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J-NRLF

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

Deceived
^Accession No.fy- fy- 3 .& / .'• Class No.

.,.HUICHO

A MANUAL

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES

AS PRACTISED BY

THE JUNIOR CLASS IN AMHERST COLLEGE

AMHERST, MASS.

PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

DR. EDWARD HITCHCOCK

PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HYGIENE

BOSTON
PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & COMPANY

1884

EDWARD HITCHCOCK,

*3£>

1884.

] ELECTROTYPE D AND PRINTED
/BY RANU, AVERY, AND COMPANY,

(BOSTON. I

INTRODUCTION.

THE need of a manual like the present is seen in the
fact that three editions of a similar work have been
issued at Amherst during the past few years. The
recent advances made in this department, and the
increased facilities of our new Pratt Gymnasium, now
ready for occupancy, seem to demand a new manual,
and one which shall more fully meet the practical wants
of teachers and educational institutions everywhere.

The object of this manual is to furnish a series of
exercises, by the use of which a teacher can directly
instruct a class in light gymnastics ; or an ingenious
person may take the leading points in these exercises,
and adapt them to peculiar wants and circumstances,
thus giving a greater variety and pleasure of movement.

There is also given a series of simple military move-
ments that may be made by a class or company of from
twenty to a hundred, — male or female, — either in a
small out-of-doors area, or in an ordinary hall.

4 INTRODUCTION.

Persons who may wish either to direct themselves or
others to a special use of certain parts of the body, and
to learn what muscles are used in different exercises,
will find a portion of the manual devoted to this use :
it is not claimed, however, that every muscle used in
each of these exercises is clearly stated here. Most
movements of the body are too complex to allow of
perfect specialization in so short a work as this.

Two tables are given, showing certain measurements
of the human body. One is made from several thousand
measurements of twenty-one hundred and six students
of Amherst College, covering an interval of twenty
years, and expressed in the ordinary English system of
measures. The other is made from measurements of
four hundred and sixty-one students, comprising more
than fifty different data, covering a space of three years,
and expressed in the metric S}Tstem.

The dumb-bell exercise was devised and first given by
Professor E. Hitchcock, jun., of Cornell University;
but the preparation of it in a written- form, as well as of
the marching movements, has been most carefully made
by Mr. Frank E. Whitman, the captain of '85. The
study of the muscles used in the dumb-bell movements
has been made by Mr. C. H. Nichols of the same class,
and the cuts have been designed by Mr. H. M. Waite
of the class of '85. All the exercises — bells and
marching — are executed by the present senior class, or
the class of '85.

INTRODUCTION. 5

A schedule for marking the different movements and
exercises in a gymnastic exhibition is given directly after
the tables. In its present form, it supposes at least three
classes in competition for a prize, and the contest to con-
sist of marching movements and a dumb-bell exercise.
It also supposes that the dumb-bell exercise shall receive
one mark, while each one of the several marching move-
ments is to be graded by the maximum as expressed
in the printed number against each movement.

EDWARD HITCHCOCK,

Profesxor of Hygiene and Physical Education,
AMHERST COLLEGE.

MANUAL

GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

MARCHING EXERCISE.

IN the following instructions for the drills in marching
and light gymnastics as practised in Amherst College, an
attempt has been made to describe the various movements
in the manner best suited for the use of the gymnasium.
It will, on this account, be noticeable to any one versed
in military tactics, that many deviations have been made
from the instructions as laid down in ''Upton's Infantry
Tactics," or as taught in the military schools. In the
main, however, the marching movements here given are
taken, with only slight changes, from " Upton's Infantry
Tactics ; " and man}' of the instructions are given just as
they appear in that book.

1 . The Arrangement of the Gymnasium. — In
order that the class may have ample room for the dumb-bell
exercise, and particularly for marching, the apparatus for
heavy gymnastics should be arranged, as far as practicable,
on the sides and at the back of the hall. A platform for
the pianist and captain should be placed in the front of the
hall. For holding the bells when not in use, hooks may
be arranged in a row around the hall, at about five feet

8 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

from the floor ; or boxes may be placed at convenient
points, so that the men may take and leave their bells as
they file around the hall.

2. The Dumb-bell. — The dumb-bell should be turned
out of well-seasoned, first-quality rock-maple, and meas-
ure ten inches in length ; the balls being three inches in
diameter, and the handle measuring four by one and one-
fourth inches. Such a dumb-bell weighs one and one-
fourth pounds, and may be considered too light ; but
a heavier one has been found to be unwieldy, and too
fatiguing for a briskly performed exercise.

3. The Uniform. — It has been found very conven-
ient, in fact almost necessan*, for the classes to have
some kind of uniform for gymnasium practice. The uni-
form that has given most satisfaction in Amherst consists
of a loose-fitting shirt and a pair of trousers, both of dark-
blue Middlesex flannel. The shirts are usually made to
button on the shoulder, so as to leave the breast clear for
a class or college monogram. The trousers are of the
style commonly known as " hip-pants."

4. Arrangement of Classes into Platoons. — Classes
numbering more than thirty men should be divided into
platoons, and each of these placed in charge of a "platoon
captain," whose duty it is to see that the class movements
are properly executed, and to give such orders as are indi-
cated in the instructions. A platoon should consist of
not less than three nor more than six fours. It will be
noticed, that in the marching movements, as arranged
for the gymnasium, there is no such thing as "double
rank."

5. Music and Time. — In theory, the time occupied by
the motions in the dumb-bell exercise is nothing, the body
and bells being at rest all the time ; and in practice, we

MARCHING EXERCISE. 9

must come as near to this as possible, — that is, the
motions must be made very rapidly. The time of the
music may vary, and with it will vary also the periods of
rest between the counts ; but the rapidity of the move-
ments should be always the same.

Galop or march music may be used, and hence the term
"count" has been employed instead of " beat."

The phrase " through - - counts " may seem ambigu-
ous in some places. It invariably means, till counts

have been completed.

6. Commands. — Commands are of two kinds, — the
preparatory command, such as Forward, which indicates
the movement that is to be executed ; the command of
execution, such as MARCH, HALT, which causes the execu-
tion of a command. In the following instructions, the
preparatory commands are distinguished by italics, and
those of execution by SMALL CAPITALS.

The tone of command is animated, distinct, and of a
loudness proportioned to the number of men under in-
struction.

Each preparatory command is pronounced in an ascend-
ing tone of voice, and always in such a manner that the
command of execution may be more energetic and ele-
vated.

The command of execution is pronounced in a tone firm
and brief.

7. Assembling the Class. — At the captain's com-
mand, Fall — IN, each platoon takes its proper position in
a column of files ; i.e., in " single file," following the cap-
tain as he marches around the hall. The men must keep
their heads and eyes directly to the front, must cover the
men in front of them, and keep closed to the facing dis-
tance; that is, such a distance, that, in forming into line,

10 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

the elbows will just touch. The arms should hang natu-
rally at the sides, without stiffness, but without swinging.
The full step is twenty-eight inches in length, measuring
from heel to heel ; and the cadence for inarching in the
gymnasium should be ninety steps per minute.

8. To bring the Platoons on Line. — At the cap-
tain's command, On line — MARCH, the platoon captains
take command of their platoons, and, by repeating the
above order, bring their platoons to their respective
places.

9. To arrest the March.» — The command is, Platoon
— HALT. At the word Halt, given the instant either foot
is brought to the ground, the foot in the rear is brought
up, and planted by the side of the other without shock.

10. Facings. — The command is, Left (or Eight) —
FACE. At the word Face, raise the right foot slightly,
face to the left (or right), turning on the left heel, the
left toe slightly raised ; replace the right heel by the side
of the left, and on the same line. If the proper facing
distance was kept in marching, it will be found that the
elbows just touch. It will be seen that the facings to
the right or left are both made on the left foot.

11. Alignment. — The platoon captains place them-
selves at the heads of their respective platoons, facing
down the line, and command, Right — DRESS. At the com-
mand Dress, every man turns the head and eyes sharply to
the right, so that he can see the breast of the second man
from him ; then, without inclining the head, he takes very
short steps, either backward or forward, or to the left if
the line is crowded, but never crowd iwj toward the right
until the line is perfected, when the platoon captain com-
mands FRONT, at which word every head turns sharply to
the front.

MARCHING EXERCISE. 11

The class captain then commands, Company — Right
Dress — FRONT, at which the entire class repeats the
above.

12. The Position. — The men should now be occupy-
ing the following position : After effecting an equal
squareness of the body and shoulders to the front, place
the heels well closed on the same line, with the knees
straight, and the feet forming an angle of about sixty
degrees.

Let the arms hang naturally, slightly turning at the
elbows, with the palms of the hands turned slightly to
the front, and the little fingers touching the seams of the
trousers, the thumb and forefinger closed.

Hold the body erect on the hips, inclining it sufficiently
forward to cause its weight to principally bear upon the
fore-part of the feet.

Hold the head erect, with the eyes straight to the front.

13. The Salute. — The command is, Company —
SALUTE. At the word Salute, (1) raise the right hand
smartly, pointing in the same direction as the right foot,
the palm of the hand down, the thumb close to the fore-
finger, the arm extended and horizontal ; (2) bring the
hand around till the point of the thumb and side of the
forefinger touch the forehead; (3) bring back the hand
and arm to the position of the first motion ; (4) drop the
arm quickly by the side.

14. To count Fours. — The command is, Count —
FOURS; at which each platoon, beginning on the right,
counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., through the platoon.

The class is now ready for either the dumb-bell exercise
or the marching movements. If it is desired to take the
former, the captain commands, Offset — MARCH. At the
word March, man number one remains where he is ; iiniu-

12 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

ber two takes two paces to the front, and stands on the V
in front of him ; number three takes four paces, and
number four takes six paces, occupying their respective
Vs. This will be made clear by a glance at the floor
diagram, Fig. 1.

If, however, it is desired to take the marching move-
ments, the class should be made

15. To form Column of Piles from Column of
Platoons. — The command is, By Platoons — By the Right
Flank — MARCH. At the word March, the platoon which
is in front is commanded by its captain, Right — FACE.
This is described in Section 9. At the command, For-
ward— MARCH, the platoon, now in a column of files,
marches promptly with the full step. The other platoons
are commanded by their captains, Forward — Guide Right
— MARCH ; care being taken, however, to wait long enough
to avoid colliding with the platoon next in front. At the
word March, the men step off smartly with the left foot ;
the guide (i.e., the man on the extreme right of each pla-
toon) marching straight to the front. It must be observed,
in marching thus, that the men touch lightly the elbow
toward the side of the guide ; that they open out neither
arm ; that they yield to pressure coming from the side of
the guide, and resist pressure coming from the opposite
direction ; that, shortening or lengthening the step, they
gradually recover the alignment and touch of the elbow,
if lost ; and that they keep the head direct to the front.

When the platoon reaches the front of the hall, the
captain commands, By the Right Flank — MARCH. At the
word March, given as the right foot strikes the floor,
advance and plant the left foot, then turn to the right,
and step off in the new direction with the right foot. If
it is desired to flank to the left, give the word March MS

MARCHING EXERCISE.

PIANO

CAPFAIN
o

€0'

V — 6'*"— V

V <*
^

V V V V

v v v v

V V V V

FIG. 1.

14 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISE*.

the left foot strikes the floor, advance and plant the right
foot, turn to the left, and step off in the new direction
with the left foot.

When all the platoons have executed this movement,
the class will be marching around the hall in a column of
files.

The movements from Section 15 to Section 21, inclusive,
are executed at the class captain's command.

16. To form Column of Two from Column of
Files. — The command is, Form Twos — Left Oblique —
MARCH. At the word March, numbers one and three take
the short step, numbers two and four oblique to the left
until they uncover the men in front of them, when they
resume the forward march ; the twos having united, all
resume the full step. It will be observed, that the distance
between the twos remains the same as it was between
numbers one and three. [Fig. 2.]

,/D /D ,••'0 /fl /H /D /D /D
W Q-'E D-X0 fl--i 0/8 0-"1 M CMS

FK;. 2.

17. To form Column of Fours from Column of
Twos. — The command is, Form Fours — Left Oblique —
MARCH. At the word March, the leading two of each four
take the short step ; the rear two oblique to the left until
they uncover the leading two, when they resume the for-
ward march ; the fours having united, all resume the full
step. It will be observed, that the distance between the
fours is twice the distance between the twos ; in fact, the
space between the fours should be a square.

18. To shorten the Step. — The command is, Short
Step — MARCH. At the word March, the length of the

MARCHING EXERCISE. 15

step is reduced to fourteen inches ; the class resuming the
full step at the command, Forward — MARCH.

19. To change Step. — The command is. Change
Step — MARCH. At the word March, given the instant
the right foot comes to the floor, the left foot is advanced
and planted ; the hollow of the right is then advanced
against the heel of the left, the man again stepping off
with the left.

20. To march to the Rear. — The command is. To
the Rear — MARCH. At the word March, given as the
right foot strikes the floor, advance and plant the left
foot ; then turn on the balls of both feet toward the right,
and immediately step off with the left foot.

21. To mark Time. — The command is, Mark Time

— MARCH. At the word March, given the instant one
foot is coming to the ground, continue the cadence, and
make a semblance of marching, without gaining ground,
by alternately advancing each foot about half its length,
and bringing it back on a line with the other.

At the command, HALT, given as either foot comes to
the floor, plant that foot, and bring the other to its side.
The class resumes the march at the command, Forward

— MARCH.

22. To march Column of Fours in Retreat. —
The command is, Fours Left (or Right) About — MARCH.
The fours wheel on a fixed pivot: i.e., the pivot-man,
number four, in Fours Left About, simply marks time in
his place, turning his body as the four turns ; the flank
man, number one, in Fours Left About, takes the full
step, describing a semicircle to the left ; the other men in
the four turning with him, and accommodating their step
to their position in the four. When the fours have com-
pleted a semicircle, all, thus faced directly to the rear,

10 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISE*.

step off with the full step in the new direction. In exe-
cuting movements similar to this, in order to preserve the
alignment of the fours, the flank-man casts his eyes toward
the pivot-man, and feels lightly the elbow of the next
man toward the pivot, but never pushes him. The other
men touch with the elbow toward the pivot, and resist
pressure from the opposite side.

The movements from Section 22 to 28, inclusive, are
executed at the command of the platoon captains, who
take the command from the class captain.

FIG. 3.

23. To oblique in Column of Fours. — The com-
mand is, Left (or Right} Oblique — MARCH. At the
command, March, every man faces one-half to the left,
and marches with the full step in that direction, resuming
the forward march at the command, Forward — MARCH.
During the oblique, the fours preserve their parallelism ;
the man in each four, on the side toward which the oblique
is made, is the guide of the rank. [Fig. 4.]

24. To form Column of Platoons from Column
of Fours. — The command is, (1) Left Front into Line —
(2) MARCH; (3) Platoon— (4) HALT; (5) Right— (G)
DRESS — (7) FRONT. At the command, March, the first
four moves straight to the front, dressing to the right ;
the other fours oblique to the left, till opposite their places
in the line, when each marches to the front. At the

EXERCISE.

command, HALT, the first four halts, and at the sixth com-
mand, given immediately after, dresses to the right ; the
other fours halt, dressing to the right on arriving in line ;
the seventh command is given when the last four com-
pletes its dressing. As each four arrives in line, the men
must be careful not to overstep the line, but to halt
together a few inches in the rear of the line. [Fig1. 5.]

-•

I/S/

PIG. 4.

25. To break into Column of Pours. — The com-
mand is Right Forward, Fours Right — MARCH. At the
command, March, the right four moves straight to the
front, shortening the first three or four steps ; the other
fours wheel to the right, on a fixed pivot; the second
four, when its wheel is two- thirds completed, wheels to
the left on a movable pivot, and follows the first four ;
the other fours, having wheeled to the right, move for-
ward, and wheel to the left on a movable pivot, on the
same ground as the second. [See Fig. 3.J

The difference between wheeling on a fixed pivot and
wheeling on a movable pivot is, that in the former the
pivot-man simply marks time in his place, turning in con-
formity with the marching flank, and making no headway ;
while, in wheeling on a movable pivot, the pivot-man

MANUAL OF GYMNASTI

takes short steps of nine inches, turning in conformity
with the marching flank, and making slight headway.

FIG. 5.

26. To flank to the Front, from Column of
Fours. — The command is, Fours Left (or Right} -
MARCH. At the command, March, the fours wheel to the
left, on a fixed pivot. The platoon captain commands
Guide — RIGHT (or LEFT), the instant the fours unite in
line. The instructions for Guide Right, and for marching
in line across the floor, are given in Section 14. When
the platoon reaches the front of the hall, if it is desired
to break into a column of fours, the command is, Right
Forward, Fours Right — MARCH. This is described in
Section 24. If it is desired to break into a column of
files, the command is, By the Right Flank — MARCH. This
is described in Section 14.

27. To flank to the Front from Column of Files.
— Considering that the last command was, By the Right
Flank, and the class thus formed into a column of files,
tlio command for this movement is, By the Left Flank —

MARCHING EXERCISE. 19

MARCH. This is described in Section 14. On reaching
the front of the hall, either command suggested in Section
25 may be used.

28. To form Column of Twos from Column of
Files. — See Section 15.

This completes the marching-drill as practised at the
exhibition in Amherst College. There may be occasions
when it will be convenient to use a few movements which
are not given in the foregoing instructions for the march-
ing-drill. A few of these movements are thus described :

29. To march to the Side. — Being at a halt, the
command is, Side Step to the Right (or Left) — MARCH.
At the command, March, carry the right foot six inches to
the right, keeping the knees straight and the shoulders
square to the front; as soon as the right foot is planted,
bring the left foot to the side of it, and continue the move-
ment, observing the cadence, until the command, HALT.

30. To march Backward. — Being at a halt, the
command is Backward — - Guide Right (or Left) — MARCH.
At the command, March, step off smartly, with the left
foot, fourteen inches straight to the rear, measuring from
heel to heel. At the command, HALT, bring back the foot
in front to the side of the one in the rear.

31. To form Column of Twos from Column of
Fours. — The command is, Right by Ttvos — MARCH. At
the command, March, the two men on the left of the four
(i.e., numbers three and four) mark time for an instant,
till they become disengaged, when they oblique to the right,
and take their positions behind numbers one and two.

32. To form Column of Files from Column of
Twos. — This is executed in precisely the same manner
as Section 30 ; the command being, Right by File — _MABC_H.__

/ "* OF THE ' ^\

UNIVERSITY ]
J

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

The following schedule will show the relative impor-
tance attached to the different movements, and also the
order usually pursued.

MARKING SCHEDULE FOR GYMNASTIC EXHIBITION.

COMPANY MOVE MK NTS.

Maxima.

Freshmen.

Sophomores.

Juniors.

1. To form columns of twos . .
2. To form columns of fours . .
8 Short step

3
3
3

4 Change step

5 To the rear

(}. Mark time, halt

7. To march column of four in
retreat

8. To oblique in column of fours
(by platoons)
9. To form platoons (left front into
line)

10
10

•

10. To break into column of fours .
11. To flank to front from column
of fours

5
10

12. To break into column of files .
13. To flank to front from column
of files

14. To form column of twos and
leave the hall .

1~ ( Steadiness, )

1 Distances, )

Dumb-bell exercise ....

100

Totals

Average

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE. 21

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE.

After the men have taken their positions on Vs, at the
command, Offset — MARCH, the captain commands, Belh
— READY. At the word " Ready," the bells are brought
instantly and noiselessly to the sides, where thej- are
held horizontal and parallel to each other. At the com-
mand, BEGIN, the class begins the following exercise,
accompanied by the pianist.1

Movement 1. DIRECTION A. — Forcibly twist both
bells inward, and back again to position, on each count,
through six counts ; on seven, carry the bells to the
breast, just in front of the armpits ; on eight, extend
the arms horizontally forward, bells perpendicular, when
the men will be in position for

DIRECTION B. — Twist bells as in A, through six
counts; on seven, carry bells to the breast; on eight,
extend arms horizontally at sides, bells perpendicular, the
position for

DIRECTION C. — Twist bells as in A, through six
counts ; on seven, carry bells to the shoulders ; on eight,
extend arms perpendicularly, bells horizontal, the position
for

DIRECTION D. — Twist bells as in A, through six
counts : on seven, carry bells to the breast, and rest there
through count eight.

Movement 2. DIRECTION A. — Forcibly thrust the

1 For the arrangement of the class for dumb-bell exercise, consult
page 5 et seq.

22 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

right bell forward horizontally on count one, and return
to breast on two, continuing thus through eight counts.

Same with left bell, through eight counts.

On count one, forcibly thrust the right bell forward
horizontally, and return on count two ; on count three,
thrust left bell forward in same manner, and return it to
breast on count four ; continuing thus alternately through
eight counts.

Forcibly thrust both bells forward simultaneously,
through eight counts.

DIRECTION B. — Repeat all the movements of A hori-
zontally outwards.

DIRECTION C. — Repeat all the movements of A per-
pendicularly upwards.

DIRECTION D. — Repeat all the movements of A ver-
tically downwards.

Movement 3. — The bells being at the breast, parallel
to each other, on count one forcibly thrust the right bell
vertically upwards and the left bell vertically downwards ;
on count two, return both bells to the breast ; on count
three, thrust the left bell upward and the right down-
wards, returning to breast on count four, and so continue
through twelve counts.

Movement 4. — Both bells being at the breast on
count twelve, on count one extend both bells horizontally
outwards, bells perpendicular, and hold them thus through
four counts.

Movement 5. DIRECTION A. — Drop the arms, with-
out bending the elbows, so that the bells strike just in
front of the body, on the ends toward the little fingers ;
on count two, turn the bells, and strike the ends toward
the thumbs ; continuing thus through twelve counts.
[Fig. 6.]

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE. 23

DIRECTION B. — Same as A, but striking just behind
the body, through twelve counts.

DIRECTION C. — On count one, strike bells just in front
of the body, ends toward little fingers together ; on count
two, strike just behind the body, ends toward thumbs
together ; and continue thus through twelve counts.

DIRECTION D. — On count one, strike the bells just in
front of the body, ends toward little fingers together, as
before ; on count two, strike behind ; on three, in front
again ; on count four, let the bells describe a semicircle
outwards, and strike above the head on ends toward
thumbs ; continuing thus through twelve counts

Movement 6. DIRECTION A. — The bells being above
the head on count twelve, on count one advance the right

24 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

foot, with a stamp, about four inches in the direction of
the right arm of the V ; separate the bells slightly, about
six inches, and strike them on the ends toward the
thumbs, at the same time the step is taken ; continue
the step and stroke through four counts. The right knee

being slightly bent, at count one strike the bells together
— ends toward little fingers — just above the leg ; on
count two, strike ends toward thumbs together just be-
neath the leg ; on count three, strike ends toward thumbs
together above the head ; and continue thus through
twelve counts. Recover the regular position by drawing
the foot back four inches each count, through four counts,
striking the bells above the head as in making the charge.

THE DUMH-HELL EXERCISE. 25

DIRECTION B. — Repeat A toward the left.

Caution. — Bend the back but slightly in striking
beneath the leg.

Movement 7. — After recovering from the charge to
the left, the bells are above the head on count four. On

FIG. 8.

count one, bring the bells to the shoulder ; on two, thrust
them vertically upward, bells parallel ; on three, return
them to the shoulder ; on four, with knees rigid, stoop
forward, and strike the bells upon the floor ; on count five,
return bells to the breast ; on six, thrust upward ; on
seven, return bells to the breast ; on eight, strike the
floor ; and so continue through twelve counts. [Fig. 8.]

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

Movement 8. — The bells being at the floor on
count twelve, at count one return the bells to the breast,

and, in so doing, allow the bells to slip through the hand,
so that each is held by the end ; on count two, extend
the arms horizontally outwards, bells horizontal ; on count
three, put the right bell over the right shoulder, and
the left bell under the left shoulder, until the free ends
strike behind the body ; on count four, bring the bells to
the position held at count two ; on count five, put the left
bell over, and the right bell under, until they strike ; and
so continue through twelve counts. [Fig. !).]

Movement 9. — The arms being extended horizontally
outwards at count twelve, allow the bells to slip through

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE. 27

the hands until they are grasped in the usual manner ;
on count one, bring the bells to the breast, resting there
through count two ; on count three, drop the arms to
the sides, resting there through count four.

On count one, bend the right elbow, keeping the upper
arm fixed, until the bell strikes the shoulder; on count
two, drop it back to the side ; continuing this movement
through eight counts.

FIG. 10.

The same with the left arm, through eight counts.

The same with the right and left alternately, through
eight counts.

The same with the right and left simultaneously,
through eight counts.

Movement 1O. DIRECTION A. — The bells being at
the side at count eight, on count one raise the right arm

28 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

in a forward direction, so that the bell describes a quarter-
circle, thumbs up, elbows stiff ; on count two, return the
bell to the side ; and continue the movement thus through
eight counts. [See Fig. 10.]

The same with the left, through eight counts.

The same with the right and left alternately, through
eight counts.

The same with the right and left simultaneously,
through eight counts.

DIRECTION B. — The same as A, except "that the arms
are raised to the height of the shoulder outward, later-
ally, bells horizontal.

Movement 11. — Bend the elbow, and raise the right
bell to the height of the ear, on count one ; carry the bell

back to the side on count two ; and continue the movement
thus through eight counts. [Fig. 11.]

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE. 21>

The same with the left, through eight counts.

The same with the right and left alternately, through
eight counts.

The same with the right and left simultaneously,
through eight counts.

Movement 12. DIRECTION A. — With stiff arms
describing a semicircle in a horizontal plane, strike the

Fia. 1-2.

hells — on the ends toward the thumbs — together in
front ; return arms to a horizontal position at the side on
count two; strike again on count three ; and so continue
through twelve counts.

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

DIRECTION B. — On the count one, with stiff arms
describe a semicircle in a vertical plane, and strike the
bells — on ends toward the thumbs — together above the
head ; on count two, return the arms to a horizontal posi-
tion at the side ; and continue thus through twelve counts.

DIRECTION C. — The arms being extended in a horizon-
tal position at the side on count twelve, on count one let
the bells describe a semicircle downward, striking together
— on the ends toward the little fingers — just behind the
body ; on count two, strike above the head as before ; on
count three, behind the body ; and so continue through
twelve counts. [See Fig. 12.]

Via 1:5.

Movement 13. — The bells being above the' head on
count twelve, on count one bring them to the breast, and

THE DUMK-JtELL EXEHVIXE. 31

rest there through count two ; on count three, thrust both
arms downward and forward, keeping the arms parallel
and the bells parallel, the arms making an angle of forty-
live degrees with the body ; rest thus through count four ;
on count five, return the bells to the breast ; and continue
the movement through sixteen counts. [See Fig. 13.]

Movement 14. — On count one, charge the right foot,
with a stamp, about sixteen inches to the right, extend

FIG. 14.

the right arm outward horizontally, palm up, bell hori-
zontal ; bring the left bell to the left shoulder, turning
the head sharply to the right. On count two, bring the
right foot, without dragging^ to its place beside the left
foot, extend left arm to a position like that held by the
right, sharply turn the head to the front ; on count three,

32 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISE*.

drop arms, and strike the bells — on the ends toward little
fingers — behind the body; on count four, turn the bells,
and strike the ends toward the thumbs together behind
the body ; continue this movement through twelve counts.

The same movement toward the left, through twelve
counts.

The same alternately to the right and left, through
twelve counts.

At count twelve the bells being behind the body, on
count one bring both bells to the shoulder, upper arms
extended laterally and .horizontally ; on count two, extend
both bells outward horizontally ; on counts three and
four, strike bells behind the body as above ; and continue
thus through twelve counts. [See Fig. 14.]

Movement 15. DIRECTION A. — On the count one,
charge the right foot with an emphatic stamp in the direc-
tion of the right arm of the V, about sixteen inches,
turning the body in that direction, and bending the right
knee slightly ; at the same time bring the bells to the
breast. Maintain this position until four counts have
been completed. On the count one, forcibly extend the
right arm horizontally in the direction faced ; on count
two, return the right bell to the breast, and extend the
left bell ; continuing this movement through eight counts.
On the count eight, the left arm is extended and the right,
at the breast ; on count one, thrust the right arm outward
horizontally, and bring the left to the breast ; on count
two, bring the right bell to the breast, and thrust the left
outward horizontally ; continuing thus through eight
counts. On count eight, the right bell is brought to the
shoulder, the left being extended. On count one, thrust
the right bell vertically upward, and bring the left to the
shoulder ; on two, bring the right bell to the shoulder, and

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE. 33

thrust the left upward ; continuing thus through eight
counts. On count eight, the right bell is brought to the
breast, the left being thrust upward. On count one, thrust
the right bell vertical!}' downward, and bring the left to
the breast ; on count two, bring the right bell to the
breast, and thrust the left downward until the count seven
is reached, when the left bell remains at the breast, and
the right bell is brought to the breast on count eight. On
count one, the body assumes an erect position, the right
foot being brought to the side of the left ; remain thus
through count two. On count three, charge to the left,
and remain thus through count four.

DIRECTION B. — Repeat A toward the left The bells
being at the breast on the last count eight, on count one
let the body become erect, the left foot being brought to
the side of the right ; remain thus through four counts.

DIRECTION C. — With the body in an erect position
facing forward, repeat A.

Movement 16. — The bells being at the breast on the
last count eight, on one thrust the right bell forward
horizontally, and return it to the breast on count two ; on
count three, thrust it horizontally outward, and return it
to the shoulder on count four ; on count five, thrust the
bell vertically upward, and return it to the breast on
count six ; on count seven, thrust it vertically downward,
and return it to the breast on count eight ; continuing
thus through sixteen counts.

The same with the left bell, through sixteen counts.

The same with the right and left bell alternately,
through thirty-two counts.

The same with the right and left simultaneously, through
sixteen counts.

Movement 17. — The bells being at the breast on

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

count sixteen, thrust both horizontally forward on count
one, the bells being perpendicular and two inches apart ;
on count two, sweep the arms apart so that each bell
describes a quarter-circle in a horizontal plane ; on count
three, return the bells sharply toward each other, as far

FIG. 15.

as possible without striking ; on count four, sweep them
apart again, returning on count five ; and continuing thus
through twelve counts. [See Fi^. IT).]

Movement 18. — The arms being extended horizon-
tally outward on count twelve, on count one bend the
elbows so as to bring the bells to the shoulders ; at the
same time, turn the body in the direction of the right arm
of the V, and charge the right foot in that direction. On
count two, thrust both bells vertically upward, and bring
the right foot to the side of the left ; on count three,

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE.

return the bells to the shoulder; and, on count four,
twisting the bells so that the ends toward the little fingers
almost touch, throw the arms outward before the body
and downward past the sides, back to the shoulders ; con-
tinue thus through sixteen counts. [Fig. 16.]

FIG. 16.

The same toward the left, through sixteen counts.

The same toward the right and left alternately, through
sixteen counts.

The same motion of the arms directly to the front, with
body erect and heels together, through sixteen counts.

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

Movement 19. DIRECTION A. — On the last count.
sixteen, bring the bells together parallel to each other at

FIG. 17.

the breast, and strike them thus through four counts.
On count one, charge the right foot as in Movement 15,
thrust the right arm vertically upward, and the left verti-
cally downward ; on count two, return the bells to the
breast. With foot still advanced, continue the motion of
the arms through eight counts, returning the right foot to
its place on count eight. [Fig. 17.]

The same to the left, through eight counts.

DIRECTION B. — As at the beginning of this movement,
strike the bells through four counts. On count one,

THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE.

charge to the right, thrust right arm up and left arm
down, remaining thus through count two. On count
three, return the bells to the breast and the foot to its
place, remaining thus through count four. On the next
four counts, repeat the same to the left ; and continue
thus alternately toward the right and left, through sixteen
counts. Then strike the bells together on the breast as
above, through four counts.

Movement 2O. — On count one, grasping the bells by
the ends, throw the bells over the shoulder until they hang

FIG. IS.

almost perpendicularly ; at the same time, charge the right
foot sixteen inches in the direction of the right arm of
the V. On count two, swing the bells forward, allowing

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

them to describe parallel three-quarter circles as in cut.
The bells should be at 2 on count two, at 3 on count
three, and at 2 again on the return, on count four ; on
count three, the foot is placed beside the other. Continue
thus through sixteen counts. [See Fig. 18.]

The same toward the left, through sixteen counts.

FIG. 19.

The same toward the right and left alternately, through
sixteen counts.

The same directly toward the front, without the charge,
through sixteen counts; on the last count sixteen, let the
bells stop at the side when the arms reach the vertical
position.

DIVERSITY
THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE. 39

Movement 21. — Charging forward with the right foot
four inches on each of the next four counts, place the
right bell vertically on the right knee ; on count one,
swing the left arm back in a circle — up and forwards —
and strike the bell on every odd count, swinging the arm
back on the even counts, through twelve counts ; then
replace the right foot, stamping four times, and advance
the left, repeating the same motions with the bells, after
which replace the left foot. [See Fig. 10.]

FIG. 20.

Movement 22. — The bells being at the side on the
last count, on count one bring each bell to its respective
shoulder ; on count two, extend the arms horizontally

40 MA .V i'A L OF G YMNA S TIC EXER C1SES.

outward; on count three, strike the bells together — on
the ends toward the little fingers — just in front of. the
body ; and, on count four, strike the ends toward the
thumbs together ; continuing thus through sixteen counts.

The same, striking behind the body, through sixteen
counts.

The same, striking in front of the body — on the ends
toward the little fingers — on count three, and striking
behind the body — on the ends toward the thumbs — on
count four, through sixteen counts. [See Fig. 20.]

Movement 23. — Repeat Movement 1, Directions A,
B, C, and D, except that on the count seven of D a twist
is made instead of returning to the breast ; and the bells
are returned to the breast, and the arms folded promptly,
on the count eio'ht, — which closes the exercise.

THE ANVIL CHORUS.

THE ANVIL CHORUS : AN EXERCISE IN LIGHT
GYMNASTICS.

THIS Exercise is performed to the music of the Anvil
Chorus, from "II Trovatori," as arranged in the World's
Peace Jubilee music of 1872.

The Position, body erect, bells at sides, knuckles in
front, is assumed during a prelude, usually beginning at
"God of the nations." On fourth count, before "Proudly
our banners," etc., bring right bell to back of neck, thumb

42 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

down, and left bell to level of eyes in front, arm straight,

thumb up. Thus remain through four counts. [Fig. 21.]

No. 1. — Sweep right bell over the head to strike left

smartly on the top, on first count, knocking left downward

FIG. 22.

and under, arm stiff, to come to back of head on second
count, right bell remaining in place of left ; on third
count, left bell sweeps over, and strikes right, knocking it
downward and round to come to back of head on fourth,
left bell remaining in place of right ; on fifth count, right
bell sweeps backward, downward, and under, to strike
left bell underneath, and left sweeps over, to come to back
of head at sixth count, right bell remaining at level of

THE ANVIL CHORUS.

eyes; on seventh count, left bell sweeps backwards,
downwards, and under, to strike right bell underneath ; and
both together sweep upwards, outwards, and downwards,
to strike behind the body on the eighth count, little fingers
together. [See Fig. 22.]

No. 2. — Strike bells together, arms stiff, thumbs
together, above the head, and stamp right foot about eight

FIG. 23.

inches forward, on first count ; strike downward behind
the body, little fingers together, returning foot to position,
on second count ; strike above the head as before, stamp-
ing left foot, on third ; fourth same as second ; and so on,
with alternate feet, through seven counts; on eighth,
come to position assumed at the beginning of No. 1.

MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EX EXCISES.

No. 3. — Same as No. 1.

No. 4. — With stiff arms, always : on first count, strike
hells together at level of eyes in front, thumbs together ;
on second, strike downward behind, little lingers together ;
on third, strike above head ; on fourth, downward behind ;
and so on, through seven counts ; on eighth, come to posi-
tion assumed at beginning of No. 1.

No. 5. — Same as No. 1 .

KM;. '24.

No. 6. — Charge laterally to the right, extending right
bell over and about six inches above right leg, at same
time sweep left bell over to strike right, thumbs together,
on first count ; on second, straighten right leg and bend

THE ANVIL CHORUS. 45

left, keeping feet in place, at same time turning bell once
so that the thumb end points in direction in which bell is
to go ; sweep it in circle in front of body, arm straight,
round to strike right bell on third count, when legs come
back into position of first count ; and so on, through seven
counts ; on eighth count, come to position assumed at
'beginning of No. 1, springing back with right foot. [Fig.
24.]

No. 7. — Same as No. 1.

No. 8. — Same as No. 6, except charge made to the
left, swing right and extend left arm.

No. 9. — Same as No. 1 .

No. 1O. — Charge to right, extend right bell as before,
and sweep left over to strike right on first count ; and,
keeping legs and feet in position, with stiff arms and full
swing strike right bell through the next six counts ; on
eighth count, come to position at beginning of No. 1,
springing back with right foot.

No. 11. — Same as No. 1.

No. 12. — Same as No. 10, except charge made to left,
left arm extended, and right swung in circle. Except,
however, on eighth count, coming to erect position, bring
bells to chest instead of into position of No. 1, and, at the
command "Halt," forcibly bring them to sides, knuckles
in front, as at the first.

It will be seen, from the length of this exercise, that the eight
measures beginning "Proudly," etc., must be played three times.

It will be both beautiful and beneficial if performed with a snap,
and every movement vigorously executed. The stiff straight arm
must be insisted upon when, according to the nature of the move-
ment, it is not impossible. This specification has been made occa-
sionally through the exercise; being a point most likely to be
overlooked and forgotten, and yet of primary importance if either
of the above effects would be attained.

4(> MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

TABLE SHOWING THE PRINCIPAL MUSCLES BROUGHT INTO
ACTION BY THE DUMB-BELL EXERCISE OF THE CLASS
OK '85, AMHERST COLLEGE.

THIS exercise is so varied as to bring into action all the
more important muscles of the upper extremity, thorax,
and back, as well as many of those of the lower extremity
and abdomen. It is likewise arranged in such a manner
as to give to each group of muscles an amount of work
proportionate to its relative importance.

In addition to the muscles brought into play by each
particular part of the exercise, the fourteen flexor muscles
of the hand are in constant use in holding the bells firmly
in the grasp.

I. There are, in this exercise, two distinct movements :
1st, rotation of the arm and fore-arm inwards, accom-
panied by a pronation of the hand ; 2d, rotation of the
arm and fore-arm outwards, with a supination of the hand.
These two movements follow each other in quick succes-
sion, and are repeated twenty-four times, six in each of
the positions, a, 6, c, and d.

1. Rotation of the arm inwards is accomplished by

Subscapularis,
assisted by

Pectoralis major,

Latissimus dorsi,

Teres major ;
rotation of the fore-arm, and pronation of the hand, by

Pronator radii teres,

Pronator quadratus,

Flexor carpi radialis,

Palmaris longus,

Flexor sublimis digitorum.

MI'SVLEti BROUGHT INTO ACTION. 47

2. Rotation of the arm outwards, by
Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus,
Teres major ;

rotation of fore-arm outwards, and pronation of hand, by
Supinator longus,
Supinator brevis,
Biceps extensor cubiti,
Extensor secundi internodii.

II. This may be analyzed into two sets of movements :
1st, a forcible extension of the fore-arm, followed by a
flexion of the same ; 2d, a thrusting of the arm from the
shoulder, in each of the four directions indicated under
a, 6, c, and d.

a. 1. Fore-arm extended by

Triceps,

Anconeus ;
flexed by

Biceps,

Brachialis anticus,

Pronator radii teres ;
assisted by

Flexor carpi radialis,

Flexor sublimis,

Flexor carpi ulnaris,

Supinator longus.
2. Arm extended horizontally forwards by

Anterior fibres of deltoid,

Part of pectoralis major,
assisted by

Biceps,

Coraco-brachialis ;

48 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

depressed to the side by

Posterior fibres of deltoid,

Latissimus dorsi,
assisted by

Subscapularis.

b. 1. Same as a.

2. Arm extended horizontally outwards by

Deltoid,

Supraspinatns ;
depressed to the side by

Pectoralis major.

Latissimus dorsi,

Subscapularis,
assisted by

Teres major,

Teres minor.

c. 1. Same as a.

2. Arm raised vertically upwards by

Deltoid,

Supraspinatus ;

depressed by the same muscles as in b.
(1. 1. Same as a.
2. The arm lies passive at the side.

III. This is simply a variation of II. As the right arm
is raised vertically above the head, the left arm is simul-
taneously thrust downwards, and vice versa; each move-
ment being executed six times.

IV. The bells are now held horizontally outwards,
chiefly by the action of the deltoid, during four counts.

V. This motion, as well as the following, brings the

MUSCLES BROUGHT INTO ACTION. 49

muscles of the shoulder, arm, and fore-arm into most
vigorous action.

a. The bells are forcibly drawn down till they meet in
front of the body, by the

Pectoralis major,

Anterior fibres of deltoid.

Then the arm is twisted, and the hand pronated (see 1),
so that the other ends of the bells meet. This latter
motion is repeated twelve times.

b. The bells are now drawn behind the body by the

Latissimus dorsi,

Teres major,

Posterior fibres of deltoid ;

and the twisting of the bells is repeated in that position,
through twelve counts.

c. a and b repeated alternately, there being six motions
in front, and six behind the body. In all three of these
movements, the arm is raised by the

Deltoid.
Supraspinatus.

VI. In addition to the muscles of the upper extremity,
those of the thigh and leg are used somewhat in retaining
the body in the position elsewhere described,
a. Arms raised perpendicularly by

Deltoid,

Supraspinatus,

and struck together by the action of that muscle ; then
drawn apart by its antagonists, the

Subscapularis,

Latissimus dorsi,

Pectoralis major.
This is repeated four times. Bells are now lowered in

50 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

front of the right leg, and struck together ; then struck
together behind that leg, by the other ends. Finally, they
are raised over the head. This is repeated to the left, the
left leg being advanced instead of the right.

VII. a. Arms raised perpendicularly upwards, and
lowered to the breast, as in II. c ; then lowered to the
side by extension of fore-arm, as previously described.

6. At the same time, an entirely new set of muscles are
brought into play, in drawing the body downwards and
forwards ; viz., the abdominal muscles, —

Obliquus externus,

Obliquus iuternus,

Tran sversalis,

Rectus abdominis ;
assisted by

Psoas magnus,

Iliacus,

Rectus.
This is repeated three times.

VIII. a. Right fore-arm flexed by

Biceps,

Brachialis anticus,

Pronator radii teres, etc.,

as in II. At the same time, the arm is drawn as far
backwards and inwards as possible, chiefly by the

Deltoid ;

left fore-arm flexed as in a, and arm drawn backwards
and upwards by the

Latissimus dorsi.

b. Both arms extended to a horizontal position, by an
extension of the fore-arm upon the arm, by

MUSCLES BROUGHT INTO ACTION. 51

Triceps,

Anconeus ;
a lowering of the right arm, by

Subscapularis,

Pectoralis major,

Latissimus dorsi ;
and an elevation of the left, by the

Deltoid.
Repeated six times.

IX. This motion simply exercises the flexors and
extensors of the fore-arm. Repeated ten times with each
hand. Muscles same as in II. a 1.

X. Elbows kept stiff by muscles on back of arms,
while the

Deltoid

raises the arms horizontally ; and their own weight,
together with the

Latissimus dorsi,

Pectoralis major,
draws them down. Repeated ten times with each arm.

XI. Arm raised forwards and upwards by

Anterior fibres of deltoid,

Part of pectoral is major ;
assisted by

Biceps,

Coraco-brachialis.

Fore-arm flexed as above. Repeated ten times with each
arm.

XII. a. Elbows rendered stiff by the extensors, and

52 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

the arms held in a horizontal position by the deltoid
muscle. The arm is now drawn forward by the

Anterior fibres of deltoid,

Pectoral is major ;
then back to a straight line, chiefly by the

Posterior fibres of deltoid,

Pectoralis major.

b. Arms in position as above, but raised over the head
until bells strike, by

Deltoid,
Supraspinatus.

c. Arms raised as in 6, and then lowered so that bells
strike below and behind the bod}7, by

Latissimus dorsi,
Teres major.

XIII. This is designed to furnish a brief respite, rather
than to exercise actively any set of muscles, and will,
therefore, not be described.

XIV. Right fore-arm extended, and arm raised hori-
zontally outwards, as before described. Left fore-arm
flexed, and left arm raised horizontally. Each motion
repeated twelve times with each arm. At the first four
movements, the right foot is brought forward by flexors
of thighs and extensors of the leg, and, at the end of
each movement, returned to position by the antagonists
of those muscles. During the next four movements, the
left foot is brought into a similar position. On the last
four, the body is in its natural position.

XV. This exercise is essentially the same as II. The
arms are alternately thrust in the directions a, b, e, and

MUtiCLEN HROUGHT INTO ACTION. 58

r?, four times with the right foot forward, four times with
the left foot forward, and four times with feet together.

XVI. This is another modification of II. Here, eacii
of the four motions a, 6, c, and d, is performed, in suc-
cession, by each hand, and repeated six times by each.

XVII. Same as XII. «, with bells parallel. Repeated
six times.

XVIII. d. Arms raised vertically, and fore-arms
extended as before ; then arms lowered horizontally out-
wards, and fore-arms flexed.

b. Arms drawn forwards ninety degrees, and fore-arms
extended again to the front. Now, the arm, in describing
a circle backwards, is acted upon by all the principal
muscles of the arm and shoulder in succession. Repeated
twelve times, four times in each of the positions.

XIX. Modification of III. Muscles the same, with the
addition of those of the lower extremity used in the
charge. Repeated eight times.

XX. a. Arms raised to a vertical position by

Deltoid,

Part of pectoralis major.

At this point, the fore-arms are flexed, so that the bells
are perpendicular behind.

b. Fore-arms extended, and (with elbows stiff) arms
brought forward and downward to the side of the body,
by the

Subscapularis,

Pectoralis major,

Latissimus dorsi,

54 MANUAL OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES.

(together with their aids) , acting in succession. Repeated
twelve times.

XXI. The elbow remains stiff, while the arm describes
a circle backward. This brings into play almost all those
muscles situated about the shoulder-joint, in different
parts of the motion, including all those which can possibly
move the arm on the shoulder in any direction.

XXII. Same as V. Repeated twelve times.

XXIII. Same as I., with d repeated seven times.

MEASURES OF WEIGHT, HEIGHT, ETC.

THE MEASURES OF WEIGHT, HEIGHT, CHEST, ARM GIRTH,
LUNG CAPACITY, AND BODY LIFT OF 2,106 DIFFERENT
STUDENTS OF AMIIERST COLLEGE, ARRANGED BY AGE.

Age.

Number
of
observa-
tions.

Weight.

Height,

Chest.

Arm.

Lung
capacity.

Body

lift.

330

131.99

66.60

33.87

11.12

224.8

8.58

1172

134.07

80.96

35.10

11.36

238.7

10.35

1511

135.84

67.30

35.38

11.52

240.3

10.82

1358

138.12

67.95

35.52

11.57

248.8

10.97

1171

140.00

68.01

35.58

11.69

250.1

10.84

807

141.07

68.11

35.98

11.77

250.8

10.92

2:]

559

141.21

68.31

36.29

11.71

257.0

10.63

362

142.42

68.44

37.23

11.74

261.0

10.62

216

145.12

68.68

36.66

11.79

263.6

10.11

141

144.91

68.82

37.46

11.81

262.5

10.71

144.40

68.30

36.95

11.84

268.4

10.37

140.71

68.52

36.28

11.57

269.8

8.51

142.68

68.09

36.41

11.51

260.5

9.86

146.50

69.19

36.70

11.61

279.5

7.50

In this table, the average measures of the men of the
ages between seventeen and thirty are given ; the second
colnmn shows the weight in pounds and decimals ; the
results of height, chest, and arm are given in inches and
hundredths ; those of chest capacity, in cubic inches ;
and the body-lift means the number of times the indi-
vidual is able to lift the body up to the hands, when
hanging freely suspended above the floor.

MA SCAL OF G YM.\A STK ' EXE1W1XES.

A TABLE OF THE BODILY MKASUJKMKXTS OF THE STI -
DENTS OF AMHKKST COLLEGE, FORTJIE YEARS 1881-82.
1883-84, iNCLrsiVE, AVERAGED r,v YKAKS OF A<;E.

YEARS OF AGE.

2:;

WEIGHT

59.30

59.70

61.10

61.30

63.20

63.70

63.90

64.70

HEIGHT .

1.70

1.71

1.72

" Knee ....

465.00

466.00

469.00

477.00

478.00

480.00

481 .00

" Sitting ....

S87.00

889.00

900.00

901.00

904.00

902.00

910.00

" Pubes ....

855.00

857.00

858.00

860.00

863.00

867.00

Navel ....

1.00

1.01

1.02

" Sternum . . .

1.37

1.38

1.39

1.40

1.41

GIRTH, Head ....

56S.OO 568.00 568.00

569.00

575.00

Neck ....

337.00

."41 .00

348.00

350.00

354.00

356.00

358.00

356.00

" Chest, full . .

887.00

903.00

923.00

922.00

925.00

933.00

934.00

942.00

" repose

853.00

865.00

877.00

883.00

896.00

897.00

899.00

908.00

Belly ....

703.00

713.00

714.00

723.00

735.00

736.00

747.00

753.00

Hips

872.00

875.00

893.00

897.00

900.00

901.00

Thighs ....

501.00

:>12.oo

513.00

523.00

525.00

527.00

" Knees ....

353.00

354.00

355.00

356.00

357.00

35S.OO

358.00

" Calves ....

337.00

340.00

344.00

346.00

351.00

356.00

357.00

360.00

" Insteps ....

236.00

237.00

238.00

240.00

243.00

244.00

245.00

247.00

" Right upper arm
contracted . .

275.00

279.00

281.00

284.00

298.00

299.00

301.00

307.00

" Upper arms . .

242.00

247.00

252.00

253.00

257.00: 2.")S.OO

261.00

268.00

Elbows ....

242.00

243.00

246.00

24S.OO

251.00

252.00

253.00

254.00

" Fore-arms . . .

251 .00

253.00

257.00

261.00

265.00

2C.C..OO

266.00 267.00

" Wrists ....

162.00

163.00

166.00

167.00 167.00

BREADTH, Head ....

152.00

153.00

155.00

156.00

Neck ....

106.00

107.00

108.00

109.00

" Shoulders . . .

414.00

423.00

425.00

428.00

435.00

441.00

442.00

Waist ....

247.00

248.00

256.00

259.00

259.00 266.00

" Hipg

319.00

321.00

325.00

326.00

329.00

.",20.00

330.001 332.00

" Nipples. . . .
Shoulder-elbows ....

188.00
362.00

192.00
367.00

195.00
367.00

197.00
369.00

202.00
375.00

202.00
376.00

202.00 202.00
376.00 378.00

Elbow-tips ....

460.00

4ti!).oO 461.00

462.00

466.00 467.00

LENGTH Feet

257.00

258.00

25S.OO 262.00

262.00

262.00 ')M ^n

Stretch of Arms . .

1.77

L77

" 1.77 l.'so

1.80

" T.'so

Horizontal length . . .

1.72

1.72: 1.73

1.73

1 .7",

STRENGTH of Lungs . .

10.00

13.00

13.50

1=5.00; 12.00

12.00

12.60 12.00

' of Back . .

132.00

139.00

Uii.oo l.-)O.(M)

151.00

156.00 159.00

« Chest, dip . .

3.60

5.20

5.80

(5.20 7.00

7.00

8.20 8.30

" pull-up,
' of Legs .

7. c,o
160.00

7.90
161.00

8.80
172.00

S.'.MI 9.00! 9.10
IStl.Oii v.cs.oo I'.IS.OO

9.10 ;i.20
199.00 199.00

' of Fore-arm .

33.90

."4. SO

36.10

."S.40 40.00

40.10

40.60 40.70

Capacity of Lungs . . .

3.86

3.91

4.0",

4.07 4.10

4.20

4.29 4.:U

Pilosity .

2.10

2.20

2.30 2.40

2.60

2.70 •' an

NUMBER MEASURED . .
TOTAL .

47.00
461.00

100.00

26.00

90.00

'.17.00 ;,o.ou

30.00

11.00

EXPLANATION OF TABLE. 57

The table on page 56 gives the average results of the
study of four hundred and sixty-one students, during the
past three years, in the more than fifty measures and tests
that are applied. They are grouped under the different
years of seventeen to twenty-five inclusive ; and the
results are given in kilograms, metres, and millimetres,
except the capacity of lungs, which is in litres, and the
chest strength, the unit of which is the bodily weight as
raised in a " dip " and a w- pull-up."

Such a table cannot show a true ascending and descend-
ing grade, on account of its limited data ; but, assuming
that the large part of the students approach the normal
and healthy standard, their measures will give more than
an approximate chart for guiding others of the same ages
in the examination and care of themselves.

These data are so obtained as to find out the important
facts in relation to the bones and ligaments, their size and
rate of growth, and at what time of college life they
increase the fastest. Some of the nu<*des are measured,
especially those of the extremities, to learn the normal
size of these parts of the body. Other girths are taken
to find out the amount of skin, fat, and other protective
tissues. Safe trials of muscular strength are emploj^ed,
not only to test the general condition of muscles, but to
know if the different portions of the body are relatively
strong, and properly co-ordinated to each other. Lung
tissue is also tested both in capacity and strength. The
stethoscope is used to learn the condition of some of the
more important vital organs, and lenses to ascertain the
refractive power of the eye.

TJHIVBR3ITY

BOSTON GYMNASIUM CONSTRUCTION
AND SUPPLY COMPANY.

R. J. ROBERTS, President. A. H. HOWARD, Secretary.

Stipt. Boston Y.M.C.A. Gymnasium. Supt. DepL Physical. Culture, Boston

University.

PARFITT BROTHERS, ARCHITECTS.

MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OP

ic Apparatng

BEST SUITED TO THE THOROUGH FURNISHING OF WELL- EQUIPPED

COLLEGE AND ASSOCIATION GYMNASIUMS.

Our architects having made a special study of the construction
of Gymnasium Buildings, both in this country and abroad, we are
prepared to furnish plans for proposed buildings, and estimates
for gymnasium furniture. Those who contemplate putting up
Gymnasiums, or fitting up apartments in this line, will find it to
their advantage to correspond with us before taking any steps in
the matter, addressing all communications to

A. H. HOWARD, Secretary,

No. 9 Ashburton Place, Boston, Mass.

For references, correspond with Dr. E. HITCHCOCK, Amherst
College; R. A. ORR, Secretary Y.M.C. A., Pittsburg, Penn. ; Dr.
JOHN MASON KNOX, Pres. Lafayette College, Easton, Penn.

ARCHER & PANCOAST MANUF. CO.

GAS FIXTURES.

NEW YORK,
67 Greene St., 68, 7O, 72 Wooster St.

BOSTON, CHICAGO,

12 West Street. 250, 252 Wabash Ave.

THE BRUNSWICK, BALKS, COLLEMR CO.

ABSOLUTELY THE MOST EXTENSIVE MANUFACTURERS OP

Billiard and Pool Tables

IN THE WORLD.

Only Salesroom in Boston, 44 to 48 Hanover St.

Unequalled for Elasticity, Uniformity,
and Durability of Cushions.

Tables for Private Houses a Specialty.

PRATT'S

on<

WAR THE FIRST

SAFE AND RELIABLE

Illuminating Oil for family use ever made. After fifteen
years' trial, and annual sales of many millions of gallons,

NO INJURY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY

Has ever resulted from its use. In addition to its essen-
tial quality of absolute safety, it ranks as the

Best Illuminating Oil in the World.

Be sure to insist that dealers furnish you with the
genuine article.

In a good lamp, it gives the best light for students to
work by.

PRATT MANUFACTURING CO.,

NEW YORK CITY,
Sole Proprietors find Manufacturers.

F. GROTE & CO.,

IMPOKTERS OP AND DEALERS IN

BUILDERS OF

TEN-PIN ALLEYS AND APPURTENANCES.

Estimates Furnished.

STANDARD BOWLERS' GUIDE " sent free on application.

114 East 14th Street, New York.

NOTICE!

Amherst College,

Cornell University,
Mass. Inst. of Technology,

University of Notre Dame,

AND OTHERS, ARE LARGE CONSUMERS OF

CHAMPION LOCKS.

These are all brass, four and six tumbler, new principle, security un-
egtialled. Every reader is requested to send address for Descriptive Price-
List, in which will be found Locks for sundry purposes, including Padlocks,
Drawer, Desk, and Closet Locks; also a fine line of keyless combination Locks,
tin Cash Boxes, etc. Those who enclose a two cent stamp will receive a handy
Pocket Tool, made of plated steel. Address

MILLER LOCK CO., Philadelphia.

N.B. — Locks of the brand "Champion" may be bought of any hardware
dealer.

JOHN R. FARRELL,

14 BOYLSTON HALL,
Boston, Mass.

Military, School, and Gymnasium
Uniforms.

FAIRBANKS'

STflNDflRQ SCALES

COMBINE

Absolute Accuracy,

Unvarying Accuracy,

Sensitive Action,

AND

Durability.

One of the platform scales of this manufacture has been in daily
use at the old Barrett Gymnasium at Amherst College for ten
years ; and now an additional instrument from the same house is
located in the new Pratt Gymnasium, to supplement the old one,
which seems to be still in the best working-order.

FAIRBANKS, BROWN, & Co..

83 Milk Street, Boston,

A STUDY OF THE DRINK QUESTION,

ENTITLED

"THE FOUNDATION OF DEATH."

By AXEL GUSTAFSON. 600 pp. 12 mo. RETAIL AND
MAILING PRICE, $2.00.

This book has already been accepted in England as the most com-
plete work on the subject ever published, and one that will be " the
Bible of temperance reformers for years to come." It is pronounced
the fairest, most exhaustive, freshest, and most original of all the
literature on the subject that has yet appeared. It is impartial and
careful in its evidence, fair and fearless in its conclusions, and its
accuracy is vouched for by the best physiologists and physicians.

In preparation for this work, the author has made exhaustive and
impartial researches in the alcohol literature of nearly all countries,
having examined, in the various languages, some three thousand
works on alcohol and cognate subjects, from a large proportion of
which carefully selected quotations are made.

The scope of the work, as to the variety of standpoints from which
it is treated, is indicated in the following list of chapters: —

I. Drinking among the Ancients.
II. The History of the Discovery of Distillation.

III. Preliminaries to the Study of Modern Drinking.

IV. Adulteration.

V. Physiological Results; or, The Effects of Alcohol on the

Physical Organs and Functions.

VI. Pathological Results; or, Diseases caused by Alcohol.
VII. Moral Results.

VIII. Heredity ; or, The Curse entailed on Descendants by Alcohol .
IX. Therapeutics; or, Alcohol as a Medicine.
X. Social Results.

XI. The Origin and Causes of Alcoholism.
XII. Specious Reasonings concerning the Use of Alcohol.
XIII. What can be done ?

GINN, HEATH, & CO., Publishers.

THE

OF NEW YORK, AND SOUTH NORWALK (CONN.),

MANUFACTURERS OF

STEAM, AIR, AND WATER

HEATING FURNACES

ENGINEERING

FOR SETTING FURNACES AND VENTILATION.

DRAINAGE AND PLUMBING

DONE IN ANY PART OF THE COUNTRY.

Send for Illustrated Circular.

Refer, by permission, to Amherst College Officers.

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