.5 /A, often dumb-bell-shaped. Stained by

GranVs method.
Gelatin stab. In 24 hours, gas bubbles in depth ; on the surface, growth

punctiform, white, waxy, becoming large and sinking into the gelatin,

producing a shallow funnel without apparent liquefaction.
Agar slant. Growth of small, white points, becoming white disks with

undulate borders.

Potato. Growth whitish, translucent.
Milk. Not coagulated. Indol negative.
Lactose bouillon. No gas.
Habitat. Urine, exudate, etc., of dogs.

CLASS XVI. WITH ENDOSPORES. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC.
I. Rods not swollen at sporulation, malignant oedema type.

214. Bact. anaerobicum (Sternberg)

B. anaerobicus-liquefaciens Sternberg : Manual, 1892, 693.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.6 : 2-3 /u, ; filaments.
Gelatin colonies. White, granular.
Pathogenesis . Doubtful.
Habitat. Intestines of yellow fever cadavers.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 199

215. Bact. terrae (Ucke)

Streptobacillus terra Ucke: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIII, 1898, 1001.

Morphology. Bacilli 2.0 : 6-20 /A, and longer chains. Polar oval spores.

Stained by Gram's method.
Gelatin. No growth at 22°.

Bouillon. A flocculent white sediment ; a stronger growth in glucose bouillon.
Agar slant. Growth white, very scanty, limited, with finely erose border.
Agar stab. In depth, growth scanty, filiform.
Milk. Not coagulated.
Potato. No visible growth. No gas. No odor. Litmus reduced. An acid

production in saccharine media.
Blood serum. Small, flat, yellowish colonies.
Habitat. Isolated from the soil.

II. Rods becoming latterly swollen or spindle-shaped at sporulation.
216. Bact. parvum

B. liquefaciens-parvus Luderitz : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, V, 1889, 149.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 2-5 ^u,; filaments, often bent. Spore formation
not distinct, but small round refractive bodies in the greatly thickened
rods.

Gelatin colonies. Entire, becoming tuberculate with delicate outgrowths.
Liquefaction of gelatin slow ; but little gas.

Habitat. Soil.

4P

BACILLUS Cohn, char, emend by Migula

Cells cylindrical, varying from short ovals to longer rods and filaments. Mo-
tile, with flagella attached to any part of the rod, varying from a few to
numerous, and surrounding the entire body of the bacillus (peritrichic).
Endospores present or absent, or at least in a large number of the species
unknown.

NOTE. — Our imperfect knowledge of the great majority of the described species of
bacteria, especially as regards the nature of their flagella, makes it impossible to properly
classify many of them.

Those species which are known to possess peritrichic flagella belong properly to this
genus, and are designated by a large B in black-faced type before each specific name.
Those doubtfully placed in the genus are all so-called motile forms whose flagella are not
described, and are designated by a B in plain type.

The author has therefore made this group the great lumber room into which are thrown
all indefinitely motile forms. It is likely that many of the species here included, although

200 BACTERIOLOGY

they have been described as motile, or slightly so, are in reality non-motile, or at least
devoid of flagella, and are therefore members of the genus Bacterium.

Without definite knowledge on all questionable points of this kind the author has not
presumed to any private interpretations, and has strictly adhered to the facts as set forth
by the authors of the species in question.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS

I. Without endospores, or at least their presence not reported.^

A. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

1. Without pigment on gelatin or agar.

a. Colonies on gelatin plates roundish, not ameboid or proteus-like.
*- Gelatin not liquefied.

- f Decolorized by Gram's method. CLASS I, p. 201.
ft Stained by Gram's method. CLASS II, p. 227.
** Gelatin liquefied. CLASS III, p. 230.

b. Colonies on gelatin plates becoming streaming, forked, ameboid,

twisted, irregular, cochleate..

* Gelatin liquefied.

Stained by Gram's method. CLASS IV, p. 244.
Not stained by Gram's method. CLASS V, p. 246.
** Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS VI, p. 248.

2. Produce pigment on gelatin or agar, chromogenic bacilli.-

a. Pigment yellowish on gelatin.

* Gelatin liquefied. CLASS VII, p. 250.

** Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS VIII, p. 254.

b. Pigment reddish on gelatin or agar.

* Gelatin liquefied. CLASS IX, p. 256.
** Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS X, p. 259.

c. Pigment brownish, black-gray on gelatin. CLASS XI, p. 260.

d. Pigment blue-violet on gelatin or agar. CLASS XII, p. 261.

3. Colonies colorless, or colored slightly yellowish or greenish, but with

a yellow-green or blue-green fluorescence. CLASS XIII, p. 262.

B. Obligate anaerobic. CLASS XIV, p. 265.

II. Bacilli produce endospores.

A. Non-chromogenic ; without pigment on gelatin or agar.
i. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

a. Rods not swollen at sporulation — B. subtilis type.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2OI

f Potato cultures never developing a red pigment.
Gelatin liquefied. CLASS XV, p. 266.
Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS XVI, p. 282.
ft Potato cultures developing a red pigment. CLASS XVII,
p. 285.

b. Rods becoming spindle-shaped at sporulation, Clostridium type.

CLASS XVIII, p. 287.

c. Rods swollen at one end at sporulation, Tetanus type. CLASS

XIX, p. 290.
2. Obligate anaerobic.
. a. Rods not swollen at sporulation. CLASS XX, p. 292.

b. Rods becoming laterally swollen or spindle-shaped at sporula-

tion. CLASS XXI, 295.

c. Rods swollen at one end at sporulation. CLASS XXII, p. 302.
B. Chromogenic; produce pigment on gelatin or agar. CLASS XXIII,

p. 304.

CLASS I. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. COLONIES ON GELATIN PLATES ROUNDISH, NOT
AMEBOID OR PROTEUS-LIKE. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED. DE-
COLORIZED BY GRAM'S METHOD.

I. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

A. Milk coagulated. B. COLI GROUP.

1. Indol produced,

a. Phenol produced.

i . B. Marsiliensis Kruse.

b. No phenol produced .

__2. B. coli (Escherich).

3. B. Wardii.

2. No indol produced.

a, 'Gelatin colonies of a distinctly colon type, indistinguishable

from those of B. coli.

4. B. anindolicum Lembke.

b. Gelatin colonies of a character intermediate between the colon

and aerogenes types (bacteria intermediate between B. coli and
Bact. aerogenes} .

5. B. enteritidis Gartner.

6. B. chologenes Kruse.

7. B. toxigenus.

202 BACTERIOLOGY

3. Indol production not stated.

8. B. brassiccz Lehmann-Conrad.

B. Milk not coagulated. HOG CHOLERA GROUP.

1. Indol produced.

9. B. icterogenes Kruse.

10. B. Poelsii.

11. B. columbarum.

2. No indol produced.

a. More or less gas produced in lactose bouillon.

12. B. Breslaviensis Kruse.

b. No gas in lactose bouillon.

/ 13. B. Salmoni (Trevisan).
£ 14. B. levans Lehmann-Wolffin.

c. Gas production in lactose bouillon indeterminate.

15. B. loxiacidq.

3. Indol production indeterminate.

1 6. B. morbificans Basenau.

17. B. Silberschmidii.

18. B. murium Lbffler.

II. No gas generated in glucose bouillon. TYPHOID GROUP.

A. Milk coagulated.

19. B. intestinalis Dyar-Keith.

B. Milk not coagulated.

I. Potato cultures whitish grayish or invisible.

a. Bacteria from animal habitats, pathogenic; nearly identical in

cultural characters with B. typhosus.

* A pyogenic reaction at point of inoculation in guinea pigs.

20. B. meningitidis Neumann-Schaeffer.

** No pyogenic reaction by inoculation into experimental animals.

21. B. typhosus Zopf.

22. B. ps eudo -typhosus Kruse.

23. B. Billingsi. — •

24. B. paradoxus Kruse.

25. B. pestis (Lehmann-Neumann).

b. Soil and water bacteria, not so distinctly connected with B. ty-

phosus,

* Rosolic acid solution decolorized.

26. B. solitarius Ravenel.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 203

** Rosolic acid solution not decolorized.

27. B. geminus Ravenel.

28. B. aquatilis-suicatus-quartus Weichselbaum.

29. B. primus- Fullest Dyar.
Action on rosolic acid not stated.

30. B. tracheiphilus Smith.

2. Potato cultures becoming yellowish-brownish.

a. Grow well at the body temperature.

* Produce indol.

31. B. pinatus Ravenel.
** Do not produce indol.

f Gelatin stab arborescent, i.e. with outgrowths.

32. B. Raveneli.

ff Gelatin stab not distinctly arborescent.
§ Milk rendered alkaline.

33. B. akaligenes Petruschky.
§§ Milk reaction not stated.

34. B. Friedebergensis Gaffky-Paak.
*** Indol production not stated.

35. B. solanacearum Smith.

b. Do not grow at the body temperature.

36. B. Weichselbaumii.

III. Gas development in glucose bouillon not stated. Bacteria of the Colon,
Hog Cholera, and Typhoid Groups ; not classified.

A. Milk not coagulated.

1. Pathogenic to guinea pigs and rabbits.

37. B. Friedebergensis Kruse.

2. Pathogenic to pheasants, not so to guinea pigs and rabbits.

38. B.phasini.

3. Non-pathogenic.

39. B. Schafferi v. Freudenreich.

40. B. rugosus.

B. Milk-coagulation not stated.

I. Gelatin colonies of the colon type.

a. Pathogenic for birds (motile bacilli related to the bacillus of
fowl cholera).

* Not pathogenic to guinea pigs.

41. B. avisepticus.

42. B. avium Kruse.

204

BACTERIOLOGY

** Only slightly pathogenic to guinea pigs.

43. B. meleagris.

44. B. tetraonis.
*** Pathogenic to guinea pigs.

45. B. cygneus.

b. Not pathogenic to birds ; scarcely pathogenic to other animals.

46. B. aerobius.

47. B. pneumosepticus Kruse.

c. Pathogenic to insects.

48. B. monacJuz Tubeuf.

2. Gelatin colonies of the aerogenes type.

a. Pathogenic to the smaller animals.

* Rabbits, general infection.

49. B. cuniculi.

50. B. venenosus Vaughan.
** Pyogenic to the smaller animals.

51. B. glischrogenus Malerba.

b. Non-pathogenic.

* Do not grow at 37°, water bacteria.

f Growth on agar smooth, not characteristic.

52. B. albus Paglinni.

53. B. granulatus.

ft Growth on agar branched (rhizoid).

54. B. stolonatus Adametz.

3. Colonies burr-like.

55. B. invisibilis Vaughan.

56. B. venenosus Vaughan.

4. Colonies show a coil-like (Knauelartig) structure.

57. B. murinus.

5. Colonies not characterized as in 1-4.

B. DENITRIFICANS GROUP

„#. Grow only with difficulty on the surface of gelatin plates.

58. B. denitrificans Burri-Stutzer.
b. Grow on the surface in gelatin plates.

* Produce only a faint turbidity in nitrate bouillon, becoming

clear ; a membrane on the surface.

59. B. Stutzeri (Lehmann-Neumann).

** Produce a marked or strong turbidity in nitrate bouillon, with
the formation of a membrane.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 20$

f Bacteria surrounded by a capsule.

60. B. centropunctatus (Jensen),

ff Capsule formation at least not mentioned.

61. B. agilis Ampola-Garino.

62. B. Hartlebii (Jensen).

i. B. Marsiliensis Kruse

Bacillus of Marseilles swine plague Rietsch-Jobert : Compt. rend., CVI, 18881.

B. der Frettenseuche Ebert-Schimmelbusch : Virchow's Archiv.CXV, 1889,282;

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XVI, 1894, 327.

B. spontanen Kaninschenseptikamie Ebert-Mandry : Fortschritte Med.,VIII, 1890.
B. of swine plague Billings: Report Ag. Expt. Sta., Univ. of Nebraska, 1888.
B. of Texas fever Billings, I.e.
B. der Amerikanischer Rinderseuche Caneva : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, IX,

1891, 557-
B. Marsiliensis Kruse : Flxigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli twice as long as broad, one-third smaller than B. typho-
sus; show the polar stain. Flagella peritrichic (4-5).

Gelatin colonies. Colon-like.

Potato. Growth yellowish gray. '

Milk. Coagulated, acid.

Litmus milk. Reduced and reddened.

Indol and phenol produced. Cultures of Billings swine plague for old cultures
as above, for new cultures approaching hog cholera. All cultural charac-
ters closely identical with those of the colon bacillus.

Pathogenesis . Variable for the different varieties of the species. Inoculations
of rabbits give variable results, negative to slightly pathogenic ; a general
septicaemia often produced with the Ebert-Mandry bacillus. Inoculation
of sparrows into the breast muscle causes death in 24-36 hours, with sep-
ticaemia, pleuritis, and pericarditis. Pathogenic to hens and ferrets ; only
slightly pathogenic to pigeons.

Habitat. Found in the blood and organs in ferret plague ; associated with
Marseilles swine plague, spontaneous septicaemia of rabbits, etc.

2. B. coli (Escherich)

Bact. coli-commune Escherich : Darmbak. des Sauglings, Stuttgart, 1886.

Neapeler Bacillus Emmerich : Deutsche med. Woohenschrift, 1884, No. 50.

B. Neapolitan's Fraenkel ; Grundriss der Bakterienkunde, 1887.

Emmerich's Bacillus Eisenberg: Bak. Diag., 1886.

B. pyogenes-fcetidus Passet : Aetiol. eiterigen Phlegmon des Menschen, Berlin, 1885.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.7 : i-3/x; facultative anaerobic.,
Gelatin colonies^ Deep: round to lenticular, yellowish brown. Surface:
flat, erqse to lobate, marmorated.

206 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; surface growth flat, spreading.

Agar slant. Growth gray, white, moist, glistening, translucent.,

Potato. Growth yellowish to yellowish brown.

Bouillon. A dense turbidity, with a heavy sediment.

Milk. Coagulated.

Litmus milk. Reduced, acid. Cultures have a faecal odor. H2S produced.

Lactose bouillon. Much gas.

Saccharose bouillon. Gas may or may not be produced; acetic, formic, and
lactic acids produced. In bouillon, ammonia produced, and an p^Jjjj^
reaction.

Pathogenesis. Variable; inoculation of mice with o.i-i.o cc. of a bouillon
culture, intraperitoneally, causes death in 1-8 days ; bacilli in the blood,
and peritoneal exudate. One cc. of virulent varieties inoculated intra-
peritoneally into guinea pigs may cause death, with general peritonitis.

Habitat. In the intestines of man and animals, faeces, water, milk. Asso-
ciated with a number of pathologic conditions — peritonitis, cystitis,
cholera-nostras, etc.

VARIETIES

B. coli-dysentericum Ciechanowski : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIII, 445,

1898.

For varieties of B. coli see Pfaundler : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIII, i.
Pottien : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXII, Heft i, describes a variety of B. coli

which in the animal body shows a capsule, which gives B. Zopfi-Xfct

colonies, and which is strongly pathogenic to mice.

. 3. B. Wardii

Gas and taint producing Bacillus in cheese curd: Cornell . Univ. Ag. Expt. Station,

Bull. 158, 1899.

Morphology. Bacilli in bouillon 1.2-2 4 /u,. with rounded ends ; occur singly.
Show a polar stain with carbol fuchsin, stain feebly but uniformly, with
alk'aline methyl-blue. Not stained by Gram's method. Flagella demon-
strated. Optimum temperature 35°-38°. Facultative anaerobic.

Gelatin colonies. Surface: thin, spreading, 3-7 mm., wrinkled; border irreg-
ular. Microscopically, centre opalescent, border thin, translucent.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, growth thin,
spreading.

Agar colonies. At 37°. Deep colonies: lenticular, 0.5-1.0 //,, grayish. Sur-
face colonies: round, flat, entire, sharp, gray, moist, glistening, 2-4 mm. ;
not viscid. Have the odor of swine-plague cultures.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2O/

Agar slant. Growth thin, glistening, spreading ; condensation water turbid.

Potato. Growth brownish yellow, becoming thicker and brown ; not viscid.

Alkaline bouillon. Densely turbid ; grayish sediment ; acid, becoming alka-
line. In old cultures, 3-6 weeks ; a grayish pellicle on the surface.

Milk. Coagulated in about 3 days at 37° ; serum clear ; casein not digested ;
acid ; odor sour.

Glucose bouillon. Gas, maximum in 2 days ; growth in both arms ; acid.

Lactose bouillon . Gas .

Saccharose bouillon. No gas ; closed arm clear, remains alkaline. H : CO9 : :
2:1. Indol produced.

Habitat. Isolated from tainted, gassy, ckeesy curd.

4. B. anindolicum Lembke

Archiv f. Hygiene, XXVII, 1896, 384.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. coli ; differs in producing an
amount of acid in milk intermediate between B. coli and B. typhosus.

Pathogenesis . Inoculations of 0.2 cc. of bouillon culture subcutaneously into
mice cause death in 24 hours, with general septicaemia. Guinea pigs die
by intraperitoneal injections of 0.7 cc. of bouillon culture.

Habitat. Isolated from the faeces of a dog.

5. B. enteritidis Gartner

Correspond, d. allg. Artzl. Vereins, Thuringen, 1888.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick; stain unequally ; capsule present or absent.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : brown. Surface : round, gray, translucent, granular.

Lactose bouillon. Gas.

Potato. Growth grayish white to grayish yellow, glistening.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, young sheep,

and goats. Non-pathogenic to dogs, cats, rats, chickens, and sparrows.

Mice and guinea pigs infected through the stomach, producing enteritis ;

bacilli found in the organs.
Habitat. Isolated from beef in meat poisoning.

6. B. chologenes Kruse

Discovered by Stern, no name : Deutsche med. Wochenschrift, 1893, No. 26.
B. chologenes Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 374.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-1.3 /x.

Gelatin colonies. White; border erose ; characters between the colon and
aerogenes types.

208 BACTERIOLOGY

Potato. Growth white to yellow ; gas produced.

Milk. Coagulated in 1-2 days.

Lactose bouillon. Gas.

Saccharose bouillon. Gas.

Pathogenesis . Intraperitoneal inoculations of 0.5-1.0 cc. of bouillon cultures
into mice cause death. With guinea pigs, subcutaneous inoculation
causes abscess formation ; intraperitoneal injections of larger doses cause
death.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of angiocholitis and meningitis.

7. B. toxigenus

Bacillus of ice cream poisoning Vaughan-Perkins : Archiv f. Hygiene, XXVIII, 1896.

Identical with B. coli, but milk coagulated more quickly, with strong butyric
acid odor. Grows on carrot ; growth elevated, creamy ; odor acid. (B^
coli grows much less vigorously, and gives no odor. )

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to rabbits, cats, dogs, mice, and rats.

Habitat. Isolated from poisonous ice cream.

8. B. brassicae Lehmann-Conrad

Lehmann-Neumann, Bak. Diag., 1896, 232.

Morphological and cultural characters closely related to B. coli. Bacilli show
4-10 long slender flagella. Sometimes slightly colored by Gram's
method. Ferments milk, sugar. Milk coagulated. Generates in sauer-
kraut 80 per cent CO2, 18 per cent H, and 2 per cent CH4.

Habitat. Isolated from sauer-kraut.

9. B. icterogenes Kruse

B. of yellow atrophy of the liver Guarnieri : Acad. Med. Rom., XIV, 1887-88, fasc. 8.
B. icterogenes Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 372.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. coli, but grow less vigorously.
Lactose bouillon-. A small amount or no gas. No gas in saccharose bouillon.
Milk. Rendered slightly acid.
Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs cause septicaemia

and degeneration of the liver.
Habitat. Isolated by Guarnieri from the liver and blood in acute yellow

atrophy of the liver, and by Pasquale from typhoid stools.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 209

10. B. Poelsii

Vleeschvergiftung te Rotterdam Poels-Dhont : Tweede rapport van de des Kundigen.

Morphology. Bacilli slowly motile. Grow on gelatin like B. coli. A very
weak gas development in glucose bouillon. No gas in lactose and sac-
charose bouillon.

Bouillon. Rendered alkaline. Indol produced.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Pathogenesis . Intravenous inoculations of cows with 3 gelatin cultures re-
sulted in death in 14 hours ; bacilli in all organs and in the muscles.

Habitat. Isolated from beef in meat poisoning.

ii. B. columbarum

Bacillus of pigeon cholera Moore : U. S. Dept. of Ag., Bureau of Animal Industry,

Bull. No. 8, 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 1.0-1.6 //,; size variable in different media; ends
rounded ; in the tissues, usually in pairs. Flagella not more than 8.

Gelatin colonies. Surface: small grayish dots; microscopically, yellowish,
granular.

Agar slant. At 37°, growth grayish, glistening, not viscid.

Agar colonies. Convex, entire, 0.5-1.5 mm.

Potato. Growth thin, glistening, slightly yellowish. On acid potato no growth,

Alkaline bouillon. In 24 hours, turbid, slightly acid, with a thin, grayish
membrane, becoming alkaline. In acid bouillon, only slight growth, reac-
tion unchanged.

Milk. Not coagulated, strongly alkaline.

Glucose bouillon. Gas ; H : CO2 : : 2 : I . No gas in lactose or saccharose
bouillon ; media rendered alkaline. Indol produced.

Pathogenesis. Intravenous inoculation of rabbits with 0.3 cc. of bouillon
culture causes congestion of the internal organs. Intestinal mucosa red-
dened in patches. Subcutaneous inoculation causes death in 4-5 days,
with purulent infiltration at the point of inoculation ; in the liver, necrotic
spots ; spleen enlarged, dark-colored, and friable. Subcutaneous inocula-
tion of guinea pigs, 0.1-0.2 cc., causes death in 8-10 days. Pathogenic
to pigeons. Differs from hog cholera (i) bacilli larger; (2) in bouillon
a delicate membrane, and in old cultures a deposit on the sides of the
tube ; (3) a marked indol reaction ; (4) it is less rapidly fatal in small
doses for experimental animals, and the lesions produced in rabbits are
comparable to those following the inoculation of the more attenuated
varieties. (Moore, I.e.)
p

2IO BACTERIOLOGY

12. B. Breslaviensis Kruse

B. Morseeltr u. Breslauer Fleischvergtftung v. Ermenghem : Trav. Lab. d. Hygiene de

Gand Bruxelles, 3, 1892.
B. Breslaviensis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 377.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-1.5 /u, long, slender ; 4-12 long flagella.

Gelatin colonies. Like B. coli.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a delicate membrane.

Potato. Growth yellowish, abundant.

Saccharose bouillon. Only a slight amount of gas.

Pathogenesis . The feeding and inoculation of mice and rabbits cause enteric

symptoms ; bacilli in the organs.
Habitat. Isolated from poisonous beef and veal which were the cause of

meat poisoning.

13. B. Salmon! (Trevisan)

B. of swine plague or swine fever Klein : Report of the Local Gov. Board of England,

1877-78.

Hog-cholera bacillus Salmon-Smith: U. S. Dept. Ag., 1885.
B. der Schweinepest Bang-Selander : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., Ill, 1886, 361.
Pasteur ella Salmoni Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 21.

Amerikanische Schweineseuche Frosch : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, 1890, 235.
Swine-fever Bacillus E. Kleine: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVIII, 1895, 106.
B. suipesti/er Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 223.
Bact. cholera-suum Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896, 233.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6:1.2-1.5^. No characteristic polar stain. The

central part of the rod frequently less stained than the periphery (Smith).

According to Karliriski, bacilli 0.6-0.8: 1.2-2.0 /u., or longer rods; with

alkaline methylene blue a polar stain. Flagella delicate, 3-4 times the

length of the rod, peritrichic.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round to oval, brown, homogeneous, or centre

somewhat darker. Surface: colon-like, round, flat, irregular, grayish.
Gelatin stab. 'In depth, growth dense, gray, white, beaded; surface growth

flat, rather small, white.
Agar slant. Growth grayish white, translucent to opaque, moist, glistening,

and slimy.
Bouillon. A moderate or good growth, with much white sediment. Reaction

not altered (Karlinski).
Potato (alkaline). Growth straw-yellow to light brown, usually abundant.

On acid potato the growth is scanty and white (Karliriski).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 211

Milk. Not coagulated, reaction unchanged or alkaline; medium rendered,
opalescent.

Glucose bouillon. Gas ; reaction acid. According to Karliriski, gas is pro-
duced in glucose bouillon with bacilli fresh from the body, but is incon-
stant in cultures. No gas in saccharose bouillon.

Litmus milk. Unchanged, or a deeper blue. Indol and phenol not produced.

Pathogenesis . Pathogenic to mice and rabbits; death in 7-12 days; spleen
enlarged, in liver necrotic spots, kidneys inflamed, bacilli in the organs.
More attenuated varieties cause only an infiltration and ulceration of
Peyer's patches and an infiltration of lymph glands.

Habitat. Associated with hog cholera. For variations of this species, see
Smith: U. S. Dept. of Ag., Bureau of Animal Industry, Bull. 6, 1894,
pp. 8-27.

14. B. levans Lehmann-Wolffin

Archiv f. Hygiene, XXI, 1894.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6: 1.8/1, with numerous long flagella. Cultural char-
acters like B. coli.

Glucose bouillon. , Gas ; H : CO2 : : i : 3. No gas in saccharose bouillon. Lactic
acetic and butyric acids in glucose bouillon.

Habitat. Isolated from sour dough.

15. B. loxiacida Tartakowsky

Archiv d. Veterinarwissenschaft, 1888.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-1.0 : 2.0-2.5 /x. Not stained by Gram's method."

Gelatin colonies. Surface: 2 mm., round to irregular, with entire borders;
microscopically, gray-brown, radiately fibrous to granular on the border.
Colonies become crumpled when dry.

Gelatin stab. A slight amount of gas in depth.

Agar slant. Growth abundant, moist, white.

Bouillon. Turbid, with an easily disturbed membrane.

Potato. A scanty growth. ^No growth on acid potato.

Blood serum. Growth moist, white.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to birds. Subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs
cause a slight local swelling, with elevation of temperature. Intraperi-
toneal injections cause sero-fibrinous peritonitis and death in 1-2 days.

Habitat. Associated with an infectious disease of titmouse, crossbill, gold-
finch, and canary birds.

212 BACTERIOLOGY

1 6. B. morbificans Basenau

Archiv f. Hygiene, XX, 1894, 242.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.4: 1.0-1.2 /A.

Gelatin colonies. Siirface : papillate, yellowish, to flat and spreading ; border
erose. Microscopically, the colonies have a dark contour, within which
is a clear zone and within this a yellowish granular to mottled centre.

Gelatin stab. Growth in depth filiform ; surface growth thick, round, white,
with an undulate border.

Potato. Growth moist, yellow, never brown.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane.

Glucose bouillon. A small amount of gas. No gas in saccharose bouillon.

Litmus milk. Unchanged.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits by subcutaneous
and intraperitoneal inoculation, and by feeding. Calves and goats
infected by feeding. Bacilli in the organs and in the muscles. Com-
municated through infected meat.

Habitat. Isolated from the flesh of a cow with puerperal fever.

17. B. Silberschmidii

B. der Fleischvergiftung Silberschmidt : Correspondenz-Blatt fur Schweizer
Aerzte, 1896, No. 8.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods. Flagella 4-8.

Milk. Not coagulated ; no acid. Cultures have a faint sweetish odor.

Pathogenesis. Mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits were fed on infected meat with

negative results. Intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea pigs caused death

in 18-36 hours.
Habitat. Isolated from poisonous meat.

1 8. B. murium Loffler

B. typhi-murium Loffler: Centralblatt f. Bakleriol., XI, 1892, 129.

Morphology. Bacilli like B. typhosus.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, round, slightly granular, yellow-brown.

Surface : like B. typhosus.
Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat.

Potato. Growth whitish-grayish. Indol and phenol production doubtful.
Milk. Rendered alkaline.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 213

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of house mice and field mice cause
death in 3 days. Bacilli in the organs ; spleen enlarged. The latter
also infected by feeding.

Habitat. Found by Loffler as the cause of an epidemic in mice.

19. B. intestinalis Dyas- Keith

Mass. Inst. of Technology Quarterly, VI, 3 ; ref. Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.,
XVI, 1894, 838.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0:1.2 /A; somewhat thicker than B. coli. Grow at

37°. Cultural characters like B. coli.
Pathogenesis. Doubtful.
Habitat. Isolated from the excrement of the horse.

20. B. meningitidis Neumann-Schaeffer

Virchow's Archiv, CIX, 1887, 477.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. typhosus.

Potato. Growth gray white, viscid. No gas in lactose bouillon.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs causes a pyogenic

reaction.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of purulent meningitis.

21. B. typhosus Zopf

B. der Abdominaltyphus Eberth : Virchow's Archiv, LXXXI, 1880.
B. typhosus Zopf : Spaltpilze, 1885, 124.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8 : 1-3 //. — filaments. Flagella peritrichic, 8-14,

long, undulate.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, gray to yellowish brown, entire. Surface :

at first small, punctiform, becoming flat, roundish, gray, glistening, with

irregular borders ; microscopically, colorless, translucent, becoming

grayish yellow, darker in the centre, marmorated ; border undulate to

lobate ; strongly refracting.
Gelatin stab. Growth in depth filiform — beaded — tuberculate ; on the

surface, growth thin, whitish, irregular.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid, less so than B. colt.
Milk. Not coagulated, only slightly acid.-
Potato. Growth a pure white glistening streak, not very thick, or scarcely

visible.

214 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent, slimy, spreading.

Litmus milk. After some time a slight acid reaction ; variable. Indol not

produced. Nitrates reduced to nitrites. H2S produced. Lactic acid

produced in glucose bouillon.
Pathogenesis. Inoculation of experimental animals with moderate quantities

usually negative; with large quantities death by toxaemia. Filtered

cultures toxic to test animals.
Habitat. In the spleen in cases of typhoid fever; also in greater or less

numbers in the intestinal lesions, mesentery glands, liver, bile, kidneys,.

etc. ; also in the stools of typhoid patients, and in infected water.

22. B. pseudo-typhosus Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 383.

Morphological and cultural characters identical with the preceding. Differen-
tiated by the absence of the serum reaction. (See Zeitsch. f. Hygiene^
XXI, 238.)

Habitat. Isolated by Pansini from a liver abscess, and by Losener from the
peritoneal fluid of a hog, water, etc.

23. B. Billingsi

Bacillus of corn-stalk disease of cattle Billings : Baumgarten's Jahresbericht, 1889, 184.

Morphology. Bacilli identical with B. typhosus. Cultural characters indis-
tinguishable from B. typhosus.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits cause general
septicaemia.

Habitat. Isolated by Billings from corn-stalk disease of cattle, and by Nocard
from bronchopneumonia in oxen.

24. B. paradoxus Kruse

Typhus ahnlicher Bacillus Kruse- Pasquale : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVI, 1894, X9*
B. paradoxus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 373.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. typhosus.

Potato. Growth spreading, invisible.

Lactose bouillon. No gas. Indol produced. Pathogenic for mice.

Habitat. Isolated from the liver from a case of dysentery in Alexandria.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 21$

25. B. pestis (Lehmann-Neumann)

Cocco-bacille de la peste Yersin : Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1894, 666.

Pest Bacillus Aoyama : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIX, 1896; Zettnow, Zeitsch. f. Hygiene

XXI, 1895-96, 165.

Bact. pestis Lehmann-Neumann : Bakt. Diag., 1896, 194.
B.pestis-bubonicce Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 429.

Morphology. Bacilli short, ovals to longer rods, 4-5 times their breadth ; also
chains of short elements. A uniform or polar stain. Flagella demon-
strated by Gordon, one at the end, often one at the side, long, spiral.
Grow better at room temperatures than at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, white to yellowish white. Surface : flat, with
a granular border; do not grow larger than a pin's head. According to-
Klein, the colonies are small, gray, round to angular points, similar to
young colonies of B. vulgar is.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth often arborescent, like anthrax (Klein) •
surface growth flat.

A gar slant. Growth composed of confluent viscid colonies.

Potato. A scanty growth, white to gray.

Bouillon. Shows a turbidity of various grades, or with flocculent particles
adhering to walls of the tube.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Litmus milk. Reddened in 24 hours. According to Klein, unaltered. Indol
produced. Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. An oedema
at the point of inoculation ; swelling of lymph spaces and congestion of
the internal organs. Death in a few days ; bacilli in the blood and
organs.

Habitat. Isolated from suppurating glands, etc., in bubonic plague.

26. B. solitarius Ravenel

I.e., 29.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, straight, 3-7 times their breadth ; ends rounded ;

occur singly. Aerobic. Bacilli rotatory, non-progressive; flagella not

demonstrated.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, white, slightly granular; margins notched.

Later the colonies show a zoned and marmorated structure. Surface :

round, grayish, floccose to filamentous. In 70 hours, the colonies have a.

:2i6 BACTERIOLOGY

diameter of I mm. ; show a gray-white central nucleus, with an irregular,

indistinct, filamentous border, and an outer orange zone. In 7 days, the

colonies are round, white, entire, and elevated.
Agar slant. Growth moist, glistening, porcelain-white, spreading.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth filiform ; surface growth elevated, umbilicate,

i mm. in diameter.

Potato. Growth thin, whitish, becoming thick, pasty, and the color of putty.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no pellicle.

Pepton rosolic acid. Decolorized in 7 days ; alkaline.
Litmus milk. Becomes darker, and afterward is decolorized. Indol not

produced. Grow at 35°-37°.
Habitat. Soil.

27. B. geminus Ravenel

B. geminus-minor Ravenel : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli very short rods, with rounded ends, 2-4 times their
breadth ; occur singly. Motility slight ; flagella not demonstrated.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, yellowish, granular, entire. Surface: yellow-
ish, granular, entire, becoming in 1-2 days elevated, convex, dense, and
pearly white. Colonies small, 1.5 mm.

Gelatin stab. A filiform growth in depth ; on the surface, a bead, becoming
larger and more spreading, with corrugated edges.

Potato. Growth thin, spreading, becoming, in 10 days, dirty white, moist,
and glistening.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a slight pellicle.

Pepton rosolic acid. Becomes cherry-red in 10 days. .

Litmus milk. Rendered alkaline. Indol produced. Nitrates reduced to
nitrites. Grow at 35°-36°.

Habitat. Soil.

28. B. aquatilis-sulcatus-quartus Weichselbaum

Osterreichische Sanitatswesen, 1889; Dyar, I.e., 359.

From descriptions (Dyar), indistinct from the preceding.
Habitat. Water.

29. B. primus-Fullesi Dyar

I.e., 360.

From descriptions, indistinct from B. geminus, except milk cultures emit a

disagreeable odor.
Habitat. Water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2I/

30. B. tracheiphilus Smith

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 2d Abt., 1895, 364.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 1.2-2.5 /"*• Grow poorly in gelatin.

Agar slant. Growth thin, smooth, moist, glistening, milky-white, limited.

Agar stab. Lateral outgrowths from the line of puncture ; on the surface the

growth is thin.
Potato. Growth thin, smooth, moist, glistening ; the color of the potato. Does

not grow in alkaline media.
Bouillon. Turbid cloudy, but not turbid.

Glucose bouillon. Acid; no gas. Cultures very viscid. No growth at 37°.
Habitat. Associated with a disease of melons and curcurbits.

31. B. pinatus Ravenel

I.e., 32.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, short, 3-5 times their breadth ; occur singly and
in short chains. Motile ; flagella not demonstrated. Facultative anae-
robic.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, entire, yellowish, granular. Surface : puncti-
form ; do not exceed I mm. ; centre yellowish brown, granular, border clear.

Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; on the surface, growth raised, 2 mm.,
porcelain-white, umbilicate.

Agar slant. Growth thin, glistening, watery.

Potato. Growth thin, colorless to light, dirty brown, smooth, moist, glistening.

Bouillon. Turbid, with flakes ; no pellicle on the surface.

Pepton rosolic acid. Decolorized, alkaline.

Litmus milk. Becomes a darker indigo blue. Indol produced. Nitrates
reduced to nitrites.

Habitat. Soil.

32. B. Raveneli

B. geminus-major Ravenel : I.e., 27.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, ends rounded, of variable length ; occur singly

and in short chains. Rods show deeply stained points, 2-3 in each rod.

Motility slight ; flagella not demonstrated. Aerobic.
Gelatin colonies. Deep', brownish, granular, entire. Surface: like typhoid,

but more granular and coarser.
Gelatin stab. Delicate offshoots from the line of stab ; on the surface,

growth thin, spreading, with irregular borders.
Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent, spreading.
Potato. Growth honey yellow, moist, glistening, becoming chocolate-brown.

2i8 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear.
Pepton rosolic acid. Slightly darker in 10 days. i

Litmus milk. Amphoteric to slightly alkaline. Indol not produced.
Habitat. Soil.

33. B. alcaligenes Petruschky

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIX, 1896, 187.

Morphology. Bacilli have perithrichic flagella. Indistinguishable from B*
typhosus, except in the alkaline reaction in milk (not invariably constant)-
Differentiated also by the serum reaction.

Potato. Growth brown.

Habitat. Faeces.

34. B. Friedbergensis Gaffky-Paak

See No. 37.

35. B. solanacearum Smith

U. S. Dept. of Ag., Div. Veg. Path. Bull., XII, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-1.0 /u, variable; flagella several.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, yellowish to brownish, granular, entire. Sur-
face: round, thin, white.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth scanty ; on the surface, growth thin, white.

Gelatin slant. Growth white, smooth, moist, glistening, with finger-like ex--
tensions into the gelatin. : ••;' • .; '

Agar slant. Growth smooth, white, moist, glistening, becoming yellowish
brown to brown ; agar stained brown.

Bouillon. Zooglcea in the upper layer ; uniform turbidity on shaking.

Potato. Growth dirty white, becoming brownish to smoke-black.

Milk. Not coagulated, slowly saponified to a yellowish, translucent fluid.

Litmus milk. Rendered alkaline. Grow at 40°.

Glucose bouillon. No acid or gas production.

Bouillon. Rendered alkaline.
• Habitat. Associated with a disease of tomato, egg-plant, and the Irish potato.

36. B. Weichselbaumii

B. aquatilis-sulcatus No. 5, Weichselbaum : Osterreichische Sanitatswesen, 1889.
B. aquatilis-sulcatus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896/410.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. typhosus. Diff. aerobic;

in depth, in gelatin stab cultures,. little or no growth. Do not reduce

nitrates. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Water.

\

V

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2IQ

37. B. Friedbergensis Kruse

B. der Friedberger Fleichvergiftung Gaffky-Paak : Mitteilu.ngen a. d. Kaiserl. Gesund-

heitsamte, 1890, 159.
B. Friedbergensis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 378.

Morphology. Bacilli about one-third smaller than B. typhosus.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, yellowish, homogeneous, often concentric.

Surface : round, spreading ; centre yellowish, border paler, marmorated ;

between aerogenes and colon types.
Gelatin stab. Good growth in depth ; surface growth thin, spreading to the

walls. % "',

Agar slant. Growth grayish white, slimy.
Potato. Growth whitish to grayish yellow to reddish.
Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits, by subcutaneous

inoculation. Pathogenic to guinea pigs and mice by feeding ; slightly so

to dogs, cats, and rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from poisonous sausage, in meat poisoning.

^ 38. *B. phasiani Kruse

Bacillus of an infectious disease of young pheasants Klein : Jour, of Path, and Bac-

teriol., 1893.
B. phasiani-septicus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 410.

Morphology. Bacilli like B. colt, but smaller. Cultural characters like those

of B. colL
Pathogenesis. Inoculation of pheasants causes death in 24 hours of general

septicaemia ; fowls, pigeons, guinea pigs, and rabbits refractory.
Habitat. Associated with the above disease.

} 39. B. Schafferi v. Freudenreich

Ann. Micrographie, III, 1891.

Morphology. Bacilli I .o : 2-3 /x ; threads.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, round, yellowish, granular. Surface: white

(porcelain), spreading, slightly irregular.
Agar slant. Growth grayish to brownish.
Potato. Growth yellowish.
Habitat. Milk, cheese.

220 BACTERIOLOGY

40. B. rugosus

B. No. 27 Conn : I.e., 1893, 54.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 1.3-2 ^. Grow at 35°.
Gelatin colonies. Transparent, elevated, spreading, wrinkled on edges.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, growth thin, trans-
parent.

Agar slant. Growth white, elevated.
Potato. Growth thick, yellowish, spreading.
Milk. Alkaline, bad odor ; peptonized to a brownish fluid.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle and sediment.
Habitat. Milk.

41. B. avisepticus

B. der Kanarienvogelseptikamie Rieck : Deutsche Zeitsch. f. Thier. Med., 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.2-2.5 /x long; show a polar staining.
Potato. Growth grayish yellow, otherwise in cultures like B. cholera-gallinarum.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause septicaemia ; of canary
birds, sooty discoloration of the skin, liver necrosis, and septicaemia.

42. B. avium Kruse

B. de la diphtheric aviaire Loir-Duclaux : Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1894, 599.
B. diphtheria avium Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 410.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of fowl cholera. Cultural characters not fully

described.
Pathogenesis. Pathogenic for all kinds of birds. Subcutaneous inoculations

of rabbits cause septicaemia, with death in 6-10 days ; an exudate in

pharynx.
Habitat. The cause of an epizootic among chickens, pigeons, turkeys, and

canary birds in Tunis.

43. B. meleagris

B. of epizootic pneumo-pericarditis in the turkey MacFadyean : Jour, of Comp.
Path, and Therap., VI, 1893, 334.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of fowl cholera.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to turkeys; nasal catarrh, "rattles" in the throat,

pneumonia, and pericarditis ; bacilli in the lungs and organs. Only

slightly pathogenic to rabbits and guinea pigs.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 221

44. B. tetraonis

B. of grouse disease E. Klein : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, VI, 1889, 593.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.6-1.0 /x,, often coccoid.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, round. Surface: thin, spreading, irregular.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat.

Pathogenesis. By subcutaneous inoculations it is pathogenic to mice in 75 per
cent and to guinea pigs in 50 per cent of the cases. Lungs hyperaemic,
hepatized ; spleen not enlarged ; kidneys hyperaemic ; bacilli in the blood
and organs. In- grouse : pneumonia, local hyperaemia of the intestines,
enlargement of liver and kidneys. Bacilli in the blood and organs.

45. B. cygneus

Septikamie bacillus der Schwane Fiorentini : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XIX,

1896, 929.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of fowl cholera but larger, 0.5 : i .5-2 /n threads.

Gelatin colonies. Granular, concentric ; the border radiate ciliate.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a beaded growth ; on the surface, growth white,
lobed, and toothed.

Agar slant. Round, white colonies, becoming coalescent.

Potato. Growth of colonies, becoming coalescent, elevated, yellowish brown,
with a bad odor.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a white sediment.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to rabbits, guinea pigs, heris, pigeons, geese; a
comatose condition, followed by death. In affected swans, oedematous
infiltration of the lungs ; ecchymoses of serous membranes, hyperaemia of
intestinal mucous membrane, and turbid degeneration of liver cells.

46. B. aerobius

Ein neuer B.des malig. Oedems Klein : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, X, 1891, 186.
B. pseudo-oedemata maligni Sanfelice: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893, 353.
B. oedematis-aerobius Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 1.6-2.4-24 /A.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, brownish. Surface: thin, spreading, typhoid-
like, marmorated.

Gelatin stab. In depth, beaded; on the surface, growth thin, transparent,
dentate.

Agar slant. Growth grayish white, smeary.

Bouillon. Turbid ; no pellicle.

222 BACTERIOLOGY

Potato. Growth viscid, yellowish.

Pathogenesis. Cultures quickly lose their virulence. Fresh, first generation

cultures kill guinea pigs in i cc. bouillon culture doses. There is bloody

oedema, with gas ; a reddening of the muscles, and an enlargement of the

liver and spleen.
Habitat. Isolated from guinea pigs which have been inoculated with faeces,

earth, dust, etc.

47. B. pneumosepticus Kruse

Pneumonie bacillus Klein : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, V, 1889, 625.
B. pneumosepticus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896,408.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.4 : 0.8-1.6 //, ; in chains. Show the polar stain.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, round. Surface: thin, iridescent, spreading,

erose.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat.
Agar slant. Growth whitish-brownish.
Potato. Growth thin, slimy, brownish.
Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculation of mice is fatal in 60 per cent of the

cases. Inflammation at the point of inoculation and in the lungs ; spleen

enlarged ; hemorrhagic enteritis. Guinea pigs die in 25 per cent of the

cases, with lobular pneumonia, pleuritis, etc.
Habitat. Isolated from rusty sputum of pneumonia patients.

48. B. monachae v. Tubeuf

Forst. Naturwiss. Zeitsch. I, 1892, 34; ref. Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XII, 1892, 268.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : i.o //, ; occur singly, in twos, and in short chains.
Acid gelatin colonies. Transparent, opalescent, with mother-of-pearl lustre;

microscopically, central portion ochre-yellow, sometimes zoned; edge

erose, lobed.
Bouillon . Turbid.
Potato. Growth moist, gray.
Pathogenesis. Infection experiments positive. "
Habitat. Found in the body fluids of diseased " nun-moth " larvae (Liparis

monacha} .

49. B. cuniculi Lucet

B. septicus-cuniculi Lucet: Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1892, 558.
Morphology. Bacilli 1-3 /a.
Gelatin colonies. Smooth, very convex, slimy.
Bouillon. 39°-4o°, growth in stringy masses. No growth on potato.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 223

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of rabbits cause death in 24 hours ;
a local oedema ; serous membrane inflamed ; spleen enlarged ; bacilli in
all the organs. Subcutaneus inoculation of guinea pigs causes local ab-
scess formation ; intraperitoneal inoculation causes death. Chickens and
pigeons refractory.

Habitat. Associated with a spontaneous epizootic of rabbits.

50. B. venenosus Vaughan

» Am. Jour. Med. Sci., 1892, 107.

Morphology. Bacilli 2-4 times their breadth ; ends rounded.

Gelatin colonies. Aerogenes-like.

Agar slant. Growth thin, white.

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, light brown. In Parietti's solution a good

growth. In Uffelman's gelatin a feeble to a good growth.
Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.
Habitat. Water.

51. B. glischrogenus Malerba

Malerba and Sanna-Salaris : Lavori Esequiti nell Institute fisiologico, Napoli, 1888.
Characters of Bact. aerogenes. Milk and urine rendered slimy.
Pathogenesis. Pyogenic to the smaller animals. Causes nephritis in dogs.
Habitat. Isolated from urine.

52. B. albus Paglinni

Giorn della Soc. Ital. d'igiene, IX, 1887, 587.
Weisser bacillus Eisenberg : Bak. Diag., 1888, 38.

Morphology. Bacilli short.

Gelatin colonies. Small, aerogenes-like.

Potato. Growth rugose, yellowish white, limited.

Habitat. Water.

53. B. granulatus

B. aquatilis-solidus Lustig: Diag. Bak. des Wassers, 1893.
Morphology. Bacilli 3 times their width.
Gelatin colonies. Aerogenes-like, granular.

Potato. Growth grayish white to yellowish. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Water.

54. B. stolonatus Adametz

Mitth. Oest. Versuchstat. f. Braueri u. Malz. Wien, 1888, 844.
Morphology. Bacilli 2-3 times their breadth.
Gelatin colonies. Capitate, whitish-brownish.

224

BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth composed of large rhizoid colonies.
Potato. Growth dirty white.
Habitat. Water.

55. B. invisibilis Vaughan

Am. Jour. Med. Sci., 1892, 107.

Morphology. Bacilli large, ends rounded, 2-5 times their breadth. Grow

at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Pale yellow, burr-like, with irregular outlines.
Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; a scanty growth on the surface.
Agar slant. Growth thick, white, limited.
Potato. Growth invisible. Grow in Parietti's solution and in Uffelmann's

gelatin.
Habitat. Water.

56. B. venenosus Vaughan

B. venenosus-invisibilis Vaughan : Am. Jour. Med. Sci., 1892, 107.
Not clearly differentiated from the above.

57. B. murinus

B. of rat plague Issatschenko : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIII, 1898, 873.

Morphology. Bacilli variable in size. Flagella peritrichic.

Gelatin colonies. Round, brownish yellow, with coli-like structure.

Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth, with outgrowths ; on the surface, a

white layer.

Bouillon. A white scum and sediment. ,•

Potato. Grows slowly, becoming in 6 days a bright yellow, scarcely visible

layer.
Pathogenesis . Strongly pathogenic to rats and mice. By ingestion death of

rats in 8-14 days ; of mice, in 4-8 days. Non-pathogenic to rabbits and

pigeons.
Habitat. Isolated from the spleen and liver of rats attacked in St. Petersburg

by a plague.

58. B. denitrificans Burri-Stutzer

B. denitrificans, I, Burri-Stutzer: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 2te Abt., 1895, 356.

Morphology. Bacilli ; on agar small rods, 0.5 : 0.5-1. o/u. ; in bouillon, 1.0-2.5 \L.

Motility rarely progressive.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, white, entire. Do not generally appear at

the surface ; when they do they are soft, dry, with a translucent border,

which is puckered and torn.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 225

Gelatin stab. Growth filiform in depth ; surface growth white, scarcely

visible, covers the entire surface.
Gelatin slant. A limited yellowish white stripe, with a thin colorless border,

and with outgrowths.
Agar colonies. In 1-2 days at 30°, the deep colonies are small, white, and

entire; the surface colonies thin, soft, colorless, limited, with erose

borders.

Nitrate bouillon. A membrane on the surface ; reduction to nitrites.
Habitat. Straw, earth, and horse manure.

59. B. Stutzeri (Lehmann- Neumann)

B. denitrificans, II, Burri-Stutzer : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, 1898.
Bact. Stutzeri I^ehmann-Neumann, Bak. Diag., 1896, 2te Abt., 1898, 408.

Morphology. Bacilli ; on agar rods with rounded ends, often spindle-shaped,

0.5-1.0: i. 5-2. 5-4 /A; in bouillon, only 0.25-0.3 /x, thick. Polar stain.
Gelatin colonies. In 4 days the deep colonies are small, white, entire; the

surface colonies thin, whitish, translucent, with somewhat ragged edges.
Agar colonies. In 2 days at 30° the deep colonies are small, yellowish white,

entire; the surface colonies thin, 5-10 mm.

Agar slant. Growth soft, flat, dry, grayish, becoming rather moist, glistening.
Gelatin slant. Growth thin, milky-white, with fine radial striping and

undulations.
Gelatin stab. In depth growth pearly ; on the surface growth milky-white,

soft, dry, becoming somewhat slimy.
Nitrate bouillon. A weak turbidity; in 2 days a membrane. Nitrates

reduced.
Habitat. Straw, earth, air.

60. B. centropunctatus (Jensen)

Bact. centropunctatum Jensen : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV,
2te Abt., 1898, 410.

Morphology. Bacilli ; on agar coccoid, 0.3-0.5 /x, with a capsule. In nitrate

bouillon, morphology like B. Stutzeri. In anaerobic cultures bacilli large,

ovoid, 0.5-1.0 /A.
Gelatin colonies. In 4 days the deep colonies are small, white, entire ; the

surface colonies thick, moist, glistening, grayish, becoming whitish.
Agar slant. Growth thin, soft, becoming in 2 days thick, glistening, grayish,.

slightly raised in the middle.

Gelatin slant. Growth milky-white, slimy, glistening, with long outgrowths.
Q

226 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth pearly ; on the surface growth milky-white.
Nitrate bouillon. In 2 days at 30° a strong turbidity, and a membrane on the

surface ; nitrates reduced.
Habitat. Isolated from cow and guinea pig manure.

6 1. B. agilis Amp.-Gar.

£. denitrificans-agilis Ampola-Garino : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., II, 2te Abt., 1896, 673 ;
Jensen, I.e., IV, 1898, 408.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.5 : 1.0-2.5 //,, or smaller. No polar stain.
Gelatin colonies. In 5 days scarcely visible ; white, entire, homogeneous.
Agar colonies. Small, white, slimy, not spreading.
Agar slant. Growth grayish white, slimy, limited, or spreading where the

. medium is moist.
Gelatin slant. Growth in 6-8 days grayish white, slimy, limited, somewhat

knobby.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth pearly ; on the surface the growth in 8 days

is grayish white, I mm. in diameter.

Nitrate bouillon. In 1-2 days turbid, with a membrane; nitrates reduced.
Habitat. Isolated from cow manure.

62. B. Hartlebii (Jensen)

Bact. Hartlebii Jensen : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, ate Abt., 1898, 449.

-Morphology. Bacilli on agar and in nitrate bouillon 0.7 : 2-3 -4 /A. Polar

stain rare.
Gelatin colonies. In 4-5 days the deep colonies are small, white, entire ; the

surface colonies, I mm., white, translucent, with entire or erose borders.

In 2-3 weeks the colonies are watery, slimy, and 1-3 mm. in diameter.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a pearly growth ; on the surface the growth is white,

slimy, and 3-6 mm. in diameter.

Gelatin slant. Growth white, moist, glistening, raised, limited.
Agar slant. In 2-3 days at 30° growth thick, grayish white, moist, glistening,

watery.
Agar colonies. In 3 days at 30° the deep colonies are small, white, entire ; the

surface colonies translucent, watery.
Nitrate bouillon. Rendered strongly turbid, with a membrane ; nitrates

reduced.
Habitat. Soil.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 22/

j CLASS II. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. COLONIES ON GELATIN PLATES NOT AMEBOID
OR PROTEUS-LIKE. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED. STAINED BY
GRAM'S METHOD.
-I. Colonies on gelatin plates flat, spreading, B. colt-like

A. Gelatin surface distinctly coli-like ; rather thick, and yellowish brown

by transmitted light, or granular.

1 . Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

63. B. muripestifer Kruse.

64. B. aerogenes (Schow).

2. No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

65. B. Shigce.

3. Action on glucose bouillon not stated.

66. B. colorabilis Kruse.

B. Gelatin surface colonies thin, translucent.

67. B. exanthematicus Kruse.

68. B. accidentalis Kruse.

II. Colonies on gelatin of the aerogenes type.

69. B. endocarditis Weichselbaum.

63. B. muripestifer Kruse

B. der Mauseseuche Laser: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XI, 1892, 184.
B. muripestifer Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 432.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods, with polar stain. Flagella peritrichic.

Gelatin colonies : Deep: round, brownish. Surface: spreading, coli-like.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a slight membrane.

Potato. Growth brownish.

Litmus milk. Acid.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculations of mice and field mice cause death
in 2 days, and by feeding in 3-10 days; bacilli in all the organs. Patho-
genic to rabbits, guinea pigs, and pigeons. Very similar to B. murium,
but distinguished by the Gram reaction.

Habitat. Associated with a plague of field mice.

64. B. aerogenes Schow

Coccobacillus aerogenes-vesica Schow: Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XII, 1892, 749.
Morphology. Bacilli short coccoid ; no threads.

G&latin colonies. The deep colonies are small, round, and yellowish ; surface
•colonies, flat, yellowish white, glistening ; borders irregular to erose, be-
coming the size of millet seed and yellowish.

228 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. In depth the growth is beaded, with gas production ; surface

growth like a gelatin-plate colony.
Gelatin slant. Growth white, glistening, waxy, with folded edges, rather

broad.

Potato. Growth thick, light yellow, with a granulated surface, raised, 3-4 mm.
Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear, with a heavy white sediment. In urine a

turbidity, alkaline reaction, and gas, with an aromatic odor.
Pathogenesis . Inoculations into dogs result in cystitis.
Habitat. Isolated from urine in cystitis.

65. B. Shigae

B. of Japanese dysentery Shiga: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., JXXIII, 1898, 599.

Morpfwlogy. Bacilli short ; ends rounded. Morphology quite like B. typho-
sus, showing involution forms.

Gelatin colonies. Sharp, yellowish, finely granulated, never very flat like B.
typhosus.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours quite large, round, moist, glistening, brownish,
translucent, becoming larger and irregular.

Potato. Growth scarcely visible, white, dry, becoming reddish brown after
some weeks.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol not produced. Bacilli show a distinct ag-
glutination reaction with serum of persons ill with dysentery, but not
with serum of sound men.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs gives a strong infiltra-
tion at the point of inoculation, with subsequent suppuration. Intraperi-
toneal injections cause blood extravasation or peritoneal hemorrhage.
Dogs fed on cultures show in 1-2 days slimy stools. Subcutaneous inoc-
ulations of man result in chills and fever, headache, etc. The point of
inoculation is strongly infiltrated and painful. The serum of man so.
treated possesses agglutinating properties.

Habitat: Isolated from the dejecta of 34 cases of Japanese dysentery.

66. B. colorabilis Kruse

B. coli-colorabilis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 434.

B. der Gallenblase Naunyn : Deutsch. med. Wochenschrift, 1891, No. 5.

B. cuniculicida-Havaniensis Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892.
Morphology. Bacilli short, thick, like Bact. aerogenes, often in twos and short

filaments.
Potato. Growth grayish to yellowish brown.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 229

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death by septicaemia.

Guinea pigs but slightly affected; rabbits negative (?).
Habitat. Isolated from the contents of the gall bladder and from faeces, and

from yellow fever cadavers by Sternberg.

67. B. exanthematicus Kruse

B. der Typhus exanthematique Babes-Oprescu : Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1891, 273.
B. exanthematicus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 426.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.5 JJL thick, often very short, and in 8-shaped forms.

Gelatin colonies. The deep colonies are round and yellowish brown ; the
surface whitish, translucent, spreading, irregular.

Agar slant. Growth glistening, gray, translucent.

Potato. Growth gray-brown, translucent.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment and a membrane.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and pigeons ; death
in 2-4 days ; local inflammation, enlargement of the spleen, and a brown-
ish color of the organs ; bacilli present.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of hemorrhagic infection in man.

68. B. accidentalis Kruse

^

Eine neue pathogene Bakteriumart im Tetanusmaterial Belfanti-Pescarolo : Cen-

tralblatt f. Bakteriologie, IV, 1888, 513.
B. accidentalis-tetani Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli small, short, with polar stain.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded; surface growth thin, iridescent.

Potato. Growth yellowish, glistening.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Death in a few
days ; bacilli in the blood ; spleen swollen ; often paralysis, with convul-
sions.

Habitat. Isolated from the wound pus of a person dead of tetanus.

69. B. endocarditis Weichselbaum

B. endocarditis-griseus Weichselbaum : Ziegler's Beitrage, IV, 119.

Morphology. Bacilli typhoid-like in size ; diphtheria-like in form.

Gelatin colonies. Aerogenes-like ; like Friedlander's bacillus, but of a grayer

color.
Potato. Growth dry, greenish yellow — yellowish brown.

230

BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice and rabbits cause local

inflammation and suppuration.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of endocarditis.

CLASS III. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES ; AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC; COLONIES ON GELATIN PLATES NOT AMEBOID
OR PROTEUS-LIKE ; GELATIN LIQUEFIED.

I. Grow well on nutrient gelatin.

A. Colonies on gelatin at all stages round, with no radiations from their

edges.
i . Gelatin liquefied rather quickly.

a. Gas generated in glucose bouillon. B. CLOACA GROUP.
Milk coagulated.

jo. B. cloaca Jordan.
Milk not coagulated.

71. B. fermentationis.

b. No gas generated in glucose bouillon ; milk not coagulated.
Growth on potato smooth.

Liquefaction of the gelatin in stab cultures crateriform-strati-
form.

72. B. formosus Ravenel.

Liquefaction of the gelatin in stab cultures funnel-formed.

73. B. stoloniferus Pohl.
Growth on potato rough or folded.

74. B. antenniformis Ravenel.

c. Gas production in glucose bouillon not stated.

* Potato cultures reddish, pinkish, or flesh-colored.

v75- B. bucalis Sternberg.
** Potato cultures yellowish to brownish.

In gelatin stab cultures a funnel-formed liquefaction.

76. B. hydrophilus Sanarelli.

77. B. pyogenes, var. liquefadens Lanz.

78. B. liquefadens Frankland.

. In gelatin stab culture a crateriform liquefaction.

79. B. Matazooni.

*** Potato cultures whitish to grayish.
Milk coagulated.

Growth and liquefaction of the gelatin more rapid than the
evaporation in stab cultures.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 231

80. B. delict at ulus Jordan.

Evaporation more rapid than the growth and liquefaction of
the gelatin in stab cultures ; funnel partly empty.

8 1. B. circulans Jordan.
Milk not coagulated.

82. B.putidus.

83. B. albus-putidus.

d. Gas produced in ordinary gelatin or bouillon.

* Grow at 37° and more or less pathogenic.

84. B. tachyctonus (Fischer).

85. B. dubius Kruse.

** Do not grow at 37°, water bacteria.

86. B. gasoformans Eisenberg.
2. Gelatin liquefied very slowly.

a. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

* Milk coagulated.

87. B. Kralii Dyar.

88. B. lactis.

89. B. tartar icus Grimbert-Fiquet.
** No growth in milk (?).

90. B. halophilus Russell.

b. No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

91. B. nitrificans Burri-Stutzer. •

c. Gas production in glucose bouillon not stated.
* Grow on potato.

Rods scarcely longer than broad, thick ovals.

92. B. guttatus Zimmerman.

Rods several times longer than broad.

93. B. inunctus.

** Do not grow on potato.

Evaporation equals or excels the evaporation of the gelatin,
causing cavities in the latter.

94. B. litoralis Jordan.

Liquefaction equals or excels the evaporation of the gelatin.

95. B. superficialis Jordan.

B. Colonies on gelatin with filamentous borders or radiate.

B. DEVORANS GROUP.
i. Grow well upon potato.

a. Margins of gelatin colonies fibrillous-floccose.

* Growth on agar dry, dull, tough, becoming rough, warty.

232

BACTERIOLOGY

96. B. hyalinus Jordan.

** Growth on agar thin, smooth, glistening.

97. B. pestifer Frankland.
b. Gelatin colonies rosulate.

98. B. radiatus.

99. B. reticularis Jordan.
2. Little or no growth on potato.

a. Gelatin stab cultures becoming an empty funnel from the evapora-

tion of the slowly liquefying gelatin ; rods short.

100. B. devorans Zimmerman.

b. Gelatin stab cultures not characterized as before; rods long

and slender.

101. B. aquatilis Frankland.

C. Colonies on gelatin erose-lobed, coli-like. B. DIFFUSUS GROUP.

1. Grow on potato.

a. Potato growth grayish to yellowish.

102. B. diffiisus Frankland.

b. Potato growth yellowish brown ; characters like B. coli.

103. B. sulcatus Kruse.

2. No growth on potato.

104. B. Havaniensis Sternberg.

D. Colonies on gelatin irregular — fragmentary.

105. B. leporis.

II. Grow poorly on ordinary nutrient gelatin unless urea is added.

1 06. B. Madoxi (Miquel).

70. B. cloacae Jordan

Report of the Mass. State Board of Health, 1890, 836.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7-1.0: 0.8-1.9 /x. Grow at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. The deep colonies are round and yellowish ; the surface

colonies are thin, bluish, entire — erose, with a dark centre and a clear

outer zone ; liquefaction crateriform.
Gelatin stab. ' Liquefaction napiform.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a slight membrane.
Agar slant. Growth porcelain-white.
Potato. Growth yellowish.

Acid- & = ;•'

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 233

Habitat. Water, sewage. Moore (U. S. Dept. of Ag. Bureau of Animal
Industry, Bull. 10, 1896, 45) holds B. zece Burrill (bacterial disease of
corn) to be identical with B. cloaca. The corn bacillus as described by
Moore is characterized as follows : Bacilli 1 .3-2 //, ; occur singly, usually in
short chains and clumps.

Agar slant. Growth grayish, viscid.

Gelatin stab. Gelatin slowly liquefied along needle track ; on the surface the
growth is grayish, beneath which the gelatin is softened; liquefaction
occurs slowly ; liquefied gelatin clear, with a viscid, grayish sediment ;
reaction alkaline.

Potato. Growth dull, grayish, not viscid.

Bouillon. Turbid in 24 hours. •

Milk. Coagulated in 18 days.

Ghtcose boititton. Gas and acid.

Saccharose bouillon. Gas.

Lactose bouillon. Gas developed more slowly.

Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

71. B. fermentationis

B.fcetidus-liquefaciens Tavel : Ueber Aetiol. der Strum itis, Basel, 1892.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction along the line of stab, with a bad odor.
Glucose bouillon. Gas.
Milk. Not coagulated.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane.

72. B. formosus Ravenel

I.C., 12.

Morphology. Bacilli slender; ends rounded, 7-11 times their breadth.

Motility slight.
Gelatin colonies. The deep colonies are round, entire, yellowish, and slightly

granular ; the surface colonies are round, entire, yellowish ; centres gray,

edges granular; later a concentric structure.

Agar slant. Growth white, moist, glistening, limited ; edges notched.
Gelatin stab. Growth crateriform, becoming stratiform.
Potato. Growth moist, white, spreading to creamy.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment.
Litmus milk. Alkaline, becoming decolorized in 10 days. Indol negative.

Grow at 37° ; optimum 20°.
Habitat. Water.

234 BACTERIOLOGY

73. B. stoloniferus Pohl

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XI, 1892, 142.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1.2 p.
Gelatin colonies. Round ; borders sharp.
Gelatin stab. A funnel.

Agar slant. Growth white, thick, with streaming outgrowths.
Potato. Growth of small, pin-head colonies, which are spreading.
Lactose bouillon. No gas.
Litmus gelatin . Red. (
Milk. Amphoteric.

Litmus milk. Unchanged in 24 days. Indol and phenol negative. Non-
pathogenic.
Habitat. Swamp water.

74. B. antenniformis Ravenel

l.c., 25.
Morphology. Bacilli large straight rods with rounded ends, 8-10 times their

breadth ; occur singly. Actively motile.
Gelatin colonies. The deep colonies, oval, yellowish, granular ; from the poles

fine short projections like the antennas of insects, disappearing in 36 hours.

Surface colonies small, with orange-brown centres, with a fringe of wavy

lines ; border colorless, of parallel filaments, dentate ; liquefaction crateri-

form, with a pellicle, becoming folded. In 7 days the colonies are 6 mm.

in diameter, circular, with entire borders.
Gelatin stab. Crateriform, becoming stratiform.
Agar slant. Growth thin, smooth, grayish.
Potato. Growth invisible in 2 days ; in 3-4 days the growth is spreading, and

thrown into fine folds like herpetic vesicles, becoming putty-colored and

dryer, and folds more numerous.
Bouillon. Scanty growth.

Litmus milk. Decolorized, becoming watery and slightly acid. Indol negative.
Habitat. , Water.

75. B. bucalis Sternberg

B.j Vignal: Archiv Phys., VIII, 1886, 342.

B. bucalis-fortuitus Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 685.

Morphology. Bacilli with square ends, 1 .4-3.0 /x, often in pairs joined at an

angle.
Gelatin colonies. In 48 hours small, round, white, becoming liquefied in 4-5

days.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 235

• Gelatin stab. Scanty growth in depth ; surface growth punctiform, becoming

in 4-5 days spread over the entire surface ; liquefaction stratiform.
t Agar slant. Growth of small, white, opaque colonies,
i Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane.

Potato. Growth thick, slightly spreading, pinkish.

Habitat. Isolated from saliva.

76. B. hydrophilus Sanarelli

B. hydrophilus-fuscus Sanarelli : Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, IX, 1891, 222.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6: 1.3 /x — filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Round, translucent.

Agar slant. Growth bluish gray to brownish, thin.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a slight membrane.

Potato. Growth yellowish brown.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation causes hemorrhagic septicaemia in

frogs, salamanders, fish ; also in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from water, and from frogs dead of septicaemia.

77. B. pyogenes var. liquefaciens Lanz

Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, XIV, 1893, 269.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 /x, of variable length. Cultures have a bad odor.

Gelatin colonies. Not described.

Gelatin stab. A funnel.

Agar slant. Growth thin, whitish, glassy.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Potato. Growth citron-yellow, with gas bubbles.

Pathogenesis. Intravenous inoculations of rabbits cause a multiple suppurative

inflammation of the joints.
Habitat. Isolated from brain abscess after otitis-media.

78. B. liquefaciens Frankland

Microorganisms of Water, 1894, 461.

Morphology. Bacilli short, rather thick ; ends rounded.

Gelatin colonies. Round, entire, crateriform ; contents white, slimy.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction napiform ; sediment whitish, granular.

Agar slant. A dirty white expansion.

Potato. Growth light yellow.

Habitat. Water.

236 BACTERIOLOGY

79. B. Matazooni

B. No. 46 Conn : I.e., 1894, 80.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4 : 0.8 /A, in chains. Grow at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. A central nucleus ; border crenate ; clear outer zone.

Agar slant. Growth thin, whitish to yellowish.

Potato. Growth yellowish brown.

Milk. Slowly coagulated ; amphoteric to alkaline.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a yellowish sediment.

Habitat. Milk from Matazoon.

80. B. delictatulus Jordan

Report of the Mass. State Board of Health, 1890, 837.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o : 2.0 /x. Grow at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Whitish, homogeneous entire, with radiating edges ; in 2

days a dark nucleus, with a clear zone of liquefied gelatin.
Gelatin stab. In 2 days a funnel of liquefaction, with a surface membrane and

a brownish sediment.

Agar slant. Growth glistening, porcelain-white.
Potato. Growth thin, gray.
Milk. Acid.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment and a scum. Nitrates reduced.
Habitat. Water.

81. B. circulans Jordan

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 2-5 /A; chains. Grow at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Round, brownish ; becoming depressions in the liquefied

gelatin.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth along the line of stab ; a conical cavity, with a

precipitate in the bottom, the liquefied gelatin drying out, leaving a partly

empty cone.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent.
Potato. A scanty growth, the color of the potato.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no membrane.

Milk. Slowly coagulated and slightly acid. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 237

82. B. putidus Roger

B. septicus-putidus Roger : Revue de Med., 1893, 10.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. vulgaris.
Habitat. Isolated from a cholera corpse.

83. B. albus-putidus Maschek

Adametz, Die Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, 1888.

From descriptions, not differentiated from the preceding.
Habitat. Water.

84. B. tachyctonus (Fischer)

Bact. tachyctonum Fischer: Deutsche med. Wochensch., 1894, Nos. 26-28.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized to filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Like cholera.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, becoming saccate ; with a membrane.

Bouillon. Gas production, with a membrane.

Agar slant. Growth brownish.

Potato. Growth grayish brown, becoming reddish brown.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of not too small

quantities cause septicaemia and bloody oedema in mice, guinea pigs, and

rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from faeces in cholera nostras.

85. B. dubius Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Zur Bak. Differentialdiagnose der Cholera (Bacillus not named) Bleisch : Zeitsch.
f. Hygiene, XIII, 1893, 31.

Differs from the preceding in that the growth is pale yellow from the beginning.

On bouillon there is no membrane, and the cultures are less virulent.
Habitat. Isolated from faeces.

86. B. gasoformans Eisenberg

Bak. Diag., 1891, 107. Tils : Zeit. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 315.

Morphology. Bacilli small.

Gelatin colonies. Round, crateriform, spread rapidly.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate, turbid, with much gas.

Agar slant. Growth dirty white.

Potato. Growth light yellowish.

Habitat. Water.

238 BACTERIOLOGY

87. B. Kralii Dyar

l.c., 376.

Morphology. Bacilli short, with rounded ends, 0.7 : 0.8 /u, ; occur singly.
Gelatin. Liquefied after 30 days. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.
Pepton rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.
Lactose litmus. Red, becoming blue.
Agar slant. Growth white, opaque.
Habitat. A culture from Krai's laboratory.

88. B. lactis

B. b Guillebeau: Ann. Micrographie, XI, 225.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 1.2 /x. Growth like B. aerogenes.
Milk. Quickly coagulated.
Habitat. Isolated from milk.

89. B. tartaricus Grimbert-Fiquet

Jour. Pharm. et de Chim., July 6, 1897.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0-2.0 /x. Stain by Gram's method, facultative anae-
robic.

Gelatin colonies. Resemble B. colt; liquefaction of the gelatin slow, begin-
ning in 10-15 days.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a scum.

Milk. Coagulated in 8 days. Nitrates reduced to nitrites. Indol not pro-
duced. Fermentes glucose, lactose, saccharose, dextrin, mannit, with the
production of acetic and succinic acids, CO2, H and alcohol. Decomposes
tartarates, with production of succinic and acetic acids, CO2 and H.

90. B. halophilus Russell

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1891, 200.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 1.5-3.5 //,. Grow only in gelatin ; best in sea-water
gelatin.

Gelatin colonies. Round, grayish, white, translucent.

Gtlatin stab. Liquefaction slow ; evaporation causes an empty funnel. Cul-
tures rendered alkaline, with much gas.

Habitat. Sea water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 239

91. B. nitrificans Bum-Stutzer

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 1895, 2te Abt., 735.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.7-1.5 //, ; involution forms ; stain badly in aqueous
analine colors.

Gelatin colonies . Deep colonies: round, gray. Surface: round, slimy, color-
less, which after 8 days are sunken in the liquefied gelatin.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth spreading, colorless to bluish, 2-3 mm., which
after a time begins to sink in the liquefied gelatin. In 3 weeks a crateri-
form to napiform liquefaction.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a small amount of a whitish to reddish sedi-
ment. Oxidizes nitrites to nitrates.

Habitat. Isolated from the soil.

92. B. guttatus Zimmerman

Bak. Trink u. Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1890, 56.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.9 : i .o /u,.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies have a brownish centre and bright borders.

Surface colonies are small and round.
Agar slant. Growth gray, limited.
Potato. Growth slimy, yellowish gray.
Habitat. Water.

93. B. inunctus Pohl

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XI, 1892, 143.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-0.9 : 3-5 /"*•

Gelatin colonies. Round, entire.

Gelatin stab. Radiating outgrowths from the line of stab ; surface, growth

thick, glistening.
Agar slant. Growth whitish.
Potato. Growth slimy.
Habitat. Water.

94. B. litoralis Russell

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1891.

Morphology. Bacilli 2-4 times their breadth ; grow slowly.

Gelatin colonies. The deep colonies in 3 days are small, brownish ; the sur-
face colonies are entire, shining to opalescent, and granular ; liquefaction
takes place in 5-8 days. The evaporation causes depressed colonies.

240

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Growth in depth scanty ; on the surface, the growth is thin,

becoming depressed.
Agar slant. Growth slimy, white.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane.
Habitat. Isolated from mud bottom of the Gulf of Naples.

95. B. superficialis Jordan

Mass. State Board of Health, 1890, 833.

MorpJwlogy. Bacilli i.o: 2.2 /x.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: round, segmented, cracked. Surface colonies r
punctiform, translucent, slowly liquefied. Microscopically, round, homo-
geneous to finely granular ; centres yellowish, brown edges, translucent.

Gelatin stab. In depth, none, or only a scanty growth ; growth almost en-
tirely on the surface.

Milk. Not coagulated in 20 days, slightly acid.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid ; no membrane.

Habitat. Isolated from sewage.

96. B. hyalinus Jordan

Mass. State Board of Health, 1890, 836.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o : 5.4 /x to chains. Facultative anaerobic.

Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, plainly visible to the naked eye ; centre dark,

translucent. Microscopically, centres coarsely fibrillous, with short fibrils

radiating from the edges. In 2 days the colonies reach a diameter of 15

mm.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction funnel-formed to saccate; in 8 days a highly

tenacious scum.

Agar slant. Growth dry, dull, tough, becoming rough to warty.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a scum.
Potato. , Growth as in agar slant.

Milk. Coagulated in 2 days, acid. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Water.

97. B. pestifer Frankland

Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, 1888, 277.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 2.3 //,; filaments. Grow slowly at room tempera-
ture.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: irregular. Surface colonies show smooth
centres, with margins of wavy bundles.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 241

Agar slant. Growth glistening, translucent.
Potato. Growth thick, irregular, flesh-colored.
Habitat. Isolated from the air.

B. No. 9 Pansini, from sputum, and B. pneumonicus-agilis Fliigge. indistinct:
from tthe preceding. Comp. B. vermicularis Frankland.

98. B. radiatus

B. aerogenes-meningitidis Centanni : Archiv per le Scienze Mediche, XVII, 1893, *•

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3 : 2-2.5 /* 5 seldom in filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Daisy-shaped, rosulate.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction slow, with gas.

Agar slant. Growth porcelain-white.

Bouillon. Turbid.

Potato. Growth grayish yellow, uneven, rough.

Pathogenesis . Subdural inoculations of rabbits cause death in a few hours to-
days or weeks, with progressive palsy, emaciations, and lung complica-
tions, hyperemia of meninges, etc.

Habitat. Isolated from two cases of meningitis.

99. B. recticularis Jordan

Report Mass. Board of Health, 1890, 834.

Morphology. Bacilli long, rather slender, ends slightly rounded, I : 5 \L ; may
occur in chains of 8-10 individuals. In many bacilli there are large
vacuoles, with strongly refracting edges. Grow better at 37° than at

2I°-23°.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies send out long spiral filaments, which under
a low magnification look like so many jellyfish with streaming tentacles.
The surface colonies at first form irregular expansions. The gelatin is
liquefied so slowly that the liquid evaporates almost as soon as formed.
The colonies then resemble slight hollows or cups in the gelatin, which
show an irregular, reticulated structure.

Gelatin stab. The surface growth as in gelatin plates. Filamentous out-
growths from the line of stab.

Agar stab. Surface growth dry, dull, convex ; a poor growth in depth.

Potato. In 2 days, growth white, dull, dry. In 5 days, growth of a character-
istic woolly appearance.

Milk. Coagulated in 1 5-20 days at room temperatures, acid.
R

242 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Becomes slowly turbid, with a slight stringy sediment. Nitrates

reduced to nitrites.
Habitat. Water.

100. B. devorans Zimmerman.

Bak. Trink. u. Nutzwasser, Chemnitz, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 0.9-1.2 /u, ; occur singly and in pairs and chains.
Gelatin colonies . Deep colonies: small, white. Surface colonies : round, white,

granular to filamentous ; yellowish gray, margin fringed.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth filiform, with a bubble above, under which

there is a whitish growth. The funnel forms without visible liquefaction,

with growth along the walls of the funnel.
Agar slant. Growth thin, gray, spreading.
Habitat. Water.

101. B. aquatilis Frankland

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 381.

Morphology. Bacilli 2.5 //,; filaments 1 7.0 JJL long. Grow very slowly in the

usual culture media.
Gelatin colonies. Surface colonies show yellowish brown centres, from which

twisted yellowish brown filaments are given off.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth scarcely visible at first ; liquefaction begins

later, then progresses more rapidly; on the surface, a small yellowish

colony.

Agar slant. Growth glistening, yellowish, limited.
Potato. Scarcely any growth, or a faint yellowish lirce only.
Habitat. Water.

102. B. diffusus Frankland

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 396.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-1.7 ju,; filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies : round, granular, with erose edges. Surface

colonies: thin, bluish gray, spreading. Microscopically, granular, erose-

edged; a central nucleus, with a pale blue, irregular-edged, outer zone.
Gelatin stab. Growth only on the surface, which is thin, glistening, grayish

yellow ; the gelatin is slowly liquefied.

Agar slant. Growth thin, glistening, light yellow to creamy.
Bouillon. Turbid, sediment grayish yellow, with flocculi on the surface.
Potato. Growth thin, glistening, smooth, greenish yellow, titrates slowly

reduced.
Habitat. Earth.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 243

103. B. sulcatus Kruse

B. sulcatus-liquefaciens Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 318.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: round, small, yellowish. Surface colonies i

large, spreading, translucent, incised, marmorated ; liquefaction slow.
Agar slant. Growth translucent, gray.
Potato. Growth yellowish brown.
Habitat. Water.

104. B. Havaniensis Sternberg

B. Havaniensis-liqucfaciens Sternberg : Manual of Bacteriology, 1892, 686.

Morphology. Bacilli of variable length.

Gelatin colonies. Milky white, surrounded by erose, transparent borders;

soon liquefied.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction along the line of stab, turbid, becoming clear.
Agar slant. Growth brownish. No growth on potato. Not pathogenic to

rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from the surface of the human body.

105. B. leporis (Sternberg)

B. leporis-lethalis Sternberg: Manual, 1892, 453.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1-3 /x ; filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep :. round, translucent, light yellow. Surface : trans-
parent, resembling small fragments of broken glass ; later liquefaction
occurs.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform.

Agar slant. Growth thin, white, translucent, glistening.

Potato. Growth thin, spreading, light yellow.

Pathogenesis . Intraperitoneal injections of 1-3 cc. of culture cause in 2-3
hours a somnolent condition, with drooping head, and death from
toxaemia.

Habitat. Isolated from the intestines of man ill of yellow fever.

1 06. B. Madoxi (Miquel)

Urobacillus Madoxi Miquel : Ann. d. Micrographie, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-1.0 /x; usually in pairs.

Gelatin colonies. Small, translucent, milky, with urea in the gelatin, colonies
surrounded by a zone of crystals.

244

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform.

Agar slant. Growth whitish, with a slight greenish tint.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane.

Habitat. Isolated from fermenting urine.

CLASS IV. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE ANA-
EROBIC, COLONIES ON GELATIN PLATES BECOMING STREAMING,
FORKED, AMEBOID, TWISTED, IRREGULAR, COCHLEATE. GELA-
TIN LIQUEFIED. STAINED BY GRAM'S METHOD.

I. Gelatin colonies typical of the group, i.e. ameboid — cochleate.

A. Agar smear cultures smooth.

I . Potato cultures white, gray-yellowish, not distinctly brown.

a. Milk coagulated.

107. B. vulgaris (Hauser).

108. B. mirabilis (Hauser) Trev.

109. B. No. VII Pansini.

b. Milk not coagulated.

Wo. B. sulphur eus (Holschewnikoff).
2. Potato cultures brownish ; cause septicaemia in mice.
in. B. septiciis (Babes).

B. Agar smear cultures crumpled.

112. B. StrassmanniTrev.

II. Gelatin colonies ciliate — radiate; related to B, centrifugans. Stained
by Gram's method.

A. Pathogenic to the smaller animals. ,

113.'^. dysenteries Kruse.-

B. Not pathogenic to the smaller animals.

114. B. Pansini.

107. B. vulgar is (Hauser)

, . Proteus -vulgaris Hauser: Ueber Faulnissbakterien, 1885.
fi. $fnt£i£s Trevisan: Genera, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6: 1.2-4.0 p — threads to chains, in floccose arrange-

ment. Flagella numerous, peritrichic.
Gelatin colonies. In 6-8 hours, small depressions, which contain liquefied

gelatin and grayish white masses of bacteria; from the edge, ameboid

processes.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate.
Agar slant. Growth slimy, moist, glistening, translucent.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 245

Milk. Coagulated, acid, becoming yellowish.

Potato. Growth yellowish white, raised. Albuminous fluids give a putrefac-
tive odor and an alkaline reaction.

Gas. In glucose and saccharose bouillon; no gas in lactose bouillon, ^y = —
H2S positive. Indol positive. Urea converted into ammonia.

Pathogenesis. Not properly pathogenic to the smaller animals. Injections
of large quantities of filtered cultures cause toxaemia.

Habitat. Commonly found in putrefying fluids, water, etc.

108. B. mirabilis (Hauser) Trev.

Proteus mirabilis Hauser: I.e.

B. mirabilis Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 17.

A variety of B. vulgaris. Morphological and cultural characters as above ;

may liquefy gelatin a little more slowly. Deep colonies in gelatin coch-

leate.
Habitat. Isolated from putrefying fluids, etc.

109. B. No. VII Pansini

Virchow's Archiv, CXXII.

From descriptions-, indistinguishable from B. vulgaris.
Habitat. Isolated from sputum.

no. B. sulphureus (Holschewnikoff)

Bact. sulphureum Holschewnikoff: Ann; de Microgr., 1889, 261.

In morphological and cultural characters, apparently identical with B. vulgaris.
Milk. Remains unaltered, but gradually becomes peptonized without coagula-
tion, and has a yellowish color. H2S produced on cooked egg.
Habitat. Water. \

in. B. septicus (Babes)

Proteus septicus Babes : Septische Processe des Kindesalters, 1889.
B. proteus-septicus Kruse rFliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896,279.

Morphology. Bacilli middle-sized, 0.4 /x thick, length variable, comma forms

to filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Like those of B. vulgaris.
Potato. Growth elevated, bright brown.
Agar slant. Growth a reticulated layer.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death by septicaemia.
Habitat. Isolated from the organs of a child dead with septicaemia symptoms.

246 BACTERIOLOGY

112. B. Strassmanni Trev.

B. albus-cadaveris Strassmann : Zeitsch. f. Medicinalbeamte, 1888.
B. Strassmanni Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 103.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 2.5 /x ; filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Ameboid, liquefied rapidly ; have a bad odor.
Agar slant. Growth crumpled.
Potato. Growth thin, whitish yellow, granular.

Pathogenesis. Mice and guinea pigs die of toxic symptoms with compara-
tively small doses.
Habitat. Isolated from the blood of a four-days-old cadaver.

113. B. dysenteriae Kruse

B. of Japanese dysentery Ogata: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XI, 1892, 264.
B. dysenteri<z-liquefaciens Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 284.

Morphology. Bacilli slender rods, mostly in twos.

Gelatin colonies. With short radiations.

Gelatin stab. A funnel of liquefied gelatin, which is turbid and has a mem-
brane on the surface.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause local oedema. Sub-
cutaneous inoculations of guinea pigs cause oedema ; gray knots in the
liver, spleen, and large intestines, with hemorrhagic infiltration of the
large intestines.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of Japanese dysentery.

114. B. Pansini

B.IX Pansini: Virchow's Archiv, CXXII, 1890.
Morphology. Bacilli of variable length.
Gelatin colonies. Edged with radiating filaments.
Agar slant. Growth gray, transparent, stringy.

Potato. Growth stains the medium green ; bad odor. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from the sputum of a consumptive.

CLASS V: WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE ANA-
EROBIC. COLONIES ON GELATIN PLATES BECOMING AMEBOID,
ETC. GELATIN LIQUEFIED. NOT STAINED BY GRAM'S METHOD,
OR INDETERMINATE.

I. Potato growth whitish to grayish.

A. Gelatin liquefied rather quickly ; pathogenic.

115. B. murisepticus Karlinsky.

1 1 6. B. Wesenbergii.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 247-

B. Gelatin liquefied slowly ; non-pathogenic.

117. B. larvicida Dyar.

1 1 8. B. dendriticus Lustig.

115. B. murisepticus Karlinsky

B. murisepticus-pleormorphus Karlinsky : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., V, 1889, 193.
Morphology. Bacilli variable, coccoid-oval forms — spiraloid proteus forms.
Gelatin colonies. Like B. vulgaris and mirabilis.
Agar colonies. Like B. vulgar is.

Potato. Growth whitish gray, homogeneous, spreading.
Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death in 24 hours, of

septicaemia.
Habitat. Isolated from pus.

1 1 6. B. Wesenbergii

B. der Fleischvergiftung Wesenberg : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXVIII, 1898, 484.

Closely related to B. vulgaris.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8 : 1.2-2.0 /x ; in twos and, in old bouillon cultures,

in chains. No involution forms. Not stained by Gram's method.

Flagella peritrichic, mostly 8-12, rarely 20. Grow at 37°. Spores not

observed.
Gelatin colonies. In 3 days, liquefied, with a central yellowish colony, from

which outgrowths proceed ; in 4 days, the whole plate is liquefied.
Gelatin stab. A good growth in depth ; on the surface, liquefaction begins

under the growth and extends downward.
Agar colonies. In 36-48 hours, at 37°, nearly the entire surface of the plate is.

covered with a moist, glistening, slimy layer, with often a brownish

shimmer.

Bouillon. In 24 hours, turbid and alkaline, with a scum.
Milk. Coagulated, peptonized, alkaline.
Potato. Growth grayish white, slimy.

Glucose bouillon. Gas and acid production. Indol not produced. Cultures-
have a foul odor.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice cause death.
Habitat. Isolated from poisonous meat in meat poisoning.

117. B. larvicida

Dyar: I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : i.o /n. Gelatin liquefied in 14-22 days.
Gelatin colonies. Proteus-like.

:248 BACTERIOLOGY

Milk. Coagulated. Nitrates reduced.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent. Lactose litmus red, becoming blue.

Habitat. Isolated from silk larvae of Clisiocampa fragilis.

1 1 8. B. dendriticus Lustig

Diag. Bak. des Wassers, 1893, 99.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8 : 0.8-2.0 //,.

Gelatin colonies. Large, raised, white, moist, glistening, with 8-10 branches:

liquefied very slowly.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth white, beaded ; on the surface, a semispherical

bead.

Agar slant. Growth4 a thin, iridescent layer.

Bouillon. A membrane adhering strongly to the walls of the tube.
Potato. Growth white, moist.
Habitat. Water.

-4.
g*

CLASS VI. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE ANAE-
ROBIC. COLONIES ON GELATIN PLATES BECOMING AMEBOID,
ETC. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Little tendency to grow in the depth of the gelatin, especially in gelatin
stab cultures.

119. B. Zopfi (Kurth).

1 20. B. Zenkeri (Hauser).

II. Decided growth along the entire length of ,the needle in gelatin stat
cultures.

A. Growth on potato very slow and scanty, light, becoming yellowish

never brownish.

121. B. arbor escens Ravenel.

B. Potato growth brownish, abundant ; strongly pathogenic for mice am

rabbits.
IM. B. let alis (Babes).

119. B. Zopfi (Kurth)
Bact. Zopfi Kurth : Ber. d. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellschaft, February, 1883.

Morphology. Bacilli like B. mirabilis.

Gelatin colonies. Colonies generally grow just beneath the surface, as brand
ing zob'glcea, radiate and filamentous forms.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 249

Gelatin stab. 'But little growth in depth, but in the upper portion of the line
of puncture a radiately filamentous growth, as in plate cultures. But
slight growth at 37°. Indol not produced, or doubtful.

Habitat. Isolated from the intestines of fowls.

B. alantoides Klein: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VI.

Proteus Zenkeri Kuhn : Archiv f. Hygiene, XIII.

According to Kruse, identical with the preceding.

120. B. Zenkeri (Hauser)

Proteus Zenkeri Hauser: Ueber Faulnissbakterien, 1885.
Indistinguishable from, and probably identical with, the preceding.

121. B. arborescens Ravenel

ip

B. arborescens non-liquefaciens Ravenel: I.e., 39.

Morphology. Bacilli slender rods, 7-13 times their breadth ; occur singly and
in chains of several elements.

Gelatin colonies. In 48 hours bluish indistinct cloudy dots, easily over-
looked, resembling colonies of B. ramosus, but less distinct and finer, i.e.
radiate, filamentous, branched.

Gelatin stab. In depth, fine outgrowths, becoming beaded below; on the
surface, growth irregular, white, concentric, thicker in the centre.

Agar slant. Growth a faint, colorless line, with lines of wavy 'colonies on
each side.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid, becoming clear.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.

Litmus milk. Coagulated in 10 days, decolorized, acid.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Optimum temperature 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

122. B. lethalis Babes

Proteus lethalis Babes : Progres Medical Roumain, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 1.5 /x; thick, short, flask-shaped rods to filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Raised, whitish, translucent; later, outgrowths, which

branch on the surface.

Agar slant. Growth a thick, opaque, yellowish layer.
Potato. Growth brownish.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice and rabbits cause death in

4 days, with local redema, septicaemia, enteritis, peritonitis.
Habitat. Isolated from lung gangrene in man.

250 BACTERIOLOGY

CLASS VII. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC; PIGMENT YELLOWISH. GELATIN
LIQUEFIED.
I. Gelatin colonies conglomerate — warty.

123. B. citreus (Unna-Tommasoli) Kruse.

II. Gelatin colonies simple, not conglomerate or warty.

A. Liquefaction of the gelatin near the surface in gelatin stab cultures, i.e.

crateriform — stratiform.
1230. B. Rheni.

124. B. aurescens Ravenel.

125. B. cuticularis Tils.

B. Liquefaction of the gelatin along the entire length of the needle in stab

cultures, i.e. funnel-formed — saccate.

1 . Gelatin liquefied very slowly.

126. B. tremelloides Tils.

2. Gelatin liquefied rapidly.

127. B. Kornii.

128. B. Schirokikhi.

III. Gelatin colonies ameboid, proteus-like to zooglcea masses.

129. B. dianthi Arthur-Bolley.

IV. Gelatin colonies not described.

A. Milk coagulated, at least on boiling.

130. B. Hudsoni Dyar.

B. Milk not coagulated.

1. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

131. B. theta Dyar.

2. Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.

132. B. gamma Dyar.

123. B. citreus (Unna-Tommasoli) Kruse

Ascobacillus citreus Unna-Tommasoli : Monatschrift f. prakt. Dermatol., IX, 60.
B. citreus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 489.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3 : 1.3 ^ ; occur singly or in bundles.

Gelatin colonies. Conglomerations of small spheres.

Gelatin stab. Small flakes in the liquefied funnel ; on the surface a slimy

citron-yellow layer.

Agar slant. Growth abundant, with honey-drop-like protuberances.
Potato. Growth slimy, citron-yellow, becoming in 2 weeks greenish yellow.
Habitat. Isolated from the surface of the human body in eczema.

,THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 25 1

1230. B. Rheni

Rhine water Bacillus (Burri) : See Frankland, Microorganisms of Water, 1894, 483.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 2.5-3.5 /A, ends rounded, sometimes slightly bent.

In bouillon long filaments and chains. Motility rotatory and progressive.
Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies dirty yellow dots, round, entire, granular.

Surface colonies convex, colorless, transparent, becoming yellowish, with

an outer zone of clear liquid gelatin. Microscopically, the borders are

wavy, and contents rough and irregular.
Gelatin stab. Growth scanty, in depth ; liquefaction shallow, funnel-formed ;

yellow flocculent masses in the liquefied gelatin, and a bluish gray opal-

escence on the surface of the still solid gelatin.
Glycerin agar slant. Growth thin, glistening, dry, tough, honey-colored.
Potato. Growth moist, glistening, thin, flat ; orange- or rust-colored.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a bright, orange-colored pellicle and a yellow deposit.
Milk. Coagulated only partially in the upper part of the tube ; the cream

layer pale yellow ; serum alkaline. No growth at 37°. No gas in glucose

bouillon.
Habitat. Rhine River water.

124. B. aurescens Ravenel

I.e., 8.

Morphology. Bacilli short, spindle-shaped, 2-3 times their breadth ; occur
singly.

Gelatin colonies. Surface colonies minute whitish points, which are granular,
brownish, and entire. In 4 days 0.5 mm., yellowish brown, homogene-
ous, and entire.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface a yellow button ; in 18-
20 days a crateriform dry depression.

Agar slant. Growth thin, yellowish, limited, becoming golden yellow.

Potato. Growth yellow, thick, rnoist, spreading, becoming orange-yellow.

Bouillon,, Slightly turbid, with a dense, flocculent sediment.

Litmus milk. Reduced, no acid, not coagulated. Indol negative.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Grow at 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

125. B. cuticularis Tils

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 282.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.5 : 2.0-3.0 //, — filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Coli-like. The deep colonies are brown, irregular — entire;
the surface colonies have brown centres and colorless borders.

252 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface a yellow membrane.
Potato. Growth scanty, slimy, yellow.
Habitat. Water.

126. B. tremelloides Tils

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 282.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2 : i.o /x.

Gelatin colonies. Raised, which later become spreading.
Potato. Growth coarsely granular, crumpled, yellowish.
Habitat. Water.

127. B. Kornii

B. of liver abscess Korn : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXI, 1897, 438.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick rods, two times their breadth, or larger forms

0.4-0.6: 2-5 ju; often in chains. Not stained by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours round, yellowish, granular. Gelatin liquefied

quickly, with an irregular, ragged nucleus.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform ; an ochre-yellow membrane;

liquefaction progresses rapidly, with a yellowish fluid and sediment.
Agar slant. At 30° growth, abundant, raised, glistening, yellowish.
Potato. Growth thick, raised, glistening, yellow, becoming brownish.
Milk. Becomes yellowish, syrupy, and alkaline. Pigment insoluble in water,

slightly so in alcohol.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of mice with o. 1-0.25 cc- °f a bouillon

culture cause death with tonic cramps ; no change in internal organs, but

an abscess at point of inoculation.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of liver abscess.

128. B. Schirokikhi

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., II, 1896, 205.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5 times their thickness ; in chains of 2-8. Show polar

stain. Motility slow. ^

Gelatin colonies. In 3 days visible ; the gelatin is liquefied to a bright blue

fluid, with yellowish granules. In 5 days the colonies are 1-2 mm. in

diameter.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction rapid, infundibuliform: liquefied gelatin grayish

to yellowish, with a granular sediment.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 253

Agar colonies. In 2 days like snow crystals, punctiform in centre, surrounded
by a bluish toothed zone, becoming round ; 2-4 cm. ; medium-colored
yellowish brown.

Agar slant. Growth white, crumpled, viscid. Nitrates reduced.

Habitat. Isolated from horse manure.

129. B. dianthi Arthur- Bolley

Indiana Ag. Expt. Sta. Bull., 59, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli oval, occur singly, rarely united, 0.9-1.0 : 1-2 j*. In rich

fluid media more united, forming short filaments, afterward forming

zooglcea.
Neutral gelatin colonies. Zobglcea bodies, with a surrounding irregular area

of coalescing forms, which appear as large viscid drops.
Acid gelatin colonies. Zooglcea make up nearly the entire body of the

colony, with a more irregular outline and a lobed, wrinkled appearance of

the surface ; color, light orange.
'elatin slant. Growth smooth, limited, creamy, becoming rough, tuberculate,

light orange.
'elatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth arborescent —

feathery.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish.
Potato. Growth yellowish.
Habitat. Associated with bacteriosis of carnations.

130. B. Hudsoni Dyar

l.c., 369.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.6: 0.7-1.5 ft; occur singly and in pairs.

Potato. Growth thin, translucent, ochreous — orange.

Agar slant. Growth thick, mustard-colored.

Lactose-litmus. Reddened, variable.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Unchanged. Nitrates not reduced.

Habitat. Air.

131. B. theta Dyar

I.e., 375.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 1.0-1.3 /x, ; in pairs. Motility doubtful.
Agar slant. 'Growth translucent, ochreous.
Gelatin. Liquefied slowly, after 24 days.
Lactose-litmus. Blue.

254

BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. A membrane.

Potato. Growth thick, spreading, glistening, ochreous — brown.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.

Habitat. Air.

132. B. gamma Dyar: I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7 : 1.0-1.5 /x.

Agar slant. Growth spreading, translucent, ochreous, concentrically marked;

comes off in pieces under the needle.
Bouillon. A thick membrane.
Milk. Slowly peptonized.
Lactose-litmus. Blue, reduced.
Pepton rosolic acid solution. Unchanged.
Habitat. Air,

CLASS VIII. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC, PIGMENT YELLOWISH. GELATIN
NOT LIQUEFIED.

" ,
I. Gelatin colonies large, spreading.

A. Chromogenic function weak, pale yellow.

133. B. subflavus Zimmerman.

B. Chromogenic function strong, deep or golden yellow.

1. The gelatin acquires a green fluorescence.

134. B. fluorescens Zimmerman.

2. Do not cause a fluorescence of the gelatin.

135. B. flavus Adametz.
II. Gelatin colonies aerogenes-like.

136. B. aurantiacus Frankland.

137. B. flavescens Frankland.

138. B. Winkleri.

133. B. subflavus Zimmerman

Bak. Trink u. Nutzwasser, 1890, 62.

B. Jlavescens Pohl : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XI, 1892, 144.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 1.5-3.0 /u,.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: round, yellowish, white. Surface colonies:

punctiform, becoming spreading ; borders irregular.
Gelatin stab. On the surface, growth thin, yellowish gray.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 255

Agar slant. Growth pale yellow, spreading, becoming darker, pale chrome-
yellow to ochre-yellow.
Potato. Growth scanty, clay-yellow.
Habitat. Water.

134. B. fluorescens Zimmerman

B. fluorescens-aureus Zimmerman : I.e., 24.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 2.0 /*. Optimum temperature 20°.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, granular, light yellow. Surface: yellowish

gray, thickest in the middle.
Gelatin stab. But slight growth in depth ; on the surface, a thin layer, which

is yellowish and spreading.

Agar slant. Growth ochreous — golden yellow.
Potato. As in agar slant.
Habitat. Water.

135. B. flavus Adametz

B. aureo-flavus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 310.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1.5-4 /u,. Grow slowly at room temperatures.
Gelatin colonies. In eight days, small white points, becoming round, yellowish,

opaque, 1-4 mm.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, small round colonies,

crowded to make a dark chrome-yellow layer.
Potato. Convex colonies, becoming a chrome-yellow layer, becoming reddish

brown in old cultures.
Habitat. Water. Surface of the body in eczema. (Tommasoli) Mon. prak.

Dermatol., IX.

136. B. aurantiacus Frankland

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 390.

Morphology. Bacilli short, thick, variable, often in filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: small, round, granular. Surface colonies:

aerogenes-like, opaque, homogeneous, bright orange.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth; on the surface, growth glistening,

orange.

Agar slant. Growth limited, orange.

Bouillon. Clear, with a thin pellicle, and orange sediment.
Potato. Growth thick, glistening, orange-red. Nitrates slowly reduced.
Habitat. Water.

256 BACTERIOLOGY

137. B. flavescens Frankland

No name Pohl : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XI, 1892, 144.
B. flavescens Frankland : Microorganisms of Water, 1892, 448.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2.0 /n. Slightly motile.

Gelatin colonies. Punctiform, yellow, granular. Grow very slowly.

Gelatin stab. Grows in depth, and is spread over the entire surface.

Agar stab. In depth, growth beaded, yellow ; on the surface, it spreads

slowly.

Potato. Growth slimy, yellow, spreading.
Habitat. Isolated from marsh water.

138. B. Winkleri

B. mesentcricus-aureus Winkler : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., V, 1899, 577.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 2-3 /JL. Actively motile.

Wort gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, small, snow-white colonies, roundish,,
sharp, lobate. Microscopically, cloudy, becoming vitreous drops, becom-
ing golden yellow, becoming slowly liquefied, with a concentric flocculent
zone ; outside of this a zone of radiate outgrowths, and outside of this
again, and in the solid medium, are numerous secondary colonies.

Gelatin colonies. Small, coarsely granular, with a central brownish nucleus
and an ameboid border. In 36 hours, colonies 0.25 mm. in diameter.
They are round, entire, with granular borders ; centres cloudy, and contain
long, spiral bacterial aggregates, or irregular aggregates variously placed,

Potato. Growth thin, glistening, smooth, yellow.

CLASS IX. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC, PIGMENT REDDISH. GELATIN
LIQUEFIED.

I. Pigment bright carmine or fuchsin-red.

A. On liquefied gelatin in stab cultures, the production of a membrane.

1. Pigment carmine-red on agar and potato.

139. B.piscatorus (Lehmann-Neumann).

2. Pigment brick-red on agar and potato.

140. B. indicus (Koch) Trevisan.

B. No membrane on the liquefied gelatin in stab cultures.
I. Pigment granules in the rods.

141. B. rubus Kruse.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 257

2. No pigment granules in the rods.

142. B. prodigiosus (Ehrenberg) Fliigge.

143. B.fuchsinus Bokhont-de Vries.
II. Pigment flesh-colored.

144. B. carneus Kruse.

139. B. piscatorus (Lehmann-Neumann)

B. ruber-sardince Du Bois Saint Sevrin : Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1894, 31.
Bact. piscatorum Lehmann-Neumann: Bak. Diag., 1896, 263.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods, 0.5-0.6 //., mostly in twos. Gelatin liquefied
with a strong membrane of a carmine-red color. Pigment production
weaker in bouillon or on agar when grown at 37°.

Potato. Growth of a beautiful carmine-red color. Culture gives a strong,
odor of trimethylamine.

Habitat. Isolated from sardine oil.

140. B. indicus (Koch) Trev.

M. indicus Koch : ref. indt.

B. indicus-ruber Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Bact. indicum Crookshank : Manual. 1887, 240.

B. indicm Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 17.

Morphology. Bacilli small, very short:

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies golden yellow, erose. Surface colonies have

incised, torn edges.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate ; on the surface a fragile, red membrane ;

sediment white.

Agar slant 2cs\& potato. Growth brick -red.
Pathogenesis. Intravenous inoculations of large doses into rabbits -cause

death with toxaemia.
Habitat. Isolated from the stomach of an ape.

141. B. rubus Kruse

Der rather Bacillus Lustig: Diag. der Bak. des Wassers, 1893, 72.
B. ruber-aquatilis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 303.

•Morphology. Bacilli small, 2-3 times their breadth, red pigment granules

within the rods.
Gelatin colonies. Erose, reddish, becoming liquefied.

258 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform. No pigment in depth or at 37°.
Agar slant and potato. Growth raspberry red.
Habitat. Water.

142. B. prodigiosus (Ehrenberg) Flugge

Serratia marcrescens Bizio : Polent porporp. in Bilb. Ital., XXX, 1823, 288.

Zoogalactina immetropa Sette : Mem. Venezia, 1824, 51.

Monas prodigiosa Ehrenberg: Monatsber. K. Akad., Berlin, 1848.

M. prodigiosus Cohn: Beitrage Biol., I, 1872, 153.

B. prodigiosus Flugge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.5-1.0 ; coccoid forms; filaments in acid bouillon.

Optimum temperature 22°-25°. No pigment at 38°-39°. Flagella peri-

trichic, 6-8.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies round — oval, entire, reddish-brownish ; trans-
. lucent borders. Deep colonies irregular, with rough contours ; granular,

gray-brown, liquefied, when the red color of the colony appears.
1 Agar slant. Growth whitish, becoming reddish.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate ; sediment reddish.
v Milk. Coagulated, acid, jteptonized, yellowish-reddish.
Potato. Growth rose-red, moist, becoming dark red to purple-red ; odor of

trimethylamine.
Bouillon. Turbid, reddish, with a slight pellicle. Pigment soluble in alcohol

and ether. The solution becomes orange-yellow on the addition of

alkalies and violet-red with acids.
Glucose bouillon. Gas production variable ; no acid. H2S negative. Indol

slight.

Pathogenesis. Scarcely pathogenic, toxic in very large doses.
Habitat. Commonly present on articles of food, particularly starchy materials ;

also meat, water, etc.

143. B. fuchsinus B6khout-de Vries

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., IV, 1898, 497.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.7:1-1.5 //,. Facultative anaerobic, btft oxygen

necessary for the formation of pigment. Optimum temperature 22°-25°.

No pigment at 36°.

Agar colonies. White, becoming reddish, thin, metallic, sharp.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth, but no pigment; on the surface, growth

bright red.
Agar slant. Growth carmine-red, with a metallic shimmer. Grow best on

slightly alkaline or neutral media.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 259

Potato. Growth reddish, later shows a bronze shimmer.

Milk. Coagulated, peptonized.

Glucose bouillon. No gas, acid. Pigment soluble in alcohol, chloroform,
and carbon bisulphide, less so in ether, and with difficulty in water. The
addition of an alkali renders the red-violet solution of the pigment yellow.
The most suitable medium is a sodium tartrate pepton agar.

144. B. carneus Kruse

Fleischfarbiger Bacillus Tils : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, IX, 1890, 316.
B. carneus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.
B. carmcolor Frankland : Microorganisms of Water.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 2.0 //,.

Gelatin colonies. In 2 days round, sharp; liquefaction crateriform ; centre

darker and finely granular ; outer zone colorless or concentric.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform, with a rose-colored sediment.
Agar slant and potato. Growth flesh red.
Habitat. Water.

CLASS X. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC ; PIGMENT REDDISH. GELATIN
NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Small, slender bacilli.

146. B. rubefaciens Zimmerman.
II. Large, stout bacilli.

147. B. rubescens Jordan.

146. B. rubefaciens Zimmerman

Bak. Trink u. Nutzwasser, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3 : 0.7-1 .6 /x.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, small, yellowish brown. Surface : flat,

white-reddish.
Gelatin stab. In depth, a uniform growth ; on the surface, growth grayish

white to yellowish, becoming wine-colored.
Agar slant. Growth thick, grayish blue.
Potato. Growth yellow-brown, with flesh-colored edge.
Habitat. Water.

260 BACTERIOLOGY

147. B. rubescens Jordan

Mass. State Board of Health, 1890, 368.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.9-4.0 /x; pairs — filaments; rods sometimes slightly

curved. Motility slight. Grow at 37°.
Gelatin colonies. Punctiform, porcelain-white, round, entire; later of a

brownish cast.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, a porcelain-white bead.
Agar slant. Growth smooth, white, glistening, becoming wrinkled after some

time, with a slight pinkish tinge.
Potato. Growth light brown, becoming pink.

Milk. Not coagulated, alkaline ; in old cultures a pinkish tinge on the surface.
Bouillon. Turbid; a surface membrane, viscous ; becoming clear. Nitrates

not reduced.
Habitat. Isolated from sewage.

CLASS XI. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC; PIGMENT BROWNISH BLACK OR
GRAY ON GELATIN.

I. Gelatin liquefied.

148. B. cyanofuscus (Beijerinck).
13.9. B. aeris.

150. B. ferrugineus (Rullman).
II. Gelatin not liquefied.

151. B. fuscus.

148. B. cyanofuscus Beijerinck

Bot. Zeit., XLIX, 1891, Nos. 43-47.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2-0.6 /x, and one-half as thick. Cultures in solutions
containing 0.5 per cent of pepton become greenish blue — brownish black.
Gelatin colonies surrounded by a black zone in which crystals are formed.

Habitat. Isolated from glue, cheese. %

149. B. aeris

B.violaceus-sacchari Ager-Dyar: N. Y. Med. Jour., 1894.

Morphology. Bacilli short, 0.5 : 0.7-1.0 p ; occur singly and in short chains.

Gelatin. Liquefied quickly.

Milk. Coagulated.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent ; a greenish fluorescence of the medium.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Decolorized.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 261

Lactose-litmus. Red. Nitrates not reduced. A green fluorescence and a black-
ish color in the presence of glucose, lactose, and glycerin. A violaceous
pigment especially noted in old milk cultures.

Habitat. Air.

150. B. ferruginous Rullman

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIV, 1898, 465.

Morphology. Bacilli, in bouillon, 0.8 ; 2.0 /x; on potato, 0.5 -.1.4 /A; with or
without polar stain.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: slightly brownish. Surface: on the first day deep
brown. On gelatin media an intense brown pigment penetrates the latter.

Beer-wort agar. Large round colonies with dark brown nuclei and bright
brown borders.

Agar slant and potato. Growth rusty brown.

Milk. The upper fat layer becomes dark yellow ; the milk below slightly
colored.

Loffler^s blood serum. A liquefaction after some days.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Reaction of cultures strongly alkaline. Non-
pathogenic to mice.

Habitat. Isolated from canal water.

151. B. fuscus

B. fuscus-limbatus Scheibenzuber : Allgemeine Wiener med. Zeitung, 1889, 171.

Morphology. Bacilli short.

Gelatin colonies. As brownish clumps.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth uniform, with short outgrowths ; surface

growth, slightly spreading. Gelatin near stab slightly brownish.
Agar slant. A brown color to the medium.
Potato. Growth brownish.
Habitat. Isolated from decayed eggs.

CLASS XII. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC ; PIGMENT BLUE-VIOLET ON GEL-
ATIN OR AGAR.

I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Pigment violet on potato.

1. Pigment violet on agar.

152. B. violaceus Jordan.

2. Pigment blue-black on agar.

153. B. li-vidus Flugge-Proskauer.

262 BACTERIOLOGY

152. B. violaceus Jordan

B. violaceus-laurentius Jordan: Mass. State Board of Health, 1890, 838.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 3.0-4.6 /x. In bouillon the pigment is formed only

in the presence of nitrates. Nitrates reduced.
Potato. Growth violet.
Milk. Coagulated, acid. {Indol produced, pepton rosolic acid unchanged^

Dyar.)
Habitat. Water.

153. B. lividus Fliigge-Proskauer

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, 1887, n, 463.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, medium-sized.

Gelatin colonies. Resemble drops of ink ; gelatin liquefied slowly, with a

bluish violet deposit.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; surface growth violet ; liquefaction

slow.

Agar slant. Growth blue-black.
Potato. Growth violet.
Habitat. Water.

154. B. amethystinus

B. amethystinus-mobilis Germane: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XII, 1892, 516.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, long, not in filaments. No growth at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Membranaceous ; liquefied slowly, becoming violet.

Bouillon. A rugose membrane.

Agar slant. Growth scanty.

Potato. Growth brownish.

Milk. Coagulated.

Habitat. Air.

CLASS XIII. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CULTURES SHOW A GREENISH FLUORESCENCE.
GELATIN LIQUEFIED.

I. Gelatin liquefied slowly.

A. Growth' on potato greenish.

155. B . Lesagei Tre visan .

B. Growth on potato brownish, or becoming eventually so.
i . Grow well at 37°.

a. Very small slender rods (one-half the size of tubercle bacilli).

156. B. smaragdinus Reimann.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 263

b. Much larger rods to coccoid forms, variable.

157. B. urines.

158. B. Ellitigtonii.
II. Gelatin liquefied quickly.

A. Gelatin stab cultures arborescent; potato cultures floccose — curled.

159. B. luccEmice Lucet.

B. Cultures on gelatin and potato not characterized as above,
i . Cultures have a decided aromatic odor.

1 60. B. helvolus.

155.. B. Lesagei Trev.

B. de la diarrhee verte des enfants Lesage : Bull. Acad. Med., Paris, October, 1887.

B. Lesagei Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 14.

B.viridis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7: 1.0-2.4 P\ filaments. Optimum temperature 35°.

Gelatin colonies. Thin, spreading, erose, with green fluorescence.

Gelatin stab. Grow only on the surface.

Potato. Growth dark green, rarely reddish, with odor of old urine.

Pathogenesis. Intravenous inoculations and feeding of rabbits produces

" green diarrhoea.1'
Habitat. Associated with " green diarrhoea " of children.

156. B. smaragdinus Reimann

B. smaragdino'faetidus Reimann: Phil. Diss., Wiirzburg, 1887.

Morphology. Bacilli as characterized, somewhat bent. Optimum tempera-
ture 37°; scanty or slow growth at 20°.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction occurs along line of stab; on the surface, a
greenish fluorescence.

Agar colonies. Irregular, fluorescent.

Agar slant. Growth dirty yellow.

Potato. Growth chocolate-brown.

Habitat. Isolated from nasal secretions in ozsena.

157. B. urinae

B.proteus-fluorescens Jager: Zeit^ch. f. Hygiene, XII, 1892, 525.

Morphology. Bacilli variable, cocci — filaments, variable also in thickness.
Gelatin colonies. Proteus — coli-like, with a green fluorescence. Cultures

stink as in proteus.
Gelatin stab. Gas often produced.

264 BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Warty drops, becoming thick, yellowish white, with a green

fluorescence.

Potato. Growth slimy, light yellow, becoming dark brown.
Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of mice cause

death in 3 days to 2 weeks ; fatty degeneration of liver and kidneys, spleen

enlarged, intestines hemorrhagic, with bacilli in the organs.
Habitat. Isolated from persons in icterus with nephritis ; from urinary

sediment, etc.

158. B. Ellingtonii

B. No. 21 Conn : I.e., 1893, 52.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2.0 /u, — chains. Grow at 35°.

Gelatin colonies. Small, opaque, liquefied quickly, becoming large, greenish,

granular, with a central granular nucleus.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, becoming a broad funnel ; a pellicle

on the surface ; gelatin clear, green.
Agar slant. Growth thin, white, transparent, slightly spreading; medium

becomes greenish.

Potato. Growth thin, moist, brownish.
Milk. Coagulated, alkaline, slowly peptonized.
Bouillon. Turbid, a slight pellicle, medium slightly greenish, later a tenacious

pellicle on the surface.
Habitat. Milk, Ellington creamery.

159. B. leucaemias Lucet

B. leuccemia-canis Lucet : Baumgarten's Jahresberichte, 1891, 319.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, 3.0 p long.

Gelatin stab. From the line of stab, lateral outgrowths ; a liquefaction and
fluorescence of the surface growth.

Potato. Growth abundant, floccose — curled.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of rabbits cause death in 10 days, with nodu-
lar formation on the inner organs, containing bacilli. Guinea pigs
immune.

Habitat. Isolated from a dog with leukocythemia.

1 60. B. helvolus

B. chromo-aromaticus Sternberg : Manual, 1892.
Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized.
Gelatin stab. Growth green, with a yellowish white membrane.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 265

Agar slant. Growth thin, white.

Potato. Growth brown.

Pathogenesis . Intravenous inoculations of rabbits cause death in 2-3 weeks ;

pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis.
Habitat. Isolated from a hog with bronchopneumonia and enteritis.

;LASS xiv. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC. GEL-
ATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

[. Grow at room temperatures and in nutrient gelatin.
1 6 1. B. tumidus

B. I Sanfelicc : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893.

^Morphology. Bacilli of variable length, with bladdery swellings. Motility

slight.
elatin colonies. Round, glistening, finely granular ; edges floccose, or with

B. Zopfi-\\Vit outgrowths.

4gar slant. Growth thick, floccose — tomentous.
Gelatin stab. In death, growth beaded, with gas production.
habitat. Isolated from putrefying flesh.

[. No growth at room temperatures or in nutrient gelatin.
162. B. thermophilus

?i» neuer anaerober Bacillus des malignen Oedems Novy: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII,

1894, 209.
3. cedematis-thermophilus Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 242.

id

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-0.9 : 2.5-5.0. Numerous lateral flagella. Stained
by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Floccose.

"-lucose bouillon. Gas, without odor, or that of butyric acid. Reduces litmus.
No growth below 24°.

*athogenesis . Very virulent for mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and
pigeons by subcutaneous inoculation of 0.1-0.25 cc. There is an oedema,
with much gas ; abdominal muscles red with hemorrhagic flecks'; pleural
and abdominal cavities contain a colorless exudate.

habitat. Isolated from a guinea pig which was inoculated with a contami-
nated nuclei n culture.

266 BACTERIOLOGY

CLASS XV. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. RODS NOT SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION. GELA-
TIN LIQUEFIED.

I. Gelatin stab cultures arborescent.

164. B. Prausnitzii Trevisan.

165. B. aureus Pansini.
II. Gelatin stab cultures not distinctly arborescent.

A. Liquefaction of the gelatin begins only after 7 days.

URO-BACILLUS GROUP.

1. Grow in ordinary culture media only upon the addition of urea or

by rendering media distinctly alkaline with NH4HO.

166. B. Pasteuri (Miquel).

167. B. Freudenreichii (Miquel).

1 68. B. Madoxi (Miquel).

2. Grow on ordinary culture media.

a. Pepton rosolic acid solution decolorized.

169. B.fissuratus Ravenel.

b. Pepton rosolic acid solution not decolorized.

* No growth on potato.

170. B. alpha Dyar.

tJ Growth on potato abundant, but nearly invisible.

171. B. beta Dyar.

B. Gelatin liquefied quickly, i.e. in less than 7 days.

i. Potato cultures becoming crumpled. POTATO BACILLUS GROUP.
a. Color of potato cultures whitish-yellowish.

* Gelatin liquefied very rapidly.

| Agar smear cultures white-gray, not yellowish, wrinkled.
§ Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

172. B. Pammelii.

§§ No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

% Milk not coagulated, or at most only slimy ;

peptonized.
9 Milk shows a slimy fermentation.

173. B. vulgatus Trev.

174. B. lactis No. 2 Fliigge.

175. B. peptonans Sterling.
Consistency of milk unchanged.

176. B. megatherium var. Ravenelii.

177. B. Scheurleni Sternberg.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 267

Jt Milk coagulated.

178. B. liodermos Fliigge.

ft Agar smear cultures yellowish-brownish, wrinkled.

179. B. mesentericus Trevisan.

1 80. B. lactis No. 4 Fliigge.

tff Agar smear cultures smooth or scarcely wrinkled.

181. B. tennis Trevisan.

fffj- Agar smear cultures not described ; broad bacilli up to
1.7 microns.

182. B. tumescens Zopf.
** Gelatin liquefied slowly.

t Gas produced in saccharose bouillon.

183. B. gummosus Happ.

ft No gas produced in saccharose bouillon.

184. B. stellatus.

185. B. cremoris.

b. Color of potato cultures becoming eventually brownish.

* Gelatin colonies round, without radiations,
f Reduce nitrates to nitrites.

1 86. B. denitrificans Schirokikh.
ft Do not reduce nitrates to nitrites.

187. B. detrudens Wright.

188. B. maidis Paltauf-Heider.

** Gelatin colonies proteus-like or with outgrowths.

189. B.plicatus.

190. B. gangr&nce Arkb'vy.
*** Gelatin colonies filamentous — floccose.

191. B. aromaticus.
**** Gelatin colonies not described.

192. B. magnus.

193. B. Hueppei Trev.

2. Potato cultures not becoming crumpled. B. SUBTILIS GROUP.
a. Potato cultures becoming dry, mealy.

* Potato cultures whitish -gray.

194. B. subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn.

195. B. lactis-albus Sternberg.

196. B. leptosporus Klein.
** Potato cultures yellowish.

268 BACTERIOLOGY

f Very thick bacilli, approaching 2.5 microns.

197. B. megatherium De Bary.

198. B. Ellenbachensis (alpha) Stutzer-Hartleb.
ff Bacilli not exceeding i.o micron in width.

199. B. siibtilis-similis Sternberg.

200. B. cereus.

b. Potato cultures rough, granular.

* Gelatin liquefied quickly.

20 1. B. capillaceus Wright.
** Gelatin liquefied slowly.

202. B. rudis.

c. Growth on potato thin, scanty, or none, and the color of the

medium, i.e. white-gray.

* Gelatin colonies round, entire, without radiations.

203. B. circulans Jordan.

** Gelatin colonies with radiating projections or proteus-like.

204. B. limosus Russell.

205. B. sputi.

*** Gelatin colonies not described.

206. B. vacuolosis Sternberg.

d. Growth on potato thick, white.

* Colonies of the anthrax type, floccose.

207. B. pseudo-anthracis Kruse.

e. Growth on potato thick, yellowish-brownish.

208. B. vaculatus Ravenel.

f. Growth on potato white-gray, but not otherwise described.

* Colonies with radiating outgrowths or ciliate margins.

209. B. Fluggei.

210. B. crinatus.

g. Sterilized potato inoculated undergoes a wet rot or putrefactive

fermentation.

211. B. Krameri.

164. B. Prausnitzii Trev.

B. ramosus-liquefaciens Flvigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 290.
B, Prausnitzii Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 20.

Morphology. Bacilli large.

Gelatin colonies. Beset with bristles ; liquefaction slow.

Gelatin stab. Radiations from all sides.

Habitat. A contamination in cultures.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 269

165. B. aureus Pansini

Virchow's Archiv, CXXII.

Morphology. Bacilli slender threads.

Gelatin colonies. With a Strahlenkranz.

Gelatin stab. With lateral outgrowths, a membrane, and a yellowish sediment.

Agar slant. Growth rugose.

Potato. Growth sulphur — golden yellow. Bouillon turbid, with a membrane.

Habitat. Sputum.

1 66. B. Pasteuri Miquel

Urobacillus Pasteuri Miquel: Ann. Micrographie, 1889-92.

Morphology. Bacilli large, dimensions variable.

Gelatin colonies. With urea, in 24 hours, minute, surrounded by dumb-bell-
shaped crystals ; give off odor of NH3. In urine, an alkaline fermenta-
tion and an abundant deposit of ammonia-magnesic-phosphate and
alkaline urates. This deposit acquires a blackish color.

Habitat. Urine.

167. B. Freudenreichii Miquel

Urobacillus Freudenreichii Miquel : I.e.
Not clearly differentiated from the preceding.

1 68. B. Madoxi Miquel^

Urobacillus Madoxi Miquel : I.e.
Morphology. Bacilli i.o : 3.6 /x.

Gelatin colonies. With urea, small, round, opaque, surrounded by crystals.
Gelatin stab. Fail either to grow, or a scanty development of colonies, with

the formation of crystals.
Bouillon. Rendered alkaline, with formation of NH3; a dense turbidity of

the medium.
Habitat. Water and sewage.

169. B. fissuratus Ravenel

I.e., 38.
Morphology. Bacilli small straight rods, with rounded ends; occur singly.

Motility slight.
Gelatin colonies. Light yellow, irregular, darker in centre ; look like flakes of

mineral matter or bits of shell. In 2 days, the surf ace colonies are round,

irregular ; centre brown ; broken and fissured in every direction, 2-3 mm. ;

gelatin slowly softened. »

2/0

BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth thin, greenish white, translucent.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth, with later spherical outgrowths ; sur-
face growth capitate, sunken in the gelatin ; evaporation exceeds lique-
faction.

Potato. In 3 days, a bluish discoloration along the line of inoculation,
becoming yellowish, moist, glistening.

Bouillon. A slight turbidity, becoming clear.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Decolorized.

Litmus milk. Alkaline, not coagulated. In two weeks becomes translucent
and violet.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Optimum temperature 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

170. B. alpha Dyar

I.e., 366.

Morphology. Bacilli large, 0.8 : 1-2 /*; occur singly and in chains.

Gelatin. Not liquefied for 1 1 days or more.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, glistening, white.

Litmus milk. Not coagulated ; not reddened. Reduction of nitrates negative

or slight. Indol production slight.
Habitat. Air.

171. B. beta Dyar

I.e., 366.

Morphology. Bacilli short, rounded, 0.6: 1.5-2.0 /u,.

Gelatin. Liquefied slowly. Surface : growth thin, feathery.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, glistening, white.

Litmus milk. Not coagulated ; not reddened. Reduction of nitrates negative

or slight. Indol production slight.
Habitat. Air.

172. B. Pammelii

B.-gasoformans Pammel : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., II, 1896, 642.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.2-1.4:3.7-4 /x, variable; in chains of 2-5. Motility

slight.

Gelatin colonies-. Lenticular.
Gelatin slant. Growth white, limited.
Gelatin slab. Liquefaction infundibuliform.
Agar slant. Growth white, wrinkled.
Bouillon. Good growth, with a pellicle.
Potato. Slightly granular, large wrinkles, spreading.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2/1

Milk. Coagulated, peptonized, alkaline.

Glucose and saccharose bouillon. Gas. No gas in lactose bouillon.

Habitat. Cheese.

173. B. vulgatus Trevisan.

B. mesentericus-vulgatus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
B. vulgatus Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 19.
Potato bacillus of various authors.

Morphology . Bacilli 0.8:1.6-5.0 /x; somewhat shorter and smaller than
B. subtilis. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Without radiations like B. subtilis. Surface colonies : round,
becoming crateriform, with a grayish white, delicate, crumpled membrane.
Microscopically, in early stage, border of colony segmented.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a narrow tube ; on the surface, a crateriform to strati-
form liquefaction, with a surface membrane.

Agar slant. Growth gray white, glistening, becoming crumpled.

Bouillon. Weakly turbid; a membrane which is firm and not easily broken
by shaking.

Milk. Coagulated slowly, alkaline, slimy, peptonized.

Potato. Growth thin, white, crumpled, becoming light yellowish. Indol
negative. H2S production feeble.

Habitat. Widely distributed.

174. B. lactis No. 2 Flugge

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894, 272.

From descriptions, not differentiated from the preceding.
Habitat. Milk.

175. B. peptonans Sterling

B. lactis-peptonans Sterling: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., I, 1895, 473.
From descriptions, not differentiated from 173.

176. B. megatherium var. Ravenelii

B. megatherium Ravenel : I.e., II.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, rounded, 3-5 times their breadth ; occur in chains,
in which rods are bent on each other ; lengths unequal. Motility slight,
ameboid.

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Deep: brown, entire, homogeneous. Surface-, light

brown ; margins irregular ; centres dense, becoming, in 3 days, liquefied,

crateriform, 4 mm., with white irregular centres and greenish borders,

in which are tangled filaments.
Agar slant. Growth white, glistening, elevated, sometimes yellowish ; odor

of sour milk.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, becoming stratiform or infundibuli-

form.
Potato. Growth elevated, white, moist, glistening, spreading, rugose, becoming

smoother ; odor of stale milk.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a flocculent sediment, becoming clear.
Litmus milk. Decolorized slowly, and peptonized ; amphoteric — alkaline.

Indol negative. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil.

177. B. Scheurleni Sternberg

Manual, 1892, 680; Dyar, I.e., 367. V"

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7-1.0: 1.0-2.5 /x; occur singly and in short chains.
Agar slant. Growth thin, transparent. Grow slowly at room temperature.
Habitat. Isolated from the surface of the skin, mammae of woman, air, etc.

178. B. liodermos Fltigge

Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, rounded, 1.2: 3.5 /K; in pairs and chains.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform ; a membrane on the surface.
Agar slant. Growth a white, rosette-like layer.
Potato. A gummy, translucent layer ; gum soluble in water, precipitated by

alcohol.
Milk. Coagulated, peptonized ; butyric acid. Related to, perhaps a variety of,,

B. "vulgatus.
Habitat. Isolated from potato and from milk. •

179. B. mesentericus Trev.

B. mesentericus-fuscus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
B. mfsentericus Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 19.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2-4 /x ; ends rounded. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies gray-yellow, irregular, with outgrowths.
Surface colonies, small, round, gray-white, becoming sunken in the gelatin
like B. subtilis. Microscopically, centres gray-brown, opaque, with ciliate
borders.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 273,

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform — saccate, with a white-gray pellicle-

Agar slant. GroVth yellow-brown, moist, glistening, crumpled.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle.

Potato. Growth gray-yellow, moist, glistening, raised, becoming crumpled ~

H2S produced. Indol production feeble.
Milk. Coagulated, slightly alkaline.
Habitat. Widely distributed.

VARIETIES. B. mesentericus-fuscus-granulatus Dyar.

Agar cultures coarsely granulated ; reduce nitrates vigorously.
B. mesentericus-fuscus-consistens Dyar.

Gelatin colonies approaching in character to those of B. vulgaris.

1 80. B. lactis No. 4 Fliigge

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894, 294.

From descriptions, not differentiated from the preceding.
Habitat. Milk.

181. B. tenuis Trev.

Tyrothrix tenuis Duclaux : Le Lait, Paris, 1887.
B. tenuis Trevisan : Genera, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6 : 3 o /x — filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Growth on agar, in milk, and in bouillon like B. subttlis.

Potato. Growth like B. vulgatus.

Habitat. Milk and cheese.

182. B. tumescens Zopf

Spaltpilze, 1885, 82. A. Koch : Bot. Zeitung, 1888, 313.

Morphology. Bacilli short, about 1.7 /u, broad; or filaments, which are bent

and twisted.

Potato. Growth white, viscid, somewhat crumpled.
Habitat. Found in beets.

183. B. gummosus Happ r

Philos. Diss., Basel, 1893. ^

Morphology. Bacilli large, feebly motile.

Potato and agar slant. Growth white, crumpled. Ferments cane sugar;

medium viscous, with production of lactic and butyric acids and CO2.
Habitat. Associated with a slimy fermentation of digitalis infusions, etc.
T

.2/4

BACTERIOLOGY

184. B. stellatus

B. lactis No. g Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894, 294.

Morphology. Bacilli long.

Gelatin colonies. With radiating outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth waxy, crumpled.

Potato. Growth whitish yellowish, crumpled.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a crumpled pellicle.

Milk. Peptonized.

Habitat. Milk.

185. B. cremoris

B. lactis No. 10 Fliigge : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli small — filaments. Like the preceding in cultural char-
acters, but with a thick creamy layer on bouillon.
Habitat. Milk.

1 86. B. denitrificans Schirokikh

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., II, 1896, 204.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5-2 /A times their breadth, ends rounded, in chains of

2-8. Obligate aerobic. Optimum temperature, 37°.
Gelatin colonies. In 2 days, 1-2 mm., round — irregular; liquefied gelatin

bluish ; containing granules.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform, with a granular sediment. ',
Agar colonies. In 24 hours at 37° starred, or like a snow crystal ; centres

papillate, yellowish, elevated,
Potato. Growth brownish, crumpled, stringy.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a white, crumpled pellicle. t

Milk. Peptonized.
Habitat. Isolated from horse manure.

187. B. detrudens Wright V-

l.c., 452.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, blunt, 2-3 times their breadth. Flagella

peritrichic.
Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies : round — oval, brownish, entire, or beset with

plaques or buds. Surface colonies: round, whitish, translucent, entire

disks. Microscopically, brownish, granular, entire, with a wide zone of

clouded, liquefied gelatin.
Agar slant. Growth creamy white, opaque, and glistening.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2/5

Bouillon. Turbid, with a slight pellicle.

Potato. Growth spreading, light brown, reticulately wrinkled.
Litmus milk. Decolorized, amphoteric, coagulated.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol production slight or doubtful. Grow at 36°.
.Habitat. Water.

1 88. B. maidis Paltauf-Heider

Wiener Med. Jahrb., 1888, 383.

Not differentiated from B. uulgatus^ except potato growth is wrinkled, and

yellow-brown.
Habitat. Isolated from spoiled corn.

189. B. plicatus

B. lactis No. 7 Flugge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894. 294.

.Morphology. Bacilli long.

Agar slant and potato. Growth brown, crumpled.

Bouillon. Turbid, slight pellicle.

Milk. Peptonized, toxic.

Habitat. Milk.

190. B. gangraenae Arkovy

B.gangrcence-pulpcB Arkovy: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.. XXIII., 1897, 921.

Morphology. Bacilli 4.0 /x, square-ended ; occur singly and in chains. Occa-
sionally as filaments or coccoid forms, with other degeneration forms in
old agar cultures. Stain by Gram's method. Spores oval, in the centre
of the rods.

Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, white, mealy. Microscopically, finely granular,
golden yellow, round, with outgrowths; in about 30 hours the gelatin is
liquefied ; on the fluid gelatin a white, crumpled membrane ; a stinking,
cheesy odor.

Gelatin stab. In 24 hours a small funnel with a white membrane; liquefaction
extending to walls of the tube. The membrane becomes dirty brown, the
gelatin reddish brown and alkaline.

Agar colonies. In 24-30 hours white, mealy, like gelatin colonies.

Agar slant. Growth limited, crumpled, becoming in 5-6 days ash-gray ; the
medium a beautiful brownish gray.

Blood serum. A brownish stripe, liquefied.

Bouillon. A membrane ; medium-colored, like the liquefied gelatin.

Potato. Growth moist, brown, crumpled.

Milk. Coagulated.

2/6

BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis . By subcutaneous inoculations mice die in 4-12 days with symp-
toms of diarrhoea ; bacilli in the blood. With rabbits there is elevated
temperature, and a portion die. Guinea pigs die in a ^proportion of the
inoculations. Inoculation of human teeth results in a gangrenous' altera-
tion of the pulp.

Habitat. Associated with gangrene of tooth pulp and caries of teeth, chronic !••
alveolar abscess, etc.

191. B. aromaticus

B. lactis No. n Fliigge : I.e.
Morphology. Bacilli slender.
Gelatin colonies. An irregular tangle of threads.
Gelatin stab. Show lateral outgrowths, slowly liquefied.
Agar slant and potato. Growth thick, leathery, channelled, becoming bright

brown.

Milk. Coagulated, slowly peptonized, with an aromatic odor.
Habitat. Milk.

192. B. magnus

B. lactis No. 8 Fliigge : l.c.
Morphology. Bacilli large, thick.
Agar slant. Growth white, glistening.
Potato. Growth white — yellow — brown, crumpled.
Bouillon. Clear, with a pellicle.
Milk. Peptonized.
Habitat. Milk.

193. B. Hueppei Trev.

B. butyricus Hueppe: Miteillungen Kaiserlich. Gesundheitsamte, II, 1884, 309.
Clostridium Hueppei Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 22.
B.pseudo-butyricus Kruse: Fliigge; Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 207.

Agar slant. Growth whitish-bluish, smooth.

Potato. Growth brownish, becoming crumpled.

Lactose bouillon. No gas ; butyric acid produced.

Milk. Coagulated, not acid, peptonized, with production of leucin, tyrosin,.

and ammonia.
Habitat. Milk.

194. B. subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn

•

Vibrio subtilis Ehrenberg: Infusionsthierchen als volkommene Organismen, Leipzig, 1838.

B. subtilis Cohn: Beitrage Biol., I, Heft 2, 1875.

14,
Morphology. Bacilli i .*2 : 3-4 /x, — filaments — chains ; ends rounded. Spore

germination equatorial. Flagella peritrichic. Stain by Gram's method.

TH-E CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 277

Gelatin colonies. Crateriform, turbid ; microscopically, round, entire, becom-
ing ciliate ; dense flocculi in the liquefied gelatin — felted, floccose,
densest in the centre.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform — saccate — stratiform, with a pellicle
on the surface.

Agar colonies. Anthrax-like.

Bouillon. Turbid ; a membrane on the surface adhering to the walls of the
tube.

Potato. Growth white, thick, mealy.

Agar slant. Growth thick, crumpled.

Milk. Coagulated, peptonized, slightly alkaline. Indol negative.

Habitat. Widely distributed.^

195. B. lactis-albus Steinberg

Described but not named Loffler : Berliner klin. Wochenschrift, 1887, Nos. 33-34.
B. lactis-albus Sternberg: Manual, 1892, 680.

As far as described like the preceding. In milk, the production of butyric

acid, leucin, and tyrosin.
Habitat. Milk.

196. B. leptosporus Klein

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VI, 1889, 6.

In fluid media like B. subtilis. Characters on solid media not described.

Spore germination polar. (See Fig. 6.)
Habitat^. A culture contamination.

197. B. megatherium De Bary

Vergl. Morph. Phys. u. Biol. der Pilze, Strassburg, 1884.

Morphology. Bacilli very large, approaching 2-5 microns in thicknes-s ; in
cultures, after successive -generations much smaller, 0.6-0.8 /x, somewhat
bent and curved. .Numerous peritrichic flagella. Aerobic. Stain by
Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies gray white, translucent, denser in the centre,
granular, ciliate. Surface colonies raised, centres dense, borders ciliate.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate ; no membrane.

Agar colonies. Elevated, white, grayish, moist, glistening; microscopically,
segmented.

Agar slant and potato. Growth like B. subtilis, slightly yellowish. Indol
negative. H2S positive.

Habitat. Isolated from cabbage infusion.

2/8 BACTERIOLOGY

198. B. Ellenbachensis alpha Stutzer-Hartleb

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., ate Abt., IV, 1898, 31.

Morphologically like B. mycoides and B. megatherium. In long filaments-
Spore formation and germination like B. megatherium. Spores oval.

Glucose gelatin colonies. Round, with a thick central nucleus and a turbid
border ; becoming sunken in the liquefied gelatin ; border filamentous ;
odor cheesy.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours at 20°, round, glistening, grayish white. Micro-
scopically, dark gray and granular in the interior ; border filamentous —
floccose.

Potato. Growth yellowish gray, soft, flat ; border indented.

Milk. Weakly acid.

Asparagin agar. Growth soft, with mycelial-like threads from the edge.

Habitat. Isolated from alinite.

199. B. subtilis-similis Sternberg

Manual, 1892, 679.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 2-4 /* — filaments. Facultative anaerobic. Gela-
tin liquefied more slowly than B. subtilis ; a membrane on the surface of
the liquefied gelatin.

Gelatin colonies. Like B. subtilis.

Agar slant. Growth creamy white.

Potato. Growth dry, yellowish.

Agar stab. Growth arborescent.

Habitat. Isolated from liver of yellow fever cadaver.

200. B. cereus

B. lactis No. 5 Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, 1894, 294.

Morphology. Bacilli long, slender.

Gelatin colonies. With outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, smooth.

Potato. Growth bright yellow, dry, becoming faintly crumpled.

Bouillon. Clear, with a membrane.

Milk. Peptonized.

Habitat. Milk.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 279

201. B. capillaceus Wright

l.c.,456.

Morphology. Bacilli large, ends blunt, in chains.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: small, round, hazy; microscopically,,
dark, granular, irregular — stellate — branched, composed of smaller
daughter colonies and filamentous outgrowths. Surface cjknies : in
2-3 days crateriform, 2 mm., denser and grayish in the centre ; micro-
scopically, dense central clumps and ciliate borders.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, a crateriform-stratiform
liquefaction and a wrinkled pellicle. Acid gelatin. Slight growth,
becoming alkaline.

Agar slant. Growth grayish, frosted, becoming moist, glistening; the agar
becomes brownish.

Bouillon. Clear, alkaline,

Potato. Growth thick, rough, slightly granular, purple-pink.

Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized, amphoteric.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol slight or doubtful. Grow at 36°.

Habitat. Water.

202. B. rudis .

B. lactis No. 6 Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894.

Morphology. Bacilli slender.
Gelatin colonies. With fine outgrowths.
Agar slant. Growth white, crumpled.
Potato. Growth twisted ; surface rough.
Bouillon. Turbid, slight pellicle.
Milk. Coagulated, peptonized.
Habitat. Milk.

203. B. circulans Jordan •

Report Mass. Board of Health, 1890, 831.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 2-5 /u,, in chains.

Gelatin colonies. In 2-4 days, round, brownish ; later, depressions, due to

liquefaction.
Qelatin stab. Slight growth in depth, a conical cavity ; evaporation exceeds

rate of liquefaction.
Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent.

Potato. Growth somewhat scanty, the color of the medium.
Bouillon. In 3-4 days, turbid ; no pellicle.

28o BACTERIOLOGY

Milk. Slightly acid, coagulated slowly or not at all. Nitrates reduced to

nitrites.
Habitat. Water.

204. B. limosus Russell

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1891, 196.

Morphology. Bacilli large, rather slender ; plasma granular, 1.2 : 3-4 /A.
Gelatin colonies. Slightly transparent, with slender filaments extending into

the gelatin ; later, larger liquefied depressions, with thorn-like projections.
Gelatin stab (gelatin made with sea water). Liquefaction infundibuliform —

saccate.

Agar slant. Growth moist, glistening, white.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle.
Potato. Growth thin, grayish white.
Habitat. Sea water.

205. B. sputi

B. No. VI Pansini: Virchow's Archiv, CXI I, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli slender.
Colonies. Proteus-like.
Agar slant. Growth porcelain-white.
Potato. An invisible growth.
Bouillon. A membrane ; no odor.
Habitat. Sputum.

206. B. vacuolosis Steinberg

Manual, 1892, 717.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o: 1.5-5 — filaments; ends rounded.
•Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform ; liquefied gelatin viscid ; a pellicle on

the surface.

Agar slant. Growth creamy white.
Potato. Growth thin, creamy white.
Pathogenesis . Non-pathogenic to rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from the stomach and intestines of yellow fever cadavers.

207. B. pseudo-anthracis Kruse

Mihbrandahnlicher Bacillus aus Sudamerik anise hem Fleischfuttermehl Burri : Hyg.

Rundschau, 1894, No. 8, ref. Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVI, 374.
B. pseudo-anthracis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 233.

Morphology. Bacilli like anthrax, I : 3-6 — filaments ; slowly motile.

Gelatin colonies. Like anthrax.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction more rapid than in anthrax, without outgrowths.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 28 1

Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane, becoming clear.

Agar slant. Growth gray, smooth, not floccose or crumpled.

Potato. Growth gray-white, soft, becoming moist, glistening.

Milk. Coagulated, amphoteric.

Pathogenesis . Non-pathogenic to mice.

Habitat. Isolated from South American bran.

208. B. vaculatus Ravenel

I.e., 31.
Morphology. Bacilli straight, with rounded ends ; occur singly ; stain like

Klebs-Lbffler bacillus.
Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: yellowish, granular, entire. Surface colonies :

in 2 days, 0.5 mm., yellowish, entire, granular, mottled; liquefaction

crateriform.
Gelatin stab. Surface growth raised ; in 3 days, a crateriform liquefaction,

becoming stratiform, with a membrane.
Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent, moist, glistening ; agar stained a faint

greenish.

Potato. Growth light brown, slimy, thick, moist, becoming yellowish brown.
Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. In 12-14 days, a cherry-red.
Litmus milk. Rendered alkaline, becoming watery, translucent, decolorized,

peptonized, alkaline ; not coagulated.
Ghicose bouillon. No gas. Indol positive. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil.

209. B. Fliiggei

B. lactis No. i Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, short.

Gelatin colonies. With outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth grayish white.

Potato. Growth gray-white.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a flocculent sediment.

Milk. Peptonized, toxic.

Habitat. Milk.

210. B. crinatus

B. No. V Pansini: Virchow's Archiv, CXXII.

Morphology. Bacilli rather more slender than B. subtilis.
Gelatin colonies. Coli-like, with fine, undulating radiations.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate.

282 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle.

Agar slant. Growth flat, white.

Potato. Growth flat, white, with odor of rotten cheese.

Habitat. Sputum.

211. B. Krameri

B. der Nassfaiile der Kartoffeln Kramer: Osterr. landwirtsch. Centralblatt, 1891, n.
B. of potato rot Sternberg: Manual, 1892, 716.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7-0.8 : 2.5 /u — chains, filaments.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform.

Gelatin slant. In 24 hours, a dirty white line of growth, with scalloped margins.

Agar slant. Growth of dirty white, slimy drops.

Milk. Coagulated, but no putrefactive change ; dextrin decomposed to butyric

acid and CO2 ; dissolves starch without decomposing it.
Habitat. Associated with wet rot of potato.

CLASS XVI. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE AN-
AEROBIC. RODS NOT SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION. GELATIN
NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Pathogenic, animal habitats.

212. B. Koubasoffii.

213. B. Afanassieffi Trevisan.

214. B. Cladoi Trevisan.
II. Non-pathogenic.

A. Milk rendered acid.

215. B. punctiformis . *,

216. B. Weigmanni.

B. Milk rendered alkaline, or unchanged in reaction.

217. B. siccus.

218. B. ginglymus Ravenel.

C. Milk cultures not described.

219. B. cuticularis Tataroff.
230. B. Foutini.

212. B. Koubassoffii

B. der krebsartigcn Neubildungen Koubassoff: Vortrag. Moskauer Militararztlichen

Verein, No. 22, 1888. Ref. Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VII, 1890, 317.
B. of Koubassoff Sternberg : Manual, 1892,405.

Morphology. Bacilli 2-3 times the length of tubercle bacilli, and 3-4 times.*
as thick ; ends rounded, or one end pointed. Grow at 36°. Facultatii
anaerobic.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 283

Glycerin gelatin stab. Growth in depth, slender, jagged ; on the surface, a
bluish membrane in the form of a funnel.

Agar slant. At 36° growth bluish white.

Potato. Growth at first typhoid-like, becoming a granular membrane.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculations of guinea pigs cause death in 1-2
weeks. There is emaciation, paralysis of the sphincter muscles, nodular
elevations on the mucous wall of stomach, etc.

Habitat. Isolated from growths on the stomach of a person who died of can-
cer of the stomach.

213. B. Afanassieffi Trevisan

0

B. des Keuchhustem Afanassieff : St. Petersburg med. Wochensch., 1887, No. 39-42.
B. Afanassieffi Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 13.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-2.2 /A; solitary in pairs and in short chains.
Gelatin colonies. Round — oval, light brown ; microscopically, finely granular

and dark brown.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface the growth is grayish

white.

Agar slant. Growth thick, gray, limited.
Potato. Growth yellowish glistening dew-like drops, becoming thicker,

brownish, and spreading.
Pathogenesis. Inoculations into the air passages and pulmonary parenchyma

of young dogs and rabbits cause bronchial catarrh, bronchopneumonia,

and sporadic coughing ; bacilli in the bronchial and nasal secretions.

214. B. Cladoi Trevisan

Bacille peduncule Clado : Bull. Soc. Anat., Paris, 1887, 339.

B. Cladoi Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 14.

B. septicus-vesicce Sternberg : Manual, 1892, 475.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1.6-2.0 /*; never in pairs — chains. Stain by
Gram's method. Facultative anaerobic. Grow at 36°.

Gelatin colonies. Do not exceed 1.2 mm., round, oval, transparent, yellowish
white — dark gray, with a zone of yellow.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, jagged.

Agar slant. Growth scanty, a grayish yellow stripe.

Potato. Growth flat, dry, brown.

Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits cause toxaemia
and septicaemia.

Habitat. Isolated from urine of a person with cystitis.

284 BACTERIOLOGY

215. B. punctiformis

B. No. 2j Conn : I.e., 1893, 53.
Morphology. Bacilli plump rods, 0.8 : 1.5 /*, in twos, no chains. Facultative

anaerobic. Grow at 35°.
Gelatin colonies. Small round transparent beads, 0.5 mm. ; in 5 days I mm.,

small, white, glistening.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, rough, somewhat transparent.
Agar slant. Growth white, somewhat elevated, spreading.
Potato. Growth moist, white, glistening, elevated, becoming brownish.
Milk. Not coagulated, thickens to a pasty mass, becoming brownish, acid.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment ; no pellicle.

Habitat. Milk.

217. B. siccus

• B. No. 25 Conn : I.e., 53.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7 : 2.0 /A; no chains. Facultative anaerobic. Grow at

36°.
Gelatin colonies. Small, round, with concentric wrinkles, becoming i mm.,

with a central nucleus and a darker rim, separated by a partly clear space ;

the edge may be rough or lobed.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, spreading, transparent, dry, white.
Agar slant. Growth white, somewhat elevated.
Potato. Growth grayish, dry, elevated, yellowish brown.
Milk. Slightly alkaline.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle.
Habitat. Milk.

218. B. ginglymus Ravenel

I.e., 37.

Morphology. Bacilli straight, 3-7 times their breadth ; occur singly arid in
chains of 2-3 elements ; ends rounded.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: yellowish, granular, 0.5 mm. Surface colo-
nies: in 24 hours, minute, white, punctiform, gray, granular ; edges irregu-
lar; in 36 hours 0.25 mm., white ; centre orange-brown, marmorated with
an outer gray zone ; do not exceed 0.5 mm. In 7 days a colorless border,
finely veined, with a brown centre.

Agar slant. A grayish white line, moist, glistening, i mm. wide.

Gelatin stab. In depth, 10 days, indistinct globular outgrowths; on the sur-
face a grayish button, 2-3 mm.

Potato. Growth thin, spreading, yellowish, moist, glistening, becoming
brownish.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 285

Bouillon. Turbid.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Becomes lighter ; decolorized in 2 weeks.

Litmus milk. Alkaline, not coagulated, becoming translucent, and in 2 weeks

violet.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil.

219. B. cuticularis

B. cuticularis-albus Tataroff : Die Dorpater Wasserbakterien, Dorpat, 1891, 24.

Morphology. Bacilli 3.2 /x long, variously bent filaments, in pairs.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies: round — oval, entire. Surface colonies: irreg-
ular, bluish white, opalescent ; microscopically, brownish, edge irregular,
granular.

Gelatin stab. In depth, beaded ; later with ligulate outgrowths ; surface
growth, irregular — rosette-shaped, white, glistening, spreading.

Agar slant. Growth white, glistening, spreading.

Bouillon. Turbid, white sediment, flocculent particles in the fluid, and a
whitish pellicle.

Potato. Growth thick, moist, glistening, brownish ; surface irregular, becom-
ing reddish brown — yellowish brown.

Habitat. Water.

220. B. Foutini

Bacillus D Foutin : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VII, 1890, 373.
Morphology. Bacilli 1.0:5-20 /x, thinner at the poles, which are slightly

rounded; one to four spores in a single rod ; slightly motile.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, a nailhead growth.
Agar slant. Growth limited, rather thick, with mother-of-pearl iridescence.
Potato. Growth somewhat raised, yellow, limited.
Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from hail.

CLASS XVII. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. RODS NOT SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION. POTATO
CULTURES DEVELOPING A RED PIGMENT, CHROMOGENIC IN
PART.

I. Agar smear cultures yellowish to reddish.

221. B. coccineus Pansini.
II. Agar smear cultures whitish or grayish.

1. Milk coagulated.

223. B. viscosus.

2. Milk not coagulated.

224. B. vitalis.

286 BACTERIOLOGY

221. B. coccineus Pansini

Virchow's Archiv, CXXII, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli large, slightly motile.

Gelatin colonies. Ciliate.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform ; a thin, yellowish membrane, and

a white sediment.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish — reddish.
Potato. Red points coalescing, with grayish folds between.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a delicate membrane.
Habitat. Sputum.

223. B. viscosus

Roter Kartoffelbacillus Vogel : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXVI, 1897, 404.

Morphology. Bacilli slender ; ends rounded ; no chains. Small, glistening

spores. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Flat, crateriform ; the dark nucleus shows spiny outgrowths.
Agar colonies. Gray brown ; a thick nucleus with delicate outgrowths.
Agar slant. Growth dry, gray white.

Potato. Growth reddish yellow, becoming rose-red, rugose.
Milk. Coagulated.

Bouillon. Clear, with a thick membrane. Optimum temperature 37°.
Habitat. Isolated from stringy bread.

224. B. vitalis

B. mesentericus-ruber Globig: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, III, 1888, 322.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4:1-4^ — filaments. Stain by Gram's method.

According to Globig, cultures withstand boiling for 5-6 hours. Spores?
Gelatin colonies. Vary in character from those of B. typhosus to those of

B. subtilis.
Gelatin stab. Typhoid-like, later a shallow funnel of liquefied gelatin, with a

membrane on the surface.
Bouillon. Clear, with a thick membrane.
Potato. Growth becomes red to reddish brown.
Milk. Not coagulated, slightly alkaline.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. H2S negative.
Pathogenesis . Non-pathogenic to mice and guinea pigs.
Habitat. Isolated from potato.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 287

CLASS XVIII. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. RODS BECOMING SPINDLE-SHAPED AT SPORU-
LATION, OF THE CLOSTRIDIUM TYPE.

I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Grow in ordinary nutrient gelatin.

1 . Growth along needle track in gelatin shows filamentous radiations.

a. Gelatin colonies becoming ameboid or proteus-like.

225. B. akuei Chesire-Cheyne.

226. B. licheniformis Weigmann.

b. Gelatin colonies seldom with outgrowths.

227. B. inflatus A. Koch.

2. Growth along needle track in gelatin stab eroded — funnelled.

228. B. erodens Ravenel.

3. No growth in the depth of the gelatin ; obligate aerobic.

229. B. saprogenes Kramer.

230. B.'Baccarinii Macchiati.

B. Grow in nutrient gelatin only upon the addition of NH4HO or urea.

231. B. Dudauxi (Miquel).
II. Gelatin not liquefied.

232. B. cinctus Ravenel.
III. Action on gelatin not stated.

233. B. catemtla (Duclaux).

234. B. urocephalus (Duclaux).

235. B.filiformis (Duclaux).

225. B. alvei Chesire-Cheyne

Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., 1885, 582.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 2.5-5 /*•
Gelatin colonies. Round, entire, becoming ameboid.
Gelatin stab. Growth arborescent, becoming liquefied.
Agar slant. Growth thin, white.
Potato. Growth yellowish.

Milk. Coagulated, slightly acid, peptonized. Pathogenic for bees.
Habitat. Associated with/<?w/ brood of bees.

226. B. licheniformis Weigmann

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, 1898, 822.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-0.8 : 1.8-2.6 /u, — long filaments. Clostridium —
clavate forms at sporulation. Spores 0.45 : 1.3 /A. Spore germination
polar. Not stained by Gram's method. Flagella numerous peritrichic.

288 . BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Cochleate, with filamentous outgrowths like B. Zopfi.

Agar colonies. Deep colonies : densely floccose in the centre, loosely fila-
mentous on the border. Surface colonies: round, watery, becoming
spreading, becoming dry and membranaceous, yellowish gray; border
lobate.

Potato. Growth yellow, flat, spreading, slimy.

Agar slant. A dry, spreading, membranous growth.

Glucose gelatin stab. In 14 days a funnel of liquefaction, with filamentous
outgrowths in depth ; on the surface, a thick rugose membrane.

Milk. In 3-4 days at 37° slimy — thick, amphoteric — slightly alkaline ; in 5
days, coagulated, slightly alkaline, becoming slowly peptonized ; a cheesy
odor.

Bouillon. A surface growth.

Habitat. Cheese.

227. B. inflatus A. Koch

Bot. Zeitung, 1888, 328.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-0.8 : 4-5 p — filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Round, seldom with outgrowths.
Gelatin stab. Short, delicate radiations ; liquefied slowly.
Potato. Growth thin, slimy, brown.
Bouillon. A smooth membrane on the surface.
Habitat. A contamination.

228. B. erodens Ravenel

I.e., 35-
Morphology. Bacilli straight, thick rods, 3-7 times their breadth ; occur

singly; ends rounded.
Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, minute, white, reticulate — moruloid ; in 36

hours, i.o mm., round, entire, dark gray; show swarming movements.

In/} days, 2 mm. ; tunnels run out from edge of colonies, with often curled

ends.
Agar slant. Growth thin, spreading, translucent, greenish, with white raised

points.
Gelatin stab. In 3 days, a small funnel, curled at bottom, walls of main

funnel eroded with minor curled tunnels from the former.
Potato. In 3 days, growth thin, moist, glistening, honey-colored.
Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear ; no pellicle.
Pepton rosolic acid solution. Unchanged ; in 5-6 weeks slightly deeper in

color.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 289

Litmus milk. Color discharged in 12 days, alkaline, not coagulated.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil.

229. B. saprogenes Kramer

B. saprogenes-vini No. VI Kramer : Bakteriologie Landwirtsch., 1890, 139.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o : 2.0 /x. Obligate aerobic.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth dirty white ; liquefied rapidly. Ammonia

developed in old cultures.
Habitat. Isolated from diseased wine.

230. B. Baccarinii Macchiati

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, 1898, 332.

Morphology. In gelatin cultures rods 0.7-0.8:2.0-3.5 /tx, straight — slightly
curved; occur singly, in chains, and as zobgloea. In bouillon, long
filaments like Leptothrix. Flagella peritrichic. Rods swollen in the
middle at sporulation, oval. Spore germination polar.

Gelatin stab. In 4-5 days, an empty shallow funnel, beginning with an air
bubble above, lined with a white growth, with a membrane on the lique-
fied gelatin. The gelatin of old cultures is colored black, and is fluores-
cent.

Agar slant. Raised, yellowish colonies, becoming gray, spreading.

Milk. In 3-4 days, coagulated ; in 14 days, peptonized, acid.

Potato. Growth light yellow, becoming straw yellow; potato liquefied or
softened. Optimum temperature 23-25°, maximum 40°.

Habitat. Associated with mal-nero of the vine.

231. B. Duclauxi Miquel

Urolacillus Duclauxi Miquel: Ann. Micrographie, II, 1889, 58.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-0.8 : 2-10 //,; chains. Gelatin slowly softened.
Bouillon (made alkaline with NH4HO). Turbid, becoming viscous ; bad odor.
Habitat. Isolated from canal and river water.

232. B. cinctus Ravenel : I.e.
Morphology. Bacilli straight, variable, involution forms. Rods show deeply

stained spots.

Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, minute, yellowish, granular, entire ; in 72 hours,
0.5 mm., nucleus surrounded by a yellowish zone, then a gray-veined
zone, with irregular margins. In 8 days, i mm., grayish white, round,-
elevated, entire, finely veined — mottled, often with ferny outgrowths,
u

290 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Good growth in depth ; on the surface, an irregular growth,

2 mm.

Agar slant. Growth thin, glistening, becomes a faint yellow.
Potato. In 3 days, a thin yellow moist glistening growth.
Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear, the medium a faint greenish.
Pepton rosolic acid solution. In 3-4 days, slightly darker.
Litmus milk. Darker, becoming decolorized, not coagulated, alkaline.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil.

233. B. catenula (Duclaux)

Tyrothrix catenula Duclaux : Le Lait, Paris, 1887, 249.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-1.0 /x, thick, in filaments.

Milk. Coagulated, gas produced, peptonized ; production of leucin, tyrosin,

butyric acid, and ammonia.
Habitat. Cheese.

234. B. urocephalus (Duclaux)

Tyrothrix urocephalus Duclaux : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, filaments.

Milk. Coagulated at body temperature, at ordinary temperatures scarcely

altered ; on the surface, a gelatinous mass ; production of acid, leucin,

and tyrosin.
Habitat. Cheese.

235. B. filiformis (Duclaux)

Tyrothrix filiformis Duclaux : l.c;

Morphology. Bacilli in milk 0.8 /A thick, filaments.
Milk. In 2-3 days, unaltered, becoming peptonized to a turbid fluid ; on the

surface, a crumpled membrane ; production of leucin and tyrosin.
Habitat. Cheese.

CLASS XIX. WITH ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE AN-
AEROBIC. RODS SWOLLEN AT ONE END AT SPORULATION, OF
THE TETANUS TYPE

I. Gelatin liquefied, at least in gelatin stab cultures.

A. Grow rapidly in nutrient gelatin.

236. B. sublanat^ls Wright.

B. Grow very poorly in nutrient gelatin.

237. B. lacteus.
II. Gelatin not liquefied.

238. B. putrifictis Flugge.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 2QI

236. B. sublanatus Wright : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size ; ends rounded ; occur in pairs and in
long forms.

Gelatin colonies. Deep colonies : round, brownish, granular, entire. Surface
colonies: in two days, 1-2 mm., round grayish disks. Microscopically,
granular, dense toward centre, margins more translucent and sharp. In
3 days, the colonies are crateriform ; centres yellowish white, borders
ciliate.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, a napiform to stratiform
liquefaction, with a white pellicle on the surface.

Agar slant. Growth a translucent thin grayish narrow stripe.

Bouillon. Turbid ; the medium becomes greenish in tint.

Potato. Growth brownish, thin, granular, moist, spreading.

Litmus milk. Not coagulated, decolorized, alkaline, slowly peptonized.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol slight or doubtful. Grow at 36°.

Habitat. Water.

237. B. lacteus

B. lactis No. 12 Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894.

Morphology. Bacilli thin, slender.
Gelatin colonies. None visible after 2 days.

Gelatin stab. In 2-3 days, a faint development, and the beginning of lique-
faction.

Agar slant. Growth white-gray, slimy.

Bouillon. A thin membrane on the surface, with flocculi in the medium.
Potato. Growth thin, limited, moist, becoming thick, yellowish.
Milk. At 37°, slowly peptonized, becoming bitter and toxic.
Habitat. Milk.

238. B. putrificus Fliigge

B. aus Faces IV Bienstock : Zeitsch. f. klin. Med., VIII.
B. putrificus-coli Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, delicate, also as filaments. On gelatin, a

mother-of-pearl growth, becoming yellowish. Decomposes fibrin.
Habitat. Faeces.

292

BACTERIOLOGY

CLASS XX. WITH ENDOSPORES. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC. RODS NOT
SWOLLEN AT SPORULATION.

MALIGNANT OEDEMA GROUP.
I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Gas developed in gelatin or agar media containing sugar.

1 . Colonies on gelatin compact, dense.

a. Strongly pathogenic.

239. B. cedematis Zopf.

b. Negatively, or but slightly pathogenic.

240. B. pseudcedematis Kruse.

2. Colonies on gelatin radiately filamentous or mycelioid.

241. B. radiatus Luderitz.

242. B. thalasophilus Russell.

B. No gas development in gelatin or agar media containing sugar.

1. Gelatin liquefied.

243. B. car is.

2. Gelatin not liquefied.

a. Gelatin colonies roundish, dense, entire, not arborescent or

mossy.
* Gas produced in nutrient gelatin without sugar (glucose).

244. B. amylozyma Perdrix.

** No gas produced in nutrient gelatin without glucose.

245. B. solidus Luderitz.

246. B. tardus.

b. Gelatin colonies mossy, with moss-like offshoots.

247. B. muscoides Liborius.

239. B. oedematis Zopf

Vibrio septique Pasteur: Compt. rend., LXXXV, 1877.

(Edema Bacillus Koch : Mitteilungen Kaiserlich. Gesundheitsamte, 1881.

B. cedematis-nialigni Zopf: Spaltpilze, 1885, 88.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8-1.0: 2-10 /A; ends rounded, also forms approaching
anthrax; .occur singly, in chains and in filaments. Not stained by
Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Like B. subtilis.

Agar colonies. Composed of a dense network of threads.

Gelatin stab. Below the surface a white line, with short outgrowths, and gas.

Bouillon. Turbid, gas.

Litmus milk. Coagulated slowly or not at all, amphoteric, decolorized in
depth. Indol slight.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 293

Pathogenesis . Somewhat variable; pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and

rabbits. Subcutaneous inoculations cause a bloody oedema with gas ;

bacilli present. Sometimes after death the bacilli invade the blood and

organs.
Habitat. Associated with malignant oedema; found in earth, dirty water,

dust, etc.

240. B. pseudoedematis Kruse

Pseudo-cedema Bacillus Liborius : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, I, 1886, 115.
Anaerobic No. VII Sanfelice : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893, 339.
B.pscudo-cedematis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli somewhat thicker than the preceding ; often many spores
in a filament. Cultures like the preceding. Doubtfully or negatively
pathogenic.

Habitat. Associated with oedema from earth infection, probably a non-
virulent variety of the preceding.

241. B. radiatus Liideritz

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, V, 1889, 149.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 14-7 /x — filaments.
Gelatin colonies. Radiate — mycelioid.
Gelatin stab. Show filamentous outgrowths.
Agar stab. Shows delicate branching, and gas.
Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic to mice.
Habitat. Soil.

242. B. thalasophilus Russell

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1891, 190.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, of variable length — filaments.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate ; bad-smelling gas.

Gelatin colonies. A thin network of filaments which penetrate the gelatin in

all directions.

Agar stab. Scanty growth.
Habitat. Isolated from sea water.

243. B. caris

Anaerobic No. VI Sanfelice : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893, 339.

Morphology. Bacilli variable in length.

Gelatin colonies. Branched.

Gelatin stab. A slight turbidity spreading downward ; no gas, but a bad odor.

294 BACTERIOLOGY

Milk. Coagulated, with a separation of serum.

Litmus milk. Decolorized.

Habitat. Isolated from putrefying flesh.

244. B. amylozyma Perdrix

Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1891, 287.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 2-3 /x ; in twos or short chains.

Gelatin colonies. Small, gas-forming.

Potato. At 37°, white colonies, which soften the medium. In saccharine
media acetic and butyric acids, with much gas. Starch converted into-
sugar, into ethyl and amyl alcohol, and into butyric acid. Cellulose
attacked.

Habitat. Water.

245. B. solidus Liideritz

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, V, 1889, 149.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1-5 /A; not in filaments.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; no gas.

Glucose gelatin stab. In depth, round colonies, with gas ; odor of butyric acid.

Agar colonies. Look like little flocculi of cotton wool.

Bouillon. At 37° turbid ; bad gases.

Habitat. Earth.

246. B. tardus

Anaerobic No. Ill Sanfelice : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods, similar to the preceding. Grow very slowly.
Gelatin colonies. Golden yellow, granular, sharp.
Gelatin stab. In depth, isolated colonies.
Habitat*. Earth, putrefying fluids, etc.

247. B. muscoides Liborius

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, I, 1886, 115.

Morphology. Bacilli thick, with slight tendency to form filaments.
Gelatin and agar colonies. With delicate, branched, mossy offshoots.
Gelatin stab. Growth arborescent.
Habitat. Earth.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 295

CLASS XXI. WITH ENDOSPORES. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC. RODS
BECOMING LATERALLY SWOLLEN OR SPINDLE-SHAPED AT
SPORULATION. A FREQUENT VARIATION IN THIS REGARD IS
OFTEN NOTED, IN WHICH THE RODS ARE SWOLLEN NEAR
ONE END, APPROACHING THE TETANUS TYPE.

RAUSCHBRAND OR CLOSTRIDIUM GROUP-
I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Gelatin liquefied slowly, or merely softened by the growth in gelatin

stab cultures.

248. B. Feseri (Trevisan) Kitt.

249. B. anaerobic V and VIII of Sanfelice.

250. B. botulinus v. Ermengem.

B. Gelatin liquefied rapidly.

1. Spores entirely or prevailingly in the centres of the rods, and at

sporulation swollen in the middle — typical clostridium types.

a. Cultures without a bad, putrid odor.

* Milk coagulated.

251. B. butyricus Botkin.
** Milk not coagulated.

252. B. amylobacter v. Tieghem.

b. Cultures have a bad, putrid odor.

253. B.foetidus (Liborius).

2. Spores prevailingly at the ends of the rods, and at sporulation

swollen near one end, approaching the tetanus type ; often also
swollen near the middle, approaching the clostridium type.

a. Grow in ordinary nutrient gelatin.

* Colonies in gelatin or glucose gelatin never radiating — fila-

mentous.
f Milk coagulated.

254. B. Kedrowski.

ft Milk not coagulated, unchanged in 8 days.

255. B. cuneatus.

•ftf Milk becomes rapidly translucent — transparent, with much
gas.

256. B. sporogenes Klein.

** Colonies on gelatin radiately filamentous.

257. B. spinosus Luderitz.

258. B. cad aver is.

b. Do not grow in ordinary nutrient gelatin.

259. B. Weigmanni.

296 BACTERIOLOGY

II. Gelatin not liquefied ; rods at sporulation between clostridium and tetanus
types, variable.

A. Gas produced in media containing milk-sugar.

260. B. saccharobutyricus v. Klecki.

B. No gas produced in media containing milk-sugar.

1. Agar colonies compound, moruloid.

261 . B. polypiformis Liborius.

2. Agar colonies simple.

262. B. Sanfelicei.

248. B. Feseri (Trevisan) Kitt

Rauschbrand des Rindes Bollinger-Feser : Wochschr. f. Thierheilk., 1878.

B. der Charbon Symptomatique Arloing-Cornevin-Thomas : Compt. rend., XC,

1880, 1302-5.

Clostridium Feseri Trevisan: Atti Ace. Fis. Med. Stat. di Milano, III, 1885, 116.
B. sarcemphysematis Kitt.

B.carbonis Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien, 1895.
B. anthracis-symptomatici Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 3-5 /x in length ; in thickness between anthrax and

malignant oedema bacilli. Stained by Gram's method. Flagella

peritrichic.
Gelatin colonies. Round, irregular ; surface warty ; radiating filaments grow

out into the gelatin.
Gelatin stab. Medium liquefied slowly, with gas production ; a turbidity along

the line of inoculation, with outgrowths.

Litmus milk. Decolorized in depth, reddened on the surface.
Milk. Coagulated, slightly acid. Indol slight. H2S positive.
Pathogenesis . Guinea pigs show a bloody gaseous oedema by subcutaneous

inoculation of large doses. Rabbits and mice immune.
Habitat. Associated with Rauschbrand, symptomatic anthrax, quarter-evil, or

black-leg, of sheep, cattle, and goats.

249. B. anaerobic No. VIII Sanfelice and B. anaerobic No. V Sanfelice

I.e.

Isolated from earth and putrefying flesh, indistinguishable from the preceding,
except that both are non-virulent.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 297

250. B. botulinus v. Ermengem

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXVI, 1898, i. Schneidemiihl : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.,
XXIV, 582.

Morphology, Bacilli 0.9-1.2 : 4-9 /x; like anthrax and malignant oedema.
Clostridium forms, often in chains of two and more. Polar oval spores.
Flagella 4-8. Stain by Gram's method. Optimum temperature 2O°-3O°;
growth ceases at 38.5°.

Gelatin colonies. Round, translucent, coarsely granular; gelatin slowly liquefied.

Glucose gelatin colonies. Round, translucent, bright yellowish brown ; coarsely
granular, with motion of the granules ; on the periphery a slight liquefac-
tion, becoming incised and lobed.

Glucose bouillon. Turbid, with a butyric acid odor.

Glucose gelatin stab. In depth, with radiating outgrowths, liquefied slowly,
gas, yellowish white sediment.

Potato. No growth even in anaerobic conditions.

Glucose agar slant. As before.

Milk. Not coagulated, and only slight growth. No putrefactive odor in
cultures, but a sour smell like rancid butter. No gas in lactose and sac-
charose bouillon. In ordinary agar and gelatin, wA|OUt sJ^pse, no gas.

Pathogenesis. Pure cultures given to cats cause the san^P^raptoms as
poisonous meat ; hjJPaemia and small hemorrhages of the liver, kidneys,
and central nervous system. In guinea pigs, death in 2 days ; in apes, in
30 hours.

Habitat. Isolated from ham which had caused meat poisoning, botulism.

251. B. butyricus Botkin

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1892, 421.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 /x thick, of variable lengths — filaments. Slightly
motile. Rods contain granules, which stain with iodine.

Gelatin colonies. Round, with outgrowths.

Agar colonies. Felted — floccose, with filamentous, radiating borders.

Agar stab. Much gas.

Milk. In depth, a clear serum ; much gas ; coagulated. Produces butyric,
propionic, acetic, formic, and lactic acid. Does not decompose cellulose
or salts of lactic acid. Gas produced without a bad odor.

Habitat. Isolated from milk, water, earth.

0 Gel

^^9tt

298 BACTERIOLOGY

252. B. amylobacter v. Tieghem

Vibrio butyriquc Pasteur: Compt. rend., LIT, 1861.

B. amylobacter van. Tieghem: Compt. rend., LXXXVIII, 1878, LXXXIX, 1879.
B. navicula Reinke-Berthold : Zersetzung Kartoffel durch Pilze, Berlin, 1879.
Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski : Untersuch. iiber die Entwick. u. Fermentwirk. einiger
Bact., Leipzig, 1880.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.0:3-10^ — filaments; contain granulations, which

stain with iodine. Spores I : 1-2.5 /*• Spore germination polar.
Milk. Not coagulated or doubtful; slowly peptonized. Ferments cellulose.
Habitat. Widely distributed.

253. B. foetidus (Laborius)

Clostridium fcetidum Liborius : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, I, 1886, 160.

Morphology. Bacilli i.o //.thick, length variable — filaments, like the preced-
ing. At sporulation, swollen mostly in the middle, now and then at one
end of the rod.

Agar colonies. Small, yellowish white, with short outgrowths; irregular
riab^size ; old colonies show branched outgrowths from all

'•elatin ^G)lonies. Round, irregular; liqJpt;ictio^M»pid ; ga^^^li a bad

putrid odor.
bitat. Earth.

254. B. Kedrowskii Migula

Butter sciure Bacillus Kedrowski. Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVI, 1894, 445.
B. acidi-butyrici Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 256.
B. Kedrowskii Migula : System der Bakterien, 1900.

Morphology. Bacilli quite large.

Glucose gelatin colonies. In 3-4 days, small, delicate, round, sharp ; micro-
scopically, light yellow, contour irregular, a central nucleus and a fluid
periphery.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded.

Agar colonies. Round, elliptical, irregular, grayish white; border entire —
irregular; microscopically, with a dense centre and a reticulately fila-
mentous border. Gas, with a bad odor.

Milk. Coagulated, becoming acid ; a separation of serum.

Habitat. Isolated from cheese and rancid butter.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 299

255. B. cuneatus

B. Anaerobic No. Ill Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894, 272.

Morphology. Bacilli long ; cuneate at sporulation.

Gelatin colonies. Yellow brown ; contour sharp ; border irregular.

Agar colonies. Dark brown, irregular, lacerate.

Glucose bouillon. Turbid; gas; rancid odor.

Milk. Unaltered in 8 days.

Habitat. Milk.

256. B. sporogenes Klein

B. enteritidis-sporogenes Klein: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVIII, 1895, 737, XXII, 578,
XXIII, 542,913. Report Loc. Gov. Board, Supplement, 1897-1898, 210.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : i .6-4.8 /u, — filaments — chains. Stained by Gram's

method. Form oval spores, mostly polar, with clavate enlargement of

the rod. Flagella mostly at one side of an end, in bundles.
Glucose gelatin colonies. Uniform, spherical, finely granular, translucent

masses of liquefied gelatin.
Agar colonies. Round, gray disks, quite opaque in centre and granular at

border.
Blood serum. Growth thin, gray ; medium liquefied.; fluid turbid, alkaline,

and stinking.

Glucose bouillon. Turbid ; often no growth.
Potato. Anaerobically, at first no growth; in 8-14 days, a number of small

round yellowish colonies.
Formate of soda agar colonies. Small, flat, gray, with dark granular centres

and clear sharp borders. Grow best in milk, becomes translucent, pep-

tonized, with much gas.
Pathogenesis . Virulent cultures become greatly attenuated in 3-4 generations.

Subcutaneous inoculations of i cc. of a milk culture into guinea pigs

cause death in 18-24 hours. Strong oedema, muscular tissue strongly

infiltrated, and a bloody stinking cedematous fluid. Bacilli sparingly

present in heart, blood, and spleen.
Habitat. Widely distributed — sewage, water, horse and cow manure, street

dust.

257. B. spinosus Ltideritz

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, V , 1888, 152.

Morphology. Bacilli oi6 : 4-8 /x. Spores at end of rod where the latter is
swollen. No starch reaction with iodine.

300

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Radiately filamentous, like a caterpillar ; develops much
bad-smelling gas.

Agar colonies. Opaque clumps, reaching 4 mm., felted in centre ; filamentous
to reticulate on border. Develops much bad-smelling gas. Non-patho-
genic to mice and guinea pigs.

Habitat. Earth.

258. B. cadaveris E. Klein

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 1899, 278.

Morphology. Bacilli 2-4 /A long, about as thick as malignant oedema bacillus;
ends rounded ; filaments and chains. Spores at end, oval exceeding the
diameter of the rod. Stain by Gram's method. Flagella peritrichic.

Gelatin colonies (with glucose) . Granular, radiately branched colonies ; lique-
faction begins in 1-2 days ; centre dark, granular, from which granular
outgrowths proceed. Colonies like the preceding. Klein thinks this
organism may be identical with 257.

Agar slant. Anaerobically, at 37°, colonies irregular, ragged, finely granular,
with darker centres ; later the central colony gives off dark, branched,
filamentous, anastomosing outgrowths. Much gas in glucose agar.

Milk. Coagulated, peptonized, amphoteric — alkaline; bad odor.

Blood serum. Liquefied ; bad odor.

Bouillon. A slight turbidity.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs
negative.

Habitat. Isolated from cadavers.

259. B. Weigmanni

Paraplectrum fcetidum Weigmann : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., IV, 1898, 827.

Morphology. Bacilli on agar 0.8-1.3:2.2-12.5 /x. Not stained by Gram's

method. Motile, but flagella could not be demonstrated. At sporulation

clostridium and tetanus forms.
Gelatin colonies. No growth.
Agar (with soda, casein, milk sugar). Growth like B. licheniformis . No

growth on plain agar.

Glucose agar colonies. Like B. licheniformis.
Glucose bouillon. Turbid ; a membrane on the surface, becoming clear, with

a heavy sediment.
Potato. Growth thin, soft, glistening.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 301

Glucose gelatin stab. A fir tree growth, and a broad liquefied funnel above, or
a cylindrical liquefaction along line of stab, with filamentous outgrowths
and gas.

Milk. Thick, slimy, cheesy odor, becoming peptonized.

260. B. saccharobutyricus v. Klecki

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., II, 1896, 169.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.7: 5-7 yu,, straight — slightly bent, often filaments 15
microns long ; chains of not more than 2-4 elements. Spores placed
at the ends of the rods. Not stained by Grants method. Rods contain
granules which stain violet with iodine.

Lactose gelatin colonies. Oval, sharp, granular in the interior. Ferments
milk-sugar, with much gas.

Milk. Production of formic, acetic, and butyric acids. No indol or phenol
in milk.

Habitat. Milk.

261. B. polypiformis Liborius.

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, I, 1886, 162.

B. Anaerobic No. II Sanfelice : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893, 369.

Morphology. Bacilli over i .o /A thick, of variable length ; slightly motile.

Gelatin colonies. Irregular — ameboid, cochleate — multilobular.

Agar colonies. Small, white, irregular, contoured; microscopically, brown,

moruloid.

Gelatin stab. Growth arborescent.
Habitat. Isolated from putrefying flesh and earth.

262. B. Sanfelicei

B. solidus Sanfelice : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893, 372.

Morphology. Bacilli large.

Gelatin colonies. Small, white points ; microscopically, like Proteus mirabilis

— a more or less rounded colony composed of smaller colonies.
Agar colonies. Round, granular, entire, with a central nucleus and a bright

border.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded.
Milk. Coagulated.
Habitat. Isolated from earth, faeces.

302 BACTERIOLOGY

CLASS XXII. WITH ENDOSPORES. OBLIGATE ANAEROBIC. RODS
SWOLLEN AT ONE END AT SPORULATION.

TETANUS GROUP.
I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Gelatin stab cultures arborescent or with radiating outgrowths.

263. B. tetani Fliigge.

264. B. pseudoletanicMs Sanfelice.

B. Gelatin stab cultures not at all arborescent.

265. B. cuneatus.
II. Gelatin not liquefied.

A. Anaerobic at room temperatures.

266. B. Lubinskii Kruse.

267. B. longus.

B. Anaerobic only at body temperatures. Will grow with access of air

at room temperatures. Non-pathogenic.

268. B. pseudotetanicus var. aerobius Kruse.

III. Do not grow in gelatin ; at least cultures therein unsuccessful.

269. B. Ta-ueli.

263. B. tetani Fliigge

Tetanus Bacillus Nicolaier: Deutsche med. Wochensch., 1884, No. 52.
B. tetani Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.
Pacinia Nicolaieri Trevisan : Genera, 1889.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.5 : 2-4 /z — filaments. Slightly motile. Flagella

peritrichic. Stain by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. Small, white, punctiform, becoming sunken and surrounded

by a zone of liquefied gelatin ; microscopically, the centres are yellow

brown ; borders floccose — fragmented.

Gelatin stab. Growth arborescent, slowly liquefied, with some gas.
Agar stab. A fir tree growth.
Bouillon. A uniform turbidity.

Milk. ' Not coagulated, amphoteric. H2S positive. Indol slight.
Glucose bouillon. Gas.

Pathogenic. To mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, horses, etc.
Habitat. Associated with tetanus.

264. B. pseudotetanicus Sanfelice

Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIV, 1893, 372.
Morphological and cultural characters like the preceding, only differs in its less

toxic properties.
Habitat. Isolated from meat infusion and earth.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 303

265. B. cuneatus

B. Anaerobic No. Ill Fliigge : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVII, 1894, 272-

See No. 255.

266. B. Lubinskii Kruse

Ein tetanus ahnlicher obligat-ana'erober Bacillus Lubinski : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.,

XVI, 1894, 771-
B. Lubinskii Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 267.

Morphology. Bacilli like B. tetani. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Flat, grayish, radiately crumpled on edges.

Gelatin stab. Growth arborescent.

Agar stab. Much gas.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injections of rabbits cause

death in 24 hours. There is a necrosis of tissue, a serous exudate, and

much gas at the seat of inoculation.
Habitat. Isolated from an abscess.

267. B. longus

B. muscoides-colorabilis Liborius : Ucke, Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIII, 1898, 1001.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.8-2.0:4-12 /u, — filaments. Polar oval spores, of the

tetanus type. Slightly motile. Not stained by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. Small, white, punctiform ; grow slowly.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a heavy, white sediment.

Agar slant. Growth bluish white, scarcely visible, with finely erose edges.
Agar stab. In depth, beaded, white colonies, gas.
Glucose agar stab. Abundant gas.
Milk. Not coagulated.

Potato. Growth scarcely visible or very scanty ; no odor.
Litmus media. A reduction, with sugar, acid.
Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic to guinea pigs.
Habitat. Isolated from garden earth.

268. B. pseudotetanicus var. aerobius Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 267.

Morphological and cultural characters like B. tetani. Will grow at ordinary
temperatures with access of air, at higher temperatures only with the
exclusion of air.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of tetanus.

304 BACTERIOLOGY

269. B. Taveli

Pseudotetanusbacillus Tavel : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXIII, 1898, 538.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, 0.5 : 5-7 /x, rather more slender than B. telanL
Spores of the above oval — those of B. tetani round. Flagella peritrichic,
ordinarily 4-8 /x. Stained slightly by Gram's method. Gelatin cultures
not successful.

Agar stab. Much gas.

Bouillon. Turbid, a white — light gray sediment, becoming clear.

Agar slant. Round discrete colonies, with thin borders, not always entire,
but often jagged.

Fluid blood serum. Cultures develop only in a vacuum (with the least trace
of oxygen no growth). A strong turbidity, gas, and a bad odor.

Pathogenesis . Non-pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

Habitat. Isolated from cases of abscess of the intestines.

CLASS XXIII. I'vVlTHOUTj ENDOSPORES. CHROMOGENIC, PRODUCE
' PIGMENT ON GELATIN OR AGAR.

I. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.

A. Pigment reddish-pink on gelatin ; gelatin liquefied.

1. Rods not swollen at sporulation. B. subtilis type.

270. B. Lustigi.

271. B. apicum Kruse.

2. Rods at sporulation of the tetanus type.

272. B. Danteci Kruse.

B. Pigment blue-violet.

273. B. Berolinensis Kruse.

274. B. Lutetiensis Kruse.

C. Pigment brown black ; gelatin liquefied.

275. B. niger Biel.

270. B. Lustigi

Der rather Bacillus Lustig : Diag. Bak. des Wassers, 1893, 72.

Morphology. Bacilli small, with rounded ends, generally 2-3 times their
breadth, variable, very motile, filaments also motile.

Gelatin colonies. Gray dots with red centres ; microscopically, round, granu-
lar, edges serrate, centres raspberry-red, becoming liquefied.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 305

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth thin, filiform, liquefied ; on the surface, a
small, funnel-shaped depression, with pigment, becoming generally
liquefied.

Agar slant. Growth at 20°, moist, glistening, spreading, of a crimson lake
color ; at 37°, growth milky white.

Potato. Growth viscid — slimy, red, spreading.

Bouillon. Turbid; a red pigment at room temperatures.

Habitat. Water.

271. B. apicum Kruse

Described by Canestrini : Atti Soc. Ven. Trent. Sci. Na*t., XII, 134.
B. apicum Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 233.

Morphology. Bacilli 2 : 4-6 /*, ends rounded ; occur singly, in pairs and chains.

Grow at 37°. Stained by Gram's method.
Gelatin stab. Liquefied gelatin pink above ; sediment white.
Agar slant. Growth whitish.
Blood serum. Liquefied. Bacilli show a capsule, often surrounding a chain

of individuals.

Potato. Growth wine-colored.

Pathogenic. To bees, not so to mice and guinea pigs.
Habitat. Isolated from sick bees and their larvae.

272. B. Danteci Kruse

Bacille du rouge de la morue Dantec : Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1891, 659.
B. Danteci Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 270.

Morphology. Bacilli 4-12 //, long, rather thicker than B. tetani.

Gelatin colonies. Pale red disks, deeper in color at the periphery; gelatin

liquefied slowly.
Potato. A scanty growth.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no pigment. Produces red pigment on fish.

Habitat. Isolated from fish.

\

273. B. Berolinensis Kruse

Described but not named by Plagge-Proskauer : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, II, 1887,463.
B. violaceus-Berolinensis Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 311.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : r.7 /u., in twos. Do not grow at 37°.
Gelatin colonies. Irregular, granular, becoming liquefied ; centres dark, bor-
ders twisted, filamentous.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform ; a violet sediment,
x

306 BACTERIOLOGY

-Agar slant. Growth smooth, glistening, spreading, deep violet.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid ; a violet sediment.

Potato. Growth limited, dark violet. Reduces nitrates.

Milk. Blue.

Habitat. Water.

274. B. Lutetiensis

B. violaceus-Lutetiensis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 311.

Perhaps identical with or a variety of the preceding.
Habitat. Water.

275. B. niger Biel

B. mesentericus-niger Biel : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., II, 1896, 137.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 3.6-5.8 /u, straight, rounded ends ; occur singly and
in twos. Stain by Gram's method. Spores oval, 1.2-1.3/11. Obligate
aerobic.

Gelatin colonies. Irregular, granular, gray, with long, spiral outgrowths, be-
coming more rounded, brownish, granular, surrounded by an irregular,
light gray, granular border ; in 3 days liquefaction begins.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, with a pellicle.

Acid gelatin. A scanty growth.

Milk. Coagulated, amphoteric, peptonized ; a dark brown sediment.

Litmus milk. Bluish-brownish, gas.

Potato. Growth spreading, grayish blue — dark brown, rugose, moist, glisten-
ing, or black. .^

Habitat. Isolated from bread.

PSEUDOMONAS Migula

Cells cylindrical, which now and then form short filaments. Actively motile ;
flagella attached to the poles. The number of the latter varies in the
different species from one to ten, but is more generally three to six. En-
dospores known in only a few species.

I. Cells colorless, without a red-colored plasma, and without sulphur granules.
A. Grow oh ordinary organic culture media.

i. Without endospores — at least their presence not noted; aerobic

and facultative anaerobic.
a. Without pigment on gelatin or agar.

* Gelatin not liquefied. CLASS I, p. 307.
** Gelatin liquefied. CLASS II, p. 309.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 307

b. Produce pigment on gelatin or agar. CLASS III, p. 314.

c. Colonies colorless, or colored only slightly yellowish-greenish,

but with a yellow green or blue green fluorescence. CLASS IV,
p. 320.

2. With endospores. CLASS V, p. 326.
B. Do not grow in nutrient gelatin or other organic media.

CLASS VI, NITROMONAS GROUP, p. 329.

II. Cell plasma with a reddish tint, with also sulphur granules. CLASS VII,
p. 329.

CLASS I. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. NON-CHROMOGENIC. GELATIN NOT LIQUEFIED.

I. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

A. Indol produced.

1. Ps. sinuosa (Wright).

B. No indol produced.

2. Ps. monadiformis (Kruse).

II. No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

A. Potato cultures whitish-grayish.

3. Ps. ambigua (Wright).

4. Ps. cat arr kalis.

B. Potato cultures brownish.

5. Ps. nexibilis (Wright).

i. Ps. sinuosa (Wright)

B, sinuosus Wright : I.e., 440.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, ends rounded, pairs — filaments. A polar

flagellum ; some bacilli probably have 2-4 flagella.
Gelatin colonies. In 3 days, 3 mm., thin, delicate, translucent, irregular,

sinuous ; centres brownish, grained ; becoming 6 mm., with radial

foldings.

Gelatin slant. Growth grayish white, glistening, translucent.
Agar slant. Growth scanty, limited.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment ; no pellicle.
Potato. Growth gray-brown, moist, not thick, rather roughf spreading.

Indol slight. Grow at 36°,
Milk. Not coagulated.
Habitat. Water.

3o8 BACTERIOLOGY

2. Ps. monadiformis (Kruse)

B. coli-mobilis Messea: Riv. d'igiene, Roma, 1890.

B. monadiformis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 374.

Morphology. Bacilli short rods. Cultural characters like B. coli.

Milk. Not coagulated, slightly acid. Gas in lactose, but none in saccharose

bouillon. Non-pathogenic to mice.
Habitat. Isolated from typhoid stools.

3. Ps. ambigua (Wright)

B. ambiguus Wright: I.e., 439.

Morphology. Bacilli small, ends rounded, occur singly, and in pairs and fila-
ments. A terminal flagellum.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, granular, brownish. Surface: in 3-4
days gray, translucent, slightly elevated, rather irregular, 2 mm., sharp.
Microscopically, granular, yellowish brown in the centre, with thin trans-
lucent margins, finely radiate.

Agar slant. Growth gray, limited, sharply defined.

Bouillon. Turbid ; sediment ; no pellicle.

Potato. Growth thick, viscid, spreading ; gray — creamy.

Litmus milk. Acid, coagulated only after one month, and may not be then.
Grow at 36°. Indol positive.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Bleached.

Habitat. Water.

4. Ps. catarrhalis

Der Bacillus der Hundestaupe Jess : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 1899, 541.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6:1.8-2.3, occur singly in cultures, in chains in the
animal body. Stain by Gram's method. A polar flagellum.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours, at 37°, dark, entire, sharp, granular.

Agar slant. In 24 hours, at 37°, growth abundant, soft, gray ; border entire^
sharp ; water of condensation turbid.

Glycerin agar. A scanty growth of isolated colonies.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a flocculent sediment.

Potato. Growth white, velvety.

Pathogenesis . The inoculation of pure cultures into dogs and cats produces a
pathological picture which the author considers identical with Hundes-
taupe.

Habitat. Associated with Hundestaupe (Febris catarrhalis epizootica canuni).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 309

5. Ps. nexibilis (Wright)

B. nexibths Wright : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, ends rounded, occur in pairs, in long
forms, chains, and clumps.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, irregular, centres brownish, margins faintly
radiate, becoming grayish brown. Surface: in 3 days, 3 mm., thin,
grayish, translucent, opalescent, somewhat sinuous ; microscopically,
brownish, slightly granular ; borders translucent, sinuous — dentate.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent, spreading, becoming greenish in time.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a faint greenish tint.

Potato. Growth brown, thick, viscid, spreading.

Litmus milk. Becoming pink, acid. Indol positive. No growth at 37°.

Habitat. Water.

CLASS II. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. NON-CHROMOGENIC. GELATIN LIQUEFIED.

I. Colonies on gelatin at all stages, round, with no radiations from their edges.

A. Gelatin liquefied rather quickly.

1. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

a. Gelatin stab cultures crateriform, becoming stratiform.

6. Ps. coadunata (Wright).

b. Gelatin stab cultures becoming saccate.

7. Ps. multistriata (Wright).

2. No gas generated in glucose bouillon.
a. Milk coagulated.

8. Ps. Fairmontensis (Wright).

3. Gas production in glucose bouillon not stated.

9. Ps. liquida (Frankland).

B. Gelatin liquefied very slowly.

1. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

10. Ps. nebulosa (Wright).

2. No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

n. Ps. cohcerea (Wright).

II. Colonies on gelatin, with filamentous borders or radiate.
A. Gas generated in glucose bouillon.

12. Ps. centrifitgans (Wright).

13. Ps. punctata (Zimmerman).

BACTERIOLOGY

B. No gas generated in glucose bouillon.

1 . Produce indol ; no growth at 36°.

14. Ps.fimbriata (Wright).

2. Do not produce indol ; grow at 36°.

15. Ps. geniculata (Wright).
III. Colonies on gelatin erose, lobed, coli-like.

16. Ps. delabens (Wright).

6. Ps. coadunata (Wright)

B. coadunatus Wright : I.e., 460.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, ends rounded ; occur in pairs, filaments,.

and chains. A polar flagellum.
Gelatin colonies. In 3-4 days, round, brownish, dense, less than I mm. ;

sunken in the liquefied gelatin ; microscopically, with brownish — brownish

gray centres, with rough, frayed margins and a zone of liquefied gelatin,

in which are scattered granulations.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform — stratiform.
Agar slant. Growth translucent, grayish, slightly spreading.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a white sediment and a pellicle; the medium has a

slight greenish tint.

Potato. Growth brown, viscid, moist, glistening, spreading.
Milk. Coagulated, acid. No growth at 37°. Indol produced. Nitrates not

reduced.
Habitat. Water.

7. Ps. multistriata (Wright)

B. multistriatus Wright : I.e., 462.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, ends rounded, variable, in pairs.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : brownish, dense, granular, round-oval. Surface :

round, grayish white, translucent, 1-2 mm. ; microscopically, with dark

brownish dense centres, and thinner margins, with radiate brownish

lines from the central nucleus.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded ; on the surface, growth irregular,

whitish, gradually sinking into the liquefied gelatin, becoming, in 10 daysr

saccate.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, narrow.

Potato. Growth grayish to creamy, thick, glistening, spreading, viscid.
Milk. Coagulated, amphoteric. Indol negative. No growth at 36°. Nitrates

not reduced.
Habitat. Water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 311

8. Ps. Fairmontensis (Wright)

B. Fairmontensis Wright: I.e., 458.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, ends rounded, in pairs and filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — oval, dense, granular, dark grayish brown ; in
3 days, surrounded by a zone of liquefied gelatin. Surface: in 2 days,
round, white, translucent disks, 1-2 mm. ; microscopically, with dark
centres with a greenish shimmer and thinner edges, and faint radial lines.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, extending to the walls in 2-3 days ;
little growth along needle track.

Agar slant. Growth grayish white, glistening.

Potato. Growth granular, elevated, spreading, the color of the medium,
becoming brownish, viscid.

Litmus milk. Decolorized. No growth at 36°. Indol produced.

Habitat. Water.

9. Ps. liquida (Frankland)

B. liquidus Frankland : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1889, 382.

B, liquefaciens-communis Sternberg : Manual, 1892.

B. aquatilis-communis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 315.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6: 1.2-5 /*• Flagella polar.

Gelatin colonies. Round, crateriform, turbid ; edge finely granular, not ciliate.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, gray.

Gelatin stab. In 2 days, a large, saccate liquefaction, turbid, becoming clear.

Potato. Growth yellowish brown, pinkish — flesh-colored. Nitrates reduced.

Habitat. Water.

10. Ps. nebulosa (Wright)

.

B. nebulosus Wright : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size ; flagella polar.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, dark, granular. Surface: round, thin, gray,
translucent, hazy ; centre white, surrounded by a whitish ring ; micro-
scopically, centre dark brownish, granular, surrounded by a thin, trans-
parent zone.

Gelatin slant. Growth viscid, whitish ; lines a shallow furrow, with short,,
lateral outgrowths.

Agar slant. Growth a thin, translucent stripe.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a sediment.

Potato. A scanty growth, if any.

3I2

BACTERIOLOGY

Litmus milk. Decolorized ; casein dissolved ; alkaline. Indol negative.

Grow at 36°.
Milk. Not coagulated.
Habitat. Water.

ii. Ps. cohaerea (Wright) *

B. cohtzreus Wright : I.e., 464.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, short, ends rounded, in pairs and
filaments. Flagella polar.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — oval, granular, brownish, sharp ; later a dark
brownish tint in the adjacent gelatin; colonies sometimes moruloid.
Surface : round, elevated, grayish, becoming thicker, denser, and papil-
late in centre; microscopically, granular, yellowish brown in centre,
becoming sunken in the gelatin and crimpled.

Gelatin slant. Growth slightly wrinkled, grayish white, lining a furrow in
the gelatin.

Agar slant. Growth elevated, grayish white, translucent, glistening.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a wrinkled membrane ; becoming clear.

Potato. Growth elevated, granular, the color of the medium.

Litmus milk. Decolorized, viscid ; coagulated ; alkaline, becoming brownish.
Jndol negative. But slight growth at 36°.

Habitat. Water.

12. Ps. centrifugans (Wright)

B. centrifugans Wright : I.e., 462.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, in pairs and filaments. Flagella polar.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, dark, granular, with a greenish shimmer,
soon surrounded by a zone of liquefied gelatin. Surface: in 24-48
hours, round, crateriform, 3 mm., turbid, flocculi in centre; micro-
scopically granular, a circulating motion ; margin fringed with short hairs.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate, a pellicle, greenish below and alkaline.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, glistening, grayish, thin, becoming brownish
to greenish brown.

Bouillon. Turbid ; a slight pellicle ; later a brown green tint.

Potato. Growth thick, spreading, gray-pinkish ; sometimes a rough granular
surface.

Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized, amphoteric — acid. Indol produced.
Nitrates not reduced. Grow at 35°-36°.

Habitat. Water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 313

13. Ps. punctata (Zimmerman)

B. punctatus Zimmerman : Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Chemnitz, 1890, 38.
Bact.punctatum Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896, 238.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 0.8 /x, — filaments. A polar flagellum. Not stained
by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Round, punctiform, entire, becoming erose, then filamen-
tous — ciliate, then sunken and liquefied like cholera colonies.

Milk. Coagulated, becoming fluid.

Glucose bouillon. Gas. H2S produced. Indol slight.

Habitat. Water.

B. annulatm Zimmerman : I.e., 1894. Probably identical with the preceding.
14. Ps. fimbriata (Wright)

B.fimbriatus Wright: I.e., 463.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, ends blunt, short — long forms — chains.

Flagella several.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, granular, sharp, grayish in centre. Surface:

rounded, yellowish white, sunken, 1-2 mm., sometimes surrounded by a

clouded liquid zone ; microscopically, dark brownish, granular in centre ;

edge a delicate fringe.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction napiform, a slight pellicle, iridescent, becoming

slightly greenish.

Agar slant. Growth smooth, dark gray, glistening ; agar becomes brownish.
Bouillon. Turbid ; a slight pellicle, becoming a dark greenish tint.
Potato. Growth grayish — light brownish, slightly rough, spreading.
Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized, amphoteric. Indol produced.

Nitrates not reduced. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Water.

15. Ps. geniculata (Wright)

B. geniculatus Wright : I.e., 459.

Morphology. Bacilli medium-sized, in pairs and filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: yellowish, round, sharp, slightly granular; studded
with small plaques and buds. Surface: round, translucent, whitish,
somewhat depressed ; microscopically, brownish, granular centre, thin
margin, entire — undulate with radiating fibrils, becoming liquefied,
crateriform ; centres gray white — yellowish, with an outer zone of
radiating fibrils.

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction infundibuliform, an air space above ; sediment

whitish-pinkish.

Agar slant. Growth grayish, glistening, limited, translucent, brownish gray.
Bouillon. Turbid, flocculi in suspension, a slight pellicle, and a slight greenish

tint to the medium.

Potato. Growth thin, viscid, moist, glistening, brownish.
Litnms milk. Coagulated, decolorized, alkaline. Indol not produced. No

growth at 35°-36°.

Habitat. Water.

1 6. Ps. delabens (Wright)

B. delabens Wright : I.e., 456.

Morphology. Bacilli small, short, and long forms.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — irregular, slightly granular, brownish yel-
low. Surface: thin, translucent, glistening, wavy — irregular, centre
grayish ; microscopically, thin, translucent, marmorated, brownish centre ;
later the growth sinks in the slowly liquefied gelatin.

Gelatin slant. Growth a gray white stripe which sinks into the gelatin.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth beaded, brownish gray; on the surface,
growth thin, white, irregular, which sinks slowly into the liquefied
gelatin.

Agar slant. Growth whitish, translucent, glistening, slightly spreading ; the
agar becomes greenish.

Bouillon. Turbid ; a slight pellicle, and a slight greenish tint.

Potato. Growth brownish, viscid, thick, spreading. .

Litmus milk. Decolorized, not coagulated, alkaline ; a tough membrane^
Indol slight. Nitrates not reduced. No growth at 36°.

Habitat. Water.

CLASS III. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE
ANAEROBIC. CHROMOGENIC, PIGMENT ON GELATIN OR AGAR.

I. Pigment yellowish.

A. Gelatin liquefied ; no gas in glucose bouillon.

1. Milk coagulated.

a. Grow well a? 35°-36° C.

17. Ps. pullulans (Wright).

b. Do not grow at 35°-36° C.

1 8. Ps. annulata (Wright).

2. Milk not coagulated.

19. Ps. ochracea (Zimmerman).

20. Ps. campestris (Pammel) Smith.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 315

B. Gelatin not liquefied.

21. Ps. turcosa (Zimmerman).
II. Pigment blue- violet on gelatin or agar.

A. Gelatin liquefied.

1. On potato, pigment violet.

22. Ps.janthina (Zopf).

2. On potato, growth grayish blue — blue green.

23. Ps. ccerulea (Voges).

3. On potato, growth dark blue — blue black.

24. Ps. Smithii.

B. Gelatin not liquefied.

25. Ps. indigofera (Voges).

26. Ps. Berolinensis (Classen) Migula.

17. Ps. pullulans (Wright)

B.pullulans Wright : I.e., 445.

Morphology. Bacilli small, short, in pairs. Flagella several, polar.

Gelatin colonies. In 2-3 days 2 mm., yellowish gray, slightly elevated, trans-
lucent. Microscopically, with yellowish centres and colorless margins,
sausage-shaped granules on lower side of colony, surrounded by a zone
of liquefied gelatin.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth raised ; liquefaction napiform.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish, translucent.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Nitrates not reduced. Grow at 36°. Indol pro-
duced.

Habitat. Water.

1 8. Ps. annulata (Wright)

B. annulatus Wright: I.e., 443.

Morphology. Bacilli small ; occur singly, in pairs, and as long forms. Fla-
gella several, at one or both ends.

Gelatin colonies. In 3-4 days, 2-3 mm., round ; centres yellowish, edges
indistinct — somewhat fringed; liquefaction saccate.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, yellowish flocculi, a slight pellicle.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish, translucent, glistening.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a yellow pellicle.

Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized. Indol slight. No growth at 36°.

Habitat. Water:

316 BACTERIOLOGY

19. Ps. ochracea (Zimmerman)

B. ochraceus Zimmerman : Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Chemnitz, 1890.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8 : 1.2-3.6 /A. Stain by Gram's method. Flagella
polar.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, small, light yellowish. Surface: at first coli-
like, becoming slightly fringed on borders, becoming liquefied and de-
pressed ; a pellicle on the surface of a grayish yellow or deep yellow color,
often with a reticulate structure. Microscopically, brownish, granular,
often warty.

Gelatin stab. On the surface a yellowish — yellowish gray layer, which sinks,
becoming a funnel and later a cylindrical liquefaction, with a pale yellow
or ochreous sediment.

Agar slant. A thin yellowish gray — ochreous expansion.

Bouillon. Weakly turbid, with a slight pellicle, and much sediment. Indol
positive. H2S produced.

Milk. Not coagulated, somewhat slimy.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Potato. Growth ochre-yellow.

Habitat. Water.

20. Ps. campestris (Pammel) Smith

B. campestris Pammel: Bull. 27, Iowa Ag. Expt. Sta., 1895, I3°-
Ps. campestris Smith : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., ate Abt., Ill, 1897.
B. campestris Russell : Wis. Ag. Expt. Sta., Bull/65, 1898.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.6: 1-2 /z; occur singly and in chains. Motility
active. Stain uniformly with Loflfler's methylene blue ; stain irregularly
with Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin. Decolorized by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, sharp, darker than surface growths, concen-
tric. Surface: in 3-4 days i mm., moist, glistening, raised, light yellow.
Microscopically, round, entire, centres darker, finely granular, sometimes
radiately streaked. In 12-15 days the surface colonies begin to liquefy.

Agar colonies. Deep: lenticular — irregular, dark, granular, concentric. Sur-
face: 1-4 -mm., thin, moist, glistening, translucent, light yellow — olive.
Microscopically, thicker and denser in centre, concentric.

Agar slant. At first an elevated streak, becoming spreading, thinner, and
somewhat translucent ; rich golden yellow.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth, spreading slightly at the surface. In
7-10 days a slight liquefaction under the latter, and a pit due to evapora-
tion. Liquefaction extends laterally, very slowly, becoming stratiform.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 317

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, pasty, light yellow, becoming cadmium-
yellow to golden brown.

Bouillon. A slight turbidity, and a yellow deposit adhering to walls at sur-
face, becoming clear, with a yellow granular precipitate.

Litmus milk. In 10 days pink; no true curd, but a layer of whey on top.
The casein is gradually digested. No gas in glucose and lactose bouillon ;
growth only in the open end of fermentation tubes.

Pigment. Soluble in ethyl and methyl alcohol ; color destroyed by mineral
acids. Bouillon rendered slightly alkaline. Non-pathogenic to rabbits.

Habitat. Associated with a bacterial rot of cabbages and allied plants.

21. Ps. turcosa (Zimmerman)

B. turcosus Zimmerman : Bak. Nutz u. Trinkwasser, Chemnitz, II Theil, 1894, 32.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2-0.3 : 0.3-1.5 /A. A single polar flagellum.

Gelatin colonies. Small, punctiform, translucent, intense yellow. Microscopi-
cally, amorphous.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth small, slowly growing, round, convex, intense
yellow, with a slight greenish tint, becoming gradually sunken, without
liquefaction.

Agar slant. A scanty growth, intense yellow.

Potato. A scanty growth, greenish yellow, dry, with a soft, glistening appear-
ance.

Bouillon. Weakly turbid. H2S negative. Indol negative.

Ghicose bouillon. No gas.

Milk. Not coagulated.

Habitat. Water.

22. Ps. janthina (Zopf)

B.janthinus Zopf: Spaltpilze, 1885, 68.

B. violaceus Mace: Ann. d'Hyg. publ. et de Med. leg. XVII, 1887.

B. violaceus Frankland : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, 1889, 394.

B. violaceus-laurentius Jordan : State Board of Health, Mass., 1890, 838.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5-0.8: 1.5-5.0 /x, ends rounded. One or two polar
flagella; according to Lehmann-Neumann it may show 3-4 peritrichic
flagella. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Small yellow points, becoming violet ; becoming liquefied
and depressed, with grayish centres and violet borders. The unliquefied
colonies may be yellowish violet, with ragged, erose, lobular borders.
Microscopically, fragmental — grumose, dark yellow-brownish.

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Old cultures show on the surface a white expansion, becoming
violet-blue ; after a time the growth sinks, and the gelatin becomes slowly
liquefied. Freshly isolated cultures may show a funnel-formed-cylindrical
liquefaction, whose contents are gray violet.

Agar slant. Growth moist, glistening, yellowish — brownish white, becoming
deep violet.

Potato. Growth violet — violet-black, spreading.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a membrane, slightly violet.

Milk. Slowly coagulated, ordinarily not coagulated ; colored violet, at least
the cream layer.

Glucose bouillon. Slightly acid ; no gas. H2S produced, ///^/produced.

Habitat. Water.

23. Ps. coerulea (Voges)

B. coeruleus Voges: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIV, 1893, 303.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8: 1.0-1.4 !"•• One polar flagellum. At 37° good

growth, with pigment production.

Gelatin colonies. Typhoid-like, becoming grayish blue ; slowly liquefied.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth.
Bouillon. A gray membrane on the surface.
Milk. Coagulated ; the cream layer sky-blue.
Potato. Growth grayish blue — blue green, becoming darker, coarsely

granular.
Habitat. Water.

24. Ps. Smithii

B. cceruleus Smith: Med. News, II, 1887, 758.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 2.0-2.5 5 frequently form leptothrix-like threads.

Gelatin colonies. Form cup-like liquid depressions. No color in the depth
of the gelatin, but the surface colonies exhibit a faint blue tint.

Gelatin stab. A funnel ; in depth, a few colonies.

Agar slant. Growth bluish.

Potato. Growth dark blue, becoming intense blue black. According 'to
Wright (I.e., 451).

Gelatin colonies. Deep : irregular — oval, finely granular, yellowish-brownish.
Surface: thin, translucent, slate-blue ; microscopically, finely granular,
with irregular outlines. Later the surface colonies are bluish gray
masses within depressions of liquefied gelatin which microscopically are
dense, brown, opaque, coarsely granular, with ragged margins.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction napiform, with a bluish gray membrane and a
bluish sediment; little growth along the line of stab.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 319

Agar slant. Growth glistening, limited, slate-blue, becoming gray.
Bouillon. Clouded, whitish flocculi, and a few bluish flocculi on the surface,

or a bluish ring.

Potato. Growth slate-blue, dense, becoming dirty brown.
Litmus milk. Coagulated, decolorized ; serum bluish.
Glucose gelatin stab. A fair growth ; no gas. Indol produced. Grow at

36°. The species seems subject to considerable variations, and may be

identical with, or a variety of, B.janthinus.
Habitat. Water.

25. Ps. indigofera (Voges)

B. indigoferus Voges : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIV, 1893, 3°7-

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-1.8 //, ; occur singly. A polar flagellum. Not

stained by Gram's method. Grow at 37°.
Gelatin colonies. Flat, spreading, iridescent, blue.
Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat, glistening.
Bouillon. A delicate membrane of a blue color.
Agar slant. Growth dark blue.
Potato. Growth greenish blue. Non-pathogenic. Pigment soluble in H2SO4

(brown) ; in HNO3 (yellowish) ; in HC1 (bluish). Addition of NH4HO

has no effect on the pigment.
Habitat. Water.

26. Ps. Berolinensis (Classen) Migula

B. Berolinensis-indicus Classen; Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., VII, 1890, 13.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, with rounded ends, like B. typhosus ; occur

singly, in pairs, in threes, or in packets. The bacillus is surrounded by

a delicate capsule.
Gelatin colonies. Grayish white punctiform, becoming indigo-blue ; borders

irregular, typhoid-like, colorless.
Gelatin stab. On the surface, growth punctiform, deep indigo-blue, slowly

spreading ; contour irregular. The color does not penetrate into the

gelatin.

Agar slant. Growth thick, moist, glistening, deep indigo-blue.
Potato (acid). Growth deep blue; on alkaline potato it is dirty green,

glistening.
Bouillon. Turbid, with flocculent particles; no color produced. Do not

grow at 37°; grow best at 15°.
Habitat. Water.

320 BACTERIOLOGY

CLASS IV. WITHOUT ENDOSPORES. FLUORESCENT BACTERIA.

I. Gelatin liquefied.

A. Gelatin liquefied slowly.

27. Ps. Schuylkilliensis (Wright).

B. Gelatin liquefied quickly.

1. Milk coagulated.

28. Ps. pyocyanea.

X>«9. Ps. capsulata (Pottien).

2. Milk not coagulated.

"N 30. Ps.fluorescens (Fliigge) Migula.
II. Gelatin not liquefied.

A. Milk coagulated.

31. Ps. rugosa (Wright).

B. Milk hot coagulated.

1. Milk rendered slightly acid, or litmus milk becomes slightly pinkish.

32. Ps. incognita (Wright).

33. Ps.foliacea (Wright).

2. Milk rendered alkaline in reaction.

a. Gelatin surface colonies thin, flat.

* Do not grow at body temperatures.

34. Ps. syncyanea (Ehrenberg) Migula.
** Grow at body temperature.

•f Gelatin surface colonies become filamentous on their
borders.

35. Ps. striata (Ravenel).

ft Gelatin surface colonies sharp, entire.

36. Ps. ovalis (Ravenel).

b. Gelatin surface colonies convex.

37. Ps. convexa (Wright).

3. Milk reaction not changed.

, a. Reddish granules in the rods.

38. Ps. erythrospora (Cohn) Migula.
b. Rods not characterized as before.

39. Ps. putrida (Fliigge) Migula.

27. Ps. Schuylkilliensis (Wright)

B. fiuorescens-Schuylkilliensis Wright : I.e., 448.

MorpJwlogy. Bacilli small, short, ends rounded, in pairs and filaments. A
polar flagellum.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 321

Gelatin colonies. In 2 days, 1.5 mm., grayish white, translucent; micro-
scopically, with brownish centres, borders thin, with radiate structure ;.
later show a greenish white — blue green fluorescence.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction slow, crateriform, with a blue green fluorescence.

Agar slant. Growth grayish, translucent ; agar fluorescent.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a slight pellicle and a blue green fluorescence.

Potato. Growth brownish, elevated, spreading.

Litmus milk. Coagulated slowly, decolorized slowly.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol doubtful.

Habitat. Water.

— -D 6td

28. Ps. pyocyanea. (Gessard) Migula

B. pyocyaneus Gessard : De la pyocyanine et son microbe, These de Paris, 1882.
Ps. pyocyanea Migula : Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4: 1.4-6 /x, yariable. A polar flagellum. Stain by
"Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, oval, yellowish white — greenish yellow, often
moruloid. Surface: round, entire, yellowish; later, the borders become
irregular and coli-like ; often beset with hairs, or fringed ; becoming
sunken, with an irregular, variable structure, gray or greenish gray, irregu-
lar, ragged, or coarsely granular.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction crateriform, becoming saccate, with a greenish
yellow-blue green fluorescence ; contents granular, flocculent.

Agar colonies. Deep: round, oval, entire, undulate, granular, yellow — green-
ish yellow. Surface: round, entire, glistening, greenish white — yellowish ;
microscopically, round, entire, granular, moruloid, yellow — greenish
yellow.

Agar slant. Growth soft, glistening, spreading, yellowish green — greenish ;
the agar shows a strong yellow green fluorescence.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle, and a strong yellow green fluorescence.

Milk. Coagulated, becoming fluid and alkaline, with a yellow green fluores*
cence.

Potato. Growth yellowish, moist, glistening, slightly raised, becoming brown-
ish yellow — brown. Indol negative. H2S negative.

Glucose bouillon. Acid, no gas. Nitrates reduced to nitrites.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculation of i cc. of a virulent bouillon culture
into guinea pigs and rabbits causes a purulent infiltration and inflamma-
tory oedema at the point of inoculation, and death in some cases ifi 24
hours. Intraperitoneal inoculations cause peritonitis and death. With
small doses only local inflammation, and recovery.
Y

322

BACTERIOLOGY

Habitat. In the mouth, intestines, and on the surface of the body ; in sup-
purating wounds ; sometimes associated with peritonitis, appendicitis, in
phlegmons, otitis media, bronchopneumonia, etc.

VARIETIES (non-pathogenic). B. fluorescens-mutabilis Wright : I.e., 449. |
Habitat, water.

B. No. 21 Conn.: I.e., 1893, 52. Habitat, milk.

These are probably only non-pathogenic varieties of the preceding, except
that the chromogenic function is weaker. Cultural characters otherwise |
within the range of probable normal variations.

29. Ps. capsulata (Pottien)

B. fluorescens-capsulatus Pottien : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXII, 1896, 146.

Morphology. Bacilli small, with rounded ends, scarcely one-half the length of
tubercle bacilli, and somewhat thicker ; often in twos, somewhat variable
in size, rarely coccoid. Show a polar stain. Not stained by Gram's
method. A capsule in the body and on media. A long, undulating polar
flagellum. Optimum temperature 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : grayish, greenish, concentric, often with radiate
fibrils. Surface : brownish, granular, becoming liquefied in 4 days ; a
greenish shimmer, with sunken surface growth ; microscopically, concen-
tric, the outer zone has a B. subtilis character. An odor in the liquefied
gelatin of musty cheese.

Gelatin stab. Liquefaction saccate — infundibuliform, becoming stratiform ;
the liquid gelatin becomes yellowish green — bluish red.

Agar slant. Growth moist, glistening, slimy ; a bluish shimmer, with a gray
green — blue green fluorescence.

Bouillon. A thick, slimy membrane, and a green fluorescence.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Milk. '37°, a green fluorescence at the surface; at 20°, coagulated in 48
hours.

Potato. Growth grayish green — yellowish green, slimy. Grow in acid gelatin.
Indol positive or scanty. Reduction of nitrates to nitrites negative or
scanty.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculation of small doses into mice cause death
in 1-3 days, with cramps, oedema at the point of inoculation, and inflam-'
mation of the internal tissues. Bacilli by culture from blood and organs.

Habitat. Isolated from a case of cholera-nostras.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 323

30. Ps. fluorescens (Fliigge) Migula

B. fluoresccns-liquefaciens Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886, 289.

B. viscosus Frankland : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VI, 1887, 39.

B. fluorescens-mvalis Schmelck: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV, 1888, 544.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5: 1.0-1.5 /*i occur chiefly in pairs. A polar bundle
of 3-6 flagella. Not stained by Gram's method. Cultural characters
like No. 28, but according to Lehmann and Neumann, milk is not coagu-
lated, and cultures show a weak indol reaction.

Ruzicka (Archiv f. Hygiene, XXXIV, 1898, 149) shows that the present
species and No. 28 are subject to such variations in cultural characters
that no sharp lines between the two can be drawn. The student should
consult the above paper by Ruzicka.

Habitat. Widely distributed, water, etc.

31. Ps. rugosa Wright

B. rugosus Wright : I.e., 438.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, ends rounded, in pairs, chsfms, and fila-
ments. Flagella 1-4, polar.

Gelatin colonies. In 3 days, 3-4 mm., translucent, grayish, slightly elevated,
irregular, sinuous, sharp, radiately rugose, with a smooth border.

Gelatin slant. Growth .grayish green, dense, limited, delicately wrinkled,
reticulate; gelatin a faint green. Grow in acid gelatin.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, somewhat limited, grayish — grayish white,
with delicate wrinkles. The agar becomes greenish.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle.

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, brown.

Litmus nam: Coagulated, acid.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol slight. Nitrates not reduced to nitrites.
No growth at 36°.

Habitat. Water.

32. Ps. incognita (Wright)

B. fluorescens-incognitus Wright : I.e., 436.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, short, ends rounded, in pairs, chains,

and filaments. A polar flagellum.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, oval, yellow brown, granular. Surface: in 2-3

days, thin, translucent ; edge irregular — wavy, coli-like ; microscopically,

324

BACTERIOLOGY

slightly granular, slightly yellowish brown ; centre with a yellow brown
nucleus, marmorated ; older colonies 6-8 mm., with a greenish tint, and
the gelatin acquires a blue green fluorescence.

Gelatin slant. Growth thin, translucent, slightly greenish, limited.

Agar slant. Growth thin, moist, translucent ; acquires a greenish color.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle ; becomes greenish.

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, brown, spreading.

Litmus milk. Slightly decolorized (after a month or so), reaction acid.

Habitat. Water.

33. Ps. foliacea (Wright)

B.fiuorescens-foliaceus Wright: I.e., 439.

Dr. Wright doubtless has good grounds for making this and the preceding
distinct species ; a careful study of the descriptions, however, do not
reveal upon what specific differentiation can be well based. The features
of distinction appear to be in the character of the growth on gelatin slant,
which shows a central furrow, with also laterals, giving a leaf-like etching
of the medium. The surface gelatin colonies show heavy, brown, radial
stripes.

Litmus milk. A deeper blue, alkaline, becoming acid, pink. Indol slight.

Habitat. Water.

34. Ps. syncyanea (Ehrenberg) Migula

Vibrio syncyaneus Ehrenberg: Gurlt u. Hertwig's Magaz. f. ges. Thierheilk., Vll, 1841.

B. cyanogenes Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

Ps. syncyanea Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1892, 29.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.3-0.5 : 1.0-4.0 /x. Flagella polar, in bundles of 1-5,.

rarely bipolar.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, round, yellowish, granular. Surface: large,

thin, spreading, with erose edges like B. coli. Colonies rarely of the

aerogenes type.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth white — bluish

gray.

Potato. Growth slimy, bluish gray — brown.
Agar slant. Growth white ; agar variously colored.
Bouillon. Turbid, gray green — bluish green, with a pellicle.
Glucose bouillon. No gas, slightly acid. Indol a. trace. H2S negative.
Milk. Alkaline, blue.
Habitat. Isolated from blue milk.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 325

35. Ps. striata (Ravenel)

B. striatus-viridis Ravenel : I.e., 22.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, of variable lengths ; rods irregular ; stain like
diphtheria ; occur singly and in pairs. Flagella polar.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round, yellowish, granular, entire, becoming brown-
ish. Surface: in 5 days I mm., zoned; border filamentous.

Agar slant. Growth thin ; agar becomes slightly green — yellowish green.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth white, elevated.

Potato. Growth moist, glistening, becoming chocolate-brown.

Bouillon. Turbid; becoming in 7 days slightly greenish.

Pepton rosolic acid. Unchanged.

Litmus milk. Alkaline, becoming decolorized.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative.

Habitat. Soil.

36. Ps. ovalis (Ravenel)

B. fluorescens-ovalis Ravenel; I.e., 9.

Morphology. Bacilli short, rounded, 2-3 times their breadth ; occur singly.

Flagella polar.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: pale gray, slightly granular, entire. Surface: round,

light gray, slightly granular, entire, becoming blue white — yellowish

green.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth filiform ; on the surface, a white button, with

irregular leafy margins.
Agar slant. Growth thin, greenish white, limited ; the agar becomes a faint

green.

Potato. Growth thin, moist, honey-yellow, becoming yellowish brown.
Bouillon. Turbid, a flaky pellicle on the surface ; the medium has a greenish

tint.

Litmus milk. Deep blue, alkaline.
Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative.
Habitat. Soil.

37. Ps. convexa (Wright) r*

cv

B. fluorescens-convexus Wright: I.e., 438.

Morphology. Bacilli of medium size, short, thick, rounded. A polar flagellum.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, sharp, slightly granular. Surface: round,

convex, glistening, light greenish, translucent ; the gelatin acquires a blue

green fluorescence.

326 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. Surface growth elevated, glistening, light green ; the medium
becomes blue green, fluorescent. Grow in acid gelatin ; no fluorescence.

Agar slant. Growth translucent, moist, glistening, light greenish ; agar be*
comes greenish.

Bouillon. Turbid, greenish.

Potato. Growth pale brown, spreading.

Litmus milk. Not coagulated, alkaline ; color deepened.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol doubtful. At 36° little or no growth.

Habitat. Water.

38. Ps. erythrospora (Cohn) Migula

c^

B. erythrosporus Cohn : Beitrage BioL, III, 1879, Heft I, 128.
Ps. erythrospora Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1896.

Morphology. Bacilli slender threads. Cultures at 20° show in every rod 2-8
reddish ovoid granules. Flagella polar, in bundles of 3-6.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: lobed, undulately channelled, with a green fluores-
cence. Surface: round — irregular, brownish, with a faint radial striping.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a uniform growth ; surface growth flat.

Potato. Growth slightly spreading, reddish — nut-brown.

Habitat. Isolated from flesh infusion, and from water.

39. Ps. putida (Flugge) Migula

B. fluorescens-putidus Flugge.

Morphology. Bacilli, small, short, ends rounded.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: very small, dark. Surface: round, strongly refract-
ing, yellowish ; borders bright gray, finely granular. Later with erose-
lobate borders, with a greenish shimmer.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a weak, gray, milky turbidity ; surface growth spread-
ing ; a greenish coloration of the gelatin ; not liquefied.

Potato. Growth thin, grayish-brownish. In putrefying solutions, an odor
of trimethylamin.

Habitat. Isolated from putrefying substances, water, etc.

CLASS V. WITH ENDOSPORES.

I. Aerobic and facultative anaerobic.
A. Non-chromogenic.

1. Rods not swollen at sporulation. B. subtilis type.

40. Ps. rosea (Bordas).

2. Rods swollen at one end at sporulation. Tetanus type.

41. Ps. Tromelschldgel (Ravenel).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 327

B. Cultures show a greenish fluorescence.

1. Gelatin liquefied.

42. Ps. viridescens (Ravenel).

2. Gelatin not liquefied.

43. Ps. undulata (Ravenel).

40. Ps. rosea (Bordas)

B. roseus-vini Bordas-Joulin-Rackowski : Compt. rend., CXXVI, 1898, 1550.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 : 8-12 /u, ; filaments. A brush of polar flagella. Stain
by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Large, soft, white ; gelatin not liquefied. Reduce nitrates
to nitrites.

Milk. Coagulated. Indol negative. Grows in media containing 0.3 per cent
tartaric acid. Acts feebly on glycerin and glucose, producing succinic
acid. No action on alcohol. Does not ferment saccharose. In solutions
containing glucose, a production of acetic and butyric acids. In yeast-
water glucose solutions there is a rose coloration.

Habitat. Cultures in wine become cloudy, lose color, and in 20 days there is a
sensible diminution of tartar and glucose, and a slight increase of acidity.

• 41. Ps. Tromelschlagel (Ravenel)

B. Tromelschlagel Ravenel : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli straight, 5-7 times their breadth ; occur singly and in
chains. Flagella at the poles.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : round — irregular, yellowish, granular, entire. Sur-
face : colonies show a nucleus, with a yellowish granular and an outer
grayish granular, veined, irregular border. In 3 days I mm., white,
elevated, entire. Microscopically, dense, gray, irregular, with veined
margins.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth thin, white, irregular ; in 2 weeks liquefaction
crateriform to a depth of 2 mm.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent, grayish, becoming yellowish-gray, then
brownish.

Potato. Growth thin, yellow, becoming brown, dry, with a metallic lustre.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid, becoming clear.

Litmus milk. Becomes darker, then is decolorized, alkaline, peptonized,
watery, translucent.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

328 BACTERIOLOGY

42. Ps. viridescens (Ravenel)

B. viridescens-liquefaciens Ravenel : I.e., 24.
Morphology. Bacilli small, straight, ends rounded, 3-5 times their breadth,

occur singly. Flagella polar.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : gray, granular, irregular margins, becoming lobed

and fissured at edges. Surface : in 24 hours, gray, granular, with

irregular margins ; centres of grayish cloudy masses ; liquefaction crateri-

form; liquefaction proceeds rapidly and colonies lose their characters

quickly.
Gelatin stab. Good growth in depth ; liquefaction infundibuliform, becoming

in 3-4 days nearly stratiform to the depth of the stab ; no green color to

the gelatin.
Agar slant. Growth smooth, elevated, greenish white, becoming spreading,

with a green tint ; edges thin, yellowish green.

Potato. Growth yellow, moist, glistening, not very thick, becoming brownish.
Bouillon. Turbid, medium greenish.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. A thin film on the surface, unchanged.
Litmus milk. Acid, not coagulated.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.
Habitat. Soil.

43. Ps. undulata (Ravenel)

B.fluorescens-undulatus Ravenel : I.e., 20.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, straight, ends rounded, 7-10 times their breadth,
in chains. Flagella polar.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : dense, gray brown, with margins of fine wavy lines ;
do not exceed 0.25 mm. Surface: like drops of moisture, greenish
gray ; microscopically, gray, granular, with a nucleus and an outer zone
of fine hairs. In 3 days, i mm., elevated, dense, iridescent ; micro-
scopically, dense, with a finely striate border ; the gelatin becomes faint
green.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, a button, white yellow ;
the gelatin tinged green near the surface.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent ; agar tinged green.

Potato. Growth yellow, moist, becoming dirty yellow brown, thin.

Bouillon. Turbid, becoming clear; the medium becomes a clear green.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Slight growth, becoming in 3 weeks darker.

Litmus milk. Rendered alkaline, not coagulated, consistency unchanged.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Indol negative. Grow at 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 329

CLASS VI. NITROMONAS GROUP OF WINOGRADSKY
Do not grow in nutrient gelatin or other organic media.

44. Ps. Europaea (Winogradsky) Migula

Nitromonas Europcea Winogradsky : Archiv Sci. biol. St. Petersbourg I, 1892, Nos. 1-2.
Ps. Europcea Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1892, 29.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.9-1.0:1.1-1.8 //,; occur singly, rarely in chains
of 3-4 elements, coccoid forms — short rods. A single polar flagellum
2-3 times the length of a rod, or rarely one at either end. Grow readily
in a fluid medium composed of tap water, i litre ; ammonium sulphate,
i gramme ; potassium phosphate, I gramme ; and basic carbonate of mag-
nesia, 10 grammes. The organisms united in zoogloea^^sses adherent to
the particles of magnesium carbonate in the bottom of the flask. On
Kiihne's gelatinous silica medium (Zeitsch. f. Biol., XXVII, 1890, Heft i ;
Migula System der Bakterien, I, 1897, 263). Compact, sharply defined
colonies of a brownish color; after 10-14 days the colonies spread some-
what and are bright uncolored masses with differently formed outgrowths.
Ammonium salts converted into nitrites.

Habitat. Isolated from soils from Europe, Africa, and Japan.

45. Ps. Javanensis (Winogradsky) Migula

Nitromonas Javanensis Winogradsky : I.e.
Ps. Javanensis Migula : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli small, ovoid, 0.2 : 0.5 /*. A polar flagellum 20 times as
long as the rod. In fluid inorganic media as in (44) ; minute flocculi or
scales adherent to the walls of the flask ; no turbidity. On KUhne's
silica medium the colonies are round — elliptical. Nitrites are converted
into nitrates.

Habitat. Isolated from Quito soil.

CLASS VII. CELLS WITH REDDISH PLASMA AND WITH SULPHUR
GRANULES. CHROMATIUM PERTY.

46. Ps. Okenii (Ehrenberg) Migula

Monas Okenii Ehrenberg : Die Infusionstierchen, 1838.
Ps. Okenii Migula : Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1892.

Bacilli short, ovoid forms, 0.5 : 8.0-15.0 /x, with 1-3 polar flagella.

47. Ps. rosea Migula : I.e.

Bacilli long, cylindrical, 2.0: 8.0-1.2 /a, with 1-3 polar flagella.
It is doubtful whether the two last species should be included in this genus.

330 BACTERIOLOGY

SPIRILLACE^:

Cells more or less spirally curved. Division in one direction of space, at
right angles to the longer axis of the cell. Generally without endospores,
which are, however, present in a few species. With or without flagella.
The flagella, when present, are attached to the poles, usually in bundles.

I. Cells stiff, not flexile.

A. Without flagella. SPIROSOMA Migula.

B. With flagella.

1. With i, rarely with 2-3 polar flagella. MICROSPIRA Schroter.

2. With a bundle of polar flagella. SPIRILLUM Ehrenberg.
II. Cells flexile. SPIROCH^ETA Ehrenberg.

SPIROSOMA Migula

Cells comma-formed to spiral filaments, not flexile, stiff; non-motile, flagella
absent ; occur singly or commonly united in zoogloea ; endospores not yet
discovered in any of the species.
I. Non-chromogenic, without pigment on gelatin or agar.

A. Gelatin colonies floccose.

1. Spirosoma linguale (Weibel) Migula.

B. Gelatin colonies finely granular.

2. Spirosoma nasale (Weibel) Migula.

II. Chromogenic, produce pigment on gelatin or agar.

A. Chromogenic function weak, pale yellows.

3. Spirosoma flavescens (Weibel).

4. Spirosoma flava (Weibel) .

B. Chromogenic function stronger, golden yellows.

5. Spirosoma aurea (Weibel).

i. Spirosoma linguale (Weibel) Migula

Vibrio lingualis Weibel : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., IV., 1888, 227.
Mpma. linguale Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1892, 3.

Morphology. Bacilli short, curved, cholera-like rods, or slightly undulate

filaments ; no true spirals.
Gelatin colonies. Floccose, anthrax-like.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth filiform ; on the surface, no growth ; gelatin

not liquefied.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 331

Bouillon. Slight turbidity, with a flocculent sediment.

Agar slant. Growth dirty white, finely granular. Non-pathogenic.

Habitat. Isolated from the tongue.

2. Spirosoma nasale (Weibel) Migula

Vibrio nasalis Weibel : I.e.
Mpma. nasale Migula : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli from the nasal mucus as thick vibrios; in bouillon

cultures as straight rods ; on agar as spirals.
Gelatin colonies. Small, entire, yellowish brown, finely granular ; gelatin not

liquefied.

Potato. No growth. No odor in cultures. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from nasal mucus.

3. Spirosoma flavescens (Weibel)

Vibrio flavescens Weibel : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5 times as thick as cholera bacteria, comma and S forms,
longer and shorter forms ; tendency to form long spirals not evident.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : ovoid, granular. Surface : round, entire, dirty
grayish yellow.

Gelatin stab. Surface growth flat, with lobular edges, not depressed.

Agar slant. Growth dull yellow, with grayish spots.

Potato. Growth thick, pasty, dull yellow.

Bouillon. Turbid; no pellicle.

Habitat. Sewer mud.

4. Spirosoma flava (Weibel)

Vibrio flavus Weibel : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli like the preceding.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: golden yellow, finely granular. Surface: light yel-
low, mottled, with a white zoned border.
Agar slant. An ochre-yellow layer.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no pellicle.
Habitat. Sewer mud.

5. Spirosoma aurea (Weibel) : I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli as in No. 3.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : ovoid, granular ; centre golden yellow, with a lighter

border. Surface : round, entire, granular, golden yellow, with a lighter

border.

332

BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth thick, granular, yellow ; on the surface, a yel-
lowish expansion, with a bowl-shaped depression.

Agar slant. Growth dirty white, becoming thicker, golden yellow, pasty.
Potato. Growth thick, pasty, golden yellow.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no pellicle.
Habitat. Sewer mud.

MICROSPIRA Migula

Cells mostly small, weakly curved comma forms or short spirals, occasionally
longer spiral filaments, which, with iodine staining, may show segmenta-
tion into comma elements. Every cell bears, as a rule, one polar flagel-
lum, and, less commonly, 2-3. Immediately before division there may be
flagella at both poles. Endospores not known.

I. Cultures show a bluish to a silvery phosphorescence.

MARINE BACTERIA.

1. Microspira phosphorescens (Fischer).

2. Microspira Fischeri (Beijerinck).

3. Microspira luminosa (Beijerinck).
II. Cultures do not show phosphorescent properties.

A. Gelatin liquefied.

1. Cultures show the nitro-indol reaction.

a. Very pathogenic to pigeons.

4. Microspira Metschnikovi (Gamalei'a) Migula.

5. Microspira Schuylkilliensis (Abbott).

b. Not distinctly pathogenic to pigeons.

* Milk coagulated.

f Gelatin liquefied rather slowly.

6. Microspira comma (Koch) Schroter.
ft Gelatin liquefied rapidly.

7. Microspira danubica (Heider).
** Milk not coagulated.

8. Microspira Berolinensis (Neisser) Migula.

2. Nitro-indol reaction negative or very weak, at least after 24 hours.

a. . Grow on potato and in neutral bouillon.

9. Microspira protea.

10. Microspira Gindha (Kruse).
b. No growth on potato.

* Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place only at the surface,

crate riform.

11. Microspira aquatilis (Giinther).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 333

** Liquefaction of the gelatin takes place in depth, cholera-like.

12. Microspira tyrogena (Dencke) Migula.
3. Indol reaction not stated.

Microspira marina Russell, see No. 20.
B. Gelatin not liquefied, or only slightly so in No. 20.

1. A slight liquefaction of the gelatin at the surface in stab cultures.

13. Microspira choleroides (Bujwid).

2. Absolutely no liquefaction of the gelatin.

a. Growth in gelatin plates slow, colonies minute.

14. Microspira Weibeli.

15. Microspira denitrificans (Sewerin).

b. Colonies on gelatin plates of average size.
* Potato cultures becoming brownish.

1 6. Microspira sapr ophite (Weibel).

17. Microspira cloaca.

** Potato cultures yellowish white.

18. Microspira terrigena (GUnther).

i. Microspira phosphorescens (Fischer)

B. phosphorescent Fischer: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, II, 1887.

JPhotobact. indicum Beijerinck : Akademie van Wetenschappen Afdeeling Natuurkunde z.

Reeks, VII, Amsterdam, 1890.
B. phosphor escens-indicus Kruse : Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 330.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.6-0.8 : 2.0 //, — bent filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep ; round, entire, bluish — sea green. Surface :

granular, brownish, borders undulate, sinking slowly in the liquid

gelatin.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, liquefaction napiform,

with an air bubble.
Agar slant. Growth grayish white.
Potato. No growth except when cooked in salt water. Phosphorescence

bluish, disappearing in old cultures. Grow well in sea water on fish,

meat, blood, and egg, with a bluish phosphorescence. Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from phosphorescent sea water, West Indies.

2. Microspira Fischeri (Beijerinck)

Photobact. Fischeri Beijerinck : I.e.

B.phosphorescens-indigenus Kruse: Flugge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896,331.

Cultural characters as before. Differs in liquefying gelatin rather more slowly,
phosphorescence less intense, the latter absent when grown on fresh
media, as above.

Habitat. Sea water.

334

BACTERIOLOGY

3. Microspira luminosa (Beijerinck)

Photobact. luminosum Beijerinck: Archives Neelandaises, XXIII, 1889, 104.
Morphology. Bacilli 0.6 : 2.0 /A, bent — curved rods — threads, variable.
Gelatin stab. Liquefaction rapid ; in later generations it occurs more slowly.

Grow best in 3.5 per cent NaCl gelatin. Phosphorescence weak, silvery ;

does not appear on meat and potato cultures, evident in sea water, on

fish, and in 3.5 per cent NaCl sugar-free gelatin.
The last three species are doubtfully placed in this genus.

4. Microspira Metschnikovi (Gamalei'a) Migula

Vibrio Metschnikovi Gamaleia: Annales Pasteur Institut, 1888, 482.
Msp. Metschnikovi Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., ^892, 33.

Morphology. Bacilli like Msp. comma, but somewhat shorter and thicker.
A long spiral polar flagellum.

Gelatin colonies. Quite like Msp. comma.

Gelatin stab. Liquefied more rapidly than Msp. comma, but otherwise
identical.

Bouillon. Strongly turbid ; a strong, white membrane on the surface ; in 24
hours a strong nitro-indol reaction.

Potato. Slight growth at 20° ; at 37° a delicate brownish layer.

Pathogenesis . Pigeons inoculated into the pectoral muscle die in 24 hours.
Muscles greatly swollen and yellowish as if cooked, and infiltrated with a
serous fluid containing many bacilli ; numerous bacilli in the blood and
organs. Intestines pale and filled with a grayish yellow fluid, with only
'a few bacilli present. Subcutaneous inoculations of guinea pigs cause
death in 24 hours. There is great bloody oedema with bacilli in the heart
blood.

Habitat. Isolated by Gamalei'a from an epizootic of fowl, and by Pfuhl
(Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, 1894) from water.

5. Microspira Schuylkilliensis (Abbott)

Vibrio Schuylkilliensis Abbott: Jour. Expt. Med., 1896, I, No. 3.

Morphology. Bacilli in fresh cultures, rather plump commas, often with a
decided curve, or nearly straight, ends rounded — slightly pointed, long
spiral filaments uncommon, involution forms in old cultures. A single <
polar flagellum. Spores absent. Stain irregularly; not stained by
Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Round, sharply defined, slightly granular, with fine irregular
lining as if creased, or concentric becoming moruloid, or again distinctly

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 335

concentric, with a dark central portion ; later ragged granular clumps in
pits of liquefied gelatin, with granular or ciliate borders. Plates com-
pletely liquefied in 36-40 hours. Colonies quite like the preceding (4).
The liquefied gelatin becomes decidedly alkaline.

Gelatin stab. Quite like Msp. comma, but liquefaction rather more rapid.

Agar slant (neutral to phenolphthalein) . In 24 hours, colonies 1.5-2 mm.,
smooth, glistening, opaque ; in 48 hours, growth dryer, wrinkled.

Loffler^s blood serum. In 24 hours, at 37°, a depressed line, not spreading due
to liquefaction, becoming dirty brown.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a pellicle, alkaline.

Potato. In 48 hours, at 37°, very slight growth, dirty yellow — brownish, not
spreading.

Litmus milk. Acid, coagulated, sometimes not coagulated.

Pepton solution. In 24 hours, a strong indol reaction, alkaline to litmus.

Pepton rosolic acid solution. Color slightly intensified, or orange-red.

Glucose bouillon. No gas. Grow more slowly under anaerobic conditions.

Pathogenesis . Very pathogenic to pigeons and guinea pigs. Pigeons,
0.2-0.3 cc- °f an agar suspension into pectoral muscle causes death in
16-18 hours. Muscle swollen with oedema of subcutaneous tissue;
muscle marked by yellow striations and red necrotic areas; bacilli
present in large numbers. Blood clots in the heart; lungs, kidneys,
and spleen quite normal ; intestines scarcely affected. Subcutaneous
inoculations of 0.3-0.5 cc. of an agar suspension into guinea pigs causes
death in 18 hours. Tissues at the point of inoculation much injected.
The subcutaneous oedema may be widespread or less so. Lymph
glands red and enlarged. Peritoneum red, or a general peritonitis with
perhaps much fibro-purulent exudate. The liver may be pale and
mottled or normal. Kidneys and adrenal bodies usually acutely con-
gested ; lungs and spleen normal. Bacilli in the fluid at the point of
inoculation, and sparingly in the blood and organs.

Habitat. Isolated from Schuylkill River water.

The preceding may be a variety of Msp. Metschnikovi, but Abbott claims a
distinct species.

6. Microspira comma (Koch) Schroter

Comma Bacillus Koch : Berliner klin. Wochensch., 1884, 31-32.
Spirillum cholerce-asiaticce Zopf : Spaltpilze, 1885.
Microspira comma Schroter : Pilze Schles., 1886, 168.
Vibrio choleras Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Uiag., 1896, 317.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4 : 2.0 /x, slightly curved — semicircular forms, also
spirals and involution forms. One or two spiral flagella. Not stained
by Gram's method.

336 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Small, yellowish white, becoming sunken in the liquefied
gelatin ; zone of liquefied gelatin turbid — flocculent, later becoming con-
centric. Microscopically, in 16-18 hours small, round, yellowish, coarsely
granular; the central colony becomes irregular — brecciated.

Gelatin stab. A napiform liquefaction, with an air-bubble depression at the
top, becoming saccate; gelatin turbid — granulated or shows yellowish
white masses.

Agar colonies. Deep : round — irregular — naviculate, entire, knobbed or
granular, becoming darker, or a brownish nucleus, with a grayish zone.
Surface: round, whitish-brownish, moist, glistening, entire, translucent,
slightly raised. Microscopically round, light yellowish, translucent,
punctate — granulated.

Agar slant. Growth brownish gray, moist, glistening, or yellowish brown.

Blood serum. Slowly liquefied.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid ; a wrinkled fragile membrane ; alkaline ; becoming
clear.

Milk. Coagulated in 2 days at 37°, acid.

Potato (acid). No growth; on alkaline potato growth dirty white — yellow-
ish,' scarcely raised, moist, glistening, becoming brownish red, spreading.
H.,S positive. Indol positive. No gas in glucose, lactose, or saccharose
bouillons. In glucose bouillon the production of left-handed lactic acid.

Litmus milk. On the surface, a blue pellicle, below this a red discoloration.

Pathogenesis . Inoculations per os and by ingestion gave positive results with
young cats and rabbits (see text-books). Intraperitoneal inoculations of
guinea pigs cause distention of the abdomen, subnormal temperatures,
and general collapse. Bacilli in the peritoneal cavity, or, with large doses,
in the blood and small intestines. Intravenous injections of rabbits cause
toxaemia and death in 18 hours ; with smaller doses a true cholera picture
may follow.

Habitat. Isolated from the alvine discharges and intestinal contents of chol-
era patients, and in water supplies during epidemics.

PROBABLE VARIETIES OF Msp. comma.

(A) Pseudo-cholera-spirillum Rdnan : Annales Pasteur Institut, VI, 1892, 621.
Bacilli much larger than Msp. comma ; commas and S forms.
Gelatin colonies. Small, lenticular, with outgrowths ; centres darker and yel-
lowish, becoming in 4 days surrounded by a liquefied zone.
Gelatin stab. Like Msp. comma, but grows more rapidly.
Agar slant. Growth thick, creamy white, limited.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 337

Bouillon. Turbid, with a thin pellicle.
Pathogenesis : Non-pathogenic to guinea pigs.
Habitat. Well water.

(B) Vibrio choleroides, ft. Bujwid : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIII, 1893, 120.
Morphological and cultural characters like Msp. comma, but more anaerobic

in habit, and forms a deeper liquefied funnel.
Habitat. Water.

(C) Vibrio Ivanoff Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 592. Noted
by Ivanoff: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XV.

Bacilli fine and elongated, slightly curved comma forms ; otherwise identical

with Msp. comma. Ivanoff considers it only a morphological variety.
Habitat. Isolated from the dejecta of typhoid patients.

7. Microspira danubica (Heider)

Vibrio danubicus Heider: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIV, 1893, 341-

Morphology. Bacilli like Msp. comma. Gelatin rapidly liquefied, crateriform

— funnel-formed.
Gelatin colonies. When the gelatin layer is thick, colonies like Msp. comma ;

when thin, surface colonies flat, spreading, irregular, with undulate —

coarsely lobate borders.
Milk. Coagulated.
Potato. At 37° growth brownish, scanty. Indol positive. Pathogenic for

guinea pigs, slightly so for pigeons. A negative reaction with Pfeiffer's

serum.
Habitat. Isolated from canal water.

8. Microspira Berolinensis (Neisser) Migula

Vibrio Berolinensis Neisser : Archiv f. Hygiene, XIX, 1893.

Morphology. Bacilli like Msp. comma, but somewhat smaller. A single
polar flagellum. Not stained by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Like Msp. comma, but not much granulated or fragmented.
Liquefaction of the gelatin very slight. Deep colonies : small, round, en-
tire, colorless, transparent, slightly granular. Surface colonies: small,
thin, membranous, with a round central nucleus ; no depression is formed,
and the edges remain sharp.

Gelatin stab. Growth like Msp. comma, but a slower growth.

Agar slant and potato. Growth like Msp. comma.
z

338 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Growth more rapid than Msp. comma ; medium rendered alkaline.
Milk. Not coagulated, not rendered acid.
Habitat. Isolated from filtered river Spree water.

9. Microspira maasei (v. Hoff)

Spirillum maasei v. Hoff: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXI, 1897, 797.
Morphology. Bacilli short, thick, 1.0-1.2 //,. One or two polar flagella. Spi-
rals of 1-2 turns.

Agar slant. Growth milky white.
Milk. Not coagulated.

Bouillon. A membrane on the surface ; no acid production. Indol produced.
Habitat. Isolated from Rotterdam water.

10. Microspira protea (Buchner)

Vibrio der cholera-no sir as Finkler-Prior : Centralblatt f. allg. Ges. Erganzungshefte,

Bd. I, 1884.
Vibrio proteus Buchner : Sitzungsber. d. Ges. f. Morph. u. Physio)., Miinchen, I, 21.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.4-0.6:2.4^, more or less curved, rather longer and
thicker than Msp. comma, and often pointed at the ends and thicker in
the centre. S forms and spirals less common than in the case of Msp.
comma.

Gelatin colonies. In early stages like cholera, but grow rather more vigorously,
and the gelatin liquefied more rapidly. Microscopically, round, entire,
yellow, finely granular, often concentrically zoned. Colonies retain their
regular form and finer structure better than with cholera.

Gelatin stab. Gelatin liquefied much more rapidly than with cholera ; a sac-
cate liquefaction in 24 hours, with turbid contents.

Milk. Coagulated, becoming liquefied (Lehmann-Neumann) ; unchanged
according to other authors ; slightly acid.

Potato. Growth at room temperature, within 48 hours, slimy, grayish yellow.
(Msp. comma does not grow on potato at room temperatures.)

Glucose bouillon. No gas. H2S production slight. Cultures have a foetid
odor.

Agar slant. Growth dirty yellowish (cholera whitish).

Plover's egg albumen. A bright yellow growth (cholera whitish). See Pear-
main-Moor, "Applied Bacteriology," 1892, 205. No indol reaction after
3 days.

Pathogenesis . On experimental animals action like Msp. comma, but some-
what milder.

Habitat. Isolated from stools in cholera-nostras, cholera infantum, etc.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 339

VARIETIES. —

(A) Vibrio Lissabonensis Pestana-Bettencourt : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVI,'
1894, 401.

According to Chantemesse identical, or nearly so, with the preceding. From

descriptions, indistinguishable from the latter.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of choleraic disease in Lisbon.

(B) Vibrio helicogenes Fischer: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIV, 1894, 73.
From descriptions, indistinguishable from Msp. protea.

Habitat. Isolated from the stools of a sick woman.

IT. Microspira Gindha (Kruse)

Vibrio Gindha. Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 590.

Morphology. Bacilli rather long curved rods, rather smaller than Msp.
comma. A single polar flagellum.

Gelatin colonies. Cholera-like. In pepton solution in 24 hours, at 37°, a
negative or only a faint indol reaction.

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculations into pigeons and guinea pigs nega-
tive. Living or dead cultures show toxic properties when inoculated
intraperitoneally into guinea pigs.

Habitat. Isolated by Pasquale frorti water.

12. Microspira aquatilis (Giinther)

Vibrio aquatilis Gunther: Deutsche med. Wochenschrift. 1892, 1124.

Morphology. Bacilli like Msp. comma. A single polar flagellum.

Gelatin colonies. Round, entire, brownish, finely granular.

Gelatin stab. Growth only on the surface, becoming a crateriform liquefaction.

Agar slant. Growth like cholera.

Potato. No growth either at 20° or 37°.

Bouillon. No growth in alkaline or amphoteric bouillon at 37° ; at 20°, only a

faint growth after some weeks. Indol negative. A strong odor of H2S.

Non-pathogenic.
Habitat. Isolated from water of river Spree.

13. Microspira tyrogena (Dencke) Migula

Spirillum fyrogenum Dencke : Deutsche med. Wochenschrift, 1885, No. 3.
Msp. tyrogena Migula: I.e.

Morphology. Bacilli like Msp. comma, but rather smaller and more slender,
often very long spirals with close windings.

340 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours, small white points; microscopically, round,
entire, dark greenish brown, becoming dark yellow in centre with lighter
borders, becoming liquefied. Colonies generally retain their sharp contour.

Gelatin stab. Grow like cholera, but the gelatin liquefied more rapidly.

Agar slant. Growth yellowish white.

Potato. No growth either at 20° or 37°. In bouillon or pepton solution, no
indol reaction.

Pathogenesis. Very feebly pathogenic (Koch), or not at all so.

Habitat. Isolated from cheese.

14. Microspira choleroides (Bujwid)

Vibrio choleroides Bujwid: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol, XIII, 1893, 120.
Morphology. Bacilli like Msp. comma, but movements not so rapid.
Gelatin colonies. At low temperatures, cholera-like colonies ; at higher

temperatures colonies larger, and do not sink deeply into the gelatin;

microscopically the contour is more regular than cholera, and only finely

granular.
Gelatin stab. Growth only on the surface, with slight liquefaction, or an air

bubble may be produced.

Agar slant. A good growth, with an odor of methyl-mercaptan.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid ; no pellicle.
Habitat. Water.

15. Microspira Weibeli

Vibrio saprophiles $ Weibel : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., II, 1887, 469.

Morphology. Bacilli slender curved rods of about the thickness of tubercle
bacilli and about 2.0 /x, long ; ends blunt, commas — S forms ; long fila-
ments do not occur. Grow slowly at room temperatures.

Gelatin colonies. Do not exceed 0.3 mm. ; microscopically, round, yellowish
brown.

Gelatin stab. A slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth thin, white,
spreading.

Agar slant. Growth creamy, yellowish white, viscid.

Potato. Growth thin, glistening, varnish-like, of a dirty brownish gray color.

Habitat. Isolated from putrefying hay infusion.

1 6. Microspira denitrificans (Sewerin)

B. denitrificans Sewerin: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt., I, 1895, 162, and IV, 451.
MorpJiology. Bacilli on agar 0.5 : 2-4 /x ; on nitrate bouillon, comma forms —
longer vibrios and Spirillum forms. Older cultures show branched indi-
viduals and other involution forms.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 341

Gelatin colonies. Small, white, entire.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth pearly.

Agar colonies. In 2 days, at 30°, 1-2 mm., bluish white, slimy.

Agar slant. In 2 days, growth grayish white, limited, becoming spreading.

Nitrate bouillon. Turbid, with a slight membrane ; nitrates reduced.

Habitat. Isolated from horse manure.

17. Microspira saprophile (Weibel)

Vibrio saprophiles A. Weibel: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., II, 1887, 469.

Morphology. Bacilli bent rods 3.0 /x long to S forms, rarely filaments.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, yellowish brown, concentric, edges
serrate. Surface : flat, yellowish white ; microscopically, with dark yel-
lowish gray centres, paler at borders, finely granular.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth thin, veily ; on the surface, growth thin,
spreading, white.

Agar slant. Growth dirty white, spreading ; agar colored below.

Potato. Growth slimy, pasty, yellowish red, becoming chocolate-brown.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a yellowish granular sediment.

Habitat. Isolated from putrid hay infusion and sewer mud.

1 8. Microspira cloaca

Vibrio saprophiles Y Weibel : I.e.

Bacilli like the preceding, but twice as large, rarely forms long-twisted threads ;

a great tendency to produce involution forms.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : ovoid, entire, granular ; centres orange-colored, with

light yellow outer zones. Surface: flat, dirty white — opalescent, with

prominent white centres ; microscopically, like B. coli ; borders irregular

— lobed, marm orated — spotted.

Gelatin slab. In depth, growth filiform ; on the surface, a whitish 'expansion.
Agar slant. Growth spreading, dirty white.
Potato. Growth yellowish brown — brown, moist, glistening, becoming dry,

tough and dark brown.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a thick firm pellicle.
Habitat. Isolated from sewer mud.

19. Microspira terrigena (Giinther)

Vibrio terrigenus Giinther: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVI, 1894, 74^.

Morphology. Bacilli show at each end one or several flagella.
•Gelatin colonies. Entire, small, structureless.

342

BACTERIOLOGY

Potato. Growth yellowish white.

Glucose bouillon. No gas.

Milk. Not coagulated. Non-pathogenic. Strongly aerobic.

Habitat. Soil.

ADDENDA

20. Microspira marina (Russell)

B. marinus Russell: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1891, 198.

Morphology. Bacilli small, straight — curved — spirals. Motion rotatory and

progressive.
Gelatin colonies. Small, radially striped, becoming liquefied and rougher,

with flocculi in the liquefied gelatin.
Gelatin stab. A rapid liquefaction, the liquid gelatin turbid, and a thin

pellicle on the surface.

Agar slant. A moist whitish expansion, like pus.
Potato. Growth thick, waxy, spreading.
Bouillon, with sea water, turbid, with a smooth white pellicle.
Habitat. Isolated from sea water and sea mud.

SPIRILLUM Ehrenberg

Spirally curved or corkscrew forms of variable thickness. Endospores present
in a few s'pecies. Cells actively motile, and possess at one or both poles
bundles containing four or more flagella.
I. Cell contents colorless — EUSPIRILLUM of Migula.
A. Grow in nutrient gelatin or other culture media.

i. Aerobic, i.e. grow in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

a. Non-chromogenic ; do not produce pigment on gelatin or agar.
* Cell plasma contains numerous black granules, very large spi-
rilla, 1.5-2.0 ft. broad and 20-30 /x long.

1. Spirillum volutans Ehrenberg.

** Cell plasma does not contain dark granules. Spirilla smaller,
f Gelatin liquefied, sometimes very slowly.

§ Pathogenic to pigeons and guinea pigs. Comma-like.

2. Spirillum Massauah Kruse.

§§ Terrestrial forms probably not pathogenic.

3. Spirillum serpens (Miiller) Winter.

4. Spirillum tenerrimum Lehmann-Neumann.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 343,

f f Gelatin not liquefied.

5. Spirillum undula (Muller) Ehrenberg.

6. Spirillum concenlricum Kitasato.
b. Produce pigment on gelatin or agar.

, * On gelatin, growth yellowish.

7. Spirillum tenue Ehrenberg.
** On gelatin and agar, growth reddish.

8. Spirillum rubrum v. Esmarch.

2. Anaerobic; do not grow in the presence of atmospheric oxygen.

9. Spirillum rugula (Muller) Winter.
B. Do not grow in nutrient gelatin or other culture media.

10. Spirillum sputigenum Kruse.
II. Cell plasma reddish. THIOSPIRILLUM Migula.

A. Cells 3-3.5 microns thick and 10-40 long.

u. Spirillum jenense (Ehrenberg) Winter.

12. Spirillum sanguineum (Ehrenberg) Cohn.

B. Cells scarcely exceed one micron in thickness.

13. Spirillum rufum Perty.

i. Spirillum volutans Ehrenberg

Die Infusionstierchen als vollkommene Organismen, 1838.

Morphology. Bacilli 2-3 : 1 3-30-50 /A, ends slightly attenuated. Spirals of
2-5 elements, amplitude 10-15 /x. A polar bundle of flagella (Kutscher),.
3-8. Dark granules in the interior of the rods, supposed to be of sulphur.

Gelatin colonies. Coli-like.

Agar colonies. Like diphtheria.

Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth porcelain-white,.
. crumpled.

Potato. Growth dry.

Bouillon. Turbid; no membrane.

Habitat. Isolated from stagnant and marsh water.

2. Spirillum Massauah Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 589.

Noted by Pasquale : Baumgarten's Jahresberichte, 1891, 336.

Morphology. Bacilli similar to Msp. comma, with as many as 4 polar flagella.
Gelatin colonies. Completely round, entire, yellowish ; only a trace of lique-
faction. Indol produced in 24 hours in pepton solution.

344

BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous and intramuscular inoculations of pigeons and

guinea pigs fatal.
Habitat. Isolated from dejecta of cholera patients.

3. Spirillum serpens (Miiller) Winter

Vibrio serpens Miiller : Animalia infusoria, 1786.

Spirillum serpens Winter: Die Pilze, 1884. Zettnow: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.,
X, 689.

Morphology. Bacilli rigid filaments, with 2-3 wave-like undulations, 0.8-1.0 :
10-30 /A. Polar flagella in bundles of 14. Spores absent.

Gelatin colonies. Typhi- or coli-like.

Gelatin stab. Growth coli-like ; surface growth becomes sunken, with the
formation of a bubble.

Agar slant a.n& potato. Growth like B. colt.

Bouillon. Turbid, with a delicate membrane.

Habitat. Isolated from stagnant water.

4. Spirillum tenerrimum Lehmann-Neumann

Spirillum I Kutscher: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XX, 1895, 47.
Spirillum tenerrimum Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896, 346.

Morphology. Bacilli short forms ; as a rule, thin. Spirilla of 3-4 elements.

Gelatin colonies. Show a compact centre, a thin, finely granular zone, and an
outer filamentous border.

Gelatin stab. Growth like that of the bacillus of mouse septicaemia, liquefac-
tion slow.

Agar slant. Growth of dewdrop colonies.

Bouillon. Slightly turbid — no membrane. The above may be a Microspira.

Haoitat. Sewage.

5. Spirillum undula (Miiller) Ehrenberg

Vibrio undula Miiller : Historia Vermium terrestrium et fluviat Hauniae, 1773.
Spirillum undula Ehrenberg: Abhandl. Ber. Akad., 1830, 38.

Morphology. Bacilli stout threads, 1.2-1.5 : 8- 1 6 /x, one-half to three turns.

Wave length, 4-5 /A. Bundles of 3-9 flagella at both poles. Spores

present (Migula, I.e.).

Gelatin colonies. Deep: small, entire, granular; no growth on the surface.
Gelatin stab. A development in the upper part of the stab ; on the surface,

growth thin, white, somewhat rugose.
Potato. No growth.
Bouillon. Turbid ; no membrane.
Habitat. Putrid and stagnant water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 345

>

VARIETIES. — Spirillum undula-minus and Spirillum undula-majus of Zett-
now-Kutscher : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVIII, 614; XIX, 393. One-
third larger than the above. Grow well on gelatin and agar.

6. Spirillum concentricum Kitasato

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., Ill, 72, 1888.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.5 : 1.0-8.0 /x; spiral forms, ends pointed. Bundles of

polar flagella at one or both poles.
Gelatin colonies. Round, grayish, concentric.
Gelatin stab. Slight growth in depth ; on the surface, growth, thin, veily,

spreading.

Agar slant. Growth thin, adherent.
Potato. No growth at 2o°-37°.

Bouillon. Turbid ; becoming clear, with a sediment.
Milk. Not coagulated. H.,S negative. Indol negative.
Habitat. Isolated from putrid blood.

7. Spirillum tenue Ehrenberg

Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen, 1838.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.8 /x wide and 4-15 /x long, of 2-5 undulations, wave

length and amplitude, 2-3 /x. Bundles of flagella at either pole. Spores

negative.
Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, entire, finely granular, yellowish. Surface:

round, thin, yellowish.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth filiform ; on the surface, a yellowish layer,

and a slow liquefaction, with a bubble of gas.
Potato. No growth.
Bouillon. Turbid, with a thick membrane. See Bonhoff, Hyg. I -.^schau,

VI, 351. Kutscher, Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., 2te Abt, I.
Habitat. Putrefying vegetable infusions, etc.

8. Spirillum rubrum v. Esmarch

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 1887, 225.

Morphology. Bacilli short spirals 0.6-0.8: 1.0-3.2 /x, with i — 2 — 3 screw
twists when grown in gelatin or agar; in bouillon, longer forms which
are twice as thick as Msp. comma. The shorter spirilla are very motile, the
longer ones only slightly so. There are glistening spots in the rods like
spores, but which do not stain. Stained by Gram's method. Flagella
in bundles at the poles.

346 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. A very slow growth, visible in 8 days. Deep colonies :

gray — pale red, entire, becoming wine-red. The surface colonies

develop but little pigment.
Gelatin stab. In depth, wine-red colonies ; on the surface no color. Indol, a

slight trace.
Agar slant and blood serum. Growth moist, glistening, grayish white,

limited, wine-red where thicker.
Potato. Growth of small, deep-red colonies.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a reddish sediment. H2S negative. No gas

produced.
Habitat. Water.

9. Spirillum rugula (Miiller) Winter

Vibrio rugula Miiller : Cohn's Beilrage, I, 1875.
Spr. rugula Winter : Die Pilze, 1884.

Morphology. Bacilli 1.5-2.0:8-16 /A, rods curved, spiral, or in long chains.

A bundle of polar flagella. Spores at ends of swollen rods; according to

Bonhoff, not present.

Gelatin colonies. At 2o°-22° yellowish white, round, becoming liquefied.
Agar slant. Growth at 37° white, somewhat rugose.
Potato. Growth at 37° white-yellowish, spreading, rugose.
Blood serum. Growth at 37° thin, white ; medium liquefied. A penetrating

faecal odor in cultures.
Habitat. Isolated from the mouth and putrefying fluids.

10. Spirillum sputigenum Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 594.

Described but not named by Miller : Deutsche med. Wochenschrift, 1884, Nos. 34 and 48.

Morphology. Bacilli curved rods, commas, and S forms, also spiral filaments.
According to Lehmann-Neumann (Bak. Diag., 1896, 344), the flagella
are in bundles at one side of the end of a rod. Do not grow in the
ordinary culture media.

Habitat. Isolated from tartar on teeth and from saliva.

it. Spirillum jenense (Ehrenberg) Winter

Ophidomonas jenensis Ehrenberg : I.e.
Spr. jenense Winter: Die Pilze, 1884, 65.

A large species of a dirty green red — brownish green color. Sulphur granules
in the plasma and at the poles. Flagella bundles of 3-9 elements, very
long and stout. The flat spirals are 40 long and 3.5 /x thick.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 347

12. Spirillum sanguineum (Ehrenb.) Cohn

Ophidomonas sanguined Ehrenberg : I.e.

Spr. sanguineum Cohn: Beitrage Biol., I, 1875, Heft 3, 169.

Morphology. Bacilli 3.0 : 10-30 /u,. The spirals have an amplitude of 9-12 ju,,
and a length of 6-10 //,. Color pale red. Sulphur granules in the
plasma.

Habitat, Found in brackish water containing putrefying marine algae.

13. Spirillum rufum Perty

Zur Kenntniss Kleinsten Lebensformen, Berne, 1852.

Morphology. Bacilli as filaments 8-16 fj, long and 1-1.2 /x thick, contents
slightly reddish. 1-4 spiral turns, not broken up into segments. At both
poles bundles of 6-18 flagella. Spores absent.

Habitat. From well water, forming on sides of well red mucus-like spots.

SPI ROCHET A Ehrenberg

Long, slender, closely coiled filaments ; cells flexile. Show undulatory or
snake-like movements which are not progressive, or a turning upon the
longer axis. Flagella not known, endospores apparently absent.

I. PATHOGENIC SPECIES,
i. Spirochaeta Obermeieri Cohn

Beitrage Biol., I, 1875, Heft 3.

Morphology. Bacilli very slender flexile spiral or wavy filaments with pointed
ends, o.i : 16-40 /A. Stain easily with analine colors. Not stained by
Gram's method. Has never been cultivated in artificial media.

Pathogenesis . Inoculations into apes positive, into mice, rabbits, sheep, and
swine negative.

Habitat. Found in the spleen and in the blood in relapsing fever.

2. Spirochaeta febris

Ueber einen aus dent Korper einer Rekurrenskranken erhaltenen Bacillus
Afanassieff : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 1899, 405.

Morphology. From preparations of the first day of the disease, bacilli small,
0.3:1-1.5 //,, with rounded ends; occur singly, in clumps and chains.
In preparations on the following day bacilli 5-6 or 10-14 //, long, as commas
or S forms. In overstained preparations an uncolored capsule is demon-
strated. Cultures made from the blood.

348 BACTERIOLOGY

Boiiillon. Turbid ; bacilli very actively motile, 1-6 : 0.3 /* ; a scum on the

surface.
Gelatin colonies. Very small, white ; do not increase in size ; borders erose,

granulose ; no liquefaction.
Gelatin slant. A thin thread-like growth, 0.5 mm. wide; here the bacilli are

undulate with spindle-shaped thickenings.

Agar slant. In 24 hours at 37° a delicate partly transparent whitish growth.
Blood serum. Growth as on gelatin.
Lactose-litmus agar. Color unchanged.
Potato. At first a watery growth which disappears later. Grows in an

atmosphere of hydrogen in absence of oxygen.

Milk. Not coagulated. Indol produced. Gas in glucose bouillon at 37°.
Pathogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculation of rabbits with 0.2-0.5 cc- of a

bouillon culture causes a progressive elevation of temperature, followed

after 5-10 days by a fall to normal. Similar inoculations of 0.1-0.2 cc.

into man causes a chill and elevation of temperature. Bacilli found in

the blood.

3. Spirochaeta anserina Sakharoff

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol.,XI, 1892, 203.

Morphology. Resembles No. I. Has never been cultivated in artificial

media.
Habitat. From the blood of geese in septicaemia. Inoculations into geese

positive.

II. NON-PATHOGENIC SPECIES.
4. Spirochaeta plicatilis Ehrenberg

Abhandl. Berlin Akad., 1833, 313.

Morphology. Bacilli very thin flexible filaments, 0.5:100-200 /*, ends

rounded, undulations close and regular.
Habitat. Stagnant water containing decomposing vegetable matter.

5. Spirochaeta dentium Cohn

Beitrage Biol., I, Heft II, 180, Heft III, 197, 1875.

Morphology. Bacilli long flexible spiral filaments of unequal thickness, and
irregular spiral windings 8-25 /x, long. Do not grow on culture media as
far as known.

Habitat. From the mouth of healthy individuals.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 349

MYCOBACTERIACE^:

Cells either short or long, cylindrical — clavate — cuneate in form, which at
times may show true branching, or as long-branched mycelial-like fila-
ments. Filaments not surrounded by a sheath as in Chlamydobacteriacece.
Without endospores, but with the formation of gonidia-like bodies due to
a segmentation of the cells. Division at right angles to the axis of a rod
or filament.

A. Cells in their ordinary form short cylindrical rods, often bent and
irregularly swollen, clavate or cuneate. At times Y-shaped forms
or longer filaments with true branchings. May produce short coccoid
elements, perhaps gonidia Mycobacterium (Lehmann-Neumann),
including Corynebacterium (Lehmann-Neumann).

. B. Cells in their ordinary' form as long-branched filaments. Produce
gonidia-like bodies. Cultures generally have a mouldy appearance
due to the development of aerial hyphae. Streptothrix (Cohn) ;
Oospora (Lehmann-Neumann).

MYCOBACTERIUM Lehmann-Neumann

Characters emend, including Corynebacterium Lehmann-Neumann: Bale. Diag., 1896.

Cells in their ordinary forms as short cylindrical rods, which are often bent
irregularly, swollen, clavate or cuneate, and which also at times may show
Y-shaped forms or longer filaments, with true branchings. Without endo-
spores. Without flagella. May produce short coccoid elements, perhaps
gonidia.

I. Stain with aqueous solutions of basic aniline colors, and are easily decolor-
ized by mineral acids when stained with Ziehl's carbol fuchsin.
A. Cells slender, straight or bent, generally cylindrical, rod-like; rarely

show branched forms.
I. Do not grow on ordinary nutrient gelatin.

a. Have not been cultivated on any known artificial media.

1. Mycobact. leprce (Hansen) Lehmann-Neumann.

2. Mycobact. syphilidis (Schroter).

b. Grow only on special blood media.

3. Mycobact. influenza (Pfeiffer). INFLUENZA GROUP.

4. Mycobact. Elmassian.

350 BACTERIOLOGY

2. Grow on ordinary nutrient gelatin. SWINE ERYSIPELAS GROUP.

a. Stain by Gram's method.

5. Mycobact. rhusiopathicz (Kitt).

6. Mycobact. murisepticum (Flligge).

b. Not stained by Gram's method.

7. Mycobact. malei (Lb'ffler) Migula.

B. Cells commonly irregularly swollen, or clavate — cuneate ; rarely show
branched forms. DIPHTHERIA GROUP.

1. On Lbffler's blood serum a decided yellow growth.

8. Mycobact. lac t is.

2. On Lbffler's blood serum growth whitish, not pigmented.

a. Stain by Gram's method.

9. Mycobact. diphtheria (Klebs).

10. Mycobact. pseudodiphthericum (Kruse).

1 1 . Mycobact. pseudotuberculosis (Kutscher) .

b. Do not stain by Gram's method.

12. Mycobact. hastilis (Seitz).

II. Not stained with aqueous solutions of basic aniline colors ; not easily de-
colorized by mineral acids when stained with Ziehl's carbol fuchsin.

TUBERCLE GROUP.

A. Do not grow in nutrient gelatin at room temperatures.

1. Not decolorized by alcohol when stained with Ziehl's carbol fuchsin.

a. Growth on glycerin agar slow, dry, rough, warty, or fragmented.

13. Mycobact. tuberculosis.

b. Growth on glycerin agar visible in about 8 days ; at 37°, flatter

and more watery.

14. Mycobact. avium.

2. Decolorized by alcohol when stained with Ziehl's carbol fuchsin.

15. Mycobact. smegmatis.

B. Grow at least feebly in nutrient gelatin at room temperatures.

p. Growth on agar or glycerin agar becomes a deep yellowish or orange.

1 6. Mycobact. butyri.

2. Growth on agar or glycerin agar whitish, or only a pale yellow.

a. On the surface of bouillon a yellowish membrane.

17. Mycobact. Mo'elleri.

b. On the surface of bouillon a whitish membrane.
* No odor in bouillon cultures.

1 8. Mycobact. graminis.

** Bouillon cultures have a bad odor.

19. Mycobact . friburgensis (Korn).

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 351

i. Mycobact leprae (Hansen) Lehmann-Neumann

B. leprce Hansen : Ueber die Aetiol. des Aussatzes, in Norsk. Magaz. for Laegeve-

densk, Christiania, 1874, Heft IX.
Mycobact, leprce Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896, 372.

Morphology. Bacilli thin rods of about the same size as tubercle bacilli,
straight — slightly curved, occur singly or in twos, often tapered at one or
both ends. Stain uniformly or irregularly, and by Gram's method.

Habitat. Found in large numbers in leprous lesions, in the round cells of
granulation tissue of tuberculous nodules, in lymphatic spaces, in endo-
therial cells, and in the walls of blood vessels.

2. Mycobact. syphilidis (Schroter)

Syphilis bacillus Lustgarten : Med. Jahrb. der K. K. Gesellsch. der Aerzte in

Wien, 1885.
B. syphilidis Schroter: Pilze Schles., 1886.

Morphology. Bacilli similar to tubercle bacilli, 0.2-0.3 '• 3~7 fa often bent, S-
formed, or clavately swollen or irregular, with irregular staining. In the
tissues occur singly or in clumps. Stain by Gram's method ; resist de-
colorization with alcohol. Cultures not known.

Habitat. Found in the lesions of syphilis.

3. Mycobact. influenzas (Pfeiffer)

B. influenza: R. Pfeiffer: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XIII, 1893.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2 : 3-5 ^ commonly in twos. Stain with Lb'ffler's
alkaline blue and carbol fuchsin. Not stained by Gram's method. On
agar moistened with blood, in 24-48 hours, small glassy drops ; older
colonies have yellowish-brownish centres.

Nastinkoff^s solution -1 In 24 hours, at 37°, small white flecks at the bottom
of the tube composed of chains of bacilli.

Nastiukoff^s agar.1 Colonies as small gray points, which microscopically
are round yellow and translucent.

For the differential diagnosis make (i) cover-glass preparations from bron-
chial secretions, sputum, etc., and (2) smear cultures on agar moistened
with blood, and plate cultures with Nastiukoff 's agar.

Habitat. Isolated from nasal and bronchial secretions and urine of man
affected with influenza.

1 For the preparation of Nastiukoff's media see Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVII,
492.

352 BACTERIOLOGY

4. Mycobact. Elmassiani

Bacille analogue au Bacille de Pfeiffer Elmassian : Annales Pasteur Inst.,
XIII, 1899, 625.

Morphology. Bacilli in size like Bact. conjunctivitis, but a little thicker, and
with a slight constriction in the middle ; ends tapered or rounded, others
distinctly rod-like? others like Bact. pneumonia. Not stained by Gram's
method. In a medium containing two parts of gelatin and one of blood
serum in slanted tubes inoculated with washed sputum from a case of
whooping-cough, and incubated at 37°, round transparent punctiform
colonies, 0.25-0.5 mrn. in diameter, developed. No growth in ordinary
bouillon or on gelatin. In serum bouillon in 48 hours, at 37° C., a uni-
form turbidity, becoming clear.

Pathogenesis. Intravenous inoculation of large doses into pigeons and guinea
pigs, negative. Intraperitoneal inoculations of 2-4 cc. into guinea pigs
cause death in 24 hours. Abdomen soft, painful ; animal immobile ; ele-
vation of temperature, peritonitis, and a serp-fibrinous exudate.

Habitat. Isolated from sputum in whooping-cough, tuberculosis, pneumonia,
and la grippe.

5. Mycobact. rhusiopathiae (Kitt)

Bacillus des Schweinerotlaufs Loffler : Arbeiten Kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, Bd. I,

1886, 46.

B. rhusiopathia-suis Kitt : Bakterienkunde u. path. Mikroskopie, 1893, 284.
Bact. erysipelatus-suis Migula : Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli very small, slender, bent or curved, also filaments,

0.2:0.6-1.8 /A.
Gelatin colonies. Thin, veily, which under the microscope show a fine

filamentous structure.
Gelatin stab. In depth, gray cloudy radiating outgrowths ; after some time

the gelatin is softened.
Agar slant. A delicate layer.
Bouillon. Turbid ; later a gray white sediment.
Potato. No growth. Indol negative.
Pathogenesis. Inoculations of mice, white rats, and pigeons cause death in

3-4 days with septicaemia; bacilli in the blood and enclosed within

leucocytes. Mice die in a sitting posture with the eyes sealed by a

secretion.
Habitat. Associated with swine erysipelas, Schweinerotlauf.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 353

6. Mycobact. murisepticum (Fltigge)

B. murisepticus Fliigge : Die Mikroorganismen, 1886.

B. Septikamie bei Mdusen Koch : Aetiol. Wundinfectionsk., 1878.

B. marinus Schroter: Kryptogamenflora Schlesien, III, 1886, 162.

Probably identical with the preceding.

7. Mycobact. malei (Loffler) Migula

B. mallei Loffler : Arbeiten Kaiserlich. Gesundheitsamte, I, 1886, 141.

Morphology. Bacilli small, slender, bent, 0.25-0.4:1.5-3 /x; may occur as
coccoid elements. According to Marx (Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV,
274), may show diphtheria-like and branched forms. Stain badly. Grow
best on glycerin agar ; a scanty growth on blood serum.

Agar slant. In 24-48 hours at 37° C. whitish translucent watery colonies.

Gelatin colonies. After weeks the gelatin begins to soften and small funnels
are formed. Grows with an acid reaction of the medium.

Potato. Growth yellowish — reddish brown ; show pleomorphic, anthrax-
like threads which become swollen involution forms. Indol doubtful.

Pathogenesis. Rabbits but slightly affected, white and gray mice immune.
Intraperitoneal inoculations of 1-2 cc. into male guinea pigs cause death
in 12-15 days; testicles swollen and reddened, tubercles on tunica
vaginalis, suppurating organ contains the bacilli from which pure cultures
can be made.

Habitat. Secretions and ulcers and tubercles in glanders in men, horses,
cats ; sheep, goats, dogs, and rarely swine ; cattle and birds immune.

8. Mycobact. lactis

A Bacillus resembling B. diphtheria found in milk and American cheese Park-Beebe-
Williams : Sci. Bull. No. 2, Health Dept., New York City, 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli more or less regular in shape and size resembling
diphtheria, but slightly thicker and of more variable length. On Loffler's
blood serum bacilli like diphtheria, except slightly thicker and a little
more irregular.

Gelatin colonies. In 24 hours minute, punctiform ; microscopically, round,
entire, sharp, yellow, granular. No liquefaction.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth finely granular, white ; on the surface, growth
abundant, light yellow, becoming deeper yellow.

Agar colonies. In 24 hours at 20° small, punctiform, cream-colored, which
microscopically are coarsely granular, entire, grayish ; later the surface
colonies are a little larger and have a decided yellow color.

354

BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Growth abundant, moist, creamy, becoming a deep yellow.
Loffler^s blood serum. Growth in 24 hours at 37° abundant, moist, light

cream-colored, becoming a decided yellow.
Bouillon. Slightly turbid, with a granular sediment, becoming clear and

tinged with yellow ; no pellicle.
Glucose bouillon. Rendered decidedly acid.
Milk. Not coagulated ; rendered a deeper cream color.
Potato. Growth a narrow stripe, becoming raised, dry, granular, and deep

yellow. Non-pathogenic to guinea pigs.
Habitat. Found commonly in milk and cheese.

See Klein Jour. Path, and Bact., 1894, 441, and Henrici Arbeiten aus dem
Bact. Inst. Tech. Hochsch. Karlsruhe, 1894, Heft I.

9. Mycobact. diphtheriae (Klebs)

B. diphtherias Klebs : Verhandl. Congr. fur inneren Medicin, 1883, 143.

Bacillus bei Diphtheric des Menschen Loffler : Mitteilungen Kaiserliche Gesundheit-

samte, II, 1886, 421.
Corynebacterium diphtherice Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896, 350.

Morphology. Bacilli slender, rather long, straight or somewhat bent, com-
monly swollen at one or both ends, wedge-shaped (cuneate) or clavate,
or various irregular forms, rarely those which show true branching.
With alkaline methylene blue a beaded appearance due to irregular
staining. Stained by Grants method. Grow best in the presence of
oxygen, and at body temperatures.

Glycerin gelatin colonies. Deep : round, light yellow, granular, border entire
— rough. Surface: delicate, grayish white — light yellowish, translucent,
darker and finely granular in the centre, coarsely granular on the border.

Gelatin stab. A scanty development ; no liquefaction.

Glycerin agar colonies. Deep: round — oval, dark gray — greenish, entire,
amorphous. Surface : delicate, grayish white, translucent ; micro-
scopically, round, entire, yellowish, translucent, granular.

Agar slant. But scanty development.

Glycerin agar slant. Growth delicate, white — yellowish white.

Blood serum- or ~ Loftier* s blood serum. Opaque whitish colonies, or a dull
whitish, granular streak.

Bouillon. Turbid, due to granular particles, either immersed or often form-
ing a film on the surface. Medium at first acid, then alkaline.

Milk. Not coagulated, amphoteric.

Potato. On acid potato growth scanty, when medium is rendered alkaline a
delicate glistening growth which can be raised by the needle and which
has the color of the potato.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 355

Glucose bouillon. Acid; no gas. H2S slight. Indol positive.

Pathogenesis , Subcutaneous inoculations of guinea pigs cause death in 36-72
hours. There is oedema, hemorrhage, and a fibre-purulent exudation
about the point of inoculation, hemorrhagic enlargement of lymph,
glands, congestion of the lungs and other organs, hemorrhage of supra-
renal capsules. There is generally only a local development of bacteria.

Habitat. Associated with diphtheria and present in the throats of persons who
have been exposed to infection.

10. Mocobact. pseudodiphthericum (Kruse)

Pseudodiphtheria Bacillus Loffler : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., II, 1887, 105.
Xerose Bacillus Neisser-Kuschbert : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., I, 178.
B.pseudodiphthericus Kruse: Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896.

This may be only a non-virulent variety of the preceding. In the more
marked types it may be distinguished from the preceding by being
shorter and thicker. On glycerin agar and in bouillon it grows rather
more abundantly. According to Escherich and others, the pseudo-
diphtheria bacillus during the first 2-3 days of growth causes an increased
alkalinity of the medium (bouillon), while the true diphtheria bacillus
causes a diminished alkalinity.

Habitat. Isolated by Hoffmann, etc., from the healthy mouth and throat ; by
Neisser-Kuschbert, etc., in xerosis and other affections of the conjunctiva.

ii. Mycobact. pseudo tuberculosis (Kutscher)

B. pseudotuberculosis-murium Kutscher: Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XVIII, 1894.
B.pseudotuberculosis-ovis Preisz: Annales Pasteur Inst. 1895.

Morphology. Bacilli like those of diphtheria. Stain by Gram's method.

Gelatin colonies. Granular, with erose borders.

Potato. No growth.

Milk. Unchanged.

Bouillon. Slight growth.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice result in abscesses at the
point of injection, with a general inflection and death in 5-8 days. Intra-
peritoneal and intrapulmonary injections cause death, with pseudotuber-
cular lesions. Subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea
pigs cause pseudotuberculosis of the abdominal viscera, and death in
2-10-35 days.

Habitat. Found by Kutscher in cheesy nodules in lung and pleura of a
mouse ; by Preisz and Guinard in pseudotuberculosis of sheep ; and by
Kitt from a cheesy pneumonia of cattle.

356 BACTERIOLOGY

12. Mycobact hastilis (Seitz)

B. hastilis Seitz : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXX, 1899, Heft i.

Morphology. Bacilli slender or rather broad rods, pointed at one or both
ends, and here and there slightly thickened in the middle ; straight or
somewhat bent ; occur singly, in twos or short-long chains. Not stained
by Gram's method. With ordinary analine colors, often a beaded stain-
ing. No growth on blood serum, but a growth in the water of condensa-
tion. Grow in ordinary bouillon with the generation of gas, and a foul
odor like carious teeth.

Habitat. Isolated from the mouth.

13. Mycobact. tuberculosis (Koch)

B. tuberculosis Koch: Die Aetiologie des Tuberculose, Berliner, klin. Wochensch.,

1882, No. 15.
Mycobact. tuberculosis Lehmann-Neumann: Bak. Diag., 1896, 363.

Morphology. Bacilli mostly slender, straight or curved or bent rods, 0.4 : 1 .5-4 //,.
Occasionally longer filamentous forms, with true branching, have been
noted (Coppen Jones, Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVII, i). With carbol
fuchsin, an irregular, beaded staining. May also show deeply stained
bodies, which Coppen Jones thinks homologous with chlamydospores.

Glycerin agar slant. Growth whitish, dry, rough — warty, with commonly a
faint pinkish or flesh color. The cultures have a peculiar yeast-like odor.

Blood serum. Growth white, dry, scaly — granular, which is friable but
coherent.

Potato. An abundant raised growth.

Glycerin bouillon. A whitish grayish, membranous, rugose growth on the
surface, which readily sinks; medium clear. Indol negative. H2S
negative.

Palhogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculation of rabbits and guinea pigs cause a
generalized tuberculosis, with death in 2-3 months.

Habitat. Associated with tuberculosis in man and the lower animals.

14. Mycobact. avium (Kruse) Lehmann-Neumann

Bacillus der Huhner oder Geflligeltuberkulose Maffucci : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XI, 1892, 445..
B. tuberculosis-avium Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 506.
Mycobact, tuberculosis-avium Lehmann-Neumann : Bak. Diag., 1896, 370.

Morphology. Bacilli like the preceding, but somewhat longer and more
slender, with a greater tendency to form branched and clavate forms.
Staining reactions as in No. 13. Grow at 43° C. B. tuberculosis does not
grow above 42°.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 357

On blood serum and glycerin agar growth softer, flatter, and more watery ;

also grows more rapidly, i.e. a visible growth in about eight days.
Pathogenesis . Highly pathogenic to fowls ; not truly pathogenic to guinea

pigs, rabbits, and apes.
Habitat. Associated with avian tuberculosis.

15. Mycobact. smegmatis (Kruse)

Smegmabacillus Tavel-Alvarez : Bull, de 1'Acad. de Medecine, 1885.
B. smegmatis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 517.

Morphology. Bacilli like Mycobact. syphilidis, but shows a greater variability
in size and form. Stain with difficulty, and not decolorized with potassium
permanganate, and also retain the stain after long treatment with mineral
acids in contradistinction to syphilis, but are easily decolorized with
alcohol. For differential diagnosis, stain with hot carbol fuchsin, and
immerse in a saturated alcoholic solution of methylene blue, when the
smegma bacilli are stained blue and the tubercle bacilli red.

Habitat. Found on the mucous membranes of the urino -genital tract in man.
and the lower animals, on the mamma, and in urine.

1 6. Mycobact. butyri

Tuberkelahnlicher Bacillus Rabinowitsch : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, XXVI, 1897, 101.
Tuberclebacillen in Butter u. Milch Petri : Arb. a. d. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, XIV, i.

Morphology. Bacilli identical with tubercle. Stain with carbol fuchsin, and
resist decolorization after 4 minutes1 immersion in 6 per cent H2SO4.

Agar colonies. Deep, round — oval, gray, granular. Surface colonies have
gray granular centres, and clear crumpled borders, and are often dry and
cupped.

Gelatin stab. Slow growth ; in depth, small disjointed colonies along the line
of stab ; medium not liquefied.

Agar slant. Freshly isolated from the body, the growth is thick, moist, and
creamy ; in old cultures, a crumpled membrane, of an orange or copper
color. By repeated passage through animals, the cultures on agar or
glycerin agar are dry and fragmented or crumpled, closely simulating
true tubercle bacilli.

Potato. A moist gray layer.

Bouillon and glycerin boitillon. A crumpled membrane on the surface ; media
clear. The cultures have an ammoniacal odor, and lack the characteristic
yeasty odor of true tubercle cultures. The medium is rendered alkaline.
Grow in acid bouillon. Indol is produced.

358 BACTERIOLOGY

Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal inoculations into guinea pigs, of butter contain-
ing the preceding bacilli, result, in 3-4 weeks, in peritonitis, with abundant
tubercles on the peritoneum, which have cheesy, purulent centres. Similar
tubercles may be found on the pleura and in the spleen. These tubercles
lack the microscopic characters of true tubercles in the absence of giant
cells, but more closely simulate glanders nodules. They contain the
bacilli in large numbers, from which pure cultures can be readily obtained.

Habitat. Found by Rabinowitsch, Petri, and others in butter and milk.

17. Mycobact Moelleri

Timothee Bacillus or Grass Bacillus I Moeller : Wiener med. Wochenschr., 1898, p. 2358.

Morphology. Bacilli 0.2-0.5 ; 1.4 /x ; often bent ; often in chains of 2-3, or in
clumps ; also as filaments with clubbed ends, or branched. Show irreg-
ular staining like tubercle bacilli, and retain the red color of carbol
fuchsin when treated with acid and acid alcohol.

Glycerin agar. At 37°, after several days, grayish white, dry, scaly colonies.

Bouillon. Small granular masses on the walls and bottom of the tube; on
the surface, a yellowish membrane.

Milk. On the surface, yellowish spots or colonies, or a yellowish ring adherent
to the walls.

Potato. A warty layer like tubercle bacilli.

Pathogenesis. Pathogenic to rabbits and guinea pigs, producing a pseudo-
tuberculosis as in Mycobact. butyri. . ; ;_"•

Habitat. Isolated by Moeller from infusions of timothy grass.

The MIST BACILLUS of Moeller, isolated from cow manure, is a closely related
organism (Berliner thierarztl. Wochenschr., 1898. 100). In morphology it
simulates the tubercle bacillus ; also occurs as long filaments ; also clubbed
at one or both ends, and without branching. Does not grow in milk.
Grows well on glycerin agar.

1 8. Mycobact. graminis

Grass Bacillus II Moeller : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 1899, 369.

Morphology. Bacilli in fluid media mostly as rods whose morphology and
staining properties simulate tubercle bacilli. In old cultures, often fila-
ments and branched forms. On solid media, at first only rods and coccoid
forms ; later, filaments showing true branching. Rods 0.2-0.4 : 1-5 /A.
Stain by Gram's method.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 359

Glycerin agar slant. In 2 days, at 37°, small, delicate, watery colonies, be-
coming confluent. Growth rather raised, often with a yellowish tinge.
In the water of condensation, which is clear, small particles which sink.

Potato. At 37° a thick grayish white growth along the line of inoculation.

Milk. Becomes acid in 2-3 days.

Bouillon. Medium clear ; a grayish white membrane and a stringy sediment ;
no odor.

Gelatin slant. In 4-5 days, at 20°, a grayish white thick growth along the
line of inoculation ; no liquefaction.

Gelatin stab. A good growth along the line of stab.

Pathogenesis . Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs cause death in 4-6
weeks, with the same macro-pathological picture as in tuberculosis.

Habitat. Found in hay dust in lofts.

19. Mycobact. friburgensis (Korn)

B.friburgensis Korn : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXV, 1899, S32-

Morphology. Bacilli in bouillon vary from those simulating B. colt to longer

and slightly bent rods. On agar the rods are rather thinner ; on old agar

and serum cultures, coccothrix forms. On potato, cocci, diplococci, and

short rods or partly bent bacilli of variable thickness, also clavate forms.

In the animal body, tubercle and coli forms; also branched individuals.

Stain poorly with ordinary aniline colors, well with aniline and carbol

fuchsin, and withstand decolorization for one minute in 10 per cent

H2SO4. Stain by Gram's method.
Agar colonies. Deep : round — elongated, granular. Surface : round, grayish

white, becoming sunken in the centre.
Gelatin stab. In depth, growth slight, uniform ; on the surface, growth white,

and rather flat and lobate.
Glycerin agar slant. In 2-3 days, at 37°, growth thick, glistening, rough,

crumpled, with a membrane on the water of condensation.
Bouillon. On the surface, a thick membrane. Cultures have a bad odor.

No growth in acid bouillon.
Glucose bouillon. Grow only in the open end ; no gas. Indol slight, and

produced only in glycerin bouillon.
Milk. In 6 days unaltered ; after a longer time the milk becomes rather gray,

with a slight sediment ; not coagulated or peptonized. Whole milk or

cream assumes a copper color.
Glycerin blood serum (horse). In 6-8 days an orange-colored growth.

360 BACTERIOLOGY

Potato. A soft flat whitish growth, becoming brownish. In an atmosphere
of hydrogen a slight growth at 37°, none at 20°.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of guinea pigs causes abscesses at
the point of injection containing the bacilli, but without fatal issue. Intra-
peritoneal inoculations of mice cause death after some days. There is a
serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity ; the peritoneum is studded with sub-
milliary nodules. Spleen swollen, and studded with knots. Knots in
liver and kidney?. Bacilli in the lesions.

STREPTOTHRIX

Cells in their ordinary form as long branched filaments. Cultures on solid
media raised. Growth coherent, dry, rough, or crumpled, often with a
mouldy appearance, due to the formation of aerial hyphae. Without
endospores, but by a multiple segmentation of a filament, the production
of short, gonidia-like bodies.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS

I. In the animal body the radially arranged filaments show a clavate enlarge-

ment of their ends.

A. Cultures show abundant branched filaments.

1. Grow at room temperatures, 2o°-22°, and on potato.

1 . Streptothrix bovis (Harz) .

2. No growth below 22° C.

a. Grow on potato.

2 . Streptothrix flava .

b. Do not grow on potato.

3. Streptothrix Hofmanni (Gruber) Kruse.

B. On ordinary media, viz. agar, no branched filaments, but diphtheria-

like forms.

4. Streptothrix Israeli Kruse.

5 . Streptothrix Krausei.

II. Filaments do not show a clavate enlargement of their ends.

A. Do not grow in nutrient gelatin ; grow on blood serum or blood-

serum agar.

6. Streptothrix necrophorus (Lb'ffler) Schmorl.

B. Grow in nutrient gelatin.
i. Gelatin liquefied.

a. Non-chromogenic, colonies whitish; no pigment on gelatin or
agar.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 361

* Gelatin liquefied very slowly or imperfectly.

7. Streptothrix Rosenbachii Kruse.
** Gelatin liquefied rather rapidly.

8 . Streptothrix invulnerabilis ( Acosta-Grande-Rossi) Kruse.

9. Streptothrix Foersteri Cohn.

b. Chromogenic ; produce pigment on gelatin.

* Gelatin colonies yellowish.

10. Streptothrix albido Rossi-Doria.
** Gelatin colonies brownish ; gelatin stained a deep brown.

u. Streptothrix chromogena Gasperini.
*** Gelatin colonies violet.

1 2 . Streptothrix violacea Rossi-Doria .

**** Gelatin colonies, grown anaerobically, brick-red.

13. Streptothrix rubr a Kruse.
2. Gelatin not liquefied.

a. No distinct pigment on gelatin or agar ; growth white — gray,

or at most, yellowish white.

14. Streptothrix far cinica (Trevisan) Rossi-Doria.

b. Chromogenic ; a pigment on gelatin or agar.

* On gelatin, colonies or growth yellowish — orange.

15. Streptothrix aurantiaca Rossi-Doria.

1 6 . Streptothrix aster oides ( E ppi nger ) .

** On gelatin or agar, colonies or growths become reddish.

17. Streptothrix carnea Rossi-Doria.

1 8. Streptothrix inadurce Vincent.

i. Streptothrix bovis (Harz)

Actinomyces bovis Harz: Jahresb. Munch. Central Thierarzneischule, 1877-78.
Discomyces bovis Rivolta : Sul. cosi detto mal del rospo della Trutta e sul' Actinomyces
bovis di Harz, 1878.

Morphology. In the body of man and animals, as foci of granulation tissue,
containing the fungus, which is composed of interlacing filaments, and
which on the periphery show a radial arrangement or clavate enlargement
of their ends. Filaments 0.4-0.6 /n in diameter, either long and unseg-
mented, or breaking up into longer or shorter rods. The filaments often
show a segmentation of their plasma and the formation of gonidial ele-
ments, which later are set free and are presumably gonidia. In cultures,
filaments showing true branching are numerous. The clavate enlarge-
ments of the ends of the filaments, due to a capsular thickening, are

362

BACTERIOLOGY

found in the deeper portions of the culture. Filaments, but not the

capsular enlargements, stained by Gram's method.
Gelatin colonies. Irregular, yellowish gray, glistening ; microscopically, dark

yellowish gray, homogeneous or slightly concentric ; border dark, with a

fine filamentous structure.
Gelatin stab. In depth, small yellowish white spheres, which become bristly;

on the surface, growth yellowish white, flat, raised, soft, glistening, rather

tough, becoming sunken, due to a slight liquefaction ; liquefied gelatin

syrupy, brownish.
Agar slant. Growth of delicate colonies, becoming whitish to whitish yellow,

soft, glistening, raised, warty, becoming sunken and brownish in color.

The growth penetrates deep into the medium.
Blood serum. Isolated colonies becoming spreading and thicker, rather dry ;

the lower surface of the growth in contact with the medium, orange-yel-
low— brick-red.

Bouillon. Remains clear ; at the bottom globular masses.
Milk. Unchanged in 8 days.
Potato. Growth warty, yellowish white, very adherent, limited. Odor of

cultures weak, not mouldy.
Glucose bouillon. No gas, acid. H2S negative.
Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal inoculations of guinea pigs and rabbits result,

in 30 days, in the formation of nodules on the peritoneum containing the

fungus.
Habitat. Associated with antinomycosis in man and cattle.

-.

2. Streptothrix flava

Described by Bruns: Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXVI, 1899, u.

Morphology. Filaments 1-2 p. broad and reaching 100 /x. in length, often with
clavate swellings. Filaments show branching, also shorter forms like
Mycobact. diphtheria. Stain by Gram's method.

On agar, after 3-4 weeks, a colony 0.75-1.0 cm., yellowish. Surface irregular,
adherent, not easily fragile.

In bouillon, a whitish yellow, fragmentary growth on the bottom ; no growth
on the surface ; fluid clear. Grows on blood serum and potato, but not
so well on agar. On gelatin, at 24°-26°, a slight growth after 4 weeks ;
no liquefaction. Optimum temperature, 35°-38° ; minimum, 25.5° C.

Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic to mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 363

3. Streptothrix Hofmanni (Gruber) Kruse

Mikromyces Hofmanni Gruber: Archiv f. Hygiene, XVI, 1893, 34.

Morphology. Branched filaments i.o /x thick. Do not produce aerial hyphas.
The contents of older filaments become segmented into coccoid gonidia.
In animal body, clavate enlargements ; also in old, 3 months, bouillon
cultures. Aerobic. No growth below 22° C. Optimum temperature,
37° C.

No growth on gelatin and potato ; on agar and blood serum a scanty develop-
ment.

'lycerin agar slant. A raised, rugose, dull, grayish white to brownish
growth.

Bouillon. Clear, with a granular sediment, and often with a surface membrane.
Grows well in fluid media containing 0.5-3 per cent of sugar with the
production of acetic acid and alcohol.

'athogenesis . Subcutaneous inoculations of rather large doses into rabbits
cause a fibro-purulent inflammation at the point of inoculation, with
abscess formation, which remains localized. There appears to be no
development of the fungus.

Habitat. Isolated from the air.

4. Streptothrix Israeli Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 56.

Noted by Wolff- Israel : Virchow's Archiv, CXXVI.

Anaerobic, grow poorly in the presence of air. An absence of branched fila-
ments in cultures. In anaerobic (Buchner's method) cultures on agar at
37° C., fine, dew-like drops or convex colonies, which generally remain
discrete.

Bouillon. Growth composed of small scaly particles.

STo growth w. gelatin.

Agar slant. Cultures show only rods greatly similar to diphtheria, with but

little tendency to form filaments. Egg cultures show typical filaments.
^athogenesis . Intraperitoneal inoculations of rabbits and guinea pigs result
in (4-7 weeks) the formation on the peritoneal viscera of nodules, varying
in size from that of a millet seed to that of a plum, in the smaller of which
typical actinomyces kernels are found. These contain branched filaments
with clavate ends.

'iabitat. Isolated by Wolff and Israel from two cases of human antinomy-
cosis.

364 BACTERIOLOGY

5. Streptothrix Krausei

Streptothrix Krause : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XXVI, 1899, 209.

Morphology. Short and long rods and clavate forms like diphtheria. Stain

by Gram's method. Grow best at 37° ; no growth at 22° C.
Glycerin agar colonies. In 4 days, small, in 8 days, slightly yellowish, 2-;

mm. ; borders erose or rosette-like ; adherent to the medium.
Bouillon. Clear, but a sediment of colony clumps.
No growth on gelatin or potato. No gas produced. No indol, and no H.,<

produced. Grows better aerobicly than anaerobicly. Non-pathogenic tc

mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.
Habitat. Isolated from a case of actinomycosis in man.

6. Streptothrix necrophorus (Loffler) Schmqrl

B. necrophorus Loffler: Mitteilungen a. d. Kaiserlich. Gesundheitsamte, II, 1884, 493.

B. diphtherice-vituorum Loffler : I.e.

Streptothrix cuniculi Schmorl : Zeitsch. f. Tiermed., XVII, 1891.

Anaerobic. Grows best on blood serum and on blood-serum agar at the bodj
temperature. Noted by Schmorl in an infectious disease of rabbits
characterized by a progressive necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue, als<
by a fibrinous inflammation of the serous membranes, etc. By Bang anc
Loffler, in diphtheria of calves, etc. The organisms are found at th<
periphery of the necrotic areas, where it forms thick tufts and filaments
in which true branching is not certainly demonstrated. The filaments
now and then break up into rods.

Pathogenesis. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice and rabbits causes a loca
necrosis, with multiple necrotic foci in the inner organs.

7. Streptothrix Rosenbachii Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 61.

Discovered by Rosenbach : Archiv f. Chirurgie (Langenbeck), 1887.

Morphology. Very fine branched filaments, breaking up into short rods o
coccoid forms. The filaments often end in a thick point. In cultura
characters like the bacillus of mouse septicaemia. Old cultures beconr
brownish. Grow best at 20° C., and badly at 37° C.

Pathogenesis. By inoculations into man, Rosenbach produced erysipeloiti
lesions.

Habitat. Associated with erythema exudativum multiforme.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 365

8. Streptothrix invulnerabilis (Acosta-Grande-Rossi) Kruse

Cladothrix invulnerabilis Acosta-Grande-Rossi : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XV, 1893, I-
Streptothrix invulnerabilis Kruse : Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 64.

Morphology. Mycelium branched with aerial hyphae.

Gelatin colonies. Tough, with a whitish bloom, > crumpled ; gelatin not

liquefied. Grows in the absence of air.

Potato.. Stained black around the growth. Causes a cloudiness in water.
Habitat. Water, etc.

9. Streptothrix Foersteri .Cohn

Streptothrix Fcersteri Cohn : Beitrage Biol., Bd. I, Heft. 3.
Streptothrix alba Rossi-Doria: Annal. dell' 1st. d' Ig. di Roma, 1891.
Streptothrix /-// Almquist : Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, VIII, 1890.
Actinomyces albus Gasperini : Ann. Micrographie, IX, 1890, 449.
Cladothrix liquefaciens Hesse-Garten : Zeitsch. f. Chirurgie, 34 and 41.

Morphology. A branched mycelium with abundant aerial hyphae, giving

cultures a white appearance. Aerobic.
On gelatin, a broadly folded membrane with a white bloom and oil drops.
Milk. Peptonized. Grows well on cooked vegetables.
Pathogenesis. Non-pathogenic (Rossi-Doria). According to Gasperini, may

produce actinomyces in cattle. Almquist found this species in a case of

meningitis.
Cladothrix liquefaciens of Hesse-Gartner was isolated from a lesion in man,

simulating actinomycosis. The various forms classed under this head

are not sufficiently described to closely differentiate them.
Habitat. Air and water ; also assuming pathogenic roles as already intimated.

10. Streptothrix albido Rossi-Doria

Annal. dell' 1st. d' Ig. di Roma, 1891.

Morphology. Mycelium branched, with aerial hyphae sparingly. Do not
grow with the exclusion of air. Color of colonies yellowish. Surface
growth channelled or fluted. Gelatin liquefied slowly.

Milk. Growth as islands on the surface, peptonized. Non-pathogenic.

Habitat. Air.

u. Streptothrix chromogena Gasperini

Streptothrix nigra Rossi-Doria : I.e., 1891.
Morphology. Branched filaments often evidently septate, composed of long
and short elements. In the aerial hyphae by segmentation short coccoid

366 BACTERIOLOGY

gonidia. Stain by Gram's method. Grow at 20°, but best at 37° C.

Aerobic.
Gelatin colonies. Round, slightly raised, brownish, but with a whitish dry.

chalky appearance in the centre, becoming concentric. Gelatin around '

the colony dark brown and slowly liquefied, leaving a chalky crust on the

surface of the liquefied gelatin. Microscopically, filamentous, tangled,

becoming opaque in centre with a filamentous border.
Gelatin stab. In depth, short radiate bundle-like outgrowths after some

time; on the surface like gelatin colonies, gelatin slowly liquefied

beneath.
Agar stab. In depth, bristly outgrowths ; on the surface, growth moist J

yellowish, glistening, raised, becoming dry, warty ; agar stained a deep

brown.

Agar slant. Growth brownish, slightly spreading, becoming whitish, chalky.
Bouillon. On the surface, a delicate and later a tough membrane.
Glucose bouillon. Radiate masses at the bottom ; medium brownish.
Milk. A tough_yellowish brown growth on the surface ; medium renderedl

alkaline and peptonized.
Potato. Growth yellowish — yellowish brown, becoming chalky. The

medium is stained a deep brown or black. The culture has an intense

mouldy odor.
Habitat. Air, water, and stomach contents.

12. Streptothrix violacea Rossi-Doria

I.e., 1891.

Morphology. Typical Streptothrix, with branched mycelium and spore for-
mation and aerial hyphae. Stain by Gram's method. No anaerobic
growth.

Gelatin colonies. Violet, isolated, becoming united and forming a rugose}
membrane; also the medium stained violet.

Bouillon. Scanty growth ; compact nodules at the bottom and isolated
colonies on the surface; medium colored a faint wine-red.

Potato. Red violet colonies, with a whitish bloom and a brownish discolora-j
tion of the medium.

Milk. Violet points of growth ; medium slowly peptonized.

Pathogenesis. Negative, or injection of 2 cc. intraperitoneally into test animals]
may cause a pseudotuberculosis of the mesentery, spleen, liver, and lungs.

Habitat. Air and water.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 367

13. Streptothrix rubra Kruse

Fliigge, Die Mikroorganismen, 1896, 63.

Noted by Casabo : Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XVII, Nos. 13-14, 1895.

Morphology. Thick-branched filaments with spores. A good growth under
anaerobic conditions with the formation of brick-red colonies. Non-
pathogenic.

Habitat, Isolated from sputum.

14. Streptothrix farcinica

Bacillus du Farcin Nocard : Ann. Pasteur Inst., II, 1888, 293.
Nocardia farcinica Trevisan : Genera, 1889, 9.
Streptothrix farcinica Rossi-Doria : I.e., 1891.

Morphology. Filaments 0.25 //, thick, branched, or short jointed. Stain by
Gram's method. Slight growth at 20°, good growth at 37°.

Gelatin colonies. Grow slowly ; in 10 days small round transparent glisten-
ing spheres which microscopically are entire, grayish, and amorphous.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth granular; on the surface a slow growth,
which in 12 days is white and warty.

Agar colonies. Yellowish white, irregular, glistening, 'membranous, 1-2 mm.

Agar slant. Growth grayish — yellowish white, with a rough, finely cleft
surface.

Bouillon. Clear, with a granular sediment and often a dirty gray membrane.

Milk. Not coagulated, reaction unchanged.

Potato. Slow growth, whitish yellow, dull ; surface squamose.

Pathogenesis. Intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea pigs causes in 9-20 days a
pseudotuberculosis of the abdominal viscera, with the fungus within the
tubercles. By subcutaneous inoculation only an affection at the point of
inoculation or neighboring lymph glands. Intravenous inoculations of
cattle and sheep cause a slowly progressive pseudotuberculosis.

Habitat. Associated with a chronic form of tuberculosis in the subcutis of the
intestines and of the internal organs.

15. Streptothrix aurantiaca Rossi-Doria

I.e., 1891.

Morphology. Branched filaments with aerial hyphae and spores. Grows at

20°, but not with the exclusion of air.
Gelatin colonies. Waxy, yellow, becoming orange, with a whitish bloom ;

surface colonies not colored.

368 ' BACTERIOLOGY

Agar slant. Colonies, becoming a warty membrane.

Potato. Growth thin, membranous, becoming orange.

Milk. Growth as orange-colored flecks, unchanged. Non-pathogenic.

Habitat. Air.

1 6. Streptothrix asteroides (Eppinger)

Cladothrix asteroides Eppinger ; Ziegler's Beitrage, IX.

Oospora asteroides Sauvageau-Radais : Ann. Pasteur Inst., VI, 242.

Morphology. Branched filaments 0.2 /x thick ; filaments break up into short
quadrangular-coccoid segments, which, by the rupture of the wall of the
filament at the apex, allow the latter to escape.

Agar colonies. Round, yellowish white, with a finely granular centre and a
pale concentric border. Microscopically, delicate, stellately branched,
becoming opaque in centre, with a delicate branched border.

Glucose agar slant. Firm whitish warts, becoming larger and rugose, ochre-
yellow.

Blood serum. As before.

Gelatin slant. Growth orange-yellow, rough, rugose.

Potato. Growth slow, white, becoming brick-red warts ; later pulverent on
the surface due to aerial hyphae.

Bouillon. Clear ; on the surface, white disks which fall to the bottom.

17. Streptothrix carnea Rossi-Doria

l.c., 1891.

Morphology. Mycelium branched with aerial hyphae and spores. Colonies

characterized on all media by their minuteness and rosy color.
Habitat. Air (rare).

1 8. Streptothrix madurae Vincent

Ann. Pasteur Inst., 1894.

Morphology. Branched filaments 1-1.5 A* thick, with aerial hyphas and spores.

Stained by Gram's method. Optimum temperature 37°.
Agar slant. Slow growth, colonies firm, warty, yellowish white, becoming

reddish — bright red. No growth on blood serum.
Bouillon. Growth scanty, as granules.
Potato. Growth warty, white, becoming red orange, with whitish aerial

hyphae.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 369

Milk, Slowly peptonized. Good growth in vegetable infusions, of a slightly
acid reaction, as hay, potato. Media clear with brownish flocculi, which
on the surface are red, often forming a membrane ; the reaction becomes
alkaline.

Pathogenesis. At most only a slight local reaction in rabbits and guinea pigs.

Habitat. Associated with a warty ulcerative affection of the feet, and rarely
of the hands.

Madura foot. In the lesions no nodular swellings, but in the periphery of
the colony a zone concentrically arranged, spindle-shaped elements, prob-
ably degeneration forms of the filaments.

CHLAMYDOBACTERIACE^: Migula

Filamentous bacteria composed of rod-shaped cells, and surrounded by a dis-
tinct sheath. Division of the cells at right angles to the axis of the fila-
ments. In Phragmidiothrix and Crenothrix, however, in the formation
of gonidia, a division of the cells in three directions of space takes place.
Reproduction by means of gonidia, which are either motile or non-motile.

I. Cell contents without sulphur granules.

A. Filaments unbranched.

1 . Cell division takes place only in one direction of space. Leptothrix.

2. Cell division, before the formation of gonidia, takes place in three

directions of space.

a. Filaments surrounded by a delicate, scarcely discernible sheath.

Phragmidioth rix.

b. Filaments surrounded by a plainly discernible sheath. Creno-

thrix.

B. Filaments show false branchings. Cladothrix.

II. Cell contents contain sulphur granules. Thiothrix.

LEPTOTHRIX Kiitzing

Phycologia Generalis, 1843, 198.

Streptothrix Migula: Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895.

Filaments unbranched, non-motile, enclosed in very delicate or rather thick
sheaths, either fixed or associated in slimy masses. The separation of
the filaments and the presence of a sheath is demonstrated by special
methods of staining. The contents of the filaments become segmented,
forming round or ovoid gonidia, which escape from the sheath and de-
velop into filaments. Gonidia non-motile.

2B

3/0 BACTERIOLOGY

The above characters as given by Migula are referred to his genus Strepto-
thrix. The Streptothrix of Cohn includes branched forms entirely dis-
tinct from the Streptothrix of Migula. Migula's genus is certainly more
closely related to the Leptothrix of Kutsing, and later described by Cohn.
Furthermore, the rule of priority would direct that the earlier name, Lc.p-
tothrix, should be retained.

I. Filaments not fixed, but associated in tangled masses.

1. Leptothrix hyalina (iMigula).

II. Filaments fixed on a substratum.

A. Filaments short.

2. Leptothrix epiphytic a (Migula).

B. Filaments long.

3. Leptothrix fluitans (Migula).

4. Leptothrix gigantea Miller.

5. Leptothrix innominat a Miller.

6. Leptcthrix buccalis Miller.

i. Leptothrix hyalina (Migula)

Streptothrix hyalina Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895.

Filaments 0.6 //. in diameter, forming tangled masses. A sheath is demon-
strated with iodine.
Habitat. Water.

2. Leptothrix epiphytica (Migula)

Streptothrix epiphytica Migula : I.e.

P'ilaments short, colorless, fixed to algae, etc., with a thick gelatinous sheath.
Produce ovoid gonidia.

3. Leptothrix fluitans (Migula)

Streptothrix fluitans Migula : I.e.

Very slender filaments 10 mm. long, with a delicate sheath. Produce spher-
ical gonidia, which generally remain glued to the filaments. Found
attached to the stems of water plants and wet wood.

The following species are not sufficiently described as regards their morphol-
ogy to determine whether they are true species of this genus, or whether
they belong to the Bacteriaceae.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 371

4. Leptothrix gigantea Miller

Ber. deutsche bot. Gesellsch., 1883, Heft 5.

•Occurs as tufts of filaments of considerable length and of variable thickness,
either straight, irregular, or spirally bent ; composed of long and short
rods and cocci. In a certain stage a sheath is observed, from which the
rods and coccoid forms escape.

Habitat. In mucus from human teeth.

5. Leptothrix innominata Miller

Die Bakt. der Mundhohle, II Auf., Berlin, 1894.

Leptothrix buccalis (?) Robin: Histoire Naturelle des Vegetaux parasites, 1853.

Filaments 0.5-0.8 //. in diameter, unsegmented, somewhat undulate. Stain a

faint yellow with iodine. Not cultivated.
Jiabitat. From the teeth of man.

6. Leptothrix buccalis Miller

Leptothrix buccalis-maximus Miller: I.e.

Filaments 1-1.3 : 3°~1S° Pi occur singly, or in parallel bundles. Stain brown
— violet with iodine, and composed of segmented rods. Not cultivated.
Habitat. From the teeth of man.

PHRAGMIDIOTHRIX Engler

Bot. Verein der Provinz Brandenburg, 1882, 19.

Filaments with a very delicate sheath, only visible in old filaments. The
filaments consist at first of groups of cells in one plane, which later divide
in three directions of space, forming Sarcina-like packets. Later, the
single cells assume a spherical form, and become free.

i. Phragmidiothrix multiseptata Engler

Filaments 3-12 /x broad by 100 /x long. Found attached to the bodies of
crustaceae, Gammarus locust a.

3/2 BACTERIOLOGY

CRENOTHRIX Cohn

Beitrage Biol., I, 1875, 130.

Filaments fixed to a substratum, usually thinner at the base than at the apexr
with thick sheaths. Cells cylindrical to flat, one-half the breadth of the
filament. Gonidia of two kinds : microgonidia, formed by a segmentation
of the vegetating cells, producing small spherical elements ; and macro-
gonidia, produced by the vegetating cells in the neighborhood of the
apex of the filament breaking up into larger oval elements. The gonidia
may either escape or germinate within the filaments.

i. Crenothrix polyspora Cohn

I.e.

Long, stiff, unbranched filaments, composed of cells ; in the young filaments
a thin, and in the older filaments a thick sheath. There is often a depo-
sition of oxide of iron in the sheath, which stains the latter brown. Fila-
ments 1.5-5.2 /JL broad. Vegetating cells one-half to four times the breadth
of the filaments. Gonidia formation as already described. Cultures on
artificial media not successful. According to Rb'ssler, organisms grow in
spring water containing fragments of sterilized briclc, previously boiled in
water containing sulphate of iron.

Habitat. Found in stagnant and running water, containing organic matter
and iron salts, as thick masses of a brownish or greenish color.

CLADOTHRIX Cohn

Beitrage Biol., I, 1875.

Filaments generally with delicate sheaths, often fixed and forming tufts. Cells
cylindrical. By intercalary growth a cell may break through the sheath
laterally, and by continuous growth produce a false dichotomous branch-
ing. Reproduction by motile gonidia (swarm spores), which bear a little
laterally to a pole, a bundle of flagella.
I. Filaments surrounded by thick gelatinous sheaths.

1. Cladothrix natan s (Kutzing) Migula.
II. Filaments with a delicate, or with a scarcely evident sheath.

A. A ferruginous species, with an accumulation of hydrated oxide of iron
in tfae sheath. Do not grow in ordinary culture media.

2. Cladothrix ochracea (Kutzing) Winogradsky.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 373

J3. Not as above specified. Grow more or less readily on culture media.

1. Gelatin liquefied.

a. Growth on gelatin or agar pinkish — reddish.

3. Cladothrix rufula Wright.

b. Growth on gelatin whitish.

* Gelatin stained brownish by the growth of the organism.

4. Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn.

5 . Cladothrix profundus Ravenel.

6. Cladothrix intestinalis Ravenel.
** Gelatin not stained brownish.

f Colonies on agar distinctly stellate in form.

7. Cladothrix invulnerabilis Acosta-Grande-Rossi.
ft Colonies on gelatin floccose — filamentous.

8. Cladothrix fungiformis Ravenel.

9. Cladothrix intrica Russell.

2. Gelatin not liquefied.

10. Cladothrix non-liquefaciens Ravenel.

i. Cladothrix natans (Kiitzing) Migula

Sphcerotilus natans Kiitzing: Linnaea. VIII, 1833, 385.

Cladoihrix natans Migula: Die Natiirlichen Pflanzenfam., 1895, 46.

Filaments composed of rod-like elements, surrounded by a thick gelatinous
sheath. Show false branching like Cladothrix dichotoma. Eventually
round strongly refracting bodies form within the rods, which germinate
either outside or within the mother cells.

Habitat. Found as slimy particles in factory water.

2. Cladothrix ochracea (Kiitzing) Winogradsky

Leptothrtx ochracea Kiitzing: Species Algarum, 147.
. Cladothrix ochracea Winogradsky.

In morphology like Cladothrix dichotoma ; distinguished from the latter by the
accumulation in the sheath of hydrated oxide of iron. Does not grow in
ordinary culture media.

3. Cladothrix rufula Wright

I.e., 433-

Filaments long slender branched, which in stained preparations are seen to
be composed of rather long undulate segments, separated by a clear
interval. In the mature condition, deeply stained bodies of a diameter
2-3 times the width of the filament are seen.

374 BACTERIOLOGY

Gelatin colonies. Deep: round, reddish, granular, border slightly uneven,,
dense or densely floccose. Surface: in 4 days, round, with pale ill-
defined margins, about 2 mm., slightly sunken; microscopically, densely
floccose in centre, and of a reddish color, thinner and lighter in color
toward the border.

Gelatin slant. A narrow dense reddish stripe, beneath which the gelatin is.
slowly liquefied.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a slight growth; on the surface, growth round thin,
flat pinkish, below which is a slowly liquefying funnel.

Acid gelatin. No growth.

Agar slant. Growth thin, translucent, glistening, limited, slightly pinkish,,
usually of discrete colonies.

Bouillon. Medium clear; no membrane, and with a pinkish sediment.

Potato. Growth elevated, pink — pale reddish, limited, rather rough.

Litmus milk. No change in 2 weeks.

Glucose gelatin stab. No growth in depth.

Pepton rosolic acid. Unchanged. Indol slight. Grows at 36° C.

Habitat. Water.

Houston, 27th Report Loc. Gov. Board, England, Supplement, 1897-98, 289,,
notes a species of Cladothrix which liquefies gelatin and produces an;
orange-pink pigment.

Habitat. Soil.

4. Cladothrix dichotoma Cohn

Beitrage Biol., I, 3, 1875, 185. .

Filaments 0.4 /x thick, composed of rod-like segments surrounded by a delicate

sheath.' Short motile gonidia are set free at the apex of a filament.

Filaments may assume spiral forms and exhibit the false dichotomous

branching. According to Mace (Compt. rend. CVI, 1888, 1622) the

organism shows the following cultural characters : —
Gelatin colonies. In 4-5 days, small yellowish dots; later a brownish button

with a whitish bloom ; later depressed, due to a slow liquefaction of the

surrounding gelatin ; medium stained brown.
Gelatin stab. On the surface growth thin, grayish ; gelatin slowly liquefied ;

medium remains clear, but is stained a deep brown.
Agar slant. At 35°, a thick glistening layer, very adherent, with often a

whitish bloom. The agar is stained brown.
Bouillon. Whitish radiate flakes ; medium clear, but stained brown. All

cultures have a strong mouldy odor. A species named Cl. dichotoma was

isolated by Ravenel (I.e., 15), with the following characters: forms-

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 375

long chains and filaments, with characteristic false branching; rods of
variable length ; many clavate and spiral forms.

Gelatin colonies. In 2 days, minute, white, 0.5 mm. ; microscopically, dense in
centre, brown, with a similar staining of the surrounding gelatin. In 5
days the colonies may be 3 mm. ; the brownish discoloration extends far
into the gelatin. Each colony lies in a crateriform depression, with a
thick brown skin on the surface of the liquefied gelatin ; microscopically,
with dense brownish centres and filamentous borders.

Agar slant. A whitish line ; agar stained brown ; growth becomes wrinkled,
gristly, and adherent.

Gelatin stab. In depth a slight growth, and later outgrowths ; on the surface,
a button, which rapidly sinks ; gelatin a clear brown ; in 7 days a crateri-
form liquefaction, becoming stratiform.

Potato. Growth thick, rough, grayish, wrinkled ; medium stained a deep brown.

Bouillon. Growth at the bottom as dirty white flocculi ; the medium becomes
the color of brandy.

Litmus milk. Becomes a deeper blue, and in 6 weeks cherry-red ; apparently

peptonized.

. Glucose gelatin stab. No gas or growth in depth. Indol produced. Grow at
36°.

Habitat. Water and soil.

The Bismarck brown Cladothrix Houston (I.e.) is probably a variety of the
above.

Habitat. Soil.'

5. Cladothrix profundus Ravenel

I.e., 17.
>ng chains and filaments with false branching.

Gelatin colonies. Deep: in 2 days, radiate, filamentous. Surface: in 2 days,,
minute round whitish dots in saucers of liquefied gelatin, brownish ;
microscopically with brownish centres and radiately filamentous borders,
becoming concentric. A whitish, radially folded membrane on the sur-
face of the liquefied gelatin ; the medium is stained brownish.

igar slant. A tenacious leathery membrane, finely wrinkled, with a thinner
undulate edge ; bluish gray, with a metallic lustre ; growth adherent.

Gelatin stab. In depth, a slightly arborescent growth ; on the surface lique-
faction crateriform, with vertical sides, becoming stratiform ; liquefaction
slow ; liquefied gelatin a clear brown.

°otato. A finely wrinkled colorless stripe, becoming grayish, spreading,
rough, rugose, becoming thin, dry, brownish, and less rugose ; medium
stained brownish.

3/6 BACTERIOLOGY

Bouillon. Growth mostly at the bottom, with a few grayish flakes at the sur-
face and around the edges. The medium becomes a sherry wine color.

Litmus milk. Becomes violet — plum-colored, alkaline, and is apparently
peptonized.

Glucose gelatin stab. No gas; growth in the upper 'part of the stab and on
the surface. Indol negative. Grows at 36°.

Habitat. Soil.

6. Cladothrix intestinalis Ravenel

I.e., 18.
Morphology. Long filaments, with false branching, which become segmented

into rods of various lengths. The filaments have buds on them here anc

there which are almost spherical.
Gelatin colonies. Deep : radiately arborescent. Surface : minute white

dots; microscopically, they show grayish densely floccose centres,

outside of which is a filamentous zone and outside of this a corona of

coarse spear points or arborescent outgrowths. The surface growth

becomes white and mouldy ; the gelatin is slowly liquefied and takes on a

brownish color.
Agar slant. A narrow rough wrinkled stripe, adherent, friable ; agar bat

little discolored.
Gelatin stab. In depth growth arborescent ; on the surface a whitish mouldy

growth, radially folded ; gelatin slowly liquefied to a depth of 20 mm. ;

a slight brownish discoloration of the medium.
Potato. Growth thin, white, wrinkled, becoming thicker and more rugose

and finally dry, white, mouldy; medium, but slightly discolored.
Bouillon. Whitish flocculi at the bottom ; the medium the color of dark

sherry wine.
Litmus milk. A lighter blue ; a thick pellicle on the surface and a dirty

brown ring around the tube. In 7 days medium violet, color slowly

discharged, alkaline, and apparently peptonized.
Glucose gelatin stab. No gas, growth as in plain gelatin. Indol probably

present ; discoloration of medium interferes with the reaction. Grows at

36°.
Habitat. Soil.

7. Cladothrix invulnerabilis Acosta-Grande-Rossi

Centralblatt f. Bakteriol., XIV, 1893, X4-

Morphology. Not described.

On Agar. Small round dirty white colonies, very adherent, becoming silvery:

white, later yellowish, and in 14 days distinctly stellate in form, umbili-

cate in centre.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 377

Gelatin stab. On the surface a slimy white colony, umbilicate in centre ;

gelatin slowly liquefied.
Potato. A broad band composed of confluent chalk-like colonies, with the

odor of damp soil. The medium becomes blackish.
Bouillon. Turbid. In sterilized water an abundant cloudy growth. Grows

in the absence of air.
Habitat. Water.

8. Cladothrix fungiformis Ravenel

I.e., 19.

Morphology. Long chains and filaments with false branching, not always
easily made out.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : radiately arborescent. Surface : white, minute,
which microscopically were densely floccose in the centre with gray,
radiately arborescent borders. In 7 days the colonies are mouldy and
sunken in the gelatin. Medium not discolored.

Agar slant. Growth white, mouldy, adherent, becoming fissured, and show-
ing a dark brown substratum. Gives off a strong odor of rotten wood.
In 3-4 weeks the agar becomes slightly darker.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth arborescent ; on the surface, a white button,
under which a slow crateriform liquefaction takes place ; sides of crater
vertical. In 8 days the liquefaction has reached the sides of the tube.
There is no discoloration of the medium.

Potato. A scanty, nearly colorless, streak ; potato distinctly whiter along
each border, becoming pale yellowish.

Habitat. Soil.

9. Cladothrix intrica Russell

Morphology. On gelatin, long slender cells united into long filaments. On
potato, cells shorter with rounded ends, becoming segmented into short,
plump individuals containing spores. A false branching is seen in
gelatin cultures.

Gelatin colonies. In 24-36 hours small white dull mould-like colonies which
rapidly liquefy the gelatin and which microscopically are floccose in centre
and filamentous at the border.

Gelatin stab. In depth, growth arborescent; gelatin rapidly liquefied.

Agar slant. Growth thin, dull, white, from which filaments extend into the
medium.

Potato. Growth irregular, dull, white.

Bouillon (made with sea water). An abundant friable sediment.

Habitat. Isolated from sea water and sea mud.

3/8 BACTERIOLOGY

10. Cladothrix non-liquefaciens Ravenel

I.e., 16.

Morphology. Long chains and filaments with false branching. No spiral
or coccoid forms. Filaments segmented into rods of various lengths
which have square ends.

Gelatin colonies. Deep : in 2 days arborescent — radiate ; in 7 days colonies
show reddish yellow centres and radiately arborescent borders. Surface :
in 2 days minute, whitish — yellowish ; centres grayish, dense, opaque,
yellow, borders of interlacing coarse filaments and spear points.

Agar slant. Growth thin, whitish, with smooth edges marked by yellowish
points ; later an elevated yellowish salmon-colored band, with a whitish
bloom on the surface. Many offshoots from the lower side of the
growth into the agar.

Gelatin stab. In depth, an arborescent growth ; on the surface, after 7 days,
a white dry button. A slight brownish discoloration of the medium at
the surface.

Potato. Growth yellowish, rough, dry, rugose, later with a pinkish tinge ; not
abundant.

Bouillon. On the surface a thin pulverent film; medium clear; a whitish,
flocculent sediment.

Habitat. Soil.

THIOTHRIX Winogradsky

Bot. Zeitung, 1887.

Filaments fixed, of unequal diameter, surrounded by a delicate difficultly dis-
cernible sheath, non-motile. Sulphur granules enclosed in the plasma.
The filaments produce at their ends rod-shaped gonidia, which become
detached, and, fixing themselves to some substratum, develop into new
filaments.

I. Filaments very slender.

i. Thiothrix tenuissima Winogradsky

I.e.

Filaments not exceeding 0.5 /x broad.
Habitat. Found in sulphur water.

II. Filaments thicker.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA 379

2. Thiothrix nivea (Rabenhorst) Winogradsky

Beggiatoa nivea Rabenhorst : Kryptogamen flora, I.
Thiotrix nivea Winogradsky : I.e.

Filaments with a thin sheath, 2-2.5 M broad at the base, and 1.4-1.5 /* broad
at the apex; often 100 /x, long, segmented at the apex, producing motile
gonidia 8-9 /JL long.

Habitat. Found in sulphur and stagnant water.

3. Thiothrix term is Winogradsky

Filaments very long, and about i .o in diameter.
Habitat. Found in sulphur water.

BEGGIATOACE.E Migula

Filamentous bacteria. Filaments without sheaths, but with motility like Os-
cillatoria by means of an undulating membrane. The cell contents show
the presence of sulphur granules. The formation of gonidia not known.

BEGGIATOA Trevisan

Prospetto della Flora Euganea, 1842, 76.

Filaments apparently not segmented except when stained with iodine. Color-
less, or faintly rose-colored.
I. Filaments colorless.

A. Filaments 3-4 microns thick.

1. Beggiatoa alba (Vaucher) Trevisan.

B. Filaments 7 microns thick.

2. Beggiatoa arachnoidea (Agardh) Regensburger.

C. Filaments 16 microns thick.

3. Beggiatoa mirabilis Cohn.
[I. Filaments colored reddish-violet.

4. Beggiatoa roseopersicina Cohn.

i. Beggiatoa alba (Vaucher) Trevisan

Flora Euganea, 1842.

'ilaments long, 3-4 ju. thick, containing numerous strongly refracting granules
of sulphur. Filaments break up into short segments, which then grow
out into longer threads. Sulphates reduced to H2S and to free sulphur.

380 BACTERIOLOGY

Habitat, Found in dirty water, drain water from sugar factories, sulphur
springs, etc. The filaments are attached to decayed plants, etc., pro-
ducing slimy flakes.

2. Beggiatoa arachnoidea (Agardh) Rabenhorst

Flora, 1827, 634.
Found in swamp water, also in sea water. Filaments 7 microns thick.

3. Beggiatoa mirabilis Cohn

Hedwigia, 1865, 81.

Filaments 16 /x thick. Found in sea water, forming white growths on dead
algae, etc.

4. Beggiatoa roseopersicina Cohn

Beitrage Biol., I, 3, 1875, X57-

Filaments like (i), but colored as above. Found in stagnant water, forming
a surface growth of a red violet color.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED OR USEFUL
IN DESCRIPTIVE BACTERIOLOGY

Abnormal, differing from usual form.
Aborescent, branched, or treelike.

Achromatic, not readily colored by the usual staining methods.
Acrogenous, produced at the summit.

Actinomorphic, symmetrical ; capable of bisection by planes into halves identi-
cal in form.

Aculeate, beset with sharp points or prickles.
Acute, ending in a distinct angle.
Aerobia, organisms which grow in the presence of air or free oxygen.

Agglomerated, ) .

> clustered or growing together, but not cohering.
Aggregated, )

Alveolate, pitted so as to resemble a honey comb. Fig. 12, C.
Ameboid, assuming various shapes, like Amoeba. Fig. io, B.
Amorphous, without any definite structure.

Anaerobia, organisms which will not grow in the presence of air or free oxygen.
Anaerobiotic, the property of not growing in the presence of air or free oxygen.
Anastomosing, connected by transverse branches, forming a more or less per-
fect net work.

Antizymotic, preventing or checking fermentation.
Applanate, flattened, or horizontally expanded.
Arcuate, curved like a bow.

Areola (pi. areolae), an area or small space with more or less definite boundaries.
Areolate, divided into areolae.
Aromatic, having a pleasant odor, spicy, alcoholic.
Aseptic, not liable to putrefaction.
Auriculate, having auricles, earlike lobes or appendages. Fig. 13, e.

Biogenous, growing, living organisms.

Bion, an individual morphologically and physiologically independent.

Brunneus, deep brown.

Bullate, blistered, rising in convex prominences.

Butyrous, translucent and yellow.

Calcareous, of a dull, chalk-white color.
Canescent, hoary or gray.

382 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Capitate, furnished with a head ; a semi-spherical colony.

Capsule, the gelatinous envelope surrounding a bacterium. Fig. 2.

Carneus, flesh colored, pale red.

Cartilaginous, firm and tough, like cartilage.

Ceraceous, waxy, waxlike in appearance.

Chartaceous. of the texture of paper.

Chromatic, capable of being colored by staining agents.

Cineraceous, a little paler than cinerous. /

Cinerous, ash gray.

Clavate, club-shaped.

Clouded, having a pale ground, with ill-defined patches of a darker tint grad-
ually shading into it. Fig. 12, f.

Cochleate, shaped like a shell, spirally turbinate. Fig. 10, A.

Coerulescent, bluish, lighter than coeruleus.

Coeruleus, light blue, sky^juer/

Concatenate, linked together In chains.

Concentric, having a common centre, the ringed structure of many colonies.

Conglobate, clustered together into a ball.

Conglomerate, clustered together. Fig. 12, A.

Conidium, a propagative cell, naked or with a membrane, produced asexually,
separating from the parent and capable of developing into a bion.

Continuous, not divided into septa.

Contoured, an irregular but smoothly undulating surfa'ce.

Convex, surface the segment of a circle, but flatly convex.

Coriaceous, leathery in texture.

Corrugated, in long folds or wrinkles.

Crateriform, disk-shaped. Fig. 9, i.

Crenate, edged with rounded teeth.

Cretaceous, opaque and white, chalky.

Cuneate,' wedge-shaped.

Cyaneus, pure blue.

Dentate, with broad acute teeth.
Dichotomous, forked, bifurcated.
Discrete, separate, not confluent.

Echinate, beset with short prickles.

Ectogenic, capable of living outside the animal body, said of disease produc-
ing organisms.

Effused, spread out over the medium as a thin, veily layer.
Elliptical, shape of an ellipse.

Endemic, occurring in the one limited locality or region.
Endogenous, produced within another body.
Endophytal, growing within plants.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 383

Endophyte, a plant which grows within another.

Entire, having a margin destitute of teeth or notches.

Epizoic, growing upon living animals, either parasitic or not.

Erose, gnawed as if bitten irregularly. Fig. 13, i.

Excretion, the separation of unassimilable matter from an organism.

Faculative, occasional, incidental.

False dichotomy, any dichotomous appearance which does not arise from a

terminal division of the main axis.

Farinose, as if covered with a white, mealy powder, mealy.
Ferruginous, color of iron rust, brownish red.
Filamentous, threadlike, or composed of filaments. Fig. n, E.
Filiform, threadlike.

Fimbriate, fringed, bordered by slender processes larger than hairs. Fig. 13, G.
Flavus, pure, pale yellow, lemon yellow.
Flexuose, wavy, winding.

Floccose, composed of matted, woolly hairs, denser than filamentous.
Floculent, as light feathery particles.
Fuliginous, dark brown, sooty or smoky.
Fuscescent, slightly brown.
Fuscous, grayish brown.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, tapering towards each end.

Gelatinous, consistency of jelly.
Globose, spherical, shape of a globe.
Gregarious, growing in groups or clusters.
Grumous, clotted in clustered grains. Fig. 12, D.
Gyrose, marked with wavy lines. Fig. 12, I.

Habitat, the situation, locus, or mode of occurrence of an organism.

Heterosporous, having asexually produced spores of more than one kind.

Homochromous, of uniform color.

Homogeneous, of a uniform structure throughout.

Hyaline, clear or colorless, like glass or water.

Immarginate, without a distinctly defined rim or border.

Infectious, includes contagious as already defined, but applies also to diseases
originating from germs which are to vegetate for a time at least outside of
the affected animal or plant. In a strict sense infectious applies only to
diseases produced by organisms which have their natural home outside
the infected body.

Infundibuliform, shape of a funnel conical.

384 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Lacerate, having the margin deeply cut into irregular segments as if torn.

Fig- 13. f-
Laciniate, deeply cut into incisions or lobes, slashed; more irregular and

coarser than fimbriate.

Lenticular, in the form of a double convex lens.
Ligulate, with narrow, tongue-shaped extensions.
Linear, long and narrow, with the sides parallel.
Lobate, border broadly rounded with equally broad sinuses.
Lobulate, having small lobes.

Marginate, with a distinct margin.

Marmorate, marbled, covered with faint, irregular stripes, or traced with vein-
like markings like marble.

Membranous, thin and soft and usually translucent, like a membrane.

Moniliform, neckless-shaped, cylindrical and contracted at regular intervals so
as to resemble a string of beads.

Moruloid, like a morula, segmented.

Mycelioid, referring to colonies with the radiate filamentous appearance of
mould colonies.

Nacreous, translucent, grayish white, with pearly lustre.
Napiform, form of a turnip. Fig. 9, 2.
Nodose, knotted, swollen at intervals.
Nodulose, diminutive of nodose.

Ochraceous, brownish yellow.

Oleaginous, transparent and yellow, olive to linseed oil colored.

Olivaceous, dusky green.

Ovate, outline of an egg.

Papilla (pi. papillae), a teat-shaped protuberance.

Papillate, having papillae.

Parasite, an organism which grows upon or within another from which it

derives its nourishment.
Patelliform, shape of a watch crystal or shallow saucer ; more shallow than

crateriform.

Pathogenic, producing disease.
Pellucid, translucent.
Penicillate, like a brush.

Plasmolysis, the contraction of the protoplasm under the influence of reagents.
Plumose, like a plume or feather, feathery.
Polymorphism, having a variety of forms under different conditions of growth

or environment.
Pulverulent, as if covered with dust.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS 385.

Pulvinate, in the form of a cushion, decidedly convex. •
Punctate, dotted as if by punctures, like pin pricks.
Punctiform, in the form of a dot or point.
Pyriform, pear-shaped.

Radiate, spreading from centre, with irregular rays or lobes.

Raised, growth thick, with abrupt terraced edges.

Repand, lijce the r/brder of an open umbrella.

Resinous, transparent and brown, varnish or resin-colored.

Reticulate, in the form of a network, as the veins of a leaf.

Rhizoid, of an irregular branched, root-like character. Fig. 10, C.

Rimose, abounding in chinks, clefts, or cracks.

Rivulose, marked with lines like the rivers of a map.

Rosulate, shaped like a rosette, more regular than radiate.

Rudimentary, but slightly developed.

Rugose, irregularly wrinkled.

Saccate, shaped like an elongated sack, tubular, cylindrical. Fig. 9, 3.

Saprophytic, living upon dead organic matter.

Sebaceous, translucent, yellowish or grayish white.

Sinuate, with a wavy outline.

Sinuous, flexuose, curving back and forth.

Solitary, riot closely associated with others.

Sporogenous, producing spores.

Squamose, scaly, covered with scales.

Squamulose, diminutive of squamose.

Stratiform, a layer, with upper and lower sides parallel.

Tetrad, a group of four ceils.

Toruloid, budding like the yeast plant.

Torulose, swollen at intervals.

Trophotrophism, variations produced in the organism through the influence of

the chemical nature of the medium.
Truncate, terminating abruptly as if cut off at the end, flattened.

Umbilicate, having an umbilicus or central depression.
Umbonate, having a central projecting elevation.
Umbonulate, diminutive of umbonate.
Uncinate, hooked or abruptly curved at the end.

Vernicose, with a varnish-like lustre.
Verrucose, wart-like, or bearing wart-like prominences.
Verruculose, slightly verrucose.

Versicolor, changeable in color or appearance of different colors from different
points of view.

2C

386

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Vesicular, bearing or containing numerous vesicles.
Viable, capable of growing or manifesting life.
Villous, beset with hair-like extensions.
Virescent, greenish, or becoming green.
Viscid, sticky, adhesive, viscous.
Vitreous, transparent and colorless.

HV* Y

LIST OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPOR-
TANT WORKS ON DESCRIPTIVE BAC-
TERIOLOGY, ALSO REFERRED TO IN
THE TEXT.

Adametz. Die Bakterien der Nutz, u. Trinkwasser, Vienna, 1888.

Billroth. Untersuchungen liber die Vegetationsformen der Coccobacteria

septica, Berlin, 1874.

Biitschli. Uber den Bau der Bakterien, Heidelberg, 1890.
Colin. Untersuchungen liber Bakterien ; in Beitrage zur Biologic d. Pflanzen.

Bd. I, 1872-75; Bd. II, 1877; Bd. Ill, 1879-80.

Conn. Descriptions of bacteria isolated from milk. Reports of the Connec-
ticut (Stores) Ag. Expt. Sta., 1893 and 1894.
Davaine. Article Bacteries, in Dictionnaire Encyclop des Sciences Medicales,

1868.

De Bary. Gen. Morphology of the Fungii, Myxomycetes, and Bacteria.
De Bary. Lectures on Bacteria, translated by Garnsey and Balfour, Oxford,

1887.

Duclaux. Memoire sur le lait, in Ann. de 1'Institut Agronomique, 1882.
Dujardin. Hist. Nat. des Zoophytes infusoires, Paris, 1841.
Dyar. On certain bacteria from the Air of New York city ; in Report of the

New York Acad. of Sci., VIII, 1895, 322-380.
Ehrenberg. Die Infusionsthierchen als Vollkommene Organismen, Leipzig,

1838.

Eisenberg. Bakteriologische Diagnostik, 1888 and 1891.
Fischer. Untersuchungen Uber Bakterien, Berlin, 1894.
Fliigge. Die Mikroorganismen, ist ed. 1886, 3d ed. 1885, Leipzig.
Frankland. Microorganisms in Water, London, 1894.
T. Freudenreich, E. Die Bacteriologie in der Milchwirthschaft, Jena, 1898.
Gessard. De la pyocyanine et son Microbe. These inaugurale de la Faculte',

de Meddcine de Paris, 1882.

Bauser. Ueber Faulniss-Bakterien, Leipzig, 1885.

Hoffmann. Memoire sur les Bacteries. Ann. des Sci. Nat. bot., XI, 1869.
Jorgensen. Die Mikroorganismen der Gahrungsindustrie. Berlin. 1898.
Kramer. Die Bakteriologie Landwirthschaft u. Landw.-Technischen Gewer-

ben. Wien, 1890.

Xehmann-Neumann. Atlas u. Grundriss der Bakteriologie, II Aufl., 1899.

387

388 LIST OF MOST IMPORTANT WORKS

Lustig. Diagnostik der Bakterien des Wassers, 1893.

Mace". Atlas de Microbiologie, Paris, 1898.

MacFarland. Text-book upon the Pathogenic Bacteria.

Migula. Schizophyta. Lieferung 129, in Engler and Prantl. Die Natiirli-
chen Pflanzfamilien, 1895.

Migula. System der Bakterien, 2 vols., Jena, 1897-1900.

Miiller. Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium historia, 1773.

Passet. Ueber Mikroorganismen der Eitrigen Zellgewebsentzlindung des
Menschen. Fortschritte d. Medezin, 1885, No. 2.

Prazmowski. Untersuchungen liber die Entwickelungsgeschichte u. Fer-
mentwirkung einiger Bakteriumarten, Leipzig, 1880.

Rabenhorst. Kryptogamenflora yon Deutschland, Oesterreich u. der Schweiz,
Erster Band, Pilze, von Dr. Geo. Winter, Leipzig, 1884.

Ravenel. Memoires National Academy of Science, VIII, 1896.

Rosenbach. Mikroorganismen bei d. Wundinfectionskrankheiten des Men-
schen, Wiesbaden, 1884.

Schroeter. Die Pilze von Schlesien, in Cohn's Kryptogamenflora von Schle-
sien, 1885.

Steinberg. A Manual of Bacteriology, 1st ed. 1893, 2d ed. 1896. New York.

Trevisan-de-Toni. Schizomycetaceae in Sylloge Fungorum by P. A. Sac-
cardo. Vol. VIII, 1889.

Winter. Die Pilze, in Rabenhorsfs Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland,
Oesterreich u. des Schweiz, Bd. I, i Abth. Leipzig, 1884.

Wright. Report on the Results of an Examination of the Water Supply of
Philadelphia. Memoires of the National Acad. of Sciences, VII, 1895.

Zimmerman. Die Bakterien unserer Trink und Nutzwasser insbes. des Was-
sers der Chemnitzer Wasserleitung, Chemnitz, 1891.

Zopf. Die Spaltpilze. ist ed. Leipzig, 1882, 2d ed. 1884, 3d ed. 1885.

INDEX

Abortion contagious of cows, B. of, Bang,

121.

Acid production by bacteria, 36.
Acne contagiosa of horses, B. of, Diecker-

hoff, 154.

Actinomycosis, Streptothrix, 361.
Adametz Bacillus

No. 12, 157.

No. 14, 194.

No. 15, 195.

No. 16, 195.

No. 17, 194.

No. 19, 147.

Agar, nutrient, preparation of, 28.
Ammonia production by bacteria, 36.

Bacteriopurpurin, 44.
Bacterium

abortivum, 121.

aceti, 126.

accti, 45, 126.

aceticum, 127.

aceticum, 128.

acetigenum, 127.

acetosum, 127.

acidiformans, 150.

acidi-lactici, 149.

acidum, 146.

acuminatum, 119.

.^Egyptium, 121.

aeris-minutissimum, 168.
, aerogenes, 128. •

aerophilum, 191.

agrigena, 143.

allii, 180.

amabilis, 170.

ambiguum, 160.

amethystinum, 179.

amylovorum, 176.

anaerobicum, 198.

anaerogenes, 135.

anthracis, 4, n, 13, 190.

anthracoides, 191.

aphthosum, 145.

aquatilis, 160.

arborescens, 164.

389

Bacterium

aromafaciens, 148.

aromaticum, 158.

astheniae, 150.

avium, 138.

Beckii, 142.

Bienstockii, 144.

Bordonii, 152.

Bossonis, 153.

bovisepticum, 137.

brassicae, 189.

breve, 172.

bucallis, 167.

cadaveris, 184.

cancrosi, 120.

canis, 198.

capsulatum, 129.

caudatum, 166.

chinense, 129.

chlorinum, 44.

cholerae, 135.

cholerce-gattinarum, 135.

citreum, 167.

coccoideum, 147.

Colomatii, 186.

columbarum, 141.

conjunctivitidis, 120.

Connii, 146.

constrictum, 172.

convolutum, 161.

crassum, 151.

crinatum, 192.

crystaloides, 191.

cuniculi, 141.

cuniculicida, 140.

cuniculicida var. immobile, 139.

Czaplewskii, 153.

delta, 175.

desidiosum, 164.

diphtherias, 141.

domesticum, 170.

dormitor, 168.

dubium, 142.

dysenteriae, 145.

emphysematosum, 183.

endometriditis, 151.

390

INDEX

Bacterium

epsilon, 175.
erythematis, 186.
erythrogenes, 174.
eta, 165.
exiguum, 175.
felis, 142.

fermentalionis, 130.
ferrugineum, 177.
filefaciens, 146.
filiforme, 194.
finitimum, 177.
Fischen, 165.
flexuosum, 160.
fulvum, 165.
fuscesens, 179.
fuscum, 172.
gallinarum, 135.
gangliforme, 192.
geniculatum, 195.
Giardii, 182.
glaucum, 179.
gracile, 198.
granulatum, 189.
granulosum, 194.
graveolum, 180.
Grawitzii, 154.
haematoides, 176.
haemorrhagicum, 144.
Hansenianum, 126.
Havaniensis, 178.
helvolum, 166.
immobile, 180.
incannum, 157.
indigonaceum, 180.
infecundum, 184.
influenzae, 119.
inocuum, 138.
insidiosum, 155.
iris, 182.

Javaniensis, 170.
Kralii, 166.
Kutzingianum, 126.
lacticum, 151.
lactis, 148.
lacunatum, 170.
latericeum, 178.
laxae, 187.
Lepierrei, 182.
limhatum, 134.
limbatum acidi-lactici, 134.
lineola, 2.
Lumnitzeri, 120.
luteum, 171.
Mansfieldii, 196.
maratimum, 189.

Bacterium

Markusfeldii, 191.
Martizeni, 140.
methylicum, 159.
Middletownii, 147.
Miquelii, 186.
mycoides, 189.
nasalis, 134.
nephritidis, 145.
nitrovorum, 146.
nubilum, 159.
orchiticum, 157.
ovale, 171.
ovatum, 177.
oxydans, 127.
oxylaticum, i, 2, 164.
ozasnae, 132.
palidor, 170.
pallescens, 130.
panis, 196.
parvum, 199.
Pasteuiianum, 2, 4, 126.
Petersi, 127.
Pflugeri, 182.
phosphorescens, 181.
plicatum, 166.
pneumonias, 4, 131.
pneumonicum, 158.
pneumopecurium, 137.
proteum, 194.

pseudoconjunctivitidis, 167.
pseudoinfluenzae, 119.
punctatum, 147.
purpurum, 143.
putidum, 140.
pyocinnabareum, 174.
pyogenes, 184.
pyogenes-anaerobium, 184.
radiatum, 162.
refractans, 139.
. rhinosclermatis, 152.
rhodochroum, 178.
rodonatum, 139.
rubidum, 165, 177.
rugosum, 194.
saiivae, 145.
salmoneum, 178.
salmonica. 156.
sanguinarium, 137.
sanguinis, 155.
Schottelii, 197.
septicum, 143.
sessile, n, 12, 190.
simile, 197.
smargadinum, 181.
solare, 136.

INDEX

391

Bacterium

spiniferum, 169.

sputi, 189.

sputigenum, 133.

striatum, 171.

subochrageum, 169.

subtiliforme, 197.

subviscorum, 154.

suicida, 136.

tenue, 154.

terrae, 198.

thermophilum Rabinowitsch

I, 185.

II, 186.

III, 185.

IV, 186.

VI, 185.

VII, 185.

VIII, 186.
tiogense, 139.
Trambusti, 159.
Trichomii, 191.
truncatum, 157.
truncatum, 195.
turgidum, 195.
ureae, 153.
vaginae, 120.
varicosum, 158.
velenosum, 144.
vermiculare, 193.
vermiculosum, 157.
verticillatum, 192.
viride, 3, 44.
virens, 3, 44.
viscosum, 128, 199.
viscosum-cerevisc£, 128.
vitulinum, 143.
\\telchii, 183.
Wrightii, 133.
xylinum, 45, 127.
zeta, 175.
zurnianum, 140.

Bacteria

arrangement of, 9.

forms of, 7.

scheme for study of, 41.

vegetating growth of, 9.
Bacillus

accidentalis, 229.

accidentalis-tetam, 229.

aceticus- Peter si, 127.

acidi-butyrici, 298.

acidi-lactici, 129.

acnes-contagiostB, 154.

aeris, 260.

aerobius, 221.

Bacillus

aerogenes, 227.
aerogenes-capsulatus, 269.
aerogenes-mengitidis, 241. *^
aerogenes-sputigenus-capsulatus, 133. *""
aerogenes-vesicce, 227. .
Afanassieffi, 283.
agilis, 226.
albus, 223.
albus-cadaveris, 246.
albus-putidus, 237.
alcaligenes, 218.
"allantoides, 249.
alpha, 270.
alvei, 287.
amethystinus, 262.
amethystinus-mobilis, 262.
amylobacter, 298.
amylozyma, 294.
anaerobius-liquefaciens, 198.
anindolicum, 207.
antenniformis, 234.
anthracis-symptomatici, 296.
apicum, 305.
aquatilis, 242.

aquatilis-sulcatus-quattus, 216.
arborescens, 249.
arbor escen s-non-liquefacien s , 249.
aromaticus, 276.
auranticus, 255.
aurescens, 251.
aureus, 269.
avicidus, 135.
avisepticus, 220.
avium, 220.
Baccarinii, 289.
Berolinensis, 305.
Berolinensis-mdicus, 319.
beta, 270.
Billingsi, 214.
botulinus, 297.
brassicae, 208.
Breslaviensis, 210.
buccalis, 234.
buccalis-fortuitus , 234.
buccalis-minutus, 167.
butyricus, 2, 12, 297.
cadaveris, 300.
canalis-parvus, 143.
capillaceus, 279.
capsulatus-chinensis, 129.
capsulatus-mucosus, 132.
capsulatus-septicus, 152.
carbon is, 296.
caris, 293.
carneus, 259.

392

INDEX

Bacillus

carnicolor, 259.
carotarum, 13.
catenula, 290.
centropunctatus, 225.
cereus, 278.
cholera-suum, 210.
cholerce-columbarum, 141.
chologenes, 207.
chromo-aromaticus, 264.
cinctus, 289.
circulans, 236, 279.
•citreus, 250.
citre us-cadaver is, 167.
Cladoi, 283.
cloacae, 232.
coccineus, 286.
coeruieus, 318.
coli, 205."

coli-anaerogenest 135*--
coli-colorabilis, 2287 /
coli-communis, 205. \r
coh-dysentericum, 205.
coli-imtnobilis, 130.
coli-mobilis, 308.
colorabilis, 228.
columbarum, 209.
conjunctivitidis, 121.
coprocinus, 197.
coprogenes-fcetidus, 197.
crassus-sputigenus, 151.
cremoris, 274.
crinatus, 281.
cuneatus, 299, 303.
cuniculi, 222.
cuniculicida, 135.
c un iculicida - Havaniensis ,228.
cuniculicida-thermophilus, 140.
cuniculi-pneumonicus, 142.
cuticularis, 251, 285.
cuticularis-albus, 285.
cyano-fuscus, 260.
cycwogenes, 324.
cygneus, 221.
Danteci, 305.
delictatulus, 236.
dendriticus, 248.
denitrificans, 274.
detrudens, 274.
devorans, 242.
dianthi, 253.
diffusus, 242.
diptherice-avium, 220.
diptherice-columbarum, 141.
dipthenat-cuniculi, 141.
dubius, 237.

Bacillus

dubius-pneumonice, 142.
Duclauxi, 289.
dysenteriae, 246.
dysentericz-liquefaciens, 246.
dysenterice-vitulorum, 145.
Ellenbachensis, 278.
Ellingtonii, 264.
endocarditis, 229.
endocarditis-griseus, 229.
enteritidis, 207.
enter itidis-sporogenes, 303.
erodens, 288.
erysipelatus-suis, 352.
exanthematicus, 229.
fsecalis I Kruse, 197.
faecalis II Kruse, 197.
felis-septicus, 142.
fermentationis, 233.
ferrugineus, 261.
Feseri, 296.
figurans, 189.
fiiiformis, 290.
filiformis-Havanicnsis, 184.
finitimus-ruber, 177.
fissuratus, 269.
flavescens, 256.
flavescens, 254.
flavus, 255.
Fliiggei, 281.
fluorescens, 2gg.
fluorescens-aureus, 255.
fluorescens-capsulatus, 322. «•
fluorescens-cotivexus, 325.
fluorescens-crassus , 182. . **
fluorescens-foliaceus, 324.
fluorescens-immobUls, 180.
fluorescens-incognitus, 323.
fluorescens-liquefaciens, 323.
fluorescens non-liqtiefaciens, 180.
fluorescens-nivalis, 323.
fluorescens-ovalis, 325. j
fluorescens-putidus, 326.
fiuorescens-Schuylkilliensis, 320.

foetid us, 298.
fa:tidus-liquefaciens, 233.
formosus, 233.
Foutini, 285.
Freudenreichii, 269.
Friedbergensis, 219.
fuchsinus, 258.
fuscus, 261.

fuscus-limbatus, 179, 261.
fuscus-liquefaciens, 166.
fuscus-palidor , 171.

INDEX

393

Bacillus

gamma, 254.
gangrsense, 275.
gangr fence-pulp ce, 275.
gasoformans, 237.
geminus, 216.
ge minus-major, 217.
geminus-minor , 216.
ginglymus, 284.
gliscrogenus, 223.
glutinosus, 281.
.gonatoides, 196.
graciiis-cadaveris, 140.
granulatus, 223.
gummosus, 273.
guttatus, 239.

hcemorrhagicus-nephritidis, 145 .
hcemorrhagicus-septicus, 143*
hcemorrhagicus-velenosus, 144.
halophilus, 238.
Hartlebii, 226.
Havaniensis, 243.
Havaniensis-liquefaciens, 243.
helvolus, 264.
Hudson!, 253.
Hueppei, 276.
hyalinus, 240.
hydrophilus, 235.
hydrophilus-fuscus, 235.
icterogenes, 208.
implexus, 189.
indicus, 257.
indicus-ruber, 257.
inflatus, 288.
intestinalis, 213.
inunctus, 239.
invisibilis, 224.
Kedrowskii, 298.
Kornii, 252.
Koubrcoffii, 282.
Kralii, 238.
Krameri, 282.
lacteus, 291.
lactis, 238.

lactis No. i Fliigge, 281.
lactis No. 2 Fliigge, 271.
lactis No. 4 Fliigge, 273.
lactis No. 7 Fliigge, 275.
lactis No. 8 Fliigge, 276.
lactis No. 9 Fliigge, 274.
lactis No. 10 Fliigge, 274.
lactis No. ii Fliigge, 276.
lactis No. 12 Fliigge, 291.
lactis-aerogenes, 128.
lactis-albus, 275.
lactis-inocuust 138.

Bacillus

lactis-peptonans, 271. r__

lactis-pituitosi, 148.
lactis-viscosus, 154.
larvicida, 247.
leporalis, 243.
leporalis-lethalis, 243.
leptosporus, 13, 277.
Lesagei, 263.
lethalis, 249.
leucaemia, 264.
leucaemia-cants, 264.
levans, 211.
licheniformis, 287.
limosus, 280.
liodermos, 272.
liquefaciens, 235.
liquefaciens-bovis, 158.
liquefaciens-parvus, 199.
litoralis, 239.
lividus, 262.
. longus, 303.
loxiacida, 211.
Lubinskii, 303.
Lustigi, 304.
Lutetiensis, 306.
Madoxi, 243, 269.
magnus, 276.
maidis, 275.
marinus, 342.
Marsiliensis, 205.
Matazooni, 236.
megatherium, 277.
megatherium, var Ravenellii, .271.
meleagris, 220.
meningitidis, 213.
mesentericus, 272.
mesentericus-aureus, 256.
mesentericus-niger, 306.
mesentericus-panis-viscosus, 196.
mesentericus-ruber, 286.
mesentericus-vulgatus, 271.
mirabilis, 245.
monachce, 222.
morbificans, 212.
mucosus-ozaence, 132.
murium, 212, 224.
muripestifer, 227.
murisepticus, 247.
murisepticus-pleomorphus, 247.
muscoides, 294.
muscoides-colorabilis, 303.
navicula, 298.
Neapalitanus, 205.
niger, 306.
nitrificans, 239.

394

INDEX

Bacillus

oedematis, 292.
cedematis-ae robins, 221.
cedematis-maligni, 292.
aedematis-thermophilus, 265.
Pammelii, 270.
Pansini, 246.
paradoxus, 214.
Pasteuri, 269.
peptonans, 271.
pestifer, 240.
pestis, 215.
pestis-bubonicce, 215.
phasiani, 219.
phasiani-septicus, 219.
phosphorescens, 333.
phosphor escens-Giardi, 182.
phosphorescens-indicus, 333.
phosphorescens-indigenus, 333.
pinatus, 217.
piscatorus, 257.
plicatus, 275.

pneumonice-crouposce, 131.
pneumonicus-liquefaciens, 158.
pneumosepticus, 222.
Poelsii, 209.
polypiformis, 301.
Praussnitzii, 268.
primus-Fullest^ 216.
prodigiosus, 258.
proteus, 244.
proteustfiuorescens, 263.
proteus-sept.icus, 245.
pseudo-anthracis, 280.
pscudo-butyncus, 276.
pseudo-conjunctivitidis, 167.
pseudo-gedematis, 293.
pseudo-cedematis-maligni, 221.
pseudo-tetano bacillus, 304.
pseudo-tetanicus, 302.
pseudo-tetanicus-aerobius, 303.
ps eu do-tub erculosis-murium, 355.
pseudo-tuucrculosis-ovis, 355.
pseiida=iyphosus, 214.
punctiformis, 284.
putidus, 237.
putrificus, 291.
putnfir.us-coli, 291.
pyogenes-fcetidus, 205.
pyogenes-minutissimus, 154.
pyogenes ,var liquefaciens, 235.
radiatus, 241, 293.
ramosus, 189.
ramosus-liquefaciens ', 268.
Raveneli, 217.
reticularis, 241.

Bacillus

Rheni, 251.

rhusiopathi(E-suis} 352.

roseus-vini, 327.

rubefaciens, 259.

ruber-aquatilis, 257.

ruber-ovatus , 177.

ruber-sardiHce, 257.

rubescens, 260.

rubus, 257.

rudis, 279.

rugosus, 220.

saccharobutyricus, 301.

sanguinis-typhi, 155.

sarcemphysematis, 296.

Salmoni, 210.

Sanfelecei, 301.

saprogenes, 289.

saprogenes-vini No. VI Kramer, 289.

Schafferi, 219.

Scheurleni, 272.

Schirokikhi, 252.

septicus, 245.

septicus-acuminatus, 119.

septictts-agrigenus, 143.

septicus-cuniculi, 222.

septicus-hominis, 143.

septicus-putidus,^ 237.

septicus-vesicce, 283.

Shigae, 228.

siccus, 284.

Silberschmidii, 212.

smaragdinus, 263.

smaragdinus-fcetidus, 263.

smaragdinus-phosphorescens, 18 1.

Solanacearum ->T8.

soiidus, 294.

solitarius, 215.

spinosus, 299.

sporogenes, 290

sputi, 280.

sputigcnes-tenuii

stellatus, 274.

stolonatus, 223.

stoloniferus, 234

Strassmanni, 246.

Stutzeri, 225.

subflavus, 254.

sublanatus, 291.
subtilis, 9,, 1 1, 276.

subtilis-similis, 278.

suisepticus, 136.

sulcatus, 243.

sulcatus-lique/aciens, 243.

sulphureus, 245.

superficialis, 240.

INDEX

395

Bacillus

tachytonus, 237.

tardus, 294.

tartaricus, 238.

Taveli, 304.

tenuis, 273.

tetani, 302.

tetraonis, 221.

thalassophilus, 293.

thermophilus, 265.

theta, 253.

toxigenus, 208.

tracheiphilus, 217.

tremelloides, 252.

tumescens, n, 13, 273.

tumidus, 265.

typhi-murium, 212.

typhosus, 4, 213:

ulcens-cancrost, 120.

urinae, 263.

urocephalus, 290.

vaculatus, 281.

vaculosus, 280.

varicosus-conjunctivcB, 158.

venenosus, 223.

vencnosus-invisibilis, 224.

violaceus, 262.

violaceus, 317.

violaceus-Berolinensis, 305.

violaceus-laurentius, 262.

violaceus-Lutetiensis, 306.

violaceus-sacchan, 260.

viridis, 263.

viridescens-liquefaciens, 328.

viscosus, 286.

viscosus, 323.

vitalis, 286.

vulgaris, 244.

vulgatus, 271.

Wardii, 206.

Weichselbaumii, 218.

Weigmanni, 300.

Wesenbergii, 247.

Winkleri, 256.

Zenkeri, 248.

Zopfi, 248.
Beggiatoa

alba, 379.

arachnoidea, 380.

mirabilis, 380.

roseopersicina, 45, 380.
Bienstock, Bacillus aus Fasces

I,i97. 111,144.

11,197. IV. 291.

Bitter milk Bacillus, Weigmann, 300.

Blutfleckenkrankheit, idiopathischen, B. of,

Kolb, 144.

Bouillon, preparation of, 28.
Briska-button, Micrococcus, 91.
Bronchitis infectious, Micrococcus, 73.
Bronchitis, putrid, B. of, 120.
Buffalo plague, B. of, 137.
Buttersaure Bacillus, Kedrowski, 298.

Calf diarrhoea, Bacillus, Jensen, 145.
Canal water Bacillus, Mori, 132.
Canary bird Septicaemia, Bacillus, 220.
Capsule Bacillus of Dungern, 132.
Capsule Bacillus of Kockel, 132.
Capsule Bacillus of Malory-Wright, 133.
Capsule Bacillus of Mandry, 132.
Capsule Bacillus of Nicolaier, 133.
Capsule Bacillus of Pfeiffer, 129.
Capsules of bacteria, 3.
Cattle plague, American, B. of, 205.
Central body of the bacterial cell, i.
Chancre soft, B. of, 120.
Cholera, B. of, 335.
Cholera-nostras, B. of, 338.
Cholera of fowls, B. of, 135.
Cholera of pigeons, B. of, 209.
Cholera, pseudo, B. of, 335.
Chromatium
Okenii, 3.
Cladothrix

Bismarck brown Cladothrix, Houston, 375.
dichotoma, 5, 15, 374.
fungiformis, 377.
intestinalis, 376. *
intrica, 377.
invulnerabilis, 376.
liqnefaciens, 365.
natans, 373.

non-liquefaciens, 378. *

ochracea, 373.
profundus, 375.
rufula, 373.

Classification of bacteria, 43.
Coccaceae, 55.
Conn, milk bacteria of
No. 2, 101.
No. 16, 147.
No. 18, 197.
No. 21, 264.
No. 23, 284.
No. 25, 284.
No. 34, 92.
No. 40, loo.
No. 41, 148.
No. 43, 88.
No. 44, 90.

396,

INDEX

Conn, milk bacteria of
No. 46, 236.
No. 47, 90.
No. 49, 104.
No. 51, 195.

No. 52y 67.

No. 53, 147.

No. 55, 146.

No. 56, 146.

Cornstalk disease, B. of, 214.
Crenothrix

Kiihniana, 15.
polyspora, 372.

Cultural characters of bacteria, 19.
Culture media, 25.
Cyanophyceae, 44.
Cyanophycin, 44.

Darm diphtheria des Kaninchens, B. of, Rib-

bert, 141.

Diarrhoea of calves, B. of, Jensen, 145.
Diastatic ferments, production of, 40.
Diphtheria, B. of, 354.
Diphtheria, intestinal, of rabbits, B. of, Rib-

bert, 141.

Diphtheria of pigeons, B. of, Loftier, 141.
Druse der Pferde, B. of, Sand-Jensen, 68.
Dysentery in turkeys, B. of, Lucet, 135.
Dysentery, Japanese, B. of, Ogata, 246.
Dysentery, Japanese, B. of, Shiga, 228.

Emmerich's Bacillus, 205.

Endospores of bacteria, u.

Enteritis infections of fowls, B. of, 135.

Erythema nodosum, B. of, Demme, 45, 186.

Farcy, B. of, 367.

Ferret disea'se, B. of, Ebert-Schimmelbusch,

205.

Flagella of bacteria, 5.
Flagella, staining of, 6.
Flagellata, relationsliips, 43.
Foutin

Bacillus D, 285.

Micrococcus ft, 87.
Fraenkel's Pneumococcus, 63.

Gangrene senile, B. of, Trichomi, 191.
Gasphlegmon, B. of, Fraenkel, 183.
Gelatin, nutrient, preparation, 28.
Glanders, B. of, 353.
Gonidia, formation of, 14.
Granulose reaction, 2.
Grass Bacillus, Moeller, 358.
Groups of bacteria, arrangement of, 50.

Guillebeau

Bacillus a, 129.
Bacillus b, 238.

Hog cholera, B. of, 210.
Hundestaupe, B. of, Brunno-Galli, 198.

Indol production and tests, 33.
Influenza Bacillus, 119, 351.
Invertin ferments, 41.

Keratomalacia infantum, B. of, 133.

Leprosy Bacillus, 351.
Leptothrix.

buccalis, 371.

buccalis-maximus, 371.

buccalis Robin, 371.

epiphytica, 370.

fluitans, 370.

gigantea, 371.

hyalina, 370.

innominata, 371.

Leucemia nel cane e nel bue, 59.
Lumnitzer, B. of, 120.
Lung plague of cattle, B. of, Poels-Nolen, 68.

Marseilles swine plague, B. of, 205.

Mastitis epidemica, B. of, Guillebeau, 68.

Mastitis gangrenous of sheep, 76.

Mastitis of cows, B. of, Nocard, Mollereau, 68.

Maul u. Klauenseuche, B. of, 70.

Meat poisoning, B. of, Silberschmidt, 212.

Meat poisoning, B. of, v. Ermenghem, 210.

Meat poisoning, B. of, Wesenberg, 247.

Metachromatic granules, 1-2.

Micrococcus

acidi-lactici, 88.

acidi-lactis, 78.

aerius, 104.

aerogenes, 81.

aethebius, 77.

agilis-citreus, 115.

albicans, 80.

albicans-amplus, 80.

albicans-tardissimus, 85.

albicans-tardus, 86.

albus, 97.

albus-liquefaciens, n, 78, 81.
"alpha, Foutin, 93.

alvi, 81.

aqualilis, 88.

aquatilis-invisibilis, 88.

ascoformans, 80.

auranticacus, 103.

aureus, 99.

beta Foutin, 87.

INDEX

397

Micrococcus

botryogenus, 80.

bovis, 73.

candicans, 90.

candidus, 85.

carneus, 108.

catarrhalis, 73.

cerasinus, 108.

cerasinus-siccus, 108.

cereus, 204.

cereus-ftavus, 104.

cerevisiae, 88.

cinnabareus, 107.

citreus, 94.

citreus, 103.

citreus-conglomeratus , 100.

citreus-liquefaciens, 101.

concentricus, 86.

conglomeratus, 100.

coralinus, 106.

coronatus, 77.

cremfarbiger Micrococcus, 94.

cremoides, 93.

cremoides-aureus, 99.

cumulatus, 87.

cumulatus-tenuis, 87.

cyaneus, 109.

Dantecii, 106.

Demmei, 74.

descidens, 93.

dissimilis, 80.

eczemoe, 86.

endocarditis, 74.

endocarditis-rugatus, 74.

epidermis, 97.

epidermis-albus, 76.

expositionis, 92.

fervidosus, 89.

Finlayensis, 92.

Fischel No. 2, 59.
flava-varians, 102.

flavus, 99, 100.
flavus-liquefaciens ', 97, 99, loo.

foetidus, 81.

Freire, Micrococcus of, 79.

Freudenreichii, 79.

fuscus, 108.

gonococcus, 72.

gonorrhceae, 72.

Gray white micrococcus Bumm, 80.

haemorrhagicus, 91.

Heydenreichii, 91.

Jongdii, 95.

Kefersteinii, 107.

lactericeus, 107.

lactis, 90.

Micrococcus

lactis-viscosus, 62.

liquefaciens, 78.

luteus, 99.

magnus, 85.

mastitis, 76.

Mendozae, 84.

Milk-white Micrococcus Bumm, 85.

nivalis, 90. \

ovalis, 89;-

orbicularis, 101.

orbicular is-flavus, 101.

orbiculatus, 104.

plumosus, 94.

polymyositis, 77.

pyogenes var albus, 75.

pyogenes var aureus, 90.
pyogenes-bovis, 95.

pyrosepticus, 75.

quadrige minus, 98.

radiatus, 79.

Rheni, 82.

Rhine water Micrococcus Burri, 82.

rosettaceus, 89.

roseus, 105.

rubescens, 105.

rugosus, 101.

salivarius, 97.

sahvarius-pyogenes, 98.

salivarius-septicus, 87.

simplex, 78.

Sornthali, 86.
stellatus, 84.
sub flavus, 96.
tardigradus, 95.
tardissimus, 85.
tenacatis, 88.
tetragenus, 84.
tetragenus-mobilis, 84.
tetragenus-mobilis-ventriculi, 1 15.
tetragenus-palhdus, 93.
tetragenus-sub flavus, 96.
tetragenus-versatilis, 102.
tetragenus-vividus, 102.
Tommasoli, 101.
urece-liquefaciens, 77.
Uruguce, 100.
varians, 102.
versatilis, 102.
versicolor, 95.
Vincenzii, 103.
viridis, 95.
viticulosus, 83.
xanthogenicus,79.
Microspira

aquatilis, 339.

398

INDEX

Microspira.

Berolinensis, 337.

choleroides, 340.

cloaca, 348.

comma, 335.

danubica, 337.

dentrificans, 340.

Fischer! , 333.

Gindha, 339.

Lissabonensis, 10.

luminosa, 334.

maase'i, 338.

marina, 342.

Metschnikovi, 334.

phosphorescens, 333.

protea, 338.

saprophile, 341.

Schuylkilliensis, 334.

terrigena, 339.

tyrogena, 339.

Weibeli, 340.

Milk as a culture medium, 29.
Milk red, Micrococcus of, 107.
Mist Bacillus of Moeller, 358.
Morphology of bacteria, i.
Mouse-plague, B. of Laser, 227.
Mouse-septicaemia, B. of, 353.
Mouth plague of man, B. of Seigel, 145.
Mycobacterium

avium, 356.

butyri, 357.

diptheriae, 354.

Elmassiani, 352.

friburgensis, 359.

graminis, 358.

hastilis, 356.

influenzae, 351.

lactis, 353.

leprae, 351.

malei, 353.

Moelleri, 358.

murisepticum, 353.

pseudodipthericum, 355.

pseudotuberculosis, 355.

rhusiopathae, 352.

sntiegmatis, 357.

syphilidis, 351.

tuberculosis, 356.

Neapeler Bacillus, Emmerich, 205.
Nomenclature of Species, 48.

Pansini Bacilli
No. 4, 189.
No. 5, 281.
No. 6, 280.

Pansini Bacilli

No. 7, 245.

No. 8, 189.

No. 9, 246.
Pest Bacillus, 215.
Pheasant disease, B. of, 219.
Phemphigusacuta, Micrococcus, Demme,74.
Phenol production and tests for, 33.
Photobacterium

Fischeri, 333.

indicum, 333.

luminosum, 334.
Phycocyanin, 44.
Phycochrome, 44.
Pigeon cholera, B. of, 209.
Pigeon disease, B. of Leclainche,
Phragmidiothrix.

multiseptata, 371.
Planococcus.

agilis, 115

citreus, 115.

tetragenus, 115.
Planosarcina

agilis, 116.

mobilis, 116.

Samesi, 116.

Pneumococcus Fraenkel, 63.
Pneumococcus Friedlander, 131.
Pneumonia sporadic of cattle, B. of, 137.
Pneumo-pericarditis of turkeys, MacFad-

yean, 220.

Potato as a culture medium, 30.
Potato Bacillus, 271.
Potato rot, B. of, Kramer, 282.
Proteolytic enzymes in cultures, 40.
Pseudo diphtheria Bacillus, Loftier, 355.
Pseudomonas

ambigua, 308.

annulata, 315.

Berolineusis, 319.

campestris, 316.

capsulata, 322.

catarrhalis, 308.

centrifugans, 312.

coadunata, 310.

coerulea, 318.

cohaerea, 312.

convexa. 325.

delabens, 314.

erythrospora, 326.

Europaea, 329.

Fairmontensis, 311.

fimbriata, 313.

fluorescens, 323.

foliacea, 324.

geniculata, 313.

INDEX

399

Pseudomonas

incognita, 323.

indigofera, 319.

janthina, 317.

Javanensis, 329.

liquida, 311.

monadilormis, 308.

multistriata, 310.

nebulosa, 311.

nexibilis, 309.

ochracea, 316.

Okenii, 329.

ovalis, 325.

pullulans, 315.

punctata, 313.

putida, 326.

pyocyanea, 321.

rosea, 327, 329.

rugosa, 323.

Schuylkilliensis, 320.

sinuosa, 307.

Smithii, 318.

striata, 325.

syncyanea, 324.

Tromelschlagel, 327.

turcosa, 317.

undulata, 328.

viridescens, 328.
Purpura haemorrhagica Bacillus of Babes,

143-
Pus, B. of red, Ferchmin, 174.

Rabbit, intestinal diphtheria of, B. of, Ribbert,

141.

Rabbit septicaemia, B. of, Ebert-Mandry, 205.
Rabbit septicaemia, B. of, Lucet, 140.
Rabbit septicaemia, B. of, Koch, 135.
Rat plague, B. of, Issatschenko, 224.
Rauschbrand Bacillus, 296.
Reaction of culture media, 25.
Red potato Bacillus, Vogel, 286.
Reduction of nitrates to nitrites, 34.
Rhabdochromatium fusiforme, 3.
Rhinoscleroma Bacillus of Frisch, 152.
Rinderseuche Amerikanische, Caneva, 205.
Rotzdiagnose, B. of, 157.
Roup of fowls, B. of, Moore, 138.

Saccharine bouillon preparation, 30.
Sanfelice anaerobic

I, 265.

II,3oi.

V, 296.

VI, 293.

VII, 293.

II 1 1, 296.

Sarcina.

alba, in.

aurantiaca, 113.

canescens, in.

cerevina, 113.

equi, 112.

erythromyxa, 114.

flava, in.

fusca, 114.

lactis, in.

livido-lutescens, 112.

lutea, ii2.

lutescens, 112.

pulmonum, no.

rosea, 114.

subflava, in.

Scheiden Bacillus, Doderlein, 120.
Schweinerotlauf, B. of, 352.
Schweineseuche Amerikanische, Frosch, 210,
Schweineseuche deutsche, B. of, 136.
Seal septicaemia, B. of, Bosso, 143.
Septicaemia haemorrhagica of cattle, B. of,

Bosso, 153.

Slimy milk Bacillus, Loftier, 148.
Smegma, 357.
Sour dough Bacillus, 127.
Spirillum

cholerce-asiaticce, 335.

concentricum, 345.

endoparagogicum, n, 13.

jenense, 346.

Kutscher, Spirillum I, 344.

Massauah, 343.

pseudocholerce, 336.

rubrum, 345.

rufum, 347.

rugula, 346.

sanguineum, 347.

serpens, 344.

sputigenum, 346.

tenerrimum, 344.

tenue, 345.

undula, 344.

volutans, 343.
Spirochaeta

anserina, 348.

dentium.348.

febris, 347.

Obermeieri, 347.

plicatilis, 348.
Spirosoma

aurea, 331.

flava, 331.

flavescens, 331.

linguale, 330.

nasale, 331.

400

INDEX

Spore germination of bacteria, n.

Staining of bacteria, 30.

Strangles of horses, B. of, Sand-Jensen, 68.

Streptococcus

acidi-lactici, 65.

acidi-lactici, 67.

agalactise, 68.

albus. 61^

aurantiacus, 69.

aurantiacus-sorghi, 69.

Bonome, Streptococcus of, 64.

Bonvincini, 59.

Brightii, 58.

cadaveris, 66.

Cappelletti, 57.

capsulatus, 4, 57.

carnis, 60.

coli, 60.

coli-gracilis, 60.

conglomeratus, 65.

enteritidis, 59.

enteritis, 56.

enteritis var Libmanii, 66.

equi, 66.

equi, 57.

erysipelatos, 65.

Fisefieli, 59.

Fleischbeschau Diplococcus, 60.

fluorescens, 70.

fliiorescens-fcetidus, 70.

giganteusj 56.

giganteus-UrethrcB, 56.

Grotenfeldtii, 67.'

intracellularfs-ineningitidis, 64.

involutus, 70.

Kirchneri, 57.

lactis, 62.

lactis-viscosus, 62.

lanceolatus, 63.

liquefaciens, 61.

Mannaberg, Streptococcus, 66.

mastitis-epidemica, Guillebeau, 68.

mastitis-sporadica, 68.

mesenterioides, 4, 5, 71.

mirabilis, 65. *

morbus-Brightii, 58.

ochroleucus, 69.

phytophthorus, 67.

pneumonise, 63.

ptierperalis, 65.

pyogenes Rosenbach, 65.

salivaris, 61.

sanguinis, 64.

sanguinis-caiiis, 64.

septicus, 61.

septic us, 61.

Streptococcus

septicus-liquefaciens, 61.

vermiformis, 69.

violaceus, 70.

Weichselbaumii, 64.

Weisii, 68.

Wurmformiger Streptococcus, 69.
Streptothrix

alba, 365.

albido, 365.

Almquist, I-II, 365.

asteroides, 368.

aurantiaca, 367.

bovis, 14, 361.

carnea, 368.

chromogena, 14, 365.

cuniculi, 364.

farcinica, 367.

flava, 362.

Fcersteri, 365.

Hofmanni, 363.

invulnerabilis, 365.

Isralli, 363.

Krausei, 364.

madurae, 368.

necrophorus, 364.

nigra, 365.

Rosenbachii, 364;

rubra, 367.

violacea, 366.

Swan septicaemia Bacillus, Fiorentini, 221.
Swine fever and plague, B. of, Klein, 210.
Swinepest, B. of, Bang-Selander, 210.
Swine plague, B. of Billings, 205.
Swine plague, B. of, Frosch, 210.
Swine plague, B. of, Salmon-Smith, 136.
Symptomatic anthrax, B. of, 296.
Syphilis, B. of, 351.

Terminology of Descriptive Bacteriology,

17-

Texas fever, Bacillus, Billings, 205.
Thiothrix

nivea, 379.

tenuis, 379.

tenuissima, 378.
Tils' fleichfarbiger Bacillus, 259.
Timothy grass Bacillus, Moeller, 358.
Trichorrhexisnodosa Markusfeld, 192.
Trout plague, B. of, Emmerich- Weibel, 156.
Tuberculosis, B. of, 356.
Tuberculosis of birds, B. of, 356.
Tuberkelahnlicher Bacillus, Rabinowitsch,

357-

Typhoid fever, B. of, 213.
Typhus-ahnlicher Bacillus, 214.

INDEX

4OI

Typhus exanthematique, B. of, Babes-
Oprescu, 229.

Vibrio

bugula, 2.
cholera, 335.
choleroides, 337.
helicogenes, 339.
Ivanoff, 337.
Lissabonensis, 339.
sapropkiles, Weibel, 340, 341.

Vignal Bacillus j, 234.

Whooping Cough Bacillus, Afanassieff, 283.
Whooping Cough Bacillus, Czaplewski, 153.
Wild u. Rinderseuche, B. of, 137.

Yellow atrophy of the liver, B. of, Guarnieri,
208.

Xerose Bacillus, Neisser, 355.

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