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•iitlllillllllllliliillll. 


C.HILL,  ' 

BOOKSELLER,' 

MONTREAL.   ! 


UCl.Bb 
M 

A 


MANUAL 


OF  THE 


HISTORY 

OP 

GREEK    AND    ROMAN 
LITERATURE. 


BY 

AUG.  MATTHIJE, 

AUTHOR  OF  A  GREEK  GRAMMAR,  AND  OTHER  WORKS. 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  THIRD  AND  LAST  EDITIONS 


OXFORD, 

JOHN  HENRY  PARKER: 
J.  G.  F.  AND  J.  RIVINGTON,  LONDON. 

1841. 


BAXTBH,  PRINTER,  OXFORD. 


TRANSLATOR'S  PREFACE. 


FEW  persons  can  have  prosecuted  their 
classical  studies  to  any  considerable  extent, 
or  with  ordinary  ardour  of  research,  without 
having  experienced  the  want  of  some  such  a 
manual  of  reference  as  that  which  the  present 
volume  affords;  and  few  can  be  unacquainted 
with  the  fact,  that  the  native  resources  of 
our  Literature  are  wholly  inadequate  to  supply 
the  deficiency. 

While  the  labours  of  Mohnike,  Passoic,  Bern- 
hardy,  Petersen,  Wolf  (F.  A.},  Schaaf,  and  others, 
present  an  ample  range  for  selection  to  those  who 
have  mastered  the  difficult  language  in  which 
they  are  sealed  up,  the  majority  of  students 
in  this  country  have  hitherto  been  left  to  glean 
at  best  but  a  fragmentary  knowledge  of  the 


IV  TRANSLATORS  PREFACE. 

literary  history  of  Greece  and  Rome,  from 
scattered  sources  or  voluminous  and  expensive 
works.  Hence  in  introducing  to  the  English 
student  the  "  Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der 
Gr.  u.  Rum.  Literatur"  by  Aug.  Matthiae, 
the  Translator  deems  it  unnecessary  to  re-echo 
the  apology,  with  which  its  learned  author  has 
thought  fit  to  preface  his  volume,  since  the 
charge  of  officiousness  or  presumption,  so  far 
as  relates  to  the  utility  of  the  undertaking,  and 
the  exigency  which  gave  rise  to  it,  is  the  very 
last  which  a  well-informed  reader  will  be  dis- 
posed to  prefer  against  him. 

The  author  has  himself  defended  at  consider- 
able length,  both  in  his  Preface,  and  subse- 
quently in  a  posthumous  work8,  the  principles  of 
arrangement  on  which  he  has  constructed  his 
Grundriss.  The  Translator  professes  himself 
responsible  for  nothing  more  than  a  faithful 
version  of  the  original,  and  has  not  presumed, 
except  in  a  very  few  instances,  to  add  to,  or 
animadvert  upon,  the  materials  which  it  pre- 
sented to  him.  He  had  indeed  originally  de- 
signed to  incorporate  in  the  text,  or  subjoin  in 

1  Encyklopadie  u.  Methodologic  der  Philologie,  p.  75-0. 
>rc  iilso  his  Venn.  Schr.  p.  200,  sqq. 


TRANSLATORS  PREFACE. 


the  form  of  notes,  a  rather  copious  supplement 
of  observations,  references,  and  bibliographical 
notices,  which  he  thought  likely  to  interest  the 
younger  student,  to  stimulate  research,  and 
direct  attention  to  other  works  of  established 
reputation,  in  which  the  same  subjects  might  be 
found  more  elaborately  treated  ;  and  of  thus,  if 
the  expression  may  be  hazarded,  naturalizing 
his  labours,  and  accommodating  them  more 
directly  to  the  course  and  standard  of  scholar- 
ship prevailing  in  our  English  Schools  and 
Universities.  Upon  subsequent  reflection,  how- 
ever, he  was  induced  to  think,  that  such  an 
attempt  to  improve  upon  a  work,  which  so  mani- 
festly embodies  the  carefully  digested  results  of 
extensive  reading  and  judicious  selection,  might 
savour  of  conceit,  and,  by  unreasonably  increas- 
ing the  price  and  bulk  of  the  volume,  tend 
rather  to  mar  than  give  completeness  to  the 
design  of  its  Author. 

A  few  supplemental  remarks,  [distinguishable 
by  brackets,]  and  a  few  undistinguished  notices 
of  editions,  admitted  partly  from  inadvertence, 
partly  from  indecision,  and  partly  from  the 
inconvenience  of  suppressing  them  while  the 


VI  TRANSLATOR  S  PREFACE. 

MSS.  were  in  the  printer's  hands,  have  never- 
theless found  their  way  into  the  body  of  the 
work;  —  and  hence  a  few  more  have  been  ap- 
pended to  it,  some  from  the  interest  of  the 
subject  to  which  they  relate,  and  others  from 
their  embracing  the  author's  posterior  researches, 
or  materials  which,  as  in  the  case  of  the  first 
and  third  vols.  of  Clinton,  were  not  accessible 
to  him.  These  accidental  incrustations  and 
excrescences,  the  growth  of  circumstances  which 
did  not  admit  of  elaborate  research,  (valeant 
quantum  valeant,}  the  reader  is  requested  to 
accept  not  as  fair  matter  for  criticism,  or 
as  an  integral  portion  of  the  work,  but  as  a 
gratuitous  and  supererogatory  addition,  which, 
like  the  gold  that  embossed  the  statue  of  the 
patron  goddess  of  letters,  (Thucyd.  ii.  13.)  he 
is  at  liberty  to  treat,  at  his  discretion,  as 


In  its  present  shape  and  compass,  the  Manual 
will  be  found,  it  is  presumed,  sufficiently  cir- 
cumstantial in  its  details  to  satisfy  the  require- 
ments of  the  younger  student,  while,  as  a  re- 
pertory of  literary  criticism,  it  can  hardly  fail  to 
commend  itself  to  those  of  riper  attainments  by 


TRANSLATORS  PREFACE. 


the  authoritative  value  of  its  contents,  its  com- 
pendiousness,  its  perspicuous  arrangement,  and 
its  commodious  form. 

Considerable  labour  has  been  expended  in 
adjusting  the  references  which  occur  to  Miiller, 
Boeckh,  Wachsmuth,  &c.  to  the  English  trans- 
lations of  those  works,  and  in  substituting 
references  to  the  English  Edition  of  Clinton, 
in  place  of  the  Latin  version  by  Kruger. 

Should  it  be  objected,  that  the  convenience 
of  the  reader  would  have  been  better  con- 
sulted, if  the  text  had  been  disencumbered  of 
its  crowded  references,  and  if  these  and  other 
parenthetic  citations  and  remarks  had  been 
thrown  into  the  form  of  notes;  the  Translator 
will  only  repeat  his  profession  of  scrupulous 
adherence  to  the  plan,  and  deference  to  the 
judgment,  of  his  author;  while  as  an  apology 
for  the  elliptic  brevity  and  abruptness  which 
characterize  those  portions  of  the  work  which 
are  designed  for  occasional  reference  rather 
than  for  continuous  perusal,  and  as  a  general 
introduction  to  the  entire  volume,  though 
from  the  length  of  his  preface  he  may  seem 
to  have  disregarded  the  hint  which  they 
convey,  it  may  suffice  to  add  the  words 


Vlll  TRANSLATOR  S  PREFACE. 

of    one    who    wrote   in   an   age   less    prolific, 
and  consequently,  it  might  be  imagined,  more 
tolerant  of  authors  and  their  productions  ;  — 
ov  el  $0ey£a»o, 


'Ev  /Sgap^sT,  p.elcov  'ever  on 

Find.  Pyth.  i.  57. 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


IN  contributing  an  addition  to  the  numerous 
Manuals  of  Greek  and  Roman  Literature  which 
have  already  appeared,  I  have  been  principally 
influenced  by  the  consideration,  that  I  knew  of 
none  which,  while  it  observed  the  due  medium 
of  specification  in  its  details,  was  sufficiently 
moderate  in  price  to  be  generally  admissible 
into  schools.  I  was  desirous  of  putting  into  the 
hands  of  young  scholars,  not  a  bare  catalogue 
of  Greek  and  Latin  Authors,  but  an  outline  of 
the  History  of  Literature.  In  communicating 
historical  instruction,  however,  no  surer  founda- 
tion can  be  laid,  nor  one  better  calculated  to 
promote  perspicuity  and  assist  the  memory, 
than  a  tabular  enumeration  of  events,  in  the 
present  instance  of  authors,  arranged  in  chrono- 
logical order,  yet  in  such  a  manner,  that  the 


AUTHORS  PREFACE. 


whole  may  be  distributed  into  certain  epochs  or 
periods  of  time,  in  each  of  which,  as  compared 
with  that  which  preceded  it,  Literature  exhibits 
a  defined  and  distinctive  character.  Under  the 
heads  of  the  several  authors,  can  only  be  stated 
the  principal  circumstances  of  their  lives,  the 
time  when  they  lived,  (which,  if  the  precise  year 
of  their  birth  and  death  be  unknown,  will 
readily  appear  from  their  position  in  the  cata- 
logue,) and  the  incidents  which  exerted  any  re- 
markable influence  on  their  character  as  authors, 
together  with  the  names  and  subjects  of  their 
works;  every  thing  else,  such  as  detailed  par- 
ticulars of  their  lives,  sketches  and  critical  sur- 
veys of  their  merits  and  character  as  authors, 
is  reserved  for  oral  communication. 

On  the  other  hand,  an  accurate  notice  of  the 
best  editions  of  each  author,  (not  merely  of  the 
most  recent,  as  in  SchaafFs  Encyclopaedia,  or  of 
those  which  essentially  differ  from  each  other, 
as  in  Harks  brevior  notitia  litter.  Gr.)  is  indis- 
pensably requisite,  were  it  only  as  a  measure  of 
security  against  the  errors  which  so  frequently 
occur  in  the  transcription  of  names.  The  classi- 
fication of  authors  in  each  period,  according  to 
their  respective  works,  may  be  proposed  as  an 


AUTHOR  S  PREFACE.  XI 

exercise  to  the  pupils  themselves,  in  order  that 
an  opportunity  may  be  afforded  them  of  work- 
ing up  the  materials  presented  to  them  in  a 
different  shape,  of  impressing  them  more  deeply 
on  their  memory,  and  of  forming  their  judg- 
ment. 

Such  are  the  principles  on  which  I  have  con- 
structed the  present  Manual,  which,  during 
a  course  of  several  years,  I  have  uniformly  em- 
ployed as  a  text  book  in  the  education  of  the 
upper  classes  of  our  Gymnasium.  What  assist- 
ance I  have  derived  from  the  labours  of  others  in 
the  preliminary  dissertations  prefixed  to  the 
several  periods,  will  sufficiently  appear  from  the 
work  itself.  Those  teachers  who  may  be  in- 
clined to  adopt  this  outline  as  the  basis  of  their 
lectures,  will  experience  little  difficulty  in  sup- 
plying more  detailed  notices  of  the  several  authors 
from  the  Manuals  of  Harles  and  Mohnigke; 
for  the  convenience  of  those  who  possess  or 
have  access  to  the  last  edition  of  Fabricii  Bill.  Gr. 
I  have  pointed  out  the  volume  and  the  page  of 
this  work  in  which  the  several  articles  occur; 
in  the  Bill.  Lat.  of  the  same  scholar  there  will  be 
no  difficulty  in  finding  them  from  the  index. 


AUTHOR  8  PREFACE. 


In  the  second  Edition  my  principal  aim  has 
been  to  exhibit  an  historical  sketch  of  the  pro- 
gress of  Greek  and  Roman  Literature,  to  trace 
it  from  its  earliest  origin  through  all  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  its  developement  to  the  period 
of  its  highest  cultivation,  and  from  that  again 
to  the  extreme  stage  of  its  decline,  keeping  con- 
stantly in  view  the  influence  which  political 
relations  in  general,  and  the  different  branches 
of  Literature  in  particular,  have  reciprocally 
exercised  upon  each  other.  In  the  execution 
of  this  design  it  is  not  enough  to  know  under 
what  varieties  of  form  and  with  what  success 
the  language  has  been  cultivated  in  a  nation, 
what  authors  have  attained  a  standard  rank  in 
each,  and  what  may  be  assigned  to  a  secondary 
and  inferior  class  ;  it  is  necessary  also  to  shew 
in  what  manner,  and  under  what  circum- 
stances, whether  operating  from  within  or  from 
without,  these  different  varieties  arose  at  dif- 
ferent periods,  whence  it  came  to  pass  that  at 
different  times  first  one  and  then  another  and 
then  several  were  in  the  ascendant,  by  what 
reciprocity  of  influence  the  different  branches  of 
Literature  were  determined  and  modified,  or  what 
peculiarities  of  structure  they  severally  derived 


AUTHOR  S  PUEFACE.  Xlll 


from  the  most  eminent  authors,  just  as  in  the 
political  history  of  a  nation  it  is  not  enough  to 
know  what  events  and  forms  of  government 
have  at  any  time  occurred,  but  it  will  be  re- 
quisite also  to  shew  how  these  events  and  forms 
of  government  evolved  themselves  out  of  the 
existing  state  of  the  nation,  or  the  views  and 
characters  of  its  leading  men.  It  is  true, 
indeed,  that  in  tracing  the  history  of  Literature, 
the  causes  of  the  different  phenomena  and  their 
influence  are  not  so  obvious  as  they  are  usually 
found  to  be  in  political  history :  it  often  hap- 
pens that  they  can  only  be  discovered  by  con- 
jectures after  a  close  and  long-continued  ob- 
servation of  contemporary  phenomena,  or  of  those 
immediately  consequent  one  on  another ;  but  it 
is  also  true  that  these  conjectures  for  the  most 
part  reach  a  high,  very  often  the  highest,  degree 
of  probability,  and  in  determining  the  charac- 
teristics of  individual  authors,  we  have  accord- 
ingly made  very  successful  attempts  of  this 
kind.  But  such  a  proper  historical  representa- 
tion of  the  progress  of  Literature  has  a  better 
claim  in  my  estimation  to  the  merit  of  a  philoso- 
phical history  of  Literature  than  the  scientific 
method,  as  it  is  termed,  which  is  so  much  ex- 


XIV  AUTHOR  S  PREFACE. 

tolled  and  recommended  as  the  only  right  one, 
a  method  which  out  of  partiality  for  a  logical 
arrangement  classifies  the  authors  according  to 
the  varieties  of  form  which  their  language  as- 
sumed, and  which,  without  any  regard  to  their 
historical  connexion  one  with  another,  or  to 
the  predominance  of  different  varieties  at  dif- 
ferent times,  represents  Literature  not  in  its 
living  organization,  but  as  a  determinate  whole, 
and  not  only  mutilates  it  as  a  whole,  but  severs 
individual  authors  who  have  cultivated  its  dif- 
ferent varieties  from  each  other;  just  as  in  some 
manuals  of  Universal  History,  the  whole  is  dis- 
tributed into  certain  periods,  and  in  each  period 
the  history  of  particular  states  belonging  to  it, 
according  as  they  follow  from  east  to  west,  is 
related,  the  result  of  which  is,  that  instead  of 
a  Universal  History,  there  appears  only  a  num- 
ber of  single,  unconnected,  Histories. 

Such  an  historical  view  of  the  rise  and  pro- 
gress of  Greek  and  Roman  Literature  I  have 
attempted  to  exhibit  in  the  preliminary  dis- 
sertations prefixed  to  the  several  periods,  in 
respect  to  which  the  chronological  enumeration 
of  authors  stands  in  the  relation  of  notes  to  the 
text,  or  of  chronological  tables  in  history  to 


AUTHOR  S  PREFACE,  XT 

continuous  narration.  Several  authors  who 
were  noticed  in  the  first  edition  have  been 
omitted  in  the  present,  on  the  ground  that  they 
did  not  appear  to  have  exercised  any  consider- 
able influence  on  Literature.  In  every  instance, 
however,  where  we  possess  entire  works  or  col- 
lected fragments  of  an  author,  I  did  not  feel 
myself  justified  in  passing  him  by  without 
notice,  however  insignificant  he  may  be  in 
other  respects. 

It  would  be  doing  me  great  injustice  to  sup- 
pose, that  I  invariably  pursued  in  my  Lectures 
the  precise  course  which  I  have  here  marked 
out.  A  treatise  on  any  subject  represents  that 
particular  subject  in  a  scientific  and  systematized 
form,  and  descends  from  universals  to  particu- 
lars; in  oral  instruction  the  object  is  to  discover 
by  what  method  the  knowledge  to  be  imparted 
may  be  most  easily  apprehended  by  the  learner. 
In  learning,  however,  the  natural  course  of  pro- 
ceeding is  from  individuals  and  particulars  to 
generals.  In  my  Lectures  accordingly  I  at  first 
pass  over  altogether  the  preliminary  disserta- 
tions, and  merely  go  through  the  chronological 
catalogue  of  authors,  mentioning  under  each 
the  circumstances  which  exerted  anv  influence 


XVI  AUTHOR  S  PREFACE. 

on  their  character;  under  Alcaeus,  e.  g.  the  dif- 
ferent national  character  of  the  Ionic  and  Doric 
race,  (p.  24,  sq.) ;  under  ^Eschylus,  the  origin  of 
the  Drama,  (p.  51,  sq.)  &c.  Until  the  pupils 
have  acquired  an  adequate  knowledge  of  the 
individual  authors  and  the  circumstances  under 
which  they  lived,  it  is  impossible  for  them  to 
comprehend  general  views  with  any  degree  of 
precision  :  a  clear  and  comprehensive  view  can 
only  be  obtained  by  one  who  makes  himself 
properly  acquainted  with  the  authors  from  their 
works,  and  with  the  time  in  which  they  lived. 
For  the  sake  of  repetition,  I  require  the  pupils 
themselves  to  arrange  the  authors  of  each  period 
according  to  their  different  subjects ;  and  this  I 
find  to  be  the  only  advantage  of  what  is  called 
the  scientific  mode  of  treating  a  History  of 
Literature;  such  an  exercise  I  have  never  yet 
had  reason  to  think  disproportioned  to  the  capa- 
cities of  young  persons. 

[The  Author's  third  Preface  contains  nothing  of  interest 
to  the  English  reader.] 


A  HISTORY 

OF 

GRECIAN  LITERATURE. 


Work$  upon  thit  subject. 

J.  A.  Fabricii  Bibliotheca  Grseca,  cur.  Gottl.  Christoph.  Harles 

Hamburg.  1790-1809.  12  vols.  4to.     The  first  edition  of  thi* 

Work  appeared  at  Hamb.  1718-28,  14  vols.  4to.     The  new 

edition  unfortunately  remains  incomplete. 
Th.  Christ.  Harles  Introd.  in  Histor.  Ling.Gr.  Altenb.  1792-95. 

2  vols.  8vo.  Supplementa  Tom.  1.  2.     Jense  1804.  1806.  SYO. 

Ej.  brevior  notitia  litteraturse  Gr.     Lips.  1812.  8vo. 
Gottl.  Chr.  Fr.  Mohnike  Gesch.  d.  Literatur  der  Griech.  und 

Homer  Ir.  B.     Greifsw.  1813. 
Groddeck  Iniria  Hist.  Grace,  literariae.  Ed.  2.     Vilnae  1822. 

23.  24.  2  vols.  8vo. 
Schoell  Hist,  de  la  litterature  Grecque  profane.   Paris  1823.  25. 

8  vols.  8vo.  translated  into  German,  with  additions  by  I.  J.  F. 

Schwarze.    Berlin.  1828,  sqq.  3  vols.  8vo.    Greek  literature  is 

also  greatly  indebted  to   H.  F.  Clinton's  Fasti  Hellenici. 

Oxford  1834.  3  vols.  4to. 
Comp.  Dav.  Ruhnkenii  Oratio  de  Graecia  artium  et  doctrinarum 

inventrice.     Lugd.  B.  1757.  in  his  Opusc.  p.  77,  sqq.,  in  my 

lot-  eloquentiee  exempt,  second  edition  p.  317,  sqq. 


Treatises  upon  separate  parts. 

Ger.  J.  Vossi  de  rett.  poet.  Gr.  et  Lat.  tempor.  L.  2.     AmMej. 
1654.  4to. 


2  HISTORY  OF 

Fr.  Schlegel's  Gesch.  d.  griech.  u.  Rom.  Poesie.   Berlin,  1798, 

8vo.  lr  B. 

Nachtraige  zu  Sulers  Theor.  B.  I.  S.  255. 
A.  W.  Schlegel's  Vorlesungen  iiber  dram,  poesie.     Heidelb. 

1809.     Translated  by  J.  Black.     Lond.  1815.  2  vols.  8vo. 
Aug.  Meineke  Queesc.  scenic,  sp.  1.  2.  3.     Berol.  1826. 27.  HO. 

4to.  upon  the  Greek  Comedy. 
Conr.  Schneider  liber  das  elegische  Gedicht  der  HeHenen  in 

Studien  von  Daub  und  Creuzer.  4r.  B. 
Jo.Valent.  Franckii  Callinus,  sive  qusestiones  de  origine  carm. 

eleg.  tract,  crit.  Altonae  et  Lips.  1816.  8vo. 
Ueber  die  parodische  Poesie  der  Griechen  in  Studien.  Gr.  B.  S. 

267  S. 

G.  J,  Yossii  de  historicis  Gr.  Lib.  4.  Lugd.  B.  1624.  4to. 
Ge.  Fr.  Creuzer  die  historische  Kunst  der  Griechen  in  ihrer 

Entstehung  und  Fortbildung.     Leipzig,  1803.  8vo. 
Chph.  Meiners  Gesch.  d.  Urspr.,  Fortgangs  u.  Verfalls  der 

Wissensch.  in  Griech.  u.  Bom.   Lemgo.  1781,  sq.  2  vols.  8vo. 
Dav.  Ruhnkenii  historiacritica  orat.  Graec.  prefixed  to  his  edition 

of  de  Rutil.  Lup.  and  in  Reiske  orat.  Gr.  Vol.  8.  p.  122.  and 

in  Ruhnk.  opusc. 

J.  C.  F.  Manso  uber  die  Bildung  der  Rhetorik  unter  den  Grie- 
chen in  his  Verm.  Abhandl.     Bresl.  1821.  8vo. 


Collections. 

1.  Bibliotheca  Graeca  V  V.  DD.  opera  recognita  et  comm.  in 

usum  schol.  instructa,  curr.  Frid.  Jacobs  et  Val.  Chr.  Fr. 
Rost,  Gothae  et  Erford.  1826,  sqq.  8vo. 

2.  Poetae  Greed  princ.  heroici  carminis.   Exc.  H.  Stephanas 

1566.  fol. 

3.  Pindari  Carmina — Cseterorum  octo  lyricorum  carmina,  Gr. 

et  Lat.  Exc.  H.  Steph.  1560.  12mo.  and  5  other  editions 
—1624. 

4.  Carmina  novem  illustrium  feminarum — et  lyricorum  etc. 

ex  bibl.  Fulv.  Ursini.  Antv.  1568.  8vo. 


GRECIAN  LITERATURE. 

5.  Poetriarum  octo — fragm.  et  elogia — cura  Jo.  Chr.  Wolfii. 

Hamburg!  1734.  4to. 
Poetriarum  Graecarum  Carminum  Fragmenta,  Gr.  ed.  A. 

Schneider,  contin.  etiam  fragg.  Cleobulins,  Euridicae, 

Hedylse,  Irenae,  et  Theoaebiss  quae  in  edit.  Wolf,  desunt. 

Giess.  1802.  8vo. 
6a.  Mulierum,  quae  oratione  prosa  usse  sunt,  fragm.  et  elogia — 

cura  Jo.  Chr.  Wolfii.     Harnb.  1739.  4to. 
6b.  Poetae  scenici  Graeci.  Ace.  perditarum  fabb.  fragm.  Recogn.  ^ 

et  praef.  est  Guil.  Dindorfius.     Lips.  1830.  royal  8ro.        J 
7.  Analecta  veterum  poetarum  Gr.  ed.  Brunck.  Argentor. 

1772-76.3  vols.  8vo. 
8a.  Anthologia  Gr.  s.  poetarum  Gr.  lusu.«,  ex  rec.  Brunckii.  } 

Lips.  1794-5.  vol.  8.     To  which  may  be  added  : 
8b.  Frid.  Jacobs  animadv.  in  epigr.  anthol.  Gr.     Lips.  1798-  j 

1814.  8  vols.  8vo. 
Anthologia  Graeca,  cum  versione  Ladna  H.  Grodi.  acced. 

H.  de  Bosch  observations,  notae,  et  indices.     Ultraj. 

1795-1822.  5  vols.  4to. 

(   Anthologia  Graeca,  ad  fidem  cod.  oliui  Palanni  nunc  Para- 
sini  ex   apographo  Gothano  etlita,  curavit  F.  Jacobs. 
Lips.  1813-17.  4  vols.  8vo. 
Delectus    Epigrammatum    Groecorum,   commentariis   in- 

struxit  F.  Jacobs.     Gothae  1826.  8vo. 
Scriptores  Graeci  minores,  quorum  Reliquias.  fere  omnium, 
melioris  notae,  ex  edidonibus  variis  excerpsit  J.  A.  Giles. 
Oxon.  1831.  2  vols.  12mo. 

This  publication  comprises  the  whole  remains  of  fifty 
authors,  several  of  whose  works  have  never  before  been 
collected. 

9.  Theognidis  Megar.  sententiae  elegiacae  cum  interpr.  et  schol. 
El.  Vined.  Ace.  et  horum  poetarum  opera  sententiosa, 
Phocylidis,  Pythagorae,  Solonis,  Tyrtaei,  Naumachii, 
Callimachi,  M'mnermi,  Eveni,  Rhiani,  Eratosthenis, 
Panyasidis,  L.ui,  Menecratis,  Posidippi,  Metrodori,  Si- 
monidis.  Senariorum  libellus,  per  Jac.  Her.elium,  Curi- 
ensem.  Basil.  1561.  Svo.  Often  reprinted. 


4  HISTORY  OF 

10.  Opus  aureum  ct  scholasticum,  in  quo  continentur  Pythagora? 

carmina  aurea,  Phocyl.  Theogn.  et  aliorum  poemata,  edita 
omnia  studio  et  cura  Mich.  Neandri.  Lips.  1577.  4to. 

11.  Poets?  minores  Greeci — Ace.  observations  Rudolphi  Win- 

tertoni  in  Hesiodum.     Cantabr.  1674.  8vo.  etc. 

12.  'HHixri  vroinfif  sive  Gnomici  poetse  Grseci.     Ad  optimorum 

exemplarium  fidem  emendavit  Rich.  Franc.  Phil.  Brunck. 
Argentor.  1784.  8vo.  Ed.  nova  correcta  notisque  (H.  G. 
Schseferi)  et  indicibus  aucta.  Lips.  1817.  8vo. 

13.  Poetae  minores  Grseci  prsecipua  lect.  variet.  et  indicibus 

locnpletissimis  instruxit  Th.  Gaisford.     Oxon.  1814-20. 
4  vols.  8vo.     Lips.  1823.  5  vols.  8vo. 
Comicorum  Grsecorum  Sententise,  cum  Latina  interpreta- 
tione  H.  Steph.     1569.  18mo. 

14.  Sententiosa  Tetustissimorum  gnomicorum  poetarum  opera. 

Vol.  1.  Pythag.carm.  aur.  ed.Eberh.  Gottl.  Glandorf.  Lips. 
1776.  8vo.  vol.  2.  Solonis  fr.  ed.  Franc.  Am.  Fortlage. 

15.  Poesis  philosophica,  vel  saltern  reliquae  poesis  philosophicse, 

Empedoclis,  Xenophanis,Timonis,  Parmenidis,Cleanthis, 
Epicharmi,  Orphei  carmina,  item  Heracliti,  et  Democriti 
loci  quidam  et  eorum  epistolse.  Grsece.  Paris.  Exc.  H. 
Stephanus.  1573. 8vo. 

16.  Vetustissimorum  et  sapientissimorum  comicorum  quinqua- 

ginta,  quorum  opera  integra  non  extant,  sententise,  quse 
supersuut.  Gr.  et  Lat.  collectse  per  Jac.  Hertelium  Curi- 
ensem.  Basil,  s.  1.  Veronse  1616.  8vo.  Frequently  re- 
printed; sometimes  under  the  title,  Bibliotheca  I.  vetust. 
com.  etc. 

17.  Excerpta  ex  tragoediis  et  com.  Gr.  turn  quse  exstant,  turn 

quse  perierunt.  Em.  et  Latin,  vers.  ib.  redd,  ab  Hug.  Gro- 
tio,  cum  notis  et  indice.  Paris.  1626.  4to. 

18.  H.  Stephani  parodiee  morales  in  poetarum  vett.  sententias 

celebriores  ;  ace.  centonum  vett.  et  parodiarum  utriusque 
linguae  exempla.  Paris.  1575.  8vo. 

19.  Scriptores  erotici  Greed  ed  Chr.  Guil.  Mitscherlich.  Bip. 

1792-94.  4  vols.  Corpus  scr.  erot.  Gr.  ed  Franc.  Passow. 
Lips.  1824.  vols.  1-2. 


ptian,  » 

riters. 
edit.   1 


GRECIAN  LITERATURE.  O 

20.  Historicorum  Gr.  antiquiss.  fragm.  coll.  em.  expl.  Frid. 

Creuzer.  vol.  1.     Heidelb.  1806.  8vo. 
Ancient  Fragments  of  the  Phoenician,  Chaldean,  Egyptian. 
Tyrian,  Carthaginian,  Indian,  Persian,  and  other  writers, 
Greek   and   English,  edited   by  J.   P.  Cory.  2d 
Lend.  1832.  8vo. 

21.  Geographica  antiqua — c.  not.  Is.  Vossii,  I  Palmerii,  S. 

Tennulii  et  emendd.  Jac.  Gronovii.  Lugd.  B.  169".  4to. 
1700.  4to. 

22.  Geographiae  veteris  scriptt.  Gr.  minores,  cum  interp.  Lat.  \ 

dissert,  et  aunott  (ed.  J.  Hudson.)     Oxon.  1698-1712.    i 
4  vols.  8vo. 

23.  Geographi  Gr.  min.  ed.  Franc.  Gail.     Paris,  torn.  1,  2. 

1826-28. 
-24.  Geogr.  Gr.  min.  ed.  Bernhardy.  vol.  1.     Lips.  1828.  8vo. 

25.  Oratorum  Graec.  monumenta  ingenii,  e  bonis  hbris  a  se 

emendata,  materia  crit.  comm.  integris  Hier.  Wolfii,  Jo. 
Taylori,  Jer.  Marklandi,  alionim,  et  suis,  indicibus  deni- 
qae  instnicta  ed.  Jo.  Jae.  Reiske.  Lips.  1770-75.  12 
vols.  8vo. 

26.  Oratores  Attici  ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  7  tomi.     Oxonii  *} 

1822.  8va.    Berol.  (Lips.)  1823.  sq.  6  torn.  8vo. 
Oratores  Attici,  Gr.  et  Lat.  cum  notis  varioram,  edidit 
G.  S.  Dobson.     Lond.  1828.  16  vols.  8vo. 

27.  Epistolae    diversorum    philosopborum,    oratorum    etc.    g. 

Romse  ap.  Aid.  Manutium.  1499.  4to.  again,  Gr.  Lat- 
Aurel.  Al'obr.  (Geneva)  1606.  fol.  («>//.  Cujaciana). 
Phiiosophorum  Grsecorum  veterum,  prsesertim  qui   ante 
Platonem  floruerunt  operum  Reliqua,  recensuit  S.  Kar- 
sten,  vol.  1.  2.     Brux.  1830-35.  8vo. 

28.  Socratis,    Antisthenis   et   aliorum   Socraticorum   epistolae 

XXXV.  Gr.  et  Lat.  cum  comm.  Leon.  Allatii.  Paris. 
1637.  4to. 

29.  Collectio  epistolanim  Grfficorum.  Gr.  et  Lat.  rec.  notis  pri- 

orum  interpr.  suisque  ill.  Jo.  Conr.  Orellius.  torn.  1. 
Socratis  et  Socraticorum,  Pythagoras  et  Pythagoreorum 
quse  feruntur  epistolse.  Lips.  1815.  8vo. 


0  HISTORY  OF 

30.  Opuscula  Graecorum  vett.  sententiosa  et  moralia.  Gr.  et 

Lat.  Colleg.  dispos.  em.  et  ill.  Jo.  Conr.  Orellius.   Lips. 
1819,  sqq.  2  vols.  8vo. 

IParcemiographi  Graeci  quorum  pars  nunc  primum  ex  co- 
dicibus  MSS.  vulgatur,  ed.  T.  Gaisford.  Oxon.  1836. 
8vo. 

31.  Opuscula  mythol.  phys.  et  ethica,  Gr.  et  Lat.  (c.  notis  et 

var.  lect.  opera  Th.  Gale.)  Cantabr.  1671.  Amstel.  1688. 
8vo. 

32.  Historic  poeticse  scriptores  antiqui  etc.  Gr.  et  Lat.  (c.  notis 

ed.  Th.  Gale.)     Paris.  1675.  8vo. 
S3.  Medicorum   Grac.   opera  quse   exstant.   Edit.   cur.  Car. 

G.  Kiihn.  Lips.  1821-33.  8vo.     26  vols.  are  published. 
Geoponica,  sive  de  re  Rustica,  Gr.  et  Lat.  ed.  P.  Need- 
ham.  Cantab.  1704.  8vo.  Ed.  J.  N.  Niclas.    Lips.  1781- 
4  vols.  8vo. 

.  34.  Qna-Kofis  *!£«;  'AftuXfaicti,  xat  xr,ru  'A5»nJ«f.  Cornu  Copiae 
et  Horti  Adonidis.  Venet.  in  domi  Aldi  Rom.  1496.  fol. 
Again,  with  other  Greek  Grammarians,  Venet.  1497.  fol. 
A  third  edition,  Venet.  152J.  fol.  A  fourth,  ibid.  1625. 
8vo. 

35.  Guil.  "Dindorfii  Grammatici  Graci.      Lips.  1823.  vol.  1. 

8vo. 

36.  Imm.  Bekkeri  anecdota  Gr.     Berol.  1814-21.  3  vols.  8vo. 

37.  Anecdota  Gr.  e  codd.  MSS.  Bibl.  Reg.  Paris,  descripsit 

Lud.  Bachmannus.     Lips.  1828.  2  vols.  8vo. 

38.  Anecdota  Gr.  e  codd.  regiis  descr.  annot.  ill.  J.  Fr.  Boisso- 

nade.     Paris.  1829,  sq.  8vo. 
*     Anecdota  Grseca,  e  codd.  MSS.  Bibliothecarum  Oxonien- 

1  sium  descripsit  J.  A.  Cramer.      Oxon.  1835-6.  3  vols. 
8vo. 

39.  Rbetores  Grseci.  Venet.  ap.  Aldum  Manut.  1508-9.  2  vols. 

fol. 

40.  Rhetores  selecti,  Gr.  et  Lat.  (c.  not.  Th.  Gale.)  Oxon. 

1676.  8vo.  iterum  edit.  J.  Frid.  Fischerus.  Lips.  1773. 8vo. 

41.  Rhetores  Gneci,  ex  Codd.  Florr.  Mediol.  Monac.  Neap. 

Paris.  Rom.  Ven.  Taur.  et  Vindob.  emendatiores,  et  aut- 


GRECIAN  LITERATURE.  7 

tiores  ed.  suis  aliorumque  annot.  instr.  indd.  locapl.  adi. 

Chrn.  Waltz.  Stuttg.  et  Tub.     1832-36.  9  vols.  8vo. 
Scriptorum  veterum  nova  collectio,  e  Vaticanis  codicibus 

edita,  ab  Ang.  Maio,  Gr.  et  Lat.  Romae.  1825-33.  8  vols. 

4to. 
Antiqu«  Musicae  auctores  septem,  Gr.  et  Lat.  cum  notis 

M.  Meibomi.     Amst  1652.  4to. 
Scriptores  Physiognomoniae  veteres,  Gr.  et  Lat.  ed.  J.  G. 

Franzius.     Altenb.  1780.  8vo. 
Scriptores  rei  Accipitrarise,  Gr.  et  Lat.  cura  N.  Rigaltii. 

Lutec  1612.  4to. 

Astronomi  veteres,  Gr.  et  Lat.  Venet.  Aldus,  1499.  fol. 
Veterum  Mathematicorum  Atbenaei,  Apollodori,  et  alior. 

opera,  Gr.  et  Lat.     Paris.  1693.  fol. 

42.  Historiae  Byzantinae  Scriptores,  ed.  Phil.  Labbseus,  C.  Ann. 

Fabrod,  Car  du  Fresne  du  Cange  etc.  Paris.  1648-1702. 
32  vols.  fol.     Venet.  1729-33.  23  rols.  fol. 

43.  Historiae  Byz.  nova  appendix,  Opera  Ge.  Pisidse  etc.  a  P. 

Franc.  Fagginio.  Gr.  et  Lat.     Rom.  1777-  fol. 

44.  Corpus  scriptorum  hist.  Byz.  consilio  B.  G.  Niebuhrii  in- 

stituta.     Bonnae  1828,  sqq.  rofc.  1  to  30.  8vo. 


FIRST   PERIOD. 

PROM    THE    EARLIEST  TIMES  TO  THE    FLOURISHING 
PERIOD  OF  LITERATURE  IN  ATHENS. 

§.  1.  THE  first  people  who  laid  the  foundation  of 
poetry  in  Greece  were  the  so-called  Thraeian  tribes, 
who,  under  the  name  of  Pieres,  dwelt  in  southern 
Macedonia  on  Olympus,  in  Boeotia  and  Phocis  (about 
1460  Tereus)  on  Parnassus  and  Helicon  (Strabo,  x. 
p.  772),  and  at  Eleusis  in  Attica  (Eumolpus}.  Among 
them  we  meet  with  the  earliest  minstrel  bards,  who 
were  at  the  same  time  the  priests  and  instructors  of  the 
people,  soothsayers,  and  sages :  Orpheus,  Linus,  Eu- 
molpus,  Thamyris,  Musaus,  etc.  The  predilection  for 
signalizing  themselves  by  adventures  and  dangerous 
enterprizes,  which  soon  prevailed  so  extensively  among 
the  Grecian  chieftains,  (the  heroic  age,  in  the  pre- 
dominant character  of  the  time,  analogous  to  that  of 
chivalry  in  the  middle  ages,  and,  like  this,  a  point  of 
transition  from  the  state  of  barbarism  to  the  first  steps 
of  civilization),  as  well  as  the  public  festivals  and 
sacrifices,  furnished  poetry  with  a  copious  variety  of 
materials,  of  which  the  lively  and  characteristic  fancy 
of  the  nation  was  not  slow  to  avail  itself ;.  the  exploit^ 


FIRST  PERIOD. 

of  the  heroes  or  the  praises  of  the  gods  were  celebrated 
in  song.  The  poetic  spirit  became  more  and  more 
awakened  and  fostered,  while  the  language  by  means 
of  animated  recitation,  accompanied  with  music  and 
rhythmical  movements,  acquired  refinement  and  har- 
mony. 

§.  2.  But  of  all  these  earlier  poets,  an  Orpheus,  a 
Musofiis,  the  h \-mn-composers  Pamphus,  Olen  (Fa- 
bric. Bibl.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  134.  206),  and  others,  we  have 
only  traditions  and  scanty  notices ;  it  is  with  Homer 
that  a  Grecian  literature  first  begins,  as  far  as  we  are 
concerned ;  but  how  much  the  earlier  poets  had  already 
done  for  language  and  imagery  is  evident  from  the  fact, 
that  this  poet  at  once  produced  perfect  models  of  the 
epic — models,  as  well  in  regard  to  the  vivid  and  lively 
portraiture  of  the  individual  objects,  as  on  account  of 
the  harmony  of  the  parts  and  the  unity  of  the  whole ; 
which  is  not  the  product  of  study  and  theory,  or  of  an 
art  founded  on  a  knowledge  of  rules,  but  of  a  vigor- 
ous imagination  under  the  guidance  of  its  own  natural 
laws.  In  order  to  give  publicity  to  the  works  of  the 
admired  poet,  there  were  some  who  sedulously  com- 
mitted his  poems  to  memory,  and  then  recited  them 
with  an  animated  and  rhythmical  delivery,  Rhapso- 
dists  (Wolf  proleg.  p.  xcvi,  sqq.  a  highly  esteemed 
class  of  minstrels,  so  denominated  from  f*&»;,  a  staff 
of  laurel,  which  they  carried  as  a  badge  of  their  pro- 
fession, Find.  Isthm.  4.  66,  or  from  f*Wy»  »3«$,  to 


10  FIRST  PERIOD. 

recite  poems  connectedly,  whence  fctTna  'inn  of  the 
Homeridse,  id.  Nem.  2.  2.  See  there  Boeckh  and 
Dissen.)  The  most  celebrated  of  these  rhapsodists, 
who  by  this  means  trained  themselves  for  poets,  was 
Cinadus  of  Chios,  about  01.  Ixix.  (see  Ruhnk.  epist. 
crit.  1.  p.  7.  Voss  mythol.  Br.  I.  p.  103,  sqq.  new 
edit.)  Others  imitated  Homer,  and  produced  poems 
similar  to  his  (Homeric  school.  Homeridte  is  pro- 
bably the  name  of  a  family.  Nitszch  hist.  Horn. 
p.  128),  and  sang  either  those  events  of  the  Trojan 
war  which  he  had  left  untouched,  and  which  were 
anterior  to  the  period  of  time  comprised  in  the  Iliad, 
or  those  subsequent  to  the  death  of  Hector,  with 
which  the  Iliad  concludes,  up  to  the  sacking  of  the 
town  and  the  return  of  the  Greeks  (V<JO-T««,  T^tyvix, 
the  latter  from  the  death  of  Ulysses  by  his  son  Teleg., 
both  continuations  of  the  Odyssey),  without  however 
designing  to  complete  the  Iliad  or  Odyssey,  or  other 
achievements  of  the  heroic  age,  as  in  the  'ET/y«v««, 


also  detached  portions  of  these,  as  Alyifutf,  a  poem 
which  contains  the  earliest  transactions  of  the  Dorian 
race,  a  people  so  much  in  various  ways  connected 
with  Hercules,  and  was  ascribed  by  some  to  Hesiod, 
by  others  to  Cecrops  of  Miletus3.  Of  the  unity  of 
action,  which  Homer  observed  in  such  a  masterly 

a  Vide  Heyne  index  script,  ab  Apollod.  laudatonim,  and 
Muller's  Dorians,  p.  33. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  II 

manner,  these  poets  had  no  idea;  they  regarded 
merely  the  unity  of  time,  i.  e.  the  chronological  con- 
nection, and  the  unity  of  the  person  b.  They  were 
called  Cyclian  poets,  because  their  productions  made 
up  a  complete  whole  of  traditional  history,  xwAo;'. 
The  most  celebrated  are  Lesches  (k),  Arctinus  (c), 
Stasinus  (m)  ;  among  them  are  mentioned  also 
(Augias)  Hagias  of  Troezen  (NaV™)*4,  Eugammon 
of  Cyrene,  about  01.  liii.  (TqAfyoita)  see  Proclus  in 
loc.  cit.  These  and  other  such  traditions  of  the 
heroic  age  were  also  handled  by  the  Lacedaemonian 
Cin<ethon  in  his  €H{*xAu'*  (Schol.  Apoll.  Rh.  I. 
1357).  T»Xiy«»'«  (Hieron.  chron.  Euseb.  ad  Ol.  v.), 
by  Creophylus  of  Samos  in  his  O<^*x/«?  «>.*9-ij 
(Fabric.  B.  Gr.  i.  p.  17).  These  poets  might  very 
well  imitate,  even  to  deception,  the  language  of 
Homer,  especially  since  they  were  not  so  much 
versed  in  the  peculiar  style  of  genius  which  dis- 
tinguished the  individual  poet,  as  in  the  general 

k  Aristot.  poet.  23. 

'  Vide  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  i.  p.  378,  sq.  Heyne  Kcc.  I.  ad  j£n. 
II.  Proclus  in  Bibl.  d.  alt.  Lift.  u.  Kunst.  Is.  St.  Ined.  p.  35, 
with  Heyne's  Anm.  also  in  Hep/ieestion,  edit.  Gaisford,  p.  461. 
Bekk.  proef.  Schol.  II.  F.  Wullner  de  cycle  epico  poelisque  cy- 
dicis.  Monast.  1826.  8.  W.  Mutter  de  cyclo  Grace,  epico  et 
poet.  cycl.  Lips.  1820.  8.  Cf.  Jahrb.  d.  Philol.  XIII.  p.  240. 

d  Grodderk  init.  hist.  litt.  Gr.  p.  36,  considers  him  to  be  the 
comic  poet  of  the  middle  comedy.  Thiersch  Act.  Monac.  t.  ii. 
p.  584,  sqq.  places  him,  with  Nitzsch  hist.  crit.  Horn.  p.  116, 
between  Arctinus  and  Lesches. 


12  FIRST  PERIOD. 

character  of  the  language  in  use  at  that  period,  but 
they  were  incapable  of  breathing  into  their  poems  his 
spirit e. 

Remark.  The  hypothesis  of  F.  A.  Wolf,  that  the 
Homeric  poems  first  received  their  present  form  from 
the  hands  of  comparatively  recent  editors  (SmtinKvci- 
rTxl),  particularly  during  the  reign  of  Pisistratus,  and 
under  his  direction,  although  defended  with  consider- 
able acuteness  and  argumentative  skill,  obtains  cre- 
dence at  present  with  very  few,  (see  particularly  Greg. 
Gull.  Nitszch  hist  Hom.fasc.  1.  Hannov.  1830. 4to.) 
It  has  been  before  remarked,  that  the  method  of  proof 
adopted  by  Wolf  rests  more  oa  a  priori  arguments 
than  upon  internal  data;  and  also  that  the  poems  must 
have  had  their  present  compass  and  arrangement  as 
early  as  the  times  of  the  first  Cyclian  writers,  because 
these  would  not  otherwise  have  confined  their  choice 
to  subjects,  which  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  had  left  un- 
appropriatedf.  It  has  been  moreover  already  observed, 
that  the  inference  drawn  from  the  non-adoption  of  a 
similar  plan  of  strict  adherence  to  unity  by  the  Grecian 

«  Proclus  says  of  these  Cycl.  p.  378.  Gaisf.  doubtless  on  more 
ancient  authority:  TOU  lirixov  xvxKov  to,  <roirip,xrK  ff^tov^a.^rm 
TOIS  sraXXoIV  ov%,  OVTUI  OIK  <r»jv  ajsrwv,  u;  oia.  T»J»  u.xa),ou8ia.i  rut  in 
auTu  *£!cyft,a7ur  and  the  Alexandrians  did  not  admit  any  one 
of  them  into  their  canon  as  a  classical  poet. 

f  Struve  Abhandl.  u.  Reden,  p.  82,  folg.  O.  Muller  bei 
Nitzch  hist.  Horn.  p.  152,  sq.  Nitzsch  in  Ersch  u.  Grubers 
Encycl.  Art.  Odysee  p.  399.  hist.  Horn.  1.  c. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  13 

epic  poets,  as  to  the  question  of  its  adoption  by  Homer, 
(Wolf  prol.  p.  cxxvi,  sqq.)  proves  too  much,  and  con- 
sequently proves  nothing  *.     The  assertion  of  Wolf 
respecting    the    evidence    of   all    antiquity    (proleg. 
p.  cxl.),  resolves  itself,  at  last,  into  the  evidence  of 
comparatively  modern   authorities,  Cicero  (dicitur), 
Pausanias,   and   others,   without   receiving   any   cor- 
roboration   from   more   ancient   testimony ;   and,  be- 
sides, even   this   would    only  show   that  an  arrange- 
ment had   been  made,  agreeably  to  the  indications 
afforded    by   the    poems    themselves,    not    that    the 
persons    commissioned    by    Pisistratus   invented   the 
plan,   and    then    arranged    the    individual    parts    in 
conformity   to   it.     Such   a   contrivance   might   per- 
haps be  expected  from  Alexandrian  grammarians,  but 
not  from  men  of  that  simple  age,  who  were  strangers 
to  all  chicanery  and  deceit.     But  when  again  Wolf 
maintains  that  it  was  impossible,  even  for  the  poets 
themselves,  without  the  aid  of  writing,  to  project  and 
retain  in  their  memory  poems  of  so  vast  an  extent,  it  is 
to  be  feared  that  our  judgment  on  this  point  is  too  much 
influenced  by  modern  practice.     Depending  ourselves 
almost  entirely  on  the  assistance  of  writing,  we  forget 
how  assiduously  the  ancients  cultivated  their  retentive 
powers,  neither  do  we  make  due  allowance  for  the  effect 
of  imagination,  which  with  the  Greeks  was  much  more 

«  See  my  Lehrbuch  der  Philos.  §.  106.  p.  10".  dritt.  Aufl. 


14  FIRST  PERIOD. 

lively  and  vigorous  than  with  us,  and  after  all  there 
still  remains  to  be  decided  the  question,  whether  the 
greatest  poets  of  modern  times,  as  Dante,  Ariosto,Tasso, 
Milton,  Klopstock,  Goethe,  Schiller,  and  Wieland,  have 
considered  it  necessary  first  to  commit  their  poems  to 
paper ;  at  least  the  appeal  of  Wolf  to  our  own  poets, 
p.  cxvi.,  has  never  yet  heen  answered  hy  them  (comp. 
Schiller's  u.  Goethe's  Briefwechsel  (Correspondence), 
3r  B.  S.  89.)  The  inquiry  into  the  origin  of  the 
Homeric  poems  appears  therefore  to  be  independent 
of  the  question,  whether  Homer  knew  and  practised 
the  art  of  writing;  so  that  we  may,  with  Wolf,  con- 
sistently deny  to  Homer  and  his  time  the  practice,  or 
even  the  knowledge  of  the  art,  and  yet  maintain  the 
possibility  of  preserving  these  poems  in  the  order  in 
which  they  were  composed,  without  having  recourse  lo 
writing.  That  the  knowledge  of  writing,  however,  is 
more  ancient  than  Wolf  is  willing  to  admit,  Nitzsch 
has  shown  in  his  kistor.  Horn. 

Generally  speaking,  in  attempting  to  clear  away  the 
apparent  difficulties  which  obscure  the  origin  of  the 
Homeric  poems,  others  arising  from  the  new  hypo- 
thesis seem  to  have  been  overlooked.  It  is  thought 
inconceivable  that  works  of  such  magnitude  as  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey,  could  have  been  originated  and 
preserved  without  the  aid  of  writing ;  and,  in  opposi- 
tion to  this,  an  assumption  is  set  up,  which  is  just  as 
little  wan-anted  by  any  precedent  in  the  literature  of 


FIRST  PERIOD.  15 

other  nations:  for  that  a  work  should  have  derived  its 
origin,  from  the  productions  of  several  poets  being 
collected  and  joined  together  by  the  contrivance  of  one 
or  more  persons,  other  than  the  original  authors,  or 
from  the  circumstance  that  some  preexisting  nucleus, 
(a  quadre,)  of  moderate  dimensions,  had  gradually, 
by  means  of  subsequent  additions  and  accretions,  ac- 
quired, like  a  snow-ball,  an  augmentation  of  bulk,  and 
that  nevertheless  a  work  thus  heterogeneously  con- 
structed, should  be  in  the  whole  of  one  tone  and  spirit 
and  as  it  were  of  one  mould h,  would  be  as  great  a 
miracle  as  if  several  artists  should  undertake  to  restore  the 
celebrated  Torso,  and  should  execute  it  so  cleverly  as  to 
lead  a  person  to  suppose,  even  after  the  closest  scrutiny, 
that  he  saw  before  him  the  work  of  one  and  the  same 
artist.  It  is  not  to  be  denied  that  isolated  verses,  or 
even  several,  may  have  been  interwoven,  through 
ignorance,  in  both  poems ;  inasmuch  as  there  is 
scarcely  any  production  of  antiquity  which  has 
escaped  this  fate.  But  that  subsequent  revisers  should 
have  designedly  interpolated  whole  passages,  which  do 
not  betray  themselves  by  any  difference  of  hue,  like 
the  last  book  of  the  Odyssey,  is  antecedently  impro- 

k  What  Cicero  says  of  a  speech  of  Fannins,  Brut.  26,  100. 

licable  here :  "  net  ejutmodi  erf,  ut  a  pluritus  confuta  vide- 

atur :  wau  emim  tonut  ctt  totiiu  vrationit  ft  idem  ttilta."  Some 

also  asserted  of  that  speech,  "  multos  motile*,  quod  quitque 

pahdaetj  in  illam  coatth'itte." 


16  FIRST  PERIOD. 

bable,  were  it  only  on  the  ground  that  even  the  Cyclian 
poets  cautiously  abstained  from  any  attempt  to  describe 
again  those  same  scenes,  which  the  original  poet  had 
already  delineated.  As  yet  there  have  been  no  pas- 
sages of  any  considerable  length  pointed  out  by  the 
old  grammarians,  or  the  modern  critics,  which  it  is 
necessary  for  us  on  internal  or  external  grounds  to 
pronounce  spurious.  Such  decisions  are  founded 
either  on  hypothetical  views,  as  the  assertion  of 
J.  Glob.  Schneider's,  who  is  said  to  have  considered 
the  9th  book  of  the  Iliad  an  interpolation' :  or  on  a 
misconception  of  the  style  of  thought,  and  the  general 
spirit  and  character  of  antiquity,  as  in  the  opinion  that 
the  last  part  of  the  Iliad  [viz.  the  last  six  books]  is 
an  extraneous  addition,  or  that  the  catalogue  of  the  ships 
is  foisted  in  at  an  improper  place,  as  if  the  historians, 
Herod.  7.  61,  sqq.  and  Thucydides  7.  52.  did  not 
there  first  give  the  catalogue  of  the  belligerent  parties, 
where  the  principal  battles  are  described.  Least  of  all 
has  it  been  considered  that  not  the  old  poets  only, 
but  other  writers  also,  suffer  themselves  to  be  influenced 
in  the  connection  of  their  thoughts  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  their  works,  not  so  much  by  regard  to  the  intel- 
lect which  combines  all  affinities,  though  even  this  is 
not  altogether  excluded  from  their  consideration,  as  by 
the  laws  of  a  vivid  imagination,  which  associates  even 
the  bare  similitude,  and  often  lays  hold  of  the  slightest 
1  Conf.  Jen.  allg.  Littz.  1823.  n.  172. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  17 

handle  for  digression,  as  OcL  19,  394,  sqq.,  and  that, 
for  this  reason,  the  individual  connection  often  appears 
loose  and  irregular  to  us,  who  are  accustomed  to  pro- 
ceed according  to  the  demands  of  reason  and  rules  of 
Logic,  Whereas,  when  viewed  in  relation  to  the  laws 
of  the  imagination,  the  association  of  idea?,  which 
prevails  in  all  ordinary  conversation,  it  appears  per- 
fectly natural.  It  is  precisely  this  sort  of  coherence 
which  we  trace  in  the  %y*  MI  »ifti^*t  of  Hesiod,  the 
arrangement  of  which  deviates  so  far  from,  a  logical 
<:onnexion,  that  H.  Twesten  was  of  opinion  that 
the  poem  should  be  divided  into  several  portions ; 
the  same  observation  is  also  applicable  to  the  poems 
of  Collinus  and  Tyrtaeus,  especially  to  the  Elegies 
not  only  of  the  Greeks,  but  also  of  the  Romans,  to 
the  Odes  of  Pindar,  and  even  to  the  History  of 
Herodotus  k.  This  connection,  so  incoherent  according 
lo  our  ideas,  can  only  have  been  derived  from  the 

k  This  connection  in  Hesiod  and  Herodotus  I  have  attempted 
to  point  out  in  my  vermischien  Scriften  S.  108,  sqq.  I  am  here 
reminded  of  an  assertion  which  F.  A.  Wolf  made  in  a  conversa- 
tion with  Bier,  de  Bosch  at  Amsterdam  in  1790,  that  even  the 
History  of  Herodotus  had  been  revised  at  a  subsequent  period, 
and  disfigured  by  a  multitude  of  digressions  and  episodes  which 
stood  in  no  logical  connection  with  the  main  circumstances  of 
the  narrative.  Respecting  the  train  of  thought  in  Pindar,  see 
Hermann  in  the  Neuen  Jahrb.  d.  Phild.  1  S.  55,  sqq.  The  effect 
of  the  Imagination  predominates  also  in  the  Greek  Syntax,  and 
those  persons  are  greatly  mistaken  who  expect  to  find  all  it* 
parts  constructed  on  a  logical  basis. 
C 


18  FIRST  PERIOD. 

original  poet ;  but  if  some  learned  individual  in  after 
times  should  wish  to  arrange  and  bring  together 
several  detached  pieces  of  a  poem  of  this  kind,  he 
could  not  arrange  them  otherwise  than  according  to 
logical  considerations ;  and  it  is  too  much  to  suppose 
that  it  could  have  occurred  to  any  one,  however  ex- 
quisite his  poetical  taste,  to  arrange  the  parts  of  the 
Odyssey  iu  such  a  manner  as  we  have  them  arranged 
at  present;  none  but  the  author  himself  who  compre- 
hended the  whole  in  the  grasp  of  his  genius  could  do 
that;  though  others  also,  who  possessed  the  like  poetic 
genius,  might  imitate  the  given  model,  as  Virgil  in  the 
JEneid,  and  Wieland  in  the  Oberon.  When  persons 
here  speak  of  an  ait  which  it  would  be  premature  to 
expect  from  the  age  of  Homer,  they  confound  the 
term  Art,  as  the  faculty  of  producing  something  ac- 
cording to  the  knowledge  and  direction  of  certain 
rules,  according  to  a  theory  (which,  however,  did  not 
exist  even  in  the  age  of  Pisistratus),  properly  speaking 
artificial  skill,  with  art  as  the  immediate  emanation 
of  genius,  originating  in  the  inmost  recesses  of  the 
mind,  conformable  to  which  are  all  genuine  works 
of  art,  in  which  the  authors  themselves  cannot  perhaps 
give  any  account  of  the  manner  in  which  they  were 
produced,  because  it  appears  to  them  so  perfectly 
natural1.  It  has  been  thought  extraordinary,  that  in 

1  This  effect  cf  Genius  is  admirably  described  in  a  letter  of 
Mozart,  which  I  remember  to  have  read  in  a  former  number  of 


FIRST  PERIOD.  19 

the  eleventh  Book  of  the  Iliad,  v.  809,  sqq.  after  men- 
tioning the  meeting  of  Patroclus  and  Eurypylus,  and 
the  cure  which  the  latter  sought  to  obtain  from  him, 
the  thread  of  the  narrative  is  then  broken  off,  and  is 
not  resumed  till  the  fifteenth  Book,  v.  390  ;  and  then 
again  at  v.  405,  it  is  broken  off  until  it  is  continued 
at  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  Book ;  and  persons 
have  been  for  this  reason  induced  to  regard  all  the 
intervening  portion  as  an  extraneous  addition.  It  is 
unquestionably  true,  that  a  revising  poet  or  scholar 
would  hardly  have  arranged  the  pieces  in  question  as 
we  now  read  them,  if  they  had  been  presented  to  him 
in  a  detached  and  unconnected  form ;  he  would  cer- 
tainly have  joined  together  every  thing  which  was 
logically  connected,  and  would  have  avoided  any 
transition  in  the  narrative  from  one  subject  to  another; 
he  would  have  related  in  nice  and  regular  order,  first 
one  and  then  the  other.  The  fact  of  its  not  being  so, 
makes  it  probable  that  the  loose  coherence,  as  we  con- 
ceive it  to  be,  proceeds  from  the  original  poet,  who 
directed  his  view  to  the  main  subject,  the  battle  of  the 
Greeks  and  Trojans,  and  incidentally  introduced  the 
subordinate  circumstance,  the  stay  of  Patroclus  with 
Eurypylus,  until  this  stay,  at  the  beginning  of  Book  16, 
brings  on  an  important  consequence.  That  Pylaemenes, 
who  was  killed  II.  5. 578.,  nevertheless  follows  the  dead 
body  of  his  son  II.  13.  658.,  is  much  less  surprising,  if 

the  Leipzig  Musicalischen  Zeitung.  Comp.  Wdf  proleg. 
p.  42. 


20  FIRST  PERIOD. 

the  whole  poem  was  merely  preserved  in  the  memory, 
than  if  it  were  indebted  for  its  present  form  to  the 
persons  whom  Pisistratus  deputed  to  arrange  it,  who 
must  therefore  he  supposed  not  to  have  at  all  remarked 
the  contradiction. 

The  Odyssey  harmonizes  with  the  Iliad  in  tone  and 
spirit,  in  its  simple  unaffected  language,  and  in  the 
vividness  of  its  imagery  j  on  the  whole,  so  extremely 
uniform,  that  it  becomes  difficult  to  believe  that  it  is 
the  work  of  a  different  author  from  that  of  the  Iliad, 
as  some  grammarians  (el  %»p£,o*Tff,  Wolf  proleg.  p. 
clviii.)  maintained,  supporting  their  opinions  on  ab- 
stract grounds,  isolated  words  and  expressions,  and 
mythological  episodes"1.  That  the  Odyssey  has  not 
the  energetic  character  of  the  Iliad,  arises  not,  as 
Longinus  thought,  from  the  advanced  age  of  the  poet, 
but  from  the  difference  of  subject,  inasmuch  as  the 
Iliad  portrays  the  vigorous  exertions  of  heroes  in 
council,  in  fights,  and  battles,  while  the  Odyssey,  for 
the  most  part,  depicts  peaceful  and  domestic  scenes ; 
for  the  Greeks  were  remarkable  for  the  exquisite  tact 
with  which  they  discovered  a  suitable  tone  for  every 
variety  of  subject. 

§.3.  In  nearly  as  great  estimation  with  the  ancients 

m  [The  question  respecting  the  identity  of  authorship  in  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  was  first  mooted  by  the  Alexandrian  critics. 
This  identity  is  rejected  by  Clinton,  Payne,  Knight,  and  Cole- 
ridge ;  the  former  however  conjectures  that  the  interval  between 
the  two  poems  did  not  exceed  fifty  years,  as  they  manifestly 
belong  to  the  same  school  of  poetry.  Cf.  Clint.  F.  H.  381.] 


FIRST  PERIOD.  21 

was  Hesiod  (6)",  though  the  subjects  of  his  composi- 
tions were  very  different.  In  his  if/at  x.*i  ipi^,  the 
most  ancient  of  the  poems  ascribed  to  him,  he  has  set 
forth  in  a  loose,  though,  from  the  natural  association 
of  ideas,  a  defined  connection,  exhortations  to  an 
honest,  active  life,  and  was  therefore  the  forerunner 
of  the  succeeding  gnomic  and  didactic  poets :  besides 
this,  he  comprised  also,  in  two  works,  the  0i*y»««  and 
K«cTffAay0$  */vicux.ui,  the  traditions  and  poetic  fictions 
respecting  the  genealogy  of  the  gods  and  heroes.  His 
poems  also  were  recited  by  the  rhapsodists.  In  his 
language  and  imagery,  as  well  as  in  his  religious  con- 
ceptions, he  has  a  more  sombre  cast  than  Homer,  and 
evinces  the  spirit  of  a  different  time,  which  is  no  longer 
directed  to  the  lively  and  cheerful  enjoyment  of  the 
boons  of  life,  but  to  the  due  adjustment  of  domestic 
and  social  relations,  which  had  been  disturbed  by  a 
complication  of  disorder  and  distress".  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  other  composers  of  Theogonies,  Titano- 
machies,  Gigantomachies,  Genealogies  ;  and  there 
arose  also  an  Hesiodic  school*  of  poets,  who,  like 

n  According  to  Voss  ( Weltkunde  s.  xvi.  conf.  xx.  Benj.  Con- 
stant de  la  religion,  t.  iii.  p.  294.  not.  iv.  p.  363,  et  sqq.)  he  lived 
about  the  20th,  according  to  Miiller  (Ore/torn,  s.  358,  who  con- 
tradicts himself  however,  Dorians  1 ,  s.  33.)  about  the  35th  Olymp. 
The  poems  ascribed  to  him  probably  belong  to  different  periods. 
[Clinton  refers  his  genuine  works  to  859—824.] 

0  Cf.  Lobeck  Agaloph.  p.  312. 

P  Nitzsch  hist.  crit.  Horn.  p.  123.     [So  called,  not  because 


22  FIRST  PERIOD. 

him,  composed  genealogical  poems,  as  the  Lacedae- 
monian Cinathon  (Paus.  II.  3.  p.  119.  ed.  Kuhn.  18. 
p.  151  ),  as  also  one  who  composed  'HgaxW*,  TuAsyW*, 
O<Ji7ro3/«.  See  above,  §.  2.  Carcinus,  author  of  the 
Nxva-euiTixM,  so  called  from  the  country  of  the  poet, 
containing  a  catalogue  of  celebrated  women  of  the 
heroic  ageq;  Asms,  of  Samosf;  Eumelus  (d}.  To 
the  same  class  of  epic  poems  belong  also  the  hymns, 
which  relate,  in  hexameters,  either  the  birth  and  early 
life  of  a  god,  until  the  time  when  he  enters  upon  his 
appropriate  functions,  or  some  event  in  his  traditional 
history.  Of  this  kind  are  still  extant  five  hymns, 
which  are  ascribed  to  Homer,  because  he  was  generally 
considered  as  the  representative  of  epic  poetry.  The 
hymns  of  the  Lycian  Olen  are  of  more  ancient  date*, 
and  were  composed,  as  we  may  infer  from  Pausanias, 
for  the  Delian  festivities,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
Athenian  Pamphus*,  in  which,  among  other  subjects, 
the  praises  of  the  family  of  the  Lycomidae  were  sung 
at  the  sacred  performance  (!«•/  -rots  Sg«p«»«*s  Paus.  p. 


Hesiod  was  the  most  ancient  poet  of  this  school,  but  because  he 
was  the  most  distinguished.] 

<i  Bibl.  d.  alt,  Litt.  u.  Kurst  II.  p.  90,  sqq. 

r  Valcken.  diatr.  de  Eurip.  tr.  p.  58.  not. 

s  'nJuj»,  Horod.  4.  35.  Paus.  1,  18.  2,  13.  5,  7.  p.  392. 
8,  21.  9,  27,  10,  5.  p.  809.  Callim.  in  Del.  304. 

1  nxpttis.  Paus.  1.  38.  p.  92.  39.  p.  94.  7,  21.  p.  577; 
8,  35.  p.  672.  9,  27.  p.  762.  29.  p.  767.  31.  p.  773.  35.  p.  781. 
Philostr.  Heroic,  p.  693. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  23 

762,  at  the  sacrifice  or  at  the  consecrations  ? ) .  Homer's 
hymn  to  Ceres  bears  a  great  resemblance  to  that  of  this 
poet,  and  was  therefore  probably  designed  like  it  for 
the  purpose  of  religious  worship,  as  was  also  the  first 
hymn  of  Homer  to  Apollo,  in  imitation  of  Glen". 

§.4.  The  style  of  these  hymn-composers  was  applied 
by  Callinus  (e}  of  Ephesus  to  songs,  in  which,  upon 
the  irruption  of  the  Treres,  a  Cimmerian  people,  into 
Asia  Minor,  he  animated  his  fellow-citizens  to  valour : 
as  also  among  the  Spartans,  by  the  Athenian  Tyrtccus 
(g),  although,  by  the  annexed  pentameter,  he  lowered 
the  majestic  tone  of  the  heroic  verse*.  But  Archiloch  us 
(/)  exhibited  the  first  model  of  personal  satire  in  a 
newly-invented  metre,  which  has  a  closer  approximation 
to  the  language  of  common  life,  the  iambic  (from 
tiiirrti,  to  strike,  to  hurt  ?  properly  the  designation  of 
the  class  of  poetry  itself),  the  object  of  which  was  to 
ridicule  the  follies,  weaknesses,  and  foibles  of  indivi- 
duals, e.  g.  of  Lycambes  (Horat.  Epod.  6,  13.  epist. 

u  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  135,  is  of  opinion  that  they  were  sung 
at  festivals  during  the  lyrical  contest. 

*  That  the  name  Elegy  first  arose  in  the  age  of  Simonides, 
«A.iy«f  signifying  among  the  Attics  a  funeral  dirge,  and  that 
the  term  fatyuot  derived  therefrom  denoted  a  distich  consisting 
of  an  Hexameter  and  a  Pentameter,  and  that  thence  a  poem 
consisting  of  several  distichs  was  called  iXiyiT*  in  the  plur. 
or  iXfyu'a,  Fran  eke  has  shewn  in  Callinus.  See  queesttonis 
de  origine  carm.  elegiaci  tractatio  critica,  Altonae  et  Lips. 
1816.  8vo. 


24  FIRST  PERIOD- 

I.  19,  25.),  in  which,  by  the  force  of  expression,  and 
by  the  energy  and  brilliancy  of  his  thoughts  ( Quint, 
10,  1,  59.),  he  became  that  which  Homer  was  in  the 
epic.  (Vellei.  Pat.  I.  5.  c.  not.  Ruhnk.)  A  similar 
satirical  composition  was  Margites,  in  hexameters, 
which  several  of  the  ancients,  as  Plat.  Alcib.  2.  p.  147 
B.  Aristot.  de  poet.  c.  4,  10.  and  others,  have  ascribed 
to  Homer,  and  in  which,  at  a  later  period,  Pigres, 
brother  of  Artemisia,  is  said  to  have  intermixed  iambic 
verse?.  Archilochus  was  succeeded  by  Simonides  of 
Amorgus  (i),  Hipponax  (pp),  Jlnanius. 

§.5.  At  the  time  when  the  epos  began  to  decline, 
while  the  cheerful  and  buoyant  character  of  the  lonians 
led  them  to  observe  and  represent  the  objects  of  ex- 
ternal nature  with  a  childlike  simplicity,  the  JEolo- 
Dorian  tribes,  who  were  characterized  by  greater 
solemnity  and  depth  of  feeling,  and  whose  penetration 
was  directed  more  to  the  interior  of  things,  without  at 
the  same  time  renouncing  the  joys  of  life,  expressed 
their  feelings  and  conceptions  with  the  greatest  warmth 
and  vigour  in  lyrical  effusions.  The  ceremonials  of 
religious  worship,  which  were  always  accompanied  with 
chori,  furnished  the  occasion ;  thence  the  hymns f 
peeans  to  Apollo  and  Diana,  particularly  with  the  view 
of  averting  the  plague,  or  other  calamities,  tiftoi  to 
Apollo  (Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  40.),  dithyrambs  to 

y  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  383,  sqq.  Tyrwhitt  et  Herm.  ad 
Aristot.  1.  c.  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  106. 


FIRST   PERIOD.  25 

Bacchus,  poems  composed  iii  the  most  elevated  style 
of  lyric  boldness,  as  being  sung  at  seasons  of  drunken 
merriment  (Philoch.  apud  Athen.  14.  p.  628.  A.), 
•xpv&ut  (*•{•«•»?.)  hymns  sung  on  approaching  the 
altar,  accompanied  by  flutes,  often  also  in  hexameters, 
Pa  us.  I  V.  33.  x*£&iiut  sung  by  young  women,  inr»^tutr», 
during  the  dance  around  the  altar  at  the  time  of  sacrifice  ; 
tyxMftitt  on  distinguished  men,  and  others  (choral-lyric, 
see  0.  Miiller  Dor.  ii.  p.  381,  sqq.).  But,  on  other 
occasions  also,  lyric  poetry  served  as  a  medium  of 
expression  for  the  feelings,  as  well  for  the  vehement 
and  excited,  as  for  the  more  soft  and  tender  (odal 
lyric).  To  this  class  belong  the  ««A»«,  convivial 
songs,  which  were  sung  by  the  guests,  with  a  myrtle 
twig  in  their  hand,  not  in  regular  order*,  but  alter- 
nately, from  one  side  to  the  other,  accompanied  with 
the  lyre,  and  contained  not  only  exhortations  to  a 
cheerful  enjoyment  of  life,  but  also  serious  maxims 
for  its  due  regulation;  -retain*  (aurfucT*)  sung  in 
succession  ;  xipoi,  merry  songs,  which  they  addressed 
to  their  mistresses  at  processions;  tirifaXcifux,  songs  of 
the  reapers,  fishermen,  spinsters,  etc.,  for  there  was 
scarcely  any  business  of  public  or  private  life  which 
was  not  accompanied  with  song  and  music".  The 
most  distinguished  of  these  poets,  whom  the  Alexan- 
drian critics  admitted  into  their  catalogue  of  standard 


z  Bgen  rx'ilui  s.  carmina  conviv.  Grace.  Jense  1798.  8vo. 
m  S.  Zell.  Feriensdxriften  i.  p.  55. 


26  FIRST  PERIOD. 

authors  (canon),  were  the  nine  following  :  Jllcman  (h) 
at  Sparta,  celebrated b  in  iLegfcv/at;  and  love-songs;  and 
particularly  at  Lesbos,  the  warlike  foe  of  tyrants, 
AlccRus  (p)  (Quintil.  x.  i.  63) ;  the  love-breathing 
(Horat.  Od.  IV.  I.  10.)  Sappho  (q) ;  and  shortly  after, 
among  the  Sicilians,  the  nervous  Stesichorus  (r),  who 
treated  particularly  epic  subjects  with  lyric  boldness 
(Quint.  1.  c.  62) ;  in  Rhegium  the  love-distracted 
(IgwTflftamirrcfTef,  Suid.  conf.  Cic.  Tusc.  Qu.  iv.  33.) 
Ibycus  (««);  and,  among  the  lonians,  Anacreon  (bb), 
who  exhorts  to  the  cheerful  enjoyment  of  life :  these 
were  succeeded  in  the  following  age  by  Simonides, 
Bacchylides,  and,  the  greatest  of  all,  Pindar.  To  the 
same  class  belong  also  the  dithyrambic  poets,  as  Jlrion 
(o)  of  Methymna  in  Lesbos,  Lasus  (qq)  of  Hermione, 
Melanippus  (rr)  of  Melos,  who  is  mentioned  by 
Xenophon,  Mem.  p.  I.  iv.  3.  as  the  best  poet  of  this 
class;  and  some  poetesses,  as  Erinna,  Myrfi,  Corinna. 
Each  of  these  lyrics  composed  not  in  one  species  only* 
but  in  several;  some  in  all,  though  they  did  not  usually 
obtain  distinction  in  more  than  one  ;  they  were  at  the 
same  time  musicians,  and  several  of  them  are  more 
celebrated  in  this  last  respect,  as  Terpander  (I),  Arion, 
Thaletas  (Hoeck  Kreta  3.  p.  339) c,  Sakadas,  Po- 
lymnestus*. 

b  Miiller  in  loc.  p.  378. 

e  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  43,  sqq. 

d  Miiller's  Dorians,  ii.  p.  321 ,  sqq.   Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  68. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  27 

§.  6.  All  these  kinds  of  poetry,  as  well  as  those 
which  remain  to  be  noticed,  germinated  out  of  the 
political  and  private  life,  the  ceremonials  of  religious 
worship,  and  the  general  habits  of  society,  without 
the  intervention  of  any  extraneous  influence,  or  any 
pre-existing  model; — whereas  the  Romans  in  their 
literature  commenced  at  once  with  imitating  the 
Greek  poets ; — the  language  again  developed  itself, 
by  the  plastic  energy  of  its  original  genius,  through 
the  instrumentality  of  poetry  and  music,  not  by  the 
aid  of  artificial  theories;  while  the  Romans,  on  the 
other  hand,  from  the  very  first  constructed  theirs 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  grammarians,  but  still 
after  the  pattern  of  the  Greeks,  and  consequently 
cramped  and  constrained  it.  It  is  not  so  much  from 
necessity,  or  for  want  of  suitable  materials  for  writ- 
ing6, that  oral  delivery  was  resorted  to  as  the  only 
medium  of  communication,  but  much  more  on  ac- 
count of  its  greater  liveliness,  a  property  which 
renders  it  congenial  to  the  taste  of  other  southern 
nations  also ;  rhapsodists  recited  not  only  the  poems 
of  Homer  and  Hesiod,  but  also  those  of  Archilochus 
and  others,  and  the  study  of  music  was  a  principal 
object  in  the  education  of  youth  f.  For  that  very 
reason,  however,  the  productions  of  the  poet  became 


e  Nitzsch  hist  Horn.  p.  70. 

1  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  36,  sqq. 


28  FIRST  PERIOD. 

more    extensively    diffused    into    the    spirit   of   the 
nation. 

§.  7.  While  among  the  different  states  of  Greece, 
the  forms  of  government  developed  and  matured 
themselves  in  the  greatest  variety,  and  while  con- 
flicting claims  gave  rise  to  frequent  intestine  and 
external  wars,  and  the  private  relations  became  more 
and  more  counter  to  each  other,  practical  statesmen 
presented  themselves,  who,  at  the  head  of  the  state,  or 
as  counsellors  through  the  medium  of  laws  (Zaleucus 
among  the  Locri  Epizephyrii,  ahout  Ol.  xxix.  Cha- 
rondas  of  CatanaS),  composed  precepts  and  admo- 
nitions ( the  seven  wise  men :  Periander  at  Corinth, 
633—563 ;  Pittacus  at  Mitylene,  about  590 ;  Thales 
in  Miletus,  about  597;  Solon  (v),  about  594;  Cleo- 
bulus,  lawgiver  in  Lindus ;  Bias  in  Priene  ;  Chilo  in 
Sparta ;  to  which  some  add  besides  the  Scythian 
Jlnacharsis,  Pherecydes  of  Syros,  Epimenides  (u) 
of  Crete,  Msop  (x],  and  others).  While  many  of 
these,  e.  g.  Periander  (Athen.  iv.  p.  632.  D.),  Solon, 
delivered  political  precepts  and  rules  of  life,  for  the 
most  part  in  the  metre  afterwards  called  Elegiac, 
also  in  Scholia,  sometimes  also  in  Hexameter,  as 
Phocylides,  and  the  author  of  the  #gv<r«  t'sru,  and 
maxims  of  law  drawn  up  in  verse  were  sung  at 
banquets  and  on  other  occasions  ( Nitzsch  hist.  Horn. 

8  Fabric.  Bibl.Gr.t. ii. p.  1.9.   Heyniiopusc.  vol.ii. p.  l,sqq. 
Wachsmuth  Historical  Antiquities  of  Greece,  i.  p.  317,  sq. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  29 

p.  38),  they  were  soon  followed  in  the  same  path  by 
others;  hence  arose  particularly  by  means  of  The- 
ognis  (dd)  and  Phocylides  (ee)f  and  Xenophanes  (00), 
a  new  kind  of  poetry,  which  delivered  advice  and 
prudential  maxims  (y»S^««)  for  all  occurrences  of  life 
( Gnomic  poets,  a  name  of  modern  invention).  With 
the  same  view  fables  (/o'y««,  pvtot,  *<»««,  «7roA«y«<)  had 
been  occasionally  delivered  by  the  most  ancient  poets, 
e.  g.  Hesiod,  Archilochus^,  Stesichorus,  (Aristot. 
Rhet.  II.  20.)  and  others,  in  which  moral  instructions 
were  vividly  conveyed  under  the  guise  of  animals 
introduced  as  talking  and  acting;  in  these  Msop 
particularly  distinguished  himself.  The  same  Ele- 
giac metre,  which  had  hitherto  been  employed  in 
exhortations  (irttyxmms,  vTs-ofUxxt} ,  was  applied  by 
Mimnermus  (w)  to  the  expression  of  lamentations  on 
the  shortness  and  the  casualties  of  life,  to  the  sorrows 
of  love,  and  also  to  the  description  of  its  joys ;  and 
first  in  the  following  period  by  Simonides  to  funeral 
dirges  and  sepulchral  inscriptions,  for  which  purpose 
it  became  generally  used  in  all  smaller  poems,  ori- 
ginally designed  for  inscriptions  (l7ff/^dfi[tccTtc) ,  and, 
in  general,  wherever  a  thought  was  to  be  expressed 
concisely  and  pointedly.  See  Francke  Callinus. 
§.  8.  The  sciences,  on  the  other  hand,  were  as  yet 

k  I.  Gr.  Huschke  de  Fabulis  Archil,  in  Miscell.  philol.  i.  1. 
1  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  618.     Nachtr.  zu  Sulzers  Theori* 
V.  p.  269.    Cf.  Quintil.  5,  11,  19.  c.  not.  Spald. 


30  FIRST  PERIOD. 

in  an  incipient  state.  Even  at  this  period  efforts 
were  made  by  the  Greeks,  particularly  by  the  lonians 
of  Lesser  Asia,  to  give  a  more  definite  character  to 
physical  science  by  distinctness  of  ideas,  and  to  reduce 
it,  by  general  principles,  to  a  connected  system,  or, 
in  other  words,  to  philosophize,  while  the  Orientals 
never  advanced  it  beyond  a  mere  sport  of  the  ima- 
gination with  symbolical  representations.  Philosophy 
begins  with  Thales  (t),  who,  with  Anaximander  (z) 
and  Anaximenes  (M),  constitutes  the  Ionic  school; 
but  it  consisted  for  the  most  part  only  in  mathema- 
tical, physical,  and  astronomical  acquirements,  and  in 
speculations  on  the  origin  of  the  universe.  Xeno- 
phanes  of  Colophon  established  in  Magna  Graecia 
the  Eleatic  school,  which  sought  to  attain  the  same 
object  by  deductions  of  reason,  assigning  only  a  sub- 
ordinate place  to  perception  by  the  senses;  but  the 
researches  of  the  Dorian  Pythagoras  (gg)  were 
besides  this  directed  to  the  moral  aud  political  amelio- 
ration of  the  human  race.  Then  arose  also  the  proper 
didactic  poem,  after  the  example  of  Hesiod ;  Xeno- 
phanes  recited  (eppV^f^O  his  tenets  in  the  epic 
metre,  in  which  he  was  followed  in  the  next  period 
by  Parmenid.es  and  Empedocles.  The  Ionian  Cadmus 
of  Miletus  (IV) ,  Acusilaus  (mm),  and  Hecateus  (nn), 
made  the  first  rude  attempts  in  historic  composition, 
but  they  confined  themselves  to  chronicles  of  single 
states  and  families  (A«yoy;<*'<p«j  .Vitzsch  hist.  Horn. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  31 

p.  87. 90.)  and  to  the  traditions,  which  they  endeavoured 
to  relate  in  continuous  order,  but  which,  owing  to 
their  being  themselves  only  an  incoherent  mass  of 
local  and  popular  sayings,  they  did  not  connect  on 
any  principles  of  internal  affinity  and  rules  of  logic, 
but  on  external  grounds  and  resemblances,  particu- 
larly geographical  considerations.  Many  appended  to 
these  traditions  the  narrative  of  subsequent  events  up 
to  their  own  tune,  as  Hecatcsus ;  particularly  several 
of  the  following  period k.  From  these  attempts  in 
historical  composition,  as  well  as  in  philosophical 
researches,  arose  the  prosaic  style  of  writing,  which 
hi  philosophical  subjects  Anaximander  or  Pherecydes 
of  Syros  (ff)  is  said  to  have  first  practised,  and  in 
historical  Cadmus,  Pherecydes  of  Leros,  and  others. 
Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  98,  sq. 

(a)  HOMER,  according  to  the  general  opinion  of  the 
lonians  (of  Chios  ?)  about  300  years  after  the  taking 

k  Creuzer  die  hist  Kunst  der  Griechen,  p.  121,  sqq.  Poppo 
ad  Thuc.  i.  1.  p.  13,  sqq.  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  88—90.  Of 
their  plain  and  artless  style,  full  of  childlike  simplicity,  see 
Dionys.  Hal.  t.  vi.  p.  819,  sq.  864  ed.  Reiske.  Cic.  de  orat.  2, 
12.  Creuz.  h.  K.  p.  ISO.  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  94,  sq.  But 
the  entertaining  stories  which  they  introduced  possessed  great 
attraction  for  their  hearers  (Thuc.  i.  21).  It  can  hardly  be 
supposed  that  they  studiously  designed  to  imitate  the  Cyclic 
and  other  poets;  this  loose  connection  was  demanded  hy  the 
character  and  condition  of  the  age.  See  §.  2.  Remark. 


32  FIRST  PERIOD. 

of  Troy,  or  1000  B.  C.  (Bernh.  Thiersch  iiber  das 
Zeitalter  u.  Vaterland  des  H  Halberst.  1824.  Cf. 
Jahrb.  d.  Philol.  I.  S.  435,  sq.  has  endeavoured  to 
prove,  that  the  poet  lived  in  the  interval  between 
jhe  destruction  of  Troy  and  the  return  of  the  Hera- 
clidae).  'lx««f  comprehends  the  period  which  inter- 
vened between  the  feud  of  Achilles  and  Agamemnon, 
in  the  tenth  year  of  the  war,  and  the  interment  of 
Hector.  'o2v<r<rna,  the  destinies  of  Ulysses  after  his 
departure  from  the  island  of  Calypso  till  his  arrival 
at  Ithaca,  and  his  slaying  the  suitors,  a  period  of» 
twenty-four  days.  These  poems  were  for  a  long 
time  recited  or  declaimed  in  detached  portions  by 
rhapsodists  (the  Homerida).  But  after  the  time  of 
Solon,  Pisistratus,  and  his  son  Hipparchus  (c.  538 — 
510  B.  C.),  who  first  arranged  them  according  to 
internal  data,  and  ordered  them  to  be  recited  in 
a  regular  series  at  the  Panathenaic  festivals,  they 
acquired  increased  notoriety,  and  were  considered,  as 
they  had  already  been  through  Lycurgus,as  the  national 
property  of  all  Grecian  tribes,  as  the  most  genuine  basis 
of  their  language,  and  the  main  source  of  their 
civilization.  There  were  eight  distinct  and  carefully 
corrected  copies  (jittfvrus) ,  six  of  which  are  named 
after  the  cities  («*'  woAcnx*/,  */'  I*  iroktvi)  from  which 
they  were  brought  to  Alexandria;  those  of  Chios, 
Argos,  Cyprus,  Crete,  Synope,  Massilia;  a  seventh 
is  said  to  have  proceeded  from  Antimachus  of  Colo- 


FIRST  PERIOD.  33 

phon,  the  eighth  from  Aristotle  (n  I*  rtZ  »*'g0»ix«j, 
Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  357  sqq. ;  Wolf  prolegom. 
p.  clxxiv.).  In  the  Alexandrian  age  the  grammarians 
bestowed  their  labour  almost  exclusively,  though  too 
frequently  on  mere  arbitrary  grounds,  on  the  cor- 
rection of  the  text  of  these  poems  and  on  the  elu- 
cidation of  forms  of  expression  which  occur  in  them, 
particularly  Zenodotus,  Aristophanes  of  Byzantium, 
Aristarchus,  Crates  of  Mallus.  Fragments  of  their 
researches  are  preserved  in  the  Scholia,  particularly 
the  Venetian,  in  Eustathius,  and  other  grammarians. 
Whether  the  text  of  Homer  was  really  so  corrupt  as 
these  grammarians  would  have  us  believe,  or  whether 
that  only  appeared  so  to  them,  which  did  not  accord 
with  their  ideas  of  grammar  and  taste,  cannot  now  be 
determined,  as  we  are  not  acquainted  with  the  primitive 
structure  of  the  text. 

Editions.  Edit,  princ.  Florent.  1488.  fol.  2  vols.  Venet. 
Aldus,  1504.  1517.  1524.  2  vols.  8vo.  Opera.  Florent.  Junta, 
1519. — Venet.  Junta,  1537.  2  vols.  Svo. — Scholia  minora  in 
Iliadem.  Komae  1517.  Sen.  Didymi  in  II.  et  Od.  Venet.  1528. 
8vo.— cum  scholiis  minoribus  (Didymi)  Basil,  ap.  Hervag. 

1535.  1551.  fol.  min. — Amst.  Elzev.  1656.  2  vols.  4to Ilias 

cum  scholiis.  Cantabr.  1689.  4to. — II.  et  Od.  cur.  Jo.  Henr. 
Lederlino  et  Steph.  Berglero.  Amstelod.  1707-12.  2  vols. — II. 
et  Od.  cum  schol.  Gr.  opera  Jos.  Barnes.  Cantabr.  1711-  4to. 
2  vols.— II.  et  Od.  ed.  Sam.  Clarke.  Lond.  1729-1740.  4to. 

4  vols.  1760.  1779.  Svo.  frequently  reprinted e  rec.  et  c.  not. 

Clarkii  ed.  Jo.  Aug.  Ernesti.  Lips.  1759-1764.  Svo.  1824. 

5  vols.  Glasg.  1814. — Ilias  et  Odyssea,  Gr.  Oxon.  Clarend. 
\800.  (Grenville  edit.)  4  vols.  4to.  min.— Opera,  recognovit 

D 


34  FIRST  PERIOD. 

F.  H.  Bothe,  Lips.  1832-35.  6  vols.  8vo — Ilias  ad  veteris 
codicis  Veneti  fidem  recensita.  Schol.  in  earn  antiquissima  ex 
eod.  cod.  aliisque  nunc  primum  edidit  Jo.  Bapt.  Casp.  d'Ansse 
de  Villoison.  Venet.  1788.  fol. — Tlias  ex  recens.  Fr.  Aug. 
Wolfii  cum  ei.  Prolegomenis  de  operum  Homericorum  prisca  et 
genuina  forma  variisque  mutationibus  et  probabili  ratione  emen- 
dandi  Vol.  1.  Halse,  1795.  8vo.  with  the  Prolegom.  Homeri  et 
Homeridarum  opera  ex  rec.  Fr.  Aug.  Wolfii.  Ilias  Lips.  1817. 
Svo — Odyss.  ib.  1817-  Svo. — Odyss.  cum  var.  lection,  e  cod. 

Harleiano  et  notis  Ric.  Porsoni.  Oxon.  1801 Horn,  carmina 

cum  brevi  annotatione.  Ace.  varise  lectiones  et  observationes 
veterum  Grammaticorum  cum  nostrae  aetatis  critica  cur.  C.  G. 
Heyne,  Lips.  1802.  8  vols.  Svo.  (the  Iliad  alone)  torn.  9. 
Indie,  conf.  E.  A.  G.  Grafenham,  ib.  1822.  editio  minor 
Lips.  1804.  Oxon.  Clarend.  1821-1834.  accedunt  Scholia 
minora  2  vols.  Svo. — (cur.  Godofr.  Henr.  Schaefero)  Lips, 
ap.  Tauchnitz,  1810.  5  vols.  12mo. — Carmm.  Horn.  II.  et  Od. 
a  rhaps.  interpol.  repurgata — c.  not.  ac  proleg.  in  quibus  de 
eorum  orig.  auct.  et  act.  inquiritur — op.  et  stud.  Rich.  Payne 
Knight,  Lond.  1820.  Svo.  and  separately  Payne  Knight 
proleg.  ad  Homer,  s.  de  carm.  Horn.  orig.  auct.  et  set.  Pra?f. 
est  Ruhkopf.  Hannov.  1816.  8vo.  'Evtrratlou  a.g%itvri<rxairev 
&ttrfa%.avixn{  frccgtx@ct.di  lit  -rrjv  'Oftvnou' l^ifi'Scc.  Romse  1542.  fol. 
Lips.  ap.  Weigel.  1827-29.  4  vols.  4to.  ilf  rnt  'oSurruat  Rom. 
1549.  Lips.  ap.  Weigel.  1825. 2  vols.  4to.  cum  ind.  Matth.  De- 
varii  ib.  1550.  fol.  Basil.  1560.  Lips.  ap.  Weigel.  1828.  2  vols. 
fol. — Ilias,  Gr.  from  the  text  of  Heyne,  with  English  notes 
by  W.  Trollope,  Lond.  1836.  Svo. — Odyssea  cum  interpreta- 
tionibus  Eustathii  alior.  ed.  C.  D.  Baumgarten-Crusius,  Lips. 
1822-24,  3  vols.  Svo. — Odys.  cum  scholiis  veteribus  etc.  Oxon. 
Clarend.  1827,  2  vols.  Svo. — Odys.  ed.  et  annot.  perpet.  illus- 
travit  G.  Loewe,  Lips.  1828.  2  vols.  Svo. — Scholia  in  Homeri 
Iliad,  ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  Berol.  1825,  2  vols.  4to.  Append, 
ib.  1827,  4to — Scholia  ant.  in  Horn.  Odyss.  maximam  partem  e 
Codd.  Ambros.  ab  Aug.  Maio  prolata,  mine  e  Cod.  Palat.  et 
aliunde  auctius  et  emend,  edita  a  Phil.  Buttmanno.  Berol. 


LEGISLAT.  OF  LYCTJKG.  880  B.  C.  35 

182 J,  8vo. — J.  H.  J.  Koppin  erklarende  Anmerkungen  zum 
H.  (Iliade)  Hannover  1780,  sq.  5  Theile.  Greg.  W.  Nitzsch 
erkliir.  Anm.  zu  H.  Odyss.  Hannov.  1st  B.  1826.  2nd  B. 
1831. 8vo. — P.  Buttmann,  Lexilogus,  oder  beitrk'ge  zur  griech. 
worterklarung,  hauptsachlich  fur  Homer  u.  Hesiodus,  Berl. 
1818-25.  8vo.  translated  by  J.  K.  Fishlake,  Lond.  1836, 
8vo. — G.  C.  Cnnius,  Vollstandstiges  Gr.  Deut.  Worterbuch, 
iiber  die  Gedichte  des  Homeros  und  der  Homeriden,  Hannov. 
1836,  8vo.  F.  A.  Grauff,  Grammatische  vorschule  zu  Homer, 
Bern.  1837,  £vo.— W.  Miiller  Homerische  vorschule,  eine 
einleitung  in  das  studium  der  Ilias  u.  Odys.  Leipz.  1836. 
8vo. — F.  G.  VVelcker  den  epische  Cyclus  oder  die  Homerischen 
dichter,  Bonn.  1835,  8vo. — Translations:  German  by  Job. 
Heinr.  Voss.  1802,  4  vols.  8vo. — English  :  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
by  Geo.  Chapman,  Lond.  (circa  1600)  fol. —  by  Alex.  Pope, 
Lond.  1760,  11  vols.  8vo.  frequently  reprinted. — by  Pope,  with 
additional  notes  by  Gilb.  Wakefield,  Lond.  1796,  8vo.— by  W. 
Cowper,  Lond.  1809,  4  vols.  8vo.— by  W.  Sotheby,  Lond.  1834. 
4  vols.  8vo. 

Spurious  Works.  1)  Hymni  (31)  et  Batrachomyomachia  in 
most  editions  of  his  works;  separately  by  C.  D.  Ilgen.  Halze. 
1796,  8vo.— rec.  Aug.  Matthiae,  Lips.  1805,  8vo.  27  Hymns 
alone  H.  in  Cererem  nunc  primum  editus  a  Ruhnkenio  Ace.  duae 
epistolse  crit.  (the  first  of  which  treats  of  the  remaining  Hymns) 
Lugd.  B.  1782,  8vo.  H.  in  Cer.  rec.  et  illustr.  C.  G.  Mits- 
cherlich.  Lips.  1787.  8vo. — Aug.  Matthiae  animadversiones  in 
hymnos  Homericos,  cum  proleg.  de  cujusque  concilio,  partibns, 
aetate,  Lips.  1800,  8vo.  H.  et  epigr.  ed.  God.  Hermannns, 
Lips.  1806,  8vo. — rec.  et  not.  instr.  Fr.  Franke,  Lips.  1828, 
12mo.  *T.  lit  T»|»  AflpifT{*t  iibers.  u.  erlaut.  v.  Job.  Heinr, 
Voss,  Heidelb.  1S26. 

(b)  HESIODUS,  of  uncertain  date  (§.  3.),  but  pro- 
bably the  most  ancient  poet  next  to  Homer,  of  Ascra 
in  Boeotia. 


36  ASSYR.  EMP.  UNDER  PHUL,  &C. 

Editions  of  his  Works:  ed.  princ.  Orationes  Isocratis  xviii. 
Bid.  Theocr. ;  Hesiodi  Opera  et  Dies.  Mediolani  1493.  fol — 
Theocr.  eel.  xxx.  Hesiodi  Theogonia;  ei.  Scutum  Here,  et 
Georgicon  libri  ii.  Venet.  ap.  AM.  Manut.  1495.  fol — cum 
scholiis  Gr.  (Procli  Diadochi,  Jo.  Tzetzse,  Eman.  Moschopuli, 
Jo.  Protospatharii)  ed.  Job.  Franc.  Trincavelli.  Venet.  1537. 

4to Gr.  et  Lat.  cum  variant,  lection,  e  MSS.  Palatinis  et 

notis  VV.  DD.  ap.  Hier.  Commelinum  1591.  8vo. — cum  schol. 
Gr.  ed.  Dan.  Heinsius  Antv.  1603.  4to. — ex  rec.  Jo.  Georg. 
Graevii  cum  ej.  Lectionibus  Hesiodeis  et  notis  Jos.  Scaligeri 
et  Franc.  Guieti.  Amstel.  1667.  8vo — ed.  Thorn.  Robinson. 
Oxon.  1737.  4to.  Lond.  1756. — ex  rec.  Robins,  cum  ei.  Jos. 
Seal.  Dan.  Heins.  Fr.  Guieti  et  Jo.  Clerici  n.  J.  G.  Gr.  lect. 
Hes.  et  D.  Heins.  Introd.  Ace.  variet.  lect.  MSS.  et  edd.  vett. 
scholiaque  inedita  cur.  Chr.  Fr.  Loesner,  Lips.  1778.  8vo. — 
rec.  et  comment  instruxit  Car.  Goettlingius.  Goth,  et  Erford. 
1831,  8vo.  in  Collectt.  nr.  12.  t.  1.  u.  iii.  Uelersetzung  von  Joh. 
Hein.  Voss.  Heidelb.  1806.  8vo.— Editions  of  single  Poems:  1) 
tfya  xai  i>p't£<ti  in  Collectt.  n.  11. — e  vett.  gramm.  notationibus 
rec.  F.  A.  G.  Spohn.  Lips.  1819.  8vo — 2)  Theogonia  Hesiodea, 
textu  subinde  reficto  edita  a  Frid.  Aug.  Wolf.  Halffi,  l'/83. 
8vo. — 3.)  Scutum  Herculis  (Fragment  of  the  4t/t  book  of  the 
KaraXoyw  >yv>eu»S»,  of  which  the  fourth  book  was  called  pi-ya^a, 
wuu)  cum  Grammaticorum  schol.  Gr.  em.  et  illustr.  Car.  Frid. 
Heinrich.  Vratisl.  1802.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  567—617.— 
Nachtrage  zu  Sulzers  Theorie  3.  /S.  49. 

(c)  ARCTINUS,  of  Miletus,  about  Ol.  ix.  (744)  ac- 
cording to  Suidas,  01.  i.  according  to  Euseb.  (776), 
according  to  others  a  contemporary  of  Lesches.  See 
Welck.  Alcm.  fr.  p.  7.  Author  of  two  epic  poems, 
the  AiflwWj,  in  6  books,  (the  period  of  the  Trojan  war 
extending  from  the  death  of  Hector  to  the  dispute 
concerning  the  arms  of  Achilles,  the  expedition  of 


GYGES  KING  OF  LYDIA  715  B.  C.        37 

Memnon  with  his  Ethiopians  against  the  Greeks  at 
Troy,)  and  '!>/»»  in^y^  in  2  books.  See  Biblioth.  der. 
a.  Liter,  und  Kunst.  Is  St.  Inedit.  p.  32,  and  37. 
Fabric.  B.  G.  i.  p.  9.  Corsini  F.  A.  t.  iii.  p.  3. 

(d)  EUMELUS  of  Corinth,  about  01.  iii.  (768)  or 
ix.  according  to  Voss  Weltk.  s.  xxvii.  Ol.  xl.     Author 
of  epic  poems,  the  Titan omachia,  Europia.     A  later 
Eumelus  was  the  author  of  an  historical  poem  Corin- 
thiaca,  on  the  earliest  history  of  the  city  Corinth. 
See  Bibl.  der  alten  Lit.  und  K.  2s.  St.  94.  4s.  St.  S. 
52.     Corsini  F.  A.  t.  iii.  p.  7.     Jahrb.  der  Philol.  u. 
Paday.  xiii.  S.  192. 

(e)  CALLIXUS  of  Ephesus,  inventor  of  the  elegiac 
metre,  in  which  he  exhorted  his  countrymen  to  va- 
lour in  war.     The  Alexandrian  critics  admitted  him 
into  their  canon.     One  elegy  has  been  preserved  by 
Stobaeus.     See  Brunck.  Gnom.  p.  58.  (Lips.  p.  87.) 
Gaisf.  Jah.  Valent.  Franckii  Callinus.—CalL  Tyr- 
tcei,  Asii   carmm.  qua   supers,   disp.   em.   ill.  Nic. 
Bachius.  Lips.  1831.  8vo. — Supplement — with  a  let- 
ter, by  G.  Hermann,  Lips.  1832,  8vo. 

(/)  ARCHILOCHUS  of  Paros  about  01.  xv. (720  B.C.) 
inventor  of  iambic  verse,  i.  e.  personal  satire ;  (hence 
Archilochia  edicta  of  Cos.  Bibulus  in  Cicero  ad  Att.  ii. 
21.  Cf.  Horat.  Epod.  6.  13.  Epist.  I.  19.  30.  .?r> 


38  SECOND  MESSENIAN  WAR  682-668. 

Poet.  79.)  iTTta^et,  also  an  elegiac  poet,  but  not  of  the 
plaintive  class.  See  Francke  Callin.  p.  36,  sq. 
A  Hymn  of  his  on  Hercules  used  to  be  sung  at  the 
solemn  procession  of  the  conquerors  at  Olympia  (>weX- 
Find.  01.  ix.  init.  from  the  commencing  words 
«?§'  «y«|  'Hg«'xM<$ ) .  Commentaries  on 
him  were  written  by  Apollon.  Rh.  Aristoph.  Byz. 
Aristarch.  Fragments  will  be  found  in  Collectt.  3. 
7.  8.  13.  Archiloch.  reliquiae,  coll.  et  illustr.  Ignat. 
Liebel.  Lips.  1812.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  107. 
/.  G.  Huschke  de  fabb.  Jlrchilochi  in  Miscell.  philol. 
i.  p.  1,  sqq.  Lips.  1709.  8vo. 

(g]  TYRT-EUS  of  Athens  (a  Rhapsodist?  whence 
the  designation  Schoolmaster]  in  01.  xxiv.  (684), 
leader  or  counsellor  of  the  Spartans  in  the  second  war 
against  the  Messenians,  in  which  he  animated  them 
by  elegies,  and  on  their  march  by  anapaests  ( ipfietrfynt 
(*&*}  to  valour,  unanimity,  and  an  enthusiastic  love 
of  their  country.  Three  elegies  and  eight  fragments 
are  extant.  His  Et3»oft/#  likewise  was  celebrated. 
(Aristot.  Polit.  \.  7.  Strab.  viii.  p.  557.  ed. 
Almel.} 


Tyrtaei  qus  restant  omnia,  collegit,  ill.  ed.  Christ.  Ad.  Klot- 
zius  Altenb.  1767,  8vo.— See  also  in  Collectt.  n.  7,  8,  12,  13, 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  738,  sqq.  Also  in  Script.  Gr.  Minorca, 
ed.  Giles,  Oxon.  1831.  Cf.  Franck.  Callimts,  p.  135.  and  with 
that  (my  verm.  Scriften)  p.  83,  sqq. 


LEGISLAT.  OF  DRACO  624.  39 

(h)  ALCMAX  of  Sardis,  about  01.  xxvii.  (671)  ac- 
cording to  Suid.  01.  xxx.  4.  according  to  Chron. 
Euseb.  but  brought  up  at  Sparta,  a  lyric  poet,  parti- 
cularly in  the  U*£&IM  class.  Upon  him  also  several 
grammarians  wrote  commentaries.  See  Fragm.  in 
the  Collectt.  no.  3.  Alcm.  fr.  ed.  Fr.  Th.  Welcker. 
Giesstr.  1815.  4to.  Fabric.  E.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  88. 

(t)  SIMOXIDES  of  Amorgos  one  of  the  iambic  poets 
admitted  into  the  canon  of  the  Alexandrians,  according 
to  Eusebius  about  01.  xxix.  (B.  C.  664),  but  according 
to  Suidas  about  780  (778)  B.  C.  An  iambic  poem  by 
a  Simonides  is  preserved  in  Stobaeus,  Tit.  73.  —  rec. 
atque  animadv.  illustr.  G.  Dav.  Koeler.  Getting.  1781. 
8vo.  See  Collectt.  no.  12.  13.  Fabric.  B.  Grcec.  t.ii. 
p.  150.  t.  iii.  p.  808.  xi. 


(£)  LESCHES  (Atfjytf,  —  «*)ofLesbos,about01.xxx. 
(660),  according  to  others  a  contemporary  of  Arctinus. 
See  Welker  1.  c.  Author  of  an  epic  poem  in  four  books, 
entitled  'IA««;  pix.^  or  «A«rV<r*»,  which  contains  the 
events  before  Troy  from  the  dispute  concerning  the 
arms  of  Achilles  to  the  capture  of  the  city.  See 
Bibl.  der  alt.  Lit.  und  K.  Is.  st.  ined.  p.  35.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  376. 

(/)  TERPANDER  of  Antissa  in  Lesbos,  about  Ol. 
xxxiii.  (648),  a  lyric  poet,  and  an  eminent  musician, 


40  THE  SEVEN  WISE  MEN  620-540. 

held  in  high  estimation  particularly  at  Sparta1.  Fa- 
bric. B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  292.  Hoeckh  Kreta,  iii.  p.  267. 
Miiller  Dor.  ii.  p.  383.  not.  1.  Nitzsch  1.  c.  p.  41,  sq. 
143,  sq. 

(m)  To  this  period  belongs  also  an  epic  poem  which 
has  been  ascribed  to  Stasinus  of  Cyprus,  thence  called 
Kiurg/*  tTrv,  comprising  the  interval  between  the  mar- 
riage of  Peleus  and  Thetis  and  the  commencement  of 
the  Iliad,  in  eleven  books.  See  Bibl.  der  alien  Liter. 
u.  K.  Is.  st.  ined.  p.  23.  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  382. 
Henrichsendecarminn.  Cypriiscomm.Havn.  1828.  8  vo. 
Jahrb.  d.  Philol.  xiii.  p.  183,  sqq.  243,  sq. 


(n)  PISANDER  (ne/o-aoSgej)  ,  about  Ol.  xxxiii.,  of 
Camirus  in  Rhodes,  author  of  a  celebrated  epic  poem, 
'HgajsAe/se,  in  two  books.  Heyne  Exc.  I.  ad  Virg.  JEn. 
II.  p.  382,  sqq.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  590,  not. 

(0)  ARION  of  Methymna  in  Lesbos,  about  01. 
xxxviii.  (B.  C.  628),  lived  at  Corinth,  under  Periander, 
from  the  year  633.  Inventor  of  the  Dithyrarnbic. 
Herod.  1,  23,  sq.  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  110. 


1  Clem.  Alex.  Strom,  i.  p.  808.  Sylb.  ^iX 
rats  #cinfietffi  Ktti  nut  futxtSaifitit'iuv  tofttvt  (Qu.  Laws  or  Lays) 
ipilorotufi.  See  Miiller  Dor.  i.  p.  369.  cf.  ii.  p.  333.  not.  4. 
Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  31,  sq.  38,  sq.  41,  sq. 


CR03SUS  KING  OF  LYDIA  573-545.  41 

(/>)  Aic-Ecs,  about  01.  xlii.  (610),  of  Mitylene  in 
Lesbos,  a  lyric  poet,  distinguished  himself  by  the  re- 
sistance which  he  made  to  the  tyrants  of  his  country 
with  arms  and  in  his  poems.  See  Horat.  Od.  i.  32.  ii. 
13.  28,  sqq.  Fragm.  s.  in  Collectt.  no.  3.  4.  v.  Blom- 
fieldva.  Museum  crit.  Cantabr.  n.  III.  Jani prolusiones 
III.  de  Alcceo,  p.  lyr.  ejusque  fragm.  Halte  1780-82. 
4to.  Ale.  reliquiae.  Coll.  et  Annot.  instr.  A.  Matthiae. 
Lips.  1827.  8vo.  See  Welck.  in  Jahrb.  d.  Philol.  xii. 
p.  14,  sqq.  Seidler  im  Rhtin.  .VMS.  1829.  p.  153,  sqq. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  84,  sqq. 

(q]  SAPPHO  (Saa-p*, — ovf],  contemporary  with 
Alcaeus  of  Eresus  or  Mitylene,  a  lyric  poetess. 
Besides  several  fragments  we  have  one  of  her  entire 
odes  in  Dionys.  Hal.  de  compos,  c.  23.  and  another, 
for  the  most  part  perfect,  in  Longin.  c.  10;  the  latter 
has  been  translated  by  Catullus,  no.  51.  See  in  the 
Collectt.  no.  3.  4.  fragm. — cura  Jo.  Christian. 
Wolfii.  Hamb.  1733.  4to.  S.  carm.  et  fragm.  rec. 
illustr.  schemata  mus.  adi.  H.  F.  Ma<jn.  Volger. 
Lips.  1810.  8vo.  r.  Blomjield  in  Mus.  crit.  Cant. 
no.  II.  See  Fragm.  ed.  Chrn.  Frid.  Xeue.  Berol. 
1827.  4to.  See  Seidler  in  the  Rhein.  Mus.  1829. 
p.  153,  sqq.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  137.  Sappho  von 
einern  herrsckenden  Vorurtheil  befreit  durch  Fr. 
Gottl.  Welcker.  Gott.  1816.  8vo. 


42  CRO3SUS  KING  OF  LYDIA  573-545. 

(r)  STESICHORUS,  of  Himera  in  Sicily,  about  Ol. 
xlii.  (Clint,  p.  5),  who  gave  warning  of  the  tyranny 
of  Phalaris  (Aristot.  Rhet.  ii.  20),  a  lyric  poet,  but 
wrote  also  on  epic  subjects,  e.  g.  ravens,  'lAi'ou  7rtg<n$. 
St.  fragmenta  colleg.  Jo.  Andreas  Suchfort.  Gott. 
1771.  4to.  v.  Blomfield  in  Mus.  Crit.  Cant.  vi.  p.  256. 
coll.  0.  Fr.  Kleins.  Berol.  1828.  8vo.  Fabr.  B.  Gr. 
t.  ii.  p.  151,  sq. 

(s)  ERINNA,  of  Lesbos,  a  friend  of  Sappho,  author 
of  a  poem  in  Hexameter  verse,  'HA«MC«T«,  also  of  some 
epigrams,  did  not  survive  her  nineteenth  year.  The 
poem  tls  'Paftqv  is  of  a  much  later  age.  Fabr.  Bibl. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  120.  Welcker  in  Creuzer.  meletem. 
vol.  ii.  p.  3. 

(t)  THALES,  of  Miletus,  the  oldest  of  the  Grecian 
philosophers,  and  founder  of  the  Ionian  school.  He 
foretold  a  solar  eclipse,  which  happened  01.  xlv.  4. 
(597)  during  a  battle  between  Cyaxares,  king  of  the 
Medes,  and  Alyattes,  king  of  the  Lydians  (Herod,  i. 
74)  ;  he-  was  also  held  in  high  estimation  for  his 
political  talents.  See  §.  5.  Clint,  p.  7. 

(%)  EPIMENIDES,  of  Crete,  celebrated  as  a  thauma- 
turgist,  versed  in  the  art  of  mysterious  consecrations 
and  lustral  ceremonies,  purified  Athens,  01.  xlv.  3, 


CRCESUS  KING  OF  LYDIA  573-545.  43 

B.  C.  598.  (KwA«rt««>  «y««),  at  the  same  time  allayed 
the  commotions  of  the  state,  and  prepared  the  legis- 
lation ot  Solon.  Several  poems  are  ascribed  to  him, 
X^ia-pei,  Ketletytu,  a  Theogony,  'Agy«»«vr«t«,  etc.  C. 
Fr.  Heinrichs  Epimenides  aus  Kreta.  Leipz.  1801. 
8vo.  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  1.  p.  30. 

(v)  SOLON,  archon  and  legislator  at  Athens,  Ol.  xlvi. 
3,  B.  C.  594.  Some  fragments  of  his  are  extant,  con- 
taining for  the  most  part  moral  and  political  maxims, 
of  which  the  greater  number  are  in  elegiac  metre 
(ytSfuu).  See  Collectt.  7.  8.  9.  11.  12.  13.  14.  Sol. 
quce  supers,  em.  atque  unnot.  instr.  N.  Bachius.  Bonn. 
1825.  8vo. 

(w)  MIMNERMUS,  of  Colophon,  inventor  of  the 
plaintive  love  elegy,  particularly  in  his  Nanno,  con- 
temporary with  Solon;  according  to  Horace,  Epist.  II. 
ii.  100,  sq.,  the  greatest  elegiac  poet.  Fragments  in 
the  Collectt.  no.  7.  9.  12.  14. — qu<e  supers,  ed.  JV. 
Bachius.  Lips.  1826.  8vo.— Fabr.  Bibl.  Gr.  p.  733. 

(x)  jEsopus,  01.  1.  (580),  a  Phrygian,  at  first  a 
slave  of  the  Lydian  Xanthus,  afterwards  liberated  by 
ladmon,  lived  principally  at  the  court  of  Croesus  king 
of  Lydia,  a  fabulist  (A«y«T«««'$),  reckoned  also  by  some 
among  the  seven  wise  men.  His  fables  were  for  a 
long  time  preserved,  as  to  their  substance,  only  in  the 


44  CRCESUS  KING  OF  LYDIA  573-545. 

mouth  of  the  people,  until  others  at  a  later  period, 
antecedently  perhaps  to  the  time  of  Socrates  (  Wyitenb. 
ad  Plat.  Phced.  p.  124.  their  metrical  structure  they 
owe  particularly  to  Babrius,  in  the  time  of  Augustus), 
committed  them  to  writing.  The  collections  which 
have  been  'preserved  in  MSS.  differ  very  materially 
from  each  other  :  the  generality  of  them  probably  owe 
their  origin  to  Maxim.  Planudes.  01.  liv.  4,  B.  C.  560. 

Ed.  pr.  B.  Accursii.  Mediol.  s.  a.  et  1.  4.  1479  or  80  (only 
149  F.)— ap.  Aid.  Venet.  1498.  4to.  1505.  fol — e  cod.  bibl. 
regiae  ap.  Rob.  Stephan.  Paris.  1546. 4to.  with  20  new  F.) — op. 
Is.  Nic.  Neveleti.  Francof.  1610. 1668. 8vo.  (with  148  n.  F.  aus 
Pfailzer  Handschr.) — Fab.  Aesopic.  collectio  (ed.  Job.  Hudson.) 
Oxon.  1718. 8vo.  Other  Fables  have  been  published  by  Tyrrwh. 
diss.  de'Babrio,  Lond.  1779.  Erlang.  1785.  8vo.  from  the  Cod. 
Bodlei.  in  which  several  perfect  Choliambs  are  preserved.  Fab. 
Aesopicae  c.  Hudsoni  suisque  annott,  ed.  Jo.  Mich.  Heusinger. 
Isenaci  et  Lips.  1741.  8vo. — c.  Jo.  Hudsoni  et  J.  M.  Heusing. 
not.  cur.  Gr.  H.  Schaefero  1810. 8vo.  with  28  new  Fables  published 
by  Rochefort  from  a  Paris.  Cod.  Cf.  Babriw.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t. 
i.  p.  618,  sqq.  Nachtrage  zu  Sulzer  V.  §.  269.  Gravert  de  Acs. 
etfabb.  Aesop.  Bonn.  1825.  8vo. 

(y)  PHALARIS,  tyrant  of  Agrigentum  about  01. 
liv.  (564).  168  letters  written  in  the  Attic  dialect  are 
attributed  to  him,  but  they  are  undoubtedly  the  pro- 
duction of  a  later  sophist.  See  S.  Bentl.  diss.  de  epist. 
Phalar.  etc.  in  Opusc.philol.  Lips.  1781. 8vo. — Phalar. 
epist.  Latin,  fecit  et  illustr.  Jo.  Dan.  a  Lcnnep  ;  Jinem 
operi  imposuit  et  adnotationes  quasdam  prccfixit  L.  C. 


CROESUS  KING  OF  LYDIA  573-545.  45 

Vakkenaer.     Growing.  1777.  4to.  Lips.   1823.  8vo. 
Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  662,  sqq. 

(z)  AXAXIMANDER  of  Miletus,  a  Philosopher  of 
the  Ionic  School,  born  01.  xlii.  3.  B.  C.  609.  died 
shortly  after  01.  Iviii.  3.  B.  C.  545.  Fabr.  B.  Gr. 
t.  ii.  p.  649. 

(aa)  IBTCTJS  of  Rhegiiun,  a  lyric  poet,  beloved  by 
Polycrates.  Fragm.  see  Collectt.  no.  3.  4.  Fabr.  B.  Gr. 
t.  ii.  p.  124,  sqq.  Ibyci  Rheg.  carminum  reliquiae. 
Quaest.  lyric.  i.  1.  Scripsit.  Fr.  Guil.  Schneidewin. 
Praefixa  est  Epist.  C.  Odofr.  Miilleri.  Gotting.  1833. 
8vo.  Cf.  Hermann  in  Jahrb.  d.  Philol.  viii.  4. 


(66)  AXACREOX  of  Teos,  (Tutg  thence  T$*),  emi- 
grated with  his  countrymen  to  Abdera,  Ol.  lix.  3.  (542), 
but  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  time  with  Polycrates 
and  Hipparchus;  a  lyric  poet,  whose  effusions  prin- 
cipally exhibit  the  joyous  scenes  of  life.  Of  the 
poems  which  are  extant  under  his  name,  the  greater 
part  belong  to  a  later  age  and  to  different  authors. 
Natchtr.  see  Sulzer.  vi.  p.  343. 

Edd.  First  by  Henr.  Stephanns.  Lutet.  1554.  4to.  Then 
Tanaquil  Faber  (le  Febvre)  Salmur.  1660.  12mo.  —  Madame 
Dacier.  Paris  1682.  12mo.  Amsterd.  1693.  12mo.  and  frequently. 
—  Mich.  Maittaire.  Lond.  1740.  Gr.  4to.  —  Jo.  Corn,  de  Panw. 
Traj.  ad  Rh.  1732.  4to.—  Guil.  Baxter.  Londin.  1665.  8vo. 


46  POLYCRATES  IN  SAMOS  532-523. 

1710.  8vo.— Jos.  Barnes.  Cantabr.   1705.  8vo.   1721.  8vo 

Jo.  Frid.  Fischer.  Lips.  1793.  8vo — Brunck.  Argent  1778. 
1786.  12mo. — Joseph  Spaletti.  Rom.  1781.  fol.  engraven  on 
copper  from  a  Vatican  Codex.— sec.  Levesquii  coll.  Cod.  Palat. 
rec.  Steph.  not.  int.  alior.  sel.  suisque  ill.  Fr.  Mehlhorn.  Glogav. 
1825.  8vo.  Fair.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  91,  sqq. 

(cc)  About  this  time  also  lived  ARISTEAS  of  Pro- 
connesus,  a  pretended  thaumaturgist,  the  author  of  a 
fabulous  history  of  the  Scythians,  Arimaspians,  Hy- 
perboreans, to.  ' Appti<rKint,  Hesiod.  4,  13,  sqq.  Paus. 
1,  24.  V,  7.  Vossius  de  hist.  Gr.  IV.  2.  p.  347. 

(dd]  THEOGNIS  about  01.  Iviii.  (548),  of  Megara, 
in  Sicily,  according  to  Plato,  in  Attica  Corsin.  fast. 
Att.  III.  p.  109.  Clinton  Fast.  Hell,  ad  a.  544  a  native 
of  the  Sicilian,  but  resident  in  the  Attic  Megara  Miiller 
Dor.  I.  p.  141.  //.  p.  174.  or  rather  a  native  of  the 
Attic,  a  citizen  of  the  Sicilian.  Welcker  proleg.  p.  xiv. 
Author  of  gnomic  elegies,  designated  as  one  work  in  a 
fragment  of  Xenoph.  in  Stob.  tit.  86.  of  which,  however, 
we  have  only  single  distichs  mixed  confusedly  together, 
containing  moral  apophthegms.  See  Sylburg'.  Praef. 

Ed.  princ.  Venet.  1495.  fol.  with  Hesiod ed.  Wolfg.  Seber. 

Lips.  1620.  8vo— in  the  Collectt.  nr.  9.  10.  11.  12.  13 Th. 

elegi  ex  fide  libr.  MSS.  rec.  et  aucti  c.  n.  Fr.  Sylburg.  et 
Brunckii  ed.  Imm.  Bekkerus.  Lips.  1815.  1827.  8vo.  (with  the 
addition  of  159  V.  of  an  amatory  character.)  Th.  reliquiae. 
Novo  ord.  dispos.  comm.  crit.  et  not.  adi.  Frid.  Theoph.  Welcker. 
Frankof.  ad  Moen.  1826.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  704,  sqq. 


POLYCRATES  IN  SAMOS  532-523.  47 

(ee)  PHOCYLIDES,  of  Miletus,  a  highly  esteemed 
gnomic  poet,  of  whose  productions  only  a  few  fragments 
remain,  every  one  of  which  begins  with  the  words  *eu 
r«3i  4>«xvA/2i«,  whence  it  would  appear  that  from  the 
first  they  had  no  connexion.  The  xtitftec  t«v6trut«r  in 
epic  metre  which  bears  his  name,  is  probably  the  com- 
position of  a  later  Christian  author. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1495.  4to.  with  Const  Lascaria  Greek  Gramm. 
ed.  Jo.  Ad.  Schier.  Lips.  1751.  8vo.— in  the  Collectt.  nr.  9. 10. 
11.  12.  13.  Fabr.  B.  G.  t.  i.  p.  700. 

(ff)  PHERECYDES,  of  the  island  Syros,  about 
01.  Iviii.  is  said  to  have  made  the  first  attempt  to  write 
in  prose  on  philosophical  subjects.  He  was  reputed 
also  to  have  intimate  connexion  with  the  gods  as 
a  soothsayer  and  propitiator.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  i.  ii. 
p.  661. 

(gy]  PYTHAGORAS,  about  01.  Ix.  (540),  of  Samos, 
founded  a  School  of  Philosophy  at  Crotona,  in  lower 
Italy,  and  a  league,  which,  however,  was  soon  broken 
up  by  the  selfishness  of  the  Croton  Demagogues. 
Pythagoras  also  employed  himself  in  investigating  the 
origin  and  arrangement  of  the  universe,  and  with  this 
view  applied  himself  to  Mathematics,  (Arithmetic, 
theorema  Pt/fhagor.),  Astronomy,  (Harmony,  Music  of 
the  Spheres,  a  n^-'irative  expression  to  denote  the  most 
perfect;  unison),  and  Physics.  One  of  his  most  cele- 


48  FIRST  PERIOD. 

brated  philosophical  doctrines  is  that  of  the  Transmi- 
gration of  souls,  fAi-n^v^ua-tf.  The  golden  sayings, 
%l>v<rci  ta-n,  of  Pythag.  are  the  work  of  a  later  Pytha- 
gorean. Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  750.  Meiners  Gesch. 
der  Wissch,  in  Griech.  u.  Rom.  Lemgo.  1781.  1  vol. 
p.  178,  sqq.  on  the  spuriousness  of  the  %£ve£  'iw. 
See  p.  578,  sqq. 

Edd.  of  the  %(tw*  fan.  First  Venet.  1494.  4to.  with  Const. 
Lascaris  Gr.  then  in  the  ed.  princeps  of  Hesiodus  ;  then  in 
Collectt.  nr.  9 — 14.  also  in  Tabula  Cebetis  item  aur.  carm. 
Pyth.  cum.  prsefat.  Cl.  Salmasii.  Lugd.  Bat.  1640.  4to. — by 
J.  A.  Schier.  Lips.  1 750. 8  vo.  With  the  Commentary  of  Hierocles 
(450  A.D.)  by  Aurispa.  Patav.  1474.  4to.  by  Curterius.  Paris. 
1583.  Lond.  1654.  1673.  12mo — by  B.  Needham.  Cantabr. 
1709.  8vo — also  in  Script.  Gr.  Min.  ed.  Giles,  Oxon.  1831. 

(M)  THEANO,  wife  of  Pythagoras.  Under  her  name 
there  are  still  extant  seven  letters,  written  in  the  Attic 
dialect,  Collectt.  no.  6.  29.  of  which,  however,  the  last 
four  at  least  are  spurious.  Translat.  by  Wieland,  die 
Pythag  or  ischen  Frauen.  in  the  24th  vol.  of  his  Works. 
A  fragment,  likewise  spurious,  is  preserved  in  Slob, 
eel.  phys.  I.  p.  302.  ed.  Heeren.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  i. 
p.  687.  884. 

(M)  ANAXIMENES,  of  Miletus,  a  Philosopher  of  the 
Ionic  School,  about  01.  Ix.  born  01.  liii.  according  to 
Wyttenb.  Bibl.  cr.  III.  4.  p.  65.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  650.  Clinton  5.  7. 


CYRUS  KIXG  OF  PERSIA  560—530.  49 

(//)  CADMUS,  an  historian  of  Miletus:  *.tint$  M»AJ»T»V 
xai'lmutf.  Collectt.vo.'20.  The  ancients  themselves, 
however,  considered  the  writings  ascribed  to  him  a.* 
spurious.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  I.  p.  200.  Clinton  p.  368. 

(mm)  ACUSILAUS,  of  Argos,  translated  into  prose  the 
genealogical  works  of  Hesiod,  (Theogony,  K«T*A*y«). 
See  fragm.  in  Pherecydes. 

(»n)  HECATE  us,  of  Miletus,  about  Ol.  lx.,  wrote 
a  traditionary  history  under  the  title  of  yj»utA*yi<w  and 
others.  See  Herod,  v.  36,  125.  See  in  C'ollectt.  no. 
20.  Hecat,  Mil.  fr.  Scylacis  Caryand.  Peripl.  Ed. 
Rud.  Henr.  Clausen.  Berol.  1831.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  i.  p.  201.  not.  ii.  348.  Dahlmann  For$chungen 
auf.  d.  Geb.  d.  Gesch.  Altona  1823.  II.  1.  p.  1 13,  sqq. 

XAXTHUS,  a  Lydian.  Lydiaca  II.  IV.  Fragm.  see 
Collectt.  no.  20. 

(00)XENOPHAXES,ofColophon,aboutOl.Lx.(540), 
founded  a  School  of  Philosophy  at  Elea  ( Velia)  in  lower 
Italy,  see  §.  8.  Fragm.  will  be  found  in  C'ollectt.  no.  15. 
and  a  more  complete  collection  in  Fulleborns  Beitragen 
zttr  Geschichte  der  Philos.  VI Is  St. — cannm.  rel.  ed. 
et  ill.  Karsten.  Brux.  1830.  8vo.  Besides  a  philoso- 
phical history  -n^i  $vrt*s,  there  were  also  by  him 
Elegies  containing  exhortations  to  wisdom  and  virtue, 
Satires  on  H  .  •  d  Hesiod.,  Parodies,  and  an  epic 
poem  K«A»$:i>»,-  K-HT:-,.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  613. 


50  CYRUS  SUBDUES  THE  GREEKS  OF  ASIA  561-510. 

* 

(pp)  HIPPONAX,  of  Ephesus,  contemporary  with 
Croesus  and  Cyrus,  an  acrimonious  Iambic  poet  (in  the 
canon  Alex.},  Bupalus  and  Anthennus  (Hor.  epod. 
6.  13.).  He  invented  the  Scazoa  Iambic.  Hippon.  et 
.Unanii  iambogr.  fragm.  ed.  Th.  Fr.  Welcker.  Gott. 
1817.  4to.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  122. 

(qq]  LASUS,  of  Hennione,  a  celebrated  Dithyrambic 
poet,  who  according  to  Suidas,  v.  A«Ves,  instituted  the 
Dithyramb,  contests,  lived  in  the  reign  of  Hipparchus. 
Herod,  vii.  6.  Fabr.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  120.  not.  e.  ii. 
p.  128. 

(rr)  MELANIPPIDES,  of  Melos,  about  01.  Ixv. 
(B.  C.  520.)  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  129. 

(ss)  HERACLITUS  ('Hg«'xAe/Ta$),  about  01.  Ixix.  (504 ), 
of  Ephesus,  a  natural  philosopher,  notorious  for  the  ob- 
scurity of  his  diction,  owing  in  a  great  measure  to  the 
difficult  nature  of  his  subject.  Creuzer  hist.  Kunst. 
p.  185.  Of  his  prose  works  m$  (pv7n>i  see  Fragm.  by 
Schleiermacher  in  Wolf's  and  Buttmanris  Mus.  der 
Alter thumswiss.  Berl.  1807.  t.  i.  p.  313,  sqq.  Fabr. 
B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  623. 


SECOND  PERIOD. 

FROM  THE  RISE,  PROGRESS,  AND  PERFECT  DEVELOP- 
MENT OF  LITERATURE  AT  ATHENS,  TO  THE  CUL- 
TIVATION OF.  THE  SCIENCES. 

§.9.  THE  Pisistratidas  528-5 10  had  already  gathered 
poets  around  them,  as  Anacreon,  Lasus,  Simonides,  and 
others.  Hence  arose  a  new  species  of  poetry — the 
Drama.  It  had  indeed  been  customary  from  a  remote 
period  especially  in  the  Doric  States  of  Peloponnesus, 
in  Sicyon  viz.  (Herod.  5,  67.  Bentl.  de  Phal.  p.  159. 
163.),  to  exhibit  on  the  festivals  of  Bacchus  tragic  and 
comic  Chori,  in  which,  besides  the  Dithyrambus  in  the 
solemn  style,  passages  from  the  Myths,  relating  at  first 
to  the  Deity,  and  subsequently  to  the  heroes  also  («i;5e» 
jrgoj  ret  Ataivro*  Suid.  see  Welcker  in  loc.  cit.  p.  277.), 
were  recited  by  the  precentors  of  the  chori  («/  ££*§£«»«; 
TO»  3tdvgaf«/3o»  Aristot.),  or  jocular  songs,  (xMutfilett  fr. 
x»p>s),  which  were  also  called  Tg«y«3/«e<  and  x#ua2iai*, 
were  made  the  vehicle  of  gibe  and  raillery.  But  repre- 
sentation by  action  and  dialogue  was  first  introduced  at 

1  Euckh.  Pub.  Econ.  of  Athens.  II.  p.  207,  sqq.  Cf.  Henn. 
ad  Aristot.  de  poet.  p.  104.  107.  "Welcker  Nachtr.  zu.  d.  Tril. 
p.  139,  sq.  [also  Muller  Dor.  ii.  362.] 


52  SECOND  PERIOD. 

Athens.  To  this  Thespis  about  530b  and  Phrynichus 
annexed  the  narration  of  a  serious  event  from  the  tra- 
ditional history0,  and  thus  gave  rise  to  the  Drama,  and 
Tragedy  properly  so  called  (Aristot.  de  Poet.  4,  6.). 
From  these  Chori  arose  first  of  all  the  drama  satyricum, 
in  which  the  Chorus  consisted  of  Satyrs  (men  in  a 
state  of  nature),  and  the  whole  (even  the  heroic  scenes) 
partook  rather  of  an  entertaining  character.  It  was 
chiefly  cultivated  by  Pratinas  ( Welcker  uber  das 
Satyrspiel  in  Nachtr.  zu  d.  Schr.  fib,  d.  JEsch.  Tri- 
logie  p.  183,  sqq.  particularly  p.  276.).  A  similar 
change  had  been  introduced  at  a  still  earlier  period 
into  the  comic  Chori,  which  displayed  a  profusion 
of  wit  and  humour,  by  Susarion  about  560  and  others. 
But  while  this  last  species  was  rather  to  be  regarded 
as  an  entertainment  for  the  populace,  JEschylus,  with 
others,  became  during  the  Persian  war  the  author  of 
tragedy  properly  so  called,  inasmuch  as  he  brought 
forward  two  interlocutors,  and  introduced  the  dialogue, 
which,  however,  was  as  yet  extremely  rude,  and,  in  con- 
trast with  the  lyric  sprightliness  of  the  Chori,  destitute 
of  spirit.  The  Satyric  Drama,  in  which  Pratinas  and 
also  JEschylus  were  masters,  and  Tragedy,  were  now 
the  kinds  of  national  poetry  in  indispensable  request 
at  the  celebration  of  the  Dionysian  festivals  among 

'•  Welcker  Nachtr.  zu.  d.  Trilog.  p.  257,  sqq. 
c  According  to  Welcker  in  loc.  citat.  p.  2G8.  the  Dialogue  of 
the  Chorus  with  the  leaders  of  the  Choir,  the  precentors. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  -Jo 

the  Athenians,  who  to  the  vivacity  of  Ionic  tempera- 
ment united  all  the  depth  of  feeling  which  characterized 
the  Dorian  race ;  for  the  contests  in  these  kinds  of 
Poetry  three  festivals  were  appointed — the  Great,  the 
Rural  Dionysia,  and  the  Lenaead.  The  poets,  of 
whom  every  one  engaged  hi  the  contest  bv  the  com- 
mission, and  at  the  expense  of  a  ^vfej,  vied  with  each 
other  in  poetical  competition  for  the  prize,  which  was 
adjudged  by  arbiters  specially  appointed  for  the  purpose. 
Each  one  produced  four  pieces,  three  tragedies  (tri- 
logia},  and  a  drama  satyricum  (tetralogia],  until 
Sophocles  first  appeared  with  single  pieces.  See 
Hermann  de  compositione  tertralog.  tragic.  1819. 
in  Opmc.  ii.  p.  206,  sqq.  Lyric  poetry  was  at  the 
same  time  raised  to  the  acme  of  perfection  by  Pindar, 
(ah)  contemporary  with  whom,  though  his  senior,  was 
Simonides,wbo,  with  others, celebrated  the  achievements 
of  the  nation  in  lyric  poems,  elegies,  and  epigrams. 
Both,  as  well  as  jEschylus  and  Bacchylides  (al), 
met  with  the  most  flattering  reception  at  the  Court 
of  Hiero  of  Syracuse  478-467,  who  was  for  this  state, 
what  Pisistratus  and  his  sons  had  been  for  Athens. 

§.  10.  These  poets  all  lived  at  the  time  of  the 
glorious  Persian  wars,  which  had  the  effect  of  awaken- 
ing and  invigorating  even-  intellectual  energy  both 
among  the  Athenians  and  others.  The  grave  and 

d  See  Bockh.  in  the  Abhandlung.  der  Berl.  Akad.  Histor. 
philol.  Cl.  1816-17.  p.  47,  sqq. 


54  SECOND  PERIOD. 

severe  style  still  prevailed  among  them.  But  no  sooner 
had  the  successful  issue  of  those  wars,  and  the  enjoy- 
ment of  constitutional  liberty,  especially  under  the 
administration  of  Cimon  (470-449),  inspired  the 
Athenians  with  a  loftier  sense  of  their  importance, 
and  refined  their  uncultivated  hardihood  into  a  noble 
manliness  of  character,  than  a  corresponding  elevation 
of  the  national  genius  began  to  display  itself  in  a  taste 
for  Poetry  and  Art ;  and  Athens  became  in  the  same 
degree  the  general  resort  of  those  who  sought  an  ap- 
propriate stage  for  the  display  of  their  talents.  Phi- 
losophy, which  was  principally  cultivated  in  the  Free 
States  of  Magna  Graecia  by  the  Pythagoreans  and 
Eleatse,  §.  8.  and  during  this  period  by  Parmenides  and 
Zeno,  was  introduced  into  Athens  by  Jlnaxayoras  the 
Ionian  (ao),  a  sage  who  not  only  created  an  epoch 
in  Philosophy,  by  ascribing  the  origin  and  structure  of 
the  material  Universe  to  an  intelligent  First  Cause 
(w/«),  but.  by  the  grace  and  dignity  of  his  style  con- 
tributed also  to  the  improvement  of  prose  composition. 
Diog.  L.  ii.  6.  [Cf.  Ritter  I.  526,  7,  421,  296.] 

SOPHOCLES  (at)  advanced  the  Tragic  Drama  to 
its  highest  perfection  by  the  skilful  arrangement  and 
development  of  the  action, — the  result  of  his  genius, 
not  of  an  acquired  theory, — by  the  representation 
of  characters,  which  raise  themselves  by  their  moral 
dignity  above  the  influence  of  fate,  and  the  calamities  in 
which  they  had  involved  themselves,  not  in  consequence 


SECOKD  PERIOD.  55 

of  crimes,  but  of  involuntary  errors ;  by  the  simple 
majesty  of  the  Dialogue,  for  which  he  was  the  first 
to  employ  three  interlocutors,  and  by  the  curtailment 
of  the  choral  odes,  which  he  reduced  to  their  just 
proportions,  whereas  in  most  over  the  pieces  of  JEs- 
chylus,  the  lyric  parts  were  still  allowed  a  decided 
predominance  over  the  Dialogue.  Ion  also  (be), 
Achaus  (&/),  and  Agathon  (bt),  contributed  largely 
to  the  improvement  of  dramatic  composition.  In 
political  and  forensic  eloquence,  Pericles,  a  pupil 
of  Anaxagoras,  was  preeminently  distinguished.  ( Cic. 
Brut.  7,  28.  11,  44.)  Hence,  after  the  death  of 
Cimon,  449 — 428,  he  enjoyed  without  a  rival  a 
complete  ascendancy  over  the  minds  of  the  Athenians  ; 
while,  at  the  same  time,  the  theory  and  the  various 
arts  of  eloquence  (L.  Cresollii  theatrum  rhe- 
torum,  orator,  etc.  in  Gronov.  thes.  antiqu.  vol.  x. 
Ueber  die  Bildung  d.  Rhetor,  unter  den  Gr.  in  Man- 
so' $  verm.  Abh.  Breslau  1821.  L.  Spengel  evix*/*y>i 
n-ff»n  s.  artium  scr.  ab  init.  usque  ad  edit.  Aristot. 
II.  de  rhetorica.  Stuttg.  1828.  8vo.)  were  introduced 
into  Athens  by  Rhetoricians  from  Sicily,  where, 
since  the  expulsion  of  the  Tyrants,  especially  of 
Thrasydaeus  from  Agrigentum  472,  and  Thrasybulus 
from  Syracuse  465,  eloquence  had  been  cultivated 
in  various  ways  in  the  democratic  states,  and  reduced 
to  a  regular  system  by  Corax,  Tisias,  and  Empe- 
docles,  (Diog.  L.  viii.  57.  ix.  25.  Cic.  Brut.  12.  64. 
Quinctil.  iii.  1.  8vo.).  The  age  of  which  we  treat, 


56  SECOND  PERIOD. 

however,  being  still  of  a  poetic  character,  though  if 
cannot  be  denied  that  they  imparted  to  prose  com- 
position a  greater  richness  and  fulness  of  expression, 
they  sought  to  compensate  for  their  deficiency  in 
solid  matter  by  external  pomp,  by  images  and  figures. 
The  most  remarkable  of  those  who  addicted  them- 
selves to  this  pursuit  were  Gorgias  of  Leontini  (bd), 
Protagoras  of  Abdera  (bf),  Thrasymachus  of  Chal- 
cedon,  who  first  employed  the  oratorical  rhythm,  (Cic. 
Or.  52.),  Prodicus  of  Ceos  (bn),  Hippias  of  Elis 
(bin} ;  at  the  same  time,  however,  they  were  ambitious 
of  signalizing  themselves  by  the  extent  of  their  at- 
tainments, in  being  conversant  with  the  whole  range 
of  science  at  that  time  known,  as  Philosophers, 
Statesmen,  and  Orators,  and  by  the  versatility  of 
their  talents,  which  enabled  them  to  treat  logical  and 
metaphysical  problems  of  every  kind,  even  the  most 
diametrically  opposite,  and  to  represent  them  severally, 
according  to  their  inclination,  in  a  favourable  or  an 
exceptionable  point  of  view,  (Sophisten,  Cresollius, 
&c.  J.  Geel  hist.  crit.  sophist,  in  nov.  acta  soc. 
Rheno-Traj.  p.  ii.  Traj.  ad  Rh.  1825.  8vo.)  an  art, 
of  which  Zeno  of  Elea  had  laid  the  foundation  by 
his  Dialectic.  Gorgias  opened  also  the  first  school 
of  Rhetoric  at  Athens,  and  from  that  time  the  theory 
and  practice  of  eloquence  went  hand  in  hand. 

§.  11.  Historical  composition  also  was  cultivated 
with  success.  After  that  Dionysius,  Pherecydes  (aw), 
Simonides  the  Genealogist,  Herodorus,  had  begun 


SECOND  PERIOD.  67 

to  narrate  the  oral  traditions,  and  Hellanicus  (ar), 
also  to  handle  proper  subjects  of  history',  though 
only  summarily,  and  without  chronological  precision, 
(Thuc.  i.  97.)  Herodotus,  an  Ionian  (bp),  the  first 
who  excelled  in  this  species  of  composition,  com- 
menced investigations,  which  were  further  pursued 
at  this  period,  especially  by  Hippys  of  Rhegium,  and 
Herodorus ;  but,  notwithstanding  the  genuine  his- 
toric spirit  with  which  he  deduces  every  fact  from 
its  cause,  and,  without  intermixing  any  reflections 
of  his  own,  suffers  every  incident  to  evolve  itself  with 
all  the  vividness  of  reality  before  our  eyes,  notwith- 
standing his  honest  love  of  truth,  which  scrupulously 
discriminates  between  what  he  has  heard  from  others, 
and  what  he  has  seen  and  witnessed  himself;  and  his 
moral  rectitude  of  feeling,  which  invariably  exhibits 
in  a  prominent  light  the  punishment  of  wickedness 
and  insolence,  and  the  reward  of  virtue  and  integrity; 
notwithstanding  the  tact  and  adroitness  with  which 
he  connects  the  most  varied  multiplicity  of  facts  into 
one  harmonious  whole,  (not  as  an  imitator  of  Homer, 
or  with  any  regard  to  the  understanding,  but  by 
embracing  occasions  of  episodical  digression  as  they 
spontaneously  present  themselves,)  and  the  skill  with 
which  he  ranges  them  in  subservience  to  his  main 

'  [To  a  deficiency  of  such  subjects  we  may  ascribe  the  tardy 
progress  of  literature  in  this  department.  Before  the  Persian 
war  no  event  of  national  interest  had  occurred  of  sufficient 
moment  to  engage  the  pen  of  an  historian.] 


wo  SECOND  PERIOD. 

design,  of  setting  forth,  viz.,  from  their  first  com- 
mencement, the  contests  of  the  Barbarians  and 
Greeks,  and  despite  his  (Ionic)  talent  for  vivid 
delineation,  he  is  characterized  nevertheless,  with  all 
his  old  honestheartedness  and  good  humour,  by  a 
garrulity,  and  an  almost  rude  simplicity  of  speech, 
alien  to  genuine  prose,  which  must  ever  be  the  result 
of  a  well-proportioned  development  of  the  intellectual 
powers  f.  Thucydides,  on  the  other  hand,  im- 
parted the  highest  dignity  to  history ;  with  a  stern 
severity  of  criticism  f  he  applied  it  to  the  instruction 
of  others,  particularly  of  Statesmen,  (i.  22.  Prag- 
matismus,)  aimed  more  at  depth  and  richness  of 
thought  than  elegance  of  expression,  and  although  by 
no  means  deficient  in  imagination  (see  vii.  70,  sq.), 
he  allowed  it  too  little  scope,  and  preferred  an  antique 
cast  and  a  rigid  precision  to  gracefulness  of  ex- 
pression. His  leading  characters  detail  their  motives 
and  views  in  set  formal  speeches,  because  his  was 
the  age  in  which  forensic  and  political  eloquence 
flourished,  whereas  Herodotus  for  the  same  purpose 
employs  almost  exclusively  the  Dialogue.  He  was 
imitated  with  tolerable  success  by  Philistus  (ch)  the 
Syracusan. 

§.12.  The  period   at  which  these  exertions   were 

f  [His  subject,  observes  Heeren,  necessarily  made  him  a  critic ; 
he  thus  became  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  historical  criticism, 
probably  without  being  conscious  of  the  great  value  of  his  dis- 
covery.] 


SECOND  PERIOD.  59 

made,  viz.  the  first  half  of  the  Peloponnesian  war, 
especially  from  459  ?,  was  peculiarly  favourable,  in- 
asmuch as  the  national  character  had  received  an 
elevating  impulse  from  the  glorious  struggle  with  the 
Doric  states,  and  from  the  feeling  of  security  and 
power  which  a  series  of  victories  had  engendered, 
as  well  as  from  a  consciousness  of  liberty,  which  was 
daily  becoming  more  and  more  consolidated.  But 
with  the  increase  of  prosperity  there  was  manifested 
at  the  same  time  a  growing  appetite  for  enjoyment, 
for  selfish  and  sensual  pleasure,  and  the  state  mean- 
while was  surrendered,  especially  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  Pericles,  and  still  more  by  succeeding 
demagogues,  who  were  not  so  well  versed  in  the 
art  of  government  as  he  was,  to  the  passions 
of  an  unbridled  mob;  those  who  were  ambitious 

K  This  is  denominated  the  age  of  Pericles,  as  if  the  influence 
of  a  single  individual  could  have  effected  that,  in  a  democratic 
state,  which  was  effected  by  Au^stus,  or  Louis  XIV.  in 
an  absolute  monarchy.  True  it  is,  however,  that  the  age 
in  which  Literature  most  flourished,  coincided  with  that  of 
Pericles,  because  both  were  under  the  influence  of  the  same 
spirit  which  characterized  the  times ;  for  even  Pericles  was 
the  creation  of  his  age.  And  Pericles,  it  is  probable,  was  not 
so  much  actuated  by  a  genuine  enthusiasm  for  art  and  science, 
like  Cosmo  or  Lorenzo  of  Medici,  as  (observes  Plutarch)  by  the 
shrewd  calculation,  that  the  citizens,  especially  those  of  the  lower 
classes,  would  more  favourably  acquiesce  in  his  political  in- 
novations, in  proportion  as  he  provided  for  them  some  lucrative 
occupation. 


60  SECOND  PERIOD. 

of  distinction  sought  to  acquire  it  not  so  much  by  a 
genuine  patriotism  in  spirit  and  action,  as  by  Rheto- 
rical and  Dialectic  arts,  and  the  same  tone  eventually 
pervaded  Literature  itself.  The  Tragic  art  began  to 
decline;  its  last  great  representative,  Euripides  (bq), 
paid  too  much  homage  to  the  rhetorical  and  dialectic 
taste  of  his  contemporaries,  and  bestowed  too  little 
attention  on  the  arrangement  of  his  materials; 
though,  for  his  great  talent  in  exciting  pity,  and 
moving  the  passions,  he  was  styled  by  Aristotle 
(Poet.  c.  13,  10.)  with  justice  the  most  tragic  of 
all  poets,  and,  owing  to  the  truth  of  his  moral  and 
political  reflections,  too  often,  however,  introduced 
in  improper  places,  was  the  favourite  of  the  Philo- 
sophers. Comedy,  on  the  other  hand,  which  had 
originally  been  nothing  more  than  rude  extempo- 
raneous jests,  gibes,  and  personalities,  acquired  a 
regular  form  through  Epicharmus  (ad)  and  Phormis 
in  Sicily,  through  Cratinus  (bg),  who  gave  to 
Comedy  a  more  ethical  direction,  inasmuch  as  he 
lashed  vicious  characters,  and  even  Pericles,  with 
unsparing  hand,  Crates,  who  constructed  his  pieces 
on  a  determinate  plan,  and  depicted  general  cha- 
racters, (Meineke  qu.  seen.  1.  p.  26.  cf.  Lesshigx 
ramb.  Dramaturg.),  the  witty  but  caustic  (Mein.  1.  c. 
p.  38,  sq.)  Eupolis  (bh),  distinguished  for  the  spirit 
and  vigour  of  his  delineations,  Pherecrates  (by),  who, 
like  Crates,  preferred  general  portraitures  of  character 


SECOND  PERIOD.  61 

to  personalities,  *TT<*»T*T»«  (Meineke  2.  p.  32.),  and 
particularly  by  Aristophanes  (bz),  when  the  art  was 
in  its  most  palmy  state,  inasmuch  as  it  exhibited 
in  its  animadversions  on  political  and  other  miscar- 
riages, its  ridicule  of  the  Philsophers  and  Tragic  poets, 
and  its  parody  of  particular  passages  in  their  pieces, 
a  faithful  picture  of  democratic  licentiousness.  In  the 
same  spirit  wrote  Hermippus  (Meineke  p.  30),  Phry- 
nichus  (id.  2.  p.  6.),  Plato  (bi),  dmipsias  (Meineke 
1.  c.  p.  42,  sqq.),  and  the  other  comic  poets  of  the  old 
Comedy,  of  whom  the  names  of  about  fifty  have  been 
preserved.  Even  during  this  period,  however,  on  the  un- 
fortunate issue  of  the  Peloponnesian  war  about  Ol.  xciii. 
it  was  confined  within  narrower  bounds,  and  the  ridicule 
of  persons  by  name,  of  the  administration  and  the 
ministers  of  state,  was  interdicted,  (middle  Comedy. 
See  Grauerl  in  the  Rhein.  Mus.  II.  1.  p.  50,  sqq. 
a  division  probably  derived  from  the  Alexandrian 
Grammarians);  with  the  prevalent  increase  of  poverty 
the  Chorus  also  (Meineke  l.p.  34,  sq.)  became  silent. 
The  poets  of  this  Comedy,  of  whom  the  names  of 
seventy-five  are  extant,  made  the  old  poets,  philoso- 
phers, especially  Platonic  and  Pythagorean,  and  Mythic, 
and  also  general  characters,  as  the  drunkard,  the  miser, 
&c.  the  subjects  of  their  raillery  (Meineke  2.  p.  3,sqq.). 
The  most  celebrated  among  them  were  Jlntiphanes  (ex) 
and  Alexis,  also  Eubulus  (Meineke  3.  p.  16,  sqq.), 
Anaxandrides  (id.  ib.  p.  23.),  Amphis  (id.  ib.  p.  42.). 


62 


SECOND  PERIOD. 


Great  value  was  attached  to  Catalogues  of  the  pieces, 
as  well  those  of  the  Tragic  as  of  the  Comic  poets, 
with  dates  of  the  years  when  they  were  exhibited 
(didascalia) ,  since  even  Aristotle  bestowed  much 
pains  upon  them,  and  not  only  later  Grammarians, 
as  Lycophron,  Callimachus,  Eratosthenes,  Aristo- 
phanes Byz.,  Aristarchus,  Crates  Mall.,  Didymus, 
but  philosophers  also  wrote  upon  Comedy,  as  Theo- 
phrastus,  Dicaearchus,  Chamaeleon,  Philochorus. 

Resemblii)g  Comedy  as  a  portraiture  of  manners 
were  among  the  Dorians  the  Mimes  of  Sophron  (biv] 
and  Xenarchu.';,  representations  in  the  form  of  dialogue 
from  scenes  of  every-day  life,  of  which  we  have  an  imi- 
tation still  extant  in  the  Adoniazusse  of  Theocritus. 

§.  13.  The  corruption  of  the  age  instigated  noble 
spirits  to  lay  a  check  upon  its  further  progress,  par- 
ticularly Socrates  (bu).  The  earlier  philosophers, 
lonians,  Eleatae,  §.  8.  and  others,  in  this  period 
Parmenides  (aq),  Melissus  (as),  Leucippus  (««), 
Empedocles  (bb),  Democritus  (be),  Ocellus  (ap),  had 
devoted  themselves  to  the  investigation  of  the  nature 
of  things,  and  to  that  which  we  call  Metaphysics,  but 
the  ancients  Physics  (T«  (pva-mci) ;  Pythagoras  directed 
his  own  energies  and  those  of  his  disciples,  partly  to 
this  subject,  but  partly  also  to  the  moral  and  political 
improvement  of  men,  with  the  result  that,  as  long  as 
Pythagoreans  presided  at  their  head,  the  States  of 
Magna  Grecia  enjoyed  the  most  uninterrupted  tranquil- 


SECOND  PERIOD.  63 

lity  and  happiness,  but  that,  as  soon  as  the  Pythagorean 
league  was  dissolved,  they  were  distracted  by  parties 
and  factions.  Zeno  of  Elea  (ay)  had  applied  himself 
particularly  to  Dialectic.  Socrates  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  the  moral  reformation  of  his  contemporaries, 
while  he  discarded  metaphysical  investigations  on  Na- 
ture and  the  Universe  as  useless,  and  transcending  the 
capacities  of  the  human  mind,  and  confined  philosophy 
to  the  knowledge  of  men  and  their  duties.  The  lessons 
of  virtue  which  he  delivered  in  artless  conversations 
with  men  of  all  classes,  derived  weight  from  the  un- 
impeachable rectitude  ot  his  life,  and  the  ardour  which 
he  manifested  in  pursuit  of  truth,  his  disinterestedness, 
his  simple  and  unaffected  manner,  which  was  entirely 
free  from  dogmatism,  gave  him  the  advantage  over  the 
avarice  and  pompous  vanity  of  the  Sophists.  The 
analytical  precision  and  distinctness  of  his  ideas,  his 
simple  and  natural  diction,  and  the  impulse  which  he 
gave  to  the  study  of  human  nature,  had  a  powerful 
effect  not  only  on  the  spirit  of  philosophy,  but  also 
on  the  improvement  of  the  language  and  style  of 
prose  composition,  the  last,  but,  owing  to  the  exact 
proportion  of  the  mental  powers  required  for  its  com- 
plete development,  the  most  perfect  production  ot" 
Grecian  genius. 

The  great  historians  had  their  respective  failings. 
Herodotus,  with  all  his  sweetness  and  perspicuity,  was 
deficient  in  energy ;  Thucydides,  with  his  elevated 


64  SECOND  PERIOD. 

sternness,  in  grace ;  the  orators  Jlntifhon  and  JLndo- 
eides  disdained  the  artificial  refinements  of  the  Sophists, 
and  observed  in  their  speeches  that  simplicity  which 
is  the  indication  of  a  chastened  intellect.  First  the 
Socratics,  as  Antisthenes  (Diog.  L.  vi.  14.  Phot.  p.  173. 
Hoesch.  p.  101  b.  Bekk.)  Cebes  and  Xenophon  (ca),  the 
last  also  as  an  historian,  who  employed  history,  not  like 
Thucydides,  as  a  guide  for  statesmen,  but  rather  as  a 
medium  of  moral  cultivation,  (to  which  end,  however, 
his  moral  writings  more  essentially  contributed  ;  among 
which  may  be  included  also  his  philosophical  Romance, 
the  Cyropaedia,  being  a  picture  of  a  flourishing  king- 
dom subject  to  an  unlimited  monarchy,)  evince  con- 
siderable powers  of  intellect  and  imagination,  acuteness 
and  wit,  and  blend  precision  and  dignity  with  grace 
and  simplicity.  But  above  all  Plato  stands  preemi- 
nent for  the  versatility  of  his  genius ;  in  his  language 
are  combined  all  the  intellectual  powers  in  their  highest 
perfection,  and  in  the  most  beautiful  symmetry,  and  in 
his  metaphysical,  moral,  political,  and  dialectic  investi- 
gations, by  aspiring  after  the  ideal,  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  scientific  method  of  treating  philosophy. 

§.  14.  The  flourishing  period  of  philosophy  began 
with  Socrates.  But  only  a  few  of  his  disciples,  as 
Xenophon,  Cebes  (cs),  JEschines  (cq],  trod  entirely 
in  his  steps ;  others  seized  upon  single  portions  of  the 
Socratic  doctrine.  Antisthenes  (c)  and  Aristippus  (co) 
occupied  themselves,  after  the  example  of  their  master, 


SECOND  PERIOD.  65 

solely  with  Ethics,  but  the  former  carried  them  to  the 
extremity  of  rigour,  inasmuch  as  he  paid  no  regard  to 
the  sensual  nature  of  man,  hut  represented  an  inde- 
pendence on  external  influences  as  the  highest  object 
of  exertion  (the  highest  good)  ;  his  successor  was 
Diogenes  (cp).  Aristippus,  on  the  other  hand,  placed 
the  supreme  good  in  a  refined  and  rational  enjoyment 
of  life.  The  one  was  the  precursor  of  the  Stoics,  ihe 
other  of  the  Epicureans.  Others  preferred  taking  up 
the  acute  definitions  and  conclusions  which  Socrates 
propounded  in  his  discourses,  and  practised  Dialec- 
tic, which,  however,  they  disfigured  by  their  fallacies 
and  sophisms,  as  Euclides  of  Megara  (cd)  (thence 
.Wfgarian)*,  Menedemus  of  Eretria,  (Eretrian).  But 
Plato  («),  the  greatest  genius  among  the  Grecian 
philosophers,  compassed  the  whole  range  of  philo- 
sophy; he  applied  himself  anew  to  the  questions 
on  the  origin  and  cohesion  of  the  world,  on  the  rise 
and  signification  of  ideas,  and  in  general  to  that 
which  we  denominate  Metaphysics,  investigations, 
which  were  the  more  congenial  to  him,  because  his 
rich  poetical  imagination  found  therein  the  amplest 
scope,  while  at  the  same  time  he  taught  the  purest 
morality,  and  shewed  himself  a  master  in  a  sound 

h  Spalding  vindicise  philosopfa.  Megaricorum,  Berol.  1792. 
Hitter  \iber  die  Philos.  der  Megarischen  Schule  im  Ehein. 
Mus.  ii.  3.  p.  295,  sqq.  [Hitter  Hist.  Anc.  Philos.  ii.  p.  124. 
!=qq.  on  the  Eretrian  school,  see  p.  141.] 


66  SECOND  PERIOD. 

and  convincing  Dialectic  as  well  as  in  the  art  of  dialogue. 
He  exhibited  at  once  the  essential  notion  of  philosophy 
by  the  distinction  which  he  made  between  Sag*  and 
tTritrr^,  and  the  connection  of  its  several  parts.  The 
Pythagoreans  Timceus  (cf),  Archytas  (eg],  Philolaus 
(en),  and  others,  whose  remains  contained  the  noblest 
moral  and  political  lessons,  were  still  contemporary 
with  him,  and  in  high  repute. 

§.  15.  Socrates  was  also  instrumental  in  separating 
philosophy  from  the  study  of  eloquence,  which  the 
Sophists  had  united  with  it  (Cic.  de  Orat.  iii.  16, 
19),  and  of  thus  accelerating  the  attainment  of  per- 
fection in  each,  inasmuch  as  every  one  might  now 
bestow  his  undivided  attention  upon  a  single  branch  ; 
the  healthy  and  correct  taste  of  the  Athenians  was  a 
sufficient  check  upon  any  tendency  which  the  im- 
portance of  the  subject-matter  might  have  to  super- 
induce an  indifference  as  to  the  language  in  which 
it  was  expressed,  and  eloquence  found  an  ample 
variety  of  resources  in  the  public  transactions  of  the 
forum  and  the  state.  Themistocles,  Cimon,  Pericles, 
Alcibiades,  are  already  named  as  persons  distinguished 
for  their  eloquence  (Cic.  Brut.  7.  Orat.  ii.  23.  See 
Ruhnkenii  hist.  crit.  orat.  Graec.);  but  they  left  be- 
hind them  no  written  orations.  These  are  first  ascribed 
to  Cleophon,  Jlristophon,  Pkeeax,  Callistratus ;  some 
of  this  description  by  Jlntiphon  (br)  and  Andocides 
(bx)  are  still  extant.  Statesmen,  leaders  of  the 


SECOND  PERIOD.  67 

people  (Zvftttyatya ) ,  and  orators,  became  synonymous 
designations.  The  first  who,  as  a  Socratic,  combined 
ease  and  elegance  with  simplicity  and  dignity,  was 
Lysias  (cr),  a  friend  of  Socrates.  But  eloquence  and 
oratory  were  first  directed  in  their  proper  channel  by 
Isocrates  (cr}.  Without,  being  exempt  from  the 
artificial  embellishment  with  which  it  had  been  in- 
vested by  the  Sophists,  he  nevertheless  employed  it 
with  discreet  moderation,  and,  reclaiming  it  from  their 
unprofitable  subtilties,  applied  it  to  the  practical  pur- 
poses of  life,  and  by  his  system  of  instruction  formed 
the  most  eminent  orators  and  writers  as  Lycurgus, 
Leodamus,  haus,  Eubulus,  Androti&n,  Jlristogiton, 
Cephisodorus,  Philiscus,  Xaucrates,  the  historian, 
Theapornpus,  Ephorus,  and  others,  (Cic.  or.  52.  Brut. 
8.  de  oral.  ii.  22.  iii.  44,  173.).  But  eloquence  first 
received  its  highest  finish,  when  the  political  relations 
became  more  complicated,  and  the  welfare  of  the  state 
itself  was  placed  in  jeopardy  by  the  conflict  of  parties 
in  the  age  of  Philip  of  Macedon.  Then  it  was  that 
Demosthenes  (df]  displayed  in  his  orations  a  con- 
summate art  and  vigour  of  expression  combined  with 
an  elevated  simplicity,  and  raised  Athenian  eloquence 
above  that  of  all  other  nations.  As  a  politician  and 
an  orator,  he  had  the  following  competitors;  Hyperidex 
(<fy),  Lycurgus  (cz),  Hegesippus,  Marocles,  Polyeuctu* 
of  Sphettos,  and  others,  JEschines  (dh],  the  betrayer  of 
his  country,  and  Demades  (rfj).  On  the  other  hand, 


68  SECOND  PERIOD. 

oratory  in  the  style  of  Isocrates  already  began  to 
exercise  a  prejudicial  influence  upon  historical  com- 
position, which  first  shewed  itself  in  Theopompus  (da], 
not  only  in  rhetorical  ornament,  but  also  in  the  dis- 
tortion of  facts. 

§.16.  Epic  poetiy  declined  more  and  more;  Pa- 
nyasis  (ar)  and  Antimachus  (ck)  were  certainly 
admitted  by  the  Alexandrians  into  their  canon,  but 
distinguished  nevertheless  as  authors  who  in  no  re- 
spect approached  the  ancient  standard  (Quintil.  x. 
1,53.4.);  and,  to  judge  from  their  fragments,  their 
poems,  as  well  as  those  of  Chaerilus  (ci),  were  rather 
the  fruits  of  study  than  of  poetic  genius.  Among  the 
lyrics,  the  Dithyrambic  poets  Pratinas,  Philoxenm 
(cl),  and  Timotheus  (cm),  were  eminent,  the  last  also 
as  a  musician;  as  an  Elegiac  and  Tragic  poet,  the 
Tyrant  Critias  (en).  On  the  other  hand,  the 
Sciences  properly  so  called,  which  are  less  subject 
to  the  influence  of  the  imagination,  than  of  the  observ- 
ation and  intellect,  were  more  assiduously  cultivated. 
Natural  philosophy,  mathematics,  and  astronomy,  as 
well  as  political  science  (T«  7r«X«Twt«),  especially  culti- 
vated by  the  Pythagoreans,  Archylas  and  Plato,  were 
now  for  the  first  time  regarded  as  parts  of  philosophy; 
as  natural  philosophers,  Alcmceon,  a  Pythagorean, 
Dionysius  of  Apollonia,  Empedocles  and  Democritus, 
are  particularly  named  ;  as  mathematicians  and  astro- 
nomers, Philolaus,  Theodorus  of  Cnidus,  the  preceptor 


SECOND  PERIOD.  69 

of  Plato,  and  particularly  Eudoxus  of  Cnidus  (cy). 
Geography  was  combined  with  history ;  the  facts 
which  had  at  that  time  been  collected  respecting 
particular  countries  and  tracts,  were  communicated 
by  the  earliest  prose-writers  and  historians  in  their 
historical  works ;  as  Herodotus  likewise  frequently 
avails  himself  of  opportunities  for  introducing  de- 
scriptions of  countries  from  his  own  personal  observ- 
ation or  from  the  report  of  others.  Anaximander 
(1st  Period  n.  z.)  is  said  to  have  projected  the  first 
map  of  the  earth,  and  such  was  that  perhaps  which 
the  Milesian  Aristagoras  laid  before  the  Spartan 
King  Cleomenes  about  503  B.  C.  (Herod,  v.  49. 

£«Afcs«»  •srlieuuty  Iv  rS  <•/».$  XTrde-jtis  Trsg/oJaj  ImzTftqTO,  x,cii 
&a,hce,<r<roi  n  Tfoiyot  x.oii  iroTitutt  Wmj).  Proper  geogra- 
phies unconnected  with  histoiy  are  the  vtyirfat  of 
Scylax  and  Hanno.  But  first  in  the  age  of  Alex- 
ander, and  principally  by  him,  and,  at  a  later  period, 
by  the  conquests  of  the  Romans,  the  sphere  of  geo- 
graphical research  became  so  extended,  that  Eratos- 
thenes and  Strabo  were  enabled  to  describe  the  whole 
earth  at  that  time  known.  Medicine  was  raised  by 
the  priests  of  ^Esculapius,  'Ao-x.hwjrmi'dzt,  from  its  rude 
state,  in  which  it  was  confined  to  the  cure  of  external 
injuries,  and  to  magic  charms,  and  became  afterwards 
more  generally  known  and  cultivated.  Hippocrates 
(bv)  of  Cos  was  the  first  who  treated  it  scientifically. 
Gymnastics  also  were  applied  to  medicinal  purposes,  for 


70     EXPULSION  OF  THE  PISISTRATID.E   B.C.  510. 

strengthening  and  invigorating  the  body,  by  tferodicus 
of  Selymbria,  in  the  time  of  Socrates.  (Plato  de  Repub. 
iii.  p.  406.  Ast.  ad  Plat.  Phaedr.  p.  223.  Heind.  ib. 
p.  190.  C.  Fr.  Hermann  ad  Lucian  de  conscr.  hist, 
p.  218.)  At  the  same  time  Acumenus  ('Axovpuis) 
was  the  most  celebrated  Physician  in  Athens,  a  friend 
of  Socrates,  as  well  as  his  son  Eryximachus  (Valck.  ad 
Xen.  Mem.  p.  iii.  13.  2.).  But  the  sons  of  Hippo- 
crates, Thessalus  and  Draco,  already  abandoned  the 
path  of  experience,  arid  applied  to  the  science 
of  medicine  dialectic  arts  and  the  philosophy  of 
Plato. 

(a)  SIMONIDES  of  Ceos,  (K.'tas  thence  Ksis?),  born 
01.  Ivi.  1.  (B.  C.  556.)  gains  a  victory  over  ^Eschylus 
Ol.  Ixxiii.  1.  (448)  d.  01.  Ixxviii.  2.  (467).  Inventor 
of  the  plaintive  Elegy,  and  Lyric  Poet,  eminently 
versed  in  the  pathetic  style,  ( Catull.  38,  8.  Horat. 
Od.  ii.  1.  38.  Quinct.  x.  1,  64.)  author  of  several 
smaller  poems  in  commemoration  of  remarkable  per- 
sons and  events  of  his  time,  (lTriy£«pp*T*,  Inscrip- 
tions). He  was  a  favourite  with  Hipparchus,  the 
Tyrant  Hiero  of  Syracuse,  and  Pausanias  king  of 
Sparta.  On  his  art  of  memory,  see  Cic.  de  Orat.  ii. 
86.  Quint,  xi.  2.  11.  Fragments  of  his  Poems  and 
Epigrams  see  in  Collectt.  no.  3.  4.  8 — 13.  van  Goens 
diss.  de  Simonide  Ceo,  poeta  et  philosopho.  Ultraj. 
1768.  4to.  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  142.) 


PERSIAN*  WAR  FROM  490.  71 

(«6)  PHRTNICHUS,  of  Athens,  a  disciple  of  Thes- 
pis  and  Tragic  poet;  he  was  the  first  who  introduced 
female  characters,  and  chiefly  made  use  of  the  ( Tro- 
chaic) Tetrameter.  Herm,  ad  Arist.  poet.  p.  108.) 
His  -piece  M»A«T«W  <cA*?<$  was  exhibited  01.  Ixx. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  316.  cf.  Blomfield  Pr#f. 
JEsch.  Pers. 

(ac)  .-ESCHYLUS,  of  Eleusis  or  Decelea  in  Attica. 
He  gained  his  first  Tragic  prize  Ol.  Ixxiv.  1.  B.  C.  484. 
But  being  defeated  by  Sophocles  Ol.  Ixxvii.  4.  B.  C. 
468.,  he  went  to  Sicily,  and  died  at  Gela  Ol.  Ixxxviii.  1. 
B.C.  456.  ( Clint,  p.  45.).  Of  his  70—90  Tragedies, 
7  only  are  extant.  IT§««ii0svj  3wfMtT*$,  n'i^<r»t,  C£*T« 
lift 


Editions.  Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aldom  Manutium  1518.  8vo. — ed. 
Franc.  Robortelli.  Tenet.  1552.  8vo. — cum  scholiis  ed.  P. 
Victorias,  ap.  H.  Steph.  1557.  4to.— ed.  Guil.  Canter.  Anrw. 
1580.  12mo. — cum  scholiis  fragm.  et  comment,  ed.  Thorn. 
Stanley.  Londin.  1663.  fol. — rec.  Jo.  Corn,  de  Pauw.  Hagae 
Com.  1748. 4to.  2  vols.— rec.  et  illnstr.  Chr.  God.  Schutz.  Halae 
Sax.  1782—94.  1799.— 1807.  1809—1821.  4  vols.  8vo — er 
ed.  Tt.  Stanl. — ed.  Sam.  Butler.  Cantabr.  1809.  4to.  et  8vo. — 
(by  Person)  Lond.  et  Oxon.  (1806)  1794. 2  vols.  8vo.  (see  Wolfs 
Anal.  ii.  p.  284.) — e  rec.  Ric.  Pors.  passim  reficta  a  Guil. 
Dindorfio.  Lips.  1827.  8vo.  ad  opt.  librr.  fidem  rec.  integr.  lect. 
variet.  notasque  adi.  Aug. Wellauer.  Lips.  1823. 3  vols.  8vo.(t.iii. 
Lex..Hschyleum.  ib.1830.) — ^-Esch.tragg.  Prometheus,  Persae  et 
Septem  ad  Th.  Sophoclis  Antigone,  Eoripidis  Medea  ex  optimis 
exemplaribos  emendatae  (a  Rich.  Phil.  Brunck.)  Argentor. 


72       GELON  AND  HIERO  IN  SYRACUSE,  480-467. 

1779.  8vo — JEsch.  Prom,  ad  fidem  MSS.  em.  notas  et  gloss, 
adjecit  Car.  Jac.  Blomfield.  Cantabr.  1810.  8vo.  Lips.  1822. 
also  Persae  ib.  1814.  Lips.  1823.  Sept.  c.  Th.  ib.  1817.  Lips. 
1823.  Agamemn.  1818.  Lips.  1823.  Choepb.  1824.  Lips.  eod. 
JEschylos  Eumeniden  Gr.  u.  deutsch  mit  erlauternden  Abb. 
von  K.  0.  Muller.  Gotting.  1833 — 4.  JEsch.  von.  H.  Voss  zum 

Theil  voll.  v.  J.  H.  Voss.  Heidelb.  1826 See  NacMrage  zu 

Sulzers  Theorie  der  sch.  K.  ii.  B.  S.  391.  Fr.  Glieb  Welcker  die 
Aeschylische  Trilogie  Prometheus  u.  s.  u:  Darmst.  1824.  8vo. 
Nachtrag.  Frank/,  a.  M.  1826 — Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  164,  sqq. 

(ad]  EPICHARMUS,  about  01.  Ixxiv.  of  Cos,  but 
resided  in  Sicily,  a  comic  poet,  see   §.  12.    Muller 
Dor.  ii.  p.  363.  368.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  298, 
sqq.  440.     De  Epicharmo.  Scr.  Harles.  Essen.  1822. 
8vo.     C.  J.  Grysar   de   Doriensium  comcedia.  Epi- 
charmi  etc.fragm.  vol.  i.     Colon.  1828.  8vo. 

(ae)  THEMISTOCLES  the  celebrated  general  of  the 
Athenians.     21  letters  are  ascribed  to  him,  which  he 
is  said  to  have  written  in  exile  (477 — 471.)     Bextley, 
however,  diss.  de  Phal.  ep.  has  proved    them  to   be 
spurious. — e  MS.  Vatic,  ed.  Jo.  Malth.  Caryophilus. 
Rom.  1626.  4to.—  rec.  ill.  et  vindic.  Christ.  Schoett- 
gen.  Lips.  1710.   8vo.   Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  691, 
sqq. 

(of)  PRATINAS  of  Phlius,  a  lyric  poet,  invented 
also  at  Athens  the  Drama  Satyricum,  and  was  an 
eminent  master  therein.  Miiller  Dor.  ii.  p.  380. 


PERSIAN  WAR.       CIMON  470-449.  73 

(ag]  CORINNA,  a  lyric  poetess  of  Thebes  or 
Tanagra.  see  in  Collectt.  no.  5.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  118.  Welcker  in  Creuzeri  Meletem.  ii.  p.  1,  sqq. 
also  Boeckh.  corp.  inscr.  t.  i. 

(ah)  PINDAR,  of  Thebes,  b.  01.  Ixv.  3.  B.C.  517. 
d.  01.  Ixxxiii.  4.  B.  C .  445.  the  greatest  lyric  poet.  Hor. 
Od.  iv.  2.  Of  his  poems  (5<0vg*t«/3«<,  iyxaptec,  uftw,  and 
T*<«KS,  tgiiot  and  others),  are  still  extant  triumphal 
odes  on  the  Victors  in  the  festive  games,  tj 
Olympia  14,  Pythia  12,  Nemea  11,  Isthrnia  8. 


Ed.  pr.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1513.  8vo.— cum  scholiis  per  Zach. 
Calliergum.  Romae  1515.  4to. — TltiSacgao  Tigia&t;.  op.  Erasm. 
Sehmidii.  Yiteberg.  1016.  4to. — ed.  Oxoniensis  (cur.  Rich. 
West,  et  Rob.  Welsted.)  1697.  fol. — Pindari  carm.  cum  lecti- 
onis  varietate  et  adnotationibus  (scholiis  et  fragm.)  iterum 
curavit  Chr.  Gnttl.  Heyne.  Gutting.  1798.  8vo.  Lips.  1817.  3 
vols.  (School  Felit.  1798.  1813.  8vo.) — P.  opera,  qua  supersunt 
textu  in  genuina  metra  restit.  et  ex  fide  MSS.  doct.  conj.  recens. 
annot.  crit.  schol.  int.  interpr.  Lat.  comment,  perp.  etindd.  adj. 
A.  Boeckhius.  Lips.  1811—18.  ii.  (each  pp.  2.)  4to. — Find, 
carm.  rec.  metra  constit.  lect.  Tar.  adj.  Chr.  Guil.  Ahlwardt. 
Ed.  min.  Lips.  1820.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Boeckhii  comm.  perp. 
illustr.  Lad.  Dissenius.  Gothae  et  Erford.  1830.  8vo — Find, 
carmm.  selecta  cum  scholiis  selectis  suisque  notis  edid.  Frid. 
Gedike.  Berol.  1786.  8vo.  Theoph.  Luc.  Frid.  Tafel  dilucidat. 
Pindaric.  Berol.  ii.  1825.— See  Nachtriige  zu  Sutzers  Th.  B.  i. 
S.  49.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  57. 


BACCHYLIDES,  of  Ceos,  nephew  to  Simonides, 


74  PERSIAN  WAR.      CIMON  470-449. 

a  lyric  poet,  and  a  rival  of  Pindar  at  the  court  of 
King  Hiero  of  Syracuse.  B.  fragm.  coll.  rec. 
interpr.  C.  Fr.  Neue.  Berol.  1823.  8vo.  Fragm. 
see  in  Collectt.  no.  7.  8a  12mo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  114. 

(ak)  PRAXILLA,  of  Sicyon,  a  lyric  poetess.  See 
Collectt.  no.  4.  5.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  135. 

(al)  To  this  period  belongs  also,  according  to 
Hug  and  others,  the  wsg/irXct;?  of  the  Carthaginian 
Hanno,  translated  into  Greek,  being  a  description  of  a 
voyage  on  the  western  coasts  of  Libya.  It  is  found  in 
the  Edit,  of  Steph.  Byz.  by  Abr.  Berkelius,  in  the 
Hudsonian  Collect,  no.  22.  edited  by  J.  L.  Hug. 
Freib.  1808.  4to.  by  F.  G.  Kluge.  Bresl.  1828.  in  a 
School  programme.  Cf.  Ukert  Geogr.  der  Gr.  und 
Rom.  (Weimar  1816.)  i.  p.  61. 

(am)  DIONYSIUS,  of  Miletus,  an  historian,  (a 
different  person  from  Dion  of  Samos,  [see,  however, 
Clinton.  F.  H.  ii.  37.])  wrote  the  traditional  history, 
(M.vfi>e.ec.  Diod.  Sic.  i.  65,  sq.  xwtXaj  ft«0ixaj  in  Prose. 
See  Jahrb.  der  Philol.  und  Ptedag.  xiii.  p.  242. 
Lobeck.  Aglaoph.  p.  990.  Miiller  Proleg.  p.  95.  98.) 
the  events  of  his  time  (IIeg<r«x<*,  10.  pir*  A*g£i«r). 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  378.  Creuzer  hist.  Kunst.  p. 
125,  sqq. 


CIMOX  470-449.    DECEMVIRS  IN  ROME  452.    To 

(an)  DIOGENES,  of  Apollonia,  a  natural  philo- 
sopher.— de  (Etate  et  $criptis  diss.  fragm.  ill.  doc- 
trinam  expos.  Fr.  Panzerbieter.  Lips.  1830.  8vo. — 
ill.  Wilh.  Schorn  in  Anaxag.  sqq. 

(ad)  ANAXAGORAS,  of  Clazomenae,  h.  Ol.  Lxx.  (6? 
according  to  Jf'yltenb.  Bibl.  or.  iii.  4.  p.  65.)  1.  B.  C. 
500.  d.  88.  1.  B.  C.  427,  went  (in  his  20th  year  ?)  to 
Athens,  where  Pericles  and  Euripides  had  the  benefit 
of  his  instruction.  §.  10.  Among  his  disciples  were 
Archelaus  of  Athens,  and  Diogenes  of  Apollonia, 
Fragm.  coll.  et  comm.  instr.  ed.  Schaubach.  Lips. 
1827.  S^o.—ill.  Wilh.  Schorn.  Bonn.  1829.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  644 . 

(op)  OCELLUS  LFCANUS,  a  Pythagorean,  under 
whose  name  a  work  is  extant,  Tn^l  -nf?  T«V  «-«rr«$ 
QwruKi,  prohably  translated  hy  a  more  modern  hand 
from  the  Doric  into  the  Attic  Dialect,  (cf.  Stob.  eel. 
i.  p.  422—428.  ed.  Heeren  with  Ocellus,  p.  514.  519. 
530.) 

Ed.  pr.  Paris.  1539.  4to. — Oc.  Inc.  de  la  nature  de  1'univers; 
Timee  de  Locres  de  1'ame  du  monde,  avec  la  tradaction  frany.  et 
des  remarques  par  M.  1'abbe  Batteux.  a  Paris  1768. 3  vols^vo. — 
Oc.  Luc.  gr.  ad  fid.  MSS.  et  edd.  rec.  comment,  perp.  aaxit  et 
vindicare  studuit  A.  F.  W.  Rudolphi.  Ups.  1801.  STO.  Alto 
in  the  Collect*,  no.  30.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  855.  Kleiners 
Gttch.  d.  Wit*.  I.  p.  584.  On  the  other  side,  Bardili  EpocAen 
d.  vorz.  philot.  Begr.  (HaUe  1788.)  p.  165. 


76  PERSIAN  WAR.       CIMON  470-449. 

(aq)  PARMENIDES  of  Elea,  about  Ol.  Lxxix.  (ac- 
cording to  Fulleb.},  a  disciple  of  Xenophanes.  The 
fragments  of  his  philosophical  poem  vi^t  tpvnas  may 
he  found  in  Steph.  poes.  phil.  and  more  fully  in  Ful- 
leborris  Beytragen  vi.  st.  Cf.  under  Empedocles. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  621.  Clinton  p.  378. 

(ar)  PANYASIS  of  Halicarnassus,  about  01.  Ixxviii. 
paternal  uncle  to  Herodotus,  put  to  death  by  the  tyrant 
Lygdamis,  Ol.  Ixxx.  4.  B.  C.  457.  Clint,  p.  27.  45. 
one  of  the  five  classic  epics  (Quint,  x.  1,  54.),  wrote 
an  'HgasxXs/*  in  fourteen  books,  also  according  to  Suidas 
another  poem  on  the  Ionian  Colonies  in  Asia  Minor 
in  elegiac  verse  'lanx*.  Three  fragments  of  him  (of 
Heraclea?)  see  in  Brunck  gnom.  p.  130.  Fab.  B.  Gr. 
t,  i.  p.  734. 

(as)  MELISSUS,  leader  of  the  Samians  against 
Pericles,  Ol.  Ixxxviii.  1.  (B.  C.  428),  a  philosopher 
who  developed  with  greater  precision  the  principles 
of  Xenophanes  respecting  the  one  eternal  substance, 
a  pupil  of  Parmenides.  Tlttf  Qvnus  x.*t  iou  «»T«J. 
See  Fragments  in  Brandis  cornm.  eleat.  p.  183,  sqq. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  659. 

(at)  SOPHOCLES  of  Athens,  b.  01.  Ixx.  4.  (B.  C. 
497.)  d.  01.  xciii.  4.  (B.  C.  405),  obtained  the  Tragic 
prize  against  ^Eschylus  01.  Ixxvii.  4.  shared  the  com- 


PERSIAN  VTAR.       CIMOX  470-449.  77 

mand  with  Pericles   against   the   insurgent  Samiaus. 
Of  his   106  dramatic  pieces,  only  seven  are  extant  : 


.    See  §.  10. 


Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aldum.  1502.  8vo. — 2^«'x<«  «•«*««*.  Rom.  1518. 
4to. — Soph.  Trag.  Gr.  cum  Grsecis  Demetrii  Triclinii  scholiis 
ap.  Adrian.  Turnebum.  Paris.  1553.  4to — Sophocl.  Trag.  VII. 
una  cum  omnibus  Gr.  scholiis  et  cum  Latinis  Joach.  Camerarii. 
Ace.  annctationes  H.  Stephani  in  Soph,  et  Euripid.  1568. 8vo. — 
Gr.  opera  Guil.  Canteri.  Antw.  15/9.  12mo — Gr.  et  Lat.  cum 
scholiis  cur  Jo.  Capperonnier  et  Jo.  Franc.  Vauvilliers.  1781. 
4to.  2  vols. — Soph.  Trag.  VII.  ad  optimor.  exemplarium  fidem 
emendate  cum  versione  et  notis  ex  editione  Rich.  Franc.  Phil. 
Brunck.  Argentor.  1736.  2  vols.  4to.  4  vols.  8vo. — Tom.  iii,  iv. 
in  Soph.  Tr.  scholiastes  Graeci  (ace.  fragm.  et  ind.)  ib.  1789. — 
cum  animadv.  Sam.  Musgravii.  Ace.  Soph,  fragm.  ex  edit. 
Brunck.  nee  non  index  verbormn.  Oxomi.  1800.  8vo.  2  vols. — 
Soph.  Tr.  VII.  ac  deperditarum  fragmenta,  emend,  varietatem 
lectionis,  scholia,  notasque  turn  aliorum  turn  suas  adjecit  Car. 
Gottl.  Aug.  Erfurdt.  Ace.  Lexicon  Sophocleum  et  index  verbo- 
rum  locupletissimus.  Lips.  1802.  6  vols.  Trach.  Electr.  Philoct. 
Antig.  OEdip.  Tyr.  Ajax.  vol.  vii.  (Ed.  Col.  em.  et  notas  adj. 
Ludov.  Heller  et  Lud.  Doederlein.  Lips.  1825. — ad  opt.  libr. 
fid.  iternm  rec.  et  brevibus  notis  instr.  C.  G.  A.  Erfurdt  Lips. 
1809,  sqq.  8vo.  contin.  by  Hermann. — ad  opt  libr.  fid.  em.  c. 
brevi  notatione  emendat.  Cur.  God.  H.  Schaefer.  Lips.  1810. 
2  vols.  small  8vo. — ad  opt.  exempl.  fidem  ac  prsec.  Cod.  vetust. 
Florent.  a  P.  Elmsleio  coll.  em.  (Fr.  Gaisford).  Lips.  1827. 8  vo.— 
rec.  et  expl.  Ed.  Wunder.  (t"»  Bibl.  Gr.  c.  Jacobs,  et  R.  IX.) 
Goth.  et.  Erf.  1831,  sqq.  8vo. — recogn.  et  brevi  ann.  schoL  in 
usum  instr.  Fr.  Neuius.  Lips.  1831.  8vo. 

Philoctetes  cum  notis  Fr.  Gedike.  Berol.  1781.  8vo ed. 

Phil.  Buttmann.  Berol.  1822. — recogn.  et  comm.  in  usum  juv. 


78  DECEMVIRS  IN  ROME,  452. 

studiosss  ill.  J.  P.  Matthaei.  Altona  1822.  8vo — Ajax  Gr.  cum 
echoliis  et  commentario  perpetuo  edid.  Christ.  Aug.  Lobeck. 
Lips.  1809.  S.  (Ed.  T.  ex  rec.  P.  Elmsley,  qui  et  annotate, 
suas  adj.  Oxon.  etLond.  1811.  8vo.  Lips.  1821.  8vo.  S.CEd.in 
Col.  c.  schol.  vet.  et  suis  comment,  turn  emendatior  edita  turn 
explanatior  ab  Car.  Reisigio  Thur.  Jense  1820.  8vo.  With 
C.  Reisigii  comm.  crit.  de  Soph.  (Ed.  C.  Jenae  1822.  8vo. 
Ejusd.  enarratio  exegetica.  ib.  1823.— e  rec.  P.  Elmsley.  Ace. 
Brunck.  et  al.  annot.  selecta,  cui  et  suam  addidited.  Oxon.  1S24. 
Lips.  eod.  a — Soph.  Antig.  Codd.  MSS.  omn.  exempl.  discre- 
pantia  enot.  e  schol.  vet.  em.  atque  expl.  Fr.  C.  Wex.  Lips. 
1829,  31.  2  vols.  8vo.— Scholia  in  Soph.  Trag.  e  Cod.  MS. 
Laurent,  descripsit  P.  Elmsley  (ed.  Th.  Gaisford).  Oxon.  1826. 
Lips.  1826. 8vo. — Syll.  var.  in  Soph.  Tragoed.  lectionum  (op. 

Jo.  Frid.  Martinus).  Halae  1822.  8vo Glieb  C.  W.  Schneider 

vollst.  Soph.  Worterverzeichniss.  "Weimar  1829.  2  vols.  8vo. 
C.  Matthias  qusest.  Sophocl.  Lips.  1832.  8vo.— Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  ii.  p.  193,  sqq.  Nachtriige  zu  Sulzers  Th.  B.  4.  p.  86. 

(au)  LEUCIPPUS,  his  country  unknown,  author  of 
the  Atomic  system,  which  was  further  developed  hy 
Democritus  Epicurus.  Fab.  E.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  658. 

(av)  HELLAN!CUS,  (v.  Lobeck.  ad  Phryn.  p.  670  cf. 
Kriizer  Leb.  d.  Thucyd.  p.  28.),  of  Mytilene,  author  of 
an  historico-geographical  description  of  the  known 
earth,  which  is  quoted  according  to  its  several  parts : 
TgwiW,  'Arfl/f  &c.  Hellan.  Lesbii  fragm.  ed.  F.  IV. 
Sturz.  Lips.  1788.  1826.  8vo.  Cf.  Mus.  crit.  Cant. 
n.  V.  p.  90.  Clinton  p.  373.  not.  t. 

(aw)  PHERECYDES,  of  Leros,but  resident  at  Athens, 


DECEMVIRS  IX  ROME,  452.  79 

(thence  Ai£<»«  and  'A0jji«7««)  wrote  principally  the  tra- 
ditional history,  in  ten  books.  Ph.fragm.  colleg.  emend, 
lll.fragm.  .Icusilai  adj.  Fr.  Guil.  Sturz.  Gerae  1789. 
1824.  8vo.  See  my  Miscell.  Writings,  p.  102,  sqq. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  665. 

* 

(ax)  CHARON,  of  Lampsacus,  about  01.  Ixxv.  (ac- 
cording to  Passow  p.  10.  about  01.  Ixvii.),  n^g-md, 
History  of  the  Persian  war.  See  Fragm.  in  Collectt. 
no.  20. 

(ay)  ZENO,  of  Elea,  about  Ol.  Ixxix.  disciple  of 
Pannenides  at  the  same  time  with  Empedocles,  founder 
of  the  ?«tAfxT*wi,  i.  e.  the  ait  of  disputing  on  scientific 
subjects,  §.  10.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  670,  sq. 

(az)  SIMONIDES  y»wA<!ye«,  about  Ol.  Ixxxii,  grand- 
son of  the  lyric  poet,  wrote  a  genealogical  history  after 
the  manner  of  the  Eoeae  and  the  Naupactica.  See 
Groddeck  in  Bibl.  d.  alt.  Lift,  und  K.  ii.  p.  100. 

(la)  HERODORTTS,  of  Heraclea  in  Pontus,  wrote  in 
prose  'Agy»»«vT<x*  and  T«  *.*$  'HgoxAE*.  See  Groddeck 
in  Bibl.  d.  alt.  Litt.  und  K.  ii.  p.  72,  sqq.  Miiller 
Dorians,  i.  p.  524.  Nitzsch  hist.  Horn.  p.  84,  sq. 

(IV)  EMPEDOCLES,  about  Ol.  Ixxxiv.  B.  C.  442, 
of  Agrigentum  in  Sicily,  disciple  of  Pannenides,  a 


80  DECEMVIRS  IN  ROME,  452. 

celebrated  philosopher  and  naturalist,  left  behind  him, 
besides  several  other  works,  a  philosophical  poem,  ici^i 


Empedocles  Agrigentinus  :  de  vita  et  philosophia  ejus  expo- 
suit,  carminum  reliquias  collegit,  recensuit,  illustravit  Frid. 
Guil.  Sturz.  Lips.  1805.  8vo.  Emped.  et  Farm,  fragm.  ed. 
Amed.  Peyron.  Lips.  1810.  8vo.  Cf.  B.  H.  C.  Lommatzsch  die 
Weisheit  des  Empedokl.  Berlin  1830.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i. 
p.  805.  Clinton,  p.  365.  An  astronomical  poem  in  Iambics  falsely 
ascribed  to  him  'Epxt&iix.t.iovs  g^euyt^  may  be  found,  in  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  816.  ed.  Harl. 

(be)  DEMOCRITUS,  of  Abdera,  pupil  of  Leucippus, 
about  Ol.lxxxiii.  (B.C.  446.)  (b.  01.  Ixxvii.  3.  according 
Wyttenb.  Bibl.  cr.  iii.  4.  p  65.  according  to  others  01. 
Ixxx.  B.C.  460.  See  Clinton,  p.  43.  d.  01.  cv.  4  = 
357  at  the  age  of  104),  a  naturalist  and  philosopher. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  628. 

(bd)  GORGIAS,  of  Leontini,  a  disciple  of  Empe- 
docles, a  sophist  or  philosopher,  orator  and  rhetorician, 
inventor  of  the  periodic  style,  of  various  rhetorical 
figures,  and  especially  of  the  rhetorical  n  nine  r  us. 
Cic.  Or.  12.  50.  52.  He  displayed  his  art  in 
various  parts  of  Greece,  particularly  in  Athens, 
where  he  had  Critias  and  Alcibiades  for  his  hearers, 
and  was  likewise  highly  esteemed  by  the  now  aged 
Pericles.  (Philost.  vit.  Soph.  p.  493.  Philostratus 
at  least  says  nothing  of  his  having  delivered  the 


DECEMVIRS  IN  ROME,  452.  81 

funeral  oration  over  those  who  fell  at  Salamis.)  He 
was  one  of  his  country's  ambassadors  when  she  sued 
for  the  assistance  of  the  Athenians  against  the  Sy- 
racusans  01.  Ixxxviii.  2.  (B.  C.  427.),  and  opened  at 
Athens  the  first  school  of  rhetoric.  Two  declamations 
are  ascribed  to  him.  'E*.iit?  fyxaput  and  rUAa^wJoyj 
ttTFohoyt*  in  Reiske  Or.  t.  viii.  Bekk.  Dem.  iv.  App. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  805.  Manso  Gesch.  d.  Rhet. 
p.  13.  Clinton,  p.  371.  not.  n.  H.  E.  Foss  de  Gor- 
gia  Leontino  comm.  Hal,  1828.  8vo. 

(be)  ION,  of  Chios,  about  Ol.  Ixxxii,  one  of  the 
five  classic  Tragedians.  (On  his  fragments  see  Rich. 
Bentley  Epist.  ad  Millium  in  his  Opuscul.  Philolog. 
Lips.  1781.).  He  was  also  the  author  of  lyric 
poems, particularly  Dithyrambs  and  Elegies.  (Brunck. 
Anal.  i.  p.  161).  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  126.  307. 

(6/)  PROTAGORAS,  of  Abdera,  about  Ol.  Ixxxiv.  a 
Philosopher  and  Orator,  the  first  who  called  himself  a 
sage  (nQirrw),  and  gave  instruction  for  money.  Cic. 
de  Oral.  iii.  32.  de  Nat.  Deor.  i.  1.  23.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  688.  Clinton,  p.  365. 

(bg]  CRATINUS,  of  Athens,  obtained  the  prize  Ol. 
Ixxxvi.  1.  (B.  C.  476),  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
poets  of  the  Old  Comedy,  author  of  from  21  to  25 
G 


82  PERICLES,  449-428. 

Comedies,  though  the  titles  and  fragments  of  40  are 
cited.  Meineke  qu.  seen. i.  p.  22,  sqq.  See  the' Col- 
lectt.  no.  16.  17. — Fragm.  coll.  et  ill.  M.  Runkel. 
Lips.  1827.  Fabric.  P.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  430.  Meineke 
qu.  seen.  i.  p.  14,  sqq. 

(bh)  EUPOLIS,  of  Athens,  about  01.  Ixxxvii.  junior 
to  Cratinus,  a  classic  poet  of  the  Old  Comedy. 
Fragments  of  20  Comedies,  among  which  the  most 
celebrated  were  B«VT<*<,  particularly  directed  against 
Alcibiades,  (Meineke  i.  p.  42,  sqq.)  Ai^o*,  in  which 
he  ridiculed  the  scandalous  maladministration  of 
public  affairs  then  prevailing  at  Athens  since  the 
death  of  Pericles,  (Meineke  p.  48,  sq.),  KaAcex*?,  in 
which  he  lashed  the  rich  and  gluttonous  Callias, 
son  of  Hipponicus,  and  his  parasites,  especially  Pro- 
tagoras, (Meineke  p,  51.)  M«g<*«;?,  against  Hyper- 
bolus,  (id.  p.  56.)  and  Hoten;  resembling  the  Atp. 
(id.  p.  58.)  See  in  Collectt.  no.  17.  Cratin.  et  Eup. 
scr.  Guil.  Lucas,  Bonn.  1826.  8vo.  De  Eupolidis 
2u'|Ko<5  ac  Koteirn  scr.  Gust.  Car.  Henr.  Raspe.  Lips. 
1832.  Cf.  Gfr.  Hermann  in  d.  alia.  SMz.  1833. 
ii.  no.  13.  Cf.  Pherecrates.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  445.  Meineke  qu.  seen.  p.  35,  sqq. 

(bi)  PLATO,  of  Athens,  about  Ol.  Ixxxviii.  (Clint. 
p.  65.)  also  a  classic  poet  of  the  Old  Comedy.  By  him 


PELOPONXES.  "WAR,  431-404.  b3 

there  were  28  pieces,  among  which  the  most  cele- 
brated were,  'EAXij  »  wot,  'Et^reu  (Meineke  2.  p.  16, 
sq.)  KAsa;p*»  (id.  ib.  17,  sq.)  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  485.  Meineke  qu.  seen.  2.  p.  11. 

(bk)  HEGEMOX,  of  Thasos,  contemporary  with 
Alcibiades,  the  first  poet  who  wrote  Parodies.  See 
Studien  run  Daub  und  Creuz.  6,  2.  p.  267,  sqq. 

(bl)  ACH.ECS,  of  Eretria,  one  of  the  Tragic  poets 
received  into  the  canon  of  the  Alexandrians,  who 
wrote  chiefly  Satyric  Dramas.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  279. 

(bm)  HIPPIAS,  of  Elis,  a  Sophist,  who  professed 
to  know  and  to  do  every  thing,  junior  to  Pro- 
tagoras. Cic.  de  Orat.  iii.  32.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  657. 

(bn)  PRODICCS,  of  Ceos,  a  celebrated  Sophist. 
Hercules  Prodicius.  Xen.  Mem.  S.  ii.  1.  Cic.  Off.  i. 
32.  ad  Dir.  v.  12.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  718. 
Welcker  in  Rhein.  Mus.  i.  S.  532. 


(bo]  DIAGORAS,  of  Mel  os,   ataj,   banished   from 
Athens  01.  xci.  2.  d.  B.C.  415. 

(bp]   HERODOTUS,  'HgaJcr*?,  of  Halicarnassus,  in 


84  PELOPOXNES.  WAR,  431-404. 

Caria,  born  01.  Ixxiv.  1.  B.  C.  484.  He  wrote  in  the 
Ionic  Dialect  the  first  proper  historical  work  in  nine 
books,  of  which  the  wars  of  the  Greeks  with  the  Per- 
sians up  to  the  battle  of  Mycale  constitute  the  principal 
subject.  This  he  recited  at  the  Olympic  Games  01. 
Ixxxi.  1.  (see,  however,  Dahlmann  Forsch.  aufd.  Gel. 
d.  Gesch.  II.  1.  p.  18 — 37.  and  on  the  other  side 
Kruger  Leb.  d.  Time.  p.  24.)  and  at  the  Panathenaic 
festival  at  Athens  (P)  01.  Ixxxiv.  1.  B.C.  444.  in 
parts,  but  he  continued  to  improve  and  perfect  it  at 
Thurii  in  Lower  Italy,  whither  he  had  gone  with 
an  Athenian  colony  Ol.  Ixxxiv.  2.  B.C.  443. 

There  is  an  Epitaph  upon  him  in  Anal.  Br.  iii. 
p.  263.  no.  533.  Anthol.  Palat.  ii.  p.  824.  no.  212. 
see  §.  11.  Dahlmann  Herodot.  im  2ten  B.  der 
Forsch. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1502.  fol — (The  Led.  Version  of 
Laur.  Valla,  Venice.  1474.  fol.  is  of  earlier  date.) — ed.  H.  Ste- 
phani.  1570.  1592.  fol.— ed.  Th.  Gale.  Londin.  1679.  fol.— rec. 
Jac.  Gronovius.  Ludg.  B.  1715.  fol — cum  annotat.  Th.  Galei 
et  Jac.  Gron.  curavit,  et  suas  itemque  Lud.  Casp.  Valcke- 
nserii  notas  adjecit  Petr.  Wesselingius.  Amstel.  1763.  fol. — 
Opera  Frid.  Volg.  Reizii.  t.  i.  Lips.  1776.  1807.  t.  ii.  contin. 
Godofr.  Henr.  Schaefer.  Lips.  1800 — Histoire  d'Herodote,  trad, 
du  Grec,  avec  des  rem.  hist,  et  crit.  un  essai  sur  la  chronol. 
d'Her.  et  une  table  geogr.  (par  Larcher.)  Paris  1802.  7  vols. 
8vo. — ad  velt.  codd.  fidem  denuo  rec.  lect.  var.  interpr.  Lat. 
adnott.  Wess.  etValck.  aliorumque  et  suis  ill.  Jo.Schweighaeuser. 
Argent,  et  Par.  1816.  6  vols.  8vo.  Lexicon  Herodoteum  .... 
instr.  Jo.  Schweigh.  Argent,  et  Paris.  1824.  8vo. — cod.  Saner. 


PELOPOXNES.  VTAR,  431-404.  85 

MS.  denno  cont.  lect.  variet.  commodius  dig.  annot.  varr.  adj. 
Th.  Gaisford.  Osonii  1824.  4  vols.  8vo.  Lips.  1824,  sqq.  —  textum 
ad  Gaisf.  rec.  recogn.  perpetua  turn  Fr.  Creuzeri  tarn  sua  annot. 
instr.  Job.  Chrn.  Fel.  Baehr.  Lips.  1830,  sqq.  Svo.  For  in- 
terpretation, Rennel  on  the  Geographical  tystem  of  Herod,  is 
particularly  valuable,  Lond.  1800.  4to.  Cf.  NietuAr  on  the 
Geography  of  Herodotus,  Bonn.  1828.  Svo.  Commentationes 
Herodotea.  Scribebat  Fr.  Creuzer.  p.  i.  Lips.  1819.  Svo. 
C.  L.  Strave  de  dial.  Herod.  Spec.  1—3.  Eegiom.  1828-30.  4to. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  327. 

(bq)  EURIPIDES,  born  at  Salamis,  Ol.  Ixxv.  1. 
B.  C.  480.  first  gained  the  prize  in  Tragedy  B.  C.  442. 
A  pupil  of  Anaxagoras,  and  the  Sophist  Prodicus,  died 
Ol.  xciii.  3.  B.  C.  406.  at  the  Court  of  King  Archelaus 
of  Macedonia.  Of  his  123  Tragedies  we  have  only 
eighteen  (and  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth)  extant: 


EXsnj,xI«»,  'Hg«xA?j  fteurofttios,  'HAacrg*,  (Aa»*'»),  ques- 
tionable.   See  Wolfs  Anal.  4s  st.)    See  §.  12. 

Ed.  pr.  Eurip.  Aledea,  Hippolytus,  Alcestis,  Andromache 
Gr.  Florent.  (op.  J.  Lascari*).  4to.  —  Trag.  XVIII.  Venet  ap. 
Ali  1503.  Svo.  —  Scholia  Gr.  in  VII.  Trag.  ab  Arsenic  collecta, 
Venet.  1534.  Svo.  BasiL  1544.  8vo.—  Eur.  Electra  ed.  P.  Vic- 
toritu  Romae  1545.  Svo.  —  Eurip.  Trag.  XIX.  op.  Gail.  Canteri. 
Antv.  15/1.  12mo.  —  Enr.  Tr.  XIX.  ace.  nunc  recens  vicesinue, 
cui  Danae  nomen,  initium,  e  vetustis.  bibl.  Palat.  membranis 
Gr.  et  Lat.  (cum  G.  Canteri  notis).  Heidelb.  ap.  Commel.  1597. 
8vo.  —  Eur.  quae  exstant  omnia,  Trag.  XIX.  fragm.  scholia  ed. 


86  PELOPONNES.  WAR,  431-404. 

Jos.  Barnes.  Cantabr.  1694.  fol.— recens.  fragm.  colleg.  notas 
perpetuas  subjecit  Sam.  Musgrave  M.D.  Oxonii.  1778.  4  vols. 
4to — Eur.  Trag.  fragm.  epist.  ex  ed.  Jos.  Barnesii  recusa  et 
aucta  appendice  observationum  e  variis  doctorum  virorum  libris 

eollecta.  Lips.  1778-1788.  3  vols.  4  to Eurip.  Trag.  et  fragm. 

rec.  interpr.  Lat  corr.  scholia  Gr.  e  Codd.  MSS.  partim  supplevit, 
partim  emend.  Aug.  Matthise.  Lips.  1813-29. 8vo.  Tom.i.ii.iii. 
text  iv.  v.  schol.  vi.  vii.  viii.  not.  ix.  fragm — rec.  et  comm.  instr. 
A.  I.  Edm.  Pflugk  (Bibl.  Gr.  cur.  Jacobs  et  Host  poet  xi.) 
Goth,  et  Erford.  1829.  8vo. 

Edd.  of  separate  Plays.  Eur.  Phcenissse.  Interpretationem 
addidit  H.  Grotii,  Grseca  castigavit  e  MStis  atque  adnota- 
tionibus  instruxit;  scholia  partim  nunc  primum  evulgata  sub- 
jecit Lud.  Casp.  Valckenaer.  Franequ.  1755.  Lugd.  B.  1803.4to. 
Lips.  1824.  2  vols.  8vo. — Ear.  Hippolytus  : — adnot.  instruxit 
Lud.  C.  Valckenaer.  Ace.  L.  C.  V.  diatribe  in  Euripidis  per- 
ditorum  dramatum  reliquias.  Lugd.  B.  1767.  4to.  Lips.  1823. 
8vo. —  Eurip.  drama  :  Supplices  mulieres  ad  Codd.  MSS.  re- 
censitum  et  notis  uberioribus  illustratum  (ed.  Jer.  Markland.). 

Lond.  1763.  4to.  Oxon.  1811.  8vo.  Lips.  1£22 Iphigenia  in 

Aul.  et  Iph.  in  Tauris  :  ad  Codd.  MStos  recens.  et  notulas 
adjecit  Jer.  Markland.  Lond.  1771.  8vo.  Oxon.  1811.  Lips. 
1822.  8vo — Eur.  Trag.  IV.  Hecuba,  Phrenisste,  Hippolytus, 
et  Bacchse,  ex  optimis  exemplaribus  emendatae  (per  R.  Fr.  Ph. 
Brunck.)  Argent.  1780.  8vo Sophocl.  El.  et  Eurip.  Andro- 
mache ex  opt.  exempl.  emend.  Argent.  1779.  8vo. — Sophoclis 
0.  T.  et  Eurip.  Orestes  ex  opt.  ex.  em.  ib.  eod — ^Esch.  Prom. 
Pers.  et  S.  ad  Th.  Soph.  Ant.  Eurip.  Medea  ex  opt.  ex  em. 
Argent.  1779.  Svo.  Eurip.  Hecuba  ad  fidem  MSS.  emendata 
et  brevibus  notis  emendationum  potissimum  rationem  redden- 
tibus  instructa.  In  usum  studiosse  juventutis  (edid.  Rich.  Por- 
son.)  Lond.  1797.  1801.  Svo.  By  the  same,  Eur.  Orestes  ib. 
1798.  Phoenissec  1799.  Medea  1800.  All  four  plays  are  printed 
together:  Eur.  Tragcedise — ed.  Rich.  Person,  torn.  i.  Lips. 
1802.  1807.  1824.  Svo — Eur.  Hecuba.  Godofr.  Hermanni  ad 
earn  et  ad  R.  Porsani  notas  animadversiones.  Lips.  1800.  Svo. 


PELOPONNES.  WAR,  431-404.  87 

— Eur.  Hercules  fur.  recens.  God.  Hennannus.  Lips.  1800. 8vo. 
E.  Supplices  rec.  G.  Hermann,  ib.  1811.  8vo.  Bacchae  ib. 
1823.  8vo.  Ion.  1827.  Hecuba  1831.  Iphig.  Aul.  1831.  Iphig. 

Taur.  1833 Eur.  Troades  ad  optt.  libr.  fidem  rec.  et  brevibus 

notis  instruxit  Aug.  Seidler.  Lips.  1812.  8vo.— E.  Electra— 
rec.  Seidl.  ib.  1813.  8vo. — E.  Iph.  in  T.  ib.  eod.— Heracl.  ex 
rec.  P.  Elmsley,  qui  annot.  suas  et  alior.  sel.  adj.  Oxon.  1813. 

8vo.  Lips.  1821.  8vo Hipp,  coronifer  ad  fid.  MSS.  et  vett. 

edd.  em.  et  annot.  instr.  Jac.  Henr.  Monk.  Cantabr.  1814. 
Lips.  1823.  Gr.  8vo.— Ale. . .  rec.  Monk.  ib.  1816.  Gr.  8vo. 
cum  int.  Monkii  suisqne  annot.  ed.  Wlistemann.  Goth.  1823. 
8vo.  c.  del.  annot.  potiss.  Monkii.  Ace.  emend.  G.  Hermanni. 
Lips.  1824.  8vo. — Androm.  ed.  Jo.  Lenting.  Zutph.  1829.  8vo. 
— Electr.  recogn.  P.  Camper.  Lugd.  B.  1831.  8vo. — Medea  in 
us.  stud.  juv.  rec.  et  ill.  P.  Elmsley,  Oxon.  1818.  8vo.  Ace. 
God.  Hermanni  adnotatt.  Lips.  1823.  8vo — Baccbae  in  us. 
stud.  juv.  rec.  et  ill.  P.  Elmsley.  Oxon.  1821.  8vo.  Lips. 
1822.— Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  234,  sqq.  Nachtrage  zu  Sulz. 
V.  B.  2. 


(br)  AXTIPHOX,  of  the  borough  of  Rhamnus  in 
Attica,  born  01.  Ixxv.  2.  (B.C.  479),  accused  of 
treachery  and  executed  Ol.  xcii.  2.  (B.  C.  411),  the 
most  celebrated  teacher  of  eloquence  in  his  time.  He 
also  wrote  speeches  for  others,  for  which  he  received 
pay,  and  speeches  on  fictitious  events  (or.  sophistics 
dedamat tones),  and  spoke  once  only  himself,  in  his 
own  defence.  There  are  still  extant  15  oration,  soph. 
See  Ruhnken.  diss.  de  Antiphonte  in  his  opusc.  oral, 
philol  crit.  Lugd.  B.  1807.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii- 
p.  750. 


88  PELOPONNES.  WAR,  431-404. 

Ed.  pr.  Orationes  veterum  oratorum.  Venet.  ap.  Aldum. 
1513.  fol.— ap.  Henr.  Stephanum.  1575.  fol.— Orat.  Gr.  ed. 
J.  Jac.  Reiske.  in  vol.  vii.  p.  603.  ed.  Bekker  in  vol.  i. 

(6s)  THUCYDIDES,  of  Athens,  b.  01.  Ixxvii.  1. 
B.C.  472,  a  pupil  of  Antiphon «  ?  01.  Ixxxix.  1.  B.  C. 
424,  he  commanded  an  Athenian  army  in  Thrace, 
but  was  banished  because  he  came  too  late  to  prevent 
the  surrender  of  Amphipolis  to  the  Lacedaemonian 
Brasidas.  He  lived  as  an  exile  in  different  parts 
of  Greece  20  years,  and  there,  assisted  by  his 
acquaintance  with  Lacedaemonians  and  Athenians,  he 
collected  with  the  greatest  care,  and  at  considerable 
expense,  the  materials  for  his  history  of  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war,  of  which,  however,  after  his  return, 
he  was  only  able  to  complete  8  books  to  the  beginning 
of  the  21st  year  of  the  war,  and  died  01.  xcvii.  2. 
B.C.  391.  K.  W.  Kriiger  Untersuch.  uber  das 
Leben  des  Thukyd.  Berlin  1832.  4to. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1502.  fol — Scholia  ib.  L503. — cum 
scholiis  ap.  Henr.  Stephan.  1564.  1588.  fol. — ed.  Jo.  Hudson. 
Oxon.  1696.  fol. — rec.  Jo.  "Wasse  ;  edit.  cur.  Car.  Andr.  Duker. 
Amstel.  1731.  fol.— reprinted  Biponti,  1788.  6  vols.  8vo.— 
ad  edit.  Dukeri  cum  animadv.  Jo.  Christ.  Gottleher  edid.  Car. 
Lud.  Baver.  Lips.  1790.  4to.  et  Chr.  D.  Beck.  1804.  2  vols.— 
ad  opt.  Codd.  fid.  rec.  et  ill.  Chr.  Frid.  Ferd.  Haackius.  Lips. 
1820.  2  vols.  8vo.  ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  Ace.  scholia  Gr.  et 

[i  See  Clinton,  vol.  ii.  p.  77.] 


PELOPOXSES.  WAR,  431-404.  89 

Dukeri  Wassiiqne  annotationes.  Berolini  1821.  3  vols.  Svo. — 
ed.  Poppo.  Lips.  p.  i.  ii.  iii.  proleg.  et  Thuc.  L  1.  1821-25.  p.  u. 
vol.  iv.  v.  vi.  Thuc.  1.  2-8.  1826-28.  p.  iii.  eomm.  vol.  i.  1831. 
vol.  ii.  1833.— ed.  S.  T.  Blomfield.  Lond.  1830.  vol.  iii.  8vo. 
Eng.  TransL  of  the  same,  Lond.  1828,  29. — rec.  et  ill.  Franc. 
Goeller.  Lips  1826.  ii.  vok.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  721. 

(&/)  AGATHOX,  of  Athens,  about  Ol.  xc.  a  tragic 
poet.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  281. 

(bu)  SOCRATES,  of  Athens,  bom  01.  Ixxvii.  3. 
B.C.  469.  of  poor  parents,  condemned  to  drink  the 
poisoned  cup,  Ol.  xcv.  2.  (B.C.  399.)  see  §.  13. 

(bv)  HIPPOCRATES,  of  the  island  Cos  ('ijnr. 
K*»j ),  of  the  family  of  the  Asclepiadae,  b.  Ol.  Ixxx. 
1.  (B.C.  460.),  d.  at  Larissa,  Ol.  cv.  4=357, 
the  first  physician  who  reduced  his  science  to  a 
system.  He  travelled  much,  and  afterwards  esta- 
blished a  school  of  medicine  at  Cos,  which  continued 
in  high  repute  many  years  subsequent  to  his  death. 
Seventy-two  compositions  pass  under  his  name,  but 
many  of  them  are  spurious.  Groddeck.  i.  p.  204,  sq. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  Aid.  1526.  fol.— Basil.  1538.  fol.  edited  by 
Janus  Cornarius. — opp.  omn.  rec.  et  illustr.  Anutius  Foesius. 
Francof.  1595.  Genev.  1657.  fol. — ed.  Jo.  Ant.  van  der  Lin- 
den. Lugd.  B.  1665.  8vo.  ii.  torn. — Hipp,  et  Galeni  opera 
edid.  Ren.  Charterins  (Chartier).  Lutet.  1679.  xiii.  vols.  fol. 
— cum  variet  lectt.  e  Codd.  Vindob.  ed.  Steph.  Mackius. 


90  PELOPONNES.  WAR,  431-404. 

Viennae  1743-49.  ii.  \ols.  not  completed. — In  the  Collcctt.  33. 
vols.  xxi.  xxii.  xxiii.  1825,  sqq — Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  606, 
sqq. 

(bw]  SOPHRON,  of  Syracuse,  wrote  pipovs  «»- 
Jgj/oyj  xxi  •yovome.iiov?,  representations  in  dialogue  of 
characters,  modes  of  life,  manners,  and  customs, 
in  a  prosaic  but  yet  in  a  rhythmical  style.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  493.  Sophr.  mimorum  fr.  in  Clas- 
sical Journ.  no.  8.  p.  381,  sqq.  Mus.  Cantabr. 
no.  7.  p.  340,  sqq.  Muller  Dorians  ii.  p.  371. 

(bx)  ANDOCIDES,  of  Athens,  b.  01.  Ixxviii.  2. 
B.C.  467,  a  statesman  and  orator.  There  are  four 
of  his  orations  still  extant :  my  T«»  ftva-r^luti  (de- 
livered Ol.  xci.  2.  B.C.  415.  in  reply  to  the  charge 
that  he  was  privy  to  the  mutilation  of  the  Mercuries, 
and  the  profanation  of  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  of 
which  Alcibiades  was  principally  accused),  X.XTU.  *AA- 

X,i/Zt«3t>U    (Ol.  XCi.    1.),    7Tl£l     T»J{  letVTCV  XCtSodtU  (01.   XCU. 

2.    B.  Chr.   411.),    vt^i   T?J    wgof   AasxsSa&^av/ovs    £<{ii'»)j 

(Ol.  xcvi.  4.  B.C.  393).  Reiske  Oral.  Gr.  t.  iv. 
Bekker  t.  i.  Andok.  ubers.  und  erliiut.  von  A.  G. 
Becker.  Quedlinb.  1832.  8vo.— Jan.  Otto  Sluiter 
lectiones  Andocidea.  Lugd.  B.  1804.  8vo.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  758.  Ruhnk.  hist.  crit.  oral.  p. 
xlix,  sqq. 

{by)  PHERECRATES,  a  celebrated  poet  of  the  Old 


PELOPOXXES.  WAR,  431-404.  91 

Comedy  (in  the  canon  of  the  Alex.)  of  whose  pieces 
from  thirteen  to  eighteen  are  quoted,  among  which 
"A'/^iu  exhibited  Ol.  Ixxxix.  4.  Plat.  Protag.  p.  327. 
D.  See  Heinrich  Epimen.  p.  192,  sqq.  Dess.  de- 
monstratio  et  restitutio  loci  corrupti  e  Plat.  Prot. 
Kiel  1813.  4to.—  Pher.  et  Eupol.  fr.  coll.  et  adnot. 
adj.  M.  Ruakelius.  Lips.  1829.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  473,  sqq.  Meineke  qu.  seen.  2.  p.  31, 
sqq. 

• 

(bz)  ARISTOPHAXES,  of  Athens,  the  wittiest  and 
most  spirited  poet  of  the  Old,  and  (in  the  Plutus) 
of  the  Middle  Comedy,  and,  in  regard  to  language, 
a  perfect  model  of  the  Attic  dialect.  His  eleven 
pieces  which  still  remain  out  of  sixty  are  :  ITAat/r*?, 
(exhibited  Ol.  Ixxxix.  2.  B.C.  423), 


ii.        See 
yachtr.  zu  Svlzer's  Th.  vii.  l.p.  113. 

Editt.  Ed.  pr.  Aristoph.  Coraoedia  ix.  cam  schol.  Gr.  Venet. 
ap.  Aid.  1498.  fol.  —  Flor.  ap.  Phil.  Juntam.  1515.  and  Thes- 
mophor.  and  Lysistrata  ib.  eod.  —  Arist.  Com.  xi.  Gr.  Lat,  cmn 
scholiis  antiqu.  et  notis  Virr.  DD.  recens.  Lud.  Kiister.  Am- 
stel.  1710.  fol.  —  Ar.  Com.  xi.  ad  fidem  optt.  Codd.  em.  cum 
notis  Steph.  Bergleri  nee  non  C.  Andr.  Dukeri  ad  4  priores. 
Ace.  fragm.  cur.  P.  Burmanno  Sec.  Lugd.  B.  1760.  ii.  vols. 
4to.  —  Ar.  Com.  ex  optim.  exemplarib.  em.  studio  Rich.  Fr. 
Phil.  Brunei.  Argent,  1783.  iv.  vols.  8vo.  —  Ar.  com.  auc- 
toritate  libri  pnecl.  sec.  x.  emend,  a  Philippe  Invernizio, 


92  PELOPONNES.  WAR,  431-404. 

Lips.  1794.  ii.  vols.  8vo — The  3d  and  following  vol.  under  the 
title :  Commentarii  iu  Arist.  Com. — colleg.,  digessit,  auxit 
Chr.  Dan.  Beckius.  Lips.  1809,  sqq.  8vo.  the  6th  and  following 

vol.  by  Dindorf.  1821 c.  schol.  et  var.  lect.  rec.  Imm.  Bek- 

kerus.  Ace.  notae  Brunck.  et  reliqu.  Londini  1829.  5  vols.  8vo. 
iibers.  von  J.  H.  Voss  mit  erliiuternden  Anm.  von  H.  Voss. 
Eraunschw.  3  vols.  1821.  8vo. — 'Arist.  com.  Plutus  cum  schol. 
recognovit  et  notis  instruxit  Tib.  Hemsterhuis.  Harling. 
1744.  8vo.  Lips.  cur.  Schaefer.  1811.  8vo. — Aves  Gr.  rec. 
et  perpetua  adnot.  illustr.  Chr.  D.  Beck.  Lips.  1782. — Nubes 
cum  schol.  rec.  et  annot.  J.  Aug.  Ernesti  suasque  add.  Godofr. 
Hermannus.  Lips.  1799.  1830.  8vo. — ed.  Car.  Reisig.  Lips. 
1820.  8vo. — Acharn.  ex  rec.  P.  Elmsley. — Pax,  ex  rec.  Guil. 
Dindorfii.  Lips.  1820.  8vo.  Equites  c.  ei.  ib.  1821.  Aves  1822. 
Ranse  1824.  Eccles.  1826.  Acharn.  1828.  Ar.  fragm.  ex 
rec.  Guil.  Bind.  ib.  1829.  F.  V.  Fritzsche  de  Babyloniis  Ar. 
comm.  Lips.  1830.  8vo. — Arist.  Wolken,  eine  Comb'die,  Griech. 
und  Deutsch  (v.  Fr.  Aug.  Wolf.)  Berlin  1811.  4to.  J.  W. 
Silvern  uber  Ar.  Wolken.  Berlin  1826.  4to.  The  same,  iiber 
Ar.  rJJgzf  ib.  1827.  8vo. — Car.  Reisigii  conjectaneorum 
in  Arist.  ii.  2.  Lips.  1816.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  356, 
sqq. 


(c)  ANTISTHENES,  of  Athens,  a  pupil  of  Gorgias, 
and  afterwards  of  Socrates,  founder  of  the  Cynic 
(KuvaVagye?)  Sect,  which  taught  a  most  austere  system 
of  morals,  and  restricted  its  followers  to  bare  neces- 
saries, and  a  precursor  of  the  Stoics.  Two  oratorical 
exercises  (pitinc^,  A'txs  and  'ojva-nvs,  may  he  found 
in  Reiske,  t.  viii.  p.  52,  sqq.  Bekk.  t.  iv.  4.  Append, 
p.  26.  a  letter  of  his  in  Orell.  epp.  Socr.  p.  8.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  697.  t.  Hi.  p.  512. 


DIONYS.  I.  AT  SYRACUSE.  93 

(ca)  XENOPHON,  of  Athens,  b.  Ol.  Ixxxiii.  2.  B.  C. 
447,  saved  by  Socrates  in  the  battle  at  Delium,  Ol. 
Ixxxix.  1=424,  conducts  the  return  of  10,000 
Greeks  from  Asia,  Ol.  xciv.  4.  B.  C.  401.  d.  Ol.  cvi. 
1  =356.  A  pupil  of  Socrates,  a  friend  of  Agesilaus. 

Editt.  1)  of  his  entire  works.  Ed.  pr.  Florent.  ap.  Phil.  Juntam. 
1516.  fol. — ap.  Aldum.  1525.  fol. — ap.  Henr.  Stephanum.  Paris. 
1561.  fol.  and  better  1581.  fol — Gr.  et  Lat.  cur.  Leunclavius. 

Basil  1569.  1572.  Francof.  1594.  fol Gr.  et  Lat.  cur.  Ed. 

Wells.  Oxon.  1703.  8vo.  5  vols. — cur.  Car.  Aug.  Thietne.  Lips. 
1763,  sqq.  1801. — 4to.  4  vols.— As  a  help.  F.  W.  Sturz  Leiicon 
Xenophonteum.  Lips.  1801 — 3.  4  vols. — illustr.  Benj.  Weiske. 
Lips.  1798 — 804.  6  vols.  8vo — quae  exstant,  ex.  11.  scr.  fide  et 
W.  DD.  conject.  rec.  et  interpret,  est  Job.  Glob  Schneider. 
Lips.  1829.  6  vols.  8vo.  (Frid.  Aug.  Bornemann).  2)  separate 
treatises:  a.  Cyropsedia  libr.  viii.  rec.  Thorn.  Hutchinson.  Oxon. 
1727. 4to — e  rec.  Hutchins.  (ed.  Morus.)  Lips.  1774. 8vo.  1784. 
8vo. — rec.  J.  C.  Zeune.  Lips.  1780.  8vo. — (Schneider.  Lips. 
1800. 1815. 8vo.)—  ad  fid.  maxime  Cod.  Guelph.  ed.  Era.  Poppo. 
Lips.  1821. — J.  Fr.  Fischeri  comm.  in  Xen.  Cyrop.  ed.  Christ. 
Theoph.  Kuinoel.  Lips.  1803.  8\o — rec.  Fr.  A.  Bornemann. 
(in  Jac.  et  Rost.  bibl.  Gr.)  Goth,  et  Erf.  1828.  b.  Anabasis  1.  vii. 
rec.  Th.  Hutchinson.  Oxon.  1735. 4to.  1745.  8vo.  and  with  notes 
by  Porson.  Cantabr.  1785.  8vo. — e  rec.  Hutch,  ed.  Morus.  Lips. 
1775.  8vo — rec.  J.  C.  Zeune.  Lips.  1785.  8vo. — (Schneider 
Lips.  1806.  8vo.  Bornem.  1825.  c.  anim.  Porsoni).. — rec.  Lud. 
Dindorf.  Lips.  1825 — recogn.  et  ill.  C.  G.  Kriiger.  Halis  1826. 
8vo. — ed.  Era.  Poppo.  Lips.  1827. 8vo.  c.  Historic  Graec.  1.  vii. 
rec.  Morus.  Lips.  1778.  8vo. — (Schneider.  Lips.  1791.  1821. 
8vo.) — d.  Memorab.  Socr.  1.  iv.  ed.  P.  Victorius.  Flor.  ap.  haer. 

Juntae  1558 ex  rec.  et  cum  notis  J.  Aug.  Ernesti.  1737.  8vo. 

especially  (with  Valcken.  and  Ruhnken's  annot.)  1772.  8vo. — 
cum  notis  Era.  Ruhnk.  Valcken.  Hindeburg.  (Lips.  1 769. 8vo.) 


94 


DIONYS.  I.  AT  SYRACUSE. 


suisqne  ed.  J.  C.  Zeune.  Lips.  1781.  8 vo.— (Schneider.  Lips. 

1790. 8vo.  1801. 1816. 8vo recogn.  et  ill.  G.  A.  Herbst.  Halis 

Sax.  1827.  8vo.  e.  QEconom.  Apol.  Socr.  Sympos.  Hiero,  Agesil. 
( Valkenaer  disputed  the  genuineness  of  Agesil.  See  on  the  other 
side  Weiske  preef.  Agesil.)  c.  animadv.  J.  Aug.  Bachii.  Lips. 
1749.  8vo — rec.  J.  C.  Zeune.  Lips.  1782.  8vo. — (Schneider. 
Lips.  1805.  8vo.) — Hiero.  Rec.  et  interpr.  est  C.  H.  Frotscher. 
Lips.  1822. 8vo. —  Conviv.  rec.  et  interpr.  est.  Fr.  A.Bornemann. 
Lips.  1824.  8vo.  Ace.  ej.  apol.  S. — "Supx:  recog.  et  ill.  G.  A. 
Herbst.  Hal.  1830.  8vo.  /.  Opusc.  politica  (de  republ.  Athen.— 
Bb'ckh  Pub.  Econ.  of  Athen.  i.  p.  62.  Not.— et  Lacedsem.  de 
reditibus)  equestria  et  venatica  rec.  J.  C.  Zeune.  Lips.  1778. 
8vo. —  (Schneider.  Lips.  1817.  8vo.)  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii. 
p.  l,sqq. 

(cb)  CTESIAS,  of  Cnidos,  private  physician  to  the 
younger  Cyrus,  lived  afterwards  in  the  Persian  Court 
till  395.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Persians  up  to 
398  in  twenty-three  books,  and  a  book  on  India,  of 
which  however  only  fragments  are  left,  which  may  be 
found  in  the  editions  of  Herodotus  by  Gale  and 
Wesseling — .opp.  reliquiae.  Coll.  rec.  ill.  Jo.  Chrn. 
Felix.  Biihr.  Franco/,  ad  M.  1824.  8vo.  Fab.  B.  Gr. 
t.  ii.  p.  740. 

(«/)  EUCLIDES,  of  Megara,  a  disciple  of  Socrates, 
who,  however,  chiefly  practised  Dialectics  or  the  art  of 
confuting  others  by  subtle  questions  and  conclusions, 
for  the  most  part  fallacies,  founder  of  the  Megarian 
school,  the  members  of  which  were  called  'E^nrnxei  and 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  715.  t.  iii.  p.  G25. 


CORINTH.  WAR, 394. — PEACE  OF  AN'TALCIDAS  387.    95 

(ce)  PLATO,  of  Athens,  b.  OL  Ixxxvii.  3.  B.  C.  430. 
d.  Ol.  cviii.  2=347,  disciple  of  Socrates,  and  founder 
of  the  Academy.  See  §.  13.  Respecting  his  travels 
see  Clinton,  p.  366.  not.  e. 

Editt.  Ed.  pr.  Aldina.  Venet.  1573.  fol.— ap.  Henr.  Ste- 
phanum.  Paris.  1578.  fol.  3  vols. — cum  vers.  et  argum.  Marsilii 
Fieini.  Lugd.  1590.  Francof.  1602.  fol.— ed.  Bipontina  1781 — 
87.  11  vols.  8vo.  ivith  dialogorum  PI.  argumenta  exposita  et 

illustrata  a  Diet.  Tiedemann.  1786.  8vo Plat,  opera  ex  rec. 

H.Stephani  passim  emend,  adj.  schol.  et  nott.  critt.  ed.  Christ. 

Dan.  Beck.  Lips.  8  vols.  1813 — 19.  12mo Plat,  diall.  Gr.  et 

Lat.  ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  Berol.  1816.  p.  i.  1,  2.  p.  ii.  1,2, 3. 
p.  iii.  1,  2,  3.  comm.  crit.  ib.  1823.  2  vols.  8vo. — ad  opt.  libr. 
fid.  rec.  Lat.  convertit  Fr.  Ast.  Lips.  Weidm.  1819 — 1830. 
i — ix.  Text  x.  Annot.  8vo. — ad  fid.  codd.  Florr.  Pariss.  Vindob. 
aliorumque  recogn.  Godofr.  Stallbaum.  Lips.  \Veigel.  1822,  sqq. 
8  vols.  8vo.— rec.  et  adn.  crit.  instr.  C.  Era.  Chph.  Schneider. 
Lips.  Teubner.  up  to  the  present  time  3  vols. 

Separate  Dialog.  Plat.  Dialogi  V.  (Amatores,  Euthyphro, 
Apol.  Socr.  Crito,  Phasdo)  rec.  et  illustravit  Xathan.  Forster. 
Oxonii  1745. 1765.8vo.— PL  Euthydem.  Apol.  S.  Crito,  Pheedo 
Gr.  e  rec.  H.  Stephani  varietate  lect  et  anirn.  crit.  ill.  J.  Fr. 
Fischer.  Lips.  1760. 1770. 1783.  Cratylus  et  Theaat.  Lips.  1770. 
STO.  Sophista,  Politicus,  Parmenid.  Lips.  1774.  8vo.  Philebus 
et  Sympos.  Lips.  1776.  8vo.  Plat.  dial.  IV.  Meno,  Crito, 
Alcibiades  1. 2.  cum  anim.  Gedicke,  Gottleber,  Schneider,  cur. 
Biester.  Berol.  1780.  1790.  cur.  Biest.  et  Buttmann.  ib.  1811. 
1822.  1830 — PL  Symposium  verbessert  und  mil  kritischen  untf 
erkl.  Anmerk.  herausg.  v.  F.  A.  Wolf.  Leipz.  1782. 1828. 8vo.— 
Plat.  lo,  ad  fidem  cod.  Venet  vert.  edd.  revocatus  et  illustr.  a 
M.  Guil.  Miiller.  Hamb-  1782.  8vo.— Plat  dial,  selecti  cura 
L.  Fr.  Heindorfii.  Berol.  1802—1810.  1827,  sqq.  4  vols.  8vo. 
(I.  Lys.,  Charm.,  Hipp,  maj.,  Phsedrus.  II.  Gorgias  et  Theset. 
III.  Crat.,  Euthyd.,  Parm.  IV.  Phsedo,  Sophistes,  Prota- 


96  CAPTURE  OF  ROME  BY  THE  GAULS. 

goras)  —  PI.  Phjedon  explanatus  et  emend,  prolegom.  et  annot. 

Dan.  Wyttenbachii.  Lugd.  B.  1810.  8vo.  Lips.  1825.—  PI.  Meiio 

proleg.  et  comm..ill.  God.  Stallbaum.  Lips.  1828.  —  PI.  Politia 

s.  de  rep.  11.  x.  rec.  atque  explan.  Fr.  Astius.  Lips.  1814.  8vo.  — 

Plat.  Leges  et  Epinomis  ad  opt.  libr.  fid.  em.  et  perp.  adnot.  ill. 

Fr.  Astius.  Lips.  1814.  2  vols.  8vo  —  PL  Philebus.  rec.  et  ill. 

God.  Stallbaum.  Ace.  Olympiodori  scholia  mine  primum  edita. 

Lips.  1820.  8vo.  —  lo.  prol.  vindic.  et  annot.  instr.  Gr.  Guil. 

Nitzsch.  Lips.  1822.  8vo.  Euthyphro.  proleg.  et  comro.  ill. 

Godofr.   Stallbaum.    1823.—  dial.  sel.   (apol.   S.  Crit.   Phted. 

Symp.  de  rep.)  rec.  et  comm.  in  usum  schol.  instr.  Godofr. 

Stallbaum.  (Collectt.  no.  1.  vol.  xi.)  Goth,  et  Erf.  1827,  sqq. 
4  vols.  8vo.  —  Symp.  ad  opt.  1.  fid.  ed.  c.  D.  Wyttenb.  animadv. 

adnot.  instr.  P.  A.  Eeynders.   Groning.  1825.  8vo.  —  dial.  IV. 

Lach.  Euthphr.  apol.  S.  Menex.  adn.  perpet.  ill.  Fr.  Guil. 
Engelhardt.  Berol.  1825.  —  Tima;us,  recogn.  ill.  A.  F.  Lindau. 
Lips.  1828.  8vo.  —  Scholia  in  Platonem  ex  Codd.  MSS.  primum 
coll.  ed.  D.  Ruhnkenius.  Lugd.  B.  1800.  8vo  —  Phil.  W.  van 
Heusde  spec,  critic,  in  Platonem.  Lugd.  1803.  8vo  —  C.  Mor- 
genstern  de  Plat.  rep.  comm.  III.  Haiis  1794.  8vo.  Th.  Gaisford 
lect.  Platon.  e  membr.  Bodleianis  etc.  Oxon.  1820.  8vo  — 
A.  Boeckh.  comm.  in  Platonis  Minoem  et  libr.  prior,  de  legibus. 
Hal.  1806.  8vo.  —  Groen  van  Prinsterer  prosopographia  Plato- 
nica.  Lugd.B.l  823.8  vo  __  Plat.  Works,  translated  by  Fr.Schleier- 
macher.  Berl.  ii.  1804.  1809.  1819—1828.  i.  1,  2.  ii.  1,  2,  3. 
iii.  1.  8.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  57,  sqq.  Ast  iiber  Plato's  Leben 
u.  Schriften.  Leipz.  1817.  Socher  iiber  Plato's  Schriften. 
Miinchen  1820.  8vo.  Phil.  Guil.  van  Heusde  initia  philos. 
Platmicee.  Traj.  ad  Rh.  1827. 

(c/')  TIM.EUS,  of  Locri  in  Lower  Italy,  a  Py- 
thagorean, under  whose  name  a  work  has  come  down 
to  us  wi 


Editions  generally  with  Plato.    S.  Ocellus.     Fabric.  B.  Gr. 


CAPTURE  OF  ROME  BY  THE  GAULS.  97 

t.  i.  p.  877.  Meiners  Gesch.  d.  Wiss.  i.  p.  587,  sqq.  On 
the  other  side  Bardili  Epochen  der  vorz.  philos.  Begr.  p.  165, 
sqq. 


ARCHYTAS,  of  Tarentum,  a  Pythagorean 
philosopher,  mathematician,  particularly  a  mecha- 
nician, at  the  same  time  a  great  statesman  and 
general.  Hor.  Od.  /,  23. 


Fragm.  -rtoi  rn;  ftetfnft.a.rn^;,  ed.  Jo.  Giammius.  Hafn. 
1707.  4to.  —  'Six  a,  \ttyti  xu6t\tKil  (spitriou*)  cum  epist.  Jo.  Ca- 
merarii.  Lips.  1564.  8vo.  —  and  in  Collectt.  no.  30.  II.  p.  273. 
no.  30.  Moral  and  other  fragments  in  Collectt.  no.  30.  II 
p.  234.  no.  30.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  831.  Meiners  Gesch. 
d.  T{  iss.  i.  p.  59(3.  Bardili  de  Arch,  philos.  ia  Aor.  acia  soc. 
Lai.  Jen.  i.  p.  3  sqq. 

(ch)  PHILISTUS,  of  Syracuse,  eyewitness  of  the 
defeat  of  the  Athenians  at  Svracuse,  B.C.  415,  then 
admitted  to  the  councils  of  Dionysius  the  elder, 
about  Ol.  xciii.  =  40o,  but  afterwards  banished  by 
him,  recalled  by  Dionysius  the  younger,  Ol.  ciii. 
1  =367.  maintains  his  ground  against  Dio,  Ol.  cv. 
3  =  356.  2i*fA«.«  in  two  parts.  1st,  up  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Agrigentum,  406.  B.C.  seven  books.  2d, 
reign  of  Dionysius  the  elder,  two  books,  up  to  Ol. 
civ.  2  =  303.  Cic.  Br.  17.  ad  Qu.fr.  11,  13.— 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  730. 

De  situ  et  origine  Syracus.  scripsit  atque  Phil,  et  Timai  rer. 
Sicul.  fragm.  adj.  Fr.  GSller.  Lips.  1818.  Svo. 

H 


98  CAPTURE  OF  ROME  BY  THE  GAULS. 

(ci)  CHCERILUS,  of  Samos,  a  celebrated  epic  poet, 
in  the  time  of  Plato,  who  took  for  his  subject  the 
Persian  war.  Vossius  de  poetis  Gr.  c.  V.  de  histor. 
Gr.  iv.  7.  p.  370.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  292, 
sq.  Horace  speaks  of  a  later  Choerilus.  Horat. 
Epist.  ii.  1,  232.  A.  P.  359.  Choerili  Samii  qua 
supersunt  coll.  et  ill. — Aug.  Ferd.  Naecke.  Lips. 
1827.  8vo.  Additam.  ib.  1827.  4to. 

(cK)  ANTIMACHUS,  an  epic  poet,  esteemed  by 
Plato  of  Colophon.  On  account  of  his  epic  poem 
©»j/3«?{,  the  Alexandrian  grammarians  reckoned  him 
among  the  five  classic  epic  poets.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  an  elegiac  poem  At»2»i,  lamentations  on  the 
death  of  his  beloved. 

Antimachi  Coloph.  reliquiae:  coll.  et  explevit  C.  Ad.  Gli. 
Schellenberg.  Halae.  1786.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  104, 
sqq. 

(cl)  PHILOXENUS,  Ol.  xcv.  of  Cythera,  at  the 
court  of  Dionysius  I.  by  whom  he  was  imprisoned 
in  the  stone  quarries  at  Syracuse,  a  dithyrambic 
poet.  KwtAanJ'.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  134.  Wyt- 
tenbach.  diatr.  de  Philoxenis  in  Philomath.  II. 
p.  64. 

(COT)  TIMOTHEUS,   of  Miletus,   about   the   same 


FLOURISHING  PERIOD  OF  THEBES,  371-362.    99 

time,  but  his  junior,  a  dithyrambic  poet,  as  was  also 
Telestes,  Diod.  Sic.  xiv.  46. 

(CH)  PHILOLAUS,  of  Croton,  a  disciple  of  Archv- 
tas,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  Pythagoreans.  Plato 
received  instruction  from  him  at  Heraclea  in  Lower 
Italy,  and  Simmias  and  Cebes  at  Thebes.  (Plat. 
Phcedon.  p.  61.  D.)  He  wrote  on  arithmetic,  the 
anima  mundi,  and  other  subjects.  Philolaos  des 
Pythayoreers  Leben  nebst  den  Bruchstucken  seines 
Werks  von  A.  Boeckh.  Berlin  1819.  8vo.  Cf. 
Ideler  in  the  Museum  d.  Alter  thumswiss.  II.  p.  405. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  862. 

(co)  ARISTIPPDS,  of  Gyrene,  a  disciple  of  Socra- 
tes, though  not  a  stedfast  adherent  to  his  moral 
principles,  founder  of  the  Cyrenaic  sect,  which  placed 
the  summum  bonum  in  the  enjoyments  of  sense, 
and  from  which  the  epicurean  school  afterwards 
proceeded ;  a  man  of  the  world,  and  a  favourite 
of  Dionysius  the  elder.  Horat.  Epist.  i.  1,  18.  17, 
23.  with  Wieland's  Note.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  700. 

(cp]  DIOGENES,  of  Sinope,  (SHU**}  b.  Ol.  xci.  3. 
(B.C.  413.)  d.  Ol.  cxiv.  2.  (323),  a  disciple  of 
Antisthenes,  and  the  most  celebrated  Cynic  philo- 


100  PELOPIDAS.    DION.  II.  IN  SYRACUSE,  368-357. 

sopher.     Twenty-seven    letters    are   falsely   ascribed 
to  him.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  516. 

(cq]  J£SCHINES,  of  Athens,  a  disciple  of  Socrates. 
Under  his  name  we  have  three  dialogues  :  on  virtue, 
ERYXIAS,  on  riches,  AXIOCHUS,  on  death,  which, 
however,  were  probably  the  production  of  later  and  dif- 
ferent authors;  ex.  gr.  the  Axiochus  posterior  to 
Grantor.  See  my  verm.  Schriften,  p.  51. 

Edit,  first  in  the  Editions  of  Plato.  Separately :  Gr.  Lat.  ed. 
Jo.  Clericus.  Arastel.  1711.  8vo. — ed.  P.  Horreus.  Leov. 
1718.  8vo.— cur.  J.  Fr.  Fischer.  Lips.  1786.  8vo.  See  also 
Simonis,  Socratici  Dialog!  IV. —  de  lege,  de  lucri  cupidine,  de 
justo  ac  de  virtute.  Additi  sunt  incerti  auctoris  dialogi  Ery- 
xias  et  Axiochus.  Rec.  Aug.  Boeckhius.  Heidelb.  1810.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  691. 

(cr)  LYSIAS,  an  orator,  son  of  the  Syracusan 
Cephalus,  b.  at  Athens  01.  Ixxx.  3.  (B.C.  458.) 
d.  Ol.  c.  2.  (B.C.  379.),  accompanied  Herodotus 
B.C.  443,  to  Thurii  till  411  ;  banished  by  the  thirty 
Tyrants  404 ;  he  lived  in  Megara  till  403,  after  vhe 
restoration  of  the  democracy  B.C.  402.  'uroTihfa. 
Forty-four  orations  are  extant,  see  §.  15. 

Editt.  Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aldum.  Venet.  1513.  fol.  with  other 
Oral. — rec.  Jer.  Marklandi  et  suas  notas  add.  Jo.  Taylor. 

Lond.  1739.  4to cum  nods  Tayl.  et  Marklandi  edid.  Reiske 

in  Oratt.  Gr.  torn.  v.  vi. — ed.  Athan.  Auger.     Paris.  1783. 


PHILIP  OF  MACEDON",  360-336.  101 

2  Tols.  8vo.  —  ad  cod.  Vindobon.  expr.  cnra  Fr.  K.  Alter. 
Viennse.  1  785.  8vo.  Bekk.  orat.  Att.  t,  i.—  Lysiae  et  Xsch.  or.  sel. 
comm.  in  usum  scbol.  instr.  a  Job.  Henr.  Bremi.  Goth,  et  Erf. 
1826.  Svo.  —  orat  quae  supers,  omn.  et  deperd.  fr.  ed.  et  brevi 
adnot.  crit.  instr.  C.  Foertsch.  Lips.  1829.  8vo.  —  in  ord.  chronol. 
red.  ed.  et  adnot.  crit.  instr.  Jo.  Franz.  Monacb.  1831.  8vo. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t  ii.  p.  760. 

(cs)  CEBES  (KE£U«),  a  Theban,  disciple  of  Socrates, 
author  of  a  philosophical  treatise  under  the  title  of 
Wf«|,  which  contains  an  allegorical  picture  of  human 
life,  the  genuineness  of  which,  however,  some  have, 
perhaps  unreasonably,  called  in  question. 

Edit,  generally  \rith  Epictet.  alone.  Cebetis  Theb.  tabula  e 
MSStis  restitute  a  Jac.  Gronovio.  Amstel.  1689.  8vo.—  coll. 
IV.  Codd.  Paris,  ed.  J.  Schweighaeuser.  Argentor.  1806.  12mo. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  i.  ii.  p.  702. 


(ct)  ALCIDAMAS,  of  Elea  in  Asia  Minor 
a  rhetorician.  Two  declamations  are  ascribed  to  him, 
'Oivrni/;  x.ettct  U*><MU^»-J(  5T{»3«9-;*{  and  my  0-0^<0T«f. 
in  Reiske  or  at.  Gr.  U  viii.  and  Bekker  t.  iv.  4.  Appendix 
p.  33.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  776. 

(c«)  CRITIAS,  of  Athens,  a  disciple  of  Gorgias  and 
Socrates,  but  the  most  despotic  of  the  thirty  tyrants. 
A  (gnomic)  elegy  by  him  of  little  worth  has  been  in 
part  preserved  by  Athenaeus  X.  p.  432.  Besides  the 
Atalante,  some  also  ascribed  to  hhri  the  Tragedies 


102  PHILIP  OF  MACEDON,  360-336. 

Pirithous  and  Sisyphus,  which  by  others  are  assigned 
to  Euripides.— -fragm.  disp.  ill.  em.  JV.  Bachius.  Lips. 
1827.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  294. 

(cv)  ISOCRATES,  of  Athens,  b.  Ol.  Ixxxv.  4.  (B.  C. 
436.)  d.  Ol.  ex.  3=338.  a  disciple  of  Prodicus  and 
Gorgias,  ( Cic.  or.  52.).  A  teacher  of  eloquence,  whose 
school  sent  forth  the  most  eminent  orators  and  authors. 
Cic.  Or.  ii.  20.  Brut.  8.  Owing  to  a  want  of  confidence 
and  vocal  power  (Cic.  Or.  ii.  3.),  he  never  spoke  in 
public.  His  twenty-one  extant  orations  he  wrote 
partly  for  others,  and  partly  as  models  for  his  pupils, 
see  §.  15.  (The  anecdote  recorded  by  Cic.  or.  iii.  35. 
or.  19,  62.  Quint,  iii.  1,  14.  is  at  variance  with 
Chronology.) 

Editl.  Ed.pr.  Mediolanicur.  Demetrio  Chalcondyla  1493.  fol — 

Venet.  ap.  Aldum  1513.  1534.  fol ed.  Hieron.  Wolf.  Basil. 

1551.  1570.  fol ap.  Henr.  Stephanum.  1593.  fol.— ed.  Guil. 

Battle.  Lond.  1749.  2  voJs.  8vo. — ed.  Athan.  Auger.  Paris. 
1782.  3  vols.  8vo. — ad  optim.  exempl.  fidem  emendavit  (?) 
Wilh.  Lange.  Halis  Sax.  1803.  8vo. — 'Irox^.  \'eyn  xoi  ImrrtlMi 
(ttret  f%e\ia»  yrakcuSf,  ei(  Vfuririftifaii  trtifttiaffui  etc.  in  naaitioii 
«•£.  (1807).  2  vols.  8vo.  (ed.  Adamant.  Coray.)— Bekk.  or.  Att. 
t.  ii. — oratt.  commentt.  instr.  a  Jo.  Henr.  Bremi.  Goth,  et  Erf. 
1831,sqq. — Is.Panegyricusrec.etillustr.Sam.Fr.Nath.  Morus. 
Lips.  1804.  8vo.  c.  Mori  suisque  ann.  ed.  Guil.  Dindorf.  Lips. 
1826.  8vo.  c.  Mori  suisque  annot.  ed.  Fr.  A.  W.  Spohn.  Ed.  2. 
cur.  J.  Ge.  Baiterus.  Lips.  1831.  8vo.  Areopagiticus  ed. 
J.  T.  Bergmann.  Lugd.  B.  1819.  8vo. — or.  de  permutatione 
cujus  pars  ingens  primum  Gr.  edita  ab  A.  Mustoxyde.  Mediol. 
1812.  8vo. — ex  codd.  MSS.  suppleta  ab  Andr.  Mustox.  Rec. 


PHILIP  OF  MACEDON,  360-336.  103 

J.  C.  Orellius.  Turici   1814.  8vo. — admon.  ad  Demonic,  in 
Collectt.  no.  30.  2  vols.   Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  777. 


(cw)  Cmoy,  of  Heraclea  on  theEuxine,  a  disciple 
of  Plato,  slew  the  Tyrant  Clearchus  of  Heraclea,  but 
was  slain  by  his  guards,  Ol.  cvi.  4=353.  Seventeen 
spurious  letters  pass  under  his  name.  Chionis  epist. 
Gr.  ad  Codd.  JMediceos  rec.  castlg.  notas  et  ind. 
adjecit  Jo.  Theoph.  Coberus.  Dresd.  et  Lips.  1765. 
8vo.  iri  the  Memnon  of  J.  C.  Orelli.  Lips.  1816.  8vo. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  677. 

(ex)  AXTIPHAXES,  about  01.  xcviii.  a  celebrated  poet 
of  the  Middle  Comedy,  (in  the  canon  of  the  Alex.), 
author  of  more  than  260  pieces.  His  country  unknown. 
P.  H.  Koppiers  obss.  philol.  in  loca  queedam  Antiph. 
Lugd.  B.  1771.  8vo.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  414.  Meineke 
qu.  seen.  3.  p.  49. 

(cy)  EUDOXUS,  of  Caidus,  about  01.  ciii.  (B.  C. 
366.)  a  disciple  of  Plato,  by  whom  also  he  was  ac- 
companied in  his  travels  to  Egypt,  (Clinton,  p.  366. 
not.  e.),  a  great  mathematician  and  astronomer,  whose 
work  on  astronomy  was  translated  into  verse  by  Aratus. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  10. 

(cz)  LYCURGUS,  of  Athens,  of  the  noble  family  of 
the  Eteobutadae,  b.  01.  xciii,  1=408,  a  disciple  of 


104  PHILIP  OF  MACEDOX,  360-336. 

Plato  and  Isocrates,  a  friend  of  Demosthenes,  esteemed 
for  his  integrity,  love  of  liberty,  and  firmness  of  principle, 
died  Ol.  cxiii.  1=328,  after  having  delivered  in  the 
senate  an  account  of  his  political  conduct.  One  Oration 
in  Leocratem.  in  Taylor  and  Reiske.  vol.  iv. — e  rcc. 
Taylori  ed.  J.  Godofr.  Hauptmann.  Lips.  1 753. 8vo. — 
mil.  teutschen  Noten  von  J.  H.  Schulze.  Braunschw. 
1798.  8vo. — emend.  C.  F.  H(einrich.}  Bonnae  ad 
Rhen.  1821.  8vo. — recogn.  Taylori  prol.  et  anim. 
integr.  Hauptrn.  Reisk.  Schulz.  sel.  Mori  ined.  suas- 
que  adj.  oratt.  deperd.  fr.  coll.  A.  G.  Becker.  Magdeb. 
1821.  8vo.—  rec.  Frid.  Osann.  Jen.  1821.  8vo.— Bekk. 
or.  Alt.  t.  ii.— Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  812. 

(d)  Is^us  (of  Athens  or  Chalcis),  an  orator,  dis- 
ciple of  Lysias  and  Isocrates,  instructor  of  Demosthenes. 
Ten  speeches  on  hereditary  property  in  Reiske  Oral. 
Gr.  t.  vii.  and  the  eleventh  wig/  T«V  Mw*Xeo»{  xAn'gsu. 
(by  Th.  Tyrwhitt.)  Lond.  1785.  8vo.  and  in  Eibl.  d. 
alt.  Lit.  and  K.  3s  St.  Ined.  also  at  the  end  of  Isocr. 
ic.  «»T<3.  by  Orrell. — ?r«g/  rov  K.^iutvft»v  xX«'»»v  nunc 
primurn  duplo  auctior  inv.  et  interpr.  Jlng.  Majo. 
MedioL  1815.  Gr.  8vo.  Bekk.  orat.  Gr.  t.  iii.— 
recogn.  annot.  crit.  et  comm.  adj.  Ge.  Fr.  Schonann. 
Gryphisw.  1831.  8vo.— Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  80S. 

(da)  THEOPOMPUS,  of  Chios,  a  disciple  of  Isocrates, 
b.  about  Ol.  c.  3=378.  one  of  the  most  celebrated 


PHILIP  OF  MACEDON,  360-336.  105 

historians,  but  negligent  in  style,  (Meneike  qu.  seen. 
2.  p.  71.  Cic.  Brut.  17.  de  oral.  ii.  23.  iii.  9.  1.  epit. 
Herodoti.  Ruhnk.  hist.  crit.  or.  Gr.  p.  Ixxxvii. 
Frommel  de  Th.  epit.  Her.  in  Creuzer  Meletem.  iii.  2.) 
'EAAijruue  in  twelve  books  from  the  period  at  which 
Thucydides  ends  01.  xcii.  2.  to  the  sea-fight  at  Cnidos 
01.  xcvi.  3=394.  <JnA<5r*-<*«  in  fifty-eight  books 
history  of  Philip  from  01.  cv.  1=360.  into  which, 
however,  many  other  irrelevant  circumstances  were 
introduced,  as  the  history  of  Dionys.  the  elder  and 
the  younger. — fr.  coll.  disp.  et  expl.  Eysson-Wiggers. 
Lugd.  B.  1829.  8vo.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  801.  Ruhnk. 
hist.cr.or.ip.S7.  Clinton,  p.  375.  not.  g.  JL.J.E. 
Pftugk  de.  Theop.  vita  et  script  is.  Berol.  1827.  8vo. 

(db)  EPHORUS,  of  Cuma,  also  a  disciple  of  Isocrates, 
wrote  a  history  of  the  Greeks  from  the  return  of  the 
Heraclidse  1191  B.C.  to  Ol.  ex.  1=340.-- fragm. 
coll.  atque  ill.  M.  Marx.  Carlsr.  1815.  8vo.  (Cf. 
Friedem.  et  Seeb.  Misc.  cr.  ii.  p.  754,  sqq.)  Fab.  B. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  355.  800.  Clinton,  p.  373.  not./. 

(rfc)  ASCLEPIADES,  of  Tragilus  in  Thrace,  a  disciple 
of  Isocrates,  wrote  Tg«y*$«i^*s»«,  i.  e.  an  exposition  of 
the  subjects  dramatized  by  the  Tragic  poets.  Ascle- 
piada  Trag.  Tragodumenon  reliquiae.  Diss.  posthuma 
Fr.  Xav.  Werferi  in  the  Actis  philol.  Monac.  t.  ii. 
fasc.  4.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  289. 


106  PHILIP  OF  MACEDON,  360-336. 

(dd)  To  this  period  also,  subsequently  to  Ol.  cv. 
the  irtyirhovf   of   the    Mediterranean   sea,  which   is 
ascribed  to  Scylax  of  Caryanda  in  Caria  under  Darius 
Hystaspes,  appears  to  belong.     See  Niebuhr  in  the 
Abh.  der  Berl.  Acad.  hlst.phil  CL  1804— 11.  p.  83.— 
Ed.  pr.  Dav.  Hoeschelii.  August.  Vindel.  1608.  then 
in  Collectt.  no.  21.  22.     Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  606, 
sqq. 

(de)  ./ENEAS,  surnamed  Tacticus,  about  Ol.  civ. 
(probably  the  general  of  the  Arcadians,  Xen.  Hell.  vii. 
3,  1.).     Two  treatises  by  him,  T«ICT«K«  and  ira;  %^  irt- 
k{0£novi4W»  «m£g<»,  were  first  published  with  Polybius 
by  Is.  Casaubon.  Paris  1609. — de  toler.  obsidione  lib. 
ad  Codd.  Paris,  et  Medic,  rec.  comm.  int.  Is.  Casaub. 
not.  Jac.  Gronov.  Koesii,  Casp.  Orellii  et  suas  adj. 
Jo.   Conr.  Orellius.     Lips.  1817.  8vo.  Fab.  B.  Gr. 
t.  iv.  p.  334. 

(df)  DEMOSTHENES,   of  Athens,  b.  Ol.  xcviii. 
4=385.  first  appeared  as  an  orator  against  his  guar- 
dians in  01.  civ.   1=364.     His  first  oration  against 
King  Philip  01.  cvii.  1=352.  (three  Aoyo<  'Okvrttttxu.) 
Pursued  by  Antipater,  he  took  poison  in  the  island 
Calauria,  01.  cxiv.  3=322.  Sixty-one  orations.  There 
are  Scholia  upon  him  which  are  attributed  to  Ulpian, 
of  whom  nothing   further  is  known.     Wolf,  ad  or. 
Lept.  p.  210.    Clinton  fasti  Hell.  4pp.  p.  360. 


PHILIP  OF  MACEDON,  360-336.  107 

Edd,  Ed.  pr.  Aldina.  Venet.  1504.  fol.— cum  comm.  Ulpiani. 
Basil,  ap.  Hervag.  1532.  fol. — Gr.  Lat.  cum  Ulpiani  comm. 
ed.  Hieron.  "Wolf.  Basil.  1549.  1572.  Franc.  1604.  fol. — com 
Ulp.  Paris.  1570.  ap.  Benenatum,  fol.  (cur.  Morell.  ed.  Dion. 
Lambinus).— ed.  J.  Taylor.  Cantabr.  1748—57.  1774.  4to. 
2  vols. — ed.  J.  J.  Reiske.  Lips.  1770.  2  vols.  Ed.  coir.  cur. 
G.  H.  Schaefer.  Lond.  1822.  4  vols.  8vo.  Apparat  crit.  3  vols. 
Ind.  1  vol.  8vo.  App.  crit.  exeget.  ad  Demosth.  Obsop.  Wolf. 
Tayl.  Reisk.  annot.  tenens.  Dig.  aliorumque  et  suis  annot. 
auctum  ed.  God.  H.  Schaefer.  Lond.  1824 — 27.  5  vols.  8vo — 
ed.  Ath.  Auger,  torn.  i.  Paris.  1790.  4to.  Bekk.  or.  Art.  t.  iv. 
p.  i.  ii.  iii.  iv. — Demosth.  or.  adv.  Leptinem  cum  scholiis  veterib. 
et  comm.  perpetuo  ed.  Fr.  Aug.  Wolf.  Halis  1789.  8vo.  repet. 
J.  H.  Bremi.  Turic.  1831.  8vo. — or.  in  Midiam,  ed.  notis  crit. 
et  exegeticis  instruxit  G.  L.  Spalding.  Berol.  1794.  8vo.  cur. 

Buttmann.  ib.  1823.  8vo rec.  M. H.E.Meier.  Hal.  1831, sq. 

Svo. — or.  de  pace  cum  schol.  et  Andr.  Danaei  prselection.  ed. 
Chr.  D.  Beckius.  Lips.  1799.  8vo. — or.  pro  corona  rec.  E.  C. 
Fr.  Wunderlich.  Gott.  1810.  1820.  8vo. — ^Esch.  et  D.  or.  de 
corona.  Ex  recognit.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  Ace.  scholia  partim  inedd. 
Hal.  1815.  8vo — Dem.  Philippicae  in  usum  schol.  recogn. 
Bekkerus.  Berol.  1816.  8vo.— Phil.  I.  Olynth.  III.  et  de 
pace  rec.  et  comm.  ill.  C.  A.  Riidiger.  Lips.  1829.  Svo. — 
Philipp.  oratt.  v.  ex  rec.  I.  Bekk.  ed.  et  ill.  J.  Th.  Voemel. 
Francof.  1829.  Svo in  Androt.  et  C.  H.  Funkhaenel.  Lips. 

1832.  Svo. — oratt.  sel.  comm.  in  usum  schol.  instr.  ah  Job.  H. 
Bremi.  Goth,  et  Erf.  1829.  Svo.    Dem.  Political  orations  trans- 
lated into  German,  and  with  notes  by  F.  Jacobs.  Leipz.  1805. 

1833.  Svo. — Dem.  as  a  Statesman  and  orator.    Historico-crit. 
Introd.  to  his  Works  by  Gerh.  Becker.  Halle  1816.  Svo — Dem. 
as  a  citizen,  orator,  and  author,  by  the  same.  Quedl.  u.  Leipz. 
1830.  Svo.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  816. 

(dg)  HYPERIDES,  of  Athens,  a  disciple  of  Plato  and 
Isocrates,  an  orator  distinguished  for  his  eloquence 
and  patriotism,  put  to  death  by  order  of  Antipater, 


108  ALEXANDER,  336-323. 

01.  cxiv.  3=322.  Of  his  fifty-two  orations  there  is 
only  one  remaining,  the  seventeenth  among  those  of 
Demosthenes,  p.  211.  Reisk.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  856. 
Ruhnk.  L  c.  p.  Ixix.  ad  Rutil.  i.  19.  p.  64. 


(rfA)  JLscHiKES,  of  Athens,  of  mean  extraction, 
the  antagonist  of  Demosthenes,  ambassador  at  the  court 
of  Philip,  Ol.  cviii.  3=344.  having  lost  his  cause  in 
the  suit  de  corona  against  Demosthenes,  01.  cxii. 
3=330.  retired  to  Rhodes.  Three  orations. 

Edd.  Ed.  pr.  Aldum.  Venet.  1513.  then  with  Demosthenes  — 
Reiske  or.  Gr.  III.  IV.  Bekk.  or.  Att.  t.  iii  —  oratt.  sel.  ad  fid. 
Codd.  MSS.  recogn.  et  ill.  J.  H.  Bremius.  Turici  1824.  8vo. 
—  or.  in  Ctesiphontem  rec.  E.  C.  F.  Wunderlich.  Gott.  1810. 
8vo.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  850. 

(di)  DEMADES,  of  Athens,  an  orator,  an  antagonist 
of  Demosthenes,  and  in  the  pay  of  Philip  ;  put  to 
death  by  Antipater,  whom  he  had  derided,  and  Cas- 
sander,  01.  cxv.  2=319.  on  the  pretext  of  treachery. 
Reiske  oral.  Gr.  t.  iv.  Bekk.  or.  Att.  t.  iii.  Fab.  B.  Gr. 
L  ii.  p.  868.  Ruhnk.  hist.  crit.  or.  p.  Ixxi. 

(dk)  SPEUSIPPUS,  nephew  of  Plato,  and  his  successor 
in  the  Academy,  01.  cviii.  1=348.  His  posthumous 
works  were  purchased  by  Aristotle  for  about  three  tal. 
Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  187. 


THIRD  PERIOD. 

§.  17.  EVERT  department  of  literature  had  been 
now  so  assiduously  cultivated,  as  to  leave  little  or  no 
encouragement   for   future   adventurers    to   hope   for 
success  in  attempting  to  strike  out  a  new  path.     On 
the  other  hand,  the  sciences  properly  so  called  were 
for  the  most  part  still   in  their   infancy;   they  had 
either  as  yet  been  wholly  unatteinpted,  as  Geography 
and   Physiology,  or  they  existed  only  in  a  mass  of 
single,   unconnected,   and   often   conflicting   acquire- 
ments, as  Philosophy,  Mathematics,  and  Astronomy. 
Then  it  was  that  an  individual  appeared,  who,  with  a 
prodigious   extent   of    knowledge,   possessed    in   the 
highest  degree  the  talent  of  systematic  arrangement — 
Aristotle  (a).     He  divided  the  whole  range  of  Philo- 
sophy into  the  theoretical  and  practical,  into  Logic, 
Physics,   (Cosmology,   Psychology,  Theology,  urgami 
<p*A«<r«pi'«,  which  his   interpreters  called   t*  ftnct  r* 
Qvnxei),  and  Ethics   (properly  speaking  Moral,  Poli- 
tical, and  Economical  science).     Each  of  these  parts, 
under  the  guidance  of  certain  leading  principles,  he 
arranged   in  systematic  order,  but  especially   Logic, 


110  THIRD  PERIOD. 

Rhetoric,  and  Poetry,  by  accurately  observing  and 
reducing  to  rule  the'  method  of  the  earlier  Philo- 
sophers, Orators,  and  Poets,  while  at  the  same  time 
he  exhibited  in  a  connected  form  the  precepts  of  the 
Rhetoricians ;  so  that  in  fact  these  sciences  owe  their 
origin  to  him.  He  applied  himself  likewise  with  un- 
remitting ardour  to  the  study  of  Natural  History,  in 
which  he  derived  powerful  support  from  his  pupil  Alex- 
ander (Plin.  H.  N.  viii.  16.),  the  customs  and  political 
institutions  of  all  the  then  known  nations,  and  the 
literary  history  of  his  country,  to  which  his  work 
met  7r«MjT»>i,  his  history  of  Eloquence  and  Rhetoric 
(Cic.  de  inv.  2.  2.  orat.  2.  38.  Brut.  12.),  his 
2«&e<rxflcA/#,  belonged,  and  in  which  he  was  followed 
by  several  of  his  pupils,  as  Theophrastus  and  Dicce- 
archus.  He  also  exercised  his  ingenuity  and  zeal  in 
the  elucidation  of  Homer  in  his  v^^ftttrct  'Opt^moi. 
Thus  the  principal  aim  of  his  exertions  was,  to 
observe  accurately  every  thing  which  presented  itself 
to  him,  to  compare  and  to  generalize ;  in  Philosophy 
also  properly  so  called  he  had  the  merit  of  col- 
lecting and  arranging,  rather  than  that  of  original 
invention. 

§.  18.  But  there  is  another  respect  also,  in  which 
Aristotle  exerted  a  decided  influence  upon  his  own 
as  well  as  on  the  following  age.  He  was  the 
first  to  establish  a  library,  the  same,  which,  after 
being  augmented  by  that  of  Theophrastus,  was 


THIRD  PERIOD.  Ill 

conveyed  by  Sylla  to  Rome,  and  gave  occasion 
to  that  which  Ptolemy  Lagus,  governor,  and  after- 
wards king  of  Egypt,  himself  a  man  of  letters,  esta- 
blished in  his  capital,  in  that  part  of  the  city  where 
the  royal  palace  was  situated  (called  Bruchion},  and 
which  after  the  additions  made  to  it  by  his  successors 
is  said  to  have  contained  upwards  of  400,000  volumes, 
i.  e.  distinct  works. 

His  successor  Ptolemy  Philadelphus  founded  a 
second  large  library  in  the  Serapeum,  which  was 
computed  at  70,000  volumes  a.  Ptolemy  Lagus  also 
founded  a  museum  at  Alexandria,  i.  e.  an  academy 
for  distinguished  men  of  science,  who  might  here 
in  uninterrupted  leisure  devote  their  whole  time  to 
philosophical  research  b. 

§.  19.  Eumenes  II.  of  Pergamus  197 — 158. 
founded  a  library  in  his  capital  likewise,  and  thus  vied 
with  the  kings  of  Egypt,  as  did  also  his  son  and  suc- 
cessor Attains  II.  158 — 138.  until  Antony  made  a 
present  of  the  library  of  Pergamos  to  Cleopatra.  (Plu- 
tarch. Anton,  c.  58 c.)  In  other  states  also  and  in  the 
islands  a  revival  of  learning  took  place,  in  consequence 

a  Beck  specimen  historiae  bibliothecarum  Alexandr.  Lips. 
1810.  4to.  G.  Dedel  hist.  crit.  bibl.  Alex.  Lugd.  B.  1823. 
4  to. 

b  Gronov.  thes.  antiq.  Graec.  t.  viii.  2738,  sqq. 

c  Manso  iiber  die  Attaler,  annexed  to  his  Leben.  Constantins 
d.  Gr. 


112  THIRD  PERIOD. 

of  many  learned  men  having  been  obliged  by  the 
cruelties  of  Ptol.  Physcon  145 — 117.  to  quit  Alex- 
andria, and  seek  a  refuge  in  other  places.  (Jlthen. 
iv.  p.  184.  c.)  These  favouring  circumstances  had 
the  effect  of  directing  attention,  which  had  already 
been  powerfully  awakened,  in  a  still  greater  measure 
to  the  master  pieces  of  antiquity,  and  to  scientific 
investigation,  and  Alexandria  became  the  seat  of 
learning.  Euclides  (b)  founded  Mathematics  as  a 
science,  in  which  also  Aristarchus  of  Samos  (&«), 
Apollonius  of  Perga  (by),  Hero,  Archimedes,  (cc), 
and  Hipparchus  (ci),  distinguished  themselves : 
Eratosthenes  (bz)  founded  Geography  and  Chrono- 
logy. The  ambition  to  excel  in  every  department, 
and  to  compass  the  entire  field  of  knowledge,  was 
particularly  fostered.  (lIoAwVrog/*.  see  Luzac.  led. 
Jltt.  p.  132.)  The  person  most  distinguished  for  the 
extent  and  varieiy  of  his  attainments  after  the  example 
of  the  Aristotelians,  ex.  gr.  Heraclides  Ponticus  (ay), 
was  the  same  Eratosthenes  who  for  that  reason 
acquired  the  name  of  Philologus,  also  that  of  Beta, 
which  was  considered  a  more  appropriate  designation 
than  Alpha,  to  which  he  might  have  been  entitled,  if 
he  had  confined  himself  to  one  particular  subject. 
In  general  it  was  the  custom  of  learned  men  to 
acquire  by  the  study  of  ancient  works  such  knowledge 
as  was  necessary  for  understanding  and  explaining 
the  old  authors,  Grammar,  Mythology,  History, 


THIRD  PERIOD.  113 

and  especially  Archaeology,  and  to  apply  these  ac- 
quirements to  the  elucidation  of  the  old  Classics 
in  matter  and  language  (Grammarians] .  Men  of 
letters,  even  Poets,  were  now,  almost  without  ex- 
ception, Grammarians.  (Heyne  opusc.  i.  p.  98,  sq.) 
It  was  owing  to  the  Grammarians,  and  particularly  to 
the  conflux  of  strangers  at  Alexandria,  the  situation 
of  which  as  a  mart  of  commerce  was  upon  the 
confines  of  the  three  quarters  of  the  globe,  that  the 
language  was  preserved  in  its  original  purity :  the 
emendation  of  the  text  of  the  Homeric  poems,  in 
which  Aristotle  (»  ^la^afif  *  \x.  tii^6nx.of)  and  Zeno- 
dotus  (ay)  had  already  occupied  themselves,  became 
an  especial  object  of  their  attention,  though  the  science 
of  criticism  made  no  considerable  progress  even  under 
Aristophanes  (cf]  and  Aristarchus  (ck).  The 
Grammarians  at  Pergamos-  likewise  pursued  their 
studies  with  eminent  success,  among  whom  Crates 
of  Mallus  was  particularly  distinguished.  As  a  guide 
for  students  in  the  great  mass  of  writings  which  lay 
before  them,  the  Alexandrian  grammarians  made  a 
selection  of  those  which  they  deemed  the  best  authors, 
(canon)  (Ruhnk.  hist.  crit.  or,  Gr.  p.  xciv  sqq. 
whose  opinion  is  considerably  modified  in  C.  Ferd. 
Ranke  comni.  de  Aristophanis  vita,  in  the  Leipzig 
impression  of  Rut  inns  Lup.  ed.  Ruhnken.),  an 
arrangement  to  which  we  should  probably  owe  the 

preservation    of   the   most    valuable    monuments   of 

\ 

i 


114  THIRD  PERIOD. 

antiquity,  if  subsequent  events  had  not  in  some 
degree  neutralized  this  effect.  But  the  same  zeal 
which  prompted  the  Egyptian  kings  to  purchase  for 
their  libraries  the  books  of  celebrated  authors  at  a 
high  price,  had  tempted  many,  even  in  the  time  of 
Ptolemy  Philad.,  to  ascribe  to  authors  of  note  in- 
ferior productions,  or  even  to  compose  works  them- 
selves and  pass  them  off  under  their  names.  ( Bentley 
opusc.  p.  155,  sqq.  Lips.  Luzac  lect.  Ait.  149, 
sqq.) 

§.  20.  The  study  of  Grammar  determined  the 
whole  course  of  Literature  in  Alexandria.  By  the 
study  of  the  ancient  Classics  many  were  incited  te 
attempt  poetical  composition  themselves.  Seven  poets 
were  considered  worthy  of  distinction  (Pleias,  not  to 
be  confounded  with  the  Pleias  tragica,  Groddeck  II. 
p.  4.).  But,  with  few  exceptions,  they  were  more 
eminent  for  the  great  correctness  of  diction  and 
structure  which  their  poems  exhibited,  for  a  skilful 
imitation  of  the  language  of  poetry,  and  for  their 
mythological  learning,  than  for  genuine  poetical 
talent  <>.  Jlpollonius  Rh.  (cd),  and,  among  those 


<*  Jam  multis  rebus  penitus  conversa  erat  facies  Graecarum 
litterarum,  uti  ipsarum  civitatum.  Pro  foris,  pro  pulpitis  et 
scenis  et  celehritatibus  publicis  musea  et  bibliothecse,  pro  inge- 
nio  propriarum  opum  divite,  trepida  et  mediocribus  ausis  se 
committens  imitatio,  pro  poesis  et  eloquently  concitatissimo 
spiritu  sobria  et  scepe  frigida  eruditio  in  omcesque  partes  doc- 


THIRD  PERIOD.  115 

of  Pergamos,  Aratus  (bp),  display  most  taste;  Cal- 
limackus  (bo],  though  preferred  by  the  Romans, 
especially  by  Propertius,  to  all  the  other  Elegiac 
poets  except  Philetas  (aq),  abounds  indeed  in 
erudition  and  ornament,  but  is  too  often  injudicious 
in  its  application  ;  the  same  observation  may  perhaps 
be  extended  loEuphorion  (ce],  while  Lycophron  (bk) 
betrays  an  utter  want  of  taste.  Others  applied  the 
poetic  style  to  subjects  which  did  not  at  all  admit  of 
being  so  treated,  as  Nicander,  who,  without  belonging 
to  the  Alexandrian  school,  wrote  after  their  model  on 
Medicine,  Scymnus  (ct),  and  Dionysius  Periegetes 
(df}t  on  Geography.  The  most  numerous  were 
those  who  displayed  the  sportiveness  of  their  wit  in 
short  epigrammatic  compositions,  but  they  no  longer 
celebrated  illustrious  men  and  remarkable  events  with 
the  same  grace  and  dignity  which  characterized  the 
ancient  poets.  One  of  these  would-be  wits  and 
maudlin  poets,  Meleager  (cs),  collected  the  epigrams 
of  ancient  and  modern  writers  into  a  wreath,  which 
he  arranged  according  to  the  initial  letters  of  their 
poems.  Exaggerated  demands  which  even  in  the 
time  of  Aristotle  (see  de  poet.  c.  18.)  were  not  un- 

trinarum  diffusa  lectio,  pro  inventionis  sollertia  sedulitas  et 
cura  et  nitor  quidam  dispositions  poeticique  sennonis,  pro  ar- 
tium  denique  omnium  magnifico  et  nativo  flore  corollae  ex  undi- 
que  decerptis  flosculis  collects1  conspiciebantur.  Wolf,  proles, 
ad  Horn.  p.  clxxxix. 


H6  THIRD  PERIOD. 

frequently  made  upon  poets,  the  effort  to  outvie 
their  predecessors  and  to  acquire  distinction  by 
novelty,  an  effect  which  they  could  only  produce 
by  a  frequent  affectation  of  wit  and  conceit,  and  a 
hankering  after  the  approbation  of  the  great,  stifled 
every  attempt  to  follow  nature,  and  literature  de- 
clined when  kings  and  princes,  not  content  to  pa- 
tronize, began  to  assume  its  direction. 

§.21.  In  those  places,  on  the  other  hand,  where 
book-learning  less  prevailed,  as  ex.  gr.  at  Athens,  the 
poetic  art  exhibited  its  natural  complexion.  At  the 
same  period  the  New  Comedy,  which  numbers  sixty  - 
'  four  poets,  adorned  by  the  names  of  Philemon  (au), 
Menander  (aw],  Philippides  (ao,)  Diphilus  (bg], 
and  others  of  whom  we  have  imitations  in  Plautus  and 
Terence  was  in  full  vigour  at  Athens.  It  amused, 
improved,  and  instructed  by  general  portraitures  of 
character,  and  owed  its  origin  to  the  study  of  nature 
and  mankind,  which  prevailed  in  the  Peripatetic  school. 
One  Poet  of  this  period  was  particularly  distinguished 
for  his  genuine  poetic  genius  and  for  his  unsophisticated 
and  vivid  representation  of  nature,  Theocritus  (bin), 
of  Syracuse,  who  appears,  however,  to  have  resided  at 
Alexandria,  though  only  for  a  short  time. 

§.  22.  The  followers  of  Aristotle  continued  to 
tread  in  his  steps,  particularly  lleracldes  (ay],  Theo- 
phrastus  (ak),  dristoxenus  (a/),  Diccearchus  («/), 
though  without  his  ability  to  grasp  the  whole  circle 


THIRD  PERIOD. 


117 


of  knowledge.  But  besides  the  Aristotelian  or  Peri- 
patetic schools,  there  flourished  or  sprung  up  other 
sects  of  Philosophers.  While  Epicurus  (be)  earned 
out  the  system  of  Aristippus  and  set  forth  a  life  ot 
pleasure,  the  !i)ai,  as  that  aim  of  all,  even  of  moral, 
action  which  nature  herself  prescribes,  and  in  theo- 
retic philosophy  laid  down  as  the  basis  of  his  cos- 
mogony the  fortuitous  operation  of  mechanical 
causes  (the  Atomic  system),  Zeno  (bb)  developed 
in  its  extreme  rigour  the  moral  system  of  Antisthenes, 
while  he  taught  that  virtue,  the  acting  from  pure  prin- 
ciples of  reason,  was  the  only  good,  and  vice  the  only 
evil ;  that  all  else  was  indifferent,  i.  e.  had  no  ground 
either  of  preference  or  rejection  in  itself,  but  only  in 
external  circumstances.  Almost  more  eminent  than 
the  founder  of  the  Stoic  school  were  his  successors 
Cleanthts  (bs)  and  Chrysippus  (bz),  Pantetius  (cm) 
and  Posidonius  (ex).  Among  the  Epicureans  the 
following  obtained  celebrity,  Hermarchus,  of  Myti- 
lene,  (Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  604.  Grodd.  ii.  p.  118.) 
Metrodorus  (bf),  Zeno,  whose  lectures  Cicero 
attended  at  Athens,  and  Philodemus  (ex9).  Charmed 
by  the  confidence  with  which  the  Stoics  above  all 
others  propounded  their  opinions,  the  middle  academy 
under  Arcesilaus  (bd)  dexterously  exhibited  the 
arguments  for  and  against  every  proposition  in  a 
logical  form,  hoping  thus,  by  carefully  balancing 
both,  to  arrive  at  the  truth.  The  chief  ornaments 


118  THIRD  PERIOD. 

of  this  school  were  Carneades  (co),  who  was  also 
distinguished  for  his  eloquence,  Grantor  (be),  and 
Clitomachus.  The  Peripatetics  and  Academics  were 
lo  a  great  degree  the  conservators  of  sound  taste 
(Heyne  opusc.  t.  i.  p.  88.),  and  Athens  continued  to 
be  the  principal  seat  of  Philosophy  and  Taste.  At 
Alexandria  the  Academics,  Peripatetics,  and  Stoics  met 
with  little  encouragement,  the  Epicureans  with  rather 
more,  while  the  Cyrenaics  as  courtiers,  and  the  Cynics 
(as  court-jesters  ?)  were  in  high  estimation.  Philo- 
sophical investigations  were  principally  pursued  by 
all  parties  and  with  no  little  acrimony,  the  more  so 
as  they  appeared  to  offer  a  solitary  compensation  for 
the  loss  of  liberty. 

§.  23.  Other  kinds  of  literature,  however,  were 
not  neglected.  History,  as  well  as  Natural  Philo- 
sophy and  Geography  derived  fresh  aliment  from  the 
expeditions  of  Alexander  and  his  successors,  though 
at  the  same  time  it  encouraged  a  taste  for  marvellous 
stories  of  foreign  lands,  and  in  general  for  extravagant 
tales,  such  as  Lucian,  particularly  in  his  serious  his- 
tories, so  often  ridicules.  The  Sicilian  Tima:us(bi) 
first  directed  the  attention  of  the  Greeks  to  the 
growing  power  of  the  Romans.  One  historian  was 
preeminent,  Polybius  (ch),  who  with  a  harshness 
of  language  was  distinguished  above  his  contempo- 
raries by  his  practical  observation,  his  genuine 
historic  spirit,  and  his  sound  ciitical  discernment ; 


THIRD   PERIOD.  119 

qualities  which  he  had  acquired  in  the  wars  and 
political  negociations  of  the  Achaean  league,  by  his 
intercourse  with  the  greatest  generals  and  statesmen 
of  his  time,  and  by  foreign  travel.  The  Samian 
Duris  was  also  held  in  estimation.  But  in  the  last 
times  of  the  Roman  Republic  and  under  Augustus 
there  appeared  Historians,  who  are  entitled  to  con- 
sideration not  so  much  for  their  lucid  arrangement, 
their  practical  views,  and  their  vigour  of  delineation, 
as  from  the  importance  of  the  circumstances  which  they 
narrate;  as  Dionysius  of  Halicar.  (dd],  in  whom 
we  observe  a  rhetorical  style  and  a  mind  hampered 
with  the  prejudice  that  every  thing  Roman  was 
derived  from  Greece,  and  Diodorus  Sic.  (de),  who 
is  too  frequently  inaccurate  and  frivolous.  Elo- 
quence became  mute,  as  its  sphere  became  more  and 
more  contracted.  At  the  commencement  of  this 
period  besides  Dinarchus  (am),  Demochares  (am], 
nephew  to  Demosthenes,  was  its  chief  ornament ;  he 
wrote  likewise,  but  in  a  rhetorical  style,  the  history  of 
his  time.  (Corsin.  fast.  Att.  II.  p.  96.  Ruhnk.  ad 
Rutil.  L.  p.  7.  Clinton,  p.  379,  sq.  Meineke  qu. 
seen.  3.  p.  52.)  With  so  much  the  greater  zeal  was  the 
study  of  Rhetoric  pursued,  particularly  by  Hegesias, 
(genus  Asiatic um.  Cic.  orat.  c.  67.  Brut.  83. 
Ruhnk.  ad  Rutil.  L.  p.  25.)  but  it  was  of  a  character 
which  aimed  more  at  figures  and  tropes,  witty  anti- 
theses, bombast  and  false  ornament,  than  at  truth 


120 


THIRD  PERIOD. 


and  vigour  of  conception,  the  nervous  style  of  anti- 
quity having  been  already  reduced  by  Demetrius  of 
Phalerus,  to  an  effeminate  and  fascinating  delicacy. 
(Cic.  Brut.  9.  §.  37.  38.  25.  cf.  or.  27.  69.  de 
orat.  II.  23.  95.  Quintil.  X.  1,  80.  XII.  10, 
16 — 20.  Plut.  Anton,  c.  2.)  In  Cicero's  time  the 
brothers  Menecles  and  Hierocles  of  Alabanda,  and 
Jlpollonim  Molo,  Cicero's  master,  were  eminent  pro- 
ficients in  this  style.  (Cic.  in  loc.  cit.) 

§.  24.  Even  after  Greece  had  become  a  Roman 
province,  it  continued  to  be  the  fashion  for  young 
Romans,  who  wished  to  form  their  minds  by  the  study 
of  Philosophy  and  the  Sciences,  or  even  to  acquire 
only  an  exterior  polish,  to  pass  some  time  at  Athens. 
At  Alexandria  the  study  of  Grammar  still  prevailed, 
but  instead  of  an  all-embracing  Philology,  it  became 
more  and  more  confined  to  investigations  upon  the 
elements  of  language  and  verbal  inflexions.  The 
master  spirits  of  the  age  chose  Rome  for  their 
residence,  as  the  historian  Dionysius  of  Halicar- 
nassus,  the  geographer  Strabo,  and  the  philosophers 
Cornutus  and  Musonius f. 


f  On  this  period  see  Heyne  de  genio  seecvli  Ptolemaorum 
in  his  Opusc.  acad.  Vol.  I.  p.  76.  VI.  p.  436.  Luzac  leclt.  Att. 
Lugd.  B.  1809.  p.  133,  sqq.  Manso  verm.  Schr.  I.  p.  221. 
II.  p.  323.  Beck  de  philologia  saculi  Ptolem.  Lips.  1818. 
4to.  Matter  essai  histvrique  sur  I'ecole  d'Alexandrie.  Pam, 
1820.  2  vols.  8vo. 


ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  33(5-32:3.  121 

(a)  ARISTOTLE,  of  Stagira  in  Macedonia,  b.  Ol. 
xcviii.  4.  (385),  a  pupil  of  Plato  from  Ol.  ciii.  2. 
(367),  afterwards  preceptor  of  the  young  Alexander. 
After  01.  cxi.  3.  (334),  he  established  a  school  at 
Athens  in  the  Lyceum  (•m^lvccrof.  n^*«-«riiT**«'),  d. 
Ol.  cxiv,  3.  (322)  at  Chalcis  in  Euboea,  see  §.17. 
His  writings  (esoter.  and  exoter.  .Yiebuhr  rhein. 
Mus.  L  p.  253.  Rom.  Hist.  I.  p.  20.)  are: 


1)  logical:  Organon:  *artfytol*i,  rtfi  \*fttiniat  <rf«X0ruea 
Tttr-ia  2  B.  K»a?..  Ztvua.  2  B.  «••*•»»«  8  B.  trui  rtfirrutin 
l^iy^tn  2  B.  2;  rhetorical:  a.  vi%n>  fir.  3  B  ex  rec.  et  cum 
comm.  P.  Victorii.  Venet.  1548.  Basil.  1549.  Flor.  1579. 
fol.  —  cum  comm.  M.  A.  Majoragii.  Venet.  1572.  1591.  fol.  — 
ed.  Chrph.  Schrader.  Helmst.  1648.  1661.  4to.  —  cur.  Garn- 
et Reiz.  Lips.  1/72.  8vo.  J.  Sev.  Vater  anim.  et  lectt.  ad 
Arist.  1.  III.  rhet.  c.  auctar.  F.  A.  Wolfii  Lips.  1794.  8vo.  — 
ad  fid.  MSS.  recogniti  c.  vers.  Lat.  Ace.  auimadv.  yarior.  Oxo- 
nii.  2  Tola.  1820.  Gr.  8vo.  Die  <r.  far.  r»t;  'AAi|.  w  spurious,  b. 
ft^i  ftinrMiif,  fragment  of  a  larger  icork.  cum  comm.  P.  Vic- 
torii. Flor.  1560.  fol.  —  e  rec.  Dan.  Heinsii  Lugd.  B.  1611. 
8vo.  1643.  12mo.  —  ex  rec.  et  cum  animadverss.  Thph.  Ctrph. 
Harles.  Lips.  1780.  8vo.—  e  rec.  Thorn.  Tvrwhitt.  Oxon.  1794. 
4to.  and  8vo.  —  cam  comm.  Godofr.  Hermanni.  Lips.  1802.  8vo. 
c.  comm.  Val.  Henn.  etc.  ed.  E.  A.  Gnil.  Graefenham.  Ups. 
1822.  3)  physical:  physicae  auscultat.  libr.  8.  de  coelo  IV.  de 
generatione  et  corruptione  II.  Meteorologica  IV.  de  anima 
III.  parra  naturalia  XI.  The  icork  de  mundo  (c.  J.  Ch.  Kap- 
pii.  Altenb.  1792.  8vo.)  is  not  genuine.  4)  on  natural  history: 
Historiae  animalium  1.  X.  (textum  rec.  J.  C.  Scaligeri  vers. 
dilig.  recogn.  comm.  et  indd.  adj.  Jo.  Gottl.  Schneider.  Lips. 
1815.  4  vols.  8vo.)—  de  partibus  animalium  IV.  de  general,  ani- 
mal. V.  de  plantis  II.  (de  mirabilibus  auscuharionn.  spuriou* 


122  ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  336-323. 

ed.  J.  Beckmann.  Gott.  1786.  4to.)  etc.  5)  metaphysical :  rut 
pi-a,  T«  QuriKa  14  B.  of  which,  fiowever,  several  are  spurious,  or 
relate  to  a  different  subject.  Aristot.  et  Theophrasti  Metaphyy. 
ad  fid.  vett.  Codd.  MSS.  rec.  C.  A  Brandis.  Berol.  t.  i.  1823. 
6)  ethico-political :  'Hfaxuv  Nixeft.ee^iiut  X.  c.  comm.  P.  Victorii. 
Flor.  1584. — ad  codd.  et  edd.  vett.  fidem  recogn.  ill.  Lat.  Lamb, 
interpret,  castig.  adj.  Car.  Zell.  Heidelb.  1820.  2  vols.  8vo. — 
recogn.  var.  lect.  adj.  ill.  ind.  orn.  Edw.  Cardwell.  Oxonii  1828 
— 1831.  2  vols.  8vo. — translated  and  explained  by  Chr.  Carve. 
Breslau  1798 — 1806.  2  vols.  8vo.— de  republica  VIII.  cum 
comm.  P.  Victorii.  Flor.  1576. — cum  paraphrasi  Dan.  Heinsii. 
Lugd.  B.  1621.  8vo. — cura  Herm.  Conringii.  Helmst.  1656. 
4to. — rec.  emend,  illustr.  J.  Glo.  Schneider.  Francof.  ad  V. 

1809.  2  vols.  8vo ad  Codd.  fid.  ed.  et  adnot.  adj.  Car.  Got- 

tling.  Jense  1824.  8vo.  Cf.  Gust.  Pinzger  de  iis,  qua  Aristot. 
in  Plat.  Politia  reprebendit.  Lips.  1822. — O/xa»»,<*/»«-  'Av<w- 
•ju/u.au  olx/Haptxa.:  Q>i).o$yfieu  •*.  xaxiui  xttl  TUI  a»nxfifiivia»  ugtvu*. 
ed.  et  adnot.  adj.  Cor.  Gottlingius.  Jenae  1830.  8vo — *o\imut 
TO.  ffafy'ftita  coll.  ill.  proleg.  adj.  C.  Fr.  Neumann.  Heidelb. 
1827.  7)  <t>«ffv»yvaY«xa».  Scriptores  physiognomiei  veteres ; 
rec.  J.  G.  Fr.  Franzius.  Altenb.  1780.  8vo.  8)  miscellaneous 
writings :  Problemata.  Anonymi  CEconomica,  quse  vulgo  Arist. 
falso  ferebantur.  e  11.  scr.  et  vers.  ant.  em.  et  enarr.  J.  Glo. 
Schneider.  Lips.  1815.  8vo.  His  "Tfiftf  il;  i/pr**  has  been 
published  separately  by  C.  A.  G.  Griifenkam.  Muhlhus.  1831. 
4to.  Progr. 

Complete  Editions  of  his  Works :  Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aid.  Venet. 
l'495,  sqq.  5  vols.  fol. — Basil.  1550.  fol — cur.  Jo.  Bapt.  Ca- 
motio.  Ven.  ap.  Aid.  1552.  6  vols.  8vo. — op.  et  stud.  Fr. 
Sylburgii.  Francof.  1587.  11  vols.  4to. — ex  bibl.  Is.  Casauboiii. 
Lugd.  1590.  fol.— ed.  Guil.  du  Vallius.  Paris.  1619.  1629. 
1639.  4  vols.  fol. — ad  optim.  exemplarium  fidem  rec.  annot. 
crit.  librr.  argum.  et  nov.  vers.  Lat.  adj.  Jo.  Thph.  Buhle. 
Biponti  1791 — sqq.  as  yet  5  vols.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri. 
Berol.  1831.  2  vols.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  195.  Ch.  A. 
Brandis  iiber  die  Schicksale  d.  Aristot.  B'ucher  u.  einige  Kri- 


ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  336-323.  123 

terien  ihrer  Aechtheit  in  the  Rhein  Mus.  I.  p.  236.  Greek  ex- 
positors of  Arist.  u'hote  commentaries  are  still  extant  are 
Alexander  of  Aphrodis.  Ammonias,  Eustratius,  and  others.  See 
BiiMe  Aristot.  t.  i.  p.  286,  sqq. 

(«6)  XENOCRATES,  of  Chalcedon,  a  pupil  of  Plato 
and  successor  of  Speusippus  in  the  Academy,  Ol. 
ex.  2.  (339).  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  Hi.  p.  191. 

(ac)  ALEXIS,  of  Thurii,  about  Ol.  cxi.  B.  C.  334, 
a  poet  of  the  middle  Comedy,  is  said  to  have  written 
about  245  pieces.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  406. 
Meineke  qu.  seen.  3.  p.  27,  sqq. 

(ad}  ANAXIMENES,  of  Lampsacus,  a  disciple  of 
Diogenes  Cyn.  a  companion  of  Alexander,  a  rhe- 
torician and  historian  (in  the  Alex,  canon.)  1.  *•{£- 
rcct  ia-T«^ieti,  A  history  of  the  Greeks  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  battle  of  Mantinea.  2.  A  history  of 
Philip.  3.  A  history  of  Alexander.  Vossius  de 
histor.  Gr.  I.  10.  p.  45.  Ruhnfc.  hint.  crit.  orat.  Gr. 
p.  Ixxxvi.  in  ed.  Rut.  L.  Clinton,  p.  376. 

(ae}  HECATJEUS,  of  Abdera,  a  companion  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  an  historian  who  is  said  to  have 
written  upon  the  history  and  religious  antiquities 
of  the  Jews.  Hecat.  Abd.eclogee  c.  n.  Jos.  Scaligeri 
suoque  comrn.  perpetuo  ed.  P.  Zornius.  Alton* 
1730.  8vo. 


124  ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  336-323. 

(af)  CALLISTHENES,  a  companion  of  Alexander, 
put  to  death  by  his  order  B.C.  325.     He  described 
the  expedition  of  Alexander,  and  also  '£AAwx«  from 
the  peace  of  Antalcidas  Ol.  xcviii.  2=387,  to  the 
capture  of  the  Delphic  temple  by  the  Phocians  in  ten 
books.     See   Vossius  de  histor.  Gr.  p.  35.     Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  36.     Clinton,  p.  376.  not,  k.     His 
veracity  was  as  little  approved  as  his  style. 

Among  the  most  eminent  of  Alexander's  historians 
at  this  period  may  be  reckoned  also  ARISTOBULUS,  of 
Cassandrea  (Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  35.),  and  the 
king  of  Egypt,  PTOLEM.EUS  LAGI,  f  284.  (Fabric, 
ib.  p.  50.)  both  of  whom  Jlrrian  principally  followed 
as  most  worthy  of  credit,  and  CLITARCHUS,  who 
was  esteemed  for  his  talents  at  least  if  not  for  his 
fidelity.  (Fabr.  ib.  p.  38.  Sainte-Croix  ejcainen 
crit.  des  anc.  historians  d'Alexandre  le  Grand- 
Paris.  1&04.  8vo.  Conr.  Manner ts  Gcsch.  der 
unm.  Nachfolger  Alex.  Leipz.  1787.  8vo.  p. 
352.) 

(ag)  HERACLIDES  PONTICUS,  of  Heraclea,  a  pupil 
of  Plato,  Speusippus,  and  Aristotle.    Of  his  numerous 
philosophical,   historical,    grammatical,   and   political 
writings  there  is  extant  only  a  fragment,  *•££/  woAm***. 
Gr.  et  Lot.  ed.  Nic.  Cragius.  Lugd.  B.  1670.  8vo.— 
ed.  e   Codd.   em.   et   illust.    G.    D.   Koler.      Ilalce 


ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  336-323.  125 

1804.  8vo.—  also  in  the  JElian  of  Coray.     Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  495. 

(ah)  CRATES,  of  Thebes,  a  pupil  of  Diogenes  and 
a  Cynic,  about  Ol.  cxiii.  B.C.  328.  His  wife  Hip- 
parchia  was  of  the  same  sect.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
l.  iii.  p.  514.  Clinton,  p.  179. 

(ai)  CHAMELEON,  of  Heraclea  on  the  Pontus,  a 
Peripatetic,  wrote  upon  several  ancient  poets,  the 
Iliad,  the  lyric  poets,  the  old  comedy,  hence  a  literator. 
Boeckh.  Prcef.  Pind.  schol.  p.  ix. 


THEOPHRASTUS  (formerly  Tyrtamus),  of 
Eresus  in  Lesbos,  a  pupil  and  successor  of  Aristotle, 
Ol.  cxiv.  2.  (321).  Of  his  numerous  philosophical, 
especially  moral,  physical,  physiological,  and  political 
productions  there  have  been  preserved  only  historic 
plantar  um  X.  besides  de  causis  plantarum  VIII. 
etc.  and  31  titutti  x«(«*riig<$,  which,  however,  have 
more  the  appearance  of  being  extracts  of  a  later  date 
from  the  moral  writings  of  Th.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii. 
p.  408.  Clinton,  p.  366,  not.  g. 

Editt.  \)  of  A«  entire  works:  ed.  pr.  ap.  Aid.  1497.  fol. 
155-2.  Svo.  with  AritM.  —  rec.  Dan.  Heinsius.  Lugd,  B.  1613. 
fol.—  rec.  J.  G.  Schneider.  Lips.  1818,  sqq.  5  vols.  STO.  2) 
a.  Hist,  plant,  cum  notis  Jul.  Cjes.  Scaligeri  et  Rob.  Stephani 
ed.  Jo.  Bodaeus  a  Stapel.  Amstel.  1644.  fol—  ed.  Job.  Stack- 


126  ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  336-323. 

house.  Cantabr.  1814.  2  vols.  8vo.  b.  Charact.  Niirnberg  in 
Bilib.  Pirkheymer  1527.  (wily  15.)  In  the  Arist.  of  Camotius  with 
8  new. — rec.  et  comment,  instruxit  Is.  Casaubonus.  Lugd.  1592. 
8vo.  and  with  5  new,  Ch.  1598.  8vo.  and  often. — rec.  Th. 
Gale  in  Opusc.  myth.  etc.  Cantabr.  1671.  8vo. — rec.  P.  Need- 
ham.  Cantabr.  1712.  8vo. — c.  ined.  Aug.  Buccheri  notis,  varr. 
lectt.  MSS.  et  commentatt.  ed.  Jo.  Conr.  Schwarz.  Cob.  1739. 
4to. — rec.  et  ill.  add.  comm.  Is.  Casaub.  3.  Fr.  Fischer.  Cob. 
1763.  8vo. — Char.  eth.  Theoph.  capita  II.  hactenus  anecdota  e 
Cod.  MS.  Vaticano  ed.  Jo.  Chph.  Amadutius.  Parm.  1786. 
4to — The  Characters  of  Theoph.  for  upper  schools,  a  new  Edit. 

by  Jac.  H.  Nast.  Stuttg.  1791.  8vo rec.  Jo.  Gottl.  Schneider. 

Jense  1799.8vo — ad  optt.  libr.  fid.  rec Fr.  Astius.  Lips.  1818. 

8vo.     On  the  Munich  Cod.    see  Acta  Monac.  t.  iii.  p.  365. 

(al)  ARISTOXENUS,  of  Tarentum,  a  pupil  of  Aris- 
totle ;  lives  of  philosophers ;  a  collection  of  Pytha- 
gorean maxims ;  on  the  tragic  poets ;  mathematical 
works,  of  which  one  upon  music,  ttqtnauh  e-rn^uav 
3  B.  is  still  extant.  See  Antiques  musicce  auctores 
VII.  ed.  M.  Meibomim.  Amst.  1652.  4to. — Aristoa: 
rhythmic,  clem,  fragm.  e  bibl.  Veneta  D.  Marci  mine 
primum  ed.  Jac.  Morellius.  Venet.  1785.  8vo. — 
Guil.  Leon.  Mahne  diatribe  de  Aristoxeno.  Amstel. 
1793.  8vo.— Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  632. 

(am)  DINARCHUS,  of  Corinth,  a  pupil  of  Theo- 
phrastus,  b.  Ol.  civ.  4.  (360),  d.  Ol.  cxv.  2.  (319),  an 
orator.  His  three  orations,  see  Reiske  or.  Gr.  IV. 
Bekh.  t.  iii.  Ruhnk.  ad  Rutil.  L.  II.  5.  p.  88.  12(i. 
Clir.  Wurm  comm.  in  Din.  oral.  3.  Norimb.  8vo. 


ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  336-323.  127 

—  Din.   orr.   3   ed.   C.  Ern.  Aug.  Schmidt.     Lips. 
1826.  8vo. 


(a«)  DEMETRIUS  PHALEREUS  (Qst^ivf),  a  pupil 
of  Theophrastus,  esteemed  for  his  eloquence,  (  §.  23.) 
from  01.  cxv.  3.  (318),  governor  of  Athens  under 
Cassander,  but  banished  by  Antigouus  and  Demetrius 
Poliorc.  01.  cxxi.  1=296.  d.  at  Alexandria  Ol.  cxxiv. 
1.  (284).  A  rhetorical  work  -xiy  i^unmett,  is  impro- 
perly ascribed  to  him.  (Probably  by  Demetrius  of 
Alexandria.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p,  63.)  See  in 
the  Collect!,  no.  39.  40.  —  cum  comm.  ed.  P.  I'iclorius. 
Flor.  1562.  /of.  1594.  /of.  Dem.  de  elocutione  libr. 
cur.  Jo.  Glob.  Schneider.  Jjltenb.  1779.  8vo.  Fabr. 
B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  63.  Ruhnk.  hist.  cr.  or.  Gr.  p. 
XCI. 

(ao)  PHILIPPIDES,  of  Athens,  an  eminent  poet  of 
the  new  comedy  (in  the  Alex,  canon).  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  479.  Clinton,  p.  177. 

(ap)  To  this  period  probably  belongs  also,  if  we 
may  judge  from  the  notice  of  him  by  Stratokles  in 
the  fragm.  in  Athen.  IV,  p.  137.  C.  (see  Ruhnk. 
ad  Rutil.  L.  p.  32.)  MATROX,  a  celebrated  parodist. 
See  Studien  IV.  p.  293,  sqq  Osann.  anal.  crit. 
p.  73.  Fab.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  550.  His  fragments  pre- 
served in  Athenseus  are  no.  7.  of  the  Collectt. 


128  REIGN  OF  DEM.  POL.  PTOL.  LAGI,  323-284. 

(aq)  PHILETAS  (<!><A»IT«J),  of  Cos,  a  distinguished 
elegiac  poet,  and  as  such  a  model  of  Propertius  ;  also 
a  grammarian,  preceptor  to  Ptolemy  II.  Phil.  Coi 
fragm.  qua  reperiuntur,  coll.  et  not.  ill.  K.  Ph. 
Kayscr.  Gotting.  1793.  8vo.  Phil.  Hermesian.  et 
Phanoclis  reliquiae.  Dispos.  em.  ill.  JV.  Bachius. 
Halce  1829.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  518.  ii. 
p.  874.  iv.  p.  490.  vi.  p.  376. 

(ar)  HERMESIANAX,  of  Colophon,  an  elegiac 
poet,  wrote  three  books  of  elegies  under  the  title, 
Aso'msv.  One  fragment  preserved  by  Athenseus  vid. 
in  Ruhnken.  Ep.  crit.  App.  and  in  Ilgenii  opusc. 
and  in  Phil,  of  Bach.  Cf.  Hermann,  apusc.  t.  iv. 
p.  239.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  873. 

(as)  PHANOCLES,  also  an  elegiac  poet,  whose  poems 
bore  the  title,  "E^urtf  $  x«Aa/.  A  very  beautiful 
fragment  has  been  preserved  by  Stobceus,  tit.  62.  See 
Ruhnken.  ibid.  See  Philetas. 

(at).  DIC^EARCHUS,  of  Messana  in  Sicily,  a  pupil 
of  Aristotle,  who  chiefly  occupied  himself  in  historical 
researches.  Of  his  numerous  writings  there  are  still 
extant  fragments  of  a  geographical  poem  in  Iambics, 
«v«y£«<p>i  TII;  'EAA«'5«?,  and  of  a  treatise  in  prose,  pin 
'EAA.  a  description  of  their  systems  of  government, 
manners,  and  customs,  in  three  books.  Die.  Geo- 


PTOLEMY  LAGI  IN  EGYPT,  323-284.      129 

graphica  quadam,  see  de  vita  Gr.  Ei.  descriptio  Gr. 
Exc.  H.  Stephanas.  Paris.  1589.  8vo. — cum  L. 
Holstenii  lucubrat.  ed.  Gul.  Manzi.  Ramte  1819. 
4to. — B/«j  'EAA.  aliaque  fr.  geogr.  emend,  atque 
illustr.  a  M.  Marx  in  Creuzeri  melet.  iii.  p.  171, 
sqq.  Collectt.  no.  22.  in  the  2d  vol.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  486. 

(an)  PHILEMON  (<J>jX»jft«»»),  of  Soli  in  Cilicia, 
a  celebrated  poet  of  the  new  comedy,  d.  Ol.  cxxix.  3. 
(262)  aet.  90.  97  Comedies.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii. 
p.  476. 

(aw)  MENAXDEK,  of  Athens,  son  of  the  Athenian 
commander  Diopithes,  the  most  distinguished  poet  of 
the  new  comedy,  a  pupil  of  Theophrastus,  h.  Ol.  cix. 
3.  (342),  d.  01.  cxxii.  2.  (291). 

Men.  et  Phil,  reliquiae,  quotquot  reperiri  potuerunt  Gr.  et 
Lat.  c.  not.  Hug.  Grotii  et  Job.  Clerici.  Amstel.  1709.  8vo. 
On  the  other  side  Phileleutheri  Lips.  (Bentley)  emendationes  in 
Men.  et  Phil.reliqu.  Traj.  ad  Eh.  1710. 8vo.  Cantabr.  1714. 8vo. 
Cf.  Infamia  emend,  in  Men.  rell.  (by  Jac.  Gronov.)  Lugd.  B. 
1710. 12mo — Philargyrii  Cantabr.  (Jo.  Corn,  de  Pauw)  emen- 
datt.  in  Men.  et  Phil,  reliqu.  Amstel.  1711. 8vo.  Men.  et  Phil, 
reliqu.  Ed.  Aug.  Meineke.  Berol.  1823.  8vo.  Fabric.  Bibl. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  454. 

(</;)    APOLLODORUS.      There  were   three    come- 
dians of  this  name,  of  whom  one  was  of  Gela   in 
E 


130  PTOLEMY  LAGI  IN  EGYPT,  323-284. 

Sicily,  a  contemporary  of  Menander,  another  of 
Carystus  in  Euboea,  the  third  of  Athens.  Terence 
was  indehted  to  one  of  these  for  his  Hecyra  and 
Phormio.  He  was  also  in  the  Alexand.  canon. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  419,  sqq. 

(ay]  ZENODOTUS,  of  Ephesus,  a  pupil  of  Philetas, 
and  director  of  the  Alexandrian  library  under  Ptolemy 
Philad.,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  grammarians  who 
attempted  to  amend  the  text  of  the  Homeric  poems. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  362. 


(az]  EUHEMERUS  (Ewi^sgas),  of  Messana,  a 
favourite  of  Cassander,  wrote  a  history  of  the  Gods, 
in  which  he  endeavoured  to  prove  from  inscriptions 
on  monuments  in  temples,  especially  in  the  fabulous 
Panchaia  in  India,  that  all  the  gods  of  the  Greeks  were 
formerly  kings  and  generals;  thence  uitof.  This 
probably  poetic  work  was  translated  by  Ennius. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  616. 

(6)  EUCLIDES  (EI/KXE/&);),  about  Ol.  118.  B.C. 
308,  the  creator  of  Mathematics  as  a  science.  His 
principal  work  is  FTOI^IH  [t<x.6i)p.  15  bks.  (of  which  14, 
15,  are  by  Hypsicles  of  Alexandria). 

Ed.  pr.  Eucl.  op.  Gr.  c.  Theonis  expositione  cura  Sim.  Gry- 
naei.  Basil.  1530.  fol  —  Gr.  Lat.  ex  rec.  Dav.  Gregorii.  Oxon. 


PTOLEMY  LAGI   IN  EGYPT,  323— 284. 

1703.  fol.— Elementa  ree.  et  ad  usum  tiron.  accomm.  (G.  F. 
Barmann.)  Lips.  1769.  8vo. — Gr.  et  Lat.  Comm.  instr.edid.  J. 
W.  Camerer  et  C.  Fr.  Hauber.  Berol.  t  ii.  1824.  26.— sex 
II.  prior,  c.  XI.  XII.  rec.  glossarioque  instr.  J.  G.  C.  Neide. 

Hake  1825 ex  opt.  11.  in  usum  tiron.  Gr.  ed.  E.  F.  August. 

Berol.  1826 — 29.  2  vols,  8vo.  translated  by  J.  F.  Lorenz.  Halle 

1809.  Svo trad,  par  F.  Peyrard.  Paris.  1804.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 

t.  iv.  p.  44. 


(6a)  SIMMIAS,  of  Rhodus,  a  Grammarian,  a  writer 
of  Epigrams,  and  of  some  poems  constructed  in  the 
form  of  an  egg,  a  hatchet,  and  a  wing.  See  Brunck. 
Anal.  t.  i.  p.  204.  ii.  p.  52-5.  Jacobs,  i.  p.  139,  sqq. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  808.  A  similar  curiosity  of 
art  was  constructed  by  DOSIADAS  in  his  B««e«. 
Brunck.  t.  i.  p.  412.  Jacobs,  i.  p.  202.  Fabr.  ib. 
p.  810. 

(bb)  ZEN*O,  of  Citium  in  Cyprus,  h.  Ol.  civ,  3. 
(361.),  d.  01.  cxxix,  1.  (264.),  a  pupil  of  Crates, 
Polemo,  and  other  phil.,  founded  a  new  School  at 
Athens,  which  from  the  riM  TOMC/A*,  where  he  taught, 
was  called  the  Stoic  (ST*«K«'),  and  embraced  all  parts 
of  Philosophy,  particularly  the  Moral  (§.  22.)  and 
Dialectic.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  579,  sqq.  Clinton, 
p.  368.  not.  i. 

(6c)  EPICURUS,  of  Gargettus  in  Attica,  brought 
up  at  Samos,  where  his  father  Neokles  had  landed 


132  DEMETRIUS  PO1.  KING  OF  MACEDONIA,  294-287, 


possessions,  (xA»g«v^«s),  from  his  18th  year  01.  cxiv.  2. 
=323.  at  Athens.  From  Ol.  cxviii,  3.  (307.)  he 
taught  in  a  garden  at  Athens,  §.  22.  He  died  01. 
cxxvii.  2.  As  an  author  he  had  little  merit.  Epic. 
Physica  et  meteorolog.  duab.  epist.  ejusd.  compre- 
hensa.  Gr.  ad  Jidem  libr.  scr.  et  edd.  em.  atque  in- 
terpr.  est  J.  Glo.  Schneider.  Lips.  1813,  8vo.  Ep. 
fragm.  lib.  II.  et  XI.  de  natura  —  ill.  a  Car.  Rossinio 
(Voll  Herculan.  t.  ii.  Neap.  1809.  fol.}  —  em.  ed. 
J.  C.  Orellius.  Lips.  1818,  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii. 
p.  582.  by  Knebel,  prefixed  to  his  Trans!  .  of  Lucretius. 

(bd)  ARCESILAUS,  of  Pitana  in  jEolis,  about  01. 
cxx.  (300),  a  pupil  of  Theophrast  and  Polemo,  and 
school-fellow  of  Zeno,  founder  of  the  new  Academy. 
§.  22.    Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  162.  Clinton,  p.  367. 
not.  h. 

(be)  GRANTOR,  of  Soli,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
Academic      Philosophers.      Among     his     numerous 
writings  that  vtfl  nivSovs   was   particularly  esteemed 
which  supplied  materials  to  Cicero  in  his  Consolatio. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  169. 

(bf)  METRODORUS,  of  Athens  or  Lampsacus,  the 
most  celebrated  pupil  of  Epicurus.    Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  iii.  p.  606. 


PTOL.  ii.  PHIL.  284-246.  ANTIOCHUS,  281-262.  133 

(by)  DIPHILUS,  of  Sinope,  a  poet  of  the  new 
Comedy,  about  Ol.  cxv.=320.  See  Terent.  Delphi 
Prol  Fabric.  Bibl.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  438. 

(bk)  RHIXTHOX,  of  Tarentum,  parodied  the 
Tragedies  with  much  wit  (l\*^»r^ct^i»,  <p*wt£,  <p*v*- 
«»7£«>c«).  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  320.  Osann.  anal. 
crit.  p.  70.  Muller  Dor.  ii.  p.  375. 


(bi)  TIMJEUS,  of  Tauromenium  in  Sicily,  in  the  reigu 
of  the  tyrant  Agathocles  of  Syracuse  (317  —  285),  by 
whom  he  was  banished,  a  celebrated,  but  a  rhetorical 
and  censorious  Historian.  (Polyb.  t.  iii.  p.  398,  sqq. 
Schweiah.  Diod.  Sic.  xiii.  p.  211.  Cic.  de  or.  ii. 
14.  Brut.  95.),  wrote  'lr»Xuui  KM  XuttXtiui  8.  B. 
'EX/DIMM*  **i  1>ac.i\uut.  (of  both  28  bks.  in  Athen.), 
also  the  war  of  the  Romans  with  Pyrrhus  280  —  275. 
Cic.  ad  Famil.  v,  12.  I'ossius  de  histor.  Gr.  i.  c.  12. 
p.  67.  His  fragments,  see  in  F.  Goeller  de  situ  et 
orig.  Syracus.  Lips.  1818,  8vo. 


LYCOPHROS,  of  Chalcis  in  Eubo3a,  in  the 
reign  of  Ptol.  Philad.,  (see  however  Xiebuhr  Rhein. 
M>i*.  i.  108.)  a  Grammarian,  author  of  a  learned  poem, 
a  Monologue,  Alexandra  or  Cassandra,  on  which  Is. 
or  Job.  Tzetzes  has  written  a  learned  Commentary. 

Ed.  pr.  Tenet,  ap.  Aid.  1513.  Svo. — cum  Tzetzis  comm. 
(et  not.  GniU  Canteri,  M«ursii  et  edit.)  ed.  Job.  Potter.  Oxon. 


134  ANTIOCHUS  OF  SYRIA.     PYRRHUS.     ANTIGOXUS. 

1697.  1702.  fol — cum  vers.  et  comm.  G.  Canteri,  paraphra- 
sin,  notas  et  ind.  Gr.  adj.  H.  God.  Reichardt.  Lips.  1788. 
8vo.  and  as  a  help  'iraem.  *«;  'la.  rav  T£ST£O«  enfant  il;  Ay*a^j. 
ed.  Chr.  God.  Miiller.  Lips.  1811.  3  vols.  8vo — ed.  Leop.  Se- 
hastiani.  Rom.  1803.  4to.  ed.  Bachmann.  vol.  1.  Lips.  1830. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  750,  sqq. 

(bl)  HIERONYMUS,  of  Cardia  in  Cherson.  Thrac. 
a  favourite  of  Antigonus  and  Demetrius,  related  the 
exploits  of  Alexander  and  his  successors.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  43.  Manncrt  Gesch.  d.  unmitt.  Nachf. 
Ale.r.  p.  352,  sqq.  Clinton,  p.  177. 

(bin)  THEOCRITUS,  of  Syracuse,  under  King 
Hiero,  269—214,  in  the  time  of  Ptolem.  Philad.,  the 
most  eminent  hucolic  poet:  30  Idylls.  Nachtr.  zu 
Sulzer  1st  B.  p.  89.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  764. 
G.  F.  Naeke  de  Theocr.  Bonn.  1828.  4to. 

Ed.  pr.  Mediol.  1493.  fol.  (with  Isocr.}—  ap.  Aid.  Manut. 
Venet.  1495.  fol. — op.  Musuri.  Flor.  ap.  Juntam.  1515.  8vo — 
op.  Zach.  Calliergi.  Romse  1516.  8vo.  at  first  with  the  Sc/tolia — 
ed.  H.  Stephanus  in  Princ.  poet.  Gr.  her.  carm.  Lutet.  1566. 
fol.  and  separate  1579.  12 — cum  em.  J.  Scaligeri  et  Is.  Casau- 
boni  lectt.  Heidelb.  ap.  Commel.  1596.  8vo. — cum  not.  Dan. 
Heinsii.  Heidelb.  ap.  Comm.  1604.  4to — cum  schol.  Gr. 
comm.  Hent.  Steph.  J.  Scaligeri  et  Is.  Casaub.  cur.  et  emend. 
J.  J.  Reiske.  Vienn.  et  Lips.  1765,  sq.  2  vols.  4to. — ed.  Thorn. 
Warton.  Oxori.  1770.  2  vols.  4to. — Th.  X.  Eidyll.  cum  notis 
ed.  ejusd.  Adoniazusas  uberioribus  adnot.  instruxit  L.  C. 
Valckenaer,  Lugd.  B.  1773.  8vo.— Th.,  Bionis  et  Moschi 
carm.  buc.  Gr.  et  Lat.  emend,  var.  lectt.  instruxit  L.  C. 


ANTIOCHUS  OF  SYRIA.    PYRRHUS.    AXTIGONUS.    135 

Valckenaer.  Lugd.  B.  1779.  8vo.—  e  rec.  Talcken.  ed.  Fr. 
Jacobs.  Gothae  1808.  1821.  8vo  —  Th.,  Bion  et  Moschus  ad 
opt.  libr.  fidem  em.  cor.  God.  Henr.  Schaefer.  Lips.  1809.— 
Th.,  B.  et  M.  carm.  Gr.  cum  comm.  int.  Valcken.,  Brunckii, 
Toupii  (ed.  Heindorf.)  Berol.  1810.  2  vols.  8vo.  —  Theocr.  B.  et 
M.  in  Poet.  Gr.  min.  ed.  Gaisf.  t.  ii.  Oxon.  1814  —  and  t.  IY. 
1820.  Scholia  in  Theocr.  e  Codd.  MSS.  em.  et  soppl.  Th. 
Gaisf.  —  Th.  rel.  Gr.  et  Lat.  Textum  recogn.  et  c.  anim.  Har- 
lesii,  Schreberi  al.  excerptis  suisque  ed.  T.  Kiessling.  Lips. 
1819.  8vo.  —  c.  rett.  schol.  ad  fid.  opt  edd.  rec.  annot.  crit.  in 
schol.  adj.  J.  Geel.  Amstelod.  1820.  8vo.  —  Th.  Bion.  et  Mo*ch. 
quae  supers,  c.  schol.  Gr.  ad  fidem  optt.  edd.  et  Codd.  MSS. 
cur.  etc.  J.  A.  Jacobs.  Hal.  1825.  —  recogn.  et  ill.  Era.  Frid. 
Wustemann.  Goth,  et  Erford.  1830.  8vo.—  Theocrit.  Bion 
and  Moschiw  by  J.  H.  Voss.  Tub.  1808.  8vo.  Fr.  A.  W. 
Spohn  led.  Theocrit.  Lips.  1823.  4to. 


MCBRO  or  MTRO,  of  Bvzantium,  a  poetess, 
mother  of  the  younger  Homer,  a  tragic  poet.  See 
Fabric.  B.  Gr,  t.  ii.  p.  131.  Jacobs  animadv.  ad 
anthol.  t.  xiii.  p.  920.  Her  fragments  are  No.  5.  of 
Collectt.  and  in  Schneider's  MtwSr  arfa.  Giess,  1802. 
8vo.  p.  207. 

(bo)  CALLIMACHUS,  of  Cyrene,  about  Ol.  cxxv. 
(280),  a  Grammarian,  member  of  the  Museum,  in 
high  estimation  with  the  Romans  as  an  elegiac  poet. 
(Proper  t.  iii.  1.)  Of  his  numerous  works  there  remain 
only  6  Epic  Hymns  and  Epigrams.  Nachtr.  zu  Sulz. 
ii.  p.  86.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  814,  sqq. 

Ed.  pr.  Flor.  per.  Lascarim.  4to.  —  Hymni,  epigr.  et  firagm. 
cum  not.  int.  H.  Steph.  Bon.  Vulcanii,  Anns  Fabri,  Th.  GTS- 


136  GONATAS  IN  MACEDONIA,  278-243. 

vii.  R.  Bentleii :  quibus  ace.  Ez.  Spanhemii  comm.  et  notae 
nunc  primum  editse  Tib.  Hemsterhusii  et  Dav.  Ruhnkenii: 
rec.  Lat.  vert,  et  notas  anas  adj.  Jo.  Aug.  Ernesti.  Lugd.  B. 
1761.  2  vols.  8vo. — Call,  qua  supersunt.  rec.  et  c.  not.  delectu 

ed.  Car.  Jac.  Blomfield.  Lond.  1815.  8vo Call,  elegiarum 

fragm.  cum  elegia  Catulli  Callim.  coll.  atque  illustr.  a  L.  C. 
Valckenaer.  ed.  Jo.  Luzac.  Lugd.  B.  1799.  8vo.  A.  F.  Naeke 
de  Callim.  Hecale.  Emnct  1829.  4to. 


(bp)  ARATUS,  of  Soli  in  Cilicia,  lived  with  King 
Antigonus,  and  by  his  order  versified  with  ability  the 
(petboptaet  of  Eudoxus.  (Cic.de  orat.  1,  16.)  ®*HOft»ec 
x.xi  Aitmftfiet,  translated  by  Cicero,  Caesar  German., 
Avienus.  Nachtr.  zu  Sulz.  VI.  p.  359.  Grauert  im 
rhein.  Mus.  I.  p.  336. 


Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aid.  1499.  fol. — Syntagma  Arateorum  c.  Hug. 
Grotii.  Lugd.  B.  1600. 4to — Gr.  et  Lat.  ad  Codd  MSS.  et  opt. 
edd.  fidem  rec.  cum  Theonis  scholiis  et  version.  Cic.  Cses.  G.  et 
Av.  cur.  Jo.  Theoph.  Buhle.  Lips  1793.  1801.  2  vols.  8vo.— 
Ar.  Phsen.  et  Diosem.  Eratosth.  Catast.  Dionysii  orb.  terr. 

descr . — cur.  notasque  adj.  F.  C.  Matthise.    Francof.  1817. 

8vo c.  annot.  crit.  ed.  Ph.  Buttmaun.     Berol.  1826.  8vo. — c. 

schol.  recogn.  Inim.  Bekkerus.  Berol.  1828.  8vo.  Translated 
and  explained  by  J.  H.  Voss.  Heidelb.  1824.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  87. 

(bq)  TIMON,  of  Phlius,  about  01.  cxxvii.  (272),  a 
pupil  of  Pyrrho,  wrote  among  others  satirical  poems 
upon  the  Dogmatic  Philosophers  (<nAA«/),  in  which  he 
usually  parodied  the  Homeric  style  of  verse.  In 


AXTIGON-US  278-243.  PTOL.  EVERGET.  246-222.   137 

Brunch's  Anal.  II.  p.  67.  are  39  Fragm.    Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  623. 

(br)  AXTIGONUS,  of  Carystus,  author  of  a  com- 
pilation of  Natural  History.  a-vietywy*  <W«gi 


i«i> 


cum  ann.  G.  Xylandri,  J.  Meursii,  R.  Bentleii,  J.  G. 
Schneideri,  J.  N.  Niclas  suisque  ed.  Jo.  Beckmann.  Lips. 
1791.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  303. 


(6s)  CLEANTHES,  of  Assus  in  Troas,  a  pupil  and 
successor  of  Zeno  at  Athens  from  01.  cxxix.  (264). 
A  sublime  philosophical  Hymn  on  Jupiter,  the  pro- 
duction of  his  genius,  is  still  extant.  See  Erunck. 
poet.  gnom.  gr.  p.  141.  —  KAi«'»0«v?  i!fti«s  «<?  Aue,  gr. 
ami  German  by  Herm.  Heinr.  Cludius.  Gott.  1786. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  550. 

(bt)  Bios,  native  of  a  Greek  colony  on  the 
Borysthenes  (Dnieper],  thence  Borysthenita,  a  pupil 
of  Theophrastus,  about  280  B.  C.  Author  of  satyric 
Dialogues,  whose  pungency  is  noticed  Hor.  Epp.  II. 
2,  60.  and  as  such  the  prototype  of  Luciau.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  165.  Welcker  prcef.  Theogn.  p.  Ixxxv. 
sqq. 

(bu)   ARISTARCHUS,  of  Samos,   inventor  of  the 


138  ANTICONUS  278-243.  PTOL.  EVERGET.  246-222. 

Sun-dial,  and  of  the  theory  that  the  earth  revolves  round 
its  own  axis  and  round  the  sun,  on  which  account  he 
was  arraigned  by  Cleanthes  of  impiety.  One  of  his 
productions,  on  the  magnitude  and  distance  of  the  sun 
and  the  inoon,  is  still  extant.  Gr.  cum  F.  Commandini 
versione  Lat.  notisque  suis  atque  Comm.  ed.  Joh. 
Wallisf  Oxon.  1688,  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  18. 

(bw)  MANETHOS  or-ON,  of  Sebennytus  or  Helio- 
polis  hi  Lower  Egypt,  about  Ol.  cxxix.  High  Priest  at 
Mendes  or  Heliopolis,  author  of  an  Egyptian  history, 
AiyvTTTieatu,  in  3  books,  from  the  earliest  times  to  the 
reign  of  the  last  Persian  King  Darius  Codomannus, 
Fragments  of  whose  works  are  collected  in  the 
Eusebius  of  Scaliger,  and  in  Scaliger  de  emend,  tem- 
porum.  Another  Latin  work  under  his  name  de 
regibus  JEgyptiorum  is  by  Annius  of  Viterbo.  An 
extant  poem  under  his  name  on  the  influence  of  the 
stars,  'AiroTtfa<r[t«Tuc.ci  in  6  books  first  appeared,  it  is 
probable,  in  the  last  period  of  the  Roman  empire. — 
e  cod.  Mediceo  primus  ed.  Jac.  Gronovius.  Lugd.  B. 
1698.  8vo.  recogn.  comm.  de  Maneth.  ejusque  carm. 
brevesque  annot.  crit.  adj.  C.  A.  Maur.  Jlxtius  et 
Fr.  Ant.  Rigler.  Colon,  ad  Rh.  1828,  1832,  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  128. 

(bx)  BEROSUS,  a  contemporary  of  Manetho,  Priest 
of  the  temple  of  Baal  at  Babylon,  about  260,  wrote 


HOL.  EVERGET.  PTOL.  IV.  PHILOPATOR  221-204.  139 

3  books,  de  antiquitatibus  Chaldaicis  et  Babyhniis, 
fragments  of  which  have  been  preserved  by  Josephus 
and  Eusebius,  collected  by  Scaliger  for  his  Euseb.  de 
emendat.  temporum  and  in  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  xiv. 
p.  175.  of  the  old  edit.  Ber.  Chaldceorum  hist,  qua 
supersunt  cum  comm.  de  Ber.  vita  et  librorum  ejus 
indole  auct.  Jo.  Dan.  Guil.  Richter.  Lips.  1825,  8vo. 
To  him  also  were  falsely  ascribed  by  Annius  of  Viterbo 
antiquitatum  II.  V. 

(by}  APOLLONIUS,  of  Perga  in  Pamphylia,  a  Mathe- 
matician :  8  books,  Conicorum,  of  conic  sections,  of 
which  only  the  first  4  are  extant,  but  the  5th,  6th,  and 
7th,  are  known  from  the  Arabic  translation. — ed.  Edm. 
Halley,  Oxon.  1710.  fol.  Apoll.  P.  locorum  piano- 
rum  lib.  II.  ed.  Rob.  Simson.  Glasgoic,  1749.  4to.  by 
Joh.  Jr.  Camerer.  Leipz.  1796. — de  sectione  determi- 
nata,  restored,  by  R.  Simson, — freely  ed.  by  W.  A. 
Diestenceg.  JIainz  1822.  8vo. — de  inclinationibus, 
restored  by  S.  Horsley,  ed.  by  W.  A.  Diesterweg. 
Berlin.  1823.  8vo. — de  sectione  rationis,  according  to 
Edm.  Halley,  freely  ed.  Berlin  1824.  8vo.— de  sect, 
spatii,  restored  by  the  same,  Elberf.  1827,  8vo.  Ap. 
de  tactionibus,  qua  supersunt,  nunc  primurn  edita  e 
Codd.  MSS.  a  Jo.  Guil.  Camerer.  Goth,  et  Amst. 
1795.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  192. 

(bs)  CHRYSIPPUS,  of  Soli,  b.  01.  cxxv.  1.  (280.) 


140  PTOL. IV.       PHILOPATOR  221-204. 

d.  01.  cxliii.  2.  (206.)  A  pupil  and  successor  of  Clean- 
thes,  the  greatest  dialectician  and  most  voluminous 
writer  among  the  Stoics.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii. 
p.  547.  Baguet  de  Chrys.  vit.  doct.  et  reliqu.  Lovan. 
1822.  4to.  Chrn.  Petersen  philosophies  Chrysippeoe 
fundamenta.  Hamb.  1827.  8vo. 

(c)  ERATOSTHENES,  of  Gyrene,  b.  Ol.  cxxvi. 
1.  (272.)  A  pupil  of  Callirnachus  and  Zeno,  curator 
of  the  Alexandrian  library  from  cxxxviii.  1.  (226.)  d. 
Ol.  cxlvi.  1.  (192.)  distinguished  in  all  departments  of 
knowledge,  (thence  called  the  Beta,)  especially  in 
geography,  mathematics,  and  astronomy. 

Er.  Geographicorum  fragm.  coll.  et  ill.  Glinth.  C.  Fr.  Sei- 
del.  Gott.  1789.  8vo.  G.  Bernhardy  Eratosthenica.  Bero!. 
1822.  8vo. — Er.  Catasterismi.  (Explan.  of  the  Constellations 
an  Excerpt,  from  Hygin.  Cf.  Mutter  Prol.  p.  199.)  first  by 
Jo.  Fell,  annexed  to  his  Aratus.  Oxon.  1672.  8vo.  then  in  Gale 
opusc.  mythol.  Amstel.  1688.  8vo. — cum  interp.  Lat.  et  comm. 
cur.  J.  Kr.  Schaubach.  Gott.  1795.  8vo.  See  also  Aratus. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  117. 

(ca)  RHIANUS,  of  Bene  in  Crete,  a  grammarian 
and  historical  poet.  His  principal  production  in 
poetry  was  Ms<r<r>j»<>s«,  then  0s«nr«A»e«,  ' A-frnitx,* ,  'HA<- 
«««'.  A  beautiful  fragment  may  be  found  in  Brunck's 
Gnomic,  p.  131.  (188.  Lips.)  and  with  others  in 
Anal.  t.  i.  p.  479.  (Jacobs  i.  p.  299.)  Gaisf.  p.  Gr. 


I-T.  v.  EPIPH.  204-281.  PHIL.  OF  MAC.  221-173.  141 

»tin.  t.  iii.  p.  274,  sqq.  Epigrams  in  the  Greek 
Anthol.  See  Jacobs  Animadv.  in  Antk.  Gr.  iii.  3. 
p.  945.  Rh.  quce  supersunt.  Ed.  Sic.  Saal.  Bonn. 
1831.  8ro.  C.  G.  Siebelis  de  Rhiano.  Budiss.  1829. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  734. 

(cb)  PHILOCHORUS,  of  Athens,  under  Ptolem.  IV. 
and  V.,  a  pupil  of  Eratosth.,  an  historian  and  gram- 
marian. His  principal  work  was  'A-rtfe.  Phil,  libra- 
rum  fray  m.  a  Lenzio  coll.  ill.  Car.  Godofr.  Siebelis. 
Lips.  1811.8vo. 

(cc)  ARCHIMEDES,  of  Syracuse,  put  to  death 
at  the  capture  of  Syracuse  by  Marcellus  in  the  second 
Punic  war,  B.  C.  212.  a  great  mathematician,  especially 
versed  in  mechanics. 


Opp.  cum  Eutocii  commentariis  Gr.  Lat.  Basil.  1544.  fol. — 
Arenarius  et  de  dimensione  circuli  cum  vers.  et  not.  Jo.  Wallis. 
Oxon.  1676. 8vo. — Ed.  Sam.  Barrow.  Oxon.  1667. — ed.  Torelli. 
Oson.  1792.  translated  into  French  with  explanatory  notes  by  F. 
Peyrard.  Paris.  1807.  4to.  1808.  2  vols.  8vo — Archim.  Di- 
meiifio  Circuli  icith  the  Comm.  of  Eutokius  with  notes  by  Joh. 
Guteniicker.  Wtirzb.  1825.  1828.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv. 
p.  170. 

(erf)  APOLLOXIUS  RHODIUS,  of  Naucrates  in 
Eg.  (?),  a  pupil  of  Callim.  a  teacher  of  rhetoric  and 
a  citizen  of  Rhodes,  succeeded  Eratosthenes  in  the 


142    PT.  V.  EPIPH.  204-181.    PHIL.  OF  MAC.  221-173. 

librarianship  at  Alex.  192  B.C.  Author  of  a  highly 
finished  poem,  'Agy«»«)/™*«',  4  books. 

Ed.  pr.  cum  scholiis  Gr.  Florent.  1496.  4to. — Venet.  in  aed. 

Aldi.  1521.  8vo. —  c.  schol.  ed.  H.  Stephani.  1574.  4to cum 

schol.  et  not.  var.  ed.  Jo.  Shaw.  Oxon.  1777.  2  vols.  4to. — e  scr. 
8  vett.  libbr.  nunc  primum  emendate  ed.  R.  Fr.  Ph.  Brunck. 
Argent.  1780.  4to.  and  8vo. — cum  schol.  Gr.  comm.  indie,  ed. 
Chr.  D.  Beck.  Lips.  1797.  (at first  one  vol.) — e  rec.  et  c.  not. 
Br.  ace.  schol.  Gr.  e  cod.  bibl.  Paris,  nunc  primum  evulg. 
Lips.  1810 — 12.  8vo. — rec.  int.  lect.  var.  adj.  scholia  aucta  et 
emend,  add.  A.  "Wellauer.  Lips.  1828.2  vols.  8 vo.  Weichert  ilbc r 
das  Leben  und  Gedicht  d.  Ap.  v.  Eh.  Meissen.  1821.  Svo- 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  262.  Nac/ttrage  zu  Su/z.  vi.  p.  179. 

(ce)  EUPHORION,  of  Chalcis,  librarian  to    King 
Antiochus   the    Great  of  Syria,  a  learned   and    con- 
sequently an  obscure  poet,  wrote  £<*<«'?«?  in  5  books, 
on   mythological    subjects,   also   ta-To^mei    v^eftv^ttr* 
(JLihen.   iv.    p.    154.    C.)      De    Euph.    Chalc.    vita 
et  scriptis  disser.  et  fragm.  coll.  et  ill.  A.  Meineke. 
Gedani  1823.  8vo.      Fabric.  B.   Gr.   t.  i.  p.  594. 
ii.  p.  304. 

(cf)  ARISTOPHANES,  of  Byzantium,  a  pupil   of 
Callim.    and   Eratosth.,   curator  of  the  Alexandrian 
library   under    Ptol.  Philometor,  (not   Philadelphus, 
as   stated   in    Fabric.)      He   exercised    his   critical 
powers  upon  Homer,  and  is  said  to  have  introduced 
the    Greek    accents.       (Villoison    anecd.    Gr.    t.    ii. 
p.  31,  sq.)     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  364.  iv.  p.  359. 


ANTIOC.THE  GR. 224-187. PT.  V.  EPIPH. 204-181.  143 

(eg)  AGATHARCHIDES,  of  Cnidos,  had  charge  of 
the  young  king  Ptol.  Alexander  (107 — 88)  ;  history 
of  Alexander  and  his  successors,  T*  'AITI«T«**  and 
to,  Ev^HTfuue.*,  description  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  the 
adjacent  countries,  fragments  of  which  may  be  seen 
in  Hudson.  Geogr.  Gr.  min.  torn.  i.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  iv.  p.  32. 

(ch)  POIYBIUS,  of  Megalopolis  in  Arcadia,  born 
Ol.  cxliii.  4.  (204.) ;  in  the  art  of  war  a  pupil  of 
Philopoemen,  filled  the  most  important  offices  in  his 
native  city,  and  was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Ptolemy 
Epiphanes,  Ol.  cxlix.  4.  (180).  Becoming  an  object 
of  suspicion  to  the  Romans,  he  was  brought  with 
other  chiefs  of  the  Achaean  league  to  Rome  166, 
where  he  became  the  friend  and  adviser  of  the 
younger  Scipio.  Through  him  he  obtained  access 
to  the  public  archives  of  Rome,  and  from  them 
as  well  as  in  die  course  of  his  travels  in  Egypt, 
Gaul,  and  Spain,  &c.  he  collected  materials  for  an 
universal  history,  beginning  with  the  second  Punic  war 
and  ending  with  the  defeat  of  Perseus  (218—168),  in 
40  books,  in  which  he  exhibited  the  model  of  a 
practical  history.  After  the  death  of  Scipio  128  he 
returned  to  his  country,  and  died  01.  clxiv.  2.  (122). 
Of  his  history  only  the  first  five  books  have  been  pre- 
served complete. 


144  EUMEN.  OF  PERG.   197-158. 

Ed.  pr.  Hagen.  1530.  fol.  per  Vine.  Obsopoeum  with  the 
Version  of  Nicol.  Perottus. —  ed.  Is.  Casaubon.  Paris.  1609. 
fol. — cum  not.  Casaub.,  F.  Ursini,  H.  Valesii,  Jac.  Palmerii 
et  suis  ed.  Jac.  Gronovius.  Amstelod.  1670.  3  vols.  8vo. — rep. 
cum  gloss.  Polyb.  J.  Aug.  Ernesti.  Lips,  et  Vindob.  1763, 
sq.  3  vols.  8vo. — rec.  Jo.  Schweighaiuser.  Lips.  1789,  sqq. 
8vo.  4  vols.  Text  and  iv.  Comm.  gloss.  Indd. — Pol.  historianim 
excerpta  Vatic,  (in  Maji  scr.  vctt.  coll.  t.  ii.  p.  369,  sqq.)  Eec. 
Jac.  Geel.  Lugd.  B.  1829.  8vo — P.  et  App.  hist.  exc.  Vatic, 
recogn.  a  J.  Fr.  Lucht.  Alton.  1830.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  iv.  p.  313. 

(ei)  HIPPARCHUS,  of  Nicseea  in  Bithynia,  an 
astronomer  (?)  01.  cliv. — clxiii.  (160 — 124.)  observed 
the  JEquinoctia  and  left  behind  him  a  catalogue  of 
fixed  stars  according  to  their  longitude  and  latitude, 
and  of  the  solar  and  lunar  eclipses.  There  is  extant 
a  comment,  upon  the  Phocn.  of  Eudoxus  and  Aratus 
in  three  books,  ed.  P.  Victor ius.  Flor.  1567.  fol. 
and  Dion.  Petavii  Uranologium.  Paris.  1630.  fol. 
Amstel.  1703.  fol. 

(ck)  ARISTARCHUS,  of  Samothrace,  about  01- 
clvi.  B.  C.  154.  a  pupil  of  the  grammarian  Aristo- 
phanes, one  of  the  most  celebrated  grammarians,  who 
exercised  his  criticism  upon  Homer  but  in  an  arbi- 
trary manner.  From  him  and  Aristophanes  the  se- 
lection of  classical  authors  (canon)  derives  its  origin. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  357.  Wolf  froleg.  ad  Horn. 
>.  244. 


ATTAL.  II.  OF  PERG.   158-138.  145 


(c/)  CRATES,  of  Mallus  (MaAAaSs)  in  Cilicia 
(Mallotes],  a  grammarian,  preceptor  of  Pancetius. 
He  made  a  recension  of  Homer.  Being  sent  by 
Attalus  II.  to  Rome,  he  introduced  there  the  study  of 
Grammar.  Fabric.  E.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  558.  vi.  p.  362. 
Wolf,  proley.  ad  Horn.  p.  276. 

(cm)  PANJ<:TIUS,  of  Rhodes,  about  Ol.  clviii.  B.C. 
145,  preceptor  and  friend  of  the  younger  Scipio, 
and  several  other  Romans,  a  Stoic  philosopher, 
but  with  many  distinguishing  peculiarities.  His 
treatise  -xi£  rav  x.«.6nx.tni>s  was  adopted  by  Cicero 
as  the  basis  of  his  book  De  Officiis.  —  de  Pan&tio 
Stoico  diss.  F.  G.  van  Lynden.  Lugd.  B.  1802. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  567. 

x-Idyl  poets,  imitators 

\  of  Theocritus.     See 
(CM)  BION,  of  Smyrna,  1  . 

<  NaeKeinAllq.Schulz. 
MOSCHUS,  of  SvTacuse,  J 

/  1828.  ii.  n.  100.  p. 

^827,  sq. 

Generally  with  Theocrit.  Separately  by  Heskin.  Oxon.  1748. 
8vo.  —  c.  notis  int.  F.  Ursini,  B.  Vulcanii,  H.  Steph.,  Jos. 
Seal.,  Is.  Casaub.,  D.  Heinsii,  G.  Xylandri,  Jac.  Palmerii., 
nee  non  sel.  Longapetrsei,  N.  Schwebelii  et  Jo.  Heskin  cur. 
J.  Ad.  Scbier.  Lips.  1752.  8vo.  —  ex  rec.  Valck.  c.  var.  lectt. 
ed.  F.  Jacobs.  Gotha  1795.  8vo.  —  translated  and  explained  by 
J.  Kp.  F.  Manso.  Leipzig  1807-  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  in. 
p.  SOU,  sqq. 

L 


146  PT.  PHYS.  145-1 17.  CARTH.  AND  COR.  DESTR.  146. 

(co)  CARNEADES,  of  Gyrene,  an  eloquent  Aca- 
demic, and  founder  of  the  third  Academy,  com- 
bated chiefly  the  Stoics  with  the  method  and  prin- 
ciples of  Arcesilaus  (ET«^).  01.  clvi.  2.  B.C. 
156,  he  went  with  the  peripatetic  Critolaus  of 
Phaselis  as  ambassador  to  Rome.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  iii.  p.  166. 

(cp]  PHILO,  of  Byzantium,  a  mechanician,  about 
151  B.  C.  J\feckanicorum  lib.  iv.  v.  Gr.  et  Lai.  in 
Mathemat.  vett.  Paris.  1693.  fol.  p.  49.  A  work 
of  little  importance  in£  tat  ivra  dixpuTu*  is  also 
ascribed  to  him: — Ph.  Byz.  lib.  de  septem  orbis 
spectaculis,  Gr.  cum  rers.  duplici  Dem.  Salvajnii 
Boessii  et  Leonis  Allatii.  (Rom.  1640.  8vo.)  Te.rtiim 
recognovit,  not.  Leon.  All.  Bastii  aliorumqne  et  suas 
adj.  Jo.  Conr.  Orcllim.  Lips.  1816.  8vo.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  iv.  p.  131. 

(cq)  NICANDER,  of  Colophon,  about  01.  clviii. 
B.  C.  147.  a  Physician,  Grammarian,  and  Poet.  Tit»%- 
"/ixd,  Cic.  Or.  i.  16.  'E7Jg«<«6/t6v«6  5  B.  Two  didactic 
poems  are  extant,  0»g<*x«  and  'AAj^pa^M^xx.  J\~achfr. 
zu  Sulz.  vi.  p.  373. 

Ed.  pr.  cum  schol.  Gr.  ap.  Aldum.  Ven.  1499,  fol.  on  the 
Dioscoridiz. — c.  scbol.  interpr.  ct  annot.  Jo.  Gorra^i.  Tari^. 
1557.  3  vols.  4to.— Alexiph.  emend,  anim.  et  Eutecnii  par,  i-'n. 


WARS  WITH  MITHRID.  FR.  98.  14? 

ill.  J.  Glo.  Schneider.  Halje.  1792.  8vo—  Theriaca  c.  schol. 
Gr.  Eutecn.  metaphr.  etfragm.rec.  em.  ill.  Jo.  Glo.  Schneider. 
Lips.  1816.  8vo.  —  c.  not.  Bentl.  ined.  in  Mas.  cril.  Cant.  III. 
IV.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  L  iv.  p.  344. 

(rr)  APOLLODORUS,  of  Athens,  a  Grammarian  and 
Historian  :  £*»»<*«  m  iamb,  verse  up  to  Ol.  clviii.  4. 
There  is  still  extant  B*.SA«a0>j*ii  in  3  books,  legends  ot 
the  Greeks  up  to  the  Trojan  war. 

Ed.  pr.  Bened.  ,<£gii.  Romae  1555.  Svo.  —  em.  e  cod.  Falat. 
ah  Hieron.  Commelino.  1599.  Svo.  —  Tacaqu.  Fabri  Salmur. 
1611.  8vo.—  Th.  Gale  in  Collectt  no.  31.  —  ed.  Heyne.  Gott. 
17S2.  small  Svo.  4  torn.  1803.  Gr.  8vo.  2  torn.  —  by  Clavier 
with  the  French  Transl.  Paris.  1805.  2  vols.  8vo  —  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  •>:. 

(cs)  MELEAGER,  of  Gadara  in  Syria,  an  Epigram- 
matic Poet,  about  Ol.  clxx,  B.  C.  96,  collected  the 
Epigrams  and  short  poems  of  46  authors  into  an 
anthology, 


Mel.  genuine  poems  in  Brvnck's  Anal.  t.  i.  —  Mel.  reliqnke 
ed.  J.  C.  F.  Manso.  Jena?  1789.  8vo.  —  cum  obss.  crit.  ed. 
Frid.  Grsefe.  Lips.  1811.  Svo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t  iv.  p.  416. 

(ct)  SCTMNUS,  of  Chios,  wrote  a  Geography  in 
Iambics  (xtgHjyi:e-*s  T?;  ouuyftim;,)  which  he  dedicated 
to  the  King  of  Bithynia,  Nicomedes  III.  (92  —  75.) 

Ed.  Dav.  Hoeschel  Aug.  Tind.  1600.  Svo.  —  in  Hudson. 
Geogr.  Gr.  lain.  vol.  ii.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  613. 


148  POMPEIUS.     CJESAR.    CICERO. 

(cu)  DIDYMUS,  a  pupil  of  Aristarchus,  author  of 
4000  treatises  ;  thence  called  ^aAxsmga;.  The 
Scholia  min.  in  Horn,  are  ascribed  to  him,  though 
they  are  rather  extracts  from  his  own  and  others'  com- 
mentaries. Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  386.  vi.  p.  363. 

(cw~)  CONON,  contemporary  with  Caesar  and 
Antony,  wrote  50  Mythological  narratives,  (5«iyj)'««j) 
which  Photius  has  preserved.  Collectt.no.  31.  —  ill.  J. 
Am.  Kanne.  Gott.  1798.  8vo. 

(ex)  POSIDONIUS,  of  Apamea,  resided  at  Rhodes. 
A  pupil  of  Panagtius,  contemporary  and  friend  of 
Cicero  and  Pompey,  a  Stoic  Philosopher,  and  also  a 
Statesman  and  Historian.  As  such  he  wrote  T<*  pi™ 
in  52  books. 


Posid.  Rh.  reliquiae  coll.  atque  ill.  Jan.  Bake.  Ace.  D. 
Wyttenbachii  ana.  Lugd.  B.  1810.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii. 
p.  572,  sq.  Heeren  defontibus  Pint.  p.  138. 

(ex*}  PHILODEMUS,  of  Gadara,  friend  of  L.  Piso, 
the  subject  of  one  of  Cicero's  Orations,  an  Epicurean. 
Epigrams  by  him  see  Anthol.  Gr.  Brunch,  ed.  Jacobs. 
t.  ii.  p.  70,  sqq.  On  the  passage  of  Jlorat.  Sat.  i.  2, 
121.  see  Jacobs  in  Wolfs  Litt.  Anal.  i.  p.  357.  A 
fragment  irt£  pV«g<*«j  has  been  published  from  the 
MSS.  found  at  Herculaneurn  in  Antiquit.  HercuL  t.  v. 


POMPEIUS.     CJESAR.    CICERO.  149 

p.  721.  and  another  inqi  (Mvft*.^  also,  t.  i.  Neap.  1793. 
fol.  Trisi  xMtiai  x.sn  -rat  aiTHtsittiiai  <egsi«r.  Also  t.  iii. 
Neap.  1827.  and  in  Aristotelis  (Econom.  ed.  Gottling. 
p.  41,  sqq.  p.  151.  -my  Tra^ita'™*  in  Voll.  Hercul. 
Oxonii,  Clarend.  1824,  25.  2  vol.  fol.  See  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  609.  Jacobs,  An  thai.  Gr.  t.  xiii. 
p.  936. 

(cy)  APOLLONIUS  SOPHISTA,  of  Alexandria,  a 
pupil  of  Didymus,  a  Grammarian.  Lexicum  Gr. 
Iliad,  et  Od.  primus  e  Cod.  Sangerman.ed.Jo.  B.apt. 
Casp.  d'Ansse  de  Villoison.  Paris.  1773.  4to. — rec. 
Herm.  Tollius.  Lugd.  B.  1788.  8vo.  ex  rec.  Imm. 
Bekkeri.  Berol.  1833.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i. 
p.  505. 

(cz)  DIONYSIUS  THRAX,  (of  Byzantium  ?)  a 
Grammarian.  His  -i^in  »/£*ftfutTix.ti,  a  classical  work 
in  his  time,  may  be  found  in  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi. 
p.  311.  and  cum  Chcerobosci,  Diomed.  Melampodii, 
Porphyr.  Stephani  schol.  in  Imm.  Bekkeri  Anecd. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  627.  645.  the  Scholia  also  in  I'illois. 
anecd.  II.  p.  99.  138. 

(d)  GEMINUS,  an  astronomer,  of  Rhodes,  about  the 
Ol.  clxxviii.  B.  C.  66.  s<s-««/«yi  tls  rat  Qxuoftinc  ed.  Edo 
Hildericus.  Lugd.  B.  1603.  8vo.  Petavii  Uranologion. 
Paris.  1630.  Amstel.  1703.  fol. 


150  POMPEIUS.     CJSSAR.     CICEUO. 

(da)  ANDRONICUS,  of  Rhodes,  a  Peripatetic,  ar- 
ranged the  works  of  Aristotle  and  Theophrastus,  and 
wrote  exegetical  commentaries  on  several  works  of  the 
former.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  464. 

(db)  PARTHENIUS,  of  Nicaea,  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus; vt^i  l^arty.av  vetl^fteirvi,  dedicated  to  Cornelius 
Gallus,  his  pupil. 

Ed.  pr.  interpr.  Jan.  Cornario.  Basil.  1531.  8vo Th.  Gale 

hist.  poet,  script em.  stud.  L.  Legrand  ed.  C.  G.  Heyne. 

Gott.  1798.  8vo.  F.  J.  Bast  lettre  critique  sur  Anton.  Liber. 
Parthenius  et  Aristenete.  Paris.  1805.  Lat.  ly  Wiedebitrg. 
Lips.  1809.  8vo.  Cf.  Aristoph.  Plut.  ex  ed.  Hemsterh.  ed. 
Schscfer  at  the  end.  p.  xxv.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  305. 

(dc)  BABRIUS,  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  translated 
the  fables  of  JEsop  with  much  taste  into  Choliambics. 
The  prose  fables  of  ./Esop  now  extant  are  for  the  most 
part  taken  from  the  Choliambics  of  B. ;  also  the  fables 
of  Syntipas,  a  Persian,  translated  out  of  the  Syriac  by 
Mich.  Andreopulus,  edited  by  C.  Fr.  Mat  thai.   Lips. 
1781.  8vo. 

Th.  Tyrwhitt.  diss.  de  Babrio.  Lond.  1776.  8vo — Erlang. 
1 785.  8vo.  Twenty  Fables  of  B.  from  a  Vatican.  Cod.  in  Fabulse 
yEsopicae,  quales  ante  Planudem  ferebantur — c.  ac  st.  Fr.  de 
Furia.  Lips.  1810.  8vo.  v.  p.  143,  sqq.  Babrii  fabb.  ed. 
F.  X.  Berger.  Monach.  1816.  8vo.  AiVa>«ri/A»>  avmyuyn  id. 
A.  Coray,  Paris.  1810.  8vo. —  JEs.  fab.  nunc  primum  e  Cod. 
Aug.  ed.  Jo.  Gottl.  Schneider.  Bresl.  1812.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  i.  p.  628.  Nachtr.  Kit  Sulz.  V.  p.  296. 


AUGUSTUS,  31   B.  C. 14  A.  D.  151 

(dd)  DIOSTSIUS,  of  Halicarnassus  in  Caria,  a 
Rhetorician  and  Historian  in  the  time  of  Caesar 
and  Pompey,  lived  22  years  at  Rome  from  31  B.  C. 
(Batt.  of  Actium),  where  he  diligently  collected  the 
materials  for  his  Roman  History,  *g#tioA*y/a  'P*^*^ 
in  20  books,  from  the  foundation  of  the  city  to  the 
first  Punic  war,  of  which  however  only  the  first  11 
books,  to  the  year  of  the  city  312,  have  come  down  to 
us.  His  rhetorical  writings  also  are  particularly 
valuable,  especially  his  critiques  upon  distinguished 
orators,  Thucydides,  &c. 

1.  Complete  edition  of  his  icorks.  Ed.  pr.  (Lot.  Translation  of 
Lapus  Biragus.  Tarvis.  14SO.  fol.)  Gr.  c.  Rob.  Stephani  Lutet. 
1546.  fol.— Frid.  Sylburg.  Francof.  1586.  2  vols.  fol. — e  rec. 
Sylb.  ed.  Job.  Hudson.  Lond.  1704.  2  vols.  fol.— J.  Jac. 
Reiske.  Lips.  1774 — 77.  6  vols.  8vo.  2.  Separate  works. 
Rom.  antiqu.  pars  bactenus  desiderata,  nunc  denique  ope  codd. 
Ambros.  ab  Ang.  Majo  (Script,  vett.  Coil.  t.  ii.  p.  465,  sqq.) 
restituta.  Mediol.  1816.  Francof.  ad  M.  181T.  8vo. — <n{)  *wi- 
tirut;  tttfjiirtii  ex  rec.  Jac.  Uptoni.  Lond.  1702.  1728.  8vo. 
174".  8vo. —  cum  priorum  editoram  suisque  annotationibus  ed. 
God.  H.  Scbaefer.  Lips.  1808.  8vo. — e  copiis  bibl.  Monac.  em. 
ed.  Fr.  Goeller.  Ace.  var.  lect.  in  Themist.  orat.  e  cod.  MOD. 
excerpta1  a  Fr.  Jacobs.  Jenae  1816.  8vo.  TI^»»I  fan*,  emend, 
etillustr.  H.  A.  Scbott.  Lip?.  1804.  Gr.  8vo. — Dion,  historic- 
graphica. — ed.  C.  Gail.  Kriiger.  Halse  1823.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t  iv.  p.  3<J. 


(de)  DIODORUS  SICULUS,  of  Argyriuni  in  Sicily, 
in  the  time  of  Caesar  and  Augustus,  wrote  a  general  his- 


152  AUGUSTUS,  31   B.  C. 14  A.  J>. 

tory  of  the  early  Greek  and  Latin  Historians,  arranged 
according  to  Olympiads  and  the  succession  in  the 
Roman  consulate,  but  not  so  carefully  compiled  as 
might  he  desired,  Btfikiodfan  /Vragw^  in  40  books, 
from  the  most  ancient  times  to  Ol.  clxxx.  (B.  C.  60,) 
of  which  only  books  1 — 5,  incl.  11 — 20,  incl.  have 
come  down  to  us  entire. 

Ed.  pr.  Basil.  1539.  4to.  (B.  16— 20.)— H.  Stephani.  1559. 
fol.  (1 — 5.  11 — 15  B.)— ed.  Laur.  Rhodomannus.  Hanov.  1604. 
fol.— ad  fid.  MSS.  rec.  P.  Wesseling.  Amstelod.  1745.  fol. 
2  vols. — e  rec.  Wessel.  ed.  Jer.  N.  Eyring.  Bip.  et  Argent. 
1793—1800.  10  vols.  8vo — ed.  H.  K.  Abr.  Eichstaedt.  Hales 

2  vols.  1800 1802.  (to  B.  14.)  8vo ed.  Lud.  Dindorf.  Lips. 

1826,  sqq.  4  vole.  8vo.— Exc.  libh.  VII.  VIII.  IX.  X.  XXI— 
XL.  in  Maji  Script,  vett.  Coll.  t.  ii.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv. 
p.  361. 

(df)  DIONYSIUS  PERIEGETES,  probably  of  Charax 
in  the  Arabian  Gulph,  whom  Augustus  sent  as  the 
companion  of  his  adopted  son  Caius  Agrippa  to  the 
East.  He  wrote  a  Geography,  5regm'yu:n»  rix.ovp.iiK,  in 
Hexameters,  upon  which  Eustathius,  Archbishop  of 
Thessalonica,  about  1 160,  wrote  a  learned  commentary. 
Nachtr.  zu  Sulz.  vi.  p.  388.  'Schirlitz.  in  Seebodes 
neuem  Arch.  iii.  2.  p.  32. 

Edd.  prr.  Ferrara  1512.  4to.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1513.  8vo.  with 
the  Eustat.  by  Rob.  Steph.  Lutet.  1577.  4to —  in  Collectt. 
no.  2.— ed.  Ed.  Thwaites  with  Eust.  Oxon.  1697.  8vo — ed. 
Job.  Hudson,  (with  Eust.)  Oxon.  1710.  1712.  1717.  8vo.— c. 


AUGUST.  TIBERIUS,  14 — 37.  CALIGULA 41.      153 

vet.  comm.  et  interpr.  rec.  God.  Bernhardy.  m  Collect*,  no.  21. 
2.  3.  See  also  Aratus.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  586. 


(dg)  XICOLAUS,  of  Damascus,  a  Peripatetic  and 
Historian,  much  beloved  by  Caesar  Augustus.  Author 
of  a  Universal  History  in  142  books,  and  of  a  Tvja,*/ny*> 
#»»,  dedicated  to  King  Herod,  fragments  of  which 
are  preserved  in  Stobaeus. — J\'icol.  Dam.  historiarum 
exc.  et  fragm.  Gr.  c.  not.  H.  Valesii  al.  et  suised.Jo. 
Conr.  Orellius.  Lips.  1804.  and  Supplem.  c.  n.  Coray, 
Fr.  Creitzeri,  Jo.  Schtreighceuser  etc.  Lips.  1811. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  500. 

(efA)  STRABO,  of  Amasea  in  Poatus,  in  the  time  of 
Augustus  and  Tiberius :  yt*y£*QtxM  libr.  17.  a  work 
written  in  a  critical  and  philosophical  spirit,  and  also 
an  exposition  of  the  history,  manners,  and  constitu- 
tions of  ancient  nations.  He  had  previously  written 
an  historical  work,  r*  fiir*  II«At>/8««».  Heeren  defontt. 
Pint.  p.  14-2. 


Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aid.  VeneL  1516.  fol. — ed.  Is.  Casaubonus 
(sospitator  Str.)  Genev.  1587.  fol.  Paris.  1620.  fol.— with  the 
Annotations  of  all  former  Editors  ed.  Th.  Jansson  van  Almelo- 
veen.  Amsterd.  1T07.  fol^-rec.  J.  Ph.  Siebenkees,  K.  H. 
Tz^chucke  et  Friedemann.  Lips.  7  vols.  8vo.  1796 — 1819. — 
juxta  edit.  Amstel.  Codd.  MSS.  coMationem,  annot.  tab.  Geogr. 
adj.  Th.  Falconer.  Oxon.  1807.  2  vols.  fol. — ed.  Coray.  Paris. 
1817—19.  4  vols.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  558. 


154     AUGUST.  TIBERIUS,  14 — 37.    CALIGULA — 41. 

(di)  LESBONAX,  a  Rhetorician  in  the  time  of 
Tiberius,  by  whom  are  still  extant  two  Orations,  or 
rather  Declamations,  exhortations  to  bravery  against 
the  Thebans  and  Lacedaemonians  in  the  Peloponnesian 
war.  See  Reiske  oratt.  Gr.  t.  viii.  Bekk.  t.  iv.  p.  4. 
App.  He  is  a  different  person  from  a  later  Gramma- 
rian of  this  name,  whose  work,  vt^i  tr^n^^ai,  is  found 
in  the  Ammonius  of  Valckenaer. 


(dk)  PHILO,  a  Jew  of  Alexandria,  eminently  versed 
in  the  Platonic  Philosophy,  which  he  applied  in  alle- 
gorical interpretations  to  the  explanation  and  vindi- 
cation of  Judaism,  particularly  in  his  treatises  de 
mundi  opijicio,  de  vita  Moysis,  fyc.  In  the  year  41, 
an  Ambassador  to  the  Emperor  Caligula. 

Ed.  pr.  Paris,  ap.  Adr.  Turnebum.  1552.  fol. — e  Cod.  rec. 
suppl.  illustr.  Th.  Mangey.  Lond.  1742.  2  vols.  fol — Aug.  Fr. 
Pfeiffer.  Erlang.  1785 — 92.  5  vols.  8vo.  not  complete. — (ed. 
Car.  E.  Richter.)  Lips.  1828 — 30.  8  vols.  8vo.  vrifi  d^r»s  x,tu 
rat  aurni  (i.oqiu'i  inv.  et  interpr.  Aug.  Majus.  Mediol.  1816.  de 
providentia  etc.  from  (he  Armen.  ed.  A.  B.  Aucher.  Venet. 
1822.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  722. 

(dl)  APION,  an  Alexandrian  Grammarian,  a  pupil 
of  Didymus,  accuser  of  the  Jews  before  the  Emperor 
Caligula,  wrote,  besides  an  Egyptian  history  in  5 
books,  Asfjsjj  'Cty«igi*«'j,  from  which  the  Lexicon  of 
Apollonius  appears  to  be  taken.  Excerpta  Jlpionis 


CALIGULA.       CLAUDIUS  —  54.       VERO  -  68.      1-3-3 

glossarum  Homericarum  in  Etymoloy.  Gudianum 
by  Sturz.  p.  601.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  504. 
Addit.  ad  Gregor.  Cor.  ed.  Schaefer,  p.  891.  894. 

(dm)   OXOSANDER,  in  the   time  of  the  Emperor 
Claudius  :    o-rg*r>iy<xo?. 

Ed.  pr.  Nic.  Eigaltii.  Paris.  1599.  4to.  —  cura  Nic.  Schwe- 
belii.  Norimb.  1762.  fol.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  336. 

(dn)  PEDAXIUS  DIOSCORIDES,  of  Anazarbus  in 
Cilicia,  about  64,  a  Physician,  and  the  most  eminent 
of  the  Greek  Botanists  :  de  mater  ia  medico,  libri  VI. 
rgiiuif,  etc. 


'  Ed.  pr.  Aid.  Venet.  1499.  fol  __  rec.  J.  Ant.  Saracenius. 
Francof.  1593.  fol  —  rec.  Curt.  Sprengel.  in  Collectt.  no.  33. 
t.  xxv.  vi.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  673. 

(do)  EROTIANUS,  in  the  time  of  Nero  :  T»>  **£ 
'iwtx^itTu  >.=|««r  c-«;»«y«y»i.  Friedem.  et  Seeb.  Misc. 
crit.  i,  2.  p.  271. 

Ed.  pr.  Henr.  Steph.  Paris.  1564.  8vo  __  rec.  Jo.  Ge.  Frid. 
Franz.  Lips.  1/80.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  233. 

(dp")  ANNS:  us  CORNUTUS,  of  Leptis,  instructor 
of  the  poet  Persius,  a  Stoic,  banished  by  order  of 
Nero,  A.D.  66.  -JK^  TJ|?  T£»  6tai  <py«-{*j.  See  Col- 


156      CALIGULA.       CLAUDIUS — 54.       NERO — 68. 

lectt.  no.  31.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t,  iii.  p.  554.  Ger. 
Jo.  de  Martini  disp.  de  L.  Ann.  Cornuto.  Lugd.  B. 
1824.  8vo. 

(dq)  MUSONIUS  RUFUS,  a  celebrated  Stoic,  ba- 
nished by  Nero,  but  recalled  by  Vespasian.  Dan. 
Wyttenbachii  (Nieuwland]  de  Musonio  R.  phil. 
Stoico  Amstel.  1783.  4to.  Muson.  anecdota  in 
Wyttenb.  Philomath,  i.  p.  157.  ii.  p.  3. —  reliqu.  et 
apophth.  cum  annot.  ed.  J.  V.  Peerlkamp.  Harlem. 
1822.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iii.  p.  566.  Cf.  Studien  v. 
Daub.  u.  Creuzer.  vi.  Th.  p.  74. 

(dr]  FL.  JOSEPHUS,  a  Jew  of  Jerusalem,  a  Phari- 
see ;  being  taken  captive  by  Vespasian  in  the  year  67 
at  Jotapata  in  Galilee,  he  recovered  his  liberty  when 
his  prophecy  that  Vespasian  and  Titus  would  become 
emperors  was  accomplished.  He  accompanied  Titus 
in  the  year  70  to  the  siege  of  Jerusalem,  of  which  he 
wrote  a  description :  de  bello  Judaico  libr.  VII. 
Jlntiquitatum  Judaicarum  libr.  XX..  etc. 

Ed.  pr.  Basil.  1544.  fol. — rec.  Sig.  Havercamp.  (with  tlie 
Annotations  of  all  former  Editors.)  Amstel.  Lugd.  B.  et  Ultraj. 
1726.  2  vols.  fol.— ed.  C.  E.  Richter  Lips.  1825—27.  4  vols. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  1. 

(ds)  EPICTETUS,  of  Hierapolis  in  Phrygia,  at 
first  a  slave  of  Epaphroditus,  being  afterwards  set 


VESPASIAN,  69-79.  TITCS,-81.  DOMITIAN'T7.S,-96.   157 

at  liberty  he  lived  at  Rome  till  94,  after  that  at 
Nicopolis  in  Epirus,  a  Stoic  estimable  for  the  purity 
and  integrity  of  his  life.  His  discourses  were 
written  down  after  his  death  by  his  pupil  Arrian. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  64. 

(df)  ARE T^: us,  a  Cappadocian,  and  an  eminent 
Physician,  between  81 — 96.  de  caussis  et  signis  acut. 
morborum  iv.  b.  de  curatione  iv.  b.  not  come  down 
to  us  entire. 

Ed.  pr.  Jac.  Goupyli.  Paris.  1554.  8vo — rec.  Job.  Wigan. 
Oxon.  1723.  fol. — e  Goup.  rec.  cur.  Herm.  Boerhave.  Lugd. 
B.  1731.  fol.— ed.  C.  Glob  Kiihn  in  CoUectt.  no.  33.  vol.  xxiv. 
1828.  c.  Petiti  etc.  comm.  et  ind.  Fabric.  B  Gr.  t  iv.  p.  703. 

[Note.  For  a  valuable  collection  of  facts  and  testimonies 
relating  to  the  authors  of  this  period,  see  ch.  12.  of  the  Ap- 
pendix to  vol.  iii.of  Clinton's  Fasti  Hellenici.] 


FOURTH  PERIOD. 

§.  25.  THE  peculiar  taste  of  the  Emperor  Hadrian 
(117 — 138)    introduced    at    this    time    among    the 
Greeks,  particularly  at  Alexandria,  a  fashion  of  speak- 
ing and  writing  on  a  variety  of  subjects  in  a  language, 
which,  though  artfully  constructed  in  imitation  of  the 
Attic,  by  an  affectation  of  florid  ornament  often  inter- 
changed  poetic   with   prosaic   expressions,  and  even 
affected    those  anomalies  of  diction  which   occur  in 
Attic   writers,  as   Atticisms.    (Sophists').     The   most 
ingenious  of  this  class,  and  at  the  same  time  the  most 
worthy  of  commendation  for  their  style,  are  Lucian 
(b),  and  the  Emperor  Julian  (cr).     Most  of  them, 
however,   contented    themselves    with   Speeches   and 
Declamations  upon  scientific,  especially  philosophical, 
subjects,   e.  g.    Dio    Chrysost.    (a),  Aristides    (ba), 
Maximits    Tyrius    (bk],  Himcrius    (cw),  Libanivt 
(sc),    Themis tius  (ex);    they  likewise   composed   for 
amusement   forensic    or   political    orations    after    the 
model  of  the  ancients.     Others  sought  to  display  their 
rhetorical  talent  in  amatory  epistles,  as  Aristaenetut 
(ct)   and  Alc'iphron  (c'i);   others  wrote  letters  u:i<J<  r 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  159 

be  name  of  ancient  statesmen,  philosophers,  &c.  as 
he  letters  of  Phalaris,  of  Themistocles,  of  Pythagoras 
ind  his  disciples,  the  Socratics,  Euripides,  and  others. 
See  Bentley  opusc.  philol.  Lips.  1781.  8vo.)  Mar- 
•ellous  histories,  aud  narratives  of  love  adventures, 
Milesian  tales,  which  Aristides  of  Miletus  is  said  to 
lave  first  introduced  hefore  the  time  of  Sylla,)  com- 
>osed  without  any  semblance  of  reality,  whether  we 
regard  invention  or  arrangement,  and  in  a  studied 
ml  insipid  style,  came  more  and  more  into  vogue". 
As  an  aid  to  the  acquisition  of  the  Sophistical  style, 
the  Grammarians  compiled  Dictionaries,  in  which 
they  carefully  distinguished  words  and  plrrases  pecu- 
:iar  to  the  Attics  from  those  in  general  use  (Atticistee}, 
jut  often  represented  as  genuine  Attic  what  was 
chiefly  to  he  met  with  in  the  writings  of  the  Sophists. 
Other  dictionaries  also  for  the  elucidation  of  expres- 
sions occurring  in  particular  authors,  e.  g.  Homer,  the 
Orators,  &c.  or  of  antiquated  words,  began  to  abound 
in  proportion  as  language  degenerated,  and  became  a 
subject  of  learned  cultivation. 

§.  26.  Other  learned  men  collected  the  effusions  of 
the  earlier  poets,  particularly  Epigrams,  as  Philip  of 
Thessalonica  in  the  time  of  Trajan,  who  in  imitation 
of  Meleager  (§.  20.)  collected  the  minor  poems  of  13 
authors,  and,  like  him,  arranged  them  alphabetically 

*  Manso  iiber  den  Griech.  Roman  in  dessen  Verm.  Schriften. 
Leip~.  1801.  Svo.  part  ii.  p.  201,  sqq. 


160  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

with  his  own  in  a  fi^xio^,  or  wreath,  Strata  of  Sardis 
(Mova-x,  Trxtdtici)),  Afjathias  (ef)  in  the  time  of  Justinian, 
who  collected  the  poems  of  later  writers,  particularly 
of  his  contemporaries,  and  arranged  them  according 
to  their  subject  matter  (*weXaj),  Conktaniinus  C'epha- 
las  (el),  who  compiled  a  similar  Anthology  from  the 
older  collections  with  the  addition  of  some  more  recent 
poems,   and   a   few  others  of  earlier  date,   and    the 
Monk   Maximus   Planudes  (/'),  whose   Anthology 
was  for  a  long  time  the  only  one  known  till  that  of 
Constant.   Cephalas  also  came  to  light.     Sentences 
from   the   ancient  poets,   especially   tragic   or   comic 
writers,  together  with  choice  passages  of  philosophers, 
historians,  and  orators,  were  collected  hy  Joh.  Stob<eus 
(dx),  and  extracts  from  authors  with  tables  of  contents 
by  the  patriarch  Photius  (ek).     There  were,  however, 
in  this  period  authors  of  considerable  eminence,  above 
all  Plutarch  (aa),  in  his  moral,   i.  e.  philosophical 
writings,  and  especially  in  his  biographies,  which,  from 
the  extent  and  variety  of  knowledge  and  erudition 
which  they  display,  though  applied  in  undue  measure, 
and  with  a  style  occasionally  cramped,  may  be  held  up 
as  models,  the  Historian  Jlrrian  (of],  Dio   Cassias 
(c),  the  Geographer  and  Astronomer  Ptolemy  (an), 
the  philosophical  and  accomplished  Physician  Galen 
(ay),  the  Philosophers  M.  Aurelius  Anton,  (at),  and 
Sextus  Empir.  (bg),  and  the  acute  Critic  Longinus 
(cd).     During   the    conflict   between   Paganism   and 


TRAJAN  98-117.    HADRIAX   117-138.  161 

Christianity,  men  of  reflecting  minds  sought  repose  in 
Philosophy,  and  hence  there  arose,  likewise  at  Alex- 
andria, a  Philosophy  of  fancy  and  feeling  which  led 
idirectly  to  fanaticism,  (The  J\*ew  Platonic  or  Alex- 
andrian Phil.)  Aiheneeus  (bt)  and  Pausanias  (az) 
merit  consideration  only  for  the  valuable  information 
'which  they  contain,  and  for  the  fragments  of  antiquity 
which  they  have  preserved.  The  Mathematical 
Sciences  also  were  cultivated  with  success;  Poetry 
continued  what  it  was  in  the  former  period,  and  the 
poets  Oppian  (br),  ^'oniius  (dm,)  Musceus  (dn),  Qit. 
Smyrneeus  (e),  are  only  of  value  to  professed  scholars 
and  philologists.  After  the  capture  of  Alexandria  by 
the  Einp.  Aurelian,  the  Alexandrian  school  ceased,  and 
Byzantium  (Constantinople)  became  henceforth  the 
seat  of  learning,  where  from  the  time  of  Constantine 
it  was  subject  to  the  influence  of  the  Church  and  the 
Court.  But  after  the  time  of  Julian,  in  despite  of 
the  exertions  of  Grammarians,  language  and  literature 
began  rapidly  to  decline. 

(a)  Dio  CHRTSOSTOMUS,  of  Prusa  in  Bithynia, 
particularly  esteemed  by  Trajan,  a  Sophist.  There 
are  80  speeches  by  him  upon  general  philosophical 
and  other  subjects. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1551.  Svo.— e  rec.  atque  emendatione  Fed. 
Morelli.    Paris.  1604.  1623.  fol.— ex  rec.  J.  J.  Reiske.  Lips. 
1784.  2  vols.  Svo.    Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  122. 
M 


162  TRAJAN  98-1 17.    HADRIAN   117-138. 

(aa)  PLUTARCH,  of  Chaeronea,  b.  50,  d.  120,  an 
eclectic  philosopher;   Hadrian,  to  whom  he  was  pre- 
ceptor, appointed  him  procurator  Grcecice.    I)  vitas 
parallels  44.    2)  moralia,  philosophical,  antiquarian, 
and  other  dissertations,  miscellaneous  treatises  92. 

Plut.  opusc.  mor.  Venet.  1599.  fol — vitae  parall.  Flor.  Junt. 

1517.  fol.— opera  ed.  H.  Stephanus.   1572.  10  vols.  8vo 

Francof.  ap.  Wechel.  1599.  1620.  2  vols.  fol.— ed.  J.  J.  Reiske. 
Lips.  1774 — 79.  12  vols.  8vo. — Jo.  Ge.  Hutten.  Tubing.  1791 
— 805.  14  vols.  8vo — Vitse  parall.  ed.  Aug.  Bryan,  et  Mos.  du 
Soul.  Lond.  1729.  5  vols.  4to. — moralia  emend.  Dan.  Wytten- 

bach.  Oxon.  1795—800.  5  vols.  in  10  parts.  8vo Animadv.  t.  i. 

(or  Plut.  t.  vi.)  Oxon.  1810.  vol.  ii.  p.  1.  1821.   Index  Graecit. 
(or  Plut.  t  viii.)  ib.  1830.  2  vols.  8vo — Vits?  parall.  ed.  Coray. 
Paris.  1809—1811.  3  vols.  8vo — cur.  God.  H.  Schaefer.  Lips. 
1826.  5  vols.  12mo. — v.  par.  Themist.  et  Camilli,  Alexandri  et  • 
Cses.  ed.  K.  H.  Jbrdens,  Berol.  1788.  97.  8vo. — Theseus  etj 
Romul.  Lycurg.  et  Numa  Pompil.  rec.  E.  H.  G.  Leopold. 
Lips.  1789.  8vo. — Marius,  Sulla,  Lucullus  et  Sert.  ed.  Leopold. 
Lips.  1795.  8vo. — Agesil.  et  Xenoph.  encom.  Agesil.  ed.  Deti. 
C.   Guil.  Baumgarten-Crusius.   Lips.    1812.    8vo. — Alcib.  e| 
codd.  Paris,  recogn.  perp.  ann.  instr.  J.  C.  F.  Bahr.  Heidelb. 
1822.  8vo. — Philop.  Flamin.  Pyrrh.  recogn.  perp.  ann.  instr. 
J.  C.  F.  Bahr.  Lips.  1826.  8vo. — Arist.  et  Cato  m.  rec.  et 
anim.  crit.  instr.  Car.  Sintenis.  Lips.  1830.  8vo. — v.  Themist. 

rec.   et  ill.  idem.  Lips.  1832.  8vo v.  JEmil.  P.  et  Timol. 

recogn.  J.  C.  Held.  Solisb.  1832. — de  sera  num.  vindicta  ed. 
Dan.  Wyttenbach.  Lugd.  B.  1772.  8vo. — vr^etftufnriKes  arji; 
'Ar«XX«w«i>.  recogn.  et  coram.  ill.  Leon.  Usterius.  Turic.  1830. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  T.  p.  153.  A.  H.  L.  Heeren  de  fontt.  et 
aitctoritate  vitl.  parall.  PI.  Gotting.  1820.  8vo. 

(ab)  THEON,   of  Smyrna,  a  Mathematician   and 


TRAJAN  98-1  17.    HADRIAN   117-138.  163 

Platonic  Philosopher,  about  117,  wrote  upon  the 
implication  of  Mathematics  to  the  elucidation  of  Plato. 
Sonic  fragments  ed.  Ism.Bullialdus.  Lut.  Paris.  1644. 
Ito.  lect.  dii:  suamque  annot.  add.  J.  J  •  de  Gelder. 
Lugd.  B.  1827.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  35. 


(oc)   CLEOMEDES,  an   Astronomer:   * 

<   u.nu>yn   libr.    II.    Basil.    1533.   8vo.  —  ed.   M. 

Hopper.  Basil.  1561.  8vo.  rec.  et  ill.  a  Rob.  Balforeoi 

Burdig.   1605.  4to.  —  ex  rec.  Jani  Bakii  c.  potior. 

•script,  discrep.  et  annot.  ed.  C.  Chr.  Thph.  Schmidt. 

Lips.  1832.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  G.  t.  iv.  p.  38. 

(ad)  ALCINOCS,  a  Platonic  Philosopher:  u<r«y*»yi 
>  ^tyfteifur  lUumwH  —  c.  dpuleio   Venet.  ap.  Aid. 

1551.  Svo.—ex  rec.  Heinsii  (Lugd.  B.  1607.  8vo. 

1614.  8vo.)  Oxon.  1667.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 

p.  523. 


(<uf)  CL.  jELiANus,  in  the  time  of  Nerva,  Trajan, 
and  Hadrian  :  T**TJ*«. 

Ed.  Robortell.  Venet.  1552.  4to  __  c.  anim.  Sixti  Arcerii. 
Lugd.  B.  1673.  4to. 

(of)  FL.  ARRIANCS,  of  Nicomedia  in  Bithynia, 
governor  of  Cappadocia  134,  Senator  (and  Consul  ?) 
at  Rome,  a  pupil  of  Epictetus,  whose  philosophical 
disquisitions  he  committed  to  writing,  dissertatt. 


164      HADRIAN   117-138.    ANTONINUS  PIUS-16I. 

EpictetecR  4  books;  Epict.  Enchiridion;  also  de 
expeditione  Alexandri  M.  Indica  &c.  An  imitator 
of  Xenophon. 

t)  Diss.  Epict.  Venet.  1535.  8vo ed.  Hieron.  Wolf.  1561. 

2)  Diss.  et  Enchir.  Venet.  1558.  8vo.  ap.  Trincav. — ed. 
Hieron.  Wolf.  Basil.  8vo.  s.  a.  (1560).  cur.  Jo.  Upton.  Lond. 
1741.  2  vols.  4to.— 3)  Enchir.  ed.  pr.  Venet.  1528.  4to.  cum 
Simplicii  comm.— ed.  Dan.  Heinsii  c.  notis  Salmasii.  Lugd. 
B.  1640. 4to — ed.  Heyne.  Dresd.  1756. 1776.  8vo. — Epicteteae 
phil.  monumenta  ed.  J.  Schweighseuser.  Lips.  1779,  sq.  3  vols. 
8vo.  4)  de  exped.  Alex.  Venet.  ap.  Trincav.  1535.  8vo. — ed. 
Nicol.  Blancard.  Amstel.  1688.  8vo.— ed.  Jac.  Gronovius. 
Lugd.  B.  1704.  fol.— ed.  Ge.  Raphelius.  Amstel.  1757.  8vo. 
maj. — ed.  F.  Schmieder.  Lips.  1798.  8vo.  rec.  et  annot.  crit. 
turn  al.  sel.  turn  suis  instr.  Jo.  Ern.  Ellendt.  Regim.  1832. 

2  vols.  8vo. — opp.  Gr.  studio  A.  C.  Borheck.  Lemgo.  1811. 

3  vols.  8vo.    Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  89. 


(ag)  ARTEMIDORUS,  of  Ephesus,  in  the  time  of 
Hadrian  and  Antoninus  Pius :  om^e^trntd,  upon  the 
interpretation  of  dreams. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1518.  8vo. — cum  n.  Nic.  Rigaltii. 
Lutet.  1603.  4to — rec.  J.  Gottfr.  Reiff.  Lips.  1805.  2  vols.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t  v.  p.  260. 

(ah)  MARCELLUS,  of  Side  in  Pamphylia  (Sii/r  (<'*'), 
wrote  0</3A/«  lar^x-d,  42  books,  a  fragment  of  which  my 
t^tvur  ed.  Fed.  Morell,  Paris.  1591.  &vo.  It  is  also 
appended  to  Plutarch,  de  ediic.  puerorum,  and  also  to 


HADRIAN-  117-138.  ANTONi.vrs  138-161.     165 

he  Oppian  of  Belin  du  Ballu.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i. 
>.  15. 

(ai)  DRACO  STRATONICENSIS,  a  Grammarian. 
3is  only  extant  work  :  xiqt  ftir^t — primum  ed.  God. 
merwuuuuu.  Lips.  1812.  8vo.  is  an  extract  from  a 
^rger  work  interpolated  with  the  remarks  of  later 
Grammarians.  As  an  Appendix  thereto  Trichce, 
Elite  Monachi  et  Herodiani  tract,  de  metris  cd. 
Franc,  de  Furia.  Lips.  1814.  8vo. 

(ak)  APOLLONIUS,  of  Alexandria,  with  Bein.  DTS- 
COLUS,  a  celebrated  Grammarian  in  the  reigns  of 
Hadrian  and  Antonin.  Pius. 

1)  *t(i  ruir-ilui}  11.  4.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1495.  fol — in  T/teotl. 
Gaza  i/ttrod.  gramm.  op.  Fr.  Svlburg.  Francof.  1590.  4to. — ex 
•ec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  Berol.  1817.  8vo — 2)  de  pronomine  liber, 
primum  ed.  Imman.  Bekkerus  in  Museum  Antiquit.  studioruiu 
col.  i.  Fasc.  2.  Berol.  1811.  3)  de  conj.  et  de  adr.  11.  in 
Bekkeri  anecd.  Gr.  t.  ii.  4)  historiae  mirabiles.  cum  ann.  Guil. 
Xylandri.  Basil.  1568.  8vo.— ed.  Jo.  Meursius.  Lugd.  B.  1620. 
ito — ed.  Teucher.  Lips.  1T92.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi. 
p.  271. 

(a/)  ANTONIUS  POLEMO,  of  Laodicea,  a  celebrated 
Sophist  at  Smyrna,  in  the  time  of  Trajan,  Hadrian, 
and  Antouin.  Pius :  A«yc*  tTrtrd^itt,  upon  Cynse<n- 
rus  and  Callimachus. — ed.  P.  Possinus.  Tolosce  1637. 
8vo. — c.  n.  Poss.  Steph.  Cant,  et  Reisk.  ed.  Jo.  Conr. 
Orell.  Lips.  1819.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  2. 


166     HADRIAN   117-138.    ANTONINUS   138-161. 

(am)  PHLEGON,  of  Tralles,  a  freedman  of  Ha- 
drian; Frag,  de  Olympiadibus,  a  treatise  de  mirabili- 
bus  and  vi^t  fAotx^lai. — ed.  et  ill.  Guil.  Xylander. 
Basil.  1568.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Jo.  Meursii,  c.  ei.  et  Guil. 
Xyl.  anim.  ed.  Jo.  Ge.  Frid.  Franz.  Halce  1775.  8ro. 
Ed.  2da  emend.  F.  J.  Bastii.  ib.  1822.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  v.  p.  255. 

(aii)  CLAUDIUS  PTOLEM^US,  of  Pelusium,  a 
Geographer  and  Astronomer,  about  140.  1)  y8*yg«- 
Quttif  v<pvy*ri*>s  libr.  viii.  c.  Erasmi  Roterod.  Basil. 
1533.  4to.  Paris,  ap.  Wech.  1546.  4to.  c.  n.  Ger. 
Mercatoris.  c.  tabb.  geogr.  et  castig.  P.  Bertii. 
Franco/.  (Lugd.  B.  Amstel.)  1618.  fol. — cum  tabb. 
geogr.  per  Gerard.  Mercatorem  et  P.  Montanum. 
Francof.  (Amstel.}  1605.  fol.  2)  ^ey«Au«  3<«T«'|««{  s. 
almagisti  (al.  and  psy/<rr«{).  libr.  XIII.  (System  of 
Astronomy,)  cum  Theonis  Mex.  comment,  libri  XI. 
Basil.  1538.  fol.  Ur.  f^a,6nftxrttc>i  a-Lnrufyf.  trad,  sur  les 
MSS.  du  roi  par  I'abbe  Halma  et  suivie  des  notes  de 
M.  Delambre.  Paris.  1814.  2  vols.  8vo.  3)  a  chro- 
nological work  upon  the  Kings  of  the  Assyrians, 
Medes,  Persians,  Greeks,  and  Romans,  up  to  Antoni- 
nus P.  and  others.  ?rg«%f«g«j  x<*wi{ — e  MSS.  ed.  cum  n. 
H.  Dodwellii  in  Dodw.  dissert.  Cyprianicce.  Oxon. 
1684.  4to.  Amstel.  1700.  fol.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 
p.  270. 


UDRIAN   117-138.     ANTONINUS   PIUS   138-161.   167 

(<zo)  TIBER.  CL.  ATTICUS  HERODES,  of  Marathon 
n  Attica,  Consul  at  Rome  in  the  year  141;  a  Sophist. 
A.  Declamation  by  him,  «•.  TOA<TW'*«,  may  be  found  in 
die  8th  book  of  Reiske  Oratt.  Gr.  in  Bekk.  t.  iv. 
Append.  —  Herod.  Attici  qua  supersunt  ed.  et  ill. 
Raph  Fiorillo.  Lips.  1801.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  v.  p.  4. 

(ap)  APPIANUS,  of  Alexandria,  in  the  reigns  of 
Trajan  Hadrian,  and  Antoninus  Pius,  an  advocate  at 
Rome,  and  one  of  the  procuratores  imperatt.  i.  e. 
Finance-directors  in  the  provinces,  wrote  a  history  of 
the  Romans,  arranged  according  to  the  nations  con- 
meted  with  it,  in  24  books,  but  of  which  only  half 
aie  extant. 

Ed.  Car.  Stephani.  Lutet.  1551.  fol.  —  ed.  H.  Stephanus. 
1S2.  fol.—  ed.  Alex.  Tollius.  Amsteh  1670.  2  vols.  8vo.—  ed. 
J  Schweighseuser.  Argent  1785.  3  vols.  8vo.  —  exc.  Vatic. 
Se  Polyb.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  244. 


NICOMACHUS,  of  Gerasa  in  Arabia,  about 
1-7,  a  Pythagorean  and  Mathematician.  By  him  we 
hare,  1)  «g<0fcqT<M$  i<V*y*y?f  II.  2.  —  ed.  Chr.  Wechel. 
P.m.  1538.  4to.  (Comm.  in  Jamblich.  de  vit.  et  phil. 
P-thag.  1.  iv.  ed.  Sam.  Tennulius  Arnh.  1668.  4to.) 
2)  «y^«§/3««»  «^«»<x?y  libr.  II.  —  Antique  musicce 
aictores  VII.  ed.  M.  Meibomius.  Amstel.  1652.  4to. 
F.bric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  629. 


168      M.  AUREHUS  ANTONINUS,  PHIL.  161-180. 

(«r)  ANTONINUS  LIBERALIS,  in  the  reigns  of  the 
Antonines :  fi*Tapio£<pd<ris,  41  narratives  of  transforin- 
ations,  extracted  from  different  authors,  principally 
poets. 

Ed.  pr.  Guil.  Xylandri.  Basil.  1568. 8vo.— ed.  Th.  Muneker. 
Amsterd.  1676.  12mo — ed.  H.  Verheyck.  Lugd.  B.  1774. 
8vo — c.  not.  Xyl.  Abr.  Berkelii.  Th.  Munck.  et  H.  Veri.  ed. 
Teucher.  Lips.  1791.  8vo. — Gr.  e  cod.  Paris,  auct.  atque 
emend,  ed.  adn.  int.  Xyl.  Berk.  Th.  Galii,  Munck.  Verh. 
sel.  Fr.  Bastii  et  suas  adj.  Ge.  Aenoth.  Koch.  Lips.  1832. 
8vo.  also  in  Collectt.  no.  32.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  309 


(as)  HEPIUSSTION,  of  Alexandria,  a  Gram- 
marian, preceptor  to  the  Julius  Verus,  who  after- 
wards hecame  Emperor.  Enchir.  de  metris. 

Flor.  ap.  her.  Juntae.  1526.  8vo. — cum  schol.  ed.  J.  Corn, 
de  Pauw.  Traj.  ad  Rhen.  1726.  4to.— ad  fid.  MSS.  rec.  c.  n. 
var.  cur.  Th.  Gaisford.  Oxon.  1810.  8vo.  Ed.  nov.  et  auct, 
Lips.  1832.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  299. 

(at)  M.  AURELIUS  ANTONINUS,  h.  121,  Eui 
peror  161,  d.  180,  a  Stoic  philosopher,  wrote  rSr  tl 
setvrot  librl  xii.  Rules  of  life  from  the  Stoic  philo 
sophy. 

Ed.  pr.  Guil.  Xylandri.  Tiguri  1558.  8vo.  (Lugd.  1626 
12mo.)  afterwards  Basil.  1668.  8vo — ed.  Th.  Gataker.  Can 
tabr.  1652.  4to.  Traj.  ad  Eh.  1697.  fol ad  fidem  Codd 


M.  AURELIUS  ANTOXINCS,  PHIL.   161-180.       169 

MSSt.  em.  J.  Matth.  Schulz.  Sehlesw.  1802.  vol.  i.  8vo.  no 
more  published.  Ed.  D.  Coray.  Paris.  1815.  8vo.  maj. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t  v.  p.  500.  Eichstaedt  exercit.  Antonianse 
I—  VI.  Jen.  1820,  sqq. 


(au)    POLY.ENUS,  a    Macedonian,   Advocate   and 
Rhetorician,  about  163.  o-rzxniYnt***'**'  lilri  viii. 


Ed.  pr.  c.  n.  Is.  Casauboni.  Lugd.  B.  1589.  12mo.—  e  Codd. 
em.  c.  n.  Cas.  et  suis  ed.  Pancr.  Masvicius.  Lugd.  B.  1690. 
8vo.  —  ed.  Coray  in  Tlatif-yur  'EXXifwxq;  jipfjifrum  raft.  m. 
Paris.  1809.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  321. 


(ate)  HERMOGEXES,  of  Tarsus,  a  Rhetorician, 
wrote,  when  in  his  17th  year,  his  «£?«  p«iT»g««,  but 
lost  in  his  27th  year  both  memory  and  speech. 
His  Rhet.  consists  of  five  parts  :  the  first  (v^vyvfadf- 
UATX)  is  printed  from  a  Turine  Cod.  in  Bibl.  der 
alt.  Lit.  und  Kunst  t.  viii.  ix.  Ined.  and  from 
2  Par.  Codd.  in  Classic.  Journ.  no.  10.  p.  381. 
no.  12.  p.  396.  no.  14.  p.  417.  no.  15.  p.  155. 

Ed.  pr.  in  Collectt.  no.  34. — c.  vers.  et  scholiis  Jo.  Sturmii 
ed.  Jo.  Cocinus.  Argent.  1570.  8vo. — c.  comm.  Gasp.  Lau- 
rentii.  Col.  Allobr.  1614.  STO. — ed.  "Walz  in  Collectt.  no.  41. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  69. 

(ax)  J£LIUS  HERODIAXUS,  of  Alexandria,  son 
of  Apoll.  Disc,  a  Grammarian,  was  in  favour  with  the 
Emperor  Marcus  Antoninus.  Portions  and  fragments 


170    COMMOD.  180-193.    SEPT.  SEVER.  193-211. 

of  his  waitings  may  be  found  in  Collectt.  no.  34.  Bek- 
ker.  anecd.  iii.  p.  1086,  1142.  annexed  to  the  Phry- 
nichus  of  Pauw  and  Lobeck.  (Cf.  Bachmann. 
anecd.  ii.  p.  402.)  more  in  Pierson's  App.  to  Moeris, 
and  in  the  App.  to  God.  Hermanni  de  emend,  rat. 
Gr.  gramm.  Lips.  1801.  8vo.  in  Villoison  Anecdot. 
Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  85.  86.  175. — 7ti£  peiy^ovs  hiatus  in 
Guil.  Dindorf.  Gramm.  Gr.  t.  i.  1823.  8vo. — my 
o-fflUcirM*  in  the  App.  to  la.  rtvnc» 

ed.  Guil.  Dindorf.  Lips.  1825.  8vo. — CH$.  i 

Her.  partitiones    ed.    Jo.    Fr.    Boissonade.    Lond. 

1819.  Gr.  8vo.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  278. 

(ay)  CL.  GALENUS.  of  Pergamos,  131 — 201, 
lived  for  the  most  part  at  Rome,  a  philosophical 
Physician,  Mathematician,  Grammarian. 

Ed.  pr.  Aid.  Venet  1625.  5  vols.  fol — Basil.  1538.  6  vols. 

fol ed.  Ren.     Chartier.     Paris.    1679.   13   vols.  fol.— with 

Hippocr — ed.  Car.  Glob.  Kuhn.  t.  i— xx.  Lips.  1821, 
&c.  8vo.  (in  Collectt.  no.  33.)  His  Lexicon  on  Hippocr.  ed. 
Franz.  See  Erotianus.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  378. 

(ay*)  MEMNON,  of  Heraclea  on  the  Euxine 
wrote  the  history  of  his  country  in  more  than  16 
books,  of  which  some  carefully  selected  extracts 
are  found  in  Photius. — c.  Ctesia  et  Agatharch.  ed. 
H.  Stephanus.  Paris.  1557.  8vo.  1594.  8vo.— Memn. 
exc.  Ace.  Nymphidis,  Promathidae,  Domit.  Calli- 


COMMOD.  180-193.    SEPT.  SEVER.   193-211.    171 

strati  fr.   et   Chionis   epist.  coll.  et   ill.  Jo.   Conr. 
Orellius.     Lips.  1816.  8vo. 

(az)  PAUSANIAS,  of  Caesarea  in  Cappadocia, 
about  174,  travelled  much  in  order  to  make  himself 
acquainted  with  monuments,  and  wrote  at  Rome 
riff  'EAA*3«$  irtyna-n  10  books. 


Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1516.  fol  —  c.  Xyl.  Sylb.  et  suis  anim. 
ed.  Joach.  Kuhnius.  Lips.  1696.  fol.—  e  Codd.  em.  J.  F. 
Facius.  Lips.  1794  —  96.  4  vols.  8vo.  —  ed.  Gr.  em.  adnot 
atque  indd.  adj.  Car.  God.  Siebelis.  Lips.  1822  —  28.  5  vols. 
8vo  —  recogn.  Imm.  Bekkerus.  Berol.  1826.  2  vols.  8vo.  — 
trad,  par  Clavier.  Paris.  1815  —  21.  5  vols.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  v.  p.  307. 

(b)  LUCIAN,  of  Samosata  in  Syria,  between  122  — 
200,  an  advocate  at  Antioch,  then  a  Rhetorician, 
in  which  character  he  taught  in  Gaul,  Macedonia, 
and  Greece,  an  eclectic  philosopher,  in  the  reign 
of  Marc.  Anton.  Actuarius  and  Procurator  of  a 
port  of  Egypt.  In  his  writings  he  ridiculed  the 
follies,  foibles,  and  vices  of  men,  especially  of  the 
philosophers. 

Ed.  pr.  Florent.  1496.  fol.  —  ed.  Jo.  Benedictas.  Salmur. 
1619.  2  vols.  8vo  —  ed.  Tib.  Hemsterhusius  et  J.  Fr.  Reitzius. 
Amstelod.  1743.  4  vols.  4to.  reprinted  Bipont.  1789—91.  9  vols. 
8vo.  —  ex  fide  Codd.  Pariss.  rec.  Fr.  Schmieder.  Halae  1800. 
2  vols.  8vo.  (Hemst.  animadv.  appendix  in  Anecd.  Hemst. 
Ed.  J.  Geel.  Lugd.  B.  1825.  8vo.  p.  1—163.)—  post  Tib. 
Hemst.  et  Reitz.  denuo  castig.  c.  var.  lect.  schol.  Gr.  W. 


172  COMMOD.  180-193.  SEPT.  SEVER.  193-211. 

suisque  adn.  et  indd.  ed.  J.  T.  Lehmann.  Lips.  1822,  sqq. 
7  vols.  8vo. — Toxaris  Gr.  proleg.  instr.  annot.  et  qua?st.  adj. 
C.  G.  Jacob.  Halee  1825.  8vo — Gottergesp — von  E.  Fr. 
Poppo.  Leipz.  1825.  8vo. — dial,  cleor.  cum  schol.  Gr.  brevibus 
not. — ed.  F.  V.  Fritzsche.  Lips.  1829.— Alex.  Demon,  etc. 
ex  conform.  F.  V.  Fritzsobe.  Prsec.  qusestiones  Lucian. 
Lips.  1826.  8vo — Alex.  prol.  instr.  annot.  et  exc.  adj.  C. 
G.  Jacob.  Colon.  1828.— quomodo  hist,  conscribi  oporteat,  ed. 
C.  Fr.  Hermann.  Francof.  1828.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 
p.  325. 

(ba]  ML.  ARISTIDES,  of  Hadrianopolis  in  Bithy- 
nia,  129 — 189,  lived  at  Smyrna,  a  much  esteemed 
Sophist ;    53  of  his  speeches  and  a  rhetorical  work 
are  still  extant. 

Ed.  pr.  Flor.  ap.  Junt.  1517.  fol. — c.  n.  Guil.  Canteri. 
Genevae  1604.  3  vols.  8vo. — opp.  omn.  rec.  Sam.  Jebb.  Oxon. 
1722.  1730.  2  vols.  4to.— ex  rec.  Guil.  Dindorfii.  Lips.  1829. 
3  vols.  8vo. — declam.  Leptinese.  Era.  atque  annot.  cum  suis, 
turn  A.  Maii  et  Jo.  Morellii  ill.  ed.  Guil.  H.  Grauert.  Bonnae 
1827 — scholia  in  Arist.  oratt.  Panath.  et  Platon.  plurima  ex 
parte  nunc  primum  e  Codd.  MSS.  ed.  Guil.  Frommel.  Fran- 
cof. ad  Mcen.  1826.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  12. 

(bb)  JUSTINUS   MARTYR,  of  Sychem   or   Flavia 
Neapolis  in  Palestine,  became  a  Christian,  but  being 
calumniated,  particularly  by  the  Cynic  Crescentius, 
was  beheaded  by  order  of  the  Emp.  Marc.  Aurel. 
Anton,  in  the  year  165. 

Opp.  ex  offic.  Rob.  Stephani.  Paris.  1561.  fol. — c.  notis 
et  indd.  Fr.  Sylburgii.  Heidelb.  1593.  fol.  Paris.  1615. 


COMMOD.   180-193.    SEPT.  SEVER.   193-211.    173 

Colon.  1686.  fol.— c.  MSS.  Codd.  coll.  et  illustr.  op.  unius 
e  monachis  congreg.  S.  Mauri  (Prudentius  Maranus)  Paris. 
Hag.  Com.  1742.  fol — ed.  Fr.  Oberthur  in  Opp.  Patrum 
Grsec.  t.  i. — iii.  Wiirzb.  1777.  8vo. — Apologise  e  rec.  Gra- 
biana  (Oxon.  1700.  8vo.;  varr.  leclt.  et  conject.  W.  DD. 
add.  Chrn.  Guil.  Thalemann.  Lips.  1755.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  52. 

(be)  ATHENAGORAS,  of  Athens,  a  Platonic  philo- 
sopher and  Christian,  whose  efforts  were  principally 
directed  to  the  elucidation  of  Christian  ideas  by 
Platonic,  crgso-/3s/«  Trs^i  XgnrTieciav. 

Ed.  ex  offic.  H.  Steph.  1557.  Svo. — c.  emend,  var.  lectt.  ad- 
nott.  var.  ed.  Ed.  Dechair.  Oxon.  1706.  also  in  the  Justin  M.  of 
Maran. — deprec.  pro  Christ,  c.  var.  lect.  et  comm.  perp.  ed. 
Jo.  Glieb.  Lindner.  Longosalissae  1774.  Svo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  vii.  p.  95. 

(bd)  TATIANUS,   a    Syrian,    a  man    profoundly 
versed    in    the    Greek    philosophy    and     literature, 
became  a  Christian  at  Rome,  a  follower  of  Justin  M. 
afterwards  the  founder  of  a  new  sect  from  the  year 
172.  >ioy»s  Trgaj  "EXX*i»a? — ed.  Conr.    Gesner.   Tiguri 
1546.— erf.  W.  Worth.  Oxon.  1700.  4to.     Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  87. 

(be)  PHRYNICHUS,  of  Bithyuia,  a  Sophist,  in  the 
reigns   of    M.    Aurelius   and    Commodus,    made    a 
selection  of  Attic  words,  in  alphabetical  order,  s* 


174  COMMOD.  180-193.  SEPT.  SEVER.  193-211. 

Ed.  Zach.  Calliergi  s.  a.  (1617)  8vo.  —  c.  n.  Jo.  Nunnesii, 
Dav.  Hoeschelii,  Jos.  Scalig.  et  suis  ed.  Jo.  Corn,  de  Pauw. 
Traj.  ad  Eh.  1739.  4to.  —  c.  n.  Nunn.  Hoesch.  Seal,  et  de 
Pauw.  ed.  explic.  Chr.  Aug.'Lobeck.  Lips.  1820.  8vo  —  1»  T«» 
<!>£.  <rov  'AOK'IOV  r»i  fttfifrixtif  srjasrajas'xu/Jif  in  Bekkeri  anted. 
Gr.  i.  p.  3.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  175. 

(bf)  JULIUS  POLLUX,  of  Naucratis,  in  the  time 
of  M.  Aurelius  and  Commodus,  teacher  of  rhetoric  at 
Athens,  wrote  a  catalogue,  arranged  according  to  the 
classes  of  subjects,   of    idiomatic    and    synonymous 
words,  'Qiop.ets-Tix.iii.  10  books. 

Ven.  ap.  Aid.  1502.  fol.  —  edd.  Jo.  H.  Lederlinus  et  Tib. 
Hemsterhuis.  Amstel.  1706.  fol.  —  cur.  Guil.  Dindorf.  Lips. 
1824.  5  vols.  6  pp.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  141. 

(bg)  SSXTUS,  a  physician  (Empiricus)  and  Pyr- 
rhonic   philosopher,   under    Commodus,   about    190. 
IIvff»>iu'en    vicoTVTranut    libr.    III.    wga«     ft»6»tf**rixov; 
(Dogmatists,  Sages,  and  Philosophers)  libri  XI. 

Ed.  pr.  Paris,  ap.  H.  Stepb.  1621.  fol  __  e  Codd.  MSS. 
em.  Jo.  Alb.  Fabricius.  Lips.  1718.  fol.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 
p.  527. 

(bh)  JELius  M(ERIS,  ATTICISTA,  a  Grammarian, 
about  190  :  A^HJ  'Avrmut  xcci  ' 


Ed.  Job.  Hudson.  Oxon.  1712.  8vo.—  c.  Jo.  Hudsoni,  St. 
Bergleri.  Cl.  Sallierii  et  all.  suisque  nods  ed.  Jo.  Piersonus. 
Lugd.  B.  1759.  8vo.  reprint.  Lips.  1831.  cum  annot.  suis  et 


COMMOD.   180-193.    SEPT.  SEVER.  193-211.    175 

plerisque  J.  Fr.  Fischer!  denuo  ed.  G.  A.  Koch.  1830,  sq. 
2  vols.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  see  Harpocration,  p.  147. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  171. 

(bi)  ARCADIUS,  of  Antiochia,  xt^t  raw  primus 
ed.  Edm.  Henr.  Barker.  Lips.  1820.  8vo.  also  in 
Collectt.  no.  35. 

(bk)  MAXIMUS  TTRI us, lived  at  Rome  in  the  time 
of  Commodus,  a  Sophist  and  Platonic  Philosopher. 
Of  his  treatises,  SjaAe|tij  or  X«*/««  upon  philosophical 
subjects,  there  are  41  extant. 

Par.  ap.  Henr.  Steph.  155".  8vo. — e  codd.  Parr.  em.  Jo. 
Davisius  c.  annot.  Jer.  Marklandi.  Lond.  1740.  4to. — e  rec.  et 
cum  noris  Davis,  et  Marklandi  ed.  J.  J.  Reiske.  Lips.  1774. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  515. 

(bl)  (FLAV.  ?)  PHILOSTRATUS  the  elder,  in  the 
time  of  Septimius  Severus,  Philippus  (244),  a  Sophist, 
taught  eloquence  at  Rome  and  Athens :  vita  Apol- 
lonii  Tyanensis,  S  books.  (G.  T.  Becker  spec, 
var.  lect.  et  obs.  in  Phil.  v.  Apoll.  I.  I.  adj.  schol.  Gr. 
MS.  ad  VII.  libr.  primes.  Ace.  Fr.  Creuzeri 
annot.  Heidelb.  1821.  8vo.)  Heroica,  Dialogue 
between  a  Vine-dresser  and  a  Phrenician  upon  21 
Homeric  Heroes ;  rec.  J.  Fr.  Boissonade.  Paris. 
1806.  8vo.  Imagines  66.  Description  of  a  picture 
gallery  at  Naples.  Philostratorum  imagines  et 
Callistrati  statux  ad  Jid.  vett.  II.  rec.  et  comm. 
adj.  Fr.  Jacobs.  Lips.  1825.  8vo.  Cf.  Chr.  Go  til. 


176  COMMOD.  180-193.  SEPT.  SEVER.  193-211. 

Heynii  Philostrati  Im.  iHustratio  in  Opusc.  ac 
vol.  v.)  vita  Sophistarum,  2  books.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  v.  p.  540. 

(bni)  FLAV.  PHILOSTRATUS,  the  younger,  nephew 
on  the  mother's  side  to  the  former,  of  Lemnos,  in  the 
time  of  Caracalla :  imagines. 

Philostratorum  opp.  ed.  Gottfr.  Olearius.  Lips.  1709.  fol. 
Fabric,  ib.  p.  554. 

(bri)  ZENOBIUS  or  ZENODOTUS,  a  Sophist,  about 
200,  made  extracts  from  the  proverbs  collected 
by  Lucillus  Tarrhaeus  and  Didymus. 

(bo)  DIOGENIANUS  of  Heraclea,  a  contemporary 
of  the  former,  author  of  a  large  dictionary.  Out  of  this 
an  anonymous  writer  made  a  collection  of  proverbs. 
Acccording  to  Suidas,  Diogen.  also  compiled  an 
atiohoytov.  See  both  those  works  together,  Zenobii 
epitome  parccmiarum  (Lucilli)  Tarrhcei  et  Didymi, 
Flor.  ap.  Junt.  1497.  4to. — Tret^oifticti  lAAjjvocaw'  illustr. 
ab  Andr.  Schotto.  Antwerp.  1612.  small  fol.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  108. 

(bq)  T.  FLAVIUS  CLEMENS,  Presbyter  at  Alex- 
andria, a  learned  man  who  attempted  to  recommend 
Christianity  by  comparing  it  with  the  doctrines  of  the 


COMMOD.  180-193.  SEPT.  SEVER.   193-211.      177 

ancient  Greek  philosophers.  •x^npTruMt  *«•/»?.  irau- 
etetyayts  II.  III.  rr^iift»n!(  (writings  of  a  miscellaneous 
character)  tt.  VIII. 

Ed.  pr.  Flor.  cur.  P.  Victorio  1550.  fol. — ex  rec.  Fr.  Syl- 
burgii.  Heidelb.  1592.  fol — c.  n.  Fr.  Sylb.  et  Dan.  Heinsii. 
Lagd.  B.  1616.  fol.  Paris.  1629.  fol.— c.  n.  Heins.  Wilh. 
Lowthi  et  aliomm  suisque  ed.  Jo.  Potter.  Lond.  1715.  fol. 
Venet.  1757.  2  vols.  fol — recogn.  Reinh.  Klotz.  Lips.  1831, 
sq.  3  vols.  8vo.  Clem.  Al.  liber  quis  dives  salutem  consequi 
possit,  perp.  comm.  ill.  a  Car.  Segaario.  Traj.  ad  Rh.  1817. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  119. 

(br)  OPPIAXUS,  of  Corycus  in  Cilicia,  in  the 
reigns  of  M.  Antonin.  and  Commodus,  author  of 
a  poem  itfatvruut  in  5  books.  Oppian,  of  Apamea 
in  Cappadocia,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  Caracalla 
(211 — 217)  and  wrote  a  poem  xvnrytruut  in  4  books, 
is  a  different  person.  Of  the  poem  %IVTIM,  there 
is  extant  only  the  paraphrase  by  Euteknius.  ed. 
Er.  Finding.  Havn.  1702. 8vo.  Nachtr.  zit  Sulz.  vi. 
p.  379. 

Ed.  pr.  Halieutica  Gr.  Flor.  ap.  Junt.  1515.  8vo.— Hal.  et 
Cyneg.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1517.  8vo. — ap.  Hadrianum  Turne- 
bum.  Paris.  1555.  4to — rec.  et  c.  comm.  ed.  Conr.  Rirter- 
shosius.  Lugd.  B.  1597.  8vo. — em.  Jo.  Gottl.  Schneider. 

Argent.   1776.  large  8vo.    Lips.   1813.  8vo ed.  Belin.    du 

Ballu.  Argent.  1786.  4to.  and  large  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 
p.  590. 

(6s)    DOSITHEUS    commonly    Dosith.    Magister. 


178    COMMOD.  180-193.  SEPT.  SEVER.  193-211. 


y.    nunc 

primum  int.  ed.  comm.  et  indd.  instr.  Ed.  Bucking. 
Bonn.  1832.  12mo. 

(bt)  ATHEN.EUS,  of  Naucratis  in  Egypt,  about 
210,  a  Grammarian  and  Sophist,  &i7r»o<r«p<irr<5v 
libri  xv.  Dialogues  of  several  learned  men  at  a 
banquet  upon  different  subjects  of  literature,  par- 
ticularly valuable  for  the  frequent  introduction  of 
fragments  of  lost  poets.  The  first  2  books  and 
the  beginning  of  the  3d  are  extant  only  in  an 
extract. 

Ed.  pr.  Aldina.  Venet.  1514.  fol  —  cum  comm.  Is.  Casau- 
boni.  Lugd.  torn.  i.  1612.  t.  ii.  1621.  fol.  1657-  1664.  fol.— 
ed.  Schweighaeuser.  Dip.  1801—1807.  Text.  5  B.  Comm.  9  B. 
8vo  __  ex  rec.  Guil.  Dindorfii.  Lips.  1827.  3  vols.  8vo.  — 
Fr.  Jacobs  additamenta  animadv.  in  Ath.  Deipn.  Jense  1809. 
8vo.  Aug.  Meineke  curse  crit.  in  comic,  fr.  ab  Athen.  servata. 
Berol.  1814.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  602. 

(bu)  ALEXANDER,  of  Aphrodisias  in  Caria,  teacher 
of  the  peripatetic  philosophy  at  Athens  and  Alex- 
andria in  the  time  of  Septim.  Severus  and  Caracalla. 
He  wrote  chiefly  Commentaries  upon  the  writings  of 
Aristotle  and  other  works.  ™(i  fyvxys  libri  II.  and 
Kip  iifta£pw<;  1.  I.  which  are  extant  in  the  Venet. 
Edit,  of  Themistius,  (1534.  fol.),  the  latter  also  in 
Hug.  Grotii  Opp.  theol.  Amsiel.  1679.  fol  t.  iii. 


COMMOD.   180-193.    SEPT.  SEVER.   193-211.      179 

Ptotini,  Bardesanis  Syri  et  Ge.  Gemist.  Pleihonis  de 
fato  qua  supersunt.  Rec.  Jo.  Conr.  Orellius.  Turic. 
1824.  8vo.  de  febribtis  lib.  in  Germ,  nunc  pr.  ed.  Fr. 
Passow.  Vratisl.  1822.  4:o.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 
p.  650. 

(bw)  DIOGENES,  of  Laertius  in  Cilicia,  in  the 
reigns  of  Septim.  Severus  and  Caracalla,  wrote  an 
insipid  and  uncritical  compilation,  de  vita,  placitis  et 
dictis  clarorum  pkilosophorum  libr.  X. 

Ed.  pr.  Basil,  ap.  Froben.  1533.  4to.  —  c.  n.  Aldobrandini. 
(Rom.  1594.  fol.)  Is.  et  Merici  Casaubon.  et  comm.  .Egid. 
Menagi  ed.  Marc.  Meibomius.  Amstel.  1692.  2  vols.  4to  — 
P.  Gassendi  comm.  in  libr.  X.  Diog.  L.  Paris.  1646.  fol  __  ed. 
P.  D.  Longolius.  Curise  Regn.  1739.  2  vols.  8vo.  —  em.  append. 
crit.  et  indicc.  instr.  H.  G.  Huebnerus.  Lips.  1828,  sqq.  8vo. 
Is.  Cas.  et  JEg.  Men.  obss.  et  em.  ed.  id.  ib.  1830.  8vo.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  564. 

(bx]  AGATHEMER,  a  Geogi-apher  in  the  time  of 
Septim.  Severus:  vTroiwrumii  its  y«»yg«ip<«j  1»  JX«T«- 
ur,  libr.  II.  —  ed.  Sam.  Tennulius,  Amstel.  1671.  8vo. 
—  in  Hudsoni  geoyr.  script,  min.  vol.  ii.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  615. 


AMMONIUS  SACCAS,  a  man  of  low  extraction, 
but  great  talent,  founder  of  the  new  Platonism,  whose 
aim  was  the  union  of  the  Platonic  and  '  Aristotelic 


180    CARACALLA  211-217.    MACRIN.  HELIOGABAL. 

philosophy,  the  contemplation  of  and  an  intimate  union 
with  the  Absolute.    Fabric,  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  701. 

(bz]  CL.  ^LIANUS,  of  Praeneste  in  Italy,  a  So- 
phist, in  the  time  of  Severus  Alex,  varice  histories 
libri  XIV,  extracts  from  Athenaeus  and  others  in  an 
ornate  style. 

Ed.  Cam.  Peruscus.  Romae  1545.  4to. — ed.  Joach.  Kuhn. 
Argent.  1685.  8vo.  improved  by  Joh.  Heinr.  Lederlin.  ib.  1713. 
8vo. — ed.  Jac.  Perizonius.  Lugd.  B.  1701.  8vo.— ed.  Abr. 
Gronovius.  Lugd.  B.  1731.  4to. — ed.  Coray.  Paris,  aut  (1805). 

Histor.  Animal,  libri  XVII.  ed.  Conr.  Gesner.  Tiguri  1556. 
fol. — ed.  Abr.  Gronovius.  Lond.  1744.  4to. — Jo.  Gottl.  Schnei- 
der. Lips.  1784.  8vo.  2  vols.— ad  fid.  11.  MSS.  constit.  Fr. 
Jacobs.  Jenae  1832.  2  vols.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  611. 

(c)  Dio  CASSIUS  COCCEIANUS,  of  Nicaea  in 
Bithynia,  from  180  a  Roman  Senator,  in  the  years 
222  and  229  Consul,  though  the  Praetorians  demanded 
his  death.  He  wrote  a  Roman  history  in  80  books, 
from  the  arrival  of  ^Eneas  to  the  year  229,  but  of 
which  only  the  36 — 54  books  remain ;  of  the  55 — 60 
there  is  only  an  extract  by  an  anonymous  hand;  of 
the  1st  books  to  146  B.  C.  there  is  one  by  Zonaras  in 
his  Hist.  From  books  35 — 80,  which  contained  the 
History  of  the  period  from  Pompey  to  Alexander  Sev. 
Jo.  Xiphilinus  of  Trapezus  made  an  extract  in  the 
llth  Cent. 

Ed.  pr.  Rob.  Stephani.  Lutet.  1548.  fol. — cum  n.  Leun- 
clavii,  R.  Steph.  Xyl.  Sylb.  H.  Steph.  F.  Ursini.  Hanov.  1606. 


SEVERUS  ALEXANDER   222-235.  181 

fol. —  em.  et  c.  n.  VY.  DD.  ed.  Herm.  Sam.  Reimarus  cum 
annott.  J.  Alb.  Fabricii.  Hamb.  1750.  fol.  2  vols. — em — Job. 
Jac.  ReLskii  al.  et  suas  notas  adj.  Fr.  Guil.  Sturz.  Lips.  1824. 
8  vols.  8vo — Dion.  C.  hist.  Rom.  exc.  in  Ang.  Maii  scriptt. 
vett.  coll.  t.  ii.  p.  135,  sqq.  p.  527,  sqq.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v. 
p.  138. 

(ca)  ORIGENES,  Presbyter  at  Caesarea,  b.  at  Alex- 
andria 185,  d.  253,  bestowed  his  critical  labours  upon 
the  Greek  Translation  of  the  LXX,  and  wrote  besides 
several  philosophical  works. 

Opp.  omnia.  rec.  et  ill.  Car.  Delarue.  Paris.  1733 — 1759. 
4  vols.  fol — ad  ed.  Par.  ed.  Oberthiir.  Wlirzb.  1785.  15  vols. 
8vo. — ex  var.  edd.  et  Codd.  rec.  atque  ill.  C.  et  C.  V.  Delarne, 
denuo  rec.  em.  cast.  C.  H.  Ed.  Lommatzsch.  Berol.  1831.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  201. 

(cb)  HERODIANTTS,  about  238,  lived   chiefly  at 
Rome,  and  wrote  a  Roman  History  from  the  death  of 
the  Emp.  M.  Aurel.  to  the  reign  of  Gordian.  (180 — 
238)  in  8  books. 

Ed.  pr.  Aldina.  Yenet.  1503.  fol ed.  H.  Stephani.  1581. 

4to. — in  Sylburg.  scriptt.  hist  rom.  min.  Francof.  ad  Mcen. 
1590.  fol.  t.  iii.— Jo.  Henr.  Boeder.  Argent.  1644. 1662.  1672. 
8vo.— Fr.  Aug.  Wolf.  Halis  1792.  8vo.— ed.  Theoph.  Guil. 
Irmisch.  Lips.  1789.  Gr.Svo.  2  books,  (only  I.  II.  III.  IY.  to  c. 
15.) — ad  cod.  Yenet  a  se  excuss.  recogn.  I.  Bekterus.  Berol. 
1826.  8vo. 

(cc)  PLOTIXUS,  b.  205  at  Lycopolis  in  Egypt 
pupil  of  Ammonius  Saccas,  lived  chiefly  at   Rome 


182      SEVERUS  ALEXANDER.  -  AURELIAN  270-75. 

He  is  the  most  eminent  among  the  New  Platonists. 
His  works  were  revised,  arranged,  and  published 
under  the  name  of  Enneades,  by  his  pupil  Porphyrius. 
Edit.  Basil.  1580.  fol.  —  PI.  liber  de  pulchritudine 
ad  Codd.  MSS.  fidem  em.  annot.  perpet.  interjectis 
Dan.  Wyttenbachii  notis  —  adj.  Frid.  Creuzerus. 
Heidelb.  1814.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  676. 

(cd)  [DIONYSIUS  CASSIUS]  LONGINUS,  b.  213, 
perhaps  of  Athens,  pupil  of  Ammon.  Saccas,  applied 
himself  particularly  to  Grammar,  Criticism,  and 
Eloquence,  became  the  Counsellor  of  Zenobia  Queen 
of  Palmyra,  and  as  such  put  to  death  by  order  of  the 
Emp.  Aurelian,  273.  Ruhnkenii  diss.  de  Longino.  Of 
his  numerous  writings  there  only  remains  that  m^t 


Ed.  pr.  Franc.  Robortelli.  Basil.  1554.  4to.  —  ed.  Jac.  Tollius. 
Traj.  ad  Rhen.  1694.  4to  __  ed.  Zach.  Pearce.  Lond.  1724. 
4to  —  ed.  Sam.  Fr.  Nath.  Moras.  Lips.  1769.  8vo.  libellus  ani- 
madverss.  ib.  1773.  8vo.—  ed.  Jo.  Toup.  Oxon.  1778.  4to.  and 
8vo.—  ed.  Benj.  Weiske.  Lips.  1809.  large  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  vi.  p.  79. 


(ce)  TIBERIUS,  a  Rhetorician  :  iri^i  rut 
<r6'ivsi  o-xupttTvi  in  Collectt.  no.  34.  Tib.  rh.  de 
figuris,  altera  parte  auctior,  una  cum  Ruji  arte 
rhetorica.  Ed.  Jo.  Fr.  Boissonade.  Lond.  1815.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  1  18. 

(of)    In  the  second  century  after  Christ  we  may 


ACRELIAX  270-275.    DIOCLETIAN  284-305.       183 

probably  date  the  appearance  of  the  oracula  Sibyllina 
11.  XIII.  by  Christian  authors,—  11.  VIII.  ed.  Ay*/. 
Betuleius.  Basil.  1545.  4to.  Jo.  Opsopaeus,  Paris. 
1589.  8vo.  Servat.  Gallons.  Amstelod.  1689.  4to.— 
lib.  XIV.  ed.  Aug.  Mai.  Medial.  1817.  8vo.  See 
Birger  Thorlacius  de  libris  Sibyllistarum  vet.  eccles. 
Havn.  1815.  8vo.—  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  238,  sqq. 

(eg)  ACHILLES  TATIUS,  of  Alexandria,  about  300, 
wrote  a  Romance  de  amoribus  Clitophontis  et  Leu- 
cippes  1.  ^  III.  also  m^i  e^*/g«$  or  yV«y«»yi)  tts  -ri  'Aj. 


Ed.  Jo.  Commelin.  Heidelb.  1601.  8vo.—  ed.  Benj.  Glieb. 
Laur.  Boden.  Lips.  1776.  Gr.  STO.—  Christ  Guil.  Mitscherlich. 
Bip.  1792.  8vo.  —  textom  ad  MSS.  fidem  rec.  not.  sel.  Salmasii, 
ineditas  Fr.  Guyeri,  Goettlingii,  Hasii  et  suas  adj.  Fr.  Jacobs. 
Lips.  1821.  8vo.—  *t*i  rQuiptt  ed.  P.  Victorias.  Flor.  1567.  fol. 
Dion.  Petavii  Uranologinm.  Paris.  1630.  Amst.  1703.  fol. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  41.  t.  viii.  p.  130. 

(ch)  PORPHYRIUS,  prop.  Malchus,  a  Syrian,  b. 
233,  d.  305,  pupil  of  Plotinus  and  Longinus,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  a  New  Platonic,  lived  chiefly 
at  Rome.  Besides  several  smaller  philosophical  and 
grammatical  writings,  (Scholia  in  Horn,  at  the  end  of 
Virgil,  collat.  scriptt.  Gr.  ill.  ed.  Valckenaer.  Leov. 
1747.  8vo.)  are  extant  :  1)  lib.  de  vita  Pythag.  —  c. 
n.  Luc.  Hohtenii  (Rom.  1630.  8vo.)  et  C.  Rittershusii 
ed.  Lud.  Kii-ster.  Amstel.  1707.  4to.  See  Jamblichus. 


184  CONSTANTINE  THE  GREAT  306-337. 

2)  de  abstinentia  ab  esu  anim.  I.  IV. — rec.  et  c.  n. 
P.  Victorii,  Jo.  Valentini,  Jo.  J.  Reiskii  suisque  ed. 
Jac.  de  Rhoer.  Traj.  ad  Rhen.  1767.  4to.  3)  de 
antro  Nympharum  in  Od. — rec.  R.  M.  van  Goens. 
Traj.  ad  Rh.  1765.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  725. 
Tlo^tp.  p<A.  DTga?  M#g*sAA«v,  inven.  interpr.  notisque 
declar.  Angel.  Mains.  Mediol.  1816.  (annexed  to  his 
Philo). 

(ci)  ALCIPHRON,  of  uncertain  age,  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  the  Sophists,  an  imitator  of  Menander 
(see  Meineke  qucest.  Men.  I.  p.  53.),  wrote  44  letters, 
in  which  are  represented  the  modes  of  thinking  and 
living  which  characterize  different  classes,  (e.  s.  Fisher- 
men, Peasants,  Parasites.) 

In  Collectt.  no.  27.— rec.  ed.  Steph.  Bergler.  Lips.  1715. 

8vo rec.  cum  St.  Bergl.  comm.  et  not.  VV.  ~DD.  ed.  J.  A. 

Wagner.  Lips.  1798.  2  vols.  8vo.   Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  695. 

(ck)  TIM.ZEUS,  at  the  end  of  the  third  century, 
Lexicon  vocum  Platonicarum,  which  Dav.  Ruhn- 
kenius  first  edited  from  a  MS.  of  the  Library  at 
St.  Germain.  Lugd.  B.  1754.  1789.  8vo.  cur.  et 
observ.  append,  aux.  G.  A.  Koch.  Lips.  1832.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  243. 

(cl]  JAMBLICHUS,  of  Chalcis  in  Syria,  a  pupil  of 
Porphyry,  a  New  Platonic  and  Magician. — 1)  devita 


COKSTAXTIXE  THE  GREAT  306-337.  185 


Pythag.  (first  book  of  a  work  in^i  TK  Tlv9. 
in  10  books.)  —  rec.  Lud.  K'uster.  Amstel.  1707. 
4to.  (with  Porph.)  —  recogn.  Kust.  aliorumque  anim. 
adj.  Th.  Kiessling.  Ace.  Porphyr.  de  vit.  Pyth. 
c.  n.  Hoist,  et  Ritterh.  Lips.  2  vols.  1815,  sq.  2)  *•$»- 
mjwj  rec.  Kiessling.  Lips.  1812.  8vo.  3)  in  Ni- 
com.  Ger.  arithm.  ed.  et  ill.  Sam.  Tennuliu-s.  Arnh. 
1688.  4to.  4)  tie  myster.  Mg.—ed.  Th.  Gale.  Oxon. 
1678.  fol.  A  fragment  of  the  work:  de  fato,  occurs 
in  the  Ed.  of  Tennulius.  See  other  frag,  in  Villois. 
Anecd.  Gr.  t.  ii.  p.  188,  sqq.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  u  v. 
p.  758. 

(em)  EUSEBIUS,  (Pamphili  sc,  amicus),  of  Cae- 
sarea  in  Palestine,  b.  264,  Bishop  in  his  native  town, 
fr.  315.  d.  340.  There  are  extant  by  him,  1)  a 
Chronicon  in  the  Latin  Translation  of  Hieronymus  — 
Thesaurus  temp.  op.  et  st.  Jos.  Scaligeri.  Lugd.  B. 
1606.  fol.  Amstel.  1658.  fol.  Eus.  chron.  canonum 
II.  II.  opus  ex  Haicano  cod.  a  D.  Joh.  Zohrabo  dili- 
genter  expressum  et  castig.  Ang.  Mains  et  J.  Zohrab. 
nunc  primum  conjunctis  curis  Lalimt.  donatum  notis- 
que  ill.  additis  Gr.  reliquiis  edd.  Medial.  1818.  — 
chron.  bipartitum  nunc  primum  ex  Armen.  textu  in 
Lat.  conversum,  adnot.  auctum,  Gr.fragm.  exornatum 
opera  P.  F.  Bapt.  Ancher.  Venet.  1818.  2  vols.  4to. 

od.   I.  fol,     2)   iweyy$A<x>)j    tf/raJu'!**;   7r£ox*£itrx-'jri    in 

15  books.  —  ed.  R.  Stephanus.  Paris.  1544.  fol.  —  rec. 


186       CONSTANTINE  II.  -340.  CONSTANS  -350. 

Franc.  Vigerus.  Paris.  1628./0/.  Colon.  1688.  fol. 
3)  demonstratio  evangelica  10  books. — ed.  Rob. 
Stephan,  Paris.  1545.  fol.— ill.  Ric.  Montacutius. 
Paris.  1628.  fol.  Colon.  1688.  fol.  4)  hist,  ecclesi- 
astica  10  books.— rec.  Rob.  Stephan.  Paris.  1544. 
fol.— em.  ct  ill.  H.  Valesius.  Paris.  1659.  \Qll.foL 
— in  Hist,  eccles.  scriptt.  Gr.  ed.  Guil.  Reading. 
Cantabr.  1720.  3  vo\s.fol. — c.  int.  H.  Valesii  comm. 
sel.  Read.  Strothii  al.  animadv.  edid.  suas  animadv. 
excurs.  indd.  add.  Fr.  Ad.  Heinichen.  Lips.  1827,  sq. 
3  vols.  8vo. — 5)  de  vita  Constantini  II.  IV.  et  Paneg. 
—ed.  id.  Lips.  1830.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  335. 

(en)  APHTHONIUS,  a  Rhetorician  and  Sophist  of 
Antioch,  wrote  progymnasmata  rhetorica  in  imitation 
of  Hermogenes. 

Ed.  pr.  Collectt.  no.  39 — c.  n.  Jo.  Schefferi.  Upsal.  1670. 
— (c.  Dan.  Heinsii.)  Lugd.  B.  1626.  8vo.  with  Theon  ri%*n 
«rt£/  vfiyvfttaffftiiruii.  lastly  in  the  Collectt.  no.  41.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  94. 

(co)  THEON,  a  Rhetorician  of  Alexandria,  ir%&yv- 
ff,vtc<rft»-r»,  the  most  important  work  on  this  subject. 

See  Collectt.  no.  41.  t.  i.  p.  145. 

1 

(cp)  PAL^EPHATUS,  about  322,  wrote  a  work  -my 
avliT-rai,  in  which  he  explained  the  Myths  for  the  most 
part  historically.  We  still  possess  an  extract  from 
the  first  book. 


CONSTAVTIUS  -361.      JCLIANTS  -363.          187 

Ed.  pr.  apud  Aid.  Venet.  1505.  fol.  (irith  dZsop  and  of  hers.) 
— in  Collectt.  no.  31. — rec.  Sig.  Frid.  Dresigius.  Lips.  1735. 

1751.  Svo rec.  J.  Fr.  Fischer.  Lips.  1772.  1786.  1789.  8vo. 

Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  182. 

(cq)  HERACLITCS,  of  uncertain  age,  anthor  of  a 
work  *A>i>r/«g«w  'Ofii%.  and  of  another  *•«£/  «*-<W«i>, 
which  was  formerly  ascribed  to  Heraclides  Pont. 

All.  Horn.  ed.  pr.  ap.  Aid.  Venet.  1505.  fol — Collectt.  no. 
31.— ed.  Nic.  Schow.  Gott.  1782.  8vo.  <r.  irirv.  Rom.  1641. 
Svo.,  by  Leo  Allatius.  Collectt.  no.  31. 

(cr)  FLAT.  CL.  JULIANTS,  apostata,  b.  331, 
Emperor  360,  d.  363,  a  man  of  great  talent,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  not  only  as  a  general  and  states- 
man, but  also  as  a  Philosopher  and  an  eloquent 
author.  We  have  still  extant  by  him  Satires,  Misopo- 
gon,  Ccesares,  Speeches,  and  9  Letters. 

Opp.  ed.  Dion.  Petavius.  Paris.  1630.  4to.— ed.  Ez.  Span- 
hemius.  Lips.  1696.  2  TO!S.  fol.  Les  Cesars  de  1'emp.  Jul. 
Amsterd.  1728.  4to. — Caesares  ed.  Jo.  Mich.  Heusinger. 
Goth.  1736.  1741.  8vo. — Jul.  in  Constantii  laudem  or.  cum 
anim.  D.  Wyttenbachii  ed.  Godofr.  Henr.  Schaefer.  Lips. 
1802.  8vo. — Jul.  imp.  quae  feruntur  epist.  Ace.  ei.  fragm. 

c.  poemat.     Ad  fid.  11.  MSS.  ac  typis  excus.  rec. cum 

priorum  editt.  turn  suis  observ.  ill.  Lud.  Henr.  Heyler.     Mo- 
2unt  1828.  8vo.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  719. 

(cs)  LIBANIUS,  of  Antioch,  b.  314,  d.  386, 
a  Sophist,  lived  principally  at  Constantinople,  and 


188        CONSTANTIUS  -361.      JTJLIANUS  -363. 

was  a  favourite  with  the  Emperor  Julian.  We  have 
by  him  progymnasmata,  Declamations,  Speeches,  arid 
Letters. 

Ed.  Feder.  Morellus.  Paris.  1606.  1627.  2  vols.  fol rec.  et 

ill.  J.  J.  Reiske,  ed.  Ern.  Reiske.  Altenb.  1784—97.  4  vols. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  750. 

(ct)  ARISTJENETUS,  of  Nicaea,  a  Sophist,  friend 
of  Libanius,  came  to  Nicomedia  358  at  the  time  of  an 
earthquake.  He  wrote  amatory  epistles  in  imitation 
of  Alciphron. 

Ed.  pr.  ex  bibl.  Jo.  Sambuci.  Antw.  1566.  4to. — rec.  et  c. 

n.  Merceri  (Paris.  1639.)  ed.  de  Pauw.  Traj.  1738 ed.  Frid. 

Lud.  Abresch.  Zwoll.  1749.  8vo.  Ei.  lectiones  Aristsenetese 
ib.  eod. —  Virr.  erud.  et  Cl.  Salm.  ac  Th.  Munckeri  not. 
Amstel.  1752.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  695. 

(CM)  VALERIUS  HARPOCRATION,  of  Alexandria, 
a  Rhetorician  and  Grammarian,  contemporary  oi 
Libanius,  wrote  a  Lexicon  X  oratorum. 

Ed.  Aid.  Venet.  1603.  fol.— cum  Phil.  Maussaci  et  H, 
Valesii  notis  ed.  Nic.  Blancardus.  Lugd.  B.  1683.  4to — ed. 
Jac.  Gronovius.  Lugd.  B.  1696.  4to.  Harpocration  et 
Moeris.  ex  rec.  Imm.  Bekkeri.  Berol.  1833. — c.  ann.  interpr. 
et  lect.  1.  MS.  Vratisl.  Lips.  1824.  2  vols.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  245. 

(cw)  HIMERIUS,  of  Cios  in  Bithynia,  lived  at 
Athens  as  a  teacher  of  Rhetoric  in  and  after  the 


JULIAN.  -363.       THEOD.  THE  GR.  378-395.    189 

reign  of  Julian,  a  Sophist,  and  an  imitator  of 
Aristides.  There  are  several  Declamations  by  him 
still  extant. 

Himerii  qusecunque  reperiri  potuerunt,  e  codd.  nunc  pri- 
mum  ed.  et  rec.  Gottfr.  Wernsborf.  Gott.  1790.  8vo.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  55. 

(ex)  THEMISTIUS,  surnamed  Ewpg*3n's,  of  Paph- 
lagonia,  in  the  reign  of  Julian,  and  still  living  in 
tthat  of  Arcadius,  Senator  3-55,  Prcefectus  of  Con- 
jstantinople  362  and  384,  and  companion  of  the 

Pr.  Arcadius  in  the  west,  a  philosopher  and  an 
[eloquent  speaker.  Of  his  writings  there  still  remain 

a   paraphrase   of  some   works   of  Aristotle,  and   33 

>rations. 

Ed.  pr.  Aid.  Venet.  1534.  fol.  (8  R.)— ed.  H.  Stephanus. 
1562.  8vo.  (14  JR.) — ed.  Dion.  Petavius.  Paris.  1618.  4to. 
(19  R.)— ed.  Job.  Harduin.  Paris.  1684.  fol.  (33  R.}— ex  cod. 
iiol.  em.  a  G.  Dindorfio.  Lips.  1832.  8vo.  Qip.  \»yt; 
rtus  a'maffatftitav}  tri  <ru  lifytateu  <rr>i  «££»)»•  inven.  et 
jinterpr.  Ang.  Maius.  Mediol.  1816.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t  iv. 
790. 

(cy)  DIOPHAXTUS,  of  Alexandria,  applied  himself 
liefly  to  Algebra.      He  wrote  drithmetica   in    13 
jks,  of  which  6  are  still  extant,  and  de  numeris 
jlyg&nis. — c.    comrn.    Gasp.    Backet    de   Meziriac. 
Jaris.   1621.  fol. — The  de  numeris  Polygonis  trans- 


190    THEOD.  THE  GR.  378-395.      ARCADIUS  -408. 

lated  by  F.  Poselger.  Leipz.  1810.  8vo.     Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  v.  p.  641. 

(cz)  SALLUSTIUS,  Cos.  in  the  year  363,  a 
Platonic. — iri^i  6tu»  x»t  xorpev  — c.  n.  Luc.  Holstenii  ed. 
Gabr.  Naudceus.  Romce  1638.  Lugd.  E.  1639. 
12mo.  also  in  Colleclt.  no.  31. — L.  Hoist,  et  Th. 
Galei  annot.  int.  Formeii  (French  transl.  Berlin 
1748.  8vo.)  autem  selectis  alior unique  et  suis  ill.  J. 
C.  Orellius.  Turlci  1821.  8vo. 

(d)  AMMONIUS,  a  Grammarian  of  Alexandria, 
about  389,  wrote  a  dictionary  of  synonyms,  vi^i 
ofttita)  x.xt  dtotQogat  tefyui,  which  appears  to  be  in 
great  part  taken  from  the  work  of  an  old  Grammarian, 
the  Ptolemceus  of  Ascalon,  (Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi. 
p.  156,  sq.  521.)  TT.  5<«<peg«s  \i£tuv. 

Ed.  pr.  ap.  Aid.  1497.  1524.  fbl— ed.  Lud.  Casp.  Valcke- 
naer.  Lugd.  B.  1739.  4to.  Nova  ed.  (cur.  G.  H.  Schaefero.) 
Lips.  1822.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  v.  p.  715. 

(da]  HELIODORUS  of  Emesa  in  Syria,  in  the  time 
of  Theodosius  the  Great  and  his  son,  afterwards 
Bishop  of  Tricca  in  Thessaly.  In  his  youth  he 
wrote  a  Romance  AlSiovncai  libr.  X.  de  arnorib.  Thcn- 
genis  et  Chariclece. 

Ed.  pr.  Basil.  1534.  4to. — tip.  Hier.  Commelin.  1596.  8vo. 
Lugd.  161J.  8vo. — cum  anim.  Jo.  Bourdelotii.  Lutet.  Paris. 


THEOD.  THE  GR.  378-395.      ARCADIUS  -408.    191 

1619.  8\o. — recogn.  Ch.  W.  Mitscherlich.  Argent.  1798. 
2  vols.  8vo.— rec.  Coray.  Paris.  1805.  2  void.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  111. 


(db)  GREGORY    NAZIANZENCS,    brought  up    at 
Nazianzus  in   Cappadocia,  b.  300,  Bishop  at   Con- 
stantinople   378,  which  post,  however,  he   soon   re- 
signed.    There  are  orations,  epistles,  and  poems  by 
him.     The  dramatic   poem  X^frrij   viir^ut,  for   the 
most    part    consisting   of    verses   of    Euripides,    is 
spurious.     (See  Drama  christ.  quod  X.  II.  inscri- 
hitur,   num  Greg.  .Vrtz.  tribuendum  sit,  qucesiionem 
proposuit  H.   Car.  Abr.   Eichstadius.     Jena  1816. 
4to.)      Opera  cum  MSS.  reg.  cont.  em.  et  interpr.  eat 
Jac.  Billius.  Paris.  1609.  1611.  2  vols.  1630.  2  vols. 
|/o/.— Opera  S.    Greg.    Venet.   1753.   2   vols.  fol— 
stud,  monach.  ord.  S.  Bened.  e  congr.  S.  Mauri  (ed. 
Clemencet.)    Paris.     1778.     1    vol.  fol.   unfinished. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  383. 

(dc]  BASIL!US  MAGNUS,  of  Caesarea  in  Cap- 
padocia, educated  at  Antioch,  Constantinople,  and 
Athens,  at  the  latter  with  Gregory,  in  his  native 

[city   diaconus,  presbyter,    and    from    371     Bishop. 

I  Homilies. — Opera  omnia.  Basil.  1551.  fol. — c.  Front. 

\Ductei  et   Fed.  Morelli.  Paris.    1618.  fol.—castij. 

\Julian.   Gamier.   Paris.    1721—30.   3   vols.  fol.— 

{Basil.  M.  ad  adolescentes  oratio  de  modo  e  literis  Gr. 


192    THEOD.  THE  GR.  378-395.     ARCADIUS  -408. 

proficiendi  ed.  Frid.  GuiL  Sturz.  Geree.  1791.  8vo. 
•  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ix.  p.  1. 

(dd)  NEMESIUS,  Bishop  at  Emesa  in  Phoenicia. 
de  natura  hominis  —  em.  Chrst.  Fr.  Matth&i. 
Halce  1802.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  448. 

(de}  PAPPUS,  of  Alexandria,  about  390,  an 
eminent  Philosopher  and  Mathematician.  Of  his 
mathematical  collections  only  a  small  portion  is 
extant,  in  the  Aristarchus  of  Wallis,  the  Euclides 
of  Gregory,  Apollonius  Perg.  Oxf.  1706.  8vo.  and 
by  Camerarius,  also  in  Bredow  epist.  Paris.  The 
5th  to  the  8th  book  inclusive  are  printed  in  the  Lat. 
Translat.  of  Commandinus.  Pisauri  1588.  1602. 
II.  o-vvttyaycti,  collect,  mathem.  nunc  prim.  Gr  ed. 
Herm.  Jos.  Eisenmann.  Libri  V.  p.  alt.  Paris.  1824. 
fol.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ix.  p.  170. 

(df)  EUNAPIUS,  of  Sardis,  about  400.  Bio- 
graphies of  the  Philosophers  and  Sophists.  —  e  cod. 
Sambuci  c.  Hadr.  Junii  castigg.  Antwerp.  1568. 
8vo.  —  e  codd.  Palat.  em.  et  suppl.  Hicr.  Commelin. 
Heidelb.  1596.  8vo.  —  vitas  sophist,  et  fr.  hist.  rec. 
notisquc  ill.  J.  F.  Boissonade.  Ace.  ann.  D.  Wytten- 
bach.  Amstelod.  1822.  8vo. 


JOHANNES,  of  Antioeh,  b.  354,  baptized  372, 


ARCADIUS  -408.       HONORIUS  -423.  193 

from  398  Bishop  of  Constantinople,  but  banished 
for  his  open  censure  of  the  vices  of  the  great  men ; 
d.  407  ;  the  most  eloquent  among  the  distinguished 
Fathers  of  the  Church ;  thence  Chrysostomus. — 
Opera  ex  rec.  Front.  Ducai  et  Car.  Morelli.  Paris. 
1609—33.  12  vols.  fol.—c.  Henr.  Savilii.  Eton. 
1613.  7  vols.  fol. — op.  et  st.  Bern,  de  Montfaucon. 
Paris.  1718 — 38.  13  vols.  fol.— Jo.  Chrys.  selecta.— 
annot.  subj.  Jo.  van  Voorst.  Lugd.  B.  2  vols.  1827. 
31.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  454. 

(di)  HESYCHIUS,  of  Alexandria,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  fifth  cent.,  author  of  a  voluminous  Lexicon, 
compiled  from  the  old  Grammarians,  of  which  we 
have  a  fragment  still  remaining.  C.  F.  Ranke 
de  Lex.  Hesych.  vera  orig.  et  gen.  forma.  Quedlinb. 
1831.  8vo. 

Ed.  pr.  Aid.  Venet  1514.  edited  by  Marcus  Musurus — 
cum  notis  DD.  VV.rec.  Jo.  Alberti.  torn.  i.  1746.  torn.  ii.  1766. 
fol. — Hes.  Lex.  e  cod.  MS.  biblioth.  D.  Marci  restitutum, 
auctore  N.  Schow.  Lips.  1792.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi. 
p.  201. 

To  the  fourth  century,  the  period  of  the  conflict 
j  between  Paganism  and  Christianity,  we  may  also 
[assign  with  much  probability  the  so-called  OEPHICA. 

Ed.  pr.    ap.  Phil.  Juntam.     Flor.  1500.  4to. — Aid.  1517. 
[8vo.  at  first  with  the  poem  \dixa,.— by  Henr.  Steph.  in  Collectt. 
O 


194  ARCADIUS  -408.       HONORIUS  -423. 

no.  2  __  by  Job.  Matth.  Gesn.  and  Chr.  Hamberger.  Lips.  1764. 
gvo.  —  rec.  God.  Hermann.  Lips.  1805.  8vo. 

Separate  Works  :  1)  Argonautica  ed.  Job.  Gottl.  Schneider. 
Jena  1803.  8vo.  translated  by  J.  H.  Voss  in  his  Hesiod.  Hci- 
dett.  1806.  8vo.  (See  Herm.  diss.  de  atate  scriptoris  Argonaut. 
his  Edit.  Jacobs  in  Ukert's  Geogr.  d.  Gr.  und  Rom.  1,  2. 
p.  351.  Lobeck.  Aglaopb.  p.  233.)  2)  Spw  (86)  (S.  Lobeck. 
Aglaoph.  p.  396.)  translated  into  Latin  by  Jos.  Scaliger. 
Lugd.  B.  1516.  12mo.  3)  a-sgl  xXv  (upon  t/ie  thettrgic  and 
medicinal  powers  of  stones')  rec.  Th.  Tyrwhitt.  Lond.  1781. 
8vo.  also  in  Herm.  Edit.  The  Fragm.  of  the  Orphica  have 
been  collected  by  Lobeck  also  in  the  Aglaopb.  p^411  —  1104.  — 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  i.  p.  140. 

(dk)  SYNESIUS,  of  Cyrene,  a  Platonic  philosopher, 
from  410  Bishop  of  Ptolernais  near  Cyrene  ,  Speeches, 
Letters,  and  Hymns. 

Opp.  rec.  Dion.  Petavius.  Paris.  1612.  1640.  fol.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t.  ix.  p.  190. 

(dl)   LONGUS,  author  of  a  romance,  vottu,tny.a»  T£» 


Ed.  pr.  Raph.  Columbanii.  Flor.  ap.  Phil.  Juntam.  1598. 
4to.  _  e  codd.  F.  Ursini  cnr.  Godofr.  Jungermann.  Hanov. 
1605.  8vo  __  ed.  P.  Mollius.  Franequ.  1660.  4to.—  ed.  Benj, 
Glieb.  Laur.  Boden.  Lips.  1777-  8vo  —  rec.  Jo.  Bapt.  Casp. 
d'Ansse  de  Villoison.  Paris.  1778.  8vo.—  recogn.  Ch.  W. 
Mitscherlich.  Argent.  1794.  large  8vo  —  rec.  Godofr.  H. 
Schaefer.  Lips.  1803.  12mo.—  Longos  the  Soph.  Daphnis  and 
Chloe  Greek  and  German  by  Fr.  Passow.  Leipz.  1811.  8vo. 
(in  which  the  parts  wanting  in  former  editions  have  been 
supplied  from  the  Florent.  Cod.)  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  133, 


ARCADIUS  -408.       HONORIUS  -423.  195 

(dm)  NONNUS,  of  Panopolis  in  Egypt,  about  410, 
wrote  1)  A/«»ws-<at**»  /.  48.  a  poem  learned  in  matter  and 
diction,  but  destitute  of  taste,  ed.  Ger.  Falkenburg. 
Ante.  1597.  4to.  Hanov.  1605.  1610.  8vo.— tuts  ft 
al.  conj.  em.  et  ill.  Frid.  Grafe.  Lips.  vol.  i.  1819. 
ii.  1826.  8vo.  2)  A  metrical  Paraphrase  of  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John,  ed.  Franc.  Nansius.  Luyd.  B. 
1599.  8vo.—  ed.  Frid.  Sylburg.  ap.  Comm.  1596. 
8vo. — Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  601.  .V.  r.  Pan.  dtr 
Dichter.  Ein  Beitray  zur  Gesch.  d.  Gr.  Poesie  von 
Ouwarof.  Petersb.  1814.  8vo. 

(dn)  MUS.EUS,  a  Grammarian,  to.  x.*<f  'n^u  **i 
i,  an  epic  poem. —  Venet.  ap.  Aldum.  1517. 
8vo. — ed.  H.  Steph.  in  Collectt.  no.  2. — c.  w.  Barthii 
et  al.  ed.  Jo.  Henr.  Kromayer.  Halce  1721.  8vo. 
— ex  rec.  Matth.  Roeveri  cum  schol.  Gr.  varr. 
lectt.  et  not.  Luyd.  B.  1737.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Jo. 
Schraderi.  Leov.  1742.  8vo.  Ed.  not-,  auct.  cur. 
God.  H.  Schaefer.  Lips.  1825.  8ro. — ed.  Car. 
Fr.  Heinrifh.  Hanov.  1793.  8vo. — Musceos,  the 
original  text,  translation,  introd.  and  crit.  annot, 
by  Francis  Passow.  Leipz.  1810.  8vo. 

(do)  XENOPHOX  EPHESIUS,  author  of  a  romance, 
de  Anthia  et  Habrocome  libr.V.  ed.  Anton.  Cocchius. 
Land.  1726.  large  8vo. — recogn.  Chr.  Guil.  Mils- 


196      THEOD.  ii.  408-450.     MARCIAN  -456. 

cherlich.  Bipont.  1794.  8vo. — rec.  et  ill.  Al.  Em. 
L.  B.  de  LO.  cella.  Vienn.  1796.  4to. — rec.  adnot. 
illustr.  P.  Hofmann  Peerlkamp.  Harlem.  1818.  4  to. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  146. 

(dp)  CHARITON,  of  Aphrodisias,  wrote  a  romance, 
de  Chcerea  et  Callirrhoe,  rai  mgl  Xottguci  x.»i  KaAAippw 
t£aTty,u*  dwynpetTui  libr.  8vo. — ed.  Jac.  Phil.  d'Orville. 
Jlmstel  1750.  4to.  Lips.  1783.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  viii.  p.  150. 


(dq)  SYRIANUS,  of  Alexandria,  a  celebrated  Pla- 
tonic Philosopher  and  Rhetorician,  about  432.  His 
commentary  on  several  books  of  Aristotle's  Meta- 
physics is  extant  only  in  the  Latin  Translation  of 
Hieron.  Bagolinus.  Venet.  1558.  4to.  A  com- 
mentary upon  the  treatise  of  Hermogenes  nttf  ndmai, 
in  Rhet.  Gr.  Venet:  ap.  Aid.  1508.  2  vols.  fol.  is 
ascribed  to  him.  A  fragment  of  his  works  its  T«  Kttf 
$tuv,  an  introduction  to  Hermog.  w.  t.  was  first 
published  by  Spengel  rwayvy*  Ti%ta>r  p.  195.  Fa- 
bric. B.  Gr.  t.  ix.  p.  357. 

(dr)  ZOSIMUS,  about  435,  comes  Jisci,  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  the  Emperors,  particularly  from  Constantius 


LEO  THE  GREAT,  457-474.  197 

to  410,  with  a  short  survey  of  the  history  of  former 
reigns,  »Le$  <Vrag«a$  j8//3x««  s'|. 

Ed.  Fr.  Sylburg.  in  Scriptt.  hist.  Kom.  min.  t  iii.  p.  623. 
— c.  notis  variorum  cur.  Chph.  Cellario.  Jena?  1713.  8vo. — 
rec.  et  illnstr.  J.  Fr.  Keitemeier.  Lips.  1784.  8vo.  Fabric. 
B.  Gr.  t  viii.  p.  62. 

(ds)  PROCLTJS,  surnamed  LYCIUS  and  DIA- 
DOCHUS,  i.  e.  successor  to  his  master  Syrianus,  born 
at  Constantinople  412,  died  at  Atjiens  485,  an 
eclectic  Philosopher. 

1)  Four  Hymns,  at  first  with  Orpheus.  Flor.  ap.  Jun- 
tam  1500.  4to.  Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1517.  8vo.  Brunck.  Anal, 
t.  ii.  p.  441.  Jacobs  Anth.  iii.  p.  148.  Tico  newly-discovered 

H.  in  Biblioth.  d.  atien  Lift.  u.  K.  i.  p.  46.  ii.  p.  10,  sqq 2)  In 

theolog.  Plat  libri  VI.  cur.  Frid.  Lindenbrogio  ed.  JEm.  Por- 
rus.  Hamb.  1618.  fol.  See  below  5.)  3)  X«qrr*i«c4ii'*  c.  schol. 
Andr.  Schotti  et  Jo.  Xunnesii.  Hanov.  1615.  4to.  Cf.  Bibl. 
d.  alt.  Lift.  u.  K.  Ir  Th.  Ined. — 1)  Comm.  in.  Plat.  Tinuenm 
1.  v.  Basil.  1534.  fol.  (m  that  ed.  of  Plato.')  5)  Initia  pbilos.  ac 
theol.  ex  Platon.  fontibus  dncta  s.  Procli  Diad.  et  Olympiodori 
in  Plat  Alcib.  comm.  Ex  Codd.  MSS.  nunc  primum  Gr. 
edid.  itemque  ejusd.  Pr.  institutionem  theol.  integriorem 
endatioremque  adj.  Fr.  Creuzer.  Francof.  ad  M.  1820. 

i  3  vols.  8  vo.— Procli  opp.  e  codd.  MSS.  bibl.  reg.  Paris,  nunc 
primum  ed.  V.  Cousin.  Paris.  (Strasb.)  1820 — 25. 4  vols.  8ro. 

|  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ix.  p.  363. 

(dt)  MARINUS,  of  Flavia  Neapolis  in  Palestine, 
[successor    to    Proclus    in     the    Platonic    school    at 
Lthens:    vita    Prodi.  —  ed.     Jo.    Alb.    Fabricius 


198  LEO  THE  GREAT,  457-474. 

Hamb.  1700.  4 to.— ad  fd.  MSS.  rec.  J.  F.  Bois- 
aonade.  Lips.  1814.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  ix. 
p.  370. 

(du)  STEPHANUS  BYZANTIXUS,  a  Grammarian, 
about  470,  wrote  a  Geographical  Dictionary,  l6nx.», 
of  which  we  have  still  remaining  a  fragment  At-pi  to 
Aam»v,  and  an  extract  by  the  Grammarian  Hermolaus 
iii  the  time  of  Justinian. 

Venet.  ap.  Aid.  1502.  fol.  Flor.  1521.  fol.  The  Fragment 
de  Dod.  was  first  published  by  Sam.  Tennulius.  Amstel. 

1669.  4to c.  anim.  Th.  de  Pinedo.  Amstel.  1678.  fol.— restit. 

et  illustr.  Abr.  Berkelius.  Lugd.  B.  1688.  1694.  fol.— Luc. 
Holstenii  notae  et  castig.  postumse  ed.  Steph.  Ryckio.  Lugd. 
B.  1684.  fol.— c.  praf.  Guil.  Dindorf.  Lips.  1825.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.p.  621. 

(dw)  HIEROCLES,  about  450,  teacher  of  the 
Platonic  philosophy  at  Alexandria.  Extracts  from 
his  philosophical  writings  have  been  preserved  by 
Photius ;  a  Commentary  on  the  carm.  aur.  Pyth.  ; 
Gr.  et  Lai.  Grceca  accuratius  recoyn.  et  ad  MSS. 
Codd.fidem  em.  una  cum  notis  subjunctis  ed.  R.  W. 
Loud.  1742.  8vo. — H.  opera,  c.  Jo.  Pearsoni.  Land. 
1655.  1673.  2  vols.  8vo.  'Ao-rita  rcc.  Jo.  Ad.  Schier. 
Lips.  1768.  8vo. — ed.  Jac.  de  Rhoer.  in  Observ. 
philol  Gron.  1768.  4to. 

(dz)  STOB.EUS,  about  500,  collected   from   poets 


ZENO  474-91.     AXASTASIITS  -518.          199 

and  prose  writers  philosophical  sentences,  which  he 
arranged  according  to  their  subjects  in  two  works. 
1)  !*A*yaw  Qoruuu  **i  Mauti  2  books,  primus  ed.  Guil. 
Canter.  Antv.  1575.  fol. — ed.  A.  Herm.  Lud.  Heeren. 
Gott.  1792—1801.  2  parts,  4  vols.  8vo.  2)  Sermones 
— 2  books. — are  et  diligentia  Fr.  Trincavelli.  Venet. 
1535.  4to. — Gr.  et  LaL  per  Conr.  Gesnerum.  Tig. 
1543.  50.  59.  fol.  Franco/,  ap.  Wechel.  1581.  fol. 
(interpolated  and  intermixed  with  the  Collectt.  of 
Antonius  Melissa  and  Maxim  us,)  a  superior  edition 
by  Aurel.  Allobr.  1609.  fol. — ed.  jVYc.  Schoie.  Lips. 
1797.  torn.  i.  8vo.— ad  MSS.Jid.  em.  et  suppl.  Th. 
Gaisford.  Oxon.  1822.  4  vols.  8vo.  Lips.  1823. 
4  vols.  8vo. — Dicta  poetarum,  qua  ap.  Jo.  Stob. 
exstant,  emend,  et  Lot.  carm.  reddita  ab  Hug. 
Grotio.  Paris.  1623.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  L\. 
p.  569. 

(ety)  COLUTHUS,  of  Lycopdis  in  Eg\-pr,  about 
518,  wrote  a  poem  on  the  Rape  of  Helen. 

Ed.  pr.  Aid.  s.  a.  8vo — ed.  Jo.  Dan.  a  Lennep.  Leov.  1747. 
STO. — car.  God.  H.  Schaefer.  Lips.  1825.  8vo. — e  cod.  Matin, 
suppl.  et  em.  Im.  Bekkeras.  Berol.  1816.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  riii.  p.  166. 

(dz)  TRYPHIODORUS,  an  Eg\-ptiau  poet,  desti- 
tute of  taste  :  'iXtw  «A*»^  ed.  Th.  Northmore.  Cant, 
et  Ox.  1791.  Lond.  1804.  8vo.— ed.  G.  H.  Schaefer. 


200  JUSTINIAN  527-565. 

Lips.  1809.  fol.  —  c.  J.  Merickii  et  Schaef.  annot. 
integr.  ed.  F.  A.  Wernicke.  Lips.  1819.  8vo.  Fa- 
bric. B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  169. 


(e)  QUINTUS  (KoiWof)  SMYRNJEUS  of  uncertain 
age,  wrote  a  poem,  chiefly  derived  from  the  Cyclics  ; 
irct(>a.tet7ro(4tv6t  'O^'goy,  in  Homeric  diction,  in  14 
books,  which  was  discovered  in  the  convent  Cassula 
near  Otranto,  (thence  Qu.  Calaber).  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  viii.  p.  161. 

Ed.  pr.  Aid.  with  Coluth.  —  ed.  Laur.  Rhodomann.  Hanov. 
1604.  8vo.—  ed.  Jo.  Cora,  de  Pauw.  Lugd.  B.  1734.  8vo.  —  rec. 
Th.  Ch.  Tychsen.  Argent.  1807.  2  vols.  8vo. 

(ea)  THEOPHILUS,  a  jurist,  assisted  in  the  Col- 
lection of  Laws  arranged  by  Justinian  —  paraphrasis 
Gr.  Institutionum  Justin,  c.  n.  P.  Nanni,  J.  Curtii, 
D.   Gothofredi,  H.  Ernstii  et  C.  A.  Fabrotti   ed. 
Guil.   Otto   Reitz.   Hag<s   Com.    1751.  2  vols.   4to. 
Des  Antec.  Theophilus  Paraphrasis  der  Instit.  Justi- 
nians,  fibers,  und  mit  Anm.  von  K.  Wustemann.  Ber- 
lin 1823.  2  vols.  8vo.    The  works  of  other  Jurists, 
Thalelaei,  Theodori,  Stephani,   Cyrilli  al.  Jet.   Gr. 
comment,  in  tit.  Digest,  et  Cod.  de  postulando.  —  et 
cod.  MSto.  bibl.  Lugd.  B.  ed.  D.  Ruhnkenius.  Hag. 
Com.  1752.  fol.  and  in  Meermann's  thesaur.  III.  IV. 

(eb)  DAMASCIUS,  of  the  city  Damascus,  an  eclectic 


MAURICIUS  582-602.  HERACLIUS  610-641.    201 

Philos.  master  to  the  following. — Aetputnutv  3t*}»x,ov 
«3-«{/«*  XM  bvrtis  *•!£/  rat  ir^vrtft  *££»»•  Jld  Jidem 
Codd.  MSS.  nunc  primum  ed.  J.  Kopp.  Franco/. 
1827.  8vo. 

(ec)  SIMPLICIUS,  of  Cilicia,  an  eclectic  Philosopher, 
the  most  acute  and  judicious  interpreter  of  Aristot. 
and  Epictet.  Comm.  in  Arist.  I.  phys.  auscult.   Venet. 
ap.  Md.   1526.    fol. — in   Arist.   Categorias.     Basil. 
1551.  fol.— in  Ar.  1.  IV.  de  calo.  Venet.  1548.  1583. 
fol.     His  Comment,  on  Epictetus  Enchir.  in  Epicte- 
tece  phil.  monum.  ed.  Schweighaeuser.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  ix.  p.  529. 

(ed)  HESYCHIUS,  of  Milet.  with  the  tide  vir  illu- 
stris,   an   Historian. — Hes.   Mil.   de   viris   doctrina 
claris,   lib.   ei.   de   rebus   patriis    Constantinopoleos 
(Fragm.  of  the  Chronicle  of  Belus,  King  of  Assyr.,  to 
the  death  of  King  Anastasius)  c.  not.  ed.  Jo.  Meursius. 
Lugd.  B.  1613.  8vo.    Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  544. 

(ee)  PROCOPIUS,  Secretary  to  Belisarius,  of  Cae- 
sarea  in  Palestine,  Advocate  at  Constantinople,  wrote 
Gothica,  wars  of  Belisarius  with  the  Persians,  Vandals, 
Goths.  8  books.  'Anxjorct,  secret  History  of  the  Court 
at  Constantinople  are  of  doubtful  authenticity. 

Opp.  ed.  Claud.  Maltretus.  Paris.  1662.  2  vols.  fol Anecd. 

Nic.  Alemanno  defensore  primum  e  bibl.  Vatic,  prolata,  nunc 


202     MAURICIUS  582-602.  HERACLIUS  610-641. 

plerisque  in  locis  sequalium  testimoniis  falsitatis  convicta  a  Jo. 
Eichelio.  Helmst.  1654.  4to — anecd.  Alern.  Maltr.  Reinhardi 
Toup.  al.  annot.  crit.  el  hist,  suasque  animadv.  adj.  Jo.  Conr- 
Orellius.  Lips.  1827.  8vo — Procop.  e  rec.  G.  Dindorfii.  Bonn. 
1833.  in  Collectt.  no.  44.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  553. 

(ef)  AGATHIAS,  of  Myrina  in  JEolis,  continued 
the  history  of  Procop.  to  559.  ed.  Bonav.  Vulcanius. 
Lugd.  B.  1594.  4to.  ed.  B.  G.  Niebuhr.  Bonn.  1828. 
in  Collectt.  no.  44.    He  wrote  also  Epigrams  (short 
occasional    poems)  :    Brunck.    Anal.    t.    iii.    p.    33. 
Jacobs  Anthol.  t.  iv.  p.  3.  and  made  a  collection  of 
the  Epigrams  of  contemporary   poets   according   to 
their    subjects,    called   K.v**t$,    in    7    books.      The 
metrical  preface  has  been  edited  from  the  Cod.  Palat. 
by  Fr.  Jacobs  Anm.  in  epigr.  Anthol.  Gr.  Prol.  p.  i. 
ii,  sqq.     Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  424.  459. 

(eg)  JOHANNES  LAURENTIUS  LYDUS,  of  Phila- 
delphia in  Lydia,  b.  490. — opusc.  de  mensibus  et  fr. 
de  terree  motibus  e   Codd.  MSS.   ed.    Nic.   Schow. 
Lips.   1794.  8vo. —  de  mensibus  quee  exst.  excerpta 
recogn.  et  em.  perp.  cum  sna  turn  Nic.  Schowii  turn 
C.  B.  Hasii  et  Fr.  Creuzeri  al.  adnot.  instr.  Guil. 
Roether.  Darmst.  1828.  8vo. — de  magistratibus  reip. 
Rom.  lib.  III.  nunc  primum  in  lucem  editi  et  vers. 
notis  indicibusque  aucti  a  Jo.  Domin.  Fuss.  Prosf. 
est  Car.  Bened.  Hase.  Paris.  1812.  large  8vo.  J.  D. 
Fuss  ad  C.  B.  Hase  epist.  in  qua  Jo.  Lour.  Lydi  d. 


CONSTANT.  PORPHYROGEN.  780-802.  MICH.  III.   203 

magistr.  r.  R.  opusculi  textus  et  versio  em.  loci  diffi- 
ciliores  illustr.  Bonn.  1821.  8vo. — de  ostentis,  quce 
supers,  c.  fr.  1.  de  mcns.  e  codd.  regg.  ed.  C.  B.  Hose. 
Paris.  1»23.  8vo. 

(eh)  THEOPHYLACTUS  SIMOCATTA,  an  Egyptian, 
Sophist  and  Historian  :  History  of  the  Reign  of  King 
Mauricius  in  8  books. — stud.  Car.  Ann.  Fabrotti, 
Paris.  1647.  fol.  (the  fourth  part  of  the  Parisian,  the 
third  part  of  the  Venet.  collection  of  the  scriptt. 
histor.  Byzantines)  —  «T«{<*«  QvrtxM  c.  n.  Andr. 
Ririni.  Lips.  1653.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii. 
p.  582. 

(ei)  NICEPHORCS,  h.  758,  Patriarch  of  Constanti- 
nople 806,  but  banished  for  his  defence  of  Image- 
worship  815,  («^«A«ynTi|j),  d.  828  in  the  convent. — 
Chronologia  compendiaria,  from  the  creation  to  his 
own  times  in  Jos.  Scaligeri  thes.  temp. — c.  not.  Jac. 
Goar.  Paris.  1652.  fol.  (in  the  sixth  book  of  the 
Paris,  the  fifth  of  the  Venet.  Collectt.) — Breciarium 
historicum  from  the  death  of  K.  Mauricius  in  the  year 
602  to  770.  c.  n.  Dion.  Petavii.  Paris.  1616.  (and  in 
the  eighth  book  of  the  Paris,  the  seventh  of  the  Venet. 
Collectl.)  c.  L.  Schopen.  Bonn.  1830.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  462.  603. 

(ek)  PHOTIUS,  Patriarch  of  Constantinople,  from 


204    842-867.  BASILIUS  I.-886.  LEO  PHIL. -911. 

857—867,  then  886,  d.  891.  Besides  several  con- 
troversal  writings  in  theology,  there  is  extant  by  him 
a  work,  B</3A;«^'x»  or  Mt>£.a'/3;/3A«v,  which  contains 
critical  examinations,  (reviews)  extracts  and  fragments 
of  280  books  which  he  had  read:  (60  Speeches  of 
Antiph.  [now  16],  60  of  Isocr.  [21],  Lysias  425, 
[34],  Isaeus  64  [10],  Demosth.  65  [42],  Hyperides 
77  [1],  Dinarch.  64  [3],  Lycurg.  15  [1].  Alto- 
gether 830  [128],  wanting  702.) 

ed.  Dav.  Hoeschelius.  Aug.  Vinci.  1601.  fol. — ed.  Andr. 
Schottus.  Genev.  1613.  fol.  Rothom.  1653.  fol — ex  rec.  Imm. 
Bekkeri.  Berol.  1824.  2  vols.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  x.  p.  670. 

Lexicon  Photii  e  duobus  apogr.  ed.  Godofr.  Hermann.  Lips. 
1808.  4to.  J.  Fr.  Schleusner.  lib.  animadv.  ad  Photii  Lexicon. 
Lips.  1810.  4to.  Ei.  Curse  noviss.  in  Phot.  Lexic.  Lips.  1812. 
4to.  <J>.  Asjjeiwv  irvmyuy-n  e  cod.  Galeano  descr.  Ric.  Person. 
Lond.  1822.  2  vols.  8vo.  Lips.  1823.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi. 
p.  603.  t.  vii.  p.  566. 

(el)  CONSTANTINUS  CEPHALAS,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  tenth  century,  collected  an  Anthology  of  all 
the  earlier  Epigrammatists.  The  MS.  was  first  dis- 
covered by  Salmasius  1606  at  Heidelberg,  and  the 
inedita  were  copied  by  him.  From  the  transcripts 
made  by  him  were  printed  :  Epigrammata  Grceca  pro 
anecdotis  prodeuntia  ed.  Jo.  Jensius.  Rotcrod.  1742. 
8vo.  Sepulcralia  carmina  ex  Jlnthol.  MS.  (ed.  Leich.) 
Lips.  1745.  4to.  Anthologies  Grcecce  a  Const.  Cephala 
conditcR  libri  III.  Lips.  1754.  8vo.  Stratonis  olio- 


842-867.  BASILIUS  i,-886.  LEO  PHIL. -911.  205 

rumque  vett.  poet.  Gr.  epigr.  ed.  Chr.  Ad.  Klotzio. 
Alttb.  1764.  8vo.  Jo.  Gottl.  Schneider,  periculum 
crit.  in  anthol.  Const.  Cephala.  Lips.  1772.  8vo. 
With  the  advantage  of  all  these  editions  and  of  his 
own  transcript,  Brunck  published  his  Analecta,  &c. 
See  Collectt.  no.  7.  reprinted  in  Collectt.  no.  8. 
From  the  Vatican  Codex  a  complete  copy  was  made 
by  the  Abb.  Jos.  Spaletti,  which  Duke  Ernest 
purchased  for  the  Library  at  Gotha,  made  use  of  in 
Frid.  Jacobs  animadv.  in  epigr.  Anthol.  Gr.  Lips. 
1798_1803.  7  vols.  8vo.  From  that:  Im.  Gottl. 
Huschke  dnalecta  crit.  in  anthol.  Gr.  cum  svppl. 
epigr.  maximam  par  tern  ineditt.  Jen<e  1800.  8vo. 
Anthol.  Gr.  ad  Jidern  cod.  Palat.  nunc  Parisini  ex 
apogr.  Goth,  edita :  cur.  epigramm.  in  cod.  Palatino 
desiderata  et  annot.  crit.  adj.  Frid.  Jacobs.  Lips. 
1813 — 17.  3  vols.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  426. 

(em)   CONSTAXTINCS  PORPHYROGEyiTU9,  b.  905, 

iEmp.  912,  but  poisoned  by  his  son  Romanus  959, 
an  author,  but  ill  qualified  for  a  ruler. — de  adminis- 
i  trando  imperio  ad  Jil.  Rom.  c.  n.  dns.  Banduris  in 
jhis  Imperium  orient.  Paris.  1711.  Venet.  1729. 
J2  vols.  fol. — de  thematibus  (quarters  of  the  troops) 
\rec.  Fed.  Morellus.  Paris.  1609.  8vo.  and  in  Banduri 
\Imp.  or. — History  of  the  Reign  of  the  Emp.  Basilius. 
I — c.  vers.  Franc.  Combejisii.  Paris.  1685.  fol.  (hi  the 
eighteenth  book  of  the  Paris,  the  sixteenth  of  the 


206  MICHAEL  in.  (THEODORA)  842-67.  BASIL,  i. 

Venet.  Collectt.  and  Collectt.  no.  44.  1829.)  and 
other  writings.  By  his  order  were  prepared  also 
Collections:  1)  xiQa^ctuubw  vro6ie-iai  capit.  s.  tituli 
53,  of  which  still  remain :  a)  tit.  27.  Excerpta  de 
legationibus,  Extracts  from  the  now  lost  books  of 
Polybius,  Diodorus  Sic.,  Dionys.  Halic.,  Dio  Cassius, 
Appian. — ed.  e  bibl.  Fulv.  Ursini.  Antw.  1582.  4to. — 
6)  tit.  50.  Etc.  (Peiresciana)  de  virtutibus  et  vitiis. — 
H.  Valesius  primum  Gr.  ed.  Paris.  1634.  4to. — 
2)  Tuiir»tnta»  libri  XX.  (the  Collector  was  Cassia- 
nus  Bassus)  post  P.  Needhami  curas  ad  MSS.  fidem 
denuo  rec.  et  ill.  Jo.  Nic.  Niclas.  Lips.  1781.  4  vols. 
8vo.  —  3)  He  caused  a  new  revision  to  be  made  of 
the  edicts  of  the  Greek  Emperors,  of  which  a 
collection  had  been  announced  by  the  Emp.  Basilius 
(867 — 886)  in  his  7rg«^8<g«»  iuv  vipa*,  and  prepared  by 
his  son  Leo  VI.  the  Wise  (886 — 911):  Bxri^iKtit 
dtarxfyat  I.  60.  ed.  C.  A.  FabrottL  Paris.  1647. 
7  vols.  fol.  (only  41  books  complete,  the  others  in  a 
cwo^n.)  —Basil.  II.  49—52.  e  cod.  MS.  bibl.  Paris, 
int.  ed.  Guil.  Otio  Reitz  in  the  fifth  book  of  Meer- 
mann's  thes.  jur.  civ.  et  can.  Hag.  Com.  1752. — 
4)  fl5T7r«*Tg<*a — ed.  Sim.  Grynceus.  Basil.  1537.  4to. 
Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  1 . 

(en)  Jo.  ZONARAS",  of  Constantinople,  filled  offices 

»  Zonaras  is  the  first  of  the  four  proper  scriptores  historic 
Buz.     Next  to  him    is   Nicetas   C/ioniates,  who   wrote   the 


-886.  LEO  PHILOS.-911.  ALEXIUS  1081-1118.  207 

of  high  dignity  under  Einp.  Alexius  Comnenus  (1081 
— 1118),  but  afterwards  entered  a  monastery.  Xg«»«t«» 
of  the  Creation  to  1118. — primum  ed.  Hieron.  Wolf. 
Basil,  1557.  3  vols.  fol. — em.  et  ill.  Car.  du  Fresiie 
du  Cange.  Paris.  1686.  2  vol.  fol.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  vii.  p.  468. — Zonara  lexicon  ed.  J.  A.  H.  Titt- 
mann.  Lips.  1808.  2  vols.  4to. 

(eo)  ANNA  COMNEXA,  daughter  of  the  Emp. 
Alexius  Comm.  h.  1083.  d.  1148,  wife  of  Nicephorus 
Bryennius,  wrote  after  the  death  of  her  hushand 
( 1 137J  the  history  of  her  father,  'AA4*«'«>  in  15  books. 
— c.  11.  ed.  David.  Hoeschelius.  Auyuat.  Vind.  1610. 
4to.  (only  8  books.) — ed.  P.  Possinus.  Paris.  1531. 
fol.  (in  the  thirteenth  book  of  the  Paris,  eleventh  of 
the  Venet.  Collectt.)  Translat.  in  Historische  .We- 
moiren  published  by  Fr.  Schiller.  Jena  1790.  8vo. 
first  and  second  books.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  727. 

(ep)  LEO  DIACONUS  in  the  time  of  Basil.  II.  and 
Constantine  VIII.  History  of  the  death  of  Emp. 
Constant.  Porphyrog.  to  that  of  the  Emp.  Job. 
Tzimisces.  hist,  e  bibl.  reyia  nunc  primum  ed.  et 
notis  ill.  C.  B.  Hase.  Paris.  1828.  fol.  Xiebuhr  corp. 
script,  hist.  Byz.  t.  xi. 

history  of  1118 — 1206  ;  next  to  him  Nicephortts  Gregaras  from 
1204 — 1351  ;  next  to  him  Laanicus  Chalcondylas  (prop.  C/uil- 
cocond.)  from  1298 — 1462.  The  rest  of  the  Byzantine  historians 
related  the  history  of  particular  periods  and  reigns. 


208  MANUEL  I.       COMN.  1143-1180. 

(eq]  EUDOCIA  MACREMBOLITISSA,  daughter  of 
Emp.  Constant.  VIII,  wife  of  the  Emp.  Constantinus 
Ducas  (1059 — 67)  and  Romanus  Diogenes  1068. 
'land,  an  historico-mythological  Dictionary  compiled 
from  different  authors,  particularly  Grammarians  and 
Scholiasts. — ed.  Jo.  Bapt.  Casp.  d'Ansse  de  Villoison. 
Venet.  1781.  fol.  and  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  55. 

(er)  SUIDAS,  at  the  end  of  the  llth  century,  com- 
piled a  Lexicon  from  the  Schol.  of  Aristophanes, 
Thucydides,  Apollonius  Rhod.  and  others. 

Ed.  pr.  Mediol.  1499.  fol— ed.  Lud.  Kuster.  Cantabr.  1705. 
3  vols.  fol.  Toup.  Emendatt.  in  Suidam  et  Hesychium  et  al. 
Lexicogr.  Gr.  Oxon.  1790.  4  vols.  8vo — Th.  Keinesii  obss.  in 
Suid.  Enot.  digessit  et  ed.  Chr.  Gottfr.  M'liller.  Lips.  1819. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  389. 

The  Etymologicum  magnum  is  of  uncertain  date. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1499.  fol. — cura  Fr.  Sylburgii.  Heidelb. 
1594.  fol.  Lips.  1816.  4to.  Appended  t/iereto  1.  Etym.  Gr. 
ling.  Gudianum  et  alia  Gramm.  scripta  e  Codd.  MSS.  nunc 
primum  edita.  Ace.  notae  ad  Etym.  M.  ined.  Barkeri,  Bekkeri, 
Kulenkamp,  Peyroni  al.  quas  digessit  et  una  cum  suis  edidit 
Frid.  Guil.  Sturzius.  Lips.  1818.  Sturzii  novse  annot.  in  Et. 
m.  Lips.  (Gratulationsschrift  an  HR.  Beck.)  Lips.  1828. 
2.  Orionis  Theb.  Etymol.  pr.  ed.  Fr.  Guil.  Sturz.  Lips.  1820. 
4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  595. 

(es)  Jo.  TZETZES,  a  very  learned,  but  insipid, 
Grammarian  of  Constantinople,  about  1150.  By 


ALEXIUS  in.  1195.— ANDRON.  i.  1282-1328.  209 

him  are  extant :  Chiliades,  in  versibus  politicis 
in  Corp.  poet.  Gr.  Geneva?.  1614.  t.  ii. — ad  jid. 
2  Codd.  Monac.  recogn.  annot.  et  ind.  instr. 
Theoph.  Kiessling.  Lips.  1826.  8vo. — Scholia  upon 
Hesiod  and  Lycophron,  which  are  also  ascribed  to 
his  brother  Isaac. — Antehomerica,  Homerica  et 
Posthom.  e  codd.  ed.  et  comm.  instr.  Frid.  Jacobs. 
Lips.  1793.  8vo.  ad  codd.  integriores  rec.  Imm.  Bek- 
kerus.  Berol.  8vo. — 'E&yiiris  t<«  ri»  'Oft^ov  'lA«*2* 
in  the  Draco  Straton.  of  Hermann. 

(et)  GREGORIUS,  Bishop  (Metropolit.)  at  Corinth, 
about  1150,  wrote  a  work  de  dialectis. 

Ed.  Gisb.  Koen.  Lugd.  B.  1776.  8vo. — rec.  et  c.  not  Koe- 
nii,  Bastii,  Boissonadi  suisque  ed.  Godofr.  Henr.  Schaefer. 
Lips.  1811.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  194. 

(eu)  EUSTATHIUS,  of  Constantinople,  about  1194, 
Archbishop  at  Thessalonica,  Commentary  upon  Ho- 
mer and  Dion.  Perieg.,  see  above.  A  Romance  which 
bears  his  name,  de  amoribus  Ismenue  et  Ismenes 
11  books,  is  by  an  Egyptian.  Ed.  Gill.  Gaulmin. 
Lutet.  Par.  1618.  8vo.— L.  H.  Teucher.  Lips.  1792. 
8vo. — Eusth.  opusc.  Ace.  Trapez.  hist.  scr.  Panaretus 
et  Eugenicus.  E  Codd.  Basil.  Paris.  Yen.  nunc 
primum  ed.  Thph.  Luc.  FT.  Tafel.  Franc,  ad  M. 
1832.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  viii.  p.  136. 
p 


210  ALEXIUS  in.  1195 — ANDRON.  i.  1282-1328. 

(ew)      NlCETAS       ACOMINATUS       CHONIATES,     of 

Chonae  or  Colossae  in  Phrygia,  filled  the  highest 
posts  of  honour  at  Constantinople,  and  wandered 
after  the  capture  of  this  city  through  Franconia 
in  the  year  1204  to  Nicaea,  where  he  died  1206  ; 
Geschichte  des  Gr.  R.  v.  Joh.  Comnenus  bis  Heinr. 
Balduin  (1118—1206)  in  21  books.— ed.  Hieron. 
Wolf.  Basil,  1557.  fol.— c.  C.  Ann.  Fabrotti. 
Paris.  1647.  fol.  (in  the  14th  hook  of  the  Paris. 
the  12th  of  the  Venet.  Collect,  and  Collectt.  no. 
44.  1829.) — narr.  de  statuis  ant.  quas  Franci  post 
capt.  a.  1204.  Const,  destruxerunt,  e  cod.  Bodlei. 
emend,  a  Fr.  Wilken.  Lips.  1830.  8vo.  Fabric.  B. 
Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  737. 

(ex)  PHILEMON,  a  Grammarian :  At|«*on  TJ^JO- 
Aoy«.«.  Ex  bibl.  Paris,  (ed.  Car.  Barney.)  Lond. 
1812.  8vo.  Phil,  gramm.  qua;  supersunt  vulgatis  et 
emendatiora  et  auctiora  ed.  Fr.  Osann.  Berol.  1821. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vi.  p.  169.  not. 

(ey)  THEODORUS  METOCHITA,  Chancellor  under 
the  Emperor  Andronicus  I.  ahout  1314,  hut  banished 
by  his  successor  Andronicus  II.  died  in  a  convent 
at  Constantinople,  1332,  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  his  time. —  Th.  Met.  miscellanea  philol.  et 
histor.  Gr.  Tcxtum  e  cod.  Cizcnsi  desor.  Icctionisque 


AXDROX.  ii.  1328-1341.   JOHAX.  i.  1341-1392.  211 

var.  ex  aliquot  aliis  codd.  enotatam  adj.  Chr.  God. 
Muller.  Prcef.  est  Theoph.  Kicssliny.  Lips.  1821. 
8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  x.  p.  412. 

(ez)  THOMAS  MAGISTER,  (mag.  officioram,  i.  e. 
colonel  of  a  section  of  the  body-guard  and  Chancellor 
of  Emperor  Andronicus  I.,  then  as  a  monk  at  Thes- 
salonica  Theodalus)  ' 


Ed.  pr.  Romse  1517.  8vo.  —  ed.  Jos.  Steph.  Bernard.  Lugd. 
B.  1757.  8vo.  ed.  Car.  Jacobitz.  Lips.  1833.  8vo.  —  Thorn.  M. 
sive  Theoduli  mouachi  ecloga  v.  Att.  ex  rec.  et  cum  proleg. 
Frid.  Eitschelii.  Halis  Sax.  1832.  8vo.  Fabric.  B.  Gr. 
t.  vi.  p.  181. 

(/)  MAXIMUS  PLAXUDES,  a  monk  at  Constanti- 
nople and  Grammarian,  about  1327.  Besides  several 
theological  writings,  there  is  extant  by  him  a  col- 
lection of  JEsop's  Fables  (see  above),  and  an  An- 
tholog.  epiyr.  Grcec.  VII.  /.  arranged  in  chapters. 
and  these  according  to  the  initial  letters  of  the  super- 
scription. 

Anthol.  Planud.  ed.  pr.  per  Jan.  Lascarim.  Flor.  1494.  4to. 

-c.  not.  Job.  Brodeei.  Basil.  1549.  fol.  —  ed.  H.  Stephani. 
1566.  4to.—  Francof.  ap.  \Vecheli  haer.  1600.  fol.  with  Scholia. 

-ed.  Hieron.  de  Bosch,  c.  vers.  Lat.  Hug.  Gmtii.  Ultraj. 
1795  —  1823.  5  vols.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  iv.  p.  429. 

(fa)  NICEPHORUS  GREGORAS,  of  Heraclea  in 
jPontus,  in  the  year  1295,  d.  1359.  His  Byzantine 


212  JOHANNES  i.  1341-1392. 

History  in  38  books  embraced  the  period  from  1204 
to  1359;  only  the  first  24,  however,  (to  1351),  were 
printed.— ~ed.  Hier.  Wolf.  Basil.  1562.  fol.  (only  11 
books.) — c.  n.  Ducangii  et  suis  ed.  Joh.  Boivin.  Paris. 
1702.  fol.  (the  21st  book  of  the  Paris,  the  20th  of 
the  Venet.  Collect. — (ed.  L.  Schopen.  Collectt.  no. 
44.  1828.  2  vols.  A  fragment  of  his  «#»»- 
hoylai  Trig}  ygctfifAotTMtis  is  extant  in  God.  Hermanni 
1.  de  em.  rat.  Gr.  gramm.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii. 
p.  632. 

(/&)  JOHANNES  CANTACUZENUS,  Emperor  1342, 
from  1355  a  monk  :  Historice  Byzantines  I.  IV.  from 
1320-1354. — c.  Pontani  et  Gretseri  notis.  Paris. 
1645.  3  vols.  fol.  (in  the  17th  book  of  the  Paris,  in 
the  15th  of  the  Venet.  Collectt.)  Collectt.  no.  44. 
1828.  31.  He  wrote  also  against  the  Mahomedans 
and  Heretics.  Fabric.  B.  Gr.  t.  vii.  p.  727. 

(/c)  CONSTANTINUS  HARMENOPULUS,  a  jurist 
at  Constantinople,  born  1320,  died  1380.  *•{«#*<- 
i,  promtuarium  juris  civilis  in  6  books,  and 
yiu£ynu>t,  leges  agrarice. — ex  var.  Codd.  MSS. 
em.  atque  auxit  Guil.  Otto  Reitzius.  Hagae  Com. 
1780.  fol.  Besides  these  we  have  some  theological 
writings  by  him. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  213 

Owing  to  the  advances  which  the  Turks  were 
continually  making  upon  the  Grecian  Empire,  and 
especially  in  consequence  of  the  capture  of  Con- 
stantinople in  the  year  1453,  the  Grecian  literati 
were  scattered  abroad ;  they  betook  themselves  for 
the  most  part  to  Italy,  and  planted  the  knowledge 
of  Grecian  Literature  in  western  Europe.  The  most 
distinguished  of  the  Grecian  sages,  who  lived  for 
the  most  part  in  Italy,  are;  Emanuel  Chrysoloras** 
the  proper  restorer  of  Grecian  Literature  in  Italy, 
where  he  taught  at  Rome,  Venice,  Milan,  and  Pa  via, 
died  1415  at  the  Council  of  Constance;  Theodoras 
Gaza,  of  Thessalonica,  about  1430,  Translator  of 
several  writings  of  Aristotle,  Theophrastus,  ./Elian, 
Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,  and  author  of  a  Greek 
Grammar,  Venet.  1495.  fol.;  Georg.  of  Trebisonde, 
born  1396,  died  1480,  vindicator  of  Aristotle  against 
the  Platonists;  Bessarion,  of  the  same  place,  born 
1395,  Cardinal  1439,  died  1472,  a  Platonist,  transla- 
tion of  Xenophons  MS.  ;  Georg.  Gemistus  or  Pletho, 
of  Constantinople,  at  the  Council  of  Florence  1438, 
restorer  of  the  Platonic  philosophy,  author  of  several 
historical  and  other  writings ;  Michael  Glycas, 
author  of  Annals  of  the  Creation  to  the  death  of 
the  Emperor  Alexius  Comnenus  (c.  aim.  Phil. 
Labbei.  Paris.  1660.  fol.  in  the  10th  book  of 
the  Paris,  in  the  9th  of  the  Venet.  Collect.)  ; 
[*  See  Tennemann,  p.  262.] 


214  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

Michael  Jlpostolius,  of  Byzantium,  who  about  1450 
came  to  Italy,  author  of  a  collection  of  Greek 
proverbs,  ttaguftim  (c.  n.  P.  Pantini  et  al.  VV. 
DD.  Lugd.  B.  1619.  1634.  1653.  4to.);  Manuel 
Moschopulus,  of  the  same  place,  who  fled  to  Italy 
about  1453,  author  of  several  treatises  on  Grammar ; 
Johann.  Argyropulus  of  the  same  place,  preceptor 
to  Angel.  Politianus,  Jo.  Retichlin,  and  others ; 
Laonicus  Chalcondyles,  of  Athens,  about  1470, 
author  of  a  history  of  the  Turks,  and  of  the  decline 
of  the  Grecian  Empire  from  1298—1462,  in  10 
books,  (op.  C.  Ann.  Fabrotti  Paris.  1650.  fol. 
in  the  17th  book  of  the  Paris,  in  the  16th  of  the 
Venet.  Collect.)  ;  Constantinus  Lascaris  at  Milan 
1460—1470,  author  of  a  Greek  Grammar  and  of  other 
grammatical  works;  Georg.  Phranzes,  of  Constanti- 
nople, born  1401,  monk  at  Corfu,  author  of  a 
Byzantine  chronicle  from  1401 — 1477,  in  4  books, 
(ed.  Franc.  Car.  Alter.  Vindob.  1796.  fol.)  ; 
Demetrius  Chalcondyles,  of  Athens,  at  Milan  about 
1479,  editor  of  Homer.  Flor.  1488 ;  Janus  Lascaris, 
of  Rhyndacus,  editor  of  4  Tragedies  of  Euripides,  and  of 
the  Greek  Anthology.  For  an  account  of  these  re- 
fugees, see  W.  Roscoe,  Life  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici, 
and  his  Life  of  Pope  Leo  X. 


ROMAN  LITERATURE. 


J.  A.  Fabricii  bibliotheca  Latina,  etc.  cura  J.  A.  Ernestii.  Lips. 
1773,  74.  3  Tols.  8vo. 

Th.  Cb.  Harles  introd.  in  notitiam  Htterat.  Rom.  Lips.  1794. 
2  vols.  Svo. — EL  brevier  notitia  litteraturse  Romans.  Lips. 
1789.  Svo.  Supplem.  1799—1801.  2  vols.  Svo.— contin.  C. 
Fr.  Henr.  Klugling.  Lips.  1817.  Svo. 

J.  C.  F.  Manso  liber  d.  rbetor.  Geprage  der  Rom.  Litt.  in 
Verm.  Abb.  u.  Aufs.  Bresl.  1821.  Svo. 

G.  J.  Vossius  de  poetis  Latinis.     Amstel.  1652.  4to. 

Kurzer  Abriss  der  Geschichte  der  Rom.  Poesie  in  Nachtragen 
zu  Svlzer.  1  book. 

Job.  Hartmann  Eberhardt  liber  den  Zustand  der  schonen  Wiss. 
bei  d.  Rom.  Aus  d.  Schwed.  mit  Zus.  (von  Kordes.)  Al- 
ton. 1801.  Svo. 

G.  J.  Vossius  de  historicis  Lat.  lib.  iii.  Lugd.  B.  1627.  4to. 
Supplem.  et  obserw.  ad.  Voss.  de  h.  1.  Ed.  J.  A.  Fabricius. 
Hamb.  1709.  Svo. 

[Crnsius1  Lives  of  the  Roman  Poets,  2  vols.  1753.] 

J.  Chr.  F.  Bahr  Gesch.  d.  Rom.  Litter.     Carlsr.  1828.  Svo. 

G.  Bernhardy  Grandriss  der  Rom.  Litter.     Halle  1831.  Svo. 

[G.  Bernhardy  Grundriss  der  Griechischen  Litteratur,  mit  ver- 
gleichenden  Ueberblick  des  Romischen.  Halle  1836.  Svo. 

L.  Schaaf  Geschichte  der  Griechischen  and  Romischen  Lit- 
teratur. 1837.  Svo. 

Dunlop's  History  of  Roman  Literature,  3  vols.  8vo.] 

Collections  of  severed  Authors. 

1 .  Fragmenta  vett.  poet.  Latin.    Paris,  ap.  Rob.  et  Henr.  Ste- 
phanos. 1564.  Svo. 


216  ROMAN  LITERATURE. 

2.  Mich.  Maittaire  opp.  et  fragm.  vett.  poet.  Lat.  Lend.  1713. 

2  vols.  fol. 

3.  Anthologia  vett.  Lat.  epigr.  et  poem,  sive  Catalecta  poet. 

Lat.    in    6    libros    digesta,   ed.    P.    Burmannus    II. 
Amstel.  1759— 1773.  2  vols.  4to. 

4.  Poetse    Lat.    min.— cur.    P.    Bunnanno.      Leidss     1731. 

2  vols.  4to. 

5.  Poets  Lat.  minores  cur.  Jo.  Chrn.  Wernsdorf.    Altenburg. 

(Helmst.)  1780—94.  6  vols.  8vo. 

6.  Syntagma  tragrediee  Lat.  ed.  Mart.  Ant.  Delrio.    Antverp. 

1594.  4to.     Paris.  1607.  1619.  4to. 

7.  Collectanea  vett.  tragic,  c.  n.  G.  J.  Vossii  ed.  P.  Scri- 

verius.     Lugd.  B.  1620.  8vo. 

8.  Comicorum  Lat.  Fr.  ed.  H.  Stephanus.   Paris.  1569.  8vo. 

9.  Poetarum  Latii  scenicor.  Fr.  rec.  Fr.  Henr.  Bothe.     Hal- 

berst.  1823,  sqq.  5  vols.  8vo. 

10.  Ant.  Riccoboni  liber  de  historia  cum  fragm.  vett.  histor. 

Lat.    Venet.  1568.    Basil.  1579.  8vo. 

11.  Fragm.  historic,  vett.  Lat.  ab  A  us.  Porapa  coll.  em.  et 

scholiis  ill.     Amstel.  1620.  8vo. 

12.  Scriptores  rei  rusticae  vett.  Lat.  cur.  Jo.  Matth.  Gesnero. 

Lips.  1735.  1773.  2  vols.  4to. 

13.  lidem  cur.  J.  Glo.  Schneider.     Lips.  1794.  4  vols.  8vo. 

14.  Venatio  novantiqua  h.  e.  auctores  rei  venaticae  antiques, 

cum  comm.  Jani  Vlitii.     Lugd.  B.  1645.  12mo. 

15.  Poetse  Lat.  rei  venat.  scriptt.  et  bucol.  ant.  c.  n.  integr. 

VV.  DD.  (ed.  Sig.  Havercamp.)  Lugd.  B.  et  Hag. 
Com.  1728.  4to. 

16.  Historiae   Augusta  scriptt.  VI.   (ed.  pr.  Mediol.    1475- 

fol.)  c.  cast.  Frid.  Sylburgii.  Francof.  1585.  fol. — c. 
not.  J.  Gruteri.  (Hanov.  1611.)  Is.  Casauboni.  (Paris. 
1603.  4to.)  et  Cl.  Salmasii.  Lugd.  B.  1670. 2  vols.  8vo. 

17.  Panegyrici  vett.  (ed.  pr.  Viennse.  1513.  4to.)  c.  not.  varr. 

Paris.  1643.  1655.  2  vols.  12mo. — rec.  ac  not.  int.  par- 
tim  ined.  Chrn.  Gottl.  Schwarzii  et  excerptis  alior. 
additis  etiam  suis  instr.  et  ill.  Wolfg.  Jaeger.  Norimb. 
1779.  2  vols.  8 vo. 


ROMAN  LITERATURE.  217 

18.  Mythographi  Latini,  C.  Jul.  Hygin.  Fab.  Planciades  Ful- 

gentius,  Lactanrius  Placidus,  Albricus  philos.  em.  et 
comm.  perp.  ill.  Thorn.  llunckerus.  Amstel.  1681. 8vo. 
—  ed.  Aug.  van  Staveren.  Lugd.  B.  et  Amstel.  1742. 
4 to.  maj. 

19.  Veteres  de  re  militari  scriptt.  c.  comm.  et  anim.  Godesc. 

Stewechii  (Antr.  1585.  1592.)  et  P.  Scriverii  f  Antv. 
1607.  4to.  1632.  Lugd.  1644.  12mo.)  Vesalise  Clivo- 
rum.  1670.  8vo. 

20.  Antiqui  rhetores  Lat.  ex  bibl.  Franc.  Pithoei,  JC.  Paris. 

1599.  4to. — rec.  em.  et  notis  auxit  Cl.  Capperonuerius. 
Argent.  1756.  4to. 

21.  Grammaticse  Lat.  auctores  anriqui  cura  Heliae  Putschii. 

Hanov.  1605.  4to. 

22.  Corpus  gramm.  Lat.  vett.  coll.  aux.  rec.  Fr.  Lindemann. 

Lips.  1832,  sqq.  at  present  3  vols.  4to. 


FIRST  PERIOD. 


THE  RISE  AND  PEOGEESS  OF  LITERATURE  TO  THF. 
TIME  OF  CICERO. 


§.  1.  EVEN  up  to  the  end  of  the  first  Punic  war, 
(A.  U.  C.  513.  A.  C.  241.)  the  Romans  had  no 
Literature ;  for  neither  the  convivial  songs,  in  which 
the  ancients  are  said  to  have  sung  the  exploits  of 
distinguished  men,  (Cic.  Brut.  19.  Tusc.  d.  I,  2.  IV, 
2.  Valer,  Max.  II,  1,  10.),  nor  the  songs  of  the 
Salii  (axamenta),  nor  the  celebration  of  festal  dances 
without  song  and  words,  which  the  Romans  adopted 
as  a  propitiatory  rite  from  the  Etrurians  in  the  year 
A.  U.  C.  390  (364),  nor  the  Fabula  Atellance, 
Farces",  which  their  young  men  of  rank  annexed  to 
those  exhibitions;  (Liv.  VII,  2.  Manut.  ad  Cic.  ad 
Famil.  IX,  16.  Schober  liber  d.  Atellan.  Schausp.  d. 
Rbmer,  Leipz.  1825.  8vo.)  nor  the  coarse  merriment  of 
the  Ludi  Osci  (Cic.  ad  Farn.  VII,  1.  Tacit.  Ann.  IV, 
14.),  nor  the  Fescenriine  songs  of  the  Peasantry  (Hor. 
Epist.  II,  1,  139.)  can  be  regarded  as  any  thing 

[a  In  the  opinion  of  Diomedes  the  Grammarian,  they  were 
of  a  Tragi-Comic  character,  resembling  the  Greek  Satires. 
They  are  remarkable  as  being  the  only  indigenous  species  of 
the  Roman  drama.] 


FIRST  PERIOD.  219 

more  than  the  rude  elements  of  intellectual  cultivation; 
nor  indeed  can  we  ascribe  any  higher  merit  to  the 
annales  maximi  of  the  Pontif.  max.  (Civ.  Or.  II,  12. 
Beaufort  sur  I'incertit.  des  prem.  siecles,  p.  46.)  or 
the  libri  lintei,  Registers  of  the  Consuls,  and  of  the 
most  important  events.  (Beauf.  p.  96,  sqq.)  It  was 
when  the  Romans  had  spread  their  conquests  over 
Magna  Grecia  (fr.  A.  U.  C.  416  to  A.  C.  338),  and 
in  the  first  Punic  war  (490— 513  to  A.  C.  264—241), 
over  Sicily,  and,  after  the  Illyrian  war  (524=230), 
had  become  more  intimately  acquainted  with  the 
Greeks  of  Graecia  Propria,  and  had  been  received  into 
communion  with  them  at  the  Isthmian  games,  that 
they  first  began  to  bestow  their  attention  upon  the 
cultivation  of  speech  and  language. 

§.  2.  A  Grecian  slave  of  Tarentum,  Livius  Andro- 
nicus,  subsequently  emancipated  by  his  master  M. 
Livius  Salinator,  first  produced  in  the  year  A.  U.  C. 
514.  A.  C.  240.  Latin  tragedies  translated  from,  and 
modelled  after,  the  Greekb,  (Liv.  1.  c.  Cic.  Brut.  18. 
Quint.  X,  2,  7.  Bentl  ad  Hor.  Ep.  II,  1,  71.),  and 
translated  also  the  Odyssey.  His  example  was 
followed  by  Cn.  JVem'i/s  of  Campania  (about  519= 

[b  Dunlop  well  observes,  "  The  Greek  Drama  acquired  a 
splendid  degree  of  perfection  by  a  close  imitation  of  nature ; 
but  the  Romans  never  attained  such  perfection,  because,  how- 
ever exquisite  their  models,  they  did  not  copy  directly  from 
nature,  but  from  its  representation  and  image."] 


220 


FIRST  PERIOB. 


235.  Cell  JV.  A.  XVII,  21,  d.  550.  Cic.  Brut.  15, 
60.  Davis,  ad  Cic.  Tusc.  I,  1.  extr.),  who  was  likewise 
formed  by  the  Literature  of  Greece,  and  who  borrowed 
Tragedies  (11  Titles)  and  Comedies  from  the  Greek, 
also  wrote  an  historical  poem  de  bello  Punico  primo 
(divided  by  the  Grammarians  into  7  books,  Suet,  de 
gramm.  2.  Vossius  de  hist.  Lat.  p.  7,  sqq.)  but  owing 
to  the  freedom  with  which  after  the  example  of  the 
old  comedy  he  assailed  in  his  plays  the  Roman 
Grandees,  particularly  P.  Scipio  and  the  Metelli,  he 
was  compelled  to  retire  from  Rome  to  Utica.  In  his 
time,  during  the  second  Punic  war  (536 — 553=218 
— 201),  appeared  the  first  Annalists,  Q.  Fabius  Pictor 
and  L.  Cincius  Alimentus,  (Beaufort,  p.  158.  Wach- 
smuth  rom.  Gesch.  p.  27,  sqq.),  who,  however,  with- 
out any  pretensions  to  historical  criticism,  had  not  yet 
raised  themselves  above  the  first  rudiments  of  style. 
(Cic.  Or.  II,  12.  Leg.  1,2.) 

§.  3.  The  art  of  poetry  was  first  advanced  by 
Q.  Ennius  of  Rudiae  in  Calabria,  whom  the  Romans 
regarded  as  the  father  of  their  poetry,  (b.  515=239. 
d.  585=169.  Cic.  Brut.  18.  20.  Cat.  m.  5.).  He 
was  brought  to  Rome  about  550  by  M.  Cato,  (Cen- 
sorius),  and  there  enjoyed  his  society  with  that  of 
the  Scipios,  M.  Fulvius,  and  others.  (Cic.  Tusc.  1,2.) 
His  tragedies  (23  Tit.)  were  modelled  after  those  of 
Euripides;  he  wrote  also  Saturas,  poems  in  various 
metres  upon  miscellaneous  subjects  (Diomed.  ap. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  221 

Putsch.  III.  p.  482.  Gesner.  thes.  1.  I.  v.  Satyra), 
Annales  in  18  books,  an  historical  Epos,  for  which 
he  first  constructed  the  hexameter  (Cic  Brut.  19.), 
a  poem  Scipio  in  trochaic  metre  ( Voxsius  de  histor. 
Lat.  p.  10.),  and  farces,  and  translated  a  work  of 
Euhemerus  on  the  Gods.  (Cic.  de  nat.  d.  I.  42.  Lact. 
inst.  I,  2.).  But  however  much  he  may  have  raised 
himself  ahove  Naevius,  he  little  satisfied  the  require- 
ments of  a  cultivated  taste,  (Quint.  X,  1,  88.  Cf. 
Spald.  ad  I,  8,  8.).  Contemporary  with  Ennius  were 
the  Comic  poets  Plautus  (d.  570),  who  was  dis- 
tinguished by  a  genuine  comic  humour,  which  too 
often,  however,  degenerated  into  the  low  and  vulgar, 
and  Ccecilius  Statins  of  Gallia  Cisalpina,  (d.  586), 
of  45  of  whose  Comedies  we  have  still  extant  the 
Titles  and  Fragments,  (Statii  deperd.  fab.fragm.  ed. 
L.  Spengel.  Monach.  1829.  8vo.)  Both  translated 
into  Latin  plays  of  Menander,  Diphilus,  and  other 
poets  of  the  New  Com.,  the  latter  with  inferior  talent, 
and  in  language  less  pure.  (Cic.  ad  Alt.  VII,  3. 
Brut.  74.  Gell.  II,  23.  Horat.  Ep.  II,  1,  59.) 

§.  4.  All  this  was  the  fruit  of  an  enlightened  study 
of  the  Grecian  Literature  which  had  been  introduced 
into  Rome  by  emancipated  Greeks  from  the  very 
commencement  of  the  second  Punic  war,  (Sttet.  de  ill. 
gramm.  1.),  but  which  had  hitherto  been  confined 
to  a  few  individuals  who  possessed  the  requisite 
leisure  without  exercising  any  considerable  influence 


222  FIRST  PERIOD. 

upon  the  nation  at  large ;  generally  speaking,  the  true- 
bred  Roman  looked  upon  the  study  of  the  Sciences  and 
fine  arts  of  the  Greeks,  as  ?n  idle  and  frivolous  pur- 
suit. The  Roman  character  had  been  moulded 
during  the  course  of  several  centuries  by  a  succession 
of  wats,  hardships,  and  vigorous  exertions  to  a  staidness 
which  regarded  with  indifference  every  thing  uncon- 
nected with  the  administration  of  the  state  in  war  and 
peace,  and  the  constitution  which  had  gradually  issued 
from  the  circumstances  of  former  times^- — a  constitution 
which  was  as  yet  rather  a  felicitous  than  a  wisely-planned 
combination  of  the  democratic  and  aristocratic  ele- 
ments, in  which  plebeian  licentiousness  and  patrician 
insolence  were  equally  restrained,  while  the  proud 
consciousness  of  glorious  victories  upheld  the  solemn 
dignity  of  demeanour,  which  so  remarkably  dis- 
tinguished the  citizen  of  Rome.  Hence  arose  an 
antagonism  between  respect  for  national  custom  and 
the  pressure  of  an  intellectual  exigency ;  the  same 
Cato,  who  reproached  the  Cons.  M.  Fulvius  Nobilior 
with  having  taken  poets  with  him  into  his  Province, 
(Cic.  Tusc.  I,  2.)  applied  himself  zealously  in  his 
old  age  to  the  study  of  Grecian  Literature,  (Cic. 
Acad.  IV,  2.  Cato  m.  1.).  The  study  of  the  Greek 
language  was  still  more  assiduously  prosecuted  when  in 
the  year  586=168  Macedonia  became  a  Roman 
Province,  when  soon  afterwards  a  thousand  of  the 
most  considerable  Acheeans  were  cited  to  appear 


FIRST  PERIOD.  '223 

at    Rome,   and   were    detained    in   captivity  for    the 
space  of  seventeen  years,  (Casaub.  ad  Suet,  de  cl. 
rhetor.   1.  torn.  iv.  p.  308.  ed.  Wolf.},  when  in  the 
year  599=155   C&rneades  the  Academic,   Critolaus 
the  Peripatetic,  and  Diogenes  the  Stoic,  came  to  Rome 
as  ambassadors  from  Athens,  and  delivered  speeches 
and  philosophical  disquisitions  hefore  the  first  men  of 
the   state,    (Cic.    Or.    II,  37.    Quint.   XII,   1,  35. 
Lactant.  Inst.  V,  13,  16.);  lastly,  when  about  600 
Crates  of  Mallus  came  to  Rome  as  ambassador  from 
King  Attalus  of  Pergamos,  and  being  detained  there 
by  the  fracture  of  his  leg,  entertained  the  principal 
citizens  with  his  interpretations  of  the  Greek  poets. 
(Suet,   de    gramm.   2.)      With    the   Stoic    Panaetius 
and  Polybius,  Laslius,  Scipio  Africanus,  and  others, 
lived  in  the  closest  intimacy;   after  the  example  of 
Crates  the  Roman  Grammarians  began  to  read  and 
explain  in  their  public   lectures  the   native   poets  in 
place  of  the  Greek,  and  thus  to  render  them  better 
known.      Once    more    the    severity   of   the    Roman 
manners  made  a  stand  against  the  arts  of  foreigners ; 
by  a  decree  of  the  Senate  in  the  year  593=161,  the 
Grecian  Philosophers  and  Rhetoricians  were  banished 
from   Rome.     In   their   places   appeared   now    Latin 
Rhetoricians,  until  their  schools  also  were  shut  up,  in 
the  year  661=93. 

§.5.    A    taste    for   the    dramatic    productions   of 
Grecian  genius  was,  however,  far  too   widely  spread 


224  FIRST  PERIOD. 

to   admit  of  being   coerced    by   government  edicts. 
Instead  of  science  and  the  fine  arts  being  the  pursuit 
of  freedmen  and  persons  of  low  extraction,  as  was 
formerly  the  case,  the  eques  C.   Lucilius  of  Suessa 
Pometia,  great   uncle  of  Pompeius  M.   began   now 
to  apply  himself  to  their  cultivation,  and  became  the 
creator  of  the   Roman   Satire,  a  species  of  poetry 
unknown  to  the  Greeks,  but  modelled  in  its  spirit 
and  design  after  the  Old  Greek  Comedy,  in  which  he 
lashed  the  vices  and  follies  of  his  time  with  much 
humour  and  pungency,  (Horat.  Sat.  I,  4,  10.  Quint. 
X>   1,  94.  v.  Spald.  Heind.  on  Hor.  p.  238,  sq.). 
For  at  that  juncture,  after  the  destruction  of  Corinth 
and   Carthage  (608=146),  there  was  generally  and 
increasingly  manifested  a   desire  to  realize  the  en- 
joyment of  possessions   which   had   been   won  with 
toil,  and  the  strict  subordination  of  rank  which  had 
prevailed  under  the  old   regime  was  broken  up  by 
the  attempts  of  the  Gracchi  to  repress  the  dominant 
influence  of  the  Nobiles.     The  friend  of  Scipio  and 
Laelius,    P.    Terentius  of    Carthage,  produced    the 
Greek  Tragedies  of  Menander  and  others  in  a  style 
so  polished,  that   the  assistance  of  his  two  friends 
was  commonly  thought  to  be  recognised   in   ihem, 
and  instead  of  Greek  characters  and  manners  (com. 
palliate),  L.   Afranius    the    contemporary   of    Ter. 
exhibited  Roman,  (fab.  togatce,  ex.  gr.  Querolus  see 
Aulularia,  inc.  auct.  com.  tog.  Rec.  et  ill.   C.   S. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  225 

Klinkhamer.  1829.  8vo.  tabernarice,  and  in  the  Trag. 
prcetextatce.  See  Diomed.  III.  p.  486,  sq.  Hor.  A. 
P.  '285.  On  Afranius  see  Hor.  Ep.  II,  1,  57. 
Quint.  X,  1,  100.  Rutgers.  Far.  lect.  IV,  19.) 
At  the  same  time  Tragedy  attained  to  the  highest 
point  which  it  was  destined  to  reach  at  Rome,  in  the 
hands  of  M.  Pacuvius  of  Brundusium,  the  nephew 
of  Ennius  (18  Tit.  De  M.  Pacuvii  Duloreste  scr. 
Henr.  Siieglitz.  Lips.  1826.)  and  his  junior  con- 
temporary L.  Attius  (57  Tit.)  (Cic.  Brut.  64.  Cell. 
XVII,  21.  extr.},  Friend  of  Dec.  Brutus,  the  Cos. 
in  the  year  616,  (Cic.  Brut.  28.  Arch.  11.),  both 
of  whom  likewise  copied  after  the  Greek  Tragedians, 
but  also  introduced  upon  the  stage  events  of  the 
Roman  History  (fab.  prcetextatte) ,  the  former  in 
his  Paullus,  the  latter  hi  his  Brutus.  (Quint.  X,  2, 
97.  Cf.  Cic.  Or.  11.  in.  Brut.  74.  Horat.  Ep.  II, 

1,  55.    Ovid.  Amor.  I,  15,  19.    Cell.  VII,  14.  XIII, 

2.  Bayle  diet.  Accius.  Heind.  on  Hor.  Sat.  p.  219. 
Fr.    Osann   anal.  crit.  poesis  Rom.  scenicce  reliqu. 
illustr.     Berol.   1816.  8vo.     A.  G.  Lange  vindicise 
Trag.   Rom.    Lips.    1823.    4to.    and    in  his   verm. 
Schriften.  Leipz.  1832.) 

§.  6.  Eloquence  on  the  other  hand  flourished 
without  opposition,  and  soon  outstripped  the  fine  arts 
in  consequence  of  the  frequent  occasions  supplied 
for  its  exercise  in  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the 

Roman  polity,  and   the  revival  of  party  contests  at 
Q 


226  FIRST  PERIOD. 

the  time  of  the  third  Punic  war,  (see  particularly  dial, 
de  causs.  corr.  eloqu.  c.  36.).  Cicero  mentions  as 
the  first  orator  properly  entitled  to  the  name  (Brut. 
16.)  M.  Cato,  Cos.  in  the  year  559  =  195,  Censor 
570=184,  died  605=149,  in  whose  150  speeches 
he  finds  not  it  is  true  the  polished  diction,  the 
rounded  sentences  and  modulated  structure  of  his 
time,  but  in  other  respects  all  the  characteristics 
of  a  great  orator,  (Cic.  ib.  17,  18.).  Among  the 
numerous  other  orators  stood  preeminent  Serv.  Sulpi- 
cius  Galba  Cos.  in  the  year  646=  108,  (Cic.  Brut. 
21,  sqq.  Or.  I,  53.  II.  65.),  then  Tib.  and  C.  Grac- 
chus, 621—633=133—121,  (Cic.  Brut.27.  Or.  Ill, 
60.),  Q.  Catulus  about  652=102.  (Cic.  Brut.  35.) 
But  the  greatest  orators,  those  indeed  who  may 
be  considered  almost  perfect  in  the  art,  were  L.  Lici- 
nius  Crassus.  Cos.  659,  and  M.  Antonius,  Cos. 
655,  (Cic.  Brut.  36,  sqq.  especially  deorai.).  Some 
of  these  orators  already  profited  by  the  instructions 
of  the  Greek  Rhetoricians,  as  at  that  time  Tiber. 
Gracchus  is  said  to  have  been  formed  by  Diophanes  ; 
it  was  even  thought  that  genius  derived  more  aliment 
from  Grecian  exercises  in  oratory  than  from  Latin, 
for  which  a  school  was  first  opened  by  Plotius  Callus 
about  661=93  (Suet,  de  cl.  rh.  2.).  But  so  great 
was  the  prejudice  against  Grecian  Literature,  that  the 
orators,  even  Cicero,  (pro  S.  Rondo  25.  pro  Arch. 
in  Verr.  IV.  59,  60.  et  ssep.)  thought  it  necessary 


PIRST  PERIOD.  227 

to  disavow  an  acquaintance  with  it  in  the  presence  of 
the  people. 

§.  7.  Besides  eloquence,  jurisprudence  was  an 
accomplishment  of  singular  efficacy  in  opening  the 
way  to  the  highest  offices  of  state  (Cic.  Mur.  8,  19- 
Off.  II,  19,  65.  c.  n.  Beier.  Lie.  39,  40.  Hor.  Ep. 
II,  1,  103,  sqq.).  After  S.  &liu$  Peetus  the  con- 
temporary of  Ennius,  .If.  Cato  Censorius,  and  his 
contemporary  P.  Mucius  Sccerola,  AT.  Manilius, 
Cos.  604=150,  and  Q.  Mucius  Scavola,  the  friend 
of  the  orator  Crassus,  were  particularly  distinguished 
for  their  legal  acquirements.  History  also  was  cul- 
tivated by  eminent  statesmen,  by  Cato,  L.  Calpurn. 
Piso  Frugi,  Cos.  in  the  year  621  =  133,  L.  Ccelius 
Antipater,  C.  Fannius  about  124.  The  poet  Attius 
also  wrote  an  historical  work,  Annales.  All  these, 
however,  adopted  the  insipid  style  of  the  ancient 
annalists ;  even  Cato,  whose  Origines  in  7  books 
(Corn.  A*.  Cat.  3.)  are  much  eulogized  by  Cicero  in 
Brut.  17,  was  no  exception,  as  is  evident  from  other 
passages  of  the  same  author,  (Or.  II,  12.  Leg.  I,  2.)  ; 
Ccelius  Antipater  is  the  only  one  who  raised  himself 
to  a  preeminence  above  the  rest.  [Cic.  II.  cc.  on  the 
other  hand  Or.  69.)  Even  the  Commentary,  de  rebus 
tuis  of  the  Dictator  L.  Cornel.  Sylla,  however 
valuable  the  materials  which  they  contained,  can 
hardly  be  said  to  possess  the  characteristics  of  a 
vigorous  style.  The  Annals  of  Q.  Valerius  Ant  tax 


228  FIRST  PERIOD, 

in  74  books  were  prized  for  their  comprehensiveness. 
(  Voss.  de  hist.  Lat.  c.  10.) 

Fragm.  of  these  Poets  see  Collectt.  no.  1 — 11 . — Ennii  fragm. 
coll.  Hier.  Columna.  Neap.  1590.  4to.  rec.  Franc.  Hesselius. 
1707-  4to — Ennii  Medea;  comm.  perp.  ill.  H.  Plank.  Get- 
ting. 1807.  8vo. — Lucilii  Satir.  qua  supersunt  fragm.  cur.  A. 
F.  Dousa.  Lugd.  B.  1597.  4to. 

M.  Accius  PLAUTUS,  of  Sarsina  in  Umbria,  boni 
527  (227),  died  A.  U.  570,  (184.)  130  Comedies 
were  ascribed  to  him,  but  of  these  only  21  are  recog- 
nised by  Varro  as  genuine.  (Cell.  III.  3.  Cf.  Hor. 
Ep.  II.  1.  58.  170.  A.  P.  270.  Quint.  X.  1.  99. 
Cell  XVII.  2.) 

Ed.  pr.  (by  Ge.  Merula.)  Venet.  1472.  fol ed.  Sim.  Car- 

pentarius.  1513.  8vo. — ed.  Nic.  Angelius.  Flor.  ap.  Juntam. 
1512. — ed.  Joach.  Camerarius  (sospit.  PI.)  Basil.  1551.  1658. 
8vo — ed.  Dion.  Lambinus  cum  comm.  Paris.  1577.  1587. 
fol — ed.  Jan.  Gruterus.  1592. — cum  comm.  Frid.  Taubmaiini- 
Francof.  1612.  1621.  4to. — ed.  Jo.  Frid.  Gronovius.  Amstel. 
1684.  8vo.  (cum  prsef.  J.  A.  Ernesti )  Lips.  1760.  8vo. — 
noviss.  recogn.  et  notis  ill.  Vienn.  ap.  Schramb.  1792,  gqq. 
5  vols.  8vo. — rec.  et  c.  comm.  perp.  ed.  B.  F.  Schmieder. 
Getting.  1804.  5  vols.  large  8vo. — Rudens,  rec.  F.  W.  Reitz. 
1789.  8vo.  Trinummus  rec.  God.  Hermann.  Lips.  1800.  8vo. 
Miles  Gloriosus  c.  n.  super,  interpr.  et  suis  ed.  J.  T.  L.  Danz. 
Weim.  1804.  8vo. 

M.  PORCIUS  CATO  CENSORIUS,  of  Tusculum, 
died  A.  U.  604.  A.  C.  149.  de  agricultura  s.  de  rebus 
rusticis  liber  adjilium. 

See  Collectt.  no.  12.  and  10.  11. 


FIRST  PERIOD.  229 

P.  TEREXTIUS  AFER,  of  Carthage,  b.  A.  U.  561, 
A.  C.  192;  came  to  Rome  as  the  slave  ot  the  Senator 
Terentius  Lucanus,  d.  in  Arcadia  A.  U.  594,  A.  C.  159. 
Comm.  of  Donatus  and  Eugraphius  (about  998). 

Ed.  pr.  Mediol.  1470.  fbl— ed.  M.  Ant  Muretas.  Venet 
1555.particularly\558. 8\o.and frequently  reprinted. — em.  Gabr. 
Faernus.  Flor.  1565.  8vo.—  ed.  Fr.  Lindenbrogius.  Paris.  1602. 
4to.  Francof.  1623.  4to.— ed.  Jo.  Phil.  Pareus.  (c.  cajit  Jo. 
Riccii  etc.)  Neapoli  Nemet.  1619.  2  vols.  4to.— ex  rec.  Rich. 
Bentleii.  Cantabr.  1726.  4to.  Amstel.  1727.  4to.  Lips.  1791. 
large  8vo. — ed.  Am.  Henr.  Westerhov.  Hagae  Com.  1727. 
2  vols.  4to.  repet.  cur.  G.  Stailbaum.  Lips.  1830.  8vo. — ex  rec. 
Lindenbrogii  c.  ejusd.  observ.  et  Donati,  Eugraphii  et  Cal- 
purnii  comm.  integr.  Bentleii  et  Faerni  lectt.  et  conject.  ed.  J. 
K.  Zeune.  Lips.  17/4. —  e  cod.  Halensi  ed.  P.  Jac.  Brnns. 
(cum  Ruhnk.  dictatis.  Halae  1811.  2  vols.  8vo.) — ad  Codd. 
MSS.  et  opt.  edd.  recogn.  variet.  lect.  comm.  perp.  et  ind.  verb, 
instruxit  F.  C.  G.  Perlet  Lips.  1821.  8vo.  Ei.  animadv.  in 
Ter.  comm.  ib.  1829.  Dav.  Ruhnkenii  in  P.  Ter.  com.  dictata 
cur.  Lud.  Schopeni.  Bonn.  1825.  8vo. 

Comicorum  Latin,  fragmenta  see  Collectt.  no.  8. 


SECOND  PERIOD. 


GOLDEN  AGE  OF    LITERATURE. 


I.    AGE  OF  CICERO. 

§.  8.  THE  party  contests  which  distracted  the 
Republic  in  its  last  times,  had  the  same  effect  in 
maturing  the  growth  of  eloquence  at  Rome,  which  the 
external  convulsions  of  the  state  produced  at  Athens. 
Next  to  Crassus  and  Antonius  (§.  5.)  Q.  Horten- 
sius  was  the  most  accomplished  orator,  (Cic.  Brut. 
92.  L.  C.  Luzac  spec,  histor.  jurid.  de  Q.  Hortensio 
oral.  Lugd.  B.  1810.  8vo.).  But  M.  TulL  Cicero 
soon  surpassed  him  as  well  as  all  other  orators  before 
and  after  him,  (Quint.  X,  1,  105,  sqq.),  for  the  very 
reason  that  he  did  not  confine  his  attention  exclusively 
to  eloquence,  but  applied  himself  to  the  whole 
range  of  the  arts  and  sciences  of  the  Greeks,  and 
particularly  to  the  Academic  Philosophy,  (Cic.  Brut- 
91,  sqq.  oral.  3.  Quint.  XII,  2,  23.).  No  other 
orator  except  Demosthenes  can  compete  with  him  in 
the  art  of  hitting  on  every  subject  the  appropriate 
expression,  and  becoming  hue  of  speech;  he  is  as 
much  a  master  in  the  impassioned,  the  pathetic,  and 


SECOND  PERIOD.  231 

the  sublime,  as  he  is  in  the  smooth  and  simple  style. 
But  his  eloquence  is  rather  that  of  the  feeling,  while 
ihat  of  Demosthenes  appeals  more  to  the  understand- 
ing ;  so  that  the  one  appears  more  indebted  to  nature^ 
ihe  other  to  art3;  (Quint.  X,  1, 106.);  hence  Cicero 
is  richer  in  all  the  figures  of  speech,  and  more 
.'uxuriant,  or,  as  some  of  his  contemporaries  thought, 
(Quint.  XII,  10,  12,  sqq.  dial,  de  caussis  c.  el.  c. 
18.)  more  tumid,  than  Demosthenes ;  but  however 
little  deficient  the  Romans  may  have  been  in  a  nice 
perception  of  harmony,  (Cic.  Brut.  30, 107.  63,  214.), 
they  required  nevertheless,  with  their  staid  and  solemn 
temperament,  more  powerful  stimulants  than  the 
excitable  Athenians,  (cf.  Quint.  XII,  10,  27—57.) 
Next  to  him  the  obscure  J\I.  Ccrlius  Riifus,  ( Cic.  Brut. 
79.  Quint.  X,  1,  115.  IV,  2,  123.  Manut.  ad  Cic. 
epist.  VIII.  p.  348.  ed.  Grtev.),  the  scrupulous  pains- 
taking C.  Licinius  Calvus,  (Cic.  Brut.  81,  sq.  ad 
Famil.  XV,  21.  Quint.  X,  1,  115.  c.  n.  Gesn.  dial, 
de  causs.  c.  el.  c.  18.  21.),  were  in  good  repute,  and 
above  all  C.  Julius  Ccesar,  (Cic.  Brut.  72.  Quint.  X, 
1,  114.  2,  25.  dial,  de  causs.  corr.  el.  c.  21.),  who 

a  [For  a  graphic  illustration  of  their  respective  excellence, 
see  Longinus,  xii.  4,  5.  and  for  a  further  exhibition  of  the 
parallel,  see  Hiddleton's  Life  of  Cicero,  ii.  487.  What  St. 
Jerome  calls,  "  pulcherrimum  illud  elogium,"  thus  uninvidiously 
determines  the  question  of  precedence,  "  Demosthenes  tibi  prae- 
ripuit  ne  esses  primus  orator;  tu  illi,  ne  solus.''] 


232  SECOND  PERIOD. 

would  have  been  Cicero's  most  formidable  competitor, 
if  his  military  talents  had  not  pointed  out  a  different 
path  for  his  ambition. 

§.  9.  But  Cicero  gave  the  finish  to  Roman  Lite- 
rature in  other  departments  also.  Upon  his  gradually 
retiring  from  public  affairs  after  his  exile  in  B.  C.  56, 
he  exhibited  in  his  rhetorical  and  philosophical 
writings  perfect  models  of  the  didactic  style,  and  his 
letters  are  the  most  perfect  specimens  which  the 
Literature  of  either  Greece  or  Rome  can  produce. 
In  all  the  oratorical  character  is  conspicuous,  especially 
in  his  3  books  de  oratore,in  which  he  approaches  nearest 
to  Plato  in  fulness  and  splendour  of  expression,  then  in 
his  orator  and  Brutus.  In  his  letters  ad  familiar  es 
also  the  diction  is  elaborated  with  all  the  art  of  a 
Rhetorician ;  while  on  the  other  hand  his  letters  to 
Atticus  are  plain,  artless,  friendly  communications, 
and  his  philosophical  writings,  as  regards  their  intrinsic 
merits,  the  shallowest  of  his  productions,  are  charac- 
terized, amidst  all  their  rhetorical  fire,  with  the  airiness 
and  vivacity  of  a  spirited  conversation. 

§.10.  Next  to  Cicero,  the  Roman  Literature  is 
most  indebted  to  Jul.  Ccesar,  who  not  only  improved 
and  refined  the  language,  (Cic.  Brut.  72,  75,  261.), 
but  also  imparted  to  it  a  peculiar  ease  and  gracefulness 
of  expression.  In  his  book  de  bello  Gall,  et  civil,  he 
is  not  inferior  to  Herodotus  in  charm  of  diction,  while 
in  an  exquisite  elegance  he  far  surpasses  him.  Next 


SECOND  PERIOD.  233 

to  him  in  this  respect  stands  Cornelius  Nepos,  espe- 
cially in  his  life  of  Atticus,  however  little  we  may  be 
disposed  to  value  the  matter  of  his  other  biographies. 
But  as  an  historian  of  the  first  class  appeared  in  the 
last  years  of  Cicero,  or  probably  not  till  after  his 
death,  Sallustius,  who  in  richness  and  vigour  of 
thought  as  well  as  in  terseness  of  expression,  approxi- 
mated very  closely  to  his  model  Thucydides,  and 
though  by  his  affectation  of  antiquated  expressions, 
(Quint.  VIII,  3,  29.  Suet.  Oct.  86.  de  gramm.  15.) 
and  his  parade  of  moral  apophthegms  characteristic  of 
the  old  Roman  virtue,  but  which  he  practically  refuted 
in  his  life,  he  failed  to  produce  the  effect  which  he 
intended,  he  is  nevertheless  entitled  to  a  higher  degree 
of  admiration  on  the  ground  of  his  having  had  no  pre- 
decessors worthy  of  notice ;  for  even  L.  Sisenna,  the 
best  of  the  historians  who  had  hitherto  appeared,  was 
far  from  satisfying  the  legitimate  requirements  of  a 
competent  judge,  (Cic.  Brut.  64.  de  Leg.  I,  2.  Vellei. 
II,  9.).  Of  Lucceius,  the  data  we  possess  are  too  few 
to  admit  of  our  forming  an  opinion,  whether  the  enco- 
miums which  Cicero  awards  to  him  (ad  Fam.  V.  12,) 
as  an  historian,  are  founded  on  his  favourable  judg- 
ment, or  on  his  endeavour  to  conciliate  him  to  his 
purpose,  (cf.  ad  Fam.  XV,  21,  6.).  L.  Lucullus, 
the  conqueror  of  Mithridates,  wrote  his  history  of  the 
Social  war  in  the  Greek  language,  (Cic.  ad  Alt.  I,  19. 
Heeren  de  fontt.  Plut.  p.  156.),  and  neither  his 


234  SECOND  PEKIOD. 

extracts  from  the  historical  works  of  Fannius,  Cffilius 
Antipater,  and  Polyhius,  (Interprr.  ad  Cic.  epp.  ad 
JLtt.  XII,  5.)  were  thought  by  M.  Brutus,  nor  his 
Roman  History,  (Liv.  IV,  23.  X,  9.  Gell  VI,  3.)  by 
L.  JElius  Tuber  o,  (Voss  de  histor.  Lat.  I,  12.  p.  56.) 
who  accompanied  Q.  Cicero  to  Asia  as  Legate,  to  entitle 
him  to  any  distinguished  place  among  the  historians. 

§.  11.  Poetry,  on  the  other  hand,  yielded  little 
fruit ;  the  Epos,  Comedy  and  Tragedy  seemed 
extinct.  The  didactic  poem  of  Lucretius,  which  ex- 
hibits only  in  isolated  passages  indications  of  a  poetic 
spirit  (Cic.  ad  Quint,  fr.  Ill,  11.  Quint.  X,  1,  87. 
Spald.  ad  Quint,  t.  i.  p.  198.),  belongs  rather  to 
Philosophy ;  the  poems  of  Catullus  indeed  charm  by 
their  sensibility  and  a  pleasing  unaffected  imagery; 
with  him  the  orator  Calvus  holds  a  coordinate  rank 
in  his  amatory  poems,  (Hor.  Sat.  I,  10,  19.  m.  Heind. 
JV.  Ovid.  Amor.  Ill,  9,  62.  Trist.  II,  427,  431. 
Prop.  II,  25,  89.  Gell.  XIX,  9.).  But  in  the 
poems  of  Lucretius  and  Catullus,  written  in  an  age 
when  prose  composition  had  reached  its  maturity, 
there  still  adheres  the  rust  of  antiquity,  as  well  as  in 
those  of  M.  and  Q.  Cicero  ;  and  the  following  age 
was  first  destined  to  produce  a  poet,  who  raised  the 
language  of  poetry  to  the  same  degree  of  elevation 
which  that  of  prose  had  already  attained.  Instead  of 
Comedy,  a  new  kind  of  Drama,  the  Mimes,  Mono- 
dramas,  which  represented  in  a  comic  style,  principally 


SECOND  PERIOD.  235 

with  the  help  of  gesticulation,  characters  drawn  from 
common  life,  too  often,  however,  interspersed  with  low 
and  vulgar  jests,  for  the  entertainment  of  the  Roman 
populace,  was  constructed  by  CH.  Maitius,  (Gell, 
XX,  9.  XV,  25.),  the  eques  Dec.  Laberius,  (Wieland 
OH  Hor.  Sat.  I,  10,  6.  p.  295.),  and  his  junior  con- 
temporary, the  freedman  Publics  Syria;  but  not- 
withstanding the  occasional  intertexture  of  moral 
sentiments,  it  did  not  reach  the  standard  of  an  elevated 
class  of  poetry,  (Zitgler  de  mimis  Rom.  Gdtt.  1789. 
8vo.).  M.  Terent'ius  Varro  Atari***  (of  Atax,  a 
place  in  Gallia  Narbonensis)  translated  the  Argo- 
nautica  of  Apollonius  Rhodius,  in  which,  as  far  as  can 
he  judged  from  the  fragments  which  remain,  he  seems 
to  have  attained  a  high  standard  of  purity  in  his  dic- 
tion. (Rmkmt.  fpist.  crit.  p.  199—201.  Q.*intiL  X, 
1,  87.  Cf.  Wernsdorf  poet.  Lot.  mitt.  t.  i.  p.  154, 
sqq.  F.  Wullner  de  P.  Ter.  Varr.  Atac.  vita  et 
scriptis  comm.  Homos  t.  1829.  4to.).  But  notwith- 
standing that  the  period  of  which  we  treat  presents  to 
us  no  poet  of  distinguished  eminence,  the  cultivation 
of  the  art  was  not  altogether  abandoned,  though  it  was 
pursued  merely  with  a  view  to  the  acquisition  of  ease 
and  adroitness  in  the  use  of  language  generally,  and 
as  a  means  of  improving  its  modulation.  Besides 
Cicero  and  Calvus,  Hortensitis  also,  (Gell.  XIX,  9.) 
Q.  Lutatius  Catulus,  and  Jul.  C<&far,  wrote  poems, 
the  former  two  of  the  amatory  kind,  (Gell.  /.  c.). 


236  SECOND  PERIOD. 

§.  12.  At  Rome  meanwhile  the  number  of  Gram- 
marians or  learned  men,  partly  Greeks  who  quitted 
their  country  as  slaves,  and  then  upon  their  emanci- 
pation opened  schools,  was  continually  upon  the 
increase,  so  that  at  times  there  were  upwards  of  20 
schools  of  Grammarians  glitterati,  litteratores b)  in 
the  city  in  great  repute  and  much  frequented.  (Suet, 
de  grarnm.  3.  4.)  They  instructed  the  sons  of  the 
principal  men  at  Rome,  and  diffused  a  general  taste 
for  the  Literature,  Philosophy,  and  learning  of 
Greece.  The  most  celebrated,  according  to  Suetonius, 
are  M.  Antonius  Gn'pho  (see  Schtitz  Proleg.  ad  Cic. 
rhetor.),  whom  Cicero  himself  while  Praetor  attended, 
Orbilius,  Atteius  of  Athens,  the  friend  of  Sallust, 
who  adopted  the  surname  of  Philologus,  Valerius 
Cato,  more  highly  esteemed  as  a  Poet  and  a  teacher  of 
the  art  of  Pjetry,  Corneous  Epicadus,  a  freedman  of 
the  Dictator  Sulla,  who  completed  his  commentarios, 
Staberius  Eros,  preceptor  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  Cur- 
tius  Nicia,  friend  of  Pompey  and  Cicero,  and  among 


b  [The  following  passage  from  Suetonius  merits  attention, 
as  exhibiting  the  extent  of  meaning  attached  by  the  ancients  to 
the  term  Grammatici :  "  Appellatio  Grammaticorum  Grsecii 
consuetudine  invaluit,  sed  initio  Literati  vocabantur.  Corne- 
lius quoque  Nepos  in  libello,  quo  distinguit  literatum  ab  erudite, 
literates  quidem  vulgo  appellari  ait  eos  qui  aliquid  diligenter  et 
acute  scienterque  possint  aut  dicere  aut  scribere."  Suet,  de 
111.  Gr.  c.  4.  Cf.  also  Quintil.  xi.  1.] 


SECOND  PERIOD.  237 

the  Rhetoricians,  Sext.  Clodius  (Suet,  de  ill.  rhet.  5. 
Cic.  ad  Alt.  IV,  15.     Phil.  II,  19.)  and  Q.  Corni- 
Jicius,  Cicero's  colleague  in  the  Augurate,  to  whom 
Quint,  ascribes  the  rhetorica  ad  Herenn.  (Spald.  ad 
Quint.  Ill,  1,  21.     Schiitz.  I.  c.)    It  soon,  moreover, 
became  the   custom    for  every  one  who  made   pre- 
tensions to  a  polite  education,  to  visit  Greece,  par- 
ticularly Athens,  and  there  to  study  Philosophy  and 
Rhetoric,  as  Cicero  himself  did.     Thus  learning  pro- 
perly so  called  progressively  extended  itself  at  Rome, 
and  the  present  age  resembled  in  this  respect  the  Alex- 
andrian, while  at  the  same  time,  as  regards  Eloquence 
and  History,  it  reminds  us  of  the  flourishing  times  of 
Athens.     The  most  learned  Roman  was  .IT.  Terentius 
Varro,  the  friend  of  Cicero,  then  P.  Nigidius  Figulus, 
(Ern.  Cl.  Cic.  Gell.  XIX,  14.      Dio  Cass.  45,  1. 
Suet.  Oct.  94.),  an  Orator,  Grammarian,  Astrologer, 
and  Pythagorean  Philosopher.       Pomponius  dtticus 
also,  the  friend  of  Cicero,  who,  by  abstaining  from 
all  participation  in  the  public  business  of  the  state, 
and  by  the  voluptuous  ease  in  which  he  lived,  shewed 
himself  to  be  an  epicurean,  must,  in   regard    to  his 
liber  annalis   and   other   writings,  be  classed  rather 
among  the  Antiquarians  than  the  Historians.     (  Voss. 
dehitt.l.l.c.  11.) 


238  SECOND  PERIOD. 

II.  AGK  OF  AUGUSTUS. 

§ .  13.  Literature  assumed  a  very  different  position 
from  the  time  that  in  the  year  723,  B.C.  31,  Octa- 
vianus  acquired  possession  of  the  empire  by  his  victory 
at  Actium.  Eloquence,  which,  in  the  decline  of 
liberty,  had  lost  its  proper  aliment,  became  more  and 
more  excluded  from  public  life,  and  confined  to  the 
schools  of  Rhetoricians,  and  in  its  place  succeeded 
Poetiy,  which,  during  the  busy  life  of  the  Republic, 
had  served  only  for  the  filling  up  a  vacant  hour  re- 
deemed from  the  service  of  the  state,  especially  as  it 
was  the  principal  means  of  procuring  favour  with  the 
first  men  of  the  day,  with  Octavian  himself,  Asinius 
Pollio,  and  particularly  with  Maecenas.  Virgil  now 
gave  to  epic  and  didactic  Poetry  their  highest  finish 
even  in  regard  to  metrical  structure  and  diction, 
although  his  prodigious  talent  for  decoration  does  not 
suffice  to  disguise  his  poverty  of  invention.  In  the 
genuine  Roman  species,  in  satire  and  in  his  Epistles, 
Horace  delivered  in  the  Socratic  style  Philosophy 
and  practical  wisdom  of  a  most  cheerful  cast,  and 
was  the  first  who  introduced  into  the  Literature  of 
Rome  the  Iambics  of  Archilochus  and  Lyric  Poetry, 
the  former  in  his  Epodes  the  latter  in  his  Odes, 
in  which,  although  he  is  inferior  to  Pindar  with 
respect  to  boldness  and  vigour,  he  is  nevertheless 


SECOND  PERIOD^  2391 

a  model  in  regard  to  taste  and  artificial  arrange- 
ment e. 

§.14.  The  Literature  of  Rome  was  peculiarly  rich 
in  Elegy,  as  well  of  the  amatory  as  of  the  plaintive  kind  -r 
Tibullus  stands  preeminent  for  truth  of  conception,  for 
a  natural  grace,  and  for  the  harmony  of  his  language 
and  versification.  The  Elegies  of  Pedo  Albinovanus 
and  Cornelius  Gallus,  as  well  as  the  otherwise 
beautiful  Elegies  ad  .If.  Valerium  .Wessalam  (in 
Wernsdorf.  II.  p.  147.)  and  the  Consolatio  ad 
Liviam  de  morte  Drusi,  were  of  inferior  merit. 

§.  15.  Next  to  these  heroes  appeared  also  as  poets : 
L.  Farias,  the  friend  of  Virgil  and  Horace,  whose 
Tragedy  Thyestes,  Quintilian  (X,  1,  97.  Cf.  dial,  de 
causs.  c.  el.  c.  12.  extr.}  considers  equal  to  any  of 
the  Greek  Tragedies,  and  whom  Horace  (Od.  I,  6, 
Serm.  I,  10,  43,  sq.)  names  as  the  first  Epic,  although 
he  is  not  mentioned  as  the  author  of  any  other  Epic 
poem  besides  a  Panegyricus  in  .4ugustum  and  a  poem 
de  morte,  probably  Julii  Caesaris,  (Heyne  ad  Donat. 
lit.  Virgil.  8,  30.  14,  53.  Mitscherl.  arg.  Hor.  Od. 
1,  6.  Voss.  on  Virgil.  Ed.  p.  396.  475.  Heind.  on 
Hor.  Sat.  p.  119.);  T.  Valgius  Rufus,  friend  of 
Horace  and  Tibullus,  whom  the  latter  (IV,  1,  180.) 


[c  Lipsius  in  a  letter  to  Crnquius,  Epistolicarum  Quaest. 
lib.  ii.,  thus  records  his  opinion :  "  Horatio,  mi  Cruqni,  in  Lyri- 
cis  merito  illud  Homericum  dabimos  .  .  .  ilj  xo!t*u;  i«T*.'\ 


240  SECOND  PERIOD. 

extols  as  the  Epic  who  approaches  nearest  to  Homer, 
but  also  an  Elegiac  poet,  (Brcukh.  ad  Tib.  I.  c. 
Spalding.  ad  Quint.  Ill,  1,  18.);  C.  Helvius  Cinna, 
celebrated  for  his  obscurely  learned  poem  in  Hexame- 
ters Smyrna,  on  the  birth  of  Adonis,  whom  Sm.  bore 
to  her  own  father  Cinyras,  a  poem,  by  the  interpret- 
ation of  which  the  Grammarian  Crassitius  rendered 
himself  distinguished,  (Suet,  de  § ramm.  18.  See  Voss. 
on  Virg.  Ed.  IX,  35.  p.  473.  Spald.  ad  Quint.  X, 
4,  4.);  Cassius  of  Parma,  one  of  the  conspirators 
against  Jul.  Caesar,  whom  Octavian  caused  to  be  put 
to  death  at  Athens  after  the  battle  of  Actium,  author 
of  a  short  probably  amatory  poem,  in  the  style  of 
Tibullus,  (Hor.  Epist.  I,  4.  and  Wi-land,  p.  88.  Cf. 
Wernsd.  p.  Lat.  min.  II.  p.  261.).  Furius  Bibaculus, 
whom  Horace  sarcastically  mentions  as  an  Epic  poet, 
Serm.  I,  10,  36.  II,  5,  41.  is  nevertheless  ranked  by 
Quintilian,  X,  1,  96.  as  an  Iambic  poet  with  Catullus 
and  Horace,  (Heind.  p.  215.  Spald.  ad  Quint.  VIII, 
6,  17.  X.  /.  c.).  Maecenas  also  wrote  poetry;  but  he 
seems  not  himself  to  have  set  much  value  upon  his 
productions,  which  are  first  quoted  with  disapprobation 
on  account  of  their  nice  and  affected  expression  by 
later  writers,  (Spald.  ad  Quint.  IX,  4,  28.  X,  2,  17. 
Cf.  Wolfs  Anal.  I.  p.  268.)  since  he  is  no  where 
mentioned  in  this  character,  either  by  Virgil  or 
Horace.  He  exercised  a  more  salutary  influence  as  a 
patron  and  protector  of  poets,  perhaps  also  as  a  Critic, 


SECOND  PERIOD.  241 

(Hor.  Sat.  I,  10,  81.),  since  a  critical  taste  often 
exists  without  the  faculty  of  producing  original  com- 
positions. As  critics  such  as  he  wished  to  please 
Horace  /.  c.  mentions  besides  Maecenas,  Virgil,  and 
Varius,  Plotius  Tucca,  to  whom  also  Virgil  con- 
signed his  unfinished  ^Eneis  for  completion  (Heind. 
on  Hor.  p.  119.),  Aristius  Fuscus  (Heind.  p.  198.) 
and  the  brothers  Visci  (Heind.  p.  189.);  also  Quinc- 
tilius  Varus  (Hor.  A.  P.  438.  Heyne  Exc.  II.  ad 
Virg.  Biwol.  p.  167.)  To  the  same  class  belongs  also 
Domitius  Marsus,  who  was  at  the  same  time  an 
ingenious  epigrammatist.  (Broukh.  ad  Tib.  IV,  15. 
Spald.  ad  Quint.  Ill,  1,  18.  VI,  3,  102.).  In 
dramatic  Literature  Sp.  Mcecius  Tarpa  was  reputed 
the  most  competent  judge  since  the  tune  of  Cicero 
(Heind.  p.  216.).  But  the  new  school  of  poets 
formed  by  the  poets  above  named  was  zealously 
opposed  by  the  Grammarians,  who  usually  explained 
the  old  poets — the  modern  were  first  explained  by 
Q.  Ctecilius  Epirota,  a  freedman  of  Atticus,  (Suet,  de 
gramm.  16.) — and  consequently  conceived  an  affection 
for  them.  Among  them  Horace  particularly  mentions 
Hermogenes  Tigellius  of  Sardinia.  (Heind.  p.  32.  100. 
Manso  uber  Horaz.  Beurth.  der  alt.  Dichter  in 
Verm.  Abh.  and  JLufs  p.  87.) 

§.  16.  What  Maecenas  effected  for  the  art  of  Poetry, 
the  same  did  Asinius  Pollio  for  Rhetoric.     After  the 
latter  as  the  plenipotentiary  of  Antonius  had   con- 
K 


242  SECOND  PERIOD. 

eluded  the  peace  between  him  and  Octavianus  with 
Maecenas  at  Brundusium  in  the  year  712,  he  withdrew 
himself  for  the  most  part  into  the  retirement  of 
literary  leisure.  As  an  orator,  he  was,  it  is  true,  as 
much  censured  for  his  antiquated  simplicity  and 
lameness  as  he  was  extolled  for  the  judicious  arrange- 
ment of  his  speeches,  (Quint.  X,  1,  113.  2,  17,  25. 
dial,  de  causs.  c.  el.  21.  Senec.  epist.  100.);  as  an 
historian  he  was  not  in  the  estimation  of  Quintilian 
worthy  of  a  place  among  the  classical  authors,  how- 
ever truly  he  may  have  represented  his  facts,  and 
deduced  them  from  their  causes  ;  of  his  Tragedies  not 
one  was  published,  and  they  were  probably  designed 
merely  for  private  circulation  among  his  intimate 
friends.  He  was  however  a  main  support  of  the  Arts 
and  of  Literature,  and  was  in  this  respect  celebrated  no 
less  than  Maecenas  by  Virgil  and  Horace ;  from  the. 
spoils  obtained  in  the  war  against  the  Parthians,  715, 
he  founded  the  first  public  library  at  Rome ;  his 
judgment  as  a  connoisseur  in  art  was  as  that  of  one 
of  the  first  men  in  the  state,  decisive  for  the  reputation 
of  poets  and  men  of  letters.  As  a  critic,  however,  he 
was  rather  a  captious  censor,  than  a  dispassionate 
judge,  probably  for  the  same  reason,  and  not  from  the 
direct  influence  of  republican  principle,  that  he  so 
often  went  counter  to  Octavianus,  and  that  he  attached 
himself  to  Cicero  during  his  life,  (see  Cic.  Epp.  ad 
Famil.  X,  31.  32.  33.),  and  after  his  death  reviled 


SECOND  PERIOD.  '243 

him,  (Sencc.  SIMS.  7.) — viz.  from  vanity,  which  seeks 
by  depreciating  others  to  raise  itself  the  higher. 
(Manut.  ad  Cic.  Epp.  ad  Fam.  X,  31.  Voss.  de  hist. 
1.  p.  80.  Voss.  on  Virg.  Ed.  4.  Thorbecke  cornm.  de 
C.  As.  P.  rita  et  stud,  doctr.  Lugd.  B.  1820.  8vo. 
Cf.  Helnd.  on  Hor.  Sat.  p.  91.  217.) 

§.17.  Besides  Pollio,  there  was  a  distinguished 
character,  as  a  general,  orator,  and  patron  of  the  fine 
arts,  .V.  Valerius  Messala  Corvinus,  one  of  the 
noblest  of  the  Romans,  who  being  proscribed  by  Antony, 
fled  when  a  youth  of  17  in  711  to  Brutus  and  Cassius, 
after  the  battle  of  Philippi  went  over  to  Antony,  but 
after  the  peace  at  Brundusium,  "  disgusted  at  the 
dependence  of  his  debauched  commander  on  Cleopa- 
tra," espoused  the  cause  of  Caesar  Octavianus, — the 
patron  of  Tibullus.  As  an  orator  he  was  remarkable 
for  a  highly  polished  diction  and  an  agreeable  charm, 
but  was  deficient  in  energy,  (Quint.  X,  1,  113.  dial, 
de  c.  c.  el.  18.),  wrote  also  in  his  old  age  a  work  de 
familiis  Romattis.  (Voss.  de  hist.  Lat.  p.  88.  Voss.  on 
Virg.  Eel  VI,  74.  p.  329.  M.  Val.  Mess.  Com.  in 
eeniae  tafereelen  uit  de  Rom.  geschiedenis  geschetst 
door  v.  Hall.  Amsterd.  1818.).  Another  orator 
Cassius  Severus  was  detested  and  feared  on  account 
of  his  acrimonious  wit  and  calumnious  temper,  (Quint. 
X,  1,  116,  sq.  dial,  de  c.  corr.  el.  26.  Schulze  ib.  c. 
19.  Interpr.  ad  Hor.  Epod.  6.  Wyttenbach  ad  Plut. 
p.  479.),  but  was  the  first  to  give  to  oratory  a  false 


244  SECOND  PERIOD. 

direction  by  a  sentimental  and  florid  exuberance  of 
style,  (dial,  de  caussis  c.  el.  19.).  The  passion  for 
eloquence  which  had  been  excited  and  fostered  by  the 
peculiar  circumstances  of  the  state  at  a  former  period, 
and  which  sought  its  gratification  in  the  schools 
rather  than  in  public  life,  would  necessarily  augment 
the  number  of  Rhetoricians,  who  at  the  same  time 
proposed  as  exercises  in  declamation  (declamationes) 
or  displayed  as  models,  speeches  on  subjects  which 
were  either  fictitious,  or  the  same  which  others  had 
handled  before  themc.  (Wolf,  prtef.  or.  Marc.  p.  23. 
Spald.  ad  Quint.  IX,  2,  91.  X,  1,  18.).  Sound 
learning  also  would  necessarily  derive  encouragement 
from  the  example  of  such  men  as  Asinius  Pollio  and 
Messala,  as  well  as  from  the  Palatine  Library  founded 
by  Augustus,  (726,  B.  C.  28.)  The  custom  which 
had  been  established  by  Asinius  Pollio  of  reading  his 
compositions,  poems,  even  dramatic,  speeches,  speci- 
mens of  historical  works,  not  only  before  a  circle  of 
friends,  but  also  before  large  and  mixed  assemblies, 
would  necessarily  furnish  an  additional  incentive  to 
display  by  a  parade  of  erudition,  novel  terms  and  ex- 
pressions, and  by  rhetorical  ornament.  (Lips,  epist. 
sel.  Cent.  U.  ad  Belgas  48.  Cf.  Wolf.  1.  c.  p.  XIX, 
sqq.  Spald.  ad  Quint.  X,  1,  17.  p.  16.). 

8  Many  of  the  spurious  orations  of  Cicero,  (see  below,) 
Sallust.  declam.  are  probably  declamatory  exercises  of  this 
description.  See  Wolf  Prof.  or.  Marc.  p.  xxii,  sqq. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  245 

§.18.  The  poems  of  Proper  tins  and  Ovid  already 
exhibit  palpable  indications  of  this  revolution  in 
taste,  which  a  nearer  acquaintance  with  the  Alex- 
andrians had  also  contributed  to  produce.  The  former 
is  thoroughly  Alexandrian,  and  is  more  studious  of 
effect  by  the  ostentation  of  learning  than  of  captivating 
the  feelings  in  a  more  natural  manner  by  correctness 
of  expression ;  though  it  cannot  be  denied  that  he 
possesses  consummate  art,  and  a  preeminent  talent  for 
the  sublime  and  majestic,  a  qualification  which  in- 
duced him  to  handle  heroic  subjects  in  the  Elegy. 
Ovid  with  the  greatest  facility  of  versification  possessed 
a  brilliant,  sportive  wit,  which  with  him  "  o'ersteps  the 
modesty  of  nature,"  rather  than  true  poetic  genius,  and 
was  the  first  by  his  rhetorical  arts  to  give  to  taste  a 
false  direction.  (Wolf.  1.  c.  p.  xxxii.  Cf.  Senec. 
Contr.  II,  19.  extr.  IV,  28.  extr.  Quint.  X,  1,  88. 
93.  98.).  After  the  manner  of  the  Alexandrians, 
some  also  wrote  didactic  poems  upon  subjects  which 
rarely  admit  of  being  properly  handled  in  verse,  as 
jEmilius  Macer  of  Verona,  upon  the  properties  of 
plants  in  the  style  of  Nicander,  (Broukh.  ad  Tib. 
II,  6.  Voss.  Vorr.  zu  Tibull.  tibers.  p.  x,  sq.  Spald. 
ad  Quint.  VI,  3,  96.  Cf.  Quint.  X,  1,  56.  87.), 
another  Halieutica,  a  poem  upon  fishes,  which  was 
formerly  ascribed  to  Ovid.  (Wernsd.  poet.  Lat.  m.  I. 
p.  141.) 

§.  19.  This  rhetorical  taste  began  gradually  to  pre- 


246  SECOND  PERIOD. 

vail  in  historical  composition  also,  not  indeed  as  yet 
to  such  a  degree  as  to  disfigure  matters  of  fact,  hut  in 
respect  to  the  artificial  garniture  with  which  it  in- 
vested them.  The  precedent  was  established  by  Tro- 
gus  Pompeius,  who,  in  imitation  of  Theopompus  by 
means  of  introductions,  episodical  narratives,  and 
digressions,  constructed  out  of  the  history  of  the 
Macedonian  empire  a  general  history  of  all  the 
nations  at  that  time  known,  (Voss.  de  hisf.  Gr.  I, 
19.  p.  98.  Wolf.  prof,  ad  Marc.  p.  xxxii.) 
Livy,  on  the  other  hand,  in  regard  to  pictorial  effect, 
is  a  perfect  historian,  and,  though  he  has  not  the 
ease  of  Caesar  or  yet  of  Cicero,  but  by  a  compression 
of  style  affects  an  air  of  solemn  dignity,  he  never- 
theless surpasses  even  the  historians  of  Greece  in  the 
loveliness  and  richness  of  his  colouring,  and  the 
life  and  spirit  of  his  delineations.  (Bill.  crit.  Ill,  4. 
p.  27,  sqq.  Niebuhr  Rom.  Gesch.  II.  p.  10. 
Quint.  II,  5,  19.  I,  5,  56.  VIII,  1,  3.  X,  1. 
101.). 

VALKRIUS  CATO,  a  Grammarian  (Sueton.  de 
gramm.  11.)  and  Poet,  lost  his  property  in  con- 
sequence of  the  Agrarian  distribution  under  Sulla. 
Among  his  poems,  Lydia  and  Diana  were  held  in 
particular  estimation.  A  poem,  Ding,  (imprecations 
upon  the  lands  of  which  he  had  been  despoiled,)  is 
ascribed  to  him.  See  Collectt.  no.  4.  5. —  Vol.  Cat. 


SECOND   PERIOD.  247 

poem.  rec.  et  ill.  C.  Putschius.      Jenee  1828.  8vo. 
Eibl.  d.  alt,  Litt.  u.  K.  9s  St.  p.  56. 

T.  LCCRETICS  CARUS,  of  Rome,  equcs,  b.  95, 
B.  C.  destroyed  himself  52,  devoted  to  the  Epicurean 
Philosophy  :  de  rerum  natura  libri  VI. 

Ed.  pr.  Veron.  1486.  fol. — cum  comm.  D.  Lambini.  Paris. 
1363.  4to.  1570.  4to.  Francof.  1583.  8vo.— rec.  Ob.  Gifanius. 
Antv.  1566.  Svo.  Lugd.  B.  1595. Svo — ed.  Tan.  Faber.  Salmar. 
1660.  4to. — ed.  Th.  Creech.  Oxon.  1695.  Svo.  Load.  1717.  Svo. 
Lips.  1766.  Basil.  1770.  8vo.— c.  not  int.  D.  Lamb.  etc.  ed. 
Sig.  Havercamp.  Lugd.  B.  1745.  4to. — ad  MSS.  fidem  rec. 
comm.  perp.  ill.  Gilb.  Wakefield.  Lond.  1796.  3  vols.  4to.  and 
Svo. — c.  Rich.  Bentleii  animadv.  Gilb.  VTakefieldii  commentt. 
integris  caeterorumq.  interprr.  obss.  sel.  ed.  H.  K.  Abr. 
Eichstaedt,  Lips.  1801.  vol.  i.  Svo. — ad  opt.  11.  fid.  c.  perp. 
annot.  crit.  gramm.  et  exeget.  ed.  Alb.  Forbiger.  Lips.  1828. 
12mo.  iibers.  v.  Knebel.  Leipz.  1821.  2  vols.  Svo. 


M.  T.  CICERO,  b.  at  Arpinum  A.  U.  648=106. 
B.  C.  Cos.  691=63,  banished  57,  and  continued  in 
exile  16  months,  put  to  death  711=43.  See  The  His- 
tory of  the  Life  of  M.  T.  C.  by  Conyers  Middle  ton. 
Lond.  1741.  3  vols.  8vo.  translated  by  Seidel,  Dantzick 
1791 — 93.  4  vols.  Svo.  Wieland  in  the  preface  to  his 
translation  of  Cic.  Letters-  For  an  account  of  his 
writings  see  de  didn.  II,  1.  2.  His  philos.  and  rhet. 
writings  are  of  a  date  subsequent  to  his  Consulship, 
bis  first  oration  pro  Quintio  78  B.  C. 


248  SECOND  PERIOD. 

Editions  of  his  Works.  Ed.  pr.  ap.  Sweinh.  et  Pannarz. 
1466,  sqq.  fol.  Mediol.  1498.  4  vols.  fol.— ed.  P.  Victorias. 
Venet.  1534.  4  vols.  fol.— ed.  Jo.  Camerarius.  Basil.  1540. 
4  vols.  fol.— ed.  P.  Manutius.  Venet.  1540.  10  vols.  8vo. 
1578—83.  fol — ed.  Dion.  Lambinus.  1566.  4  vols.  fol — ex 
sola  fere  Codd.  MSS.  fide  studio  Jo.  Gulielmi  et  Jan.  Gruteri. 
Hamb.  1618.  4  vols.  fol. — recogn.  ab  J.  Gronovio.  Lugd.  B. 
1692.  4  vols.  4to.  cur.  Jo.  A.  Ernesti.  Lips.  1737.  Hate  1758. 

6  vols.  £vo.  with  Clav.  Cic — ex  rec.  A.  J.  Ernesti.  Hate  1774. 

7  vols.  8vo — Oxon.  1783.  10  vols.  4to.  with  Var.  o/24  MSS — 
ed.  Chr.  Gf.  Schiitz.  Lips.  1814.  16  vols.  8vo.  with  Lex.  Cicer. 
23 — rec.  et  ed.  J.  Casp.  Orellius.    Turic.  1826,  sqq.  4  vols. 
6.  p.  large  8vo. 

Edd.  of  separate  treatises.  1)  opp.  rhetorica  rec.  et  ill.  Chr. 
Gf.  Schiitz.  Lips.  1804—8.  3  vols.  a)  Rhetor,  ad  Her.  ed. 
Garatoni.  Neap.  1777.  Rhet.  ad  Her.  IV.  et  de  Invent.  II. 
cum  notis  intt.  Lambini  etc.  ed.  P.  Burmannus  2  vols.  Lugd.  B. 
1761.  8vo — repet.  cur.  suasque  not.  adj.Fr.  Lindemann.  Lips. 
1828.  Svo.  b)  de  oratore  3  vols.  ed.  Jac.  Lud.  Strebaens. 
Paris.  1540.  fol.  1557.  4to. — em.  et  illustr.  Zach.  Pearce. 

Cantabr.  1732.  Svo ed.  Harles.  Lips.  1815.  Svo. — rec.  ill.  0. 

M.  Miiller.  Lips,  et  Zullich.  1819.  Svo.  c)  Brutus  s.  de  cl. 
orat.  cum  comm.  Seb.  Corradi.  Flor.  1552.  fol — ill.  J.  Ch.  F. 
Wetzel.  Hal.  1793.  Svo.  c.  n.  Jo.  A.  Ern.  alior.  .interpr.  sel. 
ed.  suasque  adj.  Frid.  Ellendt.  Regim.  1825.  Svo.  d)  Orator 
jllustr.  Bened.  Schirach.  Hate  1766.  Svo. — ex  tribus  Codd. 
denuo  rec.  H.  Meyerus.  Ace.  ep.  crit.  C.  H.  Frotscheri. 
Lips.  1827.  Svo. — orat.  Brut.  Top — c.  annot.  C.  Beieri  et 
edit — denuo  rec.  Jo.  Casp.  Orellius.  Turic.  1830.  Svo. 
e)  Topica.  f)  de  partit.  oratoria.  g)  de  optimo  gen.  die.— 
2)  Orationes  69.  rec.  c.  comm.  Asc.  Pediani  et  notis  int. 
Lambini  etc.  ed.  J.  G.  Greevius.  Amstel.  1699.  6  vols.  Svo. — 
e  rec.  Grsevii  c.  var.  not.  ed.  Garatoni.  Neap.  1777 — 88.  9  vols. 
Svo. — M.  T.  C.  opp.  ad  opt.  11.  rec.  anim.  crit.  instr.  indd.  et 
lex.  Cic.  add.  Chrn.  Dan.  Beckius.  Lips.  1795— 1807. 4  vols.  Svo. 
(contains  only  the  first  30  Orations. — or.  Verrinse  ex  rec.  et  c. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  249 

anim.  Thph.  Chrp.  Harles.  Ace.  Asconii  comra.  Erlang.  1783, 
sq.  2  vols.  8vo.— Verr.  11.  VII.  Ad  fid.  Codd.  MSS.  rec.  et 
expl.  C.  T.  Zumptins.  Berol.  1831.  8vo — M.  T.  C.  quae  vulgo 
feruntur  orr.  IV.  post  red.  in  sen.  ad  Quir.  p.  r.  pro  domo  de 
bar.  resp.  recogn.  F.  A.  Wolf.  Berl.  1801.  8ro — or.  pro  Marc, 
rec.  F.  A.  W.  1802.  8vo. — or.  pro  Cn.  Plancio  c.  adnot.  Gasp. 
Garatoni.  Bonon.  1813.  Svo.  c.  int.  comm.  Garaton.  sel. 
adnot.  quibus  snas  add.  Jo.  Casp.  Orellius.  Lips.  1825. — ad 
opt.  codd.  fid.  em.  et  interpret,  turn  al.  turn  sois  explan.  Ed. 
Wunderas.  Lips.  1830.  4to. — or.  pro  T.  Ann.  Milone  cum 
adn.  et  vers.  ital.  ed.  Gasp.  Garatoni.  Bonon.  1817.  8vo. — M. 
T.  C.  trium  orationum,  pro  Scauro,  pro  Tullio,  pro  Flacco 
partes  ineditae  c.  ant.  schol.  item  inedito ;  invenit,  rec.  not.  ill. 
Angelas  Maius.  Medjol.  1814.  Francof.  ad  M.  1815.  8vo. — 
or.  pro.  Sc.  pro  Tull.  et  in  Clod.  fr.  ined.,  pro  Clu.  pro  Gael. 
pro  Caec.  var.  lect.,  or.  pro  Mil.  a  lacunis  restit.  ex  membr. 
palimps.  Bibl.  R.  Taur.  ed.  Amed.  Peyron.  Stuttg.  et  Tub. 
1824.  4to. — ed.  Car.  Beier.  Lips.  1825.  Svo. — c.  emend,  suis 
et  comm.  iterum  edd.  Andr.  Guil.  Cramer  et  Car.  Fr.  Heinrich. 
Kilise  1816.  4to.— ed.  Orelli.  1S26.  8vo.— M.  T.  C.  orationum 
pro  M.  Fonteio  et  pro  C.  Rabirio  fr.  T.  Livii  1.  91.  fr.  plenius 
et  emendatius.  L.  Seneeae  fr.  ex  memhr.  bibl.  Vatic,  ed. 
a  B.  G.  Niebuhrio.  Romae  1820.  Svo. — M.  T.  C.  oratt. 
VII.  in  usum  schol.  ed.  A.  Matthias.  Lips.  1818.  8vo. — or. 
VI  pro  Sulla,  pro  Sext.  pro  Mil.  pro  Lig.  pro  Deiot.  pro  Arch, 
etc.  ed.  A.  Matthiae.  Lips.  1830.  8vo — orr.  Philipp.  Textum 
castig.  et  c.  n.  varr.  et  comm.  Garatonii,  suis  anim.  ed.  G.  G. 
Wernsdorf.  Lips.  1821.  8vo.  3)  Epist.  ad  div.  s.  ad  famil. 
XVI.  (ed.  by  Fr.  Petrarca  at  VercelU)  ex  rec.  J.  G.  Graevii. 
Amst.  1677.  2  vols.  8vo.  (P.  Manut.)— rec.  et  ill.  Chph.  Cel- 
larius  auct.  et  em.  studio  Glieb.  Cortii.  Lips.  1749.  8vo.  e  rec. 

Graevii  c.  var.  not.  ed.  Garatoni.     Neap.  1777.  4  vols.  Svo 

Ep.  ad  T.  Pompon.  Att.  XVI.  subsequent  to  Cic.  Consvlat.  (ed. 
by  F.  Petr.)  ex  rec.  J.  G.  Graevii.  Amst.  1684.  8vo.— Ep.  ad 
Qu.  fr.  III.  et  ad  M.  Brutum  I.  cum  notis  Victorii  etc.  Hagae 
Com.  1725.  Svo.  Hit  collected  Frag,  transl.  and  ilhtstr.  by  Wie- 


250  SECOND  PERIOD. 

land.  Zurich.  1808,  sqq.  7  vols.  8vo.  Cic.  epp.  ed.  Chr.  Theod. 
Schlitz.  Halee  1809,  sqq — epp.  ad  fam.  ad  Att.  etc.  tempp.  ord. 
dispos.  ad  optt.  edd.  et  MSS.  codd.  praes.  Ambrosianos  coll.  sel. 
interpr.  notis  novisque  auctse  cur.  Fr.  Bentivoglio.  Mediol. 
vol.  I.  1826.  8vo.  4)  Philos.  Treatises,  a)  Academ.  qusest.  I. 
et  IV.  rec.  Jo.  Davisius.  Cantabr.  1736.  8vo.  Halae  1806.  8vo. 
— ed.  Jo.  Aug.  Gorenz.  Lips.  1810.  8vo. — b)  de  fin.  b.  et  m. 
V.  ed.  Jo.  Davisius  Cantabr.  1728.  8vo.  Halse  1804.  8vo — ex 
rec.  et  cum  not.  J.  H.  Bremii.  Turici  1798.  1  vol.  8vo. — rec. 
Jo.  Aug.  Gorenz.  Lips.  1813.  8vo — c.  sel.  Goer,  annot.  quibus 
suas  subj.  Frid.  Vil.  Otto.  Lips.  1831.  8vo — c)  Tusc.  disput. 
V.  ed.  Jo.  Davis.  Cantabr.  1709.  8vo.  Halae  1805.— ex  rec. 

Fr.  A.  Wolfii.  Lips.  1792.  8vo.  1807 e  Wolf.  rec.  edid.  et 

ill.  R.  Ku'hner.  Jenae  1829.  8vo.  d)  de  nat.  deor.  III.  ed. 
J.  Davis.  Cant.  1718.  1723.  1733.  8vo.  Halse  1820.  8vo.  ed. 
Kindervater.  Lips.  1796.  8vo.  ad  lib.  MSS.  partim  nondura 
adhibit,  fid.  rec.  et  em.  Lud.  Frid.  Heindorfius.  Lips.  1815. 
8vo.  ex  rec.  Era.  c.  not.  Davis.  Ace.  Fr.  Creuzeri  aliquot 
annot.  ac  praef.  et  var.  lect.  e  13  Codd.  ed.  G.  H.  Moser.  Lips. 
1818.  8vo. —  e)  de  divinatione.  II.  ei  Jo.  Davisius.  Cantabr. 

1721.  8vo.  Halze  1807.  8vo ed.  Jo.  Jac.  Hottinger.  Turici 

1793.  8vo. — c.  omn.  erudit.  animadv.  recogn.  Fr.  Creuzeri  et 
C.  Ph.  Kayseri  suasque  animadv.  add.  G.  H.  Moser.  Francof. 
1828.  8vo. — f )  de  fato  a  Fragm.  ex  rec.  J.  H.  Bremii.  Laps. 

1795.  8vo g)  de  Legibus  III.  ed.  J.  Davisius.  Cant  1727. 

8vo.  Halse  1809.  8vo.  ed.  Jo.  Aug.  Goerenz.  Lips.  1809.  8vo. 
— rec.  suasque  anim.  adj.  G.  H.  Moser.  Francof.  1824.  8vo. — 
h)  de  officiis  III.  ex  rec.  et  c.  n.  Jo.  Ge.  Greevii.  Amstel. 
1688.  8vo. — ed.  Zacb.  Pearce.  Cant.  1745.  8vo.  ex  rec.  et  cum 
n.  Heusingeronim.  Brunsv.  1783.  8vo.  rec.  Aug.  Gotth.  Gem- 
hard.  Lips.  1811.  8vo. — ad  probatiss.  exempt,  fid.  em.  et  cum 
comm.  ed.  a  Car.  Beiero.  Lips.  1820.  2  vols.  8vo.— i)  Cato 
major,  k)  Laplius.  rec.  et  schol.  Jac.  Facciolati  suisque  anim. 
instr.  A.  G.  Gernhard.  Lips.  1825.  8vo. — in  us.  schol.  brevi 
annot.  crit.  instr.  C.  Beierus.  Lips.  1828.  12tno.  1)  Paradoxa. 
Cato,  Lael.  Par.  perp.  ann.  et  exoure.  ill.  J.  Ch.  F.  Wetzel. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  25J 

Liegn.  1792. — de  off.  Cat.  m.  Farad,  ex  rec.  Graevii  (ed.  Gara- 
toni.)  Neap.  1777.  2  voLs.  8vo — Cato  m.  et  parad.  rec.  et 
scholiis  Jac.  Facciolati  suisque  anim.  instr.  A.  G.  Gernhard. 
Lips.  1819.  Svo.  Last  treatises  and  fragm.  a)  de  rep.  1.  VI. 
qn«  supersunt  ed.  Aug.  Maio.  Roma  1822.  Stuttg.  1822.  Svo. 
— rec.  et  em.  Fred.  Steinackerus.  Lips.  1823.  Svo. — recogn. 
G.  H.  Moser.  Francof.  1S26.  Svo. — ex  rec.  C.  Fr.  Heinrichii 
Ed.  maj.  c.  comm.  crit.  in  1.  I.  Bonnae  1828.  Svo.  extant  at 
the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  Cent. ;  a  fragment  of  them,  Som- 
nium  Scipionis,  has  been  preserved  attd  interpreted  by  Macrobius. 
b)  Aratea.  c)  de  gloria  II.  which  yet  were  m  the  possession 
of  Petrarch.  (P.  Alcyonius,  about  1522.)  d)  CEcon.  e  Xenoph. 
e)  Dem.  or.  pr.  Cor.  et  ,£sch.  in  Ctes.  f )  de  philos.  s.  Horten- 
sius. — Q.  T.  Cicero  de  petitione  consulatus.  rec.  Chm.  Gottl. 
Schwarz.  Altd.  1719.  Svo. 

M.  TERENT.  VARRO,  b.  at  Rome,  [A.  U.  638,] 
116  B.  C.,  once  trib.  pi.,  a  partizan  of  Pompey,  but 
pardoned  by  Caesar,  lived  from  that  time  in  learned 
leisure;  being  proscribed  with  Cicero,  he  saved  himself, 
and  returned  to  Rome  under  Octavian  (Augustus), 
d.  B.  C.  27.  The  number  of  his  writings,  treating 
upon  almost  every  variety  of  subject,  was  490.  Of  him 
GV.  Ac.  I,  3.  1)  De  lingua  Lat.  ad  M.  T.  Cic.  I. 
XXIV,  of  which  only  4.  5.  6.  7.  8.  9.  remain. 

Ed.  pr.  ex  recogn.  Pompon.  Lseti.  s.  1.  et  a Venet  1474. 

— cum  conjectaneis  Jos.  Scaligeri.  Paris.  1565.  Svo.  1581.  STO. 
Auctores  ling.  1.  ed.  Dion.  Gothofredus.  Genev.  1602.  1622. 
4to. — c.  not  Ant.  Augustini,  Adr.  Turnebi,  Jos.  Scalig.  et 
Aus.  Popmse.  Bip.  1788.  2  vols.  Svo. — rec.  L.  Spengel.  Berol. 
1826.  Svo.  emend,  et  annot.  a  Car.  Od.  Mullero.  Getting. 
1833.  Svo. 


252  SECOND  PERIOD. 

2)  De  re  rust.  III. 

See  scriptt.  rei  rust.  The  complete  works  of  V.  ed.  H.  Steph. 
c.  Jos.  Seal,  et  P.  Victorii  notis  1569,  etc.  Amstel.  1623.  8vo. 
Besides  satyrae  Menippeae  in  Prose,  but  mixed  with  Verse,  after 
tlie  example  of  the  Cynic  Menippus,for  the  most  part  on  moral 
subjects.  Spald.  ad  Quint  I,  4,  4. 

Q. b VALERIUS  CATULLUS,  b.  668  U.  C.  86  B.  C- 
of  the  Peninsula  Sirmio  on  the  lac.  Benacus  (L  di 
Garda)  near  Verona,  of  a  respectable  family,  was  still 
living  about  707,  B.  C.  47.  Lyrica,  elegice,  epigr. 

Generally  with  Tibullus  and  Propert.  Ed.  pr.  1472.  ed.  Vine. 
1481.  fol — c.  nott.  M.  Ant.  Mureti,  Jos.  Scaligeri,  Jan.  Dousee, 
Jo.  Passeratii  all.  ed.  Jo.  Ge.  Greevius.  Traj.  ad  Rhen.  1680. 
8vo — c.  comm.  Is.  Vossii.  Lond.  1684.  4to. — c.  annot.  Jo. 
Ant.  Vulpii  (Cat.  Tib.  Pr.)  Patav.  1710.  4to.  (Cat.  alone) 
1737.  4to. — Cat.  carmina,  varietate  lect.  et  perpetua  adnot. 
illustrata  a  Fr.  Guil.  Doering.  Lips.  1788.— ad  opt.  11.  fid. 
recogn.  var.  lect.  et  indd.  adj.  C.  J.  Sillig.  Gotting.  1823.  8vo. 
— ex  rec.  Car.  Lachmanni.  Berol.  1829.  8vo.  Cat.  epith. 

Pelei  et  Thet.  ill.  C.  G.  Lenz.  Altenb.    1787.   8vo el.  ad 

Manlium.  Lectionem  constituit  Laur.  van  Santen.  Lugd.  B. 
1788.  4to.  The  Pervigilium  Veneris,  by  an  anonymous  author, 
may  be  found  separate  with  the  notes  of  Salmasius,  Scriverius, 
and  others,  in  Baudii  amores.  Lugd.  B.  1638.  12mo.  and  in 
Collectt.  no.  5.  torn.  iii. 

CORN.  NEPOS,  b.  at  Hostilia  in  the  Veronesian 
b  See  JaJirb.  d.  Philol.  u.  Padag.  XIII.  p.  283,  sq. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  253 

territory,  was  poisoned  by  his  freedman  Callisthenes, 
B.  C.  30.  Vita  excel! .  Gr.  imperatt.  20.  (designedly 
short,  see  Epamin.  4.)  Hamilcaris,  Hannib.  Of  his 
work  upon  the  Rom.  Historians,  there  is  extant  only 
his  vita  Catonis  maj.;  of  that  de  viris  illustr.  Vita 
T.  Pompon.  Attici.  A  revision  of  his  work  was  made 
by  ^Emilius  Probus  in  the  time  of  Theodosius  the 
Great. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1471.  fol. — ex  em.  etc.  comm.  Dion.  Lam- 
bini.  Paris.  1568.  4to.— c.  comm.  Jo.  Andr.  Bosii.  Lips.  1657. 
Jen.  1675.  8vo.— c.  nott.  varr.  ed.  Aug.  van  Staveren.  Leid. 
1734.  1773.  8vo.  Stuttg.  1820.  2  vols.  8vo.  (cur.  Guil.  H. 
Bardili.) — ed.  Jo.  Mich.  Heusinger.  Isenac.  1747.  8vo. — ed. 

et  ill.  K.  H.  Tzschucke.  Gott.  1804.  8vo mit.  Anm.  v.  J.  G. 

Bremi.  Zurich.  1812.  1820.  1827.  8vo.— recogn.  sel.  al.  suisque 
notis  max.  part,  gramm.  ill.  G.  Fr.  Giinther.  Halis.  1820.  8vo. 
— He  wrote  besides  Chronic,  libr.  III.,  illustrium  virorum  libr., 
of  which  16  are  cited. 

C.  JUL.  C^SAR,  b.  654  U.  C.  100  B.  C.  +  710 
U.  C.  44  A.  C.,  an  Orator,  Grammarian,  General, 
Statesman,  de  b.  Gall.  libr.  VII.  (the  eighth  is  by 
Hirtius,)  de  b.  civ.  libri  III.  The  Books  de  bello 
Alex.,  de  b.  Afric.  and  de  b.  Hispan.  (badly  written 
and  very  corrupt)  are  by  unknown  authors. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1469.  fol.  ed.  Jungermann.  Francof.  1606. 
1669.  4to. — ex  Museo  Jo.  Ge.  Graevii.  Arastel.  1697.  8vo. 
1713.  8vo. — rec.  et  c.  not.  sel.  varr.  ed.  Jo.  Davisius.  Cant. 

1706.  4to.  Lond.  1727.  4to Prachtausgabe  v.  Sam.  Clarke. 

Lond.  1712.  krit. — c.  not.  Davisii,   Clarkii  et  suis  ed.  Fr. 


542  SECOND  PERIOD. 

Oudendorp.  Lugd.  B.  1737.  4to. — ex  ree.  Oud.  ed.  Morus. 
Lips.  1780.  denuo  curavit  Oberlin.  ib.  1805.  8vo. — de  b.  civ. 
with  notes  by  J.  C.  Held.  Sukb.  1827.  8vo.— de  b.  gall,  with 
notes  by  the  same,  2d  edition.  Sulzb.  1832. — de  b.  gall,  illustrated 
by  Ckr.  G.  Herzog.  Id  edition.  Leipz.  1831.  8vo.  His  orations 
are  lost:  de  analogia  libri  II.  ad  M.  T.  Cic.  Anti-Catones  II. 
against  Cic. 

C.  SALLUSTIUS   CRISPUS,  b.  669  A.  U.  C.   85 

B.  C.  at  Amiternum  in  the  Sabine  territory,  in  the 
year  704  expelled  from  the  Senate  (Heind.  on  Horat. 
Satir.  p.  40.),  reinstated  by  Csesar,  Praelor,  Governor 
of  Numidia,  d.  A.  C.  35.  de  bello  Catilinario  and  de 
hello  Jugurih. 

Ed.  pr.  Veuet.  1470.  fol — ex  recogn.  J.  Gruteri.  Francof. 
1607.  8vo. — rec.  Jos.  Wasse.  Cantabr.  1710.  4to.— ed.  Gottl. 
Corte.  Lips.  1724.  4to. — ed.  Sig.  Havercamp.  Amstel.  1742. 
2  vols.  4to. — recogn.  F.  D.  Gerlach.  Basil.  1823,  sqq.  3  vols. 
8vo. — ex  rec.  et  c.  int.  adnott  Cortii  div.  lect.  Harerc.  ed. 

C.  H.  Frotscher.  Lips.  1825.  1  vol.  8vo.— ad  fid.  codd.  MSS. 
rec.  c.  sel.  Cortii  not.  suisque  comm.  ed.  Frid.  Kritzius.  Lips, 
vol.   i.  1828.  8vo.    Catil.   interpreted  by   Ckrn  Glob  Herzog. 
I^eipz.  1828.  8vo. — de  conjur.  Catil.  liber,  with  notes  by  E.  W. 
Fabri.  Niirnb.  1831.  8vo. "  His  principal  work  historiarum  P. 
R.  libri  VI.  from  the  death  of  Sulla  lo  the  Catil.  conspiracy,  is 
lost,  histor.  1.  III.  fr.  ex  Cod.  Vatic,  ed.  ab  Aug.  Maio.  auct. 
et  em.  cur.  Jo.  Theoph.  Kreyssigio.  Misen.  1830.  8vo. 

M.  VITRUVIUS  POLLIO,  of  Verona :  de  architt'- 
ctura  1.  X.  in  the  reign  of  Augustus.  (Respecting  the 
age  in  which  he  lived,  see  Hirt.  fiber  d.  Pantheon.) 


SECOND  PERIOD.  256 

Ed.  pr.  s.  1.  et  a. — Flor.  1496.  fol. — c.  not  castig.  et  obs. 
G.  Philandri  (Lugd.  B.  1554.  4to.)  D.  Barbari  et  C.  Sa'.masii 
ed.  Jo.  de  Lset.  Amstel.  1649.  fol. — rec.  et  gloss,  ill  A.  Rode. 
Berol.  1800,  sq.  4to. — ex  fide  libr.  scr.  rec.  emend,  suisqne  et 
W.  DD.  annot.  ill.  J.  Gottl.  Schneider.  Lips.  1807.  3  vols. 
8vo. — c.  not.  novi.*s.  Jo.  Poleni  et  comm.  variorum  rec.  Sim. 
Stratico.  Utini  1825,  sqq.  4  vols.  4to. 

P.  VIRGILIUS  MARO,  b.  70  B.  C.  at  Andes  in  the 
Mantuan  territory,  d.  19  B.C.  at  Brundusium; 
1)  Bucolica  or  Eclogce  10,  written  between  41  and  38 
B.  C.  in  the  following  chronological  order,  2.  3.  1.  5. 
9.  4.  6.  8.  7.  10.  The  poet  employs  pastoral  scenes 
to  pourtray  his  own  situation  and  feelings.  Alone 
with  an  Engl.  tran$l.  and  notes  by  J.  Martyn.  Lond. 
1794.  4to.  2)  Georgica.  IV.  its  composition  occupied 
7  years.  Alone  with  an  English  transl.  and  notes 
by  J.  Martyn.  Lond.  1741.  4to.  1746.  8vo.  German 
by  Dusck.  Hamb.  1760.  Virgils  liindliche  Gedichte 
ubers  u.  erkliirt  von  J.  H.  Voss.  Alton.  1797,  sqq.  4to. 
2d  edition  of  the  same,  1830.  8vo.  3)  JEneis.  Servii 
(in  the  time  of  Constantine  the  Great,)  commentarii 
in  Virg.  upon  the  Bucolica  and  Georgica  bv  Jttn.  Phi- 
largyrius  and  M.  Valerius  Probus,  upon  the  ^Eneid 
by  Tib.  Claud.  Donatus. 

Editions  of  the  complete  Works  of  Virgil.  Ed.  pr.  Romae  $. 
1.  et  a.  (146£). — Venet.  1471.  fol.  tcifh  Servius. — cum  comm. 
Jo.  Lud.  de  la  Cerda.  Lugd.  1612—19.  3  vols.  fol.  Col.  Agr. 
1647,  sqq.  and  often.— ed.  Fr.  Taubmann.  Francof.  1618.  4to. 
ed.  Xic.  Heinsius.  Amst.  1676.  12mo.  Lugd.  B.  1684.  12mo. 


256  SECOND  PERIOD. 

in  us.  Delph.  cur.  Car.  Ruseo.  ed.  2.  Paris.  1692.  and  often. — 
ed.  P.  Burmann.  Amst.  1745.  6  vols.  4to.  cum  comm.  vett. 
et  Heinsii  notis  ined — ed.  Heyne.  Lips.  1803.  4  vols.  8vo. 
(3d  ed.  4th  ed.  cur.  Ge.  Phil.  Eber.  Wagner.  1830,  sq.)  ed. 
Heyne  in  usum  tironum.  cur.  "Wunderlich  et  Rnhkopf.  Lips. 
1815,  sq.  2  vols.  8vo.  translated  by  J.  H.  Voss.  Braunschw. 
1799.  1820.  3  vols.  8vo.  P.  Virg.  M.  Appendix  cum  sup- 
plem.  multorum  antehac  nunquam  excusorum  poeinatum.  Jos. 
Scalig.  castig.  et  comm.  ed.  Fr.  Lindenbruchio.  Lugd.  B.  1595. 
8vo.  (Catalecta  Virg.  Culex,  Ciris,  Copa,  Moretum  etc.)  Mor. 
u.  Copa  b.  "Wernsd.  II.  p.  245. 

Q.  HORATIUS  FLACCUS,  b.  at  Venusia  in  Apulia, 
65  B.  C.  d.  8  B.  C.  His  compositions  in  the  order 
of  time  are  :  Sermon.  I.  B.  C.  39 — 37.  Sermon.  II. 
B.C.  34—32.  Epodon.  lib.  B.  C.  31—30.  Od.  I. 
B.C.  29—27.  Od.  II.  B.C.  25—24.  Od.  III. 
B.C.  23—22.  Epist.  I.  B.C.  19.  18.  Od.  IV. 
et  carm.  sac.  B.  C.  16 — 14.  Epist.  II.  unknown. 
Commentaries  upon  him  were  written  by  Acron  and 
Porphyrius. 

Ed.  pr.  s.  1.  et  a.  (Mediol.  1470?)  4to — c.  comm.  Acr.  et 
Porph.  per  Ant.  Zarotum.  1486.  fol.—  per  Ge.  Fabricium.  Ba- 
sil. 1555.  2  vols.  fol — cum  comm.  Dion.  Lambini.  Lugd.  1561. 
4to.  Par.  1567.  4to.  1605.  4to.  Francof.  1612.  4to — ex  11  MSS. 
em.  c.  comm.  antiquis  op.  Jac.  Cruquii.  Antv.  1578.  4to — c. 
comm.  Laev.  Torrentii.  Antv.  1608.  4to — rec.  Rich.  Bentley. 

Cantabr.  1711.  4to.  Amst.  1728. 4to.  Lips.  1764.  2  vols.  8vo 

em.  Alex.  Cuningham.  Hag.  1721.  8vo — Hor.  eclogee  c. 
schol.  perp.  praecipue  ant.  gramm.  ed.  W.  Baxter.  (Lond. 
1725.  8vo.) ;  recudi  cur.  var.  lect.  et  suis  obss.  auxit  J.  M. 
Gesnerus.  Lips.  1752.  nov.  ed.  cur.  J.  K.  Zeune,  ib.  1788. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  2->7 

8vo.  1815.  8vo ill.  Chr.  G.  Mitscherlicb,    Lips.  1800.  2  vols. 

8vo.  only  the  Odes.— ad  MSS.  em.  et  ill.  Car.  Fea.  Rom.  1811. 
•2  vols.  8vo.  reprint,  by  Bothe.  Heidelb.  1826.  2  vols.  8vo. 
Ace.  Jo.  Ge.  Graevii  schol.  ad  Od.  I.  II.— rec.  (18  MSS.)  et 
ill.  Car.  Vaoderbonrg.  Paris.  1812. 3  vols.  8vo.  only  the  Odes. 
— rec.  et  ill.  Fr.  Guil.  Doering.  Lips.  t.  i.  ed.  3.  Lips.  1824. 
t.  ii.  ed.  2,  1828. — rec.  et  ann.  instr.  J.  Ch.  Jahn.  Lips.  1824. 
8vo.  [by  Orellius,  1837.]  Des  Q.  Hor.  Fl.  Satiren  erkldrt  r. 
L.  F.  Heindorf.  Bresl.  1815.  8vo.  iibers.  v.  Voss.  Heidelb. 
1806.  2  vols.  8vo. — Horat.  Satiren  iibers.  mil  erlauternden  Anm. 
von  C.  M.  Wieland.  Leipz.  1786.  1794.  1804.  8vo.— Satir. 
kritisch  bericht.  iibers.  u.  erlaut.  v.  C.  Kirchner.  Ir  Th.  Strain. 
1829.  4to.— Eb.  Briefe  iibers.  mit  hist.  Einleit.  u.  a.  Erlaut.  r. 
C.  M.  Wieland.  ebend.  1787.  1790.  1801.  8\o.—Epist.  erklart 
con  Fr.  E.  Th.  Schmid.  Halberst.  2  Th.  1828.  1830.  8vo. 


C.  CORNEL.  GALLUS,  of  Forum  Julii  (Frejus), 
b.  A.  U.  684,  B.  C.  69,  Prof.  Mgypti  under  Au- 
gustus, (see  on  the  other  hand  Burnt,  ad  Prop.  I,  5. 
/».),  with  whom,  however,  he  fell  into  disgrace  and 
destroyed  himself,  A.  U.  728,  B.  C.  25.  Four  books 
of  Elegies  upon  Lycoris.  Quint.  X,  1,  93.  An 
Elegy  is  attributed  to  him  :  Non  fuit  Arsacidum  etc. 
ed.  Aid.  Manut.  Florent.  1590. — c.  anim.  perp.  J.  J. 
Scaligeri  in  his  Opusc.  var.  Franco/.  1612.  8vo. 
U'ernsd.  P.  Lat.  min.  t.  iii.  also  annexed  to  Catullus, 
Tibullus,  and  Prop.  Six  other  Elegies  belong  to 
Maximianus,  a  versifier  iu  the  time  of  the  Emperor 
Theodoric.  Fabric.  B.  L.  i.  p.  425.  (Virgil's  Ciris 
can  hardly  be  the  composition  of  Gallus,  since  in  his 
poem  Scylla  was  metamorphosed  into  a  sea-monster. 


258  SECOND  PERIOD. 

(Virg.  Eel.  6,  74,  sqq.),  but  in  the  Ciris  into  the  bird 
of  the  same  name,  v.  487,  sqq.  Cf.  54,  sqq.  Voss. 
zu  Virg.  Eel.  6,  74.  p.  329,  sq.) 

ALBIUS  TIBULLUS,  eques  R.,  contemporary  with 
Virgil  and  Horace,  d.  B.  C.  19.  Elegiar.  libr.  IV. 
The  third  book  is  written  under  the  name  of  a  Lyg- 
damus,  the  fourth  under  that  of  a  Sulpicia. 

Ed.  pr.  s.  1.  et  a.  probab.  1472.  4to.  Homae  1475.  4to — 
cum  comm.  S.  Broukhusii.  Amstel.  1708.  1727.  4to.  Cat. 
Tib.  Prop,  cum  comm.  Jo.  Ant.  Vulpii.  Patavii  1710.  4to. 
and  alone  Pat.  1749.  4to.  rec.  et  ill.  Heyne.  Lips.  1798.  8vo. 
and  cur.  "Wunderlich.  Lips.  1817.  8vo.  Alb.  Tibull  and  Lyg- 
tiamus  revised  according  to  MSS.  by  J.  H.Voss.  HeideW.  1811. 
8vo. — ex  rec.  et  c.  anim.  Imm.  G.  Huschkii.  Lips.  1819. 
2  vols.  8vo — textu  ad  codd.  MSS.  et  edd.  recogn.  c.  noti.s 
et  indd.  ed.  Ern.  C.  Chrn.  Bach.  Lips.  1819.  8vo.  iibersetzt 
und  erklart  von  Voss.  Tubing.  1810.  8vo.  Fr.  A.  Gnil. 
Spohn  de  A.  Tib.  vita  et  carmm.  disp.  P.  I.  c.  1 — 6.  Lips. 
1819.  8vo. 

S.  AUR.  PROPERTIUS,  of  Umhria,  junior  to 
Tibullus,  contemporary  with  Ovid,  b.  A.  U.  739, 
B.C.  15. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1482.  4to.— ed.  Jo.  Passeratius.  Paris.  1608.  fol. 
—rec.  J.  Broukhusius.  Amstel.  1702.  4to.  1727.  4to. — cum 
comm.  Vulpii.  Patav.  1755.  2  vols.  4to. — var.  lect.  et  perp. 
annot.  ill.  F.  Glo.  Barth.  Lips.  1777.  8vo — cum  comm.  perp. 
P.  Burmanni  II.  ed.  Laur.  Santen.  Traj.  1780.  4to — ad  fid. 
optt.  codd.  rec.  int.  Groning.  Neapol.  excerpt.  Puscii  var.  lect. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  '2o9 

brevemque  adn.  adj.  Fr.  Jacob.  Lips.  1827.  12mo. — c.  obss. 
crit.  ed.  H.  Paldamus.  Hala?  1827.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Car.  Lach- 
manni.  Berol.  1829.  8vo. 

P.  OVIDICS  NASO,  eques.  of  Suhno  in  Pelignis, 
b.  43  B.C.  in  his  51st  year  banished  to  Tomi, 
(I.  17  A.D. 

Ed.  pr.  Roma?  1471.  2  vols.  fol — rec.  Nic.  Heinsiu*.  Am^t. 

1661.  68.  3  vols.  12mo rec.  P.  Burmann.  Amst.  1727.4  vols. 

4to. —  e  rec.  N.  Heinsii  c.  ejusd.  not.  integr.  cur.  ind.  adj.  J.  F. 
Fischer.  Lips.  1758.  1773.  2  vols.  8vo. — erec.  Burm.  ed.  Mite- 
cherlich.  Gott.  1796.  1819.  2  vols.  8vo. — ad  codd.  MSS.  fidem 
recogn.  var.  lect.  subj.  et  clav.  Ovidianam  add.  Jo.  Chr.  Jahn. 
Lips.  1828. 

Editions  of  separate  Poems.  1)  Elegies,  a.  Epistles.  «.  Heroi- 
des  21.  avec  les  eomm.  de  Caspar  Bachet  de  Meziriac.  Hag. 
1716.  8vo. — ed.  Dav.  Jac.  v.  Lennep.  Arost.  1809.  1812.  8vo. 
—  rec.  comm.  N.  Heins.  P.  Burm.v.  Lenn.  instr.  Vitos  Leers. 
Colon.  1830. 32.  2  vols.  8vo.— /J.  epist.  ex  Ponto  IV.  b.  others. 
Amonim  libri  III.  Tristmm  libri  V — Trist.  1.  V.  e  Ponto 
1.  IV.  e  rec.  Burm.  animadv.  interpr.  exc.suasque  adj.  Th.  Ch. 
Harles.  Erl.  1772.  8vo.  2)  Didactic  Poems,  ars  amatoria.  III. 

1.  remedia  amoris ;  Fastorum  1.  VI c.  ind.  historicophilol. 

ed.  G.  Ch.  Taubner.  Lips.  1749.  2  vols.  8vo. — rec.  Th.  E. 
Gierig.  Lips.  1812.  8vo.— cur.  var.  lect.  cod.  Francof.  adj.  F. 
C.  Matthia?.  Francof.  ad  M.  1813.  8vo.  3)  Heroic.  Metamor- 
phoseon  1.  XV.  ill.  F.  E.  Gierig.  Lips.  1804.  2  vols.  8vo.  ed. 
III.  em.  et  aucta  c.  J.  C.  Jahn.  1821.  2  vols.  8vo.  iibers.  v.  J. 
H.'Voss.  Berl.  1798.  2  vols.  8vo. 

A.  S  A  BIN  us,  3  Epistles  in  reply  to  Ov.  Heroides  ; 
1*1.  Peiiflopce,  Demoph.  Phyllidi,  Paris  (Enontf. 

PDBLIUS  SYRUS,  a  freedman  and   Mime  Poet,  a 


26'0  SECOND  PERIOD. 

favourite  of  Jul.  Caesar.  A  collection  of  moral  sen- 
tences out  of  his  Mimes  has  been  preserved,  rec. 
Des.  Erasmus.  Basil.  1502.  4to. — c.  not.  et  comm. 
Jan.  Gruteri.  Lugd.  B.  1708.  8vo.  1727.  8vo.— rec. 
Rich.  Eentley  appended  to  his  Terence  and  Phaedrus. 
— ed.  Tzschucke.  Lips.  1790.  12rno. — ed.  J.  C.  Orel- 
lius.  Lips.  1822.  8vo.  Supplem.  ib.  1824.  8vo. 
Fabric.  B.  L.  i.  p.  477. 

P.  CORNELIUS  SEVERUS.  The  Poem  Mtna,  which 
goes  under  his  name,  was  probably  the  production 
of  Lucilius,  the  friend  of  Seneca. — ed.  Th.  Gorallus 
(Clericus).  Amstel.  1715.  8vo.— in  Collectt.  no.  5. 
— Lucilii  jun.  Mtna.  Rec.  not.  J.  Scaligeri,  Lin- 
denbr.  et  suas  add.  Fr.  Jacob.  Lips.  1826.  8vo. 
A  Fragment  of  Corn.  Sev.  de  morte  Ciceronis  see 
Collectt.  no.  5. 

C.  PEDO  ALBINOVANUS,  a  friend  of  Ovid.  Some 
ascribe  to  him  the  Consolatio  ad  Liviam  Drusam  de 
morte  Drusi,  which  stands  also  in  the  Burmann  and 
other  Edd.  of  Ovid,  on  still  slighter  grounds  elegia 
in  obitum  Mtzcenatis,  and  a  third  de  Maccenate  inori- 
bundo. 

See  Catal.  Virg.  rec.  c.  not.  Scalig.  Lindenbrog.  Heinsii  et 
suis  ed.  Th.  Gorallus.  Amstel.  1703.  8vo. — El.  in  mortem 
Drusi  ex  rec.  Burm  c.  notul.  crit  ed.  Ch.  Dn.  Beck.  Lips. 
1783.  8vo.  Tfte  elegies  in  ob.  Msec,  and  de  Msec,  are  also  to  be 
found  in  Wernsd.  P.  Lat.  m.  torn.  iii. 


SECOND  PERIOD.  '261 

GRATIUS  FALISCUS,  contemporary  with  Ovid. 
See  Epp.  ex  Pont.  IV,  16,  34.  Cynegeticon  lib. 
Wernsd.  I.  p.  141.  also  ascribes  to  him  the  Halieu- 
ticon.  Gr.  F.  et  Olymp.  J\"emes.  carm.  venat.  cum 
scriptures  variet.  et  aliorum  suisque  commentatt.  ed. 
Reinh.  Stern.  Halts  Sax.  1832.  8vo. 

Venet.  1534.  8vo.  also  in  the  Collectt.  14.  15. 

TITUS  LIVIUS,  a  native  of  Padua,  from  58  B.  C. 
died  A.D.  19.  Histories  Ram.  from  the  foundation 
of  the  city  to  B.  C.  10,  in  142  books,  of  which  only 
35  are  extant,  I— X.  and  XXI— XLV. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  s.  a.  (1469.) — ed.  J.  Fr.  Gronov.  Amst.  1679. 
3  vols.  8vo. — rec.  Am.  Drakenborch  1735 — 46.  7  vols.  4to. 
Stuttg.  1820,  sqq.  8vo. — ed.  Aug.  "Wilh.  Ernesti.  Lips.  1769. 
8vo.  3  vols.  1801 — 4.  5  vols.  8vo.  ill.  Stroth.  et  Doering. 
Gotha  1796 — 1819.  7  vols.  8vo.  em.  ab  J.  Thph.  Kreyssigio. 
Lips.  1823,  sqq.  5  vols. — Fragm.  e  1.  96.  primus  vulg.  P.  Jac. 
Bruns.  Hamb.  1773.  fol.  c.  schol.  Giovenazzii.  Rom.  1773. 
rec.  Jo.  Theoph.  Kreyssig.  Chemnit.  1807.  8vo.  Lips.  1813 — 
recogn.  Imm.  Bekkeras.  Sel.  W.  DD.  not.  in  us.  schol.  add. 
F.  E.  Raschig.  Berol.  1829,  sqq.  3  vols.  12mo. 

C.  JULIUS  HYGINUS,  of  Spain  or  Alexandria,  a 
freedman  of  the  Emp.  Augustus,  and  friend  of  Ovid, 
curator  of  the  Palatine  Library.  Ascribed  to  him  are, 
1)  liber  fabularum  277,  a  compilation  from  Scholiasts 
and  other  Grammarians;  2)  poeticon  Astronomicon 


2b2  SECOND  PERIOD. 

libri  IV,  for  the  most  part  translations  of  the  Cata- 
sterismi  of  Eratosthenes. 

Ed.  pr.  d.  P.  A.  Venet.  1482.  4to.  d.  Fab..  Basil.  1535.  fol. 
—  See  Collectt.  no.  18. 


GERMANICUS,  son  of  Drusus  and  grandson 
of  Augustus,  h.  17  B.  C.  died  A.  D.  19  of  poison  at 
Antioch.  1)  Phenomena  Aratea.  2)  Diosemeioii 
fragm.  compiled  from  several  Greek  authors. 

Ed.  pr.  with  Manil.  Bonon.  1474.  Syntagma  Arateorum  ill. 
H.  Grotius.  Lugd.  B.  1600.  4to.  Germ.  Aratea  c.  int.  H.  Gr. 
notis  etc.  ed.  Jo.  Conr.  Jul.  Schwartz.  Cob.  1715.  8vo. 

M.  MANILIUS,  a  poet  wholly  unknown  in  other 
respects,  to  whom  a  didactic  poem,  Astronomicon  1.  V. 
is  ascribed,  which  treats  particularly  of  the  influence 
of  the  constellations  upon  the  destinies  of  men,  and 
has  many  poetical  passages. 

Ed.  pr.  Norimb.  s.  a.  (1472.)  4to.  per  Jo.  Regiomontanum. 
—  cum  not.  Jos.  Scaligeri.  Paris.  1579.  8vo.  ap.  Comm.  1590. 
8vo.  Lugd.  B.  1600.  4to.  cura  Boecleri.  Argent.  1655.  4to.  — 
ed.  R.  Bentley.  Lond.  1739.  4to.  —  e  rec.  Bentl.  ed.  El.  Stoeber. 
Argent.  1767.  8vo. 

P.  RUTILIUS  LUPUS,  (see  Ruhnk.  Prcef.  p.  xi, 
sqq.)  a  Rhetorician,  translated  in  one  book,  which 
however  the  Grammarians  have  divided  into  two,  four 
hooks  of  Gorgias,  an  Athenian  Rhetorician,  the  pre- 


SECOND  PERIOD.  263 

ceptor  of  the  younger  Cicero,  (Cic.  adDiv.  XVI,  21.) 
upon  the  Rhetorical  Figures  de  figuris  sententiarum 
et  elocutionis. 

e  biblioth.  Franc.  Pitheei.  Paris.  1599.  4to.  cum  notis  Cl. 
Capperonnerii.  Argent.  1756.  4to. — rec.  et  annot,  adjecit  Dav. 
Ruhnkenius.  Lugd.  B.  1768.  8vo.  ex  rec.  et  c.  int  adnot. 
Ruhnt.  ed.  C.  H.  Frotscher.  Lips.  1831.  8vo. 

VERRIUS  FLACCUS,  a  freedman  and  celebrated 
Grammarian,  preceptor  to  the  grandsons  of  Augustus, 
Caius  and  Lucius.  Sueton.  de  ill.  Gr.  c.  17.  Festus 
made  an  extract  from  his  work  de  verborum  significa- 
tioiie.  V,  Fl.  quee  exstant,  curn  castigat.  Jos.  Scali- 
yeri.  Lutet.  1575.  8vo. — Fastorum  anni  R.  a  Verr. 
FL  ordinatorum  reliquice,  ex  marmor.  tabb.  fragm. 
nuper  effossis  coll.  et  ill.  Ace.  V.  Fl.  opp.  fr.  omnia 
qtiCB  exstant — cura  et  st.  P.  F.  Fogginii.  Rom.  1779. 
fol.  also  in  the  Suet,  of  Wolf.  vol.  iv.  p.  315. 


THIRD  PERIOD. 


FROM  THE  DEATH   OF    THE   EMP.    AUGUSTUS  (A.  D.  14.) 
TO  THE  REIGN  OF  THE  ANTON1NES  (A.  D.  138.) 


§.  20.  WITH  Augustus  the  Romans  lost  the  very 
shadow  of  liberty,  and  Literature,  reft  of  its  genial 
influence,  declined.  Under  the  dark  suspicious  Tibe- 
rius, the  insane  Caligula,  the  simple  Claudius,  the 
mere  vassal  of  his  freedmen  and  women,  and  the 
sanguinary  Nero,  it  was  dangerous  to  possess  talent 
and  to  employ  it  to  any  nobler  purpose  than  that 
of  the  most  obsequious  and  degrading  flattery. 
Hence  the  honourable  pride  which  distinguished  the 
Roman  character  disappeared,  and  with  it  expired  all 
sensibility  for  the  noble  and  becoming  in  the  arts  and 
sciences.  Eloquence,  however,  it  must  be  admitted, 
was  still  cultivated  with  creditable  success  by  Julius 
Florus  in  the  time  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius  ( Quint. 
X,  3,  13.  c.  n.  Spald.),  by  Domitius  Afer,  from  the 
reign  of  Tiberius  to  that  of  Nero,  (Quint.  X,  1,  118. 
Spald.  at  V,  7,  7.),  and  by  Julius  Africanus  in  the 
reign  of  Nero,  (Quint,  ib.  Spald.  at  VIII,  5,  15.)  ; 


i 

I 


THIRD  PERIOD.  265 

but  in  proportion  as  it  had  lost  its  appropriate  stage,  a 
partiality  for  Rhetoric  increased,  which,  the  fewer  the 
occasions  presented  in  actual  life  for  its  legitimate 
exercise  and  the  rarer  the  instances  of  elevated  senti- 
ment *,  tended  in  the  same  degree  to  vitiate  their  taste 
for  the  simple  and  natural. 

In  place  of  the  solemn  dignity  which  characterized 
a  former  age,  there  now  succeeded  a  studied  and  often 
ridiculous  bombast;  in  order  to  acquire  favour  with 
the  great,  an  affectation  of  wit  prevailed,  and  efforts 
were  made  to  invest  every  subject  with  an  air  of 
facetiousness  and  originality b.  The  language,  it 
is  true,  was  enriched  with  many  new  forms  of  ex- 
pression, but  in  order  to  acquire  this  novelty  the 
vocabulary  of  the  Poets  was  rifled,  and  the  boundary 
lines  of  Prose  and  Poetry  effaced.  No  other  indi- 
vidual contributed  more  to  pervert  the  national  taste 
than  Seneca,  a  man  who  to  prodigious  talents  united 
the  ambition  of  shining  by  the  brilliancy  of  his  wit, 
his  antitheses,  and  the  terse  and  pointed  structure 
of  his  sentences.  (Quint.  X,  1,  125,  sqq.) 

§.21.  Every  description  of  Literature  was  infected 
with  this  rhetorical  mania.  Poetry,  which  next  to 

a  The  dialog,  de  caitss.  corr.  el.  19.  20.  exhibits  a  lively  por- 
traiture of  the  eloquence  which  prevailed  at  that  period. 

t>  Istud  acutarum  festivarumque  reram  aucupium  in  pro- 
sam  orationem  primus  inrexit  Trogus  Pompeius,  in  ligatam 
Ovidius.  Ruhnk.  prof.  Veil.  p.  xii,  sq. 


266  THIRD  PERIOD. 

Rhetoric  had  the  greatest  number  of  votaries,  ex- 
hibited a  preference  for  rhetorical  subjects,  and  de- 
generated into  declamation;  and  that  she  might  not 
be  outstripped  by  Prose,  perceived  the  necessity 
of  elevating  her  diction  likewise  to  a  higher  tone. 
Lucan,  the  best  Epic  Poet  of  this  age,  belongs  in  the 
opinion  of  Quintilian  (X,  I,  90.)  rather  to  the 
orators  than  the  poets;  while  his  luxuriant  and 
tumid  diction,  his  delineations  of  character,  and  his 
speeches,  the  most  brilliant  parts  of  his  poem,  indicate 
the  rhetorical  bias  of  his  genius,  the  choice  which 
he  made  of  an  historical  subject  shews  how  imperfectly 
he  understood  the  essential  nature  of  Poetry.  The 
example  of  Valerius  Flaccus  introduced,  moreover, 
an  affectation  of  learned  display ;  and  if  Silius 
Italicus  strikes  us  less  in  a  rhetorical  point  of  view, 
the  fact  may  be  imputed  rather  to  the  poverty  of 
his  genius  and  the  embarrassment  resulting  from 
his  attempt  to  imitate  Virgil.  Declamation  associated 
with  a  harsh  Stoicism  characterizes  the  Satires  of 
Persius,  and  the  Tragedies  of  Seneca  are  mere  de- 
clamatory exercises,  without  any  well-defined  plan, 
without  nature  and  truth,  though  not  without  noble 
sentiments,  a  profusion  of  moral  maxims,  and  much 
boldness  of  imagery.  Pomponius  Secundus  seems  to 
have  distinguished  himself  more  by  brilliancy  of 
expression  than  by  tragic  vigour.  (Quint.  X,  1,  98. 
Spald.  at  VIII,  3,  31.  dial,  de  causs.  corr.  el.  13.) 


THIRD  PERIOD.  267 

§.  22.  History  was  cultivated  with  success  by  a 
few  individuals  of  the  age  of  Augustus,  particularly  by 
Cremutius  Cordus  (Vossius  de  hist.  I,  22.)  and  Au- 
fidius  Bassus  in  his  libr.  belli  Germanici  and  6. 
drills,  whose  historical  work  was  continued  by  the 
elder  Pliny  (Voss.  I.  c.};  but  the  works  of  the  former 
in  consequence  of  their  unreserved  and  open  character 
were  burnt  hi  the  reign  of  Tiberius  by  a  decree  of  the 
senate,  and  the  author  himself  impelled  to  suicide. 
The  onlv  historian  of  this  period  whose  works 
remain  to  us,  Velleius  Paterculus,  has  with  all  his 
rhetorical  colouring  the  merit  of  an  easy  pleasing 
diction,  and  an  animated  style.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  anecdotes  which  Valerius  Maxim  us  collected, 
served  for  no  other  purpose  than  as  a  medium  for  the 
exhibition  of  his  rhetorical  art  in  a  parade  of  sen- 
timents. Among  the  philosophical  systems  the  Stoic 
was  in  most  repute,  not  so  much  from  its  peculiar 
aptitude  for  raising  generous  spirits  above  the  cor- 
ruption and  calamitous  state  of  the  times  by  the 
additional  energy  which  it  imparted  to  a  consciousness 
of  the  moral  dignity  of  mankind,  as  from  the  attraction 
of  its  pompous  and  dazzling  sentiments  which  ren- 
dered it  a  most  eligible  resource  for  rhetorical 
decoration. 

§.  23.  The  vigour  and  good  taste  of  the  Roman 
character  raised  itself  once  more  in  the  prosperous 
reign  of  Vespasian  and  Titus.  Quintilian,  both  by 


268  THIRD  PERIOD. 

precept  and  example,  restored  eloquence  to  the  Cicero- 
nian standard,  and  had  a  worthy  successor  in  the 
person  of  his  pupil,  the  younger  Plinius ;  Tacitus 
wrote  the  history  of  his  time  with  the  old  Roman 
spirit,  and  with  true  republican  dignity,  and  developed 
an  art  of  graphic  representation,  of  which  Thucydides 
and  Sallust  had  alone  as  yet  furnished  examples. 
But  the  spirit  of  the  time  was  too  far  corrupted  to 
admit  of  its  sacrificing  the  substantial  advantages 
which  an  acquiescence  in  the  prevailing  taste  held  out, 
to  any  disinterested  exertions  in  art  and  science. 
Statins  even  outvied  his  predecessors  in  Epic  and 
Lyric  Poetry  by  rhetorical  bombast  and  erudite 
display.  Whether  Saleius  Bassus  (Wernsd.  p.  1.  m. 
IV,  p.  43.)  was  that  perfect  poet,  which  the  author 
of  the  Dialogue  de  caussis  corr.  el.  c.  5.  represents 
him  to  have  been,  is  very  questionable,  since  Quinti- 
lian(X,  1,  90.)  denies  him  this  character. 

History  confined  itself  to  dry  memoirs  of  the  Em- 
perors, as  with  Suetonius,  or  degenerated,  as  in  the 
instance  of  Florus,  who  was  rather  a  panegyrist  than 
an  historian,  into  mawkish  declamation.  Servilius 
Nonianus,  to  whom  Quintilian  (X,  1,  102.)  ascribes 
noble  thoughts  and  an  exuberance  of  sentiment,  but  at 
the  same  time  a  diction  somewhat  too  luxuriant,  seems 
likewise  to  have  been  a  rhetorical  Historian.  All  the 
efforts  of  the  Emperors  since  the  time  of  Vespasian 
to  promote  the  study  of  the  arts  and  sciences  by 


THIRD  PERIOD.  269 

giving  salaries  and  other  encouragements  to  the  pro- 
lessors,  (Ast  Grundriss  der  Phihlogie,  p.  542,  sq.)j 
opposed  110  effectual  check  to  the  progressive  decline 
of  taste. 

T.  PH^DRUS,  a  Thracian,  freedman  of  Augustus, 
wrote,  probably  in  the  reign  of  Caligula,  Fabularum 
jEsopiarum  libr.  V.,  which,  however,  had  so  little 
notorietv,  that  Seneca  Cons,  ad  Polyb.  27.  mentions 
the  fable  of  ^Esop  as  intentatum  Rom.  inyeniis  opus. 
See  Nachtrage  on  Suk.  Th.  6.  p.  29  c. 

Ed.  princ.  P.  Pitheei.  Augustod.  1596.  12mo. — cum  notis 
Conr.  Ritterehusii  et  spicilegio  Casparis  Scioppii.  Lugd.  B. 
1598.  1610.  8vo — rec.  Rigaltius.  Par.  1599.  12mo. — ed.  P. 
Bunnann.  Lagd.  B.  1719.  12mo.  cum  integris  comm.  Ritt.  etc. 
Amst.  1698.  8vo.  Hag.  C.  1718.  8vo.  Lagd.  1778.  8vo — rec. 


[e  In  opposition  to  those  who  impugn  the  genuineness  of  the 
Fables  ascribed  to  Phzedrus,  on  the  ground  of  their  not  being 
mentioned  by  any  other  writers  than  Martial,  3,  20.  and  Avi- 
enus ;  and  of  the  /Esopic  Fable  being  affirmed  by  Seneca  to  be 
intentatum  Romania  ingeniis  opus,  contending  that  they  were 
fabricated  in  modern  times  by  Perottus  or  Gab.  Faernes,  the 
author  maintains  in  his  Encycl.  d.  Phil.  p.  162.  that  poems  so 
manifestly  stamped  with  the  Roman  genius  of  a  pure  age, 
cannot  reasonably  be  conceived  to  have  been  the  production  of 
a  modern  scholar,  who  must  first  have  acquired  the  language 
before  he  composed  them,  and  that  the  discovery  of  the  MS.  of 
the  10th  century,  from  which  the  Fables  were  first  printed, 
affords  incontestable  proof  that  they  were  at  least  anterior  to 
the  10th  century.] 


270  THIRD  PERIOD. 

Rich.  Bentley  ad  calc.  Ter. — cum  novo  comm.  (without  tin 
notes  of  the  former.)  ed.  P.  Burmann.  Lugd.  B.  1727.  4to.— 
cum  var.  lectt.  et  comm.  perp.  ed.  Schwabe.  Hal.  1779 — 81. 
3  vols.  8vo.  Brunsv.  1806.  2  vols.large  8vo. — prima  ed.  crit.  c. 
int.  var.  Codd.  Pithoeani  etc.  Ace.  Caes.  German.  Arat.  ex  fide 
Codd.  em.  et  suppl.  Pervig.  Ven.  ad  Codd.  Salm.  et  Pith, 
exactum  ah  Jo.  Casp.  Orellio.  Turie.  1831.  8vo.  ed.  2.  1832. 
Cornp.  gen.  Schulz.  1829.  2  vols.  n.  129.  1831.  2  vols.  n.  126. 

VELLEIUS  PATERCULUS,  eques,  praetor  under 
Tiberius,  wrote  in  the  year  30  a  sketch  of  the  Roman 
history  up  to  the  death  of  Livia,  the  mother  of 
Tiberius,  in  two  books,  of  which  the  first,  which  con- 
tains a  short  survey  of  the  powerful  nations  which 
existed  before  the  foundation  of  the  city,  is  in  a 
very  mutilated  state.  He  was  put  to  death  as  being 
a  friend  of  Sejanus  in  the  year  31.  Of  his  work 
there  was  only  one  Codex,  now  lost. 

Ed.  pr.  Beat.  Rhenani.  Basil.  1520.  fol. — ed.  J.  Lipsius. 
Antv.  1607.  1648.  fol.— ed.  P.  Burmann.  c.  n.  var.  Lugd.  B. 
1719.  8vo. — e  rec.  et  c.  comm.  perp.  Jo.  Fr.  Gtuneri.  Cob. 
1762.  8vo. — c.int.  anim.  doctt.  cur.  Dav.  Ruhnkenius.  Lugd.  B. 
1779.  2  vols.  8vo.  denuo  ed.  C.  H.  Frotscher.  Lips.  1830,  sqq. 
8vo — rec.  et  ill.  Jani  et  Krause.  Lips.  1800.  large  Svo. 
translated  by  Fr.  Jacobs.  Lcipz.  1 793.  Svo. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius; 
dictorurn  factorumque  memorabilium  libr.  IX.  ac- 
cording to  some  an  extract  from  a  larger  work. 

Ed.  pr.  Moguntia;  1471.  fol. — ed.  Steph.  Pighius.  Antv. 
1567. 1574.  Svo.  c.  brev.  n.  J.  Lipsii.  Antv.  1585  etc. — cum 


THIRD  PERIOD.  271 

not  integr.  VV.  DD.  ed.  Abr.  Torrenius.  Lugd.  B.  1726. 4to. 
— e  rec.  Torren.  c.  var.  lect.  notisque  perp.  ed.  Kappius.  Lips. 
1781.  8vo.— ed.  Helfrecht.  Hof.  1799.  8vo. 

M.  ANN.  SENECA,  of  Corduba,  a  Rhetorician, 
collected  for  his  sons  the  most  memorable  thoughts 
from  the  Declamations  of  the  Rhetoricians  in  the  age 
of  Augustus,  1)  35  controversias  in  10  books,  of 
which  we  still  possess  the  1.  2.  7.  9.  10.;  of  all 
there  still  remain  Excerpta.  2)  suasorias.  See  dial, 
de  c.  corr.  el.  35. 

Controv.  Venet.  1490.  Contr.  et  suasor.  Ven.  1492.  fol. — 
ed.  Jo.  Fr.  Gronovius.  Amst.  1672.  8vo.  in  the  3d  book  of  the 
Opp.  Sen. 

A.  CORNEL.  CELSUS  wrote  on  different  subjects, 
Rhetoric,  History,  Jurisprudence,  Philosophy,  the  art 
of  war,  Agriculture;  there  are  still  extant  de  re  medica 
libr.  VIII.  in  which  the  most  useful  and  valuable  por- 
tions of  the  medical  systems  then  known  are  collected 
with  much  critical  discrimination  and  judiciously 
arranged.  Medicorum  Cicero.  See  Encyclop.  r. 
Ersch  «.  Gruber. 

Ed.  pr.  Flor.  1478.  fol. — cura  Th.  Jans  ab  Almeloveen. 
Amst.  1687.  12mo.  1713.  1746.— rec.  c.  not.  sup.  Car.  Chru. 
Kraose.  Lips.  1766.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Leon.  Targse.  Patav.  1769. 
4to. — ex  rec.  Targee.  Ace.  G.  Matthia;  lexicon  Celsianum. 
Lugd.  BaL  1785.  4to. 

POMPONICS    MELA,   of  the   Province  Bsetica,  in 


272  THIRD  PERIOD. 

the  reign  of  Claudius,  Cosmographies  s.  de  situ  orbis 
libri  III. 

Ed.  pr.  Mediol.  1471.  4to.— ed.  Is.  Vossius  Hagse  C.  1658. 
4to.  Franequ.  1701.  8vo. — rec.  Jac.  Gronovius.  Lugd.  B.  1683. 
8vo.  1696.  8vo. — ad  omnium  Angl.  et  Hibern.  codd.  MSS. 
fidern  recogn.  et  ill.  (opera  Jo.  Reinoldi.)  Lond.  1711.  1719. 
Eton.  1761.  4to. — ed.  Abr.  Gronov.  c.  not.  var.  Lugd.  B.  1722. 

8vo.  1743.  8vo e  Codd.  MSS.  rec.  c.  not.  crit.  et  exeget.  ed. 

K.  H.  Tzschucke.  Lips.  1807.  7  vols.  8vo. 

L.  JULIUS  MODERATUS  COLUMELLA,  of  Gades, 
in  the  reign  of  Claudius,  wrote  de  re  rust.  lib.  XII.,  of 
which  the  tenth  is  a  didactic  poem  upon  horticulture, 
as  a  supplement  to  Virg.  Georg. 

Edd.  see  in  Collectt.  no.  12.  13. 

CL.  RHEMNIUS  FANNIUS  PAIJEMON,  of  Vicentia, 
a  Grammarian,  (Suet,  de  ill.  Gr.  23.):  ars  gramma  - 
tica.  See  Collectt.  no.  21.  Fabric.  B.  L.  toui.  iii. 
p.  403.  de  ponder,  et  mens.  in  Collectt.  no.  4.  '2  vols. 
p.  396. 

SCRIBONIUS  LARGUS  DESIGNATIANUS,  private 
physician  to  the  Emp.  Claudius,  wrote  de  composition* 
incdicamen  torum. 

First  by  Jo.  Ruellius.  Basil.  1529.  8vo. — cum  not.  et  lex. 

Jo.   Rhodii.    Patavii   1655.   4to ed.   Job.   Mch.   Bernbold. 

Argent.  1786.  8vo. 


THIRD  PERIOD.  273 

ASCONIUS  PEDIANUS,  of  Padua,  friend  of  Livius 
and  Silius  Italicus,  (Sit.  It.  XII,  212.  Quint.  I,  7.), 
wrote  in  the  reign  of  Claudius  or  Nero,  (Markl. 
Prcef.  ad  quat.  C'ic.  or.  p.  Ixxvi.  ed.  Wolf.)  Comm.  in 
orationes  quasdam  Ciceronis,  (Verr.  1.  2.  3.  and 
begin,  of  the  fourth;  pro  C.  Cornelio,  or.  in  toga  caiul. 
contra  Anton,  et  Catil.  in  Calpurn.  Pis.  pro  M. 
Scauro,  pro  Milone.)  See  the  Grsevian  Edit. 

M.  VALERIUS  PROBUS,  of  Berytus,  a  Grammarian, 
in  the  reign  of  Nero,  (Suet.  ill.  gramm.  24.),  another 
of  this  name  in  the  time  of  Hadrian,  Cell.  IX,  9. 
XIII,  19.  Under  this  name  are  extant  grammatica- 
rum  imtitutionum  1.  II.  (in  Putsch,  p.  1386.)  and 
Schoi.  in  I'irg.  Bucolica  et  Gearg.,  but  which  appear 
to  be  the  work  of  a  later  Grammarian. 

L.  ANK.  SENECA,  son  of  the  Rhetorician,  Preceptor 
to  the  Emp.  Nero,  and  put  to  death  by  his  order, 
A.  D.  65.  (Tacit.  Annal.  XIV,  60,  sqq.),  a  Stoic 
Philosopher.  Of  his  works  remain  a)  1 2  philosophical 
treatises,  (de  ira  II.  III.,  de  consolat.  ad  Htlviam  m.t 
de  cons,  ad  Polybium,  de  cons,  ad  Marciam,  de  pro- 
videntia,  de  animi  tranquillitate,  de  constantia  sa- 
pientis,  de  dementia,  de  brevitatc  vitce,  de  vita  beata, 
de  otio  (imperfect),  de  beneficiis  II.  VII.)  b)  124 
Letters  to  Lucilius ;  c)  naturalium  qucestionuin 
(particularly  upon  Meteorology)  libri  VII.  d)  <«ro- 


274  THIRD  PERIOD. 

jc«Aojcvnr»<r<j  (Satire  upon  the  Emp.  Claudius,  as  if  a 
reception  among  the  pumpkins,  x«A«*t'»0u,  as  a.ico^ur^'], 
a  satyra  Menippea.  Upon  him,  see  Quint.  ~K,  1, 
125,  sqq. 

Ed.  pr.  Neapol.  1475.  fol. — c.  n.  M.  Ant.  Mureti,  (Rom. 
1585.)  Erasmi  (Basil.  1529.)  etc.  Paris.  1602.  1607.  1627.  fol. 
— c.  n.  J.  Lipsii.  Antv.  1605.  1652.  fol.— c.  n.  int.  J.  Lips. 
Jo.  Frid.  Gronovii  et  sel.  varr.  Amst.  1672.  8vo.  3  vols.  (vol. 
iii.  enth.  Seneca  rh. — ) — rec.  et  ill.  F.  E.  Ruhkopf.  Lips.  V. 
1797—1811.  8vo.— Epist  cur.  adnot.  adj.  F.  C.  Matthiae.  vol.  i. 
Francof.  ad  M.  1803.  8vo. — emend.  J.  Schweighceuser.  Argent. 
2  vols.  1808.  8vo. — Natur.  qusest.  11.  VII.  em.  et  comm.  perp. 
ill.  Or.  D.  Koeler.  Gott.  1819.  8vo. — de  providentia.  Rec.  var. 
lect.  et  ind.  instr.  B.  A.  Nauta.  Lugd.  B.  1828.  8vo. 

Under  the  name  of  Seneca  there  are  besides  10 
Tragedies,  (Here.  f.  in  imitation  of  Eurip.,  Thyestes, 
Thebais  s.  Phoenissce,  HippoL  or  Phcedra,  in  imitation 
of  Eurip.,  (Edipus  in  imitation  of  Soph.  (Ed.  T., 
Troades  in  imitation  of  Eur.,  Medea  in  imitation  of 
Eur.,  Jlgamemnon,  Hercules  (Etceus  in  imitation  of 
Soph.  Tr.,  Octavia),  probably  rhetorical  exercises,  and 
perhaps  by  different  authors. 

Ed.  pr.  Ferrarise.  s.  1.  et  a.  (1481.)  See  Collectt.  no.  6.  7.— 
rec.  J.  Fr.  Gronovius.  Amstel.  1682.  8vo — c.  not.  Gronov.  et 
sell.  Yarr.  ed.  Jo.  Casp.  Schroeder.  Delphis  1728.  4to — recogn. 
Fr.  H.  Bothe.  Lips.  1819.  3  vols.  8vo — rec.  Torkill.  Baden. 
Lips.  1821.2  vols.  8vo. 

A.  PERSIUS  FLACCUS,  of  Volaterrse  in  Etruria,  b. 
in  the  year  34,  eques,  a  pupil  of  the  Stoic  Ann.  Cor- 


THIRD  PERIOD.  27o 

nutus,  died  in  his  28th  year  in  the  reign  of  Nero. 
6  Satires.  Nachtr.  on  Sulz.  VI.  p.  81. 

-  Ed.  P.  Pithceus  (cum  vett  scholiis).  Paris.  1585.  8vo.  Hei- 
delb.  1610.  8vo.  c.  Is.  Casauboni  comm.  Lond.  1647.  8vo- 
generally  with  Juvenal, 

M.  ANN.  LTJCANUS,  of  Corduba,  nephew  to  the 
Philosopher  Seneca,  put  to  death  by  Nero's  order  A. 
65,  in  his  27th  year.  Pharsalia  libr.  X.  See  A'achtr. 
on  Sulz.  7.  p.  340. 

Ed.  pr.  Horn.  1469.  fol. — c.  schol.  ant.  et  var.  not.  ed.  Fr. 
Oudendorp.  Lugd.  B.  1728.  4to.— ed.  Gottl.  Corte.  Lips.  1626. 
8vo. — cum  Heinsii  not.  ined.  et  suis  ed.  P.  Burmann.  Lugd. 
B.  1740.  4to — c.  not.  H.  Grotii  (Lugd.  B.  1626.  8vo.)  et 
Rich.  Bentleii.  Strawberry  Hill.  1760.  4to. — c.  n.  sel.  H.  Gro- 
tii int.  et  adauctis  Rich.  Bentl.  ed.  C.  Fr.  Weber.  Lips.  1821 
—  31.  3  vols.  8vo. — c.  not.  Barth.  Christii  Cort.  Gron.  Heins. 
Martyni-Lag.  Telleri  al.  Ed.  morte  Cortii  interr.  abs.  C.  Fr. 
Weber.  Lips.  1828 — 30.  2  vols.  STO. 

C.  SILIDS  ITALICUS,  b.  in  the  year  25,  Cos.  67, 
and  twice  again  under  Vespasian,  lived  till  the  early 
part  of  Trajan's  reign,  died  in  the  year  100  in 
Campania,  after  a  lingering  illness,  of  hunger;  an 
imitator  of  Cicero  and  Virgil.  Punica  s.  de  bello 
Punico  IT.  libr.  XVII.  up  to  the  triumph  of  Scipio. 
See  .VtfcAfr.  on  Sulz.  VII.  p.  369,  sqq. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1471.  fol — ed.  Dan.  Heinsius  c.  crepond.  Sil. 
Lugd.  B.  1600.  12mo.— ed.  Christ.  Cellaring  Lips.  1695. 
12mo. — ed.  Am.  Drakenborch.  Traj.  ad  Rh.  1717. 4to. — comni. 
perp.  ill.  J.  Ch.  Gli.  Ernesti.  Lips.  1791.  2  vols.  8vo.— ill. 
Ruperti.  Gott.  1795—98.  2  vols.  8vo. 


276  THIRD  PERIOD. 

C.  VALERIUS  FLACCUS  SETINUS  BALBUS,  pro- 
bably of  Padua,  where  he  died  prematurely  88,  lived 
in  the  time  of  Vespasian.  Argonauticon  ad  Fl. 
Vespasianum  libri  VIII.  (the  last  unfinished),  in 
which  he  particularly  imitated  Apollonius  Rhodius. 
See  Nacht.  on  Sulz.  VIII.  5.  p.  296. 

Ed.  pr.  BononiEe  1474.  fol. — em.  Nic.  Heinsius.  Amst.  1680. 
12mo.  without  notes.  Traj.  1701.  1724.  12mo.  (cur.  P.  Burm.) 
with  tlie  notes. — ed.  P.  Burmann.  c.  not.  var.  Lugd.  B.  1724. 
4to. — cum  not.  Burm.  et  alior.  ed.  Thph.  Ch.  Harles.  Alte"nb. 
1781.  8vo — rec.  et  ill.  J.  A.  Wagner.  Gott.  1805.  8vo. 

Q.  CURTIUS  RUFUS,  of  whose  life  no  particulars 
are  known,  as  he  is  not  quoted  by  any  ancient  author. 
De  rebus  Alex.  M.  libri  X.,  of  which,  however,  the 
first  two  are  wanting,  supplied  by  Freinsheim,  Cella- 
rius,  and  others.  See  Buttmann  and  Hirt  uber  das 
Leben  des  Q.  Curtius  R.  Berl.  1820.  8vo. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  (1470.)  ed.  Jo.  Freinshemius.  Argent.  1648. 
8vo.  2  vols.— ed.  Chph.  Cellarius.  Lips.  1711.  12mo — cum 
notis  var.  ed.  H.  Snakenburg.  Lugd.  B.  1724.  4to. — var.  lect. 
etperp.  annot.  ill.  Jo.  Th.  Cunze.  Helmst.  1795—802.  8vo. 
— rec.  F.  Schmieder.  Gott.  1804.  8vo.  Commentar.  1804.  8vo. 
ad  fid.  Codd.  MSS.  rec.  C.  Theoph.  Zumptius.  Berol.  1826. 
8vo. 

C.  PLINIUS  SECUNDUS,  of  Verona  or  Novocoinum, 
b.  A.  D.  23,  served  under  Claudius  in  Germany, 
filled  subsequently  different  civil  offices,  and  was  at 


THIRD  PERIOD.  277 

last  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  fleet  at  Mise- 
nmn.  Here  he  died  at  the  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in 
the  year  79;  (Plin.  ep.  VI,  16.)  a  man  most  ardently 
devoted  to  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  and  of  in- 
defatigable industry.  Of  his  writings,  (see  P'dn.  ep. 
Ill,  5.)  among  which  we  have  particularly  to  regret 
the  loss  of  the  bellorum  Germani.e  libr.  20.  we  still 
possess  historice  naturalis  libr.  37.  a  compilation 
made  not  always  with  due  accuracy  and  fidelity  from 
more  than  2000,  chiefly  Greek,  authors  upon  Cosmo- 
graphy and  Geography,  the  History  of  Nature  and 
Art.  His  life  Ant.  Jos.  Com.  a  Turre  Rezzonici 
disquisitions  Pliniance,  t.  i.  Farm.  1763.  ii.  1767. 
fol. 

Ed.  pr.  Tenet.  1469. — Hermol.  Barbari  castigationes  in 
Plin.  Rom.  1492,  sq.  fol. — em.  Alex.  Benedictas.  Venet.  1507- 
fol — per  P.  Bellocirium  (i.  e.  Danesium).  Paris.  1532.  fol. — 
c.  not  J.  Fr.  Gronovii.  (cur.  Schrevel.)  Lugd.  B.  1669.  3  vols. 
8vo. — rec.  Jo.  Harduin.  Paris.  1723.  2  vols.  fol.  (Plagiarius.) 
— cum.  not.  int.  Harduini  etc.  rec.  J.  G.  F.  Franz.  Lips.  1778 
— 91.  10  vols.  8vo. 

M.  FABIUS  QuiNTiLiANus,of  Calagurris(Calahoi-ra) 
in£pain,  came  with  Galba  to  Rome,  where  he  acquired 
great  renown  as  a  pleader,  and  during  20  years  till  88, 
as  a  teacher  of  eloquence.  De  institutione  oratorio, 
lib.  XII.  (found  1417,  in  the  monastery  at  St.  Gallen 
by  Poggius).  H.  Dodwell.  annal.  Quint,  in  Burm. 
and  Capper.  Edit. 


278  THIRD  PEKIOD. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1470.  fol. — T/te  first  critical  Edition,  per  Om- 
nibon.  Leonicenum.  Venet.  ap.  Jenson  1471.  fol. — rec.  Ra- 
phael Regius.  Venet.  1506.  1512.  fol c.  n.  var.  cur.  J.  Bur- 

manno.  Lugd.  B.  1720.  2  vols.  4to. — c.  not.  Cl.  Capperonerii 
et  var.  Paris.  1725.  fol.— ed.  Jo.  Matth.  Gesner.  Getting.  1738. 
4to — rec.  et  explan.  G.  L.  Spalding.  Lips.  1798—1816.  4  vols. 
8vo.  (Vol.  v.  suppl.  annot.  et  ind.  continens,  cur.  Car.  Tim. 
Zumptius.  Lips.  1829.) — ex  Spald.  rec.  ad  schol.  us.  cur.  God. 
A.  Ber.  Wolff.  Lips.  1816—21.  2  vols.  8vo — not.  max.  p. 
criticas  adj.  Aug.  Gotth.  Gernhard.  Lips.  1830. — instit.  orat. 
1.  X.  ex  rec.  et  c.  comm.  C.  H.  Frotscher.  Lips.  1826.  8vo. 


To  Quintilian  were  ascribed  also  19  large  and  145 
small  oratorical  exercises,  declamationes,  of  which, 
however,  the  last  appears  to  be  by  different  authors 
principally  modern ;  besides  a  Dialogue  equally 
excellent  in  matter  and  diction  of  the  year  74,  de 
causis  corrupts  eloquentice,  or  de  oratoribus,  which, 
however,  some  assign  to  Tacitus,  and  which  commonly 
stands  in  the  editions  of  Tacitus.  (See  Spald.  ad 
VI.  procem.  3.  X,  3,  22.  Dial,  de  orat.  Tacito 
vindic.  auct.  A.  G.  Langio  in  Dronkes  Edit.)  Alone 
cum  not.  int.  P.  Pithcei,  J.  Lipsii,  J.  Ft.  Gronovii 
et  all.  et  sel.  Mureti  etc.  ed.  Er.  Benzelius.  Upsal. 
1706.  8vo. — illustr.  Chph.  Aug.  Heumann.  Got  tiny. 
1719.  8vo.— rec.  et  ill.J.  H.JL.  Schulze.  Lips.  1788. 
8vo. — rec.  et  annot.  instr.  E.  Dronke.  Confluent. 
1828.  8vo. — rec.  et  annot.  crit.  instr.  Fr.  Osann. 
Gissee  1829.  8vo.~  ed.  Jo.  Casp.  Orell.  Turici 
1830.  8vo. 


THIRD  PERIOD.  279 

P.  PAPINIUS  STATICS,  of  Neapolis,  b.  61,  a 
favourite  with  Domitian  on  account  of  his  facility 
iu  Versification,  died  95  in  his  native  city.  By  him 
we  have  :  1)  Silvarum  1.  V.  occasional  poems  chiefly 
in  Hexameters.  2)  Thebaidos  libr.  XII.  3)  Achil- 
leidos  libr.  II.  unfinished.  Nachtr.  on  Sulz.  Th. 
VIII.  p.  344. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet  1472.  fol — ex  rec.  Fr.  Lindenbrogii  c. 
var.  lect.  et  Lutatii  (Lactantii)  Placidi  schol.  in  Theb. 
(Venet.  1490.  fol.)  atque  in  Ach.  nunc  pr.  vulg.  e  MS.  Franc. 
Pithoei.  Paris.  1600. 4to. — e  rec.  et  cum  n.  J.  Fr.  Gronovii. 
Amstelod.  1653.  12mo.  Ej.  diatribae  in  Statium.  Hag.  Com. 
1637.  8vo.  cum  Emer.  Crucei  antidiatr.  ed.  Ferd.  Hand.  Lips. 
1812.  2  vols.  8vo. — cam  comm.  Casp.  Barthii  ed.  Chn.  Daum. 
Cygneae  1664.  2  vols.  4to.  ed.  Ferd.  Hand,  t  i.  Lips.  1817. 
8vo.  Stat.  Silvas  em.  et  ill.  Jerem.  Markland.  Cant.  1728. 
4to.  Dresd.  1827.  4to. 

DECIMUS  Juxius  JUVENALIS,  of  Aquinuni,  until 
the  middle  of  his  life  a  distinguished  Rhetorician, 
then  wrote  Satires,  but  which  he  did  not  publish 
till  the  reign  of  Trajan  and  Hadrian.  XVI  Satires. 
Xachtr.  an  Sulz.  VI.  p.  294. 

Ed.  pr.  Romae  1470.  fol. — cum  not.  brev.  Theod.  Pul- 
manni.  Antv.  1565.  8vo. —  cum  vet.  Schol.  et  variorum  comm. 
Amstel.  ap.  Wetst.  1684.  8vo.— c.  Persio  ed.  Henr.  Chrn. 
Henninius.  Lugd.  B.  1695.  4to. —  rec.  et  comm.  perp.  illustr. 
G.  Alex.  Kuperti.  Lips.  1801.  2  vols.  8vo. — rec.  et  annot. 
instr.  E.  Guil.  Weber.  "Wimar.  1825.  8vo. — In  Juv.  sat. 
comm.  vetusti ;  post  P.  Pithoei  curas  auxit,  W.  DD.  snis- 
que  notis  instr.  A.  G.  Cramer.  Hamb.  1823.  8vo. 


280  -THIRD  PERIOD. 

M.  VALERIUS  MARTIALIS,  of  Bilbilis  in  Spain 
(CalatayucT),  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Domitian,  Nerva, 
and  Trajan.  Epigr.  libr.  XIV.  (XIII  Xenia.  XIV 
Apophoreta). 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1470.  4to. — ex  rec.  et  cum  comrn.  Domit. 
Calderini.  Venet.  1474.  fol.  etc. — rec.  Gruterus.  Francof. 
1596.  1602.  12mo.— cum  comm.  varior.  Paris.  1617.  fol — ill. 

Matthseus  Rader.     Mogunt.  1627.  fol c.  P.  Scriverii  adnot. 

J.  Lips.  S.  "Rutg.  Is.  Pontani  notis.  Lugd.  B.  1618,  sq. 
12mo — ex  recogn.  P.  Scriverii.  Lugd.  B.  1619.  12ino.rA.mst. 
1653.  Liber  de  spectaculis  (upon  the  public  exhibitions  of  Titus 
and  Domit.  by  several)  ill.  Nic.  Perottus  in  Cornucopise. 
Venet.  1513.  fol.  Mart.  Epigr.  in  an  extract  Lot.  and  Germ, 
from  the  poet.  Transl.  of  different  authors  collected  by  K.  W. 
Ramler.  Leipz.  1787 — 93.  6  vols.  8vo.  See  Lessings  siimmtf. 
Schriften.  Berl.  1827.  l7r  Th.  p.  143,  sqq. 

SULPICIA.  Of  her  writings  is  extant  satira  de 
edicto  Domitiani  s.  de  corrupto  reip.  statu  temporibus 
Domit.  See  Burm.  poet.  Lat.  min.  t.  ii.  p.  408. 
Wernsdorf.  p.  1.  m.  iii.  p.  85. 

TERENTIANUS  MAURUS,  of  Carthage,  a  work  in 
a  variety  of  metres,  de  liter  is,  syllabis,  pedibus,  ct 
metris.  See  Grammatici  veil.  ed.  Putsch,  p.  2383. — 
e  rec.  et  c.  not.  Laur.  Santenii,  abs.  D.  J.  run 
Lennep.  Traj.  ad  Rh.  1825.  4to.  Fabric.  B.  L. 
t.  iii.  p.  415.  Cf.  Wernsd.  t.  ii.  p.  249. 

C.CORNELIUS  TACITUS,  eques,  procurator  Gallice 


THIRD  PERIOD.  281 

Belgicce  in  the  reign  of  Vespasian  and  Titus,  Consul 
in  the  year  97  under  Nerva.  He  wrote  1)  vita  Agri- 
colts,  his  father-in-law ;  2)  de  moribus  Germanorum, 
in  the  time  of  Trajan;  3)  historiarum  libri  V.  from 
Galba  a.  69,  to  the  peace  with  Claudius  Civilis  a.  71. 
4)  annalium  libri  XVI.  from  the  death  of  Augustus 
a.  14,  to  the  death  of  Nero  a.  68.  The  7th,  8th, 
9th,  10th  books,  a.  37 — 47,  are  wanting,  and  the 
end  of  the  5th  and  16th  books.  The  first  six  books 
were  found  by  Phil.  Beroaldus  in  the  Abbey  of 
Corvey,  1515.  The  MS.  came  into  the  possession 
of  Pope  Leo  X.  and  then  of  the  Florent.  Bibl. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet  1469.  fol.  (Ann.  11— 16.)— ed.  Beroaldi. 
Rom.  1515. — ed.  Just.  Lipsius.  Antv.  1574.  1600.  4to.  and  fol. 
— rec.  Curt.  Pichena.  Flor.  1600.  Franc.  1607. 4to. — rec.  Ber- 
neccerus  c.  not.  Freinshemii.  Argent.  1638.  and  cum  not. 
var.  and  J.  Fr.  Gronovii.  Lugd.  B.  1685.  870. — rec. 
Theod.  Ryckins.  Lugd.  B.  1687.  2  vols.  12mo — cum  notis 
Tar.  ed.  Abr.  Gronovius.  Lugd.  B.  1721.  4to. — rec.  notas  int. 
J.  Lipsii,  J.  Fr.  Gron.  Nic.  Heinsii  et  suas  addid.  J.  A. 
Ernesti.  Lips.  1752.  1772.  2  vols.  8vo.  denuo  cur.  Oberlin. 
ib.  1801. — ed.  Gabr.  Brotier.  Paris.  1771.  3  vols.  4to — c- 
comm.  perp.  ed.  G.  H.  Ruperti.  Gott.  1805.  8vo.  (Ann.  alone.) 
— rec.  et  comm.  adj.  Ge.  H.  Walther.  Halae  1831,  sq.  4  vols. 
8vo.— ab  Imm.  Bekkero  recognitus.  Lips.  1831.  2  vols.  8vo — 
Ann.  recogn.  adn.  crit.  adj.  Theopb.  Kiessling.  Lips. — Agri- 
cola.  Orig.  text.  Transl.  Annot.  by  G.  L.  Walch.  Berol.  1827- 
8vo. — rec.  et  annot.  instr.  E.  Dronke.  Cobl.  1827.  8vo. — Guil. 
Boetticber  lex.  Taciteum.  Berol.  8vo. 

S.  JCL.  FROXTIXUS,  from  the  reign  of  Vespasian 


282  THIRD  PERIOD. 

to  that  of  Trajan,  died  106.  1)  de  aquceductibus  urbis 
Romce  I.  II.  ed.  Jo.  Polenus.  Patav.  1722.  4to. — 
cum  not-  Pol.  et  suis  ed.  Adler.  Altona  1792.  8vo. 
— 2)  Strategematicdn.  I.  IV.  in  rei  milit.  scrippt. 
ed.  Godesc.  Stewechius.  Lugd.  B.  1592.  8vo.  et 
P.  Scriverius  ib.  1644.  12mo. — cum  notis  Fr.  Guieti, 
Jo.  Fr.  Gronovii  et  suis  ed.  Sam.  Tennulius.  Lugd. 
B.  1675.  12mo. — rec.  et  not.  var.  add.  Fr.  Ouden- 
dorp.  Lugd.  B.  1731.  8vo. — cum  not.  Oudendorp. 
et  all.  ed.  JV.  Schwebelius.  Lips.  1772.  8vo. 

C.  PLINIUS  C^CILIUS  SECUNDUS,  of  Novo- 
comum,  nephew  to  the  elder  Pliny  and  pupil  of 
Quintilian,  first  acquired  a  name  as  a  pleader,  after- 
wards enjoyed  the  favour  of  Trajan,  and  filled  the 
highest  posts  of  honour ;  Consul  and  Procurator 
Bithynice.  1)  Epistolarum  1.  X.,  of  which  the 
10th  contains  PI.  despatches  to  Trajan,  and  the  latter 's 
rescripts ;  Ep.  97  one  of  the  most  remarkahle, 
the  rest  to  his  friends,  are  carefully  written  after 
the  model  of  Cicero  with  a  view  to  publication. 

Ed.  pr.  s.  1.  1471.  fol.  8  B.  Complete  Venet.  ap.  Aid. 
1504.  1518 — cum  obss.  exe.  var.  et  J.  Fr.  Gronovii  ed.  Veen- 
husen.  Lugd.  B.  1669.  8vo. —  cum  not.  Cortii  et  sel.  var. 
ed.  P.Dan.  Longolius.  Amstel.  1734.  4to. — ed.  J.  M.  Ges- 
ner.  Lips.  1739.  8vo.  17/0. — Epist.  rec.  et  ill.  Gierig.  Lips. 
1800—802.  2  vols.  8vo. —  Epist.  et  Paneg.  rec.  Gottl. 
Erdm.  Gierig.  Lips.  1806.  2  vols.  8vo. — ex  rec.  et  c.  annot. 


THIRD  PERIOD.  283 

perp.  J.  M.  Gesneri,  quibus  J.  Mcb.  Heusingeri,  J.  Ch. 
Tph.  Ernesti  suasque  notas  add.  Gf.  H.  Schaefer.  Lips. 
1805.  8vo. 

2)  Panegyricus  Trajano  dictus,  when  Cos.  105. 

rec.  Arntzenius.  Amstel.  1738.  4to. — rec.  et  ill.  Schwarz. 
Norimb.  1746.  4to. — ed.  Gottl.  Erdm.  Gierig.  Lips.  1796.  8vo. 

C.  SUETONIUS  TRANQUILLUS,  a  Grammarian 
and  Rhetorician,  friend  of  the  younger  Pliny,  and 
private  secretary,  mag.  epistol.  to  Hadrian.  Of  his 
numerous  writings  there  remain:  1)  vitce  XII.  //«- 
perat.  2)  /.  de  illustr,  Grammat.  3)  I.  de  claris 
rhetoribus,  imperfect.  4)  /.  de  poetis,  only  the 
lives  of  Terence,  Horace,  Persius,  Lucan,  Juvenal. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1470.  fol — ed.  Rob.  Stephanas.  Paris.  1543. 
8vo. — rec.  Des.  Erasmus.  Basil.  1518.  fol.  1546.  fol — cum 
comm.  Is.  Casauboni.  Genev.  1595.  4to.  1615. — cum  int. 
eomm.  Lsevini  Torrentii  et  Is.  Casaub.  et  not  var.  (J.  Fr. 
Gronovii)  ed.  J.  G.  Graevius.  Traj.  1703.  4to. — rec.  et  comm. 
ac  notis  var.  ill.  P.  Burmann.  Amstel.  1736.  2  vols.  4to. — 
rec.  et  ill.  J.  A.  Ernesti.  Lips.  1748.  8vo.  1772.  8vo. — c.  not. 
Grsevii,  Jac.  Gronovii,  Dukeri  et  suis  ed.  Fr.  Oudendorp. 
Lugd.  1751.  8vo. — c.  Ern.  notis  Casaub.  comm.  ed.  F.  A. 
"Wolf.  Lips.  1802.  4  vols.  8vo. — recogn.  comm.  ill.  clavem 
Sueton.  adj.  Detl.  C.  Guil.  Baumgarten-Crusius.  Lips.  1816. 
3  vols.  8vo. 

JULIUS  OBSEQUENS  collected  from  Livy  and 
others  notices  of  the  prodigia,  of  which  one  Fragm. 


284  THIRD  PERIOD. 

remains,  extending  from  the  year  249  B.  C.  to 
Augustus,  completed  by  Conr.  Lycosthenes  (Wolf- 
hart.)  Basel.  1552.  8vo.  and  others. 

c.  not.  Jos.  Scaligeri,  Nic.  Heinsii,  Gisb.  Cuperi,  Scbef- 
feri,  P.  Burmanni  et  suis  ed.  Fr.  Oudendorp.  Lugd.  1720.  8vo. 
— cum  anim.  Scheff.  et  Oud.  cur.  Kapp.  Hof.  1772.  8vo. 

L.  ANN.EUS  FLORUS,  a  Spaniard  or  Gaul  in  the 
time  of  Trajan,  wrote  rerum  Rom.  libr.  IV. -or  Epi- 
tome de  gestis  Romanorum,  a  Panegyrist  rather  than 
an  Historian. 

ex  rec.  Phil.  Beroaldi.     Mediol.  1510.  fol.— rec.  El.  Vi- 

netus.    Paris.  1576.  4to rec.  Jo.  Stadius.  Antv.  1567.  8vo. — 

rec.  Gruterus.  Heidelb.  1597.  8vo.  (c.  not.  Cl.  Salmasii)  ib. 
1609.  8vo.— rec.  Jo.  Freinshemius  Argent.  1632. 1669.  8vo.— 
rec.  Jo.  Ge.  Graevius.  Traj.  1680.  8vo. — ed.  c.  not.  var.  Car. 
Andr.  Dukerus.  Lugd.  B.  1722.  8vo.  reprint.  Lips.  1832.  8vo. 
— e  rec.  Grsevii  c.  ejusd.  animadv.  prsef.  J.  F.  Fischeri.  Lips. 
1760.  8vo. 


FOURTH  PERIOD. 


FROM  THE  AXTONINES  138  TO  TOE  EXD  OF  THE 
WESTERN  EMPIRE. 


So  far  at  least  the  language  had  been  preserved  in 
its   purity,   and  carefully  conformed   to   the  models 
exhibited  by  ancient  authors ;  but  as  the  intercourse 
of  the  Romans  with  Barbarians  extended,  great  multi- 
tudes of  these  nations  were  continually  being  intro- 
duced into,  or  establishing  themselves  in  the  heart  of 
the  Provinces;    and  since  the   Provincial  Schools  in 
Carthage,  Burdigala,    Lugdunum,  Augusta  Treviro- 
rum,  &c.  no  longer  considered  themselves  obliged  to 
take  the  cue  of  their   taste  from   Rome,  corruption 
spread  itself,  particularly  under  the  Antonines,  till  it 
pervaded  the  very  language,  which  became  overlaid 
with  exotic  words,  phrases,  and  constructions.      Ter- 
tullian  distinguished  himself  beyond  all  others  by  a 
barbarous  diction,  probably  with  the  view  of  shewing, 
that    while   exclusively   engrossed   with   his    subject- 
matter,  he  deemed  attention  to  language  derogatory  to 
his  dignity,  and  in  order  to  produce  a  contrast  to  the 


286  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

Rhetoric  employed  in  the  service  of  Paganism.  In 
proportion  as  language  declined,  the  number  of  Gram- 
marians increased,  inasmuch  as  authors  found  it  more 
and  more  necessary  to  study  their  mother  tongue,  as 
a  dead  language,  from  ancient  models.  By  the  study 
of  these  models  some  few  raised  themselves  above  the 
level  of  their  contemporaries,  as  particularly  Lactan- 
tius  and  the  poet  Claudian,  also,  though  in  a  less 
degree,  Gellius  and  Appuleius. 

A.  GELLIUS,  of  Rome,  a  Rhetorician  and  Gramma- 
rian, in  the  time  of  Antoninus  Pius.  Xoctium  Atti- 
carum  libr.  XX,  a  collection  of  Collectanea  on  histo- 
rical, grammatical,  and  antiquarian  subjects. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1472.  fol.— ed.  H.  Stephanus.  Paris.  1585. 

8vo.  Aurel.  Allobr.  1609 em.  J.  Fr.  Gronovius.  Amst.  1651. 

12mo.  1665.  12mo.  Lugd.  B.  1687.  8vo.— ad  Codd.  MSS. 
exegerunt  Jo.  F.  et  Jac.  Gronovii.  Lugd.  B.  1706.  4to. — ex 
rec.  Gron.  c.  praef.  J.  L.  Conradi.  Lips.  1762.  2  vols.  8vo. 

FL.  AVIANUS,  in  the  time  of  the  Antonines,  wrote 
42  fables  in  elegiac  metre. — Ed.  pr.  s.  L  1494. — rec. 
c.  n.  Neveleti,  Barthii  et  suis  H.  Canneyieter.  Amst  el. 
1731.  8vo.— ed.  Wodell.  ib.  1787.  8vo. 

DIONYSIUS  CATO,  an  author  otherwise  unknown, 
but  under  whose  name  we  have  a  poem  disticha  de 
moribus. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  '287 

Ed.  pr.  Aug.  Vind.  1475.  1485. — c.  Graecis  metaphrasibui« 
Max.  Planudis  Jos.  Scaligeri  etc.  german.  vero  Mart.  Opitii  ed. 
Chrst,  Daamius.  Cygneae  1672.  Svo. — c.  n.  Erasmi,  Scaligeri, 
Opitii,  Barthii,  Dautnii  suisque  et  c.  gr.  metaphr.  ed.  Otto 
Arntzenius.  Traj.  ad  Rh.  1735.  8vo. — rec.  J.  Mch.  Bernhold. 
Neust.  1784.  Svo. — ex  rec.  Arntz.  ed.  Tzschucke.  Lips.  1790. 
12mo.  Fabric.  B.  L.  t  iii.  p.  259,  sqq. 

JCSTINCS  made  an  extract  from  Trogus  Ponipeius 
hist.  Philipp. — Historiarum  Philipp.  ex  Tr.  P.  ex- 
cerptarum  libri  XLIV. 

Ed.  pr.  Horns  s.  a.  4to e  castig.  Sabellici  Paris.  4to. — 

ill.  Jac.  Bongarsias  (Sospitator).  Paris.  1581.  Svo. — ed.  Jo. 
Ge.  Graevius  c.  not  int.  VV.  DD.  et  suis  Lugd.  B.  1683.  8vo. 
170J.  Svo. — cur.  Th.  Heame.  Oxon.  167*.  Svo — c.  not.  int. 
W.  DD.  ed.  Abrah.  Gronovius.  Lugd.  B.  1719.  Svo — c.  var. 
lect.  ed.  P.  Burmannus.  Lugd.  B.  1722.  12mo. — e  rec.  Graevii. 
c.  ej.  et  J.  Fr.  Gronovii  anim.  ed.  J.  Fr.  Fischer.  Lips.  1757. 
Svo.  (cur.  Oberlin.)  1807.  Svo. — ex  rec.  Gronov.  et  cum  divers, 
lect.  ed.  Graev.  V  V.  DD.  comment,  var.  lect.  11.  nondum  adhib. 
guasque  ann.  atque  indd.  adj.  C.  H.  Frotscher.  Lips.  1827. 
Svo — sec.  vetust.  codd.  prius  neglectos  recogn.  brevi  adnot. 
crit.  et  hist,  instr.  Frid.  Duebner.  Lips.  1831.  Svo. 

M.  CORK.  FROXTO,  of  Cirta  in  Africa,  an  advocate 
at  Rome,  and  preceptor  in  Rhetoric  to  the  princes 
M.  Aurel.  and  L.  Verus,  highly  esteemed  in  his  time 
as  an  orator,  though  his  writings  are  full  of  barbarisms. 
— de  dijferentiis  rocum  in  Putsch,  p.  2191,  sqq. — 
opp.  ined.  c.  epist.  item  ined.  Antonini  Pit,  M.  Aurelii, 
L.  I'eri  et  ^ppiani.  Inn.  et  comm.  prcevio  notisque 


288  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

ill.  Ang.  Majus.  Medial  1815.  1823.  2  vols.  8vo.- 
ad  ex.  Medial.  Franco/,  ad  M.  1816.  8vo. — reliquiee. 
Meliorem  in  ord.  digestas,  suisque  et  Ph.  Buttm. 
Heindorf.  ac  sel.  Maii  anim.  instr.  iterum  ed.  B.  G. 
Niebuhr.  Berol  1816.  8vo.  (Eichstaedt]  M.  C. 
Frontonis  opp.  notitia  et  specimen.  Jence  1816.  fol. — 
M.  Corn.  Front,  et  M.  Aurel.  Imp.  epist.  L.  Veri  et 
Anton.  Pit  etc.  epist.  reliquiae,  e  cod.  rescr.  bibl.  Vatic. 
cur.  Any.  Majo.  Rom.  Cellce  1832.  8vo. 

L.  APULEIUS,  of  Madaura  in  Africa,  brought  up 
at  Carthage,  an  orator  and  Platonic  Philosopher  in 
the  time  of  the  Antonines. — Opp.  ed.  pr.  Romce  1469. 
fol. — c.  comm.  Ph.  Beroaldi  et  Stewechii  et  al.  VV. 
DD.  emend.  Basil.  1560.  1620.  3  vols.  8vo.— ed. 
Geverh.  Elmenhorst.  Franco/.  1621.  8vo. — ex  rec. 
P.  Scriverii.  Lugd.  B.  1624.  12mo. — c.  var.  lect. 
Altenb.  1778.  2  vols.  8vo.  Metarnorphoseon  s.  de 
asino  libri  XI.  (taken  from  a  narrative  of  Lucius  of 
Patrze,  from  which  Lucian  also  borrowed  in  his 
narrative  of  the  Ass,  a  Satire  upon  the  corrupt  morals, 
particularly  the  superstition  of  those  times.) — c.  not. 
ed.  J.  Pricceus.  Goudx  1650.  8vo. — c.  n.  int.  var. 
impr.  Fr.  Oudendorpii.  Preef.  prcem.  D.  Ruhnk. 
Lugd.  B.  1786—1823.  3  vols.  large  4to.  The  Gram- 
marian is  a  different  person.  See  L.  Ccec.  Minutiani 
et  Jlpul.  min.  de  notis  aspirationis  et  dc  diphth.  II.  II. 
Ed.  et  anim.  auxit  Fr.  Osann.  Darmst.  1826.  8vo. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  289 

T.  PETRONIUS  ARBITER,  probably  in  the  age  of 
the  Antonines  (Ignarra  de  palaestra  Xeap.  p.  182. 
Cf.  Bibl.  cr.  II,  1.  p.  84.),  pretended  author  of  a 
Satyr ic6n  liber,  a  Menippean  or  Varronian  Satire 
upon  the  corruption  of  his  time,  but  which  has  not 
been  preserved  entire. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1499.  4to. — c.  Jani  Dousse  praecidaneis. 
Lugd.  B.  et  Paris.  1585.  8vo. — c.  comm.  Jos.  Ant.  Gonsalv. 
de  Salat.  Francof.  1629.  4to. — e  Codd.  em.  et  comm.  VV.  DD. 
ill.  P.  Burmann.  Ultraj.  1709.  1743.  4to. — e  rec.  Bum.  c.  not. 
crit.  et  ind.  ed.  Kr.  Glo.  Anton.  Lips.  1782.  A  beautiful 
Poem  found  among  these  Satires,  de  b.  civ.  or  de  mutat.  reip. 
Rom.  *.  Wernsd.  P.  Lat.  min.  t.  iii.  p.  24,  sqq.  other  smaller 
ones  ib.  t.  iv.  p.  283.  753. 

Q.  SEPTIMIUS  FLORENS  TERTULLIANUS,  of  Car- 
thage, one  of  the  most  learned  Fathers  of  the  Church, 
whose  style  however  is  bombastic  and  barbarous.  See 
Ruhnk.  prtef.  ad  Schelleri.  lex.  in  my  Eloqu.  Lat. 
exemplis.  (Altenb.  1821.  8vo.)  p.  349,  sq. 

Opp.  per  B.  Rhenanum.  Basil.  1521.  fol — ad  fidem  vetust. 
exempl.  em.  diligentia  Nic.  Rigaltii.  Paris.  1675.  fol. — rec. 
J.  Sal.  Semler.  Hal.  1770—73.  1824—29.  6  vols.  8vo.—  de 
pallio.  Cl.  Salmasius  rec.  explic.  ill.  Lugd.  B.  1656.  8vo. 

SERENUS  SAMMONICUS,  in  the  time  of  Septimius 
Severus  and  Caracalla,  put  to  death  by  the  latter. 
By  him  or  by  his  son  we  have  a  Poem  de  meclicina. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet  1488.  4to.— ad  Codd.  MSS.  castig.  c.  not. 
et  comm.  Rob.  Keuchenii.  1668.  8vo. — in  Collectt.  no.  4. — 


290  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

rec.  lect.  variet.  not.  interpr.  sel.  suasque  add.  J.  Ch.  Theoph. 
Ackermann.     Lips.  1786.  8vo. 

NONIUS  MARCELLUS,  of  Tibur,  author  of  an 
important  work  on  the  subject  of  Grammar,  de  pro- 
prielate  sermonis. 

Ed.  pr.  1471.  fol.  s.  1. — rec.  Adr.  Junius.  Antv.  1J565.  8vo. — 
cum  not.  sel.  ed.  Jos.  Mercerus.  Paris.  1614.  8vo. — ex  rec.  et 
c.  n.  Merc.  Lips.  1826. 

C.  JULIUS  SOLINUS,  a  person  of  whom  no  par- 
ticulars are  known,  wrote  a  work  Polyhistor,  an 
extract  from  the  elder  Pliny. 

cast.  Cl.  Salmasius.  c.  ei.  Exercit.  Plinianis.  Paris.  1629. 
2  vols.  fol.  Traj.  1689.  2  vol.s.  fol. 

APICIUS,  a  notorious  glutton  (Plin.  H.  N.  X,  48. 
Juven.  XI,  3.),  under  whose  name  a  cookery-book, 
de  re  culinaria  1.  X.  is  extant,  but  which  might, 
perhaps,  be  more  correctly  entitled  Coelii  Apicius. 

Ed.  pr.  3.  1.  et  a.  with  Suet,  de  rhet.  et  gramm. — c.  var. 
lect.  et  not.  Hummelbergii.  (Tiguri  1542.  4to.)  suisque  ed. 
Mart.  Lister.  Lond.  1706.  8vo. — rec.  not.  Barthii,  var.  lect. 
Reinesii  et  obss.  Ant.  van  der  Linden  add.  Theod.  Jansson  ab 
Almeloveen.  Amst.  1709.  8vo.— ed.  Job.  Mich.  Bernhold. 
Ansb.  1800.  8vo. 

M.  MINUCIUS  FELIX,  an  African,  author  of  an 
Apology  for  the  Christians  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue 
Octavius. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  '291 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1542.  fol.  as  the  8th  book  of  Arnobius.  adr.  g. 
rec.  et  c.  n.  Chstph.  Cellarii.  Halae  1699.  8vo.— ex 
rec.  Jac.  Gronovii  c.  not.  int.  Woweri,  Elmenhorstii,  Heraldi 
et  Rigaltii.  Lugd.  B.  1709.  8vo. — ex  rec.  Jo.  Davisii,  c. 
ei.  anim.  et  n.  int.  Heraldi  et  Rigaltii.  Cantabr.  1712.  8vo. 


CENSORINUS,  a  Grammarian,  about  238,  wrote 
a  learned  work,  de  die  natali,  which  extends  over  a 
great  variety  of  subjects. 

Ed.   pr.   Bonon.   1497.  fol. — rec.  fragra.   inc.    script,    (de 

naturali  institutione)  subj.  Lud.  Carrio.  Paris.  1583.  8vo 

rec.  em.  et  ill.  Henr.  Lindenbrogius.  Hamb.  1614.  4to.  Lugd. 
B.  1642.  8vo. — rec.  cum  comm.  Lindenb.  et  not.  sel.  Scalig. 
Barthii,  Salm.  Heursii  al.  ex  rec.  Sig.  Havercamp.  Lugd.  B. 

1743.  8vo. — ex  rec.  et  c.  anim.  J.  Sig.  Gruberi.     Norimb. 

1744.  1810.  8vo. 

AQUILA  ROMANUS,  a  Grammarian  and  Rhe- 
torician, wrote  dejiguris  sententiarum  et  elocutionis. 
See  antiqui  rhet.  e  bibl.  Franc.  Pithcei.  Paris. 
1399.  4to. — by  Ruhnkenius  on  Rutil.  L. 

M.  AURELIUS  OLYMPIUS  NEMESIANUS,  of  Car- 
thage, wrote  Cynegetica  in  a  pure  style,  and  not 
without  poetic  talent.  Burm.  poet.  Lat.  min.  t.  i. 
Wernsd.  poet.  Lat.  min.  t.  i.  See  Grat.  Falisc. 

T.  JULIUS  CALPURNIUS,  of  Sicily,  wrote  11  Idyls 
addressed  to  his  patron  Nemesianus,  which  are  more 


292  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

remarkable   for   facility   of  versification   than  poetic 
talent. 

Ed.  pr.  Eom.  1471.  fol  —  See  Collectt.  no.  3.  5.  15.—  rec. 
adnot.  et  glossario  instr.  Ch.  D.  Beck.  Lips.  1803.  8vo. 

CL.  MAMERTINUS,  author  of  a  Panegyricus  dic- 
tus  Maximiano  Herculio  Aug.  of  the  year  289,  and 
a  Genethliacus  Maximiani  et  Diocletiani  ;  ori- 
ginating in  the  custom  which  prevailed  particularly 
in  several  cities  of  Gaul,  of  conveying  congratulations 
and  thanksgivings  to  the  emperors  through  the  instru- 
mentality of  Rhetoricians.  (The  other  Panegyric!  are  ; 
Eumenius  of  Augustodunum  (Autun),  Nazarius,  CL 
Mamert.  minor,  Latinus  Pacatus  Drepanius.  Fa- 
bric. Bibl.  Lat.  ii.  p.  424,  sqq.) 

See  Collectt.  no.  17.  Cf.  Heyne  censura  XII.  Paneg.  in 
Ejus  opusc.  VI.  p.  80,  sq. 

ARNOBIUS,  of  Sicca  in  Africa,  wrote  to  shew  his 
fitness  to  he  received  among  the  Christians  7  books 
advers.  gentes,  a  learned  work  :  ex  rec.  V.  celeberr. 
(CL  Salmasii)  et  int.  omnium  (Theod.  Canteri,  God. 
Stewechii,  Elmenhorstii,  Des.  Heraldi)  comrn.  Lugd. 
B.  1651.  4to. 


LAMPRIDIUS  SPARTIANUS,  friend  or 
freedman  of  the  Emperor  Diocletian,  wrote  the  life 
of  Hadrian  and  JElius  Verus,  probably  also  of  An- 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  293 

tonin.  Pius,  M.  Aurel.  Anton.,  L.  Verus,  Avidius 
Cassinus  (general  under  M.  Aurel.),  Commodus, 
and  other  Emperors. 

See  Collect*,  no.  16. — Cf.  Heyne  censura  VI.  scr.  hist  Aug. 
in  Opusc.  VI.  p.  52. 

L.  CffiLius  LACTANTIUS  FIRMIANUS,  in  the 
reigns  of  Diocletian  and  Constantine  the  Great, 
Teacher  of  Oratory  in  Nicomedia,  wrote  with  much 
learning  and  philosophy,  and  in  a  language  felicitously 
formed  after  the  model  of  classic  antiquity,  besides 
several  ethico-dogmatic  treatises,  institutiones  di- 
vinas  lib.  VII.  and  others. 

Ed.  pr.  1465.  fol.— ex  fid.  et  anct.  Codd.  MS.  em.  Jo. 
Tornaesius.  Lugd.  1587.  8vo. — em.  et  ill.  Jos.  Isaeus.  Cesenae. 
1646.  fol. —  c.  not.  var.  rec.  J.  L.  Biinemann.  Lips.  1739.  8vo. 

CHALCIDIUS,  a  Platonic  Philosopher,  according 
to  some  a  Jew,  according  to  others  a  Christian,  by 
whom  we  have  a  translation  of  the  first  part  of  Plato's 
Timaeus  with  a  learned  commentary- 
Ed,  pr.  Paris,  ap.  Bad.  Ascens.  1520.  fol. — ex  rec.  et  c.  n. 
Meursii.  Lagd.  B.  1617.  4to. 

JULIUS  RUFIXIANUS,  a  Rhetorician,  by  whom  we 
have  a  small  work,  de  figuris  sent,  et  eloc.  See 
Rutil.  L. 


294  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

JULIUS  FIRMICUS  MATERNUS,  of  Sicily,  Advo- 
cate in  the  time  of  Constantine  the  Great  till  336  ; 
upon  the  influence  of  the  stars,  matheseos  libr.  VIII. 
Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1497.  fol.  —  rec.  Nic.  Pruckner. 
Basil.  1533.  155  1.  fol.  —  de  erroreprof.  relig.  ed.  Fr. 
Munter.  Havnice  1826. 

FAB.  MARIUS  VICTORINUS,  a  Grammarian;  ex- 
positio  in  L  II.  Cicer.  de  inventione  :  ap.  Rob.  Ste- 
phan.  Paris.  1537.  4to.  and  in  the  Rhetor.  Pithcei.  — 
ars  grammatica  de  orthographia  et  ratione  metrorum. 
See  Putsch.  Gr.  vett.  p.  2450. 


DONATUS,  a  celebrated  Grammarian  at 
Rome,  preceptor  to  St.  Hieronymus.  By  him  are 
extant  (imperfect  and  interpolated)  Scholia  upon 
Terence,  besides  ars  (de  litteris  syllabisque  pedibus 
et  tonis,  de  octo  partibus  orationis)  de  barbarismo, 
solcecismo  et  tropis,  which  last  are  found  in  Putsch. 
Gr.  vett.  p  1735—1779.  The  Scholia  on  Virgil  are 
by  a  younger  Tiberius  Don. 

Cf.  Pompeii  commentum  artis  Don.  Ejusd.  in  1.  Don.  de 
barbar.  et  metaplasmo  commentariolum  Ace.  ars  gramm.  Ser- 
vii.  Primum  ed.  Fr.  Lindemann.  Lips.  1820.  8vo. 

SEX.  AUREL.  VICTOR,  of  Africa,  a  favourite  with 
the  Emperor  Julian.  By  him  we  have  :  1)  liber  de 
viris  illustribus  urbis  Romx,  which  was  formerly 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  295 

ascribed  to  Corn.  Xepos,  Suetonius,  or  the  younger 
Pliny;  2)  I.  de  Ctesaribus  from  Augustus  to  Con- 
stantius;  also  3)  /.  de  origine  gentis  Romance. 

c.  comm.  Andr.  Schorti.  Antr.  15/9.  1582.  8vo.  in  the  hist, 
aug.  scriptt.  by  Sylbttrg  and  Gruter;  c.  not.  int.  varr.  ed. 
Jo.  Arnzenius.  Amst.  1733.  4to. — ex  rec.  et  c.  anim.  J.  Fr. 
Gruneri.  Cob.  175".  8vo— ed.  Th.  Ch.  Harles.  ErL  1787. 
8vo. — rec.  anim.  et  indd.  instr.  Fr.  Schroeter.  Lips.  1829.  31 . 
2  Tols.  8vo. 

FL.  EUTROPIUS,  Secretary  to  Constantino  the 
Great,  afterwards  accompanied  the  Emperor  Julian 
on  his  expedition  against  the  Persians,  also  Pro- 
consul of  Asia  371,  wrote  by  order  of  the  Emperor 
Valeus,  breviarium  Romance  historic  1.  X.,  from 
which  Frid.  Sylburg.  published  a  Greek  translation 
of  the  Paeanius,  in  Scriptt.  hist.  Greed  min.  1590. 
t.  iii. 

ed.  Chph.  Cellaring.  Cizze  1678.  8vo — c.  not  varr.  ed. 
Sig.  Havercamp.  Lugd.  B.  1729.  8vo. — rec.  Henr.  Verbeyck. 
Lugd.  B.  1762.  8vo — rec.  C.  H.  Tzschucke.  Lips.  1804.  8vo. 
— Paeanii  metaphr.  ed.  Kaltwasser.  Goth.  1780.  8vo. 

SEXTUS  RUFUS  ;  breviarium  de  victoriis  ad  pro- 
vinciis  pop.  R.  ad  Valentinianum  II.  Aug. 

Script  hist.  R.  ed.  J.  Grutero.  Hanov.  1611.  fol. — c.  n. 
Henr.  Meibomii.  Helmst.  1588.  8vo.— c.  n.  Chr.  Cellarii. 
Halae  1698.  8vo.— ed.  Tzschucke.  Lips.  1793.  12mo. 


296  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

L.  AMPELIUS,  a  person  otherwise  unknown;  liber 
memorialis,  remarkable  facts  in  Astronomy,  Geo- 
graphy, History;  first  published  by  Salmasius  in 
his  Com.  on  Florus  ;  then  in  the  Edd.  of  Flor. 

DEC.  MAGNUS  AUSONIUS,  of  Burdigala  (Bor- 
deaux), Grammarian,  Rhetorician,  and  Poet,  pro- 
bably a  Christian,  preceptor  to  the  Emperors  Gratian 
and  Valentinian,  filled  several  distinguished  offices, 
among  others  the  Consulate  379,  and  diedr392.  By 
him  we  have  Liber  epigrammatum ;  20  Idyls,  of 
which  the  10th,  Mosella,  is  the  best,  and  others. 

Ed.  pr.  Venet.  1470.  fol. — c.  not.  int.  Scaligeri  al.  et 
sel.  J.  F.  Gronovii  et  Jo.  Ge.  Grsevii  al.  ed.  Jac.  Tollius. 
Amstel.  1671.  8vo. — in  usum  Delphini  ed.  Julian.  Floridus  et 
Jo.  Bapt.  Souchay.  Paris.  1730.  4to.  Cf.  Wernsd.  p.  1.  ra.  I. 
p.  192.  231.  II.  p.  299.  Heyne  censura  ingenii  et  morum  D. 
M.  Aus.  in  Opusc.  acad.  t.  vi.  p.  19. 

AMMIANUS  MARCELLINUS,  a  Greek  of  Antioch, 
served  among  the  imperial  Life  Guards  at  Rome, 
and  wrote  with  much  fidelity  and  sound  judgment 
a  history  of  the  reign  of  Nerva  up  to  the  death  of  the 
Emperor  Valens  378  in  a  rugged,  often  barbarous, 
language  in  31  books,  of  which  the  first  13  are 
lost. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1474.  fol. — c.  not.  Henr.  et  Hadrian.  Va- 
lesii  suisque  ed.  Jac.  Gronovius.  Lugd.  B.  1693.  4to. — e  rec. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  297 

Gron.  ed.  et  glossarium  add.  Jo.  Aug.  Ernesti.  Lips.  1773. 
8vo.— c.  not.  int.  Lindenbrogii,  Valesiorum  et  Gron.  ed. 
J.  Aug.  Wagner,  et  K.  Gottl.  A.  Erfardt.  Lips.  1808.  3  vols. 
dvo. — Heyne  censura  ingenii  et  hist.  Amm.  Marc,  in  Opusc. 
acad.  t.  vi.  p.  35. 

PLINIUS  VALERIANUS,  of  Comum,  a  Physician, 
wrote  de  re  medico,  I.  V.  chiefly  extracts  from  Pliny's 
Natural  History. 

Ed.  pr.  Rom.  1509. — ed.  Alb.  Torinus.  Basil.  1528.  fol. 

FLAY.  VEGETIUS  RENATUS,  Vir  illustris,  Comes: 
epitome  institutorum  rei  militaris  1.  V.  addressed 
to  Valentinian  II. 

Ed.  pr.  Oxon.  1468. — em.  Godesc.  Stewechius.  Antv. 
1585.  4to.  159-2.  8vo.  1607.  4to.— c.  sel.  not  God.  Stewechii 
et  P.  Scriverii  ed.  et  em.  N.  Schwebelius.  Norimb.  1767.  4to. 

By  another  Publ.  Vegetius  are  artis  veterinaria 
s.  digestorum  artis  mulomedicinae  I.  IV.  first  Ba- 
sil. 1528.  4to. — then  in  Scrip tt.  rei  rust,  by  Gesner. 

Q.  AURELIUS  SYMMACHUS,  Vir  Consularis  and 
preefectus  urbis,  under  Valentinian  II.,  Theodosius 
and  his  sons,  an  adversary  of  Christianity :  epis- 
tolarum  ad  diversos  1.  X.  in  imitation  of  Pliny. 

Ed.  pr.  Argent.  1510.  4to. — c.  not.  Franc.  Jureti.  Paris. 
1604.  4to — rec.  Jac.  Lectius.  Genev.  1587.  1599.  Svo.— c. 


298  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

not.  Casp.  Scioppii.  Mogunt.  1608.  4to. — rec.  electa  Symmach. 
et  Symm.  lexicon  adjecit  Phil.  Pareus.  Neap.  Nemet.  1628. 
Francof.  1642.  8vo. — Symm.  VIII.  oratt.  ined.  partes.  Inv. 
notisque  declaravit  Angel.  Maius.  Mediol.  1815.  8vo.  Cf. 
Heyne  censura  ingenii  et  morum  Q.  Aur.  Symm.  in  Opusc. 
t.  vi.  p.  1. 


VIBIUS  SEQUESTER,  his  age  and  country  un- 
known; de  ftuminibus,  fontibus,  lacubus,  nemo- 
ribus,  paludibus,  montibus,  gentibus,  quarum  ap. 
poetas  mentio  fit. — ed.  Franc.  Hesselius.  Rote- 
rod.  1711.  8vo. — varr.  lect.  et  int.  VV.  DD.  com- 
ment, masque  adj.  Jer.  Jac.  Oberlin.  Argent. 
1778.  8vo. 

SEXTUS  POMPEIUS  FESTUS,  a  Grammarian,  made 
an  extract  from  the  work  of  Verrius  Flaccus  de  ver- 
borum  significatione,  which  however  has  been  pre- 
served only  in  an  extract  of  Paulus  Diaconus  (in  the 
8th  cent) 

Ed.  pr.  Mediolani  1471.  fol.— ill.  Jos.  Scaliger.  Paris.  1575. 
8vo. — in  usum  Delph.  ill.  Andr.  Dacerius.  Paris.  1681.  4to.— 
c.  n.  int.  Jos.  Scaligeri,  F.  Ursini,  Ant.  Augustini,  A.Dacerii. 
(cur.  Jo.  Clerico.)  Amst.  1699.  4to. 

SERVIUS  MAURUS  HONORATUS,  a  celebrated 
Grammarian,  Commentator  on  Virgil.  Other  gramm. 
writings,  see  in  Putsch,  p.  1779,  sqq.,  among  which 


FOURTH   PERIOD.  299 

ars  de  pedibus  versuum  s.  centum  metris.    Centime- 
tmm  corr.  a  Laur.  Sanlenio  Lugd.  B.  1788.  8vo. 

FL.  MAILIUS  THEODORUS,  Cos.  in  the  year  399, 
a  Grammarian :  de  metris — e  cod.  G-uelph.  ed.  J.  F. 
Heusinger.  Guelph.  1755.  4to. — ad  fidem  codd.  Paris, 
recogn.  J.  F.  Heusinger.  Lugd.  B.  1766.  8vo. 

AURELIUS  PRUDENTIUS  CLEMENS,  a  Spaniard, 
b.  348,  author  of  Christian  poems  without  poetic 
merit. — Prud.  quce  exstant;  Nic.  Heinsius  ex  vet. 
exempl.  rec.  et  anim.  adj.  Amstel.  1667.  12mo. — rec. 
et  annot.  ill.  Chph.  Cellarius.  Hal<e  1703.  8vo. 

PAULCS  OROSIUS,  a  Spaniard,  hut  lived  from  the 
year  415  in  Africa  with  Augustinus,  and  in  Bethlehem 
with  Hieronymus;  historiarum  1.  VII.  adv.  paganos 
— ad  fid.  MSS.  adj.  int.  not.  Franc.  Fabricii  et  Lud. 
Lautii  rec.  suisque  animadr.  nummisque  ant.  ill.  Sig. 
Havercamp.  Lugd.  B.  1788.  4to. 

CL.  CLACDIANUS,  of  Alexandria,  in  the  time  of 
Honorius  and  Arcadius,  a  Poet  of  much  talent.  Be- 
sides several  panegyrical  poems  on  Honorius,  Stilicho, 
and  others,  we  have  by  him  two  Epic  poems  de  raptu 
Proserpina  libri  III.  and  an  unfinished  Giganto- 
machy,  and  several  Epigrams,  occasional  poems,  &c. 


300  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

Ed.  pr.  Vicent.  1482.  fol.— ed.  Casp.  Barth.  Francof.  1650. 
4to. — rec.  Nic.  Heinsius.  Lugd.  B.  1665. — c.  not.  int.  varr. 
ed.  P.  Burmann.  II.  Amst.  1760.  4to — ill.  Jo.  M.  Gesner. 
Lips.  1759.  8vo. — rec.  perpetuaque  annot.  ill.  G.  L.  Konig. 
Getting.  1808.  vol.  i.  8vo. 

AUR.  MACROBIUS,  Vir  consularis  et  illustris,  sacri 
cubiculi  pr&fectus,  under  Honorius,  probably  a  Greek, 
wrote  Comm.  in  Cic.  Somn.  Scipion.  libr.  II.  and 
Conviviorum  Saturnaliorum  libr.  VII.,  a  learned 
Dialogue  on  various  scientific  subjects. 

Ed.  princ.  Venet.  1482.  fol Basil.  1536.  fol.   (cur.  Jo. 

Camerario)  c.  not.  Pontani,  Jac.  Gronovii  (Lugd.  B.  1670. 
8vo.)  suisque  ed.  Zeune.  Lips.  1774.  8vo. 

RUFUS  FESTUS  AVIENUS,  a  Poet.  By  him  we 
have  yet  extant:  metaphrasis  Jlrati.  Venet.  1488. 
4to. — Hug.  Grotii  synt.  Jlrateorum.  Lugd.  B.  1600. 
4 to.  Metaphrasis  Periegeseos  Dionys.  Al.  and  a  frag- 
ment of  a  description  of  the  sea-coast  from  Cadiz  to 
Marseilles,  the  latter  in  Iambics  (703.  V.)  Venet. 
1488.  4to.  vetera  poemata  cur.  P.  Pithceo.  Paris. 
1590.  8vo.  1599.  12mo.  Wernsd.  p.  Lat.  min.  t.  v. 
p.  2.  3. 

FL.  SOSIPATER  CHARISIUS,  a  Grammarian:  in- 
stitutionum  gramm.  ad  Jil.  1.  V.  the  beginning  and 
the  end  in  a  mutilated  state,  in  Putsch,  p.  1,  sqq. 
Fabric.  B.  L.  t.  iii.  p.  394. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  301 

DIOMEDES,  a  Grammarian  :  de  oratione,  partibus 
orationis  et  vario  rhetorum  genere  1.  III.  in  Putsch. 
p.  270,  sqq.  Fabric.  B.  L.  t.  iii.  p.  397. 

CL.  RUTILIUS  NUMATIANUS,  a  Gaul,  via  can- 
sularis,  prcefectus  urbis,  in  the  reign  of  Honorius, 
wrote  a  now  imperfect  Itinerarium  in  elegiac  verse 
and  two  books,  in  which  he  described  his  journey  from 
Rome  to  Gaul. 

Ed.  pr.  per  Jo.  Bapt.  Pium.  Bonon.  1520.  4to. — em.  et  ill. 
Jo«.  Castalio.  Romae.  1632.  8vo. — rec.  et  comm.  adj.  Casp. 
Barth.  Francof.  1623.  8vo. — c.  int  Simleri,  Castal.  Pithoei, 
Sitzmanni  (Lugd.  1618.  8vo.),  Barlhii,  Grsevii  al.  animadv. 
Amstel.  1687.  12mo. — c.  sel.  var.  lect.  atque  integr.  not. 
Graevii  Jansson.  ah  Almeloveen,  nee  non  Gottl.  Cortii  sui&que 
ed.  J.  Sig.  Gruber.  Norimb.  1804.  8vo. — rec.  Chr.  Tob.  Damm. 
Brand.  1760.  8vo. — Burm.  p.  Lat.  min.  t.  ii.  Wernsd.  p.  1.  m. 
t.  v.  p.  1. 

MARCIASUS  CAPELL A,  of  Madaura,  wrote  in  a  semi- 
barbarous  language  a  work  in  the  form  of  an  Ency- 
clopaedia upon  the  7  liberal  arts,  (Grammar,  Logic, 
Rhetoric,  Geom.,  Arithmet.,  Astronomy,  Music),  to 
which  is  prefixed  as  an  introduction  an  allegorical 
romance,  de  nuptiis  Mercvrii  et  Philologies. 

Ed.  pr.  Vicent.  1499.— rec.  et  ill.  II.  Grotras  (14  J).  Lagd. 
B.  1599.  8vo. — rec.  var.  lect.  et  aniin.  ill.  J.  Ad.  Gotz.  Norimb. 
1794.  8vo. 


302  FOURTH  PERIOD. 

After  the  decline  of  the  Western  Empire,  the  follow- 
ing still  deserve  notice : 

AMICIUS  MANLIUS  TORQUATUS  SEVERINUS  BOE- 
THIUS,  Cos.  in  the  year  510,  executed  by  order  of 
the  Emp.  Theodoric,  524,  a  Platonic  Philosopher.  He 
wrote  in  prison  de  consolatione  philosophic  1.  V.  ed. 
J.  Th.  B.  Helfrecht.  Car.  R.  1797.  8vo,— Opera 
Basil.  1570.  fol.  Heyne  Censura  Boeth.  de  cons, 
phil.  in  opusc.  ac.  t.  vi.  p.  143. 

MAGNUS  AURELIUS  CASSIODORUS,  of  Scylacium 
in  Bruttii,  b.  about  470  of  a  respectable  family  in  the 
time  of  Odoacer  and  Theodoric,  Cos.  514,  d,  in  the 
monastery  Vivarese  near  Scyll.  about  560,  Philosopher, 
Rhetorician,  and  Grammarian.  Among  his  writings 
particularly  deserve  notice  epist.  variarum  I.  XII.  on 
account  of  the  Edicts  and  Rescripts  of  Theodoric  and 
his  successors. 

Opp.  omnia,  ad  fidem  MSS.  Codd.  em.  et  aucta  et  ill.  op.  et 
st.  J.  Garetii.  Rotomagi.  2  vols.  1679.  fol.  Venet.  2  vols.  1729. 
fol. 

PRISCIANUS,  of  Rome,  brought  up  at  Caesarea,  a 
Grammarian,  taught  in  the  time  of  Justinian  at  Con- 
stantinople :  commentariorum  grammaticorum  I. 
XVIII.  de  accentibus,  de  versibus  com.,  de  praexer- 
citameniis  rhetoricce  after  that  of  Hermogenes,  etc. 


FOURTH  PERIOD.  303 

in  Putsch.  Periegesis  e  Dionysio,  carmen  de  ponde- 
ribm  et  mensuris,  epitome  Phenomenon  s.  versus  de 
sideribus  in  Wernsd.  p.  I.  min.  t.  v.  p.  1. — Pr,  opp. 
ad  vetustiss.  Codd.Jtdem  rec.  A.  Krehl.  Lips.  1819, 
sqq.  2  vols.  8vo. — opp.  minora,  ed.  J.  Lindemann. 
Luad,  B, 


APPENDIX. 


OX  THE  TERMS 


STRICTLY  speaking,  in  the  early  poetry  of  Greece  the 
<z«J»f  recited  his  own  effusions  only,  and  the  pa^tfiis,  some- 
times indeed  his  own,  for  the  composition  of  which  the 
practice  of  recitation  not  unfrequently  qualified  him,  but 
generally  the  effusions  of  others.  The  origin  of  the 
practice  and  its  designation  may  be  traced  to  Hesiod, 
who  is  said  by  Nicocles,  apud  Schol.  Find.  Nem.  ii.  1. 
to  have  been  the  first  Rhapsodist,  *(£rn  pcf^/^jrtu.  In  the 
early  ages  the  Rhapsodi  were  held  in  high  estimation, 
as  being  the  sole  depositaries  of  the  national  poetry  ;  it 
was  not  until  after  the  introduction  of  writing,  and  the 
general  institution  of  lyric  and  other  recitations  of  a 
theatrical  character,  that  they  lost  caste,  and  became 
degraded  to  the  rank  of  mere  »*•«*£/«•«/  and  xtftorxi,  Plat. 
Pol.  ii.  373.  Legg.  ii.  658.  The  etymology  of  the  term 
has  been  much  controverted.  Of  the  two  schools  of  Rhap- 
sodists  we  learn  from  Pausanias,  (ix.  30.)  that  the  Ho- 
meric accompanied  their  recitations  on  the  lyre,  and  that 
X 


306  APPENDIX. 

the  Hesiodic  simply  held  the  fa/tin,  but  whether  "  as 
a  badge  of  their  profession,"  as  the  author  affirms,  or  from 
its  supposed  effect  upon  the  imagina  tion,  admits  of  doubt ; 
"  Non  enim  casu  factum  est,  quod  lauri  ramum  pro  sceptro 
vates  accepit,  ut  opinabatur  Wolfius,  sed  divino  ille  ramus 
spiritu  implet  eos  qui  manu  tenent,"  observes  Gottling  on 
Hesiod.  Theog.  1.  30.  "  Ea  enim  erat  lauri  natura  se- 
cundum  Grsecos,  ut  et  canentes  vaticinandi  facultate 
impleret,  et  promptos  ad  audiendum  animos  inspiraret 
excipientibus."  Id.  in  Praef.  p.  xiii.  Hence  also  it  was 
worn,  carried,  and  even  eaten  by  prophets,  and  called 
u.x>nxat  QVTOI,  To  a  kindred  origin  Nitzsch  (Hist.  Horn, 
p.  139,)  ascribes  the  practice  of  singing  ffx,faict  at  feasts  to 
a  branch  of  laurel  or  myrtle,  the  u^i/riumi  and  Imrn^itu 
of  suppliants ;  the  sceptre  or  staff  which  Homer  puts  into 
the  hands  of  his  orators  when  addressing  the  assembled 
people,  the  puftit;  of  Mercury,  and  the  scytale  of  the 
Spartans.  Hence  the  etymology  of  the  term  would 
appear  to  be  correctly  deduced  from  /»a/3?«f,  there  being  no 
greater  dissimilarity  between  pufiufos  and  pa^^cs  than 
between  /3$*AX«  and  -^axxa.,  j&iu  and  -fun.  The  expression 
p*rr«  I**  of  Pindar  (Nem.  ii.  1.),  when  viewed  in  con- 
nexion with  the  xttra  p<i£Sn  ?0j«<ri»  of  the  same  poet,  (Isth. 
4.  66.),  determines  nothing  in  favour  of  the  etymology 
from  ffartn,  and  the  alleged  apocryphal  origin  and  hetero- 
geneous structure  of  the  Homeric  poems.  But  even 
admitting  /«*«/»  to  be  the  true  etymon,  the  expression 
might  simply  denote  the  continuous  flow  of  the  ?*•«-,  in 
contradistinction  to  lyric  and  dramatic  poetry,  which  is 
interrupted  by  pauses  and  divisions;  and  hence  from  its 
antiquity,  the  term  p«$»itt'i>  appears  to  have  been  appro- 


APPENDIX.  307 

priated,  when  other  kinds  of  poetry  came  into  cultivation, 
to  the  epic  as  the  most  ancient  species,  and  it  is  probably 
in  this  sense  that  Plato  proleptically  applies  it  to  Homer, 
and  that  the  Homeric  poems  have  been  designated 


Whether  the  Homeridae  were  a  family  or  caste 
—  like  the  Asclepiadse  in  Cos,  the  Dsedalidse  at  Athens, 
and  the  Talthybiadse  at  Sparta  —  as  the  author  with  Her- 
mann (Pol.  Antiq.  p.  11.  6.)  supposes,  or  simply  a  school 
devoted  to  the  preservation  and  recital  of  the  Homeric 
poems,  is  a  question  which  does  not  admit  of  an  easy 
solution;  we  may,  however,  not  unreasonably  conjecture, 
that  the  immediate  descendants  of  the  poet  were  the  first 
to  interest  themselves  in  the  preservation  and  transmission 
of  his  works,  and  that  then  as  his  fame  extended,  a 
regularly  organized  S/Sa^xaX/a  was  instituted,  by  which 
they  were  securely  delivered  down  to  the  age  of  Pisis- 
tratus,  when,  if  not  before,  as,  in  other  parts  of  Greece  at 
least,  is  extremely  probable,  they  were  in  their  existing 
order  consigned  to  writing. 

How  far  the  3/a<r*  £«««•«)  of  Pisistratus,  or  those  of  a  later 
age  at  Alexandria,  may  have  tampered  with  the  structure 
of  the  poems  which  they  undertook  to  edit,  can  only  be 
surmised  from  internal  data,  and  the  author's  reasoning 
in  defence  of  their  general  integrity  will  probably  appear 
to  most  of  his  readers  conclusive.  That  they  did  some- 
what more  than  edit  and  revise,  that  they  occasionally 
even  interpolated  and  expunged,  seems  generally  admitted. 
See  on  this  subject,  Wolf  Prolegg.  Herm.  prsef.  in  H. 
Horn.  Heinrich.  de  diasceuastis  Horn.  Kil.  1807.  Coleridge 


308  APPENDIX. 

on  the  Greek  Classic  Poets,  p.  57.  The  authorities  usually 
cited  to  prove  that  they  were  the  composition  of  different 
authors,  and  that  they  owe  their  origin  to  the  age  of  Pisistra- 
tus,  have  been  notoriously  misrepresented.  The  passage  of 
jElian,  V.  H.  xiii.  14.  on  which  so  much  stress  has  been 
laid  by  the  French  critics  Rapin  and  Perault,  simply  avers 
that  Pisistratus  uir'ufnn  (published  them),  which  the  Lat. 
Vers.  renders  '  confecit;'  the  ambiguity  of  which,  as 
Boileau  (Reflex,  sur  Longin.  iii.  p.  197.)  has  shewn,  may 
possibly  have  been  the  source  of  their  delusion.  As  regards 
the  possibility  of  their  oral  transmission  without  the  aid  of 
writing,  on  which  Wolf  has  expressed  himself  so  incon- 
sistently, see,  for  a  discussion  of  the  question,  Clinton, 
vol.  i.  Append.  372.  and  Heeren,  Pol.  Hist,  of  Gr.  pp. 
99 — 101.  2d  edition.  The  Calmuck  Dschangariade, 
which  are  said  to  exceed  the  Homeric  poems  in  length, 
are  preserved  without  the  aid  of  writing  among  a  people  not 
unacquainted  with  the  art. 

Clinton  maintains  that  they  were  composed,  B.  C. 
962 — 927,  that  they  were  orally  preserved  for  about  two 
centuries,  and  that  they  were  committed  to  writing,  at 
least  in  Ionia  and  ^Eolis,  as  soon  as  written  poetry  came 
into  use,  viz.  B.  C.  776 — 700,  between  the  times  of 
Arctinus  and  Archilochus. 


On  note  (1)  p.  18.]  The  same  characteristic  influence  of 
genius  is  indicated  in  the  reply  which  Lucian  represents 
Homer  to  have  made,  when  asked  why  he  began  the 
Iliad  with  the  rage  of  Achilles,  viz.  eSrm  IvtMtTi  uvru  pitt* 
tm.  Ver.  Hist.  ii.  §.  20.  p.  280.  Bip. 


APPENDIX.  309 

On  p.  20.]  The  author  reasserts  and  defends  his  opinion 
respecting  the  genuineness  of  the  Odyssey  in  his  Encykl. 
der  Phil.  p.  157 — 9.  In  answer  to  the  hypothesis  of  Fr.  A. 
Wolf,  that  the  striking  resemblance  in  point  of  expression 
which  exists  between  them,  may  be  accounted  for  on  the 
ground  of  the  Iliad  being  regarded  as  a  sort  of  stereotype 
for  the  Epic  style,  he  observes,  that  the  spirit  which  breathes 
in  both  poems  is  the  same,  that  the  characters  and  incidents 
exhibit  the  same  life,  the  same  power  of  vivid  delineation, 
which  stamps  them  severally  with  the  impress  of  a  strongly 
denned  individuality, — a  talent  which  perhaps  only  three 
others  have  hitherto  possessed,  viz.  Shakspeare,  Walter 
Scott,  and  Goethe — a  talent  which  cannot  be  cast  into  a 
mould,  or  acquired  from  others — a  talent  such  as  nature  alone 
can  impart,  and  of  which  she  is  exceedingly  sparing ;  and 
that  such  a  notion  would  tend  to  degrade  the  Greeks  to  a 
level  with  the  Egyptians. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  no  suspicion  of  the  spurious- 
ness  of  the  Odyssey  appears  to  have  been  entertained  before 
the  age  of  the  Alexandrian  critics,  and  that  of  these, 
Aristarchus,  by  implication  at  least,  assigns  it  un- 
doubtingly  to  Homer. 

On  p.  31.]  The  age  of  Homer  has  been  as  fruitful  a 
subject  of  controversy,  as  his  individuality,  and  the  genu- 
ineness of  the  poems  ascribed  to  him.  Three  principal 
opinions  have  been  held  respecting  it.  See  Clinton,  i. 
359,  sqq.  who^  adopts  the  date  sanctioned  by  Aristotle, 
placing  his  birth  at  the  time  of  the  Ionic  migration,  B.  C. 
988,  and  Coleridge,  p.  132,  sqq. 


ERRATA. 

Page  2.  line    7.    for  Comedy  read  Comedians 
8.  15.    for  this  read  it 

10.  for  Cinaedus Cecrops  read  Cinaethus 

....  Cercops 
29.  note  m.     Payne,  Knight  dele  comma 

26.  for  Melanippus Myrti  read  Melanip- 

pides  ....  Myrtis 
45.         20.    for  see  read  zu 
55.  5.    for  over  read  of  the 

58.  9.     dele  « 

59.  2.    for  especially  read  indeed 

113.  1.    for  especially  Archaeology  read  Archeeobgy 

generally 

165.      (ak)      for  with  Bein  read  with  the  sobriquet  of 
236.  notch,     for  Quint,  xi.  read  Q.  Inst.  ii. 
244.  line  11.  for  e.  read  • ;  and  add  the  most  celebrated  of 

these  was  M.  Porcius  Latro 
275.         2.     for  on  read  zu 


INDEX. 


The  numerals  refer  to  the  page. 


Achsus,  55,  83. 
Achilles  Tatius,  183. 
Acumenus,  70. 
Acusilaus,  30,  49. 
^Elianus  Tact.  163. 
^lianus  Soph.  180. 
./Emilius  Macer,  245. 
.<Eneas  Tact.  106. 
^Eschines  Socr.  64,  100. 
./Eschines  orator,  67,  108. 
.iEschylus,  52,  71. 
jEsopus,  28,  29,  43. 
Afranius,  224. 
Agatharchides,  143. 
Agathemer,  179. 
Agathias,  202. 
Aerathon,  55,  89. 
Ai*/ipits,  10. 
Alcseus,  26,  41. 
Alcidamas,  101. 
Alcinous,  163. 
Alciphron,  158,  183. 
Alcmseon,  68. 
'AX»M«i»)»i;,  10. 
Alcman,  26,  39. 
Alexander  Aphrod.  178. 
Alexandrine  Library,  110. 
Alexis,  61, 123. 


Amipsias,  61. 
Ammianus  Marcell.  296. 
Ammonius  Gramm.  190. 
Ammonius  Saccas,  179. 
Ampelius,  296. 
Arephis,  61. 
Anacharsis  Scyth.  28. 
Anacreon,  26,  45. 
Ananius,  24. 
Anaxagoras,  54,  75. 
Anaxandrides,  61. 
Anaximander,  30,  31,  45,  69. 
Anaximenes  Lampsac.  123. 
Anaximenes  Milesius,  30,  48. 
Andocides,  64,  66,  90. 
Andronicus,  150. 

Livius,  219. 

Androtion,  67. 
Anna  Comnena,  207. 
Annales  maximi,  219. 
Antigonus  Caryst.  137. 
Antimachus,  68,  98. 
Antipater,  L.  Ccelius,  227. 
Antiphanes,  61,  103. 
Antiphon,  64,  66,  87. 
Antisthenes,  64,  92. 
Antoninus  Liberalia,  168. 
Antoninus  philos.  168. 


312 


INDEX. 


M.  Antonius  orat.  226. 
Aphthonius,  186. 
Apicius,  290. 
Apion,  154. 
Apollodorus  Comic.  129. 

Athen.  147. 

Dyscolus,  165. 

Apollonius  Molo,  120. 

Pergseus,  112,139. 

Rhodius,  114,  141. 

Sophista,  149. 

«Wx«y«;,  29. 
Appianus,  167. 
Apuleius,  222,  288. 
Aquila  Rom.  291. 
Aratus,  115,  136. 
'A^iyt»ttvn»ei,  10. 
Arcadius,  175. 
Arcesilaus,  117,  132. 
Archilochus,  23,  37. 
Archimedes,  112,  141. 
Archytas,  66,  68,  97. 
Arctinus,  11,  36. 
Aretseus,  157. 
Argyropulus,  Job.  214. 
Arion,  26,  40. 
Aristaenetus,  158,  188. 
Aristarchus  Gramm.  112, 144. 

Mathem.  113,  137. 

Aristeas,  46. 
Aristides,  158,  172. 
Aristippus,  65,  99. 
Aristius  Fuscus,  241. 
Aristobulus,  124. 
Aristogiton,  67. 
Aristophanes,  61,  91. 

Byz.  1 13,  142. 

Aristophon,  66. 
Aristoteles,  109,  121. 
Aristoxenus,  116,  126. 
Arnobius,  202. 
Arrianus,  160. 
Artemidorus,  164. 
ArxXyviiiS&ij  69. 
Asclepiades,  105. 


Asconius  Pedianus,  273. 
Asinius  Pollio,  241. 
Asius,  22. 

Atellance  fabulos,  218. 
Athenaeus,  178. 
Athenagoras,  173. 
Atticus,  Pompt>n.  23-7. 
Attius,  225,  227. 
Aufidius  Bassus,  267. 
Aurelius  Victor,  294. 
Ausonius,  296. 
Avianus,  286. 
Avienus,  300. 
axarnenta,  218. 


B. 

Babrius,  150. 
Bacchylides,  26,  53,  73, 
Basilius  Magnus,  191. 
Berosus,  138. 
Bessarion,  213. 
Bias,  28. 
Bion,  137,  145. 
Boethius,  302. 
Brutus,  234. 


C. 

Cadmus,  30,  49. 
Csscilius  Statius,  221. 
Cajsar,  C.  Jul.  253. 
Caesar  Germanicus,  262. 
Callimachus,  115,  135. 
Callinus,  23,  37. 
Callisthenes,  124. 
Callistratus,  66. 
Calpurnius,  Jul.  291. 
Calvus,  C.  Licin.  231,  234. 
Canon  of  the    Alexandrians, 

113. 

Cantacuzenus,  Job.  212. 
Carcinus,  22. 


INDEX. 


313 


Carneades,  118,  146,223. 
Cassiodorus,  302. 
Cassias,  Farm.  240. 

Sever.  243. 

Cato,   M.  Porcius,  220,  226, 

227,  228. 

Cato  Dionysius,  286. 
....  Valerius    Gramm.   2367 

246. 

Catulus,  Qu.  226,  235. 
Catullus,  234,  252. 
Cebes,  64,  101. 
Celsus,  271. 
Censorinus,  201. 
Cercops,  10. 
Cephisodorus,  67. 
Chalcidius,  293. 
Chalcondyles,  Laonicus,  214. 

Demetrius,  214. 

Chamaeleon,  125. 
Charisius,  300. 
Chariton,  196. 
Charon,  78. 
Charondas,  28. 
Chilo,  28. 
Chion,  103. 
Chcerilus,  68,  98. 
Chared  Lyric,  25. 
Chrysippus,  117,  139. 
Chrysoloras,  Eman.  213. 
Chrysostomus,  Dio,  161. 

Johann.  192. 

Cicero,  230,  232,  234,  247. 
Cinsethon,  11,  22. 
Cinaithus,  10. 
Cincius  Alimentus,  220. 
Cinna,  Helvius,  240. 
Claudianus,  286,  299. 
Cleanthes,  117,  137. 
Clemens  Alex.  176. 
Cleobulus,  28. 
Cleomedes,  163. 
Cleophon,  66. 
Clitarchus,  124. 
Clitomachus,  118. 


M.  Coelius  Antipater,  227- 

Rufus,  231. 

Columella,  272. 
Coluthus,  199. 
Kuftii,  25. 
Comedy,  old,  51. 

middle,  61. 

new,  116. 

Conon,  148. 

Constantinus  Cephalas,  204. 

Harmenopulus,  212. 

ConstantinusPorphyrogenituSy 

205. 

Corax,  55. 
Corinna,  26,  73. 
Cornelius  Gallus,  239,  257. 

Nepos,  232,252. 

Severus,  260. 

Cornificius,  237. 
Cornutus,  120,  155. 
Crantor,  118,  132. 
Crassus,  L.  Licin.  226. 
Crates  Com.  60. 

Cynic.  125. 

Mallotes,113,145,223. 

Cratinus,  60,  81. 
Cremutius  Cordus,  267- 
Creophylus,  11. 
Critias,  68,  101. 
Critolaus,  223. 
Ctesias,  94. 
Curtius,  276. 
Cyclians,  11. 

im,  40. 


D. 

Damaseius,  200. 
Declamat iones,  244. 
Demades,  67,  108. 
Demetrius  Chalcondylas,  214. 

Phalereus,  119,  127. 

Demochares,  119. 


314 


INDEX. 


Democritus,  62,  68,  80. 
Demosthenes,  67,  106. 
Diagoras,  83. 

Dicsearchus,  110,  116,  128. 
Didymus,  148. 
Dinarchus,  119,  126. 
Dio  Cassius,  180. 
. . .  Chrysostomus,  158. 
Diodorus  Siculus,  119,  151. 
Diogenes  Apollon.  75. 

Cynicus,  67,  99. 

Laertius,  179. 

Stoicus,  223. 

Diogenianus,  176. 
Diomedes  Gramm.  301. 
Dionysius  Apollon.  68. 

Cato,  286. 

Halicarn.  119,  120. 

151. 
......  Milesius,  56,  74. 

Perieget.  115,  152. 

Thrax,  149. 

Diophantus,  189. 
Dioscorides,  155. 
Diphilus,  116,  133. 
Dithyrambs,  24. 
Dotnitius  Afer,  264. 

Marsus,  241. 

Donatus,  JE\.  294. 

Dositheus,  177. 

Draco  Hippocratis  f.  70. 

Stratonic.  165. 

Drama,  origin  of,  51. 

satyr  icum,  52. 

Duris,  119. 


E. 

'•.yx.ufj.ni,  25. 

Eleatic  School,  30. 
Elegy,  23.  not.  x. 
Empedocles,  30, 55, 62,  68,  79. 
Ennius,  220. 


Ephorus,  67,  105. 
'Esr/yavai,  10. 
Epigrams,  29,  70,  115. 
'Efifa^-eiftia,  25. 
Epicharmus,  60,  72. 
Epictetus,  156. 
Epicurus,  117,  131. 
Epimenides,  28,  42. 
'H^axXs/a;,  11. 
Eratosthenes,  112,  140. 
Eretrians,  65. 
Erinna,  26,  42. 
Erotianus,  155. 
Eryximachus,  70. 
Etymologicum  magnum,  208. 
Eubulus  Com,  61. 

rhet.  67. 

Euclides,  Mathem.  112,  130. 

Megar.  65,  94. 

Eudocia,  208. 
Eudoxus,  69, 103. 
Eugammon,  11. 
Euhemerus,  130. 
Eumelus,  22,  37. 
Eumolpus,  8. 
Eunapius,  192. 
Euphorion,  115,  142. 
Eupolis,  67,  82. 
Euripides,  60,  85. 
Eusebiue,  180. 
Eustathius,  209. 
Eutropius,  295. 


F. 

Fabius  Pictor,  220. 
Fescennines,  218. 
Festus,  298. 
Firmicus,  294. 
Florus,  268,  284. 

Jul.  264. 

Frontinus,  281. 

Fronto,  287. 

Furius  Bibaculus,  240. 


INDEX. 


315 


G. 

Galba,  Serv.  Sulpic.  226. 

Galenas,  169. 

Gellius,  286. 

Geminas,  149. 

Georgius  Gemistas  or  Pletho, 

213. 
Georg.  Phranzes,  214. 

Trapezunt.  213. 

Gnomic  Poets,  29. 
Gorgias  Leont.  56,  80. 
Gracchus,  Tib.  and  Cai.  226. 
Grammarians,  Greek,  113. 

Roman,  236. 

Gratius  Faliscua,  261. 
Gregorius  Corinth.  209. 
Nazianz.  191. 


H. 

Hagias,  11. 
Hanno,  74. 
Hannenopulus,  164. 
Harpocration,  188. 
Hecataus  Abder.  123. 

Miles.  30,  31,  49. 

Hegemon,  83. 
Hegesias,  119. 
Hegesippus,  67. 
Heliodorus,  190. 
Hellanicus,  57,  78. 
Hephaestion,  168. 
Heraclides,  112,  116,  124. 
Heraclitus,  allegor.  187. 

Ephesius,  50. 

Hermarchus,  117. 
Hermesianax,  128. 
Hennippus,  61. 
Hermogenes,  169. 

Tigellius,  241. 

Hero,  112. 

Herodes  Atticus,  167. 


Herodianus,  Gramm.  169. 

historic.  181. 

Herodicus,  70. 
Herodorus,  56,  79. 
Herodotus,  63,  83. 
Hesiodus,  21,  35. 
Hesychius,  Alex.  193. 

111.201. 

Hierocles,  Alaband.  119. 

Platon.  198. 

Hieronymus  Card.  134. 
Himerius,  158,  188. 
Hipparchus,  112,  144. 
Hippias,  56,  83. 
Hippocrates,  69,  89. 
Hipponax,  24,  50. 
Hippys,  57- 
Historiae    Byzant.    scr.    206, 

not. 

Homerus,  9, 11,  31. 
Horatius,  238,  256. 
Hortensius,  230,  235. 
Hyginus,  261. 
Hyperides,  67,  107. 

I. 

Jamblichus,  184. 

Ibycus,  26,  45. 

Johannes  Argyropulus,  214. 

Cantacuzenos,  212. 

Chrysostomus,  192. 

Ion,  55,  81. 
Ionic  School,  30. 
Josephns,  156. 
I«EUS,  67,  104. 
Isocrates,  67,  101. 
Julianus  apost  158,  187. 
Julius  Africanus,  264. 

Floras,  264. 

Obsequens,  283. 

Justinus,  237. 

Martyr,  172. 

Juvenalis,  279. 


316 


INDEX. 


L. 

Laberius,  235. 
Lactantius,  222,  293. 
Lampridius,  292. 
Laonicus  Chalcondyles,  214. 
Lascaris,  Janus,  214. 

Constantin.  214. 
Lasus,  26,  50. 
Laurentius  Lydus,  202. 
Leo  Diaconus,  207. 
Leodamas,  66. 
Lesbonax,  154. 
Lesches,  11,  sq.  29. 
Leucippus,  62,  78. 
Libanius,  158,  188. 
Library  at  Alexandria,  110. 

Pergamos,  111. 

Rome,  242,  244. 

libri  lintei,  219. 
Licinius  Calvus,  231,  234,  sq. 
Linus,  8. 

litterati,  — tores,  236. 
Livius,  246,  sq.  261. 
Livius  Andronicus,  219. 
Longinus,  182. 
Longus,  194. 
Lucanus,  266,  275. 
Lucceius,  233. 
Lucianus,  158,  171. 
Lucilius,  224,  260. 
Lucretius,  234,  247. 
Lucullus,  233. 
Lycophron,  115,  133. 
Lycurgus,  67,  103. 
Lysias,  67,  J  00. 


M. 

Macrobius,  300. 
Maecenas,  240. 
Msecius  Tarpa,  241. 
Mallius  Theodoras,  299. 
Mamertinus,  292. 


Manethos,  138. 
M'  Manilius,  227. 
Manilius  astran.  262. 
Manuel  Moschopulus,  214. 
Marcellus  Sidetes,  164. 
Marcianus  Capella,  301. 
Margites,  24. 
Marinus,  197. 
Marinus  Victorinus,  294. 
Martialis.  280. 
Matron,  127- 
Mattius,  235. 
Maximus  Flanudes,  211. 

Tyrius,  158,175. 

Megarians,  65. 
Melanippides,  26,  50. 
Meleager,  115,  147. 
Melissus,  62,  76. 
Memnon,  170. 
Menander,  116,  129. 
Menecles,  119. 
Menedemus,  53. 
Messala  Corvinus,  243. 
Metrodorus,  117,  132. 
Michael  Apostolius,  214. 

Glycas,  213. 

Mimes,  234. 
Mimnermus,  29,  43. 
Minucius  Felix,  290. 
Mceris  Atticista,  174. 
Meerocles,  67. 
Meero  (Myro),  135. 
Moschus,  145. 

Q    £  Mucius  Scaevola,  227. 

Musaeus,  8,  195. 

Museum  at  Alexandria,   111. 

§.  18. 

Musonius,  120,  156. 
Myrtis,  26. 

N. 

Naevius,  219. 
Naucrates,  67. 


INDEX. 


317 


Nctvrax-Tixa,  22. 
.Nemesianus,  291. 
Nemesius,  19-2. 
Nicander,  115,  146. 
Nicephorus,  203. 

Gregoras,  211. 

Nicetas  Choniates,  210. 
Nicolaus  Damasc.  153. 
Nicomachus,  167. 
Nigidius  Figulus,  237. 
itfjiei.  24. 

Nonius  Marcellus,  290. 
Nonnus,  195. 
iir<ru,  11. 


0. 

Ocellus  Lucanus,  62,  75. 
Odal  Lyric,  25. 
Olen,  9,  22. 
Onosander,  155. 
Oppianus,  177. 
Oratory  of  the  Greeks,  66. 
Origenes,  181. 
Orosius,  299. 
Orpheus,  8. 
Orphica,  193. 
Osci  ludi,  218. 
Ovidius  245,  259. 


P. 

Pacuvius,  225. 
Paans,  24. 
Psetus,  S.  J£A.  227. 
Palaephatus,  186. 
palliate  comced.  224 . 
Pamphus,  8,  22. 
Pansetius,  117,  145. 
Panyasis,  68,  76. 
Pappu?,  192. 
fstoS'iint.  25. 
Parmenides,  30,  54,  62,  76. 


Txssina.  25. 

Parthenius,  150. 

Pausanias,  171. 

Pedo  Albinovanus,  239,  260. 

Periander,  28. 

Pericles,  55,  59,  not. 

Persius,  266.  274. 

Petronius,  289. 

Phzeax,  66. 

Phaedrus,  269. 

Phalaris,  44. 

Phanocles,  128. 

Pherecrates,  60,  90. 

Pherecydes  Athen.  31,  47,  78. 

Syrius,  28,  31,  47- 

Philemon  Com.  93,  129. 
Gramm.  210. 

Philetas,  115,  128. 

Philippides,  116,  127. 

Philiscus,  67. 

Philistus,  58,  97. 

Philo  Jud.  154. 

Mechan.  146. 

Philochorus,  141. 

Philodemus,  117,  148. 

Philolaus,  66,  68,  99. 

Philosophy,   30,  54,   sqq.*  62, 
sqq.  109,  sq.  117,  sq.  161. 

Philostrati,  176. 

Philoxenus,  68,  98. 

Phlegon,  166. 

Phocylides,  28,  29,  47. 

Phormis,  60. 

Photius,  203. 

Phranzes,  214. 

Phrynichus  Trag.  52,  61 ,  71. 

Soph.  173. 

Pindarus,  26,  53,  73. 

Pisander,  40. 

Piso,  L.  Calpura.  227. 

Pittacus,  28. 

Plato,  65,  68,  82,  95. 

Comic.  61,  82. 

Plautus,  221,  228. 
Pleias  Alex.  114. 


318 


INDEX. 


Plinius  Secundus,  276. 
Csecilius  Sec  268  28:) 

Rhianus,  140. 
Rhinthon,  133. 
Rufinianus,  293. 
Rufus,  Sextus,  295. 
Rutilius  Lupus,  262. 
Numatianus,  301. 

S. 

Sabinus,  259. 
Sacadas,  26. 
Saleius  Bassus,  268. 
Sallustius  Platonic.  190. 
historic.  233,  254. 

Plinius  Valerianus,  297. 
Plotinus,  181. 
Plotius  Tucca,  241. 
Plutarchus,  160,  162. 
Polemo,  Anton.  165. 
Pollux,  174. 
Polyaenus,  169. 
Polybius,  118,  143. 
Polyeuctus,  67. 
Polymnestus,  26. 
Pomponius  Atticus,  237. 
Mela,  271. 

Secundus   266 

Porcius  Latro,  244. 
Porphyrius,  183. 
Posidonius,  148. 
prate  xtatoifabulce,  225. 
Pratinas,  52,  68,  72. 
Praxilla,  74. 
Priscianus,  302. 
Proclus,  197. 
Procopius,  201. 
Prodicus,  56,  83. 
Propertius,  246,  258. 
irftff&ia  (-rgttruti.)  25. 
Protagoras,  56,  81. 
Prudentius,  299. 
Ptolemseus  Claud.  160. 
Lagi,  124. 

Sappho,  26,  41. 
Satitrcp,  220,  173. 

e-xe'X/a,  25. 

Scsevola,  Q.  and  M.  227. 
Scribonius  Largus,  272. 
Scylax,  106. 
Scymnus,  115.  147. 
Seneca,  M.  Ann.  266,  271- 
L.  Ann.  265,  273. 

tragicus   207   213. 

Serenus  Sammonic.  289. 
Scrvilius  Nonianus,  208. 
Servius,  298. 
Sextus  Empiricus,  174. 
Ribyttina  oracula,  183 
Silius  Italicus,  266,  27.">. 
Simmias,  131. 
Simonides  Amorg.  24,  39. 
Ceus  26,  >79,  63,  70, 

Pythagoras,  30,  47,  62. 

Q. 

Quintilianus,  267,  277. 
Quinctilius  Varus,  241. 
Quintus  Smyrnseus,  200. 

R. 

Rhapsodists,  9,  27. 
Khemnius  Fannius  Palsemon, 
272. 

Simonides  geneal.  56,  79. 
Sirnplicius,  201. 
Sisenna,  233. 
Socrates,  62,  89. 
Solinus,  290. 
Solon,  28,  43. 
Sop/lists,  5(5,  15S. 
Sophocles,  54,  70. 
Sophron,  62,  90. 
Speusippus,  108. 
Stasinus,  11,  40. 

IXDEX. 


319 


Statius,  Caecil.  221. 

Papin.  279. 

Stephanns  Byzant.  198. 
Stesichorus,  26,  42. 
Stobaeus,  198. 
Strabo,  120,  153. 
Suetonius,  268,  283. 
Suidas,  208. 
Sulla,  227. 
Sulpitia,  280. 
Sulpicius  Galba,  226. 
Susiarion,  52. 
Symmachus,  297. 
Synesius,  194. 
Syrianus,  196. 
Syrius  Publ.  235,  259. 


T. 

tabernariaf alula,  225. 
Tacitus,  268,  280. 
Tatianus,  173. 
Terentianus  Maaras,  280. 
Terentius  Afer,  224,  229. 

Varro,  237,  251. 

Terpander,  26,  39. 
Tertullianus,  285,  289. 
Tetralogies,  53. 
T»Xi>9»/a,  11. 
Thales,  28,  30,  42. 
Thaletas,  26. 
Thamyris,  8. 
Theano,  48. 
Themistius,  158,  189. 
Themistocles,  72. 
Theocritus,  116,  134. 
Theodoras  Cnid.  68. 

Gaza,  213. 

Metochita,  210. 

Theognis,  29,  46. 
Theon.  Alex.  186. 

Smyra.  162. 

Theophilus,  200. 
Theophrastus,  110,  116,  128. 


Theophylactus  Simocatta,  203. 
Theopompus,  67.  104. 
Thespis,  52. 
Thessalu*,  70. 
Thoma*  Mag.  211. 
Tbrasymachus,  56. 
Thucydides,  58,  63,  87. 
Tiberius  rhet  182. 
Tibullus,  239,  258. 
Tigellius  Herinog.  241. 
Timaeus  histor.  118,  133. 

Locr.  66,  96. 

Soph.  184. 

Timon,  136. 
Timotheus,  68,  98. 
Tisias,  55. 
togatefab.  224. 
Tragedy,  origin  of,  51. 
Trilogies,  53. 
Trogus  Pompeius,  246. 
Tryphiodorus,  199. 
Tubero,  234. 
Tyrteus,  23,  38. 
Tzetzes,  208. 


V. 

Valerius  Antias,  227. 

Cato,  246. 

Flaccus,  266,  276. 

Maximus,  267,  270. 

Probus,  273. 

Valgius  Rufus,  239. 

Varius,  239. 

Varro,  M.  Ter.  237,  251. 

Atacinu?,  235. 

Varus,  Quintilius,  241. 
Vegetius,  297. 
Velleius  Paterculns,  267.  ^ 
Verrius  Flaccus,  263. 
Vibius  Sequester,  298. 
^irgilins,  238,  255. 
Visci,  241. 
Vitruvius,  254. 


320  INDEX. 

X.  Z. 

Xenarchus,  62.  Zaleucus,  28. 

Xenocrates,  123.  Zeno  Eleat.  54,  56,  63. 

Xenophanes,  29,  30,  49.  Stoic.  117,  131. 

Xenophon,  64.  93.  Epicur.  117. 

Ephesius,  195.  Zenobius  s.  Zenodotus,  1 76. 

Zenodotus  Gramm.  113.  130. 

Zonaras,  206. 
Y.  Zosimus,  196. 

25. 


FINIS. 


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